et << Repent See oxi pen Ad Ate J n z \ F . ; 1 i pt a ‘ ’ fe] i ‘ Ie ) ; : = ' ‘ 2 f, i } 4 ‘ 7 7 x A * oe rs A ris! 0 r aa ‘i ‘ a iy . * oT i 4‘ ’ ees : 5 | n : ’ P cy baad { eciy i f 5 na 7 hah vn * ) 7] Noe } ea eh , : Do Fate — vt aan co Piel oc) BBs a eae oé f 1 39 ay a: 7 BULLETINS AND CIRCULARS ON CHARCOAL, LUMBER, AND SAWMILLS (Excerpt from Philippine Commission Report for 1906, Vol. 3, pp 609-711, 779-788.) BUREAU OF INSULAR. AFFAIRS WAR DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1907 CONTENTS. Charcoal, lumber, and sawmills: Forestry Bulletin No. 2: Charcoal industry in the Philippine Islands— Native methods, Japanese methods, and comparison— Waste in making— tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental, P. I..: .--- Foresty Bulletin No. 6: Preliminary working plan for the public forest tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company, Bongabon, Min- GIOTROY, TES has Bs SA eee eer nee a Circular No. 1: Opportunities for lumbering in the Philippine Islands. --- _ Publie Lands: Circular containing the laws and instructions concerning the leasing of Hubliclands issued November! 7; 19042227 <2 -2--. soseceecess- essen. s- Circular containing the laws relating to homesteads and instructions there- Nn GdermasledmNOVenabeni( nl G0Aw se asa eam Sa cioen seein cs -senle ot ee el 33581—07——_1 I \ MH cia * r - " 4 i wie Maia | , < 7 rs s A °2 ‘ . = 7 : E ( - coh ¥ % : et « - ; ripe TRY OL Wien ai oe are Te hol de £ ‘s We * ’ - , vi 5 = as, ' ' ’ 5 . 7 1 fe eg osy ( 7 - ‘is: inp lew ws eaten: Ma Vilna ges . ‘ thy ett Sa? ee 4 San ' = i ae | mt mA i ¥ ; sl cies , : 4 Sh oh Gye ys te 1 = Ly hist y, ? Pay» = ' PAs i ‘ es tere At kos say a¢ Nhe. Mas re ON fy 4 rr eae cs C408) i | qe9 : - , : st Ae ; ' : 5 vee ttle? rh be Fo haga Vis eae ie . i beacuse wip elle: 4 ta ceca tel jather, UY ite what’ ie bis - , 20.8) Og NERO Veet I Reh . im j oF > ae fi 5 ii Ta: 4 mt : - . Bi a sich) pees el eee [rer yt) i Wl By eae Os png ote s th: Litas are Like eae Ou = a vis ee eee aN a es ath Se) aeons a he Re byetr ravi acy ei (gee (at =) ' 3 i yt y * ail) it J SCR og gat ese wi Les a le ue --w et -~wwne = et man ie he i) ow - i . ah ¥ ‘ eae ‘< See al fe * Bw ae RNS ON CHARCOAL INDUSTRY, LUMBER AND SAWMILES IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 609 ‘ BUREAU OF FORESTRY. (Bulletin No. 2.) THE CHARCOAL INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS—NATIVE METHODS, JAPANESE METHODS, AND COMPARISON—WASTE IN MAKING—PRICES— SPECIES USED.a By Wiuu1am M. Mavte. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BureEAv oF Forestry, Manila, March 23, 1906. Srr: I have the honor to inclose herewith an article by Forester William M. Maule on-“The Charcoal Industry in the Philippine Islands,’ together with a Spanish translation of same, and respectfully recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 2. Very respectfully, GEORGE P. AHERN, Director of Forestry. The SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, Manila, P. I. The charcoal industry in the Philippine Islands, while not one of the most important of commercial enterprises, is yet kept alive by certain market demands which can not be filled from other sources. The call for charcoal in Manila, which is the leading market, is somewhat limited, but steady. Larger consumers are usually supplied by contract, while smaller users buy from the open market. Aside from the considerable amount used in the prov- inces for laundry purposes and for smelting ores, which, in the aggregate, probably falls but little below that used in Manila, the more varied uses in the latter place are for laundries, tailor shops, hatters, restaurants, bakeries, and metal workers. The following table shows the amount of charcoal shipped to Manila by provinces during the fiscal year 1904-5: From From From From Province. public | private Province. publie | private lands. lands. lands. lands. Cu. met. | Cu. met. Cu. met. | Cu. met. AA MOS ees aes teaee aS chia 2 SOM Se oe Seis ARM Gv eee eee ee aa So eaaereneite TER e aly OFA ys ee ee 608 Th 17(0) || ISbRKer Nai Seek oKodeedeaeeee Dh Recess cae Batgamiess.. ..- Gy eae ey Sones MAY AbaASesaceeceae-cwe ee cee a i SEB Aer Pangasinan SQ ote eecieeeee SSS SS Mindoro. 2.2 22-2- 20) | Stee 3,984 1,182 TOTO ee se eS Dee Tilsen cee a BONNIE ISioe clsae sacs ase asseece|-eoneepene 12 SHED HOM ocsco seats 5, 166 @The following illustrations accompany this report and are on file in the War Department: Types of Philippine kilns: Fic. 1. Native kiln (general use). Fic. 2. Type of kiln, Masinloc, Zambales, P. I. Fic. 3. Kilns in various stages: (1) Burning; (2) complete before burning; (38) nearing completion (not capped). Fic. 4. Oven complete (clay dome and two vents). Fic. 5. Medial transverse section of oven. Door on left and chimney on right. Flame starts upward from door, along top, and down to chimney. pie. 6. Floor plan of kiln. By being pear shaped it has better draft than if circular. 611 612 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 2. NATIVE METHODS OF MAKING CHARCOAL. The native methods of charcoal burning as pursued in Zambales and Pangasinan provinces may be taken as typical: The wood which is to be used, having been cut into 1-meter lengths, is piled on end about a central guide post or pole having the required height of the kiln, or about four wood lengths. Each tier decreases in diameter, and they finally converge to form a cone-shaped pile. (Figs. 1 and 3.) ed There are no uniform dimensions in the kilns, but an average one will have a basal diameter of 2 meters by 3 in height. In order to provide draft in burning, a small radial vent leads along the ground to the central axis, then upward to the apex of the cone. At the time of building, the lower portion of this chimney is filled with combustible materials—leaves or small dry branches. At Masinloc certain burners employ another method of piling, whereby the wood is arranged in a horizontal radiating manner of from 2 to 3 concentric circles. Kilns of this type are but slightly conical and are rarely more than 1 meter high. The same system of draft is given as that of the former mehod. In either case, in order to com- plete the kiln, the surface is capped by a layer of clay or loam and during burning is constantly moistened. In starting the burning, a fire is placed at the lower vent and, in order to distribute it properly, small openings are made on the surface of the cone. During the course of burning the fire works from below toward the openings above, and as carbonization of parts is complete, new drafts are made and old ones closed. Sufficient information is not at hand to show the comparative merits of the above methods, but as the former is more frequently used, it is no doubt preferable. One week is usually required to burn a kiln whose construction and burning require the services of three men for one week. WASTE. From a kiln whose volume is 12 cubic meters (which is an average size) the yield in charcoal never exceeds 9 cubic meters, the waste being divided between 1 cubic meter of partially carbonized wood and 2 cubic meters of ash. On an average but 7 cubic meters of charcoal are secured, and at times only 5. The improperly carbonized wood is usually replaced in the following burning, thereby diminishing the waste. Rarely is the oven protected by a roof, and in case of heavy rain the cap is washed off and the fire quiemebed. From the upper Zambales coast charcoal is usually shipped by means of paraos, the owners of which buy either direct from the burners or secure a license and employ men under their supervision. % In the provinces, charcoal is usually bought and sold by the ‘‘batulan” (Tag.), which is 1 cubic yard (Spanish) or 0.584 m/3. In general, the price paid per batulén in the provinces is from 2 to 3 pesetas (40 to 60 centavos, Philippine currency). The foregoing methods are used in producing charcoal on a commercial scale. By a third method, which is applied only to making small quantities for household use, the wood is embedded in rice hulls or chaff and the mass fired. This method requires about two days to burn, after which the fire is extinguished by water—a method observed to be in general use in Pampanga. JAPANESE METHOD. STRUCTURE OF KILNS. In the vicinity of Subic, Zambales, and Moron, Bataan, several Japanese licensees have begun the manufacture of charcoal according to methods employed in Japan, and as such methods seem superior in many ways to those in general use, their intro- duction should meet with favor. Permanent kilns are constructed on a well-drained hillside, half the kilns being excavated from the bank, while the front, containing a door for filling, is built up from stone and clay. Having constructed the kiln, which, on an average, is slightly more than 1 meter deep and having a capacity of about 5 cubic meters, a chimney, with diameter of 3 inches, is placed at the rear, having its inner opening at the bottom of the kiln. By filling the unfinished kiln with wood and rounding off the top a model is formed for the dome, which consists of a 6-inch layer of clay. In burning this first kiln, the clay is baked and, if of good quality and protected by roof, will last several years. Three small holes are made in the dome, which furnish draft. THE CHARCOAL INDUSTRY. 613 In order to insure complete and even burning, the ground plan of the kiln is made pear shaped, with the neck pert near the door. Such shape insures a better draft than where the plan is round. FILLING THE KILN. In securing wood for burning, but little care is taken in selecting species, there being but few that are not suitable. Pieces are cut into lengths of height of kiln and range from very small to 10 inches in diameter, above which size they are split. The larger pieces are placed toward the center of the oven, and all are builded in as compactly as possible by aman within. Having thus filled the kiln to the door, a small pile of dry wood is placed in front, from which the interior is fired. BURNING. After burning some four hours, with all drafts open, or until about 4 inches of red coals appear over the top of the corded wood within, the door is closed or builded shut, with the exception of a small vent below, by means of cross logs cemented with clay. The fire, beginning at the top, works downward, asshown in Fig. 5. In from three to four hours more, the fire being well distributed, the three small vents of the dome are closed by clay, leaving open only the small aperture at the bottom of the door and the chimney, by which further burning is regulated. The kiln requires frequent attention to see that the fire is not too strong or too weak. Three days are required to carbonize the wood, after which all vents are closed, in order to smother out the fire, which requires an additional three days, so that, on an average, one week is required to produce one kiln of charcoal. On an average, three kilns are kept burning constantly, and require a crew of from 6 to 8 men and | foreman. PRODUCT. The charcoal comes from the kiln in excellent condition; rarely is there found any waste caused by under or over burning, and so perfect is the carbonization that the bark is not consumed. A kiln whose volume is 5 cubic meters will average 24 sacks of charcoal. VOLUME OF KILN. Five cubic meters contain 5.4 cubic meters of loosely piled wood and yield 4.30 cubic meters of charcoal, the approximate loss being 1 cubic meter. The foreman stated that a safe average of loss in burning would be two-fifths. In summing up the advantages of Japanese methods over those employed by the natives, we find the following: Kilns can be used repeatedly, with but little repair. The burning is more easily regulated and results in less waste. The product is not damaged by water, which is frequently used by natives in quench- ing the fire. The charcoal comes out clearer than where the oven must be destroyed in removing it, and brings better prices. In places where Japanese have been operating the natives have adopted their methods, working at first under a Japanese foreman, or employing him, and, seeing the advantage gained, they will no doubt adopt it generally. Profits, Japanese method. Charcoal gang, one month: 8 laborers, at # 0.60 per diem ...... se OLN Re De A OI RN ee es SS P 144. 00 HOFEMAN Ab rece OIeIt Nets esse te. SAS ak Sam hal Aken 60. 00 Freight on 350 sacks of charcoal to Manila (average monthly produc- HON) wait, desO SOLDerasa C ken Dyas LCHmN en ery to seen, ai aes yer = 105. 00 ictoadimpon steamer, ata, 0 Ooypensack 225. $220). Seve dat Jl sess 17.50 incharping steamer, ati Uospersackiy 2. so55. sb aces testes dt 17.50 Government charge, at 10 per cent market price (at kiln). ......--.--- 28. 00 Combined expenses of making and shipping ..........-.------------- 372.00 Wantract orice in, Mantle, at Po perisae kre: 2. 4456 =. sald. sbeae ose ceise 1, 050. 00 SEDLELR CPCS RT IY 6) PRs SE ci i A A eee 678. 00 No account has been made of initial cost of sacks, which average P0.15 each, and are used a number of times. c Heretofore the source of timber used in charcoal making has been taken from the mangrove swamps. In many places near Manila the best of these mangrove species 614. FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 2. are becoming rare or are of too small size to use in burning. In such cases species of the semiopen forests, or ‘‘parang,” are selected, and in certain parts of Pampanga charcoal is made from cauayan (Bambusa), which has been planted for fuel purposes. The following list includes species largely cut for charcoal: MANGROVE. | SEMIOPEN, OR ‘‘PARANG.”’ Bacauan (Brugiera). Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia). Tangal (Rhizophora). Binayuyo. Pagatpat (Sonneratia pagatpat). Guayabas(Psidiwm guayava)introduced sp. Culasi (Lumnitzera). Madrecacao (Gliricidia masculata) intro- Tibigi (Xylocarpus). duced sp. Dungon-late (Heritiera littoralis). MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS FOR CHARCOAL BURNERS. The manufacture of charcoal from trees cut indiscriminately from the high forest is usually undesirable from a sylvicultural point of view, as clear cutting is generally practiced. In places where mangrove species have been exhausted, or where such do not exist, and where it is necessary that forest species be used, a simple plan of management can be devised whereby an ‘“‘improvement cutting” can be made. The forests in provinces adjacent to Manila are composed largely of third-group species, many of which are important from a timber standpoint, and can be lumbered profitably, owing to cheap rates of transportation. It is obvious that the reproduc- tion of such species should be favored, with the view of timber producers. Growing in association with these species are numerous second-story or even taller trees, which are generally of a hard character, but never attain merchantable size. Such trees will not only be valuable for charcoal purposes, but their removal from the forest will promote the growth of younger stages of the merchantable species. In carrying out such plans, a list of prohibited species should be furnished the licensee as pertinent to his cutting locality. Owing to the frequence of the above- mentioned species, it is believed that the adoption of this plan will not cause undue hardship to operators. In order to show the importance of a safe and continuous supply of fuel, it may be of interest to state that the demand for fuel in certain of the Federated Malay States has assumed such proportions that a plan of management has been adopted for man- grove swalps. BUREAU OF FORESTRY. [Bulletin No. 4.] I, MECHANICAL TESTS, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF THIRTY PHILIPPINE WOODS— II. PHILIPPINE SAWMILLS, LUMBER MARKET, AND PRICES. By Rottanp GARDNER, Manager of the timber-testing laboratory. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BureEAvU OF ForEstTRY, OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, Manila, September 7, 1906. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled ‘‘I. Mechanical Tests, Properties, and Uses of Thirty Philippine Woods; II. Philippine Sawmills, Lumber Market, and Prices,’’ by Rolland Gardner, manager of the timber-testing laboratory, bureau of forestry, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 4 of the bureau of forestry. Very respectfully, GEORGE P. AHERN, Director of Forestry. The SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, Manila, P. I. INTRODUCTION.@ (By H. N. WHITFORD, forester, chief of division of forest products.) This bulletin has been prepared in response to numerous inquiries concerning Philip- pine woods and milling operations in the Philippines. The results of the timber tests published represent the present knowledge of the subject and are not to be considered final, for such results can be obtained only from a large number of tests of properly identified botanical material from many localities and habitats. With two exceptions the woods tested have been representative of the commercial material found on the market, and are fair samples of those used by contractors and others. Indeed, in many instances they represent more approximately an average of the actual material used in construction than woods collected with botanical specimens might do. Nevertheless, the value of mechanical tests on properly determined material obtained from districts where logged is not underestimated, and such tests will be made as rapidly as possible. Since the microscopic characteristics of Philippine woods have not been studied it is not always possible to check market material with properly identified museum specimens. It is probable that structural differences can not be detected between closely related species, so that with good microscopic sections it will not always be pos- sible to identify closely related woods. In such cases botanical specimens alone will be the final test. It seems almost superfluous to caution against the blind acceptance of the names of trees and woods given by native woodsmen. This error becomes even more grievous when, without any botanical knowledge or specimens, scientific names are attached as equivalents. It is true that many of the natives are keen in distinguishing trees, and can often point out with great skill the differences. While their help is essential to one who would have first-hand knowledge of timber trees in the forest, yet such information should be constantly verified with botanical material and wood speci- mens. By such methods the bureau is adding to itsdist of properly determined wood specimens. aThe illustrations mentioned have been omitted from this report and are on file in the War Department. 