Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry Title: Bulletin, no. 31, 1925 - no. 33 Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1925 -[n.d.]
Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg250.6
FILMED WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A COPY BORROWED FROM:
STATE LIBRARY OF PENNSYLVANIA
no. 31 - no. 33
1925
[n.d.]
IN PENN^S WOODS
HANDBOOK OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE
FORESTS
GIVING LOCATIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND HIS TORICAL INFORMATION OF STATE FOREST MONUMENTS, STATE FOREST PARKS, PUT? Lie CAMP GROUNDS AND RECREATION CENTERS ON STATE FOREST LAND.
Bulletin 31
Compiled by
Office of Information
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
May, 1923.
31 t,2^
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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
STATE FOREST COMMISSION
R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry. Edward Bailey. Henry W. Shoemak<'i\
Mrs. John L. Lawrence.
(Mary Flinn Lawrence.)
Henry S. Drinker.
Lewis E. Staley, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. George H. Wirt, Cliief, Bureau of Protection. John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands. Joseph S. lllick, Chief, Office of Research.
W. Erdmann Montgomery, Chief, Office of Mainte- nance.
E. A. Ziegler, Director, State Forest Academy.
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CONTENTS p^„^
Iiitiodiutiou, *
Map, I
Public Camp (iroiiiids, ^
Law lU^gardinj,^ State Foirst Moimiiu'uts, l'»
Martin's Hill State Forest Monmneiit, !•♦
Jovce Kilmer State Forest Moinimeiit, 1^
Ole Bull State Forest Monument, !•>
Mount Kiansares State Forest Monument, l'>
Alan Seeger State Forest Monument l"^
Mount Logan State Forest Monument, •-'<>
MeConnell Narrows State Forest Monument, . . 21
Bear Meadows State Forest Monument, 2'J
Detweiler Run State Forest Monument, 28
George W. Cliilds State Forest Park, 25
Hairy John's State Forest Park, 2.»
Caledonia State Forest l»ark, 2<>
!^I(mt Alto State Forest Park, 2<
Valhalla State Forest Park 2S
James Buchanan State Forest Park, 2t>
T^onard Harrison State Forest Park, 29
Cherry Springs Drive, ''"
Coxe's Valley View, *^-
How To Obtain Cam])ing Permits and Camp- Site Leases, '''''
Forest Protection
Forest Fire Observation Towers ^^
Camping Suggestions— Outfit ^b
Cooking and Mess lMiuii)ment, y
Eations,
Camp F'ires,
Camp Cookery,
Disposal of Kefuse *^
Accidents— First Aid, *"
Fires and Fire Fighting ^^
Rules for Sportmen, '^'^
Game and Fish, '^
Miscellaneous, ^
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INTRODUCTION
Harrisburg, Pa., May IG, 1023.
The State Forests of Pennsylvania belong to tlie people of the State. These 1,130,000 acres of forest land are dedieated to the highest public good — for wood production, water conservation, and for health- giving and recreational iK'netits. They are open to ever^'body, subject to reasonable restrictions prescrib- ed to assure their perpetuation.
In this handbook, ])repared by Coloiu I Henry W, Shoemaker, member of the State Forest Commission, A. O. \'orse, former Cliicf, ()tti<-e <>f Information, ;ni(l others, are given, in convenient form, valuable and in- teresting data concerning the recreational advantages of the State Forests. Within them one finds the best fishing streams and hunting grounds and the finest views in Pennsylvania. No citizen of tlie State should fail to know the State Forest and derive liis share of enjoyment from them.
The accompanying map i>rei>ared esiK'cially for this handbook will Ik' found helpful in locating the recre- ational areas (h^cribed. Any additional infornuition desired concerning the State Forests and their use will be supplied gladly by the District Foresters or the Commissioner of Forestry.
IIOBEKT Y. STUART,
Commissioner of Forestry.
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MAP or PENNSYLVANIA
SKowind State Forest Monuments, Drives & Views (®), State Forest. RrksU)F Grounds CA), Fire Ok servati on Towers(*),Di strict Foresters HeadcjUarters(®),& Hi
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BLIC CAMP GROUNDS IN THE PENNSYL- VANIA STATE FORESTS
The Department of Forestry has developed and ^nipped eleven public camp gi'oiinds in the State 'orests for the use of automobile tourists who carry camping outfits with them. The camp grounds are aot restricted, however, to their use. They may be oc- upied also by sportsmen, picnickers, and other camp- ib. No fees will be charged for the occupancy of any »f the camp grounds by any persons. All that is asked s that the campers be careful with fire and that they eave the camp as they would like to find it. These public camp grounds have been equipped with space for tents, a fireplace, a supply of puio water, mfort stations, garbage containers, tables and nches. Where public camp grounds are located along tate-owned telephone lines public telephones will be
Itistalled.
The name and location of the Class ''A" public camp ounds are given in the following table:
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Fifteen other public camp grounds have been pre- pared by the Department for the convenience of small- er camping parties, sportsmen, and hikers. They are along secondarv roads. Each of them has In^en pro- vided with an open-front camp, or lean-to; a com- fort station; a table and benches; stone fireplace; a garbage container; and a supply of pure water. Pnblic telci)hones will be installed at camps adjacent to State owned telephone lines.
Ko camping permits will be issued for the occu- pancy of these sites, nor will any individual or group l>e permitted to occupy a site for more than t^^'o con- secutive days, unless it clearly does not interfen^ with the use of the site by another. If parties visit- ing the public camp grounds desire to remain in the localitv longer than two days, they will l>e accommo- dated on sites other than the public camp grounds. The camp grounds are located as follows:
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LAW REGARDING STATE FOREST MONUMENTS
The Act of May 17, 1921, P. L. ^-i^, provides:
"That the State Forest Coiniuission is authori- zed and directed to set aside within tlie State Forests, unusual or historical groves of trees or natural features, especially worthy of permanent preservation, to make the same accessible and con venient for public use, and to dedicate them m perpetuity to the people of the State for their recreation and enjoyment."
Under authorization of this Act the State Forest Commission has established the following State Forest Monuments:
MARTIN'S HILL STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This tract of about 8.5 acres lies at the foot of Martin's Hill, Bedford County, in the Buchanan State Forest. The nearest town is Kainsburg. This area may be reache<l by traveling over a State highway for a distance of about 20 miles south of Bedford (on the Lincoln Highway) where excellent hotel accommoda- tions mav be found. There are also good I'otel aecom modations at Mc(\nniellsburg. A gorge and mimntain side is covered with grand old original hendocks. For further information apply to District Forestc^r, Mc- Connellsburg, rennsylvania.
:N0TEH: Martin's Hill is rated ns one of the live or six highest mountains in the Slate, being ^,008 feet above sea level. A magnificient view in all directions is obtained from the fire tower on the summit of this mountain. The path to the top of the mountain and the tower is verv steep, and similar to some of the mountain paths \n the Alps or in the Black Forest of Germanv, and would be admirable for snowshoemg
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or skiing during the winter months. There is a game refuge located on the slopes of Martin's Hill, not far from the State Forest Monument.
The Martin's Hill hemlocks Avere tirst brought to the attention of the Department by Captain J. G. Dil- lin, of Media, who lumb<»red on this mountain 25 years ago, and who was partly instrumental in the preserva- tion of the gigantic hemloek« now included in this State Forest Monument. At Flintstone, near this Monument was the early home of Meshach Browning, author of "Forty-Four Years of a Hunter's Life" a classic in Big Game Literature, recently republisluMl by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
JOYCE KILMER STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This Forest Monument is located on the north slope and summit of Paddv Mountain, Union Count v, in the Bald Eagle State Foi-est. The tract, comprising about 20.5 acres of matured hemlocks and a few white pines, lies about four miles south of the State High- way (Koute 27) between I>»wisburg and Belief on te. The town of Hartleton is four miles east, and Wood- ward is four miles west of the tract. There are liotel accommodations at Mifllinburg, ten miles east nf the Monument, and at Millheim, ten miles west. There is a boarding house at Woodward open during the summer months. For further information apply to District Forester. Miffiinburg. Pennsylvania.
yOTE^^: This Monument is named after Joyce Kil- mer, the young American poet, author of the immortal poem "TREES", who gave his life in the World War in France, in July, IJUS. The name of this youth- ful poet is inse|>arably linked with this Monument through the Joyce Kilmer Trail, which leads from the highway to the top of the mountain where there is a natural amphitheatre known as the Joyce Kilmer Rest.
JOYCE KILMER
IS
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A }j;T(mi» (>r Hjit howidtMs nnd imkUs in ii siMiii-cuular shai)e are siin-uundcd by j;ij;anlic- dark ()V(*i'l»anj,nnji hemlock trees, it is a titting shrine for anyone to sit in and ponder over the career of this heroic young nature lover, and the wonders of the world in general. At the entrance to the Monument is a large sized sign giving the poem -TKEES" in full: Also near the entrance is one of the most remarkable signs in the United States— "Gypsies Are Welcome to Camp Here". Joyce Kilmer in one of his letters to his mother, in commenting on the unfriendly treatment accorded to gj'psies generally, said that if ever he owned a piece of woodland he would erect a sign that gypsies would be welconu'. In his short life he was . never able to acccmiidish this wish, but Hon. (liiinrd Pinchot, then Commissioner of Forestry, on hear- ing of it directed that the sign be placed al the en- trance of the Joyce Kilmer :\Ionument and Park.
The climb up the Joyce Kihner Trail has been the scene of several pilgrimages by the Tennsylvania Al- pine Club and other noted outdoor organiznticms. The parents of the poet are much interested in this Monument, and visitors are reipiested to drop a line to Mrs. Annie K. Kilmer, New Brunswick, New .lersey, his mother, exi)ressing their interest in the unigue sylvan memorials erected in his honor. ^ One mile west of the uKUiumeut is located Hairy John's Park where there are ample parking accommo- ,lnti«ms for automobiles, and where refreshments can be purchased. It is a popuhir resort for mot(,ris1s and hikers, and on clear Sundays in summer s general- ly thronged with people, many of tluMU coming great distances.
OLE BULL STATE FOREST MONUMENT This interesting Monument is located in Steward- son Township, Potter County, in the Susquehannock State Forest. It lies within the heart of what was
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foriiu'ily known ns the Black Forest of IVnnsUvjtnia. It may be readied by turning west, for four miles, at Oleona, on the Con dei-sport- Jersey Shore State Pike. The nearest town is Condersport, 18 miles. The nearest hotel accommodations are at (.'ross Forks, 5 miles. There is a boardinj^ house near Oleona, kept by II. E. Wingert. For further information Jipp'y to l)is trict Forester, Condersport, I*a.
NOTES: In is:,'2 Ole Hull, the world-famous Nor- wegian violinist, located his colony in the vicinity of this Monument. He arrived with about 800 colonists nnd commenced the erection of several towns to be r-alled New Bergen, Oleona, X'alhalla, and New Nor- way. He also started the erction of an imposing castle on a high cliff overlooking the waters of Kettle Creek.
Owing to financial difficulties, the colony proved unsuccessful and all that now remains is the casth* walls upon which, on clear days, fly the flags of the United States and Norway.
In July, 1920, a memorable outing of the Potter Countv Historical Society was held at Ole Bull's castli'. About 10.000 persons were present and about 2.000 iHitoni(ibil('s were i)arked on the green, at various pbu'cs. below the castle. Dr. George P. Donehoo. the President of the I'otter ("onntv Historical Society, presided. Memorable addresses were delivered by (lovernor Sproiil and the Hon. Oifford Pinchot, at that time Commissioner of Forestry, in which the i)resent progressive |)olicics of the Forestry Department were enunciated.
MOUNT RIANSARES STATE FOREST
MONUMENT
This tract, of about K! acres, is situated on Mount Riansares. Clinton County, in the Bald Eagle State Forest. It may be reached by traveling about l.T miles
17
soulluasi of Lock Haven, where there are hotel ae- comm»dali..ns, the •turn off" from the main pike to Bellefonte being near Salona, where sign reads "lo Loganton". For further information apply to J)is trict Forester, JlifBinburg, Pa.
NOTEti- This mouument is named after the Duke of Riansares, husband of -Maria Cristiua, (iueen Ke- gent of Spain, who investe.l ;i considerable part ot the «5.000,000 she received from the sale of the btate of Florida to the United States in timber and c.ml lands in .eutral Pennsylvania. She directed that the highest peak in her Pennsylvania possessions should b, called after her husband, of whom she was very fond. Like the Ole Hull col.my, this investn.ent prove.1 a costlv tailur.., and the lan.ls were sold for taxes. On account ot its height and steepness Mount H.au. sares for years was known as "The Inscalable Mou,.-
^"'v "few veai-s ago des.-eudcnts of the Duke of Rian- san-s. one' of whon. was Sc.etary of the ^V'^"';\'^^ l,,ssv at Washingl.m, attempted to instit.it.. h-ga pro eedings to recover possess!.... of the lands, but the cases were dropped as the lands had passed through too manv hands in the meantime.
It is s;,id that about 1870. shortly before his death, the Duke visited his wife's former holdings and made the ascent of Mount Riansares by the trail now iise.l by the State Forestry Department. • The view from the summit of this 7""*-'" ;;";;, niflcent in all directions. There is also a CO-foot hi, tower, a towerman's cabin, several good springs of water and a game refuge on the summit of this iiioun Hi 1 There can also be seen the remains of camps of the huckleberry pickers, who often s,H.n severa weeks at a time on this mountain at the height ..f th ■ u kleberrv seas.m. (iame was formerly abnndanl
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«m this inouiitjiiu, esjieeiallv hears, which hid in great JissureH in the rocks, but of late years tlie forest fires have driven them away.
There is a grove of magnificent liemlocks on the top of the mountain, and the Pennsylvania Alpine (-lub in 1921 erected a stone i)ulpit for Sunday services under the giant trees. A beautiful sermon was preached there on ^fay 8th of tliat year by H(n'. LeKoy Cohick, of McElhaltan, one of the Chapbnns of tin? A limine Club.
Prof. J. S. Illick, of the [*ennsylvania l.)ei)artment of Forestry, discovered many rare and several hither- to unrecorded species of ])lant growtli on tliis jnoun- tain.
The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,203 feet.
ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This Monument, including about .'^O acres, is situated along Stone creek, Huntingdon County, in tiie Logan State Forest. It may be reached by traveling over a State Highway (Route 2(>1 ) in a nortlieasterly di rection from Huntingdon, for about 2:j miles, the turn from the main iiighway being at Reedsville, The nearest town is Greenwood, and hotel accommodations will be found at Reedsvilb', Belleville, Lewistown and Huntingdon. For furtlier information a])])ly to District Forester, Petersburg, Pa., or Assistant For- ester, Greenwood, Pa.
NOTES: This Monument is named for Alan Seeger, another young American jjoet wiio gav<' his life in Fran<e. Alan Seeger was a great b>ver of nature and the autlnn' of many beautiful jM>ems on trees. By a curious coincidence, aft<»r the Monu- ment was named it was fcnmd that the land had been originally owned by another Sieger family, but wheth- er related to the ])oet or not is not kn()wn. The hem-
ALAN SEE6tElt
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ORIGINAL HEMLOCKS AT THE ALAN SEEGER STATE
FOREST MONUMENT
lock trees in tins Moinnnent nre of unusual size and beauty, and there is also a niaj»nifieent j^rowth of rhododendron, some of the stems of which are 40 feet high and covered with blooms in the latter part of June. These were Seeger's favorite flowers.
(\ L. Seej^er, father of Alati Seeger in a letter writ- ten from 40, Kue T)u Colisse-Paris, to Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, under date of April 9, 1923, writes
that :
"Our mutual friend, ]Mr. Moulder, has given me the two photographs which you kindly sent him and which were taken in the Alan Seeger State Park in Pennsylvania, lie told me that it was due to your initiative that the park was named for my son and I am glad to have this opportunity to thank vou most sincerely for this great honor to his meinorv. Nothing could be more pleasing to Alan than' such a memorial, because it was always his great joy to take long walks in the forests and over hill and dale in Mexico and m France, as well as in our own county". There is an excellent trail through this Monument, leading to the various species of trees of which there are many, including some superb white oaks, also table mountain pines, buckeyes, wahoos, and other rare
varieties.
It is an i<leal recreation center and camping locali- ty. Stone Creek, which flows through the Monument, is a noted fishing stream. The Monument is of easy access from (Greenwood Furnace, at which is located, amid gigantic oaks, the former lioine of Henry Rawle, carlv Ironmaster of the l.K-ality. There is a church on the pro])ertv. now no longer in use, where, on one occasion, it is said that General Kobert K. Lee wor- shipped while visiting his brother, who was manager of the old furnace several years prior to the (Mvil War Mrs. Marv Tlinn Lawrence, of Pittsburgh, a Conservationist and Member of the State Forest Com- mission, considers Alan Seeger Monument the most beautiful forest recreation spot in Pennsylvania.
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MOUNT LOGAN STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This tract of 47 acrt's is situated on Mount Lo^^an, Wayne Township, Clinton Connty, in the Bald Ea^le State Forest. It is near ^McKlhattan, al)ont five miles east of Lock Haven, which is the nearest large town, and where there are ample hotel accommodations. There is a boardin*:: honse near the P. R. R. Station at McElhattan. The tnrn from the main hij^hway is at the new iron bridge across the Susqnehanna River near Chatham's Rnn. Vov fnrther information apply to District Forester, :MifHinbnrg. Fa.
XOTEf^: Less than one-ipiarter of a mile from Yonngs<lale station, wliich is tlxe name of the New York Central Station at McFliiattan, there is an excellent trail adequately marked which leads to the top of M(mnt Logan and the snperb original white pines and hemlocks which compose this ^lonnment.
In the ''Little dap", on the 15ald Eagle Forest, are several excellent si)rings and the view from the summit of the M(mument is considered one of the finest in this State. The ^Icmument is named for the Indiau chief .lames Logan, the greatest of In- dian orators, who had a trail across the mountains from McElhattan to the Sulpliur S]»ring in Sugar Valley in the old days. The inaccessibility of these giant trees savt'd them from the axe of lumber men. Their great spires. like masts, standing against the sky line of the to]) of the mountain, are an in spiring spectacb' fnun the West F.iauch Valley for manv miles, and seemingly "lift one up" spiritually to look at them.
Uon. R. S. Quigley, Lock Haven business man and Conservationist, is erecting a handsome stone country seat near the foot of Mt. Logan, which can be seen from a great distance. Near the foot of Mt. Logan, and its sister mountain .Mt. Jura, is situated Shoo
maker's Park, a jiublic camping and recreation gr(»ve covering five acres maintained for the free use of the public by Colonel Henry \V. Shoemaker, of Mc- Elhattan, a member of the State Forest Commission. There are five good springs of water at Shoemaker's Park, and it constitutes an ideal camping spot for nature lovers. For a number of years the park was in charge of John 11. Chatham, the venerable poet and Naturalist so well known throughout (Ventral Pennsylvania, who died recently. The altitude «»f :Mt. Logan is 2,200 feet.
McCONNELL NARROWS STATE FOREST
MONUMENT
Comprising about 250 acres, this tract is on White Mountain, Hartley Townshii>, Cnion County, in the P>ald Eagle State Forest. This Monument may be reached by traveling along the Karoondinha or l»enn's Creek to NVeikert from Lewisburg or Hartleton, or by taking a train on the Lewisburg and Tyrone ifranch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Montandon or Lewisburg, to Weikert Station. The most conven- iently located hotel accommodations are at Lewis- burg! For further information at)ply to District For ester, ^Miftlinburg, Pa.
yOTFJS: This Monument contains some of the most magnitlcient rock scenery in Fcmnsylvania, as well as stands of superb original hendo.Us and white ]unes The giant pines are parti.ulaily iH.nitifnl silh<metted against the sky. on the mountain tops on moonlight
nights. . .
On the southern slope of the White llouutain. wliere this Jlonuraent is located, is situate.l the famo.is "Sink", «here the last henl of wil.l huffaloes or bi»»"'
were .losliove.l by Suv.ler County hnnfvs = ut ITJ.t.
The KaroonUinha or I'enns Creek, which flows at the
22
foot of the White Mountain, is one of the most bean- tiful streams in the State for canoeing, swimming, or fishing. It is not polluted anywhere, and the water flows as pure as crystal. It was named for John Tenn, a Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania, and grandson of AVilliam Penu, "Tlie (heat Proprietor".
The Monument takes its name from the Colonel William C. McConnell, of Shamokin, former State Senator, who maintained a handsome summer bunga- low near this i)oint for many years, and where the late r. S. Senator Holes Penrose spent many of his leisure hours. V. S. Judge V. IV Witmer, of Sunbury, and other distinguished Pennsylvauians are owners of beautiful ])ungalows at the foot of the White Moun- tain near this Monument.
White M(mntain is about 2,000 feet high at its high- est ])oint, but to climb it requires unusual skill. The rocks are of colossal proportions, some of them stand- iuir erect like chinuievs. and there are vast fissures and caves among them.
BEAR MEADOWS STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This interesting tract of about :*>50 acres lies in the midst of the Seven Mountains, Centre County, in the Logan State Forest. It may be reached by trav- eling from Belief onte (good hotel accommodations) to a point (Galbreath's (iap) about six miles beyond Boalsburg, passing through Stat<' CV)llege, where there are hotels. For further information apply to District Forester, Petersburg, Pa.
yOTES: This Monument, of easy access from State College, has long been used by the b(»tanical and forestry students of that Institution. Within it grow specimens of the pitcher plant, sun dew, and other plants seldom ionnd elsewhere in Pennsylvania. The
f)0
TUERE IS XU lilOTTEU rLA( I-: TO 1*LAY AND TO FISH THAN IN THE STATE FORESTS
original growth of balsam flr, tamarack, and black spruce have been cut and burned, but tbere is a fine young growth coming on also of laurel and rhodo- dendron, and there are many fine springs. There is a path from the I>ear Meadows across Greenlee Moun- tain near to a forest of original white pine trees, which takes the hiker to Detweiler Hollow where another notable State Monument is located.
Bear Meadows is probably the most popular of the State Monuments on account of its accessibility and botanical curiosities. It is a vast bottomless quag- mire, and in some places is said to be very dangerous to travelers.
Some have claimed that it took its name from an early pioneer or hunter nameil Baer; others that it was named on account of the i>revalence of Iwars, or, as the early settlers sometimes six'lled their name, "Bare." At any rate, the ((nnniittee which selected this tract as a State :Monument decided to give it the official name of "Hear" Meadows.
DETWEILER RUN STATE FOREST
MONUMENT
This tract is situated near the headwaters of Det- weiler Run, Huntingdon County, in the Logan State Forest. The nearest town is Greenwood, Hunting- don Countv, where there is a State forest tree nursery and a forest fire observation tower. It may be reached by traveling over a State highway for a dist<ance of about 25 miles northeast of Huntingdon, where there are hotel accommodations, on the William Penn High- way, and there are also hotels at Milroy, Reedsville, and Belleville nearer the Monument. It comprises about 50 acres of gigantic original white pines and hemlocks growing amidst pioneer forest conditions. For further information apply to District Forester, Pet6.rsburg, Pa., or Assistant Forester, Greenwood, Pa.
5
24
N0TEI>1: Competent studeuts of the early forest life of rennsylvania declare that the primeval condi- tions exist more thoroughly in this Monument than in anv other in the State. As stated above, it comprises u tangle of gigantic original forest trees, mostly white pines and hemlocks, with an undercover of tremen- dous rhododendrons.
In the dark recesses are found some of the rare warblers and other forest living birds, and the late Dr. J. T. Kothrock states that the goshawk, one of the rare varieties of hawks in the State, nests in these big trees. An interesting feature of the giant white pines is that some of them have been marked by the old-time shingle thieves, who, if they found a tree the least bit defective, would not €ut it, but if it was all right they felled the tree, ''shaved" the shingles, and carried them away on their backs, some- times very long dista.nces to the settlements. The wolves made one of their last stands in central Penn- frvlvania in the dark gloomy depths of Detweiler Hollow, sallying forth at night in search of game, howling dismally from the mountain tops, or watch- ing the shingle shavers from the edges of the f(. rests with their dark, furtive eyos. l>etweiler Uun, a beautiful stream, flows through the center of this Mcmument.
STATE FOREST PARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA
The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry main- tains and administers seven State Forest Parks for the use of tourists and picnickers. No fee is charged for their use. They are equipped with tables, l>enche,R, comfort stations and supplied with puro water. These parks are a part of the State forests and the same rules obtain for them as do for the State forests. The names and locations of the State Forest Parks follow:
i
i
25 GEORGE W. CHILDS STATE FOREST PARK
ChiUls Park was deeded to the Commonwealth by CJeorgo W. (Miildf^, tor many years editor nnd pnlilisher of the Philadelphia -Public Li^lger '. It is situated in Delaware Township, Pike County, in the Delaware State Forest, and contains 58 acres. It may be reached by leaving the State Highway (Route 1G7) between Stroudsburg and Milford, at Dingman's Ferry. As this Forest Park is situated in a suberb summer resort region, there are many splendid hotels in the vicinity. For further information apply to District Forester, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
NOTEt^: The section in which this Park is located was once the scene of an early woolen industry, es- tablished in the forepart of the last century, and designed bv its projectors to be one of the greatest in the State.' Sheep were brought in on a large scale, Mud after a number had been killed by wolves the bulk of the remaiiKler came to an untimely end by eating sheep laurel. This discouraged the pnunoters and the industry languished. Uiter the spot was admired for its beautv bv Mr. Childs, who was noted fur ins i-D'au thropv, and it is fitting that it has since passed into the hands of the State as a park for the public s use^ (i(M.r-e W. (Miilds Pnrk is noted for the diversity of its wild (lowers and it has been sugg<'sted as the first wild tlower reserve in Pennsylvania, by the State Wild Flower Preservation Leagui'.
HAIRY JOHN'S STATE FOREST PARK
Situated in Centre County, in the Paid l^iglc St.Ue Forest along the State Highway (Route 27) between Tx^wisburg and Bellefonte, and one mile west of Jo>cc Kilmer State Monument. It contains about hve acres
m
26
and is much frequented by the local public for pic- nics and recreation. For further information apply to District Forester, Mittlinburg, l*ennsylvania.
NOTES: This is probably the most popular State l*ark, as the system is now constituted. Travelers from all over the country stop there, enjoying the tine cool waters and the siiade of the big trees.
The park was named for Hairy John \'oneida, an eccentric liunter and backwoodsman who lived tliere alone for fourteen years. Having had difficulty with his former neighbors in Sugar Valley, he vowed that lie would never ciit his hair or beard while he lived as a iiermit in the mountain. Some of the older peoph' at Woodward remember him as a small man, liis face almost entirely covered with hair and wiskers, going to the store there to i)urchase molasses.
His appearance was a signal for the children to run and hide, although he was at heart a kindly and genial man.
It is in every way proper that the memory of this quaint forest character should be ])erpetuated at the spot where he spent so many years of his life.
CALEDONIA STATE FOREST PARK
Situated in Franklin Tcmnty, in the Michaux Stat<» Forest, along the Lincoln Highway, about ten miles east of ChamlMMsburg. It contains about 20 acres. Hotel accommodations may be found at Chambersburg, at resorts along the Lincoln Highway, and at Gettys- burg. For further information apply to District) Forester, Fayettevillc, \l. K. No. 2, Pennsylvania.
XOTEH: (\iledonia is named f(>r the old charcoal iron furnaces which was located in that locality, and which was once conducted by no less a personage than the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, famous abolitionist
27
and stateman, and father of the public school system of Pennsylvania. There are many legends of this odd character to be had from the older residents of this
vicinity. , x • i
The location is a beautiful one; being on the Lincoln- Highway, and sometimes the open spaces are parked full of automobiles. Many distinguished persons have camped there and spent the night, including Douglas Fairbanks and his wife Mary Pickford, who were Icml in their praises of the scenic iKnxuties of the region, declaring it the most ideal camp site they had uwi within their many transcontinental nuAov trips between New York and California.
MONT ALTO STATE FOREST PARK
Situated in Franklin (;ounty, in the ^^^^'^ J^^J^^ State Forest, about seven miles south of Lincoln High- wav at Caledonia Park. It contains 2t) acres. K^tel accommodations may be found at Gettysburg, at re- sorts alono the Lincoln Highway, and (liambersburg. ;:;;; furlh^r information apply to District Forester, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Pennsylvania.
Y0T/;N; Mont Alto State Forest Park was named
fcr the Mont Alto furnace which embracc>s an area (>f
uLn- thousands of acres of land owned by an ^^^^
iron'master. Col. T. A. Wiestling. It ,s a wondeiful do ::2. and has proved an ample forest campu. ^^ the students at the State Forest Academy. Adjoin ;::; :Ms property is the famous Ben Ceorg.^ -^a. ccmiprising a tine growth of sluut- leaf p n lh^«< .,,,. \h,. trees which were described by the famous KiU L-MUist and traveU., F. Andie >nc aux,
sited the locality on his way to I'f f-^^^^^ - He took some of the seedlings back ^-,^1^^^"^ they are to be fonnd thriving and ^---ng oday in some of the public parks about Pans, lu.tablj at the Jarden des Plantes, and Fontaine Dean.
r%
28
Lumbermen have unfortuuately laid low most of these noble pines, but it is hoped that some of them will be spared for a few years at least.
No tourist at Mont Alto State Forest should omit a visit to the Ben George woods, both for their scenic beauty and their historical associations. The State Forest Academy where young men are trained by the State to become foresters is well worthy of a visit, the fine plants and surroundings being considered a model of this kind. The Mont Alto School was es- tablished by late Dr. J. T. Rothrock "Father of Penn- sylvania Forestry" in 1903. The "college hall", now known as Wiestling Hall, was once the residence of Colonel Wiestling, the old-time ironmaster.
VALHALLA STATE FOREST PARK
Situated in Potter County, in the Snsquehannock State Forest, and contains live acres. It may be reached by turning west, for four and one-half miles, at Oleona, on the Cou<lersport-Jersey Shore Stati; Pike. The nearest town is Coudersport, where there are hotel accommodations; also Cross Forks, where stopping places are provided. For further informa- tion apply to District Forester, Coudersport, l*enn- svlvania.
SOTEi^: Valhalla, as staled previously, was the site of one of Ole Bull's projected towns or cities. Now all that remains is a stone house which was erected for the occupancy of the great musician's private physician, Dr. Karl Joerg. Some of the wood-work used in Ole Bull's own castle is now a jiart of the construction of the stone house which at present is occupied by State Forest Ranger 1). F. (Hassmire. There is a large lawn in front of the stone house with benches and tables which al^'ord a pleasant resting
20
place for passing tourists. The name Valhalla is an imposing one, being that of the abode of the gods in Norwegian mythology.
JAMES BUCHANAN STATE FOREST PARK
This area, the birthplace of James Hiulianan, fif- teenth President of the I'nited States, was deeded to the State to be set aside and administered as an historic site. It is situated in Franlclin dnmiy, in tlie Buchanan State Forest District, and contains l(;i acres. It may be reached by turning south from tlie Lincoln Highway at Fort Loudon, Franklin (^ounty, to the McConnellsburg-Mercersburg Pike. It lies about one and one half miles west of Foltz, where there is a road store and refreshment stand. For further in- formation apply to District Forester, McConnellslmrg, Pennsylvania.
KOTth"^: Many years ago the parents of .Tanu's Buchanan, the <mly Pennsyh^mia.i to occupy Wn) Presidential chair to date, conducted a small hostlery or wavside inn for the bentit (»f drovers and travehMs across the mountains to Pittsburgh. It was a wild region and wolves and other ferocious In^asts were plentiful in the forest, and in order to prevent then- little bov from straying away they put a turkey bell around the lad's neck; and an.ong the Pennsylvania (ierman drovers the future Presideut was almost in variblv referred to as Mimmy mit de bells on'
This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal l»(Mnisvlvanians and historic lovers as it shows fr<mi what hundde beginnings a great n,an ean rise 1o em.- nence.
LEONARD HARRISON STATE FOREST PARK
This tract wa« given to the State for re<reation pur-
poses by Leonard Harrison, of Wellsboro. It is s. «■
atod i„ T.oga Countv. in the Ti,>,-a State Korest T>,s-
I<l I
30
trict, and contains 128 acres. The nearest large town is Wellsboro, about seven miles distant, where there are hotel acconnnodations, For further information apply to District Forester, Wellsboro, Pennsylvania.
.\OTHS: The gorj^e {il)out which this State Forest fark is located is considered one of the wildest and grandest in the State. A veritable Watkins (ilen on a large scale, or (Irand Canyon of Arizona on a small scah». It is a beauty spot if there ever was one, and worthv of a visit. Deep down in the gorge tlows the Tm- daghton, now called Pine Creek, a beautiful stream, though unfortunately much of it is now polluted by in- dustrial plants. A comfortable and safe lookout is to iHi located at the highest point, showing the sur rounding mountains and affording a grand view up and down the canyon, with the New York (Hmtral Kail- road trains running far below.
The generosity of Mr. Harrison in presenting this wonderful site to the State cannot be praised too highly. Former (Jovernor William A. Stone, (me of the early advocates of forest conservation in this State, wiio aided Dr. Uotlirock greatly in his efforts to acquire land f(^r State Forests, occupied for many vears a handsome bungalow along the Tiadnghton near this i)aik.
CHERRY SPRINGS DRIVE This drive extends for a distance (it six and one- half miles in the SHsquehannoek State Forest, along the Oondersport-Jerse.v Shore I'ike, over Lookout Mountain near Keating Siuninit. Potter County. It is situated al.out 14 miles southeast of Condersport and is approximately 500 feet \vid<-. The nearest town is Coudersitort where there are hotel aeeonimodations. For further information apply to I>istrict Forester, Cimdersport Pen nsy I va n ia .
31
AOT/;^'- One of the most nohle and lasting achieve ments of Hon. Gifford Pinehot, while a n.en.her of the State Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, was Ins saN^ ing of the magnificent timber now called Cheir.v Springs Drive.
Up to the time of the war this Privc was lined on L.th sides with a nuvgnificeut forest of or.g.nal .ardw-Kids. In the fall of tlu- year when they xx-erc. hriH.tlv colored it was a sight long to he remembered. J to'thrill one with love of his native State, l.ur.ng he WorUl War the chen.ical properties of these trees, ,,,in.ipallv actone and hyposnlphate. were needed by the .Americans and their allies in the manu ac ure .,f high explosives, and great ca.nps were located along ,L l.rive on privately-owned lands, and tous of ehemicals were shipped abioad.
Col Charnworth Sin.pson. chief purchaser of nin-
,.iti^;s he British <iovernu.ent for the Pennsyl-
I .district, states that the tV-ts of nortlun. IV.n-
svlvania w,.n the war. as at a cr.t.cal ♦•";<' ■•^'j;;
•ifter the (iernn.ns had broken through -m the ^^ ester.
,■,„,„ ,1... Penusvlvania forests turned the l-de "f 1h. ';;:;. Son.e of .hese chen,icals. as stated before, can.e from the Cherry Springs Drive.
On the west side of the Drive the land belongs to the State, and in l-..1ft it had been pla.med to cut
' .„ „t (, „ Mr Pinehot. after his ap-
these magnificent tiees. ->" • > ;,,.,i „,,. n.-ive
„oi.,tn.-ent to the Forest ("on.m.ss.on. v.s, t > e ■ „d WIS struck bv their beauty and educit.on.il valm. nnd cu thei; preservation. T^ater he const. ..ted Lm into a Un.a'uc.t .uemorial of the old nor«.e.-n tvne of fo.-ests. under the forest law ot in21. 1 .<re He several attractive ca.np sites mainta.ne.l along h lerrv Springs Drive which will prov.de special fa cili ies "for automobile tourists tro.n a distance.
n
82
The Cherry Spriiij^s lire tower coinmauds a inagnifi- cent view over endless seas of mountain ranges, and is considered by some, including Dr. G. P. Donehoo, historian and State Librarian, as the finest view in tlie State. The range finder in the tower shows tlie directions of Pittsburgh, Butfalo, New York, Wilkes Harre, Willianisimrt, and other important cities.
COXE'S VALLEY VIEW
This tract consists of about 300 acres of scattered white x)ine and hemlock, and lies on the north slope of Spruce Mountain in Coxe's Valley, Miftlin County, in the Penn State Forest. It may be enjoyed by looking to the east from a point nbout live miles north of Mil- rov, on the Stale IIi«jhwav ( Koute 20) between Lewis- town and Bellfonte. The nean^st towns are Lewistown ( South ^ and Centre Hall (North), where hotel ac- commodations may be found. For further informa- tion apply to District Forester, Milroy, Pennsylvania.
?^OTh\S: There is no more popular road for motor- ists than the highway between Hellefonte, (Vntre Ilall, State College, and I.ewistown. One of the most ]>leas- ing features is the view obtained from one of the highest points on the road looking east— the grand old forests of Coxe's Valley coming into view. These superb trees are wisely being preserved for all time and will give tourists an idea of what the old-time forests were like before lumbermen and forest fires created havoc among them. Near tl'e Coxe's N'alley view a road up Laurel Run, which turns off the State Highway from the right, lesidiiig <»ne to tho Detwiler Hollow and the Alan Seegar Monuments, makes these two w<»nderlands accessible for travelers from all points.
HOW TO OBTAIN CAMPING PERMITS AND
CAMP SITE LEASES
TEMPORARY CAMPS— If the camp site is to iH' used for more than two days, a permit is necessary. It can be securiMl from any local forest olficer, who will assist you in finding a suitable location.
PERMANENT CAMPS— Permanent camp sites may be leased for periods not exceeding ten years, with re- newal privileges. After you have selected the site de- sired, make your application in writing to any local forest officer. He will give you any further informa- tion desired. The annual rental for such camp sites ranges from |7.00 to |15.00.
CAMPINO srOOESTlONS— Be (direful AVith Fire. Fire in Pennsylvania has Inen nu)re destructive to timber than lumbering, (lame and fish suffer from
fire. ...... -4.
Make and keep your camp fire safe. Ru.ld it in a pit
surrounded bv earth or stone, and keep it snuiU.
Hunters should never bnild a fire on a nm way.
Tie sure the last spark of your camp fire is ex- tinguished before leaving it. The last spark can start
'^ Destructive forest fires are freciuently started by burning matches, cigarettes, cigars, and tobacco.
Dead and down timber luay be used if permission is first obtained from a forest officer.
Living trees must not be damaged. They are the source of your future timber supply.
FOREST PROTECTION
For the prompt detection of foiost fin^s 100 steel servation tow.rs have Ik-cu erected by the Depart-
obs(
ment of Forestry.
Most of them are sixty feet high.
SK
Each lower is ((Hiiu'ctcHl hr tv]v])hinw. with the head- quiirters of the District Foresters, Forest Kangers, and other leading tire tighters. Almost 700 miles of telephone lines have boen bnilt by the Department
of Forestry.
Forest tire oViservcrs are on duty day and night <lnriiig the tire season in small glass enclosed cabins npon the towers. From many of These towers it is possible to over look 3m),0()() acres of forest land. The observers have been snplied with approved appliances and with the best eqnipment now available for the detection of forest tires.
Forest tire lighting crews have Inn-n organized and have been given special training. They have been pro- vided with suitable equipment to do their work. Ther are ready to resi)ond immediately when a tire call is announced. Wardens are located in virtually every unit of each forest district. An organization for the protection of forests from lire, pronounced the l^est State organization by the V, S. Forest Service, has been installed and i)ut into operaticm.
FOREST FIRE OBSERVATION TOWERS
The public is invited to visit the forest tire «>bs<"rva tion towers. The watchmen will be glad to explain how forest tires are detected, located on a map, and reported to the nearest tire fighting crew. Indicators show the directions to large cities, c(mnty seats, no- table numnlains, etc. The following list includes all steel towers that have been erected and their locations:
NAME OF TOWBR
1. Oraudall
2. West Pike.
3. Cherry Springs
4. Fox Mountain
5. Tamarack
6. Baldwin
7. Goodall
8. Gleason
9. Maple Kill
10. Holmehurst
11. rump Station. ...
12 Buck Horn
I a Huntle.v
14. Shaflfer's Tatli
l.'». Coffin Kocks
\i\ Grove
17. Whittemoro
18 Boot-Jack
10. Eldrlge
20. Hay's I-ot
21 Boone Mt
22*. Smith l*iac«-
23. The Knobs
24. Snow Shw
25. Raiusares
26. Sand Moun ain. . . .
27. RickettK
28. Harvej's
29 Elk Hill
.30. Scrub oak
:i\ High Knob.
32. Water tJap
aa BlK Poiono
.14. Dry Land
35. Stony Point
36. Glen Sunim t
3i Shickshinny
38. Upper Leh gli
39. Chrlstmans
40. Broad Moun' ain
41. numl>o1dt
42. Brockton ,
43. Mount Pleasant.
44 Aristes
4.\ Boyer's Knub
46. (iood Spring
47. Bitf Poe
48. Greenwood
49. Bald Knob
TiO. Summit
."jl. Glen Canu'lH'!!
ii2. St. Lawrence
53. Higliland Flin«.
.i4. Chickaree, ...
.".r». Lower Yoder
.-)6. Statler
.'»7. Sugar Loaf
58. Negro Mountain. . .'»». Blue Knob
60. Round Mounta ii.
61. Martin Hill
62. Tuscarora
63. Blue Mountain
64. Big Knoi)
65. Big Flat
66. Flag Staff
67. Bull's Head
68. Long Ridge
69. Stalcy'8 Knol
70. Round Top
71. Cummings
72. Long Mountain, . . ■
73. Sideling Hill,
74. Shermanw Mountain
COD?NTY
STATE FOREST
DISTRICT ALTITUDE («eet)
Potter Sus(|ueliftnnoi'k,
Potter' '. Susquelianno«'k .
Potter' Susquehannock ,
Potter! Elk.
(ninton ^P""**"'
Tioga, Tioga
Tioga T.ega
Tioga Tjoga
Tioga Tioga
Lycomim; Tiadaghton.
Lycomin« X'."!"** ;'t"" ' '
Lycoming Tiadaghton,
Lycomlnn
Lycoming
Clinton
Cameron
Cameron
Forest; ■:::.: :....■.• Cornplanter,
JefferKon KittHnni.u.
tjjjj . . .MoshaniKiU.
Clearfleid.' ■.■.■.'.'....• Moshann.in .
Clearfield .Moshannon.
Tiadaghton,
Tiadaghton.
Sproul
Sinnemahonini:.
Klk
p:ik.
Centre, Clinton, . . .
I'nion
Wyoming.
Luzerne,
Susquehantia
Lackawanna
Pike,
Sproul , Bald FaKh'. Bald Kanlc. W.voming. Wyoming. Lackawaiiiin. LackauHiiMit. Delaware.
Monroe Delaware
Delaware.
LackawaiKia
W'eiser,
Weiser. . . .
WyomiuK.
Weiser.
Weisei-.
Weiser.
WeiBcr.
Weiser,
Weiser , Weiser, Weiser
.Monroe
Luzerne
Carbon
liUzerne
Luzerne
Luzerne
CartMU
Carbon
Luzerne
Schuylkill „, ,
Sehuylkill ]li\fZ'
Columbia
Northumbir'.and.
Schuylkill
<^.ntre »*"""'
Huntingdon \'?^*"'
Huntingdon
Centre
Indiantt
Cambria
Blair
Cambria
Cambria
Somerset
Fayette
Somerset lorbes.
Bedford Buchanan.
Huntingdon Uothro<«,
Bt.dfor.1. Buchanan.
Franklin I- nlt<n). ""
Mifflin
Cumberland: :::::.. MU|h^x,
Carbon «• !^
«<^»>">'«.»''" TUd«i»to».
ar"'". ::::::::: mL^uo. cent"; .:: ^^'fj'"""'-
Westmor.lan.l l,^', „?.'.. ' "
Cumberland •u"h„"V.. '
Kuiton Buchanan.
{;";JJ"- .::::: Tuscarora.
2,2r,ti
2,350 2,4<K> 2, 40 J 2,250 2.334 2,30» 2 , 000 2,000 2,000 2,150 2.000 2 . 000 1 . 500 2.325 2.100 2,000 . 2.15» . 1,860 1,050 1,000 . 2,300 . 2.200 2 , 000 . 2.293 . 2,070 . 2,520 . 1,700 . 2.634 2,092 . 2,010 . 1.60O . 2,307 . 1 . 900 . 2,00«t . l,9S0 . l,5ai» l,St2ii . 1.60O
Logan. .
Mosliauni'ii .
«;allit/.in.
Gallit/.hi.
(^allUzin.
<;allitzin,
Callitz.n.
Forls's,
Forbes,
Bnchanan. itotlirix'l< . Tuscarora .
820 <.i8ii 40n 782 7o<( 80.*» 1,62» 2.140 2.30 1 1.70O 2 . 30ti 1 , 960 2.1HM 2.560 2.460 2.720
2.70."> 2. 900 ;5.100 3.10.-I 2.080 3,075 2.44U 2,0(J0 2.200 2,0S<t
1,072 2 , 000 1,860 2,208 1 .970 1 . 570
(
m
NAMK OK TONVI'U
COl'NTY
III
STATE FOKF.dT
DISTRICT ALTlTt^I»K (tf^t)
76.
77. 78. 70.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
S!).
<M).
!n.
92. {»3 »4. 95. !)6. 97. 98. 99. 100.
.TackM Mountain. Little Flat. . . .
The Loop
Wagner
Middleswartli. . Faunce,
GraHH Flat. . . . Wetliaiii
Keating
Wildwood
Wlieelei-
McDadc
Uaricli
("ornwa'.l
Catawissa
L.vk»'ns,
Ifnntingdon Rothrock. •••
<<(>utre Lonan -.4^ii
Hlair. LoKan 2,340
.limiata ll*V"- „• • ;
Sn.vder Bald Lagle . . . •
Cloaiiield Moshannon l.Tou
("learfleld M«-hannon.
Clinton Spronl. .....
Clinton Sinneniahoninu.
Elk. .'..■.; Elk.
AVarren Cornplauter, .
McKean Susquehannofk .
Tioga Tioffa
Lancaster Valley Foik<'.
Columbia Weiser
1.680
2.334 1,200 1 , 82r.
I>auphin,
Weiser. 1,630
Port Clhitoi' Stony Mountain.
Snow Hill
WestfaU
Barclay
MelioopHiiy . North .MonntHin.
Gould
Hay'** M'll. . . . Brush Mountain.
1,600
Weiser 1.640
Delawari-
1,460
Berks >X*i*'^'-
Dauphin
Monroe
PIkt. Delawan-.
Bradford Wyominj:
WvoniluK Wyoming.
Sullivan Wyoming. .
Wayne Lackawanna .
Somerset Forbes. . .
Ijlair GalUtaln.
2..'»20
CAMPING SUGGESTIONS
OUTFIT
Til ontfittinj? for forest travel tlie followinji list will serve as a {iui<le:
('LOTHISG:
Suit: khaki, whipcord, or overhall material.
Mackinaw or sweater.
Underwear: Medium weight.
Socks: Two pairs medium weight, or one
pair heavy^ Shirt: Flannel or khaki, light or medium
weight, half size larger than usually worn. Shoes : Stout, easy, with heavy soles. Sneakers
or moccasins for camp. Boots: Leather, instead of shoes and leggins,
if desired.
Leggins: Canvas or leather, if shoes are worn instead of boots, (woolen puttees are unsuit- able.)
Gloves : "Buckskin".
Hat: Felt or cloth, moderately wide brim.
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TUK DEPARTMENT Ol- 1-OUESTUV ''.-^« ™^-;'''''" 1(H> f'UUKST l.'IKE UliSi;inATl>iN TOWKU.^
If
37
isEDt^ .\M> i;i:i>i>fy(!-
Air bods an- e(.m(..ital>U'. and they can be satisfactorily v.s.d ov..,. on bare r.uks. If one sleeps .m the «ronnd, have the teet slightly higher than the head, and make a small trench or depression nbont tw<, inches deep to allow for the hips. This will enable <me to slee). comfortably and arise withont stillness. The- most serviceable b..ldin, is a qu.lt of eadu-
aown or wool with an <-^-' .'"^";""': j'^ "
The qnilt can be sewed or imnu-d w.th blanket
„ins along the bott.nn to form a sleeiung bag.
'r„„.Uets are chosen, it should be. borne n.
,„i„d that two light ones are warmer than a
sinszle licnvv one. ^ , i i
tl bv iiooU lOoune. .anvas, when folded, will make a .round cloth and an extra cover .nd i« also nseful to cover camp <Minipmeut in ^al^lohUe. Kememher that tiu^.u.Ms^e nsnallv cold in the mcmntains and that con sidera'ble bedding: is required.
Vamv <'q"iP--t used by Il«e T. S. r^i^|^ Service is shown in the following l.st: An out lit for live men is .iven:
Knives, table .^,
Knives, butcher I . '
Forks, labh' ^
Fork, meat -
Spoons, tea .,
Spoons, table ^
Spoon, stirrinji ^
Plates -
•••
Cups J
Milk pan (serving dish » ^
Dish pan
88
Frying i)aus, small 3
Stewinj? kottles, half-gallon 2
Stewing pans, assorted 2
Canvas water pail, 2-gallon 1
Can opener 1
Colander 1
< 'offee pot, 1 -gallon 1
J )nt('h oven ( baker) 1
To the foregoing may be added:
Washbasins; pepper and salt boxes (wooden) oilcloth for table; jjancake tnrner.
Miscellaneous camp equipment:
Shovel: axe or hatchet; toilet kit: stcmt knife; assorted nails; whetstone; rope; ttashlight: lantern: folding camp stools or chairs: patent ej-.g carrier: bread knife: friction-top cans to carry sugar, butter, tea, etc.
RATIONS
The following ration list is used by the V. S. Forest Service and may be of service to cami)ers in outfitting. The list shows the amounts of various articles r«» (|uir<»d to subsist one man ten days. Supplies for any numb(«r may be compute<l from the figures given. A food t(» be useful for camp and trail must contain tlie maximum amount of nutriment, or food value, with a minimum of bulk. Meat aloiu':
Fresh meat j)ounds. . .20
Canned or cured meat pounds. . ,12
Meat combined :
Fresh meat jxmnds. . .10
Canned or cured meat pounds. . . t;
liread. crackers, or flour:
reread pound loaves. . . »
Crackers pounds. . . 0
^lour pounds. . . 8
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Baking powder (if alK)ve amount of Hour is
used) pound. . .>4
Lard pound. . . 1
Su^'ar pounds . . '. 4
Sirup quart. . . 1
Coffee, ground pounds. . . 2
Tea pound . . . >^
Milk, canned Hh-. size cans. . . 3
Butter pounds. . . 2
Fruits :
Di'i^.d iK)unds ... 2
Canned (luarts. . . 3
jjicg pounds ... 2
Beans pounds. . .3
Potatoes pounds. . .10
Onions pound... 1
Tomatoes, canned l:«'Jit* <''^i»«- • • ^*
Macaroni pound. . . 1
dieese (American > pimnds. . . 2
F.rbyurst pound. . . Vz
Pickles nnnrt . . . /.
Salt pound... 1
Pepper ounces... 2
Dish towels ( cheesecloth ) yards. . . :>
Twine '''^l^-- 1
Hand towels number. . . 3
Candles number... •<.
Soap (hand. Saixdio and laundry) bars. . 2
Matches ^**^^ '• ^
Paper bags number. . .12
Total weight. 138 pounds.
CAMP FIRES
Camp stoves should be taken whenever they can be transported. They are safer than open fires, more convenient, require less fuel, and do not blacken the
40
(.'ookiiig utensils. Collapsible sheet-iron stoves may be obtained.
In the absence of a stove an open fife must be built. A safe and serviceable fireplace can be made of rocks placed in a small circle so as to support the utensils. Wliere rocks are not obtainable, poles may be used.
For permanent camps it pays to build a stone fireplace. A i)iece of sheet iron will prevent the blackening of the pans and makes a better draft.
For temporary camps the fire should be built as follows :
Pig a hole about a foot deep and about three or four feet in diameter. Shovel away the side toward the wind. Lay green poles across the hole to support the pots and pans, and build the fire underneath.
Fire irons are often a great convenience. A piece of three-eighths inch roun<l iron four feet long is bent at right angles a foot from each end and the ends are sharpened. Two of these irons are placed side by side, the ends are driven into the ground and the fire kindled lieneath them. Instead of being made in one piece, the pegs and crossbais may be connected by rings in the ends. They will then fold and be easier to pack.
Camj) fires should never be larger than necessary, and the utmost care should be taken to jireveut sparks from l)eing carried into the ?ieighboring forest. Clear away the litter for a considerable space about the fire. And be sure to IM'T TFIF FIRE OT'T before you leave it.
A shovel is nearly as important a tool as an axe in camping. Do not count on finding one along the way, but put one in your outfit.
During wet weather look for kindling in burned pine butts, or in pine knots. The under side of a
41
leaning tree will usually contain dry material. Dead branches that have not yet fallen are drier than those on the ground.
Where matches are scarce, or when the weather is st^)rmy, light a candle and kindle your fire from that.
CAMP COOKERY
It is difficult to pack into camp very many dif- ferent kinds of foods, and the camper is rec()mnien<le<l to secure variety in his menu by learning to cook staple articles in different ways rather than by stock- ing up with a varied assortment. Directions for pre- jiaring the ordinary articles of camp fare are given below :
COFFEtJ.— Fin the pot with fresh water. When it comes to a boil stir in cottee previously moistened with warm (not hot) water. Cover closely. Let it boil for two minutes, stirring from the sides and toj) as it boils up. To clear it, remove from the fire and dash over the surface a cup of cold, fresh water. Or, put the cottee, dry, in the [)ot ; stir it while lieating; then i)our over it one quart boiling watei- to <'ach ounce of coft'ee, and set the j)ot where it will keej> hot and not boil. After standing 10 minutes it is ready to drink.
TEA.— Bring fresh water to a hard boil. Fill the teapot with boiling water. When the pot is thor- oughly heated, j)our off the water and put into the pot 1 teaspoonful of tea for every cup that is to be <lrawn and 1 for the pot. Then pour on the boiling water and set the covered pot near tlu' fire to draw but not to boil, (ireen ten generally reipiires ."» min- utes; Oolong tea 8 minutes; English breakfast tea. 15 minutes.
The faults commonly committed in making tea are as follows:
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The water is fiat from having boiled too loiij,'; the water is only hot and not boiling; the teapot is not heated before putting in the tea; the tea is boiled in- stead of drawn (no tea should be boiled) ; the tea is made too long before it is to be drunk.
BAKIXG-POWDER BRIJAU.—^ix 1 quart of flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 4 teaspoons baking powder. Stir in enough cold water to make a thick batter. Mix rapidly and pour into Dutch oven. Bake until no dough adheres to a sliver stuck into the loaf.
FRYIXa-FAN BREAD.— Mix 1 cup of flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 3 teaspoons baking powder, and stir in water enough to make a thick dough. Pour into hot, greased frying pan and place near fire. As soon as it sets prop the pan nearly erect before the bkize. When brown on one side turn it over.
FLAPJACKS.— Two cups of flour, half teaspoon salt, and 4 teaspoons baking powder. Water to make a thin batter. (Irease filing pan with lard or bacon rind and fry cakes when pan is smoking hot. l*re- pared pancake flours are often satisfactory and have directions printed on the package.
CORN BREAD (unleavened),— Corn meal, 1 quart, salt 1 teaspoonful; mix rai)idly with boiling water and stir until it drops lightly from the spoon. Bake in Dutch oven or in thin cakes in a frying pan.
Tn using Dutch ovens care should be taken that the oven and lid are quite hot before dough is placed in them for baking. During the preparations for baking the oven and lid should be heated over the lire. When a good mass of coals has been obtained, the dough should be placed in the heated oven (the bottom hav- ing been greased) and the lid put on. The oven should then be embedded in the coals and the lid covered with coals aiid hot ashes.
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Instead of a Dutch oven two pans may be used, (#ne Ijeing large enough to lit snugly over the other as a cover. Plenty of ashes and earth should be piled on top or the bread will burn.
FRIED FISU.—GleSin and wipe the fish dry, rub it over with dry sifted flour ; put into a frying pan enough dripping to well cover the fish; when this is hot, put in the fish and fry both sides a clear golden brown. Just as the fish is turning brown sprinkle it lightly with pepper and salt.
FRIED STEAK.— Clesinse the steak but do not put it into water. Have the frying pan very hot and dry and lightly powdered with salt; put in the steak, cover it with a tin plate, and turn it often. When cooked put it on a hot dish and season with pepper and salt. The juices will then escape and furnish the gravy; or, have ready in a hot dish a half tea- si)oonful of salt, a quarter of a teaspoonful of pepper, a piece of butter or beef dripping, not quite the size of an egg, add two tablespoonfuls of boiling water, mix well together, put the steak into it and turn it over once, so that both sides will be moistened with the gravy, and serve.
Prepare and broil mutton chops, venison and pork
steaks as above.
Meat prepared in this way is quite equal to that broiled in a gridiron, and this method does not waste the juices.
For broiling on a gridiron, prepare the steak as di- rected for cooking in a frying ])an. Have ready a bed of live coals, and as soon as the gridiron (wiped clean) is heated put the steak on it, turning often. If the fire smokes or blazes from the dripping fat, withdraw^ the gridiron for a moment. It should cook in 15 minutes.
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i^ALT [*ORK AM) /MCOA.— Should Ik* soaked in cold water for an lionr or two before l)roilin^ or fry- ing. Ham may be covered with boiling water and soaked for half an honr before broiling-.
(JAMtj. — The entrails should be takcMi out as soon as game is killed. If the meat is not to be cooked at once, hang it np in a cool dry place. Birds should be kept in their feathers and animals in their skins.
<M.YA7-;D (iOOl)S. — Before using canned goods see that the ends of the cans are sunk in. If the ends are swelled or Inilgy, it usually means fermented contents and spoiled goods.
After a can has been opened jjour ctmtents imme- diately into enamel or aluminum ware dish. Never leave food in the original cans.
In the j>rocess of canning all canned goods receive a cooking varying in length of time from five minutes to seven hours, according to the character of the goods, and but little further cooking is necessary.
liOILIMi. — At high altitudes water boils at tem- peratures too low to cook with, the decrease in atmos- pheric jiressnre b»wering the boiling point. This <le- ci"ease amounts roughly to 1 degree for every j^.^i W^vi of ascent. Thus at 10,000 feet elevation the tc'ruipera
ture of boiling water is onlv 194 degrees.
Other
methods of cooking are not att'ected by altitude.
HIJAXi^. — ^\Vash and soak over night in cold water. S<;lt water is ]>referable: a little baking siKla may be used to soft<'n hard water. Drain and put beans into a pot with encmgh cold water to cover them plentifully. To 2 (piarts of l>eans add 1 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda; cover and boil for 15 minutes. Bemove the scum as it rises. l*our off the water: replace with boiling water, ('over an<l boil steadily foi- '2 or .**» hours, or until tender. Drain and st^ason with butter, i>epper and salt.
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RICE. — The rice should be thoroughly washed and then placed in a pot with plenty of water (latter at boiling point). Boil without stirring the rice, for 20 minutes throw into a colander, covering same, and let stand several mnutes — thus serving a double purpose, allowing rice to drain as well as steam.
The three cardinal points essential to a satisfactory result are: First, water boiling frcmi start to tinish, second, rice undisturbed while cooking; third, thor- ough draining.
In order to see whether rice is done, take out one of the grains and ])iess it between the fingers: if well done, it will mash easily and feel perfectly soft.
One pint of rice will swell to o pints when cooked and increase in weight from U o\inces to 2 pounds.
One pound of rice contains about three and one half times as much food as 1 pound of potatoes.
STEWED PRl WES.—Wa^h and pick over the prunes; put them to soak overnight in the Avater (cold) they are to be cooked in, using only enough to cover them. But the prunes on the fire where they can just simmer during three hours. Do not use an iron vessel and <lo not let them boil hard. Keep close- Iv covered.
STEWEi), UlUlin AM) IIV A roii ATIII) AI*J'Li:><. ArR[COTi< AM) /*/';.U7//;n.— These are ].repai'ed like prunes except that they riMjuire less cooking. Also when these fruits are <'ook(Ml put in plenty of sugar and cook five minutes longer.
During hot weather fruit is likely to sonr when put to soak overnight.
STEW.— Into a kettle put a layer of meat, (fresh,
salt, game etc. i and season dre«lge with fiour, then add
a layer of jiotatoes, onions, etc., repeating this until
the kettle is nearly fidl, as desired. Over all pour suf
ficient water to cover, and stew slowly from one to
three hours, according to quantity. During the last hour stir in a quart of batter to thicken; season to taste and serve hot.
^^TEW WITH CAWED MEATS.—Vtel and slice the potatoes and onions ; put them in the camp kottUs season with pepper and salt, pour in sufficient water to cover them, and stew gently, keeping the lid of the kettle closely shut until the potatoes are nearly cooked ; then open the tins of meat, cut up the contents, and put into the kettle; let the whole simmer for 10 minutes and serve.
DISPOSAL OF REFUSE
Burn all kitchen refuse in the camp fire; it wll not affect the cookng. Burn everything — coffee grounds, parings, bones, meats, even old tin cans — for if thrown out any where, even buried, they may at- tract flies. Befuse once burned will not attract flies.
