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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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PULEEVINS

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1967

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME LIII

Bulletin No. Plates Pages

237. Some Late Cenozoic Bryozea from Cabo
Blanco, Venezuela

By Norman E. Weisbord see 1-12 1-247

238. Mississippian Brachiopods from the Chappel
Limestone of Central Texas

By Johbn-L: Garter... eee 3-45 248-488

a

Bo eh TNS

OF

AMERICAN
PALEONTOLOGY

(Founded 1895)

Vol. 53
No. 237

SOME LATE CENOZOIC BRYOZOA
FROM CABO BLANCO, VENEZUELA

By
NORMAN E. WEISBORD

1967

Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 14850

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

1966 - 1967
PRESIDENT vsssessacentaace-osecectes ss teosegss stud emt soe ceen sbesstan cate cone tarsen eee eee DoNnaLD W. FISHER
Vick-PReSIDENT. es ioe oe KENNETH E. CASTER
SECRETARY=(L REASURER:: «0useseciecscesdessccsecostezets cccotefencesess cove dosnaceensseateaesens REBECCA S. HARRis
DIRECTOR 955) 2. sore cveascence sere c eee ees atale eben ea teeas eee ee aco can ge KATHERINE V. W. PALMER
COUNSED) cecciescsacucsd asncccees soos ovesouensteseek Sones sueteradcacen te tenes sceeecceatee meeeaaatee ARMAND L. ADAMS
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Trustees
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BULLETINS
OF
AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY

(Founded 1895)

Vol. 53

No. 237

SOME LATE CENOZOIC BRYOZOA
FROM CABO BLANCO, VENEZUELA

By

NorMAN E. WEISBORD

September 6, 1967

Paleontological Research Institution

Ithaca, N. Y., 14850 U. S. A.

MUS. COMP. ZOOL,
LIBRARY

NOV. 1967

HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: GS 67-133

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS

Page
PANIES lea G fie mse te ine ce ete SE eS acto Pere NS eh itd odes Eeetetees See etn erean ee ee cee eee 5
trod Metiontore eee ee et cece cere eet Nvadvsae ta Cove ssthog ees ite tet ostcoatecetcn eC Ratecer ee emeeer eee 5
Acknowledgments .................... Bo Sodas os tou hsex tak Vecchsk esses ager ie dee eae ee ee eee 7
The Cabo Blanco Group. Stratigraphic table ....................0.. ES ee or 8
Collecting localities .......... speesusatessUcesarescesssonscenGesshesnsonuresacsssscesansuaneniivacsnaransqasacnanazenyascoe 8
By OZOACOMECtECEIM eth en CaADO wD AINCOMAT Cayce tes eres. teeter cess ee eee eee 1]
Analysis of the invertebrates of the Cabo Blanco Group 13
SV SLSR UIT (0 FSS ol OL CS SN Stree BRS RRS OR BEY Seer Pe eZ G8 16
Bibliography ............. Se eae a esa Re ain sa GNiee as gic eh sins aboa Saban det tases eee 109
Platesec. = Be eres eae Sake: BRS ees Fk cc 3s Sree esee se BAG ae aan Wade ce Sapo eee eee oO 231

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SOME LATE CENOZOIC BRYOZOA FROM CABO BLANCO,
VENEZUELA

NorMAN E. WEISBORD*
Department of Geology
Florida State University

ABSTRACT

Twenty-eight species of Bryozoa in the order Cheilostomata are described,
illustrated, and compared. Of this number, 14 are fossil and 14 are Recent. One
is both fossil and Recent. Thirteen of the fossils are from the Playa Grande
and Mare Formations (Lower Pliocene), and one is from the Abisinia Formation
(Lower Pleistocene). Nine of the 28 species are described as new, and of those,
three are Recent and six fossil. The new Recent species are Setosella antilleana,
“Schizoporella” mamoensis, and Rhynchozoon caribense; the fossils are Mem-
branipora tacaguana, Cellaria catiana, Hippopodinella venezuelana, Rhynchozoon
caboblanquense, Trematooecia cheethami, and Anoteropora ? triovicellata.

A statistical tabulation of the fossils from the Cabo Blanco Group, arranged
under the hierarchy of “Class”, is presented to show the percentages of species
in each formation that have survived to Recent time. It is suggested that similar
tabulations or “mortality” tables based on all organisms within standard sections
throughout the world would enable us to delimit more sensitiyely the chrono-
logic divisions of the Cenozoic era—divisions first established by Lyell from the
phylum Mollusca.

The citations in the Bibliography of this paper deal primarily with Ceno-
zoic cheilostomatous Bryozoa (Ectoprocta), but other references are included
that are considered germane to the present work.

INTRODUCTION

In 1955 and 1956, which were the last two of fourteen consecu-
tive years of residence in Venezuela, I spent week-ends mapping
the geology of, and collecting from, the Cabo Blanco area, a region
situated along the coast between the towns of Maiquetia and Catia
La Mar in the Distrito Federal, north of the capital city of Caracas.
In this region there is an east-west chain of hills, here referred to
as the Cabo Blanco hills, having a length of approximately 8 kilom-
eters (5 miles), a maximum width of 2.4 kilometers, and a maxi-
mum elevation of about 135 meters (443 feet). The hills are deeply
dissected but are modified at a number of levels by benches and
terraces. On the north, the hills are immediately adjacent to the
Caribbean Sea; on the south they are separated from the Coast
Range by a narrow east-west valley east of the Rio Tacagua, but in,
and in places west of the Tacagua, the strata of the Cabo Blanco
hills are in contact with the metamorphic rocks of the Coast Range
foothills. The Cabo Blanco hills are made up of middle Tertiary,
Pliocene, Pleistocene, and sub-Recent sediments, incorporated under
the name of Cabo Blanco Group (Weisbord, 1957). The Pliocene
and the marine Pleistocene strata of the group are fossiliferous, and

*Research Associate, Paleontological Research Institution.

6 BULLETIN 237

since 1957, after having worked out the stratigraphy and structure
of the Cabo Blanco area, I have been engaged in a taxonomic study
of the invertebrate fossils, as well as of the Recent forms that were
collected on the beach in front of the hills. The classes of inverte-
brates described thus far have been the gastropods (1962), the
pelecypods (1964) , the scaphopods and serpulid polychaetes (1964) ,
and the cirripeds or barnacles (1966). The present paper deals with
the fossil and Recent cheilostomatous Bryozoa which were recovered
from the same material containing the other invertebrates noted
above.

Though the literature on late Cenozoic Bryozoa is voluminous,
only two papers dealing with Venezuela proper have been pub-
lished, one by Osburn (1947) and the other by Lagaaijy (1963b) .
Osburn’s important monograph on the “Bryozoa of the Allan
Hancock Atlantic Expedition” was concerned only with the living
forms found in Venezuelan waters (Gulf of Venezuela, Cubagua,
‘Tortuga, Coche, and Margarita), and in that work Osburn de-
scribed 6 species of Venezuelan Entoprocta, one ctenostome, and
57 cheilostomes. Lagaaij’s superb paper titled “Cupuladria canari-
ensis (Busk) — portrait of a bryozoan”, dealt with the fossil occur-
rence and ecology of that species in various localities of Venezuela,
including Cabo Blanco, and so far as I am aware this is the first
published account of a late Cenozoic (lower Miocene to Pliocene)
bryozoan found in Venezuela. In this present work 28 species of
Bryozoa are described, compared, and illustrated, and of that num-
ber 14 are fossil, 14 are Recent, and one is both fossil and Recent.

The synonymy of a particular species dealt with in this paper
is, in effect, a list of references to that species, and rests on the
authority of the taxonomist responsible for its identification. Under
the heading Bibliography, most of the citations pertain to publica-
tions dealing with Cenozoic cheilostomatous Bryozoa throughout
the world, though other listings are included that are considered
related in one way or another to the subject at hand.

The types and specimens illustrated in the present work have
been deposited with the Paleontological Research Institution,
Ithaca, New York. The remaining duplicate material is stored in
the Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Florida.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

~I

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the writing of this paper I have been helped by, and am
indebted to, Daniel E. Shier of Florida State University; Ernst
Marcus of the Universidade de Sao Paulo; Robert Lagaaij of
Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Laboratorium; Alan
H. Cheetham of Louisiana State University; and Katherine V. W.
Palmer of the Paleontological Research Institution. I am also
grateful to the National Science Foundation for supporting this
study through its Research Grant GB-1676.

Dr. Shier, on his own initiative, made a preliminary identifica-
tion of a number of the Venezuelan species, and allowed me the
use of his fine west Florida collection of Bryozoa which he has
since donated to the Geological Department of Florida State Uni-
versity. Dr. Marcus has been most gracious and encoufaging in his
correspondence, and he has provided me with several of his pub-
lications which are out of print and difficult to obtain. Dr. Lagaaij,
who is one of the few paleontologists with a field acquaintanceship
of the Cabo Blanco area, has corresponded with me on some of the
taxonomic problems, and was good enough to donate from his own
collection two fine specimens of fossil Bryozoa from Cabo Blanco.
Dr. Cheetham has carefully gone over my collection, and I am
deeply obligated to him for his critical analysis of the taxonomy
and for suggesting certain revisions which have been incorporated
in the present work. I have also had the opportunity of comparing
the Venezuelan material with his important collection of Pleisto-
cene Bryozoa from the mudlumps of Louisiana. Needless to say
this contribution of mine is the better for Cheetham’s hand in it.
Dr. Palmer has again found time, despite the enormous inroads on
her energy in moving the Paleontological Research Institution to
its recently acquired building, to attend to the details connected
with the publication of this paper.

The pencil drawings were done by Judith Ann Schevo, a stu-
dent at Florida State University. All of the photographs were taken
and processed by Hal F. Riehle except the one on Plate 4 which
was taken, in the nature of an experiment, through a binocular
microscope, and enlarged some 90 times, by Ken Richards, photog-
rapher at Florida State University.

8 BULLETIN 237

THE CABO BLANCO GROUP
STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE

The fossil Bryozoa described in this paper were found in the
Playa Grande and Abisinia Formations of the Cabo Blanco group,
the stratigraphy of which, as presented by Weisbord (1957), 1s
summarized in the following table.

Formation Member ‘Thickness (meters) Description
3 (max.) Bench-forming beach rock, and

reworked clays, sands, and grav-
els. Sub-Recent and Quaternary.

Disconformity
Abisinia 13 (max.) Clays, silts, sands, and gravels.
Locally with fossils. Lower Pleis-
tocene.

Disconformity

Mare 19 (max.) Friable coarse sandstones at base,
soft siltstones above. Highly fos-
siliferous. Lower Pliocene.

Angular unconformity to disconformity

Maiquetia 68-+- Shales, siltstones, calcareous sand-
stones, and conglomerates. Bio-
herms of coralline algae. Inverte-
brate fossils moderately abundant.
Lower Pliocene.

Fault

Catia 156-235 Calcareous — siltstones and_=sand-
stones, conglomerates, some shales
and impure limestones, and occa-
sional coquinas. Fossils, sometimes
as molds and casts. Lower Plio-
cene.

Angular unconformity
Las Pailas 375-- Nonfossiliferous mudstones, _ silt-
stones, sandstones, and conglom-
erates. Middle ‘Tertiary.

COLLECTING LOCALITIES

All of the stations in the Cabo Blanco area at which inverte-
brates were collected are listed below, and in this list is included the
Bryozoa. The fauna from station “A” is Recent, but from all of
the others it is fossil. ‘The localities are shown on the geologic map
accompanying the writer’s paper (Weisbord, 1957), and on this
map there are a number of field stations marked by the letter ‘““W”
to which the appropriate locality mentioned here refers. The letter
preceding the stations given below is also used as a prefix for each
species number in the collection. ‘The formation and lithology per-
taining to each locality are noted.

Playa Grande

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 9

Beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club, Distrito Federal.
Recent. Medium-grained, mostly noncalcareous sand and
beach rock.

Eastern edge of Playa Grande village at W-30. Abisinia
Formation. Granule to pebble gravel.

Approximately 215 meters [corrected distance] south-
southwest of the crossing of Quebrada Mare Abajo and
coast road, and 90 meters southwest of W-12. Mare For-
mation. Coarse unconsolidated sandstone grading upward
to soft siltstone.

Hillside above west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo at
W-14. Upper Mare Formation. Soft, fine-grained sand-
stone.

Hillside above west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo near
W-14. Mare Formation. Soft, tan, fine-grained sandstone.
Fifteen meters south of axis of Punta Gorda anticline near
W-25. Mare Formation. Highly fossiliferous wedge of un-
consolidated calcareous sandstone.

Hillside above west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo at
W-13. Lower Mare Formation. Coarse sand or grit.

Small stream 100 meters west of Quebrada Mare Abajo.
Lower Mare Formation. Coarse sand or grit.

Bluff 125 meters west of the intersection of the Playa
Grande Yachting Club road and coast road, and about
95 meters due south of the shoreline. Playa Grande For-
mation (Catia Member). Tan, fine-grained calcareous
sandstone.

South side of Playa Grande road about 220 meters west
of W-15. Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member).
Brown, fine-grained, calcareous sandstone.

South side of Playa Grande road at W-15, 40 meters south-
east of the intersection with the Playa Grande Yachting
Club road. Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member) .
Yellowish sandy limestone.

Near W-21 and to the south of that station, in stream
flowing along the north flank of the Litoral anticline.
Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member). Tan siltstones
and sandstones with knobs of hard sandstone.

10

@:

R.

We

2G

xe

BULLETIN 237

Dip slope 100 meters west of-Costa fault and 130 meters
south of shoreline at W-22. Playa Grande Formation (Ca-
~tia Member). Dull gray pebbly sandstone.
North bank of Quebrada Las Pailas, 35 meters south of
Mare Abajo fault and 150 meters southwest of the inter-
section of the Mare Abajo fault and Maiquetja anticline.
Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member). Brown
siltstone.
Quebrada Las Pailas at, and in the vicinity of W-4. Playa
Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member). Soft blue-gray
mudstone grading to tan siltstone.
Small waterfall in Quebrada Las Bruscas at W-26, 125
meters upstream from junction with Quebrada Las Pailas.
Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member). Soft mas-
sive siltstone with lentils and irregular knobs of hard
calcareous sandstone, and a layer of blue-gray clay.
On and near the “Lithothamnium” reef at W-23, north
flank of Punta Gorda anticline. Reef of calcareous algae
with layer of cobbles at base. Maiquetija Member.

In stream 250 meters south-southwest of the mouth of
Quebrada Las Pailas and 255 meters east-northeast of
wireless station. Mare Formation. Soft silty sandstone.
South side of coast road at east end of the village of Catia
La Mar. Playa Grande Formation. ‘Tan massive siltstone
with knobs of hard coarse calcareous sandstone.

Scarp at W-18, about 200 meters south of the intersection
of the Costa fault with the shoreline. Playa Grande For-
mation (Catia Member). Fine-grained massive sandstone
with knobs of hard calcareous sandstone.

In Quebrada Las Pailas at W-3, south side of Mare Abajo
fault near its intersection with the Bruscas fault. Playa
Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member). Tan siltstone,
in places with nodular impure limestone.

In Quebrada Las Pailas, north bank, 180 meters east of
the intersection of the Bruscas and Mare Abajo faults.
Soft brown silty sandstone. Maiquetja Member.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 1]

BRYOZOA COLLECTED IN THE CABO BLANCO AREA

The species of Bryozoa collected in the Cabo Blanco area, the
formations in which they occur, the stratigraphic range of the
known species, and the range of the known species which most
closely resembles the new species are given below. Formational
names are abbreviated thusly: Re = Recent; Ab = Abisinia For-
mation; Ma = Mare Formation; PGm = Playa Grande Formation
(Maiquetia Member) ; and PGc = Playa Grande Formation (Catia
Member) .

The Bryozoa listed above are in the class Gymnolaemata and
the order Cheilostomata. Pertaining to the Cheilostomata are 10
species in the suborder Anasca and 18 species in the suborder
Ascophora. The zoaria of three species [Cupuladria biporosa Canu
and Bassler, Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance) , and Anoteropora
? triovicellata Weisbord, n. sp.] are unattached, but the rest are
partially attached or wholly encrusting.

The Recent bryozoans are all encrusted on shells washed up
to the beach from shallow depths near shore. The salinity of the
surface water in this region of the Caribbean Sea is on the order
of 36.5 parts per thousand from July to September. The tempera-
ture of the surface waters varies from about 87°F. in February to
83°F. in September. The present beach and the sea floor just off
the beach are composed mostly of noncalcareous sand and calcare-
ous beach rock. At and close to the beach are the hills of Cabo
Blanco, and a short distance behind those is the towering Cordil-
lera de la Costa.

Certain ecologic conditions in the Cabo Blanco area during
the Pleistocene and Pliocene were not unlike those existing off the
Cabo Blanco coast of today. The mountains of the Cordillera de
la Costa were not far inland from the shoreline, and between the
Cordillera and the shoreline there was probably a narrow belt of
low hills made up of mid-Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The fossil
bryozoans occur in strata which are arenaceous and calcareous in
varying degree, and the evidence suggests that the sediments of
the Playa Grande, Mare, and Abisinia Formations were laid down
near shore in tropical waters of average salinity and rather shallow
depths.

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sor yadg

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 13

None of the Recent Bryozoa was collected alive, and only a
few specimens, whether Recent or fossil, can be said to be well
preserved. So far as the number of species is concerned, there is
no doubt that assiduous collecting will reveal that in the Caribbean
Sea near Cabo Blanco there are three to four times as many Recent
species than are recorded in this work, and perhaps half again the
number of fossil species. It is to be hoped that paleontologists will
soon make an effort to collect more intensively from the Cabo
Blanco hills as I fear that before long the hills will be completely
modified by the works of man. I understand that even now many
of the topographic features and fossil localities noted on my 1957
map of the Cabo Blanco area cannot be found because of alteration
of the terrain by new roads, new buildings, and sundry other facili-
tes.

ANALYSIS OF THE INVERTEBRATES OF THE CABO
BLANCO GROUP

In the following tables all of the Cabo Blanco fossils thus far
studied by me are enumerated by phylum or class to indicate the
number and per cent of the fossil species in each formation that
have survived to Recent time. As there is a judgment factor in-
volved in determining whether a fossil species is identical to, or
distinct from, its Recent analogue, the number of fossil species
that have survived to the present is given as a minimum to maxi-
mum figure. Among the fossils collected and studied, the mollusks
are by far the most abundant, and happily it was the mollusks that
Lyell used to subdivide the Cenozoic era into epochs by the ratio
of fossil to living species within the standard stratigraphic sec-
tions then established. On this percentage basis indicated by the
Mollusca, and on the local stratigraphy, the Playa Grande and Mare
Formations are judged to be early Pliocene in age and the Abisinia
Formation to be early Pleistocene.

The purpose of determining the survival rate of species in
phyla other than the Mollusca is to try to ascertain if the Lyellian
principal can be applied to all groups of organisms in the Cenozoic
era, and if so what percentage of the living to fossil invertebrates
might be established for such nonmolluscan groups as, say, the
polychaetes or barnacles or Bryozoa or Foraminiferida or corals

14 BULLETIN 237

or whatever. In the hierarchy of taxonomy what is the most appro-
priate biologic unit to be considered—the phylum ?, the. class ?,
the order ?—or should the entire biota of a depositional unit be
the criterion? For example among the Mollusca in the Mare For-
mation of the Cabo Blanco area the survival ratio for the class
Gastropoda is considerably smaller (16 to 34 per cent) than for.
the class Pelecypoda (39 to 46 per cent). However, for the phylum
Mollusca which includes the classes Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, and
Scaphopoda, the number of species that have survived to the pres-
ent represents 25 to 39 per cent. Now, associated with the Mollusca
at the type locality of the Mare Formation there are 71 species
in the order Foraminiferida that have been identified by Bermudez
(1962), and every one of these species, or 100 per cent, is known
to be living. On the other hand, according to Bermiidez, there are
several species of Foraminiferida in the Mare and Playa Grande
Formations that seem to be new to science (and will be described
by him in a future work), and those might well lower the figure
to 95 per cent or so in the Mare Formation. Obviously if we depend
on the Foraminiferida alone we might consider the Mare Formation
to be Pleistocene on the basis of Lyell’s molluscan percentage, as
indeed it was so considered by Bermudez. But, if we are to employ
Lyell’s criterion in establishing the successive epochs of the Ceno-
zoic Era we must also use his biologic key which was the Mollusca.
On the other hand, having once established the age with the Mol-
lusca in many regions of the world, could we not determine within
the Cenozoic the percentage of living species of each biologic unit,
and thus set up statistical standards whereby the percentages of
nonmolluscan groups may be compared with those of the Mol-
lusca? For example, the early Pliocene in the Cabo Blanco area
of Venezuela contains a fauna whose species have survived to Recent
time in the following percentages: Mollusca (phylum) 25 to 39
per cent; Polychaetia (class) 11 to 22 per cent; Cirripedia (class)

12 to 30 per cent; Bryozoa (phylum) 64 per cent; and Foraminifer-
ida (order) approximately 95 per cent according to Bermudez.
If Cenozoic faunas all over the world were categorized by biologic
unit and by the ratio of those species which are living to the
total number present, a standard scale of percentages might be
arrived at for each taxon or for all taxa within a given epoch. Thus

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 15

for the Miocene we might have a median of 20 per cent of the
molluscan species living and 55 per cent of the bryozoan species
living; for the Pliocene it might be 45 per cent of the Mollusca,
70 per cent of the Bryozoa, and 95 per cent of the Foraminiferida;
for the Pleistocene it might be 85 per cent of the Mollusca, 95
per cent of the Bryozoa, and 98 per cent of the Foraminiferida;
and “In the Recent we may comprehend those deposits in which
not only all the shells but all the fossil mammals are of living
species .. .”” (Lyell). Some groups of fossils will be more abundant
than others, but once a standard is established for each biologic
entity or for an entire fauna within a designated stratigraphic divi-
sion, the statistical approach should still be valid. Lyell’s Cenozoic
calendar takes into consideration the evolution and extinction of
species, and the longer the lapse of time the less chance is there
for survival to the Recent; conversely, the shorter the lapse of time
the greater the chance for survival. Longevity itself, however, var-
ies considerably among organisms, and it is to illustrate this and
the preceding comments that the following tables relating to the
Cabo Blanco group of Venezuela are presented as a sort of pilot
study.

Percentage of Recent species by class and formation
Abisinia Formation

Total Number Number of Per cent of
Class of species Recent species Recent species
Gastropoda 34 26-31 76-88
Pelecypoda } { Mollusca ] 18 15-16 83-90
Scaphopoda —— - a se
Polychaetia [Annelida] i ] 100
Cirripedia [ Crustacea ] ] I 100
Gymnolaemata [Bryozoa] ] 1 100
Total 55 44-50 80-91
Mare Formation
Total number Number of Per cent of
Class of species Recent species Recent species
Gastropoda 142 23-48 16-34
Pelecypoda 82 32-38 39-46
Scaphopoda 8 5 50
Polychaetia 2 ] 50
Cirripedia 5 lee 20-40
Gymnolaemata 10 6 60

Total 249 68-100 27-41

16 BULLETIN 237
Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member)
‘Total number Number of Per cent of
Class of species Recent species Recent species

Gastropoda 81 7-22 9-28
Pelecypoda 53 25-31 43-58
Scaphopoda 6 3 50
Polychaetia 1 0 -_——
Cirripedia 3 0- 1 0-33
Gymnolaemata 4 3 75

Total 148 38-60 26-40

Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member)

‘Total number Number of Per cent of

Class of species Recent species Recent species
Gastropoda 3 0- 1 0-33
Pelecypoda 26 8-10 31-40
Scaphopoda 2 1 50
Polychaetia 3 0- 1 0-33
Cirripedia 6 1 16
Gymnolaemata 2 0 0

Total 42 10-14 24-33

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus)

1755.

1758.
1766.

1767.
1786.

1792.
L922:

1802.
1812.
1815.

1816.

1816.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS
CHEILOSTOMATA
ANASCA

Plv5; fig. y1

Snake Coralline, Ellis, Essay toward a Natural History of the
Corallines, p. 43, No. 11, pl. 22, figs. c,C,D.

Sertularia anguina Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 816.
Cellularia Anguina (Linnaeus), Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p.
78.

Sertularia anguina Linnaeus, Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, vol.
LP pta 2p: Liz:

Cellaria Anguina (Linnaeus), Ellis and Solander, The Natural His-
tory of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, p. 26.

Sertularia anguina Linnaeus, Olivi, Zoologia Adriatica, p 291.
Cellaria anguina (Linnaeus), Bruguiére, Encyclopédie Méthodique.
Histoire Naturelle des Vers, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 442-454.

Cellaria Anguina (Linnaeus), Bosc, Histoire Naturelle des Vers,
Vol. °3; po 135:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Lamouroux, Soc. Philom. Paris, Nouv.
Bull. Sci., vol. 3, p. 184.

Falcaria Anguina (Linnaeus), Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte,
vol. 3; Zool:; sect.vl;-p. gilt

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Lamouroux, Histoire des Polypiers
Coralligénes Flexibles, vulgairement nommés Zoophytes, p. 153,
pl. 3, fig. 6.

Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertébres, vol. 2, p. 143. [Fide Busk, 1852, p. 31].

1824.
1828.
1829.
1834.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 17

Cellularia anguina Pallas, Martens von Georg, Reise nach Venedig,
Appendix 1, p. 529.

Anguinaria anguina (Linnaeus), Fleming, A History of British Ani-
mals, p. 542.

Sertularia mollis Delle Chiaje, Memoria . . . animali senza vertebre,
vol. 4, p. 147. [Fide Busk, 1852, p. 31]

Anguinaria anguina (Linnaeus), de Blainville, Manuel d’Actinolo-
gie ou des Zoophytologie, p. 467, pl. 79, figs. 3-3b.

Anguinaria anguina (Linnaeus), Lister, Roy. Soc. London, Philos.
Trans., pt. 1, p. 385, pl. 12, fig. 4.

Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Johnston, A History of the British
Zoophytes, p. 266, pl. 30, figs. 7-8.

. Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Thompson, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1,

vol. 5, p. 252.

Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Couch, Roy. Polytech. Soc. Corn-
wall, Rept. and Trans., p. 44.

Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Couch, A Cornish Fauna. Pt. III,
pe LOS pl Os ties 2:

Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Johnston, A History of the British
Zoophytes, ed. 2, p. 290, pl. 50, figs. 7-8.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Nardo, Venezia e le sue Lagune, p. 135.
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Gray, Centroniae or Radiated Animals,
p- 133.

. Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Busk, Microsc. Soc. London, Trans.,

vole 2) pe 123) playZoytfioss led.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa
in the Collection of the British Museum. Pt. I, p. 31, pl. 15, fig. 1.
(Anguinaria spatulate is the name given on the plate).

. Anguinaria spatulata Lamarck, Gosse, A Naturalist’s Rambles on

the Devonshire Coast, p. 142, pl. 7, figs. 8-16.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Heller, K. - K. Zool.-Botan. Gesell.
Wien, Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 88.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus) forma spatulata (Lamarck), Smitt, Kongl.
Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl., Ofvers., vol. 24, No. 5, p. 280,
pl. 16, figs. 2-4.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Verrill and Smith, Rept. U.S. Commiss.
Fish and Fisheries for 1871-72, p. 710.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Gatty, Lit. Philos. Soc. Liverpool, Proc.,
vol. 31, p. 74.

. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma, Mem.,

Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 197, 327.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Verrill, Preliminary check-list of the
marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, p. 28.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Hincks, A History of the British Marine
Polyzoa, vol. 1, pp. 4-6; vol. 2, pl. 1, figs. 4-5.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Jullien, Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol. 6,
pp. 199, 204.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis, Mat. e Nat., vol. 18, pp. 191,229.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Busk, Voyage H.M.S Challenger, Rept.
Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 2.

Actea anguina (Linnaeus), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent
Marine Bryozoa, p. 5.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol. 1,
pp. 81,92.

1895.
1896.
1896.
1901.
1902.

1903.

1903.
1904.
1905.
1905.
1909.
1909.
LOU

1912.
1913.

LOZ"
1917.
19M
1920.
1920.

LOT

1923:

1924.

1924,
1926.
1926.

1926.

BULLETIN 237

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani. Soc. Romana Studi Zool., Boll.,
volo 4p. L2Ir

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool., Boll.,
Vols 5, pts 3, No.9;3ps 103:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Duerden, Inst. Jamaica, Jour., vol. 2,
No? 3p. 284.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol. 6,
pp. Liab:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
drav:, ser. 2, mém. No. 12, p. 8.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Calvet, [in] Jullien and Calvet, Résultats
des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert
Ier, Prince Souverain de Monaco, No. 23, p. 122.

Aetea anguina Lamouroux, Graeffe, Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien u. Zool.
Stat: IniestesArb; vol ab p97.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol.
23 SINOs Snel O La.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), ‘Thornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries,
Rept. to Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. No. 26, p. 108.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Robertson, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
VOL ZNO), p-224, pla 4atiess 1-42

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 30, p. 283.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Levinsen, Morphological and Systematic
Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 93.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 30 for
1910, p. 220, pl. 21, figs. 14-14a.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Canu, Inst. Egypt., Mém., vol. 6, p. 190.
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull, vol: 30 for 1911,pt-, pp: 109110" Chart-29°- pts Znp nour.
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Waters, Zool. Soc. London, Proc., pp.
462,463-464, pl. 64, figs. 1-2.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, No. 9, p.
250.

Aetea anguina (Linnacus), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
96; p.-22.

Actea anguina (Linnaeus), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
106, pp. 179-180, pl. 32, figs. 2-3, text figs. 47A-C.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Gesell. Naturf. Freunde Berlin,
Sitzungsber., p. 66.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, [in] Skottsberg, The Natural
History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, vol. 3, p. 114, text
fig. 15.

Aetea anguina ? (Linnaeus), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull W255 p49) spl 245 hon U5:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Thornely, Australasian Antarctic Exped.
1911-1914, Sci. Rept., ser. C, Zoology and Botany, vol. 6, pt. 6,
Polyzoa, p. 5.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Prenant and Teissier, Stat. Biol. Roscoff,
Trav. vol:-25 7p: 3:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Die Tierwelt der Nord-und
Ostsee;, Lief. 45 WeilhiG=lh py /8itio oo:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat.,
Bol., vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 291-292.

Aciea anguina (Linnaeus), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 14, Mon.
28a, pp. 194-195, p. 13, figs. 3-4.

1951.

1953.

1955.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 19

Aetea (Sertularia) anguina (Linnaeus), C. O'Donoghue and E.
O'Donoghue, Contrib. Canadian Biol. and Fish., n. s., vol. 3, No. 3,
pp. 85-86.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol. France,
Mem, )1-s:, vol. 3; No.4, p: 3.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Calvet, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull.,
No. 530, p. 5.

? Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Livingstone, Australasian Antarctic
Exped. 1911-1914, Sci. Rept., ser. C, Zoology and Botany, vol. 9,
pte le ps oO:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Okada, Téhoku Univ., Sci. Rept., Biol.,
vol. 4, No. 1, p. 16, text fig. 4.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Borg, ‘Tierwelt Deutschlands, vol. 17,
p- 60, fig. 45.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Hastings, Great Barrier Reef Exped., vol.
ENO Zoe 208:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Hasenbank, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch.
Tiefsee-Exped., vol. 21, No. 2, p. 324.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Osburn, Biological Survey of the Mount
Desert Region, pt. 5, p. 306, pl. 15, fig. 12.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e
Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 26-28,
PlepOsslouRs.:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Stach, Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., n. s.,
Wil, G85 jos Bellis

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Natur-
hist. Foren., vol. 101, p. 199.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Neviani, R. Ist. Veneto Sci., Lett. ed
Arti, Mem., vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 14-15.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Scientific
Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.
345-520,) pl. 1) tig. Ss:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46, pp.
104-105, fig. 55.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Silen, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 33A, No. 12,
Ppaasl2:

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Hastings, Discovery Repts., vol. 22, p.
471, figs. 57A-C.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Osburn, Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Publ.
No. 63, pp. 28-29, fig. 17.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), O'Donoghue and Watteville, Natal Mus.,
Ann., vol. 10, p. 409.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Hutchins, Connecticut Acad. Arts and
Sci:, rans:, vols 36; p. 539.

Aetea anguina (Linnacus), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic Exped.,
Univ. Southern California Press, Rept., No. 5, p. 8.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped.,
Univ. Southern California Press, Publ., vol. 14, pt. 1, pp. 11-12,
joule Us 1h, Be

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Pearse and Williams, Elisha Mitchell
Sci. SOG:, JOUL:, Vol. 67) p» US7-

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Bassler, Treatise on Invertebrate Pale-
ontology, Pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G154, fig. 115,6.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, Arq.,
vol. 42, pt. 1, p. 278.

20) BULLETIN 237

1957. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16, Mon.
28d, p. 651.

1957. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., fous

= VOLE 135) Pps 92-50, lesa.

1957. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, Mém.,
n.s., sé iG: vol. 6, p. 161.

1959. Aetea cane aie Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1969,
DP. 250%

1963. Mee anguina (Linnaeus), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine Sci. Univ. Texas,
Publ., vol. 9, pp. 164-165, pl. 8, fig. 1.

1964. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Carib-
bean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 606.

Scarcely visible, and nestled between other encrusting organ-
isms, is an occasional single calcareous zoarium here referred
to Actea anguina (Linnaeus) . The form in question is an attached
irregular spindle- or sausage-shaped swelling (called a cystidium by
Marcus) from which arises a short, free, nearly erect slender stalk
or peristome. This stalk terminates distally into a spoon-shaped or
semicylindrical hyaline orifice bent over the stalk at nearly a right
angle. The length of the orifice is nearly double its width, and
the membrane on the face of the orifice is missing. Below the orifice
the stalk is corroded, but in certain light the stalk seems to be
girdled by extremely fine annulations. The adnate cystidium is
tumid but contracted here and there, and is minutely dotted.

Measurements. —Specimen A683aa: approximate length of
cystidium 0.43 mm; maximum diameter of cystidium 0.12 mm;
approximate length of stalk 0.24 mm, diameter 0.06 mm; length of
orifice 0.191 mm, width 0.095 mm.

Locality. — Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Attached to the pelecypod Chama congregata
Conrad.

Remarks, — Of the several species of Actea occurring in Western
Atlantic waters, my specimen is closest to A. anguina by virtue of
its bent-over orifice, by the nearly 2:1 ratio of the length of the
orifice to its width, and by the faint annulations on the stalk below
the orifice.

The species of Aetea are often difficult to distinguish, but
thanks to the work of Marcus (1938a, p. 12) a useful key has been
designed to facilitate determination. This key, translated from the
Portuguese, appears below:

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 2]

Below the area of the orifice there occur constrictions and swellings on

1 CTEM PEMISLOMIE oe erecta ey Se ae rent eee in ee eee eae. . ligulata Busk
Below the area of the orifice there is a uniformity in the diameter of the
peristome or it expands gradually above 2

9 The erect tube is dotted in the area alluded to truncata (Landsborough)
The erect tube is annulated in the area alluded to 3
The distal region of the peristome is spatulate or has the form of a spoon;
the ratio of its length to width is no more than 2:1, an average of

3 USA. \s son cians tah rete sit nearer aM ae Peon ee ee ... anguina (Linnaeus)

The distal region of the peristome is inconsiderable and gradually ex-
panding; the ratio of its length to width is always more than 2:1, an
ANEUENND) “GOVE BIBI | Gasthecneeceece Ponca Pe ek ee aR end nanan Seam eR sica (Couch)

Range and distribution. — The earliest record of the occurrence
of Aetea anguina (Linnaeus) is in the upper Eocene of Florida and
Georgia in the United States of America, though the preservation
is such that the identification is uncertain. As a fossil, the species
has also been reported from the middle Miocene of France (étage
Savignéen) and Egypt, from the Pliocene of Italy and South Caro-
lina, United States, and from the Pleistocene of Italy. The living
form is found in subpolar to tropical latitudes. It is generally a
shallow-water dweller (low tide to 20 fathoms), but it has been
dredged from a depth of 460 fathoms off Halmaheira in the East
Indian Archipelago. In the Eastern Atlantic it occurs off the
Scandinavian coast, Spain, France, the Azores, Madeira, St. Helena,
and Tristan da Cunha. In the Western Atlantic the range is from
Maine to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands. In the
Caribbean it is recorded from the Island of Cubagua (Venezuela) ,
Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In the Gulf of Mexico it occurs in west
Florida and on Galveston Island, Texas. In the Eastern Pacific it
ranges from Vancouver Island and vicinity southward to Peru and
the Galapagos Islands. In the Western Pacific it is recorded from
the Bonin Islands. In the East Indies it ranges eastward from
Sumbawa to New Guinea and the Aru Islands. It occurs in Australia,
Tasmania, and New Zealand. In India it occurs in the Gulf of
Manaar. And off the east coast of Africa it is recorded from Natal
and the Island of Zanzibar.

Details concerning the distribution of Aetea anguina (Lin-
naeus) in American waters are given by Lagaaij (1963a, pp. 164-
165).

99 BULLETIN 237

Aetea cf. A. ligulata Busk : Pl. 5, figs. 2-4

1852. Aetea ligulata Busk, Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa, Pt. I, Cheilosto-
™ _ mata, p. 30, pl. 42, 2 figs.

1888. Aetea fueguensis Jullien, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. 6,
p- 24, pl: 7, fig. 7 [(Fude Osburn, 1940)\p: 347].

1910. Aetea Crosslandi Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zoology, vol.
31, pp. 232,253, pl. 24, fig. 8 [Fide Marcus, 1937, p. 30].

1937. Aetea ligulata Busk, Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e Letras
Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 30-31, pl. 4, fig. 10.

1938. Aetea ligulata Busk, Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e Letras
Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, p. 12.

1940. Aetea ligulata Busk, Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Scientific Sur. of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp. 347-348, pl. 1,
figs. 9-11.

1950. Aetea ligulata Busk, Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., Univ.
Southern California Press, Publ., vol. 14, pt. 1, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 4.

1959. Aetea ligulata Busk, Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1969, p. 4.

1964. ? Aetea truncata (Landsborough), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 606-607, figs. 1-2. [Probably not of
Landsborough].

The calcareous zoarium consists of two sets of adnate tubules,
primary and branching, with no “free” or nonadherent stalks that
can be observed. ‘The primary creeping tubule is long, serpentine,
and more or less translucent, the middle section of small and rather
uniform diameter. The primary tubule is bent up at one end into
a short funnel-shaped process (kenozooecium?) , and is inflated at
the other end into an elongated sausage-like cystidium. The funnel-
like process is cleaved vertically, with the truncated face adhering to
the substrate, and the opening at the distal end of the funnel is
large and semicircular; the outer surface of the translucent funnel is
sculptured by a few vague concentric growth lines, and the stalk
immediately below it marked by microscopic dots and faint, closely
spaced annulations. The cystidium is also dotted, but annulations
are wanting. The distal end of the cystidium is contracted into a
short tube, suboval in section, and obliquely truncated. On the
superior surface of the cystidium are two, separated, relatively large
apertures of unequal size which may have been the site from which
a free erect stalk or peristome arose. ‘The secondary, branching
tubules are of capillary diameter, gently crinkled by alternate con-
strictions and distensions, somewhat vermicular, and subtranslucent
to translucent in texture. One of the secondary tubules branches off
from the lip of the funnelel process mentioned above, but is
broken off at the distal extremity so that the character of the orifice,

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 23

assuming one was present, is not known; this tubule is both dotted
and marked by extremely faint, closely spaced annulations. A
second minor tubule branches off from the side of the cystidium,
and this also is somewhat vaguely striated concentrically, with the
distal end modified into a short spatulate “head” or orifice slightly
larger in diameter than the tubule proper, with the truncated face
of the head adherent to the substrate. A third branching tubule,
rather like the primary one, branches off at a right angle from the
under side of the cystidium and pursues a serpentine course; it too is
translucent and minutely dotted, developing near the distal end a
funnel-shaped or trumpet-like process, from the mouth of which
emerges a relatively large tube, the latter bent into a tight “U” with
zn oval opening at the end. Lying to one side of the third branching
tubule, but not now connected with it, is a ruptured globular
glassy membranous vesicle with minute circular punctulations.
Part of the upper surface of the adherent vesicle is gaping, and
below the gape there is a smaller punctulate globule. The vesicle
lies 0.16 mm from the third branching tubule, and this proximity,
together with its character give rise to the speculation that the
vesicle in question may be an expelled or remnantal ovicell from
which the parent orifice has been removed. It is further presumed
that the vesicle pertains to the species under discussion.

Measurements. —Specimen A683a: length of main creeping
tube 1.37 mm; maximum diameter of cystidium 0.107 mm, length
of cystidium 0.47 mm; diameter of middle section of primary tubule
0.035 mm; diameter of secondary tubule 0.028 mm; diameter of
distal opening of the funnel-like process at end of main creeping
tube 0.105 mm, length 0.12 mm; diameters of vesicle presumed to be
the ovicell 0.19 mm 0.14 mm.

Locality. — Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. One colony wholly attached to the bryozoan
Dakaria subtorquata (d’Orbigny) which itself is encrusted on the
pelecypod Chama congregata Conrad.

Remarks. — The classification of this form is uncertain but is
referred to the genus Aetea because of the resemblance of the creep-
ing tubes to those of such species as A. ligulata Busk, A. anguina
(Linnaeus), A. truncata (Landsborough), and dA. sica (Couch).
However, unlike those species our single colony is encrusted

o4. BULLETIN 237

throughout and no “free” and erect tubules can be observed as on
the forms mentioned. On the other hand, the absence of Suchi- imeer
stalks may well be fortuitous because of the small size and incom-
plete development of the zoarium, and indeed I would expect them
to be present on more extensively developed colonies.

Except for the absence of “free’’ stalks, my specimen compares
precisely with the form from west Florida referred to as ? Aetea
truncata (Landsborough) by Shier (1964). Because of certain ad-
ditional structures not present on the typical A. truncata, Shier ques-
tioned his own identification of the Floridan form, and I think
rightly so, as it seems to me that both his specimens from Florida
and certainly my specimen from Venezuela are closer to, if not iden-
tical with, A. ligulata than to A. truncata. For example 4. ligulata
(and the synonymous dA. crosslandi Waters, fide Marcus, 1937) bear
funnel-shaped processes (spoken of as aberrant zooecia by Marcus
and as 60ecia by Shier) , whereas they are not present on 4. truncata.
Furthermore the smal] branching tubules are alternately constricted
and dilated along their length, and this character is diagnostic of
A. ligulata.