615 616 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. Parr I. MECHANICAL TESTS, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF THIRTY PHILIPPINE WOODS. POPULAR DISCUSSION OF THE QUALITIES OF WOODS AND MEANING OF TIMBER TESTS. Every wood worker knows more or less of the properties of the various kinds of woods which come under his observation, but this knowledge is usually gained by long experience. He may know that certain woods are strong or stiff, but he seldom learns from his own experience how strong or stiff they are. For this reason the design of structures is often largely a matter of guesswork, the designer or builder not having experimental data regarding the strength, stiffness, and other properties of timber. In the timber-testing laboratory these various properties and characteristics are studied, and the results are collected in such form that others may use them to determine the fitness of woods for certain purposes. Timber, as a material of construction, is required to resist various stresses. A short, thick column must resist simple compression along the grain. A railroad tie must resist compression across the grain where the rail rests upon it, and also shearing across the grain by the edges of the rail. Simple tension and shearing along the grain are not common in practice, although these stresses frequently occur in combination with other stresses, as in cross bending. It is possible to subject timber to any one of the above-mentioned stresses, but it is much more common in practice that timber must withstand a number of these stresses at the same time. Timber also possesses such properties as stiffness, hardness, toughness, flexibility, etc., which are all important in determining the fitness of any wood for certain pur- poses. Strength and stiffness are measured in pounds per square inch, but no satis- factory units have yet been proposed by which such properties as hardness and tough- ness may be measured. The beam is one of the most common members in general construction and the stresses involved are most complex. Suppose we have a beam 4 by 4 inches in section, 5 feet long, and supported at each end. At the middle of this beam a load of 500 pounds is applied and the beam bends one-sixteenth of an inch at the middle; another 500 pounds bends it one-sixteenth of an inch more, and so on until a point is reached where an added 500 pounds produces an additional deflection of more than one-sixteenth of aninch. Here the true elastic limit is reached, or, to state this a little more accurately, the true elastic limit is reached when deflection is no longer proportional to load. This is approximately the point where the material begins to be injured, and if a beam is loaded beyond this point it will not return to its original condition when the load is removed. Even small loads produce some permanent set or bend in beams, but the true elastic limit is important as showing approximately the point where injury begins. Thus the true elastic limit is located. Now what do the figures mean which are tabu- lated under ‘‘Fiber stress at the true elastic limit, pounds per square inch?’ Evi- dently not the load on the beam when the true elastic limit was reached, for that would be applicable only to a beam of the same size, under exactly the same conditions as ue on tested. To answer this question, it is necessary to examine the stresses produced. As the beam is bent, its curve is approximately the arc of a circle. The bottom of ‘the beam becomes longer and the top shorter, therefore the bottom is in tension and the top in compression. Upon the supposition that these stresses are equal, the stress at the extreme top and bottom of the beam is computed and is tabulated under ‘‘Fiber stress at true elastic limit, pounds per square inch.”’ Fiber stress at apparent elastic limit and modulus of rupture, as tabulated, are also approximate stresses at the extreme top and bottom of the beam. The apparent elastic limit is a point a little higher than the true elastic limit. It is located arbi- trarily, as explained under ‘‘Methods of testing and results of tests,’’? and has no par- ticular significance, although it was used extensively in early timber tests. The true elastic limit may be considered as a limit of safety and the modulus of rupture as the greatest stress which the wood will stand in cross bending. In practice, the fiber stress is always kept much lower than the fiber stress at the true elastic limit. No attempt is made to measure brittleness and toughness, but in cross-bending tests a brittle wood may be distinguished from a tough wood by the relation existing between the true elastic limit and ruptureg for in brittle woods the amount of bending is small between the true elastic limit and rupture, while in tough woods it is great. Most Philippine woods are brittle, Dungon and Malugay being the only ones which have been investigated and found to possess the property of toughness to any considerable degree. These two, however, are quite tough, and compare favorably with white oak WOOD TESTS—SAWMILLS—PRICES. 617 for bending by steaming. Woods like Molave, Calantas, Ash, and Pine are brittle, while those like Malugay, Dungon, Elm, Hickory, and Oak are tough. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of the stiffness of a material. Ifa beam of one kind of wood has a modulus of elasticity of 1,000,000 pounds per square inch and a second beam of another kind has a modulus of elasticity of 2,000,000 pounds per square inch the second wood is twice as stiff as the first, and if the two beams are of exactly the same dimensions the first beam will bend twice as far as the second under a given load. For example, Yacal and Guijo are among the stiffest Philippine woods, being approximately twice as stiff as woods like Banuyo and Calantas. (See Table I.) Now consider two similar beams of the same material, supported at each end and loaded in the middle. If beam No. 1 is made twice as long as beam No. 2, other dimen- sions being the same, it will bend eight times as far under a given load but will be only half as strong. If beam No. 1 is made twice as high as beam No. 2, other dimensions remaining the same, it will bend only one-eighth as far under a given load but will be four times as strong. If beam No. | is made twice as wide as bearn No. 2, other dimen- sions remaining the same, it will bend only one half as far but will be twice as strong. If the beams are of the same dimensions throughout and the load on beam No. 1 is double that on beam No. 2, beam No. 1 will bend twice as far. A strong wood is not necessarily stiff, nor is a stiff wood necessarily strong, although in many cases these properties appear to be closely related. By referring to Table 1, it is seen that the Betis, from Tayabas, which was tested, was about 60 per cent stronger in cross bending than that from Ambos Camarines, although it was not quite as stiff. With few exceptions, timber is much stronger when dry than when green. The weight of moisture in timber just from the saw is often from 80 to 90 per cent of the weight of the wood itself. This amount of moisture may be reduced to 30 to 35 per cent of the weight of dry wood, without showing any increase in strength, but when the wood is dried beyond this point the strength usually increases quite rapidly, well-seasoned timber frequently being from 50 to 70 per cent stronger than green timber. The amount of increase in strength is shown for the various woods in Tables I and IT. As wood dries, the fibers become harder, stiffer, and stronger, but the wood also shrinks, which causes checks that tend to weaken the timber. In most woods this latter effect is much less than the former and the wood shows a decided increase in strength and stiffness, but in hard, brittle woods the checking effect is quite serious; for example, the Ipil and Molave which were tested showed a decrease in modulus of rupture when seasoned, as is shown by Table I. The tendency to check while season- ing may be overcome to a large extent by drying slowly and evenly, but in large timbers the outer surface dries months or even years before the interior, so that it is practically impossible to prevent checking. This is one reason why the strength values for large timbers are somewhat smaller than for small timbers. Timber is thoroughly seasoned when it contains 10 to 12 per cent moisture through- out, and will arrive at that percentage of moisture in time if exposed to air but pro- tected from rain and sun. If it is made drier than this by artificial means, it will reab- sorb moisture from the atmosphere until it arrives at 10 to 12 per cent moisture. There is considerable variation in the moisture content of timber seasoned by artificial means. Usually timber whose moisture content is less than 20 per cent will pass for seasoned timber. In tropical countries the most desirable quality sought in wood is durability. This is true because the destructive elements to timber are greater than in temperate regions. Because of continuous heat and moisture, fungus growth is undoubtedly more rapid in the tropics. The universal presence of the white ant is perhaps the most destructive element that makes the use of durable timber almost imperative for rail- road ties and for general construction purposes. Such timbers as are used for ties in cold regions would not last nearly as long here as there, but some of the best native woods are extremely durable. In ternperate zones ten years is considered a long life for an untreated tie, but in these islands the extremely durable woods, like Ipil and Molave, are known to have been in the ground for more than ten years without any sign of decay. The ravages of the sea worm (teredo) restrict the use of untreated timber, in contact with salt water, to those species that are especially adapted to resist- ing the attacks of thisenemy. The softer Philippine woods, like Lauan, and imported woods, like Oregon Pine, are quickly destroyed when placed in salt water, while Aranga and Betis are highly valued because of their great durability under these conditions. MATERIAL USED FOR TESTING—DESCRIPTION OF BEAMS. MATERIAL USED FOR TESTING. It being impracticable at the time these tests were started to secure timber which had been botanically determined, this series of tests was made almost entirely upon 618 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. timber purchased in the market. The Sacat and Balacat, which were obtained at the Lamao Forest Reserve, were the only woods which were not secured in the market. In buying care was exercised to select timber which well represented the quality generally used in construction. Most of the timber tested was clear and sound. No standard rules for the inspection of timber are in use in Manila by which the quality and condition of the timber tested may be described. Where defective beams have been tested, the beams will be described whose moduli of rupture correspond to the average, maximum and minimum moduli of rupture as tabulated. All blocks used for compression and shear tests were clear and sound. DESCRIPTION OF BEAMS. The following is a list of the woods used where all the beams tested were clear and sound: Name Locality. Name. Locality. Lauan Mindanao. Mpilime eecceces saeco eee Palawan. Do Zambales. Dungonlssis222 5.0228 Masbate. Apitong Mindanao. DOs feces ciace eee Mindanao. Guijo Ambos Camarines. Supa setae see ese cee Locality unknown. Do Mindoro. IBIS hese = ee oe see ee Tayabas. Yacal Ambos Camarines. Doeeteceeen eee Ambos Camarines. Narra Near Laguna de Bay. MTA PO. scence eee er Do. Do Cagayan. Balicbacanesssas senses Negros Occidental. Tanguile Locality unknown. Miya piss sass. see eee Laguna. Sacat Lamao Forest Reserve. || Malugay.------- pee aan Mindoro. The following is a description of the beams used in testing that were more or less defective: APITONG FROM ZAMBALES. [Six beams contained slight defects. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. IA VOTE ORR ae cece ae epiceesinas Cleawandiisound:tseepecee -ceaeeeee eas ceee Clear and sound. Mayxiimtim ne soc se tees ee eee Os LSE REA EK Seen ea ee eee Do. Minimumbkyssee es aeoe oe One: knotjandichec kee ae een ee ee eee Do. MOLAVE FROM LAGUNA DE BAY. Many beams contained knots and checks which are characteristic of Molave. There were no defects in the middle of beams which would seriously affect strength. MOLAVE FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. Many beams contained knots and checks which are characteristic of Molave. There were no defects in the middle of beams which would seriously affect strength. TANGUILE*FROM ZAMBALES. Two beams contained slight defects. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. SACAT FROM TARLAC. { Four beams contained slight defects.] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. Moisture under 20 per cent. Average ..... Maximum Minimums soc|ene se Do. Clear and sound. WOOD TESTS—SAW MILLS—PRICES. 619 IPIL FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. All beams clear and sound but slightly cross-grained. IPIL FROM MINDORO. [Eight beams contained slight defects. Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. ASV OUE LC eer ee eas scene Clear and sound. Maximum. . See Do. Wi btethe ihe Se eee eee Do. DUNGON FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. {Four beams slightly defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average ..... Clear and sound.........-.-- Clear and sound. .-.-.-..--.. Clear ana sound...... Maximum-..-|...-- GOs sah secrets See eee eee lessee Gebers cece noe cae oee Do. Minimum..-..| One knot and check........|..... GOvrae Sono 5e eer posses Do. MALASANTOL (LOCALITY UNKNOWN). [Two beams slightly defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average ..... Clear and sound............ Clear and sound............ Clear and sound. Maximum-...|...-.- (0 Kote rat a saree) Sra ena OSS ae cee eee oO. Minimum(.< -| 2... COS eye c eee Sere eames | beeen GO ssa seer esis sce eeae ee One-third sap wood. SUPA FROM TAYABAS. [Five beams slightly defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. ASV OT REE a Rts oo ancien heey Clearfandtsoundeeeecchcn a saae eee eee Clear and sound. Witpaitaibitte coe Se peCSaEeEneees lapeec GOS eee Bee Sse ok esceee a asae cma sae oO. WING UIOe,. AS Sa ee etaoEneeee) Faaee (0 Ko) A ts ee ed eres Sia a tee ae Large check in middle. BALACAT FROM LAMAO FOREST RESERVE. Small knots were quite common. There were three or four 3-inch knots in each beam. BALACAT FROM TARLAC, [Ten beams slightly defective.] Moisture over 35 percent. | Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average ..... Clear and sound Maximum....|...-. do o Minimum’: --.}_-..2 GO is she boars gees One 3-inch knot............ Do. dem fegae scene Clear and sound. 620 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4, MACAASIN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN). [Two beams slightly defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. | Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average.....- Clear and sound.......-..-.- Clear and sound...........- Clear and sound, Maximum....}..... GOs cc Seat ae eee a ORs eee St ee ens sey DO: Minimum.....| Checked on side.........-.-|...- LOM sa seca enaee ae Do. CALANTAS FROM ALBAY. Two beams were slightly defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. CALANTAS FROM MINDORO. [Five beams were slightly defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. AVOTSPO?E = Sou hace csose esos Clearandisounds: se.a eee see ree Clear and sound. Maximum): cece seecien seen ene Ome toe Soc et epee ee eee moans a Mini muimser os sijsoe seaeee eee One 4-inch knot in middle............. One small knot and bad check. TINDALO (LOCALITY YVNKNOWN). [ One beam defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. (ANOLE LO = alice cine oe esis He ee Clearandisound apse eeeee nese eeeee cere ere Clear and sound. Maximus 2 Soca Saccsener eect GOsss2t ce satecccincpins eae eis sen eeemoee Do. MinimumsSeseerceeree se cee ore Slishticheekionquopeaenaceneeee eee eee see Do. TINDALO FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. [ Five beams defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. | Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average... | Clear and sound...--.-.-..-.-- Clear and sound.........-.-. Clear and sound. Maximum. =. -|-.... OO oe ba eee wasitesd seees| tees COs cs cscotaee eee rene Do. Minimum.....| Bad check in middle..-...-. Slight check and one knot. . Do. TINDALO FROM MASBATE. Two beams were defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. AMUGUIS FROM MINDORO. Eight beams were defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. ACLE FROM TARLAC. [Two beams were defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. | Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. | Moisture under 20 per cent. Average. —...- Clear and sound...........- Cleatandssoundseteeeeeere Knotty in middle. Maximum....|..... GO ee eset cece ater |Gatee (ce eee eer Do. Minimum.....|....- Ome ees eas SE Oe iee seas ocaoaeese Do. WOOD TESTS—SAWMILLS—PRICES. 621 ACLE FROM ZAMBALES. [Four beams were defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. IMT 5 sete os oe DSS eROe aE b Ue dono etoadsa cls pacede CUS COS Bee SS SEE Se Se Sad Se SS nce Slightly checked. MVR SIDRCLEYT ETI Veer aera a rae ee a ee rns tei nie a (c= clare are cte vieje's otmiers slgaiblerclotafavesiaj=re Clear and sound. PARR EENSRA TEN pCe Peano os oe ena em ee eae Se RSE OL SoS iol akcie ciate slate ee teisic One knot. BANSALAGUIN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN.) One beam was defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. PALO MARIA FROM ZAMBALES. (Three beams were defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. IMTORIEID., 5 o 25 Ss eS SOLCRH HOB ae CRORE HD OS HIE DOC Peg Op boGE OED SAC SA GaSe set Se cere eee eae Clear and sound. CODES The OR Ge Se ee en eee eee ee ee ae eee ears Do. MORAN SLR ARE ate clase ee eh a ee SE or etalna einen cis oem ls Calais, aitiaie bie Heart check on side. BATITINAN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN.) [Thirteen beams were defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. ANVOYEP Ons we hceSsccceccinasss Oneysmalknoteesesse ase ceases saan acon Three 1-inch knots. Mea UMes 23-1505 she oe Cleariandisound : oo. s2s. te sess cs ..-| Two 11-inch knots. Mimina ins =) e225 <5 2's: 2 PP WOtSiia HORN OUS 2/2 no nets coats oe cece ease Three 1-inch knots. BANUYO FROM MASBATE. [Five beams were defective.] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. AWerare acs h). Woche sag Clear/andsound 340236 foo ee. see Clear and sound. Mardmitimi esses sei= <2 ssce8 One 3-inch knot near end.......---...----- Do. MITT ate tee or sos ise Clearand sounds 222). s)te ase accee aces Do. SASALIT FROM ZAMBALES. [Twenty-one beams were defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. PASAT AS RY crate = eee ee fee ceieas Small checks on two sides. .......--------- Clear and sound. MORI UII eS Sei orn co 4: ote Wleariam G: Sounds ser eae a OR eects Small checks on two sides. LLPF SOC TCG De ais ae Rene a ae GO tae shececiance Ri eas Be eed et, Checks on three sides. LIUSIN FROM BATAAN. [Four beams were defective. ] Moisture over 35 per cent. ESTE OATIO Sep SS, Bee ORE PRR ae a ee oie a a a een oe ... Clear and sound. LY MD a NPDES te eee 2 oie col EE Oe IES SENS a sete Ee a A LS Do. Manimpm 2.2228. 