If burning is impracticable, dig a hole for the refuse, leaving the earth piled up on the edge, and cover every addition with a layer of dirt.
ACCIDENTS— FIRST AID
First aid packets should be included with the camp outfit; als(» a P^irstAid Manual, which should be studied before starting out. In case of any serious ac cident get to a telei)hone at once and send for a ]^hy- sician. Directions for preliminary treatment of some of the commoner accidents are given below:
iror.\7>»V. — To stop bleeding, apply pressure di- rectly over the wound either by the fingers or by meann of a comjiress. The latter is preferable.
If the bleeding can not be controlled by this method, apply pressure to the blood vessel which supplies the
47
bleeding part, the pressure being applied always be- tween the wound and the heart.
To make a tourniquet, tie a strong bandage, hand- kerchief, necktie, etc., about the wounded part. Place a smooth pebble or similar hard substance directly over the blood vessel. Insert a stick within the band- age and twist it tight.
i?L7?AK.— Exclude air and keep parts absolutely clean. Treat with vaseline or olive oil. Lacking these, use a solution of baking soda.
Where large blisters are formed, remove the fluid before dressing. Prick near the edge with a needle that has been passed several times through a flame, and gently press out the water.
Where the clothing sticks to the flesh, do not re- move it forcibly. C'ut it away as close to the burn as l>ossible and soften with oil before removing it.
FRACTURES. — Send for a surgeon. It is not nec- essary that a broken bone should be set immediately. If it is impossible to obtain a surgeon at once or if it is necessarv to move the injured person, the parts should be bandaged with splints to keep them from moving. For splints use thin ])ieces of board a little longer than the bone and as wide as the injured part. They should be thoroughly padded with cotton, cloth, or moss.
»SfPAM/A8.— The part should have absolute rest. Ap- ply water as hot as can be borne. After the first day or two apply splints and bandages if necessary.
SUNSTROKE. — The skin is dry and hot, the breath ing quick, and the heart action violent. Place patient on his back, with head slightly raised, in a cool, shady spot. L(»osen clothing. Apply cold water, first to the head and then to body, until temperature has been reduced and consciousness returns.
48
NAM A'/; lilTK. — Use a tonrniqnot between the wound and tlie heart, loosening; it Ironi tinu» to time. Cut the wonnd to allow it to bleed freely. If whiskey 18 administered, j»;ive it in snmll doses as needed to prevent collajisc. not in a large quantity all at once. The best treatment is hypodermic injections of pot- assium i)ermanj»anate near the jmneture, with strych- nine given hypodermieally or in tablets to keep up the heart action.
REHUSCIT. 1 77 OX O F T H E A P1*A HEKThY 1>I\0\V\ El). — Send for physician at once. Loosen clothing. The water must be rcMuoved from mouth, lungs, and stomach. Water and mucus may be re- moved from the nn>uth with linger. To remov(» the water from threat and lungs, grasp the patient around the waist from behiii 1 and raise the hodv so that the head and feet hang down.
TO INDUCE ART I PTC A r. RESPI RATfOX.—Vhwe the patient on his back. Draw the tongue forward and if necessary tie with a handk(»rchief. Kneel at the patient's head and grasp the arms bcdow the <»1- bows. Draw the arms upwar<l and backward until pati<'nt's hamls touch the ground behind his head and keep in this |i(isition while "one", "two", "three" are slowlv counted. Then cairv elbows downward slowlv. doubling the forearm on the arm, ])ressing firmly against the chest. Kest a few seconds, and rejx'at about sixteen times to the minute. Do m)t give up for at least one houi' and a half.
When signs of life a])pear, friction and rubbing should be applied, and tea, cotfee. or whiskey and hot water may he given.
49 FIRES AND FIRE FIGHTING
Preventable tires can be prevented only by <>ducat- iug the public. The Department of Forestry is trying to do that. Campers can help by observing these suggesti(uis :
EIGHT TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING
FOREST FIRES
1. CARE.— Be as careful with fire in the woods as you are with lire in your home.
2. MATCHED,— -Wa sure your match is out. Put it in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it away. Make this a habit.
3. TOBACCO.— Thrown pipe ashes and cigar or cig- arette stubs in the dust of the road, and «tamp or pinch out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw thera into brush, leaves, or needles.
4. hoc A TION OF CA3/P.— Select a spot as free as possible from inflammable material, sheltered from the wind, and near accessible water.
.5. CAMP FIRES.— l^evor build a camp fire against a tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build all fires away from overhanging branches and on a dirt or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or leaf mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all in- flammable material within a radius of from 3 to 5 feet. Make sure the fire can not spread on or under the ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while you are in camp, and that it is going to be easy to put out when you are ready to leave.
6. PUT THE FIRE OUT.—U you discover a forest fire, put it •out. If you need help, please notify the nearest Forest Fire Warden. A telephone central will connect you with him.
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7. LEAVING CA il/P.— Never leave a camp fire, even for a short time, without coini)h'tely extinguishing' eveiy spark with water or fresh diit free from moss and leaf mold. Do not throw cliarred rross logs to one side where a smouldering spark might catch. It is well to soak thoroughly all embers and charred pieces of wood and then cover them with dirt. Feel around the outer edge of the tire pit to make sure no fire is smouldering in charred roots or leaf mold. Hundreds of fires escape each year after campers have thought they were extinguished.
8. HELP ENFORCE THE FIRE LAWS,— They were made to protect your interests.
These rules have been complied for the guidance of the public, l)y observing the general practice of for- esters and other w(K)dsmen in their nse of fire in the mountains. Most of them have been enacted into law, and the penalties for their violation are severe. Campers should observe them scrupulously.
HINTS ON FIRE PROTECTION.— If you discover a fire, go to it at once and put it out if you can. A small fire can be put out easily by throwing handfuls of earth, sand, or dust at the base of the flame. The flames may also be beaten down with sacks or with branches, but care must be taken not to scatter the fire.
If the fire is spreading too rapidly to be attacked directly, cut and scrape a trail some distance ahead of it. Do not back fire this is work for an experienced man. If a fire is serious enough to require this treat- ment, the work should be left to a Forest Hanger or a Fire Warden.
The best tools for fire fighting are the shovel, axe, hoe and rake. Hhovcl or rake a trail through the toji soil down to mineral soil, and guard the trail.
51
Pick a rcmte for the fire trail that will avoid brush ])atches, if possible. The crest of a ridge is an excel- lent location, since the fire naturally checks at the top.
Do not give up because the fire is gaining headway or because you lack tools. The fire has already been re- ported by lookouts on towers, and fire fighters, pro- ]>erly equi])i»ed, are hurrying to it. ?>tay and help them; and in the meantime do what you can to keep it in check.
SEE THAT A FIRE IS COLD BEFORE YOU
LEAVE IT
Rei>ort all fires to the nearest Forest Officer.
Do not suppose that because a fire is merely burning in apparently worthless brush it is therefore doing no damage. Such fires are often the most serious.
52 SIX RULES FOR SPORTSMEN
1. BE A REAL SPORTSMAN.— There is more honor in giving the game a square deal than in get- ting the limit.
2. MAKE .SURE ITS A BUCK.— Jf you can't see liis horns — she hasn't got any.
3. HELP TO ENFORCE CAME LAWS.— dune and fish are public property and only a game hog will take more than his fair and legal share. Violations should be reported to the nearest warden, forest ranger, or game protective association.
4. RESPECT THE FARMER'S PROPERTY.— Ue regards the man who leaves his gates open, cuts his fences, disturbs his live stock, or shoots near dwell- ings, as an outlaw. Put yourself in his place.
5. BE CAREFUL WITH YOUR CAMP FIRE AND MATCHES. — One tree will make a million matches; one match can burn a million trees.
6. LEAVE A (^LEAN CAMP AND A CLEAN RE- CORD.— Unburied garbage, crii)pled game, and broken laws are poor monuments for a sportsman to leave behind him.
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53 GAME AND FISH
No charge is made by the Department of Forestry for hunting, lishing, or ordinary ramping within the State Forests, and their ns(» as recreation grounds is encouraged. No i)ermits are issned for game pre- serves or any use of land intended to prevent or re- strict lawful hunting or tisliing. Forest officers are irame Avardens ex officio and are active in game and tish protection in cooperation with the State Fish and Game Cimimissions.
Licenses are recpiired l)y the State for angling as well as for hunting. They may be obtained from County Treasurers.
Tamphlets containing the Pennsylvania game, fish and forest laws may be obtained from the State Game Commission, The Department of Fislieries, or the De partment of Forestry. The laws therein should be strictly com])lied with.
DEFH. — The bucks shed their horns during the winter, the new horns iH'ginning to grow in early s]u*ing. During the summer th(^e are in the velvet — tender, full of blood vess is, and unfit for mounting. Later the horns harden, the velvet is rubbed off. and the buck reaches his jirime condition.
To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin around the neck well down on the shoulder and breast. Then cut along the u])per side of the neck to the top of the head. Thence make diagonal cuts, one to each horn. Cut off the ears close to the skull, turn them inside out, and cut away the meat, leaving the carti- lage. Skin carefully around the eyes. Cut the lips close to the skull, leaving them attached to the skin. Split them from the inside and fill tlu' cut with salt. Never cut the animal's throat if you wish to mount the head. If it is desired to bleed him, stick a knife in the breast at the base of the neck.
u
Rub plenty of salt iuto the flesh side of all parts of the skin, and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up hair side in and ship at once to a taxidermist.
To butcher a deer hang it up by the hind legs, slit the skin along the middle of the breast and belly and to the end of the tail ; then along the inside of each lejr. Cut off the feet at the joints and i>eel off the skin. Cut through the wall of the abdomen without piercing the intestines; loosen the dia]>hragm at the back and sides; cut away the lower intestine close to the bone and empty out the entire contents of the car- cass. Split the breastbone with a hatchet.
The best cuts of venison are the saddle and haunch.
To make jerked venison, or *'jerky", use lean meat cut into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these side by side on a frame made (»f slats or poles su])- ported about 4 feel frcmi the ground and keej) a small smoky fire going underneath until the meat is thor- oughly dry.
Fresh meat shtmld be hung U]) and ]»rotectetl from
flies by cheesecloth.
To preserve the hide, stretch it over a log, a tree, or on the side of a building, flesh side out, until it is thoroughly dried, then it will keep and is easily j)acked.
MISCELLANEOUS
Photo(/r(iphs.—V\wio^ri{\)h^ taken in the shade of the forest" require from 5 to 15 times longer exposure than those taken in the open.
Compass.— OuQ end of the needle always has a dis- tinguishing mark, but manufacturers do not always mark the same end. Make sure whi<h end of the needle points north and remendnT it.
Candle La nf em s.—WWh the point of a hatchet blade cut slits about 2 inches long in the form of an X in the side of a lard pail. A candle pushed into this aperture will be held steady, and the can will shade it from the wind and serve ai a reflector.
55
To Dry Matches. — Carefully blot off as much water as possible with a soft cloth and then pass them through the hair a dozen times or so.
A Shoulder Pack. — This can be improvised as fol- lows: Take a grain sack and place a pebble an inch or more in diameter in each of the lower corners. Tie one leg of a pair of oversalls to each of these corners. (The pebble prevents the knot from slipping off.) To close the sack tie the mouth of it and the waist of the overalls tightly with a cord. The legs make comfort- able shoulder straps.
Chafed Heels.— They can be alleviated by rubbing soap into the socks. Also, by sticking adhesive tape on the bare heels.
Getting Lost. — There is little danger of a person being lost in Pennsylvania mountains during the sum- mer. Usually the worst that can happen is the possi- bility of an uncomfortable night in the open. The realization that one is lost is, however, often accom- panied by a panicky feeling that may hurry one into difficulties or even into accidents. Fight against this, and keep your head. Thirty minutes' calm thought will be worth more than hours spent in aimless rushing.
Don't try to travel after dark. Camp as comfort- ably as you can as soon as night comes on, no matter how near to camp you think you are.
You can always reach the settlements by traveling down stream.
a
IN PENN'S WOODS
A Handy and Helpful Pocket Manual
of The Natural Wonders and Recreational Facilities
of
The State Forests
d
Pennsylvania
Gives the Location, Description, and Historical Informa- tion of the State Forest Parks, Public Camps, State Forest Monuments, and Special Scenic Areas on the State-owned Forest Land.
Compiled
Under the Direction of
Henry W. Shoemaker and Joseph S. lilick
Bulletin 31 (revised)
Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters
R. Y. Stuart, Secretary
Harrisburg, Pa.
April, 1925
CONTENTS
Pag*
I. Introduction ^
II. State Forest Parks of Pennsylvania »
III. Public Camps in State Forests of Pennsylvania . 20
IV. State Forest Monuments of Pennsylvania 48
V. Special Scenic Areas and Historic Sites on State
Forests of Pennsylvania ^
VI. Forest Observation towers in Pennsylvania 66
VII. How to Use the State Forests of Pennsylvania . . 70
VIII. State Forest Rules "^^
IX. Helpful Camping Suggestions '^^
X. Maps of Pennsylvania *^
XI. List of Helpful Books for Campers in Penn's
Woods ^
IN PENN'S WOODS
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In only a few places does the natural environment of man remain in Pennsylvania. When the white man came to Penn's Woods the entire State, with the ex- ception of a few natural meadows and several rough mountain tops, was covered witli a dense growth ol magnificent forest trees. These great forest stretches have been destroyed until now there remains only a small remnant of primeval forest within the only state that embodies the word ''forest" in its name.
As man increases on the face of the earth the amount of natural wild landscape decreases and unless some- thing is done promptly and effectively, all of Penn- sylvania's original growth will disappear. The re- sponsibility rests upon us as it has never rested upon any generation before to see that some scattered rem- nants of natural character and natural beauty are left for the recreation and inspiration of generations to come. We owe it to ourselves and to those who will come after us to preserve these natural features for the general welfare of our people.
There are left in Pennsylvania about 13,000,000 acres of forest land, of which 1,131,611 acres are in- cluded in the State Forests. Most of the forest land within the State Forests bears a growth of young trees. Dotted throughout the State Forests are numer- ous stands of middle-sized trees. Here and there one can find small areas of sylvan giants that tell the story of the glory of the greater forests of former days. It is in these .small remnants of magnificent forest giants, usually located in remote forest regions, that one finds the most delightful rest places and beauty spots within the Keystone State.
Each year vacationists and tourists make a trrowing demand for camping sites within the forest. To satisfy this urgent call, special areas within the State Forests
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4
have been set aside for recreational use. There are now within the State Forests of Pennsylvania 7 State Forest Parks, D State Forest ^fonunients, 3 Spocinl Scenic Areas, and 31 Public Camping Grounds. In addition there are almost 1,300 permanent camp sites within the State Forests that have been leased to citi- zens of Pennsylvania for periods of 10 years at nomi- nal annual rentals of from only |7.00 to |15.00.
If you are a citizen of Pennsylvania you are one of the 9,000,000 stockholders in the State Forests. This gives you permission to use the State Forests to enjoy yourself. All that is required of you is that you obey a few simple rules, and this every patriotic citizen is
willing to do.
Formerly our woodlands were so vast and the out- of-doors so boundless that we gave little attention to them. With the rapid })rogress of forest devastation and the equally rapid increase of population we have been brought face to face with a serious situation that affects the physical, mental, social, and moral life of all the citizens. We are just beginning to appreciate tlie part the forest plays in our everyday life.
A wholesome use of free time is now one of the major determining factors of good government. It is the business of government to make it easy for people to do right and hard for them to do wrong. Every- where in our social life it is becoming evident the right use of leisure is as vital to our general welfare as the right use of toil. It is as imperative to see that our citizens have a i>roper place to play as it is that they have good working conditions. To develop a citizenry on a sane and safe basis and to insure the moral strength and physical fitness of our people, we must immediately give thought to the open and full development of our forests. A jiroper handling of the State Forests for wise recreational use will be a big factor in developing healthy bodies and clean minds. Our part will be well done for the people of today and for the children that are to <'ome if we provide great
ONLY A FEW REMXANTS OP ORKJIXAL FOREST RE- MAIN IN PENNSYLVANIA. WITTIIN THE STATE FOREST MONrM.ENTS ARE liElNC PRESERVED THE REST STANDS OF ORIGINAL TIMP.ER FOUND ON THE STATE FORESTS
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reaches of forist land to which our people may turn in
leisure to find rest, health, and enjoyment
Play places in the outofdoors are a big factor in
overcoming the evil effects of slum areas, reducmg
juvenile delinquency, and offsetting the evil effects of crime breeding environments. We are reaching the stage when human beings have more leisure than they can assimilate. It has been definitely established that crime is usually the expression of the idle. As the day of labor is shortened, the time of leisure length- ened destructive forces will be increased unless people are taught how to employ their leisure in a construc- tive and helpful manner. The organized summer camp is a great contribution to the educational system of the world. The camp purpose is primarily the build- ing of bigger, braver, and better boys and girls. To tale our people into the out-of-doors and let the sun- shine play upon their lives is indeed a worthy enter-
^"rhe State Forests of Pennsylvania belong not only to the present generation but also to the future. Each year a larger number of the privately owned forests are being closed to free use, and as this development continues it becomes more imperative that the public forests must be developed to furnish play V^<^oento, our people. The State Forests are our friends. They call to us to come out into a friendly environment and there walk and talk among the green trees. If one interprets the songs and whispers of the fores trees correctly, one may hear them say "Suffer the little chil- dren to come unto us. Let them enjoy our beauty, our shade, and our shelter, and let the light of the sun play upon their happy faces and make them bigger, braver and better boys and girls." There is no better place for tired bodies, weary minds, and depressed souls than a sylvan retreat with a gala garment of green. There one finds quiet and rest. There the heart is lightened, the mind eased, the vitality restored. The out of doors I'fts us up and casts away our burdens.
If you want to enjoy a day in the open or a week in the woods, plan to go to the State Forests. It will do you good and the forest officers will be glad to welcome you. If you are interested in finding a play place in the State Forest write to or call upon any of the District Foresters, who will be glad to give you helpful information about the State Forests of Penn- sylvania. There follows a lisc of all the District Foresters of Pennsylvania:
NAMES OF FOREST DISTRICTS OF PENN- SYLVANIA DISTRICT FORESTERS AND THEIR ADDRESSES
FOREST |
DISTRICT |
HEADQUARTERS |
DISTRICT |
FORESTER |
AND ADDRESS |
Michaux |
John R. Williams. . . |
Caledonia Park, Fayette- ville, R.D. No. 2, Pa. |
Buchanan . . . . |
W. L. Byers |
McConnellsburg, Pa. |
Tiiscarora . . . . |
B. D. McPherson . . . |
Blain, Perry County, Pa. |
Roth rock |
Walter Leach |
Crum Building, Mount Union, Pa. |
Logan |
T. Roy Morton |
2 King St., Petersburg, Pa. |
Penn |
Thos. C. Harbeson . . |
Milroy Bank Building, Mil- roy, Pa. |
Bald Eagle . . . |
Raymond B. Winter |
Borough Building, MilHin burg, Pa. |
Mont Alto . . . . |
Edwin A. Ziegler. . |
State Forest School, Mont Alto, Pa. |
HoshannoD . . . |
William F. Dague. . |
County National Bank BIdg., Clearfield, Pa. |
Sproul |
F»>ri'P8t H. Dutlivger |
118 Sixth Street, Renovo, Pa. |
Siunomahoning |
<\ C. Hogelnnd |
Driftwood, Pa. |
Tiadaghton . . . |
Homer S. Metzgor. . |
Irwin Building, Williams- port, Pa. |
Elk |
Charles E. Bacr. . . . |
Fourth St. east of Broad, Emporium, Pa. |
CornplantiT |
FT. B. Rowland |
Bell Oil and Gas Bldg., Warren, Pa. |
Siisqii«'li;mnoek |
H. E. Elliott |
Cor. 2d and East Sts., Coudersport, Pi. |
FOREST DISTRICT
Tioga
Valley Forge
Weiser
Delaware . . . Wyoming . . •
Lackawanna
Forbes ....
Gallitzin . .
iMttanning .
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DISTRICT IIEADQU.VRTERS
FORESTER AND ADDRESS
P. H. Mulforil OKI First National Bank
Building, Wellsboro, Pa. . George H. Wirt.... Dept. Forests and Waters,
Harrisburg, Pa.
.. II. A. Smitb 0 North Centre St., Potts-
ville. Pa.
. R. W. Stadden 018 Main St., Stroudsburg,
Pa.
..A.F.Snyder Cor. Railroad & Market
Sts., Dushore, Pa. .. R. Uvnn Emerick... 310 Washington Avenue,
Scranton, Pa.
V. M. Bearer Bossart Building, Ligonier.
Pa. .. E. B. Miller Swank Building, Joins- town. Pa.
C E Zrrby ^^'r. Main St. and Oth
Ave.. Clarion, Pa.
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STATE FOREST PARKS OF PENNSYLVANIA
The State Forests of Pennsylvania are the people's property. They are administered in such a way that they bring the greatest benefits to all the citizens of the State. The aim of the State Department of For- ests and Waters is to handle them so that they will produce a crop of forest products and bring a full measure of other benefits to all the citizens of the State.
One of the chief purposes of the State Forests is to provide healthful recreation for the people of Pennsyl- vania. To make this available there have been set aside for special development within the State Forests a number of selected places called State Forest Parks. These special sites were selected l)ecause of their adapt- ability to recreational use. Many of them have his- toric associations as well as natural scenic charm. In and about them Nature is at her l)est and provides a welcome and comfortable sylvan environment. They serve as recreational centers for travelers, tourists, and other forest users. Here mankind mingl(»s on a mutual basis and man meets nature in a friendly way.
The State Forest Parks range in size from 1.5 to 42-") acres. In the aggregate they cover almost 1.000 acres. In them is ]>lenty of rw^m for rest and play. They are available at all times for wise use. No class of forest users is favored. EverylM)dy is treated alike. All that is required of the users is that the forest and the equipment be used wisely and not abused. The gen- eral State Forest rules pertain to State Forest Parks, but the use of fire arms is not permitted within them.
CALEDONIA STATE FOREST PARK Michaux State Forest
The Caledonia State Forest Park is the most ex- tensively used park on the State Forests of Pennsyl- vania. It is the only State Forest park along the entire route of the Lincoln Highway and is annually visited by thousands of tourists, and the local people regard it as the favorite i)icnic spot.
This park is named for the old charcoal iron furnace which was located here in 1873 and which was at one time conducted by no less a personage than the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, famous abolitionist and statesman, and father of the public school system of Pennsylvania, who was born in Caledonia, Vermont.
Within the park is the homj of the Assistant Dis trict Forester and a Forest Ranger, and nearby is the headquarters of the District Forester, a small forest tree nursery, and some of the most attractive planta- tions of forest trees within the State. Within tin- park is a public camping ground that is filled to capacity during the tourist season. All .Jiout the park on the State Forest are many desirable summer homes on leased camp sites. Within the park is an excellent bathing pool and the famous Graeffenburg Inn and Public Golf Course adjoins the park.
The Calendonia State Forest Park is one of the most l^eautiful spots on the South Mountains and it is not iinusual for all the open spaces to be parked full of automobiles. Many distinguished persons have camp- ed here. Douglas Fairbanks and his wife, Mary Pick- ford, upon spending a night in the beautiful South Mountain, were loud in their praise of the scenic beauty of the region, and declared it the most beautiful camping site they had met on their many transconti- nental motor trips between New York and California. This park, which covers 260 a^res, is located in the Michaux State Forest in Franklin County along the Lincoln Highway abont 10 miles east of Chambersburg
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and 15 miles west of Gettysburg. Hotel accommoda- tions are available at numerous resorts along the Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg and Gettys- burg. The most accessible are Graeffenburg Inn and Lo2 Cabin Inn, both in the Michaux State Forest.
JAMES BUCHANAN STATE FOREST PARK
Buchanan State Forest
The James Buchanan State Forest park is one of the most historic spots in the State Forests of Pennsyl- vania. It includes the birthplace of James Buchanan, fifteenth President of the United States. His parents conducted a small hostelry or wayside inn at this place for the benefit of drovers and travellers who journeyed across the mountains between the East and Pittsburgh. In those days this was a wild region, wolves and other ferocious animals being plentiful in the forest. In order that little ''Jimmie" would not stray away from home, his parents put a turkey bell around his neck. The Pennsylvania German drovers almost invariably refen-ed to the boy, who lat^r became President of the United States, as "Jimmie mit de bells on"
This i)ark is named in honor of James Buchanan, the only Pennsylvanian who occupied the Presidential chair. The land (181/2 acres) was deeded to the State and is now administered by the Department of Forests and Waters. A stone pyramid monument 25 feet high marks the President's birthplace, although the house itself has been removed and re-erected at Mercersburg. In 1913, 3,000 Norway Spruce trees were planted about the monument. These trees, now 15-20 feet high, adorn in a most satisfactory way this most historic site. At the entrance to the forest park is a well-equipped Pub- lic Camping Ground in the midst of one of the most beautiful groves of hemlock in southern Pennsylvania.
This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal Pennsylvanians and lovers of history, as it shows from what a humble sylvan retreat a great man can rise to
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THE BIRTHPLACE OF JAMES lU ( IIANAX. FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE FNITED STATES
i;^
the pinnacle of eminence. The park can be reached by turning south from the Lincoln Highway at Fort Lou- don in Franklin county, to the McConnellsburg-Mer- cersburg Pike. At the small town of Foltz is a road side marker directing travellers to President Buchan an's birthplace, which lies about ly^ miles to the West,
GEORGE W. CHILDS STATE FOREST PARK
Delaware State Forest
The George W. Childs State Forest Park is the most picturesque park on the State Forests of Pennsylvania, It is a sylvan retreat that is hard to beat. Many who have visited this beauty spot have called it a woodland paradise. It is a wonderful place to study the birds, the wild flowers, and rare ferns, and it is a veritable mecca of trees. It has been suggested as the first Wild Flower Preserve in Pennsylvania by the Penn- sylvania Chapter of the Wild Flower Preservation Society. Within the park are three beautiful water- falls known as Fulmer Falls, Factory Falls and Deer Leap Falls.
This park was deeded to the Commonwealth by George W. Childs, for many years editor and publisher of the Philadelphia Public Ledger. The site of the park was once the scene of an early woolen industry, established in the forepart of the last century, and de- signed by its promoters to be one of the greatest in the State. Sheep were brought into the region on a large scale. After a number had been killed by wolves, the bulk of the remainder came to an untimely end by eat- ing sheep laurel. This discouraged the promoters and the industry languished. Later this beautiful forest retreat w^as admired by Mr. Childs, who was noted for his philanthropy, and it is most fitting that it has since passed into the hands of the State and is now being maintained as a public park. Within this forest park is a well equipped Public Camping Ground.
This park is located in Pike county along the Silver Lake road about two miles west of Dingman's Ferry,
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a small town ou the State Highway (Route 167) be- tween Stroudshnrg and Milford. Many splendid hotels and superb summer homes are in the vicinity of this ideal out-of-door play place.
VONEIDA STATE FOREST PARK
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Voneida State Forest Park is the most extensive- ly used park on the State Forests in central Pennsyl- vania. Travellers from all over the country stop here to enjoy the cool mountain stream, the wonderful spring of pure water, the shade of the big trees, and the finest forest environment. The park was recently enlarged to accommodate an increasing number of local people who come here for picnics and recreation. It now covers 15 acres.
This park was named for "Hairy John" Voneida, an eccentric hunter and backwoodsman who lived alone at this beautiful and remote forest si>ot for 14 years. Having had ditticulties with his former neighbors in Sugar ^^alley. Clinton County, he vowed he would never cut his hair nor beard while he lived as a hermit in the mountain. Some of the older people at Wood- ward remember him as a small man goinir to the store to purchase molasses, his face almost entirely covered with hair and whiskers. His appearance was a signal for the children to run and hide, although he was a kind and gemal man. It is in every way proper that the memory of this quaint forest character should be per- petuated at the spot where he spent so many years of his life.
This T>ark is located in the Bald Eagle State Forest near the eastern border of Centre county along the State Highway (Route 27) between Tx^wisburg and Bellefonte. One mile east of the park is the Joyce Kilmer SJtate Monument (see page 54 > and the Joyce Kilmer Public Camp (see page 45).
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SNYDER-MIDDLESWARTH STATE FOREST
PARK
Bald Eagle State Forest
AVithin the Snyder-Middleswarth State Forest Park is the largest body of original growth big timber on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. It comprises 425 acres of original hemlock, white pine, pitch pine and hard woods; mostly virgin timber, for only a small number of white pine trees have been removed from the tract. Two hundred and fifty acres have never been touched and are a majestic remnant of the wonderful origin- al forest that made up Penn's Woods. Picturesque Swift Run flows through this attractive park.
Many tourists visit this park annually and in season the region about the park is a favorite retreat for fish- ermen and hunters. Within the park no hunting and fishing are permitted. Ample parking space is pro- vided for automobiles. Within the park is a plentiful supply of pure water and camping facilities are ade- quate and complete.
The park takes its name from t^vo of the most prom- inent of the old families in this section of the State. Governor Simon Snyder, born on November 5, 1759, was the third Governor of the Commonwealth. He served from 1808 to 1817 under the first constitution of 1790. The name Middleswarth is one of the common household words of Snyder County. Hon. Ner Middle- swarth for whom the park was named was long a member and speaker of State Legislature, State Sen- ator, Congressman, and a distinguished officer of the war of 1812.
This park is located about five miles west of Troxel- ville in Spring tow^nship, Snyder county. It is reached over a good mountain road from Beaver Springs and Troxelville, where boarding house accommodations are available.
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MONT ALTO STATE FOREST PARK Mont Alto State Forest
The Mont Alto State Forest Park is the oldest park on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. For many years it has been a favorite play place for the people in southern Pennsylvania. In by-gone years it was com- mon for picnic parties from as far north as Hams- burg and south to Baltimore to frequent this beautiful spot in the South Mountains. The park was developed by Col. George B. Wiestling for the Mont Alto Iron Co., and later operated by the Cumberland Valley Rail- road.
The jMont Alto State Forest Park is named for the Mont Alto furnaces, which were located nearby. The furnace property embraced thousands of acres of m »un- tain land owned by one of the early iron masters, Col Wiestling, who was in his time a member of an early Committee appointed by Governor Beaver to make a report to the State Legislature on the forest situa- tion in Pennsylvania.
The park is well equipped for eamping facilities. During the summer special courses in nature study are conducted here.
Adjoining the Park is the State Forest School, which is next to the oldest existing forest school in America. It was esUblished in 1903. The school at present has an enrollment of 80 students and from it have been graduated most of the foresters who are now handling the State Forests of Pennsylvania. A short distance from the park is the Mont Alto forest nursery, which covers about 9 acres and has an annual capacity of approximately four million trees.
Several miles north of the school is the famous Ben George woods in which occurs the most northern heavy stand of Shortleaf Pine in America. These are the trees which were described by the famous French scientist and traveller, F. Andre Michaux, who visited this locality on his way to Pittsburgh in 1802. He took
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MATCHLESS MILES OF BEAUTIFUL
TRAILS REACH OUT INTO THE
GREAT FOREST DEPTHS FROM
THE STATE FOREST PARKS
AND PUBLIC CAMPING
GROTTNDS ON THE
STATE FORESTS
THE GEORGE W. CHILDS' STATE FOREST PARK IS A WOODLAND PARADISE
4
I
18
19
I
some of the seedlings back to France and they are to be found growing and thriving today in some of the public parks about Paris, notably at the Jarden des Plantes and Fontainebleau. Unfortunately, the lum- berman has laid low most of these noble pines, but it is hoped that some of them will be spared for the future. These many interesting places about the Mont Alto State Forest Park make it one of the most attrac- tive play places in the State.
Tliis park is located in the southeastern part of Franklin county about seven miles south of the Lincoln Highway. It contains about 8 acres and is easily reached over an excellent ''summer road" by leaving the Lincoln Highway at Caledonia and going to the park by way of the South Mountain Sanatorium. It can also be reached on a good cement road from Waynesboro and over a country macadam road from Ch amber sburg. It is about one mile east of Mont Alto. Hotel accommodations are available at the resorts along the Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg, Waynesboro, and Gettysburg.
LEONARD HARRISON STATE FOREST PARK
Tioga State Forest
The Leonard Harrison State Forest Park has the distinction of bordering on the east the most extensive stretch of forest land in Pennsylvania. It lies a short distance east of the famous Black Forest of Pennsyl- vania, famed for its wonderful original forests of white pine and hemlock. Here is to be had one of the most commanding and picturesque views of the State. It overlooks the Tiadaghton, now called Pine Creek, Gorge, and is regarded one of the wildest and grandest sections of the State. It is a veritable Watkins Glen on a large scale or Grand Canyon of Arizona on a
small scale.
This park was given to the State for recreational purposes by I^onard Harrison of Wellsboro. His gen-
^^ ^^ ^>^ **fc
a. 5"
20
erosity in presenting this wonderful site to the State cannot be praised too highly. Former Governor Stone, one of the early ardent advocates of conservation in this State, who aided Dr. J. T. Rothrock in his efforts to ac- quire land for State Forests, for many years occupied a handsome bungalow along Pine Creek near this park. This park is located ten miles southwest of Wells- boro in Tioga county. It contains 121 acres and can be reached over the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad from the station Stone. By road it can be reached over a good rural road by way of Dexter and Thumptown. The last mile of travel is over a rather narrow spur of township road.
PUBLIC CAMPS IN STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
Thirty-one public camps have been developed on the State Forests of Pennsylvania since 1921. They cover a total of 470 acres and have been set aside and de- veloped for the convenience of forest users that hike afoot and travel by automobiles.
Visitors are welcome everywhere upon the State Forests, but especially Avelcome in these camps. Here forest users find a comfortable place to rest and play, to prepare their meals, and to put up shelter. Each of the thirty public camps is maintained for the com- fort and Avelfare of the public. A cool spring, a clear mountain stream, or a pure well are a feature of all the camps.
Thirteen of these Public Camps are located along primary roads and are adapted primarily to use by automobile tourists who carry camping equipment with them. They may be occupied by sportsmen, pick- nickers, and other visitors. These public camps pro- vide a space for tents, have one or more fireplaces, tables, benches, comfort stations, and garbage con-
21
AMONG THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL IN THE SOUTH
MOUNTAINS
MORE THAN 1.2(H) MILES OF ROADS HAVE BEEN HUILT
ON THE STATE FORESTS
22
tainers. These large aud more accessible camps are known as Class "A" Public Camps. They cover a total of 86 choice acres on the State Forests.
Seventeen of the public camps are located along secondary roads and are used primarily by hikers, hunters, fishermen, vacationists, and picknickers who desire to go far into the woods and make their stay comfortable. Each is provided with an open-front camp, often called lean-to, and other equipment such as fireplaces, benches, tables, comfort stations, and garbage containers. These smaller and more remote camping grounds are known as Class "B" Public Camps. They comi)rise approximately 384 aci*es of the best camping places on the State Forests. Both Class "A" and Class "B" Public Camps may be occupied for two consecutive days. If one wishes to remain longer than two days it will be necessary to secure accommo- dations on a site other than the public camping grounds, which may be done by applying for a camping permit at the office of the District Forester.
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PUBLIC CAMPS ON STATE FORESTS OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Name
1. Sizerville
2. The Old Locust
3. McCall Dam
4. Byron Krumrine
5. Smith Place
6. Ravensburg
7. Tea Springs
8. Sprow's Run
9. Laurel Forge
10. Bear Valley
11. Buchanan Park
12. Caledonia Park
13. Coleradn
14. Clear Creek
15. Upper Pine Bottom . . .
16. Laurel Run
17. Sulphur Spring
18. Big Spring
19. Kansas Vallej
20. Childs Park
21. Promised Land
22. Cherry Springs
23. Ole BuU
24. Patterson Place
25. Prouty Place
26. Kooser
27. Baldwin Run
28. Darling Run
29. Joyce Kilmer
30. Adams Falls
31. Laurel Summit
County
Cameron . . . .
Centre
Centre
Centre
Clearfield . . . .
Clinton
Clinton
Cumberland Cumberland Franklin . . . . Franklijn . . . . Franklin . . . . Huntingdon . . Jefferson . . . . Lycoming
Mifflin
MilHin
I'erry
Perry
Pike
Pike
Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter
Somerset ...
Tioga
Tioga
Union
Westmoreland Westmoreland
Description on page
24 24 25 27 27 28 29 30
tso
31
33
33
33
34
34
35
36
37
38
38
39
39
41
42
42
43
43
44
46
45
46
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SIZERVILLE PUBLIC CAMP Elk State Forest
The Sizerville Public Camp (Class B) is famed be- cause of the natural life-giving mineral water full of radio activity tliat flows freely from a nearby big spring. This water is frequently bottled and taken away by visitors. About 100 miles of roads and trails make the adjoining forests accessible for hikes, hunt- ing, and fishing. Near the camp is a game refuge, which is a great breeding place for wild life. Within IJ miles is a beaver dam, where one may see (if you possess patience) the busy beavers at work cutting wood for food and for the construction of their homes. Within a short distance of the camp are some of the favorite fishing grounds of northern Pennsylvania. Four miles from the camp and at an elevation of 2,400 feet is the Fox Mountain observation tower, from which can be seen wonderful views of the surrounding forest region.
This camp is located one-half mile east of Sizen-ille in Cameron county. The nearest railroad station is Sizerville on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Good hotel accommodations are available at Emporium, six miles from the camp. It can be reached over the road con- necting Emporium and Keating Summit. For specific travelling directions to the camp inquire at Fo:est Ranger headquarters at Sizerville.
THE OLD LOCUST PUBLIC CAMP
Pcnn State Forest
The Old Locust Public Camp (Class B) derived its name from an old locust tree that formerly stood on the camp site and was jjrobably planted by Major Jacob Neff, who settled here shortly after James and John Potter settled in Penn's Valley. It is reported that Major Neff made home brew at his log cabin on this site from about 1840 to 1855 and sold a big mug of beer and a large piece of ginger cake for five cents.
25
It is also reported that Mrs. Nefl: in setting fire to a nearby brush pile to burn a big black snake concealed beneath it, started one of the largest forest fires of the early days, which destroyed the Neff log cabin.
This public camp is located along the LewistowTi- Bellefonte Highway Route Ko. 20 about 1/2 mile south east of l*otters Mills and 5^ miles southeast of Centre Hall. It is a delightful camping spot in the famous Seven Mountains of Central Pennsylvania.
McCALL DAM PUBLIC CAMP
Bald Eagle State Forest
The McCall Dam Public Camp (Class B) occupies the abandoned site of McCall Dam, constructed about 65 years ago on the picturesque White Deer Creek, to develop water power for a sawmill and a shingle mill, which ranked among the largest in their day. A few years after the construction of the dam, owneiship passed into the hands of Ario Pardee, who was among the most famous lumbermen of central I»ennsylvania. About 1SG1> the dam was repaired and thereafter used as the second of a series of dams on White Deer Creek to float white pine logs to the Susquehanna River, the logs being cut in the winter time and skidded to the creek. When the s])ring freshets came the dams were opened, creating a greater body of water to float the heavy logs to the river. It is said that Ario Pardee floated 111,000,000 feet of white pine logs down W^hite Deer Creek, between 1SG6 and 18S0.
This camp is located in an attractive growth of pine and hardwoods on the beautiful White Deer Creek in the extreme east end of Miles township. Center county. It is a favorite spot for fishing, hunting, and recrea- tion. It can be reached over the McCall Dam forest road, which links Highway Route 306 with Sugar Val- ley, this road leaving the Highway in the Brush Val- ley or 14 Mile Narrows at a point near the Mifflin- burg Roil and Gun Club and entering Sugar Valley at Eastville.
i t »
III-
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THE STATE FORESTS DIFFER ITNSURPASSED FACILITIES FOR A SUMMER HOME AMONG THE TREES
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THOUSANDS OF TOURISTS USE THE PUBLIC CAMPS ON THE STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
27
BYRON FOUST KRUMRINE PUBLIC CAMP
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Byron Foust Krumrine Public Camp (Class B) is a memorial io the late Byron Foust Krumrine, a newspaper man, naturalist, and World War soldier of Harrisburg who spent many delightful days among the pines and hemlocks of Penns Creek. Here he whiled away many happy hours. Here he hoped to write his first book, drawing upon his rich store of experience, and weave them into a tale that would speak of his intimacy with the various characters connected with newspaper life. Only a short time after ^Mr. Krumi ine picked the location for his cabin and helped survey it, he drowned in Penns Creek by the place where he had planned to rest and write.
On Memorial Day of 1923 the Pennsylvania Alpine Club erected a memorial hut on the camp site in his memory. Since then this camp has been presented to the State by the Alpine Club and the site designated as a Public Camp on the State Forest. It is a beauty spot and a quiet forest retreat in the heart of the mountains. Here the robins live, the ferns grow, the lilies smile, the thrushes sing and the deer wade in the pools at the close of the summer evenings. This public camp is located along IVnns Creek in Centre county about five miles south of Coburn along (he Pennsylvania Railroad.
SMITH PLACE PUBLIC CAMP
Moshannon State Forest
The Smith Place Public Camp (Class A) is named in honor of John Smith, one of the early pioneers of Clearfield County. Here he cleared several fields and established his home in the early part of the eighteenth century. Adjoining the camp is a steel forest fire ob- servation tower standing at an elevation of 2,300 feet above sea level. From the cabin of this GO foot tower can be had beautiful panoramic views of northern Clear-
28
field, southern Elk, and southern Cameron counties. Nearby is the Clearfield forest tree nursery, with an annual capacity of 5,000,000 trees, operated by the Penn- sylvania Department of Forests and Waters. Within a short distance of the camp are interesting forest tree plantations, excellent fishing streams, and good hunting grounds. The camp is supplied with water from a 100-foot well.
This camp is located about 8 miles from Clearfield and 8 miles from I^enfield. It can be reached over the Clearfield-Penfield road, which passes through the midst of the Clearfield Division of the Moshannon State Forest.
RAVENSBURG PUBLIC CAMP
Tiadaghton State Forest
The Ravensburg Public Camp (Class B) was given its name because the ravens, now very scarce in l*enn- sylvania, formerly nested in great numbers among the unusual rock formations near the camp — natural gargoyles as menacing as ever looked down from Notre Dame in Paris. It is one of the most picturesque beauty spots in Clinton county. Many people from Williamsport, Jersey Shore, and Lock Haven picnic here and tourists from many states have been impressed with the scenic beauty of this sylvan retreat. The rocks which rise almost sheer to a height of 125 feet and terminate in gargoyle-like pinnacles are among the natural wonders of central Pennsvlvaiiia.
This camp is located in Ranch's Gap, Crawford town- ship, Clinton county, about 2^ miles south of Ranch- town. It may be reached by leaving the Stat^ High- way leading from Jersey Shore to Collomsville at "Lochabar*', the Watson L. Barclay estate, and follow- ing the main road into Antes Gap, and also by follow- ing the township road from Loganton to Rauchtown. The nearest hotel accommodations are at Jersey Shore, about 10 miles distant, but there are several tourist
29
lodging places at Rauchtown, at the mouth of Ranch's Gap, and at Loganton.
TEA SPRINGS PUBLIC CAMP ;^
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Tea Springs Public Camp (Class A) has the distinction of occupying a part of three counties. A stone marker within the camp grounds shows where the counties of Centre, Clinton and Union meet.
For more than 100 years this place has been known as Tea Springs. In 1835 Jacob Zimmerman, Sr., one of the most famous backwoodsmen of central Pennsyl- vania, located here. He enjoyed a ''squatter'' privilege for just thirty days short of twenty-one years, but by special arrangement remained here for the rest of his life. His home was the stopping place for travellers and teams hauling grain and other produce from Sugar Valley to the markets along the Susquehanna river. It is reported that he sold whiskey for 44 years without paying any license fee. Living in so remote a place in the mountains and at the intersection of three counties, he was probably overlooked by revenue collectors. On one occasion he shot a wolf from his window, while lying in bed, which had disturbed his nightime slumbers.
It is related that one day during a winter of excep tionally heavy snowfall, 44 teams loaded with produce started from Sugar Valley for a mountain trip via Tea Springs to the Susquehanna River. The head team broke its way through the snow for a half mile, then pulled aside and left the other 43 pass by: then the second team broke a half mile and pulled aside to leave the others pass by, and so on until the end of the day this unusual train of 44 sledding teams reached their destination.
This camp is located at an elevation of 1448 feet in the Nittany mountains, at the foot of Tea Knob, about 2 miles east of Sugar Valley. It is now used chiefly
4v
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by picnic parties. As it becomes better known, thia beautiful spot with an unsurpassed mountain spring will become a great recreational play place. It can be reached over the Loganton-White Deer turnpike and it is hoped that soon this historic old road will be rebuilt, making one of the most beautiful through mountain drives in the State. Good board and lodging can be obtained at the noted Zimmerman Hospice run by a grandson of the pioneer on top of the mountain, about IJ miles south of Tea Springs camp.
SPROW'S RUN PUBLIC CAMP Michaux State Forest
The Sprow's Run Public Camp (Class B) named in honor of the Sprow family prominent in the charcoal industry of the South Mountains, occupies a beautiful spot in these famed mountains of southern Pennsyl- vania. It is a popular place for forest campers. About the camp are some of the finest fishing streams and the best hunting grounds of southern Pennsylvania. Rho- dodendron borders the nearby streams and some of the best displays of mountain laurel are available in great profusion near the camp.
This cami) is situated on an improved State Forest road between Caledonia Park, on the Lincoln Highway, and Mount Holly Springs. Ten miles south of the camp passes the Lincoln Highway, on the east of which is Gettysburg and to the west Chambersburg. The cam}) is about 2 miles from the unique forest community of Pine Grove Furnace, a favorite and well-known camp- ing place in the South Mountains.
LAUREL FORGE PUBLIC CAMP
Michaux State Forest
The Laurel Forge Public Camp (Class B) is a beautiful forest play place on the largest lake in the State Forests between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. It is located in a region rich in historic lore. Laurel Lake was created in pre-Revolutionary times as part
31
of the operation of an old charcoal furnace forge, which together with the Pine Grove Furnace nearby, established in 17G3, supplied iron to the Carlisle Armory and the Continental Army in 1776.
Near Laurel Forge Public Camp is Camp Rothrock, a Boy Scout camp named in honor of Dr. J. T. Roth- rock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania, and main- tained by the citizens of Chester county. Other large Boy Scout and Girl Scout camps are located nearby. ^'Explorers Camp," the annual outing grounds of the Explorers, organized in 1872, and the oldest camping organization in point of continuous camping activities in the I'nited States, is at Pine Grove Furnace. Not far from the camp is a large game refuge, and attrac- tive evergreen forest tree plantations hel]) make a pleasant environment for the camp. The region al)out the camp is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing, and good boating is available on the lake. Numerous attractive cottages have been erected on permr.nent camp sites on the State Forest about the camp.
This is truly a forest region, for from the earliest times until the present, trees have been the most im- portant crop. Cooke township, in which this camp ii located comprises about 10,000 acres, practically all of which is forested and almost all is State-owned.
The residents of the forest community of Pine Grove Furnace, comprising 12 families, are i>ractically all descendants of former employes of the iron company.
This camp can be reached over a good road from Carlisle and Mount Holly Springs and over a good State Forest road from Caledonia on the Lincoln High- way. It is about 17 miles north of Caledonia from the Lincoln Highway and 8 miles south of Mount Holly Springs.
BEAR VALLEY PUBLIC CAMP
Buchanan State Forest
The Bear Valley Public Camp (Class B ) derived iti name from the large number of bear that formerly
32
luhabited this remote forest region. Even today a few people have explored this remote and densely forested valley from end to end.
The old historic post road known as the ''Tri-moun tain Road" constructed by the Province of Pennsyl- vania westward from Shippensburg, passes within a few miles of this camp. In 1794 President Washington travelled over this road from Fort Bedford to Phila- delphia after visiting the troops under General Lee that were sent west to quell the Whiskey Insurrection. Four miles west of the camp lies the famous Path Valley that in olden days was known as Tuscarora Path because it contained the regular trail of tlie
Tuscarora Indians.
This camp is located 12 miles northwest of Chambers- burg and four miles beyond the western edge of the Cumberland Valley. It can be reached from Chambers- burg by way of I'pper Strasburg, thence westward for two miles over a township road to the summit of the mountain, where one turns south and follows a forest road for 3 miles. It can also be reached from Shij.- pensburg by way of Upper Strasburg, and from points along tlie Lincoln Highway west of Chambersburg the camp is accessible by way of the Api)le Way road. On this road one travels by way of the Fred Shumbaugh l)lace about U miles northwest o»f Edenville and fiom there westward by a forest road across the North Mountain for 3 miles into Bear Valley, and thence northward 4 miles along a forest road. It may also be reached from Fannettsburg by a township road across the mountains for 5 miles into Horse Valley, and thence 1^ miles by a forest road into Reefer's Gap, just be yond which the camp is located. There is a good tourist's lodging place at Fannettsburg. From the tine forest growth which abounds. Bear Valley Camp is gen- erally considered one of the most attractive cam]) sites in the State Forests. A good description of this region can be found in ''Travels in Pennsylvania in 1806," by Thomas Ashe.
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BUCHANAN PARK PUBLIC CAMP Buchanan State Forest
The Buchanan Park Public Camp (Class B) is situ ated in a beautiful grove of thrifty young hemlocks near tlie birthplace of President James Buchanan. It lies within the Buchanan State Forest Park, described in full on page 11.
CALEDONIA PARK PUBLIC CAMP
Michaux State Forest
The Caledonia Park Public Camp (Class A) is the most extensively used of the thirty-one public camps on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. It is located with- in the Caledonia State Forest Park (see page 10) along the Lincoln Highway, in the heart of the South Mountains in Franklin county.
COLERAIN PUBLIC CAMP Logan State Forest
The Colerain Public Camp (Class A) takes its name fi-om the Colerain Forge, which stood for many years a short distance from the camp and was one of the famous forges of central Pennsylvania. In the early days of this forge, plows were manufactured and latei- double-bitted axes were the principal output.
This camp is located on a beautiful si>ot along Spruce Creek in Huntingdon county. A winding fore.^t trail connects this camp with Ice Cave Gap, where ice may be found throughout the year. The camp is a delightful camping spot. Excellent trout streams flow fret^ly through the nearby forests. This camp, located about 3 miles northeast of Spruce Creek, can be reach- ed over the State Highway between Spruce Creek and
State College.
Near Colerain Camp is the ruins of a stone cabin once the home of David Rittenhouse Porter, an early Governor of Pennsylvania, who was at one time con- nected with the management of the forge.
34
CLEAR CREEK PUBLIC CAMP
Kittanning State Forest
The Clear Creek Public Camp (Class B) is an acces- sible beauty spot along the Clarion River. When the hydro-electric development now under construction in the Clarion River, is completed, the water will be backed up to this camp site. There will then be four miles of attractive shore line on the State Forest ad- joining the reservoir. This will provide excellent camp- ing sites and play places. At the mouth of Clear Creek is one of the few level areas along this part of the Clarion River. Here was formerly located the boat yard of the lumber and boat building enterprise of Frazer Brothers of Pittsburgh.
This camp is located in Jefferson county and is easily reached by township road from Sigel or Millstone.
UPPER PINE BOTTOM PUBLIC CAMP Tiadaghton State Forest
The Upper Pine Bottom Camp (Class B) derived its name from the beautiful stream on whose banks it is situated. In the early days this spot was famed for the wonderful white pine forest that clothed all the bottom- lands about the camp. The original timber has all been cut, but thrifty young growth has now taken its place. The streams about this camp offer good trout fishing, and hunting in this region is good. This camp is situated along Upper Pine Bottom Run about 2^ miles northwest of Waterville, in Cummings township, Lycoming county. It can be reached by following State Highway Route 266 from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek, passing thru Waterville, about one-half mile across ihe iron bridge spanning Pine Creek at this point, and following the main Highway for a distance of about 2 miles; also by taking State Highway Route 106 at Woolrich and following this Route to a point about
35
i mile west of Haneyville where this road intersects with the Upper Pine Bottom road, Route 266, to the right and follow this route for about 3 miles. Water- ville is the nearest town with hotel accommodations
LAUREL RUN PUBLIC CAMP Penn State Forest
The I-.aurel Run Public Camp (Class A) is a beautiful spot at the foot of the Seven Mountains. The camp site occupies an excellent play place on both sides of the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway where picturesque Still- house Run empties into Laurel Run. It derives its name from an old still house that was formerly located here. About the camp is a wealth of plant and animal life that makes an interesting environment for recrea- tion and a great place for nature study. Beautiful mountain streams are plentiful in the adjoining hill- side forests. The Joseph T. Rotlirock Memorial Boulder now standing in the Public Square at McVey- town, Mifllin county, was taken from a rocky ledge of Eagle Rocks, a short distance from the camp. Here Samuel Pearson and Jacob Treaster burned tar years ago in a pit, the bottom of which is quite well pre- served and located within the camping ground.
Both Laurel Run and Stillhouse Run offer a ])lenti- ful supply of pure water. The former stream provides part of the water supply for the I^wistown-Reedsville Water Company. Near the camp is a swimming pool, and bathing facilities are provided for those who wish to enjoy the stimulating effects of mountain water.
This camp is located along the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway Route 29, 2 miles west of Milroy, Mimin county and 11 miles southeast of Centre Hall. This is a much travelled thoroughfare and in vacation days the camp is filled to capacity by local picknickers and tourists.
36
SULPHUR SPRING PUBLIC CAMP Rothrock State Forest
The Sulphur Spriug Public Camp (Class B) is lo- cated in a beautiful valley that was the boyhood forest playground of the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania. From tramps into the woods of this region he acquired a deep and lasting love for the great out-of-doors. Older residents recall that when a boy Dr. Rothrock killed a large deer a short distance up the valley from Sulphur Spring, and unaided carried it to his home at McVeytown, a dis- tance of about 8 miles.
To the east of this public camp is the high Black- log mountain with the famous Blacklog Valley in Juniata county on the eastern side. The Blacklog Valley is quite inaccessible and still well timbered. A tramp to this unusual forest retreat is worth while and pictures in minature the original forest condi- tion of central Pennsylvania.
Sulj)hur Spring Camp is located in the deep ravine like Licking Creek Valley, in Wayne township, Mifflin county. To reach Sulphur Spring Camp from Mount Union, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, is a trip of about eight miles over State Highway, township, and State Forest roads, with a route as follows: Leave Mount Union on State Highway Route 121, proceed two miles southward on this macadam road toward the towns of Shirleysburg and Orbisonia to the point where the State Highway leaves the Juniata river, which is at the well known Silver Fording located upon the farm of Congressman E. M. Beers and re- cognized by the brick farm house on the right hand side of the Highway. From here follow the township dirt road down stream along the south banks of the Juniata river, within 2 miles crossing the high wooden covered bridge at the juncture of Aughwick Creek with the river and within the next mile crossing the small bridge over West Licking Creek at its juncture with
37
the Juniata River. Immediately upon crossing Licking Creek leave the Juniata river, follow up Licking Creek about 3 miles to the Sulphur Spring Camp — first using the township road one mile to the dam at the Mount Union Rod & Gun Club Camp, then using the Htate Foerst road 2 miles, passing Camp Elliot on the right and Camp Frankenberry on the left.
BIG SPRING PUBLIC CAMP Tuscarora State Forest
The Big Spring Public Camp (Class A) takes its name from the big spring which flows a gushing stream of water at all seasons of the year. Since the time of the oldest settlers it has never been known to be dry. It was lowest during the serious drought of the au- tumn of 1860. In 1915 this big spring was walled and now furnishes an abundant supply of pure mountain water.
This camp lies in the heart of a forest region which long supplied successive forest industries with raw material. Not far from the camp a tannery was es- tablished in the forepart of the last century. It con- tinued to operate until 1860. In 1871 the tannery was converted into an ax handle factory. In the days of the tanning industry the leather was hauled by mule teams to Newport, a distance of 37 miles. The present railroad of this region does not extend beyond New Germantown, but an extension of this railroad to Path Valley in Franklin county was planned. About i mile southeast of Big Spring is a tunnel opening in the mountain, which is part of the abandoned railroad project. The State bought a considerable acreage of forest land in this region in 1906.
This camp is located on the Blain Dry Run road ^ miles southwest of New Germantown, Perry county, at the headwaters of the North Fork of Sherman Creek. It is a beautiful mountain spot in the very heart of a fine fishing and hunting region.
38
KANSAS VALLEY PUBLIC CAMP Tuscarora State Forest
The Kansas Valley Public Camp (Class B) takes its name from the heavily forested Kansas Valley of southern Perry county. It is said that Lewis the Robber frequently took refuge in this remote valley. About one mile west from the camp is Robber Hollow, a small ravine leading southward into Kansas Valley. The older settlers of the surrounding region claim that somewhere in this hollow lie buried treasures of silver and gold left by Lewis and his band and for which they have never returned.
The Kansas Valley Public Camp is located at the old Gibbons Place in Kansas Valley, Perry county, about 5 miles southeast of East Waterford. It can be reached by leaving the Port Royal-Blair's Mills St ate Highway at East Waterford. After leaving this road one travels about 3 miles through East Waterford Narrows and at the intersection of Horse Valley and Kansas Valley roads one passes the "Cole House" on the left which is now the local forest ranger head- quarters. Immediately beyond at the top of the hill one takes the road to the left for two miles into Kansas Valley. Here in the heart of an extensive forest re- gion one will find the Kansas Valley Public Camp. Along this route between the forest ranger's head- quarters and the camp is a thrifty Scotch pine planta- tion.
GEORGE W. CHILDS PARK PUBLIC CAMP
Delaware State Forest
The George W. Childs Park Public Camp (Class A) stands in the front rank of the beauty spots on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. It is located within the George W. Childs State Forest Park, described fully on page 13.
39
PROMISED LAND PUBLIC CAMP Delaware State Forest
The Promised Laud Public Camp (Class A) derives its name from Promised Land Lake, one of the favorite forest play places of Pike county.
The l*romised Land Lake region was not settled until about 1840. In 1844 a dam was built at the out- let of the lake and an old up-and-down sawmill was erected. Near the camp is the beautiful Promised Land Lake, which is 3 miles long and at places a full mile wide. The lake offers good boating and some of the finest pickerel fishing in the State. About this lake originally grew great hemlock and white pine trees. Near the camp are some fine forest tree plantations which serve as excellent object lessons in practical reforestation.
This camp is well equipped and nearby is a good hotel with improved facilities. This camp is located in Greene township. Pike county, about 11 miles north- east of Canadensis and 12 miles southwest of Hawley on the Canadensis-Hawley turnpike. At special points along the pike are to be had some of the finest views in the region just north of the Poconos.
CHERRY SPRINGS PUBLIC CAMP Susquehannock State Forest
The Cherry Springs Public Camp (Class B) occupies a beautiful spot in the highlands of central Potter county. About the cajnp is a wonderful stand of birch, beech and maple trees. The beech trees with their Quaker gray bark appear to be at their best and frame the camp picture in a most charming way. This is one of the coolest spots in IVnnsylvania and is an exccllont place to study plant and animal life typical of the Pennsylvania highlands. Near the camp is a wonder- ful spring of pure water. A few miles southeast of the camp is the famous Cherry Springs forest fire
40
Tllb^ltE IS NO BETTER PLACE TO PLAY THAN AMONG THE TREES. THE PUBLIC CAMPS ON THE STATE FORESTS ARE AMONG THE FOREMOST FOREST PLAY PLACES IN THE STATE
EACH YEAR THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE USE THE 31 I'lJBLIC CAMPS ON THE STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
41
observation tower. It is GO feet high, stands at an elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level, and from its cabin may be had one of the most commanding views of northern Pennsylvania. Xot less than 225,000 acres of forest land can be seen from here. It is situated along a nine mile drive lined practically the entire dis- tance on both sides of the road with original growth hardwood timbers.
This camp is located about 11 miles south of Coud- ersport, within the Cherry Springs drive, which is one of the most beautiful and picturesque of its kind in the State. It can be reached over the well-known Jersey Shore-Coudersport Turnpike, for the camp bf)rd- ers this beautiful highland highway.
OLE BULL PUBLIC CAMP
Susquehannock State Forest
The Ole Bull Public Camp (Class A) occupies a beautiful spot along picturesque Kettle Creek within sight of the remains of Ole Bull's castle in southeastern Potter county. It was here that Ole Bull, the world- famous Norwegian violinist, located with his 800 colo- nists in 1852. About this camp is a wealth of animal and plant life typical of the lowlands of northern Penn- sylvania. Bird's, ferns, wild flowers, shrubs, and trees are found here in considerable numbers. :Many of the trees about the camp have been labeled. This makes tree study easy and interesting. For a description of the nearby Ole Bull State Forest Monument see page
56.
This camp is located in the heart of the Susquehan nock State Forest, named in honor of the Susquehan- nock Indians, which at one time claimed this part of Pennsylvania as their own. This State Forest includes 172,410 acres of State-owned forest land, among which are some of the finest hardwood stands in the State. It can be reached by leaving the Jersey Shore Couders- port Pike at Oleona and travelling one mile west over
4
42
an excellent dirt road. There is an excellent tourist lodging house near Oleona. The Lyso Spring "water of light," named and loved by Ole Bull, is located at Ole Bull State Camp.