Range and distribution. —'The living Aetea ligulata Busk has
been reported from the Western Atlantic in Santos Bay, Brazil (9
fathoms) , along the Patagonian coast, in Tierra del Fuego, and in
the Straits of Magellan. In the Caribbean it is found in Venezuela
(this report) and off Guanica, Puerto Rico in 18-20 fathoms. In the
Eastern Pacific it is found as far north as Queen Charlotte Island,
Canada, and then to the south in Baja California, the Gulf of
Panama, Colombia (7-40 fathoms), and the Galapagos Islands.
Other localities may be west Florida (off Dog Island and Panama
City in 5 fathoms) and Khor Dongonab in the Red Sea (as A.
crosslandi Waters) .

Membranipora tacaguana, new species Pl. 2, figs. 6, 7

Where not fragmented, the zoarium is seen as a flattened bi-
laminar expansion with a thick layer of zooecia, back to back, en-
veloped completely around it. The zooecia are generally elongated
and more or less rectangular, but a few are broad and subpenta-
gonal in outline. They are disposed in straight longitudinal rows
which tend to divaricate and become irregular near the edge of the

ro
Ox

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

zoarium. Also, the alignment of a row may be interrupted by the
occurence of a zooecium which is broader than the ones in the same
row above and below it. The walls are thick, finely granular, a
little elevated, and separated by a fine but distinct groove; at the
distal end of the zooecium they form a gentle or slightly angular to
ogival arch. The opesia are elongate oval to ovoid except on the
broader zooecia where they are subovate to suborbicular, the
narrowing directed toward the distal end of the zooecium. The
opesial margin of the wall is finely and regularly crenulated, and
from the cryptocyst, which is co-extensive with the wall, there
project a few irregularly distributed calcareous spines. In _ the
proximal corners of the opesia there may be a faint triangular
depression representing the attachment area of the: gymnocyst, but
I have not seen any nodes in the proximal corners or elsewhere
between the zooecia. :

Measurements.—Holotype (M63la): zoarium fragment 4 mm
long and 2.3 mm wide; zooecium length 0.52 mm, width 0.47 mm;
opesium length 0.38 mm, width 0.31 mm. Paratype (M625a) :
zoarium fragment 3.6 mm in length, 2.8 mm in width; average
zooecium length 0.45 mm, width 0.29 mm; opesium length 0.33
mm, width 0.18 mm.

Locality.—Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member) at W-15
on south side of Playa Grande road, 40 meters southwest of its
intersection with the Playa Grande Yachting Club road. Nine
fragments.

Remarks.—None of the fragments is especially well preserved,
but as I have seen no species exactly like this, the Venezuelan form
is thought to be new. The closest superficial resemblance is with
the Conopeum reticulum of authors, and my first impression
was that it was the same as that species. However, according to
Bobin and Prenant (1962, pp. 383-386, figs. 4VII-XI) the Cono-
peum reticulum of Linnaeus is characterized by deep triangular
interopesial spaces and by the pair of calcareous crenations
(“replis”) projecting from the wall about at the level of the oper-
culum (fig. 4IX). This pair of crenations is longer and more con-
stant than the other crenations around the wall, and is best seen
in basal view. Also, it would appear that the crenations of the

26 BULLETIN 237

inner wall of Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus) are coarser and
less numerous than on Membranipora tacaguana, n. sp.

The geologic range of Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus) is
given by Buge (1957, pp. 136,137) as Oligocene to Recent.

Antropora typica (Canu and Bassler) Ply 5) tices

1928. Membrendoecium strictorostris Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Proc., vol. 72, art. 14, No. 2710, p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 7. (Fide Lagaaij,
1963a, p. 171].

1928. Dacryonella typica Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 72,
art. 14, No. 2710, pp. 57-58, pl. 5, figs. 4-8; pl. 32, figs. 11-12; text
fig. 8A.

1928. Dacryonella typica Canu and Bassler, Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci.
Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 65-66, pl. 1, fig. 10.

1940. Canua iypica (Canu and Bassler), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.
358-359.

1950. Dacryonella [Antropora| typica Canu and Bassler, Osburn, Allan
Hancock Pacific Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 1, p. 52.

1963. Antropora typica (Canu and Bassler), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine Sci.
Unive Vexas, Bull) vols 9p. V7 pls tiern3:

1964. Antropora typica (Canu and Bassler), Cheetham and Sandberg,
Jour. Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1016-1017, text-fig. 3.

1964. Antropora leucocypia (Marcus), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 613, fig. 4.

The zoarium is encrusting, one layer in thickness, pale yellow
to whitish in color. The zooecia are pyriform to ovoid, generally
somewhat narrower distally. The mural rim is thin, rounded at
the crest, well defined, and minutely crenulate, with a restricted
gymnocyst. ‘The cryptocyst is granular and radially striate, gener-
ally wider proximally than at the sides or distal end where it is
narrow. The opesia are elongated, pyriform to subovate, slightly
narrower at the distal or opercular end. The frontal membrane
covering the zooecium is delicate, transparent, sometimes light tan
in color, and finely dotted. Occupying the interzooecial spaces are
scattered avicularian chambers, broadly oval in outline, an occa-
sional one with a membrane stretched across half of the opening.
In some of the corners there are triangular nodes or triangular
depressions. ‘The ovicells are said to be small, endozooecial and
smooth, but I have not seen them.

Measurements.—Specimen A672a: length of average zooecium
0.36 mm, width 0.24 mm; avicularium 0.06 mm > 0.05 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the following dead mollusks:

no
~I

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

Chlamys ornatus (Lamarck) (A672a) ; Barbatia domingensis (La-
marck) (A672b); Arca imbricata Bruguiére (A672c) ; Chama
congregata Conrad (A672d) 27531 PRI; Cantharus auritulus (La-
marck) (A672e); Arca zebra Swainson (A672f) ; Trachycardium
muricatum (Linnaeus) (A672¢).

Comparisons.—The identification of the Venezuelan species is
confirmed by Cheetham, and, on comparing the Venezuelan speci-
mens with Shier’s “Antropora leuwcocypha (Marcus)” from west
Florida, I find that they are identical. The west Florida specimens
were collected by Shier in five fathoms off Dog Island and Panama
City, and at half a fathom from Chokoloskee Bay near Everglades.
The west Florida occurrences are the shallowest from which 4.
typica has been reported.

Range and distribution.—The range of Antrepora typica is
Pliocene to Recent. The Pliocene occurrence, according to Canu
and Bassler, is in Minnitimmi Creek, Bocas Island, Almirante Bay,
Panama. In the Pleistocene, the species occurs in the mudlumps oft
South Pass, Louisiana. The living form has been reported off the
Braxilian coast, 100 kilometers east of Itabapoana, at 70 fathoms;
on the coast of Venezuela at Cabo Blanco (this report) encrusted
on dead mollusk shells; north of Cuba (130 to 167 fathoms) ; and
off west Florida and at various stations in the Gulf of Mexico
(see Lagaaij 1963a) from 14 to 117 fathoms.

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler Pl. 1, figs. 1-5

1859. Cupularia canariensis Busk (part), Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., vol.
7, pp. 66-67, pl. 23, figs. 7-8.

1859. Cupularia canariensis Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon. 11,
p- 87, pl. 13, figs. 2a-e.

1873. Membranipora canariensis (Busk), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.
Akad., Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, p. 10, pl. 2, figs. 69-71.

1888. Membranipora canariensis (Busk), Smitt (part ?), Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Bull., vol. 15, p. 79.

1899. Cupularia canariensis Busk ?, d’Angelis Ossat (part), Real Acad.
Cienc. y Artes Barcelona, Bol., vol. 1, p. 33, pl. B, fig. 6 only.

1908. Cupularia canariensis Busk, Canu, Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, An.,
set» 3, vol: 10} p> 275; pl? 5, figs. ‘8-10:

1909. Cupularia guineensis Busk, Norman (part), Linnean Soc. London,
jour, Zools “vol. 30) p. 289, pl: 37, fies) 4:5.) (igs. 3,0 "— 3G.
canariensis Busk).

1914. Cupularia guineensis Busk ?, Osburn (part), Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, Publ. No. 182, Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory, vol.
Bee Noe we pos:

28

1918.

1919.

~

1920.
1921)
1923.
1923:
1925»
1928.
1929.
1929.
1941.

1942.

1950.
1953s
1959.
1961.

1962.

1963.
1964.
1964.
1965.

1965.

BULLETIN 237

Cupularia canariensis Busk, Camu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 103, pp. 119-120, pl. 53, figs. 5-7.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Canu and Bassler, Carnegie Inst.
Washington, Publ. No. 291, p. 78, pl. 1, figs. 8-10.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 106, p. 103, text fig. 24D.

Cupularia canariensis Busk, Waters (part), Linnean Soc. London,
Jour:, Zool., vol. 345 (pp) 410-412) pl: 29) fig: 5:

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 125, pp.) 28-29) (pleat figs-s7-9-

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125,
pp. 29-30, pl. 47, figs. 1,2.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk) ?, Mansfield, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc.,
vol. 66, No. 2559, art. 22, pp. 5,8.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc:,.vol. 42, No: 2710) spp., 1115-16, ‘text feen2.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,
pp. 714-715, pl. 8, figs. 38,40.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Canu and Bassler (part), U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 73-75, pl. 3, figs. 1,2.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), McGuirt, Louisiana Geol. Sur.,
Bull. 21, pp. 46-47, pl. 1, figs. 1-3, 5, 6, 8.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Silén (part), Ark. f. Zool., vol. 34A,
No: 2; pp. 13-15, text fig. 8. (text figs 9 and) plo 4; fies 1516 =
C. pyriformis Busk, fide Cook 1965, p. 168).

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped: vol. 14, Now, jppigs3-34,epler3 tess. 2-3.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
pt. G (Bryozoa), p. G156, fig. 118,2.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.
1969, pp. 8-9.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Galopim de Carvalho, Soc. Geol.
Portugal, Bol., vol. 14, pp. 97-98, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Eveline and Ernst Marcus, Facul-
dade Filos., Cienc. e€ Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., No. 261, Zoo-
logia No. 24, pp. 285-290, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Lagaaij (part), Palaeontology, vol.
6, No. 1, pp. 172-217, pl. 26, figs. 4-5; text fig. 16.

Cupuladria sp. Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour. Paleont., vol. 38,
No. 6, p. 1021.

Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 610,611.

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler, Cook, British Mus. (Nat.
Hist.), Bull., Zoology, vol. 13, No. 5, p. 167.

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler, Cook, British Mus. (Nat.
Hist.), Bull., Zoology, vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 203-209, pl. 1, figs. 2A-6B,
text figs. 1g-1}.

The few fossil fragments from Venezuela here referred to
Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler seem to indicate that the

zoarium of a whole specimen is shallowly saucer-shaped. ‘The zoar-

ium consists of a single layer of deep zooecia lying on a basal mat
which is about one-fifth the total thickness of the zoarium. The
circumference of the zoarium is deeply scalloped or lobate, ren-

no
©

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

dered so by the projection of the vibracular chamber on the periph-
eral zooecia. The basal surface is marked by fine radial and trans-
verse grooves, dividing it into small subquadrate to subrectangular
sectors, each sector bearing large subequal pores, the pores usually
four in number but varying from one to five; where there are four
pores they are located in the corners of the sector and are often
large enough to fill up most of the sector. The zooecia are regu-
larly arranged, rhomboidal to diamond-shaped, and each with a
small interzooecial vibraculum at the distal end. The walls of the
zooecia are nearly vertical, and the mural rim is high and sharply
defined. The cryptocyst is narrow and minutely granular. The
opesia are large and more or less ovoid. The normal vibracular
opening is auricular or broadly semilunar, deeply channeled, and
provided with a thickened tooth on the slightly high concave side.
The character of the vicarious vibracula, which are said to occur
near the center of the colony, has not been observed.

Measurements.—Specimen G624a: length of zoarium fragment
4 mm; length of average zooecium (including vibraculum) 0.43
mm; width of average zooecium 0.28 mm; thickness of zoarium 0.35
mm. Specimen G624b: length of zoarium fragment 2.6 mm; length
of average zooecium (including vibraculum) 0.5 mm; width of
average zooecium 0.25 mm; thickness of zoarium 0.42 mm.

Locality—Mare Formation at W-14, on hillside above west
bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo. Six fragments.

Remarks.—Applying the criteria established by Cook (1965b,
p. 196) in her carefully prepared key, the Venezuelan form here
described turns out to be Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler
rather than Cupuladria canariensis (Busk), though both of these
species have much the same distribution and geologic range. On
the basal surface, C. biporosa has 1-6 pores per sector whereas C.
canariensis has 6-20 pores per sector. Another criterion for sepa-
rating the two species is the relative length and width of the oper-
culum; on C. biporosa it is longer than wide, on C. canariensis wider
than long.

Cupuladria monotrema (Busk) (1884, p. 207, pl. 14, tig. 5)
occurring off Bahia, Brazil, is a second species that has been re-
garded a synonym of C. canariensis, but on C. monotrema there is
only a single perforation on each of the quadrate sectors of the

30 BULLETIN 237

dorsal surface. According to Cook (1965b, p. 210), C. monotrema
is clearly distinct from C. canariensis but is similar to C. biporosa
with whith it may indeed be synonymous. However, until more
material is available, C. monotrema “is distinguished by the oper-
cular area, the more numerous vicarious vibracula, and the single
layer of basal kenozooecial chambers.”

A third species is the little-known Cupularia calyxglandis
from the Manzanilla Formation (lower-middle Miocene) of ‘Trini-
dad, described (but not figured) by R. J. Lechmere Guppy (1867,
p. 175) as follows: “A crateriform species allied to C. pyriforme and
C. Owenii but distinguished by its more completely cup-shaped
form. The details of the cells are not very easily made out from
my specimens, but they seem to resemble C. pyriforme in general
arrangement.” I have been unable to find additional information
on C. calyxglandis Guppy, but it may turn out to be one of the
lunulitiform species already known from ‘Trinidad or Venezuela.

Range and distribution.—Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bass-
ler ranges from lower Miocene to Recent. The living form occurs
generally in shallow water though there is one record of its having
been found at 220 fathoms off Anguilla Island in the eastern
Caribbean. In the Mediterranean C. biporosa has been reported
from Algeria (R&s el-Amouch) at depths of four fathoms and
deeper; in the Eastern Atlantic it is recorded from Tangier Bay
(Morocco) , Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and off the
coast of west Africa; in the Western Atlantic it occurs off the
Brazilian coast (Parana and S40 Paulo, 60-70 fathoms; Cabo Frio,
0.5 fathoms; mouth of Amazon, 40 fathoms); in the Caribbean
the localities are Barbados (40 fathoms), Anguilla (25-220 fath-
oms), and off Yucatan; in the Gulf of Mexico it is known from
the ‘Tortugas (10 fathoms) and west Florida (14 fathoms) ; and
in the Eastern Pacific it has been reported from the coast of Cali-
fornia, Baja California and Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and the
Galapagos Islands. In the Pleistocene C. biporosa occurs in Italy,
Argentina, and Louisiana. In the Pliocene it occurs in Italy, Por-
tugal, Spain, England, Argentina, Venezuela, Panama, Florida, and
Louisiana. Younger Miocene localities are in Italy, Austria and
Hungary, Trinidad, Venezuela, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Costa
Rica, Florida, and Louisiana. Older Miocene localities are Trini-

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 31

dad, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Most of the citations in my synonymy are taken from Cook
(1965b, p. 203), though I am responsible for the others. I have
re-examined the fragments referred to C. canariensis (Busk) by
Shier (1964, pp. 610-611) and believe that they fit the diagnosis of
C. biporosa Canu and Bassler.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance) Pl. 1, figs. 6-13

1823. Lunulites umbellata DeFrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Natu-
relles, vol. 27, p. 361, pl. 47, figs. 1-1b.

1834. Lunulites urceolata Blainville, Manuel d’Actinologie ou de Zoo-
phytologie, p. 449, pl. 72, fig. 1. [Fide Waters 1921, p. 414].

1853. Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Fran-
caise. Terrains Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 473, pl. 717, figs. 1-3, 5 (non 4).
[Fide Buge 1957, p. 177].

1853. Discoporella berardana dOrbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. Ter-
rains Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 474. [Fide Cook 1965a, p. 177].

1854. Cupularia Lowei Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in the
British Museum. Pt. II, p. 99, pl. 116, figs. 1-6. [Fide Cook 1965a,
jos W/E

1862. Discoporella denticulata Gabb and Horn, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, Jour., ser. 2, vol. 5, pp. 142-143, pl. 20, fig. 25. Not Lunulites
denticulata Conrad 1841, p. 348.

1869. Cupularia umbellata (Defrance), Manzoni, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Sitzungsber., vol. 59, pt. 1, p. 26, pl. 2; fig. 16.

1873. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.
Akad., Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, Pt. II, pp. 14-15, pl. 3, figs. 75-80.

1875. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Manzoni, I Briozoi Fossili antico
di Castrocaro, p. 39, pl. 5, fig. 67.

1879. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem Cl. Sei, His. Mat. (e, Nat.-ser. 5,.v0l., 6. pp. 13 l,e290y s/h

1889. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of
Marine Bryozoa, pp. 79-80.

1890. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Pantanelli, Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat.
Pisa, Atti, vol. 7, pp. 25-28.

1895. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,
BollS vols pill ppre2aie24o.-

1895. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol.
1, pp. 101-102.

1898. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,
Boll pts Aa volen 7 NO. 12) pps-35) .385.pt. 9, VOL: (O,, NO»da, pps J8;
100, 106.

1900. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi
Zool., Boll., pt. 6, ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 60.

1900. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
vol. 19, p. 362.

1900. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol.
6, pp. 168-169.

1904. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland
Geol. Sur., Miocene, p. 415.

1907. Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Calvet, Expéditions scientifiques

du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les années 1880-1883,
p- 393.

1908.
1908.
1909.

1909.

1923.
1924.
1924.
1925.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1929.

1930.

BULLETIN 237

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
Ant; vol. Lijaps 274 apa Ds ese 4-5:

Cupularia canariensis Robertson, Univ. California Publ. Zool., vol.
“4, No. 5, pp. 314-315, pl. 24, figs. 90-91. [Not of Busk 1859, p. 66].
Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 9, pp. 448, 454, pl. 16, figs. 16-17.

Cupularia Lowei Gray [sic], Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 30, p. 290, pl. 37, figs. 7-12.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Inst. Egyptien, Mém., vol.
G3No: 3, p.#205.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
ser) 4, vol. 13; pps 125, 126.5130:

Cupularia lowei Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 182,
Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 4, pt. 11, pp. 194-195. [Not of Busk
1854 fide E. and E. Marcus 1962, p. 293].

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
ser. 4, Vol BG; pa d22.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
séri4,, vol. 16s ps U3.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 103, pt. 6, pp. 118-119.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, Carnegie Inst.
Washington. Publ. No. 291, pp. 76,85, pl. 1, figs. 5-7; pl. 2, figs.
17-21.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
Actes, vol: 72, p. 150:

Cupularia Lowei Busk, Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zool.,
vol. 34, pp. 412-413, pl. 30, figs. 1-6, 26-29.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,
Jour., Zool., vol. 34, pp. 414-415.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Cipolla, Soc. Sci. Nat. ed Econ.
Palermo, Giorn., vol. 32, p. 55, pl. 2, figs. 19-21.

Cupularia peyroti Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Proc. Verb., vol.
73, p. 124. [Fide Cook 1965a, p. 177].

Cupularia robertsonae Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125,
p- 82, pl. 34, figs. 5-7.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 125 pp. 9,68.75,76,80-82, text figs. 10G, 13A-F, pl. 2, figs. 15-19.
Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
Actes, vol. 75, p. 150.

Cupularia peyroti Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Actes, vol. 75,
p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 6-10.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), O'Donoghue, Union South Africa
Fish. and Marine Biol. Sur., Rept. No. 3, p. 39.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Mansfield, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc.,
vol. 66, art. 22, No. 2559, pp. 5, 8.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol.
France, Mém., n: s., vol. 3; No. 4, p. 39, pl. 4, figs. 8-10.
Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc., vol. 72, art. 14, No. 2710, p. 64, pl. 7, figs. 1-3.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Hastings (part), Zool. Soc.
London, Proc., No. 47, pp. 718-719.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 129, 142-144, text figs. 31G-H, pl. 15, figs. 5-11.
Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc., vol. 76, art. 13, No. 2810; pp. 2, 11-12.

1940.
1941.
1942.
1946.
1947.
1949.
1950.

1952.

1959.

1962.

1963

1963.
1963.
1964.
1964.
1964.

1965.

1965.

The

discoidal,

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 33

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 374.
Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), McGuirt, Louisiana Geol. Sur.,
Geol. Bull. No. 21, p. 65, pl. 1, figs. 4,7,9-11.

Discoporella wmbellata (DeFrance), Silén, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 34A,
pp. 15-17, figs. 10-12.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Roger and Buge, Soc. Géol.
France, Bull., sér. 5, vol. 16, p. 226.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Osburn, Allan Hancock At-
lantic Exped., Rept., No. 5, p. 18.

Cupularia umbellata (DeFrance), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France,
Mém., n. s., vol. 28, No. 60, pp. 51-52, pl. 4, figs. 14-15.
Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 1, pp. 113-114, pl. 11, figs. 7-10.
Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G171, fig. 131,9.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht.,
Meded nis NOms,~pp. 19,10-17, pl. | tigses:

Discoporella umbeilata (DeFrance), Parker,, Amer. Assoc. Petrol.
Geol., Bull., vol. 40, No. 2, p. 335.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat.
Paris,. Mém., ‘sér.G,, vol. 6, pp. 139,177, pl. Qe fig. 5; pl. 10; fig. 3.
Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Soule and Duff, California
Acad. Sci., Proc., ser. 4, vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 99-100.

. Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci.

Soc., Jour., vol. 73, p. 41.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
No. 1969, pp. 34-35.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Abrard and Gorodiski, Acad.
Sciy Panis, C.. Rey vola248,) pt. 2,0 ps a 409:

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Kanakoff and Emerson, Los
Angeles County Mus., Contrib. Sci., No. 31, p. 18.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Eveline and Ernst Marcus,
Faculdade Filos., Ciéne. e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., No. 261,
Zoologia No. 24, pp. 291-304, pl. 1, fig. 4; pls. 2-5.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Hertlein, California Acad. Sci.,
ROCs Sela VOlES2, WNOw op w20o.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Lagaaij, Palaeontology, vol. 6,
pt. 1, pp. 173, 198, 215, text fig. 1b.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Cook, Cahiers Biol. Marine, vol.
4, pp. 408-411, pl. 1, text figs. la,Ic.

Discoporelia umbellata (DeFrance), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1022, text fig. 14.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf
and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 621.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), D. F. Soule and J. D. Soule,
Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 2199, pp. 10-11.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
Bull., Zoology, vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 177-180, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 3, figs.
1,3,5-6; text fig. 4.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
Bull., Zoology, vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 221-223; pl. 3, fig. 3; text fig. 2h.

zoarium of the Venezuelan fossil specimens is free, and
saucer-shaped, or broadly conical, with the periphery of

34 BULLETIN 237

the cup orbicular to suborbicular in outline. The periphery of
the young zoarium is strongly scalloped or stellate by reason of
the projecting zooecia, but the periphery of adult specimens is
relatively smooth. The underside or interior surface of the zoarium
is divided into numerous narrow sectors by faintly impressed radii
diverging from the off-centered apex. The sectors bear small,
closely spaced, solid tubercles which, with growth of the zoarium,
may develop a crater at the top. The zooecia are regularly ar-
ranged in radial rows and are more or less diamond-shaped, with
a relatively large interzooecial vibraculum at the distal end. The
opercular orifice is large, semicircular to subbtrigonal, and closed
off from the opesium by a lamella nearly as high as the mural wall.
The mural walls are thin, with a rather steeply sloping and
minutely granular cryptocyst. The vibracular chamber is deep,
semilunate to oval in outline, and generally slightly smaller than
the orifice. ‘The opesium is moderately depressed, microporine,
and perforated around the border with large opesiular pores, the
pores averaging seven or eight in number, but varying from six
to eleven.

Measurements.—Specimen S617a (adult): diameter of zoarium
6.9 mm, height 2.6 mm, thickness at periphery 1.2 mm; length of
average zooecium including vibraculum 0.47 mm, width 0.29 mm;
opercular orifice 0.16 mm x 0.12 mm; vibracular chamber 0.12
mm < 0.095 mm. Specimen G619a (adolescent) : diameter of zoar-
ium 3.4 mm, height 0.85 mm, thickness at periphery 0.45 mm;
length of average zooecium including vibraculum 0.42 mm, width
0.33 mm. Specimen F619a (young): diameter of zoarium 1.77 mm,
height 0.50 mm, thickness at periphery 0.45 mm, length of average
zooecium including vibraculum 0.57 mm, width 0.24 mm.

Localities.—Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member) in
Quebrada Las Bruscas at W-26, approximately 125 meters upstream
from junction with Quebrada Las Pailas (rare) ; in Quebrada Las
Pailas at W-3, south side of Mare Abajo fault near its intersection
with the Bruscas fault (rare); north flank of Punta Gorda anti-
cline (abundant). Lower Mare Formation at W-13, on hillside
above west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo (fairly common) ; in
small stream 100 meters west of Quebrada Mare Abajo (common).
Mare Formation near W-14, on hillside above west bank of Que-

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 35

brada Mare Abajo (abundant); south flank of Punta Gorda anti-
cline (abundant). Upper Mare Formation, in stream 250 meters
south-southwest of the mouth of Quebrada Las Pailas (fairly com-
mon).

Remarks.—This species has much the same geographic distri-
bution and geologic range as Cupuladria canariensis (Busk) and
Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler with which it is often asso-
ciated. D. umbellata is much more abundant and widespread than
Cupuladria biporosa in the Cabo Blanco area, but the two species
do occur together in the Mare Formation on the hillside above
the west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo.

Range and distribution.Lower Miocene to Recent. In the
older Miocene, D. wmbellata has been reported from Italy, France,
Germany, and the state of Louisiana, United States (in deep
wells) ; in the middle to upper Miocene, fronr Senegal, Egypt,
Italy, France, The Netherlands, Trinidad, the Dominican Re-
public, Jamaica, and Costa Rica; in younger Miocene, from the
states of North Carolina and South Carolina, United States; in
the Pliocene, from Italy, France, England, Venezuela, Florida, and
South Carolina; in the Pleistocene, from Italy and Argentina as
well as from the mudlumps off South Pass, Louisiana. The living
D. umbellata is found near shore to a depth of as much as 960
fathoms, though it is most abundant between 30 and 40 fathoms.
In the Eastern Atlantic the species occurs in Madeira, the Canary
and Cape Verde Islands, west Africa, and South Africa; in the
Mediterranean it has been reported from Algeria; in the West-
ern Atlantic the range is from North Carolina to Brazil; in the
Caribbean, from Brazil westward to Colombia; in the Gulf of
Mexico from Yucatan, the ‘Tortugas, west Florida, and Louisiana;
and in the Eastern Pacific from Baja California to Ecuador and
the Galapagos Islands.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk) PA A aus, ess Jel, (ay ayes al

1852. Membranipora grandis Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in
the British Museum. Pt. I. Cheilostomata, p. 6, pl. 65, fig. 4.

1854. Membranipora magnilabris Busk (pars), Catalogue of the Marine
Bryozoa in the British Museum. Pt. II. Cheilostomata, pp. 62, 113.

1873. Steginoporella elegans Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Hand1.,
vol. 11, No. 4, Pt. II, pp. 15-16, pl. 4, figs. 96-101. [Not Eschara
elegans Milne-Edwards]}.

36

1880.
1882.

1884.

1884.
1887.
1890.
1890.
1900.
1900.

1909.

1923.

19233

1926.

1927

1928.

1929.

1935.

1938.

1940.

BULLETIN 237

Biflustra crassa Haswell, Linnean Soc. New South Wales, Proc., vol.
5 pa Sos) Play terns.

Steganoporella magnilabris ? (Busk), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. .Hist.,

ser. 5, vol. 9, p. 123, pl. 5, figs. 8-8a.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Busk, Voyage H.M.S. Chal-
lenger, Rept. Sci. Results, Zool., vol. 10, pt. 30, pp. 75-76, pl. 23,
figs. 2,2a.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk) Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Seis Oy VOlogS ips GOS:

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Hincks, Linnean Soc. London,
Jour., Zool., vol. 21, p. 130.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 16.

Steganoporelia magnilabris ? (Busk), Ortmann, Arch. f. Naturgesch.
Berlin, Jahrg. 56, vol. 1, p. 30, pl. 2, fig. 7.

Steganoporella elegans Smitt, Verrill, Connecticut Acad. Sci., Trans.,
vol. 10, art. 17, p. 594.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Harmer, Quart. Jour. Microsc.
Sci., vol. 43, pp. 279-286, pl. 12, fig. 10; pl. 13, figs. 31, 44-46.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Levinsen, Morphological and
Systematic Studies of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, pp. 168-169.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), ‘Thornely, Linnean Soc. Lon-
don) dinanss sers2) vol 15, sp.el4b:

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,
Proc., No. 34, pp. 498-501, pl. 72, figs. 12-20.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, pt. 11, p. 196.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus: Bull’ 965 p. 32.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, Carnegie
Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 291, p. 89.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 106, pp. 261, 262, figs. 71A-J.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Robertson, Indian Mus. Cal-
cutta, Rec., vol. 22, pt. 1, No. 8, p. 52.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, pp. 63-64, pl. 14, figs. 12-13, text fig. 7A.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Okada, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
vol. 10, p. 224.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., Mon.
27By pp: 277-279, pls I7, figs: 1-3;729 12) text ig 10% ps 273.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci.
Seine-et-Oise, Buli., vol. 7, pp. 8-12, pl. 2, figs. 5-6.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, art. 14, pp. 64-67, pl. 7, figs. 8-10; pl. 32, fig. 6.
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 144-145, pl. 15, figs. 1-2.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), O'Donoghue and Watteville,
Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zool., vol. 39, p. 205 [= S. buskii
Harmer, fide Cook 1964a, p. 46].

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Okada and Mawatwari, Annot.
Zool. Japon., vol. 17, Nos. 3-4, p. 450.

Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.

OXY osc

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 37

1942. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Silén, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 33A,
No. 12, pp. 5,62.

1947. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlan-
tHE vEXped. REPE. INO: oO; Ips LS:

1950. Membranipora magnilabris Busk, Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped. Rept, volei4, Now, p- 107:

1953. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
Pt. G., Bryozoa, pp. G172,173, fig. 132, la,b.

1955. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, Arq., vol. 42, pt. 1, pp. 284-285,315, fig. 25.

1964. Steginoporella magnilabris (Busk), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf
and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 618-619.

1964. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk), Cook, Inst. Océanogr., Ann.,
vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 53-56, pl. 1, fig. 4, text fig. 2.

‘Two specimens were collected, one a dead, partially incrusted
Recent form, the other a corroded fossil fragment from the Playa
Grande Formation.

The zoarium of the Recent specimen is decumbent, discoidal,
undulatory, irregularly ovate in outline, and ntade up of two
cellular layers that are easily separated. The basal surface of the
lower layer is thin, subnacreous, and marked by faintly impressed
lines dividing it into fairly regular columnar sectors, the sectors
further divided into segments by transverse, slightly curved, or
chevron-like incisions. The basal surface of the upper layer is
membranous, glassy, and transparent, and similarly segmented. In
edge view, the layers are seen to be made up of squarish cells.
The zooecia are oblong, horseshoe-shaped above, straight-walled
below, with a toothlike projection on each side of the mural rim
at about the middle. Half of the frontal area is occupied by a
depressed, hyaline, minutely punctulate cryptocyst, upturned at
the distal end near the middle of the zooecium into a sharp laminar
and slightly overturned tongue, the tongue horizontally truncated
at the tip, and with a U- or flask-shaped re-entrant cut on either side
into the cryptocyst proper. The a-zooecia far outnumber the B-
zooecia. The opercula, some of which are preserved on individual
zooecia, are chitinous, and are suborbicular in outline but with
a straight lower border conforming to the outline of the upper
type fitting over the a-zooecia, in which the sclerite forms a narrow
chamber of the zooecium. There are two types of opercula: the
type fitting over the a-zooecia, in which the sclerite forms a narrow
continuous bow conforming to the arch of the zooecium; and the
type fitting over the B-zooecium which consists of a pair of diver-

38 BULLETIN 237

gent wings, separated slightly just below the apex of the sclerite,
and having straight inner borders. The sclerite, or outer margin,
of both types of operculum is furnished on the posterior aspect
with a row of acute, conical, flexible spicules, but these are oblit-
erated on our specimen.

The zoarium of the fossil fragment appears to have been fron-
dose rather than decumbent as is the Recent form described above.
The fossil specimen is badly worn but sufficient of it has been
preserved to suggest its identity as Steganoporella magnilabris.

Measurements.—Speciamen A632a: Length of zoarium 21.5 mm;
width 14 mm; thickness 1.43 mm. Length of a-zooecium (including
both chambers) 0.95 mm; width 0.45 mm. Length of B-zooecium
1.0 mm; width 0.57 mm. Operculum of a-zooecium 0.36 mm x 0.33
mm; of B-zooecium 0.5 mm “ 0.48 mm.

Localities —Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. One specimen. Playa Grande Formation (Mat-
quetia Member) at W-23, north flank of Punta Gorda anticline.
One specimen (S629a) .

Remarks.—Yhe Recent zoarium of Steganoporella magnilabris
is itself encrusted by the serpulid polychaete Hydroides aff. bispi-
nosa Bush (see Weisbord, 1964, pp. 156-158, pl. 21, figs. 1-3) .

Range and distribution.—Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk)
ranges from Miocene to Recent. The living form is widespread,
occurring in east Africa, South Africa, West Africa, along the coast
of South America from Brazil to Venezuela and Colombia, in the
Caribbean Sea (St. Vincent, Puerto Rico, Jamaica), the Yucatan
Peninsula, the Bermuda Islands, Tortugas and Florida; in the
Western Pacific (Korea, Japan, China, the Philippines, and Bor-
neo) ; in the Malay and Indonesian Archipelago as far east as the
Admiralty Islands and Queensland, Australia; in the Indian Ocean
(Ceylon, Burma, India); and in the North Pacific (the Hawaiian
Islands) . ‘The maximum depth recorded is 242 fathoms in the Sulu
Archipelago, but optimum depths are 15 to 40 fathoms. In Vene-
zuela, the Recent S. magnilabris has been previously recorded from
Coche, Margarita, Tortuga, and the Gulf of Venezuela. As a fossil,
S. magnilabris has been found in the Pliocene of Florida (Caloosa-
hatchee Marl) and the Republic of Panama. In the Miocene it has

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 39

been reported from Australia, and in the upper Miocene it occurs
in the richly fossiliferous deposit at Jackson Bluff, in Leon County,

Florida.

Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny)

1809.

1830.

Pl. 2, t1ss.74.5:9-11~ Pl 4 figs le. Ple.G, fig 2: Plas, fig. 1

[1826,1828]. Flustra Savartii Audouin-Savigny, Description de
Egypte. Hist. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 240, pl. 10, figs. 10.1-10.2.
Membranipora corrugata Blainville, [in] Cuvier, Dictionnaire des
Sciences Naturelles, vol. 60, p. 412. [Fide Harmer, 1926, p. 214].
Membranipora corrugata Blainville, Manuel d’Actinologie ou de
Zoophytologie, p. 447.

Biflustra ramosa d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. ‘Terrains Cré-
tacés, vol. 5, Bryozoaires, p. 244. [Fide Waters, 1905b, p. 15].
Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Fran-
caise. Terrains Crétacés, vol. 5, Bryozoaires, p. 542.

Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London,
Mon. 11, p. 31, pl. 2, fig. 6 [= Biflustra sp. fide Lagaaij, 1952,
jas, USE

Biflustra delicatula Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon. I1, p. 78,
pl. 10, fig. 7a (non 7b and 7c). [Fide Lagaaij, 1952, p. 19].
Biflustra delicatula Busk, Manzoni, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Sitzungs-
bets qVOl 99. Pat upll oan.

Biflustra Savartii (Audouin-Savigny), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Ve-
tensk.-Akad., Handl., vol. 11, pt. 2, No. 4, pp. 20-21, pl. 4, figs.
92-95

Biflustra Savartii (Audouin), Manzoni, I Briozoi del Pliocene an-
tico di Castrocaro, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 17.

Biflustra, Membranipora Savarti (Audouin), Seguenza, R. Accad.
Lincei Roma, Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, pp.
208 296,368,371.

Membranipora delicatula (Busk), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
SELPO VOl lO MPs COs plea lik iio:

Biflustra delicatula Busk, MacGillivray, Prodromus of Victoria,
decade 6, p. 28, pl. 57, figs. 2-3b.

Biflustra Savarti (Audouin), De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., vol. 18, p. 91.

Biflustra savartii (Audouin), Busk, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger,
Rept. Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 67, pl. 14, figs. 2-2a.
Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Waters, Quart. Jour., Geol.
Soc. London, vol. 41, pp. 284,285-286.

Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Sei. 7D) Vole 205 ps Léile

Membranipora Savartii var. quadrilatera Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Elist.5 sera 5, vole 20,ip 82 ple 4 figs 8:

Membranipora reticulum (Linnaeus), Pergens, K.-K. Naturhist.
Hofmus. Wien, Ann., vol. 2, p. 14. [Fide Waters 1887b, p. 182].
Membranipora savarti (Audouin), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue
of the Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 165.

Biflustra delicatula Busk, Namias, Soc. Nat. e Mat. Modena, Atti,
SEI so VOle all eae 10:

Membranipora Savarti (Audouin), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi
Zool., Boll., vol. 7, pt. 4, No. 12, pp. 35,36.

40

1898.

1901.

1904

1905.

1905.

1906.

1907.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1909.
1912.
1912:
LON:
1914.
1916.
1916.
enty/

LOM:

1920.
1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1923.

1923.

BULLETIN 237

Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,

Jour., Zool., vol. 26, pp. 660,669.

Membranipora Savarti (Audouin), Neviani, Palaeontogr. :Italica,

vol. 6, pp. 133,156-157.

Membranipora bifoliata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geol. Sur.,

Miocene, pp. 411-412, pl. 112, figs. 2-4. [Fide Buge, 1957, p. 134].
Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

Sera 7, VOl db spp. ilo:

Membranipora favus Hincks, Thornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish.,

Rept. to, Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. No. 26, p. 110. [Not

of Hincks, fide Harmer, 1926, p. 214].

Membranipora normaniana Thornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish.,

Rept. to Colonial Govt., Corrections and Additions, p. 449. [Fide

Harmer, 1926, p. 214].

Membranipora Savarti: (Audouin), Canu, Ann. Paléont., vol. 2, pt.
Le peGh ple me atiocell:

Membranipora delicatula (Busk), Thornely, Indian Mus. Calcutta,

Rec., vol. 1, p. 186.

Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), Canu, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.

Buenos Aires, An., vol. 17, p. 252, pl. 2, figs. 5-6.

Membranipora oe ee (Audouin), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,

Jour, Zool vol315. pp: 1372139) ple 11> fies. 78-13.

Membranipora ae (Audouin), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

eins ea aelly Eh os Grimes folk, Tlbys tive by

Membranipora Savarti (Audouin), Canu, Inst. Egyptien, Mém.,

voli6, Nos 3) ps 1925 pl 10) stiess 1-2:

Membranipora Savartii (Audouin), ‘Thornely, Linnean Soc. Lon-

don, (irans:, ser. 2; "voll 15) pp: 143:

Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Waters, Zool. Soc. London,

Proc., p. 486, pl. 71, figs. 1-4.

Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Osburn, Seige Inst. Wash-

ington, Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 194.

Membranipora Savarti (Audouin), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

sér. 4, vol. 16, pp. 129-130.

Odontionella Savarti (wicainey Faura y Sans and Canu, Treballs

Inst. Catalona Hist. Nat., vol. 2, p. 66, pl. OF Tie seo.

Odontionella (Membranipora) savartii (Audouin), Canu and Bass-

ler; U:S: Nat. Mus:, Bull, 96;. p. 1:2:

Acanthodesia savartii forma texturata ? Reuss, Canu and Bassler,

Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 291, pt. III, pp. 79-80, pl. 5,

figs. 1-5.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,

Bull. 106, pp. 83, 85, 99-101, Text figs. 23A, 24B, pl. 21, figs. 2-4.

Acanthodesia savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Canu, Soc. Géol. France,

Bull., sér. 4, vol. 19, pp. 213,214.

Acanthodesia Savarti (Audouin), Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,

Actes, vol. 22, p. 8.

Membranipora savarlii (Audouin), Marcus, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 14,

No. 7; p: 6:

Acanthodesia savarti (Savigny-Audouin), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull) 125; (p.)31 text igs. 92 ACT.

Mcanihodest savarti forma texturata ? USE Canu and Bassler,

US. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125, pp. 32-33, pl. 5, figs. 1-5; pl. 46, figs. 8-9.

Membranipora crenulata Okada, Annot. Zool Japon., vol. 10, pt. 3,

p. 224, fig. 24. [Fide Harmer 1926, p. 214].

19255

1929.
1930.

1932.

L937.

1938.

1940.

1941:
Oss
19472

1948.

1950.
1950.

1952.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD. 4]

Acanthodesia Savarti (Audouin), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol.
France, Mém., n.s., vol. 2, No. 4, (Oe li, Olle I, yes West
Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin) Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., vol. 10, p. 12.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Géol.
France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 24, pp. 672-673.

Acanthodesia savartti (Savigny), Mansfield, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc.,
vol. 66, art. 22, No. 2559, p. 8.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol.
France; Mem-) ns 's:, vols 2, No.3, p. 15, ple ievhies. 1-3:
Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London,
dinans Sy vOlie225 9p. 395:

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 15,
Mon. 28b, pp. 213-216, pl. 13, figs. 8,13-14,16.

Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Fox, Zool. Soc. London, Trans.,
vol. 22, p. 354.

Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Livingstone, Australian Mus.
Sydney, Rec., vol. 16, No. 1, p. 54.

Acanthodesia savarli (Savigny-Audouin), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus 5 Proc vol/2, No. 2710 arta mpp. 14-5) ply Ios tios:
5-6, text fig :

Acanthodesia savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 66-68, pl. 1, figs. 1-5.
Acanthodesia savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 76, No. 2810, art. 13, pp. 4-5.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Hastings, British Mus. (Nat.
Hist.) Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sci. Rept., vol. 4, No. 12,
pp. 400,411.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc.
e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 40-41,
pl. 7, figs. 16A-C.

Acanthodesia savartti (Audouin), Okada and Mawatari, Annot.
Zool. Japon., vol. 17, Nos. 3-4; p. 448.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur, Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.
352-353, pl. 2, figs. 16-17.