2S 2S: Pee its eSne ieretne ke ty Pea ATA INS AR LOE DNs ioe Cross-grained. LUMBAYAO FROM BASILAN ISLAND, MORO PROVINCE. One beam was defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those tabulated were clear and sound. METHODS OF TESTING AND RESULTS OF TESTS. ‘The machine used in making the following tests is a Tinius Olsen testing machine with a capacity of 200,000 pounds. CROSS-BENDING TESTS. _ All beams used for cross-bending tests (Table I) were either 3} by 3} inches or 4 by 4 inches in section, with a span of 60 inches. The machine was operated at a speed of 0.3 inch per minute and the deflection was noted at various loads during the tests. The 622 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. curve was then plotted between deflection in inches and load in pounds, and upon this curve were located the true elastic limit, the apparent elastic limit, and the point at which failure occurred. The fiber stress at the true elastic limit was calculated by the standard formula: oe toeoeWals Fiber stress at true elastic limit = 54 472 where, W equals load in pounds at true elastic limit, L equals span in inches, B equals breadth of beam in inches, H equals height of beam in inches. The term “apparent elastic limit,’’ as used in this bulletin, is defined by Johnson 4 as follows: ‘“The apparent elastic limit is the point on the stress diagram of any material in any kind of a test at which the rate of deformation is 50 per cent greater than it is at the origin.’ The fiber stress at the apparent elastic limit and the modulus of rupture were deter- mined by the same formula which was used to determine the fiber stress at the true elastic limit, viz: ’ 2 Bon ceo Fiber stress at the apparent elastic limit = °B H? where, W’ equals load in pounds at the apparent elastic limit; and 3W” L Modulus of rupture = 2B He Where, W” equals load in pounds at rupture. Plate I shows the true elastic limit and the apparent elastic limit as located upon a typical stress diagram. After the stress diagram was drawn, a tangent was drawn to the curve at the origin and the modulus of elasticity was determined by the following well-known formula: r 1b; 3 Ae W Modulus of elasticity = aD BH: Where, W equals the load corresponding to some point on the tangent, D equals the deflection in inches corresponding to the same point, B equals the breadth of beam in inches, H équals the height of beam in inches, L equals the span in inches. After the cross-bending test, the beams were cut up, as shown in fig. 1, Plate II, for compression tests, shear tests, and moisture determinations. The parts which are marked C’ represent the blocks for tests in compression along the grain, and those which are marked S represent the pieces for shear tests. At A, B, and C thin disks were cut for moisture determination. COMPRESSION ALONG THE GRAIN. The blocks for tests in compression along the grain (Table II) were either 33 by 34 inches or 4 by 4 inches in cross section and 8 inches high. The machine was operated at a speed of 0.06 inch per minute and the load was increased until the blocks showed signs of failure by wrinkling on the sides. 2 Johnson, J. B.: Materials of construction, p. 19. 33581—07——2 624 FORESTRY BULLETIN Se : =I : 2/ 8 Name. Locality. 2 Hs =| & } H & | S| te 5 S Z4|a | a ik 228 51.8 bauan: 224. t452sccens Mindanao.....- Maximum. .|4382) 75 |Minimum ue 35. 5 Average...- 63 DO ee See se wees Zambales. ..-.-- Maximum. .|}36?) 86.4 Minimum . 41.6 x Average...-. 53.9 PADILOD Sees eeeiace Mindanao...... Maximum. .|}52/| 81 Minimum 36 Average...-. 55. 8 ID) OR eee Zambales....-- Maximum. .|'302) 84.6 Minimum .. ae “ Cae 43. Guijo sees. Bayne ene fAmbos Cama- race dee 27 = \ Fines. Minimum .. 37.2 Average 57.8 DOs see eee See Mindoro....... {sexi {0} 89.8 Minimum .. al F ; Average... .| 45. Molave: s2s22.5--5-.- eas Maximum.. a 62 I Gi aE Rie Minimum .. 36. 4 Average.... 54. 4 Doe fAmbos Cama- {Masimuin 2) 72.5 pees: Minimum 43.8 Average. | 43. 3 PYiacaileeer was tern WA ale Lee dosa se. -aee Maximum. .|;214| 54.2 eeu SS | a5: 3 | . verage.-.- ts INR TRA ee cere ne i Neax sebacuue {sexi z {ul 93 \ avis Minimum .. 65 Average.... | 51.8 IDOSe ees. pA aaee Cagayan...-... Maximum. - fu 81.7 Minimum .. | 35. 5 Average. ..". 39.9 Manpuilec 25.22.5520 Unknown...... Maximum.. 8)| 45.4 Minimum .. 25. 5 Average.... | 47.7 1D XO} eee Zambales....-. {Maximum -|7274| 80 Minimum .. | 38.9 Lamao Forest {Average.... 48.5 Sica tees sce. a Reserve, Ba- {Maximus s 54. 4 taan. Minimum .. 45. 2 Average.... 55. 2 DOSE ease ene Tarlaetf-2ese Maximum. .|7425| 82.6 Minimum .. 35. 3 : Average...- 52.7 1) oats Cae See eee ees Cama- aes : {of 76.1 a Minimum .. | 36.1 Average.... 63. 1 DONS ecacess eee Mindoro....... Maximum... ss 106 Minimum ..| 35. 6 Average.... 52. 2 Wornecesatsacise4 Palawaneaseae- Maximum. .|7414| 60.1 eens Sie 46.6 verage.... | 42.2 DUNS Oneeee see ee ee farebos Cama- {asim J 66 4 V Fites: Minimum... | 35.2 Average.... 36.3 DORs cso: scene Masbate. ...... Maximum.. i 37.2 Minimum 35.5 Average | 49. 4 DOs@s i eseckkeee se Mindanao...... Maximum. .}7214| 81.6 Minimum ..||_ || 35.5 Average. .. 66.2 Malasantole. 7) ae Unknown...... Maximum. .|/215| 84.5 Minimum .. 35. 4 NO. 4. Moisture over 35 per cent. . Specific gravity of dry wood. TaBLE I.—Cross-bending on bat oD ey i=ho} BER PS £2 heey es ee =. 3 a, went on aes a to PAs foe) 4) Qn ao aS B Sg 2 | opk 3 Tee N=" eo nO, <4 a2de|age|s 33s Bias Dies n =| woo| Soo] 28-1208 ime Oe 352 286 B25 | 883 | 588 (Soe 2oa/208 | 608 | oa & & = = 4,220 | 5,380 | 7,670 | 1,710 2,110 | 4,120 | 4,840 | 1,240 5,800 | 7,050 | 9,200 | 1,569 7,740 | 9,000 | 12,450 | 1,920 2,250 | 2,810 | 3,120] 920 4,360 | 6,690 | 7,960 | 1,295 5,620 | 9,420 | 11,680 | 1,680 2,670 | 5,620 | 5,620 | 1,000 a This is not the wood commonly known as Dungon but is often sold under that name, WOOD TESTS strength of Philuppine timber. SAW MILLS—PRICES. 625 Number of tests. Moisture 20 to 3: or per cent. Moisture under 20 per cent. ne) o jo) — on Pa o@ DH b> on Pn 2o bu E \ee |g8 |82 |28 B lee dee eq jee | ele : 5 Fors ee £ : PS aS 25 & += ~~ Ca] Ou Oise fo » = de ° BS ao r=) o | B|° |sSelaee/e° |ae 21° |eSa/ses/8° |a2 |= Iss 5 = . o — Y | oH eo | So} ekfessios | Sebel © |Sel esleeg| 8 |e? Bs o re) 2eo Sa So 6 Od x o ro 2 eo ers SH |wOod| o ea am ae Rs ak = Sl rsh ee & aS rs aoe = oA g 183 tof) a 2 ed (o} tel 8) oe) - 2 8 om Se woecotasa Sate e bs | Bol, |"ob/ Son! ee | 591 8 | 3 2 \@ |eeelege (see iseai2| 8 |S ez5\222 158s |S84l a |g 3 by 3 eS (8) |Sealsen ses(Sosi8| 31s (See )/238|Se8|sos) 5/8 S |a ey om = pe All) mal ale Fy Fy =| =| a \|n 29.8 [0.442 | 3,350 | 5,300 | 7,200 | 1,462 |) | 10.4 |o.457 | 5,730 | 8,240 | 9,760 | 1,653 |] (0.446 a 35 | .47 | 6,190 | 7,740 | 8,920 | 1,790 |la4)) 17.5 | .488 |10, 550 |12) 640 |147250 | 1840 |!73)| . 488 20 | 240 | 12550 | 3/520 | 4/290 | 1/050 3 | .404 | 2/390 | 5/480 | 7/020 | 1,305 |J || .40 "478 2c GRR RRS ere | ame A Eocene fa ORES dso) | | .412 26.8 | .699 | 6,190 | 8,220 |10,230 | 2,033 14 | .706 | 7,340 | 9,760 [11,620 | 2,144 |) {| 1645 10)| 33.6 | .74 | 95150 | 91850 111,640 | 27550 |tis!, 19.8 | 1825 {10/550 12/480 [15,600 2125 75 "825 22 | /638 | 4,220 | 6,320 | 8,600 | 1/710 618 | 4,920 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 1/900 | | .56 20.8 | 93 | 2,950 | 4,150 | 5,100 | 1/000 { - 687 Bogus i985 (2.05001 4 150), 5, 100) | 1,000 (Yi) | ue tess [nc -etc]e---cocleeseee-focence: 31) 193 20.8 | .93 | 2,950 | 4/150 | 5/100 | 1/000 |{ |) 588 26.6 | .72 | 7,820 | 9,940 |12) 860 | 2077 13.7 | .759 [10,080 |12,850 |15,150 | 2,158 |) _{ -708 5} 35. | .776.| 9,850 [12,380 |14, 600 | 2370 |t13), 18.6 | 182 [12,650 |19; 700 |21, 500 | 2/480 |'55/, 182 20.3 | .673 | 4,920 | 7,800 |10, 540 | 1/660 7 | ‘718 | 7’730 | 87940 [11,900 | 1/740 || |) 2629 93,3 | .724 | 7,740 | 9,150 [12,650 | 2°110 |) 097 Wiese wa en 740i G e50N|taren | Qet1g eee ee ede pa 50) | 806 23.3 | .724 | 7'740 | 9,150 |12,650 | 2’110 \| 2596 31.8 | _s03 | 5,010 | 9,000 |10, 190 | 1/602 10.4 | .324 | 8,240 | 8,580 | 8,580 | 1,614 |) { .785 uf 35 | /848 | 7,030 |10,700 12,150 | 1/950 |+ 9) 19.5] .88 |10,550 |13,600 |13, 600 | 1,980 fr 88 24.8 | .725 | 3,520 | 7,740 | 9,530 | 1/400 3.5|.79 | 4,920 | 4/920 | 4/920 | 1/240 || | 169 782 cel soe uh dy tke ES Doha SSH NSS DOMAIN NST (GNM oi eek al EAR anne (One 2 "825 | .712 29.6 | .846 | 8,180 |10,700 [14,090 | 2,368 |) | 15.6 | .848 | 9,650 |12, 130 |15, 690 | 2,583 "843 42!| 34.3 | 194 [11/250 |13)600 |17,650 | 2°870 uf 19.8 | .90 {12,230 |17480 |21;800 | 3/000 col 0 21.5|.77 | 4,220 | 5,480 | 7,700 | 1/680 11.4} .81 | 6,680 | 9,140 |13) 580 | 1/344 76, 5 uk cea] SS ERR SY Sn ee ee eS i A PAR a ae EN a 1 59 1535 26.9 | .508 | 5,650 | 6,570 | 7,380 | 1,462) 9.6 | .487 | 6,440 | 7,070 | 7,560 | 1,510) | -54 32.71.56 | 8,430 | 9,850 |11,020 | 1/710 |t13!) 13.8 | . 531 {10,550 |10, 680 |11,730 | 1/670 |}314) .77 22.9 | .438 | 2'110 | 3,090 | 3,460 | °870 4 4.6 | 1384 | 2,810 | 2'810 | 2,960 | 1,050 | |) .384 30.6 | .487 | 5,310 | 6,960 | 9,110 | 1,456 13.7 | 1422 | 6,440 | 7,380 | 8,360 | 1,232 |) || . 469 34.6 | .524 | 6,740 | 7,600 |10, 230 | 1/685 sf 18.7 | .58 | 9,150 |11,400 |12' 560 | 1/610 |$36)| 158 21.8| 138 | 4,220 | 6,190 | 7,030 | 1/050 5 | 1355 | 4500 | 47920 | 4920] 976 || || 2355 34.5 | 154 | 6,050 | 6,330 | 7,700 | 1,320 |) 4 9.7 | -535 | 6,430 | 7,470 | 8,570 | 1,504 |_| -491 34.5 | .54 | 6,050 | 6,330 | 7,700 | 1,320 jrof as: 606 {10,550 [11/520 [13,220 | 1,950 |'47/, | 606 34.5 | .54 | 6,050 | 6,330 | 7/700 | 1/320 || || 1.6| .478 | 2,110 | 25110 | 2) 300 | 1,120 | 405 Re cen de BOT MST SP PREG SIT ce ela fl Gee a le ciee [ s| “585 eta 24.2 | .606 | 5,930 | 7,290 | 9,050 | 1,637 12.8 | .664 | 8,350 | 9,610 |11,440 | 1,886 |) {| .616 10)| 35 | :677 | 7,600 | 9/140 [12,470 | 1,900 | 19.3 | .70 10,540 |12' 230 |15;600 | 2/080 |S6s) :70 90.2 | 1485 | 2’110 | 2,390 | 47220 | 1;160 |{ |! 4:2 | 2622 | 4,220 | 4/500 | 4,920 | 1;710 | | -478 {| 25.8 | -783 | 5,580 | 6,640 | 7,900 | 1,470 |] {18.1 | -816 | 6,000 | 6,440 | 6,980 | 1,383 |) -792 14/| 34.6 | 183. | 7/730 | 9/420 [127 600 | 1,730 ts 19.6 | .99 | 7,580 | 7,740 | 9/040 | 1/630 |$414) 199 | 21. | 2685 | 3/520 | 5,070 | 5,620 | 1/260 16 | .713| 4,730 | 4,780 | 4,780 | 1/180 68 34.5 | .743 | 7,530 | 9,520 |13,040 | 1,750 673 Dy) eevee ha 740)| 91700 (13, 520 | tesag Nee bl Rh ee 463| 7 34.4 | 717 | 7,320 | 9/350 |12) 560 | 1/660 56 ‘807 By bl) SURE) A) Nae ASD: a el ae en eA Pa (a a| "867 5 26.4 | .878 | 6,870 | 8,940 |13, 510 | 1,947 11.6 | .845 |10, 160 |13, 460 [17,110 | 2,209 857 wl 33.9 | .924 | 91850 |11, 400 |16,900 | 2/260 | 17.6 | .985 {14,760 |18,300 [22/700 | 2/500 |$724) | 985 20 | .788 | 3,800 | 5.910 | 7,900 | 1/240 6.5 | .796 | 5,770 | 7,180 | 9,770 | 1/500 723 30.1 | .854 | 42960 | 6,910 |10,600 | 1/442 "85 2iJ| 34.5 | 289 | 6,330 | 8,440 |13'150 | 1/900 ie peeled yi dela Aiea 9d kN en 243) 89 26.3 | .822 | 3/520 | 4/220 | 7/260 | 1/050 “816 30.7 | .685 | 5,060 | 6,540 | 9,070 | 1/525 "669 pHiat at 6p. | 5.200 } 7.0401 9200 | 1.590 |¢._.|..... hs... |e. e-[lecec.[--2--0-f--cc0e 234| 1707" 29.5 | .68 | 4,920 | 6,050 | 8,940 | 1/520 "636 26,3 | 663 | 5,840 | 7,180 |10,310 | 1,595 12.1 | .694 | 5,760 | 7,630 [10,880 | 1,754 "646 24] 97.1 | 268 | 6/330 | 7,600 |10,550 | 1,610 18.2 | .712 | 7,730 | 9,000 |13,540 | 2'290 |$284| {712 25.6 | .646 | 5,350 | 6,760 {10,080 | 1,580 5.3 | .66 | 3,520 | 4,220 | 4,800 | 1,320 ‘608 a a a mt ame en em a enc cm eee auc ae cea ‘ et . bo bo =I JH A, 626 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. TaBLE I.—Cross-bending Moisture over 35 per cent. on Dn oo bo uo) av AR eS) lc BR [28 (28 |34 e oI * Nor a on | aot S é| 8 lo, | 26a Bes Ee alae ~ 5) a . Name. Locality. 2|. | 25 | eel/ee lis |°8s ~ o ro a o g o OF "|HS (3) =| 2 | eo |s88|esa|~, |eag S 2 mF | SoS Hot| ad n ‘D = 2Oae|/SpQn| sq- = 2 3 S pa | apa gs Bess 2) 6 Ne Ha, |H4,, | 365 1385 2 8 P80 | 880 \/dag jase g oS x 2da,|/80a,| ok (ecg Zin|) teat a |eron ia ey a a j Average.... 37.3 | 0.673 | 6,410 | 8,18) | 14,050 | 1,435 Supata_ceente-aeoeee Unknown.....- Maximum. .|$ 54} 40.8 | .692 | 8,440 | 8,870 | 11,150 | 1,530 Minimum .. 35.6 | .61 4,920 | 7,180 | 8,630 | 1,370 Average. --. 38.7 | .755 | 4,890 | 7,170] 8,700 | 1,415 DO. aeee sect eneaee Mayabass <<. -- Maximum. .|$12/| 46.7 | .843 | 6,720 | 8,920 | 10,500 | 1,650 Minimum .. 35.1 | .70 | 2,810 | 4,920] 6,490 | 1,160 [ eagene Forest (Average... . 56.1 | .517 | 5,120] 6,280] 8,540 | 1,293 Balacat=_ ses suteee Reserve, Ba- /Maximum..|$ 92| 86 aay 6,190 | 6,750 | 9,200 | 1,450 | taan. Minimum .. 45.7 | .478| 4,220| 5,780| 7,730 | 1,105 Average. ..- 45.4.1" 156 5,210 | 6,200) 7,780 | 1,221 D) Olviven eee Smeses Morlach seen. Maximum. .|}2144 59.8 | .62 6,330 | 7,390] 9,370 | 1,420 Minimum 36.5 | .515 |] 3,520) 3,940) 4,790 870 Average... 68.4 | .695| 4,370} 6,120 | 8,660 | 1,416 Misicaaisiles=riecas-ece Unknown.....- Maximum. .|}354| 87.9 734 | 8,440 | 8,790 | 10,880 | 1,750 Minimum .. 36.3 667 | 1,546 | 3,550] 5,180 | 1,070 ‘Average... 75.4 | .357| 3,000] 4,240] 5,650| 961 Galantasteess sce. eee MANS Viescesese se Maximum. . | 94 379 | 3,940 | 4,920 | 6,600 | 1,185 Minimum .. 61 336 | 1,970) 3,100 4, 400 738 Average. ... 57.3.| .511 | 3,560} 4,900 | 6,250 940 DOs fesse bese Mindoro......- Maximum. . }0 67 .54 5,620 | 6,180 | 7,950 | 1,160 Minimum 38 492 | 2,110] 3,020] 3,060 580 Average 40.4 | .747 | 8,090 | 10,770 | 15,000 | 2,296 TndgQowesasss-eeeee Unknown. ..... {sass 6)| 44.6 77 9,140 | 11,940 | 16,980 | 2,340 Minimum .. ra 3 ae ope aren eae 2,050 _ {Average.... 4 808 ,070 5 ,330 | 1,588 Dow es sae) hike ae Cama {isin ll 55 36 | 10,400 | 12,400 | 14,200 | 1,750 WISTS Minimum . 37.7 | .757 | 5,350] 5,350] 8,600 | 1,130 Average. -.. 59 77 5,290 | 7,690 | 11,200 | 1,536 Dour Seer Renae Masbate.....-- Maximum..|}104| 71.8 | .813 | 7,460 | 9,480 | 13,240 | 1,710 Minimum . 50.7| .70 | 2,950] 4,500] 8,420 | 1,160 Average. -.- 46.1 692 | 4,490 | 6,800 | 9,780 | 1,697 ISSMUPUISE estos cece Mindoro....-..- Maximum. . a 61.1 76 9,110 | 9,300 | 12,670 | 2,160 Minimum .. Boat 621 | 1,548 | 3,520] 5,630 | 1,160 Average... 92.5 | .632 | 3,920] 6,000] 7,270 | 1,069 iMclowsere eran Shee Tarlac.......-- Maximum. .|}414/103 707 | 5,280 | 7,730 | 8,920 | 17395 Minimum 77 598 | 2,460} 4,780} 5,250 895 Average 96.8 | .579 | 5,900 | 7,010 | 9,080 | 1,213 DOMasesteneesa sce Zambales...... Maximum 64/111 604 | 7,030] 8,720 | 11,560 1,360 Minimum 83. 6 553 | 4,080 | 4,570 | 5,810 | 1,080 | Average 38.1 849 5,780 | 8,460 | 11,913 | 1,768 BOIS yea ee cece ceai Tayabas.....-- Maximum 74| 42.5 882 | 7,380 | 10,130 | 13,680 | 2,055 ae 35.1 82 3,160] 6, at 10,010 | 1,293 d verage 61.6 725 | 3,670} 5,62 7,450 | 2,035 Dowaseerrs wee A artnet Cama {Masi fo 100 798 | 5,240] 7,750| 9,340 | 2° wale Minimum 45 615 | 2,090] 2,830] 3,660 | 1,050 Average 46.2 841 | 6,820 | 9,420 | 11,740 | 1,702 Bansalaguin......... | Unknown....-.- Maximum. -|718/| 57.8 883 | 8,440 | 10,550 | 14,150 | 2,050 Minimum 40 784 | 3,8 7,310 | 9,510 | 1,480 | Average 56 623 | 5,840] 7,040] 8,930 | 1, 461 12;9iK0) J Chu popeees Sear ; Zambales. ..--- Maximum. -|724<)105 708 | 8,790 | 9,500 | 12,450 | 1,680 inimum...- 36.6 488 | 2,950} 4,080} 5,500 810 Average. ... 54. 4 777 | 4,540} 6,350} 9,320 | 1, 427 Batibinamenssse aseee | Unknown.....-- Maximum. .|¢104| 61.2 795 | 5,620 | 7,600 | 10,600 | 1,630 Minimum... 49.1| .76 | 2,540] 4,080] 5, 1,200 | Average.... ARF Se aaa asses q ane Cama- {Sesion fo | sc Bolen fo alae eo eee | ee 1 a Minimum... Average.... 82 522} 2,900] 4,170] 5,140 881 Banuyoucaseacee teases | Masbate.....-- Maximum. .|¢164)115 572 | 5,070] 6,880) 7,390 | 1,120 Minimum... 47.7| .455| 1,400] 2,860] 4,080] °575 mlTOlelendlenitiall Average... 40 538 | 5,410} 6,320] 8,180 | 1,280 Balacbacan.........- f Ne wore ‘ Maximum. .}f 94) 45.8 584 | 6,330} 6,900} 9,030 | 1,550 Mee NETO: Minimum 35.2 | .481| 4.220] 47500) 5,960 | 1,090 | Average 67.7 399 4,070 | 5,320 | 6,760 | 1,133 Maryapis: as--5~-oeace AGUNG wasee Ae Maximum. .|f204} 91 456 | 4,920} 6,330} 8,300 | 1,420 Minimum. 48 343 | 3,510! 3,510) 3,510 870 WOOD TESTS—SAW MILLS—PRICES. strength of Philippine timber—Continued. Number of tests. 627 Se OOo nn —eae nn OO LOLS Oc — 0.0(0C0@—€00800050N wo _—— Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. Moisture under 20 per cent. o “e1 3! Rind x aera _— = —— fo) ° | on PD oo DH Py on Pn oo DH S B jes [eso ae jee Bee eee Wes. | a | : Pere)” tS = a3 18 : #5 | 8 aes ie £ iP & 6 Sal ee iciay || eS |S oe -(89 (35 1a AS. a B Sa | aa) & a3 .| 8 28o| Baa] B Se lea liber g b 8" | 3 "o oy a 2 Pa B—"9 i 5 O oy yey lisse o | 85 I a| 3 ee eo es =I aes Aaa es A Seles esciies (Jeol si) 2 |e eiese (S24 las | sale jes & ae |s5e/28e/°, |PRgla| & | ee | see/e8e/°) [Fag] 2 | ae o eo Bee 2a 2 aZ no ce 2 a ot Beas ad no 5 | bb u o wm OI) So! Eee Doh! oO Ll oO aOR So as: | SoH] glo 53 a pa 6a a s 3] =] ce an pa 3 | S a) le $13 |eS5\s3u/sog|sS5 @ (So |e$s/e35/38s |3S5/ 3/8 6/8 |aca|8sa/sSs/8or Balke 2 |fcn/250/SS8 |Sog| s/s a ja | my a a 4| a |a |e my |a a H |a | 29.3 |0.117 | 7,360 |10,070 12,390 | 1,907 14. 5 [0.722 |10, 060 |11,670 13,100 | 1,863 |) {0.711 234) 34.4 835 (11,250 12,660 |16,450 | 2,870 |)-182)| 19.7 808 |15,500 |15,800 16,850 | 2,280 |+464) .835 20 644 | 4,220 | 7,450} 9,140 | 1,370 10. 2 625 | 7,040 | 7,730 | 7,810 | 1,475 | 61 30.1 827 | 5,280 | 7,520 |} 9,050 | 1,510 { 813 494| 34 CFS 4) 74500) | Ono) HGS -710) VALOR be oleae ceases olloconded Seeamed |lSsesees Heseeee 61 955 26.6 | .712 | 1,680 | 2’ 410 | 3/230 | 750 \\ i7 i} . 517 ~ 24 l¢sa5se|esedseledsccnd Saa5e.so Sebncod aonsocd oer Secs5s seoosc Seseeea psossa4 Saoseas Seeeees 95| . 57 | 1478 26.6 | .579 | 5,710 | 6,060 | 7,010 | 1,204 10.4 | .589 | 6,050 | 7,600 | 8,270 | 1,271 | f . 578 74| 30 602 | 6,330 }| 8,090 {10,000 | 1,310 |}32/) 18.7 | .66 | 8,440 }11,250 |11,720 | 1,520 |/G0, .66 24.1 | .561 | 3,800 | 4.220 | 4,690 | 1,110 2.6] .54 | 4,290 | 4’670 | 4,670 | 1080 |f | 2515 2657) |eld 5,200 | 8,130 {10,560 | 1,778 15.7 | .79 | 6,260 | 9,650 {11,010 | 1,825 BALL 84| 30.4 | .81 5,910 |10, 400 |13,130 | 1,950 |} 42} 19.1 | .82- | 8,450 |11,980 |13,240 | 2,030 a - 82 23 734 | 3,870 | 6,330 | 8,940 | 1,630 12.3 | .76 | 3,240 | 6,690 | 7,750 | 1,530 . 667 11.1 | .363 | 5,300 | 7,260 | 8,980 | 1,255 . 358 -nacl|acossc||booone| Sodeos5 seercs) Gossosg socesas 4:| 14.6 | .37 6,320 | 8,160 | 9,300 | 1,340 |+194| .379 8.6 | .355 | 4,220 | 6,320 | 8,670 | 1,160 . 336 28.9 | .547 | 3,460 | 4,500 | 5,210 801 : . 527 8{| 34.5 | .583 | 4,920 | 6,330 | 7,200 | 1,050 ee eeeed ee Pe eee al aseauselesoon oe | . 583 23.7 | .505 | 1,410 } 1,410 | 1,610 580 . 492 28.9 | .787 | 9,490 |12,750 |16,570 | 2,182 - 763 SOME Me CO4e Ll 250 L440 GoO)enaoO | beer|e assem see cee ollecee ce sents eiaiellneerrec 0 . 864 23.3 | .756 | 8,440 |11,380 |15,100 | 2,160 . 734 26.6 | .802 | 5,800 | 7,470 | 8,680 | 1,445 19.5 | .808 | 7,180 | 9,140 |11,200 | 1,570 - 805 164} 33.4 | .866 | 9,710 {11,250 }12,830 | 1,580 |} 14} 19.5 | .808 | 7,180 | 9,140 |11,200 | 1,570 2 . 866 20.6 | .72 | 2,890 | 2,890 | 3,030 | 1,180 19.5 | .808 | 7,180 | 9,140 |11,200 | 1,570 oil? 22.5 | .785 | 6,370 | 8,160 | 9,050 | 1,273 18.9 | .766 | 5,990 | 8,220 | 8,920 | 1,180 | .772 24.6 | .788 | 7,020 | 8,300 |10,000 | 1,320 19.9 | .808 | 7,450 | 9,770 {11,020 | 1,370 lst . 