PATTERSON PLACE PUBLIC CAMP Susquehannock State Forest
The Patterson Place Public Camp (Class A) is situ- ated at a beautiful spot amidst some of the most beauti- ful birch, beech and maple trees of northern Pennsyl- vania. The rich plant and animal life about the camp is typical of the highlands of northern Pennsylvania. Here is one of the coolest spots in northern Pennsyl- vania. It is much frequented by tourists. Excellent camping facilities and a supply of good water are available at all times.
This camp is located in central Potter county, within the famous Cherry Springs drive, about 10 miles south of Coudersport. It is easily reached for it borders the well-known Jersey Shore-Coudersport pike.
PROUTY PLACE PUBLIC CAMP
Susquehannock State Forest
The Prouty Place Public Camp (Class B) is in the very heart of the great forest reaches of northern Penn- sylvania. If you want to camp at a remote spot and see the backwoods of Pennsylvania, here is an ideal place. You will find nature at her best in this sylvan retreat. The road to this camp is dotted with beauti- ful vistas. The streams are pure and sparkling and wild life abundant. From early spring to late autumn the nature lover finds this camp a paradise. The natural forest cannot be beat in make-up and beauty, and during the last 15 years more than 4 million trees have been planted on the Susquehannock State Forest. They are wonderful object lessons in reforestration.
43
This camp is located in the midst of an extensive forest region of southern Potter county. It can be reached over a forest road by turning westv^^ard on the Jersey Shore-Coudersport turnpike about 8 miles south of Coudersport and travelling 8 miles to the west.
KOOSER PUBLIC CAMP
Forbes State Forest
The Kooser Public Camp (Class B) occupies an
attractive and accessible spot on the historic Laurel
Hill of southwestern Pennsylvania. It was across
this ridge that the old Forbes road was constructed
as a part of the expedition against Fort Duquesne
(later Fort Pitt) under the direction of General
George Washington. The clear as crystal and cool as
ice waters of Kooser Run, arising from strong and
sparkling springs nearby, flow through this camping
ground.
This charming camp is located one mile east of the Summit of Laurel Hill in Somerset county at an elevation of 2,400 feet. It is 12 miles west of Somerset and 15 miles east of Mount Pleasant. It can be reached over State Highway Route 186 between Somerset and Mount Pleasant.
BALDWIN PUBLIC CAMP
Tioga State Forest
The Baldwin Public Camp (Class B) occupies a high Bite in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. Its cool climate makes it especially attractive as a rest and play place. Deer, l>ear, and smaller game are often seen about the camp and plant life typical of the north woods is abundant. Near the camp lies a cranberry marsh in which there is an abundant growth of cran- berry bushes. Within a short distance of the camp very ^interesting forest tree plantations and the forest seener>' dotted with beautiful pines, hemlocks, and
u
Aliite bipches, are especially inviting. Beautiful moun- tain streams are abundant about the camp and fishing is excellent.
This camp is located in Tioga county off of Highway Route 22, 9 miles west of Wellsboro and 6 miles west of the Wellsboro-Tioga State Road. This route is a township road used locally as a scenic drive. In aj)- proaching the camp from Wellsboro there is a gradual mountain climb from Wellsboro Junction at an eleva- tion of 1,170 feet to a point near the Baldwin Forest Fire Tower, the altitude of which is 2,334 feet. From this tower may be had one of the most beautiful views in northern Pennsylvania.
DARLING RUN PUBLIC CAMP Tioga State Forest
Darling Run Public Camp (Class A| takes its name from Darling Run, which empties into the famous Pine Creek at this camp site. This camp is adjacent to the Old Manchester Mill dam of far famed lumber- ing days, and near it was one of the early up-and- down sawmills of the North Tier. Thousands of feet of the finest white i)ine produced in the world were cut at th's mill. Near this camp is Ansonia (Big Meadows) a great camping ground for the Indians. To this day arrow heads and imidenients of Indian manufacture are often found he re. About the canij) are extensive plantations of forest trees up to 15 years old. Game is plentiful and it is not unusual to see deer, bear, and small animals in the vicinity of the camp. Fishing is of the very best and fine hikes are available to those who enjoy the mountains.
This camp is located about % of a mile south of the Roosevelt Highway at Ansonia, Tioga county. It lies at the junction of Darling Run and Pine Creek adja- cent to the New York Central Railroad. Its location at the head of the famous Pine Creek Gorge, formerly
45
called Tiadaghton Gorge, gives it one of the most picturesque locations of all public camps in the State. It can be readily reached over a good dirt road leading to the camp from Ansonia, which is largely travelled and in a usually fair condition during the summer months.
JOYCE KILMER PUBLIC CAMP Bald Eagle State Forest
The Joyce Kilmer Public Camp (Class B) is named in honor of Joyce Kilmer, the American boy poet who made the supreme sacrifice during the AVorld War and immortalized his name by his unrivaled poem on
''Trees.'*
The camp is located on tlie State Highway Route 27 between Lewisburg and Bellefonte, about 5 miles west of Hartleton and 5 miles east of Woodward, in Union county. Near this camp is the Voneida (Hairy John's) State Forest Park (see page Ui and on the moun- tain overlooking the camp is the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument (see page 54).
ADAMS FALLS PUBLIC CAMP Forbes State Forest The Adams Falls Public Camp (Class A) is situated in an environment of sylvan beauty, probably unsur- passed in Pennsylvania. Trails radiate in all direc- tions into the adjacent forest which abound in natural beauty. The miniature waterfalls on Adams Falls Run, almost concealed by the dense growth of rhododendron overhanging the steep cliffs, prove attractive haunts for the forest adventurer and nature lover. Near the camp is the Hollenbaugh Trail, named in honor of Adam Hollenbaugh, an industrious Hollander who made his home in this beautiful forest region. From 1850 until his death in 1884 he manufactured hand-rived and
ov
i
4(>
hand-shaved shingles and clapboards which replaced the straw-covered or thatched roofs of former days. Mr. Hollenbaugh was a constant reader of the Cincin- nati Star and carefully preserved each issue, and upon his death keen competition sprung up among the bid- ders for this complete file of valuable literature.
On the site of this camp selected oak timbers were cut and taken to Laughlintown, where the first shook shop in Westmoreland county was established in 1863. The logs from tliese trees were manufactured into barrel staves which were sent to Cuba and made into sugar barrels and molasses hogsheads.
To the north of the Forbes road as one approaches the camp grounds is the Flat Rock Bathing I*ool, which is a wonderful water play place for children because of the broad flat watercovered rock over which the youngsters can glide with ease.
This camp is located four miles south of the Lincoln Highway at Laughlintown in Westmoreland county. It can be reached over a good dirt road that leads to a good forest road within the Forbes State Forest.
LAUREL SUMMIT PUBLIC CAMP Forbes State Forest
The Laurel Summit Public Camp (Class B) has the distinction of having the highest elevation of the 31 public camps in the State Forests of Pennsylvania. Its elevation is 2,739 feet above sea level.
The removal of the virgin timber from this locality was not started until about 1900. During the next seven years 65,000,000 board feet were sawed at the mill at Ligonier. White pine, hemlock, red oak, and chestnut were the principal trees of this locality. From openings in the young growth that has replaced the virgin timber, may be had excellent views of west- ern Somerset county, including the town of Somerset, and a profile of Allegheny and Negro mountains. More than a million small forest tree seedlings have been
47
planted within the radius of two mile* of this camp ground. Many of these planted trees are near the roads about the camp.
This camp is located on the historic Laurel Hill separating Somerset from Fayette and Westmoreland counties. It was across this ridge, about three miles north of the Lincoln Highway, that the old Forbes road was constructed as a part of the Forbes expedi- tion against Fort Duquesne under the direction of Colonel George Washington. The camp is situated on the summit of Laurel Hill near the Somerset-West- moreland county line. It lies 12 miles south of the Lin- coln Highway at Laughlintown and is 8 miles beyond the Adams Falls Public Camp (see page 45). It can be reached over the road through the Forbes State Forest constructed on the grade of the abandoned Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad.
STATE FOREST MONUMENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
State Forest Monuments are areas of singular beauty, set aside within the State Forests for perman- ent preservation in a natural condition. Here plant and animal life is wild and primeval, according to the ways of Nature. It is to be preserved in its wildness undisturbed, that the people of Pennsylvania — our -children, and their children — may for all time to come be able to visit selected and choice remnants of the glorious Penn's Woods of olden days.
Within the State forests are swamp areas, exposed mountain places with peculiar plant associations, and regions of rocks, boulders, ledges and precipices of rug- ged scenic beauty, supporting little other than the low forms of plant and animal life. These may also be set aside as State Forest Monuments.
Since the ])rime purpose of our forests is utility — service toward meeting the everyday needs of life — it is not possible to preserve all our woods in its original wild condition and keep it so, but it is most fitting that the Department of Forests and Waters is vested with authoritv and direction to "set aside within the State Forests, unusual or historical groves of trees or natural features especially worthy of permanent ])reservation, to make the same accessible and conven- ient for public use, and to dedicate them in perpetuity to the people of the State for their recreation and en- joyment."
BEAR MEADOWS STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Logan State Forest
The Bear ^Meadows State Forest Monument is prob- ably the most ])opular of the Forest Monuments in Pennsylvania on account of its unusual make-up and .^eat botanical interest. It is a bottomless quagmire
(48)
49
BIG OAKS IN THE ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT
50
51
of about 350 acres, which in spots is said to be vei-y dangerous to travellers. Some claim that this vast meadow took its name from an early pioneer or hunter named "Baer." Others believe that it was named be- cause of the prevalence of bears. It is also said that some of the early settlers sometimes spell the name Bare. Some of the foremost authorities on this sub- ject feel that the name Bear Meadows is the proper one.
For many years botanists have regarded the Bear Meadows as a favorite retreat. Students of botany and forestry at State College regard this as their favorite place for field study. In this great forested meadow grow specimens of the Pitcher Plant, Sun Dew, and other rare plants common to the cold boggy swamps of the North. The original gro\vth of balsam flr, tamarack, and black spruce has been cut out, and what was not cut was burned. There is now develop- ing a young growth of these coniferous trees. Laurel and rhododendron are also very abundant, in some places forming almost impenetrable thickets. About the meadows are numerous fine springs from which flows the purest of water.
The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is located in the midst of the Seven Mountains in Centre county It may be reached by travelling from Belief on te to a point at Galbraith's Gap by way of Boalsburg. From this Gap one travels over a good State Forest road to the Bear Meadows, a distance of about 4 miles. A good State Forest road was recently constructed from the Bear Meadows across Bear Meadows Mountain to Stone Creek Valley at the upper end of which are lo- cated the Detweiler Run and the Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments. This road opens an approach to Bear Meadows from the historic Greenwood Furnace and from McAlevy's Fort.
DETWEILER RUN STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Logan State Forest
The Detweiler Run State Forest Monument com- prises a tangle of giant original forest trees, mostly white pine and hemlock, with an under story of almost impenetrable rhododendron. Competent students of early forest conditions of Pennsylvania declare that the forest conditions in this monument picture very truly the primeval forest conditions of the State.
An interesting feature of some of the giant white pine trees is the marks of the old time shingle thieves, who, if they found a tree the least bit defective, would not cut it, but if it was found all right, they felled the tree, ''shaved" the shingles, and then carried them on their backs, sometimes over long distances to the near- by settlements, where they were marketed. Former State Forest Ranger Ross, a local authority on the wild life of l»ennsylvania, states that the wolves made one of their last stands in central Pennsylvania in the dark gloomy depths of Detweiler Hollow, sallying forth at night in search of game, howling dismally from the mountain tops, or watching the shingle shavers from the edge of the forest with their dark, furtive eyes. In the dark recesses of this great forest tangle live some of the rare warblers and other forest loving birds. The late Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated ihat the dnck hawk, one of the rarest varieties of hawks in the State, nested in these big trees. Detweiler Run, one of the most beautiful streams of the State, flows through the center of this Monument.
This monument of about 50 acres, is located at the headwaters of Detweiler Run in Huntingdon county. It can be reached from Milroy, Reedsville and Belle- ville by way of Greenwood Furnace, and from Hunt- ingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort, from where one fol- lows the township road along Stone Creek. A new forest road also makes this Monument accessible from State College by way of the Bear Meadows.
52
53
ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Logan State Forest
The Alan Seeger State Forest Monument is named for Alan Seeger, a young American poet who gave his life in France as did Joyce Kilmer. Alan Seeger was a great lover of nature and the author of many beauti- ful poems on trees. By a curious coincidence, after this Monument was named it was found that the land was originally owned by another Seeger family, but whether the two families were related is not known.
Within this Monument are hemlock trees of unusual si^ and beauty — undoubtedly some ot them were growing here when Columbus discovered America — and there are stands of oak that have no superior in the State. Magnificent growth of rhododendrons, some with stems 40 feet high, border the streams that pass through this Monument. In the latter part of June and early July this sylvan retreat is a treat hard to excel. It is reported that rhododendron was Seeger's favorite flower.
This Monument is an ideal recreation center and camping spot. Beautiful Stone Creek flows through the Monument and an excellent trail has been developed so that this beauty spot is accessible to the public. Mrs. Mary Flinn Lawrence of Pittsburgh, ardent con- servationist and member of the State Forest Commis- sion, considers the Alan Seeger State Forest Monu- ment the most beautiful recreation spot in the State Forests of Pennsylvania.
C. L. Seeger, father of Alan Seeger, in a letter written from 40, Rue Du Colissee, Paris, to Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, under date of April 9, 1923, writes that:
"Our mutual friend, Mr. Moulder, has given me the two photographs which you kindly sent him and which were taken in the Alan Seeger State Park in Pennsylvania. He told me that it was due to your initiative that the park was
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ALAN SEEGER
54
55
named for my son, and I am glad to have this opportunity to thank you most sincerely for this great honor to his memory. Nothing could be more pleasing to Alan than such a memorial, because it was always his great joy to take long walks in the forests and over hill and dale in Mexico and in France, as well as in our own country."
This Monument, including about 155 acres, is sit- uated along Stone Creek in Huntingdon county. It can be reached from Milroy, Reedsville, and Belleville by way of Greenwood Furnace, from Huntingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort, and from Altoona by way of Alex- andria and Petersburg to McAlevy's Fort, from where one follows the road up Stone Creek Valley. A new- forest road also makes this monument accessible from-. State College by way of Bear Meadows.
The nearest settlement is Greenwood Furnace, the home of a few forest workers and the headquarters of an Assistant District Forester, who now lives in the house formerly the residence of Henry Rawle, early iron master of this locality. There is also a church at Greenwood Furnace, now no longer in use, and it is said that on one occasion General Robert E. Lee worshipped there while visiting his brother, who was manager of the furnace several years prior to the Civil War. A large forest tree nursery is located at Greenwood Furnace, with an annual capacity of three million trees. On a high point between Greenwood Furnace and this monument is the Greenwood Forest Fire Observation Tower, from the top of which are available commending views of the mountains and val- leys of central Pennsylvania.
JOYCE KILMER STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Bald Eagle State Forest
"Gypsies are Welcome to Camp Here'^ — is the mes- sage on a sign at the entrance to the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument. The words are those of the young-
JOYCE KHMER
56
57
American poet, Joyce Kilmer, who was killed in the World War in France, July, 1918. In a letter to his Mother the boy wrote that if he ever owned a piece of woodland he would place therein a sign of welcome to gypsies. In his short life he did not have the opportu- nity to fulfill his wish, but his message will live long after him. Xearby this welcome to gypsies stands a larger sign bearing Kilmer's beautiful poem ''Trees".
The Joyce Kilmer Forest Monument comprises about 21 acres of old hemlock and a few white pines on the north slope of Paddy Mountain in Union county. The Joyce Kilmer trail leads to the mountain top above and to the natural amphitheatre known as Joyce Kilmer Rest. Here a group of flat boulders form a semi-circle surrounded and overhung by gigantic, dark hemlocks. Here is a fitting place to sit and meditate upon the wonders of the Natural World and share the inspira- tions that it gave to Joyce Kilmer.
This Forest Monument is accessible from points along the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway. A good forest trail extends from the Joyce Kilmer Public Camp (see page 45) on this highway to the monu- ment, a distance of one mile. Hartleton is 5 miles east and Woodward 5 miles west. At Woodward is a summer liotel. There are hotel accomodations at Mif- flinburg, 12 miles east, and at Millheim 12 miles west.
OLE BULL STATE FOREST MONUMENT Susquehannock State Forest
The interesting Ole Bull State Forest Monument lies within the heart of what was formerly known as the Black Forest of Pennsylvania. It marks the vi- cinity to which Ole Bull, the world famous Norwegian violinist came in 1852 with about 800 colonists from Europe. Here he commenced the erection of several towns to be called New Bergen, Oleona, Valhalla and New Norway. He also started the erection of an im- posing castle on a high cliff overlooking the waters
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of Kettle Creek. Owing to financial difficulties the colony proved unsuccessful. All that now remains is part of the castle walls, upon which, on clear days, the flags of the United States and Norway fly.
In July, 1920, a memorable outing of the Potter County Historical Society was held at Ole Bull's Castle. About 10,000 persons were present and about 2,000 automobiles were parked on the green at various places below. Addresses were delivered by Governor Sproul and by Giflord Pinchot, then Commissioner of of Forestry, in which enlarged i)rogressive policies for Pennsylvania Forestry were outlined.
The Monument is located 29 miles southeast of Coudersi>ort, Potter county. It may be reached over the Coudersport- Jersey Shore State Pike and State Forest road turning west for one mile at Oleona. There is a hotel (Wm. Jones, Prop.,) at Cross Fork, 7 miles from the Monument, and a good boarding house at Oleona, kept by H. M. Olson (Cross Fork, Pa.)
McCONNELL NARROWS STATE FOREST
MONUMENT
Bald Eagle State Forest
The McConnell Narrows State Forest Monument contains some of the most magnificent rock scenery in Pennsylvania, as well as stands of superb original hem- lock and white pine. These giant, rugged trees present a particularly beautiful silhouette against the sky on moonlight nights. It is a picture that once seen will never be forgotten.
Near this monument is the famous "Sink," where the last herd of wild buffalo or bison in Pennsylvania wt^re destroyed by Snyder County hunters about 1799. Penn's Creek, flowing below, is one of the most beauti- ful streams in the State for canoeing, swimming, or Ashing. It was named for William Penn's grandson, one of our Colonial Governors. The Indians called it Karoondinha. It is in a class almost by itself for it
59
jremains practically unpolluted to this day. Its waters flow clear as crystal.
In McConnell Narrows near the site of this Forest Monument former Senator William C. McConnell has maintained for many years a handsome bungalow, where his friend, the late U. S. Senator Boise Penrose, spent many of the happiest of his leisure hours.
This Monument lies on the southern slope of White Mountain, l^nion county, opposite (Mierry Knn Station. White Mountain rises to a height of 2.1i20 feet and to ascend its slopes requires skillful climbing. Its rocks are of colossal proportions, some standing erect like chimneys, and among these giant boulders are vast fissures and enormous subterranean caverns in which the wild animals lind shelter and seek refuge. Cheiiy Run Station may be reached over the Ixnvisburg Tyrone Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Monument is accessible over the road through Laurel ton and Weikert which branches off the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway one and one-half miles west of Hartle- ton.
MOUNT LOGAN STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Ba!d Eagle State Forest
The Mount Logan State Forest Monument is named for the Indian Chief, James Logan, greatest of the Indian orators, who had a trail across the mountains from McElhattan, Clinton county, to the Sulphur Spring in Sugar Valley. Within this monument are superb original white pines and hemlocks. The inacces sibility of these great giant trees saved them from the lumberman's axe. Their great spires, like masts, stand- ing against the sky line of the mountain top, aro an inspiring spectacle from the West Branch Valley for many miles, and just to look at them seemingly lifts one up spiritually. Near the foot of Mount Logan, and its sister mountain Mt. Jura, is Camp Shoemaker, Boy Scout Headquarters for Clinton county, a grove of
60
61
about 5 acres. At Camp Slioemaker are five good springs and excellent camping facilities are available for those who delight in being within the mountains* The park was formerly in charge of the late John H. Chatham, the venerable poet and naturalist, who is so well known throughout central Pennsylvania to all lovers of what is best in outdoor life. Nearby is Shoe- maker's Park, a public camping ground, with outdoor stoves, tables, running water, and other facilities.
The altitude of Mount Logan is 2,200 feet and from it is to be had one of the finest views of the State. This monument, covering about 47 acres, is situated on Mount Logan in Wayne township, Clinton county. It is near McElhattan, about 5 miles ea.st of Lock Haven, where ample hotel accommodations are available. There is a boarding house near the Pennsylvania Rail- road Station at McElhattan. Less than one mile from the Youngdale station, which is the name of the New York Central station at McElhattan, is an excellent trail, adequately marked, which leads to the top of Mount Logan into the very heart of the State Forest Monument.
MOUNT RIANSARES STATE FOREST
MONUMENT
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Mount Riansares State Forest :Monument is named after the Duke of Riansares, husband of Maria Cristina, Queen Regent of Spain, who invested in tim- ber and coal lands in central Pennsylvania a consider- able part of the $5,000,000 she received from the sale of the State of Florida to the United States. She directed that the highest peak in Pennsylvania's pos- session be called after her husband, of whom she was very fond. This investment, like that of the Ole Hull cobmists, proved a costly failure, and later the land was sold for taxes.
A few years ago descendants of the Duke of Rian- sares, one of whom was Secretary of the Spanish Em- bassy at Washington, attempted to institute legal pro- ceedings to recover possession of the land, but were unsuccessful, as the land had already passed through too many hands. It is said that about 1870, shortly before his death, the Duke visited his wife's former holdings and ascended Mount Riansares by the tiail now a part of the road system on the Bald Eagle State
Forest.
The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,293 feet. From the summit of this mountain one can enjoy a magnifi cent view in all directions. On account of the moun- tain's height and steepness it was for years known as ''The Unscalable Mountain." Upon the mountain is a 60 foot forest observation tower, and nearby are sev- eral good springs of water and a large game refuge. Huckleberry picking is one of the pleasant summer IKistimes in this region. Game was formerly very abundant in this mountain, especially bear, which hid in the big openings among the large rocks, but of late years many of them have been driven away.
About the top of Mount Riansares is a grove of magnificent hemlocks. The Pennsylvania Alpine Club, on a beautiful Sunday, May 8, 1921, ascended this mountain and near the top among the giant trees a stone pulpit from native rocks was erected. Here the Rev. Leroy Oohick of McElhattan, one of the Chnplniiis of the Alpine Club, preached a beautiful sermon on
the out-of-doors.
This State Forest Monument of about 13 acres is situated on Mount Riansai^es in Clinton county. It may be reached by travelling about 15 miles southeast from I^ck Haven, turning from the main pike between Lock Haven and Bellefonte, near Salona, where the road sign reads "To Loganton."
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MARTIN'S HILL STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Buchanan State Forest
The Martiu's Hill State Forest Monument com- prises 9 acres of old original hemlocks within a gorge of one of the highest mountains in southern Pennsyl- vania. These hemlocks were preserved largely through efforts of (Captain J. G. Dillin of Media who lumbered over this mountain 25 years ago.
Martin's Hill is 3,075 feet above sea level. On its summit is a forest observation tower from which is to be had a magnificent view in all directions. A path to the mountain top and tower is very steep. It is similar 1o some of the mountain paths in the Alps or in the Black Forest of Germany, and would be admir- able for snow shoeing or skiing during the winter months. Nearby the monument is a game refuge. At Flintstone, near the Monument, was the early home of Meshach Browning, author of "Forty-four Years of a Hunter's Life,'' a classic in Big Game Literature.
This Monument lies at the foot of Martin's Hill, Bed- ford county. It may be reached by travelling over State road from Bedford through Rainsburg and to summit of mountain 2 miles beyond Rainsburg, thence by forest road 4 miles to the head of the gorge. Suit- able markers have been erected along forest roads to direct the traveller to the monument. There are good hotel accommodations at Bedford and McOonnellsburg on the Lincoln Highway.
63
SPECIAL SCENIC AREAS AND HISTORIC
SITES ON STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
There are a large number of noteworthy scenic area» in Pennsylvania. Three are worthy of special mention. They are Cherry Springs Drive, Coxe's Valley View, and the Site of Valhalla.
CHERRY SPRINGS DRIVE
Susquehannock State Forest
One of the noblest and most lasting achievements of Hon. Gifford Pinchot while a member of the State Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, was the saving from the lumberman's axe of a magnificent stand of primeval hardwood timber in central Potter county, bordering the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, a part of which is now called Cherry Springs Drive. The land on the west side of the drive belongs to the State. In 1919 special plans were laid to cut these magnificent birch, beech and maple trees. After being appointed to the State Forest Commission, Mr. Pinchot visited this forest and was impressed by the beauty and educa- tional value of this unusual tree growth. He immedi- ately took steps to preserve them for future genera- tions, and later under the forest law of 1921, he con- stituted them into a permanent memorial, now known as Cherry Springs Drive.
Prior to the World War the roadway was lined on both sides with magnificent forests of original hard- woods. They were at their best in the fall of the year when clothed with a glorious canopy of autumnal foliage. It was a sight long to be remembered and resulted in a thrill that implanted a lingering love of Penn's Woods. During the World War the demand for wood chemicals became so gi-eat that camps were
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located on the privately-owned land adjoining the drive and large quantities of chemical wood were cut. Col. Charnwood Simpson, chief purchaser of munitions for the British Governuient for the Western rennsylvania District, stated that "the forests of northern Pennsyl- vania won the war, for at a critical time in 1918 after the Germans had broken through the western front, the timely arrival of large chemical supplies derived from the forests of I*ennsylvania turned the tide of the
war."
Within this drive are the Patterson Plnce and the Cherry Springs Public Cam])s, Avhicli ] rovide ext client camping facilities for picnic parties and tourists from a distance. Near the drive is the Cherry Springs forest observation tower, from which can be had a magnificent and insi)iring forest view. This view is considered by some, including the groat histoiian. Dr. George P. Donehoo, as the finest view in the State.
The Cheiry Springs drive extends for a distance of 6.V miles along the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike in the Susquehannock State Forest in l»otter county. It is about 14 miles southeast of Coudersport and borders the picturesque highland highAvay. The nearest town with good hotel accommodations is Coudersport. but there are also suitable accommodations for tourists at Olson's Hotel, at Oleona.
COXE'S VALLEY VIEW
Penn State Forest
One of the most pleasant landscape features in the Seven Mountains is the Coxe's Valley View, which lies to the east of the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway, Route No. 29. Here one can get a distant view of the grand old forest of Coxe's Valley. In this forest are superb white pine and hemlock trees that have b-en wisely preserved for all time. They give to tourists an idea of what the old time forests were like before the lumberman and forest fires created havoc among them.
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This view may be enjoyed to the best advantage at a point about five miles north of Milroy, near the Mountain Spring. The big trees are on the north slope of Spruce Mountain in Coxe's Valley, Mifflin county. Near the mouth of Ooxe's Valley is a horse shoe turn, at which point a forest road (not in condition for auto travel at present) extends westward up Laurel Run and ultimately leads to the Detweiler Hollow and the Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments (see pages 51 and 52).
THE SITE OF VALHALLA
Susquehannock State Forest
One mile west from the Ole Bull State Forest Monu- ment (page 56) is the Site of Valhalla, one of Ole Bull's projected towns. The name Valhalla is an im- posing one, being that of the abode of the gods in >sorwegian mythology. All that now remains of the Valhalla settlement is a stone house that was erected for Ole Bull's private physician, Dr. Karl Joerg. Some of the original wood-work of Ole Bull's castle is a part of this substantial stone house. The Site of Valhalla is located 20 miles southeast of Coudersport in Potter county. It may be reached over the Jersey Shore- Coudersport Pike, turning west at Oleona.
FOREST OBSERVATION TOWERS IN PENNSYLVANIA
There are 106 forest observation towers in Pennsyl- vania, ea^h of which overlooks an average of 130,000 acres of forest land. Most of these towers are 60 feet high and carry an enclosed cabin at the top. They are located on the highest points throughout the State.
Thousands of people visit these towers annually. Some of the most beautiful views in Pennsylvania are available from these lookout stations. The public is invited to ascend these safe steel structures that tower
SRK PF.XNSYLVANIA B'ROM THE 106 FORBST OBSER- VATION TOWERS LOCATED IN ALL FORESTED REGIONS OF THE STATE
68
sixty and more feet in the air and look over the high- lands and lowlands of the State.
Forest fire observers are on duty day and night upon these towers during the fire season. They are glad to answer questions about forestry, point out interesting views, and help the people to know Pennsylvania better. Each tower cabin is equipped with maps and other necessary facilities to report forest fires prompt- ly. All towers are connected by telephone with the headquarters of the District Forester, Forest Rangers, and other members of the State's forest fire fighting organization.
A list of the forest observation towers of Pennsyl- vania, classified by districts, and giving their location, name, and elevation is appended:
FOREST DISTRICT I. Michntix
II. Ruohannn
III. Tuscnrorn . . . . rv. Rothrock
v. Ijogan
VI. Penn
VII. Bald Eagl.' . . ,
VIU. Mont Alto . . . LX. MoRhaniion
COUNTY
NAME OV TO WE I]LEVATION (feet
X. Sproul
CumlKTlniKl Big Flat
CumlKTlanil L«T^g Mountain ....
Franklin Tascarora
Bedford Martin's Hill
Bedford Blue Knob
Fulton Sideling Hill
Perry Sherman's Mountiiin.
Perry Big Knob
Huntingdon Round Mountain ...
Huntingdon Jack's. Mountain ...
Mifflin Blue Mountain
Huntingdon Greenwoofl
Huntingdon Bald Knob
Centre Little Flat
Blair The Loop
Center Big Poe
Juniata Wagner
Union Sand Mountain ....
Clintom Rinnsaros
Snyder Mlddleswarth
Centre v. Round Top
Adams Staley'a Knob
Clearfield Smith Place
Clearfield The Knobs
Clearfield Grass Flat
Ch'arlield Faunce
Centre Summit
Elk BfKone Mmmtain . . . .
Clinton Tamarack
Clinton Coflin Rocks
Clinton Whetham
XI. Slnnemahoning XII. Tladaghton . .
XIII. Flk
Centre Snow Shoe . . . .
Cameron Three Runs . . . .
Cameron Grove Mountain
Lycoming Pump Station . .
Lycoming Buck Horn . . .
Lycoming Huntley
Lycoming I^ong Ridge . . . .
Lycoming Holmeshurst . . .
Lycoming Shaffers Path .
Potter Fox Mountain .
Cameron Whittemore . . .
Elk Boot Jack ....
Elk Wildwood
R
)
2.028
1.570
2,440
3.075
3.165
2.350
2.100
2.200
2.080
2.3(10
2.000
2.300
1.7()0
2.400
2..300
2.140
2.200
2.070
2.293
2,127
2.208
1.880
2..300
2.200
1,602
1,713
2.300
1,900
2.200
2.325
2,300
2.000
2.160
2,100
2,150
2,000
2.000
2.000
2,000
1.600
2,400
2,000
2,150
2.340
09
FOREST DISTRICT XIV. Complunter . . .
XV. Susquehannock
XVI. Tioga
XVII. Valley Forge XVni. AVelser
XIX. Delaware
XX. Wyoming
XXI. Lackawanna
XXH. Forbes
. Gallitzin
ZXIY. Kittanning
NAME OF TOWER COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)
Warren Kinzua 2,154
Warren Wheeler 1,950
Forest Eldrldge Summit . . . 1,860
Potter Cherry Springs 2,499
Portter West Pike 2,441
Potter Crandal Hill 2,170
McKean McDade 2,250
Tioga Rarick 2,284
Tioga Gleason 2,130
Tioga Goodall 2.300
Tioga Baldwin 2,334
Tioga Maple Hill 2,085
Lancaster Cornwall 1,200
Carbon Christman's 1,600
Carbon Stony Point 2,000
Carbon Flag Staff 1,475
Carbon Broad Mountain 1,820
Carbon Humboldt 1,980
Carbon Glen Summit 1,980
Schuylkill Good Spring 1,620
Schuylkill Brockton 1,400
Schuylkill R„n-8 Head 1.674
Schuylkill Mount Pleasant 1.782
Dauphin Lvkens 1,630
Dauphin stony Mountain 1.660
Columbia Arlstes 1,700
Columbia CaUwiswi 1,825
B«rks Port Clinton 1.630
Northumberland.. Boyer's Knob 1,806
Monroe Delaware Water Gap 1,600
Monroe Big Pocrmo 2.367
Monroe Snow Hill 1.400
Pike High Knob 2.010
Pike Westfall 1,440
Wyoming RIeketts 2,520
Wyomlnjr Mehoopany 2,820
Luzerne Harney's 1.700
I^i^PTHe Shickshlnny 1.520
Bradford Kahll 2.200
Sullivan North Mountain 2.600
Lackawanna Scrub Oak 2.092
Suaquehanna Elk Hill 2,634
Ltuteme Dry Land Hill 1.900
Wayne Gould 2,380
Fayette Sugar Loaf 2,900
Somerset Statler Hill 2,705
Somerset Negro Mountain .... 3.190
Somerset Hay's Mill 2.940
Westnwrelnnd . . . Bear Cave 2.630
Westmrorelnnd . . . Cum.mlng8 1,970
Westnyirelnnd . . . Kecksburg 1,570
Cambria Lower Yoder 2,720
Cambria Chickaree 2,460
Caml»ria St. La\vTence 2,180
ftidlana Glen Campbell 1.960
Blair Brush Mountain 2,530
Jefferson Hay's Lot 2,011
70
HOW TO USE THE STATE FORESTS OF
PENNSYLVANIA
The State of Pennsylvania now owns 1,131,611 acres of forest land. You are welcome on the State Forests. They are always wide open for proper use.
The State Forests belong to the people of the State. They are administered by the Department of Forests and Waters in a business-like way. The primary pur- pose of the State Forests is to produce wood, but they are also handled with special regard for their recrea- tional advantages and to promote health, protect the flow and purity of our streams, and afford a home and breeding place for wild life. If you want a day or a week in the woods go to the State Forests. There is no better place to play and to rest than among the vast forest reaches covered with a variety of plant and tree life that shelter large numbers of furred and feathered folks.
Within the State Forests there are already about 1,300 i)ermanent camping sites, which are small areas especially adapted for recreational use, that are leased to individuals and organizations at a nominal annual rental. Upon many of these camping sites attractive cottages and cabins have already been erected. These forest life saving stations are a big factor in promoting and maintaining the health of the citizens of the State. The average annual rental of the permanent camp site ranges from fT.OO to 115.00. If you are interested in a fine play place in the forest and if you want fuller information about the use of the State Forests, write to the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa., asking for Circular 25, "How to u^e the State Forests."
STATE FOREST RULES
1. The State Forests are for the use and benefit of all the citizens of Pennsylvania. Forest Officers are instructed to cooperate with, and assist all persons in the legitimate enjoyment of them.
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2. To provide for the proper use and protection of the forests, no standing young or old trees shall be cut, shot at, barked or otherwise damaged or destroyed ex- cept as may be necessary for proper utilization of the forests and with the approval of a forest officer, se- cured in advance.
3. Since uncontrolled grazing by horses, sheep, cattle or hogs is injurious to young trees, it is prohib- ited except by special permission.
4. No permit is required to camp overnight, but to insure the protection of forests against abuse a permit is necessary to camp for a period of two days or
longer.
5. For the protection of the public health, springs
and streams must not be polluted.
6. If the needs of the State for timber are to be met, forest fires must be stopped. No camp fires are per- mitted which are not adequately protected against the
spread of fire.
7. All camp fires must be put out completely, im- mediately after use.
8. Persons suspected of starting forest fires, inten- tionally or unintentionally, will be prosecuted.
9. The placing of advertisements is not permitted.
10. For the protection of those who will camp in the forests hereafter, all waste paper, empty cans and other refuse must be buried or otherwise disposed of, before leaving camp.
11. For the protection of wild life, strict observance of the game and fish laws by campers will be required.
12. For the preservation of flowers, the gathering of flowers of woody species is prohibited, except on permission of a forest officer.
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HELPFUL CAMP SUGGESTIONS
1. Choose your camp site well. It should be a fairly open spot, level enough for the tent and camp-fire, but elevated enough to have good natural drainage. It should have exposure to direct sunlight during part of the day, especially during the early morning hours^ In summer, exposure to whatever breezes may blow, is desirable.
2. Many campers make the mistake of selecting a camp site solely for its attractiveness, say in a cozy nook beneath the shade of large hemlocks and close by a stream side; this often results in poor light, poor ventilation, undesirable moisture conditions, and an- noyance from mosquitoes and other insects. It is better to "build high and dry.''
3. Remember that your tent is to serve as a shelter rather than a dwelling place, while you are in the woods. Considering its service as a shelter, it deserves less consideration than the out-of-doors where the camper spends the most enjoyable hours that make camping worth while. It is not necessary to pitch your tent in the most beautiful forest recess. Often it is better to keep such places for visitation.
4. Always locate near an ami>le supply of pure water. While a spring is desirable, the average spark- ling mountain stream, bubbling over a rocky course and receiving a plentiful supply of sunshine, can be depended upon as a source of potable water. A hike up-stream for a survey of its condition is well worth while before final selection of your camp site. It furnishes an unique feature to the many ventures of a camping trip.
5. Travel "light." One of the recognized values of recreation in the forest is the lifting of burdens, and the escape from the thousand and one little things that necessarily go with the usual routine of everyday business life. Go camping with a light heart, a care free spirit — but with foresight. There must be ade-
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quate shelter, good food, proper clothing, and some special equipment— but it should be as little as neces
sary.
6. For shelter use as small a tent as possible. A standard cushioned sleeping bag or an "air bed" is preferred by many, with a small canvas lean-to shelter that can be readily slanted from two stakes, to protect one's head. It should be slanted to the ground on the side from which the wind blows.
7. The most serviceable sort of bed that can be conveniently carried afoot into the forest consists of a narrow bag made from bed ticking, about 24 by 6J feet, which may be filled with dry leaves on reaching camp. It is well to have a rubber blanket to spread over it and beneath the bed blankets. Remember that two light blankets are warmer than one heavy one. If one travels by automobile to the immediate camp site it is practicable to take a cot, tty tent, and other accessories that cannot be taken afoot. If, however, there be a number of persons in the camping party, even though traveling by automobile, it is well to dis- |)ense with all extra articles.
8. The clothing of the forest camper should be strong, soft, light, warm for its weight, and easy to di*y after wetting. It should be roomy enough to give free play. Underclothing should be of wool. It is un- wise to carry more changes of clothing than necessary. So long as extra clean changes of clothing remain, the average person is not disposed to wash them. An ac- cumulation of soiled clothes is a camper's menace of the first magnitude.
9. Plain, simple foods form the best fare of the forest recreationist. The greatest food value together with the least bulk is the first rule of his diet. His rations should consist of foods that are easily carried, easily kept, and easily prepared. The preparation of the campers' meals is, nevertheless, an art worthy of the experienced. The bulk of his food supply for a given period should average not more than 25 pounds
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a day per man. See books on camping (page 80) for detailed information on menus.
10. The miscellaneous equipment of the camper be- sides his mess and toilet articles should be very little. A sharp pocket knife of the "Boy Scout'' type, a sharp hand ax, a dry match case, and a first aid packet should always be taken. A book on camping sug- gestions, containing First Aid Rules, is recommended to every forest camper (see page 80). Field glasses, pocket lens, a canteen and a compass may be desired, according to the individual. A durable notebook and vseveral pencils should certainly be carried by every forest user, in which notes and sketches may be made. The latter, even though simple, will be of great value for future reference. A small camera that takes good ])ictures may also be a valuable addition to the neces- sary equipment.
11. Ever}* forest camper needs a cook fire, and most will have a camp fire too, for evenings. He must know how to build them, the materials to select, how to pro- tect the fire from spreading into the forest, and what to do if it should s])read.
12. Before starting your fires, gather together a sufficient supply of suitable materials. Stuff of mixed sizes is desirable — dry leaves, shavings, twigs, bark, splitwood, and finally round logs. Remember that a thick piece of wood will not take fire from the quick blaze of a few leaves that are soon consumed. In damp weather it is advisable to make a good supply of dry shavincra w'th your jack knife.
Build up a small cone of twigs about the shavings and, when the fire takes well, larger material may be laid across it and the cone-shape broken down. It is a hed of hot and gloming cmhers, rather than a ffaming fire, which is needed for oooking. For the camp fire, on the other hand, the cone may be enlarged to as great size, with safety, as desired.
Tt i« often convenient to carry a set of 8 to 12 Rtrniffbt. stiff, iron rods from a foot and a half to 2
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feet in length for the gridiron. These rods should be carried in a long, narrow bag into which they fit neatly. In use these are laid across the fire from two logs or stones on either side. A simpler and service- able substitute for these rods is 2 flat irons about Vs of an inch in thickness, 1 inch wide, and 2 feet long.
SEVEN TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING
FOREST FIRES
1. CARE.— Be as careful with fire in the woods as you are with fire in your home.
2. MATCHES. — Be sure your match is out. Put it in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it away. Make this a habit.
3. TOBACCO. — Throw pipe ashes and cigar or cig- arette stubs in the dust of the road, and stamp or pinch out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw them into brush, leaves, or needles.
4. LOCATION OF CAMP.— Select a spot as free as possible from inflammable material, sheltered from the wind, and near accessible water.
5. CAMP FIRES. — Never build a camp fire against a tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build all fires away overhanging branches and on a dirt or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or leaf mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all inflam- mable material within a radius of from 3 to 5 feet. Make sure the fire cannot spread on or under the ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while you are in camp, and that it is going to be easy to put out when you are ready to leave.
6. LEAVING CAMP.— Never leave a camp fire, even for a short time, without completely extinguish- ing every spark with water or fresh dirt froo from moss and leaf mold. Do not throw charred cross logs to one side where a smoldering spark might catch. It is well to soak thoroughly all embers and charred pieces of wood and then cover them with dirt. Feel
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around the outer edge of the fire pit to make sure no fire is smouldering in charred roots or leaf mold. Hundreds of fires escape each year after campers have thought they were extinguished.
7. PUT THE FIRE OUT.— If you discover a forest fire, put it out. If you need help, notify the nearest Forest Fire Warden. A telephone central will connect you with him.
If you are interested in outdoor life, hiking and mountaineering and wish to become a member of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club, communicate with J. Her- bert Walker, Secy., Altoona Tribune, Altoona, Pa., who will put von in touch with the Secrt^arv of the local chapter of the Alpine Club nearest to your home.
78 MAPS OF PENNSYLVANIA
Maps are a great help to forest users. A handy and helpful map of Pennsylvania, with a scale of 12 miles to one inch, has been issued by the State Department of Forest and Waters. It shows the location of the State Forests, State Forest Parks, State Forest Monu- ments, Forest Observation Towers, Game Refuges, the principal highways of the State, and other places of interest. This map is distributed free of charge.
Maps with greater detail (scale 1 mile to an inch) iiave also been issued covering some of the State Forests; others are now in preparation. They show not only the highways but also the secondary roads, trails, lire lanes, streams, camp sites, and other inter- esting features of the forest. Twelve of these "Public Use Maps" have already been issued. They are:
SECTIONS OF STATE PUBLIC USE MAI roVERKlX HY COUNTIES'
I. Delaware State Eorost .... Monroe and Pike
2 Karoondinha rotate Eon st .. Union, Snyder and Centre
3 Logan State Forest Ontre and Huntingdon
4. Michaux and Mont Alto State Adams. Curr.berland and Frank-
Forests *'"
5 Penn State Forest <'entre nnd Mimin
Q. Sinnemahoning State Eorcst Cameron, Elk. Clearfield. Clinton 7. Sproul State Forest (Minton and Centre
5. Susquehannock State Forest Potter and Clinton 9. Tiadaghton State Forest
(eastern section) Lycoming
10. Tiadaghton State Forest
(western section) Lycoming. Clinton and Potter
II. Tioga State Forest Tioga and Northwrstorn Lycom-
ing
c^ ^ r< t- Porrv Tiiniata Cumberland and
12. Tuscarora State Forest 1 erry, juniaia, v
Franklin
For many years a topographic and geologic survey of Pennsylvania has been in progress. This woik is being done cooperatively by the Federal Government and the State. Pennsylvania is divided into 238 quad
-iE^ of the map. cover only . prt of ih* Coumle. U.ted .bov.
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rangle«, of w hicli 138 have already been mapped. The scale of these maiJs is one mile to an inch. They show the highway routes, streams, topography, and many other important land features. These maps, called quadrangles, can be secured at 10^ each from the Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pa., or the Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (stamps not accepted).
County road maps have been issued for most of the counties of the State. The scale is 6,000 feet to an inch, this being slightly smaller than the scale used in the topographic quadrangle maps. These county highway ma^js do not show the topography and some of the other details of the tiuadraiigle maps, but the road systems, townships, towns, etc. are clearly marked. These maps may )je secured for 25^ each from the Department of Highways, Uarrisburg, Pa. (stamps not accepted).
An attractive and helpful booklet "Pennsylvania — Facts Every Motorist Should Know" containing lielp- ful information about all the highway routes, distances, tourist camps, and many outstanding scenic features, also has been issued. It contains a road map of all the State highway routes and pictures in a most pleas- ing wav inanv of the scenic features of Pennsvlvania. This booklet can be secured from the Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pa.
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LIST OF HELPFUL BOOKS FOR CAMPERS IN
PENN'S WOODS
CAMPING
"The Book of Camping and Wood Graf t"— by Horace Kephart. Contains excellent information on camp out- fitting, camp equipment, clothing, forest travel, hides and their tanning, and first aid in accidents. Outing Publishing Company, New York City.
"Camping Out— A manual of Organized Camping''— by the Playground and Recreation Association of America. A detailed manual for organizers and direc- tors upon camp organization and management, equip- ment, morale and ideals, camp programs, games, and training, etc. Contains much information of value to the individual. 036 i>ages, illustrated. Tlie MacMillan Company, New York City.
"Manual for Army Cooks." Secure from Superin- tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 50 cents (stamps not accepted).
"Gipsy Life and Gipsy Lore in the l»ennsylvania Mountains," by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa.,
1924.
TREES
"Pennsylvania Trees"— ))y Joseph S. Illick. Each tree description accompanied by a full page plate of line drawings of tree parts, emphasizing the disting- uishing characteriat'cs. 237 pages. 119 plntes aud 120 photographic illustrations. Fourth edition completely exhausted. New edition is in preparation. Copies are now availai»le for reference in all Public Libraries of Pennsylvania and in the libraries of colleges, normal schools, high schools, Y. M. C AV., Y. W. i\ A's. Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Har-
risburg. Pa.
"Common Trees of Pennsylvania" — Joseph S. Ill irk. A handy pocket manual of 112 pages with 100 illustra- tions. Price fifty cents. Printed and distributed by The Times Tribune Company, Altoona, Pa.
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"Tree Guide"— by Julia E. Kogers (small pocket edition) 205 pages. With 211 photographs in black and white and color. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New Y'ork.
"Tree Habits— How to know the Hardwoods" — ^by Joseph S. Illick. 337 pages, 110 photographic illustra- tions, 55 line drawings, 24 identification keys and 28 guide tables. Published by American Nature Associa- tion, 1214— IGth St., Washington, D. C.
"Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs"— by F. Schuyler Mathews. Numerous full page illustrations and maps. (i. P. Putnam Sons, New York City.
"Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them — a popular study of their habits and their [x^culiari ties"— by Harriet L. Keeler. 533 pages with 178 full page plates from photographs and 102 illustrations fiom drawings. Chas. Scribners Sons, New York C'ty.
"Trees Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. 203 pages. Illustrated in black and white photographs and color. Grossett and Dunlap, New York City.
"The Human Side of Trees"— by Royal Dixon and Franklin E. Fitch. 199 pages with 32 full page photographic illustrations in black and white and four in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.
"Our Northern Shrubs and How to Identify them"— by Harriet Keeler. .■'>21 pages with 205 full page plates from photographs and 35 illustrations from drawings. Chas. Scribners Sons, New York City.
FORESTRY
"A Primer of Forestry (Part I and II)"— by Gifford Pinchot. Distributed by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington D. C, Price ten cents each for Parts one and two.
"Elements of Forestry"— by F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown. 392 pages, with 65 figures and a number of
b2
tables and maps. Johu Wiley and Sous, New iork City.
"Our Vanishing Fori'sts" — by Arthur Newton Pack. 189 pages. A popular treatise with numerous sketches and cartoons. The MacMillan Company, New York City.
"The School Book of Forestry" — by Charles Lathrop Pack. Published by The America ii Tree Association, Washington, D. C.
WILD FLOWERS
"Wild Flowers Worth Knowing'' — by Neltje Blanch- man. 270 pages with 48 illustrations in color. Double- day, Page and Company, New York City.
"How to Know the Wild Flowers"— by Mrs. William Starr Dana. 340 pages with 48 colored plates and 110 full page drawings. Charles Scribner Sons, New York Cnty.
"Field Book of American Wild Flowers"— by F. Schuyler Mathews. 587 pages, with 24 colored plates and over 300 full page pen illustrations by the author. G. P. Putnam Sons, New Y'ork City.
FERNS
"Ferns"— by Campbell E. Waters. 362 pages with over 200 illustrations from photographs and original drawings. Henry Holt and Company, New York City.
MOSSES
"Mosses, with a Hand Lens" — a non-technical hand- book of the more common and more easily recognized mosses of the northeastern United States, by A. J. Grout. 208 pages, with 39 full page plates of line drawings, 118 text drawings, and 33 figures descriptive of moss terminology. O. T. Louis Co., 59 Fifth Ave.,
New York.
MUSHROOMS
"The Mushroom Book" — by Nina L. Marshall. 167 pages, with many illustrations in color, black and
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white photographs from nature, and text drawings. Doubleday, Page and Company, New Y^ork City.
BIRDS
"What Bird is That? A pocket Museum of the Land Birds of the Eastern United States Arranged Accord- ing to Season," — by Frank M. Chapman. 144 pages with 8 full page plates showing 301 birds in color. D. Appleton and Company, New York City.
"Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music"— by F. Schuyler Mathews. 262 pages with numerous repro- ductions of water color and pen and ink studies of birds and complete musical notes of bird songs by the author. U. P. Putnam Sons, New Y'ork City.
"Hand-book of Birds of Eastern North America"— by Frank M. Chapman. 530 pages with full page plates in colors and black and white by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and text cuts by Tappan Adney and Ernest Thompson Seton. D. Appleton and Company, New
York City.
"Birds Every Child Should Know"— by Neltje Blanchman. 273 pages with 63 pages of photographs from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York
City.
"The Human Side of Birds"— by Royal Dixon. 246 pages with 32 illustrations from photographs and 4 illustrations in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.
"The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania" — by John C. French, and John H. Chatham, edited by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.
"The Bald Eagle of the Susquehanna River"— by John H. Chatham, with an introduction by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.
BUTTERFLIES
"Butterflies Worth Knowing"— by Clarence M. Weed. 286 pages. 48 plates (32 in color). Doubleday, Page and Company, New York City.
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"The Butterfly Book"— by J. G. Holland. 350 pages with 48 colored plates and numerous text illustrations. Doubleday and McClure Company, New York City.
"The Butterfly Guide" (small pocket edition). W. J.
Holland. 295 figures in color, illustrating 255 species.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New
York.
MOTHS
"The Moth Book"— by W. J. Holland. 479 pages with 48 pages in color photography and 2().^ text draw- ings. Doubleday, Page and C()ni]mny, Xew York City.
INSECTS
"The Insect Book"— by Leland O. Howard. 429 pages with 47 full page plates and 264 text drawings. Doubleday, Page and Company, New^ York City.
REPTILES
"The Keptile Book"— by Raymond L. Ditmars. 472 pages with 8 plates in color and more than 400 photo- graphs from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York City.
FROGS
"The Frog Pxiok — North American Toads and Frogs
witli a study of the Habits and Life Histories of Those
of the Northeastern States" — by Mary C. Dickerson.
2.">3 pages with over 300 photographs from life by the
author. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York
CAj.
WILD ANIMALS
"The Min<ls and Manners of Wild Animals" — by William T. llornaday. Charles Beribners Srk)ns, New York City.
"The American Natural History" by William T. Hornaday. Illustrated by 222 drawings, 116 photo- graphs and numerous charts and maps. Charles Scrib- Tiers Sons, New York City.
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"Wild Animals I have Known" — by Ernest Thomp- son Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, (larden City, Now York.
"Lives of the Huiited" — by lilrnest Thomson Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, (iarden City, New York.
"Wild Animal Ways" — by Ernest Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, Carden City, New York.
"Life History of Northern Animals" — by Ernest Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, Gar- den City, New York.
"Wild Animals Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page & Company, New York City.
"The Human Side of Animals" — by Royal Dixon. F. A. Stokes Company, New York City.
"Extinct Pennsylvania Animals" Parts I and II, — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa. 1917-1919.
*'Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey" — by S. N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, 1903.
EARTH, ROCK AND SKY
''Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday Page cS: Company, New York City.
"Hand-book of Nature Study" — by Mrs. Anna B. Comst-ock. 938 pages, fully illustrated. Oomstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y.
"Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals" — by Frederick B. Loomis. (J. P. Putnam Sons, New York City.
"Astronomy with tlie Naked Eye" — by Garrett P. Serviss. 240 pages with descriptions and charts of the constellations, stars, and ]danets. Harper and Bros,, New York <Mty.
»
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PHOTOGRAPHY
'•Outdoor Photography"— by Julian A. Dimock. 131 pages with full page illiislratiors from photographs by the author. Macmillan Company. New York City.
"Nature and the Camera : How to photograph live birds and their nests; animals— wild and tame; rep tiles, insects, fish and aquatic forms; flowers, trees, fungi, etc."— by A. Rodcliffe Dugmore. Doubleday, Page & Company, New York City.
PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION
The State Forests of Pennsylvania.
IIow to use the State Forests.
Guide to Forestry, Book I.
Tree I'lanting Suggestions.
Lessons in Forest Protection.
Forest Fires : Uow to Fight Them.
IIow to Know the Common Trees and
Shrubs of Pennsylvania. Why Pennsylvania Needs more State
Forests. Talks on Forestry.
What Forest Protection has Accomplished. State Forest School Announcement. The Forest Situation in Pennsylvania.
Bulletin 37 Circular 25 Bulletin 26 Bulletin 28 Bulletin 35 Bulletin 27
Bulletin 33
Circular 20 Bulletin 32 Circular 27 Bulletin 34 Bulletin 30
Api>ly ^*>i* fi*<^^' publications to —
Department of Forests and Waters,
Harrisburg, Pa.
IN PENN^S WOODS
A Guide to Recreational Opportunities in the State Forests of Pennsylvania
This booklet sets forth the location and description of, and gives historical information concerning, the State Forest Parks, Public Camps, State Forest Monuments, and Special Scenic Areas in the State-owned forest land.
Compiled under the Direction of Henry W. Shoemaker and Joseph S. Illick
Bulletin 31 (Third Edition, revised)
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
DSPABTMENT OF FOBESTS AND WATEBS
Charles B. Dorworth, Secretary Joseph S. Illick, State Forester
Harrisburg. Pa. 1928
\,\0.1 \
^^^^
IN PENN'S WOODS
CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction %
II. State Forest Parks of Pennsylvania 9
III. Public Camps in State Forests of Pennsylvania 23
IV. State Forest Monuments of Pennsylvania 68
V. Special Scenic Areas and Historic Sites in the State
Forests, and High Points of Pennsylvania... 69
VI. Forest Observation Towers in Pennsylvania 78
VII. How to Use the State Forests of Pennsylvania.. 81
VIII. State Forest Rules 82
IX. Helpful Camping Suggestions 84
X. Seven Tested Rules for Preventing Forest Fires.. 88
XI. Maps of Pennsylvania 90
XII. List of Helpful Books for Camr>ers in Penn's
Woods 92
When the white man came to Penn's Woods, the entire State, with the exception of a few natural meadows and several rough mountain tops, was cov- ered with a dense growth of magnificent forest trees. These great forest stretches have been destroyed until there is now only a remnant of primeval forest i^j Penn-sylvania, the only State that embodies the word "forest" in its name.
As man increases on the face of the earth, the nat- ural wild landscape decreases in extent, and unless something is done promptly and effectively, all of Pennsylvania's original growth will disappear. The responsibility rests upon us as it has never rested upon any generation before to see that some unaltered sam- ples of native character and natural beauty are left for the recreation and inspiration of generations to come. We owe it to ourselves and to those who will follow us to preserve these natural features for the general welfare.
There are in Pennsylvania about 13,000,000 acres of natural forest land, of which 1,262,062 acres are in- cluded in the State forests. Most of these State forest lands bear a growth of young trees. Throughout the State forests are numerous stands of middle-sized trees. Here and there one can still find small areas of sylvan giants, that reveal the glory of the greater forests of former days. It is in these small remnants of the forests primeval, usually located in remote for- est regions, that one finds the most delightful resting places and the choicest beauty spots within the Key- stone State.
Each year vacationists and tourists make a growing demand for camping sites within the forest. To satisfy this urgent call, special areas within the State forests have been set aside for recreational use. Thus there
IN PENN'S WOODS
IN PENN'S WOODS
In the Michaux State Forest, near Caledonia Forest Park,
Are Many Charming Cottages Like the One Pictured Here.
Nearly 2,000 Camp Sites in the Pennsylvania State Forests
Have Been Leased to Citizens of the Commonwealth
The State Forests Offer Unsurpassed FaciJities for Summer Hornet am^ng the Trees
are now within the State forests of Pennsylvania seven State forest parks, nine State forest monuments, three, special scenic areas, and 38 public camping grounds. In addition there are nearly 2,000 permanent camp sites that have been leased to citizens of Penn- sylvania for periods of 10 years each, at nominal an- nual rentals of |7.00 to f 15.00.
If you are a citizen of Pennsylvania, you are one of the 10,000,000 stockholders in the State forests. This gives you permission to use the State forests to enjoy yourself. All that is required of you is that you obey a few simple rules, and this every patriotic citi- zen is willing to do.
Formerly our woodlands were so vast and the out- of-doors so boundless that we gave little attention to them. With the rapid increase in forest devastation and the equally rapid growth in population, we have been brought face to face with a serious situation that affects the physical, mental, social, and moral life of all the citizens. We are just beginning to appreciate the part the forest plays in our everyday life.
A wholesome use of free time is now one of the major determining factors of good government. It is the business of government to make it easy for people to do right and hard for them to do wrong. Every- where in our social life it is becoming evident that the right use of leisure is as vital to our general welfare as the right use of toil. It is as imperative to see that our citizens have proper places to play as it is that they have good working conditions. To develop a citizenry on a sane and safe basis, and to insure the moral strength and physical fitness of our people, we must immediately give thought to the open and full development of our forests. A proper handling of the State forests for wise recreational use will be a big factor in developing healthy bodies and clean minds. Our part will be well done for the people of today and for the children that are to come after us if we
6
IN PENN'S WOODS
IN PENN'S WOODS
Only a Few Remnants of Original Forest Remain in Penn-
Tete^U *r."«'"/5f ^i*^'^ ^^'''' MonumentVAre BelTg Preserved the Best Stands of Original Timber Found in the
State Forests
6
provide great reaches of forest land to which our people may turn during leisure hours to find rest, health, and enjoyment.
Play places in the out-of-doors are a big factor in overcoming the evil effects of slum areas, reducing juvenile delinquency, and offsetting the evil effects of crime-breeding environments. We are reaching the stage when human beings have almost too much leisure. It has been definitely established that crime is usually the expression of the idle. As the hours of labor are shortened and the time of leisure lengthened, destruc- tive forces will be increased unless people are taught how to employ their leisure in a constructive and help- ful manner. The organized summer camp is a great contribution to the educational system of the world. The camp purpose is primarily the building of bigger, braver, and better boys and girls. To take our people into the out-of-doors and let the sunshine play upon their lives is indeed a worthy enterprise.