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Silén, Ark. f. Zool. vol. 33A,
INO Fe 2p em lo:

Acanthodesia savarti (Savigni-Audouin), Richards and Harbison,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 94, p. 179, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Acanthodesia savarti (Audouin), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Expeds Rept: NOW Os pero:

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Balavoine, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
SEDO aVOl LO wpe t30:

Acanthodesia Savarti (Savigny-Audouin), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol.
France, Mém., n. s., Mém. No. 60, pp. 38-39, pl. 2, figs. 10-14.
Acanthodesia savartti (Savigny-Audouin) forma texturata Reuss,
Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 47, Nos. 3-4,
PPa LZ ANi3 eee

Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Whitten, Rosene and Hedgpeth,
Inst. Marine Sci. Texas Univ., Publ., vol. 1, No. 2B, [ds Ce
Membranipora savarti (Audouin), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 1, pp. 27-28, pl. 2, fig. 7.

Biflustra savartii (Audouin), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht., Meded.,
ser. G, vol: 5; No: 5, pps 19-20) pla If fie. 3:

49 BULLETIN 237

1953. Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G155, fig. 118,4.

1953. Acanthodesia savartii (Savigny), Blake, Smithsonian Misc. Collec.,
vol: 121) No» 12; Publ> 41295 ps 23:

1955. Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Ja-
neiro, Arq., vol. 42, pt. 1, p. 280.

1956. Biflustra savarti (Audouin), Brown, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12,
vol. 9, No. 104, pt. 75, pp. 594,596.

1956. Biflustra savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Buge, Ann. Géol. Tunis. No.
17, pp. 22-24, pl. 4, figs. 1-5.

1956. Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Menzel, Oceanogr. Inst. Florida
State Uniy., Contrib., No. 61, p. 13.

1957. Biflustra savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat.
Paris, Mém., sér. C, vol. 6, pp. 134-136.

1957. Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci.
Soc., Jour.; vol. 73, p. 35, fig. 27.

1957. Ry aoe savarti (Audouin), Soule and Duff, California Acad.
Sci; Proc, ser. 4; yol. 29) No. 4..pp. 90-91

1959: MariBranieere savarti (Audouin), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
No. 1969, pp. 6-7.

1959. Membranipora savarti (Audouin), Kanakoff and Emerson, Los An-
geles County Mus., Contrib. Sci., No. 31, p. 19.

1963. Biflustra savartii (Savigny-Audouin), Galopim de Carvalho, Soc.
Geol. Portugal, Bol., vol. 15, No. 1, p. 106.

1963. Acanthodesia, Biflustra savartii (Audouin), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine
Sci. Univ. Texas, Publ., vol. 9, p. 221.

1964. Acanthodesia savartii (Audouin), Eveline and Ernst Marcus, Acad.
Brasileira Ciénc., An., vol. 36, No. 3, p. 359.

1964. Membranipora savartii (Audouin), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf
and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 607-608.

The zoarium is encrusted on divers shells and rock fragments.
The zooecia are subrectangular to elongate hexagonal, generally
disposed in straight longitudinal rows, gently arched at the distal
end, truncate to angulate at the proximal end, and sometimes a
little contracted at the proximal half. The walls are moderately
thin and slightly elevated to low and moderately thick, and are
separated by a fine groove; the mural rim is faintly to conspicu-
ously beaded by narrow, transverse crenations. Laterally and dis-
tally the minutely granulate cryptocyst is narrow, but proximally
it widens into an apron occupying one-fifth to two-fifths the length
of the opesium. The opesial margin of the cryptocyst is finely
denticulate around the distal half of the zooecium, with occasional
discrete spinules projecting laterally into the field of the opesium.
The opesial margin of the apron is generally serrated in varying
degree, but the “denticulate process” is reduced to a blunt projec-
tion or a trigonal spine; more often the opesial edge of the apron
is subtruncate or concave, and from it there protrude small spinules

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 45

on one side and a larger spine or two away from the middle toward
the other side. The opesia are semioval to suborbicular, and are
slightly depressed. The frontal membrance is thin, transparent, and
microscopically dotted. Small rounded tubercles may be present in
the proximal corners of some of the opesia, but on a number of
specimens the tubercles are wanting. The endozooecial ovicell is
globular and affixed to the base of the zooecium; the upper surface
of the ovicell is often modified by the appearance of small rounded
mammilate processes.

Measurements. — Specimen 1623a: zoarium length 3.1 mm,
width 2.5 mm; one of the larger zooecia is 0.52 mm in length, 0.26
mm in width; average opesium length 0.24 mm, width 0.18 mm.
Specimen 1628a: zoarium length 6.6 mm, width 6.0 mm; average
zooecium length 0.47 mm, width 0.33 mm; opesium length 0.25
mm, width 0.21 mm. Specimen 1640a: (27530 PRI) zoarium length
10.1 mm, width 7.5 mm; average zooecium length 0.47 mm, width
0.34 mm; opesium length 0.36 mm, width 0.26 mm; length of
cryptocyst at proximal end 0.10 mm; diameter of large ovicell 0.19
mm. Specimen T620a: zoarium length 7 mm, width 6 mm; aver-
age zooecium length 0.45 mm, width 0.29 mm; opesium length
0.45 mm, width 0.27 mm. Specimen T620b: average zooecium length
0.48 mm, width 0.29 mm; opesium length 0.45 mm, width 0.27
mm; average length of cryptocyst at proximal end 0.095 mm.

Localities—_Lower Mare Formation at W-13, on hillside above
west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo. Eleven fragments, five of
them, probably from the same colony, encrusted on an echinoid.
Upper Mare Formation, in stream 250 meters west-southwest of
the mouth of Quebrada Las Pailas. Four fragments, one of them,
specimen T620a, with the present species Biflustra savartii joined
to the side of Trematooecia cheethami Weisbord, n. sp.

Remarks.—Yhe Venezuelan specimens, all of them fossil, ex-
hibit variation in the thickness and crenation of the walls, in the
character of the proximal cryptocyst, and in the presence or ab-
sence of opesial tubercles. Most of the variants are similar to one
form or another of B. savartii, though some approach the B. tenuis
of authors, particularly that of Maturo (1957, pp. 35-36, fig. 28)
from Beaufort, North Carolina. As there is some question, accord-

44 BULLETIN 237

ing to Cheetham, about the true identity of B. tenuis (Desor) , and
as B. savartii has priority, it seems advisable to relate the Vene-
zuelan*forms to B. savartii. It must be noted, however, that Audou-
in’s original figure of Flustra savarti is stylized, and also does not
show the apron-like development of the cryptocyst in the proximal
end of the zooecium. On the other hand, the Venezuelan fossils here
described do resemble the B. savartii of Smitt, Marcus (1937),
Canu and Bassler (1928,1929), and Osburn (1950), and it is for
this reason that the forms in question are compared with that
species.

Range and distribution.—Biflustra savartii is said to be a cos-
mopolitan and long-lived species, extending as far back as the late
Cretaceous, in which period it was reported by Waters (1885) from
the Senonian Stage of France. In the middle Eocene it has been
recorded from France, and in the upper Eocene from Spain and
the states of Alabama and Mississippi, United States. In the Oligo-
cene, B. savartii has been recorded from the Vicksburg Formation
of Alabama and Mississippi, the Marianna Limestone of Florida,
and from the Rupelian Stage of Germany. Lower Miocene occur-
rences are in Egypt, Italy, and France; later Miocene occurrences
are in Austria, France, Portugal, Jamaica, ‘Trinidad, the states of
Virginia and Maryland in the United States, and Australia. In the
Pliocene, the species is found in Tunis, Algeria, Italy, Belgium,
England, Venezuela (this report) , and Australia. Pleistocene locali-
ties are in Sicily, Argentina, Florida, Maryland, and California.
The Recent form lives in temperate to tropical waters at shallow
depths to about 40 fathoms. In East Africa, it occurs off Zanzibar;
in North Africa it occurs in the Red Sea, Egypt, and Morocco; in
the Western Atlantic it is reported from North Carolina to Brazil
and Argentina; in the Caribbean it occurs in a number of islands
off the coast of Venezuela, in the Gulf of Venezuela, and in Puerto
Rico; in the Gulf of Mexico it occurs in the Tortugas, west Florida,
Louisiana, and Texas; in the Eastern Pacific it ranges from south-
ern California to Panama and the Galapagos Islands; in the West-
ern Pacific it occurs from Japan to the Philippine Islands, to the
Malay Peninsula, to Java, to New Guinea, and to north and south
Australia; and, in the Indian Ocean, it occurs in southwest India
and Ceylon.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 45

Setosella antilleana, new species REGS niga

The zoarium is expansive, encrusting, and one layer in thick-
ness. The zooecia are whitish and subhyaline, broadly rhomboidal
to angularly oval in outline, moderately distinct, and separated by
low walls which are finely and closely beaded along the rim. ‘The
cryptocyst is densely granulated, generally a little depressed near
the lateral margins, and slightly convex below the orifice. The
opesium and orifice are practically co-extensive. The orifice is
relatively large, more or less oval transversely, and sometimes con-
tracted below the middle to form a shallowly concave or gently
subangular sinus, the inner rim of which is normally minutely
denticulate; the distal rim of the orifice is flush against the wall
of the zooecium and immersed, and it too may be microscopically
beaded. On some zooecia the orifice seems to be provided with a
minute pair of condyles or contracted a little below*the middle.
There are two slightly unequal, narrowly elliptical, and completely
closed opesiules, each one situated near, but usually separated
from, its respective lateral margin; the long axis of the opesiules
is parallel with the long axis of the zooecium, and the inner border
of both opesiules is provided with tiny denticles. In the intermural
angles of adjacent zooecia there is often present an oval opening
or chamber with a relatively thick wall, or a completely calcified
node instead. The avicularia arise from zooecia which replace the
autozooecia of the colony. The avicularian-bearing zooecia are
smaller than the normal zooecia and are hexagonal to pentagonal
in outline. The opesium of the avicularian zooecia is more or less
oval or diamond-shaped or spatulate, but the mandible itself has
not been seen. Nor has the ovicell been observed.

Measurements.—Holotype (A684a): average zooecium length
0.35 mm, width 0.26 mm; maximum diameter of orifice 0.083 mm,
least diameter 0.71 mm; length of opesiule 0.047 mm, maximum
width 0.024 mm; avicularian zooecium length 0.26 mm, width 0.16
mm; intermural (vibracular) chamber, length 0.036 mm, width
0.032 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,

Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the gastropod Cantharus (Pollia)
auritulus (Lamarck) .

46 BULLETIN 237

Comparisons.—The distinguishing characters of Setosella antil-
leana are the intermural cells or nodes lying in some of the corners
between adjoining zooecia, the evenly elliptical and completely
closed opesiules, the relatively broad zooecia, and the densely
eranulated cryptocyst. The closest resemblance is with Andreella
uncifera (Busk) described and illustrated by Canu and Bassler
(1928b, pp. 67-68, pl. 2, figs. 6-9) from a specimen dredged in 1877
by the “Norseman” in mid-Atlantic approximately 600 nautical
miles east of southern Brazil, at a depth of 70 fathoms. ‘The descrip-
tion of A. uncifera by Canu and Bassler is brief, and there is no
indication in either the description or the illustrations, of the cells
or nodes between the zooecia. These vibracular chambers are com-
mon on S. antilleana, though, to be sure, they are not always pres-
ent. Compared with the original Micropora uncifera as illustrated
by Busk (1884, p. 71, pl. 15, figs. 7-7a) , the Venezuelan S. antilleana
lacks the articulate spine on each side of the summit of M. uncifera,
and the orifice of S. antilleana has a shallowly concave sinus rather
than the straight, truncated proximal rim of M. uncifera.

As pointed out to me by Dr. Cheetham, another rather closely
related species is Setosella vulnerata (Busk), first described from
Shetland Island but now known also from the Caribbean Sea and
Gulf of Mexico. Both S. vulnerata (Busk) and S. antilleana, n. sp.
are variable forms, but in general it seems that the zooecia of S.
antilleana are broader and much more granular than those of S.
vulnerata; that the opesiules of S. antilleana are elliptical and some-
what broader than on S. vulnerata where they are often crescentic
and slitlike; and that the proximal lip on the orifice of S. antilleana
is gently concave or has a slight subangular sinus whereas that of
S. vulnerata is straight and sharply defined.

In reviewing the literature on Setosella vulnerata (Busk) , the
following references have been noted:

1860. Membranipora vulnerata Busk, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., vol. 8,
p: 1245 pls 25, ties. 3.

1868. Membranipora vulnerata Busk, Norman, British Assoc. Advance.
Sci., Rept. 38th Meeting, p. 305.

1877. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. 20, p. 529.

1880. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Hincks, History of the Marine British
Polyzoa, pp. 181-182, pl. 21, fig. 7.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD | 47

1880. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 6, pp. 73-74, pl. 9, fig. 5.

1882. Setosella vulneraia (Busk), Jullien, Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol. 7,
P2024, pleel7atie 66)

1899. Setosella vuinerata (Busk), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the
Recent Bryozoa, p. 246.

1907. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Calvet, Expéditions scientifiques du
“Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les années 1880-1883,
vol. 8, p. 394.

1909. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Levinsen, Morphological and Systematic
Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 196.

1925. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9,
VOL U5. ps O29) pl. 215 fig. 2.

1929. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
100, vol. 9, p. 161, figs. 42A-C.

1939. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Neviani, R. Ist. Veneto Sci., Lett. ed
Arti, Mem., vol. 30, No. 4, p. 113.

1940. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46, p. 155,
fig. 83. ;

1942. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Silén, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 344, pp. 5,
6-7, fig. 4; pl. 2, figs. 8-9. is

1953. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Bassler, Treat. on Invert. Paleont.,
Part G, Bryozoa, p. G174, fig. 134,4.

1963. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine Sci. Univ. Texas,
Publ., vol. 9, pp. 178-179, pl. 2, fig. 7.

1963. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Ryland, Sarsia, vol. 14, pp. 4,10,41.

1965. Setosella vulnerata (Busk), Lagaaij and Gautier, Micropaleontology,
VOL NOM a Ghantels

Setosella vulnerata (Busk) is a Recent species with a distribu-
tion as follows:

Northern and Eastern Atlantic: Shetland Island (80-110 fathoms) ,
Norway (Bergen, North Brattholen reef, 30 fathoms +),
Skagger Rack (111 fathoms) , Iberian coast, Gulf of Gascogne,
Bay of Biscay (218-600 fathoms), Josephine Bank (280-360
fathoms) , Azores, Madeira (Funchal Bay, 30 fathoms) , Canary
Islands (2,055 fathoms), Cape Verde Islands (255 fathoms) .

Western Atlantic and Caribbean: Bermuda, San Bartholomew
(16-25 fathoms), north of Anguilla (170 fathoms), Florida
Straits (120-122 fathoms) .

Gulf of Aden: (16 fathoms) .

Mediterranean: Rhone Delta (64 fathoms) , Marseilles, Nice, Capri;
Tunisia, Algiers, northwest of Morocco (350 fathoms) .

Gulf of Mexico: about 80 miles southeast of Galveston, Texas (30
fathoms) .

48 BULLETIN 237

Cellaria catiana, new species { Pl. 2, fig. 8; Pl. 5, fig. 6

The internode is slender and cylindrical, slightly contracted in
eirth at the proximal end. The zooecia are elongate, rhombic to
subrhombic, with moderately high and fairly thick walls. The zoo-
ecia are regularly arranged in nine alternating columns, the face
of each column more or less flattened, and the lateral angles of
one column joined to the terminal angles of the adjacent column.
‘The cryptocyst is depressed, hardly concave, and finely granular.
‘The orifice, which is situated in the distal half of the zooecium, is
transversely semilunar, and bears a thin, scarcely elevated peris-
tome. The distal rim of the orifice is gently and regularly arched;
the proximal lip is provided with a small sinus in each corner, and
with generally two, but occasionally three or more sharp denticles
projecting from the tongue. Thus the tongue is serrated in varying
degree, though occasionally it is relatively smooth. The ovicells
are situated above the orifice, and are small, roughly orbicular, and
entotoichal. The proximal rim of the ovicell also has two or more
denticles but these are rarely seen on our single imperfect specimen.
One of the ovicells is partially closed by a hemispheric membrane
and another completely closed by a thin domal membrane below
the rim of the opening. The disposition and character of the avicu-
laria cannot be ascertained.

Measurements.—Holotype (M638a): length of internode 2.3
mm, maximum diameter 0.64 mm; average zooecium length 0.47
mm, width 0.17 mm, transverse diameter of orifice 0.1 mm, height
6.06 mm; diameter of ovicell 0.07 mm.

Locality —Playa Grande Formation (Catia Member), south
side of Playa Grande road, 40 meters southeast of its intersection
with the Playa Grande Yachting Club road. One specimen, the
holotype.

Comparisons.—This species is characterized by the rounded ovi-
cells, by the small but prominent sinus on each corner of the
poster, and by the presence, between the sinuses, of two or more
denticles on the tongue of the proximal lip, thereby rendering it
serrate in greater or lesser degree. These characters, though the con-
figuration of the orifice and ovicellular opening are by no means
constant on any species of this genus, serve to differentiate Cellaria

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD — . 49

catiana, n. sp. from such similar forms as C. salicornis (Pallas)
(1766), C. fistulosa (Linnaeus) (1758), and C. sinwosa (Hassall)
(1840) . One of those species—C. salicornis—has been cited by Guppy
(1867, p. 165) as occurring in the Recent and in the Pliocene (Ma-
tura Formation) of Trinidad. Some Matura fossils have been found
in the formations of the Cabo Blanco Group of Venezuela, and it
is Just possible that C. catiana is the C. salicornis of Guppy, though
without comparative material from Trinidad this is merely a con-
jecture.

ASCOPHORA

Trypostega venusta (Norman) Pie ie fign

1851. Mollia tuberculata d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Frangaise, ‘Terrains
Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 388 [Fide Waters, 1905, p. 6}.

1864. Lepralia venusta Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 13,
pp. 84-85, pl. 10, figs. 2-3.

1873. Gemellipora glabra forma striatula Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-
Akad, Handi; yolk, 15 No: 4, pt. 1 pp. 37-40; plo MM fig. 207:
[Fide Waters, 1913, p. 507].

1873. Lepralia inornata (Gabb and Horn), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-
Akad., Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, pt. II, pp. 61-62, pl. 11, figs. 215-216.
[Not of Gabb and Horn, fide Harmer, 1957, p. 953}.

1880. Schizoporella venusta (Norman), Hincks, British Marine Polyzoa,
p- 276, pl. 30, figs. 6-7.

1882. Lepralia striatula (Smitt), MacGillivray, Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 19,
pt. Ei pr lst. ply 3,eties) Vel /a.n.

1885. Schizoporella striatula (Smitt), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quart.
Jour., vol. 41, pp. 285,301.

1887. Gemellipora striatula Smitt, MacGillivray, [in] McCoy, Prodromus
of the Zoology of Victoria, vol. 2, p. 150, pl. 138, fig. 10.

1888. Schizoporella venusia (Norman), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser 6;;voel. 15 p: 76:

1889. Schizoporella striatula (Smitt), S. venusta (Norman), and S. inor-
nata (Gabb and Horn), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the Recent
Marine Bryozoa, pp. 233,237,128.

1890. Schizoporella venusta Norman, Kirkpatrick, Roy. Soc. Dublin, Proc.,
Me S-5) VOLO) ps Ol 2:

1890. Schizoporella venusta (Norman), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Sel OMVOl os pamlide

1899. Schizoporella venusta (Norman), Roy. Microsc. Soc. London, Jour.,
[86 Oy WG jolle By we ek

1900. Schizoporella striatula (MacGillivray), Philipps, Zoological Results
based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands,
and Elsewhere collected during 1895-1897, pt. 4, No. 22, p. 440.

1902. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Levinsen, Vidensk, Medd. Natur-
hist. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, p. 23.

1905. Gemellipora glabra forma striatula Smitt, Thornely, Ceylon Pearl
Oyster Fisheries, Rept. to Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. No.
26, p. 118.

1907.

1907.

1909.

1927.
1928.

1928.

1929:
1929.
1929:
1930.
1931.
1932.

1938.

1938.
1939.
1940.
1941.
1947.

1949.

BULLETIN 237

Schizoporella venusta (Norman), Calvet, Expéditions Scientifiques
du “Travailleur” et du ‘Talisman’ pendant les années 1880-1883,
vol. 8, p. 416.
Gemellipora glabra forma striatula Smitt, Thornely, Indian Mus.
Calcutta, Rec., vol. 1, p. 190.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Levinsen, Morphological and Syste-
matic Studies on Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 281, pl. 19, figs. la-1d;
pl. 22, figs. 13a-13d.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zool.,
vol. 30, p. 299.

Gemellipora glabra forma striatula (Macgillivray), Thornely, Lin-
nean Soc. London, Trans., vol. 15, p. 149.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Waters, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,
pp. 506-507.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 198-199.
Try postega venusta (Norman) , Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
LOOM; VOSS, pac

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 106, pp. 53, 328,330-332, pl. 85. figs. 15-16, text fig. 9E.
Trypostega venusta (Norman), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bulls 1255p. 9bs ple 16. figee i:

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Livingstone, Australian Mus. Syd-
ney, Rec., vol. 16, p. 58.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Seine-
et-Oise; Bull’, sér. 2; vols 9) No.5, pan/0;

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc) vol. 72; No. 2710; art214, pp..77-/8,. pl-a8,-figs;, 5-G, text fig:
LE.

Trypostega venusia (Norman), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 248-249, pl. 22, figs. 9-11.

Try postega venusta (Norman), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc..
p- 270.

Trypostega pusilla Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 100,
vol. 9, p. 248, pl: 22) fic. 8, text fig. 443.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc., vol. 76, art. 13, No. 2810, pp. 14-15.

Tryptostega [sic| venusta (Norman), Calvet, Résultats des Cam-
pagnes ... Prince Souverain de Monaco, vol. 83, p. 77.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Hastings, Great Barrier Exped.,
Rept., vol 4) p.-426.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciénc. e
Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, pp. 35-36,
plas she 19 spl 20 ete Os

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Marcus, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk.
Naturhist. Foren., vol. 101, p. 23, text fig. 16.

Trypostega venusta (Norman, Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciénc. e
Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 13, Zoologia No. 3, p. 172.
Trypostega venusta (Norman), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci.
Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 409.
Trypostega venusta (Norman), McGuirt, Louisiana Geol. Sur.,
Geol. Bull. No. 21, pp. 69,142, pl. 18, figs. 5,8.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Exped., Rept., No. 5, p. 28.

Trypostega venusta (Norman), Marcus, Mus. Hist. Nat. Monte-
video, Comunic. Zool., vol. 3, No. 53, p. 1.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD_ . 51

1952. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 280-281, pl. 30, fig. 10.

1953. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont., (G)

Bryozoa, p. G196, fig. 146.2.

1956. Trypostega vevusta (Norman), Buge, Ann. Mines Geol. Tunis,
Noi 17; pp: 43-45), pls 7, figs 5:

1957. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16,
Mon. 28d, pp. 939,952, 953-955, pl. 73, figs. 22-24,26.

1961. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.
2053, Pp. 5:

1963. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Hertlein, California Acad. Sci.,
PROGESet ea: mvlleno 2 mINOMG MD HEaoo:

1964. Trypostega venusta (Norman), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 627.

The zoarium is encrusting, white, hyaline, and unilaminar.
The zooecia are distinct, regularly arranged, lanceolate to sub-
rhomboidal, generally narrowed distally, and separated by a nar-
row shallow groove. The frontal is a slightly to moderately convex
tremocyst, punctated by small raised equidistant pores. Dwarf
zooecia or zooeciules (Marcus prefers the term heterozooecia) are
present on the distal side of each zooecium, or sometimes com-
pressed between two zooecia. The zooeciules are obtusely hexagonal
to oblong in outline, are provided with a minute circular to oval
orifice which is somewhat elevated, and are perforated like the
zooecia. ‘The orifice of the autozooecia is small and keyhole-shaped,
bearing an angulate pair of condyles below the middle. The porta
of the orifice is circular, and there is a deep V-shaped or U-shaped
sinus in the proximal lip. There is no peristome. Generally present,
however, is a low rounded umbo situated in the midline just proxi-
mal to the sinus. The operculum is yellowish and chitinous, slightly
concave upward as it covers the orifice, and microscopically dotted
on the external surface.

Measurements.—Specimen A678a: length of a zooecium and su-
perjacent zooeciule 0.52 mm; average zooecium length 0.41 mm,
width 0.26 mm; length of an average zooeciule 0.12 mm, width
0.083 mm; average diameter of orifice 0.095 x 0.0714 mm; diameter
of zooeciule orifice 0.023 mm.

Locality Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the pelecypod Chama congregata
Conrad.

Range and distribution.—This species is reported as far back
as the upper Eocene, occurring, according to McGuirt, in the Jack-

52 BULLETIN 237

son Group of Louisiana, United States, McGuirt and Canu and
Bassler have also recorded Trypostega venusta from the lower Oligo-
cene (Vicksburg Formation) of Louisiana and Mississippi, and
Canu and Bassler listed it from the Marianna Limestone of the
upper Oligocene in Alabama. Late Miocene occurrences are in the
states of North Carolina and Virginia, United States. In the Plio-
cene it occurs-in Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy. I have seen no notice
of its occurrence in the Pleistocene though there is every reason
to believe it will be found in deposits of that epoch. The living
form of Trypostega venusta is cosmopolitan, living in temperate
to tropical waters at depths ranging from 2 to 230 fathoms. In the
Eastern Atlantic it has been found in Guernsey (9 fathoms) , in
the English Channel off the Calvados coast of France, and south-
ward to Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands (100 fathoms), and St.
Helena. In the Western Atlantic it ranges from the coast of South
Carolina to Santos, Brazil; in the Caribbean it occurs in Aruba,
Colombia, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, at depths of 10 to 24
fathoms; in the Gulf of Mexico it occurs in the ‘Tortugas and west
Florida (5 to 68 fathoms) ; in the Eastern Pacific it is recorded from
Baja California to Cocos Island, Panama, Colombia, and the Gala-
pagos Islands in low water to 100 fathoms: in the Western Pacific
it has been noted in Japan, the China Sea (27 fathoms), and the
Philippines (19-230 fathoms) ; in the Indian Ocean it is recorded
at depths of 22 to 125 fathoms off Burma in the Bay of Bengal,
and on the Island of Mauritius; and in Australian waters it occurs
in ‘Torres Strait (13-18 fathoms) , off Queensland, at Port Philipp
(Victoria) , and on the Great Barrier Reef.

Schizoporella floridana Osburn Jee ay, salts, GAGS 12Al, 7) sales, 19

1914. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ.,
No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 11, pp. 205-206, figs. 17-18.

1923. Schizopodrella floridina |sic] (Osburn), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, p. 106, pl. 16, figs. 11-15.

1927. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, K. Zool. Genootsch., Natura Artis
Magistra Amsterdam, vol. 25, pp. 126-127.

1928. Schizopodrella floridana (Osburn), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, art. 14, No. 2710, pp. 93-95, pl. 10, figs. 4-6,
text-figs. 15D,E.

1940. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Sur.
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 422.

1947. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic Exped.,
Rept., No. 5, p. 29.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 53

1951. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, Pearse and Williams, Elisha Mitch-
ell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 67, p. 137.

1957. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,
Jour ivol3773) p:..51.

1964. Schizoporella unicornis var. floridana Osburn, Shier, Bull. Marine
Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 630.

1965. Schizoporella floridana Osburn, Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1030, text-fig. 32.

The fossil zoarium is encrusting and several layers in thickness.
The basal surface of the primary layer is smooth, and the zooecia
are elongate-rectangular or squarish to rhomboidal in outline, and
are arranged in longitudinal, slightly curved rows. ‘The zooecia of
the upper layers are crowded, the distal end of one zooecium often
encroaching on the proximal end of its neighbor. The frontal is
convex, consisting of a thick granular coarsely perforate tremocyst.
The lateral margins of the frontal are faintly costulate, and between
the costules, as well as around the ends, there are darge areolae.
In the medial line of the frontal just below the orifice there may-
be a small umbo, but the umbo is wanting on some of the zooecia.
The orifice, situated near the distal end of the zooecium, is semi-
circular and generally placed asymmetrically; the proximal third
of the orifice is straight but is emarginated by a well-developed
U-shaped sinus. A low moderately thin peristome surrounds the
orifice. Many zooecia are provided with a single elevated acuminate
avicularium immediately adjacent to the orifice, directed obliquely
forward and with the rounded proximal end more or less even with
the proximal lip of the orifice. On the same zoarium, a few zooecia
may be provided with two avicularia, one on each side of the ori-
fice, but on still others there are no avicularia whatsoever. The
cross bar on which the operculum is mounted is imperfectly seen
on only a few of the avicularia, but as the zoaria are weathered and
many of the characters are obliterated, it is inferred that the cross
bar is normally present. Neither the ovicell nor the “large vicarious
avicularia mounted on large swollen cells” (Osburn, 1914, p. 206,
fig. 18) were observed.

Measurements.—Specimen S627a: zoarium fragment length 6.7
mm, width 5.9 mm; length of an average rectangular zooecium on
the encrusting surface of the basal layer 0.64 mm, width 0.41 mm;
average zooecium length on upper layer 0.66 mm, width 0.52 mm;

54. BULLETIN 237

average diameters of orifice 0.17 mm 0.13 mm; suboral avicu-
larium length 0.19 mm, width 0.12 mm.

Locality —Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member),
north flank of Punta Gorda anticline. Four fragments.

Remarks.—Although the Venezuelan fossils do not display such
diagnostic characters as the ovicell and the vicarious avicularia
which are present on the fully developed Schizoporella floridana
Osburn, they are otherwise identical with, or close to the Recent
S. floridana from west Florida in the Shier collection at Florida
State University, and to the Pleistocene S. floridana from the mud-
lumps of Louisiana in the Cheetham collection at Louisiana State
University. It should be mentioned, however, that the Venezuelan
forms also resemble markedly a number of fossil and living species
without ovicells from the Americas that have been identified as
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , so that without certain critical
features to go on, there is a judgment factor involved in the deter-
mination. In the present instance I have been guided by the opin-
ion of Dr. Cheetham, who examined my specimens, and by the
statement of Cheetham and Sandberg (1964, p. 103) that S. uni-
cornis and S. floridana “have been confused in the literature, and
many of the American records of S. wnicornis, especially from the
tropics and subtropics, are probably S. floridana.” With the ovicell
present, S. wnicornis is readily distinguished from S. floridana: the
ovicell of S$. wnicornis is marked by grooves radiating away from
the center of the hood; the ovicell of S. floridana, on the other
hand, is small, short, high, smooth, and imperforate.

Range and distribution.—The range of Schizoporella floridana
Osburn is given as upper Miocene to Recent. In the upper Mio-
cene it is recorded from Florida and North Carolina, United States;
in the Pliocene from Venezuela (this report) ; and in the Pleisto-
cene from the mudlumps off South Pass, Louisiana. The living form
is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Western Atlantic, and the Gulf
of Mexico. In the Caribbean S. floridana occurs east of Yucatan,
Puerto Rico (6-19 fathoms) , Curacao (6-41 fathoms) , Isla Tortuga
(Venezuela, 41 fathoms), and Colombia (21-22 fathoms). In the
Western Atlantic it occurs in North Carolina. And in the Gulf of
Mexico it occurs in the Tortugas (15-18 fathoms) and along the
west Florida coast (5 fathoms) .

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 55

Addendum.—As some of the citations referring to Schizoporella
unicornis (Johnston) may include the species S. floridana Osburn,
and as the possibility exists that a synonym of S. unicornis may
turn out to be a prior name for S. floridana, there is listed below
as many references to, and synonyms of, S$. wnicornis that I have
been able to find:

1839,1846. 2? Escharina Isabelleana d’Orbigny, Voyage dans 1l’Amérique

1844.
1847.

1847.

1847.

1848.

1848.
1851.

Méridionale, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 12, pl. 4, figs. 13-16. [Fide Marcus,
1937, pp. 83,85].

Lepralia unicornis Wood, ex Johnston MS, p. 19.

Lepralia ansata Johnston, A History of the British Zoophytes, ed.
75 JO Ws JOE Gus sites 1

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, A History of the British Zoophytes,
Gl 5 10s SAN, yall In7G aie. I

Cellepora tetragona Reuss [in| Haidinger, Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol.
2, p. 78, pl. 9, fig. 19. [Fide Busk, 1859b, p. 45].

Escharina unicornis (Johnston), Gray, List of the Specimens of
British Animals in the Collection of the British, Museum, Pt. I,
p. 124.

Lepralia variolosa Desor, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 66.
Reptoporina rugosa dOrbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. Terrains
Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 443. [Fide Waters 1905b, p. 8].

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, Landsborough, A Popular History of
British Zoophytes or Corallines, p. 322.

Lepralia spinifera Johnston, Busk, Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa,
pp. 69-70, pl. 80, fig 7. [Fide Lagaaij, 1952, p. 65].

Escharina variabilis Leidy, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jour., ser.
2 VOLT S,, pe 10;

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, Alder, ‘Tyneside Naturalists’ Field
Club, Trans., vol. 3, p. 49.

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon.,
VOL p45; plea ties 4

Lepralia spinifera var. unicornis and var. serialis Heller, K.-K.
Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 104. [Fide Calvet
[in] Jullien and Calvet, 1903, p. 138}.

Mollia unicornis (Johnston), Fischer, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Actes,
VOIERZ/ Emp a22-

Mollia spinifera d’Orbigny, Fischer, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Actes,
VOle275 ps 22.

Hippothoa Isabelleana (d’Orbigny), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-
Akad., Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, pt. II, pp. 44-45, pl. 8, figs. 166-168.
Hippothoa isabelleana (d’Orbigny), Verrill and Smith, U.S. Fish
Comm., Rept. for 1871-72, p. 713.

Escharella variabilis (Leidy), Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts,
set. 3; vol. lO Nom55s-art. 10s py 41:

Hippothoa reversa Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, ser. 3, vol. 10,
No: 55, art 10> p; 41 pl 3, fie:

Lepralia spinifera Heller, Stossich, Soc. Adriat.. Sci. Nat., Boll.,
vol. 2, No.3, p:. 358:

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, Barrois, Recherches sur Il’Embryolo-
gie des Bryozoaires, p. 152, pl. 8, figs. 30,33,35,37.

Or

(op)

1878.
1879.
1879.
1879.
1880.
1882.
1884.
1886.
1889.
1889.
1890.
1890.

1891.

1901.
1902.

1903.

1903.
1904.
1904.

1905.

BULLETIN 237

Hippothoa variabilis (Leidy) , Verrill, [in] Coues and Yarrow, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 30, p. 305.

Escharina variabilis Leidy, Verrill, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proe., vol. 2,
e193;

Lopralin ansata var. porosa Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 3, p. 32. [Fide Calvet, [in] Jullien and Calvet, 1903, p. 138].
Lepralia unicornis Johnston, Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 369.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Hincks, A History of the Brit-
ish Marine Polyzoa, pp. 238-241, pl. 35, figs. 1-5.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Jullien, Soc. Zool. France, Bull.,
VOl Si Ps O22:

Lepralia unicornis Johnston, De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., vol. 18, pp. 213,227.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Sen. .5, volsli7, No. 99p. 2665 pla lOmiion3:

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue
of Recent Marine Bryozoa, pp. 236-237.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Pergens, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 12,
Nos. 317-318, p. 12.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Ortmann, Arch. £ Naturgesch.
Berlinh vol, ep 49s pls 3) fies 35.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat.
FList.; ser. 6; vol.5, sp: 16.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Waters, Geol. Soc. London,
Quart. Jour., vol. 47, pp. 4,27.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi
Zool: Boll= vol. 4 pt. LyiNos ls pills Nos sip. UlSsnp tls yNols5:
p- 230; No. 7, p. 238.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica,
vol. 1, pp. 83,114, pl. 6, figs. 8-11.

Shizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana,
Boll vols 15; No. p. 20; fies 4:

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana,
Boll., vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 558-589.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi
ZOO\.; BOE Vol) WeeptseliV. No: Wl2e pp35:44; INO 14 spa Ol No:
L5saps 107:

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana,
Boll, vols Weep: UL.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica,
vol. 6, pp. 197-198.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Mont-
pelier, Trav., sér. 2, Mém. 11, p. 40; Mém. 12, p. 20.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Calvet, [i] Jullien and Calvet,
Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht
par Albert Ler, Prince Souverain de Monaco, vol. 23, p. 138.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Hincks, Graeffe, Zool. Inst.
Univ. Wien 4. Zool. Stat. Trieste, Arb., vol. 15, No. 1, p. 101.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Exploration Scientifique
de la Tunisie, p. 24, pl. 34.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana,
Boll.,-vol:23;) ps oll:

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Nordgaard, Bergens Mus., Meer-
esfauna von Bergen, pt. 2, p. 165, pl. 5, figs. 23,25.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD. 57

. Schizoporella subquadrata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geol. Sur.,

Miocene, p. 420, pl. 114, fig. 1; pl. 118, figs. 5-6.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

Seles VOLO pe OO:

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Calvet, Expéditions Scienti-

fiques du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les années 1880-
1883, vol. 8, p. 417.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Levinsen, Morphological and
Systematic Studies of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 323.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,
Jour., Zool., vol. 31, pp. 126,143-144, pl. 12, figs. 12-13.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Nichols, Great Britain and

Ireland Fish. Rept. Sci. Investig. 1916, No. 1, p. 23.

. Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Barroso, Mus. Cienc. Nat.

Madrid, Trab., No. 5 (Zool. ser. No. 3), p. 37.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Inst. Egypt., Mém., vol.

GwNOwSs pelle

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol.

30 for 1910, pp. 236-237, pl. 25, figs. 48-48e.

. Shizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, sér. 4,

vole T35ap- 28:
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Waters, Zdol. Soc. London,
Proc., pp. 462, 501-502.

. Schizoporella wunicornis (Johnston), Sumner, Osburn and _ Cole,

Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 31 for 1911, pt. 1, pp. 58,59,61,65,66,67,70,71,
73,103,105,108,109,110,256 (chart 38); pt. 2, pp. 602-603.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Wash-

ington, Publ. No. 182, Papers ‘Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 205.

. Schizoporella wnicornis (Johnston), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

SCinvOl 4 spaslol.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
Ser 4 vol lb yape 325.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

Sam 4h WOlle UG, jos We,

. Schizoporella wunicornis (Johnston), Levinsen, Medd. Grgnland,

VOlI+I NOs LOmps 402, ple 23, fos. 2-132

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49,
DaEeOu.

Noneabodrelta unicornis (Johnston), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 17, p. 496.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
Ser, pvOl. 655 142"

. Schizoporella unicornis forma ansata Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola

Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 18, p. 408, text figs. 1-5.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Waters, Linnean Soc. London,
Jour, ‘Zool. vol. 324 p. 14, plo 2, figs.. 14-1722.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and var. serialis Heller, Friedl,

Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, No. 10, p. 269.

. Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu and Bassler, Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Publ. 291, pp. 90-91.

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 19, p. 214.

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 106, p. 214.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Marcus, Gesell. Naturf. Freunde

Berlin, Sitzungsber., Jahrg. 1920, p. 81.

PD

1920.
1921.

l re) 99

1924.

1924.

1925.
1926.

1926.

1929.

BULLETIN 237

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bor-
deaux, Actes, vol. 72, p. 152.

Schizoporella unicornis gp eae Barroso, Real Soc. + Espanola
Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 21, p. 73, figs. 3,a-c.

Schizoporella unicornis (onnstasy. Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 22, p. 94

Schizoporella unicornts (Johnston), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat.. Bol., vol. 23, No. 5, p. 250.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, pp. 105-106, pl. 17, figs. 13-14.

Schizoporella unicornts (Johnston) , Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
Actes, vol. 75, p. 150.

Schizoporella unicornts (Johnston), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat., Bol.. vol. 24, p. 293.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Prenant and Teissier, Sta. Biol.
Roscoff, Trav., vol. 2, p. 13.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol.

France. Mém., ns., vol. 6, p. 71, pl. 11, fig. 12.

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Meém., vol. 10.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Friedl, Zool. Inst. Univ. Inns-
bruck, Arb., vol. 2, No. 3, p. 29.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Hastings. Zool. Soc. London,
Trans., vol. 22, pt. I, No. 20, pp. 331.336-338.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston). Fox, Zool. Soc. London, Trans.,
vol. 22, pt. 1, No. 20, p. 534.

Schizopodrelia untcornis (Johnston), Livingstone. Australian Mus.
Sydney, Rec., vol. 15, p. 85.

Schizoporella unicornts (Johnston), Marcus, Die Tierwelt der
Nord- und Ostsee, Lief. 4. Teil 7c-1. p. 90, fig. 119.

Schizopodrella (Shizoporella) unicornis. (Johnston), Osburn, K.
Zool. Genootsch., Natura Artis Magistra Amsterdam, vol. 25, p. 126.
Schtzopodrella unicornis (Johnston) , Canu and Lecointre, Soc.
Géol. France, Mém., n.s., vol. 4, p. 71, pl. 11, fig. 12.

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Canu Sao Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, No. 2710, art. 14, pp.

Schizopodrella oe (Smitt), Canu rat Soe US. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, No. 2710, art. 14, pp. 97-98, pl. 27, figs. 1-4.
[Fide Marcus. 1937, pp. 83,85].

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Calvet, Inst. Océanogr. Mon-
aco, Bull., No. 530. p. 6.

Schizopodrella pungens Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
vol. 72, No. 2710, art. 14, pp. 95-97, pl. 27, figs. 5-12,
15A-C.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London,
Proc., p. 720.

Schizoporella unicornis ? (Johnston), Okada, Tohoku Univ., Sci.
Repts.. ser. 4, Biol., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 20, text fig. 7. (See Hastings,
1929, p. 7200.)

Schizopodrelia unicornis (Johnston), Calvet, Résultats des Cam-
pagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ter, Prince
Souverain de Monaco. No. 83, p. 82.

Schizpodrella unicornis A ie ae Osburn, Contrib. Canadian
Biol. and Fish., ns., vol. 7, No. 29. p. 13.

Schizopodrelia unicornis (jolnston). Osburn. [in] Procter, Biol. Sur.
Mount Desert Region, pt. 5, pp. 326-327

1956.

1937-

1937.

1939:

1940.

1940.
1944.
1946.
1945.
1947

1948.
nOAGS

1949:
1Obte
19522
1952

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 59

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Pelluet and Hayes, Nova Scotia
Inst. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 157-159.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Marcus, Faculdade Philos.,
Scienc. e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1,
pp. 8,83-86, pl. 17, fig. 44.

Schizoporella pungens Canu and Bassler, Marcus, Faculdade Philos.,
Scienc. e Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp:
86-87, pl. 17, fig. 45. [Fide Osburn, 1940b, pp. 419-421].
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Neviani, R. Ist. Veneto Sci.,
Lett. ed Arti, Mem., vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 47-48.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.
419-421.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol.
46, pp. 237-239, fig. 121.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Osburn, Chesapeake Biol. Lab.,
Publ. No. 63, pp. 43-46, fig. 27.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) , Hutchins, Connecticut Acad.
Arts and Sci., Trans., vol. 36, p. 542.