813 20.3 | .784 | 5,340 | 8,080 | 8,080 | 1,180 17.7 | .68 | 4,920 | 7,170 | 7,680 950 . 68 33.6 | .75 | 5,620 | 8,590 |12,050 | 1,760 | . 694 ESO et OMN RO OLOM SOOO Mn ten O5On Ih GOmtsalasas 52 hacer ecerece|ncienacte| sei aeccllleaccc ce 325| .76 33.6 | .75 | 5,600 | 8,590 |12,050 | 1,760 | .621 27.9 | .635 | 5,630 | 6,830 | 7,550 | 1,138 WETS 684 | 3,660 | 4,920 | 5,400 880 . 635 34.5 | .67 | 6,330 | 8,870 | 9,750 | 1,210 |} 14) 15.7 | .684 | 3,660 | 4,920 | 5,400 880 {20 . 707 21 607 | 4,640 | 5,340 | 5,980 | 1,060 15.7 | .684 | 3,660 | 4,920 | 5,400 880 - 598 . 579 2oos|iooecnelleosece| SSobodal ls 55egcq locpsbeq spbeeed Seen Seacod Seacod hScnbed losomcon locosaed Soneren i . 604 | .553 31.8 | .86 | 4,930 | 8,090 |10,850 | 1,593 | . 856 tts sa4ol SSN ioSO LODO! |L44060) 1 O50heos|a ce cs|s cmccclcacescic|cesecicc|occiocs|swctec 205) . 886 27.1 | .82 | 2,110 | 5,380 | 7,030 | 1,080 - 82 34 806 | 4,190 | 5,660 | 7,580 | 2,020 | . 728 14| 34 SOs ES OON | OKGGON as SON 2 O20n ese te 2 calmiss cteclecericcteie||a1e cielale|Breie coie sll ie oaiele 314, .806 34 806 | 4,190 | 5,660 | 7,580 | 2,020 | .615 33.3 | .88 | 6,750 | 7,030 | 7,740 | 1,740 15.5 | .87 | 8,670 |11,870 |14, 480 | 2,311 85 14| 33.3 | .88 | 6,750 | 7,030 | 7,740 | 1,740 64| 17 . 905 |10, 250 |13,350 |18,200 | 2,530 2 - 905 33.3 | .88 | 6,750 | 7,030 | 7,740 | 1,740 14.3 | .85 | 6,330 | 8,780 |12,400 | 2,100 : Bs sted lecdocd béscode-cdanad SeSe584 BABESOC OOReorel Mecca (Mepaeets| lec rammnne eco Sesineres lee rse | fe Se eee 2 - 708 - 488 5 | .836 | 6,850 | 8,400 | 9,630 | 1,655 .795 acne seeocd baSaee)| hoqo00e jasc cane Isaanood looos0ee 4 6.2 | .85 | 8,860 {11,100 {12,300 | 1,910 |-145| .85 4.1 | .821 | 4,920 | 5,770 | 7,030 | 1,450 | .76 31.4 | .826 | 7,970 |11,070 |13, 440 | 2,061 5.6 | .882 |12,530 {16,230 |17,920 | 2,419 f . 859 19| 34.8 | .86 {10,200 |12,660 |16,900 | 2,350 2 7.5 | .942 |16,880 |21,350 |24, 450 | 2,800 {1 - 942 29.3 | .796 | 4,790 | 8,860 |10,300 | 1,740 2.9 | .832 | 7,740 | 9,850 |11,630 | 2,000 | - 796 29.3 | .52 4,220 | 5,340 | 5,940 | 1,105 17 . 538 | 4,030 | 5,530 | 6,000 | 1,070 | . 525 14] 29.3 | .52 4,220 | 5,340 | 5,940 | 1,105 |> 34| 18.9 | .546 | 5,200 | 6,040 | 6,270 | 1,105 fo | . 542 29.3 | .52 | 4,220 | 5,340 | 5,940 | 1,105 13.4 | .523 | 2,810 | 5,200 | 5,800 | 1,000 | | 455 22.8 | .565 | 5,960 | 6,980 | 8,650 | 1,358 17.4 | .533 | 6,190 | 7,400 | 9,000 | 1,550 | - 543 25:5 || .67 6,750 | 7,740 | 9,320 | 1,500 |? 44| 19.1 | .54 | 6,890 | 8,170 | 9,440 | 1,770 |}18)| .67 20.7 | .504 | 5,060 | 6,120 | 7,800 | 1,190 16.7 | .525 | 5,060 | 6,750 | 8,380 | 1,330 ; 481 272 4ellboeheo bBet Gee Ses eee PEE ae eee cist (RSE |e |S (eg Oe) | (oe lia 2 - 456 - 343 628 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. TaBLeE 1.—Cross-bending Moisture over 35 per cent. on 2 ee > S |£3 |f3 |88 (28 S| e-(88-/ 32 |e ail, ol pe). le eae aang he Name. Locality. 72g | aes 2c eA lee lee st 3 B98 | BS. eee jae Wee) Meee =| & | ee | 888 | 288 Sag 2 2 oo SPS ee 3 5 5 3 © La een} Z a mick E Sa 4B S maz , | 856 |S 3 3 s| 3/8 |288|238| 88s lec? Z\|a|a ey Py = Average. ..- 57.2 | 0.635 4,780 | 6,930 | 10,280 | 1,627 Malugay:.-.22- 2-2-5 Mindoro....... {Maxim -|P 184} 72 -713 | 6,680 | 8,570 | 12,700 | 1,920 Minimum... 48.2 | .553} 2,810 | 5,200] 6,900 | 1,290 Average.... f Sasalit.) o/2223e Zambales.....- Maximum 16 38 e 2s | 5 cases |ersinelecrn| cease ces lee een ee meer Minimum Average. ... 60.9 71 5,430 | 8,120 | 11,360 | 1,896 isin ee eeeee Bataanen aa ce Maximum. . hi 63 73 7,720 | 10,200 | 14,150 | 2,180 Minimum... 57.6 70 2,390 | 5,900 | 7,160 | 1,340 Basilan Is- (Average.... 37.1 545 | 5,620 | 6,460} 7,780 } 1,160 Ibumbaiyaoes-naes-ee land, Moro {Maximum.. 38. 7 56 6,740 | 6,890 | 8,060 } 1,210 Province. Minimum... 35. 5 53 4,500 | 6,040 | 7,520} 1,110 WOOD TESTS—SAW MILLS—PRICES,. strength of Philippine timber—Continued. 629 Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. Moisture under 20 per cent. co (o) 5 on Pan oo boa ; on Pa [oP] BW = Slee |ee lee 25 Been Semi iete al flies n 5 Bis He = : heats AS 2a) tS) 2 ae > |e De Dine a = Ze iC Or | Soe eee o |'d Mea) |fo wesleeoie® jae |. | 8 1° |ess Seale? |g |= \s2 a Di | Eato a otlaisan ie. ila Ose bs. | Sey [ak ees 1 ll ta Bien | =s laze |ses |. 3 53 a| , |2d|,28 |ex8 ae ails: |e =| &.|a2eselehel, |SRR/S | & | ge |ee8|ehel°) Pag | 4 | aa Pee ola eels Hilo ioinc) © SO laos le sla le. els |e o 5 ° =F anaF Bet Eos o = ° a TIP RS 58 -| 508] € ]O 2 & S| re ty @ , eats 385 a § a 4 Ga 36s 3838 = 3 BH) 2 | (Bsalesalses|oz| 8) ¢ |e |SsajSealses soz] s | 2 Z2)a\oa | P= = 4/4 [a |& Fy a. la an 22. 4 |0. 656 | 5,790 | 7,530 |10, 530 | 1,732 12 0.686 | 7,730 {11,220 |13,980 | 1,788 '0. 658 74| 26.4 | .693 | 6,900 | 8,080 11,740 | 2,150 |>1 19.8 | .75 | 9,850 {14,900 |19,830 | 2,180 |}402| .75 21 . 625 | 3,800 | 6,900 | 8,850 | 1,580 7.5 | .62 | 4,090 | 6,810 |10,040 | 1, 480 | 21553 26.4 | .901 | 9,990 |11, 420 |14,050 | 2, 120 12.4 | .839 | 8,010 {10,260 /11,310 | 1,837 | | .872 214) 30.2 | .995 |13,350 {15,480 |18, 720 | 2,480 |)184| 19.2 | .87 {12,650 /13,980 |15,820 | 2,270 fy . 995 92 | .742 | 7,030 | 7,460 | 8,770 | 1,240 9 | 807 | 4,080 | 4,220} 5,310 | 1,120 |J || . 742 |eoh ~nmailsoceeclle sock seseteme ERIN Bs Meal | leac| eK eal Me Pe 142] .73 | -70 26.1 | .552 | 6,550 | 7,620 |10,090 | 1,416 12.7 | 584 | 7,800 | 9,110 |11,390 | 1,570 | . 565 33.9 | .603 | 8,870 |10,000 |12,180 | 1,630 |}22,| 19.5 | . 671 {10,140 |12,380 |14,920 | 1,870 m4) . 671 20.5 | .483 | 3,510 | 4,150 | 4,430 950 5.3 | .53 | 4,220 | 4,220 | 7,810 | 1,340 - 483 630 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. TaBLE II.—Compressive strength along Moisture over 35 per cent. 2 . Stress at : a : pecific | rupture Name. Locality. atte a gravity | (pounds tests. | cent). | dry EX wood. square inch). Average. ... 52. 4 0. 444 3, 840 IDEM Bes sesoongcccoocosde Mindanao... . sse-2 eee Maximum. . 67 73 - 485 5, 490 Minimum .. 38. 4 - 408 3, 262 Average... 59. 5 . 478 4,180 Doves: cc Ge eas ees Zampaleserwesseesacere Maximum. . 70 76 . 529 4, 980 Minimum .. 35. 2 - 412 3, 220 Average. -.. 53 - 617 4, 350 APIVONE Ee cetera Mindanao. 22 ee. =s2-2e Maximum. . 98 71.8 -715 5,740 Minimum .. 36 - 56 3,350 Average. ... 53. 4 . 679 5,010 IDOE a aae cobaSeGEne ZAM DAES eee seeee see se Maximum. . 60 93 pl 5,710 Minimum .. 46. 4 - 588 2,810 Average. ... 41.8 . 675 6,070 GuijOe atc ecreae ee Ambos Camarines..... Maximum. . 50 59. 6 -13 6, 610 Minimum .. 36 . 629 5,180 Average. ... boat . 697 6,070 DOn2s aecosceccacese Mindoro. 3. 25-5--20-=- = Maximum 98 79.6 - 806 7, 300 Minimum .. 40.9 - 596 3, 660 Average. ... 46. 4 112 6, 680 Mole Ceara eens saneree sec Near Laguna de Bay...; Maximum... 78 66 85 8, 470 Minimum .. 37 - 69 4,770 Average.... 50. 5 . 784 6, 5380 1D) Ot eee enero se Ambos Camarines. ....- jseeximun. : 50 61.5 . 822 8, 300 Minimum 40.3 - (12 3,900 Average. ... 46.7 828 7, 490 Wacaleeee- BE ao aS toe AaBee GOs snes eeceaeeeees {aaxina 3 34 te . 85 8, 400 Minimum .. 38.6 Sli 6, 200 Average. ... eT 563 5,780 IN@TTA ze = isos sence soe Near Laguna de Bay... .4Maximum.. 20 93 69 6,900 Minimum .. 66. 5 535 4,180 Average. ... 55.9 . 619 5, 300 DOF seh een shobass Cagayan se-ee eee eeee Maximum. . 18 75. 5 - 68 6, 530 Minimum .. 35. 5 - 482 3,770 Average... . 40.5 . 53 4,750 Ranguilesssssees.- 5 He WnlknOwileeeae eset eeeee Maximum. . 18 47.4 . 565 5, 270 Minimum .. 35. 2 47 3, 650 Average. ... 44.1 - 46 3, 980 ID ORS Scere cece ne ae Zampaleseerecesseeeere {yeaa ae 54 58. 6 54 4,780 Minimum 35. 6 405 3,050 Average 49.8 561 4, 530 Sacatsecccemsscsos ss eee Bataan a2. sce scaceeste Maximum 14 53. 8 585 4,740 Minimum .. 46. 2 54 4, 280 Average. ... 53.1 60 5, 260 DOME seteeceseeestece Tarlac ees c eect Cee Maximum 74 89.7 657 9,150 Minimum .. 35. 2 478 3,140 Average. ... 52.9 796 5, 650 Mile eee a ee esinsiecee Ambos Camarines... - - Maximum. . 36 78.7 872 6, 390 | Minimum .. 43.5 .714 4,980 Average.... 60. 4 . 666 5, 450 TD OMe ee nee eee Mind oroseesccceeeeeeee Maximum 84 89 Ais) 7,150 Minimum .. 37.5 . 56 2,390 Average. ... 51.4 807 8,090 WOE Ree ee eee saree Palawan-cees sen eeeece {Mesum e 79 61.2 . 867 9, 470 Minimum .. 44.8 i (3) 5, 350 Average... 44.1 803 6, 160 / DUN ONESee oe eeeeee rere Ambos Camarines. .. - - Maximum. . 6 58 846 6, 520 Minimum .. le eal 1723 5,900 Average. . | 36.9 825 4,540 1 BX eee ae =) aE Masbates----ece Seas Maximum 6 37.5 . 84 5,030 Minimum | 36.2 816 3,830 Average 50.7 669 4,000 DONG e ooe= sees == Mind andopesseesceeeeee Maximum 38 82 707 4,740 Minimum 35.5 636 3,080 Average 64.4 631 4,660 Malasantoliiececss-.---= = Unknown=-eee-eees-eee Maximum 40 86 68 5, 410 Minimum 37.4 608 3,390 Average 3671 677 6, 480 SUPAM a nee eee eee eleeses GOs ee oon eee Maximum 8 36.3 692 7,030 Minimum 36 644 5, 750 Average 37.2 746 5,090 D Ouchi eee rsecase eee AyvADASere = sacececees Maximum 10 41.6 . 855 6, 090 eee P 2 d gk an700 , ¥ verage.... -d1 4,0 Balacat, <0 dohece. sence (aoe es em {Maxima : 16 61.6 157 4,510 J : Minimum .. 39.5 478 3,540 a This is not the wood commonly known as Dungon but is often sold under that name. WOOD TESTS—SAW MILLS—PRICES. 631 the grain of Philippine timber. Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. Moisture under 20 per cent. j | Specific Stress at Stress at Sele Moisture| Specific | rupture , Specific | rupture protel eee Number (per gravity | (pounds | Number | Moisture| gravity | (pounds Bieats Sara of tests. aa of dry per of tests.| (per of dry per W ain Poets cor wood. square cent). wood. square Y Be inch). inch). | 30.5 | 0. 44 4,040 12. 4 0. 458 6, 180 0. 448 40 35 47 4,550 32 19. 4 488 9, 270 139 | . 488 25 . 40 3, 470 3.3 404 4,730 | . 40 : - 470 ea | ert re ote iate fat aeieelais a atall esteyisiais | . 825 6, 770 28 19. 4 735 9, 400 150 . 825 20 . 664 4,740 7.8 618 5, 270 |) | . 56 15. 2 93 4,190 . 687 EE sa Cote cin =|teeee cee leseSscc aks 2 15. 2 93 4, 220 62 | . 93 j 15. 2 93 4, 160 . 588 28. 8 719 6, 160 14.6 748 7,940 | . 708 24 35 76 7, 220 36 19. 8 82 11, 400 110 . 82 23. 2 | 673 4, 900 7.5 68 3, 980 - 629 J . 697 sono casdel acess 6654 BBs Tce eee hoe Seas Hel ROO an Se. .e| Sonam is beamee os Sere [ae ane een 98 . 806 | . 596 29. 7 794 7,080 PAVE 818 8, 330 | . 783 20 34.6 858 8, 800 17 18.8 88 10, 300 115 . 88 20. 2 725 6, 100 5. 2 728 6, 800 . 69 . 784 es | eee ie aye |e feye ster acaictel| raterecete shave] Sra tate a Sicteeral | ert rs eye apeve shells wia.5 eros ETc cierefere 50 . 822 . 712 29.5 . 832 8, 340 13. 4 849 9, 220 . 843 94 35 94 9,510 29 18. 1 90 11, 280 157 .94 21.8 7 6, 250 10.7 814 7,580 . 76 . 563 Jed tGCHE| SE CCESECCH RECO Ss S56) BOS SEEOEEG Soe a ce ene Seen ees eee A are ee eee 20 . 59 . 535 28.5 . 534 5, 290 7.5 . 484 6, 740 .54 18 34. 2 idl 7,060 24 On, . 531 8, 600 60 Silt 21.1 . 438 4, 160 48 . 884 4,540 . 384 30. 6 - 485 5,030 | 13.7 . 424 5, 230 . 469 22 35 . 52 5, 450 32 19.9 . 58 6,521 72 . 58 27.2 355 3, 752 8.8 . 376 3, 825 . 805 9. 6 . 535 6, 900 | . 491 Be Ee Serena 2icl[L Ae Sickle ciajall Li Routecwrelee 38 19. 2 . 604 8, 670 92 - 606 Gf -478 4, 150 - 405 . 561 SE e | eee aim ara [Rio oe 4 tas aesio menial emeblemeere eReccicatea| Sansa seloese case. 14 - 585 .54 26. 6 592 5, 500 12. 4 . 661 7,140 . 616 22 34.8 677 5, 910 38 19.7 . 70 9,020 | 134 | sO 20 485 3, 990 4.2 601 4,970 . 478 25.9 779 6, 250 WA 807 6, 570 | . 792 30 31.7 855 7,600 16 19.9 99 8,020 82 . 99 21.6 68 4, 280 14.8 713 3, 650 | . 68 32.5 77 6, 030 19. 8 77 6,540 . 673 4 33. 4 77 6, 470 2 19.8 77 6,570 90 | S7/le 31.5 77 5, 530 19.8 77 6, 510 . 56 . 807 mien oscel 508 s56CSo NEO CEES oo MEBBBE ES =e SBOSS Ecco penne sa anise Mi bles 5 pee emma 79 . 867 .75 25. 2 . 88 6, 440 10.7 839 9, 420 . 858 54 | 34 CO - 985 7,970 48 16. 4 882 11,970 108 . 985 20 . 788 4,050 8 796 6, 410 . 723 29.5 854 4, 690 85 40 34.8 89 GEG TOM eee EE ers beet oe es 3 [osama ese oer 46 89 25:1 - 822 3, 460 . 816 32.6 67 4, 600 . 669 6 | 35 69 SHOU | paren eee Ie ice a/c | eee ee Mae one 44 . 707 29 657 4,090 - 636 30.7 - 684 4, 840 13.5 - 694 6, 580 . 646 4 34.3 689 5,040 10 17.1 712 8, 040 54 | ay pb Zee 679 4, 660 10 - 66 5, 140 608 30.2 -711 7,100 14.5 713 8, 700 SA 42 33.4 835 8,510 42 / 19.5 808 10, 340 92 - 835 26 61 5, 790 8.3 625 7, 046 61 28.3 819 5, 980 813 112 34.7 955 ty OOn pee Bary le es ceded (saad Oo Hae 122 955 22.5 712 4, 000 .70 -O17 mete eeteeteteta eee oreietal| aie elects sata a|| i are ys ccs nea | porate oe | nee ees sien maces ce elee sesekicncts 16 57 | -478 632 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. TaBLE II.—Compressive strength along the Moisture over 35 per cent. A | Stress at . 4 . pecific | rupture Name. Locality. ue a gravity | (pounds tests..| cent). | Of dry REF wood. square inch). Average. ... fi 44.7 0. 56 4,150 Balacat...' 2c. Merge Parlactae. = 25 ecckews {Maximum i 40 | 63 .62 4,710 Minimum -. 36.8 Abst 2,920 | Average. ..- 63.9 . 703 4,350 Macaasim. = 8... 20-4eeee MUmikn Own: = -252-ss dOs,=5. 50 PARSIS tambo sere ri per day... 4.00 (cable men. 2 seer: douse . 50 Filipinos (42): 1 sled tender.-.-....-. doses 50 1 foreman ....per day each.. 1.50 4 woodcutters for the en- Iengineer. ../j..-e22 dow: 3. 00 pines. ....... per day each... 50 UMenpIMeer se sees done: 1.50 4 road builders ..... doeeae . 50 2 ATEMEN. = 2-2 sees do saee 50 10 water carriers for the en- 1 subforemant: 2 ston. doy: . 60 | gines. .... ner day each. - 00 (P2—$1 United States currency.) This amounts to a daily labor cost of about P45. The logging crew handles on an average from 5,000 to 10,000 board feet of logs per day. The above method, which has been employed since the commencement of the oper- ations, is being supplemented by a railroad which is now being installed. The road is equipped with two locomotives and twelve logging trucks or cars. The gauge is 33 feet. The donkey engines and cable system will continue to be used, but will haul the logs to the railroad track instead of to the river bank. This will give a great in- crease in the daily output of logs. Waste and injury to the forest: The area thus far logged has been cut over without much restriction or regulation. About one-half of it has been burned over and is now partly under sugar cane. The remainder is slash as it has been left by the company. Since it is agricultural land, to a large extent homesteaded, it will not be managed for a second timber crop. The trees cut have been almost entirely the six principal species, with an occasional large specimen of some other kind. Few trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter have been cut, and many larger ones have not been removed. The largest trees have been left because the mill could not handle them. On part of the area the Almon and White Lauans were not cut, because at the time there was no demand for that kind of lumber. The following table shows the number of saplings, poles, and trees remaining on one-half hectare of cut-over land. Many small trees are lacking which were destroyed but not utilized during the logging. TaBLE XIV.—Saplings and trees remaining on one-half hectare (1.23 acres) of cut-over land. ; Api Man- | Balac-| D hia |Guisoc-t erat : pi- _ | Balac- un- | Ata- |Guisoc-| trees ee tong. |*!mon- eache pacan.| gula. | ata. |guisoc.| and | Total. puy shrubs Sapling =. 2Aesee23 seers Small poles. p.ceees-- 2. ee ATES POlGs qoecee es eo ueines soicentimeterss=sessatse ose so\centimeterse..o- 22-44. 028 AD CENtTIMELOIS= ce ese esse 45;centimeters:-. s-2- sea. ne 50 centimeters. - ---- 55 centimeters. - 60 centimeters. - 115 centimeters. ...- 130} centimietersicea--e-----5- The logging makes a bad slashing. The tops and rotten logs of the large trees piled on the small trees crushed by their fall form a dense and almost hopeless mass of débris. Some of this is unavoidable, but care in felling the large trees and the utilization of as much of the timber as is possible will reduce the damage. Plates [X and X show pieces of good and bad slash. Fire in the cuttings during the dry months of March and April would be destructive to the young growth. Fire, however, does not run readily until the brush is thoroughly dry and the wind favorable. This condition WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 669 obtains only for a few days in March and April. Sometimes the friction of moving logs upon he skids causes fires which might spread to the cuttings. There is considerable waste in the felling and cutting up of trees. The Filipino fellers are usually not trustworthy and must be watched. Occasionally they leave stumps much higher than is necessary. High stumps can not be entirely avoided, because of the difficulty in sawing swell-butted logs in the present mill. With a new band-saw mill, capable of handling logs of any size, the stump height should be reduced. The average stump height of 23 Mangachapuy trees felled during the past year is 9 feet (2.8 meters) and of 13 Apitong trees 4.2 feet (1.3 meters). Apitong is much less buttressed than Mangachapuy and isa smaller tree. It is unreasonable at present to require that the large buttresses be chopped through in felling the trees, but it is practicable to cut at the point where the principal buttresses end. In cutting the trees into logs, it is difficult to determine when defective ones will repay handling. In cases of doubt the tendency is to leave them in the woods. Defective top logs are much more doubtful than butt logs, being knotty and diseased around the knots, which injures nearly all boards in the logs. However, when the company has gone to the expense of building a logging railroad and setting up donkey engines and cable, it is to their interest to remove every possible stick of timber from the area. Clear logs, not more than 50 per cent defective, should repay the cost of handling. They would also assist in bearing the expense of building roads. Little sound saw material which is not excessively knotty is left in the tops. As a general rule, the trunks of fairly sound trees are utilized up to the large limbs. More than this is impracticable at present, as there is little sale for knotty limber. Much of this material in the tops would make boxes. It may be found profitable for the company to manufacture box boards, in which case much timber now wasted could be utilized. Another source of waste is the fuel used by the engines. This is usually secured from defective logs, which are hauled in and cut up into firewood. The tendency is to use logs which would be more valuable for lumber. Care should be taken to use no logs for this purpose which contain 50 per cent or more of good material. A large number of trees are necessarily used for the construction of roads and bridges. One mile of hauling road requires over 100,000 feet B. M. for skids alone. Large amounts in the future will be necessary for ties, bridge timbers, etc. At present, Apitong, Ata-ata, and small trees of the principal species are used. Unmarketable trees and tops of felled trees, as far as possible, should be used for construction work, except on land which is to be cleared for agriculture, where small trees of all kinds can be used. Logging does injury to the small trees and reproduction, which are to be the basis of the future forest. The large and overmature trees should be cut out to give the young growth an opportunity to take their places. Consequently, the logging must not destroy more than is necessary of the small growth. Much of this damage is unavoidable. The fellers, however, can be shown how to drop the trees where the damage will be least. The sawmill: The present sawmill is located on the right bank of the Himugaan River, about 6 miles from its mouth and about 1 mile north of the logging operation, which is on the opposite side of the river. The location is at the head of navigation for small steamers, although high tide reaches nearly 2 miles farther up. The mill stands on the river bank, jutting slightly over the water. (Pls. XI and XII.) From the mill a short tramroad runs to the lumber yard, directly in front of which is the dock. (Pl. XI.) Surrounding the yards are the office and quarters of the employees. The mill is operated by a steam engine and is equipped with a circular saw, a top saw, a simple edger and trimmer, and a saw-filing Tiashine. The logs are boomed just below the mill in the river and are brought up into the mill by a bull wheel and cable. They are then rolled on to the carriage by a chain and drum operated by the engine. The carriage is run by friction feed. The logs are sawn slowly and carefully. The sawn lumber passes to the edger on dead rollers, is lifted by men to the trimmers and from there to the truck, which bears it to the yard. The principal species cut present no great difficulties in sawing. Apitong is much harder on the saws than the others. The waste is large, owing not only to the defective char- acter of the timber but also to the inadequacy of the mill and the unskilled labor at the edgerand trimmer. The standard length of logs is 16 feet, but some 12, 14, and 18 foot logs are cut. The lumber is cut mostly in 1 and 2 inch thicknesses, with some 2 by 4’s and special sizes. It is piled in the yard without cover other than a few boards, and without grading except by species and thickness. Most of it is shipped green to Manila, as the demand is greater than the supply. It is all clear lumber, and with careful 670 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. grading and seasoning its quality would be much improved. The mill has been sub- ject to some shut downs, owing to floods, breakage, and lack of logs. The following is the average operating pay roll at the sawmill: Americans (3): Filipinos (28)—Continued. Isawiyers--2.