The State forests of Pennsylvania belong not only to the present generation but also to the future. Each year more and more of the privately-owned forests are being closed to free use, and as this development continues it becomes more imperative that the public forests be developed to furnish play places for our people. The State forests are our friends. They call to us to come out into a pleasant environment and there walk and talk among the green trees. If one interprets the songs and whispers of the forest trees correctly, one may hear them say "Suffer the little children to come unto us. Let them enjoy our beauty, our shade, and our shelter, and let the light of the sun play upon their happy faces and make them bigger, braver, and better boys and girls." There is no better place for tired bodies, weary minds, and depressed souls tlian a sylvan retreat with a gala garment of green. There one finds quiet and rest. There the heart is lightened, the mind eased, the vitality restored. The
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IN PENN*S WOODS
out-of-doors Hfts us up and casts away our burdens. If you want to enjoy a day in the open, or a week m the woods, plan to go to the State forests. It wiU do you good and the forest officers will be glad to wel- come you. If you are interested in finding a play place in the State forest, write to or call upon any of the district foresters, who wiU be glad to give you help- ful information about the State forests of Pennsyl- vania. There follows a list of all the district foresters of Pennsylvania :
FOREST DISTRICTS OF PENNSYLVANIA DISTRICT FORESTERS, AND ADDRESSES
D^sZJt District Headquarters iJiSTRicT Forester and AnnRirsa ^Uchaux ....John R. Williams. .CaledonT Park Fayette- Buchanan ....W. L. Byers MJconn^isL^"' ^
Tuscarora . ...B. D. McPherson. . S^ Perry Co
K''^ ••••?• g- ^rr^ Crum'Bldg?Mt'- Union
Pe^"" ?• ^oy Morton 2 King St., Petersburg
Bald E^l«'"p n ^fw^^'"'* ^"'"^^ ^^^^ Bldg.. Mllroy
Mont^ •••?om n^'5^^!;-, g^'^"^^ ^^^^- Miffllnburg
Mont Alto ...Tom O. Bradley. ...State Forest School, Mont
Mo8hannon...W. F. Dague Cotn^y National Bank
Styrniil n r> rr , . Bldg., Clearfield
Tladaghton ...Homer S. Metzger..28 E. Third St., Williams-
pii, «i . port
'^"' Charles B. Baer. ... Fourth St., B. of Broad
Cornplanter ..R. R. Houpt Be^.Tu'Tnd Gas Bldg,'
SusquehannockH. E. Elliott Se^nd *°and East Sts
-"""^ P»»» H. Mulford...01d°PlrsrNatlonal Bank
Valley Forge..E. F. Brouae Mo^n'f^om^^rT^u^t Arcade
S^liTar; ^- S^«^,T/ « N^Cent'^e^^strntsvllle
wSg ■ • • W S" Iwlntti • • f^ ?""° St- Stroudsburg luiuias w. 8. Swlngler American Legion Bldg
Utckawanna. . . H. M. Nicholas .... 316^'°°^rhilgtoa Ave^!
Forbes V. M Bearer i .fS!!^?""'
Su'ffing-^- IS-' •••^-"■i Bldg.. .ohnstown «.ittannin« ...c. e. Zerby Main St. and Sixth Ave..
Clarion
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PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST PARKS
The IState forests of Pennsylvania are the people's property. They are administered so as to bring the greatest possible benefits to all the citizens of the State. The aim of the State Department of Forests and Waters is to handle them so that they will produce continuous crops of forest products and bring a full measure of other benefits to the citizens of the State.
One of the chief uses of the State forests is to pro- vide healthful recreation for the people of Pennsyl- vania. To make this possible, there have been set aside for special development within the State forests a number of selected places called State forest parks. These special sites were selected because of their adapt- ability to recreational use. Many of them have his- toric associations as well as natural scenic charm. In and about them nature is at her best and provides a welcome and comfortable sylvan environment. They serve as recreational centers for travelers, tourists, and other forest users. Here people mingle on a common footing, and man meets nature in a friendly way.
The State forest parks range in size from 15 to 425 acres. In the aggregate they cover almost 1,000 acres. In them is plenty of room for rest and play. They are available at all times for wise use. No class of forest users is favored. All persons are treated alike. All that is required of the users is that the forest and the equipment be wisely used and not abused. The gen- eral State forest rules pertain to State forest parks, but the use of fire arms is not permitted in the parks.
Caledonia State Forest Park Michaux State Forest
The Caledonia State Forest Park is the most ex- tensively used park in the State forests of Pennsyl- vania. It is the only State forest park situated on the
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Lincoln Highway, and is annually visited by thousands of tourists. Local inhabitants regard it as the favorite picnic spot.
This park is named for the old charcoal iron furnace which was located here in 1873, and which was at one time conducted by the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, famous abolitionist and statesman, and father of the public
school system of
J
^/j PINEY MX *;» FIRE,;'TOWeR
Pennsylvania, who was born in Cale- donia county, Vt. In August, 1927, the Pennsylvania Alpine Club and the Penn- sylvania Department of Forests and Wat- ers dedicated a hand- some bronze tablet on the stack of the old furnace, which, with the walls of the blacksmith shop, is all that remains of this early iron works. The furnace was de- stroyed by General J. A. Early's Con- federate cavalrymen in June, 1863. Within the park is the home of the assistant dis- trict forester and a forest ranger, and nearby is the headquarters of the district forester. Here, too, are a small forest tree nursery, and some of the most at- tractive plantations of forest trees in the State. With- in the park is a public camping ground that is filled to xiapacity during the tourist season. All about the park in the State forest are many desirable summer homes on leased camp sites. Here, also, are to be
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PINC MT. riRE TOWER
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found an excellent bathing pool and the famous Graef- fenburg Inn. A public golf course adjoins the park. The Caledonia State Forest Park is one of the most beautiful spots in the South Mountains, and it is not unusual for all the open spaces to be parked full of automobiles. Many distinguished persons have camped here. Douglas Fairbanks and his wife, Mary Pickford, upon spending a night in the beautiful South Mountain, were loud in their praise of the scenic
Among the Laurel in the South Mountains
beauty of the region, and declared it the most beautiful camping site they had seen on their many transconti- nental motor trips between New York and California. This park, which covers 260 acres, is located in the Michaux State Forest in Franklin County, along the Lincoln Highway, about 10 miles east of Chambers- burg, and 15 miles west of Gettysburg. Hotel accom- modations are available at numerous resorts along the Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg and Gettys- burg. The most accessible are GraeflPenburg Inn and Log Cabin Inn, both in the Michaux State Forest
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h lifc
ill
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James Buchanan State Forest Park Buchanan State Forest
The James Buchanan State Forest Park is one of the most historic spots in the State forests of Pennsyl- vania. It includes the birthplace of James Buchanan, fifteenth president of the United States. His parents conducted a small hostelry or wayside inn at this place for the benefit of drovers and travelers who journeyed across the mountains between the East and Pittsburgh. In those days this was a wild region, wolves and other ferocious animals being numerous in the forest. In order that little "Jimmie" should not stray away from home, his parents put a turkey bell around his neck. The Pennsylvania German drovers almost invariably referred to this boy, who later became president of the United States, as "Jimmie mit de bells on."
In honor of that James Buchanan, the only Pennsyl- vanian who ever occupied the presidential chair, this park is named. The land (I8I/2 acres) was deeded to the State and is now administered by the Department of Forests and Waters. A stone pyramid monument 25 feet high marks Buchanan's birthplace, although the house itself has been removed and re-erected at Mercersburg. In 1913, 3,000 Norway spruce trees were planted about the monument. These trees, now 20-25 feet high, adorn in a most satisfactory way this most historic site. At the entrance to this forest park is a well-equipped public camping ground, in the midst of one of the most beautiful groves of hemlock in southern Pennsylvania.
This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal Pennsylvanians and lovers of history, as it shows from what a humble sylvan retreat a great man can rise to the pinnacle of eminence. The park can be reached by turning south from the Lincoln Highway at Fort Lou- don in Franklin county and by township road to the Buchanan Highway at Foltz, a distance of four miles;
It
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Memorial at Birthplace of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States
It
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or from Mercersburg west on Buchanan Highway to Foltz, a distance of four miles; or from McConnells- burg east on Buchanan Highway to Foltz, a distance of six miles. At the town of Foltz a State highway branches off from Buchanan Highway, and leads to the park, at a distance of one-half mile.
George W. Childs State Forest Park Delaware State Forest
The George W. Childs State Forest Park is the most pic- turesque park in the State forests of Pennsylvania. It is a sylvan retreat that is hard to excel in loveliness. Many who have visited this beauty spot have called it a woodland paradise. Here is a wonderful place to study birds, wild flowers, and rare ferns. The tree life is remarkably varied. It has been sug- gested as the first wild flower preserve
in Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Chapter of the Wild Flower Preservation Society. Within the park are three beautiful waterfalls known as the Fulmer Falls, Factory Falls, and Deer Leap Falls.
This park was deeded to the Commonwealth by George W. Childs, for many years editor and publisher of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, The site of the
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park was once the scene of an early woolen industry, established in the forepart of the last century, and de- signed by its promoters to be one of the greatest in the State. Sheep of many foreign and unusual breeds were brought into the region on a large scale. After a number had been killed by wolves, most of those re- maining came to an untimely end through eating sheep laurel. This discouraged the promoters, and the indus- try languished. Later this beautiful forest retreat was
The George W. Childs State Forest Park Is a Woodland
Paradise
purchased by Mr. Childs, and it is most fitting that it has since passed into the hands of the State and is now being maintained as a public park. Within this forest park is a well-equipped public camping ground.
This park is located in Pike County, along the Silver Lake road, about two miles west of Dingman's Ferry, a small town on the Milford Turnpike (U. S. Route 209), between Stroudsburg and Milford. Many splen- did hotels and superb summer homes are in the vicinity of this ideal out-of-door play place.
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VoNEiDA State Forest Park
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Voneida State Forest Park ("Hairy John^s") is the most extensively used park in the State forests in central Pennsylvania. Travelers from all over the country stop here to enjoy the cool mountain stream, the wonderful spring of pure water, the shade of the
big trees, and the fine forest environ- ment. The park is being constantly en- larged to accommo- date an ever-increas- ing number of people who come here for picnics and recrea- tion. It now covers 15 acres.
This park was named for the pic- turesque hermit and natural philosopher John Voneida, who spent the last four- teen years of his life in this beautiful re- treat. When he died s^^ he remarked that he would like to become a tree. During the autumn of 1928, a superb chestnut tree, covered with burrs, was growing near the foundations of the old philosopher's cabin, the last of its kind for miles around, a sole local survivor of the chestnut blight, living on to carry into reality John Voneida's dying wish. Some of the older people at Woodward remember him as a small man going to the store to purchase molasses, his face almost entirely covered with hair and whiskers. His appear-
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ance was a signal for the children to run and hide, although he was a kindly, genial man. It is in every way proper that the memory of this quaint forest char- acter should be perpetuated at the spot where he spent so many years of his life.
Near this park are many handsome private camps, erected on State land, which has been leased from the Department of Forests and Waters.
This park is located in the Bald Eagle State Forest
A Olimpse of Voneida State Forest Park
near the eastern border of Centre County, along the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway (Route 45), be- tween Mifflinburg and Woodward. One mile east of the park is the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monu- ment (see page 63) and the Joyce Kilmer Public Camp (see page 54).
Snyder-Middlbswarth State Forest Park Bald Eagle State Forest
Within the Snyder-Middleswarth State Forest Park is the largest body of original growth big timber in the State forests of Pennsylvania. It comprises 425 acres of original hemlock, white pine, pitch pine, and hard-
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woods; mostly it is virgin timber, for only a few white pine trees have been removed from the tract Two hundred and fifty acres have never been touched with an axe, and are a majestic remnant of the wonder- ful original forest that constituted Penn's Woods. Pic- turesque Swift Run flows through this attractive park. Many tourists visit this park annually, and in season the region about the park is a favorite haunt for fish- ermen and hunters. In the park itself no hunting and fishing are permitted. Ample parking space is pro- vided for automobiles. Within the park is a plentiful supply of pure water, and camping facilities are ade- quate and complete.
The park takes its name from two of the most prom- inent of the old families in this section of the State. Governor Simon Snyder, bom on November 5, 1759, was the third governor of the Commonwealth. He served from 1808 to 1817, under the first constitution, that of 1790. The name Middleswarth is one of the common household words of Snyder Ck)unty. Captain Ner Middleswarth, for whom the park was named, was long a member and speaker of the State Senate. He was also a congressman, and a distinguished officer of the war of 1812.
This park is located about five miles west of Troxel- ville, in Spring Township, Snyder County. It is reached over a good mountain road from Beaver Springs and Troxelville, where boarding house accom- modations are available.
Mont Alto Statb Fobest Park
Mont Alto State Forest
The Mont Alto State Forest Park is the oldest park in the State forests of Pennsylvania. For many years it has been a favorite play place for the people in southern Pennsylvania. In by-gone years it was com-
18
mon for picnic parties from as far north as Harris- burg and as far south as Baltimore to frequent this beautiful spot in the South Mountains. The park was developed by Col. George B. Wiestling for the Mont Alto Iron Co., and was later operated by the Cumber- land Valley Kailroad.
The Mont Alto State Forest Park is named for the Mont Alto furnaces, which were located nearby. The furnace property embraced thousands of acres of moun-
Many Miles of Beautiful Trails, Btarting at State Forest Parks and the Public Camping (grounds, Push Far Into the
Forest Depths
tain land owned by one of the early iron masters, Col. Wiestling, who was a member of an early committee appointed by Governor Beaver to make a report to the State Legislature on the forest situation in Penn- sylvania. The park is weU equipped with camping facilities.
Adjoining the park is the State Forest School, which is next to the oldest existing forest school in America. It was established in 1903. The school at present has an enrollment of 80 students, and from it have been
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graduated most of the foresters who are now handling the State forests of Pennsylvania. A short distance from the park is the Mont Alto forest nursery, which covers about nine acres and has an annual capacity of approximately 4,000,000 trees.
This park is located in the southeastern part of Franklin County, about seven miles south of the Lin- coln Highway. It contains about eight acres, and is easily reached over a good macadam road by leaving the Lincoln Highway at Caledonia, and going to the park by the way of the Mont Alto Sanatorium. It can also be reached on a good cement road from either Waynesboro or Fayetteville. It is about one mile east of Mont Alto. Hotel accommodations are available at the hostelries along the Lincoln Highway, and at Chambersburg, Gettysburg, Waynesboro, and Mont Alto.
Leonard Harrison State Forest Park Tioga State Forest
The Leonard Harrison State Forest Park has the distinction of bordering on the east the most extensive stretch of forest land in Pennsylvania. It lies a short distance east of the former Black Forest of Pennsyl- vania, famed for its wonderful original forests of white pine and hemlock. Here is to be had one of the most commanding and picturesque views in the State. It overlooks the gorge of the Tiadaghton, now called Pine Creek Gorge, and is regarded as one of the wildest and grandest sections of the State. It is a veritable Wat- kins Glen on a large scale, or a Grand Canyon of Ari- zona on a small scale.
This park was given to the State for recreational purposes by Leonard Harrison, of Wellsboro. His generosity in presenting this wonderful site to the State cannot be praised too highly. Former Governor William A. Stone, one of the early ardent advocates
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of conservation in this State, who aided Dr. J. T. Both- rock in his efforts to acquire land for State forests, for many years occupied a handsome bungalow beside Pine Creek near this park.
This park is located 10 miles southwest of Wells- boro, in Tioga County. It contains 121 acres and can be reached over the New York Central and Hudson Biver Bailroad from the station Stone. By road it can be reached from Wellsboro over a good rural road, by way of Dexter and Thumptown. The last mile of travel is over a rather narrow spur of township road, with suitable turnout points. Hotel accommodations can be secured at Wellsboro.
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PUBLIC CAMPS IN PENNSYLVANIA STATE FORESTS
Thirty-eight public camps have been developed in the State forests of Pennsylvania since 1921. They cover a total of 470 acres, and have been set aside and de- veloped for the convenience of forest users that travel afoot or by automobiles.
Visitors are welcome everywhere in the State for- ests, but especially welcome in these camps. Here for- est users find comfortable places to rest and play, to prepare their meals, and to put up shelters. Each of these public camps is maintained for the comfort and welfare of the public. A cool spring, a clear moun- tain stream, or a pure well is a feature of every camp.
Thirteen of these public camps are located along primary roads and are particularly adapted for use by automobile tourists who carry camping equipment They may be occupied by sportsmen, picnickers, and other visitors. These public camps provide space for tents and each has one or more fireplaces, tables, benches, comfort stations, and garbage cans.
Thousandt of Touri8t$ Uae Thete Public Campa in the State
Foresti of Penntylvania
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Seventeen of these public camps are located along secondary roads and are used primarily by hikers, hunters, fishermen, vacationists, and picnickers who desire to go far into the woods and make their stay comfortable. Each camp is provided with an open- front shelter, often called lean-to, and other equipment such as fireplaces, benches, tables, comfort stations, and garbage containers. These smaller and more re- mote camping grounds comprise approximately 384 acres of the best camping places in the State forests. Public camps may be occupied for two consecutive days. If one wishes to remain longer than two days, it will be necessary to secure accommodations on a site other than the public camping grounds, which may be done by applying for a camping permit at the office of the district forester.
More than 2,000 Miles of Roads Have Been Built in the
State Forests
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Public Camp Grounds in the State Forests
OF Pennsylvania
Name County
1. SIzerville Cameron
2. The Old Locust Centre
3. McCall Dam Centre
4. B3rron Foust Krumrlne. . . Centre
5. S. B. Elliott Clearfield .. . .
6. Smith Place Clearfield
7. Ravensburg Clinton
8. Tea Springs Clinton
9. Jesse Hall Clinton
10. Sprow's Run Cumberland .
11. Laurel Forge Cumberland .
12. Fuller Lake Cumberland .
13. Hunt Cumberland .
14. Col. Denning Cumberland ..
15. Bear Valley Franklin
16. Caledonia Franklin
17. Colerain Huntingdon .
18. Greenwood Huntingdon .
19. Old Forge Huntingdon .
20. Clear Creek Jefferson
Raisch's Spring Lycoming
Laurel Run Mifflin
Big Spring Perry
Kansas Valley Perry
27. Promised Land Pike
28. Cherry Springs Potter
29. Ole Bull Potter
30. Patterson Place Potter
31. Prouty Place Potter
32. Kooser Somerset
33. Baldwin Tioga
34. Darling Run Tioga
35. Morris Tioga
3G. Joyce Kilmer Union
37. Adams Falls Westmoreland
38. Laurel Summit Westmoreland
Description on Page
26
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
35
36
38
38
38
35
41
21. Upper Pine Bottom Lycoming 41
22. 23. 24. Sulphur Spring Mifflin 44
25. 26.
42 42
45
46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 53 54 65 56
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SizERviLLB Public Camp Elk State Forest
The Sizerville Public Camp is famed because of the oaturaly life-giving mineral water full of radio activity that flows freely from a nearby big spring. This wa- ter is frequently bottled and taken away by visitors. About 100 miles of roads and trails make the adjoining forests accessible for hikes, hunting, and fishing.
At this camp is a swimming pool, 60 feet wide by 110 feet long, available for the free use of the public. Near the camp is a game refuge, which is a great breeding place for wild life. Within li^ miles is a beaver dam, on Cowley Run, where you may see (if you possess patience) the busy beavers at work cutting wood for food and for the construction of their homes. Within a short distance of the camp are some of the favorite fishing grounds of northern Pennsylvania. Four miles from the camp and at an elevation of 2,400 feet is the Fox Mountain observation tower, from which can be seen wonderful views of the surrounding forest region.
This camp is located one-half mile east of Sizerville, in Cameron County. The nearest railroad station is Sizerville, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Qood hotel accommodations are available at Emporium, six miles from the camp. It can be reached over the road con- necting Emporium and Keating Summit. For spe- cific traveling directions to the camp, inquire at forest ranger headquarters at Sizerville.
Thb Old Locust Public Camp
Penn State Forest
The Old Locust Public Camp derived its name from an old locust tree that formerly stood on the camp site and was probably planted by Major Jacob Nefl!, who settled here shortly after James and John
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Potter settled in Penn's Valley. It is reported that Major Neff made home brew at his log cabin on this site from about 1840 to 1855 and sold a big mug of beer and a large piece of ginger cake for five cents. It is also reported that Mrs. Neff, in setting fire to a nearby brush pile to bum a big black snake concealed beneath it, started one of the largest forest fires of the early days, which destroyed the Neff log cabin.
This public camp is located along the Lewistown- Bellefonte Highway (Route No. 53), about one-half mile southeast of Potter^s Mills and 5% miles south- east of Centre Hall. It is a delightful camping spot in the famous Seven Mountains of central Pennsyl- vania.
McCall Dam Public Camp
Bald Eagle State Forest
The McCall Dam Public Camp occupies the aban- doned site of McCall Dam, constructed about 65 years ago on the picturesque White Deer Creek, to develop water power for a sawmill and a shingle mill, which ranked among the largest of their day. A few years after the construction of the dam by Johnny McCall, a pioneer woodsman, ownership passed into the hands of Ario Pardee, who was among the most famous lumbermen of central Pennsylvania. About 1866 the dam was repaired and thereafter used as the second of a series of splash dams on White Deer Creek to float white pine logs to the Susquehanna River, the logs being cut in the winter time and skidded to the creek. When the spring freshets came the dams were opened, creating a greater body of water to float the heavy logs to the river. It is said that Ario Pardee floated 111,000,000 feet of white pine logs down White Deer Creek, between 1866 and 1880, to his extensive saw mills across the river, at Watsontown.
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This camp is located in an attractive growth of pine and hardwoods on the beautiful White Deer Creek, in the extreme east end of Miles Township, Centre County. It is a favorite spot for fishing, hunting, and recrea- .tion. It can be reached over the McCall Dam forest
. road, which links the Highway Route 95 with Sugar Valley, this road leaving the highway in the Brush Val-
• ley or 14-Mile Narrows at a point near the Mifftin- burg Rod and Gun Club, and entering Sugar Valley at Eastville.
Byron Foust Krumrinb Public Camp Bald Eagle State Forest
The Byron Foust Krumrine Public Camp is a memo- rial to the late Byron Foust Krumrine, a newspaper man, naturalist, and World War soldier of Harrisburg, who spent many delightful days among the pines and hemlocks of Penn's Creek. Here he whiled away many happy hours. Only a short time after he selected the location for his cabin and helped survey it, he was drowned in Penn's Creek, near the very place where he had planned to rest and write.
On Memorial Day of 1923 the Pennsylvania Alpine Club erected a memorial hut on the camp site in his memory. Since then this camp has been presented to the State by the Alpine Club, and the site designated as a public camp in the State forest. It is a beauty spot and a quiet forest retreat in the heart of the moun- tains. Here the robins live, the ferns grow, the lilies smile, the thrushes sing, and the deer wade in the pools at the close of the summer evenings. This public camp is located along Penn's Creek, in Centre County, about five miles south of Coburn, along the Pennsylvania Railroad.
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S. B. Elliott Public Camp
Moshannon State Forest
The S. B. Elliott Public Camp is named in honor of the Honorable S. B. Elliott, formerly a member of the Pennsylvania State Forest Reservation Commission, and author of "The Important Timber Trees of the United States," and "The Present and Future of Penn- sylvania Forests." The camp is at the Clearfield nur-
• - : . J
V. K^t\
<*t!\ili
The 8. B. Elliott Public Camp i» Convenient for Visitors to the Clearfield Forest Tree Nursery
sery, the largest productive forest tree nursery in the State. It is situated along the Pen field road, nine miles north of Clearfield and seven miles south of Pen- field. Along this road are many forest tree planta- tions. The creation of the nursery and plantings is largely due to Mr. Elliott's foresight.
The camp is located in the natural stand of white pine, located at an altitude of 2,000 feet, on a high plateau area. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery. This is a region abounding with deer.
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Smith Place Public Camp Moahannon State Forest
The Smith Place Public Gamp is named in honor of John Smith, one of the early pioneers of Clearfield Connty. Here he cleared several fields and established his home in the early part of the nineteenth century. Close to the camp is a steel forest fire observation tower standing at an elevation of 2,300 feet above sea level. From the cabin of this 60-foot tower can be had beauti- ful panoramic views of northern Clearfield, southern Elk, and southern Cameron counties. Nearby is the Clearfield forest tree nursery, with an annual capacity of 8,000,000 trees, operated by the Pennsylvania De- partment of Forests and Waters. Within a short dis- tance of the camp are interesting forest tree planta- tions, excellent fishing streams, and good hunting grounds. The camp is supplied with water from a 100-foot well.
This camp is located about eight miles from Clear- field and eight miles from Penfield. It can be reached over the Clearfield-Penfield road, which passes through the midst of the Clearfield Division of the Moshannon State Forest.
Bavensburg Public Camp
Tiadaghton State Forest
The Ravensburg Public Camp was given its name because the ravens, now very rare in Pennsylvania, formerly nested in great numbers among the unusual rock formations near the camp^natural gargoyles as menacing as ever looked down from Notre Dame in Paris. It is one of the most picturesque spots in Clin- ton County. Many people from Williamsport, Jersey Shore, and Lock Haven picnic here, and tourists from many states have been impressed with the scenic beauty of this sylvan retreat. The rocks, which rise almost
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sheer to a height of 125 feet and terminate in gro- tesque, gargoyle-like pinnacles, are among the natural wonders of central Pennsylvania.
This camp is located in Ranch's Gap, Crawford Township, Clinton County, about 2i^ miles south of Ranch town. It may be reached by leaving the State highway leading from Jersey Shore to Collomsville at "Lochabar," the Watson L. Barclay estate, and follow- ing the main road into Antes Gap, and also by follow- ing the township road from Loganton to Rauchtown. The nearest hotel accommodations are at Jersey Shore, about 10 miles distant, but there are several tourist lodging places at Rauchtown, at the mouth of Ranch's Gap, to the north, and at Carroll and Loganton in Su- gar Valley, to the south of the camp.
Tea Springs Public Camp Bald Eagle State Forest
The Tea Springs Public Camp has the distinction of occupying a part of three counties. A stone marker within the camp grounds shows where the counties of Centre, Clinton, and Union meet.
For more than 100 years this place has been known as Tea Springs. In 1802 John A. Zimmerman Sr., one of the most famous backwoodsmen of central Pennsyl- vania, settled here. He enjoyed a "squatter" privilege for just thirty days short of twenty-one years, but by special arrangement remained here for the rest of his life. His home was the stopping place for travelers and teams hauling grain and other produce from Sugar Valley to the markets along the Susquehanna River. It is reported that he sold whiskey for 44 years without paying any license fee. Living in so remote a place in the mountains and at the intersection of three coun- ties, he was probably overlooked by revenue collectors. On one occasion, while lying in bed, he shot from his
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window a wolf which had disturbed his night-time slumbers. On another occasion a panther stood up- right at a window of the house, glaring on the Zimmer- man infant that lay just within the sash. Mrs. Zim- merman was alone in the house. Seizing a rifle, she fired through the window, the bullet penetrating the panther's heart.
It is related that one day during a winter of excep- tionally heavy snowfall, 44 teams loaded with produce started from Sugar Valley for a mountain trip via Tea Springs to the Susquehanna River. The head team broke its way through the snow for a half mile, then pulled aside and let the 43 others pass by; then the second team broke a half mile and fell to the rear, and so on until the end of the day, when this unusual train of 44 sledding teams reached its destination.
This camp is located at an elevation of 1,448 feet, in the Nittany mountains, at the foot of Tea Knob, about two miles east of Carroll in Sugar Valley. It is now used chiefly by picnic parties. As it becomes better known, this beautiful spot with an unsurpassed moun- tain spring will become a great recreational play place. It can be reached over the Loganton- White Deer Turn- pike and it is expected that soon this historic old road will be completely rebuilt, making one of the most beautiful through mountain drives in the State.
Jessb Hall Public Camp Bproul State Forest
The Jesse Hall Public Camp commemorates the name of one of the first settlers in the vicinity of Renovo. Jesse Hall settled at the mouth of the stream now known as Hall's Run, and there cleared land for a farm and erected an up-and-down sawmill. He cut many thousand feet of virgin timber from the surrounding forests.
The camp ground contains two shelters and six
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tables for the convenience of the public, and provides an ideal spot for picnickers. Good spring water is
plentiful.
The camp is located in the midst of the mountains, about four miles west of Renovo, on the south side of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. It may be reached by leaving the highway at Renovo, crossing the river, and then following the river road up to Hall's Run. The route leading to this camp offers scenei^ unique in the mountains of Pennsylvania. Wild life is abundant in the mountain stretches of this region.
Sprow's Run Public Camp Michaux State Forest The Sprow's Run Public Camp, named in honor of the Sprow family, prominent in the charcoal industry of the South Mountains, occupies a beautiful spot in these famed mountains of southern Pennsylvania. It is a popular place for forest campers. About the camp are some of the finest fishing streams and the best hunt- ing grounds of southern Pennsylvania. Rhododendron borders the nearby streams and some of the best dis- plays of mountain laurel are available in great profu-
sion near the camp.
This camp is situated on an improved State forest road between Caledonia Park, on the Lincoln Highway, and Mount Holly Springs. Ten miles south of the camp passes the Lincoln Highway. On the east is Get- tysburg and to the west Chambersburg. The camp is about tpwo miles from the unique forest community of Pine Grove Furnace, a favorite and well-known camp- ing place in the South Mountains.
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Laurel Forge Public Camp Michaux State Forest
The Laurel Forge Public Camp is a beautiful forest play place on the largest lake in the State forests be- tween Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. It is located in a region rich in historic lore. Laurel Lake was created in pre-Revolutionary times as part of the operation of an old charcoal furnace forge, which, together with the Pine Grove Furnace nearby, established in 1770, supplied iron to the Carlisle armory and the Conti- nental Army in 1776.
Near Laurel Forge Public Camp is Camp Rothrock, a Boy Scout camp named in honor of Dr. J. T. Roth- rock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania. It is main- tained by the citizens of Chester County. Other large Boy Scout and Girl Scout camps are located nearby. "Explorers' Camp,*' the annual outing grounds of the Explorers, organized in 1872, and the oldest camping organization in point of continuous camping activities in the United States, is at Pine Grove Furnace. Not far from the camp is a large game refuge; and attrac- tive evergreen forest tree plantations help make a pleasant environment for the camp. The region about the camp is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing, and good boating is available on the lake. Numerous attractive cottages have been erected on permanent camp sites in the State forest about the camp.
This is truly a forest region, for from the earliest times until the present, trees have been the most im- portant crop. Cooke Township, in which this camp is located, comprises about 10,000 acres, practically all of which is forested and almost all is State-owned.
The residents of the forest community of Pine Grove Furnace, comprising 12 families, are practically all descendants of former employes of the iron company.
This camp can be reached over a good road from Carlisle and Mount Holly Springs, and over a good
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State forest road from Caledonia, on the Lincoln L :gh- way. It is about 17 miles north of Caledonia from the Lincoln Highway, and eight miles south of Mount Holly Springs.
Fuller Lake Public Camp Michaux State Forest The Fuller Lake Public Camp is located near Pine Grove and is adjacent to a beautiful artificial lake nestling close to a precipitous mountain and is very picturesque. The water in this lake is very deep, but provides excellent bathing for the experienced swim- mer. This camp ground occupies an area of three acres and may be reached from either Caledonia or Mount Holly Springs.
Hunt Public Camp Michaux State Forest The Hunt Public Camp is a small recreational area on a forest road leading from the Pine Grove settle- ment to a beautiful Norway spruce plantation. This is a small tourist camp. It is a very desirable place for picnicking and is also suitable for the use of those prepared to camp over night. Pine Grove is accessible over a good forest road from Caledonia State Forest Park, along the Lincoln Highway, between Gettysburg and Chambersburg, or from Carlisle by way of Mount Holly Springs.
CoL. Denning Public Camp
Tuscarora State Forest
The Col. Denning Public Camp was so named in
recognition of the services performed by Col. William
Denning during the Revolutionary War. He was the
inventor of an iron cannon for which the English
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IN PENN*S WOODS
govrrnment offered a large sum of money. As a Revo- lutiouary patriot he made the canuons for his own country and refused the offer of the British.
Col. William Denning lived along the Conodoguinet Creek, about one-fourth mile from the State highway leading from Newville to Doubling Gap. He had a forge at Mt. Holly, Cumberland County. In the ceme- tery at the east end of Newville is a monument, bear- ing the following epitaph :
"Erected by the State of Pennsylvania in memory of William Denning, the Patriotic Blacltsmith and Forger of Wrought Cannon during the Revo- lutionary War. Born 1737— Died 1830**
This camp is located in Doubling Gap in the north- central part of Cumberland County, along the State highway leading from Newville, Cumberland County, to Landisburg, Perry County. It is Sy2 miles on good State highway from Newville, and nine miles across the Blue Mountain on earth State highway from Landis- burg.
The Flat Rock is about 2y2 miles southeast from the camp. From this rock a magnificent view of the Cum- berland Valley, the southern slope of the Blue Moun- tain, and the northern slope of the South Mountains can be had. A good foot-path is the only means of access to this rock. From the top of Blue Mountain about 11^ miles west to the camp, along the State high- way, a beautiful view of the mountains in Doubling Gap can be had.
Bear Valley Public Camp
Buchanan State Forest
The Bear Valley Public Camp derived its name from the large number of bears that formerly inhabited this remote forest region. Even today only a few people have explored this remote and densely forested valley from end to end.
$9
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The old historic post road known as the "Tri-moun- tain Road," constructed by the Province of Pennsyl- vania westward from Shippensburg, passes within a few miles of this camp. In 1794 President Washingtou traveled over this road from Fort Bedford to Phila- delphia, after visiting the troops under General Lee that were sent west to quell the Whiskey Insurrection. Four miles west of the camp lies the famous Path Valley, that in olden days was known as Tuscarora Path because it contained the regular trail of the Tus- carora Indians.
This camp is located 12 miles northwest of Chani- bersburg and four miles beyond the western edge of the Cumberland Valley. It can be reached from Chambers- burg by way of Upper Strasburg, thence westward for two miles over a township road to the summit of the mountain, where one turns south and follows a forest road for three miles. It can also be reached from Shippensburg by way of Upper Strasburg. From points along the Lincoln Highway west of Chambers- burg the camp is accessible by way of the Apple Way road. On this road one travels by way of the Freil Shumbaugh place about 1% miles northwest of Eden- ville and from there westward by a forest road across the North Mountain for three miles into Bear Valley, and thence northward four miles along a forest road. It may also be reached from Fannettsburg by a town- ship road across the mountains for five miles into Horse Valley, and thence 1^^ miles by a forest road into Keefer^s Gap, just beyond which the camp is lo- cated. There is a good tourist's lodging place at Fan- nettsburg. From the fine forest growth which abounds, Bear Valley Camp is generally considered one of the most attractive camp sites in the State forests. A good description of this region can be found in "Travels in Pennsylvania in 1806," by Thomas Ashe.
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Caledonia Public Camp
Michaux State Forest
The Caledonia Park Public Camp is the most ex- tensively used of the 38 public camps in the State for- ests of Pennsylvania. It is located within the Cale- donia State Forest Park (see page 9), along the Lincoln Highway, in the heart of the South Mountains, in Franklin County.
CoLERAiN Public Camp Logan State Forest
The Colerain Public Camp takes its name from the Colerain Forge, which stood for many years a short distance from the camp and was one of the famous forges of central Pennsylvania. In the early days of this forge, plows were manufactured and later double- bitted axes were the principal output.
This camp is located on a beautiful spot along Spruce Creek, Huntingdon County, an excellent trout stream. A winding forest trail connects this camp with Ice Cave Gap, where ice may be found throughout the year. The camp is a delightful camping spot. Ex- cellent trout streams flow freely through the nearby forests. This camp, located about three miles north- east of Spruce Creek, can be reached over the State highway between Water Street and State College.
Near Colerain Camp are the ruins of a stone cabin, once the home of David Rittenhouse Porter, an early governor of Pennsylvania, who was at one time con- nected with the management of the forge.
Greenwood Public Camp
Logan State Forest
The Greenwood Public Camp takes its name from the Greenwood Furnace, whose stone ruins remain a
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©STATC roREST MONOMENT
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monument to that important period of the great iron industry of Pennsylvania. It is located five miles from Belleville, on the State highway leading from Belle- ville to Alexandria.
A dam has been constructed in Stone Creek, which affords boating and swimming facilities. A beautiful growth of white pine here parallels the State highway,
and extends from the
Old Stone Church at the nursery, down the creek to the camp site. It is admired by the thousands who pass.
A large forest tree nursery is located at Greenwood Furnace; and on a high point of Broad Mountain, north of the camp ground, is the Green- wood forest fire ob- servation tower. From its sixty-foot elevation can be seen the mountains of Huntingdon, Mifflin, and Centre counties. Here one can get an idea of the vastness of our Penn- sylvania mountains, as they appear to roll in great waves in every direction.
gCtJ.
Old Forge Public Camp
Rothrock State Forest
The Old Forge Public Camp is located in the rugged pass where Great Trough Creek breaks through the
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gorge formed by the towering slopes of Terrace Moun- tain.
Just across the turbulent Trough Creek stands an old stone mansion built more than one hundred years ago, when the Old Forge was in operation, and the manufacture of iron by the charcoal furnace process was at its height. This building has been remodeled and is now the forest ranger's headquarters.
More than a centui*y ago iron ore was dug from the mountains hereabout; and at Paradise Furnace, a short distance up the creek, it was made into pig iron. At the Old Forge it was formed into solid blooms, and after being hauled two miles to the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, it was floated down the river to Harrisburg, where it was manufactured into merchant- able iron. After the decline of the charcoal furnace industry, due to economic conditions, the forge was replaced by a water power sawmill, which was oper- ated by a turbine wheel and water sluiced from a log dam across Trough Creek. The foundations of the old buildings and the original turbine wheel may still be seen. This mill was owned and operated by the father of former Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh, and here the latter spent a considerable portion of his boyhood days.
At the bottom of one of the great rock floes common to this region, and at the entrance to the camp grounds, is to be found an "ice cave," in w^hich ice is formed in midsummer. On a hot summer day one has only to step near the opening to enjoy the current of cold air issuing from the cave.
The Old Forge Public Camp is reached from Hunt- ingdon by following State Highway No. 26 to Markles- burg, there turning directly to the left, and thence by township road to the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River. Enroute from Marklesburg one passes the place where a great battle was fought with the Indians — the road skirting the cliff at whose base the remains of
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many redmen were found buried. After crossing the old covered wooden bridge, passing several farm houses and a piece of narrow bottom land, the traveler crosses a modern iron bridge over the Great Trough Creek. Here the old railroad grade, now made into an excel- lent forest road by the Department of Forests and Wa- ters, is followed through the Trough Creek Gorge to the public camp, with every turn a revelation of in- describable scenic beauty.
Clear Creek Public Camp Kittanning State Forest
The Clear Creek Public Camp is an accessible beauty spot near the Clarion River. When the hydro-electric development in the Clarion River is completed, the water will be backed up to this camp site. There will then be four miles of attractive shore line in the State forest adjoining the reservoir. This will provide ex- cellent camping sites and play places. At the mouth of Clear Creek is one of the few level areas along this part of the Clarion River. Here was formerly located the boat yard of the lumber and boat building enter- prise of Frazer Brothers, of Pittsburgh.
This camp is located in Jefferson County and is eas- ily reached by township road from Sigel.
Upper Pine Bottom Public Camp
Tiadaghton State Forest
The Upper Pine Bottom Camp derived its name from the beautiful stream on whose banks it is sit- uated. In the early days this spot was famed for the wonderful white pine forest that clothed all the bottom- lands about the camp. The original timber has all been cut, but thrifty young growth has now taken its place. The streams about this camp offer good trout
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fishing, and hunting in this region is also good. This camp is situated along Upper Pine Bottom Run about 2y2 miles northwest of Waterville, in Cummings Town- ship, Lycoming County. It can be reached by following the State highway (Route 44) from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek, passing through Waterville, about one-half mile across the iron bridge spanning Pine Creek at this point, and following the main highway for a distance of about two miles; also by way of Woolrich, follow- ing this route to a point about half mile west of Haney- ville, where this road intersects with the Upper Pine Bottom road. Turn to the right and follow this road for about three miles. Waterville is the nearest town with hotel accommodations.
Raisch^s Spring Public Camp Tiadaghton State Forest
Raisch^s Spring Public Camp is located along the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, about three miles west of Pump Station, at one of the few places where water is found along the Coudersport Pike. While the sur- roundings at this point are not particularly attractive, the site was chosen mainly because there is a spring at this spot. Fireplace, tables, and toilet facilities are maintained.
Raisch's Spring was named after James Raisch, who ran a large logging camp at this place, while much of the timber was being removed from the famous Black Forest.
Laurel Run Public Camp
Penn State Forest
•Bie Laurel Run Public Camp is a beautiful spot at the foot of the Seven Mountains. The camp site oc- cupies an excellent play place on both sides of the
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Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway, where picturesque Stillhouse Run empties into Laurel Run. The first stream derives its name from an old stillhouse that was formerly located here and produced large quanti- ties of pure "Seven Brothers" corn whiskey in the olden days. About the camp is a wealth of plant and animal life that makes an interesting environment for recreation and a great place for nature study. Beau-
Among the Trees Is an Ideal Place to Play. The Public Camps in the Great State Forests Are Foremost Play
Places in Pennsylvania
tiful mountain streams are plentiful in the adjoining hillside forests. The Joseph T. Rothrock Memorial Boulder, now standing in the Public Square at McVey- town, Mifflin County, was taken from a rocky ledge of Eagle Rocks, a short distance from this camp. Here, within the present camping ground, Samuel Pearson and Jacob Treaster burned tar years ago in a pit, the bottom of which is quite well preserved.
Both Laurel Run and Stillhouse Run offer a plenti- ful supply of pure water. The former stream provides part of the water supply for the Lewistown-Reedsville
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Water Company. Near the camp is a swimming pool, and bathing facilities are provided for those who wish to enjoy the stimulating effects of mountain water.
This camp is located along the Lewistowu- Belief on te nigh way (Route 53), two miles west of Milroy, Mifflin County, and 11 miles southeast of Centre Hall. This is a much traveled thoroughfare, and in vacation days the camp is tilled to capacity by local picnickers and tourists.
Sulphur Spring Public Camp Rothrock State Forest
The Sulphur Spring Public Camp is located in a beautiful valley that was the boyhood forest play- ground of the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Father of For- estry in Pennsylvania. From tramps into the woods of this region he acquired a deep and lasting love for the great out-of-doors. Older residents recall that when Dr. Rothrock was a boy he killed a large deer a short distance up the valley from Sulphur Spring, and un- aided carried it to his home at McVeytown, a distance of about eight miles.
To the east of this public camp is the high Black- log Mountain with the famous Blacklog Valley in Juni- ata County on the eastern side. The Blacklog Valley is quite inaccessible and still well timbered. A tramp to this unusual forest retreat is worth while, for this area pictures in miniature the original forest condition of central Pennsylvania.
Sulphur Spring Camp is located in a deep ravine, like Licking Creek Valley, in Wayne Township, Mifflin County. To reach Sulphur Spring Camp from Mount Union, Huntingdon County, is a trip of about eight miles over State highway, township, and State forest roads, with a route as follows: Leave Mount Union on
the State highway (Route 522), proceed two miles southward on this macadam road toward the towns
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of Shirleysburg and Orbisonia, to a point where the State highway leaves the Juniata River, which is at the well-known Silver Fording, located upon the farm of Congressman E. M. Beers, and identified by the brick farm house on the right side of the highway. From here follow the township earth road down stream along the south bank of the Juniata River, within two miles crossing the high wooden covered bridge at the junc- ture of Aughwick Creek with the river, and within the next mile crossing the small bridge over West Licking Creek at its junction with the Juniata River. Im- mediately upon crossing Licking Creek, leave the Juni- ata River, follow up Licking Creek about three miles to the Sulphur Spring Camp — first traversing the township road for one mile to the dam at the Mount Union Rod and Gun Club Camp, then the State forest road two miles, passing Camp Elliott on the right and Camp Frankenberry on the left.
Big Spring Public Camp Tuscarora State Forest
The Big Spring Public Camp takes its name from the big spring which flows a gushing stream of water at all seasons of the year. Since the time of the oldest settlers it has never been known to be dry. It was lowest during the serious drought of the autumn of 1860. In 1915 this big spring was walled in, and now furnishes an abundant supply of pure mountain water.
This camp lies in the heart of a forest region which long supplied successive forest industries with raw material. Not far from the camp a tannery was es- tablished in the fore part of the last century. It con- tinued to operate until 1860. In 1871 the tannery was converted into an axe handle factory. In the days of the tanning industry the leather was hauled by mule teams to Newport, a distance of 37 miles. The present
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I
railroad of this region does not extend beyond New Germantown, but an extension of this railroad to Path Valley in Franklin County was planned. About a quar- ter mile southeast of Big Spring is a tunnel opening in the mountain, which is part of the abandoned railroad project. The State bought a considerable acreage of forest land in this region in 1906.
This camp is located on the Blain-Dry Run road, 51/2 miles southwest of New Germantown, Perry Coun- ty, at the headwaters of the North Fork of Sher- man Creek. It is a beautiful mountain spot in the very heart of a fine fishing and hunting region.
region one will find the Kansas Valley Public Camp. Along this route, between the forest ranger^s headquar- ters and the camp, is a thrifty Scotch pine plantation.
George W. Childs Park Public Camp
Delaware State Forest
The George W. Childs Park Public Camp stands in the front rank of the beauty spots in the State forests of Pennsylvania. It is located within the George W. Childs State Forest Park, described fully on page 14.
Kansas Valley Public Camp Tuscarora State Forest
The Kansas Valley Public Camp takes its name from the heavily-forested Kansas Valley of western Perry County. It is said that David Lewis, the old-time high- wayman, frequently took refuge in this remote valley. About one mile west from the camp is Robber Hollow, that is named for Lewis. This is a small ravine lead- ing southward into Kansas Valley. The older settlers of the surrounding region claim that somewhere in this hollow lie buried treasures of silver and gold left by Lewis and his band, for which they have never returned.
The Kansas Valley Public Camp is located at the old Gibbons Place in Kansas Valley, Perry County, about five miles southeast of East Waterford. It can be reached by leaving the Port Royal-Blair's Mills State highway at East Waterford. After leaving this road, one travels about three miles through East Wa- terford Narrows, and at the intersection of the Horse Valley and Kansas Valley roads, one passes the "Cole House" on the left, which is now the local forest ranger headquarters. Immediately beyond, at the top of the hill, one takes the road to the left for two miles into Kansas Valley. Here in the heart of a great forest
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Promised Land Public Camp Delaware State Forest
The Promised Land Public Camp derives its name from Promised Land Lake, one of the favorite forest play places of Pike County.
The Promised Land Lake region was not settled until about 1840. In 1844 a dam was built at the out- let of the lake and an old up-and-down sawmill was
Promised Land Lake 47
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erected. Near the camp is the beautiful Promised Land Lake, which is three miles long and at places a full mile wide. The lake oflPers good boating and some of the finest pickerel fishing in the State. About thia lake originally grew great hemlock and white pine trees. Near the camp are some fine forest tree planta- tions which serve as excellent object lessons in practi- cal reforestation.
This camp is well equipped and nearby is a good hotel with improved facilities. This camp is located in Greene Township, Pike County, about 11 miles north- east of Canadensis, and 12 miles southwest of Hawley, on the Canadensis-Hawley Turnpike. At special points along the pike are to be had some of the finest views in the region just north of the Poconos.
Cherry Springs Public Camp Susquehannock State Forest The Cherry Springs Public Camp occupies a beau- tiful spot in the highlands of central Potter County. About the camp is a wonderful stand of birch, beech,
Thousands of People Use the S8 Public Camps Every Year in the Pennsylvania State Forests
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and maple trees. The beech trees with their Quaker- gray bark appear to be at their best, and frame the camp picture in a most charming way. This is one of the coolest spots in Pennsylvania, and is an excellent place to study plant and animal life typical of the Pennsylvania highlands. Near the camp is a wonder- ful spring of pure water. A few miles southeast of the camp is the famous Cherry Springs forest fire observation tower. It is 60 feet high, stands at an elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level, and from its cabin may be had one of the most commanding views of northern Pennsylvania. Not less than 225,000 acres of forest land can be seen from there. This camp is sit- uated along a nine-mile drive lined practically the entire distance on both sides of the road with original growth hardwood timbers.
This camp is located about 11 miles south of Cond- ersport, within the Cherry Springs Drive, which is one of the most beautiful and picturesque of its kind in the State. It can be reached over the well-known Jer- sey Shore-Coudersport Turnpike, for the camp bordera this beautiful highland highway.
Olh Bull Public Camp Susquehannock State Forest
The Ole Bull Public Camp occupies a beautiful ipot along picturesque Kettle Creek, within sight of the re- mains of Ole Bull's castle, in southeastern Potter County. It was here that Ole BuU, the world-famous Norwegian violinist, located with his 800 colonists in 1852. About this camp is a wealth of animal and plant Ufe typical of the lowlands of northern Pennsyl- vania. Birds, ferns, wild flowers, shrubs, and trees are found here in considerable variet^y. Many of the trees about the camp have been labeled. This makes tree study easy and interesting. For a description of
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the nearby Ole Bull State Forest Monument (see page 64).
This camp is located in the heart of the Susquehan- nock State Forest, named in memory of the Susquehan- nock Indians, who at one time claimed this part of Pennsylvania as their own. This State forest includes 172,410 acres of State-owned forest land. Here are some of the finest hardwood stands in the State. The camp can be reached by leaving the Jersey shore-Cou- dersport Pike at Oleona, and traveling one mile west over an excellent earth road. There is an excellent tourist lodging house near Oleona. The Lyso Spring ("water of light") named and loved by Ole Bull, is lo- cated at the Ole Bull State Camp.
Patterson Place Public Camp Susquehannock State Forest
The Patterson Place Public Camp is situated at a beautiful spot amidst some of the most beautiful birch, beech, and maple trees of northern Pennsylvania. The rich plant and animal life about the camp is typical of the highlands of northern Pennsylvania. Here is one of the coolest spots in northern Pennsylvania. It is much frequented by tourists. Excellent camping facili- ties and a supply of good water are available at all times.
The camp is located in central Potter County, with- in the famous Cherry Springs Drive, about 10 miles south of Coudersport. It is easily reached, for it bor- ders the well-known Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike.
Prouty Place Public Camp
Susquehannock State Forest
The Prouty Place Public Camp is in the very heart of the great forest reaches of north Pennsylvania. If you want to camp at a remote spot and see the
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backwoods of Pennsylvania, here is an ideal place. You will find nature at her best in this sylvan retreat. The road to this camp is marked by beautiful vistas. The streams are pure and sparkling, and wild life is abun- dant. From early spring to late autumn the nature lover finds this camp a paradise. The natural forest cannot be excelled in make-up and beauty. During the last 15 years more than 4,000,000 trees have been planted in the Susquehannock State Forest. They are wonderful object lessons in reforestation.
Near the mouth of Prouty Run was located the Great Salt Lick, the gathering place of immense num- bers of bison, elk, and deer in the olden days. Early travelers and hunters told fascinating stories about this place.
This camp is located in the midst of an extensive forest region of southern Potter County. It can be reached over a forest road, by turning westward on the Jersey-Shore-Coudersport Turnpike about eight miles south of Coudersport and traveling eight miles to the west.
KoosER Public Camp
Forbes State Forest
The Kooser Public Camp occupies an attractive and accessible spot on the historic Laurel Hill, in south- western Pennsylvania. It was across this ridge that the old Forbes road was constructed to facilitate the expedition in 1758 against Fort Duquesne (later Fort Pitt), under the direction of General John Forbes. The crystal-clear, ice-cold waters of Kooser Run, ris- ing from strong springs, flow through this camp. Cress Spring, one of the strongest, is on the camp grounds. Water cress abounds in its sparkling waters. Panther Rocks lie three miles to the west (on private land), at the summit of Laurel Hill, rising to an ele- vation of 2,900 feet. This rock ledge contains many small and interesting caves.
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Kooser Public Camp is readily accessible. It lies along the State highway (Route 31), 12 miles west of Somerset, and 15 miles east of Mt. Pleasant.
Baldwin Public Camp Tioga State Forest
The Baldwin Public Camp occupies a high site in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. Its cool climate makes it especially attractive as a rest and play place. Deer, bears, and smaller game are often seen about the camp, and plant life typical of the north woods is abundant. Near the camp lies a cranberry marsh in which there is an abundant growth of cran- berry bushes. Within a short distance of the camp are some very interesting forest tree plantations; and the forest scenery, dotted with beautiful pines, hem- locks, and white birches, is especially inviting. Beau- tiful mountain streams are numerous in this vicinity, and the trout fishing is excellent.
This camp is located in Tioga County, 10 miles west of Wellsboro, and six miles west of the Wellsboro-Tioga State Highway (Route 84) on a township road that is used locally as a scenic drive. In approaching the camp from Wellsboro, there is a gradual mountain climb from Wellsboro Junction, at an elevation of 1,170 feet, to a point near the Baldwin Forest fire tower, the altitude of which is 2,334 feet. From this tower may be had one of the most beautiful views in northern Pennsylvania.
Darling Run Public Camp
Tioga State Forest
Darling Run Public Camp takes its name from Darling Run, which empties fnto the famous Pine Creek at this camp site. This camp is adjacent to the
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Old Manchester Mill dam of far-famed lumbering days, and near it was one of the early up-and-down sawmills of the "North Tier" counties. Thousands of feet of the finest white pine produced in the world were cut at this mill. Near this camp is Ansonia (Big Meadows), a great camping ground for the Indians. To this day ar- row heads and implements of Indian manufacture are often found here. About the camp are extensive plan- tations of forest trees up to 20 years of age. Game is plentiful and it is not unusual to see deer, bears, and small animals in the vicinity of the camp. Fishing is of the very best, and fine hikes can be taken by those who enjoy the mountains.
This camp is located about three-quarters of a mile south of the Roosevelt Highway, at Ansonia, Tioga County. It lies at the junction of Darling Run and Pine Creek, adjacent to the New York Central Rail- road. Its location at the head of the famous Pine Creek Gorge, formerly called Tiadaghton Gorge, gives it one of the most picturesque locations of aU public camps in the State. It can be readily reached over a good earth road leading to the camp from Ansonia, which is largely traveled and usually in a fair condi- tion during the summer months. Hotel accommoda- tions can be found at Wellsboro and Ansonia.
Morris Public Camp Tioga State Forest
Morris Public Camp is situated on the State high- way (Route 84), about 10 miles from Wellsboro and two miles from Morris. It is named after the above- mentioned town and township.
Morris camp was started by a number of citizens of the townships of Morris and Liberty in Tioga, and Pine in Lycoming Counties, who met annuaUy in sev- eral family reunions, and felt the site most appro- priate.
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A "bee" was held that was attended by about 100 persons, the men doing the heavy work and the women preparing the food. A spot being chosen, the trees for removal were selected and the men fell to, mak- ing by this improvement cutting a pleasant opening with fine shade in a dense hardwood thicket. The usual buildings were erected, supplemented by several
tables and benches.
The site is along Wilson Creek. The stream is one of beauty, but its water is contaminated by the effluent from nearby coal mines.
Deer, bears, and smaU game are often observed by
parties visiting the camp.
Nearby is situated the town of Morris, which dates back to the old-time lumbering days. But though those days have passed, the town still survives and boasts a sawmill and an acid plant.
A large flat accommodates many visitors, and the excellent condition of this scenic earth road (Route 84), between Williamsport and Wellsboro, brings many a traveler to rest in this pleasant place.
Near this camp is the Anna S. mine of the Fall Brook Company, where the coal is carried in buckets on a suspended cable across the valley to Antrim where it is prepared for delivery.
Joyce Kilmer Public Camp Bald Eagle State Forest
The Joyce Kilmer Public Camp is named in honor of Joyce Kilmer, the American boy poet who made the supreme sacrifice during the World War and immor- talized his name by his unrivaled poem "Trees."
The camp is located on the State highway (Route 45), between Lewisburg and . Bellefonte, about five miles west of Hartleton, in Union County. Near this camp is the Voneida ("Hairy JohnV) State Forest Park (see page 16), and on the mountain overlooking
14
the camp is the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument (see page 63).
Adams Falls Public Camp
Forbes State Forest
The Adams Falls Public Camp is situated in an en- vironment of sylvan beauty, probably unsurpassed in Pennsylvania. Trails radiate in all directions into the adjacent forest, which abounds in natural beauty. The miniature waterfalls on Adams Falls Run, almost concealed by the dense growth of rhododendron over- hanging the steep cliflfs, prove attractive haunts for the forest adventurer and nature lover. Near the camp is the HoUenbaugh Trail, named in honor of Adam Hollenbaugh, an industrious Hollander who made his home in this beautiful forest region. From 1850 until his death in 1884 he manufactured hand- rived and hand-shaved shingles and clapboards, which replaced the straw-covered or thatched roofs of former
days.
On the site of this camp, selected oak timbers were cut and taken to Laughlintown, where the first shook shop in Westmoreland County was established in 1863. The logs from these trees were manufactured into barrel staves, which were sent to Cuba and made into sugar barrels and molasses hogsheads.
To the north of the Forbes Road, as one approaches the camp grounds, is the Flat Rock bathing pool, which is a wonderful water play place for children, because of the broad, flat, water-covered rock over which the youngsters can glide with ease.
Laurel Hill cooperative trout nursery, where is lo- cated the residence of the game refuge keeper, and the Phillips Game Refuge of 2,100 acres, lie one mile south, along Linn Run Road.
Iscrupe Rocks, which rise vertically for 90 feet, lie one mile east, while the abandoned bluestone quarry
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is two miles south. At this place, "Llgonier" or "Bel- gian" blocks were quarried. These **blocks" were used for street paving and to a lesser degree for building purposes. The "dust" was also used in highway con- struction. The quarry was closed soon after the Pitts- burgh, Westmoreland, and Somerset Railroad, cross- ing the Forbes State Forest, between Ligonier and Somerset, was abandoned in 1916. The Linn Run Road now occupies the old railroad bed.
This camp is located four miles south of the Lincoln Highway, at Laughlintown, in Westmoreland County. It can be reached over a good earth road, connecting with a forest road in the Forbes State Forest.
Lattrbl Summit Public Camp Forbes State Forest
The Laurel Summit Public Camp has the distinction of occupying the highest elevation of any public camp in the State forests of Pennsylvania. Its elevation is 2,739 feet above sea level.
The removal of the virgin timber from this locality was not started until about 1900. During the next seven years 65,000,000 board feet were sawed at the mill at Ligonier. White pine, hemlock, red oak, an<l chestnut were the principal trees of this locality. From openings in the young growth that has replaced the virgin timber, may be had excellent vistas of western Somerset County, including the town of Somerset, and a profile of Allegheny and Negro Mountains. A forest thinning has been made near the camp, and more than a million small forest tree seedlings have been planted within a radius of two miles. Many of these planted trees are near the roads about the camp.
Spruce Flat, northeast of the camp, is a plateau hav- ing an elevation above sea level of approximately 2,725 feet. It includes swamp lands more than 500 acres in
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extent. From the camp ground a trail to the north- west leads through Spruce Flat, following the divide for a distance of about six miles to the Lincoln High- way.
This camp is located on the historic Laurel Hill that separates Somerset from Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. It was across this ridge, about three miles north of the Lincoln Highway, that the old Forbes Road was constructed during the expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1758, under the direction of General John Forbes, a former cornet of the Scots Greys, and a veteran of many wars. The second in command was the celebrated Colonel Henry Bouquet.
The camp is situated on the summit of Laurel Hill, near the Somerset- Westmoreland County line. It lies 12 miles south of the Lincoln Highway, at Laughlin- town, 12 miles north of Somerset, and eight miles be- yond the Adams Falls Public Camp (see page 55). It can be reached over the road through the Forbes State Forest, which was constructed on the grade of the abandoned Pittsburgh, Westmoreland, and Somerset Railroad.
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STATE FOREST MONUMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA
State forest monuments are areas of singular beauty, set aside within the State forests for permanent preservation in a natural condition. Here plant and animal life is wild and primeval, according to the ways of nature. These restricted areas are to be pre- served undisturbed in their wildness, that the people of Pennsylvania — our children and their children — may for all time to come be able to visit selected and choice remnants of the glorious Penn's Woods of olden days.
Within the State forests are swamp areas, exposed mountain places with peculiar plant associations, and regions of rocks, boulders, ledges, and precipices of rug- ged scenic beauty, supporting little other than the low forms of plant and animal life. These may also be set aside as State forest monuments.
Since the prime use for our forests is utility — service toward meeting the every-day needs of life — it is not possible to preserve all our woods in their original wild condition and keep them so, but it is most fitting that the Department of Forests and Waters is vested with authority and direction to "set aside within the State forests unusual or historical groves of trees or natural features especially worthy of permanent preservation, to make the same accessible and convenient for public use, and to dedicate them in perpetuity to the people of the State for their recreation and enjoyment."
Bear Meadows State Forest Monument
Logan State Forest
The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is prob- ably the most popular of the forest monuments in Pennsylvania, on account of its unusual make-up and great botanical interest. It is a bottomless quagmire
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of about 350 acres, which in spots is said to be very dangerous to travelers. Some claim that this vast meadow took its name from an early pioneer or hunter named "Baer." Others believe that it was named be- cause of the prevalence of bears. It is also said that some of the early settlers sometimes spelled the name Bare. Some of the foremost authorities on this sub- ject feel that the name Bear Meadows is the proper
one.
For many years botanists have regarded the Bear
Meadows as a favorite field. Students of botany and
forestry at the Pennsylvania State College regard this
as their favorite place for field study. In this great
forested meadow grow specimens of the pitcher plant,
the sun dew, and other rare plants common to the cold,
boggy swamps of the North. The original growth of
balsam fir, tamarack, and black spruce has been cut
out, and what was not cut was burned. There is now
developing a young growth of these coniferous trees.
Laurel and rhododendron are also very abundant, in
some places forming almost impenetrable thickets.