Schizopodrella unicornis (Johnston), Barroso, Real Soc. Espafiola
Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 43, Nos. 9-10, p. 293. ‘-

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlan-
tic Exped., Rept., No. 5, p. 28.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Weiss, Ecology, vol. 29, p. 162.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France,
Mém., ns., vol. 28, No. 60, pp. 64-65, pl. 5, figs. 12-13.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Rogick and Croasdale, Biol.
Bull. Woods Hole, vol. 96, pp. 34,36,38,40,66, figs. 57-63.
Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Pearse and Williams, Elisha
Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 67, p. 137.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Malecki, Soc. Géol. Pologne,
Ann., vol. 21, No. 2, p. 200, pl. 12, fig. 8.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 317-318, pl. 37, figs. 1-2.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), T. A. and A. Stephenson, Jour.

Ecol., vol. 40, No. 1, p. 36.

Schizoporella unicornis (Wood ex Johnston MS), Lagaaij, Neder-
land. Geol. Sticht., Meded., ser. C, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 65-66, plies:
fig. 7.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
Part G, Bryozoa, p. G200, fig. 151.6.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Wood), Lagaaij, Nederland. Geol. Sticht.,

Meded., n.s., No. 7, Chart.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Blake, Smithsonian Misc. Collec.,

vol 121 No: 12) Publ 4129") pps 23.24.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Parker, Amer. Assoc. Petrol.

Geol., Bull., vol. 40, No. 2, p. 311.

. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Menzel, Oceanogr. Inst. Florida

State Univ., Contrib., No. 61, p. 13.

57. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat.

Paris, Mém., n.s., ser. C, vol. 6, pp. 237-238.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci.
Soc., Jour., vol. 73, pp. 49-50, figs. 52-53.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Noorthoorn van der Kruijff
and Lagaaij, Geol. en Mijnbouw, Jaarg. 39, No. 11, p. 720.

60 BULLETIN 237

1961. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
Nom 2053sepang:

1963. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Ryland, Sarsia, vol. 14, p. 4.

1964. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1029, 1030.

1964. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf
and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 629-630.

1964. Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston), D. F. and J. D. Soule, Amer.
Mus. Novitates, No. 2199, pp. 14-15.

The range and distribution of Schizoporella unicornis (John-
ston) as given in the preceding citations is upper Eocene to Recent.
It has been reported from the upper Eocene of Italy and the upper
Oligocene (Stampian Stage) of France. It occurs in the lower
Miocene of Italy; in the Miocene of Poland; in the middle to upper
Miocene of Italy, Austria, France, Jamaica, the states of Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in the United States;
and in the upper Miocene of Suffolk, England. In the Pliocene,
S. unicornis is recorded from Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium,
Great Britain, Panama, and Florida. In the Pleistocene it is found
in Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, Maryland, and Italy. The
living S. wnicornis is widely distributed, and can tolerate extremes
in temperature. It is found in both the North Atlantic and South
Atlantic Oceans, from Norway to South Africa, and from Greenland
to Brazil. In the Caribbean Sea it occurs off Margarita Island
(Venezuela) , Curacao, Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Is-
lands. In the Gulf of Mexico it is reported from the ‘Tortugas and
west Florida. In the Eastern Pacific it ranges from California to
the Galapagos Islands. In the Western Pacific it is reported from
off Japan and in the China Sea. It is also found in the Mediter-
ranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and off Queensland,
Australia.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) ranges in depth from near
shore to 90 fathoms, the latter recorded in the Gulf of Gascogne.

Schizoporella floridana ? Osborn Ris hivsad-9: ble Wetlese

The zoarium is encrusting,

vex in cross section. The zooecia of the basal layer are subhexago-

multi-layered, and somewhat con-

nal to subrectangular, and, as seen on the under surface, are sepa-
rated by moderately thick walls. The frontal of the basal zooecia is
finely granular in the interior, and the perforations are fairly large.
The zooecia of the outer layer are crowded, rhomboidal, and poorly

VENEZUELAN CENOZOICG BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 61

defined. The frontal is expansive, smooth to coarsely granulose,
convex to a little swollen, faintly costulate at the lateral margins,
and perforated by rather widely separated pores, and somewhat
larger areolae encircling the margin. The orifice is low, semicircular
distally, and with a moderately deep, evenly rounded U- or V-
shaped sinus in the center of the proximal lip. The peristome is
hardly developed. On one zooecium the lateral wall is seen to be
perforated by about seven rounded communication pores aligned
in a horizontal row a little below the upper surface. No ovicells or
avicularia have been discerned.

Measurements.—Specimen I62laa: zoarium fragment length
3.3 mm, width 2.6 mm; thickness 0.95 mm; average zooecium length
0.62 mm, width 0.41 mm; orifice length 0.13 mm, width 0.12 mm.

Locality.—Lower Mare Formation, on hillside above west bank
of Quebrada Mare Abajo at W-13. One worn fragifent.

Remarks.—The only colony is badly corroded and without avic-
ularia or ovicells. The identity is in doubt though there is a close
resemblance to those specimens of Schizoporella floridana Osburn
in which the zooecia lack avicularia, ovicells, and an umbo below
the orifice.

“Schizoporella” mamoensis, new species PES. fig. 2

The zoarium is encrusting, subhyaline, and one layer in thick-
ness. The zooecia are subhexagonal, somewhat rounded at the distal
end, and separated by a shallow linear furrow. The frontal is de-
pressed well below the peristome, and is perforated by numerous
small pores which are produced into short ciliar tubules. In profile
the central area of the frontal surface is plane to slightly concave.
The orifice is a little longer than wide, nearly circular distally, and
straight proximally, with a well-developed and regularly outlined
U-shaped sinus. The peristome is moderately thick and somewhat
raised. It is not possible to determine whether or not there are dis-
tal or lateral spines on the peristome, but there is a faint sugges-
tion that they are indeed present and that there are about six of
them. On each side of the orifice a little above the midline there
is a raised ovate-acuminate avicularium imbedded next to the peris-
tome; these avicularia are relatively small and seem to be provided
with a cross bar. The hyperstomial ovicell is a thickly and smoothly

62 BULLETIN 237

calcified globular hood bearing a few scarcely visible perforations
and having a large semilunar aperture normal to the surface of
the frontal.

Measurements.—Holotype (A687a): length of zooecium plus
ovicell 0.55 mm, width 0.29 mm; ovicell of same zooecium, width
0.18 mm, depth 0.14 mm, approximate height 0.07 mm; average
diameters of zooecial orifice 0.09 mm x 0.07 mm; avicularium
length 0.14 mm, width 0.095 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. One zoarium encrusted on the pelecypod Barbatia
domingensis (Lamarck) .

Comparison.—The principal difference between this species and
the upper Eocene to Recent Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) lies
in the ovicell which is smooth on the Venezuelan form but has
radial grooves diverging from the center of the hood on S. unicornis.
The Venezuelan form also lacks the medial suboral umbo which is
often present on S. wnicornis.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) Plo 2 fig: 14° Pl 6) figs. 3:4

1803. Eschara Pallasiana Moll, Eschara ex Zoophytorum seu Phytozoorum,
p- 57, pl. 3, figs. 13A-13B.

1816. Cellepora Pallasiana (Moll), Lamouroux, Histoire des Polypiers
Coralligénes flexibles, vulgairement nommeés Zoophytes, p. 95, No.
190.

1824. Cellepora Pallasiana (Moll), Lamouroux, Corallina; or a classical
arrangement of flexible coralline Polypidoms, p. 24.

1824. Cellepora Pallasiana (Moll), Lamouroux, [in] Encyclopédie Méthodi-
que, Vers, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 184, No. 22.

1840. Flustra Hibernica Hassall, Ann. Mag. [Nat.] Hist., ser. 1, vol. 6,
No. 36, art. 21, p. 172, pl. 7, fig. 1. [Fide Busk, 1854, p. 81).

1841. Lepralia pedilostoma Hassall, Ann. Mag. [Nat.] Hist., ser. 1, vol. Is
No. 45, art. 39, p. 368, pl. 9, fig. 4. [Fide Busk, 1854, p. 81].

1842. Lepralia pediostoma Hassall, Ann. Mag. [Nat.] Hist., ser. 1, vol. 9,
No. 59, art. 44, pp. 407,408,411. [Fide Busk, 1854, p. 81).

1844. ? Lepralia pediostoma Hassall, Couch, A Cornish Fauna. Pt. III.
The Zoophytes and Calcareous Corallines, p. 113, pl. 22, fig. 14.

1847. Lepralia pediostoma Hassall, Johnston, A History of the British
Zoophytes;ed./2;"vol- 157 p-.3152 vol. (2, pl 55s figs 7.

1854. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa
in the Collection of the British Museum. Pt. II. Cheilostomata, p.
81, pl. 83, figs. 1-2.

1855. Escharina pediostoma (Hassall) , Leidy, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
Jour., ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 9, fig. 23. [Fide Osburn, 1912a, p. 240].

1857. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Alder, Tyneside Natural. Field Club,
Trans., vol. 3,p:.52:

1859. Lepralia pallasiana ? (Moll), Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London,
Mon., vol. 11, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. 7a-b.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 63

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Smitt, Uppsala Univ., Aarsskr., p. 24.
Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Grube, Die Insel Lussin und ihre
Meeresfauna, p. 67.

. Lepralia Paliasiana (Moll), Smitt, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Férhandl.,

Ofyers:,vol.22, No.) 15; pps 7518;28,, pleat) figs: ME12; pl: 2) fig. 1;
pl. 3, figs. 12-17.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Smitt, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Férhandl.,

Ofvers., vol. 24, pp. 19,23, pl. 26, fig. 93.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Heller, K.-K. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien,

Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 111.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Fischer, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Actes,

Seino, VOla 7 NO.4, Pp. Sol:
? Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Verrill and Smith, U.S. Fish Commiss.
Rept. for 1871-72, pt. 1, p. 713.

. Lepralia americana Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, vol. 9, No. 54,

art. 43, p. 415, pl. 7, fig. 5. [Fide Osburn, 1912a, p. 240].

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Manzoni, Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat., Atti,

vol. 2, No. 1, p. 66.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Barrois, Recherches sur I’Embryologie

des Bryozoaires, pp. 136,139-145, pl. 7, figs. 1-3,5,9,13,17,20; pl. 8
fig. 34.

>

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Busk), Joliet, Arch. Zoof Expér. et Génér.,

wolGseprZo ls

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Macgillivray, [in] McCoy, Prodromus of

the Zoology of Victoria, vol. 1, decade 4, p. 26, pl. 36, figs. 5-6.
[Not of Esper, fide Marcus, 1942, p. 58}.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 3, p. 42, No. 28.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma, Mem.,
Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 205,295,370.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Hincks, A History of the Marine Poly-

70a>, VOL, (pp 291-299; Volz, pl.#24, tie. 4: pl. 33, figs. 1-3.
Not Lepralia Pallasiana Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol.
6, p. 77, pl. 10, fig. 3. [Fide Marcus, 1942, p. 58].

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,

Mem., Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., vol. 18, p. 227.

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Busk, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger,

Rept. Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 146.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Lomas, Lit. Philos. Soc. Liverpool,

Proc., vol. 40, Appendix, p. 177.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll) , MacGillivray, Roy. Soc. Victoria, Trans.,

vol. 23, p. 212.

. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.

6, vol. 2, No. 7, art. 2, pp. 13-14.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the
Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 130.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Levinsen, Zoologica Danica, vol. 4, No.
1, p. 68, pl. 5, figs. 58-61.

. Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol.

1, pp. 82,108.

5. Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,

Boll., vol. 4, pp. 110,122.

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Nordgaard, Bergens Mus., Aarb. 1894-

18955 Nox 25 p24.

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Hamilton, New Zealand Inst., Trans.

and Proc., vol. 30, p. 195.

64

1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1907.

1909.

1919.

1920.

1921.
1923.
1924.
1925.
1925.

1925.

BULLETIN 237

Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll) , Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,
Boll., vol. 7, pt. V, No. 14, p. 101.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Waters, Roy. Microsc. Soc., Jour., p. 16.
Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
Trav., n.s., Mém. No. 8, pp. 150,183,265,413, pl. 6, figs. 1-6,14; pl. 7,
fig. 33 pl. 9) figs, 2-352, 14-315

Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol. 6,
pp. 184-185.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
Trav., n.s., Mém. No. 11, p. 48; Mém. No. 12, p. 25.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Harmer, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., n. s.,
vol146, p. 297; ply, nese

Lepralia Pallasiana (Busk), Graeffe, Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien u. Zool.
Stat. Triest, Arb., vol. 15, No. 1, p. 101.

Hippoporina pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
vol. 23, No. 3, p. 528.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Cornish, Marine Fish. Rept. Canada,
Sessional Paper No. 22, p. 77.

Smittina Pallasiana (Moll) Levinsen, Morphologic and Systematic
Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 340.

9. Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,

Zool., vol. 30.

Smittina (Lepralia) pailasiana (Moll), Nordgaard, Kgl. Norske Vi-
densk. Selsk. Trondhjem, Skr. 1911, No. 3, pp. 23,26,27.

Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Barroso, Mus. Cienc. Nat. Madrid,
Trab., No. 5 (Zool. ser. No. 3), p. 32.

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 30 for

1910, Document No. 760, p. 240, pl. 25, fig. 54; pl. 30, fig. 89.
Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull., vol. 31 for 1911, Pt. I, pp. 108,109,110, Chart 42.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull., vol. 31 for 1911, Pt. I, pp. 603-604.

Hippoporina cf. Pallasiana (Moll), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 13, p. 128.

Hippodiplosella Pallasiana (Moll), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist.<Nat., ‘Bol:, yol--1/7,.p. 497:

Smittina pallasiana (Moll), Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, No. 10,
p: 273:

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Marcus, Gesell. Naturf. Freunde Ber-
lin, Sitzungsber., No. 7, p- 268.

Hippodiplosia (Eschara) pallasiana (Moll), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 106, pp. 53,59,373,393, figs. 9C, 12F, 112A-L,N,
Li3Dy Ui sAL GE.

Hipodiplosella Pallasiana (Moll), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Tomo Extraordinario, p. 74.

Hipodiplosia Pallasiana (Moll), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Bol., vol. 23, p. 125.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Prenant and Teissier, Stat. Biol. Roscoff,
Trav., No. 2, p. 22.

Smittina pallasiana (Moll), Friedl, Zool. Inst. Univ. Innsbruck, Arb.,
vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 141,166.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., No. 10, p. 33, pl. 7, fig. 11.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), O'Donoghue, Puget Sound Biol. Sta.
Washington, Publ., vol. 5, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 6.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 65

“Lepralia” pallasiana (Moll), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 14, Mon.
PZa)0% Oo Alle

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Marcus, Die Tierwelt der Nord-und

Ostsee, Lief. 4, Teil 7c-1, p.'97, fig. 159.

. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9,

vole Wp. 420, pl b7; ties. 1-85) plats, no. Ui:
Lepralia Pallasiana (Moll), Calvet, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull.,
No. 503, p. 30.

. Hippoporina pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Accad. Nuovi Lincei, Mem.,

vol. 10, p. 178.

Cry ptosula (Lepralia) Fei aa ore Nordgaard, Norsk. Vidensk.

Akad., Mat.-Naturv. Kl., 5 ee

Cryptosula pallasiana wenn Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.

Maroc, Mém., No. 18, p. 36.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Fischer, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Ann..,

n.s., vol. 5, pp. 290, 305,409.

Cryptosula (Eschara) pallasiana (Moll), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.

Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 325,326.

milaeee pallasiana (Moll), Frattarelli, Arch. Zool. Torino, vol. 13,
Nos. 3-4, p. 376.

Hippodiptosia pallasiana (Moll), Okada, Tohoku Imp. Univ., Sci.

Rept., 4, Biology, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 25, pl. 2 y fig. 4; pl. 5, fig. ils

: Pepraa (Smittina) pallasiana (Moll), Borg, [in] Dahl and Bischoff,

Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, vol. 17, pp. 93,136,137, figs. 111,190.

31. Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Prenant, Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,

Bull vols 7 Now li, p-2

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Osburn, [in] Procter, Biol. Sur. Mount
Desert Region, pt. 5, pp. 331-332, pl. 10, fig. 4.

Lepralia (Hip podiplosia) pallasiana (Moll), O'Donoghue, Scottish
Naturalist, p. 23.

Lepralia pallasiana (Moll), Silen, Ark. f. Zool., vol. 28A, No. 16,
Ds ks

Gryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Stach, Victorian Natural., vol. 52, p.
83.

. Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Boll. Pesca, Pisicult. Idro-

biol. Roma, vol. 13, pp. 9, 10-13,14,15.

. Hippoporina Pallasiana (Moll), Neviani, Ist. Vento Sci., Lett. ed

Arti, Mem., vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 53-54.

. Hippodiplosia pallasiana (Moll), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciénc.

e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 13, Zoologia No. 3, p. 182.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46,

pp. 253-255, fig. 130.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciéne. e

Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 25, Zoologia No. 6, pp. 58-62, pl. 1,

fig. 1.

Gaybi bella pallasiana (Moll), Hutchins, Connecticut Acad. Arts and

Sci., Trans., vol. 36, p. 543.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Rogick, Amer. Biol. Teacher, vol. 8,
peaeniten, Ie

Chvtiosala pallasiana (Moll), Rogick and Croasdale, Biol. Bull.,

vol. 96, No. 1, p. 55.

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Brown, The Tertiary Cheilostomatous

Polyzoa of New Zealand, p. 274, fig. 205.

Cry ptosula pe ae (Moll), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped..,

. Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 470-471, pl. 57, figs. 4-5

66 BULLETIN 237

1957. Eschara (Cryptosula) pallasiana (Moll), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat.
Paris, Mém., ns., sér. C. vol. 6, p. 254.

1957. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,

= Jour7 vols 13,2 p.10 8a es OF

1961. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Nair, Sarsia, vol. 3, pp. 39,40,41,42,-
43545;

1962. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Ricketts and Calvin, Between Pacific
Tides, p. 423.

1963. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Ryland, Sarsia, vol. 14, pp. 48,50,51,53.

1963. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine Sci. Univ. Texas,
Publ: vol 9/“py221:

1965. Crypiosula pallasiana (Moll), Lagaaij and Gautier, Micropaleontol-
ogy, vol. 11, No. 1, Chart 1.

The Venezuelan fossil bryozoan referred to this species 1s
encrusting and one layer in thickness. The zooecia are deep, rela-
tively large, variably elongate-hexagonal, rhomboidal or subquad-
rangular in outline, disposed in alternating, somewhat irregular
rows, and separated by a thin wall hardly rising above the level
of the frontal. The frontal is a slightly convex tremocyst sloping
upward toward the orifice; it is perforated completely through by
a reticulate network of large polygonal pores whose diameter is
twice that of the walls between them; the pores occupy the whole
of the frontal, with a single row around the distal end of the ori-
fice, with generally two rows on each side of the orifice, the outer
of the two the larger, and with five to eight rows from the proximal
lip of the orifice to the proximal end of the zooecium. On some
zooecia there is a small umbonate process near the middle of
the proximal lip, the process bearing a subcircular opening facing
the orifice; the opening is thought to be the chamber of the avicu-
larium. The orifice is large, suboval, contracted slightly and grace-
fully below the middle, and longer than wide, having a length about
two-fifths that of the zooecium. The sides of the orifice are sub-
parallel and there is a small pair of blunt condyles below the
middle, the condyles separating the much taller, regularly arched
porta from the narrow, gently concave, and slightly wider vanna.
The peristome is slightly elevated, somewhat thickened, forming a
conspicuous border around the primary orifice, and sometimes ris-
ing on each side into a blunt angle. The distal end of the peristome
is separated from the distal wall of the zooecium by a single row
of pores. There are a dozen or so dietellae at the base of the verti-
cal walls of the zooecium, and the side of each wall is provided

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 67

with two to four multiporous septula of oval outline. Attached to
about the middle of the lateral wall at the proximal end of a broken
zooecium are two inflated, doughnut-shaped, perforate, membranous
globules, with a more or less central semilunar orifice on the su-
perior surface. One of the globules lies at the extreme proximal
end of the zooecium, straddling the wall between that and the adja-
cent zooecium; the other lies next and distally to the first but does
not quite touch it. These inflated membranous structures are taken
to be internal ovisacs.

Measurements.—Specimen T633a: zoarial fragment 4.5 mm
long, 2.3 mm wide, 0.52 mm thick; average zooecium 0.61 mm in
length, 0.32 mm in width; orifice (measured at outer edge of peri-
stome) 0.26 mm long, 0.19 mm wide. Specimen T633b: multiporous
septulum 0.05 mm > 0.03; diameter of ovisac 0.13 mm.

Locality—Upper Mare Formation, in stream 250 meters south-
southwest of the mouth of Quebrada Las Pailas. Two fragments.

Comparisons.—Exechonella brasiliensis Canu and _ Bassler
(1928b, p. 72, pl. 3, fig. 5), a Recent species from Bahia Bay, Brazil,
is superficially close to the Venezuelan fossil specimen of Cryptosula
pallasiana (Moll). As C. pallasiana is also found living in Brazil
(near Rio de Janeiro) , one wonders if E. brasiliensis might not be
the same as the prior-named C. pallasiana. The principal difference
noted by Marcus (1942, p. 61) was the considerably larger size of
the zooecia of E. braziliensis, and as Canu and Bassler’s description
of E. brasiliensis was brief and lacking in detail, Marcus thought
it advisable to consider the two as distinct species.

Range and distribution.—The known fossil occurrences of this
species are rare. A form compared with C. pallasiana from the mid-
dle Miocene (Burdigalian) of the Rhone Basin in France has been
reported by Canu (1913b, p. 128). C. pallasiana has also been re-
ported from the Pliocene of England, Sicily, and Italy, as well as
the post-Pliocene of Italy. The age of the upper Mare Formation
(in which my specimens were collected) is also Pliocene—probably
early Pliocene. The living form is of shallow-water habitat. In the
Eastern Atlantic it is found from western Norway and the North
Sea to England and Ireland, in northern Spain, and off Madeira,
at depths from the littoral to less than 28 fathoms. In the Adriatic
it has been dredged from the Island of Loginj (7-10 fathoms) , and

BULLETIN 237

in the Mediterranean it occurs on both the north and south shores.
In the Western Atlantic, the species ranges from Nova Scotia to
Brazil. In the Eastern Pacific, it ranges from southern Alaska to
Baja California, Mexico. And, in the far Pacific, it occurs in Japan
(Mutsu Bay), the Yellow Sea, Australia, and New Zealand.

Dakaria subtorquata (d’Orbigny) Pl 10; fig.

1826,1828. Cellepora ? ovoidea Audouin-Savigny, Description del Egypte.

Hist. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 238, pl. 8, figs. 1.1-1.2 Not Cellepora
ovoidea Lamouroux. 1816.

1859,1846. Escharina torquata Edwards, d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amé-

1845.

1878.

1879.

1879.

1884.

1886.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1893.

1895.

rique Meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 4, pl. 4, figs. 1-4. Not Flustra torquata
Lamoroux, 1824.

Escharina tumidula Lonsdale, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol.
1, pp. 502-503, fig. p. 502. [Fide Canu and Bassler, 1923].

Cellepora subtorquata d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. Terrains
Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 399. For Escharina torquata d’Orbigny, 1839,1846.
Cellepura subovoidea d@’Orbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. ‘Terrains
Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 402. For Cellepora ovoidea Audouin-Savigny,
1826,1828.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa in the Col-
lection of the British Museum, Pt. II, Cheilostomata, p. 81, pl. 96,
figs. 4-5. [Fide Harmer, 1957].

Lepralia atrofusca Busk, [in] Carpenter, Catalogue of the Collection
of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum Collected by Frederick
Reigen, p. 3.

Lepralia atrofusca Busk, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., vol. 4, p. 178.
Lepralia cucullata Busk, Heller, K.-K. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien,
Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 112.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Manzoni, I Briozoi del Pliocene antico di
Castrocaro, p. 31, pl. 4, fig. 47.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Waters, Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc.,
Proc., vol. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 3, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 4.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma, Mem.,
Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 83,329,370.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei Roma, Mem.,
Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., vol. 18, pp. 227,230.

Schizoporella atrofusca (Busk) and var. S. labiosa Hincks, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 17, p. 269, pl. 10, figs. 4-5.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent
Marine Bryozoa, p. 125.

Schizoporella atrofusca (Busk), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of
Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 222.

Schizoporella torquata (d’Orbigny), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue
of Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 235.

Schizoporella aterrima Ortmann, Arch. f. Naturgesch. Berlin, Jahrg.
56; vol. 15 pii49 ples) ties 30:

Smittia cucullata (Busk), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 12,
p. 125.

Smittia (Watersipora) cucullata (Busk), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica,
vol. 1, p. 120.

1895.

1900.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 69

Smittia cucullata (Busk), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool., Boll.,
VOlNapazole

Schizoporella torquata (d’Orbigny), Philipps, Zoological Results
Based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands,
and Elsewhere Collected during . . . 1895,1896, and 1897, pt. 4,
No. 22, pp. 440,445.

Smittia (Watersipora) cucullata (Busk), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica,
vol. 6, p. 209.

. Lepralia cucullata (Busk), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,

dirav., sér32,, Mem.) No. 8,.ps525 MémoNo: 12 p22/.

. Dakaria Chevreuxi Jullien, [in] Jullien and Calvet, Résultats des

Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, No. 23, p. 90, pl. 10,
fig. 6.

Schizoporella cucullata (Busk) var. S. labiosa Hincks, Calvet, [in]
Jullien and Calvet, Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince
de Monaco, No. 23, pp. 141-142, pl. 16, figs. 7a-7c.

Smittia (Watersipora) cucullata (Busk), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana,
Boll., vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 509-510.

Cellepora subtorquata d’Orbigny, Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Sem (on VOlol55 p=0:

. Lepralia cucullata Busk, Thornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries,

Rept. to Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. No. 26, p. 120.
Lepralia cucullata Busk, ‘Thornely, Indian Mus. Calcutta, Rec., vol.
PUssoseNOs 1S pa l90:

Schizoporella cucullata (Busk), Calvet, Expéditions Scientifiques du
“Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les Années 1880-1883,
vol. 8, p. 415.

Lepralia ? cucullata Busk, Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 31, pp. 126,150-151, pl. 15, figs. 1-5,10.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ.
No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 211.

Schizoporella atrofusca (Busk), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Bol., vol. 15, p. 416. F

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Bol., vol. 17, p. 498.

Watersipora (Lepralia) cucullata (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 96, p. 62.

Lepralia ? cucullata Busk, Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 34, pp. 3,21.

Watersipora atrofusca (Busk), Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, p. 271.
Watersipora (Lepralia) cucullata (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 106, p. 538, figs. 158A-T.

Dakaria chevreuxi Juilien, Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
106, pp. 339,359,360, fig. 1OO0H.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Tomo Extraordinario, p. 74, fig. 5.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist.,
Nat Bole volg2s; Noy 5, pao:

Not Dakaria torquata (d’Orbigny), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, p. 98, pl. 12, figs. 8-9. [Fide Marcus, 1937, p. 120].
Not Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, p. 163, fig. 29E. [Fide Marcus, 1937, p. 120].
Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., vol. 10, p. 31.

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Trans., vol.
Paid, hs a1 oy

70

1926.

1929.

=

1927.

1931.

1937.

M93 is

1938.

1938.

1940.

1944.
1947.

1949.

1955.
Obi
1961.

1962.

BULLETIN 237

Lepralia cucullata Busk, Fox, Zool. Soc. London, Trans., vol. 22,

Dp: 304.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,

pp. 729-730, pl. 15, figs. 97-104.

Lepralia cucu!lata Busk, Calvet, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull., No

503;"p= 130:

Watersipora (Lepralia) cucullata (Busk), Calvet, Résultata des Cam-

pagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ier, Prince

Souverain de Monaco, No. 83, p. 115.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), O'Donoghue and Watteville, Zool.

Anzeig., vol. 117, p. 20.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e

Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 118-120,

pl. 24, figs. 63A-63B.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e

Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, pp. 3,46,87,110,

pl. 29, bottom figure.

Watersipora typica Okada and Mawatari, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol.

17, p. 455.

Wane coon cucullata (Busk), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Scien-

tific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3,

pp. 449-450.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), O'Donoghue and Watteville, Natal

Mus., Ann., vol. 10, p. 424.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic

Exped., Rept. No. 5, pp. 40-41.

ees ae a eee Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France, Mém.,
Mém. No. 60, p. 79, pl. 7, fig. 10.

Waresibara cucullata (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Ex-

ped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 472-473, pl. 56, figs. 1-5.

Dakaria chevreuxi Jullien, Bassler, ‘Treat. Invert. Paleont., Pt. G,

Bryozoa, p. G200, fig. 151.7.

Watersipora ee (Busk), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,

Arq., vol. 42, pt. 1, pp. 307-308.

Dakaria Sporto (dV’Orbigny), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16,

Mon, 28d, pp. 1022-1024, pl. 69, figs. 11-12,14; text fig. 111.

Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.

2053, p. 46.

Dakaria subovoidea (d’Orbigny), Rogick, Amer. Microsc. Soc.,

Atrans.fvol. 8lNo. 1, piasb:

The zoarium is encrusting and unilaminar. The zooecia are
large, elongated, subrhomboidal, well defined, separated by a fine
purplish lamina, and generally light tan in color though occa-
sionally iridescent and pale black. The frontal is a moderately

convex, slightly granular tremocyst, perforated by numerous, large,
evenly spaced, rounded tremopores. The orifice is large, trans-
versely oval, situated at the extreme distal end of the zooecium;
the porta is broadly arcuate; the condyles are strong and conspicu-
ous, and are situated well below the middle of the orifice; below the

condyles is a broad, evenly and deeply concave sinus with a wide

VENEZUELAN CENOZzOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD Hel

proximal lip. The peristome is somewhat raised, a little thickened,
and smooth. Rising vertically upward from the rim of the peri-
stome, and lying just distal to each of the condyles, there may be
a short blunt thickened projection. The operculum is chitinous
and is stained a purplish black in the central area. No avicularia
or ovicells have been noted.

Measurements.—Specimen A68la: a typical zooecium is 0.81
mm in length and has a maximum width of 0.51 mm; on the same
zooecium the transverse diameter of the orifice is 0.22 mm, the
shorter diameter 0.19 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the pelecypod Chama congregata
Conrad.

Remarks.—This Venezuelan bryozoan is identical with the de-
scription and illustration of D’Orbigny’s Escharina torquata Ed-
wards from Brazil. In 1892 D’Orbigny noted that his Escharina
torquata was not the Flustra torquata of Lamouroux (with which
E. torquata Edwards was placed in synonymy), and changed the
name to Cellepora subtorquata. The genus of subtorquata has since
been changed to Dakaria, and in view of the close similarity between
the Venezuelan form and that of D’Orbigny’s original species from
Brazil, I refer it to D’Orbigny’s species as Dakaria subtorquata.
Harmer (1957) on the other hand preferred the name Dakaria
subovoidea (d’Orbigny) (for Cellepora ovoidea Audouin-Savigny
1826,1828), but I hesitate to use that name for two reasons: one
is that there is some doubt in my mind that D. swbovoidea is the
same as D. subtorquata, for Savigny’s illustration of Cellepora
ovoidea shows no condyles in the orifice; secondly, if they are the
same, should not D. subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1852, p. 399) have
priority over D. subovoidea (d’Orbigny, 1852, p. 402) ? Complicat-
ing the nomenclatural problem is the referral by authors of
Watersipora cucullata (Busk) to this species, and as shown by
Hastings (1929) and Marcus (1937), there is no doubt that some
of them are the same; however, for those that are the same, the
name D. subtorquata still has priority. Additional synonyms may
be Escharina tumidula Lonsdale, Lepralia atrofusca (Busk) , Schizo-
porella aterrima Ortmann, and Dakaria chevreuxi Jullien. All of

72 BULLETIN 237

these and their sources are given in my “synonymy” which more
accurately should be termed a list of references to the species in
question?

Range and distribution.—This species has been reported from
the Miocene (Burdigalian) of France by Vigneaux, from the
Miocene of Italy by Neviani, and doubtfully from the Miocene of
Virginia, United States (as Escharina tumidula Lonsdale) by Canu
and Bassler, 1932. In the Pliocene and post-Pliocene, Dakaria sub-
torquata is recorded from Italy. The Recent form is cosmopolitan,
living at depths ranging from near shore to 122 fathoms. Off
Europe and Africa it occurs in the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea,
the Bay of Naples, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, off Mo-
rocco, the Azores, the Cape Verde Islands, and South Africa. In
the Western Atlantic it is recorded from Brazil; in the Caribbean
Sea from Puerto Rico; and in the Gulf of Mexico from the Tor-
tugas. In the Eastern Pacific it ranges from Baja California to the
Galapagos Islands. In the Western Pacific it is found in Japan;
in the southern Pacific in New Caledonia; and in the Indian Ocean
in Ceylon and Burma.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas) s./. Pie AO ies 2
1759. Cellepora ciliata Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1286.

1766. Eschara ciliata (Linnaeus), Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 38.

1803. Eschara vulgaris var. B. Moll, Eschara ex Zoophytorum, p. 56, pl. 3,
figs. A-C

1819. Flustra ciliata (Pallas), Bertolini, Amoenitates Italicae, p. 227.

1826,1828. Flustra Genisii Audouin and Savigny, Description de l’Egypte.
Hist: Nat: volo ls ipt.. 43 °p:-239;apls Oyshigs.. 5:1 bee

1844. Lepralia ciliata (“Johnston”), Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1,
vol. 13, p. 18.

1847. reine armata eek Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale,
vol. 5, pt. 4, pp. 15-16, pl. 7, figs. 5-8.

1847. Callepora crenilabris Reuss, [in] Haidinger, Naturwiss. Abhandl.,
vol. 2, No. 1, p. 88, pl. 10, fig. 22. [Fide Waters, 1878, p. 469].

1852. Porina Oe d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Francaise. Terrains Cré-
tacés, vol. 5, p. 434.

1852. Repteschianelliea armata (@Orbigny), Paléontologie Francaise. Ter-
rains Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 453.

1854. Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in
the British Museum, Pt. II, p. 73, pl. 74, figs. 1-2; pl. 77, figs. 3-5.

1859. Lepralia ciliata (“Linnaeus”), Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon.,
vol. 11, pp. 42-43, pl. 7, figs. 6a-b.

1867. Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Heller, K.-K. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien,
Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 107, pl. 2, fig. 8.

1867. Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Packard, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc.,
vol. 1), p..270:

1869.
1871.
1873.
1873.
1876.
1878.

1879.

1879.

1880.
1883.
1884.

1884.

1885.
1887.
1887.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1895.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1896.

1898.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 73

Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Manzoni, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Sitzungs-
ber, vol. 60), Bt. I, p. 939.

Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Manzoni, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Sitzungs-
ber; vol. 63; PE p77)

? Porellina ciliata (Pallas), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.,
Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, Pt. II, pp. 26-27, pl. 6, figs. 126-129.
Leprata ciliata (“Linnaeus’’), Hutton, Geol. Sur. Dept. Wellington,
Publ., p. 96.

Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Stossich, Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., Boll., vol. 2,
p. 358.

repr ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Manchester Geol. Soc., Trans.,
WO, WAS Jolt Zl, joo def).

Porellina ciliata (Pallas), Verrill, Preliminary check-list of the
marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic Coast from Cape Cod to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, p. 29.

Lepralia ciliata (Linnaeus), Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma,
Mem: 7 Cl aSet, Fis: (Mat? 'euNat.) set. 3, vole6;"pp.el,1 29202295.
328,369.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hincks, A History of the British
Marine Polyzoa, p. 206, pl. 28, figs. 1-5.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hincks, Ann. Mag.,Nat. Hist., ser. 5
VOL IIE yp: 443:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 13, p. 266.

Lepralia, Microporella ciliata (Pallas), De Stefani, R. Accad. Lincei
Roma, Memz., ‘Gl. ‘Sci: Fis:, Mat. é)> Nat.; vol! 18, pp. 227,191,219;
230,232.

Lepralia ciliata (Pallas), Lovisato, R. Com. Geol., Boll., vol. 16, Pp:
31.

Lepralia appendiculata Heller, Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 19, No. 112, p. 316.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 20, p. 188.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quatt.
Jour., vol. 43, pp. 45,53.

Microporella personata Jullien, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,
1882-83, p. 43, [Fide Marcus 1937, p. 110}.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the
Marine Bryozoa, p. 179.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
6, vol. 5, p. 16.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
vol. 10, pp. 104,106,117-118.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Palaeontogr.
Italica, vol. 1, pp. 82,105, figs. 24-25.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 4, pp. 7,115,234.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 5, pt. 3, No. 10, pp. 116,122.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Accad. Gioenia
Sci. Nat., Catania, Atti, vol. 9, pp. 1,22.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Harmer, The Cambridge Natural
History, vol. 2, p. 484, text fig. 241.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 7, No. 14, p. 100; No. 15, p. 107; No. 16,
p- 109.

’

4

1898.
1900.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.

1903.

1904.

1904.

1904.
1905.

1906.

1907.
1908.

1909.

1912:
1912.
1912.
1912.
LOTS:
1913.
1913.
1913.
1914.
N95:

1915:

BULLETIN 237

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hamilton, New Zealand Inst., Trans.
and Proc., vol. 30, pp. 195,198.

Microporella (Fenstrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 8, pp. 3,9-10.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soc. Geol.
Italiana, Boll., vol. 19, p. 368.

Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Palaeontogr.
Italica, vol. 6, p. 176.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Harmer, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci.,
vol. 46, pp. 266,316,322,325.

Microporella ciliata Hincks, Graeffe, Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien u.
Zool. Stat. Trieste, Arb., vol. 15, No. 1, p. 101.

Fenestrulina ciliata (Pallas), Jullien and Calvet, Résultats des
Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, No. 23, pp. 49-50,
128.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Calvet, Ergebnisse der Hamburger
Magalhaenische Sammelreise 1892-1893, p. 22.

Microporella praeciliata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geol. Sur.,
Miocene, pp. 415-416, pl. 110, fig. 6; pl. 113, fig. 3. [Fide Canu and
Bassler, 1923, p. 119].

Microporella inflata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geol. Sur., Mio-
cene, p. 416, pl. 110, fig. 7. [Fide Canu and Bassler, 1923, p. 119].
Microporella (Fenestrulina) ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, Soce. Geol. Ital-
iana, Boll., vol. 23, pp. 510,524-525.

Microporella ciliata (Linnaeus), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 6, p. 515, pl. 12, fig. 14 [= M. noaillanensis Vigneaux,
fide Vigneaux, 1949, p. 67].

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Calvet Expéditions Scientifiques du
“Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, vol. 8, p. 403.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 31, pp. 126,143.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Levinsen, Morphological and Syste-
matic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, pp. 328,329, pl. 15,
figs. 5a-5b.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Guérin-Ganivet, Lab. Zool. Concar-
neau, Trav., vol. 4, p. 2.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 30 for
1910, pp. 232-234, pl. 24, figs. 44-44c; pl. 30, fig. 90.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Barroso, Mus. Cienc. Nat. Madrid,
Trab., No. 5, p. 26.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 43,
Noml933.op-2/2-

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.
Dewoiza:

Nicroporeule ciliata (Pallas), Guérin-Ganivet Soc. d’Océanogr.
Golfe de Gascogne, Publ. No. 7, p. 23.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4,
VOLS13; speml2b:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull? volo 3itonW9i. pts ip: 109: epie2 sp o01

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 208.
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat.,
Bol., vol. 15, p. 414.

Microporella ciliata (Linné), Canu, Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4,
vol. 15; p:i325:

~I
Or

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat.,
Bol., vol. 17, p. 497.

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, No. 10,

p- 270.

Lepralia appendiculata Heller, Friedl, Zool. Anzeig., vol. 49, No. 10,
pe 27

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Waters, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 34, p. 23.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull.,
vol ai ant. 19) pp. 615,620!

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat.,
Tomo Extraordinario, p. 74.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Canadian Arctic Exped.
(1912-1918), vol. 8, Pt. D, p. 10.

3. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), C. and E. O'Donoghue, Canadian Biol.

Fish,, "Gontnib., ns, vol) depp. 173,174.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 125, pp. 112,118-120, text figs. 17A,20A-J; pl. 20, figs. 1-6;
pl. 36, figs. 4-5. :

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), C. and E. O’Donoghue, Puget Sound
Marine Biol. Sta., Publ., vol. 5, p. 103.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Friedl, Zool. Inst* Univ. Innsbruck,
ATbeavols 255 p29:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), C. and E. O'Donoghue, Canadian
Biol. Fish., Contrib., n. s., vol. 3, pp. 110-111.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, K. Zool. Genootsch., Natura
Artis Magistra Amsterdam, vol. 25, p. 129.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Calvet, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull.,
No. 503, p. 14.

Microporella ciliata (Linnaeus), Canu and Lecointre, Soc. Géol.
ranrces) Mem: aia] eont. lense iVOls 40 NOwo ep sOle plein. ies O:
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc., vol:--72, No. 2710, art..14, pp. 110-111, text fig. 20A.
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Fischer, Inst. Océanogr. Paris, Ann.,
dy She Wl, By Ds a0:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., No. 18, p. 39.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,
onary p

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bulls 100; vol. 9) p. sal pl. 40> figs. 2-4.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Okada, Tohoku Univ., Sci. Rept., ser.
4 WOES js AD, OG yikes a, lids nites IIE

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Canu and Bassler, Sta. Océanogr.
Salammbo, Ann., No. 5, p. 47.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Ohio Jour. Sci., vol. 32, p. 443.
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Canadian Biol. Fish., Contrib.,
ser. Ay voly 7, No: 297 p. 373:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e
Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 110-113,
jolly Alls tires Gye)

Microporelia ciliata (Pallas), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e
Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, p. 73, pl. 19,
fig. 50.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Neviani, R. Ist. Veneto Sci., Lett. ed
Acti; Mem, vol, 30; No: 4, pp: 36-37.

1963.
1963.
1964.

1965.

The

BULLETIN 237

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46,
pp: 257-259), fig. 132:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci.
Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp. 432-433.
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Publ.
No. 63, pp. 45-46, fig. 28.

Microporella ciliata (Linnaeus), Hutchins, Connecticut Acad. Arts
and Sci., Trans., vol. 36, p. 543.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic Ex-
pede eRept Now) ep.135:

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Balavoine, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

ser. 5; vol. 18; p. 436:

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Rogick and Croasdale, Biol. Bull.

Woods Hole, vol. 96, pp. 63-64, figs. 47-49.