- per year.. P 4,000. 00 2 men hauling logs into mill, 1 bookkeeper. per month. - 150. 00 per day each. ......-.-- PO. 50 lysetter:<4- =2/iek per day. - 4.00 2 edgers.. ...per day each . - 75 Filipinos (28): 2 trimimers.2. 22 Je22- dose 50 1 dogger. ..-per day each... 1.00 2 men loading trucks, per Idogeert-222sb2teee dose 65 | day-each)/ sien Ssce 50 1 engineer ...-. 2-2. doves 2.00) Iman removing sawdust, imfireman--s2-eee= dozeee . 60 perdaycachts'= ya2e = 50 1 fireman’s helper. ..do..-- - 50 8 yard men, per day each. - 50 l.ofibearer. <22i5- 32 dow.): - .50 | 2 watchmen, per month 1 offbearer’s helper .do.... 50 eachie ye lee Seer ateteaes 15.00 2 men sawing logs in the water.... per day each... 50 P2—$1 United States currency. This is a daily labor cost of about P42. Cost of lumbering: The estimated cost of logging and manufacturing lumber on this tract is only approximate and is intended as an indication of what can reasonably be expected under fair management. The following is the cost per 1,000 feet B. M. of the lumher delivered in Manila, including deterioration, repairs, and interest on the investment at 10 per cent: Cuttingand haulime. logstothe rivers 222. s-5 ie oe Ba ee P7.00 Floating logs'to: the mill! 2. 226 eae ie oe kt oe ee . 30 Sawing and jpllingun thewyands. 32) ease ose 2 oe ee ee ee 6.00 Loading on jbarges’at the. dock: 3 $:2.22) 02.28 3 eyo eens oe ee ee . 40 Ereight, to Manila (about 400mulles)t (S226. 220. 0o. a ee 10. 00 Ihighterage,.n) Manila ce ences sae ee 4 ee os yee ent oe a Seg ee 2.00 Salaries:of higher officials. oy sa Ses eek ote ee eee cee hoe 9. 00 Average Government charge: onishumpage:----.-eesece== 2 ssc ose eee 2.50 U o\i)| Lee a OO ene nine ares ae AOR am Gene Mere Me WSS. ws 5 5 37. 20 It is certain that with a thoroughly modern mill and a logging railroad, which the company is now putting in, the cost per 1,000 feet will be reduced much below the above figure. Perhaps the pay rolls given above and the freight and Government stumpage charge will indicate better to lambermen what the cost should be. Markets and transportation: The markets for the lumber are the cities of Manila, Cebu, and Iloilo. The distance by water to Manila is about 400 statute miles, to Cebu about 140 miles, and to Iloilo about 70 miles. Very little lumber can be sold locally or outside of those towns. Manila is the chief market. In the past two years the company has sold about 1,300,000 feet B. M. of timber in Manila, 190,000 feet B. M. in Cebu, and 275,000 feet B. M. in Iloilo. About 7,300 feet B. M. only were sold to local consumers. At the beginning there was difficulty in selling large shipments of lumber because of the prejudice against Lauan. The demand has slowly increased until now what is known as Red Lauan is taken in large quantities, and the White Lauan finds a fair sale. Its principal competitor is Oregon Pine, which is about equally good for most purposes, and sells in Manila for about P75 per 1,000 feet B. M. The Insular Lumber Company should be able to manufacture their lumber and deliver it in Manila at a price which would gradually drive out the Oregon Pine. Manila would at the present time use 100,000 feet B. M. per day if it were available. It is possible that some of the clearest and best Balacbacan and Red Lauan can be exported, possibly to the United States. A small lot was shipped to New York, where it was received with favor. Transportation of lumber is by water. Freight to Manila in barges (Pl. XI) towed by a small steamer is P10 per 1,000 feet B. M. To Iloilo and Cebu in lorchas the freight rate is about the same. Prices and government charges: In the Philippine Islands the government charges for timber are usually levied on round logs. For timber cut in the province of Negros Occidental they are P2.50 per cubic meter for first-group timber, P1.50 for second group, Pl for third group, and #0.50 for fourth group, which is equivalent to about P10, P6, P4, and P2, respectively, per 1,000 feet B. M. In the license agreement with the Insular Lumber Company, however, provision is made that the charges be paid on the sawn lumber, plus 15 per cent for loss in sawing. Since the loss in sawing WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 671 is more than 15 per cent, the company has profited by the arrangement, as is shown by the following figures of cost per 1,000 feet B. M. of the sawn lumber. The timber cut by the Insular Lumber Company is almost exclusively of the third and fourth group. In the fiscal year 1904-5 they paid an average price of P-0.64 per cubic meter, or P'1.76 per 1,000 feet B. M., and in 1905-6 P°0.87 per cubic meter, or P'2.37 per 1,000 feet B. M. As the company receives on an average of more than *60 per 1,000 feet B. M. for their lumber in Manila, the above stumpage charges are low. Prospects: It is apparent from the above that a modern lumber enterprise on this tract ought to be successful. Believing this, the Insular Lumber Company is now increasing its equipment and making improvements. A new modern double mill is being built, which will have a capacity of 100,000 feet B. M. per day. It will be equipped with a 9-foot wheel and 13-inch band saws. The logging railroad is already completed from the mill to the timber and will soon be in operation. The company is ready to install a tie-impregnating plant just as soon as it can make contracts with the new railroads to take the output. Profiting by the experience of the past two years, the company will put capable men in charge and will use every effort to make the oper- ation as efficient as any similar one in the United States. Rightly conducted, the enterprise should pay a handsome profit, at the same time furnishing lumber to the people of the islands at prices lower than that of Oregon Pine. The railroad, which will soon be built with government aid in Negros Occidental from Escalante to Binalbagan or Ilog, will pass close to this tract, if it does not go through its lower side. The new railroad will naturally benefit the Insular Lumber Company by furnishing a market for railroad ties and construction timber and by making available the local markets of the province of Negros Occidental. MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS. Various minor forest products are collected on the tract by the inhabitants of this region. Chief of these is bejuco (rattan), which occurs throughout the concession. It is now rather scarce near the edge of the forest and in the more accessible parts of the tract, owing to the long-continued custom of collecting this product. To obtain good bejuco, it is now necessary to go 5 to 10 miles into the forest, although small specimens are abundant everywhere. The demand for the bejuco is strong in the sugar haciendas and towns of Negros, where its principal use is for tying up sacks of sugar. The prices are such as repay the collector, who usually builds a house in a good situation in the forest, and with the help of a few natives, Visayans or Negritos, collects the bejucos, putting them up in small bundles of 100 pieces, ten of which form large bundles, which are then carried out by men or carabaos. Three such camps were found on the tract. In addition, many persons enter the tract for a day or two to take bejuco for their per- sonal use. The best bejucos on the tract are Gatasan, Yaming, Lontoc, and Calape. Split bejucos, used in tying up sacks of sugar, are worth P'1.50 per 1,000; entire bejucos, 8 meters long, used in binding rafts, P15 per 100. Long bejucos for special purposes bring high prices. Balao, the pitch obtained from the Apitong tree by a destructive system of boxing, heretofore described, has for some years been collected on the tract. It is a dirty-gray pitch, used locally to make torches and commercially to calk boats. Its value in Cadiz is from P0.50 to P0.75 per 5-gallon can. It is doubtful if one tree yields more than one such can per year under the present method of collecting. The product does not compensate for the damage done to the tree. Until a less injurious method of tapping the Apitong is devised, the collection of balao on the tract should be prohibited. Two vines, Jagnaya and Sigid, which are collected to a limited extent, occur on the tract. They are small, about 1 centimeter in diameter, long, and very strong. They are used almost exclusively in the construction of fish corrals, and are worth in Cadiz from F0.60 to F0.70 per 1,000. The firewood possibilities of the concession at present are small. Neighboring sugar haciendas use considerable wood for fuel, but prefer to get it from the mangrove swamps, or, if from the mountain forest, to cut it themselves. Neitheris it probable that firewood cut on the tract can be shipped to the large towns of the islands in competition with the mangrove product. The forest has few other minor products. There are scattered trees which yield gums and resins, but none of them occur in sufficient numbers to be of any commercial importance. Minor products are not included in the concession granted to the Insular Lumber Company. With the exception of balao, they can best be utilized in satisfying the needs of the surrounding population. Consequently, no special recommendations are made for the regulation of their collection, 33581—07——5 672 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILILIES OF THE LAND. Cleared land adjoining the tract, which has the same soil and general characteristics of the more level parts of the forest, is giving good results in agriculture. Sugar cane, hemp, and corn are the principal crops, all of which do well, although the sugar made from cane grown on this soil is discolored, and does not bring the best prices. For sugar cane the land is called third class. Corn grows well, and is the chief product of the poor people. At the present the price of the land islow. Probably considerable areas now covered by cogon grass and brush can be bought at less than P20 per hectare. There are many acres of land on the tract suitable for corn, and a smaller area would give good results in sugar cane. About 300 acres in the northwest corner and in the valley of the Himugaan River are now under cultivation. The exact area of the tract which is better for agricultural uses after being lumbered is not definitely known. There are probably about 10,000 acres which would be classed as agricultural land, of which about 4,500 acres are either cleared or covered with brush. The largest single area of good agricultural land is in block 7, east of the Himugaan River. All of such land is confined to the northern side of the tract. The upper hilly portion is more valuable for forest than for agricultural purposes. There is a strong desire for the land among the neighboring people. Often, however, they use poor judgment in selecting their clearings, choosing rough, stony places, when rich level land isavailable. Land suitable for agriculture should be given to the people for homesteads after it has been logged by the company. Part II. FUTURE MANAGEMENT. BASIS OF PROPOSALS. RELATION BETWEEN OWNER AND LICENSEE. The owner of this tract of timber land is the government of the Philippine Islands. In order to secure a revenue from the heavy stand of timber which is balanced between growth and decay, a license agreement was made with the Insular Lumber Company, permitting that company, under restrictions, to exploit timber on the tract for a period of twenty years. The government requires that this be done without endangering the future supply of timber from the same forests, unless the land is more suitable for agricultural than for forest purposes, in which case the most benefit will be derived from its use for agriculture. On agricultural land the company should remove the greatest possible amount of merchantable timber before it is turned over to the farmer. On true forest land, which includes most of the tract, they should leave a sufficient number of trees to provide for the future stand and exercise care in the logging in order to prevent the destruction of an unnecessary amount of reproduction and small trees. The company, on the other hand, must make their enterprise yield a considerable profit in order to repay them for the risk in establishing a modern lumbering operation in a tropical country, where there is no experience of others to assist them in avoiding disastrous mistakes. They have invested a large capital in the enterprise, setting an admirable example for those contemplating entering the lumber business in the Philippine Islands. Consequently many sylvic restrictions suitable and beneficial to the forest can not be imposed without excessive hardship to the company. The restrictions and regulations should be practicable, with due regard for the interests of both the government and the licensee. DIVISION OF THE FOREST INTO BLOCKS. To facilitate the management and protection of the forest, and to make the descrip- tion of places on the tract more concise and definite, the tract is divided into eight parts or blocks, which are bounded by the important streams. They are shown on the map and described as follows: WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 673 TaBLE XV.—Description of blocks. Approximate Block. Situation. fit Bree: et | Remarks. Hectares.) Acres. | 1 | Southwest corner of the tract between 1, 400 | 3,450 | Hilly land; all heavily timbered. the Talabon River and the boundary. | | 2 | Between the Hitalon and Talabon 1,800 | 4,450 | Rolling and hilly land; considerable rivers. area of grass and brush land; con- } tains barrio of Mabini. 3 | Between the Panicion and Hitalon 2,100 | 5,150 | Rolling and hilly land, mostly heay- Tivers. ily spunbond, some agricultural and. 4 | Between the Pioc and Himugaan riv- 1,600 | 3,950 | Rolling and hilly upland and some ers on the east and the Panicion bottom land; clearings, cultivated River on the west. land, and present cutting area near Himugaan River. 5 | Between the Iglumgum and the Ma- 1,200 | 2,950 | Rolling and billy land, mostly heav- lugo rivers on the east and the Pioe ily timbered; little agricultural River on the west. land. 6 | Between the Himugaan and _ the 3,600 | 8,890 Do. Iglumgum rivers. Between the Tanao and Himugaan 4,400 | 10,850 | Rolling and hilly land, heavily tim- ~~ rivers. pared, large area of agricultural land. 8 | East end of thetract bet ween the boun- 1,900 | 4,700 | Rolling and hilly land, heavily tim- dary and the Tanao River. bered. DERI Ae Mont ee ec as Oh 18,000 | 44,390 These blocks will furnish a useful basis for future investigations on the tract. The logging operations will probably be confined to blocks 3, 4, and 6 for several years, and consequently should receive as soon as possible a more careful and detailed study than has yet been given to them. The principal trails in the forest have been surveyed and marks have been placed on them every one-half kilometer from their starting points. Each trail is given a letter--for example, 2 KC means that the mark is on Trail C, 2 kilometers from its beginning. The trails and their marks are on the forest maps. Places in the forest can be located easily and definitely. Ifa clump of large Apitong trees is discovered, one will pace to the nearest trail, down the trail to the first survey mark, and will then describe the location of the Apitong as follows: Block 4, B. F. 3 KC.,S. W. 200 m., S. E.300m. The place is then definitely located with few words and can be marked accurately on the forest map. This method of description will be used by forest officers for future work on the tract. SUMMARY OF MERCHANTABLE STAND AND YIELD. The following is a summary of the number of merchantable trees and of the mer- chantable yield of the six principal species above 40 centimeters (16 inches) and 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, respectively: Stand. Yield. . Number Feet, Cubic Diameter. Aa aes of trees board meters aye ava wee hee- | measure, | per hec- P 7 | tare. |peracre.| tare. AGICOM INIT CLCTS* aac/asc aca ciascrre oS ee Beers eee See ad Sec Sees 29.4 72.6 33, 450 288. 