About the meadows are numerous fine springs from
which flows the purest of water.
The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is located in the midst of the Seven Mountains, in Centre County. It may be reached by traveling from Bellefonte to a point at Galbraith's Gap, by way of Boalsburg. From this gap one travels over a good State forest road to the Bear Meadows, a distance of about four miles. A good State forest road was recently constructed from the Bear Meadows across Bear Meadows Mountain to Stone Creek Valley, at the upper end of which are lo- cated the Detweiler Run and the Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments. This road opens an approach to Bear Meadows from the historic Greenwood Furnace and from McAlevy's Fort.
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Dbtweilee Run State Forest Monument Logan State Forest
The Detweiler Run State Forest Monument com- prises a tangle of giant original forest trees, mostly white pine and hemlock, with an understory of almost impenetrable rhododendron. Competent students of early forest conditions in Pennsylvania declare that the forest conditions in this monument picture very truly the primeval forest conditions of the State.
Some of the giant white pine trees in this forest monument bear marks made by the old-time shingle thieves. If they found a tree the least defective, they would not cut it; but if it was suitable, they felled the tree, "shaved" the shingles, and then carried them on their backs, sometimes over long distances, to the nearest settlements, where they were marketed. For- mer State Forest Ranger Ross, a local authority on the wild life of Pennsylvania, says that the wolves made one of their last stands in central Pennsylvania in the dark, gloomy depths of Detweiler Hollow, sallying forth at night in search of game, howling dismally from the mountain tops, or with dark, furtive eyes watching the shingle shavers from the edge of the forest. •
In the dark recesses of this great forest tangle live some of the rare warblers and other forest-loving birds. The late Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated that the duck hawk, one of the rarest varieties of hawks in the State, nested in these big trees. Detweiler Run, one of the most beautiful streams of the State, flows through the center of this monument.
Containing about 50 acres and located at the head- waters of Detweiler Run in Huntingdon County, this forest monument can be reached from Milroy, Reeds- ville, and Belleville, by way of Greenwood Furnace, and from Huntingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort, whence one follows the township road along Stone
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Creek. A new forest road also makes this monument accessible from State College by way of the Bear Meadows.
Alan Seeger State Forest Monument
Logan State Forest
The Alan Seeger State Forest Monument is named for Alan Seeger, a young American poet who gave his life in France, as did Joyce Kilmer. Alan Seeger was a great lover of nature, and was the author of many beautiful poems on trees.
Within this monument are hemlock trees of unusual size and beauty — undoubtedly some of them were grow- ing here when Columbus discovered America — and there are stands of oak that have no superior in the State. There are also groups of the rare Table Moun- tain pine. Magnificent growth of rhododendron, some with stems 40 feet high, border the streams that pass through this monument. Here is an ideal recreation center and camping spot. Beautiful Stone Creek flows through the monument, and an excellent trail has been developed so that this beauty spot is accessible to the public.
This monument, including about 155 acres, is sit- uated along Stone Creek, in Huntingdon County. It can be reached from Milroy, Reedsville, and Belleville by way of Greenwood Furnace; from Huntingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort; and from Altoona by way of Alexandria and Petersburg to McAlevy's Fort, whence one follows the road up Stone Creek Valley. A new forest road also makes this monument accessible from State College by way of Bear Meadows.
The nearest settlement is Greenwood Furnace, the home of a few forest workers, and the headquarters of a forest ranger, who lives in the house that was formerly the residence of Henry Rawle, early iron master of this locality. There is also a church at Greenwood Furnace ;
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Big Hemlocks in the Alan Seeffer State Forest Monument
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and it is said that on one occasion General Robert E. Lee worshipped there while visiting his brother, who was manager of the furnace several years prior to the Civil War. A large forest tree nursery is located at Greenwood Furnace, with an annual capacity of 3,000,- 000 trees. On a high point between Greenwood Fur- nace and this monument is the Greenwood forest fire observation tower, from the top of which can be had commanding views of the mountains and valleys of central Pennsylvania.
Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument
Bald Eagle State Forest
"Gypsies Are Welcome to Camp Here" — is the mes- sage on a sign at the entrance to the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument. The words are those of the young American poet, Joyce Kilmer, who was killed in the World War in France, July, 1918. In a letter to his mother the boy wrote that if he ever owned a piece of woodland he would place therein a sign of welcome to gypsies. In his short life he did not have the opportunity to fulfill his wish, but his message will live long after him. Near this welcome to gypsies stands a large sign bearing Kilmer's beautiful poem
"Trees."
The Joyce Kilmer Forest Monument comprises about 21 acres of old hemlock and some white pine on the north slope of Paddy Mountain in Union County. The Joyce Kilmer trail leads to the mountain top above, and to the natural amphitheatre known as Joyce Kil- mer Rest. Here a group of flat boulders forms a semi- circle surrounded and overhung by gigantic, dark hem- locks. Here is a fitting place to sit and meditate upon the wonders of the natural world and feel the inspira- tions that the forest always gave to Joyce Kilmer.
This forest monument is accessible from points
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along the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway. A good forest traU extends from the Joyce Kilmer Pub- lic Camp (see page 54) on this highway to the monu- ment, a distance of one mile. Hartleton is five mile^ east and Woodward five miles west. At Woodward is a summer hotel. There are hotel accommodations at Hartleton, six miles east, and at Millheim, 12 miles west.
Olb Bull State Forest Monument
Suaquehannock State Forest
The interesting Ole Bull State Forest Monument lies within the heart of what was formerly known as the Black Forest of Pennsylvania. It marks the vi- cinity to which Ole Bull, the world-famous Norwegian vioUnist, came in 1852 with about 800 colonists from Europe. Here he commenced the erection of several towns, to be called respectively New Bergen, Oleona, Valhalla, and New Norway. He also started the erec- tion of an imposing castle on a high cliff overlooking the waters of Kettle Creek. Owing to a flaw in the title to the lands, the colony proved unsuccessful. All that now remains of it is part of the castle walls, upon which, on clear days, the flags of the United States and
Norway fly.
This monument is located 29 miles southeast of Coudersport, Potter County. It may be reached over the Couderaport-Jersey-Shore State Pike and the State forest road, turning west for one mUe at Oleona. There is a hotel (Wm. Jones, Prop.), at Cross Fork, seven mUes from the monument, and a good boarding house at Oleona (kept by H. M. Olson, Cross Fork, Pa.).
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McCoNNELL Narrows State Forest Monument
Bald Eagle State Forest The McConnell Narrows State Forest Monument contains some of the most magnificent rock scenery in Pennsylvania, as well as stands of superb original hem- lock and white pine. These giant, rugged trees present a particularly beautiful silhouette against the sky on moonlight nights. It is a picture that, once seen, will never be forgotten.
Near this monument is the famous "Sink," where the last herd of wild bison in Pennsylvania was destroyed by Snyder County hunters about 1799. Penn's Creek, flowing below, is one of the most beautiful streams in the State for canoeing, swimming, or fishing. It was named for William Penn's grandson, John Penn, one of our Colonial governors. The Indians caUed it Ka- roondinha. It is in a class almost by itself, for it re- mains practically unpolluted to this day. Its waters flow clear as crystal.
In McConnell Narrows, near the site of this forest monument, former Senator William C. McConnell has maintained for many years a handsome bungalow, where his friend, the late U. S. Senator Boies Penrose, spent many of the happiest of his leisure hours.
This monument lies on the southern slope of White Mountain, Union County, opposite Cherry Run station. White Mountain rises to a height of 2,220 feet, and to ascend its slopes requires skillful climbing. Its rocks are of colossal proportions and gleaming whiteness, some standing erect like chimneys; and among these giant boulders are vast fissures and enormous subter- ranean caverns, in which the wild animals find shelter and seek refuge. Cherry Run station may be reached over the Lewisburg-Tyrone Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The monument is accessible over the road through Laurelton and Weikert, which branches off the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway iy2 miles west
of Hartleton.
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Mount Logan State Forest Monument
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Mount Logan State Forest Monument is named for Chief James Logan, greatest of Indian orators, who had a trail across the mountains from McElhattan, Clinton County, to the Sulphur Spring, in Sugar Val- ley. Within this monument are superb original white pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of these great giant trees saved them from the lumberman's axe. Their great spires, like masts, standing against the sky line of the mountain top, are an inspiring spectacle from the West Branch Valley for many miles, and just to look at them seemingly lifts one up spiritually. Near the foot of Mount Logan, and its sister height, Mount Jura, is Camp Shoemaker, Boy Scout head- quarters for Clinton County. It consists of a grove of about five acres. At Camp Shoemaker are five good springs, and excellent camping facilities are available for those who delight in being within the mountains. Nearby is Shoemaker's Park, a public camping ground, with outdoor stoves, tables, running water, and other
facilities.
The altitude of Mount Logan is 2,200 feet, and from it is to be had one of the finest views of the State. This monument, covering about 47 acres, is situated on Mount Logan in Wayne Township, Clinton County. It is near McElhattan, about five miles east of Lock Haven, at which latter town ample hotel accommoda- tions are available. There is a refreshment house near the Pennsylvania Railroad station at McElhattan. Less than one mile from the Youngdale station, which is the name of the New York Central station at Mc- Elhattan, is an excellent trail, adequately marked, which leads to the top of Mount Logan into the very heart of this State forest monument.
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Mount Riansarbs State Forest Monument
Bald Eagle State Forest
The Mount Riansares State Forest Monument is named after the Duke of Riansares, husband of Maria Cristina, former Queen Regent of Spain, who invested in timber and coal lands in central Pennsylvania a considerable part of the |5,000,000 received in 1821 from the sale to the United States of the land that is now the State of Florida. She directed that the high- est peak in her Pennsylvania possessions be called after her husband, of whom she was very fond. This investment, like that of the Ole Bull colonists, proved a costly failure, and later the land was sold for taxes. A few years ago descendants of the Duke of Rian- sares, one of whom was secretary of the Spanish em- bassy at Washington, attempted to institute legal pro- ceedings to recover possession of the land, but were i) unsuccessful, as the land had already passed through too many hands. It is said that about 1870, shortly before his death, the Duke visited his wife's former holdings, and ascended Mount Riansares by the trail which is now a part of the road system in the Bald Eagle State Forest.
The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,293 feet. From the summit of this mountain one can enjoy a magnifi- cent view in all directions. On account of the moun- tain's height and steepness, it was for years known as "The Unscalable Mountain." On the summit of this mountain is a 60-foot forest observation tower, and nearby are several good springs of water and a large game refuge. Huckleberry picking is one of the pleas- ant summer pastimes in this region. Game was for- merly very abundant in this mountain, especially bears, which hid in the big openings among the large rocks, but of late years many of them have been driven away. This State forest monument of about 13 acres is situated on Mount Riansares in Clinton County. It may be reached by traveling about 15 miles southeast
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from Lock Haven, turning from the main pike between Lock Haven and Bellefonte, near Salona, where the road sign reads "To Loganton," and again at the tower sign along the Loganton road.
Martin's Hill State Forest Monument Buchanan State Forest
The Martin's Hill State Forest Monument com- prises nine acres of old original hemlock within a gorge of one of the highest mountains in southern Pennsylvania. These big trees were preserved largely through the efforts of Captain J. G. Dillin, of Media, who lumbered over this mountain 25 years ago.
Martin's Hill is 3,075 feet above sea level. On its summit is a forest observation tower, from which is to be had a magnificent view in all directions. The path to the mountain top and tower is very steep. It is similar to some of the mountain paths in the Alps or in the Black Forest of Germany, and would be admir- able for snowshoeing or skiing during the winter months. Near the monument is a game refuge. Here, too, is a saltpetre cave, from which Elijah Huff is re- ported to have mined saltpetre, for the use of the gov- ernment in making gun powder during the Revolution- ary War. At Flintstone, near the monument, was the early home of Meshach Browning, author of "Forty- four Years of a Hunter's Life," a classic in big game literature.
This monument lies at the foot of Martin's Hill, Bed- ford CJounty. It may be reached by traveling over the State road from Bedford through Rainsburg, and to the summit of the mountain two miles beyond Rains- burg, thence by forest road four miles to the head of the gorge. Suitable markers have been erected along forest roads to direct the traveler to the monument. There are good hotel accommodations at Bedford and McConnellsburg, on the Lincoln Highway.
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SPECIAL SCENIC AREAS AND HISTORIC SITES IN THE STATE FORESTS
There are many notable scenic areas in Pennsyl- vania. Three are worthy of special mention. They are Cherry Springs Drive, Coxe's Valley View, and the Site of Valhalla.
Cherry Springs Drive
Susquehannock State Forest
Bordering the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike is a magnificent stand of primeval hardwood timber in central Potter County, a part of which is now called Cherry Springs Drive. The land on the west side of the drive belongs to the State; and most of the trees on the right side are to be saved through an agreement with the owners, who recognize the scenic importance
of this drive.
Prior to the World War, the roadway was lined on both sides with magnificent forests of original hard- woods. They were at their best in the fall of the year, when clothed with a glorious canopy of autumnal foliage. This was a sight long to be remembered, and it implanted in the beholder a lingering love of Penn's Woods. During the World War the demand for wood chemicals became so great that camps were located on the privately-owned land adjoining the drive, and large quantities of chemical-wood were cut. Col. Charn- wood Simpson, chief purchaser of munitions for the British government for the western Pennsylvania dis- trict, stated that "the forests of northern Pennsylvania won the war, for at a critical time in 1918 after the Germans had broken through the western front, the timely arrival of large chemical supplies derived from the forests of Pennsylvania turned the tide of the
war." Within this drive are the Patterson Place and the
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Cherry Springs Public Camps^ which provide excellent camping facilities for picnic parties and tourists from a distance. Near the drive is the Cherry Springs for- est observation tower, from which can be had a mag- nificent and inspiring forest view.
The Cherry Springs Drive extends for a distance of G^2 miles along the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, in tLe busquehannock State Forest, in Potter County. It is about 14 miles southeast of Coudersport and borders the picturesque highland highway. The nearest town with good hotel accommodations is Coudersport, but there are also suitable accommodations for tourists at Olson's Hotel, at Oleona.
Coxb's Valley View Penn State Forest
One of the most pleasant landscape features in the Seven Mountains is the Coxe's Valley View, which lies to the east of the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway, (Route No. 53) . Here one can get a distant view of the grand old forest of Coxe's Valley. In this forest are superb white pine and hemlock trees that have been wisely preserved for all time. They give to tourists an idea of what the old time forests were like before lumbermen and forest fires created havoc among them.
This view may be enjoyed to the best advantage at a point about five miles north of Milroy, near the Mountain Spring. The big trees are on the north slope of Spruce Mountain, in Coxe's Valley, Mifflin County. Near the mouth of Coxe's Valley is a horseshoe turn, at which point a forest road, passing through beauti- ful tree growths, extends westward up Laurel Run, and ultimately leads to the Detweiler Run and the Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments (see pages 60 and 61).
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The Site of Valhalla
Susquehannock State Forest
One mile west from the Ole Bull State Forest Monu- ment (page 64) is the site of Valhalla, one of Ole Bull's projected towns. The name Valhalla is an im- posing one, being that of the abode of the gods, in Norwegian mythology. All that now remains of the Valhalla settlement is the ruin of a stone house that was erected for Ole Bull's private physician, Dr. Karl Joerg. The Site of Valhalla is located 20 miles south- east of Coudersport, in Potter County. It may be reached over the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, by turning west at Oleona.
Pennsylvania Mountain Peaks
In addition to the three special scenic areas just named, there are dozens of other points in the State which afford notable views. Naturally the most ex- tensive views are to be had from the peaks of the moun- tains. Perhaps it would be more fitting to say the summits of the mountains, as the highlands of Penn- sylvania, which are said by geologists to have been originally among the high places of the world, have been worn down by centuries of erosion into rounded knobs. Although even the highest of these is low, in- deed, compared with the world's great peaks of the present day, the outlook from these Pennsylvania high points is of surpassing beauty.
The mountains of Pennsylvania run consistently northeast and southwest, with one exception. Sideling Hill, which bisects the other ranges in a northwest and southeast direction. The two principal ranges are the Kittochtinny, or Blue Mountains — ^in Pennsyl- vania German "Bluen Barrichen" — on the east, and the Alleghenies, on the west. East of the Blue Moun- tains is a broad farming valley, known at various parts
72
of its length and breadth as the Kittochtinny, Cumber- land, Lebanon, and Lehigh Valley. Between the Blue Mountains and the Alleghenies, and as far west as the point where the Alleghenies drop away to the Ohio River, are high or mountain valleys, and the deeper valleys of the Susquehanna, the Juniata, the Mononga- hela, the Youghiogheny, and the Allegheny Rivers. These valleys constitute what is known as the Valle- mont Region of Pennsylvania.
The rivers of Pennsylvania, instead of circling around the mountains, break through the granite ridges. The little but lovely Juniata River, for example, pushes its way through no fewer than 13 ranges of hills between its source and its junction with the Susquehanna River at Haldeman's Island, not far from Harrisburg.
The mountains of Pennsylvania were once covered with superb stands of timber— hemlock on the lower slopes, near the streams; white pine on the higher levels, and hardwoods on the summits— the finest trees that the sun ever shone upon. Some few of these re- main in inaccessible points, where the lumberman's axe and the ruthless forest fire have not reached ; and it is among these, on the rugged combs and crests, that the network of trails sought by the out-of-door people of Pennsylvania will some day be constructed. The remnants of Pennsylvania's wild life, once the most varied on the entire American continent, still find refuge in these wild places.
Few are aware of the grandeur of the Pennsylvania mountains. Recent surveys show that Pennsylvania has elevations considerably higher than she was pre- viously believed to possess. In 25 of her 67 counties are to be found really notable high points. In five counties there are elevations of 3,000 feet or more, which afford views of indescribable grandeur. These counties are Somerset, which leads with 11 such elevations; Fayette, Westmoreland, and Potter, with two each, and Bedford, with one.
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Eight counties have elevations of 2,500 feet or more. To the five already named may be added Blair, Susque- hanna, and Wyoming.
Those who delight in high places may like to ascend some of these elevated points. For the information of such persons the following list of high points in the State has been made. It names the most noteworthy elevations in each of the 25 counties.
The highest point in the State is Negro Mountain, in Somerset County, which is 3,220 feet above sea level. This height was named in remembrance of a giant negro slave, who belonged to Col. Thomas Cresap, and who was ambushed and slain by Indians, while march- ing to join General Edward Braddock. Col. Cresap's slave was buried on the slope of this great hill.
Other points in Somerset County reaching an ele- vation of 3,000 feet or more are these : Big Spring Sum- mit, 3,169 feet; Laurel Run Summit, 3,135 feet; Peck's Peak, 3,120 feet; Old Fort Hill Summit, 3,100 feet; White Oak Church Knob, 3,100 feet; Mount View School Knob, 3,100 feet; Glade Mountain, 3,040 feet; Winding Ridge, 3,032 feet ; Burnt Cabin Trail Summit, 3,000 feet, and Forge Road Summit, 3,000 feet. Sev- eral other points in Somerset County reach elevations only a little short of 3,000 feet.
In Westmoreland County both Indian Creek Sum- mit and Panther Rock Hill attain a height of 3,000 feet.
Fayette County also has two peaks of the same height. They are Clay Run Summit and Sugar Loaf Mountain.
Bedford County's highest point, 3,075 feet, is Mar- tin's HilL Two other notable points in that county are Dunning Mountain, 2,512 feet, and Warrior's Ridge, 2,310 feet
Potter, the only other county that contains an eleva- tion of 3,000 feet, has Dyke's Peak and Big Savage
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Mountain, both of which reach that height. These mountains are close to the Potter-Clinton County line. Other high points in Potter County are Peaslee Hill, 2,990 feet; Hovrefeld, 2,600, and Mount Brodhead,
2,500.
Blair County has Wopsononock Summit, 2,750 feet
high. Susquehanna County has Elk Hill, 2,700 feet.
North Mountain, which is in both Sullivan and Luzerne
Counties, reaches an elevation of 2,600 feet. Other
high points in Luzerne are Penobscot Knob, Wyoming
Mountain, and The Haystack, each of which is 2,000
feet high. Blue Head is only slightly lower, reaching
1,860 feet. Wyoming County has Rickett's Peak, which
is 2,500 feet high. Sideling Hill, in Fulton County, is
only a little lower, as it reaches a height of 2,396 feet.
In Clinton County, Mount Riansares rises 2,293 feet,
and Mount Logan is 2,200 feet high. Lackawanna
County has Moosic Mountain, of 2,300 feet elevation ;
Panther Hill, 100 feet lower, and Mount Pisgah and
Big Shiney Mountain, both of 2,000 feet.
Indeed there are many peaks in the State of about 2,000 feet. Mount Montour, in Montour County, reaches that elevation. So do Mount PameU and Jor- dan's Knob, in Franklin County. Lycoming County has Balbfleisch and Table Mountains, which are re- spectively 2,150 and 2,000 feet. In Cameron County, Muley Head and Mount Barclay both reach a height of 2,100 feet. So does Mount Nessmuk, in Tioga Coun- ty. Centre County has High Head, 2,000 feet, and two peaks that are slightly higher— Ganderstep Knob and Indian Grave Hill, each 2,300 feet. In Monroe County Big Pocono reaches up 2,113 feet.
Other elevations, though not so lofty, present mag- nificent views. Among these lower heights are Spech^ Cup, 1,509 feet; Magilligan's Rocks, 1,500 feet, and The King's Stool, 1,200 feet, aU in Dauphin County; Mahanoy Mountain, 1,300 feet, in Northumberland County; The Pinnacle, 1,700 feet. Round Head, 1,600
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feet, and Deer Path HiU, 1,000 feet, in Berks County ; Stone Head, 1,300 feet, in York County; Mammy Mor- gan*s Hill, 1,200 feet, in Northampton County, and the Eagle's Peak, 1,000 feet, in Lebanon County.
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The Most Magnificent Views in Pennsylvania Can Be Had from the 116 Observation Towers in the State Forettt.
Visitors Are Welcome
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FOREST OBSERVATION TOWERS IN PENNSYLVANIA
There are 116 forest observation towers in Pennsyl- vania, each of which overlooks an average of 115,000 acres of forest land. Most of these towers are 60 feet high and carry an enclosed cabin at the top. They are located on the highest points throughout the State.
Thousands of people visit these towers annually. Some of the most beautiful views in Pennsylvania can be had from these lookout stations. The public is in- vited to ascend these safe steel structures that rise 60 OP more feet in the air and overlook both highlands and lowlands.
Forest fire observers are on duty in these towers day and night during the fire season. They are glad to answer questions about forestry, point out interesting views, and help the people to know Pennsylvania bet- ter. Each tower cabin is equipped with maps and other necessary facilities for reporting forest fires promptly. All towers are connected by telephone with the head- quarters of the district forester, forest rangers, and other members of the State's forest fire fighting or- ganization.
A list of the forest observation towers of Pennsyl- vania, classified by districts, and giving their locations, names, and elevations is appended :
NAME OP TOWER FOREST DISTRICT COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)
L Mlchaux Cumberland Big Flat 2,080
Cumberland Long Mountain 1.670
n. Buchanan Franklin Tuscarora 2,440
Bedford Martin's Hill 8.07S
Bedford Blue Knob 8,166
Fulton Sideling mil 2.S96
in. ToMxrora P«T]r 9iennan'« Mountain ... 2,100
Perry Big Knob 2.200
IV. Rotbrock Huntingdon Round Mmmtain 2,080
Huntingdon Jack'i Mountain 2,860
Mifflin Blue MounUin 2,000
Fulton Rock Hill 2.820
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FOREST DISTRICT V. Logan
VL Penn
Vn. Bald Eagle
VIII. Mont Alto
IX. Modiannon
X. Sproul
XI. Slimemahonfng XII. Tiadaghton ...
Xm. Elk
XIV. Cornplanter
XV. Susquehannock
XVI. Tioga
IV II. Valley Forgt XVIIl. Welser
NAME OF TOWER COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)
Huntingdon Greenwood 2,800
Huntingdon Bald Knob 1,700
Centra Little Hat 2.400
Blair The Loop 2,360
Centre Big Poe 2,140
Juniata Wagner 2,200
Centre Purdue 1,840
Union Sand Mountain 2,070
OUntoD Rianaarei 2,298
Snyder Middleswarth 2,127
Centre Round Top 2,208
Adama Staley'a Knob 1,880
Clearfield Smith Place 2.800
Clearfield The Knotw 2,200
Clearfield Grass Flat 1.662
Clearfield Faunce 1,718
Centre Sandy Ridge Summit. . . 2,800
Elk Boone Mountain 1,900
Cninton Tamarack 2,200
Clinton CotRn Rocks 2,826
Clinton Whetham 2,240
Oentra Snow Shoe 2.000
Cameron Three Runs 2,160
Camoron Grove Mountain S.IOO
Elk Winslow 1,000
Lycoming Pump Station 2,160
Lycoming Buck Horn 2.000
Lycoming Huntley 2,000
Lycoming Long Ridge 2,000
Lycoming Holmeshurst 2,000
Lycoming Shaffer's Path 2,060
, Potter Fox Mountain 2,400
Camnon Whittemore 2,000
Elk Boot Jack 2,150
Elk Wildwood 2,840
Elk Hanley 1,098
Warren Kinzua 2,164
Warren Wheeler 1,960
Forest Eldrldge Summit 1,860
Warren Sheffield 2,000
Warren Cole Hill 1,960
. P(Mer Cherry Springs 2,499
Potter West Pike 2,441
Potter Cranrtal Hill 2,170
McKean McDade 2.250
McKean Prospect 2,800
.Tioga Rarick 2,284
Tioga Gleaaon 2,130
Tioga Qoodall 2,300
Tioga Baldwin 2,834
Tioga Maple HIU 2,086
.Lancaster CTomwall 1,200
.(krbon Maucb Chunk 1,686
Carbon Stony Point 2,000
Carbon Broad Mountain 1.820
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FOREST DISTRICT
XIX. Delaware
NAME OF TOWER COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)
Lucerne Freeland Platform .... 2,000
Carbon Humboldt 1.980
LuEeme Penobscot 2,U0
SchuylkiU Good Spring 1,620
SchuylkiU Silver Greek 1.748
SchuylkiU Mount Pleasant 1.782
Dauphin Lykens 1.630
Dauphin Stony Mountain 1.660
Columbia Aristea 1.700
Columbia Catawiasa l.»26
BCTks Port Clinton 1630
Northumberland . . Boyer's Knob 1,806
.Monroe Delaware Water Gap. . . 1,600
Monroe Big Pocono 2.181
Monroe Snow Hill 1.400
XX. Wyoming
Pike ... Pike . . . .Wyoming Wyoming Luzerne Luzerne Bradford
XXI. Lackawanna
XXII. Forbes
XXIII. Gallitzin
XXIV. KitUnning
High Knob 2,010
Westfall 1,**0
Ricketta 2,520
Mehoopany 2,820
Harvey's 1,700
Shickshinny 1,620
, Kahili 2,200
Sullivan North Mountain 2,600
Lackawanna Scrub Oak 2,092
Susquehanna Elk Hill 2,684
Luzerne Dry Land HiU 1.900
Wayne Gould 2,888
Fayette Sugar Loaf 2,900
Somerset SUtler Hill 2.706
Somerset Negro MounUin 8.190
Somerset Hay's MiU 2,940
Westmoreland ....Bear Cave 2,630
Westmoreland . ...Morris Point 1,970
Westmoreland . ...Kecksbiftg 1.670
Fayette Goodwin Knob 1.190
Fayette Work HUl l.*70
.Cambria l^wer Yoder 2,720
Cambria Chickaree 2,460
Cambria St Lawrence 2.180
Indiana Glen CampbeU 1.960
BUlr BtmA MounUin 2,580
..Jefferson Hay's Lot 2,011
Venango Victory 1.608
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HOW TO USE THE STATE FORESTS IN PENNSYLVANIA
The State of Pennsylvania now owns 1,262,026 acres of forest land. You are welcome in the State forests. They are always wide open for proper use.
The State forests belong to the people of the State. They are administered by the Department of Forests and Waters in a business-like way. The primary use for the State forests is to produce wood, but they are also handled with special regard to their recreational advantages, and to promote health, protect the flow and purity of our streams, and afford a home and breeding place for wild life. If you want a day or a week in the woods go to the State forests. There is no better place to play and to rest than among the vast forest reaches, covered with a varied plant and tree life, that shelter large numbers of furred and feathered folks.
Within the State forests there are already nearly 2,000 permanent camping sites, which are small areas especially adapted to recreational use, that are leased to individuals and organizations at a nominal annual rental. Upon many of these camping sites attractive cottages or cabins have already been erected. These forest life saving stations are a big factor in promoting and maintaining the health of the citizens of the State. The average annual rental of a permanent camp site ranges from $7.00 to |15.00. If you are interested in a fine play place in the forest, and if you want fuller information about the use of the State forests, write to the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa., asking for Circular 25, "How to Use the State Forests."
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STATE FOREST RULES
1. The State forests are for the use and benefit of all the citizens of Pennsylvania. Forest officers are instructed to cooperate with and assist all persons in the legitimate enjoyment of them.
2. To provide for the proper use and protection of the forests, no standing young or old trees shall be cut, shot at, barked, or otherwise damaged or destroyed, except as may be necessary for proper utilization of the forests and with the approval of a forest officer, se- cured in advance.
3. Since uncontrolled grazing by horses, sheep, cattle, or hogs is injurious to young trees, it is prohib- ited except by special permission.
4. No permit is required to camp overnight, but to insure the protection of forests against abuse a permit is necessary to camp for a period of two days or longer.
6. For the protection of the public health, springs and streams must not be polluted.
6. If the needs of the State for timber are to be met, forest fires must be prevented. No camp fires are per- mitted unless proper precautions are taken to prevent their spreading to the forest.
7. All camp fires must be put out completely, im- mediately after use.
8. Persons suspected of starting forest fires, inten- tionally or unintentionally, will be prosecuted.
9. The placing of advertisements in the State for- ests is not permitted.
10. For the protection of those who will camp in the forests hereafter, all waste paper, empty cans, and
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other refuse must be buried or otherwise disposed of by those who bring them into the forest.
11. For the protection of wild life, strict observance of the game and fish laws by campers will be required.
12. For the preservation of flowers, the gathering of flowers of woody species is prohibited, except on permission of a forest officer.
13. For the preservation of fish life, and the com- fort and consideration of campers, the use of motor- driven boats on lakes, ponds, and dams within the State forests is prohibited.
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HELPFUL CAMP SUGGESTIONS
1. Choose your camp site well. It should be a fairly open spot, level enough for your tent and camp-fire, but elevated enough to have good natural drainage. It should have exposure to direct sunlight during part of the day, especially during the early morning hours. In summer, exposure to whatever breezes may blow, is desirable.
2. Many campers make the mistake of selecting a camp site solely for its attractiveness, say in a cozy nook beneath the shade of large hemlocks and close by a stream side; this often results in poor light, poor ventilation, undesirable moisture conditions, and an- noyance from mosquitos and other insects. It is bet- ter to "build high and dry."
3. Remember that your tent is to serve as a shelter rather than a dwelling place, while you are in the woods. Considering its service as a shelter, it deserves less consideration than the out-of-doors where the camper spends the most enjoyable hours that make camping worth while. It is not necessary to pitch your tent in the most beautiful forest recess. Often it is better to keep such places for visitation.
4. Always locate near an ample supply of pure water. While a spring is desirable, the average spark- ling mountain stream, bubbling over a rocky course and receiving a plentiful supply of sunshine, can be depended upon as a source of potable water. A hike up-stream for a survey of its condition is well worth while before final selection of your camp site. It fur- nishes an unique feature to the many adventures of a camping trip.
5. Travel *light." One of the recognized values of recreation in the forest is the lifting of burdens, and the escape from the thousand and one little things
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that necessarily go with the usual routine of everyday business life. Go camping with a light heart, a care- free spirit — but with foresight. There must be ade- quate shelter, good food, proper clothing, and some special equipment — but it should be as little as neces- sary.
6. For shelter use as small a tent as possible. A standard cushioned sleeping bag or an "air bed" is preferred by many, with a small canvas lean-to shelter that can be readily slanted from two stakes, to protect one's head. It should be slanted to the ground on the side from which the wind blows.
7. The most serviceable sort of bed that can con- veniently be carried afoot into the forest consists of a narrow bag made from bed ticking, about 2^^ by 6^4 feet, which may be filled with dry leaves on reaching camp. It is weU to have a rubber blanket to spread over it and beneath the bed blankets. Remember that two light blankets are warmer than one heavy one. If one travels by automobile to the immediate camp site it is practicable to take a cot, a fly tent, and other accessories that cannot be taken afoot. If, however, there be a number of persons in the camping party, even though traveling by automobile, it is well to dis- pense with all extra articles.
8. The clothing of the forest camper should be strong, soft, light, warm for its weight, and easy to dry after wetting. It should be roomy enough to give free play. Underclothing should be of wool. It is unwise to carry more changes of clothing than necessary. So long as extra clean changes of clothing remain, the average person is not disposed to wash them. An ac- cumulation of soiled clothes is a camper's menace of the first magnitude.
9. Plain, simple foods form the best fare for the forest recreationist. The greatest food value together
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with the least bulk \b the first rule of his diet. His rations should consist of foods that are easily carried, easily kept and easily prepared. The preparation of the camper's meals is, nevertheless, an art worthy of the experienced. The bulk of his food supply for a given period should average not more than 2% pounds a day per man. See books on camping (page 92) for detailed information on menus.
10. The miscellaneous equipment of the camper, be- sides his mess and toilet articles, should be very little. A sharp pocket knife of the Boy Scout type, a sharp hand axe, a waterproof match case, and a first aid packet should always be taken. A book on camping suggestions, containing first aid rules, is recommended to every forest camper (see page 92). Field glasses, a pocket lens, a canteen, and a compass may be de- sired, according to the individual. A durable notebook and several pencils should certainly be carried by every forest user, in which notes and sketches may be made. The latter, even though simple, will be of great value for future reference. A small camera that takes good pictures may also be a valuable addition to the neces- sary equipment.
11. Each forest camper needs a cook fire, and most everyone will have a camp fire, too, for evenings. He must know how to select materials, how to build a fire, how to prevent the fii^e from spreading into the forest, and what to do if it should spread.
12. Before starting your fires, gather together a suf- ficient supply of suitable materials. Stuflf of mixed sizes is desirable— dry leaves, shavings, twigs, bark, split-wood, and finally round logs. Remember that a thick piece of wood will not take fire from the quick blaze of a few leaves that are soon consumed. In damp weather it is advisable to make a good supply of dry shavings with your jack knife.
Build up a small cone of twigs about the shavings
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and, when the fire takes well, larger material may be laid across it and the cone-shape broken down. It is abed of Jiot and glowing embers, rather than a flaming fire, which is needed for cooking. For the camp fire, on the other hand, the cone may be enlarged to as great size, with safety, as is desired.
It is often convenient to carry ten or a dozen straight, stifif, iron rods, approximately two feet in length, for the gridiron. These rods should be carried in a long, narrow bag into which they fit neatly. In use these are laid across the fire from logs or stones on either side. A simple and serviceable substitute for such rods is two flat irons about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, one inch wide, and two feet long.
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SEVEN TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING
FOREST FIRES
1. Garb. — Be as careful with fire in the woods as you are with fire in your home.
2. Matches. — Be sure your match is out. Put it in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it away. Make this a habit.
3. Tobacco. — Throw pipe ashes and cigar or cigar- ette stubs in the dust of the road, and stamp or pinch out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw them into brush, leaves, or needles.
4. Location of Camp. — Select a spot as free as pos- sible from inflammable material, sheltered from the wind, and near accessible water.
6. Camp Fires. — Never build a camp fire against a tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build all fires away from overhanging branches and on an earth or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or leaf mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all inflam- mable material within a radius of three to five feet. Make sure the fire cannot spread on or under the ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while you are in camp, and that it is going to be easy to put out when you are ready to leave camp.
6. Leaving Camp. — Never leave a camp fire, even for a short time, without completely extinguishing every spark with water or earth free from moss and leaf mold. Do not throw charred cross logs to one side, where a smoldering spark might catch. It is well to Boak thoroughly all embers and charred pieces of wood and then cover them with earth. Feel around the outer edge of the fire pit to make sure no fire is smoldering in charred roots or leaf mold. Hun<lreds of fires blaze up again and escape each year after campers have thought they were extinguished.
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r*
7. Put the Fire Out. — If you discover a forest fire, put it out. If you need help, notify the nearest forest fire warden. A telephone central operator will connect you with him.
OUTDOOR ORGANIZATIONS
If you are interested in outdoor life, hiking, and mountaineering and wish to become a member of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club, communicate with Secre- tary Philip Krouse, 2111 Washington Avenue, Al- toona. Pa., who will put you in touch with the secre- tary of the local chapter of the Alpine Club nearest to your home.
There are many hunting and fishing clubs in favor- able localities in the Pennsylvania mountains. District foresters can furnish information concerning these, as well as concerning available camp sites that can be leased in the State forests. Boy Scout masters, secre- taries of Girl Guides, Camp Fire Girls, and Bird Clubs can be found in nearly all towns in Pennsylvania. They will gladly send details concerning membership, etc
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MAPS OF PENNSYLVANIA
Maps are a great help to forest users. A handy and helpful map of Pennsylvania, with a scale of 12 miles to one inch, has been issued by the State Department of Forests and Waters. It shows the location of State forests. State forest parks, State forest monu- ments, forest observation towers, game refuges, the pi'incipal highways of the State, and other places of interest. This map is distributed free of charge.
Maps "with greater detail (scale 1 mile to an inch) have also been issued covering some of the State for- ests; others are now in preparation. They show not only the highways, but also the secondary roads, trails, fire lanes., streams, camp sites, and other interesting features of the forest. Fourteen of these "Public Use Maps" have already been issued. They are :
SECTION OF STATE PUBLIC USE MAP COVERED BY COUNTIES
1. Delaware State Forest Monroe and Pike
2. Bald Eagle State Forest
r southern section) Union, Snyder, Centre
3. Bald Eagle State Forest
(northern section) Union, Centre, Clinton
4. Logan State Forest Centre and Huntingdon
5. Michaux and Mont Alto
State Forests Adams, Cumberland, and
Franklin
6. Moshannon State Forest Clearfield, Elk, Centre
7. Penn State Forest Centre and Mifflin
8. Sinnemahoning State Forest.Cameron, Elk, Clearfield,
Clinton
9. Sproul State Forest Clinton and Centre '
10. Susquehaiinock State Forest.Potter and Clinton
11. Tiadaghton State Forest
( eastern section) Lycoming
12. Tiadaghton State Forest
(western section) Lycoming, Clinton, Potter
13. Tioga State Forest Tioga and northwestern Ly-
coming
14. Tuscarora State Forest Perry, Juniata, Cumberland,
Franklin
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For many years a topographic and geologic survey of Pennsylvania has been in progress. This work is being done co-operatively by the Federal government and the State. Pennsylvania is divided into 234 quad- rangles, of which 151 have already been completely mapped and printed for distribution. The scale of these maps is one mile to an inch. They show highway routes, streams, topography, and many other impor- tant landscape features. These maps, called quadran- gles, can be secure<l at 10 cents each from the Topo- graphic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pa., folded, or the Geologic Survey, Washington, D. C, rolled (stamps not accepted).
County road maps have been issued for most of the counties of the State. The scale is 6,000 feet to an inch, this being slightly smaller than the scale used in the topographic quadrangle maps. These county highway maps do not show the topograpliy and some of the other details of the quadrangle maps, but the road systems, townships, towns, etc., are clearly marked. These maps may be secured for 50 cents each from the Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pa. (stamps not accepted).
An attractive and helpful booklet, called "Pennsyl- vania Highways," beautifully illustrated and con- taining helpful information about all the highway routes, distances, tourist camps, and many outstand- ing scenic features, also has been issued. It contains a road map of all the State highway routes, and pic- ''tures in a most pleasing way many of the scenic fea- tures of Pennsylvania. This publication can be se- cured from the Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pa.
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LIST OF HELPFUL BOOKS FOR CAMPERS IN PENN'S WOODS
"The Book of Camping and Wood Craft" — by Horace Kephart. Contains excellent information on camp out- fitting, camp equipment, clothing, forest travel, hides and their tanning, and first aid in accidents. Outing Publishing Company, New York City.
"Camping Out — A Manual of Organized Camping" — by the Playground and Recreation Association of America. A detailed manual for organizers and direc- tors concerning camp organization and management, equipment, morale and ideals, camp programs, games, and training, etc. Contains much information of value to the individual. 636 pages, illustrated. The Macmillan Company, New York City.
"Manual for Army Cooks." Secure from Superin- tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, 50 cents (stamps not accepted).
"Eldorado Found — A Guidebook to the Pennsylva- nia Mountains" — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1916. (Out of print, but can be consulted at the State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.)
"Gipsy Life and Gipsy Lore in the Pennsylvania Mountains" — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1924. (New edition in preparation.)
Trees
"Pennsylvania Trees" — by Joseph S. Illick. Each tree description accompanied by a full page plate of line drawings of tree parts, emphasizing the distin- guishing characteristics. 237 pages. 119 plates and 126 photographic illustrations. Fourth edition com- pletely exhausted. New edition is in preparation. Copies are now available for reference in all public libraries of Pennsylvania and in the libraries of col- leges, normal schools, high schools, Y. M. C. A's, Y. W.
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O. A's, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa.
"Common Trees of Pennsylvania" — Joseph S. Illick. A handy pocket manual of 112 pages with 100 illustra- tions. Price 50 cents. Printed and distributed by The Book Shop, New Cumberland, Pa.
"Tree Guide" — by Julia E. Rogers (small pocket edition). 265 pages. With 244 photographs in black and white and color. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"Tree Habits — How to know the Hardwoods" — ^by Joseph S. Illick. 337 pages, 140 photographic illustra- tions, 55 line drawings, 24 identification keys, and 28 guide tables. Distributed by The Book Shop, New Cumberland, Pa.
"Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs" — ^by F. Schuyler Mathews. Numerous full page illustrations and maps. G. P. Putnam^s Sons, New York City.
"Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them — A Popular Study of Their Habits and Their Peculiari- ties"—by Harriet L. Keeler. 533 pages with 178 full page plates from photographs and 162 illustrations from drawings. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.
"Trees Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. 263 pages. Illustrated in black and white photographs and color. Grossett and Dunlap, New York City.
"The Human Side of Trees" — ^by Royal Dixon and Franklin E. Fitch. 199 pages with 32 full page photographic illustrations in black and white and four in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.
"Our Northern Shrubs and How to Identify Them"— by Harriet Keeler. 521 pages with 205 full page plates from photographs and 35 illustrations from drawings. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.
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"A Primer of Forestry (Parts I and II)"— by Giflford PiDchot. Distributed by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. 0. Price 10 cents each for
Parts I and II.
"Elements of Forestry"— by F. F. Moon and N. 0. Brown. 409 pages, with 77 figures and a number of tables and maps. John Wiley and Sons, New York
City.
"Our Vanishing Forests"— by Arthur Newton Pack, 189 pages. A popular treatise with numerous sketches and cartoons. The Macmillan Company, New York
City.
"The School Book of Forestry"— by Charies Lathrop Pack. The American Tree Association, Washington,
D. C.
Wild Flowers ,
"Wild Flowers Worth Knowing"— by Neltje Blanchan. 270 pages with 48 illustrations in color. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"How to Know the Wild Flowers"— by Mrs. William Starr Dana. 346 pages with 48 colored plates and 110 full page drawings. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York
City.
"Field Book of American Wild Flowers"- by F. Schuyler Mathews. 587 pages, with 24 colored plates and over 300 fuU page pen illustrations by the author. Q. P. Putnam's Sons, New York City.
Fbens **Ferns"— by Campbell E. Waters. 362 pages with over 200 illustrations from photographs and original drawings. Henry Holt and Company, New York City.
Mosses
"Mosses, with a Hand Lens"— by A. J. Grout. A non-technical handbook of the more common and more
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easily recognized mosses of the northeastern United States. 208 pages, with 39 full page plates of line drawings, 118 text drawings, and 33 figures descriptive of moss terminology. O. T. Louis Co., 59 Fifth Ave., New York City.
Mushrooms
"The Mushroom Book" — ^by Nina L. Marshall. 167 pages, with many illustrations in color, black and white photographs from nature, and text drawings. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
Birds
**What Bird is That? A Pocket Museum of the Land Birds of the Eastern United States Arranged Accord- ing to Season" — by Frank M. Chapman. 144 pages with 8 fuU page plates showing 301 birds in color. D. Appleton and Company, New York City.
"Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music"— by F. Schuyler Mathews. 262 pages with numerous re- productions of water color and pen and ink studies of birds and complete musical notes of bird songs by the author. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York City.
"Hand-book of Birds of Eastern North America" — by Frank M. Chapman. 530 pages with full page plates in colors and black and white by Louis Agassiz Puertes and text cuts by Tappan Adney and Ernest Thompson Seton. D. Appleton and Company, New York City.
"Birds Every Child Should Know"— -by Neltje Blanchan. 273 pages with 63 pages of photographs from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"The Human Side of Birds"— by Royal Dixon. 246 pages with 32 illustrations from photographs and 4 illustrations in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.
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"The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania"— by John C. French and John H. Chatham, edited by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.
"The Bald Eagle on the Susquehanna River"— by John H. Chatham, with an introduction by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.
"Birds of Pennsylvania"— by Dr. B. Harry Warren, illustrated with reproductions of the famous Audubon prints, Harrisburg, 1890. Now out of print, but can be obtained for use at the State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. This is the standard work on the Pennsylvania birds.
Butterflies
"Butterflies Worth Knowing"— by Clarence M. Weed. 286 pages, 48 plates (32 in color). Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"The Butterfly Book"— by J. G. Holland. 350 pages with 48 colored plates and numerous text illustrations. Doubleday and McClure Company, New York City.
"The Butterfly Guide" (small pocket edition)— W. J. Holland. 295 figures in color, illustrating 255 species. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New York.
Moths
"The Moth Book"— by W. J. Holland. 479 pages with 48 pages in color photography and 263 text draw- ings. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
Insects
"The Insect Book"— by Leland O. Howard. 429 pages with 47 full-page plates and 264 text drawings. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
Bbptiles
ur
*The Reptile Book"— by Raymond L. Ditmars. 472 pages with 8 plates in color and more than 400
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photographs from life. Doubleday, Page and Com- pany, Garden City, N. Y.
Frogs
"The Frog Book — North American Toads and Frogs with a Study of the Habits and Life Histories of Those of the Northeastern States" — by Mary C. Dickerson. 253 pages with over 300 photographs from life by the author. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
Wild Animals
"The Minds and Manners of Wild Animals" — ^by William T. Hornaday. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.
"The American Natural History" — ^by William T. Hornaday. Illustrated by 222 drawings, 116 photo- graphs and numerous charts and maps. Chas. Scrib- ner's Sons, New York City.
"Wild Animals I have Known" — ^by Ernest Thomp- son Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"Lives of the Hunted" — ^by Ernest Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"Wild Animal Ways" — by Ernest Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"Life History of Northern Animals" — ^by Ernest Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
"Wild Animals Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page and Company, Gar- den City, N. Y.
"The Human Side of Animals" — ^by Royal Dixon. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.
"Extinct Pennsylvania Animals (Parts I and II)" — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa. 1917-1919.
"Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey" — ^by S. N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, 1903.
"Pennsylvania Deer and Their Horns" — ^by Henry
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W. Shoemaker. Reading Eagle Company, Reading,
Pa., 1915.
"Sharp Eyes"— by W. Hamilton Gibson. Harper and Bros., New York City, 1892. Out of print, but can be consulted at State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.
Works of George W. Sears, "Nessmuk," the founder of the outdoor movement in Pennsylvania. Out of print, but are available at State Library, Harrisburg,
Pa.
"Thirty Years a Hunter"— by Philip Tome, 1854. Reprint by Aurand Press, Harrisburg, Pa., with intro- ductory preface by Henry W. Shoemaker, 1928.
"Forty-four Years a Hunter"— by Meshach Brown- ing. Out of print, but available at State Library, Har- risburg, Pa.
These old books are classics among the volumes on nature observation and big game hunting in Pennsyl- vania.
Earth, Rock, and Sky
"Earth and Sky Every ChUd Should Know"— by Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page and Company, Gar-
den City, N. Y.
"Survey of Nature"— by George R. Green, Professor of Nature Education, State College, Pennsylvania. Slingerland-Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York. This important and authoritative book comprises more than 300 pages and about 150 illustra- tions. It gives a survey of the entire field of nature covering all the more important groups.
"Handbook of Nature Study"— by Mrs. Anna B. Comstock. 938 pages, fuUy illustrated. Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y.
"Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals"— by Frederick B. Loomis. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York
City.
"Astronomy with the Naked Eye"— by Garrett P. Serviss. 246 pages with descriptions and charts of the constellations, stars, and planets. Harper and Bros., New York City.
M
IN PBNN'S WOODS
Pennsylvania Indians
"Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania" — by C. Hale Sipe, Butler, Pa., 1927.
"Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania" — by Dr. George P. Donehoo, Telegraph Printing Co., Harrisburg, Pa., 1927.
"Indians of Berks County" — ^by Prof. G. M. Bruner, Reading, Pa., 1872. Out of print, but available at State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.
Photogbapht
"Outdoor Photography"— by Julian A. Dimick. 131 pages with full-page illustrations from photographs by the author. The Macmillan Company, New York City.
"Nature and the Camera: How to Photograph Live Birds and Their Nests; Animals — Wild and Tame; Reptiles, Insects, Fish and Aquatic Forms; Flowers, Trees, Fungi, Etc." — by A. Radcliffe Dugmore. Double- day, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.
Publications Available for Free Distribution
The State Forests of Pennsylvania Bulletin 37
How to Use the State Forests Circular 25
Lessons In Forest Protection Bulletin 85
How to Prevent Forest Fires Bulletin 40
How to Know the Common Trees and
Shrubs of Pennsylvania Bulletin 33
Plant Forest Trees on Idle Acres Circular 28
Forest Tree Planting Recommendations. ..Circular 29
Forest Trees to Plant Circular 31
The Allanthus Tree In Pennsylvania Bulletin 38
What Follows Pulp and Chemical-Wood
Cutting In Northern Pennsylvania Bulletin 43
Forest Conversion Experiments on Scrub Oak Barrens of Southern Pennsyl- vania Bulletin 41
Auxiliary Forest Reserve Laws Circular 33
For additional copies of this booklet, Bulletin 31, and free publications in the foregoing list, apply to The Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa.
Talks on Forestry
BY
GIFFORD PINCHOT
BULLETIN 32
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner
May, 1923
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY STATE FOREST COMMISSION
R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry. Edward Bailey. Henry W. Shoemaker. Mrs. John L. Lawrence.
(Mary FUnn Lawrence.) Henry S. Drinker.
Lewis E. Staley, Deputy Commissioner of I'Orestry.
George H. Wirt, Chief, Bureau of Protection.
John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.
Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.
Joseph S. Illick, Chief, Office of Research.
W. Erdmann Montj^omery, Chief, Office of Maintenance.
E. A. Ziegler, Director, State Forest Academy.
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INTRODUCTION
The "TALKS ON FORESTRY" by Giflford Pinchot made in 1920, while Commissioner of Forestry, are so concise and helpful that they should be made available to all citizens of the State in- terested in the restoration of Pennsylvania's forests. The Depart- ment of Forestry has secured the consent of the Governor to their use in printed form. I hope that all Pennsylvanians will read these talks thoughtfully and with full knowledge of the fact that WOOD, the product of the forest, is essential to our welfare and happiness.
Every citizen of the State can help in restoring Penn's Woods. You can prevent forest fires by being careful with fire in the woods and by urging others to be careful. If a forest fire occurs, try to put it out yourself, or, if assistance is needed, notify the nearest forest fire warden. The Department of Forestry is glad to cooperate with owners in the proper protection and care of their forest lands.
The forest is one of our best friends. It serves us every day of our lives. In return for these services it merits our constant care and helpful hand.
Robert Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry.
Mav 2, 1923.
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CONTENTS.
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TALK PAGE
1. The bare facts, 7
2. Timber deficit our own problem, 8
3. Conservation — what it means, 9
4. Give the trees a chance, 10
5. Maintaining the timber level, 11
6. Industrial eflFects of devastation, , . 13
7. Responsibility of timber owners, 14
8. How lumber costs have mounted, 15
9. Forestry a business proposition, 16
10. Forests and floods, 18
11. Forests and agriculture, 19
12. Forests and recreation, 20
13. The forest and everyday things, 22
14. Why the woods burn, 23
15. Forests to burn, < 24
16. Why Pennsylvania owns forests, 26.
17. Our forests of the future, 27
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TALKS ON FORESTRY By Gif f ord Pinchot
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THE BARE FACTS
The one word which properly describes the facts surrounding the forest and lumber situation in Pennsylvania is "bare."
Wasteful lumbering and fire— lack of attention to the tree-growing lands of the State — have made bare millions of Pennsylvania acres which by all that is reasonable should be growing one crop of trees after another, for that is all they can be made to grow.
Pennsylvania has 5,000,000 acres fit only for growing trees— an area greater than the entire state of New Jersey. It used to be covered with the richest forests. At present it is producing little or nothing for the use and benefit of our people. An area that produces nothing is a desert. This is Pennsylvania's desert.
The Pennsylvania Desert costs the people of the State $100,000,000 a year — twice as much as it costs to run the State Government.
It works out like this. We use in Pennsylvania about 2,300,000,000 feet of lumber each year. We might grow nearly all of it at home, but we have been letting the fires run instead. As a result we arc paying not less than $25,000,000 a year in freight charges on lumber brought into the State. This freight bill grows and will soon ex- ceed $40,000,000 every twelve months.
In addition, and apart from the freight, we pay $50,000,000 more each year for the 1,700,000,000 feet of lumber we import.
This is nearly pure loss, but it does not tell the whole story. The other losses due to forest destruction and the closing or removal of woodworking industries are very great, and there is besides the loss from floods, the loss of business to the business men of the State, the loss to newspapers through the excessive cost of newsprint which might just as well have been produced at home, tlie loss of population driven to other States to find employment in lumbering, the loss of fish and game, the loss of summer resort business, and other losses, which combined we may very conservatively place at $25,000,000 a year. The total loss is one hundred millions.
The direct damage from fire is the smallest of all— probably less than half a million— because outside of farmers' woodlots there is so little valuable timber left to burn. It is not what the fires burn up, but what they prevent from growing, that truly measures the damage they cause.
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8
Taking it altogether, we are well within the truth in estimating that the Pennsylvania Desert keeps out of the pockets of our people, and puts into their cost of living, not less than $100,000,000 a year.
Until 1897, Pennsylvania was a lumber-exporting state. Then we started importing lumber. Now we import four times as much
as our forests produce.
From 2,300,000,000 board feet produced in Pennsylvania forests in 1899 there was a drop to 510,000,000 board feet estimated for 1921.
Tree cutting goes on without regrowth of trees. This means forest devastation. It means neglect of our true economic interests that borders on the criminal. For this condition Pennsylvania is to Ijlame— Pennsylvania in its capacity as a Commonwealth of intelli- gent people.
The remedy lies in renewed protection and care of our forests and in true statesmanship on the part of our lawmakers and law administrators.
TIMBER DEFICIT OUR OWN PROBLEM
Pennsylvania's timber situation is Pennsylvania's own problem. We cannot pass the responsibility to the rest of the country or the rest of the world, because we have the land for producing all the timber we need and sufficient to make exportation of Pennsylvania timber one of our profitable industries.
The 5,000,000 acres of what is now Pennsylvania's Desert can be— and should be— growing timber all the while it is furnishing timber.
A shortage in most staple crops can be made good in one year, but timber is a long-time crop.
To mature a timber crop requires from 50 to 100 years, or more, and no urgency of need nor amount of money and effort can shorten the period. Within less than fifty years, at the present rate, timber shortage in the United States will have become a blighting timber
famine.
Pennsylvania's duty is to begin now the policy of timber produc- tion and timber conservation which will restore its woods to their former value and insure the people of the State against the evil day of timber famine which we know to be not far ahead.
Pennsylvania should own most of the land fit only for growing
trees because:
The care and attention which the State as such can and will give is greater than the care and attention a private individual or cor- poration can and will give.
The timber development of the State affects every other industry
and is, therefore, a people's question.
The State as such must supervise the cutting of trees if the for- ests are to continue.
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Privately owned timber must have protection from fire and care- ful supervision to preserve it from devastation. The present timber and woodpulp shortage has developed out of the existing practice of lumbering, which is based on the careless assumption that "we have timber enough to last." Under past and present lumbering practice, mature crops of native timber have been harvested wholly without regard to succeeding crops. No provision has been made for the starting of new forest growth, for protecting it from fires which follow lumbering, nor for the care of young timber. No ef- fort has been made, by private concerns, to keep forest lands grow- ing timber. As a result, lands which have been at work, century after century, producing forests that maintained and renewed them- selves without care or cost, are transformed by the lumbering into non-productive wastes of blackened stumps and bleaching snags.
This is forest devastation.
Pennsylvania's duty is to stop devastation.
Our timber deficit is our own problem. The State in its duty to its people must meet this problem— and solve it.
CONSERVATION— WHAT IT MEANS
Conservation does not mean the holding back of production. It does not mean hoarding.
What conservation does mean is the wise use of whatever is to be conserved. The conservation of natural resources, which have been given to all the people by the Almighty, means their use in a way that will benefit the greatest number of people for the longest
possible time.
In these articles we are dealing with the wood and lumber prob- lems. Unless we practice conservation in forestry we shall drift— if we do not plunge— into a scarcity of wood that will amount to a timber famine, the effects of which will be felt by every man, woman
and child in America.
Pennsylvania's forest conservation problem is of deep concern to every person in Pennsylvania, because every person in Pennsyl- vania uses wood.
During the war there was immediate demand for supplies ot every kind, and there was much waste. Waste comes naturally with war. Therefore, what was done during the stress of war times may now be overlooked, but may also well be used to point a moral.
There was extraordinarv demand for mine props when the caU for coal came. People saw the chance for big money and quick money. They rushed in the axemen and down came the trees. Thousands of acres of young growing timber were devastated. Young trees that had weathered their roughest years and were on a rapid road to real value were hewn down and hurried to the mines.
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and in cutting them no protection was given to the trees that re- mained. The result is that as timber producing areas the woods that were cut over were thrown back fully fifty years.
While this was being done there were left standing in the forests many times more than enough trees of proper sizes and kinds to supply the mine props that were furnished locally, and do it with- out devastation. Young chestnut, subject to blight, which ought to be cut to protect and develop the forest, could have been had in great abundance, and other usable growth as well.
All this happened in war. But in normal times this sort of lum- bering is inexcusable — yet it did not stop when the fighting was over. Pennsylvania has far too much of it now.
It is the duty of the people to protect themselves against this and every other form of needless forest devastation.
The exercise of the public's powers along such lines as this is necessary for real conservation. Understanding of the situation on the part of the people, and the sure appreciation which comes with understanding, is what we need to make conservation an effective
thing.
We must keep the land which is good for nothing except to grow trees busy growing trees, for that is the wisest use than can be made of it, and the wise use of a natural resource is conservation.
GIVE THE TREES A CHANCE
It is not so much what forest fires destroy that makes them so costly, but what they prevent from growing. It is the same with careless lumbering.
When a tract of timber is cut without giving the necessary pro- tection to the young growth, it is easily possible for the operation to destroy for the future far more timber than it has cut for pres- ent consumption. How this adds to the ultimate cost of lumber is easily seen. The wise lumbering operation is the one that is un- dertaken in a sound, practical systematic way and with a view both to harvest the ripe timber and to conserve the young growth and keeping the forest in shape to continue producing trees.
Cutting and skidding should be done when possible in the wui- tcr months, because at this season the least damage will occur to the young growth. Danger from fire in the winter is at a minimum, and spring sprouting to follow will be most vigorous. Logging op- erations are most economical in the months when plant life is dor- mant, and when the ground is frozen. The product can be manufac- tured at the mill and marketed during the summer months to better advantage from the standpoint both of the lumbermen and the em- ployer. During these months the forests would be let alone for the young growth to get started.
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Pennsylvania has seen too much of devastating lumbering. The Department of Forestry has ended it as far as the State forests are concerned. But the Department's duty extends to all forests. It is the people's job to put an end to unnecessary forest devasta- tion, just the same as to forest fires, on all purely timber producing lands.
No Forester wants to grow trees on land worth more to farm. But neither does he want land to lie idle that could just as well or better be growing trees.
On a well-handled forest the trees to be cut are first carefully selected and then marked so as to avoid any mistake. They are selected in such a way as to get what the owner wants, while at the same time the welfare of the forest is not overlooked. Then each tree is thrown where it will do the least harm to young growth in falling, and any small trees bent down under its crown are re- leased at once. After that the branches are lopped down to a cer- tain size (say three inches in diameter) and the brush is scattered so that it will rot as quickly as possible, or piled for burning. Through it all the essential thing is neither to cut nor to injure any young tree that can be spared.