. Microporella ciliata (Linnaeus), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France, Mém.,

n.s., No. 60, p. 67.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Pearse and Williams, Elisha Mitchell
Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 67, p. 137.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped.,
Rept.) volt) pty 25 5p- oid. plese, me.) Ue

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht., Meded.,

ser. G;vol. 5, Nos95; pp. 76-77, pl-7,-fig.. I.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Brown, The Tertiary Cheilostomatous
Polyzoa of New Zealand, pp. 250-252, fig. 184.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Light, Intertidal Invertebrates of the
Central California Coast, p. 282.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Buge, Ann. Mines Geol. Tunis, No.
7; app O1-52; pl 83 eZ.

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,

Jour., vol. 75, pp. 54-55, figs. 60-61.

. Microporelia ciliata (Pallas), Soule and Duff, California Acad. Sci.,

Proc. jser..4,, vol. 29) No.4 pp V4:

57. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16, Mon.

28d, pp. 1960-1961,1962,1963.

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris,

Mém., n.s., sér. C, vol. 6, pp. 263-264.

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Kanakoff and Emerson, Los Angeles

County Mus., Contrib. Sci., No. 31, p. 19.
Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Noorthorn and Lagaaij, Geol. en Mijn-
bouw, Jaarg 39, No. 11, p. 720.

. Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.

2053, pp. 23-24.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Hertlein, California Acad. Sci., Proc.,
ser. 4, vol. 32, No. 8, p. 233.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Galopim de Carvalho, Soc. Geol. Por-
tugal; Bol. vol. 15, Nos op. 110:

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 636.

Microporella ciliata (Pallas), Lagaaij and Gautier, Micropaleontol-
ogy, vol. 11, No. 1, Chart.

zoarium is encrusting, one layer in thickness, and light

tan in color. The zooecia are subhexagonal to rhombic, arranged

alternately in longitudinal rows, separated externally by a narrow
groove. The frontal is a slightly convex tremocyst with minute

~I
~I

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD.

perforations, the perforations often obscured by numerous coarse
rounded granulations. The orifice is semilunar to suboval, situated
near the distal extremity of the zooecium, with a relatively straight
proximal lip. The peristome is thin to moderately thick, and raised
but little; on one or two zooecia with a thickened peristome there
is the suggestion, from minute projections, that the peristome may
bear small oral spines, perhaps five or six in number. A short dis-
tance below the proximal lip of the orifice, and in the midline of the
zooecium, there is a small slightly raised ascopore, lunate to oval
in outline, and occasionally bearing a few minute spicules on the
inner margin. A single avicularium may be developed lateral to
the orifice or below and to one side of the ascopore. The avicu-
larium, where present, is higher and larger than the ascopore, and
is ovate in outline. In the area between the ascopore and the proxi-
mal lip of the orifice there are two rows of tremopores. The ovicell
has not been observed.

Measurements.—Specimen A677a: average zooecium length 0.47
mm, width 0.32 mm; length of orifice on same zooecium 0.102 mm,
width 0.071 mm; ascopore 0.036 mm x 0.024 mm; avicularium
length 0.07 mm, width 0.05 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the pelecypod Pseudochama radians
(Lamarck) .

Remarks.—Without the ovicell it is not possible to place this
species with assurance, though the specimen in question seems in
all other respects to fit Microporella ciliata (Pallas), particularly
as keyed, described, and illustrated by Osburn (1952, pp. 376,377,
pl. 44, fig. 1). However, and again in the absence of the ovicell,
the Venezuelan form also resembles the Pleistocene and Recent
M. pontifica Osburn (1952, pp. 376,383-384, pl. 44, fig. 5), par-
ticularly the Pleistocene species from the mudlumps off South
Pass, Louisiana, described by Cheetham and Sandberg (1964, p.
1035, text-figs. 40-41). On the other hand, the Recent nonovicelled
Venezuelan specimen compares so closely with the nonovicelled
area of an ovicell-bearing zoarium of a living M. ciliata from west
Florida that I am constrained to refer the Venezuelan form in a
broad sense to Microporella ciliata.

78 BULLETIN 237

Range and distribution.—Microporella ciliata (Pallas) is re-
ported to range from Oligocene to Recent. The Oligocene occur-
rence istaid to be in Germany. Middle to upper Miocene locali-
ties are in Senegal, Tunisia, Italy, Austria, Hungary, France, Por-
tugal, the states of Florida and Maryland, United States, and
Australia. In the Pliocene, M. ciliata is reported from Tunisia,
Sicily, Rhodes, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, England, and New
Zealand. In the Pleistocene it is recorded from Italy, England, Cali-
fornia, and New Zealand. The living M. ciliata is able to thrive in
boreal to tropical waters at depths ranging from shore to 360
fathoms and in divers oceanic provinces. North Atlantic: Green-
land. Eastern Atlantic: The Netherlands, Cape Verde Islands.
Mediterranean: Spain, France, Monaco, Corsica, Sicily, Italy, Tu-
nisia. Western Atlantic: Labrador to Brazil. Caribbean: Venezuela
(Cubagua and Coche), Curacao, Puerto Rico. Gulf of Mexico:
‘Tortugas, west Florida. Eastern Pacific: Canada to Panama, Cocos
Island, and the Galapagos. Western Pacific: The Philippines, China
Sea, Japan (Mutsu Bay). Southern Pacific: Australia and New
Zealand. And the Red Sea.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper) PI 9) fig. 4

1796. Cellepora pertusa Esper, Forsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere in Abbil-
dungen der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen, vol.
I ptaGap: 149) pl: VOs ties a-25-

1822-29. Cellepora perlacea Delle Chiaje, Memoria sulla Storia e Notomia
degli Animali senza Vertebre del Regno di Napoli, vol. 3, p. 37, pl.
34, figs. 4,6; vol. 5, p. 148, pl. 158, figs. 1-6. [Fide Smitt 1873, p. 55].

1836. Escharina pertusa (Esper), Milne- Edwards, [in] Lamarck, Histoire
Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 232.

1836. Escharina perlacea Delle Chiaje, Milne Edwards, [in] Lamarck,
Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, p. 234. [Fide Busk,
1854, p. 80].

1842. pee ale ee Beats Chiaje, Thompson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 1, vol. 10, p. 20. [Fide Busk, 1854, p. 80].

1847. Lepralia pee (Esper), Johnston, A History of the British Zoo-
phytesseds-25 ip. sill ipl 2545 fie- 110:

1848. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Gray, List of the Specimens of British
Animals in the Collection of the British Museum, Pt. I, p. 119.

1850-53. Cellepora perlacea Delie le d’Orbigny, Paléontologie Fran-
caise. Terrains Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 400. [Fide Smitt, 1873, p. 55].

1850-53. Cellepora pertusa mee “aoubigny, Paléontologie Francaise.
Terrains Crétacés, vol. 5, p. 401. [Fide Smitt, 1873, p. 55].

1854. Lepralia pertusa (sper Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa
in the British Museum, Pt. II, Cheilostomata, p. 80, pl. 78, fig. 3
(non figs. 1-2, fide Brown, 1952, p. 267); pl. 79, figs. 1-2.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 79

- Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Dawson, Geol. Sur. Canada, Rept. Prog-

ress 1858, p. 256.

7. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Heller, K.-K. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien,

Verhandl., vol. 17, p. 35.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Norman, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., n. s.,
vol. 8, p. 222.

Escharella pertusa (Esper), Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.,
Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, Pt. II, pp. 55-56.

? Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Hutton, [in] Catalogue of the Marine
Mollusca of New Zealand, p. 98.

. Lepralia pertusa Ces var. fraehcrigs armata Waters, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 31. [Not var. sinuata Waters, p. 31,
pl. 8, fig. 5, fide Marcus, an . Soi:

. Escharina porosa Verrill, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 2, pp. 193-194.

Fide Osburn, 1912, pp. 241,242].
RE

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Hincks, A History of the British Marine

Polyzoa, vol. 1, pp. 305-307; vol. 2, pl. 43, figs. 4-5
Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Jullien, Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol. 6,
pp- 201,209.

3. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour.,

vol. 39, p. 437.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Busk, Voyage H.M.S. ‘Challenger, Rept.
Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 146.

? Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour.,
vol. 43, pp. 44,61.

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6,

voll Sipe ii54:

5. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), MacGillivray, Roy. Soc. Victoria, Trans.,

ih Son WO Se jos 125 jell MO), sakes te).
Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,
Boll., vol. 4, p. 109

. Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Neviani, [in] Ossat and Neviani, Soc.

Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 15, p

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Henning, Kong]. Vetensk. Akad. Férhand1.,

Ofversigt, vl. 53, p. 358.

eens PERUSE (Esper), Neviani, Soc. Romana Studi Zool.,
BolleavOlw apis De NO was pawlOle

Lepralia peruse (Esper), Hamilton, New Zealand Inst., Trans. and
Proc., vol. 30, p. 198.

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Whiteaves, Geol. Sur. Canada, Rept., p.

101.

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,

dinayeyser.)2, Nema Non Wiep.95il:

. Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,

Trav., sér. 2, Mém. No. 12, p. 26.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Jullien, [in] Jullien and Calvet, Résultats
des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert
Ier, Prince Souverain de Monaco, No. 20, pp. 69-70.

. Lepralia Phew (Esper), Maplestone, Roy Soc. Victoria, Proc.,

n.s., vol. 17, p. 205.

Eschara ee ae Nordgaard, Bergens Mus., Meeresfauna von
Bergen, pt. II, p. 167, pl. 4, figs. 32-35. [Fide Marcus 1938, p. 39].
Eschara nordlandica Nordgaard, Second Norwegian Arctic Exped.
From 1898-1902, Rept., No. 8, p. 22.

Lepralia pertusa od tae Sone Marine Fish. Rept. Canada, Ses-
sional Paper No. 22, p.

SO

1912.
1913.
1913.
1914.
1918.
1919.
1924.

1928.

1929.
1930.
1933:
1935:

1938.

1940.

1940

1945.
1952:

1952.

1964.
1964.

1964.

Whe

BULLETIN 237

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 30 for 1910,
pp. 241-242, pl. 26, figs. 56-56c.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull., vol. 31 for 1911, Pt. I, pp. 108,109, chart 43.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bur. Fish.,
Bull., vol. 31 for 1911, Pt. II, p. 604.

Lepralia pertusa ? (Esper), Levinsen, Medd. Grgnland, vol. 23,
p- 602.

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Nordgaard, Tromso Mus., Aarsh.,
VOL 40) (1907) No: Up oo!

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Osburn, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull.,
vol. 16, art. 19, pp. 611,616.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Prenant and Teissier Stat. Biol. Roscoff,
Trav, Vole 25" p:, 14.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus..
Proc., vol. 42, No: 2710) art. 145 pp. 106-107, pl. 9; fig? 6; > pl. 32;
figs 10; text tie) 19B:

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,
No. 47, pp. 724-725, pl. 17, fig. 118.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper), Visscher, U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 43
fon W9275 pt. lip: 22.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Osburn, [in] Procter, Biol. Sur.
Mount Desert Region, pt. 5, p. 329, pl. 14, fig. 8.

? Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Sakakura, Fac. Sci. Tokyo Imp.
Univ., Jour, Sect: 2, Geol., vol. 4, No: I; pp: 23-255 “pl. 4; fig. 4:
Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc.
e Letras Univ. Sdo Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, pp. 39-41,
pl. 10, figs. 23A-C.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci.
Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol 16, pt. 3, p. 430.
Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper) Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46,
pp. 251-252, fig. 129.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Hutchins, Connecticut Acad. Arts
and Sci., Trans., vol. 36, p. 543.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Ex-
ped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 340, pl. 40, figs. 5-8.

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Brown, The Tertiary Cheilostomatous
Polyzoa of New Zealand, pp. 267-269, fig. 199.

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16, Mon.
2867 pa hi.

Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 632.

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour. Pale-
ont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1043, text fig. 54.

Hippoporina pertusa (Esper), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bull.,
Zoology, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 5-6, fig. 1A.

zoarium is encrusting and one layer in thickness. The

zooecia are oblong-hexagonal to asymmetrically rhomboidal and
disposed in a regular serial alignment. The walls are relatively
thin, sometimes separating the zooecia as a low salient lamina,
and sometimes completely submerged, the separation then of the
zooecia hardly discernible. The frontal is slightly convex, smooth

OO

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 81

to granular depending on the degree of calcification, and perfo-
rated by large pores with the distances between the pores a little
greater than their diameter. The primary orifice is rounded, dis-
playing a semicircular porta and a shallowly concave vanna sepa-
rated by a small pair of condyles well below the middle of the
orifice. The peristome is more or less encircling, moderately high
proximally, and somewhat nodular, surrounding the narrow shelf-
like olocyst of the primary orifice, and thickened at the proximal
lip where it may be drawn up into a mucro at the middle. Neither
avicularia nor ovicells have been observed.

Measurements.—Specimen Do85a: average zooecium, length
0.45 mm, width 0.29 mm; orifice 0.095 mm x 0.083 mm.

Locality.—Abisinia Formation, eastern edge of Playa Grande
village at W-30. Encrusted on the pelecypod Pseudochama radians
(Lamarck) . :

Comparisons.—Species resembling Hippodiplosia pertusa (Es-
per) are H. americana (Verrill) (see Osburn, 1912a, p. 241, pl. 25,
figs. 55-55a), Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) (see Osburn, 1912a, p.
240, pl. 25, fig. 54; pl. 30, fig. 89) , and Dakaria sertata Marcus (1937,
pp. 95-96, pl. 19, figs. 50A-B). The frontal of H. americana is
coarser, and the perforations fewer and larger than on H. pertusa.
On Cryptosula pallasiana the proximal lip of the orifice is straight,
on H. pertusa it is shallowly concave. According to Marcus, his
Dakaria sertata is distinguished from H. pertusa by its much
stronger condyles, by its open rather than encircling peristome.
and by differences in the operculum (not present on the Vene-
zuelan example) .

Range and distribution.—The age of the Venezuelan specimen
here referred to Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper) is Pleistocene. The
range of the species is middle Miocene to Recent. It has been re-
corded from the middle Miocene of Australia and New Zealand by
Brown (1952) and questionbly from the Pliocene of New Zealand
by the same author. Canu and Bassler (1928c) reported the species
from the Pliocene of Bocas Island, Panama, but Hastings (1929)
doubted that fossil form was the same as H. pertusa (Esper) .
Neviani recorded H. pertusa from the Pliocene and Pleistocene (?)
of Italy, and Sakakura from the Pleistocene of Japan. A sub-Recent

82 BULLETIN 237

occurrence is in the mudlumps in the mouth of the Mississippi
River off South Pass, Louisiana. The Recent form lives in. arctic.
temperate, and tropical waters at depths between shore and 100
fathoms. In the Eastern Atlantic it has been found from Greenland
to Great Britain to the north coast of France (Etretat). Farther
south it has been dredged from the Adriatic Sea and Mediterranean
Sea, and west Africa. In the Western Atlantic it occurs as far north
as Labrador and as far south as Santos Bay, Brazil. In the Carib-
bean Sea it occurs off Puerto Rico, and in the Gulf of Mexico
it occurs east of Yucatan (25 fathoms), in the Tortugas (53 fath-
oms), and off west Florida (5 fathoms). In the Eastern Pacific
it ranges from southern California to Mexico to Panama to Co-
lombia, and to the Galapagos Islands at depths of 4 to 23 fathoms.
In the southern Pacific it is said to occur in Australia, New Zea-
land (?), and in the Fiji and Samoan Islands.

Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt) PINS hiees

1873. Vincularia abyssicola Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Hand1.,
vol. Il, No. 4, Pt. IL, pp. 6-7, pl. 1, figs. 60-61.

1881. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 7, pp. 155-156, pl. 10, fig. 4.

1881. Smitlipora abyssicola (Smitt), Jullien, Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol.
6, p. 284.

1882. Vincularia abyssicola Smitt, Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5.
volz9> pp: -8b:

1884. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Hincks, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 13, p. 358.

1887. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 19, pp. 161,164.

1889. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the
Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 253.

1893. Onychocella abyssicola (Smitt), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6.
vol; 1p. 18"

1914. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 195-196.

1920. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus..
Bull. 106, pp. 204,224, figs. 56E,59A-C.

1927. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Osburn, K. Zool. Genootsch., Natura
Artis Magistra Amsterdam, vol. 25, pp. 125-126.

1928. Rectonychocella abyssicola (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, No. 2710, pp. 53-54, pl. 5, figs. 1-3.

1937. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e
Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, p. 52.

1940. Rectonychocella abyssicola (Smitt), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, Peso peo

1941. Smitlipora abyssicola (Smitt), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Cienc. e
Letras Univ. Sado Paulo, Bol., vol. 22, Zoologia No. 5, pp. 18,21,22,23.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 83

1949. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Marcus, Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo,
Comunic. Zool., vol. 3, No. 53, pp. 8,9.

1953. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont., Pt.
G, Bryozoa, p. G169, fig. 128.7.

1955. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
Ange, VOle 42) pt. lp. 283.

This species is represented by two encrusting zoaria, one with
the ectocyst and onychocellarium intact, the other with these proc-
esses removed and the colony somewhat weathered. The ectocyst
is an extremely thin transparent film covering the whole of the
zooecium. The zoaria are tabulate and one layer in thickness. ‘The
zooecia are distinct, elongated, irregularly rhomboidal, generally
rounded at the distal end, and narrowing somewhat toward the
proximal end. The walls of the zooecia are moderately thick, some-
what elevated, finely beaded around the mural rim, and separated
from the adjacent walls by a narrow groove between them. Piercing
each of the walls near the base of the zooecium is a rounded open-
ing representing the communication passage between the zooecia.
The inner slope of the lateral walls from the mural rim to the
surface of the cryptocyst averages about 50° or so. ‘The cryptocyst
is minutely tuberculate, depressed below the level of the mural rim.
On the well-preserved though dried specimen (A675a) the crypto-
cyst is generally even and plane-surfaced, and horizontally truncate
at the proximal edge of the opercular aperture. However, on some
of the opesia of that zoarium there is a faint longitudinal depres-
sion on the cryptocyst near each lateral wall, and the cryptocyst
rises gently to form a low lip at the proximal border of the oper-
cular aperture. Though the opesium is straight along the proximal
border of the aperture there is a tendency to develop an incipient
notch or opesiule at each corner, and these opesiules are even some-
what more evident on the more weathered specimen (B675a) though
not to the extent that they are on typical examples of Smittipora
levinsent [= S. americana] (Canu and Bassler). The opercular
aperture is horseshoe-shaped, with a semicircular distal rim and
a sharply truncate proximal rim. The operculum itself, which has
the same outline as the aperture it covers, is amber-colored, chiti-
nous, thickened around the periphery, and microscopically tuber-
culate on the outer surface. The avicularian-bearing zooecia are
nearly as long, but somewhat narrower than, the normal zooids

84 BULLETIN 237

,

and are rhombic to pentagonal in outline. Projecting from the avic-
ularian_zooid, with its spacious opesium, is the onychocellarium
which is provided with a large bimembranous mandible. The man-
dible consists of a rhachis in the middle and two large symmetrical
membranous wings, one on each side of the axial rhachis. These
aliform expansions are delicate, ovate-triangular in outline, and
extend for a distance of perhaps three-fourths the length of the
thachis which it joins near the distal end at an acute angle. The
base of the rhachis is small and sharply triangular, and continues
from that as a thick hair-like process which curves upward near
the distal end and is acuminate at the extremity. No teeth can be
observed on the distal portion of the rhachis in our material.

Measurements.—Specimen A675a: zooarium length 2.7 mm,
width 2.2 mm, thickness 0.29 mm; average zooecium length 0.53
mm, maximum width 0.38 mm; opercular aperture length 0.17 mm,
width 0.15 mm; avicularian-bearing zooecium length 0.52 mm,
width 0.23 mm; length of rhachis 0.41 mm.

Localities —Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal, encrusted on the pelecypod Arca zebra Swainson.
Recent, on beach southeast of Higuerote, State of Miranda, en-
crusted on the pelecypod Trachycardium muricatum (Linnaeus) .

Comparisons.—The distinction between Smittipora abyssicola
(Smitt) with which my specimens are identified, and the later-
named S. levinsent [= S. americana] (Canu and Bassler) , lies in
the greater convexity of the lip area of the cryptocyst just below
the operculum, and the more pronounced development, in S.
levinseni, of the opesiules or notches in the corners of the crypto-
cyst at the proximal rim of the opercular aperture. However, as
suggested by Marcus (1941, pp. 71-23; 1955, pp. 282-283) in his
detailed analyses of S. levinseni, the two species might be identical,
and the characters mentioned above could represent extremes in
th normal variation of the same species. An example of this is
the S. americana (Canu and Bassler) of Shier (1964, p. 618) from
west Florida which seems to me to lie between the typical S. abysst-
cola and the typical S. levinseni. Nevertheless, for want of more
material, Marcus decided to maintain the separateness of the two
species, and that suggestion is followed here. References to the
S. levinseni group are cited below.

VENEZUELAN CENOZO1IC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 85

1909. Onychocella sp. Levinsen, Morphological and Systematic Studies on
the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 22, figs. 3a-3d.

1917. Velumella (Onychocella) levinseni Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 96, p. 26.

1920. Velumella (Onychocella) levinseni, Canu and Bassler, Canu and
Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 106, p. 213, figs. 58A-D; p. 214.

1926. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 14, Mon.
28b, pp. 259-260, pl. 16, figs. 10-13. [Not of Smitt, fide Canu and
Bassler, and re-named Smittipora harmeriana Canu and Bassler,
1928, p. 54].

1928. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol.
72, No. 2710, pp. 54-60, pl. 6, figs. 9-10, text fig. 7.

1929. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 100,
vol 9s p. 128:

1940. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, Osburn, New York Acad.
Sci., Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3,
pp. 371-372.

1941. Smittipore levinseni (Canu and Bassler), Marcus, Faculdade Filos.,
Ciénc. e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 22, Zoologia No. 5, pp.
17-23, figs. 1A-1B.

1947. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, Osbuyn, Allan Hancock
Atlantic Exped., Rept., No. 5, p. 17.

1949. Smittipora harmeriana Canu and Bassler, Marcus, Mus. Hist. Nat.
Montevideo, Comunic. Zool., vol. 3, No. 53, p. 9.

1950. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, Osburn, Allan Hancock
Pacific Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 1, p. 103, pl. 12, figs. 7-8.

1953. Smittipora levinseni (Canu and Bassler), Bassler, Treat. Paleont.,
Pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G148, fig. 107.1d.

1955. Smittipora levinseni (Canu and Bassler), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, Arq., pp. 282-283, fig. 24.

1959. Velumella americana Canu and Bassler, Soule, Amer. Mus. Novi-
tates, No. 1969, pp. 28-29.

1964. Smittipora americana (Canu and Bassler), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci.
Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 618.

1964. Smittipora levinseni (Canu and Bassler), Cook, Inst. Océanogr.,
Ann., vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 71-73, text fig. 13.

Range and distribution—Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt) has been
reported from Florida (68 fathoms), the ‘Tortugas (low water to
15 fathoms), north of Cuba (387,450 fathoms), and off the Island
of Curacao, in shallow water. Smittipora levinsent (Canu and
Bassler) has been reported from west Florida (5 fathoms), 15
miles south of Miami, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico (30 fathoms) ,
off the north coast of Cuba (115 and 143 fathoms), Puerto Rico
(6-11 fathoms), Curacao, Colombia, Gulf of Venezuela (21-22
fathoms) , Margarita (Venezuela) , the island of Sao Sebastiao (100
kilometers east of Santos, Brazil, encrusted on a beach shell) , West
Africa (20-28 fathoms) , and the Cape Verde Islands (2-40 fathoms) .
In the Eastern Pacific, it is recorded from the Gulf of California
(14-30 fathoms), from the Gulf of Panama, and from Chatham

86 BULLETIN 237

Island in the Galapagos (17-32 fathoms) . Smittipora harmeriana
(Canu and Bassler) is recorded from Ceylon, in the East Indian
Archipelago from Singapore to New Guinea (5-25 fathoms), and
from Holborn Island off Queensland, Australia in shallow water
to 146 fathoms. It has also been recorded from the Antillean island
of St. Vincent.

Hippopodinella venezuelana, new species Pl. 3, figs. 1-3: Pl. 10, fig. 3

The zoarium is encrusting and slightly convex, conforming
thereby with the surface of the shell to which it was attached. The
under side of the zoarium is relatively smooth, and the outlines
of the irregularly polygonal zooecia lightly defined by fine grooves.
The zooecia of the superior surface are more or less rhomboidal,
and are arranged alternately in longitudinal radiating rows. The
orifice is hippoporine, with a pair of small lateral condyles below
the middle. The porta is regularly and deeply arched; the vanna
is generally shallowly concave, is about the same width as the
porta, and forms a small re-entrant at the condyles. The peristome
is narrow, smooth, and hardly raised. The peristome, or space
between the inner and outer orifices, is fairly broad. The frontal
is convex, heavily calcified, granular to verrucose, and at an early
stage minutely punctate. The vibracula are paired and symmetrical,
each one situated on a sturdy and often rugose elevated node or
boss lying just below and to one side of the proximal lip. A single
row of prominent areolae completely encircles the margin of the
frontal, and some of the areolae, particularly the lateral ones, are
set in interareolar costules. There are approximately 23 such areo-
lae on a zooecium of average size including those between the distal
rim of the orifice and the wall of the zooecium. The character of
the ovicell is not known.

Measurements. — Holotype (162la): Zoarium 2.7 mm long
and 1.3 mm wide; average zooecium length 0.45 mm, width 0.31
mm; orifice length 0.15 mm, width 0.09 mm.

Locality—Lower Mare Formation, on hillside above west bank
of Quebrada Mare Abajo at W-13. Four fragments. Specimen I621a
was encrusted on and pried off of the gastropod Pyrene (Eury-
pyrene) venezuelanum Weisbord (Bull. Amer. Paleont., vol. 42,
No. 193, pp. 332-334, pl. 29% figs: 119-20; 1962).

i

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 87

Comparisons.—The species described above is similar to the
Pliocene to Recent Hippopodinella lata (Busk) (1856a, p. 309, pl.
10, figs. 1-2), differing, however, in the position and configur-
ation of the orifice. On H. lata the distal rim of the orifice is
confluent with the distal border of the zooecium, but on H. vene-
zuelana there is a narrow space between them revealing the mar-
ginal areolae. The porta of the orifice of H. venezuelana is deeply
and regularly arched, whereas that of H. lata is typically ogival.
The vanna of the Venezuelan specimens is shallowly concave at
the proximal lip, whereas the proximal lip or poster of H. lata
is Straight or truncated.

Hippopodinella lata (Busk) ranges from Pliocene to Recent.
In the Pliocene it has been recorded from Italy and from the
subsurface of the Netherlands (Scaldisian Stage) in borings at
Haamstede, Vlissingen, and Wilmarsdonck. ‘The living form of
H. lata occurs off the island of Guernsey, along the north coast of
Spain and France, at Madeira, in the Rhone delta, in the Medi-
terranean and Adriatic Sea, and on the north coast of Africa.

Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt) Biss tigse LO wise a ye flea

1873. Lepralia edax forma janthina Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.,
Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, pt. II, pp. 63-65, pl. 11, figs. 224-225.

1880. Lepralia edax (Busk), Hincks (part), A History of the British
Marine Polyzoa, pp. 311-315, pl. 24, figs. 7-7a.

1904. Lepralia maculata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geol. Sur., Mio-
cene, pp. 423-424, pl. 115, figs. 8-9; pl. 118, fig. 7. [Fide Cook,
1964b, p. 27].

1914. Lepralia janthina (Smitt), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 11, p. 213.

1920. Cellepora janthina (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
106. p. 615, figs. 185A-C.

1923. Cellepora minuta Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125,
p- 182, pl. 25, figs. 10-13. [Fide Cook, 1964b, p. 27].

1928. Hippotrema janthina Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol.
72, art. 14, No. 2710, pp. 141-142. [not Cellepora janthina Waters
= Cleidochasma rotundorum (Norman), fide Cook, 1964b, p. 27].

1929. Hippotrema (Lepralia) janthina (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. 418,419.

1940. Hippotrema janthina (Smitt), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci.
Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 454.

1947. Hippotrema janthina (Smitt), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Exped:, Rept, INO: 55) p. 43-

1952. Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, No. 3, p. 355, pl. 45, figs. 13-15.

1953. Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt), Bassler, Treat. Invert. Paleont.,
pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G204, fig. 154,2.

88 BULLETIN 237

1957. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Soule and Duff, California Acad. Sci.,
Proc., ser. 4, vol. 29, No. 4, p. 113. [= Hippoporidra janthina
(Smitt), fide Cook, 1964b, p. 27].
1957. Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,
Jour, vol. 73,7 pp. 53-54, ig. 59:
1964. Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
3ull., Zoology, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 27-28.
1964. Hippoboridra janthina (Smitt), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1033, text-fig. 36.

The zoarium forms a thick botryoidal crust completely coating
spheroidal bodies of uncertain identity. One of the spheroids
(1582a) has a rounded opening resembling the aperture of a gas-
tropod. The encrustation of another spheroid (1582b), donated by
Dr. Robert Lagaiij) also has a botryoidal appearance, but the
spheroid has no opening. The zooecia are crowded, subhexagonal,
unoriented, thickly calcified, and coarsely granular, some of them
salient, others immersed. The orifice is suborbicular, slightly longer
than wide, bearing a pair of prominent condyles well below the
middle; the porta is nearly circular, the vanna transversely cres-
centic with a shallowly and evenly concave proximal lip nearly
as wide, to as wide as the porta. Where the zooecia are not too
tightly crowded they are distinctly separated by a lamina though
this is not often seen. The frontal of the salient zooecia is more
or less convex, steeply sloping, verrucose to occasionally radially
costulate. The margin of the frontal is provided with one, or
occasionally two rows of generally large, widely separated areolae,
and piercing the frontal proper are a number of rather large per-
forations. The peristome is subdued, and rising above it from the
midline a short distance below the proximal lip, there is a sturdy
irregularly calcified and puckered boss or umbone. A frontal avicu-
larium is situated below and to one side of the apex of the umbone,
near the peristome, and occasionally there is another one on a taper-
ing rostrum elsewhere near the peristome. These avicularia are ovate-
acuminate, and possess a cross bar nearer the rounded end. Scattered
throughout the zoarium are large and relatively broad interzooecial
avicularia, rounded at one end and attenuated at the other, bearing
a cross bar near the rounded end. The minute details of the cross bar
are not clear due to corrosion, but in an occasional interzooecial avi-
cularium the bar is seen to be scalloped into three lobes along the
edge facing the attenuated end of the avicularium. The opening

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 89

behind the straight edge of the cross bar is shallowly crescentic.
The character of the ovicell cannot be clearly discerned.

Measurements.—Specimen 1582a: diameters of specimen 17.5
mm > 13 mm; average zooecium length 0.405 mm, width 0.286 mm;
long diameter of orifice 0.095 mm; diameters of porta 0.0714 mm;
width of vanna 0.0714, length 0.0258 mm; interzooecial avicularium
length 0.14 mm, maximum width 0.087 mm. Specimen 1582b:
diameters of specimen 17 mm > 13.2 mm; average zooecium length
0.405 mm, width 0.298 mm; long diameter of orifice 0.107 mm;
width of porta 0.083 mm; width of vanna 0.081 mm; interzooecial
avicularium length 0.214 mm, width 0.202 mm.

Locality —Lower Mare Formation at W-13, on hillside above
west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo. Two specimens.

Comparisons.—According to Cook, “H. janthina is obviously
very closely related to H. edax, being distinguished by the wider
shallower sinus and the greater frequency of frontal pores.” ‘The
Venezuelan fossil specimens meet Cook’s criteria, and also differ
in the character of the interzooecial avicularia which are broadly
trigonal in outline, as contrasted with those of H. edax which are
broad-shaped (see Vigneaux, 1949b, p. 81, fig. 32), having a large
oval head and a longish nail-like mandibular prolongation. On the
other hand the trilobate or doubly indented cross bar of the inter-
zooecial avicularium seems identical with that of H. edax. Neither
Smitt nor later authors have clearly described or illustrated the
interzooecial avicularia of H. janthina, but if they are broadly tri-
gonal as shown on Plate 7, figure 4, the Venezuelan form should
probably be referred to H. janthina for it agrees well in other re-
spects. Cook has tentatively grouped all Western Atlantic records of
the H. edax-H. janthina complex under H. janthina (Smitt), but this
leaves unresolved the correct placement of Smitt’s H. edax forma
typica and H. edax forma calcarea from off the east coast of Florida.
Both of these are similar in many respects, including the shape of
the interzooecial avicularium, to H. edax (Busk). Some authors
(ie. Osburn 1914, pp. 212-213) combined H. calcarea with H.
edax (Busk), but others (Canu and Bassler, 1928c, pp. 139-142)
regarded Smitt’s H. edax forma typica, Smitt’s H. edax forma cal-
carea, and Smitt’s H. janthina as separate species.

O90) BULLETIN 237

Range and distribution.—Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt) is
reported_as ranging from upper Miocene to Recent. In the upper
Miocene it occurs in the Calvert Formation of Maryland (as
Lepralia maculata Ulrich and Bassler) . In the Pleistocene it occurs
in the mudlumps off South Pass, Louisiana, and is recorded at
Newport, California, by Soule and Duff as Hippoporidra edax. The
Recent form is found in the Western Atlantic in North Carolina,
off the east coast of Florida (13 fathoms) , and possibly in Bermuda.
In the Gulf of Mexico it occurs in the Tortugas at six fathoms. In
the Caribbean it is reported from north of Cuba (130 fathoms) ,
Colombia, the Venezuelan islands of Cubagua and Margarita, and
Aruba, from shore to 71 fathoms. In the Eastern Pacific it is said
to occur in the Gulf of California and Baja California (2-60 fath-
oms) , as well as off Mazatlan, Mexico.

The following references to Hippoporidra edax (Busk) have
come to my attention. Those marked with an asterisk occur in the
Western Atlantic or are reported as fossils in eastern United States.

1847. ? Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Iconographie Zoophytologique, p.
326, pl. 7, fig. 3. [Fide Lagaaij, 1952, pp. 147-148].

1859. Cellepora edax Busk, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon., vol. 11,
pp. 59-60, pl. 9, figs. 6, a-c; pl. 22, figs. 3, a-c.

1861. Cellepora edax Busk, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., n.s., vol. 1, p. 154,
pl. 34, figs. 3-3a.

1862. Cellepora edax Busk, Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 9,
p- 304.

1872. Cellepora edax Busk, Wood, Palaeontogr. Soc. London, Mon., vol.
25, pp. 54-55, pl. 5, figs. 25a-b.

*1873. Lepralia edax (Busk) forma typica, forma calcarea, Smitt, Kel.
Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Handl., vol. 11, No. 4, pt. 2, pp. 63-65, pl.
11, figs. 220-223.

1874. Cellepora edax Busk, Houzeau de Lehaie, [in] van den Broeck, Soc.
Roy. Malac. Belgique, Ann., vol. 9, p. 204.

1879. Celleporaria edax (Busk), Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Roma, Mem.,
Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 129,207,371.

1879. Lepralia edax (Busk), Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 3,
Noms ptsl/55 peo:

1880. Lepralia edax (Busk), Hincks, A History of the British Marine
Polyzoa, p. 311, pl. 24, figs. 7-7a.

1882. Lepralia edax (Busk), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour.,
vol. 38, p. 270.

1885. Lepralia edax (Busk), Waters, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour.,
vol. 41, art. 28, pp. 284,297-298.

1889. Lepralia edax (Busk), Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent
Marine Bryozoa, p. 126.

1901. Hippoporina edax (Busk), Neviani, Palaeontogr. Italica, vol. 6, pp.
136,186.

S901
1904.
1912.

*1914.
1915.

19233

*1940.
1946.
1947.

1947.

1947.
1949.
LOD IE
1952.
1952.
1953.

= Obs:

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 9]

Lepralia edax (Busk), Verrill, Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci.,
frans.; vol. 11, pt. 1, art. 2, p: 54.

Hippoporina edax (Busk), Neviani, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol.
ZF NOS PP oles 29:

Cellepora edax Busk, Leriche, Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol.
12, p. 805, text figs. 41-42a.

Lepralia edax (Busk), Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ.
No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 11, pp. 212-213.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Couffon, Contribution 4 l'étude des
faluns de l’Anjou. IV., Angers, p. 7. [Fide Buge, 1957, p. 320].
Cellepora minuta Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125,
p-. 182, pl. 25, figs. 10-13. [Fide Canu and Bassler, 1928}.

Cellepora edax Busk, Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Actes, vol.
75, p. 186, pl. 6, figs. 5-10.

Lepralia edax (Busk), Marcus, Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee,
iefs45) etl ict, ip. 92, fig. 124,

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc.,

vol. 72, No. 2710, art. 14, pp. 4,5,139-140, pl. 22, figs. 1-4.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Lecointre, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 29, p. 403, pl. 35, figs. 1-5. [Fide Buge 1957, p. 320].
Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Canu and Bassler, US. Nat. Mus., Bull.
100, vol. 9, p. 418.

. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc.,

vol. 76, No. 2810, art. 13, p. 43.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Douville, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

SEG, VOlen Papas Ol pl Oy hess les:

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Prenant, Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 1-6.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Lecointre, Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,

sex. 5, vol. 3, p. 485, pl. 24, figs. 1-2. [Fide Buge, 1957, p. 320}.

Lepralia edax (Busk), Moore, Liverpool Biol. Soc., Proc., vol. 50,
202:

ise poneridee edax (Busk), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Sur.
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 454.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Roger and Buge, Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 5, vol. 16, p. 227. [Fide Buge, 1957, p. 320].
Hippoporidra calcarea (Smitt), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Exped., Rept., No. 5, pp. 42-43.

Cellepora parasitica Michelin, Roger and Buge, Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 5, vol. 17, pp. 461-470, pl. 17, figs. 4-7, 10-15. [Fide
Lagaaij, 1952, p. 148].

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Roger and Buge, Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 5, vol. 17, pp. 465,466,469, pl. 17, figs. 8-9.

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France, Mém.,
n. s., vol. 28, No. 60, p. 81, text fig. 32.

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Pearse and Williams, Elisha Mitchell
Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 67, p. 138.

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht., Meded.,
ser G@) vol 5; No: 5; pp. 14/149), pla15; fis. 13ssplh V6; fissi6:
Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped.,
Rept Vola Diep oD Ac

Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht., Meded.,
n-yS-,) NO: 7, Chant:

Hippoporida edax (Busk), Blake, Smithsonian Misc. Collec., vol.
12 No Ww 2 abuibl 4129p p 32024 pl alent oan lt.

92 BULLETIN 237

1957. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Soule and Duff, California Acad. Sci.,

Proc., ser. 4, vol. 29, No. 4, p. 113. [= Hippoporidra janthina
- (Smitt) fide Cook, 1964, pp. 27,28].

1957. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Buge, Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, Mém.,
n. s., sér. CG, vol. 6, pp. 320-323, pl. 11, fig. 2, pl. 12; figs. 3-6.

1959. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Kanakoff and Emerson, Los Angeles
County Mus., Contrib. Sci., No. 31, p. 19.

1964. Hippoporidra edax (Busk), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bull.,
Zoology, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 26-27, pl. 3, figs. 5-7.

Range and distribution.—Hippoporidra edax (Busk) is said to
range from upper Oligocene to Recent. According to Waters (1882,
p. 270), the upper Oligocene Cumulipora angulata vy. Miunst.,
Reuss, from Séllingen, Germany is synonymous with Hippoporidra
edax (Busk). In the Miocene, H. edax has been reported from
France (Helvetian) , Italy, the states of North Carolina and South
Carolina, United States, and south Australia. Pliocene localities are
Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands (Scaldisian), England (Gedgra-
vian), and South Carolina. In the Pleistocene, it is recorded by
Blake at Wailes Bluff, St. Marys Co., Maryland, by Soule and Duff
at Newport, California, and by Neviani at Reggio, Italy. However,
the California species may be Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt) ,
according to Cook (1964). ‘The living H. edax has been recorded
from the North Sea, England, and France; from New Jersey to the
Carolinas and the Bermuda Islands in the Western Atlantic; from
the ‘Tortugas and west Florida (18-79 fathoms) in the Gulf of
Mexico; from Venezuela (Margarita, Cubagua) , Aruba, Colombia,
and Yucatan (2-23 fathoms) in the Caribbean Sea; and from south
Australia.

Cleidochasma porcellanum (Busk) pi aise 3

1860. Lepralia porcellana Busk, Quart. Jour. Microsc. Sci., vol. 8, p. 283,
je collpitse ey

1873. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Handl.,
vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 62-63, pl. 11, figs. 217-219.

1884. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, var. Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist..
ser. 5; vols 3; ips 212.

1884. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, var. Hincks, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur.
Canada, p. 41.

1890. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
6, vol. 5, p. 16.

1890. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, Kirkpatrick, [in] Ridley, Linnean Soc.
London, Jour., Zool., vol. 20, p. 504.

1905. Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt, Thornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish-
eries, Rept. to Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. No. 26, p. 121.

1964.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIG BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 93

. Lepralia porcellana Busk, Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,

Zool., vol. 30, p. 305, pl. 40, figs. 1-2.

. Lepralia porcellana Busk, Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ.

No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 209.

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,

Bull. 106, p. 373, fig. 113A; p. $74, fig. 114B-E.

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Duvergier, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,

Actes,“ vol.4/2, No.2; p. 152.

. Hippoporina cleidostoma (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci.

Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 80-81.

Hippoporina cleidostoma (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc.; vole 72, No.-2710; art. 14, “pp. 104-105; ipl. 9) fig: 7; pl. 32;
fig. 5; text fig. I8A-E.

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,

Bull. 100, vol. 9, p. 320, fig. 132F-H.

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,

No. 47, pp. 721-722.

Hippoporina cleidostoma (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 76, No. 2810, art. 13, pp. 18-19.

Hippoporina simplex Canu and Bassler, Stat. Océanogr. Salammb6,
Ann., No. 5, p. 49, pl. 6, figs. 3-6. [Fide Marcus 1937, p. 97].
Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Sakakura, Fac. Sci. Tokyo Imp.
ini OUT. psec 2 VOl4 sNOsels) pa123) pln 4) te 0:
Hippoporina procellana (Busk), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc.
e Letras Univ. Sdo Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 96-97,
pls 19 he Sil:

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci., Sci.

Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 428.

. Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic

Exped. Rept NOmon pol:

Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Vigneaux, Soc. Géol. France, Mém.,
N.S, VOls/28,,(p-.00,.pl. brig= 7.

Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Rept., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 344-345,346, pl. 41, figs. 1-3.
Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
Arq., vol. 42, pt. 1, p. 298.

Cleidochasma porcellana (Busk), Harmer, Siboga-Exped., vol. 16,
Mon. 28d, p. 1038.

Cleidochasma porcellana (Busk), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No.
2053, pp. 18-19.