5 PAHO RIMTITEN ELE TS eto sce ae eee eee nec nee ed or sone | 2203 Spal 32,050 265.9 METHOD OF TREATMENT. OBJECT TO BE ATTAINED. The object to be attained is to make the best use of the land and forest by securing the largest possible yield from the latter without inflicting hardship upon the licensee or endangering a future timber crop on the forest land, and by putting the agricul- tural land to its best use, , 674 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. METHOD OF TREATMENT ADOPTED. It is evident that agricultural and nonagricultural lands must receive different treatment. The former will be turned over to the farmer after being logged; the latter will be kept in forest to provide for a future yield. Agricultural land now covered with merchantable forest will be treated as nearly as possible under a clear cutting system—that is, all merchantable trees will be cut for lumber and as meny of the unmerchantable trees as possible for road construction. No care need be taken to protect the reproduction, as the land will be immediately cleared for agriculture. The essential requirement is that no merchantable timber be left on the land. As the logging proceeds, the boundaries of the agricultural land must be determined. Nonagricultural or forest land will be treated under the selection system, with a con- tinuous yield of the six principal species in view. Care must be taken to leave suf- ficient small trees and reproduction to provide for the future yield. No provision is advisable at present for a regular rotation and sustained annual yield. EXPLOITABLE SIZE. On agricultural land, all trees are exploitable. On forest land, none of the six principal species must be cut below a certain diam- eter limit. The diameter limit must be fixed so there will be sufficient seed trees and young growth to secure a good stand of the desired species. There should be as many trees as possible left standing without seriously affecting the merchantable yield. With a diameter limit of 40 centimeters (16 inches) there is a yield of about 33,450 feet B. M. per acre, leaving 28.1 trees per acre 12 to 40 centimeters in diameter. Witha diameter limit of 50 centimeters (20 inches), there is a yield of about 32,050 feet B. M. per acre, leaving 35.3 small trees per acre 12 to 50 centimeters in diameter. Cutting to a 50-centimeter limit instead of to a 40-centimeter limit, there is a !oss in yield of 1,400 feet B. M. per acre, or 4 per cent, and a gain in small trees of 7.2 per acre, or 25 per cent. The 50-centimeter diameter limit is clearly the better. Moreover, trees below 40 centimeters in diameter would probably not seed well, whil- trees between 40 and 50 centimeters in diameter would produce considerable seed ‘nder the influence of increased light and space. Since a part of the small growth is unavoidably destroyed by the logging, it is all the more necessary to fix the diameter limit higher than 40 cen- timeters. The company has, however, shown little desire to exploit the trees between 40 and 50 centimeters in diameter, using them only in road construction. Therefore, a 50-centimeter diameter limit will be found practicable. Whether it is sufficiently high to provide for a satisfactory second crop is not certain. It is proposed as a pro- visional diameter limit until that fact is learned. THE LOGGING. Cutting areas.—The areas chosen by the company for exploitation should be selec- ted with the approval of the Bureau of Forestry, to avoid leaving uncut exposed strips of forest. The cutting should proceed as regularly and compactly as possible. It is not deemed advisable, in view of the condition of the forest and other factors, to place any restrictions upon the size of the annual cutting area. General cutting rules.—The following cutting rules shall apply to both agricultural and forest lands. (1) All felling and cutting shall be done with saws as far as possible. (2) No trees shall be left lodged in the process of felling. (3) No stumps shall be higher than the principal buttresses. (4) Defective logs containing 50 per cent or more clear, sound lumber shall be util- ized for lumber. (5) No logs containing 50 per cent or more clear, sound lumber shall be used as fuel for the engines. (6) No sound logs in the tops of the trees 8 feet and over in length and over 15 inches in diameter shall be left in the woods. (7) Excessive quantities of timber cut for construction purposes in the forest and wasted shall be manifested and paid for by the company. (8) Timber wasted in violation of the cutting rules shall be measured by the forest officers and paid for by the company. Additional cutting rules for agricultural land.—(1) Agricultural land shall, as far as possible, be the first to be logged. (2) All merchantable trees of the six principal species 40 centimeters (16 inches) and over in diameter shall be cut for lumber, WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 675 (3) For construction purposes in logging, trees of the minor species and unmer- chantable trees of the principal species only shall be used. (4) Small trees broken down by the large trees in felling shall be utilized. (5) The railroad ties and skids for use in logging on the forest land shall be taken from the agricultural land whenever possible. Additional cutting rules for forest land.—(1) No Apitong, Almon, Balacbacan, Man- gachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, or Lauan-dunlog trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter shall be cut unless they stand in a proposed road, interfering with the logging, unless they have been damaged by the logging, or unless they have been selected for felling by the forester in charge of the district. (2) No Apitong, Almon, Balacbacan, Mangachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, or Lauan- dunlog trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter shall be used in road or bridge construction unless they stand in a place interfering with the logging, where their removal is necessary. (3) The workmen must not destroy seedlings or saplings of Apitong, Almon, Balac- bacan, Mangachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, and Lauan-dunlog. (4) Care must be taken to prevent fires on the cut-over land during the dry season. SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. (1) The forest adjoining the tract on the north, which is especially liable to destruc- tion. by caingins, should be logged as soon as possible by the company under yearly license. (2) The areas to be logged shall be selected by the company, after securing the approval of the bureau of forestry. (3) Cut-over land suitable for agriculture shall be immediately opened to homestead entry. (4) The boxing or tapping of the Apitong tree for balao shall be prohibited on the tract. (5) The species of timber manufactured by the company shall be classified in the timber groups to which they properly belong as soon as possible. (6) The company shall sell manufactured lumber to the residents of the municipali- ties of Cadiz, Sagay, and Escalante at prices which shall never exceed the wholesale price in Manila, less freight and lighterage. (7) Aranger employed by the bureau of forestry shall be stationed permanently on the concession, whose duties shall be to protect the forest from caingins and trespass, to inspect the lumbering operations, and to make forest investigations under the direc- tion of the chief of the forest district. (8) The stumpage charges will continue to be paid on the manufactured lumber. PROTECTION. In order to put the above plan into effect, the forest must be protected before as well as after it is logged. The destruction of standing timber is a loss to the Government as well as to the company, but the loss to the latter is more serious, since such destruction is here confined to the most accessible part of the tract, where the profits from lum ber- ing are correspondingly greater. The production of the future timber crop can not be provided for without protection of the forest, nor can sylvic restrictions be imposed on the company. The necessity and difficulty of protection against caingins have been shown in Part I. The benefits of protection being mutual, the company should cooperate with the bureau of forestry in carrying out the necessary measures. The problem is to prevent the caingins, because after the damage is done there is no remedy. The following measures are necessary: (1) The ranger of the bureau of forestry stationed on the concession shall engage himself principally with its protection. a? The company shall provide him with the necessary assistance to make his work effective. (3) The ranger shall patrol the concession thoroughly and prevent caingins by means of warnings, and arrests if necessary. (4) The northern boundary of the tract shall be surveyed and marked. Every one- half kilometer a painted board marked with the letters B. F. and the number of kilo- meters from the starting point should be nailed toa tree. Where trails cross the bound- ary, warning notices in the Visayan dialect should be posted, stating that cairgins are prohibited on the tract and that permission to collect forest products must be obtained from the ranger in charge. 676 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. (5) The cleared lands within the tract bordering on or surrounded by forest shall be surveyed and marked in order to prevent their extension. (6) Residents of the towns within which the tract is situated who desire to collect forest products for personal use shall obtain a written permission from the ranger in charge. Permission should be granted in all such cases, except for balao. It is believed that the above measures are practicable and will in a short time bring the caingins under control. REVISION. This is a preliminary working plan, therefore it will naturally be found inadequate in many ways, and shall be amended from time to time. ADMINISTRATION. The forest officers who shall be charged with the administration of the plan shall be the forester in charge of district No. 8 and the ranger stationed permanently on the tract. Action taken by them to enforce the provisions of the plan shall be reported to the director of forestry for approval. The forester in charge of district No. 8 shall have general supervision of the tract and shall make frequent inspections. The ranger stationed on the tract shall have imme- diate supervision, under the direction of the forester. In matters relating to the pro- tection of the forest from fires and trespass, he shall take the necessary action, promptly reporting the facts to the forester. In matters concerning the compliance of the Insular Lumber Company with the provisions of the working plan, the ranger shall note the facts and report them to the forester. The forester will investigate and, if possible, arrange the matter with the representatives of the company, reporting the results to the director of forestry. New regulations and amendments to existing regulations shall be recommended by the forester to the director of forestry. The forest officers shall assist the company with information regarding the tract, which they have collected in their investigations. Every effort consistent with the wise use of the forest products on the tract should be made hy the forest officers to assist the company in making this enter- prise a financial success. The sections relating to cutting rules, management, and administration have been submitted by the director of forestry to the Insular Lumber Company for suggestions, and after a discussion of a few features of the working plan, the sections mentioned were, after slight modifications, agreed upon. - APPENDIX. LIST OF TREE SPECIES. The following is a list of tree species mentioned in the text and includes, among others, all the commercial species found in merchantable quantities. Botanical spec- imens of about seventy tree species were collected. While the data at hand is too incomplete to make an estimate of the total number of tree species on the area, yet compared with other forests in the Philippines already examined, this one has a com- paratively simple floristic composition. On the other hand, contrasted with the average hardwood forest of the Temperate Zone, it is more complex. It will be seen from the stand and yield tables that the six species of Dipterocarpacex are so far ahead of all others, both in number of trees and bulk of wood, that this may be regarded as a pure Dipterocarp forest. From alumberman’s standpoint, the yield of timber in this forest is equal to, or exceeds, the best American hardwood forest, and compares favor- ably with the best coniferous forests of the eastern United States. At present there is much confusion among the commercial timbers in the Philippines which can not be avoided until more is known about them. A number of species are placed on the market under one name, and sometimes the same species has several different market names. For the sake of comparison, the fourth column of the list gives the known names under which the species are sold in the Manila market. The authors wish to express their thanks to Elmer D. Merrill, botanist, bureau of science, for assistance in the identification of the botanical material. WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. List of the species mentioned in the text. Scientific name. Astronia cumingiana Vid Breynia rhamnoides Muell-Arg Canarium sp Diospyros sp Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco Eugenia s Ficus hauili Blanco Homalanthus populneus Pax Hopea philippinensis Dyer Kayea sp Livistona sp Mallotus ricinoides Muell-Arg Oncosperma sp Pandanus sp Pinanga sp BRIG PUA V RVs. . 22 ss ee eee we seen Shorea contorta Vid Do Shorea squamata Dyer Trema amboinensis Blume.........--- | Vitex aherniana Merr Family. Local common name. 677 Commercial name. Melastomacee. ... Euphorbiacee. ... Burseracee Ebenacee Dipterocarpacee . Myrtacez iMoracere: 5 5-- =| Euphorbiacez. ..- Dipterocarpacee . Guttiferze Palme Myrtaceze Dipterocarpacee . do Balanti-o.. -Be-o-- Guisoc-guisoe..... Bayabas......... Lauan-duniog. . Balacbacan Mangachapuy.... Lauan-bagtican. . AUTOM cee ae Janagdon........ Dunpulgieee=-s 5222 Bolongeta. Apitong. Palma brava. White Lauan. Balacbacan, Tanguile, Red Lauan. Red Lauan, Balacba- can. White Lauan. Do. Sasalit. BUREAU OF FORESTRY. (Bulletin No. 6.) A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING COMPANY, BONGABON, MINDORO, P. La By Metvin L. Meratirt, forester, in charge of forest district No. 5, and H. N. Wutr- FORD, Ph. D. forester, chief of the division of forest products. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Manna, November 5, 1906. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a manuscript entitled ‘‘A Preliminary Working Plan for the Public Forest Tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Com- pany, Bongabon, Mindoro, P. I.,’’ by Melvin L. Merritt, forester, in charge of forest district No. 5, and H. N. Whitford, Ph. D., forester, chief of the division of forest products, and respectfully recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 6. Very respectfully, GerorGE P. AHERN, Director of Forestry. The ActInGc SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, Manila, P. I. A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE MINDORO LUM- BER AND LOGGING COMPANY, BONGABON RIVER, MINDORO, P. I. INTRODUCTION. The territory with which this report deals is held under a twenty-year license agreement by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company. This agreement, dated July 3, 1905, gives it ‘‘exclusive right to cut, collect, and remove timber, firewood, and bejuco” from the part of the public forest later described, on the condition that it complies with the rules and regulations of the bureau of forestry in cutting, collecting, and removing said forest products. The work upon which this report is based was undertaken for the purpose of forming a preliminary plan of management to be put into operation, pending more complete investigation. Hence the present plan must be looked upon merely as provisional and subject to change when more definite information is obtained. The field work was done by a party consisting of two foresters, one assistant forester, two native rangers, and from two to nine native laborers, working for a period of over four months. The tract was inspected, surveyed, and mapped, and notes were taken on the distribution of the different types of vegetation. Valuation surveys were then aThe following illustrations accompanying this report have been omitted and are on file in the War Department: Plate I. Interior view of the Hagachac forest. II. General view of the Narra forest type. III. Interior view of a Narra forest. IV. View of the beach forest type. V. Agoho growing along the Borigabon River. VI. View of a Calaanan forest. VII. Interior view of aMangroveswamp. VIII. Narra. IX. StumpofNarra. X. Haga- chac. XI. A young tree of Lauan. XII. Reproduction of Lauan. XIII. A young tree of Guijo. XIV. Apitong. Map of public forest tract between the Sucol and Uasig rivers, Mindoro, P. I., operated under a twenty-year license agreement by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company. 679 680 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. made over approximately 2 per cent of the better part of the forest. The trees were calipered and listed on strips 10 meters wide along lines 500 meters apart. Owing to the poor condition of the rest of the forest, and to lack of time, the remainder of the tract was investigated more hurriedly. While engaged in this survey an extensive botanical collection was made, which is the basis of the scientific nomenclature of this paper. Part [. STATEMENT OF THE FACTS UPON WHICH THE WORKING PLAN IS BASED. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT. SITUATION AND AREA. The tract of land examined lies upon the east coast of the island of Mindoro, just north of the twelfth parallel of north latitude and east of the one hundred and twenty- first meridian east of Greenwich. The whole tract contains an area of about 85 square miles, while the part surveyed and examined includes approximately 55 square miles. BOUNDARIES. According to the terms of the license agreement, the tract is bounded as follows: ‘From the Sucol River south to the Uasig River, and 10 milesinland.’’ Upon ascend- ing the Sucol River it was found that the native name is changed to Inuman after a short distance, therefore this river has been taken as the north boundary. A short distance inland the Uasig River divides into two branches, a large one known as the Baroc, and a small, nearly dry stream called the Uasig. No investigations were made south of the Baroc branch. PHYSIOGRAPHY. As may be seen on the map, the part examined is more or less triangular in shape, having its broadest side toward the coast. Starting at sea level, the land rises slowly and evenly as a broad, flat plain until about 7 miles (11 kilometers) inland it reaches an altitude of nearly 30 meters (100 feet). Here are found a few scattering hills, although the country is still quite level for a short distance more, especially along the Borgabon River. Back from this flat the foothills rise quickly into the broad and high mountain chain which runs north and south through Mindoro. To the south of the tract the foothills extend almost to the coast. To the north a low and less clearly defined range of hills reach nearly to the beach at a point about 4 miles north of the Sucol River. The whole territory is drained mainly by the Borigabon, Dangay, and Uasig rivers, all of which have rapid currents. The Borigabon River is the largest of these and flows through a grassy flood plain about. half a mile wide. During the wet season this valley is often flooded and the river is practically impassible. At such times there is an abundance of water for rafting, but the rapid current, which extends far out to sea, would necessitate very~strong booms at the mouth of the river to stop logs. The Dangay and Uasig rivers are smaller and flow through tidal swamps which check their currents. The former could probably be utilized for floating logs for a short distance from its mouth. The Uasig (Baroc) River could also be used in this way a long dis- tance into the interior during the heavy rains, as the river bed is quite free from obstructions. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AND SOIL. The entire flat is probably of delta origin, having been formed by the action of the Borgabon River. During this formative period there were a number of uplifts that have changed the shore line and the river course from time to time, resulting in the origin of different physiographic units. Corresponding to these there are distinct vegetative types which are adapted to the physical conditions of the topographic units upon which they are found. The soil is, in general, a deep, fine clay, covered with a thin layer of humus. No underlying rock was found on the flats, although examinations were made in many places from 1 to 2 meters in depth. In the valley of the Bayangan River there is a subsoil of sand or sandy gravel at a depth of from 75 centimeters (30 inches) to 150 MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 681 centimeters (59 inches) which appears to be more or less continuous. A more shallow sandy subsoil was also found north of the Bongabon River on the grassy and poorly wooded flats. In almost all places the soil is rich and suitable for agriculture. CLIMATE. Formerly no records either of rainfall or temperature had been taken in Mindoro. The rainfall, however, is heavy and more or less distributed throughout the year. The period of heaviest rain comes during the months of July, August, September, and Oc- tober, while the lightest is during January, February, March, and April. Notes regard- ing the rainfall, which were kept from January 16 to March 31, show the following num- ber of rainy days: Number |} Number Number | Number of days | of days of days | of days Date. with with Date. with with heavy light heavy light rainfall. | rainfall. rainfall. | rainfall. TANVATY GO sla = ae 04ompie Carabao, walle has 2 esr See Soe eee eee ees each.. 100.00 to 150. 00 P2=$1 United States currency. MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 701 Two men can fell and cut into logs from two to four medium-sized trees per day, or from 300 to 500 English cubic feet. A team of six to eight carabaos, with a driver for each animal, will haul from three to six logs per day for an average distance of half a mile. Two carabaos and their drivers will haul about four logs per day on the tram car from the mill to the beach, a distance of 14 miles. Working upon this rude basis, the cost of cutting and delivering at the beach by the present method will vary from P 0.07 to P0.13 per English cubic foot, depending greatly upon the length of haul, management, and kind of timber cut. Counting an English cubic foot equivalent to 7.2 feet B. M.,¢ this would be a cost of from P°9.75 to P18 per 1,000 board feet. Contracts are sometimes made to cut and deliver logs to the beach when the average distance is one-half mile at the rate of P-2 per average log of 40 or 50 cubic feet, the contractor being supplied with carabaos by the owner. This would mean about #6 per M feet B. M. in addition to the rental of the carabaos. In other cases, the contractor supplies his own carabaos and received from P 0.08 to P0.10 per English cubic foot, or about P12 per M feet B. M. for logs delivered on the beach. The present cost of logging could be greatly reduced by more careful organization and by providing cheaper methods of transporting the logs from the forest to the beach, which is by far the largest single item of expense. To do this it is suggested that iron rails be used upon the tramway, instead of wooden ones. This would permit the haul- ing of several logs instead of one at a time, would avoid breakage of rails and cars, and would greatly reduce the draft, thus permitting more trips perday. It is also suggested that wide-tired, two-wheeled logging carts be tried instead of the logging sled. These have a lighter draft, and, where tried in other parts of the islands, have given excellent satisfaction. A steam logging and skidding outfit, including two donkey engines and 2 miles of cable, could be used upon the tract and would greatly reduce the cost of ogging. A portable sawmill, having a capacity of about 10,000 feet B. M. per day, has been laced upon the tract. Owing to difficulties incident to the installation of this mill, it has not yet been operated sufficiently to allow any estimate of the cost of running. In addition to the regular logging operations, the present company has cut a number of table tops from the large flat buttresses of Narra trees. These can be removed with saws and axes and can be secured up to 6 feet in diameter. Usually the buttresses vary from 4 to 12 inches in thickness, and may be hewed to an even thickness of about 3inches. One of these tops, which measured 6 feet in diameter and 3 inches in thick- ness, was removed under the direction of the field party at a cost of a little less than than 18. In this case, the men were hired for this work alone. With a regular organized force, the cost should be reduced about one-half. Markets and transportation.—Practically all of the logs and lumber is sent to Manila by means of steamers or sailboats. The cost of shipment from the tract to Manila (dis- tance 200 miles) varies from 0.18 to P0.25 per English cubic foot, which would be, counting an English cubic foot equal to 7.2 feet B. M., P25 to P'34.72 per M feet B. M. The cost of transportation is slightly less upon sailing vessels than upon steamers. The logs are floated to the ships, which, on account of the shallow water, are required to anchor nearly one-quarter of a mile from shore. The regular charge for this is P-0.50 per log, which amounts to about 0.01 per English cubic foot, or P'1.39 per M feet B. M. Weather conditions are an important factor to be considered in connection with trans- portation. Sometimes storms delay loading, hinder transit, or affect the shipper very seriously in a number of ways. The following are the average prices now paid in Manila for logs and for sawn timber: Stumpage : | F se charges per Per English Per Spanish Per M feet Name. eubic foot in | cubic footin | BL. M., sawn Serine: the log. | the log. timber. SEntoRtoTie | rency). Yellow Narra....... ae i n. ents P0.92-P 1.05) PO.70-P0.80 | P225-P 275 $5. 00 PRS RCRA re 20 sis 8% no Jae ee ese eS -46- .48 | 0 ol 90- 115 1. 00 ibn. <5 oo ee ee oes .39- 46 | SEN Bak 70- 90 1. 00 LATEST ONS 5 5 Be See Seno an aere acne 52- .98 . 40- 75 110-150 2. 00 (CTR oe © 25 ote te ie ee emcee 65- . 85 | . 50- 65 98- 140 3. 00 SO U1 5 558s Sees See eee eee ses 46- . 48 . 39 37 90- 115 2. 00 CA eee oe eniala cre win Se ce eee or 52-98 | . 40- 75 100- 150 2. 00 aMeasurements made by the Gibson’s Saw and Planing Mills Company upon a few Narra logs that were sawn with a band saw showed the following facts: Forty-three logs, containing 41.81 cubic meters (1,476.58 English cubic feet), yielded 15,199 feet B. M. of lumber not edged. Allowing for a waste in edging of 20 per cent, this would be a yield of 290.81 feet B. M. per cubic meter, or 8.24 feet B. M. per cubic foot. The above factor of 7.2 feet B. M. per cubic foot is therefore conservative. 702 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. Financial results and prospects.—Summarized, the cost, exclusive of taxes or stump- age charges of logging and delivery in Manila, should not exceed the following: Per English cubic foot. Cuttine/and ‘delivering‘on the beach =.= osc ee 2: eee eee eee P0.07 to P0. 13 Loz dine upon; shipboard sss see g sss ie ee eee eee ee Ol ton eal Shipping to Manila..............- Fe Re dant Cea EE aces eee .18 to @.25 Wages of officials; “breakage Veve=. one at oo eee a ere ee ee “02 to’ 402 Co} 1 papa eRe gn OS PER eS, RV ACM root 8 tS ee <28 tO). eal This cost, as with the calculations throughout, is estimated regardless of the groups to which the logs belong. As a matter of fact, it costs slightly more to remove Narra than other kinds of timber, for the trees are lower growing and the logs harder to handle on account of their angular shape. With the other kinds of timber there is but little difference in the cost of handling. Taking into account the stumpage charges, the cost of delivery, and the selling prices, it will be seen that there is an excellent profit to be made upon the higher-group tim- bers, and a fair one upon all, even with the primitive methods in use. With improved methods and equipment, the cost should be so reduced that an assured profit could be made upon all timber taken from the forest. MINOR PRODUCTS. Firewood.—Almost all the trees which compose the thick mangrove swamps of the coast make an excellent firewood. Firewood is commonly cut into two general sizes. The small sizes, called ‘‘lefias,’’ are less than 2 feet in length and 3 inches in thickness. The other size, known as ‘‘rajas,’’ are about 5 feet in length and not over 6 inches in thickness. It costs from P6 to PY to gather 1,000 rajas, while the Manila price varies from P20 to P50. The market prices and cost of gathering lefias is correspondingly less. The forest tax on rajas is Pl ‘per 1,000 feet and on lefas P0.10 per cubic meter. As yet but little firewood has been cut from this tract, although the supply is very large. Tan barks and dye barks.—The bark of a number of the mangrove-swamp trees is valu- able both for tanning and dyeing. As previously stated, the general terms of Bacauan (Bacao) and Tarigal are applied to many species of the Rhizophoracex. Another species, Tabigue, produces a good quality of dye bark and is very common. ‘Tan bark and dye bark are generally sold in bundles composed of pieces 3 feet long and 3 or 4 inches wide, weighing 1 picul (139.4 English pounds). The Manila price is about P2 per picul, while the local selling price is about P0.75 per picul. Bejucos.—Large quantities of bejuco, or rattan, are found in the forest. These vary considerably in value, the smaller ones being usually the best. These are usually cut into lengths 6 meters long and tied into bundles of from 50 to 100 pieces each. One man with a bolo can cut and prepare in one day about 6 bundles of 50 pieces each. Other minor products.—The leaves of the Nipa palm are very commonly used locally for roofing and thatching, but as yet little has been marketed. The young leaves of the Buri palm are gathered just before they open, spread out in the sun, and allowed to wilt for about two days. They are then made into rolls, each about 1 foot in diameter and 2 inches thick, and used for making baskets, hats, mats, etc. The market for this product is as yet but little developed. The local selling price is P2.50 for 100 rolls. ° The sap of the Piliand Pagsahirgin is gathered after slashing the trees with a boloand leaving the resin until it hardens. It is then made into torches of convenient size by wrapping in Anahao leaves. These are commonly used by the natives for lights, and sold locally for P-0.02 each. The resin of Pili has the market name of Manila Elemi, and is a commercial product from some portions of the islands. A number of vines, classed under the general name of Gogo, are gathered in pieces about 1 meter long, and sold locally for P3.50 per 100 pieces. These are pounded into a pulp and used as a soap for washing the hair. The principal species which produces this product is Entada scandens Benth. A number of vines under the general name of Diliman are gathered and used in tyin fish traps and other similar articles. The fruit of the Bongan gubat palm (a wild bete nut) is chewed by the natives very generally. The heart of the Yroc palm is commonly used for food, and has a taste very much like fresh cabbage. A flour called “‘ Yuro” is also made from this palm. The leaves of the Yroc palm make excellent brooms, and are much used locally. Many other less important minor products are secured by the natives, and are locally of value. a These figures, obtained from shippers, are thought to be high. MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 703 AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. The soil over the larger part of the tract is well adapted to agricultural purposes. Table X XII contains a summary of the analyses of twenty-three soil samples taken from twelve widely separated places on the flat portion of the tract. Taste XXII.—Chemical analysis of soil.@ Number | WORE | Fine ¢ = | Sample. Boner | on ig-| ‘CaO. | P20. | N. | Kz0. | NazO. | carta, | nition. 8 taken. 40 mesh. Surface to 20 centimeters (8 INGHES etek ie ceric eee iccie e' 9 8. 08 0.50} 0.10 0. 25 0. 53 0.16 94.9 Subsoil from 20 to 120 centime- | ters’ (8 to 47 inches) ........... 9 3.79 . 48 . 06 . 06 -33 .25 95.9 Subsoil below 120 centimeters (@7pinehes) sens se 523- 92555-658- 5 3.73 1.01 . 03 . 03 . 26 Pal 91.1 a By L. A. Salinger, chemist, bureau of science, Manila, P. I. While too much reliance should not be placed upon any chemical analysis of soils as an indication of their fertility, it is to be noted that the amount of nitrogen (N), phos- phoric acid (P,O), and potash (K,O) found here is sufficient, under ordinary conditions, to supply the needs of plant growth, and compares favorably with analyses from other places. The vegetation, both cultivated and wild, is everywhere rank and dense, indicating that a sufficient quantity of this plant food is in an available form. With few minor exceptions, the soil over the whole tract resembles quite closely that of the samples taken. Usually, the surface soil is from 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) in depth and contains a considerable amount of humus. A clay or sandy clay subsoil reaches to a depth of from 75 to 200 centimeters (28 to 78 inches). Below this no investigations were made. Of equal importance is the question of rainfall and drainage. As already stated, the rainfall in this place is well distributed throughout the year. At no time during the dry season, while field work for this report was being done, was the soil dry, except at the surface in exposed situations or in pure sand or gravel. There is in most places a sufficient quantity of sand mixed with the clay to allow for drainage. Probably the most suitable crop is Manila hemp or abaca. Considerable quantities of this have already been planted. In the foothills cacao is raised by the Mangyanes with success. Cocoanuts, rice, sugar cane, tobacco, corn, and various vegetables are the other principal crops. Parr II. FUTURE MANAGEMENT. BASIS OF PROPOSALS RELATION BETWEEN OWNER AND LICENSEE. The public forest on this tract is owned by the Philippine government and is in the charge of the bureau of forestry. It is held by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Com- pany under a twenty-year license agreement. This agreement grants them the exclu- sive right to cut, collect, and remove timber, firewood, and bejuco on the condition that they make use of their license privilege, pay the regular government charges on the products taken, and follow the bureau of forestry rules and regulations for gath- ering them. Dig It is important to the licensee, as well as to the bureau of forestry, that provision be made for a future yield from the tract. SUMMARY OF STAND AND YIELD. A review of Tables VI, VII, VIII, and IX shows that the heaviest stands are upon the Narra tract, with that upon the Hagachac type next. Of the timber trees, Lauan stands first, 46 per cent of the total-yield; Hagachac second, 17 per cent; Guijo third, 13 per cent; Amuguis fourth, 11 per cent; Narra and Apitong, ‘about 44 per cent each, and Terminalia sp. less than 4 per cent. 33581—07——7 704 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. It is thus noted that while the cheaper timber predominates, the total quantity of Guijo, Amuguis, and Narra constitute 28 per cent of the whole. Altogether, the total yield of timber trees over 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter from the 11,339 acres estimated, is 95,856,175 feet B. M. If the sawmill were run at its full capacity of 10,000 feet B. M. per day, this amount, which includes only the seven species now being cut, is sufficient to last thirty-two years of 300 working days each. In addition to these kinds, there are a great many large trees of other species, some of accepted commercial value, which would no doubt be utilized by any permanently located lumber company. By the time the present stand is removed the poles and trees under 50 centimeters (20 inches) would in all probability supply a second crop. METHOD OF TREATMENT. OBJECT TO BE ATTAINED. The object in view for the commercial forest area is (1) to regulate the cutting of timber in such a manner that the mature trees, together with such others as is con- sistent with good management, may be removed from the forest as soon as possible; and (2) to retain in the forest the young stock, and, if necessary, seed trees, and to assist natural reproduction so that future crops can be provided for. . The object in view for the noncommercial forest is (1) to supply the demand for agricultural lands, either as caingins or in some other form; and (2) to convert as much as possible of the Guipa type into commercial forests. METHOD OF TREATMENT ADOPTED. Owing to the lack of definite knowledge of the age of trees and of their habits of growth, and to the conditions under which this plan must be put into operation, the selection system of felling is the one which will be used for the commercial forest. The fellings should be so regulated as to remove all old and overmature trees, to protect the young growth, and to aid in every possible way natural regeneration. EXPLOITABLE SIZE. Since there are a large number of mature and overmature trees in the commercial forest which should be cut as soon as possible, the exploitable size of the trees has been fixed at 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter. Trees below that diameter should only be cut when marked by the forester in charge, and then only when the mature trees have been removed or when an especially heavy stand will admit of thinning. Table X XIII, compiled from the stand tables previously given, shows the number of trees over 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, compared with the number from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter. TasBLE XXIII.