The public generally can appreciate the reasons for carefully avoiding forest devastation in all lumbering. It is a people's ques- tion. Conservative lumbering will not work a hardship upon lum- bermen, and it will be a great aid in ending the devastation of the forests.
The effects of careless lumbering are felt by the people of Penn- svlvania in a dozen of ways. When a citizen builds a home, when he buys a pair of shoes, or when his wife goes to market for food for the family, they feel the pinch because the cost of the wood which enters into the manufacture, transportation, or sale of every commodity purchased is part of the reason for the excessive prices charged. When a man travels on a railroad or by motor car in any part of Pennsylvania, he sees in bald hills and barren wastes the awful results of letting forest fires make lumber scarce, and of short-sighted selfishness in lumbering.
Give the young trees a chance. They will grow if you will let them.
MAINTAINING THE TIMBER LEVEL
By cutting only the right trees, by giving young trees a chance to grow up as fast as the mature ones are cut, and by keeping the fires out of the forests it is possible for Pennsylvania to maintain a steady level of production in its lumber industry.
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Pennsylvania uses great quantities of wood each year. Expressed in simple terms the Commonwealth's annual consumption of wood amounts to the equivalent of about five billion board feet. So much lumber, stretched end to end would mak a wooden belt for Mother Earth, with plenty of room for buckling and overlapping, an inch thick and forty feet wide.
Not all of this lumber is used in building operations and manufac- turing. It includes also railroad ties, fencing, mine timbers, pulp- wood, shingles, slack cooperage, tight cooperage, wood for distilla- tion, veneer logs, telegraph poles, and firewood.
Nearly the whole of it could and should be produced in Pennsyl- -vania, with a great deal left over for export as well.
In 1890 Pennsylvania's lumber cut was in excess of the State's consumption. A few years later we started to import lumber. To- day our lumber users must go outside the State — and in most cases pay for freight hauls of thousands of miles — for more than half the lumber necessary in the industrial life of the Commonwealth.
To maintain Pennsylvania's normal level of forest production, it is, however, necessary first to get back to it.
Before all else, the reclamation of our forest lands is what we need. First, we must keep down the fires; second, we must put an end to forest devastation. In other words, we must see that young trees are permitted to grow where mature ones have been removed.
The penalties the Commonwealth must pay for not maintaining its timber level make themselves felt in the loss to the consumers of wood in every form, in the high prices they must pay, including freight charges; with corresponding increase in the cost of living; in the loss caused by floods, the loss in soil values, the loss of wages, and many other losses acutely felt by all of the people.
The mere statement of the fact that from a lumber-exporting State we have fallen to a lumber importing State is sufficient to arouse the interest of the people of Pennsylvania. The reason for this is not found in the increase in population and manufacturing. We have less manufacturing of lumber in Pennsylvania than we had twenty years ago, and our per capita consumption of lumber has not increased.
The big answer to the loss of our timber level is found in the bald hills and barren wastes so familiar to all who travel over the State.
When we conquer fires and put an end to forest devastation, when we give the young trees a chance to grow, we shall have started on the return trip. Then conservative lumbering under sound practical flirection will maintain Pennsylvania's timber level and immeasurably increase the prosperity of our Commonwealth.
GIVE THE TREES A CHANGE They wiU grow into valuable timber if fires are kept out
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INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS OF DEVASTATION
The exhaustion of a forest creates losses which are felt far be- yond the neighborhoods actually devastated. As lumbering comc!> to an end, leaving in its wake enormous areas of idle land, a great shifting in population, commerce and industry takes place. As the lumber camps support the forest communities, so the forest com- munities in large measure support the neighboring towns and cities.
There are whole counties in Pennsylvania where no argument is needed to support these statements. Potter, Lycoming, Tioga, Cameron, and numerous other counties that were once chiefly noted for their lumbering, all contain striking examples of what
forest devastation will do.
Residents of those counties who are still young can vividly re- call the rapid passing of prosperous communities into abandoned and desolate groups of buildings, such as the towns of Cross Fork, Gardeau, Medix Run, Norwich and many another.
If the cut-over areas of Pennsylvania had been put to work growing trees as rapidly as they were shorn of their original tim- ber growth, there would be little cause to lament the fact that the lumber had been cut. For even though temporarily the local tim- ber supply was lost, the time of its return would not be too far ahead. But devastated lands are a total loss. They not only grow nothing profitable themselves, but are a real menace to all the surrounding country, and the balance of the State, by its import of timber, pays out the money and lends to distant forest regions the prosperity which should be kept at home.
It would be just as reasonable that Iowa should import com, or that California should depend upon Florida for its oranges, as that Pennsylvania, with thirteen million acres of forest lands, should depend upon the Pacific slope for its lumber.
When lumbering shifts from exhausted to new and unexploited regions only a small part of the commerce and industry it devel- oped can shift with it. Most of it fades out and dies. As region after region is lumbered and cut out, prosperity is not merely shifted, but much of it is permanently lost. , . ,,r
This prosperity can be saved and stabilized in Pennsylvama. We are guilty of a gross economic crime if we fail to save and stabilize
If we adopt the principles of forest conservation, the forest! which will grow from now on will not be tangles of wilderness, left untouched for a century or so and then ripped off so as to leave the country desolate and poor. Instead they ''••' ^^^/'f ""j tended and protected and, once established, will be P«™>«n«°t^ productive. Work in the forests will become a regular and per-
14
manent business. The new forests will be cut no faster than they grow, just as the stockman keeps up his herd and still sells off his increase.
The coming of the new forests will make steady and profitable odd-time and full-time work for the neighboring settlements. With them will come more people, new wood-working industries, and better local markets for farm products. When there is pulp and cordwood, logs and lumber to be shipped out, it will be possible to get and keep such road and railroad transportation as farming land alone could not maintain.
No island of farming, mining, or manufacturing industry can ever be as valuable in an ocean of idle waste as when surrounded by steadily productive forests. The use of the poorer soils for for- est crops will be profitable to the men and women who are engaged in every sort of occupation, for it will cut down the cost of living and increase the general wealth. . But before this can happen forest devastation must stop.
RESPONSIBILITY OF TIMBER OWNERS
No good citizen lets his property go to waste. The responsibility of the owner of timber land is similar in kind to the responsibility of the owner of farm land. In degree, the timber owner^s respon- sibility is greater than the farmer's.
The farmer who would permit his fields to run down and lose their fertility, to grow nothing but weeds and thistles, would very quickly become an outcast among his brethren. When we come to think of it, the lumberman who permits his lands to be stripped of their timber, and then allows fires to run, and takes no care of the young growth, is exactly in the class of the outcast farmer.
The fault of the careless lumberman, however, is the greater, be- cause a ruined farm can be brought hack to a fair degree of fertility and productiveness in a few years, while a fire-swept and denuded timber tract cannot be completely restored, however good the work put upon it, in the ordinary span of a man's life.
The day when timber tracts could be devastated without at- tracting attention has gone by. An awakened public interest de- mands that wasteful lumbering shall stop.
The responsibility of the timber owner extends not only to his own property, but also to the entire countryside around his prop- erty. The weeds in the run-down farm may spread their seeds over the immediate neighborhood, but the damage which comes from a forest area that has been destroyed spreads far more widely. The destruction of a watershed which follows the wiping out of a forest may cause havoc to people and property for many miles. And this has actually happened in many sections of Pennsylvania.
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Our flood problems would be less were our forest areas growing trees. Our water supplies would be constant and reliable in places where now they are inconstant and unreliable because of the in- ability of devastated forest lands to conserve the rainfall. Towns and cities have been brought face to face with serious water troubles because of forest devastation.
It is the positive duty of the owner of lands valuable only for tree growth to keep forests growing upon these lands. We know enough about our forests to keep them growing. To get young trees growing in the ground ,and to protect them from fire and other enemies, are operations well within our present powers. They are not so involved, difficult, or highly technical as to require further detailed investigations, studies, and researches before starting to ])ractice what we know already.
It is true that much remains to be learned about our numerous tree species. It is true that a systematic and comprehensive pro- o-ram of forest research is urgently needed. But it is equally true that we have now knowledge enough to grow and protect valuable tree species upon any land where forests should be grown. We know it can be done because it is being done. Further studies will doubtless give us better practice and cheaper methods, but well- tested practice and efl'ective methods are available. We are all ready to go ahead.
There is no sound or scientific reason for delay on the part of timber land owners in taking the simple and obvious steps nec- essary to insure an adequate and dependable supply of forest pro- ducts, and to make permanent the economic advantage which comes to all the people from the forests.
The responsibility of the timber land owner to our general econo- mic welfare is unescapable.
HOW LUMBER COSTS HAVE MOUNTED
W. U. Hyde and Company, of Ridgway, quoted a lumber price of $7.00 a thousand feet for sizes from two by four to two by twelve, j.nd from twelve to sixteen feet long, in 1885. Today the price paid at the mill for the same sizes and kinds of lumber is $53.00 a Ihrnisand feet. Special sizes, running as high as fifty feet in length could have been bought from Hyde and Company in 1885 for $10.00 a thousand feet. In 1920 the price is $65.00 a thousand feet, but it is not Pennsylvania timber.
ITpon the passage of a resolution introduced by Senator Capper of Kansas. Congress in 1920 ordered a report which dealt with comparative lumber prices and this report has been made pub he by the ITnited States Forest Service. In a table of average whole-
16
sale values for the eastern markets this report shows that in 1840 first quality soft woods sold for $20.91 a thousand feet. In 1900 the price had risen to $34.06 per thousand, and in 1920— figures based on the first three months of the year— the price has reached the amazing height of $131.55.
The wholesale price for one-inch plain oak boards in Philadelphia in February, 1915, was $60.00 a thousand feet. In February, 1920, this same kind of lumber sold at wholesale in Philadelphia for $200.00 a thousand feet.
It is but fair to consider that the very high prices for lumber now prevailing are due in part to the abnormal conditions in busi- ness generally. Much lumber is sold at "spot" or at auction, where bidding prevails, and where prices are determined by the desire of the purchaser to get the lumber, rather than by a consideration of its real value.
But this does not explain it all. The rise in lumber prices has been gradual and is due to the law of supply and demand. Forests have not been maintained as lumber producers and operations hnve been moved to where lumber is most plentiful. The less timber we have, the higher price we must pay. Even before the war, prices had risen tremendously. In 1917 the average price of retail lumber had increased forty-eight per cent, over the prices of 1905.
As lumbering shifts to distant points one of the biggest items in the cost to the consumer is transportation. Here in Pennsylvania we pay an annual freight bill on lumber of more than $25,000,000. Al- ready transportation absorbs as much as 23.9 per cent, of the retail price. In 1919 the percentage was 21.6, while the percentage of freight increase over 1905 was 72.8 per cent.
In its summary of principal conclusions in response to the Capper resolution, the National Forest Service, commenting upon the national situation as to prices, says : "If large-scale production had still been possible in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and the lake states, there can be little doubt concerning the beneficial effects upon market stability and lumber prices."
Here in Pennsylvania we must remember that how high prices go and how steady prices are depends largely on how soon we can bring about the restoration of Pennsylvania's timber production, and put our State once more among the great forest growing com- monwealths.
FORESTRY A BUSINESS PROPOSITION
Forestry may be defined in several ways. It is the art of raising repeated crops of timber on soil unsuited for agriculture. It is the common sense way to handle woodlands for what they can
A DRY STREAM BED
Clinton County's water supply suffered when this streams' headwaters were denuded.
and fire followed the lumbermen
A REFORESTED WATERSHED A supply of pure water is assured
EFFECTS OF DESTRUCJTIVE LUMBERING The hillsides are eroded, and fires sweep through the slash
OLD TREES AND THEIR YOUNGSTERS Tht mother trees cast their seeds and nature does the rest
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produce. I think the best definition of forestry, however, is that it is the art of handling forest land in such a way that it will be of the greatest service to man.
Forestry should be practiced by all persons who own timber lands. Unless it is practiced, these lands can not produce what they should produce, either in returns to the owner or benefit to civiliza- tion. It is strictly a business proposition.
It was on June 13, 1898, that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought its first piece of forest land, and started the practice of forestry. From then until now the Commonwealth has purchased lands in different parts of the State until its present holdings amount to 1,077,520 acres. In these twenty-two years the Commonwealth has paid to townships for school and road purposes $562,419.77 on
its forest lands.
Purely as a business investment the State Forests show up as
follows :
Total purchase price, $2,456,300.08
Total amount expended for administration, develop
ment, and improvement, 3,613,211.85
Total expenditure, $6,069,51 1 .93
Present value of forests, $11,000,000.00
Total investment and expenditures, 6,069,511.93
Net gain on investment, H930,488.07
In other words, the State is about five million dollars better off than if it had never bought and paid for an acre of forest land, and in addition it is growing large amounts of lumber and wood which will be ready for the use of the people just when they will be need- ing it most. .
The town of Zurich in Switzerland has for centuries had what amounts to a woodlot of several thousand acres. It has been under careful management since long before Columbus discovered Amer- ica During all that time it has produced crop after crop of val- uable timber, the young trees growing up to take the place of the old trees cut down. The point is that the forest is conserved and renewed instead of being destroyed by lumbering.
Not only is it not destroyed, but it becomes steadily more val- uable and its products more important every year. It produces annually from every acre a net revenue about three times as large as the amount Pennsylvania has paid per acre for the forest lands it owns ; and unless the forest is destroyed by violence or fire, will keep on doing it for centuries to come.
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I speak of the City Forest of Zurich from personal knowledge because I got part of my training in forestry under its maples and ashes, its beeches and spruces, and because I have visited it again and again as one of the most interesting and instructive forests
in Europe.
Remarkable as this forest is, it does not stand alone. I know of many towns in Europe whose whole municipal expense before the war was paid from the annual net revenue of their forests; and the beauty of it is that under wise methods of cutting the longer these forests are operated, the more timber is cut from them under skillful management, the more timber they produce, and the greater is their net return.
Forestry with them means an endless succession of valuable timber crops from the same land.
We can do the same thing in Pennsylvania if we want to.
FORESTS AND FLOODS
Where there are forests there are seldom floods. Well-wooded lands are natural reservoirs that store the rainfall for gradual dis- tribution throughout the year. Conditions which have caused tre- mendous losses of life and property, time after time in Pennsylvania will be largely overcome when the hills of the state are again thickly wooded, when the fires have been stopped, and the waste areas that now exist have been returned to their original estate
of growing trees.
When forest lands have been devastated there remains little or nothing to hold the rainfalls. Torrents rush from the higher slopes to the surrounding valleys, carrying with them debris, destruction, and death. Not only that— they carry as well the rich soil and hu- mus so necessary to forest development, and in doing so retard the return of the forest.
The forest cover is a powerful factor in reducing the surface run-off of water produced in such larcre quantities, especially in the early spring, by falling rains and melting snows. The water, in- stead of rushing away in uncontrollable torrents, is absorbed by the reservoirs of humus and mineral soil from which it is given off graduallv to the springs and streams. This retention tends to de- crease the high water run-off in the spring and other flood periods, and to increase the low-water run-off during dry seasons. Both results are good, and can be realized by maintaining a complete ' cover of trees on all forest lands.
This means that the fires must be conquered, devastation in lum- bering stopped, and new forest growth protected and encouraged.
There are few towns in Pennsylvania that do not know what flood damage means. I would bring home to everyone the import- ant fact that the reforestation of Pennsylvania's watersheds will be of the greatest help in bringing to an end those terrible flood con- ditions which are so keenly felt by our people all over the State.
On the other hand, there are many towns throughout the Com- monwealth which feel, during parts of the year, the terrible pinch of low water. It is not uncommon to see such signs as "Save the Water", "Boil Your Drinking Water" posted in conspicuous places in Pennsylvania towns during the summer months.
A serious fire in a low water period may mean millions of dol- lars of loss to a municipality. Entire neighborhoods have been stricken with epidemics because the water grew scant and carried the disease-producing bacteria, which prosper in low and stagnant water, into the domestic supply of the community.
The forest problem and the water problem in Pennsylvania go hand in hand. With the reforestation of millions of acres fit only for growing trees, will come that other benefit so greatly to be desired — the holding back of floods from our streams, and the subsequent equal distribution of water supplies.
"Save the forests and conquer the floods" is a slogan that could well be adopted by those communities which know from painful experience what flood conditions mean. Floods in flood season, and water scarcity in the dry seasons, will surely continue until an unbroken forest cover is established and maintained on all the forest lands of our State.
FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE
The farmer is the great consumer of wood in the United States — more than thirty-five per cent, of our national production of lumber and more than fifty per cent, of our production of all kinds of wood, is used on the farm. Wood is the farmer's chief construc- tion material. No substitute will make building so easy and rapid or fill so many of his needs. Whatever raises the price or lowers the quality of his timber supply adds to his troubles and cuts
down his returns.
There was a time when the Pennsylvania farmer looked upon the forest merely as an obstruction to be got rid of before he could put his plow to work. Brush and stumps were hard to contend with, and wood for fuel and construction was to be had for the taking. Today the farm forest plays a growing part in the profitable working of the Penn^vlvania farm.
20
•
The woodlots of the eastern farms contain a very large part of the total supply of hardwood left in the United States. They are soon to become of vast importance, both to their fortunate owners and to the nation. In this Pennsylvania will play a large part.
To the farmer the woodlot furnishes material for fuel, fencing and construction, and the chance for the profitable use of otherwise slack time. The sale of surplus woodlot produce becomes constantly eas- ier and more profitable. With the rising prices which the national shortage in good hardwood has brought about, the owner will find it increasingly to his interest to keep up his woodlot and to extend it to lands otherwise idle or of low value for other purposes. What- ever works against keeping the farm woodlot in good condition, works damage not only to the owner but to the people at large.
For the settler in the cutover regions, forest devastation has created great opportunities and great dangers. Forest devastation has put many millions of acres upon the market, and has opened the way to shameful speculation and unmitigated fraud. Innocent pur- chasers have been enticed to buy lands of little or no farm value, and then left to make a losing fight against hopeless odds. Attempts to farm low-grade cutover lands have made thousands of families
into paupers.
There are communities in many parts of Pennsylvania where lumbering has been abandoned because the trees have all been taken, and where families have tried and tried hard to eke out a living on ground that is not fit for agriculture, only to fail. The result has been degeneration of the whole neighborhood. Hardships and crime provoked by hardship have produced a race of people unfit for citizenship. Such a local calamity as this may be charged direct- ly to forest devastation.
There are doubtless some cutover lands in Pennsylvania that can be made profitable for agriculture, but the rule is that forest lands are of the greatest service both to their owners and to the state when they are continued as forest lands. The great thing is to keep the
land steadilv at work.
So lomr as lands are at work and at profitable work, what crop they are raising is of minor importance. Lands which can best produce farm crops should be kept at it. Lands which can best pro- duce forest crops should be kept at work growing timber. If, later on. the land can be made to pay better in other crops, the most pro- fitable crop will have the right of way.
FORESTS AND RECREATION
The woods are the people's playgrounds, and were intended by Nature to be such. Why else were they filled with the shaded vistas, the sparkling streams, the bubbling springs, the placid lakes?
SPORTSMEN ENJOY FREE USE OF THE OLE BULL PUBLIC CAMP,
POTTER COUNTY.
TIRED BUSINESSMEN FIND REST IN THE STATE FORESTS
THERE ARE MILLIONS OP LOAFING ACRES IN PENNSYLVANIA. SHOULD BE ACQUIRED BY THE STATE, AND PUT TO WORK GROWING TIMBER
THEY
\U
ANOTHER FIRE IN PENNSYLVANIA'S DESERT
21
Here are the game and fish which make the worker forget his toil. Here are to be found quiet, rest, clean pleasure, and health renewed. While the forest is growing lumber it is also furnishing for the people who live in the cities and towns the refuge that attracts them when play time comes. Our duty in protecting the forests is not confined, therefore, to the growth of lumber and wood. Pennsyl- vania has playgrounds, and the possibilities of playgrounds, second
to no other state.
There is a materialistic side to this feature of forest protection, too. When our forest lands are restored as they should be, and as they are going to be ; when good roads traverse them, and all their beauties and their uses are brought out, they will aflford a resort country eclipsing in beauty, accessibility, and comfort all other re- sort systems in America.
The people of Pennsylvania in search of outing are losing valuable opportunities when they fail to take advantage of the rare chance which is theirs to spend a part of every summer or fall in Pennsyl- vania's woods. There are few points in the state that are too far distant from a forest to make it too expensive or too difficult for the people of the community to enjoy what Nature made for them.
The forests protect and increase game ; the more forests we have the more fish we have the chance to catch. The game sanctuaries established in Pennsylvania forests in recent years have increased the deer, the squirrel, the bear, the turkey, the rabbits, and other kinds of meat-producing forms of wild life. In Westmoreland county there had not been a deer killed for decades; eighty-three bucks' were shot in the season of 1922, after but a few years of forest
protection. , ,- i j
On its own forest lands the Commonwealth has established twenty-six recreation and camp grounds for the use of the public and its aim is to establish many such places on each State Forest. The Hairy John recreation center in Union county, Caledonia and Mont Alto parks in Franklin county; Pine Grove in Cumberland county; Ole Bull State Forest Monument in Potter county: are instances that illustrate the point.
The State Forests are the real playgrounds of the people. They are open to the public, and the people are welcome to make use of them. They alone of all the woodlands in the State, can never be closed to the enjoyment of all the people. To maintain them for the pleasure and benefit of all alike and to develop their potentiali- ties, the fires must be stopped, devastation must cease, and trees must be given a chance to grow.
Every sportsman, every vacationist, every nature lover is or should be an earnest protector of the forests. Their help will count
more than they know, and more than anyone can tell.
18
I speak of the City Forest of Zurich from personal knowledge because I got part of my training in forestry under its maples and ashes, its beeches and spruces, and because I have visited it again and again as one of the most interesting and instructive forests in Europe.
Remarkable as this forest is, it does not stand alone. I know of many towns in Europe whose whole municipal expense before the war was paid from the annual net revenue of their forests; and the beauty of it is that under wise methods of cutting the longer these forests are operated, the more timber is cut from them under skillful management, the more timber they produce, and the greater is their net return.
Forestry with them means an endless succession of valuable timber crops from the same land.
We can do the same thing in Pennsylvania if we want to.
FORESTS AND FLOODS
Where there are forests there are seldom floods. Well-wooded lands are natural reservoirs that store the rainfall for gradual dis- tribution throughout the year. Conditions which have caused tre- mendous losses of life and property, time after time in Pennsylvania will be largely overcome when the hills of the state are again thickly wooded, when the fires have been stopped, and the waste areas that now exist have been returned to their original estate of growing trees.
When forest lands have been devastated there remains little or nothing to hold the rainfalls. Torrents rush from the higher slopes to the surrounding valleys, carrying with them debris, destruction, and death. Not only that — they carry as well the rich soil and hu- mus so necessary to forest development, and in doing so retard the return of the forest.
The forest cover is a powerful factor in reducincf the surface run-off of water produced in such lar£^e quantities, especially in the early spring, by fallinqf rains and melting snows. The water, in- stead of rushing away in uncontrollable torrents, is absorbed by the reservoirs of humus and mineral soil from which it is given off ^raduallv to the springs and streams. This retention tends to de- crease the high water run-off in the spring and other flood periods, and to increase the low-water run-off during dry seasons. Both lesults are good, and can be realized by maintaining a complete cover of trees on all forest lands.
This means that the fires must be conquered, devastation in lum- bering stopped, and new forest growth protected and encouraged.
19
There are few towns in Pennsylvania that do not know what flood damage means. I would bring home to everyone the import- ant fact that the reforestation of Pennsylvania's watersheds will be of the greatest help in bringing to an end those terrible flood con- ditions which are so keenly felt by our people all over the State.
On the other hand, there are many towns throughout the Com- monwealth which feel, during parts of the year, the terrible pinch of low water. It is not uncommon to see such signs as "Save the Water", "Boil Your Drinking Water" posted in conspicuous places in Pennsylvania towns during the summer months.
A serious fire in a low water period may mean millions of dol- lars of loss to a municipality. Entire neighborhoods have been stricken with epidemics because the water grew scant and carried the disease-producing bacteria, which prosper in low and stagnant water, into the domestic supply of the community.
The forest problem and the water problem in Pennsylvania go hand in hand. With the reforestation of millions of acres fit only for growing trees, will come that other benefit so greatly to be desired — the holding back of floods from our streams, and the subsequent equal distribution of water supplies.
"Save the forests and conquer the floods" is a slogan that could well be adopted by those communities which know from painful experience what flood conditions mean. Floods in flood season, and water scarcity in the dry seasons, will surely continue until an unbroken forest cover is established and maintained on all the forest lands of our State.
FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE
The farmer is the great consumer of wood in the United States — more than thirty-five per cent, of our national production of lumber and more than fifty per cent, of our production of all kinds of wood, is used on the farm. Wood is the farmer's chief construc- tion material. No substitute will make building so easy and rapid or fill so many of his needs. Whatever raises the price or lowers the quality of his timber supply adds to his troubles and cuts down his returns.
There was a time when the Pennsylvania farmer looked upon the forest merely as an obstruction to be got rid of before he could put his plow to work. Brush and stumps were hard to contend with, and wood for fuel and construction was to be had for the taking. Today the farm forest plays a growing part in the profitable working of the Pennsvlvania farm.
/
20
The woodlots of the eastern farms contain a very large part of the total supply of hardwood left in the United States. They are soon to become of vast importance, both to their fortunate owners and to the nation. In this Pennsylvania will play a large part.
To the farmer the woodlot furnishes material for fuel, fencing and construction, and the chance for the profitable use of otherwise slack time. The sale of surplus woodlot produce becomes constantly eas- ier and more profitable. With the rising prices which the national shortage in good hardwood has brought about, the owner will find it increasingly to his interest to keep up his woodlot and to extend it to lands otherwise idle or of low value for other purposes. What- ever works against keeping the farm woodlot in good condition, works damage not only to the owner but to the people at large.
For the settler in the cutover regions, forest devastation has created great opportunities and great dangers. Forest devastation has put many millions of acres upon the market, and has opened the way to shameful speculation and unmitigated fraud. Innocent pur- chasers have been enticed to buy lands of little or no farm value, and then left to make a losing fight against hopeless odds. Attempts to farm low-grade cutover lands have made thousands of families
into paupers.
There are communities in many parts of Pennsylvania where lumbering has been abandoned because the trees have all been taken, and where families have tried and tried hard to eke out a living on ground that is not fit for agriculture, only to fail. The result has been degeneration of the whole neighborhood. Hardships and crime provoked by hardship have produced a race of people unfit for citizenship. Such a local calamity as this may be charged direct- ly to forest devastation.
There are doubtless some cutover lands in Pennsylvania that can be made profitable for agriculture, but the rule is that forest lands are of the greatest service both to their owners and to the state when they are continued as forest lands. The great thing is to keep the land steadily at work.
So long as lands are at work and at profitable work, what crop they are raising is of minor importance. Lands which can best produce farm crops should be kept at it. Lands which can best pro- duce forest crops should be kept at work growing timber. If, later on. the land can be made to pay better in other crops, tbe most pro- fitable crop will have the right of way.
FORESTS AND RECREATION
The woods are the people's playgrounds, and were intended by Nature to be such. Why else were they filled with the shaded vistas, the sparkling streams, the bubbling springs, the placid lakes?
SPORTSMEN ENJOY FREE USE OF THE OT.E BULL PUBLIC CAMP.
POTTER COUNTY.
TIRED BUSINESSMEN FIND REST IN THE STATE FORESTS
THERE ARE MILLIONS OF LOAFING ACRES IN PENNSYLVANIA. THEY
SHOULD BE ACQUIRED BY THE STATE. AND
PUT TO WORK GROWING TIMBER
ANOTHER FIRE IN PENNSYLVANIA'S DESERT
21
Here are the game and fish which make the worker forget his toil. Here are to be found quiet, rest, clean pleasure, and health renewed.
While the forest is growing lumber it is also furnishing for the people who live in the cities and towns the refuge that attracts them when play time comes. Our duty in protecting the forests is not confined, therefore, to the growth of lumber and wood. Pennsyl- vania has playgrounds, and the possibilities of playgrounds, second to no other state.
There is a materialistic side to this feature of forest protection, too. When our forest lands are restored as they should be, and as they are going to be ; when good roads traverse them, and all their beauties and their uses are brought out, they will afford a resort country eclipsing in beauty, accessibility, and comfort all other re- sort systems in America.
The people of Pennsylvania in search of outing are losing valuable opportunities when they fail to take advantage of the rare chance which is theirs to spend a part of every summer or fall in Pennsyl- vania's woods. There are few points in the state that are too far distant from a forest to make it too expensive or too difficult for the people of the community to enjoy what Nature made for them.
The forests protect and increase game; the more forests we have the more fish we have the chance to catch. The game sanctuaries established in Pennsylvania forests in recent years have increased the deer, the squirrel, the bear, the turkey, the rabbits, and other kinds of meat-producing forms of wild life. In Westmoreland county there had not been a deer killed for decades; eighty-three bucks were shot in the season of 1922, after but a few years of forest
protection.
On its own forest lands the Commonwealth has established twenty-six recreation and camp grounds for the use of the public and its aim is to establish many such places on each State Forest. The Hairy John recreation center in Union county, Caledonia and Mont Alto parks in Franklin county; Pine Grove in Cumberland county; Ole Bull State Forest Monument in Potter county: are instances that illustrate the point.
The State Forests are the real playgrounds of the people. They are open to the public, and the people are welcome to make use of them. They alone of all the woodlands in the State, can never be closed to the enjoyment of all the people. To maintain them for the pleasure and benefit of all alike and to develop their potentiali- ties, the fires must be stopped, devastation must cease, and trees must be given a chance to grow.
Every sportsman, every vacationist, every nature lover is or should be an earnest protector of the forests. Their help will count
more than they know, and more than anyone can tell.
22
THE FOREST AND EVERYDAY THINGS
Few people realize just how intimately the products of the forest enter into their everyday lives. When they do realize this their personal interest in protecting the forest will surely increase and they will insist on maintaining a timber level high enough to keep forest products within reach of the public at reasonable prices.
The clothes we wear, the things we eat, the house in which we live, the materials we use in our work, whatever it may be, are de- pendent to a greater or less degree upon the forest. With prices of forest products high, the reflection is felt in increased prices of everything necessary to your daily life and mine.
Consider your shoes. They could not be made without the forest. Before you can buy them a calf must be born in a wooden barn; ])astured in a field surrounded by a wooden fence ; sold to a butcher and driven to slaughter in a wooden wagon, and the hide removed on a wooden slab. Then the hide must be shipped to the tannery in a wooden freight car ; treated in a wooden vat with acids secured from wood and with bark from a tree. The leather must be cured on a wooden board ; cut on a wooden board ; and shaped over a wooden last. When the shoes are finished they must be packed in a pasteboard box which is made from woodpulp, shipped in a wooden ]>acking case ; and placed on a wooden shelf. Finally the shoes are sold over a wooden counter, and in your service spend most of the remainder of their days on floors made of wood.
But you say, "We don't eat wood". True enough, but the ground that grew your bread was prepared by a plough with wooden handles, and a point of steel in the making of which charcoal was used ; the grain was cut with some instrument, be it cradle or binder, partly made of wood ; it was hauled to the barn in a wooden wagon ; stored in a wooden mow; threshed in a wooden separator; hauled to the mill in a wooden wagon, or in a freight car with wheels made of woodpulp; and stored in a wooden bin. When it became flour it was mixed in a wooden tray, rolled on a wooden board, sold over a wooden counter, and eaten oflF a wooden table.
Wood helps the housewife do her shopping. If it is by telephone her message is carried over wires stretched on wooden poles, or encased in a wooden conduit. If she walks it is in shoes tanned with the bark of a tree and largely on wooden floors. If she rides she cannot escape the use of wood. If she carries a basket, this too, is a product of the forest.
In the office, a man works on a wooden desk, sits in a wooden chair, uses wooden pencils and paper made from wood. Our pictures are framed in wood, our windows are cased in wood.
23
When the doctor comes his prescriptions are written on paper that comes from wood, and his medicines are in a large measure de- rived from the forest.
Look where we will in our everday lives we cannot escape the importance of wood in everything around us. When the forests are despoiled, everything that is demanded by modern civilization is injured, and we who consume must pay.
Next to a prosperous agriculture nothing is of greater importance to the public than a constant and dependable timber supply. There- fore every citizen is interested in the forests, whether he will or no. From the cradle to the grave he never lives a moment, never draws a breath, without owing his comfort, safety, and welfare to the things the forest gives him or which it helps to provide. From birth to death we live with the help of the forest.
WHY THE WOODS BURN
Ninety-nine per cent, of the forest fires that occur in Pennsylvania are preventable. Only a few are caused by lightning and they are usually small in extent. The others in one way or another are set by people. Really accidental fires are rare, although many are re- ported as accidents.
Anyone who takes time to study the causes of forest fires will not stop with the mere action which is outwardly apparent, but will try to reach the real cause. To discover the state of mind of the person responsible for the fire is usually important because it is certain that our forest fires are either intentional, or in the last analysis, the result of carelessness and indifi'erence.
Many forest fires are set from pure malice by incendiarres who are determined to destroy property and injure their neighbors. Fires have been set in order to "get even", to force the sale of timber, to get a job fighting fire, to cover trespass or other crime, to improve pasturage, to gather nuts, to uncover rocks or soil for prospecting, to improve the huckleberry crop, to drive away snakes, to surround one's own land with a safety belt, "to see it burn," and for many other similar reasons or excuses. Last spring a fire was set at midnight on both sides of a road, and in about twenty-five different places in an attempt to burn over some good hunting
ground.
The largest percentage of forest fires whose cause is known come from the operation of railroads. Sparks are thrown out of stacks, or drop from the fire boxes or ash pans ; clinkers, or pieces of red-hot arch brick are jarred from the engine. Rights of way are carelessly burned; tie piles on fire are left without guard; matches and smok-
24
ing material are thrown from car windows. Rarely a piece of over- heated brake shoe may be cast off, but in most cases the causes go back to the negligence or thoughtlessness of some one person.
Probably the largest group of fires comes from those who camp, hunt, fish, or travel through the forests. The smoker is the worst offender. Force of habit in dropping half-consumed tobacco on the street is stronger than the need for caution while in the forest. Camp fires often are wrongly built or imperfectly guarded, and trouble usually follows. Children playing with matches cause a number of fires each year, and some vicious or rattlebrained youngsters want to "see it burn," too.
Those who burn brush or rubbish are often careless and choose the wrong time to burn, make fires too large, or start at the bottom of the hill instead of at the top. If trouble threatens such persons seldom have help, water, or tools enough at hand to keep the fire within bounds.
Lumber operations are responsible for a very small part of our fires. Sawmill engines, logging engines, and woodsmen do start fires occasionally, but what is far more important, the way brush is left after lumbering helps to swell the danger and damage from many a fire.
There are also many unusual causes of fires, among them burning buildings, broken electric transmission lines, and fire works. Occa- sionally we hear of fires starting by the focusing of the sun's rays through glass, or from the rubbing of branches. Perhaps in rare instances they do, but they amount to little or nothing in the great forest fire problem of the state.
When the people of our great Commonwealth realize the unques- tionable fact that our forest lands — even our ordinary brush land
are valuable; that they belong to some one and do some good to everyone; that they are inflammable and will burn; and that every- body else loses when timber burns, then they will exercise more care and there will be less forest fires.
Forest protection cannot succeed unless it has public sentiment behind it. The best way to get that is to develop it while our future citizens are young, and that is one good reason why forestry should have a place in our common schools.
FORESTS TO BURN
The people of Pennsylvania do not have a cord of wood to waste, yet thousands of acres of forest growth are burned over year after year. Brush and young trees, the beginning of future forests, arc destroyed, and even the older trees are killed.
25
Fire in the mountain has been so common that in some localities it is looked upon as inevitable, like the seasons. Indifference to its existence or to its results has been and still is far too general. This waste and indifference is wrong, both morally and econom- ically.
When it is understood that forest fires are preventable the wrong stands out more clearly and demands correction. "Wilful waste brings woeful want."
The damage to existing growth or to the land burned over is the smallest part of the loss resulting from forest fires. This immediate loss is of sufficient consequence to demand attention by forest land ovx'ners, but it usually amounts to much less than half a million dollars a year. The destruction of what would be future forests is, however, a different story. That is the real loss to the Common- wealth. It is certain that without forests in Pennsylvania there will be no local supply of wood to meet the demands of our people. In that case they must pay for its transportation from distant states. IVIost of the labor necessary to grow, harvest, transport, and manu- facture the wood used in Pennsylvania has now gone to other states, and the business resulting from such labor and industry has been lost to us. The land that ought to be producing timber of value is kept barren and so becomes a burden upon land that does produce.
The removal of the forests does harm to the stream flow within the state, the climate, the agricultural crops, the public health, — in short, to the general welfare of our people.
Rut the purpose of the state government is to "provide for the future welfare" of its citizens. Therefore it is the state's duty to sec that forest fires are prevented, and to have repaired, as rapidly as possible, the damage already done.
This principle was recognized in Pennsylvania as early as 1794, but unfortunately little or nothing was done until recently to put it into action. In 1915 an effective state forest fire organization was provided for and with sufficient funds can be depended upon to produce satisfactory results. Already its activities have reduced the average size of a forest fire from 315 acres in 1915 to 133 acres in
1919.
But it is not enough to have an organization. Good men of course must be found, organized, and kept at work. They must be on the nlert, prompt, and efficient. But we must have equipment for the prompt detection of forest fires, means of rapid communication, to let the fire fighters know quickly that they are needed, and tools for fire fighting always at hand.
26
The state must build more fire towers, put up more telephone lines, buy more tools, lay out more trails, and do whatever else is necessary to maintain the fire protective force at the top notch of efficiency. Above all its men must receive a wage commensurate with the work they do.
The loss to the people of the Commonwealth on account of forest fires is estimated to be not less than $100,000,000 a year.
Surely it is not beyond reason to provide one-half of qnt per cent, of this amount annually for prevention and putting- out fires.
WHY PENNSYLVANIA OWNS FORESTS
Why does the Commonwealth as such own forests? The answer is that only forests owned by the State are permanently safe, and that the privately-owned forests of Pennsylvania have been or are being rapidly destroyed. If we were to wait for private owners to reforest the areas they have cut over, we should find instead ever increasing wastes and barrens where timber ought to be growing.
The interest of the lumberman centers in results to be obtained at once. I am not reproaching the lumberman. The majority of them want to see the trees grow, and many of them are bending every eflfeort to assist in the work of reforestation. Nevertheless all human experience proves that reforestation will not be secured except through the work or control of the state in its organized capacity.
When a timber tract is cut over without provision for new t^rowth it is the public that suffers most. Every acre put out of production means an ever-increasing bill for timber products. As the remain- ing stand dwindles and the volunteer young growth is wiped out by recurrent fires, the public pays the bill.
Straiq:ht upon our organized government, therefore, falls the re- sponsibility for seeing to it that new forest growth is secured and a new supply of the nation's most valuable product — wood. Why? Because the general welfare demands it.
Were w^ood of minor importance in the life of the nation, the prob- lem could be left to future generations ; but the thinking American is unwilling to pass a devastated heritage to his children.
The protection of watersheds is another reason for state-owned forests. The purity and regularity of stream flow is vital. No state can afford to entrust the health of its future citizens to private initiative.
As in agriculture, so in forestry, intensive investigations are re- quired to solve forest problems which are clearly public. The state should give every encouragement to private individuals in the pro-
21
duction of timber and should be prepared to offer competent advice upon the best methods to follow.
Pennsvlvania now ov/ns approximately 1,100,000 acres of forest lands. There remain nearly 5,000,000 acres more which the state should own. At present these five million acres are producing nothing of value. As they stand they arc desert, and more, they are a menace to (^her property, and to human life, and present an economic zero which is a reproach to the Commonwealth.
Pennnsylvania should own these acres and put them at work.
OUR FORESTS OF THE FUTURE
When we speak of the forest of the future, it is more than merely guessing. Combining our knowledge of the past with our experience of the present, we can speak with some exactness about the future as it applies to our forest lands.
Of course there are ifs and huts to be considered. IF we keep down the fires; IF we put an end to destructive lumbering and other forms of forest devastation; IF we apply the knowledge we have and so keep trees growing on the lands which should have tree> upon them; and IF we take over the Pennsylvania Desert and re- forest it ; THEN the Pennsylvania forests of the future can be spoken of with confidence, and their usefulness fifty years hence can be rU'finitely predicted now.
l»;'q\_ii,iless these things are done: unless the people of the State, casting aside their indifference, actually do what is necessary for forest development; unless the fires are stopped; unless further devastation is prevented: and unless the Pennsylvania Desert is transformed into forests and set to work—then our prediction will
surely fail.
One of two things is botind to happen to the forests of the future. Ivther thev will be i)rogressively more and more productive, or they v.ill be as they are now — only worse.
I have strone faith in the good sence of the people of Pennsylvania :ind because of that faith make bold to predict the forests of the future. I am confident that my readers are a unit in their desire to assist the Commonwealth in its plans to extend the pub'ic forest work to the point where it will actually succeed.
With reasonalde apDroi)riations. with public sentiment running strong against forest fires, and with the Department of Forestrv on its toes, there can be no question whatever as to the forests of the future.
28
They will no longer be areas of desolation but carefully protected f'lctories of wood. Work in the forests will become a regular and permanent business. Pennsylvania's forests will be again the crown- ing glory of the Commonwealth, furnishing pleasure and profit for all the people, and producing practically all of the timber that an increasing population demands, at prices within reach of all, and sure to take their part in reducing the excessive cost of living.
HOW TO KNOW
THE
COMMON TREES AND
SHRUBS
OF PENNSYLVANIA
Native and Introduced
By Geo. S.
BuUetin 33 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND
WATERS
PENNSYLVANIA STATE LIBRARY
DOCUMENTS SECTION
FOREWORD
The notes which foUow "IJ^^fZX'ot^^^^ ob«ry.Uon and .tody of fte t'^^^^aiMt d-Slption.
planta met in the wide outdoors.
While intended primarily for Jho-e with ^^« ^^1^*^
hiXer plants and their -^^^^^J^.^/^^e^^^e^^^^ technical terms «« employed ^nd ^ve^^^e ^^,^^
every statement °^^*1«- J;,%^^!,'''oo4 ^^ necessary in tb« and symbols is a departure fr^ !!!l^ marked with an
inter^t of brevity. ^^^^^'^^^.Sfic^am^ and arrange- aaterlsk. With two exceptions, scienunc "»"*^ asterisK. rr . ^^ ^^ international Code.
..t^ Their absolute importance cannot b^^^^ .p.
,ted. To know themj. the first rt^pW^^^^^ ^, ^^^^ preciation, proper f »*««»'"" "„„ ietaure hour in the op<rti ment. This knoT'^-lKV*"' /'I'LnSn of the powen of with wholesome interest and "*™°\'*'Xnte«^rin «i>d *•
^..;?o forSlrs tS?y ,^, be n«ful 1« -If «.-•«* •— m»t. Qeo. S. Perry.
Pro/w*or of Dendrology and BlMouhwrt. Pennsylvania Stete Forest Sdiool.
Mont Alto, Pa. January, 1924.
w
KEY TO GENERA
OF THE
WOODY PLANTS OF
PENNSYLVANIA
(Numbers in parentheses refer to type species of each genu,
in the descriptions.)
1. Leaves needle-or scale-like ; sap resinous ^^^9
1. Leaves net-veined; sap not risinSur. "" i?
CONIFERS
2. 2. 3.
3. 4. 4. 5.
6. 6. 6. 7.
7.
8. 8. 9. 9. 10.
10. 11. 11.
Fruit a berry Fruit a cone
^Jmli^cris^^'^^'^^ ^'*'''' *opp^te';;'whoVi;d
Needles not oppositi'ir'whoried '.'.'.*■'*' TaViiil Leaves linear to needle-shaped .. ''^^^^ Leaves scale-like, close overlapping '.
se'edUni"^ '"' "' ^ '' ^' ""^^^ ^° '^i^^^^ Needles solitarir' ;;'i;,' Vo;;t*tVs*;f mi^e Vhan^"""
Needles deciduous ^^uau u . .
Needles persistent, — evergreen
Needles solitary and in rosettes* *ei«pt in l-ir'-
old trees • •'.'
"rd"*':^ only;-:^any on knV'tWigsJ^^^
Needles minutely staked* '.'.*.*.■;;" *^^*Sc!^
Needles not stalked -^su^a
Needles leave twigs rough whei ' sM *.'.*.".' picea
Needles leave twigs smooth when shed
Buds very acute,— red brown, scales numer-
Twfi ^^"''* 2' ^'^'"''^^ • «>ne-sc*aie8 decldous AbfeS Twigs very flat; cone-scales overlap ....Thuy?
cones globose, scales val-
(38) (42)
(2)
8
4
6 11
6 7
(19)
(34) (33)
(23)
9 10
Twigs flattened ;
(29) (30) (36)
vate
Chamaecyparis (35)
6
(4)
BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES ARRANGED ALTERNATELY
Leaves fan-shaped with di^.^^^^/.^ •^;«^^.*:° ^^^ 18 Leaves not fan-shaped or divided at UpB
12.
12.
13.
13.
14.
14.
15.
16.
16.
16.
17.
17.
18.
18.
19.
19.
20.
20.
Leaves
14 69 15
eo
16 U9 17
18
^ZZ oppoSfor whorled in whole or part . . . .
Leaves simple
Leaves connpound . . . ;
Twining or climbing vines '•
Erect trees or shrubs *.'..*...*.
Thorny climbers ^
Smooth climbing vines Lvcium (260)
Half-erect, often unarmed SraSS (44)
Climbing briers • • ■ • : Cclastrus (185)
Twining climbers ; leaves sm^ ^* ViSs (206)
Tendril-climbers; leaves large viv^ ^
Buds with but one scale ' gl
Buds with two -rShTrshed-in-iMck-s^rtg. ^^^
Leaves narrow ; and very slowly
large, thin
21.
21. 22. 22. 23.
23. 24.
24. 25. 26. 26.
26. 27.
27.
28.
28. 29. 29.
Leaves broad; bark shed in '"-pj^^^^g (i28)
Lerf'stalks*;;rVt;'o;'horizontally flattened Fruit a cone-like structure ^^^
flattened : * " * * \' * *
Leaves not lobed or t'runcate . • — ••••; ' cones Buds hairy withm or ^^^^"^^'j^^^^^ (113)
fleshy ..•......•*■**'''** II
hairs • *^'oii nnA lieht Betiua C^^)
Ck)ne scaly ; seeds very /J^.^^^^^.^'^^ted T^ Leaves P i ^ n a 1 1 fi e d ;-sweet seen ^^^^ ^^^^
L:av':s usuailV wide;,' margins' oitVn entire ; scent
absent or P«»K^°^ ' * ': *; V VIiV/- bark tight, Seeds borne on a 3-pointed bract, ^^^^^^^^ (^i)
SeX^oY borne' on 3-Pointed bract • • • • •
Seeds borne in PricWy J*"^^ V;! " •";;;.*;
Seeds not borne in pnckly burs
22 23 27
24
26 26
28
29 30 81
Wk Seeds triangular; bure amaU and weakly
*^^ ....Fagua (88)
aO. Seeds not triangular; burg larger and sharply
«- J^ Caitanea (85)
JJi. Jfruit a nut borne singly in a basal involucre 82
81. 'Fruit not a nut 33
32. Involucre around nut leafy Corylus (80)
82. Involucre woody and cup-like; buds clustered to-
00 T^*^ ^^ **^ ^^** Quercus (88)
88. Leaves unequal-based and terminal bud absent 34
Oil. Lieaves symmetrical na
M, Seeds flattened, surrounded by papery wing -leaf
84 r!^^TI^^^ ^ ; ui™»» (1^)
84. Seeds fleshy or dry nutlets 35
35. Leaves 3-nerved; pith chambered in part; nutlet
fleshy, later dry ; , Celtia (108)
85. Buds oblique; pith continuous; dry nutlets at-
toched to leafy bract Tilia (209)
80. Leaves variable & entire on one and same tree 87
m. Leaves aU lobed or all entire on a given tree . . . 88
87. Sap milky; fruit a fleshy aggregate ....Moras (109)
m ?w!.''Vk'*^'^'"'*°'*''*'J ^'^ * ^P« ..Sassafras (119)
88. Twigs thorny at nodes 7;
Sa Twigs unarmed except for modified twigs in a
few species ^
M ^l I ^°'^' **? ""^^'^ . .*. .'.'.'.'.V.'cratacgui (143) sv. JJTuit an orange-size aggregate ; sap milky . . " . .
AD T^«, ^u^\^ e -^ Madura (112)
tat. Low shrubs; fruit a many-seeded berry; thorns
40. Fruit like a small banana; buds red-velvety,
i}' "Sl^^ ^^^ typical taste and odor ^
Jo i!^^P without specially distinctive flavor .... 4ff
4^. Fruit a fleshy drupe ^
42. Fruit a several-seeded berry or' dJ^'cipsiie* *.'.'.*. 44
43. Seeds stony; twigs with odor of bitter
almonds p /ir7\
43. Seeds bony, thin-shelied;* 'twi^'with *skunk-lik^
48. T^ iU;r'*;"l Benzoin (120)
Twigs leathery-tough; sap acrid; buds sub-petio-
^' ^J^ etar-shaped; t^igs usuilly* * * iirk^
rtdged Liquidambar (128)
«. hwrm not lobed or twlgt corky . . . /.TTIT??: sm
46.
Leaves peach-like; sap sour; fruit m terminal
panicles Oxydendron 238
46 Twigs scurfy tipped; buds flattened Hamamchs (1^)
Bark exfoliates in papery layers
Bark not papery
Leaves small ; fruit a dry capsule Physocarpus a^) Leaves large; fruit a fleshy aggregate ^^^^^ ^^^^^
Twigs very fine, golden brown, «"°^|'«!J.^^- (131) shrubs '^
47.
47. 48. 48.
49.
49. 50.
60.
51. 51.
52.
48 49
50
53* Berry black, nauseous, usually 2-8ee<led Rhamnus
S- ^„l ,oo>ato-.ike; ^•''^-'^"^^ .^Ti^^Z i^D
52. 53. 53.
53.
53.
54. 54. 55. 55. 56.
5a
57. 57.
58. 58.
58. 58. 59.
59.
Twigs intermediate to heavy
Twigs bright green; leaf 2-«errate, acute,-Wrc^ ^^^^^
Twigs gray to brownish or leaves small & entire
Fruit a pome or several-seeded berry
Fruit not a pome or several-seeded berry
Fruit a typical pome ; flowers 5-part ........••
* ^^ Pyrus and Amelanchier <1^>
EVuit a berry \: "^" ' 'V.V U'llll!-.'.! (203)
51
m 54
seeds (often 1
herbaceous
Berry with several bony /iqi\
in I ooaca) Ilex & Ncmopanthus (181)
in 1. opaud/ ^ ^ ^ „™oll • ahrnbH
Seeds small.
leathery; leaves small; shrubs
Gaylussacia & Vaccinium 2dl Fruit a bean-like pod; leaf cordate ...Xcrcis ^^^^'^^
Fruit not a bean ; loaf not cordate ^
Leaves 3-nerved fyj
Leaves not 3-nerved • • • • • ' " * * ' *
TwigB^dead at tips; -'» .«^- J^^ (204)
Leaves clustered at tip of twigs
Leaves not clustered at tip of twigs . . '•••'' — ,^^
Low creeping evergreen * ' ' * * ; ^P^Ba^*
Small tree; fruit a «nall. ^'^^^^J^^^,^^i,^ (221)
Flowers showy ; capsules oblong Rhododendron (^) Flowers showy ; capsules globose . . . . . •Kalmia U^^ Fruit a drupe; leaf-scars show 3 f. ^-^""^^^ ^322)
Fruit « penrfatent. dry, globose rapsnle: ^^^ . shrub ^
I*
8
BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH COM- POUND LEAVES ARRANGED ALTERNATELY
60. Leaves palmately compound 61
W. Leaves pinnate — or double-compound Q2
61. Prickly shrub or %-herb with fleshy aggregate
fruit Rubus allegheniensis (150)
61. Smooth vine with tendrils disc-tipped ; leaf-
lets 5 Psedcra (205)
62. Leaves 2-compound as a rule 63
62. Leaves not 2-compound as a rule 64
63. Twigs "clubby"— prickly Aralia spinosa (215)
63. Twigs very heavy, smooth ; buds sunken
Gjrmnocladus (165)
64. Leaves sometimes 2-compound; irregularly spiny
Gleditsia (1G6)
64. Leaves never compound 65
65. Sap mUky Rhus (173)
65. Sap not milky 66
66. Fruit a nut enclosed in a husk 67
66. Fruit not a nut 68
67. Pith chambered ; husk indehiscent .... Juglans (62)
67. Pith continuous ; husk more or less dehiscent-
valvate Caiya (65)
68. Fruit a small pome in large flat cymes
Pyrus americana (139)
68. Fruit a fleshy aggregate; prickly shrubs, scarcely
woody Rubus (146)
68. Fruit a small leathery button ; prickly
shrubs Rosa (153)
68. Fruit small flashy capsules ; prickly shrubs pun- gent-aromatic Zanthoxyliun (170)
68. Seeds flat, surrounded by leaf-like wings, leaf- lets 3 ptclea (171)
68. Seeds flat, surrounded by leaf-like wings; leaf-
lets many ; odorous Ailanthus (172)
BROADLEAF SPECIES Vv^ITH
SIMPLE LEAVES ARRANGED
OPPOSITELY
69. Both opposite and alternate leaves on same
*ree Broussonetia (HI)
69. All leaves opposite or whorled TO
70. Leaves simple 71
70. Leaves compound ",* ' * i *q
71 Leaves commonly in whorls of d
?| L:aves midium; fruit a ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,^^,
72. li^/ee 'small; fruit a dry ^^^^^^^^^^ (227)
73. Buds sub-petiolar; twigs bright ^rown^^ -^ (1^2) 73. Buds not sub-petiolar in fact, but sometimes seem
84 72 73
74
ISO
74. Buds not black silky but scaly • • • •
75. Fruit a typical key borne in pairs Acer ^^^'^^
7*^ Fruit not a key nor borne in pairs ' '„' * j
^6: Twt. Pithy/bright brown; Icat ^^^^^^^^ ,^^^,
7fi TwieB with smaU pith or hollow between nodes 77
??: ^Z boUow; leaves large at times^^«^oried ^^^^
Pith continuous; leaves very rarely "■'"^J'y ^g
whorled '.V * Ut!:Vl
Twigs 4-angled in tendency, green with white
gtriDes Evonymus (186)
Twigs terete in general or not green with white ^
stripes ••• • gd
79. Fruit a dry many-seeded capsule ^^
79 Fruit a drupe or berry • ^■ '.' * " 'c"'
''' Laves narrow-obloog, punctate; ^^^^^ ^^13)
77. 78. 78.
80.
80. 80.
Leaves ovate; twigs medium, ^^g^^^^yj^ ^257) L^averovai;riwigs*iaiily heavy, terete; buds
blunt, large Syringa (249)
81. Fruit a berry with several seeds ^
81. Fruit a drupe with but one seed ••••••.••;*•• /oftS)
82 Twigs fine, leaves small Symphonc^os (26d)
II; Twifs and leaves medium; some Bpeci^s^^twme ^^^^^
^'^ •an-'oU;er-fi;;^:clu^^^ ^^^^^
Frui^t a* VmalV -drupe- -with an oval,^^at^^e^ ^^^^
Fruit a small drupe ; seed not flat ; leaf coria-
^^T^- - •biuer'^wre '2 properties
83.
83. 83. 83.
10
BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES ARRANGED
OPPOSITELY
84. Leaves palmately compound Aesculus (200)
84. Leaves pinnately compound
85. Trifoliate with bladder-like fruit shrubs Staphylea (187)
85. Leaflets more than 3 (often only 3 in A.
Negundo)
86. CUmbing vine . '.*.*.*/. T^ioi^ (255)
8(5. Shrubs with pithy stems; berries Sambucus (271)
86. Trees; fruit, — symmetrical keys Fraxinus (241)
86. Trees; fruit, unsymmetrical keys; leaflets 3 or
^ Acer Negundo (194)
85
86
FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF THE
COMMON TREES AND SHRUBS
OF PENNSYLVANIA
NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.
1. »Maiden-Hair Tree or Ginkgo.— Ginkgo
biloba, L. Leave, ian-.Upei Uke those of Maiden-Hair Fern, but coriaceous ; deciduous. ,
. Buds red-brown, conical, obtjise, ^th few s^lea^ * Ttoias pale yellow-brown, relatively heavy, sparse, ngm ofZml^^^ori spurs and el^n,aUngjko^^^^ Tree has normally strong monopodial tend^^cy. A rather rare ornamental exotic from China where u was long considered sacred.
PINES,— PINUS, (Tourn.) L.
. ^ ■ 1 ^* o frt R with filmy basal sheath, which yeedles *»»/««7jf „«V.2 ^^^'l^^^^J ^^r.,,), but shed at
is perftianent %n the Hard ^*"«* ;/-J.. (^yhite Pines).
end of the first season tn the Soft fxnes v>vui Twigs of but one type. Cones require two seasons to mature.
o \Kih\^f- Pine — Pinus Strobus, L.
2. White rinc, x smooth.
un^*rJi.a^tr;;;i^:ennvir.^zVcL™^^^^^
green appearance m naass. grnr»t^..erunU'eS Ver. resinous at maturity.
3. Pitch Pine,— Pinus rigida, Mill.
Tijnias heavy, golden-lrown, angled %n .a^'/.^^?**^*
K relb-t^ and resinous ^ ^^^^^^^^^f^,^^ yellowish
•Needles 3, rarely 4; heavy, stiff, 2% "-5 iong, y
^Tones with short rigid pncWes, wide base, tUcU HvP^ scales; sessile and very verm^^nt^ .^^^^^ ^^^^^^^
Growth irregular; fo'^^l <>^®?, P^J'J.*'!-ear forest fireB
Common on poor, sandy soils and areas wnere
have raged. ,
.Trees not native to Pennsylvania are marked with an MteriA.
(11)
12
4. Shortleaf Pine,— Pinus echinata, Mill.
Twigs pale glaucous to pwrpZe-brown; <Arcular x-section.
Buds striate ; with pale gray-brown, close-lying, acute scales ; very seldom resinous.
Needles 2, 3 or even 4 ; slender and rather flexible ; 3" — 4" long, dark green, close-set on twigs, not tuHsted.
Bark much like Pitch Pine but slightly smoother.
Cones narrow-lased; with thin-tipped, weakly armed scales.
Growth irregular. Form excellent.
Occurs on medium to good soils and at rather low elevations in Pennsylvania.
5. Jersey Pine, — Pinus virginiana, Mill.
Twigs usually slender and curved, flexible, terete, glaucous "brown to purple.
Buds brownish, more or less resinous.
Needles 2 (very rarely 3), diverging and twisted, 1^'— 3" long, stout, dark green, fragrant, sparse on ticigs.
Crooked tree of poor form unless crowded; with smoothest, thinnest bark of any native pine. Crown open. Growth ir- regular.
Tree of poor soils, but absent at higher elevation in Pa. Often killed by bark beetles.
6. Table Mountain Pine, — Pinus pungens, Lamb.
Needles 2, very stiff and sharp; 2" — 4" long.
Cones as large as the clenched fist; scales very thick, with stout claw-like spines. Seeds triangular.
Otherwise like Pitch Pine; but usually of poorer form, be- cause it grows on the most adverse sites; common on wind- swept mountain ridges.
7. Red Pine, — Pinus resinosa, Ait.
Twigs heavy, ridged; yellow-brown to red-brown. Buds large; brown at first, later silvery; scales loose-lying and fringed.
Needles 2, rather slender and flexible, 4" — 6" long. Cones unarmed, glossy brown. Growth regular. Form ex- cellent.
Tree of poor, dry soils; sparsely occurring in mountainous Northern Pa.
8. ^Northern Jack Pine, — Pinus Banksiana,
Lamb. Twigs olive-green to brown; angled.
13
• ,. rvou' K trees have less resin and longer Buds very resinous (jou-g tret-
needles.) . . -..^..^^ or twisted, I" — li" }^^'
Khin- Zl^toTZ::^^ ^^regular; .ery rapid. Fonn
n-o„e, «nanne. when mature, „„s>,n»etrica,. often persist "Zuvl to'Sr-StateB, and northern New England north- „„d Introduced for forest planting.
9. *Lodgepole Pine,-Pinus contorta, Loud. (Variety)
0„«« UU Jersey and JocU Pine In general. Form fair. ^Xd' Lt': rounded, resinous, with knobs that indicate next 'Ts^d e'xTeSme" in forest planting. Native to western North America.
10 *Scotch Pine-Pinus sylvestris, L. Tv,U,s fairly stout, brittle, oK„«-6--»«». ^^^j^
rSr.""yrr/'orXra «« «» .«.,• bme-green to
%^or;.UX7fa;rU*. but not priClr. scales narro.
'"^m^'nei Pine i» *-* «■«" «««"'""' »' '^"""" '"^ ""SrnTy planted in P^- « = -fCS^v^'S^ iy^ows *? rrt'wTth ro^'u'prifr^i-it. roUa^e sKcu,, veUo^s.