Cleidochasma porcellanum (Busk), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1015,1032-1033, text fig. 35.
Hippoporina porcellana (Busk), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 633-634.

Cleidochasma porcellanum (Busk), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
Bull., Zoology, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 11-14, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, figs. 1-2;
text figs. 4A-E.

The zoarium is more or less hyaline, encrusting, and both uni-

laminar and multi-layered. ‘The zooecia are convex, hexagonal to

rhomboidal in outline, disposed in alternating longitudinal rows,

and separated by straight shallow grooves. According to Marcus

(1937, p- 96) , young zooecia are marked by zigzag lines contiguous

Q4 BULLETIN 237

s

to the walls, but due to advanced calcification they are not visible
on my specimens; furthermore, where the colonies are cumulate all
zooecial boundaries are ill-defined. The frontal of the adult zoo-
ecium is a thick and finely beaded but smoothish olocyst bearing
occasionally a few areolar pores near the margin. The orifice is
near the distal margin of the zooecium and is sunken, with a
nearly circular porta and a concave vanna which is a little nar-
rower than the porta. There is a well-developed vestibular arch
which may be finely beaded. Separating the porta from the vanna
is a pair of strong condyles situated well below the middle of the
orifice. The peristome is raised and thickened, often bearing a
coarse nodule just below the proximal lip as well as a pair of
nodules on the rim of the peristome on either side of the lip. On
the distal margin of the peristome there are also a few small pro-
truberances that may be the vestiges of spines. On one zooecium
of specimen A674a, there is an ovate avicularium on the frontal
wall well below and to one side of the proximal lip, with the
acuminate end pointing obliquely toward the orifice. No ovicells
are discernible.

Measurements.—Specimen A674a: average zooecium, length 0.31
mm, width 0.24 mm; orifice length 0.12 mm, width 0.095 mm;
avicularium length 0.05 mm, width 0.03 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the pelecypod Chama congregata
Conrad.

Range and distribution—The range of Cleidochasma_ porcel-
lanum (Busk) is middle Miocene to Recent. In the middle Mio-
cene (Burdigalian) it occurs in Cestas, France; in the Pliocene it
occurs in Bocas Island, Almirante Bay, Panama; in the Pleistocene
it is reported by Sakakura in the Bésé Peninsula, Japan; and by
Cheetham and Sandberg in Louisiana, United States, where it
occurs in mudlumps off South Pass at the mouth of the delta of
the Mississippi River. The Recent form of C. porcellanum is tem-
perate to tropical in habitat, living generally at depths of 8 to 40
fathoms, with a maximum recorded depth of 204 fathoms. Eastern
Atlantic localities are Madeira, St. Helena and West Africa. In
the Western Atlantic the species ranges from Cape Cod, Massa-

oo}
Or

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

chusetts to Santos Bay, Brazil, and occurs in the Bermuda Islands.
In the Mediterranean it has been reported from off Tunisia. In
the Eastern Pacific the species ranges from British Columbia to
Peru and the Galapagos Islands. In the Caribbean it occurs off
Margarita (Venezuela) in 18 fathoms, at Cabo La Vela, Colombia
(18-24 fathoms) , Cuba, Puerto Rico, and in the Yucatan Channel.
In the Western Pacific it is recorded from Japan, south China, and
the Philippines. And in the Indian Ocean it is recorded from
Ceylon in the east and the Almirante Islands in the west.

Cleidochasma contractum (Waters) Pip dietie 2

1899. Lepralia contracta Waters, Roy. Microsc. Soc. London, Jour., p. 11,
pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

1909. Lepralia contracta Waters, Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 30, p. 306, pl. 41, figs. 5-6.

1912. Lepralia serrata Osburn, Bur. Fish., Bull., vol. 30 for 1910, pp.
206,242, pl. 26, figs. 57-57c.

1914. Lepralia contracta Waters var. serrata Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, pp.
211-212.

1920. Perigastrella (Lepralia) contracta (Waters), U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
106, p. 576, fig. 174A-E.

1923. Gemellipora asper Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125,
pp- 110-111, pl. 18, figs. 5-6. [Fide Lagaaij, 1963, p. 189].

1928. Gemellipora asper Canu and Bassler, Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus: Proc.) vol. 12, No. 2710) art. 145 p90; pl 0) fie. 1 Ride
Lagaaij 1963, p. 189].

1929. Perigastrella contracta (Waters), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 100, vol. 6, p. 403, fig. 156A-E.

1929. Perigastrella contracta (Waters), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London, Proc.,
pa (227 pl ly fig. 60!

1937. Perigastrella contracta (Waters), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc.
e Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 1, Zoologia No. 1, pp. 98-99,
pl. 20, figs. 52A-B.

1938. Perigastrella contracta (Waters), Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc.
e Letras Uniy. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, p. 85.

1939. Perigastrella contracta (Waters), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciéne.
e Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 13, Zoologia No. 3, p. 205.

1940. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, pp.
428-430.

1945. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Hutchins, Connecticut Acad. Arts
and Sci., Trans., vol. 36, p. 543.

1947. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Expeds sRepts:) INOW Sip: oo.

1949. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Rogick and Croasdale, Biol. Bull.
Woods Hole, vol. 96, No. 1, p. 57, figs. 34-41.

1951. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Pearse and Williams, Elisha Mitch-
ell§Scis Soc; Jour: vol675 No. 1p. 137.

1952. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific
Exped., Repts., vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 346-347, pl. 41, figs. 4-5.

96 BULLETIN 237

1955. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
ATO VOL. a2. Deepen Zoos

195@. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Menzel, Oceanogr. Inst. Florida
State Univ., Contrib. No. 61, p. 13.

1957. Lepralia (Perigastrella) contracta (Waters), Harmer, Siboga-Exped.,
vol. 16, Mon. 28d, pp. 823,1025.

1957. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,
Jour: vol. 73) Now) ps 52) heb 7.

1961. Cleidochasma_ contracta (Waters), Soule, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
No. 2053; pp. 19-20.

1963. Cleidochasma contracta (Waters), Lagaaij, Inst. Marine Sci. Univ.
Mexas,-Publ vol. 9 pps Ls9-19 1 pls betes 2:

1963. Cleidochasma contracta (Waters), Hertlein, California Acad. Sci.,
Proc:, ser. 4, vol; 32, No.8; pp.232-239-

1964. Hippoporina contracta (Waters), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 632-633.

1964. Cleidochasma contractum (Waters), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1032, text fig. 38.

1964. Cleidochasma contractum (Waters), Cook, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
Bull., Zoology, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 14-17, fig. 5A.

1964. Cleidochasma contracta (Waters), Soule and Soule, Amer. Mus.
Novitates, No. 2199, pp. 18-19.

The zoarium is encrusting and one layer in thickness. ‘The
zooecia are tubular, nearly flat-lying, hexagonal in outline, well
defined in the youngest portion of the colony, where they are sepa-
rated by a sharp groove, but less so in the center of the colony.
The frontal is convex, smoothly granular, and imperforate, but
with extremely faint areolae at the margin. The primary orifice is
key-hole shaped, with a circular porta much larger than the vanna,
and a small regular U-shaped sinus in the proximal border. Sepa-
rating the porta from the vanna is a pair of condyles but it cannot
be determined whether they are bifid as they are in Cletdochasma
contractum. The vestibular arch is regularly beaded with about
16 minute evenly spaced denticles projecting from it. The peristome
around the orifice is raised and a little thickened, often bearing
a somewhat irregular mucro in front of the sinus; laterally and
distally the rim of the peristome is studded by perhaps five to seven
slender projections probably representing the sites of oral spines.
The avicularia are not particularly abundant, and there are three
types: the most prominent are those with small suboval chambers
mounted on slender mamillate processes which arise near the base
of the frontal and extend upward at varying angles; another type
is Ovate-acuminate in outline (with part of the aperture serrated)

immersed in the peristome on one side or the other of the mucro;

ide)
~I

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

the third type is uncommon and spatulate, lying lengthwise along
the side of the frontal; on some of the zooecia, avicularia are absent.
The ovicell is hyperstomial, imperforate, elobular-hemispherical,
smooth to rather coarsely calcified, wider than deep, the front side
vertically truncated and lying normal to the zooecial orifice. The
front of the ovicell is closed by a semilunate thin calcareous plug
bounded at the base by a horizontal bar.

Measurements.—Specimen A686a: zoarium 2.2 mm < 1.4 mm;
zooecium 0.31 mm < 0.21 mm; orifice 0.083 mm > 0.071 mm; ovi-
cell 0.155 mm. in width, 0.095 mm in depth, 0.12 mm in height.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. One zoarium encrusted on the pelecypod Barbatia
(Barbatia) candida (Helbling) .

Remarks.—Except for the hardly discernible marginal areolae
which are generally prominent on Cleidochasma contractum, and
for the uncertainty (because they cannot be seen) that the condyles
are bifid, the Venezuelan specimen is identical in other diagnostic
characters—particularly the orifice and ovicell—to C. contractum.
The species is a variable one, and it is possible that the lack of
development of marginal areolae on the single Venezuelan specimen
constitutes an individual rather than specific variation.

Range and distribution —The range of C. contractum is Pleis-
tocene to Recent, but if Gemellipora asper Canu and Bassler is the
same as C. contractum, then it is known from the upper Miocene
of Florida and the Pliocene of South Carolina as well. The Pleisto-
cene occurrence is in the mudlumps off South Pass, Louisiana. The
living C. contractum has been reported from the island of Madeira;
off the coast of West Africa; from the Western Atlantic between
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Santos Bay, Brazil, in 5 to 15
fathoms; from the Caribbean off Margarita Island (Venezuela) ,
and Cabo La Vela (Colombia) in 11 to 41 fathoms, and_ off
Puerto Rico in 6 fathoms; from the Gulf of Mexico in the ‘Tortugas
(5-18 fathoms), west Florida (5-33 fathoms), Louisiana (7-70
fathoms) , and Texas (6-50 fathoms) ; and from the Eastern Pacific
in Baja, California (.5 to 40 fathoms) to Ecuador, including Cocos
Island, the Galapagos (12-15 fathoms) , and Gorgona Island, Colom-
bia (30 fathoms) .

98 BULLETIN 237
Rhynchozoon cf. R. verruculatum (Smitt) Pi iatises
1875. Cellepora verruculata Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Handl.,
“vol. 11, No. 4, pt. II, pp. 50-51, pl. 8, figs. 170-172.

1879. Cellepora verruculata Smitt, Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
VOL 35) Palos sp lealeetios aleve

1884. Not Escharoides verruculata (Smitt), Busk, Voyage H.M.S. Chal-
lenger, Rept. Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 150. [= Rhyn-
chozoon longirostris (Hincks), fide Waters, 1900, p. 49; Hastings,
19295) p27 29):

1885. Celle ie verruculata Smitt, Waters, Roy. Microsc. Soc., Jour., ser.
Z,2VOl.<D, (NOw17e $ps 0s, ple daahige i

1889. Gellepora verruculata Smitt, Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of the
Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 60.

1902. Cellepora verruculata Smitt, Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
Trav., mém.-No. 11, p. 66, pl. 2, figs. 6-9.

1902. Cellepora aes aa Calvet, Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
Trav., mém. No. 12, p.

1905. Rhynchozoon en (Smitt) ,Phornely, Ceylon Pearl Oyster
Fisheries, Rept. to Colonial Govt., pt. 4, Suppl. Rept. Noe265 p22:

1907. Cellepora verruculaita Smitt, Calvet, Expéditions scientifiques du
“Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, vol. 8, p. 444.

1914. Cellepora verruculata Smitt, Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 11, p. 214.

1918. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Barroso, Real Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat., Bol., vol. 19, p. 342, figs. 6-lla.

1923. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat.
Mus.) Bully 1255p. 1575 pl. 3, floss Ins:

1928. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci.
Seine-et-Oise, Bull., vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 88-89, pl. 7, figs. 2-3.

1928. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Canu and paces U.S. Nat.
Mus., Proc., vol. 72, art. 14, No. 2710, p. 6.

1929. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Hastings, Zool. Soc. London,
Proc., pp. 728,729.

1939. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciénc.
e Letras Univ. S40 Paulo, Bol., vol. 13, Zoologia No. 3, pp. 153-155,
pl. 11, figs. 20A-C.

1940. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Osburn, New York Acad. Sci.,
Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16,
Xs By oe Gaus

1952. Rhynchozoon rostratum (Busk) and Rhynchozoon verruculatum
(Smitt), Osburn, Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, Rept., vol. 14,
pt. 2, pp. 456-458, pl. 54, figs. 1-3.

1955. Rhynchozoon verruculatum (Smitt), Marcus, Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, Arq., vol. 42, pt. 1, pp. 303-304.

1957. Rhynchozoon rostratum (Busk), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,
Jour., vol. 73, pp. 57-58, fig. 63.

1964. Rhynchozoon rostratum (Busk), Shier, Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and

Caribbean, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 640-641.

The zoarium is encrusting, one layer in thickness, vitreous

white, and roughened on the surface in varying degree. ‘The zooecia
are hexagonal to more or less ovate, well oriented at the margin
of the zoarium but crowded and somewhat irregular toward the

Se)
eo)

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

center. Around the margin of the frontal is a row of areolae sepa-
rated by short costules, the areolae often obscured by encroachment
of adjacent zooecia and by calcification. The surface of the mature
zoarium is characterized by ridges, corrugations, and tuberosities.
The frontal is moderately convex, heavily calcified, and granular
to verrucose in texture. The primary orifice has a nearly circular
porta and a moderately deep U-shaped sinus on the proximal lip
of the vanna. The vestibular arch is rather prominently beaded.
The upper surface of the operculum is marked by exceedingly
minute dots. Lying on one side of the orifice is a small clathridiate
to semilunar avicularium, and rarely, on the frontal of a lightly
calcified zooecium, there may be present a diamond-shaped avicu-
larium resembling that of Smitt’s figure 170. Here and there are
large subspatulate avicularia lying parallel with the surface of
the zoarium and situated athwart the peristome*at the proximal
end of the orifice. Generally, however, the avicularia are supported
on bosses, in which case the frontal avicularium is arcuate, oval
or ovate acuminate. With increasing calcification the primary orifice
becomes sunken, and is surrounded by the peristome which is thick,
rugose, and subcircular to suboval in outline. On or around the
peristome there are sundry projections and occasional pustules. ‘Two
ovicells have been noted, one an inflated oval, the other also inflated
but more discoidal. Both are peristomial and project somewhat
over the immersed primary orifice. The ovicell is hyaline, imper-
forate, and minutely but smoothly granulose. The ovicell opens
above the aperture through a slit at the base of the labellum. In
thickly calcified areas, the peristome is irregular and bears an ele-
vated mucro with an asymmetric notch next to it on the proximal
edge.

Measurements.—Specimen A676a: average zooeclum near center
of colony, length 0.43 mm, maximum width 0.31 mim; primary ori-
fice, length 0.10 mm, width 0.09 mm; suboral avicularium on same
zooecium, length 0.048 mm, width 0.035 mm; frontal avicularium
(diamond-shaped) , length 0.095 mm; frontal avicularium (ovate)
on boss, length 0.10 mm, width 0.07 mm; spatulate avicularium,
length 0.36 mm, width 0.11 mm, oval ovicell 0.19 mm in diameter,
0.24 mm in depth; discoidal ovicell 0.23 mm in diameter, 0.19
mm in depth.

100 BULLETIN 237

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on Pseudochama radians (Lamarck)
and Chama congregata Conrad.

Remarks.—Where thickly calcified, the Venezuelan specimen
agrees fairly well with adult specimens of R. verruculatum from
Florida except for the notches in the proximal rim of the peristome
which are not nearly so pronounced as they are in the examples
from Florida or in the illustrations by Marcus of R. verruculatum
from Brazil. However, these notches occur on the side of calcified
growths on the peristome of adult zooecia, and our single zoarium
from Venezuela had not yet attained its full maturity and maximum
calcification.

In 1952, the Western Atlantic R. verruculatum (Smitt) was
placed in synonymy with the Eastern Pacific R. rostratum (Busk)
by Osburn, and in this he has been followed by Maturo and Shier.
The similarities between R. rostratum and R. verruculatum were
noted as early as 1929 by Hastings but she separated the two on
the character of the ovicell. Marcus (1939,1955) also noted the
resemblance between R. rostratum and R. verruculatum but pre-
ferred the name R. verruculatum for the Brazilian form. As the
Venezuelan specimen here described was found between Florida
and Brazil, it too is referred to the Western Atlantic R. verrucu-
latum.

Range and distribution.—R. verruculatum (Smitt) is reported
as ranging from middle Miocene to Recent. In the middle Miocene
it is recorded from Jamaica; in the upper Miocene and Pliocene
from Florida; and in the Pleistocene from South Carolina. The
species is living from Massachusetts to Brazil (including North
Carolina, Florida, the ‘Tortugas, Puerto Rico, and near Santos,
Brazil) at depths of 6 to 42 fathoms. In Europe R. verruculatum,
or variants thereof, is reported from Algeciras (Spain) , Corsica, and
the Bay of Naples.

R. rostratum (Busk) is found from southern California to
Colombia (including Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama) and the
Galapagos Islands, at depths ranging from shore to 100 fathoms.

Rhynchozoon caboblanquense, new species Pl, Wd fis. 4:
The zoarium is encrusting, one layer in thickness, and heavily
calcified. The zooecia are hexagonal and fairly distinct. The frontal

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 101

is inflated, finely granulose but smooth, bearing a marginal row
of areolae of which there are 15 on one zooecium having a length
of 0.38 mm and a width of 0.33 mm. The orifice is relatively large,
sunken, a little longer than wide, provided with a pair of condyles
a little below the middle, and marked by a minutely beaded ves-
tibular arch. The porta is nearly circular, the vanna shallowly and
regularly concave and about as wide as the porta though less in
height. Except on the proximal rim the peristome is low, thick-
ened, and hardly differentiated, marked occasionally by five or six
small circular openings, possibly marking the site of spinose pro-
jections. Rising from the proximal side of the peristome, and often
elevated well above the orifice is an avicularian-bearing rostrum
or mucro, the tip of the mucro usually erose. On another colony
there is no mucro on the zooecia though there may be a swelling
at the proximal lip of the orifice. Typically theré is a large oval
frontal avicularium below and a little to one side of the mucro,
and yet another avicularium near the side of the peristome. ‘This
peristomial avicularium is ovate-acuminate, and is intermediate in
size between the rostral and frontal avicularia. In addition, small
frontal avicularia are present randomly. The ovicell has not been
seen.

Measurements.—Holotype (J660b) : length of zoarium 1.8 mm;
average zooecium, length 0.35 mm, width 0.26 mm; rostral avicu-
larium, length 0.03 mm, width 0.02 mm; frontal avicularium, length
6.08 mm, width 0.05 mm; peristomial avicularium, length 0.05 mm,
width 0.05 mm.

Locality.—_Lower Mare Formation, in small stream 100 meters
west of Quebrada Mare Abajo. Encrusted on the right valve of a
juvenile oyster, possibly Ostrea (Alectryonia 2) caboblanquensis
Weisbord (Bull. Amer. Paleont., vol. 45, pp. 190-192, pl. 25, figs.
1-6, 1964).

Comparisons.—Though not dissimilar, this species 1s at once
distinguished from the Miocene to Recent R. verruculatum (Smitt)
by its much smoother frontal even though it is also thickly calci-
fied. There is some resemblance to the Pliocene R. corniger Canu
and Bassler from the Panama Canal Zone but the orifice of R.
corniger is elliptical-transverse whereas that of R. caboblanquense,
n. sp. is more or less orbicular and a little longer than wide.

102 BULLETIN 237

Rhynchozoon caribense, new species Pic12) fig) 2

The zoarium is encrusting, hyaline, and one layer in thickness.
The zooecia radiate outward in alternating longitudinal rows, are
well defined, recumbent, generally hexagonal though occasionally
pentagonal with the proximal end truncate, and are separated by
depressed narrow grooves. Where the base of the zooecium is re-
vealed, it is seen that each distal wall of the hexagon is provided
with about three transversely oval dietellae. The frontal is glassy,
convex, and microscopically granulate, with no marginal pores or
areolae that can be discerned. The primary orifice is small, sunken,
and circular, bearing a short and rather narrow U-shaped sinus,
with the sides of the sinus vertical and parallel. The vestibular arch
is minutely, regularly, and rather closely serrate. The peristome is
thick, raised, roughened by projections, and more or less circular.
On the peristome there may be a stubby growth or erose mucro
just below the sinus, and there may be four to six smaller projec-
tions around the rim of the peristome. The operculum covering
the primary orifice is membranous, transparent, and microscopi-
cally spotted. Frontal avicularia are present on about half the zoo-
ecia. These avicularia are placed on a raised, relatively large ovate-
acuminate boss occupying the lower half of the frontal and a little
to one side of the midline; the rounded or shorter end of the boss
is more elevated than the acuminate end; the acuminate end of
the boss is directed proximally, and nearly reaches the lowest side
or the lowest angle of the zooecium. The chamber of the avicu-
larium is located on the distal end of the boss about half way
down the frontal; the chamber is small, ovate, and provided with
a cross bar. The ovicell has not been seen.

Measurements.—Holotype (A673a): zoarium, length 2.14 mm,

99°

width 2.00 mm; average zooecium, length 0.33 mm, maximum width
9°

0.23 mm; length of avicularian boss 0.12 mm, maximum width 0.17
mm, diameter of primary orifice 0.084 mm.

Locality —Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. One specimen encrusted on the pelecypod Trachy-
cardium muricatum (Linnaeus) .

Comparisons.—The distinguishing characters of Rhynchozoon
caribense, n. sp. are the large proximally directed avicularian boss

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 103

on the frontal, and the absence of marginal pores or areolae on
the frontal. There is some similarity to R. angulatum Levinsen
(1909, p. 225, pl. 3, fig. 4), but R. angulatum has a relatively larger
orifice, is provided with a few marginal pores on some of the zoo-
ecia, and may have, in addition to the frontal avicularium (which
is similar to that of the Venezuelan species here described) a bul-
bous suboral avicularian eminence on the proximal side of the
peristome. R. caribense, n. sp. is differentiated from the fossil R.
caboblanquense, n. sp. described in this paper, in being less heavily
calcified, in lacking the marginal areolae, and in having a U-shaped
sinus rather than the evenly concave vanna of R. caboblanquense.

Harmerella dichotoma (Hincks) ; VAL, IPA sayee, Oy

1862. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 9,
p. 304, pl. 12, figs. 7-8. e

1864. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Alder, Microsc. Soc. London, Quart.
jour, voll4; p.. 96, pl-2; figs: 2-4:

1873. Cellepora avicularis Smitt, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Handl.,
vol, WLINo. 4, Ptil p.53; pl. 95 figs; 193-198:

1880. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, A History of the British Marine Poly-
zoa, p. 403, pl. 55, figs. 1-10.

1881. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Ridley, Zool. Soc. London, Proc., p. 55.

1889. Cellepora avicularis Smitt, Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent
Marine Bryozoa, p. 46.

1889. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Jelly, A Synonymic Catalogue of
Recent Marine Bryozoa, p..51.

1901. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Knipovich, Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg,
Ann., vol. 6, p. 6.

1903. Reteporella dichotoma (Hincks), Calvet, [in] Jullien and Calvet,
Résultats des campagnes scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, No. 23,
J) oe fet ba 0) Cake vt

1906. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Nordgaard, Bergens Mus., Meeres-
fauna von Bergen, vol. 2, p. 97, pl. 2, figs. 35-36.

1907. Reterporella dichotoma (Hincks), Calvet, Expéditions scientifiques
du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les années 1880-1883,
vol. 8, p: 484.

1907. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Nordgaard, Bergens Mus., Aarb. for
190%, pp. 16.

1909. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Norman, Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 30, p. 310.

1911. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Nichols, Great Britain and Ireland
Fish. Repts. Sci. Invest. 1910, No. 1, p. 32.

1911. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Guérin-Ganivet, Lab. Zool. Concar-
neau, Trav. Sci., vol. 3, No. 5, p. 3.

1912. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Guérin-Ganivet, Lab. Zool. Concar-
neau, Trav. Sci., vol. 4, No. 7, p. 18.

1912. Reteporella dichotoma (Hincks), Barroso, Mus. Cienc. Nat. Madrid,
Sica: NOt 5 saps ac:

1914. Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Osburn, Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Publ. No. 182, Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 5, No. 11, p. 214.

104

1918.
191%
1920.
1927.
1928.

1928.

1928.
1929.

1931.

1933.
1934.

1938.

1939:
1940.
1940.
1947

1949.
1951
1952.
1952.

1953:

1957.

1964.

BULLETIN 237

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Nordgaard, Troms6 Mus., Aarsh., vol.
207 (97) Noe lea psesb:
Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Marcus, Gesell, Naturf. Freunde Ber-
lin, Sitzungsber., No. 7, p. 274.

Schizmopora dichotoma (Hincks), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 106, p. 599, fig. 178-0.

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks var. attenuata Alder, Calvet, Inst.
Oceanogr. Monaco, Bull., No. 503, p. 32.

Cellepora (Schismopora) dichotoma Hincks, Calvet, Inst. Océanogr.
Monaco, Bull., No. 530, p. 7.

Schizmopora dichotoma (Wincks), Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc, vol, 72, No. ‘2710).art. 147 pp. 1495150) ple 22 ahioss 7 - Stes
figs. 34A-B.

Schizmopora dichotoma (Hincks), Canu and Bassler, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., No. 18, p. 56.

Cellopora dichotoma Hincks, Fratterelli, Arch. Zool. Torino, vol. 153,
Nos. 3-4, p. 386.

Schizmopora (Cellepora) dichotoma (Hincks), Calvet, Résultats des
campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ter,
Prince Souverain du Monaco, No. 83, p. 122.

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Borg, Fauna Arctica, vol. 6, No. 5,
pasa:

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Kramp, Zoology of the Faroes, vol. 58,
\Do Abe

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Marcus, Faculdade Philos., Scienc. e
Letras Univ. Sado Paulo, Bol., vol. 4, Zoologia No. 2, pp. 46-48,
pl. 11, figs. 26A-D.

Cellepora dichotoma WHincks, Marcus, Faculdade Filos., Ciénc. e
Letras Univ. Sao Paulo, Bol., vol. 13, Zoologia No. 3, p. 156.
Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Marcus, Danmarks Fauna, vol. 46,
pp. 288-290.

Schizmopora dickotoma (Hincks), Osburn, New York Acad. Scie
Sci. Sur. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 460.
Schizmopora dichotoma (WHincks), Osburn, Allan Hancock Atlantic
Exped> Rept. No: 5) )p. 43:

Cellepora dichotoma WHincks, Rogick and Croasdale, Biol. Bull.
Woods Hole, vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 53-54, figs. 20-22.

Schizmopora dichotoma (Hincks), Pearse and Williams, Elisha
Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 67, p. 138.

Cellepora dichotoma Hincks, Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht., Meded.,
ser. C, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 140.

Harmerella dichotoma (Hincks), Lagaaij, Nederl. Geol. Sticht.,
Meded., ser. C, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 140-141, fig. 18.

Harmerella [Cellepora| dichotoma (Hincks), Bassler, Treat. Invert.
Paleont., Pt. G, Bryozoa, p. G220.

Schizmopora dichotoma (Hincks), Maturo, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.,
Jour., vol. 73, pp. 58-59, fig. 65.

Harmerella dichotoma (Hincks), Cheetham and Sandberg, Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1043, text figs. 50,59.

The zoarium is encrusting and flat-lying. The zooecia are white
to translucent, crowded against each other, and cumulate. In form

the zooecia are subhexagonal at the base, but rise therefrom as
erect, mammillate-conical cells, most of them elevated but others

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 105

sunken. The frontal is smooth and vitreous, rarely surrounded by
a ring of circular pores a short distance below the peristome, or
with a few areolae near the margin. The primary orifice is sub-
central, large, suborbicular, generally deeply immersed, and slightly
contracted below the middle so that the porta is semicircular and
the proximal lip embayed into a rounded V-shaped or shallow
U-shaped sinus. The peristome of the young zooecium is elevated,
and has a thin rim which descends to form a notch or spiramen
adjacent to the rounded end of the avicularium if that is present.
The peristome of heavily calcified zooecia is hardly raised above
the primary orifice, and has a thickened suborbicular rim, some-
times bearing small irregular nodulations. Present on some of the
zooecia is a comparatively large suboral avicularium situated on a
large hollow boss which raises the avicularium to the side of, and
often above, the peristome. The avicularium is bluntly acuminate,
the acuminate end directed away from the proximal rim, and com-
plete with cross bar. The ovicell has not been observed.

Measurements.—Specimen A682a: average zooecium, length 0.40
mim, width 0.33 mm; primary orifice, length 0.123 mm, width 0.105
mm; peristome 0.201 mm s 0.175 mm; suboral avicularium, length
0.087 mm, width 0.044 mm.

Locality.—Recent, on beach at Playa Grande Yachting Club,
Distrito Federal. Encrusted on the pelecypod Chama congregata
Conrad.

Remarks.—Lagaaij (1952) introduced the generic name Har-
merella for taxa having a “lateral spiramen or pseudospiramen in
the proximal lip of the peristome, flanked by a suboral avicularium
in the opposite side of the lip.” As the spiramen is not well devel-
oped, and as there are no ovicells (which are said to be irregularly
and coarsely perforate) with which to make a comparison, the
identification of my specimen as H. dichotoma is tentative.

Range and distribution.—Harmerella dichotoma_ (Hincks) is
able to live in cold, temperate, and warm waters at depths ranging
from near shore to 1,208 fathoms. It has been found in the North
Atlantic off the Faroes and Norway, and ranges therefrom to Great
Britain, Spain (Santander), and northern France. In the Mediter-
ranean it is recorded from Monaco on the north and North Africa
on the south. Eastern Atlantic localities are the Azores, Madeira,

106 BULLETIN 237

and the Canary Islands. In the Western Atlantic H. dichotoma
ranges from North Carolina to Santos Bay, Brazil, and in the Gulf
of Mexico the species occurs on the Tortugas Islands. Venezuelan
localities other than Playa Grande are Margarita Island and the
Gulf of Venezuela. As a fossil, H. dichotoma occurs in the Pliocene
on Bocas Island, Panama, according to Canu and Bassler (1928) .
It also occurs in the sub-Recent mudlumps off South Pass, Louisiana,
United States.

Trematooecia cheethami, new species Pl. 2, figs. 12:13; Pl. 9, figs. 1-3

The zoarium is encrusting, and multi-layered or unilaminar.
With the basal surface facing the observer, it is seen that the zooecia
are rhomboidal to hexagonal in outline, that they are disposed in
fairly regular alternating rows, that the walls are moderately thick,
that the interior of the frontal is deep and minutely granulose,
and that each of the condyles of the orifice is extended to the side
of the interior surface as a raised ledge or lappet. The zooecia of
multi-layered colonies are irregularly cumulate and unoriented,
those of the upper layer either immersed, obliquely projecting, or
erect and salient, the latter conical in shape and sloping upward
to a more or less central orifice. The frontal of the projecting zoo-
ecia is heavily calcified, and densely granular to smooth in the
adult stage, hyaline to finely granulose in the young. The margin
of the frontal is perforated by a single row of large areolae, of which
there are 18 or so on one zooecium with a length of 0.45 mm, but
with a greater or lesser number around the margin of other zooecia
of approximately the same size. ‘The primary orifice is orbicular
and generally deeply sunken, bearing near or a little below the
middle, a pair of sturdy condyles; the porta is semicircular, the
vanna shallowly concave. The peristome is raised and thickened,
and rising from it, immediately in front of the proximal rim of
the orifice, is a sturdy mucro elevated above the peristome and
attenuated into a blunt spine at the upper extremity; the interior
of the mucro is hollow. The frontal avicularia are ovate-acuminate,
with a cross bar lying a little nearer the rounded end of the cham-
ber, and with the pointed end generally directed away from the
orifice. Some of the avicularia are situated in the peristome to one
side of the mucro, but more often, where they are present, they are

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 107

situated below and to one side of the mucro on a slightly elevated
boss of the frontal. In addition there are occasional interzooecial
avicularia lying parallel with the zoarial surface, and these are large
and generally elongate-spatulate. On or around the peristome there
may be several rounded openings that are interpreted as having been
the site of moderately prominent oral spines; the spines are not pre-
served on most zooecia, but five or six of them have been noted on an
occasional peristome. ‘The ovicell is hyperstomial and globular, ris-
ing as a rounded inflated imperforate hood above the distal margin
of the orifice, with the opening of the ovicell lying normal to the
horizontal plane of the zooecial orifice; the aperture of the ovicell is
orbicular to transversely oval, and is as large or larger than the
zooecial orifice; the membrane closing off the opening of the ovicell
is rather thickly calcified and smooth; and a small but prominent
pustule or node is present atop the central area of the hood.

This species is named in honor of Alan H. Cheetham, formerly
of Louisiana State University.

Measurements.—Holotype (1620c, a unilaminar colony) : zoar-
ium length 4.3 mm, width 2.5 mm, average zooecium length 0.40
mm, width 0.23 mm; primary orifice 0.10 mm >< 0.10 mm; frontal
avicularium length 0.07 mm, width 0.05 mm; ovicell width 0.19
mm, depth 0.14 mm, diameter of aperture 0.13 mm. Paratype
(J641a, a colony with cumulate zooecia) : zoarium length 12 mm,
width 8 mm; average zooecium length 0.35 mm, width 0.29 mm;
diameter of orifice 0.12 mm; avicularium below mucro, length 0.095
mim, width 0.047 mm. Paratype (JJ641): interzooecial avicularium
length 0.22 mm, maximum width 0.083 mm.

Localities —Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia member) at
W-23, north flank of Punta Gorda anticline. Two fragments. Lower
Mare Formation, in small stream 100 meters west of Quebrada Mare
Abajo. Two fragments. Lower Mare Formation at W-13, on hillside
above west bank of Quebrada Mare Abajo. One fragment. Mare
Formation (JJ641a), 300 meters west-northwest of W-13 (unfigured
paratype, 27504a PRI). Two specimens, donated by Dr. Robert
Lagaaij. Upper Mare Formation, in stream 250 meters south-south-
west of the mouth of Quebrada Las Pailas. One fragment.

Remarks.—The prominent, bluntly pointed and hollow mucro
or rostrum rising above the proximal side of the orifice, the five

108 BULLETIN 237

or six oral spines around the distal end and sides of the peristome,
the strong condyles in the orifice, and the calcified growth or pus-
tule on the hood of the ovicell serve to differentiate Trematooecia
cheethami from other Recent or fossil species. Superficially there
is a close resemblance between T. cheethami and the lower Miocene
to Recent Celleporaria albirostris (Smitt) (1873, pp. 70-72, pl. 12,
figs. 233-239) , but C. albirostris is distinguished by its asymmetrical
notch in the secondary orifice to one side of the mucro, and by the
absence of strong condyles in the lower third of the orifice.

Anoteropora ? triovicellata, new species Pl. 3, figs. 12-14; Pl. 12, fig. 3

Zoarium oval in outline, thickly calcified, unilaminar, gently
cupuliform, the frontal surface convex, the basal surface concave.
The basal surface is finely granular and porose, divided faintly into
small polygons which are perforated by tiny rounded pores of
unequal size. Situated a little off center of the base is a relatively
large opening but whether this is due simply to corrosion or is in
fact a part of the ancestrula (which itself is indiscernible) cannot
be determined. The zooecia of the upper surface are deep, hex-
agonal, a little longer than wide, and disposed in regular alternate
rows around the zoarium, with the lateral walls of adjacent zooecia
in contact. The upper surface is coarsely granular, and the walls
are thick, with low irregular nodulations on the mural rim. The
frontal of the zooecia is worn away so that the character of the
orifice and avicularia is unknown, but from the remaining fringe
of the frontal on one or two of the zooecia, it is seen to be coarse,
thickly calcified, and perforate. In edge view the zooecia are elon-
gated and deep. The two or three ovicells that are present occur
near the margin of the zoarium on both the superior and inferior
faces. The ovicells are hyperstomial, large, bulbous, closely perfo-
rate, and more or less trigonal in outline. When fully developed,
the ovicell is divided into three somewhat unequal segments by
two arcuate grooves running across the chamber more or less paral-
lel with the broader margin. The perforations of the ovicell are
rather regular, with roughly five columns in the upper or broadest
segment, about six columns in the middle segment, and seven to
perhaps ten columns in the narrowest and longest segment. The
ovicell occupies a zooecium, and when fully developed may spread
over a portion of the immediately surrounding zooecia.

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD | 109

Measurements.—Holotype (1626a): zoarium, 2.6 mm long, 1.7
mm wide, and 0.6 mm in thickness; average zooecium 0.35 mm
< 0.26 mm; ovicell on superior edge of zoarium 0.38 mm > 0.31
mm; ovicell on inferior edge 0.37 mm 0.31 mm.

Locality —Lower Mare Formation, in stream 100 meters west
of Quebrada Mare Abajo. One specimen.

Remarks.—Because of the imperfect preservation of the speci-
men, the generic designation is uncertain. The most notable char-
acter is the tripartite ovicell, the like of which I have not seen on
any other species. The worn frontal surface of the Venezuelan speci-
men resembles that of the Miocene to Recent Mamillopora cupu-
lata Smitt as illustrated by Canu and Bassler (1928c) in their figure
13 of plate 26, but the tripartite ovicell of the new species is entirely
different. The worn dorsal surface of A ? triovicellata n. sp. is remi-
niscent of that of the Recent Philippine A. magnicapttata Canu and
Bassler (see Canu and Bassler, 1929b, pl. 65, fig. 2), but the frontal
surface and ovicell of the two species are dissimilar.

The range of the genus Anoteropora is Pliocene to Recent.

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Le gisement fossilifere de Saint-Gervais (Seine-et-Oise). Mus. Nat.
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Bryozoaires recueillis dans le calcaire de Vigny (Seine-et-Oise) par
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ISpl

Na aeaAR gisements de Bryozoaires dans le lutétien du bassin de
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Bryozoaires recueillis a la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (Océan Indien) par
M. E. Aubert de la Riie en 1953. Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, Bull.,
sér. 2, vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 300-301.

Nouvelle contribution a lVétude des Bryozoaires de la région de
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Bryozoaires recueillis en juillet et aout 1957 dans la région de
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12-99

XXXIV. Bryozoa. Rés. Sci. Mission R. P. Dollfus en Egypte 1927-
29, pp. 257-282, 6 pls., table.

Bryozoaires du lutétien de Bois-Gouét (Loire-Atlantique). Soc. Géol.
France, Bull., sér. 7, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 245-251, 2 pls.

La faune de Bryozoaires pontiléviens du Renauleau prés Brigné
(Maine-et-Loire). Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 33,
No. 1, pp. 109-113.

Sur la présence de Bryozoatres crétacés remaniés dans les faluns
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114 BULLETIN 237

Balavoine, Pierre, and Rouvillois, A.
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Bale, William Mountier
1922. Two new species of Bryozoa. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., vol. 35, No. 1,
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Barbosa, Maria Marha
1957. Redescrig¢do do exemplar tipo de Lunulites pileolus White, 1887.
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1959b. Descrig¢do de um novo Briozodrio da formacgado Pirabas. Mus. Nac.
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Barroso, Manuel Geronimo

1912. Briozoos de la Estacion de Biologia Maritima de Santander. Mus.
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1915. Contribucién al conocimiento de los Briozoos marinos de Espana.
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407-409; vol. 19 (1919), pp. 200-204, 340-347, text figs.; vol. 20
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1921. Notas sobre algunas especies de Briozoos de Espana (Especies del
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1922-23. Notas sobre Briozoos marinos Espanola. X. Especies de Mahon,
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5, pp. 249-251, 1 text fig.

Or

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD. Wl

1924a. Nota sobre Briozoos fosiles del Maestrichtiense en los alrededores
del Faro (Santander). Assoc. Espanola Progr. Cienc. Salamanca,
vol. 6, pp. 53-56, 2 figs.

1924b. Notas sobre Briozoos de Tanger. Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat.,
Bol., vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 291-298, 3 text figs.

1925. Notas sobre Briozoos del Mediterraneo. Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
Nat., Bol., vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 177-184, 7 text figs.

1927. Notas sobre Briozoos marinos Espanoles. Real Soc. Espanola Hist.
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1929. Las especies Espanolas del género Flustra (Briozoos). Real Soc.
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1935. Notas sobre Briozoos Espanoles. Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat., Bol.,
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1945. Briozoos fosiles de Mallorca. Real Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat., Bol.,
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1949a. Adiciones a la fauna briozooldgica de Mallorca. Real Soc. Espanola
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1949b. Briozoos terciarios de algunas oonmagues Espanolas. Real Soc.
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Bartenstein, Helmut
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Bassindale, R.

1938. The intertidal fauna of the Mersey Estuary. Marine Biol. Assoc.
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1941. The invertebrate fauna of the’ southern shores of the Bristol oe
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1961. On the marine fauna of Ghana. Zool. Soc. London, Proc., vol. 137,
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Bassler, Ray S.

1909. The Nettleroth collection of invertebrate fossils. Smithsonian Misc.
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1916. Systematic paleontology of the upper Cretaceous deposits of Mary-
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1922. ae ee zoa or Moss Animals. Smithsonian Inst. Washington, Ann.
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1934. Notes on fossil and Recent Bryozoa. Washington Acad. Sci., Jour.,
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1935. Bryozoa. [In] Fosstlium Catalogus. I. Animalia. Pars 67. The Hague,
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1953. Bryozoa. [In| igtcaicen on hiv ente orate Paleontology, pt. G, xiii +
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116 BULLETIN 237

Bataller, J. R.
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Bauhin, Johann, and Cherler, Johann Henrich
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VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 7

van Bemmelen, Adrian Anthony
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Bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d’Ostende. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux-
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1845b. Recherches sur l’organisation des Laguncula et l’histoire naturelle
des différents polypes Bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d’Ostende.
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Bermudez, Pedro J., and Fuenmayor, Angel, N.
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Berthelsen, O.
1962. Cheilostome Bryozoa in the Danian deposits of East Denmark.
Danmarks Geol. Undersgg., ser. 2, vol. 86, pp. 1-290, 31 pls., figs.
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Bertrand, Henri
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1928. Studi sulle fauna fossile marina pliocenica a quaternaria dell’Isola
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Bidenkap, Olaf
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1889 auf Kosten der Bremer Geographischen Gesellschaft von Dr.
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118 BULLETIN 237

Bizet, Edouard
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Blainville, H. M. Ducrotay de
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1957. Bryozoenstudien. II. Die Bryozoen des osterreichischen Sarmats.
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1958a. Die Crisiidae (Bryozoa) des Tortons im Wiener Becken. Osterreich.-
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1958b. Bryozoenstudien, Ill. Die Horneridae (Bryozoa) des Tortons im
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1958c. Uber die Pedalion-Korallenfazies im Wiener und Eisenstddter
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Bobin, Genevieve, and Prenant, Marcel

1954a. Les Bowerbankia_ (Bryozoaires Cténostomes) des cotes frangaises.
Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. 91, Notes et Rev., pp. 73-88, figs.
1-3.