—Summary of stand of principal trees per acre. Narra type. | Hagachac type. Diameter. Diameter. Species. : ; : 1 eente Over50cen-| Total. eee Over 50cen-, Total. (4-20 timeters (4-20 timeters inches) : (20 inches). inches) (20 inches). 4 1.153 1.803 2.956 0. 087 0. 201 0. 288 8.537 4.698 13.235 4.719 3.538 8. 257 3.085 1.190 4.225 1.725 1.064 2.789 411 126 537 6.159 3.106 9. 265 1.994 1.619 3.613 1.726 1.122 2.848 2.008 836 2.844 . 143 057 200 497 436 933 - 546 230 776 17.635 10. 708 28. 343 15.105 9.318 | 24.423 LOGGING. Cutting areas.—Cutting areas should conform as nearly as possible to the wishes of the licensee. When, however, cuttings shall have been started from any one base and over an area approved by the forester in charge, it shall not be carried on outside of that area without the consent of the forester in charge or of the Director of Forestry. ‘ MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 705 For the present, logging operations should be continued from the present base until the north end of the Narra and adjacent parts of the Hagachac types shall have been cut over. Operations should then be started from the Dungay River as a base and a tramway extended back through the south end of the Narra type and the narrow strip of Haga- chac adjoining it. The work upon this being completed, the remainder of the Narra and of the Hagachac I forests should be logged. Next, the tract designated on the map as Hagachac II should be cut, and, last of all, the mixed forest. In every case cutting on one part should be finished before it is commenced on the next. Thus a very primitive rotation is established, and, by the time the last area is cut over, the large poles and younger trees left upon the first part worked should be ready for a second crop. Cutting rules.—(1) Felling of trees shall be permitted only over such areas as are approved by the forester in charge or by the Director of Forestry. In assigning cutting areas the forester shall follow as nearly as possible the plan suggested in the paragraph headed “Cutting areas.”’ (2) No Narra trees shall be felled except those marked by the district forester. (3) No timber trees shall be felled which are less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter at breast height or, in cases of trees having buttresses at the lowest place, -above the buttress swell, unless marked by the district forester. a? an cutting marked timber the marks upon the stumps shall not be destroyed or effaced. (5) Trees shall not be cut higher above ground than the diameter of the tree, except in cases of trees having buttresses, which may be cut above the highest buttress. (6) Buttresses shall not be cut for table tops or for any other purpose from any living tree. (7) All merchantable timber shall be removed from the forest within two months from time of felling and placed upon some suitable skidway or landing. (8) The licensee shall be held responsible for the destruction of, or serious injury to, young timber trees by careless felling and for all merchantable timber left in the woods. (9) No Narra, Lauan, Amuguis, Guijo, Hagachac, Apitong, or other trees of equal value shall be used for the construction of roads or skidways. (10) Minor species may be cut and used for the construction of roads, skidways, etc., without charge. (11) None of these special rules shall be construed to excuse the licensee from the regular bureau of forestry rules and regulations or from the terms of the license agree- ment. SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. All timber trees marked by the district forester shall be stamped in at least two places with the regulation marking hatchet in addition to such other distinctive marks as he may see fit to use. These marks shall be placed below where the tree is to be cut in felling. If a reasonable advantage is not taken of the privilege to gather firewood and bejuco by June 30, 1907, the exclusive right to remove these products should be taken from the company and licenses to gather said products granted to such other party or parties as may apply for them. PRITECTION. Since the proper protection of the forest depends so much upon the attitude of the local inhabitants, every legitimate effort should be made by the forest officers to gain their confidence and cooperation. A forest officer should go over the entire tract at the beginning of the dry season and see that all persons desiring cairigin permits be granted them if they can not be per- suaded to make homestead applications. The local inhabitants look upon the making of cailigins as a natural right. Hence, it is deemed preferable to attempt to regulate caingins than to forbid them entirely. Every effort should be made to encourage the taking of homesteads and the occupying of permanent farms. Inspection should be made during the cairigin season to locate and punish all persons violating the caingin aw. At present it will be impracticable to prevent the annual fires which burn over the grass lands, although forest officers should make every effort to gain the cooperation of the local inhabitants in preventing damage from this source. 706 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. REVISION. As additional information is gained from time to time, the plan of management should be revised whenever such a revision will add to its effectiveness. A careful examination should be made of the tract south of the Baroc River and west of the small Uasig River some time within the next five years. ADMINISTRATION. The chief of the forest district in which the tract lies shall have charge of the admin- istration of this working plan. He shall be assisted by such other forest officers who are under his direction as he shall assign to this work. The district chief, or a subordinate, shall make trips of inspection to the tract when- ever it is necessary to mark timber or to perform other duties. In addition to these periodic inspections, a forest ranger shall be placed upon the tract for such time as may be necessary during the cairgin season to grant cailigin permits, to prevent illegal caingins, and to perform such other duties as may arise regarding the regulation of cailigins, as well as to report upon any special subject which the district forester may direct. In cases of violation of the forest act or rules and regulations of the bureau, either by the licensee or by any other persons or persons, the forester in charge shall take the matter up with the offending parties in the manner authorized by law for such cases. He shall then report the facts to the Director of Forestry. The forester in charge shall render a special report of work done upon the tract at the end of each fiscal year. SUMMARY. (1) Practically all of the commercial forest on the tract examined lies south of the Borigabon River. (2) Narra is confined to a belt of forest varying from one-half to 2 miles in width immediately back of the tidal swamp. (3) The timber on the foothills at the back part of the tract has been greatly dimin- ished in value and in some places almost entirely destroyed by Mangyan clearings. (4) The flat land of the tract is, for the most part, suited for agricultural purposes and will no doubt be eventually so used. (5) The land south of the Borigabon River, which contains commercial or Guipa types of forest, should be made to produce asecond crop. The land north of the Bonga- bon River will probably not be reforested, except a part of the Guipa type, but will be used for agricultural purposes. (6) Cairgin permits should be granted only upon the Calaanan land, after a personal inspection by a forest officer. (7) The greatest source of expense in present lumbering operations is transportation. This could be reduced by providing a more permanent tramway, by installing a donkey engine and cable, or by using big-wheeled logging carts. APPENDIX. LIST OF PLANTS. The first of the following tables is a list of tree species found on the tract that reach the size of 30 centimeters or over in-diameter. The second list comprises all other species mentioned in the text, and includes some trees that are below 30 centimeters in diameter when mature. The first list of 88 tree: species is fairly complete. In the second list no attempt has been made to enumerate all species under this size found in the forest. Compared with the Dipterocarp forest of northern Negros,@ the floristic composition of this forest is very complex. The scientific nomenclature used in this paper is based on collections made by the authors and deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. They wish to thank Elmer D. Merrill for assistance in the determinations. aSee Everett, H. D., and Whitford, H. N.: A Preliminary Working Plan for the Public Forest Tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental, P. I., Bur. For. Bull. No. 5, 1906. MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 707 Tree species 30 centimeters and over in diameter when mature. Scientific name. Family. Local name. Commercial name. Actinodaphne philippinensis Merr......... Lauraces........- IBSCR IVS jacee eee Alanpium meyeri Merr.....- 222.25: .044-'--- Cornacess se iso ee Alstonia macrophylla Wall.........-.-..-- PATI OC YMISCOHS stn |e cscs sasoeeek ooemene Batino. Artocarpus communis Forst....-..-.-.--- OLACCH = eb n oe Antipolowes..esee. Antipolo. Avicennis, Oficimalis Is. 302.202 eocce ks. Verbenacese....-. AISI! Safeco oee Barringtonia luzonensis Vid........-...--- Lecythidacee..... Batates = oe Barrinetonia racemosa) Blo 225.2522 -2 424) --- Owes bates sass GOs oes cue nose Barringtonia reticulata Miq........-..--.-|----- CO maar eae sos eee (0 (oer eee Beene bonis Speciosal HOrsts-.s5-p5--co5- |p nee doses ce IBOLOD Oe ae eeae Bischofia trifoliata Hook.........-.......- Huphorbiacere...-| Toog-.......-.... Buchanania nitida Engl........-.-.-.--.-.- IATA CATCIACE a ss5\ (oo san cen sekes soaca se Canangium odoratum Baill.........-.-..--- Anonacez.....--- Alangilang....... Ylang ylang. Canarium luzonicum A. Gray Burserace®....--- Pills se ee ee Pili. Chasinitims perbimsAonMenw: nsec cents ct noe fe ee WOO) tele ae cai sccte| [sine wcimcie sine eine wee = - AOE a Taye COLO ON Keers eyse te ote sets oe eles OL Ole wlcleia a: ctw aint | [ernie iaimia efela) a's slmimimi~ = aval Canarinm: villosum' Bl .....-....-----:--2-- Palsahingin...... Pagsahifgin. Calophyllum inophyllum L...-........-..-- Palomaria........ Palomaria de la playa. Carallia integerrima DC..........-.-.--..-- Rhizophorace....| Bacauan gubat... Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.....-...-.--.- Casuarinacee. .... INO a5 -bos soso Agoho. GEIEISISDE Saetaee cen cates cs coece ete Ulmacere...-..2-. Malaguibuyo..... Champereia cumingiana Merr.........-..--- Opilidceslss- sete | taeeo. sates toes e Chisochiton tetrapetalus Harms.......-.-- Me ligcere ssa sie noe | agate seins aceaa es CHISOCHELONISD'. hs ae aoee sine sascha wacciceliecis cle OG see oe eee Agupanga....... Cryptocarya acuminata Merr.........-.-.-.- Lauracez......... Malabacauan. ... Mehassiawriandrs Merl 2s 2- - sin os sino d Baslayanesoe-oe- Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Catmon=:=-=.---- Catmon. Diospyros pilosanthera Bl..........-...--- Bolongeta.....-- Bolongeta. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk..........-- Diptocarpacez ...!| Hagachac........ Apitong. IDIPLENOCANPUS SD= Hakeee. ease heme aca s ce aol esos (oS a Saal Apitone= senses. oe Do. Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl........-.-. Anagpardiacese....| Dao.......-.----- Dao. WP EACONUOMEIMMMSD sama ecose ec eco oe eele secs Ose anne ae Malupays 222-222 Malugay. Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn..........-.- Is eocHTIpaAGesease -|sceneee rn see cie ot Endiandra coriacea Merr......--..--.-..-. Lauracez.........] Palusat saling.... Paytaring indica amy 25 852. s.0- see - soe Leguminose ....- Dapdape.--se--: Eugenia bordenii Merr......-....--.-.----- Myrtacecurs 22 22-|secusence e-ee capes PETITOMI ONS Peseta aac ects os sacle a Se aia ace al Somes QO ean fo aae matic access se Euphoria cinerea Radlk........-...-.-.-.- Sapindacese.......| Alupay........... Alupay. Fagara integrifolia Merr...........-..--.-- Rutaces. ws. 22.55. Sallaiyeiss meme cases PCLAW HINES MOMs eis. ce soak scaie ecco ell + Moracese.....----- Mibi ge ss 3.2.2 552 20" AICHISETOLEN MOLE: esos aes se aie cite seers olloat as Gone foot ek eles don 332522 oe r Cus MINaAnAssee MIG’ Va) see ec cise cto cise elles Gove ee ee Hagaimit......... MICSRVaTICe ALA Mer. occ cee ae ot es ee eas cleiac Out eee Tain (pics) aon | bayauac PPNCUSIS Paes cece conse oe acletaceecacisas seis a| seas G0p erence Balete=./s-c-eceenc Gonystylus bancanus Gilg........-.-.-.-.. Gonystylacez....| Talimadon....---. Grewia stylocarpa Warb........-----.-..-.- OLTIV Vostok So aoe =o | ee PE ody iMeritiera littoralis Dry... . 1. 2522--2--- <<. Sterculiacez......| Dungon-late..-...-. Dungon-late. Horsfieldia ardisifolia Warb..........-.-.- Myristacee....... Duguan.-..-..-.- orsneldia mMmermllit Warb-s2-s.-56scceocee| somes GO ee ena e does ae Intsia acuminata Merr..........-...-.-- ...| Leguminose...--- ‘hind slo stan eee Tindalo. Kayes paniculata Merr- 22. 5.-25.2..---2--- Gubtiferes tse salloss beech meee cte ee ; Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr......- Anacardiacee ....| Amuguis......--- Amuguis. MUIRACeR NGG = <"ises ss oe ce oseoeiecieoeee ee Lauracez....-.--- Punshane. 22222. Paitseayperrottetil Ws Vill 222s ees ee. [ee = (Dus cakeoeceee IBSCane es ce a) ILTHRGONG) Oe 25 ne a Dene BOReeoeee done te ee mE Meee naeae OR Meenas Busising cahoy- -- Macaranga, bicolor Muell..........--.-.-.-- Euphorbiacee....| Tabong......-.--- Macaranga tanarius Muell........-.--- | a (i\o\ ia Ses ere Jayuibuely}ae enone aae Mallotus barnesii Merr.........-.--.-- SEE Be (610) 5 ae ee OE re ee eee OS SAE Mangifera altissima Blanco Anacardiacee....| Pahutan.......-.- Myristica philippinensis Lam...-.....--.-- Myristicacexr....- Dugcdaniiee eacee. Neolitsea vidalliuMerr- 22... 2). so See Lauracez......-- | Lanotan puti..-.- Octomeles sumatrana Miq..........-.----- Datisaces.......- | Binvang ss... 2.2. Palaquium luzoniense Vid.........-.--.-.- Sapotacee.....--- PON @bOW sac enc nema Parka TOxDUTehin G. Donel. feet ween Leguminose. ..-.- Cupangees--eeae Cupang. Pisonia umbellata Seem...........---..-.- Nyctaginacee....| Anuling....--.--- Pithecolobium lobatum Benth............- Leguminose. ...-- Bansilaesesces--25 Anagap. IBHELOCARPLS INGICUS Willd se os 022 ele atm -i-\ |= = (5 (oem ae ys er ING Ta tae neces Yellow Narra. Pterosperumu niveum Vid........-...----- Sterculiacee......- IB RVOR ae ssse eens Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.........-.|..--- Ons e eee TalotOuecseceas osc Taloto. Pyceum latitolium: Mig) 222° 65-soa- 220s co IROSACER Sat eae eeee meme esi -1r a= Radermachera banaibana Seem Bignoniacee. ..... Banaibanai....... Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq...-.-.- Rubiaces.......-- Bancaltes. scsease Bancal. Shorea contorta Vidal......--.------------ Dipterocarpacee .| Lauan......------ Lauan. Shores euisOpb les ene tocon acne es |e Pa Rope ee Guiles ee ee Guijo. Sonneratia pagatpat Blco........-.--.---- -Sonneratiacee....| Pagatpat.......-.- Pagatpat. Sterculia, blancoi Rolfe. ..- 2.2.2.2: -=---5- Sterculiacezx.....-. Candol-candol. ...} Candol-candol. Sterculiamocuiaaiue sm. 5. .<-sce soe nina ee ole aces GOt ose t cate Calumpang......- Sterculia philippinensis Merr.....-...-.---|----- GOs asise sees Bamiladss | 22322 Stylocoryne macrophylla Bartl.......----. Rubiacewe.....--- IBAA Seponomsec f Terminalia catappa L......--------------- Combretecee....- Talishyar. so soncc5- Talisay. MErminwis SAMIS! bles e- scseescaccrclcwcicn en! acm GOeen-c2s eee Calumpit........- Calumpit. 708 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. Tree species 30 centimeters and over in diameter when matwre—Continued. Scientific name. Terminalia nitens Presl Terminalia pellucida Presl Toona sp Trewia ambigua Merr Xylocarpus granatus Koenig Xylocarpus obovatus Juss Mylopiaidehiscens Merre: as22ossseeace- ee Family. Local name. Combretecce. ..-- Malaruhat........ been dosee ee) --- | Malagabite 23 s2 Meliacez......... Calantassen ae see- 1D; Uo) sKoydoyleveretr we ll ee eee ys yk ee Meliacewe........- TAbigueseseseeeee apes GOD Fate areca Ae as OF Rees oer ANLONACEE Sl accisccteie| cs wiele wise Rieee ee eee Commercial name. Sacat. Calantas. Other species mentioned in the text. Scientific name. Areca whitiordiBecteses.eieces oneness Arenga saccharifera Labill Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam B. caryophylliodes Bl B. eriopetala W. and A B. parviflora W. and A Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe...........--.-...- Callicarpa erioclona Schauer Callicarpa formosona Rolfe Caryota Speemecs pce acces stone cacmaaceeseece Ceriops candolleana Arn........-.---.--...- Ceriops roxburghiana Arn............-...- Clerodendron macrostegium Sch Corypha umbraculifera L.......-.......... Cyeas circinalis L Cyclostemon microphyllus Merr........... Entada scandens Benth Ficus hauili Blanco Hicus|banesiiiMerre sees eas sce aeeeeeeoeeee Ficus mindorensis Merr...........-..-.---- Heterospathe elata Scheff.......-.........: Hibiscus tiliaceous L Imperate exaltata Brongn Laportea meyeniana Ward Livistona sp Macaranga hispida Muell...........-....-. Mallotus floribundus Muell...............- | Mallotus moluccanus Muell Mallotus playfairii Hemsl Mallotus ricinoides Muell Mussenda grandiflora Rolfe Nipa fruticans Wurmb Pandanus tectorius Sol Pheanthus cumingii Miq Phragmites sp inany a INSipniswsecCs-eceraaameceocmice see Rhizophora mucronata Lam R. conjugata L Saccharum spontaneum L........-...-.--- Seyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn Trema amboinense Bl I Family. Local name. Commercial name, Acanthacese...... Doloarinieee---e-- Polypodiacez ....| Lagolo......-.... Palnises ce sees see Bongan gubat Senne dO pocsesinagsl) MLOC aaa chee Rhizophoracez...| Pototan.......... Bacauan. Reed GOe ee coe ns Sa SluInayeeee eee meee fe wd do. -:.....--.-| Pototan) Busiane : oe COseeee seen ees Uanealain ates.) Luanpanaiye WVerbenacess 25 sdc|yecscte een acca Sesee OO sis,5 Sarge oad | Sosqastee see acene nee nese dO wasn eetce| Pet eee aoe cee eee Palm ters eee seme Pugahanke. sees Rhizophoracee...| Tangal......-...-.- Tangal. peers GO: ss ecaedsc caliente OWs Zee seen Merbenacere as: = saieitsenseeecsstismioeee alinigese le cae ae ae 13} 0 by eR ARAAR ae Cycadacere........ IBitOZOlos--eesere Euphorbiacee....| Butong manoc . -. Leguminose. ..... OL OE eas tee Gogo. Moracer:-.--2--- Ea iil eee ees GO eee eck SUMED ga hes os See Palmers: ae as5- Sapasi se 5o.4ee Malvacese.--... =. - Balabago......... Graminermeaesss- Cozonttes see Urticacese........ RAPA wecce tee eee Ralimeete eee eceee INSTANCE Gaoedess Palma brave | Euphorbiacez....) Hamindan........ eae dO ee Mula=tulasesssssee faces CAS cece We lores SR pate hs Rhizophoracee...| Bacauan.......-. ere Owe Jase thee eegeaee dOmee casters Gramines:. -..-# Malahibeeeescecce Rubiacee.......- Nilad=