., .„• Pine Pinus montana,
11. ♦European Mountain Pine, rinus
Mill.
.i.e scotch rjiro^i^ftrs'i^^etr "'=""•
mostly of poor Z"™ .''"'' ?"'LL,°,k .tout needle*.
!r,„ig, dark, ^^yj^'^^l^ ::l?es usually more or less re-
Buds resinous, witn rringeu ov« flext. Native to Europe.
12. ^Western Yellow Pine.-Pinus ponderosa,
T^ios >.^.«r ri-^ea, .K-co- ^"^ "> '»"'' ''"^'^'"'°-
14
M orangf^"' "'"' ""''"' *" """ ^ ^^ ^ap has odor of oil Growth regular but slow. Cones larger than those *of native hard pines • scales f h,VW
Etar^ss --"' """«'• NO"- toVa^mcTn'ri^';;^
13. *Japanese Red Pine,— Pinus densiflora, Sieb.
et Zucc.
L^e Scotch Pine in general bat foliage is loneer and mo,.
Buds wine-red with numerous re/!ea?* filamentous amU» ^^Growth very rapid. Form fair. Cones bT'e at ve^^^^^^^^^^
14. ^Japanese Black Pine,-Pinu5 Thunbergii,
Pari. y
Jnt\tT^C^'''' ^1^ /•'^^ *" ^^^^^ b"t nec(«c* are much sUner and sharper; buds more silvery and twies paler Ma^
^oro=en?Jf^ri:L^^^^^^^^^ i/.apanXrtis a^Sf- hair ^NiLrt'o Ji^pl?: '''' ^^^^"- ^^ P-' ^-t less
15. *Austrian Pine,--Pinus austriaca, Hoss.
Similar to Jap. Black in general, but darker'in appearance th^-out, and needles are closer on twigs aPPearance
Buds usually have broad basal scales reflext.
sou?hrrn E'^pe!''''"' '' ""'"^^^ ^°^ "-"°«^- Native to
16. *American Nut Pine (Pinyon), -Pinus edulis,
Engelm.
tJltll *'*^.'*^«f^« i° bundles of 2 or 3 and lying so close tc^ther dunng their first season as to seem fused Primal foliage common on young trees. Foliage durZ firsflZs^n ^my'sfrifte.*"' '^ ''^'^'•"^*' ^^"^ ^^^' BudaTmS'sirder? but'^finrsoir'' '^''' ^° ^"- ""^ ^°"° P^«^' ^^^^Jy- best on dry
«J^«"^^T?.?'°^" ""^ "Perimental interest because of its larire seeds. Native to eastern foothills of Rocky Mounteins
16
17. ^Himalayan White Pine,-Pinus excelsa, Wall.
Twigs rather heavy, smooth glaucous-green.
rr'^a^oiVrtna as a minimum, more or less droop- '"'Csually of poor fom. in Pn. In general quite like White ^%\^;'r:r:s :" aren'aL^ative to Himalayan Mountains of Asia.
18 *European Stone Pine-Pinus Cenibra, L. Twi.s covered with Short rust.^ Otherwise quite liKe ^^hU^^/ !]Jl\fKut Pine A rare orna- Sar Civrt r^o^ CZJ ^opTana to C.nt«i Asia.
LARCHES.-LAEIX, (TOURN.) Adans.
Needle, rfmcfi.o,,,,, ocourvinR s-«fv on el..gaii»g shoot, and
in rosettes of 10 or more o.- ».c '*";' "^J^J^^, ,„ „„, season; Growth irregular and rapid. Cones mature
borne upright. 19. American Larch-Larix laricina, (DuRoi) Koch.
FoUaoe U,^,reen; trJ"" B«nche."crooli^'.na v.ry Ir- Twigs glauoous rose-irown. Brancneg icw
"Sark darli brown. Cones about J" long.
20 *European Larch,— Larix decidua, Mill.
?S%e«.^rBran*es as^Hng r^^^^^^^ ^^^ .„, Bark gray-brown. Cones U long, xsative ro uur central Europe.
21. *Siberian Larch,-Larix siberica. Leb^doun Like European La. oft but needles «e longer and w.d«.
form is even better, and !ir«nc?.c» are sparser. Native em Asia.
22. *Japanese Larch.-I-arix leptolepis, Gordon.
Nteiles aioiicom 6eneo()i. „,„,,..,,,
?::rhr."'aisrUvrf''ra:'r'aV'"Nre to central Japan.
16 SPRUCES,— PICEA, LINK.
Needles occur singly and leave tranches quite rough when thed; 4-ani:led or flattened; persist 7-10 yrs.
Buds with imbricated scales.
Cone« pendant, unarmed ; mature in one season.
Growth half-regular (i. e. — Leaders and laterals of current ytar are commonly unbranched, but branches develop during second season from irregularly located buds.)
Form very good.
23. *White Spruce, — Picea canadensis, (Mill.)
BSP.
Needles callus-tipt ; at first pale blue, usually becoming dark blue-green; when crushed sap has typical odor like that of Spice Bush.
Buda and twigs yelloxo-gray ; latter often glaucous.
Cones about 2" long; pale brown. Native to northern North America.
24. Red spruce, — Picea rubra, (DuRoi) Dietrich.
Foliage yellow-green. Buds red-hrown. Twigs orange-brown with a very fine short pubescence. Cones 2" or less in length ; red-brown witli entire margined scales.
25. Black Spruce, — Picea mariana, (Mill.) BSP.
Like Red Spruce hut foliage is hlue-green with needles round-tipt; cones smaller, more persistent and with jagged- tipt scales.
The commonest spruce in Pa., — ^growa slowly and is essen- tially a swamp tree.
26. *Colorado Blue Spruce,^ — Picea pungens,
Engelm.
Needles very rigid and acute, often incurved.
Twigs and buds like White Spruce but heavier, not glaucous. Bud-scales often reflexed.
Cones about 3" long with irregular papery-tipt scales.
Tree of rather slow growth, but adapted to drier soils than most spruces. Native to Rocky Mountain region.
27. *Sitka Spruce, — Picea sitchensis, Carr.
Foliage in general like White Spruce, but needles are flat- tened, rather flexible and lack the disagreeable odor.
Buds and twigs gray-brown with yellow wist.
Cones 2^" — 4" long; scales papery-tipt and toothed. Native from Alaska to California.
It
28. *Norway Spruce,— Picea Abies, (L.) Karst.
Needles sharp; 4-angled, ^"^ ^^reen u^d-scales reflext
Twigs bright red-brown with buds darker , bud scales wn. on tipB of vigorous shoots.
Cones r—T long. Native to Europe.
29 *Douglas Fir,— Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Britt.
Needles solitary, flat, round to ^^TJ^^.^^^^^^^J^P^ ^^^^^t on top, stomatiferous beneath; mul-nb prominent, persist about 8 yrs. ; blue-green to dark green.
Twigs terete; resin-blisters on young bark.
Buds very acute, red-brown; scales imbricated
em Mexico.
FIRS,— ABIES, (Tourn.) Hill.
yeeile, flat in "-' /P-'- j, -"^Z =s "a? and 'Lo./"^V toe"-like appendage, leaving a rouna scar
"co^^lorne «prt,fti; fall apart at mat«ritv leaving pe.^
"'Re°8in"lTsters prominent on smooth yonng bark. Growtli }-regular. Form very good. 30 Balsam Fir,— Abies balsamea, (L.) Mill.
stomata beneath; very fragrant.
natural range. t • Ji
31. *American Silver Fir.-Abies concolor, Lmdl.
& Gord.
J-5:i-nr^omatrra«fr^p\';^^^^^^
Nattvfto wester/unit'ed States and northern Mexaco.
32. -Nordmann's Fir,-Abies Nordmann.ana
Spach. Needles like Balsam^ Fir but longer, heavier and glossier,-
obviously notched at tips. ^^ ._,,, Native to southeast-
Buds red-brown, scaly, not restnous. i^auve
ern Europe and A«ia Minor.
I IH
18
33. Hemlock, — Tsuga canadensis, (L.) Carr.
Needles of two types, — larger ones comhed apart to stand at right-angle to the twig, smaller ones lying on top of twigs and parallel to them; about V long as a maximum; mounted 01% minute stalks (sterigrnata) ; two white bands of stomata beneath round or notched at tips; persist about 3 yrs.
Twigs very fine, pubescent, rough when needles are shed.
Bark shows alternate layers of brown and red when cut.
Cones 3" long, ovoid, unarmed.
Form very good ; growth very irregular ; leaders nod.
34. *Bald Cypress, — Taxodium distichum, Rich-
ard.
Deciduous. Has apponrnnee of pinnalC'Compoitnd folicge in summer, because of numerous fine twigs which are also decid- uous.
Buds inconspicuous. Permanent twigs yellow-brown. Scarcely hardy at Mont Alto.
Bark fibrous; cut into flat ridges.
Cones globose, 1" thru, rugose, fall apart easily ; seeds angu- lar and nearly as large as scales.
Form very good. Atlantic Coastal and Mexican Gulf tree, native from New Jersey southward.
35. Southern White Cedar, — Chamaecyparis thy-
oides, (L.) BSP.
Foliage scale-like on flattened twigs; blue-green; glandular below.
Bark shreddy.
Cones i" thru, globose with peltale scales; small wingad seeds.
Small tree of slow growth ; form often poor in open. Oc- curred originally in a few swamps in southeastern Pa. Now extinct in Pa. except as an ornamental.
36. *Arborvitae; Northern White Cedar, — Thuya
occidentalis, L.
Like preceding tree hut twigs are flatter; cones oblong, nearly i" long with 6-8 scales.
Sap has typical odor. Form fair. Native from Quebec to North Carolina, but not within Pennsylvania.
37. *Oriental Arborvitac, — Thuya orientalis. L. Lik0 No. S5 but foliage and twigs are flatter; seeds are
wingless, look like those of an apple but gray-brown with typ- ical basal scar; cones are larger and scales have projecting curved pTickles. Form rather poor. Size small. Native to China.
10
JUNIPERS,— JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L.
• ..J,nrU of 3 or opposite. Buds small to minute. Leaves tn whorls «^J^ ?r X^^,.. Bark shreddy. Flowers dioecious. I^rwit a uerry.
38. Red Cedar.-Juniperus virginiana, L.
rXeTu-u^/lf. TX aS*in\ho.e of 3. T.ese '"'^e^Tn-f t"o',s^"olttrrop ana a« always ,«Ue
'"Ser,. about T thru, ^^•^'^^^rn^'l^';^ ^l^^'^^o.tTZ'o requires one or («o reasons to mature, coma.
seeds. _ ^j
Growth slow. Form good.
39. Common Juniper.-Juniperus communis, L. ^„. He. Ce.arj»« ^:f'^'^%7^:j ^tt^f^ro^^r
rwho-Ss w^^f .rx™^^^^^^^ e-nu .ee.
Often only a prostrate shrub , at Dest oui » 40 *Chinese Juniper.-Juniperus chinensis.
LiKe nei Ceiar ^ut sloj^i^tlurand t^^e^'atl' Ced .fnis
commonly in whorls of 3. ^ .. . China, Japan and the An attractive ornamental. Native to kjux
Himalayan mountains. 41 ♦Japanese Common Juniper.-Juniperus ngida.
2.eed.e. ^-e of o«r ^^rrsunrerberinr'rn^/"' sharper; foliage gray-green m summer tointer with a yellow cast. ornamentally to a
42. Ground Hemlock; American Yew.-Taxus canadensis, L.
berry. * *« i -r<»r»< • about S' taU.
Habit procumbent to i-erect, aow»*
20
43. *English Yew,— Taxus baccata, L.
Quite like American Yew but erect in habit, attainina small tree size.
Rarely completely hardy against winter-cold and summer drought. Native to Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.
GREEN BRIERS,~SMILAX, (Tourn.) L.
Woody, climbing briers with simple net-veined leaves. Fruit a small nearly dry berry.
44. Common Green Brier, — Smilax rotundifolia,
L.
Leaves deciduous, green on hoih sides.
Stalks angular in tendency, green, with minute variegated dots and scattered, stout, straight thorns.
45. Saw Brier,— Smilax glauca, Walt.
Leaves partly persistent, glaucous below and at times above. Stalks terete, glaucous brown, variegated with obvious speck- les; stout curved prickles.
WILLOWS,— SALIX, (Tourn.) L.
Leaves usually narrow and short-stalked. Buds 1-scaled; terminafbud absent.
Trees and shrubs; usually of poor form; associated with moist habitats.
46. Black Willow,— Salix nigra. Marsh.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate-attenuate, smooth and bright green when fully developed. Persistent h-o-val stipules, or sometimes small ovate ones soon deciduous. Buds conical-acute. Tioigs fine, brittle, many deciduous. Bark dark, deeply fissured or rarely plated.
47. *Weeping Willow,— Salix babylonica, L.
Leaves very slender-attenuate, sharp toothed. "Duck-hiir buds close apprest to twigs. Twigs fine, drooping, weakly attached to branchlets. Common ornamental tree of unique habit. Native of Asia.
48. *Crack Willow,— Salix fragilis, L.
Leaves coarseserrate, silvery beneath; medium wide for a willow, as is also true of twigs. Buds of apprest "Duck-bill" type.
Twigs always smooth, yellow in winter, brittle. Native to Europe and Northern Asia.
21 Gray bark breaks into plated ridges witb exfoliating ten- dency. , v„^« f^^P on fertile and moist loils;
pr^aTtin/r.-u'^'eir Sot reaS--. by it. brittl. branclies. Native to Europe. 49 ♦Purple WiUow.-Salix purpurea, L. L.e. oZnceoUte .o ion.ue.^apei, aUghtiy serrulate.
™itS «... reaio P«7i^-"?«\-r.rPub:s«utt?rard
Ttoigs rather tough and heavy, usually p tips. Native to Europe.
i- ^t- Pparh-leaf Willow, —
50. ^American Green or Feacn leai
Salix amygdalina, L. Leaves pale or glaucous ^e^-; ^^-der petioles i -1 long. Duck-bill buds, at times ^'^^^^^Z^^ted to basketry.
»;rsm^s? iT'^:^^:-^^^^^^^ -n. Nativ. of
Europe.
■ 51 Glaucous Willow.-Salix discolor, Muhl
;.:„„«. coarsely tooi^eS, o«--l.»'ir„;:™ ^r.\."S " "'Sburit- rk^m%"ef rralTa^ger and fuller witb
«t:.r^a?f^'Vfi rar;rUnnLknn.a. S^l smoother; red-purple to dark green.
rarely scaly. , . gj^all tree; occasionally
Usually a stream-bank snruD or
planted. . .
52. Sage or Dwarf Gray WiUow.-Sahx tnst.s,
^"^gr'slender, densely tomentose. Tufted shrub, less than 4 tail. «i^ Silky Willow,-Salix sericea, Marsh.
leaves at first auite Bjllcy esped^^^^^^^^ green above and pale or glaucous beneath . ^ n arrow- acu te.
&tfnrst'J?a'J^^ndTn moist area.; 15-aO' taU.
22
54. Prairie Willow,— Salix humilis, Marsh.
nnfif ^''i!? T,' •.^^'■'"u'^l*.*^ between Sage and Glaucous Willows mth which It probably often hybridizes ; undulate, coarse-toothed or crinkled; floccose-pubescent below; 2"~8V' Ion- '^^ '''''^''^ Twigs woolly-pubescent, slender.
Fr^klt(5!;ry,V'"- "^""^^"^ "'^^-^°' -^^«^" -
ASPENS, POPLARS AND COTTONWOODS — POPULUS, (Tourn.) L.
ilJtUnJd *°°*^^^'' ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ cordate or ovaic, stalks usually
Bud^ scaly, acute ; terminal ones prominent. I^af-scars show o bundle-scars.
Trees of fair form.
55. American or Trembling Aspen,— Populus
tremuloides, Michx.
Leaves tcith thin, flat petioles; fine-serrate margins; blade round-ovate.
Twigs terete, usually slender, sparse, red-brown. Flower— and vegetative— 6u(f5— distinct ; brown with glossy- varntshed appearance.
Bark yellow-green to white ; smooth, becoming dark and fis- sured on t)ld boles.
56. Large-toothed Aspen,— Populus grandiden-
tata, Michx.
In general like Trembling Aspen but coarser in features; buds more divergent and pale dusty; twigs paler in color.
57. Cottonwood, — Populus deltoides. Marsh.
Broad wedge-shaped acute leaves with stout flat stalks • deep glossy green above, pale groen below.
Buds large, resinous, glossy, chestnut brown; under-side of scales sticky and odorous.
Twigs stout, yellow tinged with green or brown, round to angular in x-section depending on rate of growth.
Good form: branches ascending in habit; very rapid grower. Has other features in common with aspens. Probably not na- tive within Pennsylvania.
58. *Balm of Gilead, — Populus candicans, Ait.
Like Cottonwood in many ways but of poorer form and with fr«at t«ndency to lucker from root*.
28
Leaves glossy, often cordate, hairy below at times; petioU
slightly flattened. , , ^ . xro*.;^«
Buds varnished with copious, stichy, fragrant ream. JXatm to northern North America and Asia.
59. ♦Lombardy Poplar,--Populus nigra var. ital-
ica, Du Roi. Ul^e Cottomcood, but of a finer pattern and with dense
upright halit.
Twigs terete. Native to Europe.
60. *White Poplar,— Populus alba, L.
Leaves deep green above, white-tomentose leneath; undulaU margins remotely 5-lobed ; petioles only slightly flaitmed, densely tomentose, as are twiga and buds also. Bark like that of the aspens but whiter as a rule Broad crown-form. Root-suckers common. Native to Europt.
6L Sweet Fern,— Myrica asplenifolia, L. Leaves /em-Kfcf,— pinnatified, sweet-scented, linear-lanceo-
^''^Twigs fine, brown pubescent; staminate catkins present in
winter. . , ,
Both monoecious and dioecious plants occur.
Fruit a globose, bur-like catkin about r.long.
Rather common on poor sandy sods; attains to 5 tau, ui-
ually much less.
WALNUTS,— JUGLANS, L.
Trees in this genus have pinnate- compound leaves, cham- 6 Jedc Jral pith, unbranched staminate Aower .stalks and typical sculptured nuts with an indehiscent husk. Sap n aromatic.
62. White Walnut or Butternut,— Juglans cln-
erea, L.
Terminal leaflets well dcreloped.-about equal to lateral
'"'^.igstiih brmcn pith. "Mustache^^ .inst «bov« leaf-sca«^ Buds angular or flattened when te»-min ally located lateral ones smaller and often superposed ; all are Pf^^ f^ned bul nate catkins of next season appear like pme-apple shaped buds. Nuts long-ovate, deeply sculptured ; with a hairy sticky h^sk. Unless crowded, crown-form is wide ^/^ Jf?^%^J^^^^^^ Bark gray to ashy-white, separating into wide flat ndges.
iii;i:i|
24
63. Black Walnut, — Juglans nigra, L.
In general like Butternut, but a better formed and larger tree ; fruit globosed and less deeply sculptured, enclosed in nearly smooth husk.
Terminal leaflet absent or atrophied. Pith gray to Ught 'brown.
Bark gray-brown and narrow ridged.
64. *English Walnut, — Juglans regia, L.
Like Butternut, hut buds blunter and not flattened; ticigs smoother.
Leaves usually smooth-glossy above, with terminal leaflets larger than laterals.
Not quiet hardy in Pennsylvania but variable in this feat- ure; also in fruit, which however is usually only obscurely Bculptured. Native to Europe.
HICKORIES,— CARYA, Nutt.
lAke walnuts, but flower-stalks branch ; pith is continuous; nuts have J^-valved, more or less dehiscent husks. Wood tough and strong.
65. Pignut Hickory, — Carya glabra, (Miller)
Spach.
Leaflets average 5, acute, smooth.
Twigs usually smooth, medium size.
Buds i"-^" long, ovate, scaly.
Bark usually tight ; breaking into narrow flat-topped ridges, which sometimes scale off in narrow strips.
Fruit pear-shaped, with thin ^-dehiscent husk; nuts variable in size and quality, sweet but with bitter after-taste.
Tree of poor to medium soils.
66. Mockernut Hickory, — Carya alba, (L) K.
Koch.
Leaflets average 7. Petioles downy.
Twigs stout, sparse; more or less downy.
Buds broad-ovate, large, outer scales shed early.
Bark tight and ridged.
Fruit large, sub-globose ; thick dehiscent husk.
Nuts thick-shelled ; small sweet kernels.
TrM ef medium soils.
26
67. Shellbark Hickory,— Carya ovata, (Mill.) K.
Koch. Leaflets average 5. Buds large, ovate; outer scales acute,
inner velvety, brown to gray. ^„^;„„ qt^^mps- red-
Twigs intermediate between two preceding species, rea
brown to gray.
Bark shed vertically m large plates. usually
Fruit like Mockernut, but nuts are acute at one end, usually
thin-shelled with large sweet kernels. Tree of medium to good soils.
68. Big Shellbark Hickory,-~Carya laciniosa,
(Michx. f.) Loudon.
Like the Shellbark but twigs are heavier ^^^^^l^^^'^'^H tomentose, buff to orange; leaflets average 7, buds have more
^Ti?/oXr::^C:; strongly flattened, acute at both ends;
thick-shelled. „ . , m
A tree of fertile alluvial soils.
69. Bitternut Hickory,— Carya cordiformis, (Wang.) K. Koch.
IZT ^^rgu:dui:r^ik vacate scales; terminal ones
flattened. , „
Leaflets ovate-lanceolate; average y.
A ttee of fertile valleys, Btream-banks and swamps. 70 *Pecan,— Carya illinoensis, (Wang.) K. Koch. Like Bitternut, but buds are t^" brown with yeUow hairs; niita sweetest and most edible of the genus.
t>!mXu: giving tree the appearance of a walnut. Native to Mississippi Valley. 71. Blue Beech or Water Beech.-Carpinus caro-
liniana, Walter. TuAg. fine; silky at first, becoming .moot*; .Wny brown to
%"J|; ovate-acute, -.««• .«d-brown ;^«\«;f tSJfnilTud: scales which increase in size toward the apex, leni
absent.
II '1
I*
26
Leaves simple, small, ovate-acute, 2-serrate, — birch-like.
Bark tight, smooth, blue-gray, vertically cornigated.
Fruit a ridged nutlet, J" long, borne on a 3-lobed leafy bract and arranged in pendant clusters.
Wood very hard and strong.
Small tree of poor form occurring on fertile lower hill- slopes and stream-banks.
72. American Hornbeam or Ironwood, — Ostrya
virginiana, (Will.) K. Koch.
Quite like Blue Beech but twige in mass form a more zig- zag pattern, lighter in color, tougher.
Buds are gummy ; 8 visible scales. Bark is shed in shreddy scales.
Nutlets are enclosed in little sacks armed with stinging hairs and arranged in a hop-like aggregate about a central stem from which they are shed one by one.
Staminate ainents are present in winter; usuany occur in three's.
BIRCHES,— BETULA, L.
Twigs fine; two types occur, — "short spurs" with leaves more or less clustered, and "elongating shoots" with leaves single.
Buds acute; terminal ones absent. Sterile aments present in winter.
Fruit a small cone-like structure falling apart at maturity.
Seeds winged, very small and light.
Mostly large trees.
73. Black Birch,— Betula lenta, L.
Twigs smooth, shiny red-brown ; strong wintergreen flavor. Leaves simple, fine-serrate, — rarely 2-serrate. Dark smooth and cherry-like at first with laterally elongated lenticels ; later shed in thick plates.
74. Yellow Birch,— Betula lutea, Michx.
Like Black Birch hut twigs are paler tcith some persistent down; leaves 2-serrate ; bark at first shed laterally in yellow papery scales, later becoming quite tight and finally breaking into plates and wide ridges.
Wintergreen flavor faint.
75. Red or River Birch, — Betula nigra, L. -
Twigs more or less hairy-tomentose.
Leaves broadly ovate, strongly 2-serrate; deep glossy green above, pale below. Sccdf mature in spring.
Bark on boles and limbs of 4" — 10" thru is shed in ra^ed orange-brown papery sheets ; later dose or fissured and dark brown.
A stream-bank tree but not found along headwaters.
27
76 Gray Birch,— Betula populifolia. Marsh,
n:a^erJe&o.o.c, 2-serrat^ ^^X^:X^^ne.
"small short-lived tree of rapid growth; commonly occurring in clumps. .,
77 Paper Birch.-Betula alba, var. papyr.fera,
(Marsh.) Spach. Twigs red-browo. smooth or hairy-tomentose. Bud. re.inou..
Leaves firm in texture. regular filmy sheets.
Bark creamy to chalky whtte, »'»«« *7* "^^"^ -S^T^ ^t^-T^- ra.e.-restrietea to thl^hTghet mountains in Pennsylvania.
78 *White Birch,— Betula alba, L.
Quite me i'«P-^r\,^-,rrrS;&";^^^^^^^^ Japan. „ -v
79. Black Alder,-Alnus rugosa, (Du Ko.)
^';'"' n' size green-to dark-brown or grayish. Twigs medium m size, greei Lenticels prominent and ""merous ^„^.„^i ty S
.i:t' ^^r'w£h'°a?e S.a^'in —>-= ~^
^"/.atef-obovate, blunt or rounded, evenly serrate; base wedge-shaped. astringent, yellow within.
Bark thin, smooth, «^l^^^^\^*'''Vaoist-soil species; oft- n with
Small clumpy stream-bank or moisi
shrub form.
HAZLENUT.-CORYLUS, L. -
Mostly shrubs, ocea.iona«.«};ecimens approach Ue«.z.. Fruit a nut enclosed m a leafy orac
28
80. Hazelnut, — Corylus americana, Walt. Twig medium size; scattered or dense bristly red hair. Catkins usually obviously stalked. Buds have more than 2
pairs of scales visible.
Fruit husk composed of two distinct bracts. Found on fairly fertile or moist soils.
81. Beaked Hazelnut, — Corylus rostrata, Ait.
Like No. 80 hut smaller in every feature, except fruit-husk which has component bracts fused into o tube about S" long.
Buds usually expose only 2 pairs of scales. Catkins sessile or nearly so.
Shrub on poor, sandy or rocky sites.
82. ^European Hazel or Filbert, — Corylus Avel-
lana, L.
lAke ^o. 80 hut larger in every feature; makes quite rapid growth; twigs usually less pubescent. Bud-scales have ciliate margins.
Var. atropurpurea has dark purple foliage. A pendulous form and numerous other variations occur. Native to Europe, northern Africa and Western Asia.
BEECH,— FAGUS, (Tourn.) L.
Trees with close, smooth, grayish hark; long slender-conical, very acute huds.
Triangular shiny brown nuts, borne in pairs in a stalked, 4-valved, prickly bur. Kernels sweet.
Wood compact ; pith-rays prominent.
Found on moist and fertile soils; very tolerant of shade.
83. Beech, — Fagus grandifolia, Ehrh.
Twigs medium to slender ; hairy at first, later smooth ; some- what zigzag.
Leaives stiff, tough, sharp-toothed, ovate-acute \ often per- sist into winter.
84. ^European Beech, — Fagus sylvatica, L.
Like its American cousin but leaves are more delicate, smaller and rounder, loith ciliate, less acutely toothed margins. Native from Central Europe to the Caucasus.
CHESTNUTS,— CASTANEA, (Tourn.) L.
Leases like Beech hut longer-acute. Terminal huds absent; lateral 2-rankt.
Nuts sweet, edible; borne in velvet-lined bura densely armed with very sharp prickles.
Bark furrowd. Wood durable, ring-porous; rays very fine.
29
85 Chestnut,-Castanea dentata, (Marsh.) Borkh.
4.\. „roan brown Pith star-shaped.
areas. 86 Chinquapin,— Castanea pumila, (L.) Mill.
^IM as aUo are «nder surface, of leave.. 87 *Chinese Chestnut.-Castanea moUiss.ma, Bh
Much like tke American C^"«"«» ^VoU" -e'^e^^-v; doe. not become as ^^^^^•''"ZirX^^,t"t%TTtivr^^^ large, S«S''?r.d*^aVef ^:J^BtJnr '^Zi^^ to Shina.
OAKS,— QUERCUS, (Tourn.) L. ^-« have 5-sided or star-shaped^^^^^ iTVr^T ''"C™"?™u'r;pi^^ ^^^^ SSf rins-porous; m^ay, •^TSeTai. are divided into two groups with characterisUc as below given:
Wme Oak Orouv ^Tl^T^
Itf ""t^Xu, rounded. «»- Tlp\mTseMnal.rUile.
rruit bJ^™^ one season to n.a. Two^ seasons required to
^"'® .1- ui^jr. TTsually pubescent within.
Nut-shell Usually smooth within. usuaiiy y
R« White Oak,— Quercus alba, L. ?w Jstnder to — red-gra. smooth. B^ o««. '"SX-obovate in general outline, usually T-lobed and about
'"St/oiirsMrprrow-n.-wr sweet astringent meat. Tree ot medium to good soJs. 89 Swamp White Oak,-Quercus bicolor, WiUd.
^„ .tout. yeUowlsh to red-brown ^^-^^ ZiTl^k ^^*« of r thru and larger ex/oi.o«e «fc«r iarfc.
30
Buds pale chestnut-brown ; at times slightly hairy at tips.
Leaves ooarse-denate with short rounded lobes; deep glossy yellow green above, pale green and fine hairy helow.
Acorns on stalk usually 2" long ; cups tend to be miniatures of those of Bur Oak. Meat quite sweet.
Found on stream-banks and similar sites where soil is moist and fertile.
90. Bur Oak, — Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Twigs stout, yellow-brown ; hairy at first, later smooth with corky excrescences.
Buds slightly pubescent, acute or obtuse; lateral ones ap- prest.
Leaves ohovate, usually lohed with terminal one largest; about 10" long.
Nuts 1" — 2" long. Cups deep, large, often with bird's-nest appearance.
91. Post Oak,— Quercus stellata, Wang.
Twigs stout, rusty pubescent; orange-gray to dark brown.
Buds red-brown, slightly pubescent.
Leaves thick-leathery, usually 5-lohed with middle pair larg- est. Lobes separated by broad sinuses. Ijeaves shiny deep green above, paler and rusty pubescent below.
Medium-size tree of dry sandy soils in valleys and foot-hill regions.
92. Chestnut or Rock Oak, — Quercus Prinus, L.
Twigs green at first, becoming purplish, then orange — or red-brown.
Buds ovate-conical-acute, i" — i" long, pale chestnut-brown.
Leaves quite like Chestnut but thicker, with round-toothed coarse dentations.
Acorns short-stalked; nut about 1" long; cup shallow and basally knobbed.
Bark at first smooth, later breaks into sharp, hard ridges.
Bole and crown-form not as good as in preceding species.
Found on poorest, dry and rocky soils.
93. Yellow Oak, — Quercus Muhlenbergii, En-
gelm.
Quite like Chestnut Oak, but buds shorter and less acute; leaves more acuminate; acorns sessile or nearly so; bark breaks into rather flat gray-scaly ridges.
Occurs on dry soils and sooms to prefer limestone regions.
81
94 Scrub Chestnut Oak,-Quercus prinoides,
beneath. ,. •!.„,
Found on poor to medium sites.
Qt; pprl Oak — Ouercus rubra, L.
cool and moist sites. red-brown, smooth, but scales
Buds ovoid-acute, pale— to rea oruwi , often have slightly pubescent ^^F^^^'^^^^^^ g^xS" and 7 to
Leaves oval to ^^^^ 'Twafr^^^^^^ stem and midrib
9-lobed; sinuses reach haltway lo 7k»u/» ,
«"|"a/k on Cd ^'r.'^'>^\Ttu:»T^^T^^^ average 1" Acorns have shallow cups, velvety witnm ,
long, o^ Srarlet Oak,— Ouercus coccinea, Mucnch.
''%ZZ ofsoUs somewhat roorer and drier than occupied by Bed Oak. 07 Riack Oak.— Quercus velutina, Lamb, l^wigs !tout, rust;pui:scent or smooth, red-brown and angu- %... averaoe nearly T Ion,, ovate, 5-anoled, yellowish to dirty-white pubescent; J"^*^^ '^^^ „ ; |,^ 7-lobed : dark green and „,n^XVr ^o^^'^^rw-.Tra. w^h t„Ets «« m.,
hairs in axils of veins; v«7«fj^;, ^^ «gj Oak, darker at base
Bark with ^^^r\''J^}f;X^^^^^ covered with
of boles. Inner bark orange-yeiiow.
'"Z LTcroS'intermediate between Red and Scarlet Oaks.
Q8 Pin Oak— Ouercus palustris.Muench.
smaller and more deeply .neised^.mta "^"^P^^^^ ^'Zri'"t:ilf:^^'''X'sM^^^ c«pr ^oun, tree, show %«^'"onroi.t medium to v.ry fertil. .oils.
82
99. Spanish Oak, — Quercus falcata, Michx.
In general like Pin Oak but tioigs are stouter; luds hairy; lea/ves larger and irregular in loHng.
100. Scrub Oak, — Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.
Twigs gray-tomentose or smooth dark brown.
Buds ov&tc-ohtuse, chestnut-brown; scales dark margined.
Leaves obovate, usually 5-lobed; sinuses shallow; glossy dark-green above, pale tomentose below; leathery.
Scrubby tree or shrub of poor soils, often forming dense stands on burnt areas.
101. Laurel Oak, — Quercus imbricaria, Michx.
Like Pin Oak in many ways, but lacks spiky tioigs and leaves are entire; acorn-tcups half cover nut; acorns stalked; leaves hairy beneath.
Buds silky, at times scales have serrate margins.
102. Willow Oak, — Quercus phellos, L.
The narrow leaf, smiooth beneath, distinguishes this oak in summer.
Buds strongly angled. Acom-cups ehallow. Bud-scales slightly serrate.
Usually found on moist sandy or swampy soil. Limited in Pennsylvania to southeastern counties.
ELMS,— ULMUS, (Tourn.) L.
Terminal buds absent. Leaves simple, 2-ranktf pinnate- veined; hose unequal.
Most elms bloom in spring before leaves appear. Seed mature quickly, are flat and surrounded by a thin papery wing.
103. American Elm, — Ulmus americana, L.
Mature twigs red-ftroim, slender, nearly smooth; at first greenish-pubescent.
Buds ovate-acute, slightly flattened, usually smooth, red- brown, with 6-10 dark margined scales. Flower buds much larger and blunt.
Leaves 2-serrate, acute, 4" — &' long, soft and nearly smooth
helow.
Flowers slender-stalked.
Bark gray-brown ; paler with age ; breaks into irregular flat ridges; at times s<»ly.
Drooping branchleta and deliquescent crowns are typicaL
104. Slippery Elm,-Uhnus MvaMk^^^^^
Twig, medium »*»"*• ?'«'f'\""lr''**l,etV with 12 ru.tj-
Leaves like American Elm but larger a sides. , -1*
Tr.'"*oTUr«»«--Ia.i«o«,; rid.es wider than »
^G^ron'dder soils than American Elm.
inc *Fno-1i<!h Elm,— Ulmus campestns, L.
near-black. ^ ^ „<,t mucilaginoQS. NaUv*
Bark on holes «'"^*^''"^",° Africa to Japan, from middle Europe and North Alnca to J v
106. *Cork Elm,-Ulmus racemasa, Tho^^^^^^^ ^^ Twigs, fine with ri^ag '^-^'^'Z^/fJ^^.k hranchlets. %'SdrsTa.rtrrr^"rr- fine hai^. sc^es ^,.
JZ'^ T«Tetr *^B.rU' oro.n»^.;. separated into narrow, broken fidges. g«cJfccr» freely from
^JirNrvelrorQurio Tennessee and Nebras,.. but not within Pennsylvania.
107. *Chinese E.1«.-U1«"X^;"' ^ to brownish Ttcig, fine to medium; gray at maturity, gre
" l„f' ra'* ovate.oM«.e, ,ra^brown. Inner larl> «««■ laginous. «f,inil • stalk i" long. Attacked by
elbrbS^aTvr/r tS«i>' - T^estan and Kortbern China. ,. t
108. Hackberry,-Celtis occ.dental.s. L. ^.^^^^
"Xi mrVan... ovate-acute, close apprest; 3-4 scales
Lele. palmately S-nerved^^ "h™!' occurs singly, sweet, seed Berry purplish, about 1/3 thru, j,j^,
'^'i^rv:'^!; ^o'l'i^^o^^"^^^'^^ «"'. '-' -" »' ''"
regular warty-ridged.
84
MULBERRIES,— MORUS, (Tourn.) L.
Terminal buds absent, lateral 2-rankt.
Leaves serrate, entire or variably lohed; nUllcy sap.
Flowers unisexual ; either monoecious or dioecious.
Inner hark strong, with whitish-silky fibres. Roots bright yellow.
Fruit a sweet aggregate, — resembling a blackberry in struc- ture.
109. Red Mulberry, — Moms rubra, L.
Twigs medium heavy, smooth, greenish brown tinted with red.
Buds diverge somewhat from twigs; greenish-brown with dark margined scales.
Leaf-scars raised, concave, nearly circular with irregular bundle-scars.
Leaves often cordate; acute-tipped, 3-nerved, slightly rough above.
Bark gray-brown, cut into low flat ridges which oft«n ex- foliate in narrow scales.
Fruit about 1" long, dark purple when entirely ripe.
110. * White Mulberry,— Morus alba, L.
Tivigs finer and yellower than in Red Mulbeny; leaves smaller, glossy above.
Buds apprcsst ; scales red-brown nnd evenly colorod.
Bark yellow-brown. Fruit variable from cream-white to violet and black. Native to China.
111. *Paper Mulberry, — Broussonetia papyrifera,
(L.) Vent.
Tioigs gray-pubescent tvith strong fibrous inner borJc.
Buds both alternate and opposite; terminal absent.
Leaves like Morus sp. but longer stalked, coarse dentate and velvety; bark grayer.
Dioecious and usually only staminate trees are met in Penn- sylvania. Root-suckers are freely produced ; resulting in small and short-lived trees. Native to Asia.
112. *Osage Orange, — Maclura pomifera, (Raf.)
Schneider.
Take Morus sp. in many ways, but leaves are entire, smooth and glossy; twigs often spiny at nodes and rather fine.
Dioecious; with yellow-green, orange size, aggregate fruit.
Sap acrid and milky. Buds knobby and inconspicuoui
Wood very hard, yellow, durable. Roots yellow and sucker freely. Native to Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texai.
36
MAGNOLIAS,--MAGNOLIA, L.
Buds ovate to conical-acute, hairy without or within r " Leavlf larg^, entire ; scars ^^^^t^^^.^ .^^^V,^^^ «^ aggregate
nT Cucumber Tree -Magnolia acuminata, L.
'TuA'seTa\e-silky; terminals often --ly an inch long, laterals much -^Her and neaHy --^ ^^-^'^^i.^Ml, ,J:^%^T:^^f'^^^^^^ ^^-t 2"-3" long, cu- ^Ta^ge^t^^^^^^^ Jorm;7ound on lower mountain slopes and
feitUe valleys. _
114 Laurel Magnolia— Magnolia virginiana, L.
'" r^:?„7^.r«»J^r'fa; b"tSr""La>,c. vale glaucous Mo.; ,00k Ukc fhoBo of IlUloUe„,U-„» and are .ni-crcnjrcen. Flowers white globular and very fragrant.
115 Umbrella Tree— Magnolia tripetala, L. Small tree resembling Cucumber but larger in mo-t ■ i
WT.,noofn; t,.rn>inal ^V J^oJ^^"^^:^, 3er„'':
Susquehanna.
116 Tulip Tree— Liriodendron tulipifera, L. Like Cucumber except that terminal Ms «^^J^^^'!''J'it,
pointed cone of dry carpels. n -a .
117. *Sweet-scented Shrub.-Calycanthus flondus,
Twig, dik brown, lack terminal bud., ttatuned at node; 'Va":iZpo,»e; ovate-acute, .mail pub«cence underneath. I5ud5 small: black: silky. Native of Soutlicrn AlleBhcnie*.
Ilil<
Flowers like a small rose, dark red, have fragrance of ripe itrawberries.
Fruit a brown leathery, indehiscent capsule about 3" long eontaining many parietally borne seeds about the size of cof- fee grains.
Common ornamental with heighth of 8'— 12'. Native from Virginia southward thru coast states.
118. Pawpaw, — Asimina triloba, Dunal.
Twigs terete, brown, evenly tapering.
Buds hroton, naked, hairy, 2-rankt; terminals flattened; lateral ones small and close apprest. Leaves entire, lancoolate- obovate, 4"— 12" long.
Flowers 3-lobed, red to purple.
Fruit like a small banana but in taste and seeds somewhat like persimmons.
Shrub or small tree on moist soils of variable fertility.
119. Sassafras,— Sassafras variifolium, (Salisb.)
Ktze.
Twigs slender, brittle, yellouj-green to reddish, slightly hairy, aromatic, inner hark mucilaginous; pith large and white.
Terminal buds ovate-acute, rather large if flowers are en- closed; laterals small with few gaping scales.
Leaves like mulberry. Green-yellow flowers are unisexual but borne together.
Fruit a dark blue shiny drupe, eagerly sought by birds.
Bark on old boles red-brown, deeply cut into flat-topped
ridses
Small scrubby tree in Pennsylvania, often spreading by
root-suckers.
120. Spice-bush,— Benzoin aestivale, (L.) Nees.
Twigs fine, smooth, with typical aromatic taste.
Flower buds glolose, numerous, super-posed; vegetative
■mailer, flatter.
Leaves entire, ovate-acute. Yellowish flowers appear before
leaves.
Fruit a scarlet drupe. This large shrub is said to occur only where permanent ground-water level lies within 6' of the surface.
121. Wild Hydrangea,— Hydrangea arborescens,
L.
Ttcigs hHght hrown, faintly 5-sided, smooth ; pith large and
^i^hite
Buds, acute, appresst, opposite. Leaves long-stalked, ovate- acute, dentate.
87
-^o uhP those of Common Mder-
"'"^o^nd on banks of mountain strean..; rarely above 6' taU.
122. *Mock Orange,-Philadelph«s coronarius JL^
T^,. smooth, .ran,e-.ro»». .eIe.oope<J in appeara«oe.-^»e
to BweUing at leaf bases. „.,i„i„; true terminals absent.
Bml, brown. /ff'-'^rM/u »v%"''"<=' "'^''* " ' Leava opposite, ^'"'^\^Jr%,L„t\y dentate.
'"'^l^t^^'l^^^riX^^^ S I'.-aant; ver. tra.rant;
'^'e/Srsr-are top.« ,„ ^^
,J°Cive"rS^1ast™ Bnrope^nd tbe Caucasus.
CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.-RIBES.
^"^MyTelrihan 5' tall in Pennsylvania. 123 Wild Gooseberry,-Ribes Cynosbati, L.
•«.. ieu> (^ absent. Buds di- Twigs dull gray-brown ; sptnes few or a
^Xli prickly; sweet. Leaves round in online, deeply 3-or ^tol- common in central and northern Pennsylvania.
Axr-M rooseberry,— Ribes rotundi- 124. Eastern Wild Gooseoerr^,
folium, Michx. .Ike NO. m but ,»*,. are ,ultepWcUv ana da*er colored.
"tlosTcommon In forests of «>uthern Pennsylvania. 125. Witch Hazel.-HamameHs virginiana. L.
Twigs rather -}<'^f"-/'^^U'^^lJlon^^t oTundevelopea .ear<^;rer-^ra"eteTo:?'bro,n bairs; terminal i -i
nCrovar'wraebtate; base obUane; vein, prominent
below.
i
1
38
Perfect yellow flowers lorne October — November, at same time woody pods dehisce and forcibly expel the smooth, shiny- black seeds; — the only woody plant native in Pennsylvania that bears ripe fruit and flowers at one and the same time.
Bark light brown, often mottled; inner lark redrpurple.
Shrubby tree of moist soils.
126. Sweet Gum, — Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.
Twigs medium in size, obscurely angled; corky projections developed about the second season ; pale — to red-brown ; smooth.
Buds with about 6 scales ; if crushed emit incense-like fra- grance characteristic of the genus.
Leaves star-shaped, serrate, shiny above, broader than long; petioles long.
Fruit a long-stalked, globose head of many spiny capsules somewhat like that of Sycamore.
Forest tree in southeastern Pennsylvania elsewhere in the state an interesting ornamental.
127. *Oriental Sweet Gum, — Liquidambar form-
osana
Is quite similar to preceding, but finer tcvtured thruout with tendency to pubescence. Corky twigs absent on all speci- mens yet noted.
Interesting ornamental tree introduced by U. S. D. A. Bureau of Plant Industry. Native to Asia.
128. Sycamore, — Platanus occidentalis, L.
Twigs rather stout, brown to gray, smooth, enlarged at nodes where they are encircled by stipule scars. Tips often killed back in spring by a fungus.
Buds sub-petiolar, com'cai-obtuse, only one scale visible; terminal absent.
Leaves broad-ovate, 3-to 5-lobed, dentate; light green above, paler and woolly beneath : stalk about 2" long.
Fruit an aggregate ball or head of many hairy achenes;
about 1" thru ; hangs solitary, or rarely 2, on a slender but very tough stem.
Bark brown, cut by shallow fissures into broad thin platos which are shed and expose greenish-white inner layer.
Tree of moist, fertile soils; especially oornnion alons Ir^rrjcr streams. Michaux called it the "Most massive vegetable' of Eastern North America".
129. ''^Oriental Plane Tree,— Platanus orientalis, L.
Is Quite like our Sycamore but free of fungous and insect enemies; resistant to smoke; compact-conical tn orown-form; innerbark shows yellow-green; leases not so broad and more cuneate at base by extension of blade down along petiole. S Lua»r2 or mm-e on a stem. Native from southeastern Europe to India.
130. Ninebark,— Physocarpus opulifolius, (L.)
Maxim.
Txvigs smooth, slender, goldcn-brotcn ; fine ndges extend dou>n ffomeach leaf base; bark shed from trunks and branches in
*''LrsmU"'ppres«t. Fruit a p^'siste.t 5-cfedcapf. Leaves^mooth, ovate-orbicular, usually sharply 3-lobed, ruf-
^*WhTte -rarely red-tinted, flowers occur in terminal corymbs. Usually 3'— 10' tall; along stream-banks.
131. Meadow-Sweet,— Spiraea salicifolia, L.
Twigs very fine, orange-brown and smooth. Buds small, acute. ""TcaTc's stalked, obovate or lanceolate, smooth, sharp-serrale "'FTorer's' white or pink-tinted; in dense terminal panicles. ''Te^u" CmoUt-to swampy soils; 4' tall a, a marimum.
132. Steeple-bush,— Spiraea tomentosa, L.
Quite like Meadow-sweet but tivigs and ^^de^ s^^es of leS^es are woolly; leaves ovate; floivers usually p^nk to purple.
133. ♦Japanese Rose or Globe Flower,-Kerria
japonica, DC.
^ 4. ^.,,1. 4' 10' tall with double or single yellow flowers; an^wlfu^n^d ^^namSariften met around abandoned ho.e-
S:/«"„t ^Z:^e^2^rr\^^ to China, intro- duced from Japan.
m 1
40
APPLES, PEAR, CHOKEBERRIES, AND MOUNTAIN ASHES,— PYRUS, L.
Trees or ahnibs with fleshy or berry-like pome fruits; car- pelt soft or papery and 2-8eeded. Flowers showy, in corymbs or cymes, have 5 hlunt-ovate petals, and an equal number of more or less persistent sepals.
Elongating twigs and short spurs present. Terminal iuds well developed.
134. '♦'Common Pear, — Pyrus Communis, L.
Ttoigs orange-J)rown, smooth; often with spiny spurs. Leaves usually smooth, ovate, fine-serrate or entire. Buds brown, smooth, close appresst. Fruit fleshy, ohovotd. Small cultivated tree; rarely escaped. Native to ■outhtrn Burope and Asia.
135. *Common Apple, — Pyrus Malus, L.
This spreading branched tree escapes cultivation frequently.. It in like the Pear hut twigs are puheseent especially near buds, reddish to dark hroion; thorns rare.
Fruit variable but usually suh-glohose or ovoid. Native to southeastern Europe and western Asia.
136. American Crab-Apple, — Pyrus coronaria, L.
Like Apple hut nearly or quite smooth; very thorny; fruit smallf yellow-green, sharply acid.
Flowers occur later than Apple; beautiful, — pink, very fragrant.
Leaves sharp-serrate, at times lobed. Var. lancifoUa has quite narrow-acute leaves.
Small spreading tree common on medium to good soils in mountains of central and southern Pennsylvania.
137. Red Chokeberry, — Pyrus arbutifolia, (L.)
L. f.
Tioiga and under leaf-surface dense tomentose. Leaves oval to obovate, smooth above, very fine serrate. Berries dark red at maturity, about i^ long; often slightly pear-shaped ; quite persistent.
Buds reddish, acute — like those of Bhad-hush but smaller. Shrubs of fairly moist to wet areas; rarely 8' tall.
138. Black Chokeberry, — Pyrus melanocarpa,
(Michx.) Willd.
Like No. 1S7, hut smooth or nearly so. Fruit neHT-hlaok; thed rather early.
41
139. American Mountain Ash,-Pyrus americana, (Marsh.) D. C. Twigs rather stout, smooth, gray to red-brown; pith largt, brownish. .,inQ«v-mimmv • terminals much the
above 2(y tall.
140. ♦European Mountain Ash,-Pyrus aucuparia,
141. Juneberry or Shad-bush-Amelanchier cana-
densis, (L.) Medic.
Twigs green to purple-brown, smooth or with a sflver, film. slender. . y, » „^ . greenish brown,
^"/"l";;'ovSte-a"«te. fine-serrate, ^"^^^^"^^ j„„,, ,,eet. Flowers early, in drooping racemes. Fruit late June,
«X.^i^;J^r"f.;^oShn£luow fi^^^^^^^ on Old holes. Small tree: sparse but general thruout Pa.
142. Low Juneberry.-Amelanchier oblonpfoha.
Infrequent mi«.a««r. of Sl.ad-hu,H. bnt commonly spread, ly ro",»o)ter.; leaves sub-orbicular to oblong.
Rarely ahove 8' tall.
HAWTHORNS,— CRATAEGUS, L.
14-? Cockspur Thorn,— Crataegus Crus-galh, L.
^tigs'^^Srown -oth. "^ds 'ITu^^^^^^^-- Straight thorns ahout S long, ^uub j
chestnut-brown.
42
144. Scarlet Thorn,— Crataegus coccinea. L
145. Dotted Hawthorn,-Crataegus punctata, Jacq.
^z^ "^ z^ti s"Se^-ztr • ■
BRIERS OR BRAMBLES.-RUBUS, (Tourn ) L Pr*^fy, bristly or thorny shrub, mfh large pith Fruit an aggregate of fleshy achenes. S(m, «,„a!Jj, 6,e„„ia, ^™,„ perennial root-systems.
146. Wild Red Raspberry.-Rubus idaeus, L. var.
aculeatissinuis, (C. A. Mey.)
Stem$ terete, uprinht, Mspid-brirtly, velhw-brown Leave, p,nnately 3-to ^compound '
^Red fruit separates whole from receptacle on which it is
147. Black Raspbcrr3-,-Rubus occidcntalis, L
''e'^^^lli'rreTi^rtl^JZiLTl?^^^^^^
usuan. 3; *oo.e. .ncA*/:^:^,,:^^ p'^tioTes^f 'rlpi?^;,'
148. *Wineberry or Japanese Raspberry,-Rubus
phoenicolasius, Maxim.
M>pid with «d;,„^rf,;L; hair, "''■ ""' *'•'""'"' ''"' »"■•«"-
Japar""'' "'''"""'^ ™'"^'"'°» '- ^''fem Pa. Nativ. to
4S
149. Purple Flowering Raspberry.-Rubus odor-
atus, L.
" Common on moist, cool mountain slopes.
150. Wild Blackberry,— Rubus allegheniensis,
Porter. Stems near-erect, ang.Ur ^'-tV^'eHol^nhotuT"
receptacle. . ., .••
Common on open areas of acid soil.
151. Running Swamp Blackberry-Rubiis his-
pidus, L. Sterols prostrate or creeping, terete, more or less weak-
sour.
15.2. Dewberry,— Rubus villosus, Ait.
Lilcc precedino spcies but coar.cr and rouohcr; in flowers, fruit and Jinhitat more Vkc the BUcklerry. Spreads by root-suckers and stolons.
ROSES,— ROSA, (Tourn.) L.
orcd petals; fragrant. i.uttan or "hip" contain-
Frvit a tough-fleahy orange to red hutton or n y ing bony seeds, which are often aborted or utMlmdcv. 1.
153. *Sweetbrier,— Rosa rubiginosa, L.
Stems near-erect, stout, greenish; with strong, hrown, re- curved thorns. «„.„f;« <? arrmte Fruit ohovoid.
S"!fat;TS;^i^"S»"TS riirrmonest .UU rose.
at times 10' tall. Native to Europe.
44
154. Smooth Meadow Rose,— Rosa blanda, Ait.
Stems seldom 3' tall, smooth or quite prickly, red.
Leaflets serrate, not resinous, 5-7.
Flowers usually large, often solitary. Fruit obovoid.
155. Swamp Rose,— Rosa Carolina, L.
FruifgfoloT''''' '' ^""^ *''^^''' "'"^"^ pulescent helow. Often abundant on wet sites.
156. Pasture Rose,— Rosa humilis, Marsh.
s^J^nh^'J^i '\'f '''"? ^' ^""' ^"^^^ «^^°^^«^ stems tri/fc ;f,te F^7t globust " ''''°''- ^'^^''' ^ "' "^ ' coarse-serrate. Occurs on dry soils. Spreads by root-suckers.
CHERRIES & PLUMS,~PRUNUS, (Tourn.) L.
Mostly small trees or shrubs ; fruit a fleshy drupe with a gtony seed; inner bark often bitter-aromatic
Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, 5-part, usually white.
157. Wild Black Cherry,— Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
ern^fTn^ smooth brownish ; pale lenticels later elongate hori- zontally; have strong taste of prussic acid. Old bark cut into rough, thick, near-black plates. ^^i^ ^uc mco
defeJotcd!''''^""''"'^ ^°'°''^^' ^"^^*^ red-brown; terminal well
leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate. iu^lTf^''^thT^''^' '"' '''''"'^*'*^ ra<:emes. Fruit finally black.
Common "fence-corner weed" in parts of southern Pa — large forest tree on good soils northward.
158. Choke Cherry,— Prunus virginiana, L.
^S"^*/' ''^t^^r stout, gray to red-brown; lenticels dull yellow very disagreeable *n taste and odor.
r.i?^i^^ conipal to ovate-acute, smooth, brownish, 6-8 scales visible; terminal present. o^oies
tr^T^Jji"'' "'" ^'" ^'-* <^*-^. but larger, a,.
46
159 Fire Cherry -Prunus pennsylvanica, L. T^ios slender, glossy ^^}^^^ "^^'J^Zlr'^^rsZ^l *
minal Prese^*- ., , ^,..^ Cherry but more delicate.
^r^;t Itr^FruU 7uly, light red. about T thm.
^Tm'iir'shortlived tree; northward common after fire and
lumbering, elsewhere rare-sporadic.
160. *Sweet Cherry,— Prunus Avium, L.
Twigs rather stout, 8f y^^J^prbuds often numerous and Buds broad ovate-acute; flower buds oiien
prominent. m,^^,, h„t larger; red scabs on pwtiole.
Leaves like Choke Cherry "?"; iar|er , /-p variable
Flowers April, in open umbels. Fruit sweet eaiu
in siza and color. _<.«,„ Aa?a
Native to Europe and western Asia.
161. *Sour Cherry,— Prunus Cerasus, L.
Like Sweet C^^-y .ui. .^Her and ^^^ cmd branches ramify intricately while the Doie ''truft red, very juicy and sour. Native to Asia Minor and perhaps to southeastern Europe. 162. Appalachian Cherry,-Prunus cuneata, Raf.
Erect smooth shrub about r tall with oblong to obovaU ''Toi^Tirr'an umbel. Fruit nearly i" thru, almost ^^ Rare shrub on dry rocky and sandy sites. 163 Wild Plum —Prunus americana, Marsh.
Mature twigs smooth -^.^-^'^tute"'^^^^^^^ Buds small brown, broad <^onica\-acate t^mma Leaves narrow-obovate, acute. 2-serrate. if lowers
'T^tret ^ub-gUbose, r thru; skin tough; stone flattened
'^tccrrs in dense clumps from root-suckers; at times 20^ tall.
164 ♦Peach,— Prunus persica, (L.) Stokes.
surrounded by juicy-sweet flesh.
4«
Twigs green or red.
165. Kentucky Coffee Tree.-Gymnocladus dioica, (L.) Koch.
Pfowers^p^lr!:.?*' .P''""'"^'»' ^-compound.
Fruit a rctl-brown, leathery pod about V'-rO" . a„,.» • • to several smooth, very hard honr... .h . af/ , ' «""a'n"is on« by eweet-stickv pulp "^ "'"'"' * '»°e : surrounded
Bark breaks into .mall, laterally attached scales.
166. Honey Locust.-Gleditsia triacanthos, L. -
i^'^^nlX^VoZ'^lTt smooth; no terminal bud; red- to 6" long '^° '""'''*■ »' *^^ branched and up
L^aL!'7"- '«^r"'''*«' '«P"-Posed.
b:xv;oT, Izxt^' "•'"""/"•, '■"^ '-'-"-pound.
into noar-bhfck!"lr^nttaSed'',"'tS''^,at"""*= """" ""-
^odrnkeToff'" S?"" «'»-i* racemes • 10(18 like Coffee Tree but about l^-'r 'x' «„„ • . , flatter and with flattened seeds ■'- ^ - • Oner in texture,
Sporadic individual tree on fertile <inil« p™. . • fungous pests. rertue soils. Free of insect and
167. Red Bud,-Cercis canadensis, L. .enu'" '"'"" """^' sray-brown, zig^a,; ter„.i„al iud ab-
cep^trrL'';:;iefiiSSoie?rds™''^--^"^"''-- ""--'• -
Pink to rp^ '^muJl* -^'ow^era expand before leaves, at a node; petfecf '' "^'^ ^"^"^ ^^^"^ ^° short stems, 4-8
in many places. ^''- Common fence-row species
47 168. Common Locust— Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, L
r«nf7s ani^Jcd, brown, usually with two stipular thorna at nodes: no terminal bud. . » 4^ j«
iJwd« sul)-pctio/ar, super-posed, 8tmken in winter, laicr de- velop a "7non7:cy-face." ^ ^ a 4.
Leaves pinnate-compound; about 9 ovate leaflets.
Flowers in large pendant racemes, very ii'^sraut, perfect, irregular, cream-white. Pods and seeds quite like Red Bud.
Common fence-row tree; making rapid growtli on fertile soil; often spreads by root-suckers.
169. *Clammy Locust,— Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Like Common Locust, except that tivigs are terete, red glandular-hispid, free of thorns; flowers rose-red
Shrub used oruameutally ; locally escaped. Native to toutb- ern Appalachians.
170. Prickly Ash,— Zanthoxylum americanum.
Mill.
Is seldom above 10' tall and superficially resembles Coinmon Locust. All its parts are pungent-aromatio.
Buds red-brown, small, obtuse. Leaflets dotted with oU-
glands.
Flowers small, green-white, dioecious. ^ _ ^, , , ,
Fruit a small, fleshy capsule enclosing 1 or 2 smooth black
seeds.
171. Wafer Ash,— Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Ticigs brown and smooth, without terminal buds. Buds white-pubescent, obtuse, sub-petiolar. Leaflets three,— like Poison Ivy in appearance. Flowers small and green. Seeds borne m pairs forming a flat wafer," winged entirely around ; about 1" across. Rare shrub or small tree.
172. *Tree of Heaven,— Ailanthus glandulosa,
Desf. Twigs clumsy, yellow-green to brownish; no true terminal
^"ernk'^^ed^fo/n, downy, relatively small; leaf-scars large, shaned like foot-print of horse.
Leaves pinnate-compound, VS' long; leaflets ovate-lanceo- late, on margins near base are glands secreting an oil with a mouse-like odw.
"(I
48
center ^^^^^^' li ^ i , twisted, bearing a small seed in its
Bark smooth, thin, grayish ; later cut by shallow fissures rJtlT^^l ^^ root-suckers. Undesirable "weed treT", but v;ry
SUMACHS,— RHUS, L.
eenJt^''''^*^ ""^ "'''^ '"^^^ ''^'**''''^ ^''^ characterize this
or^y^iowlsh*"'** ""^ '*^''" ^'''^ ^*'"^^* ^^^^^^ greenish-white Small trees, shrubs or vines ; often spreading by root-suckers.
173. Staghorn Sumach,— Rhus typhina, L. ^Jwigs heavy, velvety; lenticels often prominent; no tenninal
Buds conical-obtuse, dense hairy ; nearly sub-petiolar.
trmt red-hairy, m dense, erect, conical clusters, txjmmon small tree; rarely 25' tall.