1954b. Sur un Bryozoaire perforant (Terebripora comma Soule) trowvé en
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1960 Electra verticillata (Ellis and Solander 1786) Lamouroux 1816 (Bryo-
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pla Ietext foster

1961. Remarques sur certaines “Hincksinidae”’, Alderinidae et Flustridae
(Bryozoaires Chilostomes). Cahiers Biol. Marine, vol. 2, No. 2, pp.
161-175, 5 figs.

1962a. Remarques sur quelques Alderinidae (Bryozoaires Chilostomes).
Cahiers Biol. Marine, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 13-26, figs. 1-5.

1962b. Les espeéeces frangaises du genre Conopeum Gray. (Bryozoaires Chil-
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1963. Bugula gracilis Busk. Remarques sur la valeur spécifique de lovwi-
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VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD — 119

1965. Callopora rylandi n. sp. (Bryozoaires Chilostomes, Alderinidae).

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Boccone, Paolo [afterward Silvio]

1674. Recherches et observations naturelles sur la production de plusieurs
pierres, sur la pétrification de quelques parties d’animaux, sur les
principes des glossopeétres, sur la pierre etoilée et sur embrasement
du Mont Etna. Amsterdam. [One species of bryozoon is figured].

1697. Museo di fisica e di esperienze variato e decorato di osservazioni
naturali, con una dissertazione dellorigine ...e della prima im-
pressione delle produzzioni marine come Fucus, Coralline, Zoophite,
Spongie, ed anche, intorno Vorigine dé Funghi, etc. Venetia, viii
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Bock, K. J.

1950. Uber die Peat oen und Kamptozoen der Kieler Bucht. Kiel Meeres-
forsch., vol. 7, pp. 161-166, 1 chart, 2 tables.

1954. Einige Zahien zur Bewuchsdichte von Epizoen auf Laminarien aus
der Ostlichen Kieler Bucht. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven,
Veroti vola35 Nos leppy 42-45.

Boeck, Axel Jonas

1862. Forelébige Bemaerkninger angaaende de ved de sydlige og vestlige
Kyster af Norge fjorekommende Polyzoer. Vidensk. -Selsk. Christiania,
Forhandl., Aar 1861, pp. 49-50. .

Beggild, O. B.

1900. The deposits of the sea-bottom. Danish Ingolf-Exped., vol. 1, pt. 2

89 pp., 6 figs. 7 charts.
Bohm, Johannes August

1924. Uber eine Senone Fauna von Misol. Paldont. Timor. Stuttgart. vol.
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1933. Die Palaeogene Fauna Ost-Turkestans. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.
Zeitschr., vol. 85, pp. 99-118.

Boillot, G.

1961. La répartition des fonds sous-marins dans la Manche Occidentale.

Cahiers Biol. Marine, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187-208, 9 text figs.
Bolton, T. E.

1960. Catalogue of type invertebrate fossils of the Geological Survey of

Canada. Ottawa, 215 pp.
Bonarelli, Guido

1904. Appunti sulla costituzione geologica dellisola di Creta. Accad. Pont.
Nuovi Lincei, Atti, ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 518-548, 1 pl., 4 figs. [Bryozoa,
pp. 536-537, by Neviani].

Boni, Alfredo

1938. Osservazioni preliminari su alcuni fossili all luce di Wood. Riv.

Ital. Paleont., Pavi, vol. 44, Nos. 1-2, pp. 13-44. [Bryozoa, p. 39].
Borcea, I.

1927. Données sommaires sur la faune de la Mer Noire (Littoral de Rou-
manie). Univ. Jassy, Ann. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 536-581.

1928. Nouvelles observations sur la faune cétiére du littoral roumain de
la Mer Noire. Univ. Jassy, Ann. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 286-298.

1931. Nowvelles contributions a Vétude de la faune benthonique dans le
mer Noire prés du iittoral roumain. Univ. Jassy, Ann. Sci., vol. 16,
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Borg, Folke

1923. On the structure of cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Preliminary note. Ark.
f. Zool., vol. 15, No. 11, Ppl ole etext figs.

1926. Studies on recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Zool. Bidrag Uppsala,
vol. 10B, pp. 181-507, pls. 1-14, 109 figs.

120 BULLETIN 237

1930a. Moostierchen oder Bryozoen Be, [In] Dahl and Bischoff,
Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, vol. 17, pp. 25-142, 198 figs.

1930b. On the bryozoan fauna of wae Ark. f. Zool., vol..21A, No.

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1931. On some species of Membranipora. Ark. f. Zool., vol. 22A, No. 4, pp.
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1932a. [In] Beyer, H., Die Tierwelt der Quellen und Bache des Bawm-
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1932b. On the structure and development of Heteropora (Bryozoa). Ark.
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1982c. Bryozoa. [In] Stammer, H.-J., Die Fauna des Timavo. Zool. Jahrb.
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1933a.d revision of the Recent Heteroporidae (Bryozoa). Zool. Bidrag
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1933b. Die Bryozoa. IIT Teil. Die marinen Bryozoen (Stenolaemata und
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1850. A list of the Sertularian Zoophytes and Polyzoa from Port Natal,
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1851. Notices of three undescribed species of Polyzoa. Ann. Mag. Nat.
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1861. Zoophytology. Descriptions of new or imperfectly known Polyzoa.
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1866. Description of three species of Polyzoa from the London Clay at
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1880. List of Polyzoa collected by Capt. H. W. Fielden in the North
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188la. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the
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1881b. Supplementary note respecting the use to be made of the chitinous
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1881c. On the use of the chitinous elements or appendages of the Cheilos-
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1881d. Notes on a peculiar form of Polyzoa closely allied to Bugula
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1884-86. Report on the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the
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Butler, E. A., and Cheetham, A.
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no
~I

VENEZUELAN CENOZzOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD ]

Calvet, Louis

1896.

1898a.

1898b.

1900.

1902.

1903.

1904a.

1904b.

1904c.
1905a.

1905b.

1906a.

1906b.

1907a.

1907b.

1909a.

1909b.

191 la.

191 1b.

Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne du “Caudan” dans le Golfe
de Gascogne. Bryozoaires. Univ. Lyon, Ann., vol. 26, pp. 251-269,
pl ez:

Sur le développement et la structure de la larvae de quelques
Bryozoaires Cheilostomes. Acad. Sci. Paris, C. R., vol. 127, pp. 79-81.
Sur Vorigine du polypide des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes marins.
Acad. Sci. Paris, C. R., vol. 127, pp. 194-197.

Contributions a Vhistoire naturelle des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes
marins. Pt. I, Etude monographique de la Bugula sabatieri, Nhs 1Bhis
Il. Etude comparée des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes marins. Inst. Zool.
Univ. Montpellier, Trav., sér. 2, Mém. No. 8, 488 pp., 13 pls.
[Theses presentées a Faculté des Sciences de Paris].

Materiaux pour servir a histoire de la faune des Bryozoaires des
cétes francaises. I. Bryozoaires marins de la région de Cette. Inst.
Zool. Univ. Montpellier, Trav., sér. 2, Mém. No. 11, pp. 1-103, 3 pls.
II. Bryozoaires des cotes de Corse, Mém. No. 12 ppel-b2Zapls:
Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Bryozoaire Cténostome du
genre Alcyonidium Lamouroux (A. brucei). Soc. Zool. France, Bull.,
vol. 28, pp. 33-36, 4 figs.

Bryozoen. ere der Hamburger Magalhaenische Sammelreise,
1892-93, vol. 3, 45 pp., 3 pls.

Diagnoses a quelques especes de Bryozoaires nouvelles ow incom-
pletement décrites de la région sub-antarctique de l' Océan Atlan-
tique. Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 50-59.

La distribution géographique des Bryozoaires marins et la théorie de
la bipolarité. Acad. Sci. Paris, C. R., vol. 138, pp. 384-387.

La station zoologique de Cette. Inst. Zool. Univ. Montpellier,
Trav., sér. 2, Mém. No. 15 [Bryozoa, pp. 61-63].

Liste de Bryozoaires marins de collections du Musée Royal dHis-
toire Nas de Bruxelles. Soc. Malacol. Belgique, Ann., vol. 39,
pp-

ee préliminaire sur les Bryozoaires recueillis par les expéditions
du Travailleur (1881-82) et du Talisman (1883), Mus. Nat. Hist. nat.
Paris, Bull., vol. 12, pp. 154-166.

Dieuxiéme note préliminaire sur les Bryozoaires récoltés par les
expéditions du Travailleur (1881-82) et dw Talisman (1883). Mus.
Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, Bull., vol. 12, pp. 215-233.

Bryozoaires. [In|] Expéditions scientifiques du “Travailleur” et du
“Talisman” pendant les années 1880-83. Paris, Mason, vol. 8, pp.
355-495, pls. 26-30.

Bryozoa. [In] Roule, Louis. Considérations sur la faune marine du
Port de Bonifacio. Soc. Zool. France, Bull., vol. 32, pp. 40-45.
Bryozoaires [In| Expédition Antarctique Francaise (1903-1905) com-
mandée par Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences Naturales: Documents
Scientifiques, Paris, pp. 1-49, pls. 1-3.

Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l’Archipel Malais.
Bryozoaires dAmboine. Note sur Bugula dentata (Lamouroux) et
Retepora denticulata Busk. Rev. Suisse Zool. Geneve, vol. 14, pp.
617-621, 1 pl.

Diagnoses de quelques espéces nouvelles de Bryozoaires Cyclo-
stomes, provenant des campagnes scientifiques accompliés par
S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco a bord de la “Princesse-Alice’ (1889-
1910). Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull., No. 215, pp. 1-9, 6 text figs.
Sur deux espéces nouvelles de Bryozoaires de la Méditerranée. Arch.

BULLETIN 237

Zool: Exper.” et, (Génér- ser. 5) volie8, No: 35) Notesiet) Rev-; pp:
Ivii-lxi. [Jdmonea arborea n. sp. et Amathia pruvoti n. sp.].

Sur un Bryozoaire Cténostome (Watersia paessleri n. g., n. sp.)
parasitant le cormus dune Synascidie (Polyzoa gordiana Michael-
sen). Acad. Sci. Paris, C. R., vol. 154, pp. 243-245.

.A propos de Watersia paessleri, Bryozoaire parasite. Acad. Sci.

Paris, G.R., voles ps1395-

. Nouvelle contribution a Vhistoire de la faune des Bryozoaires de la

Méditerranée Occidentale. Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. 66,
Notes et Rev., pp. i-vi.

Bryozoaires de Monaco et environs. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull.,
No. 503, pp. 1-46, figs. 1-8.

Documents faunistiques sur les Bryozoaires marins des _ cétes
frangaises de Atlantique et des cétes africaines de la Méditerranée
Occidentale. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull., No. 530, pp. 1-7.
Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques du Prince Albert
ler de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies
sur son Yacht par Albert Ter, Prince Souverain de Monaco, No. 83,
pps lalb2. 2) pls:

Canu, Ferdinand

1897a.
1897b.
1898.
1899.
1900a.
1900b.

1900c.

1902.

1903a.

1903b.
1903c.
1904a.
1904b.
1904c.

1904d.

1904e.

Bryozoaires du Cénomanien de Janiéres (Sarthe). Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 3, vol. 25, pp. 146-159, pl. 5.

Bryozoaires du Cénomanien de St. Calais (Sarthe). Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., ser. 3,, vol. 25; pp... 737-54, -pl..22:

Etude sur les ovicelles des Bryozoaires du Bathonien d’Occaignes.
Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 3, vol. 26, pp. 259-285, 20 figs.

Les ovicelles des Céidées. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 3, vol. 27,
pp. 326-327, pl. 6.

Note préliminaire sur les Bryozoaires de Tours. Assoc. Francaise
Avancem. Sci., Sess. 2me, C. R., pp. 406-411.

Contribution a la géologie de Romorantin. Paléontologie. Soc.
Géol. France, Bull., sér. 3, vol. 28, pp. 96-104, 7 figs.

Revision des Bryozoaires du Crétacé figurés par d’Orbigny. 2me
Pt. Cheilostomata. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 3, vol. 28, pp. 334-
463, pls. 4-7, figs. 1-71.

Contribution a létude des Bryozoaires fossiles. I. Collection Campiche
(Néocomien). II. Collection Dutemple (Sénonien supérieur). Soc.
Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 2, pp. 10-14, figs. 1-2.

Essai sur une échelle de Bryozoaires pour Tléstablissement des
synchronisme a grande distance. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol.
8, pp. 115-117.

Note sur la constance de la faune de la Craie de Villedieu. Soc.
Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 3, pp. 265-268.

Contributions a Vétude des Bryozoaires fossiles. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull, sér. 4, vol. 3, pp. 659-661.

Bryozoa. Pustulopora semiclausa. Paléont. Univ., 6 figs.

Les Bryozoaires fossils d’Egypte. Inst Egypt., Bull., sér. 4, vol. 4,
pp. 223-229, pls. 1-2.

Etude des Bryozoaires tertiaires recueillis en 1885 et 1886 par M.
Ph. Thomas dans la région de la Tunisie. Exploration scientifique
de la Tunisie, Paris, 37 pp., 3 pls.

Les Bryozoaires du Patagonien. Echelle des Bryozoaires pour les
terrains tertiaires. Soc. Géol. France, Mém., Paléont., vol. 12, No. 33,
30 pp., 4 pls., 6 figs.

Contributions a Vétude des Bryozoaires tertiaires. III. Descrip-

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 129

tion de quelques Membranipores de Tunisie. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 4, vol. 3, pp. 659-660, 1 pl.

1907-10. Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris. Ann.

Paléont., vol. 2;. pt. 2, pp. 57-88 (1-32), pls; 9:12: (1-4), “fig. 45
pt. 4, pp. 137-160 (33-56), pls. 19-22 (5-8), figs. 2-8 (1907); vol. 3,
pp. 61-104, pls. 9-10 (1908); vol. 4, pp. 101-140, 4 pls. (1909); vol.
5) pp. 89-1125°4 piss (1910).

1906-1919. Les Bryozoaires fossiles des terrains du Sud-Ouest de la

1908.

1909a.
1912.

1909b.

1910.

France. I, Aquitanien. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 6, pp.
510-518, pls. 12-13 (1906). 17. Lutécien, vol. 8, pp. 382-390, pls. 6-7
(1908). 11. Burdigalien; IV. Helvétien, vol. 9, pp. 442-458, pls. 15-18
(1909). V. Lutétien; VI. Bartonien, vol. 10, pp. 840-855, pls. 16-19
(1910). VI. Bartonien (suite), vol. 11, pp. 444-445, pls. 7-8 (1911).
VI. Bartonien-Auversien, vol. 12, pp. 623-630, pls. 20-21, 1 fig. (1912).
VII, Lutécien, vol. 13, pp. 298-303, pls. 4-5 (1913). VIII. Rupelien
de Gaas, vol. 14, pp. 465-474, pls. 14-15 (1914). 1X Aquitanien, vol.
15, pp. 320-334, pls. 3-4 (1916). X. Burdigalien, vol. 16, pp. 127-152,
pls. 2-3 (1917). XI. Rupelien (—Stampien), vol. 17, pp. 350-361, pls.
12-13 (1919). :

Iconographie des Bryozoaires fossiles de l’Argentine. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, An., ser. 3, vol. 10, pp. 245-341,. pls. 1-13.

Etude sur la répartition géologique des Bryozoaires. Acad. Sci.
Etudes comparée des Bryozoaires Helvétiens delEgypte avec les
Paris, C. R., vol. 148, pp. 532-534.

Les Bryozoaires fossiles du Miocéne moyen de Marsa-Matrouh en
Marmarique. Acad. Sci. Paris, C. R., vol. 148, pp. 959-960.

Liste des Bryozoaires de la Craie de Royan. Soc. Géol. France, Bull.,
sér. 4, vol. 10, pp. 62-65.

1910-1928. Types du Prodrome de Paléontologie Stratigraphique Uni-

LOTTE

1912.

1913a.

1913b.
1913c.

1913d.

1914a.
1914b.
191l5a.
1915b.

1915c.

verselle de d’Orbigny. Ann. Paléont., vol. 5, pp. 102-107, 2 pls.
(1910); vol. 8, pp. 96-99, 2 pls. (1913); vol. 12, pp. 152-155 (1923);
vole 16,; ps 102; 2 figs: (1927); vol” l7, pp: 70-7163) figs. (1928).
Iconographie des Bryozoaires fossiles de l'Argentine. Pt. 2. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, An., ser. 3A, vol. 21, pp. 215-292, pls. 1-12.
Etude comparée des Bryozoaires Helvétiens de l’Egypte avec les
Bryozoaires vivants de la Mediterranée et de la Mer Rouge. Inst.
Egypt., Mém., vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 185-236, pls. 10-13.

Bryozoaires fossiles des terrains éocéniques du Pla de la Gdargara
pres Aiguafreda (Lutécien). Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. Barcelona,
Bull <vols-10; No. 7; pp: 102-105, pl: 2a.

Contributions a étude des Bryozoaires fossiles. IV-XII. Pliocéne
d’ Alger, etc. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 13, pp. 124-131.
Etudes morphologiques sur trois nouvelles familles de Bryozoaires.
Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 13, pp. 132-147, text figs.
Contributions a Vétude des Bryozoaires fossiles. XIII. Bryozoaires
jurassiques. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 13, pp. 267-276, pls.
2-3.

Contributions a l'étude des Bryozoaires fossiles. XIV. Bryozoaires du
Stampien. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 14, pp. 147-152, pl. 4.
Bryozoaires crétacés des Pyrénées. Soc. Geol. France, Bull., sér. 4,
vol. 14, pp. 186-211, pls. 4-6.

Le systeme hydrostatique zoarial des Bryozoaires Chilostomes. Soc.
Géol. France, C. R., No. 3, pp. 21-22.

Bibliographie primitive relative aux Bryozoaires. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 4, vol. 15, pp. 287-292.

Bibliographie paléontologique relative aux Bryozoaires du Bassin
de Paris. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 15, pp. 293-305.

130 BULLETIN 237

1916a. Bryozoaires. Rev. Critique paléozool, année 20, No. 1, pp. 22-27.
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familles nouvelles et anciennes. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol.
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1917. Danmark Expeditionen til Groenlands nordostkyst 1906-1908, Bryo-
zoa, par G. R. Levinsen. Rev. Critique Paleozool., vol. 21, No. 1,
pp. 35-37.

1918a. Etudes sur les ovicelles des Bryozoaires Cyclostomes (e contribu-
tion). Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 17, pp. 345-347, pl. 10.

1918b. Etudes sur les ovicelles de la famille du Corymboporidae Smit,
1866 (3e contribution). Soc. Géol. France, Bull. sér. 4, vol. 17, pp.
348-349, pl. 11.

1918c. pled es un nouveau genre de Bryozoaires. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 4, vol. 18, pp. 88-94, fig. 1.

1918d. Les Bier oaires fossiles de la région des Corbiéres. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 4, vol. 18, pp. 294- 314, 6 pls.

1919a. Bryozoaires Crétacés des Pyrenées. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4,
vol. 19, pp. 186-211, pls. 4-6.

1919b. Contributions a Vétude des Bryozoaires fossiles (sixiéme contribu-
tion). XV. Redonnien du Pigeon-Blanc (Loire-Inférieure). Soc. Géol.
France, Bull. sér. 4, vol. 19, pp: 212-216.

1920a. Les Bryozoaires d’eau douce de Seine-et-Oise. Soc. Scient. Seine-
et-Oise, Bull vol-e2; ser92, py 43:

1920b. Contributions a Vétude des Bryozoaires fossiles. XVI. Scaldisien
d’Anvers. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 19, pp. 213-214.

1922. Bryozoaires. [In] Cottreau, J., Paléontologie de Madagascar. X.
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16-30, pls. 10-11.

1923. Bryozoaires du Bajocien-Bathonien. [In| Types du Prodrome de
paléontologie stratigraphique universelle d’Alcide d’Orbigny. Ann.
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1924. Bryozoaires. [In] Dollfus, R. P., Contribution a la faune des in-
vertébrés du banc de Rockall. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull., No.
438, pp. 13-17.

1925a, Les Bryozoaires du Lutétian de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Soc. Scient.
Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 46-48.

1925b. Bryozoaires Bartoniens du Bassin Franco-Belge. Soc. Géol. France,
Bull., sér. 4, vol. 25, pp. 741-761, pls. 26-30.

1925c. Contributions a Uétude des Bryozoaires fossiles. Contribution 7.
XX. Diestian d’Anvers. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 25, Nos.
7-8, pp. 763-766.

1928. La collection Savigny. Soc. Scient. Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 9,
No. 3, pp. 40-42.

193la. Bryozoaires de Saint-Palais. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 5, vol. 1
pp. 21-22.

=~

1931b. Notes biologiques sur la croissance de quelques grands Bryozoaires
libres. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, Bull., No. 585, pp. 1-8, 1 text fig.
Canu, Ferdinand, and Bassler, Ray S.

1917. A synopsis of American early Tertiary Cheilostome Bryozoa. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 96, pp. 1eSi7e pls. 1-6.

1918. Bryozoa of the Canal Zone and related areas. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 103; pt: 6) pp 7-122, pls 53.

1919. Fossil Bryozoa from the West Indies. [In] Vaughan, Thomas Way-
land, Contributions to the geology and paleontology of the West
Indies. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 291, Ill, pp. 75-102,
plsl=7:

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 131

1920. North American early Tertiary Bryozoa. U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 106,
pp. xx + 879, figs. 1-879, pls. 1-162.

1922. Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Proc. vol.
61, No. 2443, pp. 1-160, figs. 1-40, pls. 1-28.

1923. North American later Tertiary and Quaternary Bryozoa. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 125, pp. vii + 302, figs. 1-38, pls. 1-47.

1925a. Les Bryozoaires du Maroc et de Mauritanie. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc,
Mém., No. 10, pp. 1-80, pls. 1-9.

1925b. Contribution a l’étude des Bryozoaires d’Autriche et de Hongrie.
Soc. Géol. France, Bull., sér. 4, vol. 24, pp. 672-690, pls. 23-25.

1926a. Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol.
67, art. 21; pp: 1-124, figs. 1-46; pls. 1-31.

1926b. Molluscoidea, Bryozoa. [In] Wade, B., The fauna of the Ripley
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1927. Classification of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
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1927-28. Bryozoaires des Iles Hawai. Soc. Sci. Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2,
vol. 8, No. 7, (Suppl), pp. 1-32, pls. 1-5; pp. 33-56, pls. 6-11.

1928a. Les Bryozoaires du Maroc et de Mauritanie (II). Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, Mém., No. 18, pp. 1-85, pls. 1-2. e

1928b. Bryozoaires du Brésil. Soc. Sci. Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol. 9, No.
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1928c. Fossil and Recent Bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico region. U. S. Nat.
Mus:, Proc., vol. 72, No. 2710, art. 14, pp. 1-199; figs. 1-35, pls. 1-34.

1929a. Bryozoaires éocénes de la Belgique conservés au Musée Royal @
Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
Mém., vol. 39, pp. 1-69, pls. 1-5, figs. 1-2.

1929b. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and
adjacent regions. Bryozoa of the Philippine region. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 100, vol. 9, pp. xi + 685, figs. 1-224, pls. 1-94.

12930a. Bryozoaires marins de Tunisie. Sta. Océanogr. Salammbo, Ann.,
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1930b. The Bryozoan fauna of the Galapagos Islands. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
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1931. Bryozoaires oligocénes de la Belgique conserves au Musée Royal d’
Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
Mém., vol. 50, pp. 1-27, pls. 1-4, 2 text figs.

1933. The Bryozoan fauna of the Vincentown Limesand. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
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1935. New species of Tertiary Cheilostome Bryozoa from Victoria, Aus-
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Canu, Ferdinand, and Caillot, F.

1932. Les Adéones d’Ezanville. Soc. Sci. Seine-et-Oise, Bull., sér. 2, vol.
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1925-33. Les Bryozoaires Cheilostomes des Faluns de Touraine et d’Anjou.
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pp. 179-215, pls. 26-44 (1934).

1933-34. Les Bryozoaires Cyclostomes des Faluns de Touraine et d’Anjou.
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VENEZUELAN CENOZOIG BRYOZOA: WEISBORD . 147

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148 BULLETIN 237

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154 BULLETIN 237

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1930. On the association of a gymnoblastic hydroid (Zanclea protecta,

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD | 155

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VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 157

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1870.

1871a.

1871b.

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1877b.
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1880a.
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1880d.

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1880-1893 Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa.

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158 BULLETIN 237

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1859b. Notes on the Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of Victoria, and other parts
of Australia. Philos. Inst. Victoria, Trans., vol. 4, pt. 1, pp. 159-168,
pls. 2-3.

1860. Description of a new species of Plumatella (P. Aplinii). Philos.
Soc. Victoria, Trans., vol. 5, pp. 203-204.

1868. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa;
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1879-90. Bryozoa. [In] McCoy, Predromus of the Zoology of Victoria,

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pp. 99-111, pls. 126-128; Dec. 14 (1887), pp. 137-150, pls. 136-138;
Dec. 15 (1887), pp. 173-188, pls. 146-148; Dec. 16 (1888), pp. 209-
220, pls. 156-158; Dec. 17 (1888), pp. 241-251, pls. 165-168; Dec.
18 (1889), pp. 271-291, pls. 175-178; Dec. 19 (1889), pp. 307-323,
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ROC Me Ss. Olo 5) ppr loss Ales
1881b.On some new species of Catenicella and Dictyopora; and on
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i) ¢

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD - 7,

Magalhaes, Hulda

1948. An ecological study of snails of the genus Busycon at Beaufort,

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1851. Descriptio Systematica Animalium Belgii Septentrionalis. Leyden,
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1952. Les Bryozoaires des sables a Hétérostégines aux environs de Cracovie
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1957. Stratigraphical importance of Bryozoa. [In Polish]. Przeglad Geo-
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1958. Bryozoaires tortoniennes de Gliwice Stare (Haut Silésie). [In Polish,
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1962b. Stratigraphical significance of the Bryozoa of the Carpathian
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Mané-Garzon, F.

1960. Una nueva especie del género Hislopia (Bryozoa Ectoprocta) del
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Mann, F. G.

1948. Biologia de la Antarctica Suramericana. Estudios realizados durante

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Mansfield, Wendell C.

1925. Miocene gastropods and scaphopods from Trinidad, British West
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Mantell, Gideon Algernon

1844. The medals of Creation; or first lessons in geology and in the
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Manzoni, Angelo

1869a. Briozoi Pliocenici Italiana. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Sitzungsber.,
VOR 5 Mew lappeli/-28splssal-2.

1869b. Briozoi fossili Italiani. Seconda contribuzione. K. Akad. Wissensch.
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176

1869¢.
1870.
1871.
1875a.
1875b.
1877a.

1877b.

1877c.

Maplestone,
1879.

1880.

1882.

BULLETIN 237

Briozoi fossili Italiani. Terza contribuzione. K. Akad. Wissensch.
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Briozoi fossili Italiani. Quaria contribuzione. K. Akad. Wissensch.
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Supplemento alla Fauna dei Briozoi Mediterranei. Prima con-
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I Briozoi del Pliocene antico di Castrocaro. Bologna, 64 pp., 7 pls.
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Bryozoaires du Pliocéne superieur de Tile de Rodes. Soc. Géol.
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I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d’Austria ed Ungheria. II Parte.
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I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d’Austria ed Ungheria. III Parte.
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Charles M.

A new species of Bryozoa. {Bicellaria annulata]. Microsc. Soc. Vic-
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Observations on living Polyzoa. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Trans. and
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1898-1913. Further descriptions of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria. Part I.

1901.
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1904a.

1904b.

1904c.
1909a.

1909b.

1910a.

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On a new name “Vittaticella’, for the Polyzoan genus Caloporella
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Change of name for a new genus of Polyzoa. Victorian Natural.,
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XIV. Notes on the Victorian fossil Selenariidae and descriptions of
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Tabulated list of the fossil Cheilostomatous Polyzoa in the Victorian
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Lord Howe Island Polyzoa. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., n. s., vol. 17,
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Polyzoa from the Gilbert Islands. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., n. s..
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The results of deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea. The
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VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 7a

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Maratti, Joannes Francesco

1776. De Plantis Zoophytes et Lithophytes in Mari Mediterraneo viventi-
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Marcus, Ernst

1919. Notizen itiber einiges Material mariner Bryozoen des Berliner
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1920. Mittelmeer Bryozoen aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums
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178 BULLETIN 237

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Mawatari, S.

1946a. Studies on fouling Bryozoa. I. On the hatch-out, swimming and
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1946c. Studies on fouling Bryozoa. III. On the metamorphosis of Bugula
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1946d. Studies on fouling Bryozoa. IV. On the metamorphosis of Smittina

180 BULLETIN 237

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195la. On jae occidentalis (Trask), one of the fouling bryozoans
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1951b. The natural history of a common fouling bryozoan, Bugula neritina
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1952b. On Watersipora cucullata (Busk). II, Anatomical study. [Summary
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1952c. Bryozoa of Kii Peninsula. Seto Marine Lab., Publ., vol. 2, No. 2,
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1953a.On Electra angulata Levinsen. One of the fouling bryozoans in
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182 BULLETIN 237

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1887. Contribuzioni alla geologia del Catanzarese. I. Le formazioni ter-
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1887. Contribuzioni alla geologia dei Catanzarese. II. Dal Tacina al Neto.
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1889. Contribuzioni alla geologia Catanzarese. II. Il Terziario nel ver-
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1889. Contribuzioni alla geologia del Catanzarese. IV. Le colline di Santa
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1891a. Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Briozoi fossili Italiani. Briozoi
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1893a. Seconda contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Briozoi fossili Italiani.
La collezione dei Briozoi pliocenici di Castroarca, illustrata dal
dottor Angelo Manzoni. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 12 pp.
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1893b. Terza contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Briozoi fossili Italiani. Di
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1895a. Nuovo genere e nuove specie di Briozoi fossili. Riv. Italiana Paleont.
Bologna, vol. 1, pp. 82-84.

1895b. Nuova specie fossili di Stichoporina. Riv. Italiana Paleont. Bologna,
vol. 1, pp. 247-250.

1895c. Briozoi fossili illustrati da Soldani Ambrogio nel 1780. Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 4, pp. 57-64.

1895d. Nota preliminare suit Briozot fossili del postpliocene antico della
Farnesina e Monte Mario. Soc. Romana Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 4,
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1895e. Briozoi eocenici del calcare nummilitico di Mosciano presso Firenze.
Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 14, pp. 119-127.

1895f. Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Mario presso Roma.
Palaeontographia Italica, vol. 1, pp. 77-140, pls. 5-6.

1895-98. Briozoi neozoici di alcune localita d’Italia. Parte I. Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 4 (1895), pp. 109-123. Parte II, vol. 4 (1895),
pp. 227-247, 2 figs. Parte III, vol. 5 (1896), pp. 102-125, 10 figs.
Parte IV, vol. 7 (1898), pp. 34-49, 4 figs. Parte V, vol. 7 (1898). pp.
97-109, 1 fig.

1896a. Briozoi postpliocenici di Spilinga (Calabria). Accad. Gioenia Sci.
Nat. Catania, Atti, ser. 4, vol. 9, Mem. 9, pp. 1-66, 32 text figs.

1896b. Appunti bibliografici per servire alla storia degli studi sui Briozoi.
Riv. Italiana Sci. Nat. Siena, vol. 16, pp. 1-7, 25-28, 35-38.

1896c. Corallarii e Briozoi Neogenici di Sardegna. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 571-598, figs. 1-4.

1898a. Briozoi della formazione plioceniche e postplioceniche di Palo,
Anzio e Nettuno. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 17, pp. 220-232.

1898b. Appunti sui Briozoi del Mediterraneo. Nota prima. Soc. Romana
Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 7, pp. 163-168, 6 figs.

1898c. Briozoi neozoict di alcune localita d'Italia. V. Faunula a Briozoi
di Crescentino in Piemonte (Piacenziano); Briozoi pliocenici in-
feriore di Civitavecchia. Soc. Romana Studi Zool., Boll., vol. 7, pp.
97-109, 1 fig.

1899. Briozoi, Idroida e Foraminiferi di Ciprio, Giaffa ed Alessandria
d’Egitto. Comunicazioni preventiva. Soc. Zool. Italiana, Boll., vol.
8, p. 66.

186

BULLETIN 237

1900a. Revisione generale dei Briozoi fossili Italiani. I. Idmonee. Soc.
Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 19, pp. 10-25.

1900b. Briozoi terziari i posterziari della Toscana. Soc. Geol. Italiana,

~. Boll., vol. 19, pp. 349-375, 6 figs.

1900c. Briozoi neozoici di alcune localita d'Italia. Soc. Zool. Italiana, Boll.,
ser. 2, vol. 1, Nos. 1-2, pp. 58-68, 1 fig.

1900d. Materiali per una bibliografia Italiani degli studi sui Briozoi
viventi e fossili, dal 1800-1900. Riv. Italiana Sci. Nat. Siena, vol. 20,
pp. 104-109, 122-125.

1900-1901. Monografia del genere Idmonea (Briozoo Ciclostomato). Parte
I. Bibliografia generale. Roma, pp. 1-52 (1900). Parte II, cap. 1,
Storia del genere, pp. 53-66 (1900). Parte III, cap. 2, Storia delle
Specie, prima centuria, pp. 67-98 (1901).

190la. Materiali per una bibliografia Italiana degli studi sui Briozoi
viventt e fossili, dal 1800-1900. Riv. Italiana Sci. Nat. Siena, vol. 21,
pp. 4-8, 29-33, 47-50, 66-68, 102-105, 129-133.

1901b. Nuovi generi e sottogeneri di Radiolari e Briozoi fossili Italiani.
Soc. Zool. Italiana, Boll., ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 41-43.

1901c. Note bibitografiche su lavorit concernenti lo studio di alcuni Brio-
zoari. Soc. Zool. Italiana, Boll., ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 87-92.

1901d. Briozoi neogenici delle Calabrie. Palaeontographia Italica, vol. 6
(1900), pp. 115-266, pls. 16-19.

1902a. Materiali per una bibliografia Italiana degli studi sui Briozoi
viventi e fossili, dal 1800 al 1900. Riv. Italiana Sci. Nat. Siena, vol.
22, pp. 24-28, 44-47, 53-55, 71-73, 96-98.

1902b. Sulla Terebripora Manzonii Rov. e sulla Protulophila gestroi
Rovereto. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 39-49, figs.
1-3.

1902c. Briozoi Ctenostomi fossili. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 21, No. 1,
pp. 216-220.

1902d. Rhyncopora incurvata, n. sp. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 21, No.
2, pp. 260-262, 3 figs.

1902e. 1 Briozoi Pliocenict e Miocenici di Pianosa raccolti dal Prof. V.
Simonelli e studiati dal Dott. G. Gioli. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
volis21, No: 23) ppieo29-340:

1903. Materiali per una bibliografia Italiana degli studi sui Briozoi wi-
venti e fossili, dal 1800 al 1900 (continuazione). Riv. Italiana Sci.
Nat: Siena, vol. 23; pp. Uh 346,759) 75, 90; Ola 09:

1904a. Materiali per una bibliografia Italiana degli studi sui Briozoi
viventi e fossili, dal 1800 al 1900 (continuazione). Riv. Italiana Sci.
Nat. Siena, vol. 24, pp. 1, 4-7, 10.

1904b. Bryozoa. [In] Bonarelli, G., Appunti sulla costituzione geologica
dellVisola di Creta. Accad. Lincei Roma, Atti, vol. 3, pp. 518-548,
1 pl., 4 figs. [Bryozoa, pp. 536-537].

1904¢. Schizotheca serratimargo Hincks sp. (Rettificazione di nomencla-
tura). Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 270-276, pl. 10.

1904d. Briozoi fossili di Carrubare, Calabria. Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll.,
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no

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1896.

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Vinnassa de Regny, P.
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Visscher, J. Paul
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Vogl, Viktor
1907. Adatok a Foti alsé-mediterran ismeretéhez. Beitrdge zur Kenntnis
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Voigt, Ehrhard

1923. Uber einige neue und wenig bekannte Bryozoen der Gattung Flori-

999

_i eS

1924a. U

1924b.

1924c.

1925a.

1925b.

1925c.

1928a.

1928b.

1929.

1930a.

1930b.

1932.

1939.

1942:

1949.

1951.

1953.

1955.

1956a.

BULLETIN 237

dana aus dem Danien von Faxe. Medd. Geol. Kjébenhavn, vol. 6,
No. 20, pp. 1-9, I pl.

‘ber eine ctenostome Bryozoe aus dem Granulatensenon von Gr.
Biilten bei Peine. Palaiont. Zeitschr. Berlin, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-2, 1
text fig.

Uber eine Bryozoen aus Daniengeschieben Anhalts. Palaont.
Zeitschr. Berlin, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 3-13, pl elatextefie:

Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Bryozoenfauna der subherzynen Kreide-
mulde. Palaont. Zeitschr. Berlin, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 93-173, pls. 3-8,
12 text figs.

Uber das Vorkommen von Bryozoen in Diluvialgeschieben und die
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1, No. 1, pp. 13-28, 1 pl., 8 text figs.

Neue eee Bryozoen aus der Familie der Pelmatoporidae
in Kreideschieben Anhalts. Zeitschr. Geschiebeforsch. Berlin, vol.
ImNows pp. 27 10Lplsh text. figs:

Gehort das Danien zum Tertidr? Zeitschr. Geschiebeforsch. Berlin,
vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 172-186.

Bryozoen aus dem Gosauvorkommen am Taubensee bei Kossen in
den nordtiroler Kalkalpen. Centralbl. Min., Geol. u. Palaont. Stutt-
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Neue artikulierte cheilostome Bryozoen aus eine Kreidegeschiebe
obsersenonen Alters von Céthen in Anhalt. Zeitschr. Geschiebe-
forsch. Berlin, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 105-114, 17 figs.

Uber fossile Bryozoen und thr Vorkommen in heimischen Diluvial-
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Die Bryozoengattung Diplosolen in der Schreibereide von Riigen.
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Morphologische und stratigraphische Untersuchung der Bryozoen-
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579, pls. 1-39.

Die Lithogenese der Flach-und Tiefwassersedimente des jiingeren
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Jahrb., vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 3-162, 13 pls., 3 text figs.

Uber die Dornenspezialisation bet cheilostomen Bryozoen und die
Nichtumkehrarbeit der Entwicklung. Palaont. Zeitschr. Berlin, vol.
21, No. 2, pp. 87-107, 19 figs.

Kreidebryozoen aus New Jersey (U.S.A.) unter A. E. Reuss
Originalen zu zeiner Monographie der Bryozoen und Foraminiferen
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Cheilostome Bryozoen der Quadratenkreide Nordwest-Deutschlands.
Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, Mitt., vol. 19, pp. 1-49, 11 pls.

Das Maastricht-Vorkommen von Ilten bei Hannover und _ seine
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15 pls., text figs.

Revision von H. Hamm, “Die Bryozoen des Maastrichter Ober-
senon” (1881). Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, Mitt., vol. 22, pp. 32-75,
pls: 1-14, I text fig:

ARE zifischer Parachorismus (2) von Saree in Kreidebryozoen.

Palaont. Zeitschr. Berlin, vol. 29, Nos. 1-2, pp. 8-20, 2 pls.

Der Nachweiss des Phytals durch ee als Kriterium der tiefe
vorzeitlicher Meere. Geol. Rundschau, vol. 45, pp. 97-119, 4 pls.,
5 text figs.

no
ho
oo

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD

1956b. Untersuchungen tiber Coscinopleura Marss. (Bryoz. Foss.) und ver-
wandte Gattungen. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, vol. 25, pp. 26-75,
12 pls., 7 text figs.

1957a. Harmeriella ? cretacea n. sp., ein fragliches parasitisches Bryozoon
aus der Schreibekreide von Riigen. Senckenberg. Leth., vol. 38, Nos.
5-6, pp. 345-357.

1957b. Bryozoen aus dem Kreidetuff von St. Symphonien bei Ciply (Ob.
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1-48, 12 pls.

1959a. Sur les différents stades de Vastogénése de certains Bryozodires
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pls.

1959b. Uber Fissuricella n. g. (Bryozoa Foss.). Neues Jahrb. Geol. u.
Palaont., Abhandl., vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 260-269, 2 pls.

1959c. La signification stratigraphique des Bryozoaires dans le Crétacé
supérieur. Congr. Soc. Savantes, vol. 84, pp. 701-707.

1959d, Die Gkologische Bedeutung der Hartgriinde (“Hardgrounds”) in der
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1 text fig.

1959e. Revision von F. v. Hagenow 1839-1850 aus der Schreibkreiden von
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10 pls., 7 figs.

1960. Bryozoen und andere benthonische Kleinfossilien aus dem Liechten-
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1962a. Oberkreide-Bryozoen des europdischen Teils der Ud SSR und
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Moscow Univ., pp. 1-136, 28 pls., 7 text figs.

1962b. Neue Bryozoen aus Schreibkreide-Geschieben (Maastrichtien, Ob.
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Schmidt-Festband, pp. 244-253, 2 pls., 1 text fig.

1903. Allgemeines iiber die biologischen Verhdltnisse der Elbe bei Ham-
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6 pls.
Voorthuysen, J. H., and Lagaaii, R.
1950. Micropaleontologisch Onderzoek van Keileem. Nederland. Geol.
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Vorstmann, Adriana G.
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Walther, Johannes
1910. Die Sedimente der Taubenbank im Golfe von Neapel. Kgl. Akad.
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to Sicily, Calabria, and Ischia. Manchester Geol. Soc., Trans., vol.
14, pp. 251-282,

224

1878a.

1878p.

1878c.

1878d.

1879a.

1879b.

1880a.

1880b.

1880c.

1881.

1882a.

1882b.

1883.

1884a.

1884b.

1885a.

1885b.

1887a.

1887b.

1887c.

1888a.

1888b.

1889a.

1889b.

BULLETIN 237

On Bryozoa. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., Proc., vol. 17, pp.
125-138, 178.

ae use of the opercula in the determination of the Chilosoto-
matous Bryozoa. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., Proc., vol. 18,
pp. 8-11, pl. 1.

Sur lusage des opercules pour la détermination des Cheilostomes.
Arch. Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. 7, Notes et Rev., pp. xlvi-xlvii.
Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Pliocene of Bruccoli (Sicily). Man-
chester Geol. Soc., Trans., vol. 14, pt. 21, pp. 465-488, 1 pl.

On the occurrence of recent Heteropora. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London,
Jour., vol. 2, pp. 390-393, pl. 15.