174. Cut-leaf Sumach,— Rhus typhina form la-
ciniata, Rehder.
incSd. '^^''^' ''"^ ^'''''^ ^'"*'*' ^^'P^y ^"^ «^"l*Jy toothed or
175. Smooth Sumach,—Rhus glabra, L. and'-tnsfieTalTy^.t^^^^^^ ^'^-"^ -^en young
176. Dwarf Sumach,— Rlius copallina, L.
and" wk^irv " l""^""*^ ?"^.°"'^' ^""^ *«'*^' "'•'^ >^~<^. browner TJioU:%aTk^ea:'''''^ ^'*'"^^'- ^-/— ^- «- entire;
177. Poison Sumach,— Rhus Vernix, L. mh^l^ld^''^^ ^"'"'^'^' ^'^^ '"^^^^ ^'^ yeUow-gray «,iiA <^. iij^^u^tls.^'"'' ""^'"^ '""^^'* '^'*^*^ ^''''^^^ "'**'«' »~ '^'•o^P-
49
178 Poison Ivy,— Rhus Toxicodendron, L.
fnciscT fruit-stalks short and not always drooping.
179. Fragrant Sumach —Rhus canadensis, Marsh.
lAhe Poison Ivy in many -"^^y^'Y^^T't'^^Jr^Zi^er^T- tnri smaller, ol.ocu.citf toothed or lohed; frutt .. red, .tti erec«,
^' FlLer "^Skes or amen., in "-i-'er are dUtinctive; as al^ are taste and odor of twigs.
180. *Smoke Tree,— Rhus Cotinus, L.
Small tree with very crooked, rather /ine, orange-lrown twigs with a terminal hud; typical taste and odor. ,
B J/ small and smoky. Leaves entire, smooth, nearly
Native to Europe and Asia.
HOLLY,— ILEX, L.
Small trees or shrubs bearing small red herries with 4-6 ''^Ltavrsimplt Flowers small, white or greenish. Terminal buds ivresent.
181. Christmas Holly,— Hex opaca. Ait.
Twigs slender: fine-hairy at first, later smooth: light brown.
^eA^^^J^^oreen, .a.U rnar^n. armed "•'^^r^^TrCn'-Urbclot^V tan in Pennsylvania.
182. Winterberry or Deciduous Holly.-Hex ver- ticillata (L-) Gray.
SSf s^a^l' S''Zc.Vo"S:'-sometimes . ."PerP.-/^. telerovate ser^te, about 2" long, dec^duou,; fineW
reticulate veined. rarelv 8' tall. When
,„i. r.rn;^trks"l5korLx;tu:^»>- pmm-tree.
Pi
ill
^^L wT;'"' ^°"y'-I'« --ticola, Gray.
184. Mountafn Holly,-Ncn,opa„thus mucronata,
Founa in Cu-npaVtC/^C ?„'rrS^.o^o"d7 ""• 185. Climbing Bittersweet.-Celastrus scandens,
whTr^biTen'!"""*'" ^•"'«- ^-■^' **- tough. ,«..r, /f,„„e,,<, sermt """"■ '"""' """= »--• Leaves ovate-oblong, acute
Very „/„ame.tlS„'::J;;„\rer,/-^^^l.olds 3-6 seed.
186. Burning Bush or Wnphnr. t?
purpureus, J°^;^-'-°'-E^•o„y„,„.s atro-
red; borne on diioifingsS'"' P^^^""'' ■f'™" 3-«<. S-ioierf, 'me 1"T''"" ^^''''" Nut,-Staphylea trifolia.
infla'^d, 3^^''ed^iae'r*1„;;^^|'„T„;'t ^/-r"'- ^™'* '» .vellow brown. Voa-UkeZe-h %Z L^^*^' ■ ^^"^^^^ P"'" »■• and half as thick. A'o tT^eirnuUalt:^'''' " •""»" 2" long
MAPLES,-ACER, (Tourn.) I.
Our most important shade and ornamental trees. 188. Red Maplc,-..\ccr rubruni, L
IVig., slender, green to red.
■i/jwfs red. hi u tit 9f!*j, /> o often collaternl or'snpe^ptsedf"'"'' """"^Pl'^ical flower-bud.
51
Leave, mnallesl of the large ''■««. "«i''«»'-;'7^i„ffSl basal ones small: coarso-serrate ; silvery beneath. Lark
^tssi?I ^e'd'lrrtef ver. earl.. Fruit Ma.-June; 1" '""crows well on moist to wet soils, poorly on dry ones.
189. Silver Maple,— Acer saccharinum, L-.
Tii, Red Manle lut leaves and seeds are lorger; leaves ^^edefvt c«? and obviously 3-lobed-, ticig, chestnut-ir^wn rrr»^a»rfn winter; branches tend to droop but t,ps are ascend- ing; bark aeparates in plates.
190. Sugar Maple,— Acer saccharum, Marsh.
Tu,ig, slender, .HI}, browMsh. Bark hard, fissured; finally
°''B«i° toZ, acute-conieal; terminal nearly twice as large «, R^iewh't apprcsst lateral ones; «-fS expo.v^J scfes.
mZ^s'LdroOTino corymbs. Seeds autumnal; «•»!" 1 long d^eric but 'slightly, ieare, usually 5-Iobed, cordate;
•tr o^'^^e ^mmdntst'Trr-in Pennsylvania, prefers cool sit°sb°t grows on all but the roorert soils: very tolerant or shade.
191. Black Sugar Maple-Acer saccharum vat.
nigrum, (Michx. f.) Britton.
Is distinginshed by leaves often sligMly doicny beneath with entire or undulate margins.
192. Mountain Maple,— Acer spicatum, Lamb.
Ticins yellow-^cen to red, glaucous. HefVriU^N'oarstrrrale,-^^^^^^^^^^
SeGd-win.-s nboiit i long. *^'y>*„J.V 1:,, „:„.iiv 10' or lew. round on cool, rocky soil ; up to 30 tall, usually lu or
193. Striped Maple,— Acer pennsylvanicum, L.
Like Mountain Maple hut larger in ^J^^^f?;'^^;^ looping racemes; red and greemsh young 5ar7. ts white striped. Leaves 3-lobed.
82 194. Ash-leaved Maple,-Acer Negundo L lea&.''"''^"'* '" ^"<'"' "f*»" P^'e glo-cous, 'encircled by
serrate. 5-P>nnate compound ; leaflets orate, coarse-
dro^o'pfng stir ""'"' '" """"""« ^"^"■"O"- "terile on hairy, nea^i^'UrTud. ^'''"'""'^'' ^«^"'-t' "'"^» "P to 2" long and
7/trrit'ralfCrth?'po?;e'lr ""' '•"^''"' ""■^' -"-«' 195. *Norway Maple,-Acer platanoides, L.
*efc'*rr;4'i'irnrci^srV'''"'^, '« ^•""'- =^--<»
shallow sinuses and dentatiM^ "^^ ^ ™' ^"^^ • ^'"''^ ^'^
B«k inf"?' /"'• '" """""n :' «"•"■"« *'>'«-»e widely Bark cut into narrow flat ridges. Native to Europe
' Much^rr"'' ^^P'^'-Acer pseudo-platanus, L.
«« and <«.er;;bi,n-*^J:.'^'NatTvlftr&pt: "'""'''"' ™-
197. *English Field Maple.-Acer campestre L
loblTwXonrseSns'"'" """ '"^^""^ '^'^- "-""y 3-
griTiff;K^Wrvtge^„r» ™''". -*». ^pp-t.
to^guro^nrwestr Ar = "^''^ '- - '- ^^^ dative
198. *Chinese Maple.-Acer buergcranium
feaffc^?L?etoracufeX;'ro„''„''d' S'^^''^^^'•■' "-^V <->.• develop m „;ril, o/ ?ar<,«- on^s Br.l'i,''""" ««»"''<"•«' fe^fe. Not ,uite hardy i'n pTn^sJvtllAuveVSa"'" '''^"""'■
199. ^Japanese Maples.-Acer polymorphum va- rietics
mosf'^nToX'mtt""'"'-'^"'-'^'' """"^'^ <"^ Vulma.e are
68
BUCKEYES AND HORSE CHESTNUT.-
AESCULUS, L.
Trees or shrubs with very lar^e »»^o.^ ^XV/^ft^S in S-valved leathery husks, imgs ncu y,
^^'X«r iX;/. t^ir'irrS;. P-C.. ICeoui. good sou. 200. Sweet B«ckeye,-Aesculus octandra. Marsh.
T™,, .lisUlv odoro«. If braised. B«d. .moort. red-brown; ou^^Tscatcs usuaUy pale blue glaucous.
LealeU ani hundle-soar, average 5
Xwers small yellow Purphsh or^^^^^^^^^
i^?ilnfrtai';reU'e'r'rar. ornamental, only natwe .n western Pennsylvania.
201. Fetid Buckeye.-Aesculus glabra, WiUd.
T M «™nof Ttnokeve but not as large a tree.
^'^or^^P^^ran^rsl'e^'Z.^^^^^^^ Fruit smaller than that of bweei i^uc jr
202. *Horse Chestnut.-Aesculus Hippocastanum.
Common ixotic .o™a-ntV;- tV^VrrLr/^
Wd> are 9l°»»*'-««"""''Jfthveilow and purple spots. Hi»h>
Flowers fhowy^wh.te w.th K'J^ow^^^^^ ^Mountains of As..
(rNS^i^'-Gre^trintroduced from Europe.
203. Lance-leaved Buckthorn.-Rhamnus lanceo- lata, Pursh. I-^s ^J^I^S C:S;^r4SW typi- -Wwers small, yeUow-greon Perf^t ^^.^^^.'-'-V «o«cHed peMl. Spy » "nrriO-'trnllu^rSially re.e«WM, cu,- tiixiied plum.
204. New Jersey Tea,-Cea„oth„s americanus L
OTslZa^Z' ^^"»^-«^^en to red. dead u,,. or bearing oW
^ fc/Xtrr-afS^' :-Vft- e„raateWd. 5-/o6cd capsule. ^ ^^^^® clusters. Fruit small
Low Shrub With red roots; f„„„<, on dr,«oil,. 205. Virginia Creeper,— Psed^r,
(L.) Greene. qu-quefdia.
center. near-rouZ" ^■">"'P<>'"^<1; »oar, raised with sunken
F^urtTn.an'Tred-bC?'^"' I"""™>«te. Co™<uon on 'r2^^'^^:ToS%\'Z\^^^^^.
GRAPES.-VITIS. (Tourn.) L.
206. Fox Grape,-Vitis labrusca L
rarely VeiKh.^™"™'"' '«'"'^''- «<'««'» »«n; blue to red or Usually found on fertile, moist soils.
207. Pigeon Grape.-Vitis aestivalis. Michx
'^o^r/re^Z'oTZj'/'r^ "-n'""-^- ■■" -"» of 'vein, • ^-».-< 6;«oi-gIa„'e„"s,":Le o7"t:f.^;r- .'''-''■dentltr' Found on fertile, cultivable Bot ' ' "'"""»'•
^L ?"'''" ^"P^'-Vitis cordifoha, Michx
^ke Pigeon Chanf h,,t \ ■^>Ai<-XiX.
66 BASSWOODS,— TILIA, (Tourn.) L.
Trees with heart-shaped, sen-ate, 2-ranht, ohlique 'f ^f • Buds umymmetrical; terminal absent. Inner lark very
'^T^eriv^rt, perfect, cream-color borne in t:itZ clusters attached beneath a narroic leafy bract which servw
''teed: ;io"wi/. nut-like, indehiscent. containing 1 or
2 embryos. „ , . . -i
Occur on fertile, well-drained soils.
209. Basswood,— Tilia americana, L.
Twigs bright red. Bark olivaceous to gray ; scaly-ridged on
^'J^'llually show 3 viMe scales. leaves have rusty hairs beneath in axils of veins ; bases oblique.
210. White Basswood,— Tilia heterophylla, Vent.
Is like its somewhat larrjer relative, but has slightly larger leaves, silvery white and fine-downy beneath.
211. ^European Broadleaf Linden,— Tilia grandi-
folia, Ehrh.
hike American Basswood but hairy on rils and sometimes ^meundersZof leaves; fruit is thicker-shelled and 4- or 5-ribbed; leaves near.symmetrical. Native to I^urope.
212. ^European Small-leaf Linden,— Tilia parvi-
folia, Ehrh.
Is a commoner ornamental than its larger relative, compared fn which it is sm.allcr in every way. , . . -t
ria'cVcordate, silvery beneath; tufts of rusty ha^rs m ax^ls
''^Fru?*' globose, thin-shelled. Native to Europe. 213. Shrubby St. John's Wort— Hypericum pro- lificum, L. Tvngs fine; buds small, opposite. Brown, 3-part, many seeded
'^'^it^es'^'sMe entire: average 2" long, often with smaller a:.mryonZ^^^^^ narrow-oblong, mostly obtuse;
mTirib prominent, others obsc^^re. Flowers July-September, perfect; many conspicuous stamens; V^^^^f' Found on sandy or rocky soili ; 2 or 3 tail.
i
56
214. Leatherwood, — Dirca palustris, L.
Twigs yellow-gray, smooth, '* telescoped'* in appearance du« to raised and near-encircling leaf -scars. Inner hark has very touffh fibres.
Sap acrid-nauseous. Buds brown-velvety, sub-petiolar ; terminal absent.
Leaves simple, entire, 2"-3" long, oval or obovate, cuneate, obtuse ; stalks short.
Flowei-s pale yellow; perfect. Fruit a red, leathery, 1- seeded drupe.
Understory shrub; 3'-5' tall; moist soil species.
215. Hercules Club, — Aralia spinosa, L.
Twigs very stout with strong scattered piickles; nearly en- circled by narrow leaf-scars.
Terminal buds large, brown, conical-obtuse; lateral ap- presst, often triangular.
Leaves 1- or 2-compound, up to 5' a? 2^' (largest of any native Pennsylvania tree) ; stalks prickly.
Flowers small, cream-white, perfect, in large panicles.
Fruit an angled, ovoid, black berry, i" long style persistent.
Locally abundant; usually occasional on moist, fertile soil: 10'-20' taU.
DOGWOODS,— CORNUS, (Tourn.) L.
Species native in Pennsylvania bear perfect flowers. Leaves opposite with one exception. Fruit a small drupe with a stony seed.
Understory shrubs and small trees. Wood dense and hard.
216. Flowering Dogwood, — Cornus florida, L.
Twigs red tinged toith green, smooth, glaucous often; tips with upturned "digitate" eflfect. Leaf-buds small, often covered by persistent petiole bases; flower-buds terminal, button-like. All buds have two valvate scales.
Leaves ovate-acute; clustered toward tips of twigs.
Flowers subtended by large, white, petalloid bracts.
Fruit scarlet, ovoid ; stone grooved ; borne in capitate clusters of 2-5 ; more than i" long.
Bark on old trees break into an "alligator" pattern.
Largest and most attractive dogwood of Pennsylvania.
m
217. Round-leaved Dogwood,-Gornus circinata.
L'Her Trails ^aHv-iottei, .reen«n. Buds acnte, short-stalked, ap-
prcsst. orbicular, dense hairy below.
'"iSuro'"<^'oi:'r:d.y sites; 6'-10' tall. 218. Red Osier Dogwood-Cornus stolonifera, Michx. X • I*
«in«<e'; /r«« wWi"" »f "S'^^U ia'rgins ; 3'-8' tall. Shrub of water-courses and marsn margiu ,
219. Panicled Dogwood,-Cornus paniculata, L'Her. . ^..
r^„ ,„. *- »-'5:F -SVrf a're^^^^^^^^^^^ J^o^^Ttr^^/tStttrfte'n on' dr. soil; a'-lC tall.
220 *Cornelian Cherry -Cornus Mas, L.
.„7)-prf 1U,wer-huia in nearly every leaf-ax^l.
de='cefr^'' ^^ YHFS- :ta^^^'^^-
Round-headed small tree ^I^^^^'f^^^\{^ Orient, mental. Native to southern Europe ana t ^
221. Alternate-leaved Dogwood,-Cornus alterm-
folia, L. t. • V. .
Twigs rather slender, flerible, glossy dark green or brown.sh, branches white-striped.
l^^:J^t.T^ufer7:^'^'S\.i.' ovate.ac«n.inate ;
base cuneate. , i„_^p- — becoming 25' tall,
Like Round-leaf Dogwood but larger,
berries nearly black.
222. Black Gum -Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.
Twi«s smooth, gray to red-brown; leaf.,ear, «».k » «<- •''Se^'."m;'^?.«^.c»<e. entire. e.neaie; antumnal color red, early.
I!' It
>]ll I
n
■
I
ill!
68
over i long, 1-3 in a cluster; seeds bony, wliite striate.
AZALEAS AND GREAT LAUREN-RHODO- DENDRON, L.
^^ Shrubs or small trees, variable in character. Require acid Leaves elustered toward tins of twigs.
223. White Swamp Azalea,~Rhododendron visco- sum, (L.) Torn
?^??^^K^^^^ ""^ "^^^ ^^ margins and midribs of leaves Lateral buds many-scaled, acute
Leaves obovate to oblong-acute, base cuneate- serrulate-
Found on moist soils; 3'-8' tall.
224. Purple Azalea,— Rhododendron nudiflorum
(L.) Torn
dr/^Sfof.'"^""'^'"^ '^''^''' ^"^ """"^ °^°'^ ^«"^«»«°' especially on
hafrrbelowf"'' "*' ^"'^ ""^*' ^^'^^*«' ^"« ^^^^ ««^ttered Blooms May-June.-before or at time leaves unfold.
225. Great Laurel,— Rhododendron maximum L. June; gorgeo-,,!; rose to white, irr^galar ■'"'*•" '»«•
69
226 Mountain Laurel,— Kalmia latifolia, L.
adaptions; tungs viscid at first, occurs oapstdes much smeller.
227 Sheep Laurel,— Kalmia angustifolia, L.
Be.en.b?c. Mountain Laurel hut «'««"^^^° .'^"/"'^^f J^^, seldom 3' tall,-/ea.e« paler, opposite or in whorls of 3, flou^ers
crimson.
228. Maleberry,— Lyonia ligustrina, (L.) D. C
T«igs minute hairy; v«riegated ashy-gray to near-black.
Buds ledOisb nppri'sst. i''2"lone acute, entire or
Leaves simple, oblong to oval, 1 -f long, a<.ui. , very fine-serrate, glabrous or short-downy Vlowers nerfect; small white globes; June.
Bushy shrub of wet or moist soils, o -10 tan. •729 Trailing Arbutus.-rEpigaea repens, L. "s«an prostrate or trainng evergreen skrUh, m spreading ''n''*^r„7;r^t""'lo»/ --'e «o cmcular, base cordate or
5-p«trdeUeately trag'^ant. Fruit a small dry capsule. 230 Teaberry,— Gaultheria procumbens, L. Creeping .nru^tn^ojan^^^^^^^
'smlirTTari wK rr"s?.aped, perfect flowers, and red Sy'bcrries mat increase in size toward spring. Found on dry mountain soils.
HUCKLEBERRIES.-GAYLUSSACIA. HRK. BLUEBERRIES AND CRANBERRIES,— VACCINIUM, L.
These genera ^'-f- eM;fly»;tr-cture ^ ^JZ^^J^^
re:rerS7ar4t'ysU'''w£...^^^
Fropnt in the verv rare evergreen Box ^l"*^'^*^"^'^;^'
calyx-lohes.
00
231. Dangleberry,-~Gaylussacia frondosa, (L.) T . & G.
^^Bushy shrub. Twigs fine, red-yellow to bronze, with a pearly
Leaves oval to oblong, 1--2" long,-most delicate leaves of
Inlf/'-'^"^'"^'* 'r*' ^""^^ ^"^ glaucous; minute resin specks below, sometimes fine-downy. '
mowers perfect, little green-pink helU on a loose raceme 2"- 4 long.
Berry globose, dark blue-glaucous. Prefers moist, cool, mountain soils ; 3'-6' tall.
232. Black Huckleberry,— Gaylussacia baccata
(Wang.J C. Koch.
Like Dangleberry hut found on dner soil; rarely above 3' tail ; leaves slightly smaller, tougher, obviously resinous be- low; flowers red-yeUow ; fruit black, often glossy.
Ck)mmonest species of this group in many parts of Pa.
233. Deerberry,— Vaccinium stamineum, L.
Twigs fine, much branched ; green and fine-pubescent at first, later brown. '
n. ^ZZ\ """"^"i^ ^K ^''^.^' ^^^*^ *« «^^«"S' acute ; base round teins hefght oTrT "^' '^^^"'°"' """ '^'° ^^^°^- ^*-
Flowers white, with prominently exserted stamens. ■-Berries about l" thru, green or tinted with yeUow and red,
234. Early Low Blue-berry,--Vaccinium pennsyl-
vanicum, Lamb.
Twigs green with olive cast; buds scaly, reddish.
Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; acute at both ef^ds; dark green to olive green. Occurs on poor, sandy soU; 4'-2' tall • often carpets open spaces. *
Fruit very jucy and sweet; earliest of the group.
235. Late Low Blue-berry,— Vaccinium vacillans,
Kalm.
Like preceding species but ttmgs and leaves are paler in r-4 ' tau''*'^* &^oa(/er, average nearly 1" long, silvery beneath;
Commonest blueberry in southern and central Pennsylvania.
236. High-bush Blue-berry,-Vaccinium corym- bosum, L.
237 Black High Blue-berry -Vaccinium atrococ- cum, (Gray) Heller.
'"Ws slender, yeUow to red-brown. Wo terminal M.; 'Te^lersaroblor^SU acute at both ends, serrate,
'Tmit a small 5-celled capsule with persistent terminal style
239.' Persimmon,-Diospyro« ^^g^^^^; ^
Twigs bitter-astringent, gray to red-brown, "'Bads'bioad-ovate, acute, appresst. 2 ..o,»« dark *ro«» .caU, viHUe; terrainal absent. -uneate to cordate; 4''-6*
,„nrdtr^gt^rlUn^Ve^1tenTa1ry below; scar, have
""lirrs'wMte'rialrMa'y; staminate in cymes of 2-several. pistillate solitary and short-stalked j^ ^^^j
IS'K' r„7'b^«yxr^terJe^y .,?Hn.en,; seeds "■'C' Vmemum S ; occasional in fertile vales.
-^.ir. *PnsP of Sharon.— Hibiscus synacus. L.
'"?. J Xl-^ wUh V -.... ««d persUtent filan^tou,
,tipume.at node.. f-f.f'tX'K variable in color. Oap-
mo^er, Jnly-^nX; ^P lllTpJ^ UZt. Seeds small, kid. gufcs are ovoid, 5-celled, i tony, vt> ney-shaped, hair-wmged. cuneate; almost
Leaves simple, S-nerved, about ^ long , o ^^
S-Ioljed, variable coarse-serrate, bright green a
^^"in erect ornamental from Asia Minor; 10'-20' taU; often spreading by root-suckers.
62
ASHES,— FRAXINUS, (Tourn.) L.
Timber trees with oddly pinnate-compound opposite leaves. blowers small, in dense panicles or racemes, usually dioe- cious; 2-part, without petals; calyx even absent sometimes. «uds have 3-4 pairs of scales. Fruit a dry, winged samara. Kequire fertile, moist to wet soils for good growth.
241. White Ash,— Fraxinus americana, L.
Ihcigs stout, usually smooth, gray-brown lustrous with few large pale lenticels.
Leaflets entire or obscurely toothed, silvery beneath ; have short petioles, • leaf-scars srmi-circular, notched ahnrc
Buus blunt, ovate, dark brown. Bark ridged with diaraond- snapo fissures.
Keys l"-8" long, terete; overlapped but slightly by wings, iiest tree of the genus; makes straight, stiff growth.
242. Red Ash,— Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marsh.
Differs from White Ash chiefly in having short-hairy twigs and leaf-stalks, but also is a smaller tree in all respects- leaf- lets narroiver, often nearly sessile ; seeds thinner with 'wings extending well down their sides; bark ridges wider and more scaly.
243. Green Ash,— Fraxinus lanceolata, Borck.
Is commonly considered a variety of Red Ash but differs in being smooth: having sharp-serrate leaflets quite green beneath; terminal buds acute; keys narrower and very acute.
Twigs often curve or droop because of rapid growth. Leaf- seeds lunate.
Occurs on stream-banks and fertile bottomlands.
244. Black Ash,— Fraxinus nigra. Marsh.
Tufts like White Ash but paler in color and with more oovtous lenticels.
Buds black; terminal acute. Leaflets sessile.
Bark irregular corky-ridged or scaly; becomes mealy in ap- pearance when rubbed.
Tree of cool, moist to swampy soils.
245. *European Ash,— Fraxinus excelsior, L.
Is very much like Black Ash but buds are ovpn deeper binnk • leaves are not quite as large, nor leaflets quite sessUe ; prefers well drained soils.
Planted as ornamental and shade tree. Native to Europe and western Aiia.
63
246. Fringe-Tree,— Chionanthus virginica, L.
Twigs rather stout, pale green-brown, somewhat angular.
f etL'Tw; Te:" -ate, 4"-8" long, entire, cuneate- acute dark green above, paler below and only ha ry on veins Fto;.e^rperfect, in drooping white panicles, frtnge-hke, 4 -
^''fTiuI dark blue, over l" long,-h'fce an olive
Small tree ; rare, met mostly as an ornamental m I a.
247. ^Common Privet,— Ligustrum vulgare, L.
Twigs fine. Buds small ; opposite; sub-evergreen.
iZves ovate-oblong, average 1", dark green; free of pests
^"^C^: r!;!!' white, like Lilac in miniature. Fruit a
'"'whenTit trimmed back, attains height of 10'. Nativ. to Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.
248. *California Privet,— Ligustrum ovalifolium-
(Hort.)
Like Common Privet but not quite «<> .hardy ;leare« broader, with yellow-green tendency. Native to Japan.
249. *Lilac,— Syringa vulgaris, L.
Twias rarely have terminal buds, but are oi)/)o,vife and fork or ramif^n dense thickets that spring up from, root-suckers
ThT opposite buds are of two types: large greenish, blunt, 4-angled floral ; and smaller brown »f "/-buds. ^ear-cor-
Leaves entire, ovatc-ucinmnutc; base tiuucatt to near cor
^^'vio^ZVT^^ to rose or white, ir.jrani, i„ ien,e p«ni-
'''"■mit a 2-celled dehiscent capsule. Native from .outh- eastern Europe to Afghanistan.
250. *Matrimony Vine-Lycium HalimifoUu.n.
Mill.
<si,r,ilihv often ftiiny. hall-erect, ornamental or escaped vine fo^/^g d'en^e thicS' Jave. alternate, .paiulate-lanceolate,
"Vwig/tray.' Flowers regular; corolla f™nt"'™^-^a"to smaU.'ovoW orange-red, many seeded. Native from China to
southeastern Europe.
W.
!
64
251. *Shrubby Bitter-sweet,— Solanum Dulcamara
L.
Bho^n^^ry. '"' ^''^^-^^'*^ ^'''''^^V woody, gray, more or less
Buds small, appresst ; leaf-scars raised.
Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate or variable, with two loles or leaflets at base of blade.
red^aSr^Iru^'''^*""^^""' June-September. Berries ovoid,
252. ^Empress Tree,— Paulownia tomentosa,
(Thunb.) Stend. SmaU to medium tree depending upon dimate; omamsntal
Twigs heavy, tips usually frozen; no terminal bud; usually holloto except at nodes. Leaves large, hairy, cordate, stalked.
liuds small, hairy, obtuse, opposite or S-whorled; ftorai-buds present m large terminal panicles. Flowers perfect, irregular corolla 5-lobed, violet, fragrant. Fruit a brown, ovoid.acute. dehiscent pod, about 2" long, full of dandruff-like winged seeds. iVative to China and Japan.
CATALPAS,— CATALPA, Scop.
Like Empress Tree in a general way, but leaves are usuaUy 3-whorled; twigs with large pith; flowers whitish ; fruit cigmr- shaped, seeds much larger; flower-buds develop after leaves «o- pear. '^
Require fertile soil for good growth.
253. ^Eastern Catalpa,— Catalpa bignonioides, Walt
Twigs stout, tips usually frozen back ; yellow-brown. Lateral buds small,— appear embedded in bark. Leaves fall quickly after first hard frost; leaving large nearly round scars.
Bark light brown, flat ridged-scaly.
Flowers June- July; less than 2" long; in large showy pani-
Fruit about as thick as a leadrpenoil, thin-walled. Tht flat seeds have narroio-fringed toings.
Rarely becomes 30'-40' tall. Native to Southtm Gulf States.
65
254 *Hardy Catalpa —Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
Like Eastern Catalpa but ^-j^^f «J^ ^^^ i^oX tSi/rd 'S^^J^s^l^i, with broad
''7llt.ZrMay.June, more than^^ ^^no. Tree of better form than preceding. Native to Mississippi Valley.
255. Trumpet Creeper,— Tecoma radicans, (L.)
Juss. Vine creeping or climbing by aerial rootlets; twigs yellow-
^Xtft^es opposite, pinnate-con^ound ; leaflets ovate-acute;
'°tafge trumpet-shaped, 5-part, orange-red flowers in open
"^F^St'pods like catalpa but smaller; seeds much smaller. Found as an ornamental or escape .
256. Button-bush— Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.
Twigs usually dead at tips; no tenninal ^d laterals ^^^^^^^^^^
J^Z^"^ - jn9^%^-nrtlt; Lse
rich in nectar and remain long in bloom. Fruit small syca more-like balls; quite persistent.
Found about ponds and on umlrained areas.
Rarely over 8' tall in Pennsylvania, but attains .0 at tiroes.
257. Bush Honeysuckle,— Diervilla Lonicera, Mill. Low shrub, 2-4 iall; often occurs in dense patches on cpen
mountain-slopes. , , ,. beari%\n dru
Twigs smooth yellow-gray, often dead at tips or oearing ary
capsules.
Fruit smooth, slender, beaked capsule, i long, carrying o persistent calyx-lobes.
258. ^Weigela,— Diervilla rosea.
This native of China surpasses its American relative m every way except abundance of fruit and ability to reproduce Dy seed and root suckers.
6(1
inteSe^^'''^ 4-aiigled tendency, have two bristly lines on each
Z/caves somewhat hairy beneath, especially on veins.
i^ lowers large, rosy red or variable.
Ornamental, at times persisting; up to 10' tall.
HONEYSUCKLES,— LONICERA, L.
Ittti '"' "^Z^^ f "^^^^ T^^ '^°^Pl«' opposite, entire leaves. 5-lohed ^ ^^ fragrant; corolla tubular usually
Fruit a several-seeded berry.
259. American Fly Honeysuckle,— Lonicera cana-
densis, Marsh.
f^^y^^u®'''^*^"^^^*'"^' a<^"tish, downy below when young, stalked; base round or cordate.
Flowers green-yellow, perfect, J" long. Berries red, i" long, usually m pairs.
Understory shrub on moist soils; rarely exceeds 5' tall
260. *Tartarian Honeysuckle,— Lonicera tartarica
L.
Smooth, erect shrub; up to 8' tall. Flowers showy, white to rose-red. *
Berries orange to red; basally united. Ornamental; some- times escaped. Native to Russia and Siberia.
26L Glaucous Honeysuckle,— Lonicera dioica, L.
Twining or l-erect, smooth vine. Seldom above 8' tall.
Leaves oblong, glaucous helmc ; upper one to four pairs fused wound stems, bearing yellowish to purple flowers in their axils. Berries red.
Found in moist woods and on bushy stream-banka.
262. *Japanese Honeysuckle,— Lonicera japonica, Thunb.
Vigorous twining or trailing vine with fine short-Miry stems. leaves ovate-oblong, short-stalked, rather tough; sub-ever- green %n tendency.
Flowers fragrant ; corolla white to pink or yellow. Berries black.
Serious forest-weed on fertile soil when once established, often choking out all young growth of other species and very bard to chminata. Native to China and Japan.
67
263. Indian Currant,-Symphoricarpos orbicula- tus, Moench.
Leaver oppotUc, X? kSkel! persistent in autumn . ''•■^.o^rs iuSot^rS'v'eW' 'eat; »maU. .reen.s,,, p.nk-
"Te^rief 'umero..,, .maH, red, o.««; caly. per.i.UnU 264. Snowberry.-Symphoricarpos racemosus, Moench.
s;:tot::Brtrinr; Vy -; tr.. ^^o^ uro^
S" 'fleshy aud not so persistent.
ARROW-WOODS AND HAWS.-VIBURNUM.
(Tourn.) L. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves o.po.Ue, sUnple, stalked. Buds naked or 2-scaled. . ^^t cymes or umbels.
265. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.-Viburnun. acer.- folium, L. «,e„.. siraujU. ,.e,.der, snootn. i^ete. do.. 6ro.». L..«.
•"t:.J'davlc brown, acute, only sU,U,V "<.-'"• ^-'» '>"•"'■ "'tralgUt-.rowin^ sbrub; 2'-5' tall; spreading by root-sucUers. 266. Dentate Arrow-wood.-Viburnum dentatum.
. I. ^nu A-sided in tendency; lateral buds, Twigs brown to ash-gray, 4 swou,
acute, hroicn, c^^*^-'!^^';^';^!,- 2" long, broad ovate to rouM;
bar:rfim:rcStf;t-««- -"- -^ "■-"• ^™"
■^"p'^ou'r-on moist to wet soils; G'-IO' tal..-a mueh branched shrub.
es
267^ Sweet Vibumum.-Vibumum Lentago L
terminals encl'otf fl„r{''„;f ^ri^'otntt t^^^^^ '•
^^W, o^ateracute. about 2^" lo„r":^„l!r " J<„e „„„
s,^»n ^'** *"','''"* '»''"'• sweetish. 10' 20' tair "' ^^^ "'™'' "' '""''' "<"«'» «-! stream-banks ;
268. Wild Raisin,-Viburti«m cassinoides L
Vib^rnu^'buY TZv::'?r. 'f^' ??"* ""°^'" '"> Sweet
269. Black Haw,-Viburnum prunifolium L
makeTn "a^girof'-ab^t^'Tn"'?"' "f'^.^'"' "^ film-Uke bloom; In most other resnecta k;J Q ^^I'T."'''' "*« »"«"" branches in Palatibmty Tfruit tnd "^M itv t^"""' T*'r'' " »"'«»«'»««
rows on lertile to mediocre well-drained soils.
270. Hobble-bush,-Viburnum ainifolium, Marsh.
Ijeavet pinnate-veined, broad ovate to round V ft" !„„„ „ fC":1', ?^™f --""'• <ieepcorrul:te'd"ative. ' """' ~" rief redTo trple. ""'' ""°"°°"'^ "'=™' *" «««'' <=>''«t<'^- «"- lock tre'sts" """' ''""'^ woods,-associated with virgin Hem-
ELDERS,-SAMBUCUS. (Tourn) L
oompo"^''^wi'rh''ser'rate'':nrt"'"r'?' J"' '«""- "^^ P"»«'^
and 3-to 5'UStb°„2^ ctic^alfcm:" """""= '™'' «"""'- Shrubby species, 2'.12' tall ; give oi vile smell when bruised.
27L Common Elder.-Sambucus canaden.sis, L
.ipid ^ ' "'"'^'"'' '^''»"'- ««^" neJr.l,lack;in.
^^ccurs on fertile moist soils, form, thickets by root-suck-
69
27Z Red-berried Elder.-Sambucus racemosa. L.
Twi^ warty and more woody than in Common Elder; p... Irown; odor rank. ^ ^^^ba nnnicles Berries red;
peSst^? f fbJrX ett '?^em u^^e? ??mp'u^.n. Shrub of cool moist mtn.-slopes.
MEANING OF TECHNICAL WORDS.
Achene.
Acuminate. Apicttl'
Axil.
Axillary. Bract.
Bundle-ican.
Oaly».
Catkin.
CUiate.
Cordate.
Coriaceoiit.
Corolla.
Corymb.
Owieate. D»hiicent.
A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-
seeded indehiscent i™"- Sharply tapering at the end. Pertaining to the tip, end, or
The^^upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.
Situated in an axil.
A modified leaf 'ubt^^^^^^J flower or fruit, or related
Bnd» of fibro-vascular bundle^ showing as scars on the aur- face of leaf-scara.
Outer part of a flower,— lepais, usually green in color.
A spike of flowers all of the
same sex. j «^«.i.
Having margins fringed witn
hairs. Heart-shaped. Tough; leathery. The petals of a flower, ine
bright colored part of most
flowers. n^— •-
A flat or convex-topped flower
cluster. Wedge-shaped. Splitting open.
Deliquescent.
Digitate.
Dioecious.
Eworesoencea.
Exfoliate.
Exserted.
Eascicle. Follicles.
Genus. (pl.-Qenera) Glaucous.
Habitat. Helicopter.
Hispid. Imbricated.
Indehiscent.
Involucre.
Lanceolate.
Lmiticels.
Lunate. Morphological.
Oh:
Orbicular. Ovary.
Ovate. Ovoid. Palmate. Panicle.
70
Broad spreading habit,— said of the form of a tree-crown.
Members arising finger-like trom a common origin.
Male and female flowers borne on different plants.
Outgrowths, usually irregular or deforming in appearance.
To split or cleave off, as outer layers of bark often do.
Prolonged past surrounding or- gans.
A small close bundle or cluster.
Dry, 1-celled fruits, splitting open on one side only.
A group of related species, as the pines or oaks.
Covered with a bluish-white waxy coating or bloom.
The home of a plant.
A flying-machine with propel- lers turning horizontally.
Having stiff-bristly hairs.
Overlapping like shingles on a roof.
Applied to fruits that d6 not open to emit seeds.
A circle of bracts about a flow- er or flower cluster.
Lance-shaped ; several times longer than wide.
Corky growths on young or older bark which admit air to the interior of the twig or branch.
Crescent-shaped. Relating to the form and struc- ture of an organism. A prefix meaning inverted or
reversed. Circular or nearly so. Part of the pistil bearing the
seed. Egg-shaped.
Nearly or quite egg-shaped. Hand-shaped; radically divided. A branched flower-cluster of
which the lower branches
are longest and bloom first.
Pedate. Peltate. Perfect.
Petaloid.
Petiole. Pinnate.
Pinnatified. Pistillate. Pith rays.
Pome.
Pubescent. Raceme.
Receptacle.
Reticulate. Ring porous.
Rugose.
Samara.
Serrulate.
Sessile. Silvics.
Sinus.
Spatulate. Species.
Staminate.
Stellate. Sterigmata.
71
Palmately divided.
Shield-shaped.
A flower with both male and
female organs. Like petals in appearance;
showy. The stalk of a leaf. Having leaflets on both sides of
So deeply cleft as to appear
pinnate-compound. Bearing pistils or female organs,
but no stamens. Radial lines of tissues crossing the annual growth rings and extending into the bark. A fleshy fruit with seeds ar- ranged in a core, as the ap- ple. Hairy.
Flowers borne on stems of equal length and arranged on a common elongated axis. The end of a flower stalk bear- ing the floral organs. Forming a network. Said of wood with the larger pores concentrated in the spring growth of the annual rings. Wrinkled.
An indehiscent winged fruit. Diminutive of serrate; fijie
toothed. Without a stalk. The body of facts fundamental to growth of trees in forest stands. Cleft or opening between tvro
lobes.
Spoon-shaped.
A group of like individuals, sexually compatible.
Bearing stamens or male floral organs, but no pistils.
Star-shaped.
Very small Icaf-stnlks of cer- tain conifers.
72
Btipule*
Stolon.
8toinata,
Stomatiferoua or
8uh-,
Superposed.
Terete. Terminal hud.
Tomento8e.
Truncate.
Umhel.
Valvate.
An appendage at base of the leaf-stalk.
A basal branch rooting at nodes.
Plural of stoma; openings in epidermis of leaves for pur- pose of respiration. 9tomafo5e. Bearing stomata in large num- bers.
A prefix meaning under or nearly.
Said of buds when arranged one above another.
Circular in cross-section.
Bud at end of twig when not axillary to any leaf.
Densely short-hairy.
Ending abruptly, as if out off.
A flower cluster with all stalks originating from one point.
Said of buds when scales mere- ly meet without overlapping.
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES
Tree or Shrub Number
172
Ailanthus,
Alder : 79
Black .'.'.*.'.*. TO
Smooth,
Apple : 135, 138
Common, 136
American Crab,
Arborvitae : , . ^ , ... 35, 36
Northern White Cedar, • • ^ g^
Oriental, 2^
Arbutus,
Arrow-wood : 266
Dentate, " ' 266
Maple-leaf,
Aah: ,c . • 139,140
American Mountain, 044, 245
Black, '" " '245
European, 140
European Mountain, " 243
Green 170
Prickly 242, 243
Bed, • _ 171
Wafer, 241, 242, 244
White
Aspen : • ... 55
American, 53
Balm-of-Gilead, " 57,58,59
Cottonwood, 50
Large-toothed, 59
Lombardy Poplar, 55 gg
Trembling, 00
White Poplar
Azalea : . 224
Purple, 223, 224
White Swamp, * ' * 34
Bald Cypress,
Basswood : ^)9
American, • • • • • •.• • 211
European Broad-leaf Linaen, 212
European Small-leaf Linden, giQ
White,
73
1
M4
74
Tree or Shrub
Beech : ^"°^^^^
^f^^^^^«°' 83,84
Blue, „.'„^
European '^' 1^
^ Water, v;;;\\ „.^
Birch: ^^''^
^j!f 73.74
^^ray, ' „q
Paper, "" „7 ^„
Red ^'''«
River • ••;• :•§
Sweet TQ 71
White, ;;;; ^^'^^
Yellow, ;;: II
Bittersweet :
Climbing ^o-
Slirubby, ^l
Blackberry : ^^
Running Swnmp, 1^^
mac^G^n;. • : : : : ; ; : : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ; :.•;:;• • ■ • • •' • ■ • ■' • • i^o, 1 52
Black Haw ' * ' gnn
Black Locust, ^^q -,00 -..-n
Bladder Nut, 168,169,1^0
Blueberry: ^^*
Black High 937
gtl^V' :::::::::;:: 234,235
High-busli, o3«
Late Low, qok
Box Elder, f^
Brier : ^^
Common Green, ... aa
Saw '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[]]'. ^
Buckeye : ^
Z^ 201
Buckthort :::::::::::::::::;:•: ""^-^l
Burning Bush icft TqV
Bush Honeysuckle, ^^^'Irl
Butternut ^o aq
Buttonbush, **"' ^^
f^lX:r' ••■■•■.■.•.•.".":;:;::::;:.mi28,m
a"'.:;:;:::::::: =««'?"
Carolina Poplar, ''*'.' 1 .".'*.','.'.*!.' ." 57
75
Treo or Shrub Number
Cedar: . 36
Northern White, 35
Southern White, " " * * * 38, 39, 40
Red,
Cherry : 162
Appalachian, 159
Bird, [ 158, 160
Choke, 159
Fire, 161
Sour, 160, 161
Sweet, • ■ • ' , i57 158, 159, ItU
Wild Black,
Chestnut : 85, 86, 87, 92
American, 87
Chinese, " ' * ] 86
Chinquapin, 80
Chinquapin,
Chokeberry : . 137, 138
Black, 137
Red, ' / ; ; . 57
Cottonwood, 220
Cornelian Cherry, ^^3" {-^^ 115, 116
Cucumber Tree, 263
Currant, Indian, 34
Cypress ' . . 231, 232
Dangleberry, "...... 233
Deerberry, ^^^
Dewberry,
Dogwood : 221
Alternate-leaved 220
Cornelian Cherry ' * 2I6
Flowering, ' * 219
Panicled, \ 218, 219
Red Osier, ' ' '217, 218, 221
Round-leaved,
Elder: 271,272
Common, _ 272
Red-berried,
Elms: 103,104,105
American, 106
Cork, *.'.".'.'.'.*.'.*. 1^
Chinese 105
English, "\ 104
Slippery,
Tree or Shrub
Empress Tree, ... ^"°^^^"
Filbert, ....;.. 252
Fir: 82
American Silver, ..
Balsam 31
Douglas 30,32
Nordmann's 29
FringeTree, . . .'. 32
Ginkgo, ...' :; 246
Globe Flower 1
Gooseberry: 133
Eastern Wild.
Wild, ' 124
Grape: 123,124
Chicken,
Fox, 208
Pigeon, .. 206
Green Brier, ...* .*."." .'.*;."; 207,208
Gum : 44
Black,
Oriental Sweet, '.'.'.* 222
Sweet, ... 127
Hackberry. 126
Haw, ,,::..:::::,::: ^s
Hawthorn, ... 269
Hazlenut : 145
American.
Beaked, ... 80,81,82
Buropekn, . 81
Hemlock : 82
Eastern,
Ground, .... 33,42,270
Hercules Club, -^2
Hickory: 215
Big Shellbark
Bitteriiut, 68
Mockernut, 6^,70
Pecan, ..... 66,67
Pignui, 70
Shagbark, 65,60
Shellbark, ..." 67, 68
Hobble-bush, 67,68
270
77
Tree or Shrub Number
Holly: ... 181
Christmas, ^ qo ^ qq i 04
Deciduous, 182,18d,l|4
Large-leaf, ^^
Mountain,
Honeysuckle : 259
American Fly 057
Bush, 261
Glaucous, 26*>
Japanese, 26O
Tartarian, j2
Hornbeam, 202
Horse Chestnut, 282
Huckleberry ^21
Hydrangea, o^
Indian Currant, "72
Ironwood,
Ivy= . 171,178,179
Po^o"' 167,108
Judas Tree
Juneberry : , , , , ^ 1 41 142
Juneberry (shad-bush) , ^ ' ^^
IX)W,
Juniper : gg
Common, ^q
Chinese, ^1
Japanese Common, ^g- -^g
Kentucky Coffee Tree,
Larch : ^g
American, J^ 21
European, ' ^
Japanese, ^L
Siberian,
Laurel : 225, 226
Great 226 227
Mountain, '227
Sheep • • • 214
Leatherwood, 047 049
Lilac,
Linden : ^ 209
American, 21I
European Broad-leaf, ^12
European Small-leaf, ^q
Liquidambar,
1
78
Locust :
Black,
Clammy, '.'.'.'.'.'.'.][[ ^^' ^^^' ^'^0
Common, ... 1*^^
Honej, .... 168, 169, 170
Lombardy Poplar I^jS
Lynn, I...' 57,59
Magnolia : 209
Cucumber Tree ^^^
Laurel, .... ' 113,114,115,11(5
TulipTree, ...'; 114
Umbrella Tree H^^
Maiden-Hair Fern,' .' H^
Maiden-Hair Tree ' 1
xMaleberry. 1
Maple: 228
Ash-leaved
Black Sugar IJ^-t
n. «ue,li,
Chinese, 191
English Field, ^^^
Hard. 107
Japanese, ;;;;:; 100
Mountain, • 1^9
Norway, . 1^2, 193, 109
Red, .:..:.; iim,im
Silver 188,189
Soft. . 189
Striked, ....::;;: i88,i89
Sugar ..'.'.■.'.'.:.'.' ^^3
Sycamore, ^^
Matrimony Vine * 1^
Meadow Sweet, ^50
Mock Orange, ,, ,] ^31, 1 32
Moosewood, ... 122
Mulberry : 193
IT' Ill
White" 109, no, 112
New J,.rsey Tei HO
Ninebark. . " 204
Oak: 130
Bir:.:::-: ^
Chestnut, 89, 90
Ground. ... 92, 93, 94
Laurel, ^^
Overcui), ... If^l
Peach 89,90
102
79
Tree or Shrub Number
Oak: (Cont'd). ^ .^^
Pin, yo, wy, xvx
Post on Oft «7
&:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;*-:-: llfdl
Scarlet, ^' ^' ^
Scrub, q2
Scrub Chestnut, J^
Shingle, • gg
Spanish, ^
Swamp White, ^
White, -^
Willow, ^
Yellow, ^-rt
Osage Orange, -
Osier : goj
Green, «>iq oTq
Red, ^^°' ^f g
Paw Paw, tyro
Paulowuia, * T'^
Peach, 1QA 1«{R
Pear ^'**' ^^
Pecan 039
Persimmon,
Pine: i« iq
American Nut, 1^' J°
Austrian, -„
European Stone, ^-
European Mountain ;J
Himalayan White, 1415
Japanese Black, 13 14
Japanese Red, j, «
Jersey, q' g
Jack, ' g
Lodgepole, « 4 0
Pitch ^ -lA 14
jif^ 7, 10, 14
Scotch, J-i;, J-i, Ao
Shortleaf, a
Table Mountain, ^g
Western Yellow, « 17 ig
White, 55' jjQ
Poplar, - *^' "^
Plum : JQ3
Wild, ^^
i
80
Tree or Shrub
Privet : Number
ajitn!" 248
Quaking Aspen, . ." .' .' i .' :;;;::;;;:::; ^*^- ^^
Raspberry : ^"^
Black
Japanese !.!...!. ' J
Purple Flowering, Jf^
H«^ra'.r ::::::::::::::::: m^LI
Japanese,
Pasture, ^f^
Smooth Meadow, ...!.'!.'*..'!.*.'.*.*.'; JS?
Swamp, ^^
Rose of Sharon, .' ' .* J??
Sassafras 240
sawBrTer,;:;::;; i^^
Service B^rry ;;.;;; ^5
Shad-bush, J41
Smilax, V l**!
Smoke Tree, 1 .'.'."!.*.'."..'.*.**. .' J^
Snowberry, \ ^ , ^^^
Sourwood, 2^
Black,
Colorado Blue, .W*;; -^ r^
Norway, -^^'26
&;•:;;;:;::;:: 24,25
White ... . 27
Steeple-bush,* '.'.".'.'.*.*.* 23, 26, 27
St. John's Wort, .....'.*.';.'.';.'".';.* ™
Sumac : ^^^
Cut-leaf ^_
Dwarf ::::; 174
Fragrant, " ;^«
Poison, . -.^^ JZ2
Smooth 177' 178
sSghorn 175,176.177
Sweet Bay, .'.....'.'.'.'..'. ■^'^^' |Jf
Sweet Brier, JJ^
Sweet Fern, [[[ -^Ji
Sweet Scented Shrub,'.*.*.*.*.".* ..?i
Sweet Viburnum, *.*.':::;:::; l! l.* .*267, 268, 269
81
Tree or Shrub Number
Sycamore: 1%? 128 129
American 1^, 1^, i^
Oriental Plane, Jg
Tamarack, 230
Teaberry,
Tliorn: 143,144,145
Cockspur, ' -^^^5
Dotted Hawthorn, ^^
Scarlet, 229
Trailing Arbutus, ^,^2
Tree of Heaven 255
Trumpet Creeper, J-j^g
Tulip Poplar, ^-^q
Tulip Tree, ^^^
Umbrella Tree, 2^7 268, 260
Viburnum, ' *" ' 205
Virginia Creepor, ' ^g^^ ^g^
Waahoo,
Walnut : ^3
Black, (54
English, ^ 63, 64
White, 258
Weigela
White Cedar: 35,36
Northern, '35
Southern, qq
White Poplar, 268
Wild Raisin,
Willow : go
American Green, ^
Black, 43
Crack, ] 52
Dwarf Gray, | 51, 54
Glacous, * 50
Peach-leaf, 54
Prairie, 49
Purple, 52, 54
Sage, 53
Silky, 47
Weeping, 143
Wineberry, {32, 183, 184
Winterberry, 125
Witch Hazel
Yew : . . 42, 43
American, * 42
English,
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Tree or Shrub Number
Abies : ... 30, 32
balsamea, 31
concolor, * 32
Nordmanniana,
Acer : ^ ^ ^ igg
buergeranium, . . • • -^(^^j
campestre, * " 5^94
Negundo, ' ^93
pennsylvanicum, * * * ^q^^ -^qq
platanoides, * * ' ^^99
polymorpbum ' ' -^qq
pseudo-platanus, * ^gg ^89
rubrum, " * igO
saccharinum, " * j^qq
saocharum • 191
saccharum var. nigrum, • • • • • • ^^^ ^^g^ ^j^
spicatum,
Aesculus : ^ 2OI
glabra 202
Hippocastanum, * * * * * gOO, 201
octandra, 112
Ailanthus glandulosa, * * * 1^9
Alnus rugosa,
Amelanchier : ... 137, 141, 142
canadensis, ' * 142
oblongifolia, *...*. 215
Aralia spinosa ...*.'. 118
Asimina triloba
Betula : 78
alba, •. • ; ' 77, 78
alba var. papynfera, .'..., 73, 74
lenta .....*. '74
lutea ^^
nigra, * 76
populifolia, ' 23, 120
Benzoin aestivale, m
Broussonetia papyrifera, ^^
Calycanthus floridus, ' ' * * 71, 72
Carpinus caroliniana,
83
82
84
Tree or Shrub Carya : Number
alba
cordif ormis, 66, 67
glabra, ...... 69.70
illinoensis, :.;;; 65,69
lacinosa, .';.'; 70
ovata, 68
Castanea : 67, 68
dentata,
mollissima. 85,86,87,92
pumila, ... 87
Catalpa : 86
bignonioides,
speciosa, [[] ^^> 254
Ceanothus americanus, ^54
Celastrus seandens, ....*.' ^04
Celtis occidentalis, . ,, , 1^
Oephalanthus occidentalis ^^^
Cercis canadensis, ' 256
Chamaecyparis thyoides, .!."..* ^^'^' ^^
Chionanthus virginica ' ^^
Cornus : ' * 246
alternifolia,
eircinata, .... ^1
florida, 217, 221
Mas, .'.".'!.'.'.'!!!!.;; ^^^
paniculata, ^^^
stolonifera 219
Corylus: 218,219
americana,
Avellana, [ * ' ' °^* SI, 82
rostrata, !!......! *^^
Crataegus : 81
coccinea,
Ci-us-galli, .' • ^ 144
punctata, 143, 144, 145
Diervilla : 145
Lonicera,
rosea, '.'.'.'.'. ^"^
Diospyros virginiana, '..*..*.'. ^^
Dirca palustris [[[ 239
Evonymus atropurpureus,' ".'.'.'.','..[ -, o« ?J^
Epigaea repcns, ... 186, 187
Fagus : 229
grandifolia,
sylvatica 83, 84
84
85
Tree or Shrub Number
Fraxinus : 241, 242, 244
americana, 245
excelsior, 243
lanceolata, 244, 245
nigra, 242, 243
pennsylvanica, 230
Gaultheria procumbens,
Gaylussacia : 232
baocata, " 231, 232
f rondosa, i
Ginkgo biloba, 168
Gleditsia triacanthos, •• 165,166
Gymnocladus dioica, ^25
Hamamelis virginiana, 240
Hibiscus syriacus, 12I
Hydrangea arborcscens, •• 213
Hypericum prolificum
Hex : 183
monticola, 181
opnea, .182, 183, 184
verticillata,
Juglans : .... 62, 63, 64
cinerea, ' * ' * " 63
nigra ^
regia,
Juniperus : 40
chinensis, .,.!.*...*. 39, 41
communis, 41
rigida, 38, 39, 40
virginiana,
Kalmia : ... 227
angustifolia, 226, 227
latifolia, 133
Kerria japonica,
Larix : 20, 21
decidua, "" 19
laracina, " * ' 22
leptolepis, ^
siberica,
Ligustrum : 248
ovalifolium, 247, 248
vulgnre,
Liquidambar : 127
f ormosana, ' * 1^
Styraciflua, '] 118
LirioUendron tulipifera,
•ill Ml
86
Tree or Shrub
Lonicera : Number
canadensis,
dioica .*.'!.*.*.*.'.* ^"^^
japonica, .'.".*.*.* ^^-^
tartarica, * 262
Lycium Halimifolium* .....'. ^60
Lyonia ligustrina, ^^
Madura pomifera, ^28
Magnolia : 112
acuminata t^»»^-.
tripetala, .* ^^^' "4, 115, 116
virginiana,. .......;: 115
Morus : • • 114
alba,
rubra, ^^^
Myrica asplenifolia, ......,...', ■*^^' ^^^
Nemopanthus mucronata, -f^
Nyssa sylvatica .*.'.'.'.'.* ,
Ostrya virginiana, ^^^
Oxydendron arboreum, .........' „p
Paulownia tomentosa. . . ?^
Picea: 2o2
Abies,
canadensis oo oa '^^
mariana, .... ^' ^^* 27
K;":.::::;::::::::::;|:-----'--"-" ^«-'«
sitdiensis 24, 25
Philadelphus coronarius', '.*.*.*.*.".' - ^
Physocarpus opulifolius '.*.* ™
Pinus : lo^
austriaca,
Banksiana, ..".*..!!! q
Cembra, * * °» ^
oontorta, !!!.!!!.!!. ^^
densiflora * * .,- J
echinata, lo, 14
edulis, .*.'.*!.*.*.'.'.' %a ^
excelsa .*..'.'.*.*.*.* 16, 18
montana, .*!!*..'*.!!
ponderosa, '.'.'.'.'. ^
pungens, ^
ZT"" -;::::::::::::::;:::::: 7,10,1'
sfrobus,*;:;:; ^,4,6
2, 18
Tre* or Shrub Number
Pinua— (Cont'd.)
sylvestris,
Thunbergii
virginiana,
Platanus :
oocidentalis,
orientalis,
Populus :
alba, •
candicans, ^. _^
. deltoidei. *^^' 'm
grandidentata, ""
nigra var. italica,
tremuloides, •
Prunus :
americana, •••
Avium 'i«i
Cerasus,
cuneata, • • * •
pennsylvanica,
10,11,13
14,15
6,9
128 129
60 58
59 55,66
163
];>er8ica.
161 162 159 164
s;;otrna,::::: ^^^-'^'JS'IS
virginiana, ^**^* ^
Psedera quinquefolia, ^
Pseudotsuga taxifolia ^Z^
Ptelea trifoUata, ^*^
Pyrus:
americana.
139
arbutifolia, iS
aucuparia, -q- -««
Communis i^
S~nf':. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::■•:■•" i36.im
melanocarpa,
Quercus:
alba, ■
^*~y ;;:;;; 96,97,98
coccinea, ^ ' -
f alcata,
ilicifolia,
99 100 101
Imbricaria, gg qq
macrocarpa, Muhlenbergii,
•••••••••
•••»•••••••
palustria *^ ilS
phtUos,
••••••••••••••
••••••
98
.01 102
88
Tree or Shrub Number
prinoides, g^
P^i°"«' .*..';.'!.*: 92,93
'"^f^; 95,96,97
stellata, q\
velutina, .'.*!.'].*! 97
Rhamnus lanceolata, .!......* 203
Rhododendron :
maximum 114^ 225, 226
nudiflorum, 224
viscosum, ' 000
Rhus: -^
canadensis, 2»yg
copallina, [[[] j^q
Ck)tinus, !*.!!.'! 180
^^^r\ •: !;;.'!;;; .175, 176. 177
Toxicodendron, yjg j-q
typhina. ;:;;;;; 173; 175
typhma form laciniata, 174
^.^^^'•"»^ ;.* 177,178
Ribes :
Cynosbati 123, 124
rotundifolium, ' j24
Robinia :
Pseudo-Acacia 1^8, 169, 170
viscosa, 209
Rosa :
blanda, jU4
Carolina, .' ' 155
humilis, jjjg
rubiginosa, jgg
Rubus :
allegheniensis, 150
hispidus, 151
idaes var. aculeatissimus, 14^, 147
occidentalis, 147' 143
odoratus, I49
phoenicolasius, 148
villoeus, * 152
Salix :
amygdalina, qO
babylonica, 47
discolor, *.*. . 61,54
fragilis 48
humilis, 54
nigra, 46
Tree or Shrub Number
40 purpurea, gX
trilS^:::::::::.■::■.::•■■•:■■"•":■•:"■••■"■•" 62,m
"""caTadLsis m. 139.271.^2
racemosa, -^^
Sassafras variifolium,
Smilax : ^j,
glauca, j2
rotundifolia, Jm
Solanum Dulcamara, -^^
Spiraea: ^9^ ivy
salidfolia 132
tomentosa, ^ q-
Staphylea trifolia, ^°*
Symphoricarpos : gea
orbiculatus, ^q^
racemosus, ^ 249
Syringa \nilgaris, «.
Taxodium distichum, ***
Taxus : 4^
baccata, ^ ^g
canadensis, 255
Tecoma radicans,
Tilia- . 209,211
amencana, gi 1
grandifolia, gio
heterophylla, 212
parvifolia,
Thw: 36,37
occidentalis, '37
orientalis, „« ^ 270
Tsuga canadensis, ****' '
U'mus: 103,104.105
americana, ^^'* ^^g
campestris. ^^4
^"i^«' ::::; m
pumila, JQ0
racemosa,
Vaccinium : <^
atrococcum, 2^
corymboBum, • j^
pennsylvanicum, ^g
stamineum, «^
Tacillans,
II
i
90
^Tree or Bhiob
Vibumiiiii ;
acerifolimn, ,^
alnifolimn, i!!!!!'.; 25
ca8sinoide«, "JJ
dentatum, ^
pmnifoliam, ^»^e»,m
aesdvalis 2fy7 2rti
cordifolia, So
labrasca, !!!!!'.!! 2nft
Zanthoxylum americanum, .........*..*.*.'.'!.']]*"* rrn
END OF NUMBER