On the Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of the Bay of Naples. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 28-43, 114-126, 192-202, 267-281, pls. 8-19,
Las as

On the terms Bryozoa and Polyzoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. 5, pp. 34-36.

Note on the genus Heteropora. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol.
6, pp. 156-157.

Reply on the term “Bryozoa”’. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 6,
pp. 157-158.

On fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from South-west Victoria, Aus-
tralia. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 37, pp. 309-347, pls.
14-18.

On fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Mount Gambier, South
Australia. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 38, pp. 257-276, pls.
qe:

On Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Bairnsdale (Gippsland). Geol. Soc.
London, Quart. Jour., vol. 38, pp. 502-513, pl. 22.

Fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Muddy Creek, Victoria. Geol.
Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 39, pp. 423-443, pl. 12.

Closure of the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
Zool., vol. 17, pp. 400-404, pl. 17.

On fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia. Geol. Soc. Lon-
don, Quart. Jour., vol. 40, pp. 674-697, pls. 30-31.

Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Aldinga and the River Murray Cliffs,
South Australia. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 41, No. 28,
pp. 279-310, figs. 1-3, pl. 7.

On the use of the avicularian mandible in the determination of
Chilostomatous Bryozoa. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London, Jour., ser. 2,
vol. 5, pp. 774-779; pl. 14.

On the Tertiary Chilostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand. Geol.
Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 43, pp. 40-72, pls. 6-8; pp. 337-350,
oN Kk

BESO from New South Wales, North Australia, etc. Part I. Ann.
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pls. 5-6. Part III, pp. 253-265, pl. 7

On Tertiary Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand. Geol. Soc.
London, Quart. Jour., vol. 53, pp. 337-350, pl. 18.

On some ovicells of Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Linnean Soc. London,
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On the ovicells of some Lichenoporae. Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
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Bryozoa from New South Wales. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol.
4, Nov 19 varts eppael=24— plsagl-3:

Supplementary report on the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. Chal-
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Sci. Results, Zoology, vol. 31, pt. 79, pp. 1-41, pls. 1-3.

189la.
1891b.
1892a.
1892b.

1895.

1896.

1897.

1898.
1899.

1900.

1904a.

1904b.

1905a.
1905b.

1906.

1907.
1908.

1909.

1910.

VENEZUELAN CENOzOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 995

On Chilostomatous characters in Melicertitidae and other fossil
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North-Italian Bryozoa. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 47,
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North-Italian Bryozoa. Part II. Cyclostomata. Geol. Soc. London,
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Observations on the gland-like bodies in the Bryozoa. Linnean Soc.
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On Mediterranean and New Zealand Reteporae and a fenestrate
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pls. 6-7.

Interzooecial communication in Flustridae and notes on Flustra.
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Notes on the Bryozoa from Rapallo and other Mediterranean local-
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vol. 26, pp. 1-21, pls. 1-2, 3 text figs.

Observations on Membraniporidae. Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
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Bryozoa from Madeira. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London, Jour., pp. 6-16,
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Bryozoa from Franz-Joseph Land, collected by the Jackson-Harms-
worth Expedition, 1896-1897. Cheilostomata. Linnean Soc. London,
Jour., Zool., vol. 28, pp. 43-105, pls. 7-12, text figs. 1-3.

Bryozoa from Franz-Joseph Land, collected by the Jackson-Harms-
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Bryozoa. {In| Expédition Antarctique Belge. Résultats du Voyage
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Bryozoa from near Cape Horn. Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zool.,
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Notes on some Recent Bryozoa in d’Orbigny’s collection. Ann. Mag.
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Bryozoa from Chatham Island and d@Urville Island, New Zealand,
collected by Professor H. Schauinsland. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
i, VOl..Ni,spps 12-23, pl. a:

Tubucellaria: its species and ovicells. Linnean Soc. London, Jour.,
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A subfossil Polyzoon from Calcutta. Indian Mus. Calcutta, Rec., vol.
2, pt. 1, pp. 109-110.

Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from col-
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collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. R. Hartmeyer. XII. The
Bryozoa. Part I. Cheilostomata. Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zool-
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Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from
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with collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. R. Hartmeyer. XV.
The Bryozoa. Part II. Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata and Endoprocta.
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A structure in Adeonella (Laminopora) contorta Michelin, with
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489-500, pls. 10-11.

226

1913.

1916.

1918a,

1918b.

1919.

1921.

1922)

1923.

1924.

1925a.

1925b.

1926a.

1926b.

BULLETIN 237

The marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar, from col-
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1901-1902. Bryozoa-Cheilostomata. Zool. Soc. London, Proc., pp:
458-537, pls. 64-73, figs. 79-82.

The marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar, from the
collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sci., F.Z.S.; in the years
1901-1902. Bryozoa-Cyclostoma-Cte nostomata and Endoprocta. Zool.
Soc. London, Proc., pp. 831-858, pls. 1-4, 1 fig.

Some species of Crisia. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 18, pp.
469-477, pl. 16.

Some collections of the littoral marine fauna off the Cape Verde
Islands made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sci., F.Z.S., in the sum-
mer a, ee Bryozoa. Linnean Soc. London, Jour., Zoology, vol. 34,
pp. 5, pls. 1-4, 2 text figs.

on eee Bryozoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol.
2, pp. 96-102, pl. 12.

Batopora (Bryozoa) and its allies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9
vol. 3, pp. 79-94, pl. 6.

Observations upon the relationships of the (Bryozoa) Selenariadae,
Conescharellinidae, etc., fossil and Recent. Linnean Soc. London,
Jour., Zoology, vol. 34, pp. 399-427, pls. 29-30.

On Mediterranean Tervia and Idmonea (Bryozoa). Ann. Mag. Nat.
Elist., ser, 9), vol) 10 pp: 1-1165.2) pls:

Mediterranean and other Cribrilinidae together with their rela-
tionship to Cretaceous forms. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 12,
pp. 545-573, 2 pls.

The ancestrula of Membranipora pilosa L. and of other cheilosto-
matous Bryozoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 14, pp. 594-612,
pls. 18-19, 1 fig.

Ancestrulae of cheilostomatous Bryozoa. I]. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
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Ancestrulae of cheilostomatous Bryozoa. III. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 9, vol. 16, pp. 529-545, pls. 28-29.

Ancestrulae Ree frontal of cheilostomatous Bryozoa. IV. Ann. Mag.
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Vin cestritiek “of cheilostomatous Bryozoa. V. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
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Notes on the geology of the Cabo Blanco area, Venezuela. Bull.
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Late Cenozoic gastropods from northern Venezuela. Bull. Amer.
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Late Cenozoic pelecypods aa ae tas Venezuela. Bull. Amer.
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Late Cenozoic scaphopods and ee polychaetes from northern
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Some late Cenozoic cirripeds from Venezuela and Florida. Bull.
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The seasonal occurrence of Sqcemtay)) marine organisms in Biscayne
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1897. Biologiske studier over Ferskvandsbryozoer. Vidensk. Naturhist.
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1845. Recherches sur les Polypiers flexibles de la Belgique, et particuliére-
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1882. On a recent species of Heteropora from the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
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1901. Catalogue of the marine Invertebrata of eastern Canada. Geol. Sur.
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1888. Note on a species of Polyzoa (Porina inversa Waters) from Port
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Wierzejski, Antoni

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228 BULLETIN 237

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i)
ho
Mo}

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PLATES

939

aJIa

Figure

1,2.

3-5.

6-8.

9-11.

12,13.

BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE ]

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and. Bassler 3.533...

Specimen G624a, PRI 27492. Frontal and basal surfaces of

zoarium. Fragment length 4 mm. Enlarged 10X. Mare For-
mation.

Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler .......................ccccc..e0

Specimen G624b, PRI 27493. Frontal, basal, and lateral views

of zoarium. Fragment length 2.6 mm. Enlarged 15X. Mare
Formation.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance) ........0........0.cc....ccce0ecscceeseeeeees

Specimen S617a, PRI 27494. Apical, basal, and lateral views of

zoarium. Long diameter 6.9 mm., height 2.6 mm., thickness

1.2 mm. Enlarged 6X. Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia
Member).

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance) .....................00ccccccccceeeeeeseeeeeeees
Specimen G619a, PRI 27495. Apical, basal, and lateral views of
zoarium. Long diameter 3.4 mm., height 0.85 mm., thickness

0.45 mm. Enlarged 12X. Mare Formation.

Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance) 22.0.0... eee
Specimen F619a, PRI 27496. Frontal and base of juvenile
zoarium. Diameter 1.77 mm., height 0.5 mm. Enlarged 20X.

Mare Formation.

27

31

31

31

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 1

PLATE 2

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 233

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2
Figure Page
1-3. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk) ......0.0.000000ccccccees, 35

Specimen A632a, PRI 27497. Frontal, basal, and lateral views of
zoarium. Length 21.5 mm., thickness 1.43 mm. Enlarged about
3X. Recent. See Plate 6, fig. 1 for greatly enlarged drawing

of zooecia.
45. Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) 0.0... 39
Specimen T620a, PRI 27498. Frontal and basal surfaces of

ke

zoarium. Fragment length 7 mm., width 6 mm. Enlarged 5X.
Mare Formation. See Plate 6, fig. 2 for enlarged drawing of
zooecia,.

6. Membranipora tacaguana, n. sp. 24
Holotype (M63la), PRI 27499. Frontal surface. Zoarium length
4 mm., width 2.3 mm. Enlarged 10X. Playa Grande Formation
(Catia Member).

7. Membranipora facaguana, Net S Dia eee tee ee ‘2. 24
Paratype (M625a), PRI 27500. Frontal surface. Zoarium length
3.6 mm., width 2.8 mm. Enlarged about 10X. Playa Grande
Formation (Catia Member).

See CellaniatcatlanacMsS sinks ate ee ee eed acai o cabo: 48
Holotype (M638a), PRI 27501. Internode length 2.3 mm., maxi-
mum diameter 0.64 mm. Enlarged 18X. Playa Grande forma-
tion (Catia Member). See Plate 5, fig. 6 for greatly enlarged
drawing of two zooecia of this same internode.

9. Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) ........... 39
Specimen 1628a, PRI 27502. Frontal surface. Length ‘of zoarium
6.6 mm., width 6 mm. Enlarged nearly 5X. Lower Mare
Formation.

10,11. Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) . 39
Specimen 1623a, PRI 27503. Frontal and basal surfaces. Zoarium
length 3.1 mm., width 2.5 mm. Enlarged 16X. Lower Mare
Formation. See Plate 4, fig. 1 for a greater enlargement of
this specimen.

12,13. Trematooecia cheethami, n. sp. ... 106
Paratype (J641a), PRI 27504. Frontal surface. Zoarium length
12 mm., width 8 mm. Fig. 12, zoarium enlarged nearly 4X;
fig. 13, portion of zoarium enlarged about 10X. Lower Mare
Formation. See Plate 9, fig. 3 for greatly enlarged drawing
of zooecia.

laseGryptosula pallastaman(Nlolll)) fe ste eee eee 62
Specimen T633a, PRI 27505. Frontal surface. Zoarium length
4.5 mm., width 2.3 mm. Enlarged 9X. See Plate 6, figs. 3,4
for greater enlargement of zooecia. Mare Formation.

234

Figure

1-3.

4-6.

LO sa

12-14.

BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3

~ ' Page

Hippopodinella venezuelana, n. sp.

Holotype (I62la), PRI 27506. Frontal and basal surfaces. Zo-
arium length 2.7 mm., width 1.3 mm. Figs. 1 and 3 enlarged
about 14X; fig. 2, a portion of the zoarium, enlarged about
23X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate 10, fig. 3 for greatly
enlarged drawing of zooecia.

Schizoporella floridana Osburn .....................
Specimen S627a, PRI 27507. Frontal, basal, and lateral views of
zoarium. Length 6.7 mm., width 5.9 mm. Enlarged nearly 6X.
Playa Grande Formation (Mariquetia Member). See NPlate 7,
fig. 2 for a greatly enlarged drawing of a zooecium.

Schizoporella floridana ? Osburn...
Specimen I62laa, PRI 27508. Frontal and basal surfaces. Zo-
arium length 3.3 mm., width 2.6 mm. Figs. 7 and 9 enlarged

about 12X; fig. 8, a portion of the zoarium, enlarged 24X.

Lower Mare Formaton. See Plate 7, fig. 3 for details of
zooecia.

Hippoporidra janthina (Smitt)

Specimen [582a, PRI 27509. Zoarium developed on a gastropod.
Length of gastropod 17.5 mm., width 13 mm. Enlarged a little
over 2X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate 7, fig. 4 for en-
larged drawing of zooecia.

Anoteropora ? triovicellata, n. sp. .
Holotype (1626a), PRI 27510. Frontal, basal, and lateral views
of zoarium. Length 2.6 mm., width 1.7 mm., thickness 0.6
mm. Enlarged about 15X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate
12, fig. 3 for greatly enlarged drawing of ovicell on lower
right side of zoarium in Plate 3, fig. 12.

86

52

60

87

108

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 3

PLATE 4

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

VENEZUELAN CENOZzOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 235

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4
Figure Page
1. Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) 0.000000... §=389
Specimen G619a, PRI 27495. Apical, basal, and lateral views of

7

3.1 mm., width 2.5 mm. Enlarged 90X. Lower Mare Forma-
tion. See Plate 2, figs. 10,11 for other views of this same
specimen.

ERRATUM
Bulletin 237, Volume 53

Explanation of Plate 4, figure 1

For explanation line 1, “Specimen G619a, PRI 27495.
Apical, basal, and lateral views of” read “Specimen
1623a, PRI 27503. Frontal surface. Zoarium length”

236 BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5

Figure ~ HEE

1. "Aeteavanguinas(iannaeus)iireessricccre eee nee eee ee
Specimen A683aa, PRI 27511. View showing ‘cystidium, peris-
tome, and bent-over orifice. Maximum diameter of cystidium
0.12 mm.; width of orifice 0.095 mm. Enlarged about 85X.
Recent.

2-4.) Aetea ci2 Az ligulata-Buskite er echt ceete eee ee

Specimen A683a (detached into three parts), PRI 27512. Fig. 2,
view of the cystidium, main creeping tube, and three secon-
dary tubules. Length of cystidium 0.47 mm. Fig. 3, separated
prolongation of uppermost tubule of fig. 2, showing trumpet-
like process at distal end. Fig. 4, vesicle lying to one side and
detached from the lowermost tubule of fig. 2. Diameters of
vesicle 0.19 mm. X 0.14 mm. All drawings enlarged about
92X. Recent.

5. Antropora typica ueonu and Bassler) , baer
Specimen A672a, PRI 27513. Frontal surface of four “zo0ecia
showing ee and avicularian chambers in corners.
Average zooecium length 0.36 mm., width 0.24 mm. Enlarged
about 84X. Recent.

Gs Cellariaxcatiana;y 0o/Sp: 0). eee a ee ee ee
Holotype (M638a), PRI 27501. Note serrations on proximal
lip of the distal zooecium. Average zooecium length 0.47 mm.,
width 0.17 mm. Enlarged about 140X. Playa Grande Forma-
tion (Catia Member). See Plate 2, fig. 8 for photograph of
internode bearing these same zooecia.

22

26

48

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATES

PLATE 6

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6
Figure Page

1. Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk) ............. UY ee ei kee ee)
Specimen A632a, PRI 27497. Frontal surface of four zooecia
showing B-zooecium upper left and a-zooecium upper right.
Average length of B-zooecium 1.00 mm., of a-zooecium 0.93
mm. Enlarged about 60X. Recent. See Plate 2, figs. 1-3 for
photographs of zoarium of this same specimen.

2. Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) 00... 39
Specimen T620a, PRI 27498. Average zooecium length 0.45 mm.,
width 0.29 mm. Enlarged about 70X. Upper Mare Formation.
See Plate 2, figs. 4,5 for photographs of zoarium of this same
specimen.

3,4. Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) .. Ne nae Bonen , (oy

Fig. 3, specimen T633a, PRI 27505. Frontal surface. Average
zooecium length 0.61 mm., width 0.32 mm. Enlarged about
75X. Fig. 4, specimen T633b, PRI 27505a. Side view showing
multiporous septulae and ovisacs (at right). Enlarged about
75X. See Plate 2, for view of zoarium of specimen T633a.
Both specimens 1633a and T633b are from the upper Mare
Formation.

Figure

16

BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7

= Page

Biflustra cf. B. savartii (Audouin-Savigny) 0000...
Specimen ‘T620b, PRI 27514. Average zooecium length 0.48
mm., width 0.29 mm. Enlarged about 60X. Upper Mare
Formation.

Schizoporella floridana Osburn ROR Pic tf, SR

Specimen S627a, PRI 27507. Approximate length of figured

zooecium 0.66 mm., width 0.52 mm. Enlarged about 53X.

Playa Grande Formation (Maiquetia Member). See Plate 3,

figs. 4-6 for photographs of zoarium which bears this
zooecium.

Schizoporella floridana ? Osburn .......0..6.2.5..2:-0..-- ee
Specimen I62laa, PRI 27508. Frontal surface of three zooecia.
Average zooecium length 0.62 mm., width 0.41 mm. Enlarged
about 60X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate 3, figs. 7-9 for
photographs of zoarium of this same specimen.

Hippoporidra) fanthina)(Smitt)) 22. 2005.7.... 5 eee
Specimen 1582b, PRI 27515. Portion of frontal surface showing
a large interzooecial avicularium with a trilobate bar. Length
of interzooecial avicularium 0.21 mm., width 0.20 mm. Sur-
face enlarged about 60X. See Plate 3, figs. 10,11 (specimen
1582a) for photographs of a complete zoarium developed on
a gastropod shell. Lower Mare Formation.

Rhynchozoon cf. R. verruculatum (Smitt) 000000000000...
Specimen AG76a, PRI 27516. Frontal surface showing verrucose
character of the zooecia, the frontal avicularia, and the large
subspatulate avicularia lying parallel with the surface.
Average zooecium near center of colony, length 0.43 mm.,

width 0.31 mm. Enlarged about 65X. Recent.

39

52

60

87

98

Buu. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 7

BULL, AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 8

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD 239
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8
Figure Page
Ha setosellayantilleamay ms Si.) coo setcsceh eco. ces eae ee ties os no heed c tenses 45
Holotype (A684a), PRI 27517. Frontal view. Average zooecium
length 0.35 mm., width 0.26 mm. Enlarged about 85X. Recent.
2. .-Schizoporellay mamoOensisS, Ne SPs oiiscc secs cesses cesses eewcecoeenee 61
Holotype (A687a), PRI 27518. Frontal view. Length of zooecium
plus ovicell 0.59 mm.; width of zooecium 0.29 mm. Enlarged
about 85X. Recent.
3. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt) . OORT cr ON sae Ms 82

Specimen A675a, PRI 27519. ‘Frontal view showing av icularian-
bearing zooecium and rhachis. Average autozooecium length
0.53 mm., width 0.38 mm. Enlarged about 90X. Recent.

240

Figure

1-3.

BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATr 9

Page

Trematocecia cheethami, 1. Sp: ©....00.. :

Figs. 1,2, holotype (T620c), PRI 27520. Frontal and_ basal
views of same specimen. Fig. 1 shows four ovicells, three with
a nodule on top. Average zooecium length 0.40 mm., width
0.23 mm. Enlarged about 100X. Upper Mare Formation. Fig.
3, paratype (Jj64la), PRI 27504. Frontal view. Average
zooecium length 0.33 mm., width 0.29 mm. Enlarged about
100X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate 2, figs. 12,13 for
photographs of zoarium of J64la.

4. Hippodiplosia pertusa (Esper) .........00.....0.ccccccccccccccccceceeeceseseeseeseees

Specimen D685a, PRI 27521. Frontal view. Average zooecium

length 0.45 mm., width 0.29 mm. Enlarged about 100X,
Abisinia Formation.

106

78

BuLu. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 9

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 10

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIG BRYOZOA: WEISBORD _ 24]

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10

Figure Page
ieee DakaniassuUbtorauatan(G:OTDiSmy) ieee ee ener 68
Specimen A68la, PRI 27522. Average zooecium length 0.81 min.,
width 0.32 mm. Enlarged about 94X. Recent.
2.) (Microporella: ciliata (Pallas) se U.. 5. .22ccs.2.scncchs cee eee ee ace 72
Specimen A677a, PRI 27523. Average zooecium length 0.47 mm.,
width 0.32 mm. Enlarged about 94X. Recent.
3°. Hippopodinella venezuelana, m.)Sp. ...::......:0-.:20:1sc.sct0-0ssscsenescees 86

Holotype (162la), PRI 27506. Frontal view showing vibracular
nodes. Average zooecium length 0.45 mm., width 0.31 mm.
Enlarged about 94X. Lower Mare Formation. See Plate 3, figs.
1-3 for photographs of the zoarium of this species.

949

Figure
le

BULLETIN 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11

-

Mrypostega’ venusta (Norman) 202. ee ee
Specimen A678a, PRI 26524. Frontal view y showing four zooecia

and one zooeciule. Average zooecium length 0.41 mm., width
0.26 mm. Enlarged about 100X. Recent.

Cleidochasma contractum (Waters) 00000...
Specimen A686a, PRI 27525. Average zooecium length (exclud-
ing ovicell) 0.31 mm., width 0.21 mm. Enlarged about 90X.

Recent.

Cleidochasma porcellanum (Busk) .
Specimen AG674a, PRI 27526. Average 7 zooecium 1 length 0.31 mm.,

width 0.24 mm. Enlarged about 100X. Recent.

Rhynchozoon caboblanquense, n. sp. .......
Holotype (J660b), PRI 27527. Average zooecium length 0.35
mm., width 0.26 mm. Enlarged about 87X. Lower Mare

Formation.

Page

49

95

92

100

PLATE 11

Buti. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

PLATE 12

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

VENEZUELAN CENOZOIC BRYOZOA: WEISBORD ~ 243

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12
Figure Page

IeiRhynchozoon canibense; Ms Spe seceeec reece eee eee eres cceee eons 102
Holotype (A673a), PRI 27528. Average zooecium length 0.33
mm., width 0.23 mm. Enlarged about 90X. Recent.

2aharmerelialdichotomar (HInCKS) mr acecce tenets eee ee eee 103
Specimen A682a, PRI 27529. Average zooecium length 0.40
mm., width 0.35 mm. Enlarged about 85X. Recent.

3. Anoteropora ? triovicellata, n. sp. .............. pa ARs Re See 108
Holotype (1626a), PRI 27510. Drawing of ovicell shown on
lower right edge of zoarium in Plate 3, fig. 12. Length of
ovicell 0.38 mm., width 0.31 mm. Enlarged about 100X. Lower
Mare Formation. See Plate 3, figs. 12-14 for photographs of
zoarium.

INDEX

Number 237

Note: Light face figures refer to the page numbers. Bold face fig-

ures refer to ‘the plate numbers.

A

Abisinia Formation ....... 5,8, 11
abyssicola, Onychocella .. 84, 85
Rectonychocella eee 84
Smittiponay ese 8 12, 82-86
africana’ Portas... C2
albirostris, Celleporaria .. 108
americana, Hippodiplosia 81
Lepralia ot amet 63
Smilttiporaue -e-2 eee 84
Velumella Ue 85
JATIAS Ca Ure en ae ee 11, 16
anguina, Aetea 5 12,16-21)
AnNouIMaTiales eee 16
Cellaniayee tee 16
Cellularia Rectan eee 16
Halcaniah ae earns. 16
Sértulariae 225... 16, 19
angulata, Cumulipora 92
angulatum, Rhynchozoon 103
Annelida ...... ceo Sear © 15
anSata> Lepralia= oo... 55, 56
antilleana, Setosella ....8 5, 1182.
45-46

appendiculata, Lepralia .. 75
armata, Escharina ............ 72
Reptescharellina ............ 72
Ascophoray oe ae 11, 49
asper, Gemellipora | 95, 96
aterrima, Schizoporella..._—‘68, 71
atrofusca, Lepralia ..... 68, 71
Schizoporella nen 68, 69
Watersiporags =o. 69
auritulus, Cantharus ...... 27, 45
avicularis, Cellepora ....... 103

B

berardana, Discoporella . 31
Bermudez, Pedro J. .......... 14, 117
bifoliata, Membranipora 40
biporosa, Cupuladria ...... a
27-31

bispinosa, Hydroides . 38
brasiliensis, Exechonella 67
Buge, Emile Se eee 26,
123-124

Cc
Cabo Blanco area ........ ny, Oh Zi, ttle
13, 14
Groupyee 5, 8,
13-16
hills Ne (po NN 55 JI)
caboblanquense,
Rhynchozoon .. Vi 5) 4.
100-101, 103
caboblanquensis, Ostrea
(Alectryonia) ........ 101
calcarea, Hippoporidra 89, 91
calyxglandis, Cupularia 30
canariensis, Cupuladria | 27, 28, 29,
ORS S2
Cupularia ..... PAR PAS SRY
Membranipora 27
candida, Barbatia .. 97
Canu, Ferdinand, and
Bassler, Ray S. é 46,
130-131
Caracas eee eee
Caribbean Sea Hy, ly,
caribense,
Rhynchozoon 12 Henle
102-103
catiana, Cellaria ZS ay 1124
48-49
Catia La Mar ... 5
Catia Member (Playa
Grande Formation) ..... 8
Cheetham, Alan H. nt an 27, 44,
107, 131-133.
cheethamil,
Trematooecia 7) bay APA ey
106-108
Cheilostomata oy li UG
chevreuxi, Dakaria 69, 70, 71
ciliata, Cellepora oe
ischaraeee a2.
Fenestrulina 72, 73, 74
BM USti al ee sedeeec ee. coe 2s
Lepralia (P45 08:
Microporella 10 12, 72-78
Porellina
Cirripedia 14,15
cleidostoma, ENppononing 93
Lepralia . 92
Coast Range a8 5

244

INDEX

congregata, Chama .......... PAD PB CAUle
51, 71, 94,
100, 105
contracta, EUBHOpOLINA ... 99, 96
Lepralia Ree Pee ester. 95
Perigastrella 95, 96
contractum,
Chleidochasma 11 12, 95-S7
Caok= Patriera Wa. i640
134-135
Cordillera de la Costa .... nal
corniger, Rhynchozoon 101
corrugata, Membranipora 39
crassa, Biflustra cae 36
crenilabris, Cellepora .... 72
crenulata, Membranipora 40
crosslandi, Aetea .............. 22, 24
Crustacea ..... = 15
cucullata, Lepralia OS O9h0
Schizoporella 69
Smittia ...... 2 OSsG9
Watersipora soocnncce Ots (OS), 7D,
71
cupulata, Mamillopora 109
D
delicatula, Biflustra . 39
Membranipora bas. 39
denticulata, Discoporella 31
Manwlites ses 31
dichotoma, Cellepora 103, 104
Harmerella 12 12:
103-106
Reteporella 103
Schizmopora 103
Distrito Federal 5
domingensis, Barbatia 2, 62,
E
edax, Cellepora aes 91
Celleporaria 90, 91
Hippoporidra 87, 89, 90,
91, 92
Hippoporina 90, 91
Lepralia . 87, 90, 91
elegans, Steginoporella 35
F
favus, Membranipora 40
fistulosa, Cellaria “ 49
floridana, Schizopodrella 52
Schizoporella 2} 7/ IPA BPRS
floridana ?,
Schizoporella 3,7 12, 60-61

no
Or

HOLamMiniferidaw eee IPAS als)
fueguensis, Aetea ............

G
Castropodaeeesse eee. 14, 15,16
senisie Mlustra, 02.0.4. a
glabra, Gemellipora ....... 49, 50

Schizoporella ............... 49
guineensis, Cupularia ..... 27
Guppy, R. J. Lechmere ... 30, 49, 151
Gymnolaemata ................. IGT, ts), Uc

H
harmeriana, Smittipora .. 85
hibernica, Flustra ........... 62
I
imbricata, Arca .... ; 2A7/
inflata, Microporella .._. 74
inornata, Lepralia _.... Sete 49
isabelleana, Escharina 55
Hippothoa hearse CE 55
Schizoporella ....... 58, 59
J
janthina, Cellepora .......

Hippoporidra ............ 3,7 12,87-92

Happotremlay 2s...

epraliaty.2....s.<8 87

L
Lagaaij, Robert ............ Guileale
167
Las Pailas Formation .. 8
lata, Hippopodinella 87
leucocyphia, Antropora .... 26
levinseni, Smittipora 84, 85

Velumella ............ 85
ligulata, Aetea ...... 5 12, 22-24
longirostris,

Rhynchozoon .__.. 98
lowei, Cupularia .... , siles2
Lyell, Sir Charles .. 5, 14, 15

M
maculata, Lepralia 87, 90
magnicapitata,

Anoteropora 109
magnilabris,

Membranipora . Sih

Steganoporella 2,6 12, 35-39

Steginoporella ............ S15), avi

INDEX

Maiquetia ... 5
Maiquetia Member (Playa
Grande Formation) 8
mamoensis,
“Schizoporella” ... 8 By 1.
61-62
Mare Formation 5a vv
Matuno; ek Je. ee oe ee
Manzanilla Formation 30
Marcus, Ernst 7, 20, 24,
177-178
minuta, Cellepora 87, 91
mollis, Sertularia Le
Mollusca ... 5, 14, of
monotrema, Cupuladria . 29, 30
Mudlumps of Louisiana _ 7, 27, oe
0
muricatum,
Trachycardium 27, 84.
102
N
nordlandica, Eschara 79
normaniana,
Membranipora 49
fe)
Onychocella sp. ...... 85
ornatus, Chlamys | ; 27
Osburn, Raymond
Carroll |. : 6,
193-194
ovoidea, Cellepora ............ 71
Cellepora ? : 68
owen, Cupularia -325...:: 30
Pp
pallasiana, Cellepora ...... 62
Cryptosulay .4525:...:2,6 12,
62-68, 81
Eschara 62, 64, 65,
66
Hipodiplosia 64
Hippodiplosella .......... 64
Hippodiplosia 64, 65
Hippoporina 62, 63, 64,
65
Lepralia 62, 63, 64,
65
Smittina _ 64, 65
Palmer, Katherine V.W.
parasitica, Cellepora 90, 91

pedilostoma, Lepralia ...... 62
Hischanrinage. eee 62
pediostoma, Lepralia .... 62
Pelecypoda ....... poe BANG
perlacea, Cellepora ne 78
IS CManinageseeees ree 78
pertusa, Cellepora........ 78
Escharella ...... f sea 79
ESchaninaleeeeeeses 78
Hippodiplosia 9 12, 78-82
Hippoporina 79, 80
Lepralia ....... eo 78, 79, 80
peyroti, Cupularia- é : 32
PIA CS eis ee eee. ete _ 231-243
Playa Grande Formation 8, 11, 14
Polychaetia = — ’ 14, 15
porcellana, Hippoporina 93
Lepralia 9293
porcellanum,

Cleidochasma 11 12, 92-95
porosa, Escharina ... 79
Lepralia . 56
praeciliata, Microporella 74
pungens, Schizoporella 59
pusilla, Trypostega 50
pyriforme, Cupularia 30
R
radians, Pseudochama 81, 100

ramosa, Biflustra

reticulum, Conopeum 25, 26

Membranipora = 39
reversa, Hippothoa 55
Richards, Ken ... 7
Riehle, Hal F. int 7
robertsonae, Cupularia # 32

rostratum, Rhynchozoon 98, 100
rotundorum,

Cleidochasma hes 87
rugosa, Reptporina .... 55
S
salicornis, Cellaria ............ 49
savarti, Acanthodesia 40, 41
Biflustra _. ee cee Maret 90

Membranipora ............ 39,40
Odontionella * 40
savartil, Acanthodesia 40, 41, 42
Biflustra .2,4,6,7 12, 39-44
Flustra s 39, 44
Membranipora ............ 30: 40, 41
Odontionella athe ha 40
var. quadrilatera,
Membranipora 39
Scaphopoda ...... 14, 15, 16

246

INDEX

Schevo, Judith Ann .......... 7
serrata, Lepralia ................ 95, 96
Sertatay Dakaniay 3... 81
Shier, Daniel Hy hh... od 20s
208
Sica eA@t@ al oon cee)ceccesteet ee 23
simplex, Hippoporina .. 93
sinuosa, Cellaria ........5.... 49
spatulata, Ancuinarial a lOl7
spinifera, Lepralia PA 55
Mollian =. 55
Stratigraphic table,
(Cabo Blanco Group) 8
striatula,
Gemellipora . 49, 50
Te pT allili ae ete esc icsreess re 4
Schizoporella ea! ee 49550
strictorostris,
Membrendoecium = 26
subovoidea, Cellepora 68
Makara ce... Tal
subquadrata,
Schizoporella 57
subtorquata, Cellepora — 68, 69, 71
Wakaiiaw eek oc 105) 12523"
68-72
+
MACALUA WO! 2-005 .2.5. 5
tacaguana,
Membranipora ...... 2 5), JU.
24-26
LENUISS Bb IPLIStiale see 43
tetragona, Cellepora ....... 55
forquata, Dakaria .............. 69
ischarinal es. 68, 71
USER ame eee dl
Schizoporella . S 68, 69
triovicellata,
Anoteropora ? yo 92 ty a ay
108 109
[RUNcCALANACLC Am ee Aa 4:

tuberculata, Mollia........ 49

tumidula, Escharina ...... 68, 71, 72
typica, Antropora ...........5 12, 26-27
Canvas. oy 26
Dacryonella E: ie 26

Hippoporidra “...........-.. 89
Watersiponar...... oo: : 70
U
umbellata, Cupularia |... 31, 32, 33

Discoporella 1 al; 322:
31-35
Lunulites ..... By een 31
uncifera, Andreella ........ 46
MicnOpOhar cart ee. 46
unicornis, Escharina ........ 55
epraliiay. 2-0-5 55, 56
IMO la Oe cen eo 57, 58
Schizopodrella ................ 57, 58
Schizoporelia) “2-4 54, mere
urceolata, Lunulites 31
V
variabilis, Escharina 55, 56
Hippothoa tobe 56
variolosa, Lepralia . 55
venezuelana,
Hippopodinella 3,10 5}, 114.
83-86
venezuelanum,
Pyrene (Eurypyrene) 86
venusta, Lepralia .......... 49
Schizoporella Se ee 49, 50
ALG POSLE Paueeeteeseeeenre ii 12, 49-52
verruculata, Cellepora . 93
Bscharoidese eee 9&
verruculatum,
Rhynchozoon ets e7/ 1p.
98-100
Vigneaux, Michel ....... 89, 220
Viulsanissbschananrss ss hie
vulnerata, Membranipora 45
Setosellagee- 6-47
WwW
Weisbord, Norman E. 5, 38,
101, 226
Z
ZOLA ALC Aes aise ee 27, 84

ae dl pi Fo on

: “Hie caps Py Pda. oo: aa A rales ay

el é cue % Te hei Vike sh

. ne ‘) ; 7 De ee a ; & oe
M4 f j rie 7 if v

if ty ' ; i ° 7 © . vad 4

Mae? pen ? st ee

a J ele oe

D 4.4 > Js Le ¥r2
i a h Ay es 6 1

y } eS a 1 vy vie
¥ 3 ——' ul

i a APuan, 4

a i 1 @ - i PAT Pil

a, A wo fe : ct aN
rf: = - r ? ‘ - t aoe ; on ; ;
] ‘a 6 =
i Of ag HE ee ee "tay:
ih Ls a E ¥

Raa ote ee are
re) ‘bot ‘oe 1 Lh if “oh: LR,
iy ‘\" ; F | aa = ie »! titaaren

Ai - f
a
4 ea incor. oan ale ph, hts
; ad! wo eT j ee
4 ‘ ml 28 od Ma Wis
oe id v Te mw) +
G i 4 wee moe _ poll aes .. re

ee te eet ed (hs
a4 A 7 ‘-. TOS a . ie

aot ee ; te re oe) ne nyt A
pa . prety : ye a) pay!
| i) Pe ss ns oret
bine 7 Ke oe i ae :
ss 59 a. . oom Wy ve) “re hr
j Tits 4s _ a, pa Gt
iY

“Ol AREA echt Tove Iva hat

; eo EE RE ag
Pi xs Ph 7 be LP

ie tt & oi "i : 7
5 ae iy er A pill if)
e ~ i -~

; Veo ok “wait ime ¥ es al
in ? . ¢ 7 es a ee eh ie sr
iS? : Sr ate er?

XXXIX.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

LII.

Volume I.

II.

Ill.

iv.

Nos U7 e183) 44S DP SO: cDIS:. sasensotsapsaciavecesesqteaseassccereceestzcestvecse

Panama Caribbean mollusks, Venezuelan Tertiary formations
and forams, Trinidad Cretaceous forams, American-Eur-
opean species, Puerto Rico forams.

(Nos SA) SSO Gap pn Maple jictscccssatcssceseiseccescersesoscreces-ce-cvtesecsssevneseneue

Type and Figured Specimens P.R.1I.

(Noss 185-192). Si80i pps 235) Pl Sac scc.sccssescnscucseccvcsuvecececcvaceacvedesesescese

Australian Carpoid Echinoderms, Yap forams, Shell Bluff,
Ga. forams. Newcomb mollusks, Wisconsin mollusk faunas,
Camerina, Va. forams, Corry Sandstone.

terse 193); 673 Pipe EB PGs, cccscesctentesactealocsccuscczovsscseetecusereonsznvadooroase

Venezuelan Cenozoic gastropods.

(Noss 1942198) 2427s pp SO) DIS, ssssscesareasssscaconssotenrontecccctccoscsterece

Ordovician stromatoporoids, Indo-Pacific camerinids, Missis-
sippian forams, Cuban rudists.

ON, 1995203) 2 SES. pps 68 lS. pec csscesccenscorsavesssseveneecvactsetvortaeatiens

Puerto Rican, Antarctic, New Zealand forams Lepidocyclina,
Eumalacostraca.

(No. 204). 564 pp., 63 pls. ......... saddest sdisateh asesroonesduneasacepsvesstianasasd

Venezuela Cenozoic pelecypods

CNosenZO5=2 1) R419 pose 7/0 DIS 2 wetyacecsescseascersoneences-ovetenccecerereaceceese

Large Foraminifera, Texas Cretaceous crustacean, Antarctic
Devonian terebratuloid, Osgood and Paleocene Foramini-
fera, Recent molluscan types. e

Nos tg 212-217) 5 S4 pp sy Som Seatac ctesscs ee tecscse-casvaskicectscercrseecsssaccene

Eocene and Devonian Foraminifera, Venezuelan fossil
scaphopods and polychaetes, Alaskan Jurassic ammonites,
Neogene mollusks.

CINO4 218) PaUOS Sit ppt pomp Sh ecnssocsrscecceatccresceecaeescertecetesthascesesesstonsene

Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the
Southern and Eastern United States.

UINOS31219-224)) erO/l mp D et OSis DSi treecrceecsrecctecteettecascessscescssersseaaseates

Peneroplid and Australian forams, North American carpoids,
South Dakota palynology, Venezuelan Miocene mollusks,
Voluta.

a pa 7 28 | RS BP 0 pa 0) A ee eo ee RT

Venezuela and Florida cirripeds, Antarctic forams, Linnaean

Olives, Camerina, Ordovician conodonts, Niagaran forams.

(Nos. 231-232). 420 pp., 10 pls. ......... Bee MeN thd en caccecectesteede
Antarctic bivalves, Bivalvia catalogue.

Glg6e253-25G) 50 38d) PP AS Diss reccescesscestosvoracascescncvuravnnveccscaese

New Zealand forams, Stromatoporoidea, Indo-Pacific, Mio-
cene--Pliocene California forams.

PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AMERICANA

See Johnson Reprint Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave., New York,

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DIN ape tthe, eS sl Ff eS 9 IRS fcese se nccnctencaovascnatenendvasxentocsceunatennase

Heliophyllum halli, Tertiary turrids, Neocene Spondyli, Pale-
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RDC ppe Ray et 9S Y.g GL | US cae codons ckencaccnosvauiersnomaastoacecuenesantte

Paleozoic cephalopod structure and phylogeny, Paleozoic
siphonophores, Busycon, Devonian fish studies, gastropod
studies, Carboniferous crinoids, Cretaceous jellyfish, Platy-
strophia, and Venericardia.

Capes aia) 2 Psy Se PIG a orev as caxeronucey ones devnscanctessorereseereraeancs

Rudist studies, Busycon, Dalmanellidae, Byssonychia, De-
vonian lycopods, Ordovician eurypterids, Pliocene mol-
lusks.

Nos. 34-37). BAB rye LOU DLS. « cecccesssvessessetes coccsedicessaesetvenaceeceys

Tertiary Arcacea, Mississippian pelecypods, Ambonychiidae,
Cretaceous Gulf Coastal forams.

16.00

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XXIy.

XXV.

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XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.
XXXII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XOCKVE,

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

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(Nos. 80:87). S34epps 27 ‘plane cesietaeee eect eee ee
Mainly Paleozoic faunas and Tertiary Mollusca.

(Nos. 88-94B)\.° 3061pp3 130 pl Stves-commtestoee cect erento ent

Paleozoic fossils of Ontario, Oklahoma and Colombia, Meso-
zoic echinoids, California Pleistocene and Maryland Mio-
cene mollusks.

(Nos? 9521100) 2-420 eppeeSiSipl ss ccccccessteseceeeeeteecnetocesteccessereeecereene

Florida Recent marine shells, Texas Cretaceous fossils, Cuban
and Peruvian Cretaceous, Peruvian Eogene corals, and
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(Nos? 101-108) 5317 Grips 13/6) plshe tec sise sce coer cece eee ee eens

Tertiary Mollusca, Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian fish and
Paleozoic geology and fossils of Venezuela.

(INos: 109S154) er 412 ip parS 4s plscecsenccccesrestecee cate ceaerscteesteemtntes
Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian of Idaho, Cretaceous and
Eocene mollusks, Cuban and Venezuelan forams.

GNoss TES =116) e978) sp pss 52) psi cercecceencocecetroct cceeereeemmesteete ce
Bowden forams and Ordovician cephalopods.

CINOS DEA) 5563/2 pis 65's DISh pescnicccssesccescastocsndecadscetescenssensicecertereeses
Jackson Eocene mollusks.

(Nose 18-128) \. 54-58) pps t27 psa eccccesccvsserecccssceeesterececeereeettes

Venezuelan and California mollusks, Chemung and Pennsyl-
vanian crinoids, Cypraeidae, Cretaceous, Miocene and Re-
cent corals, Cuban and Floridian forams, and Cuban fossil
localities.

(Nosi01295133)). 294 ppiSO Mpls pirsesceccccerss totes seaeeterer eee
Silurian cephalopods, crinoid studies, Tertiary forams, and
Mytilarca.

(Nosi1342139) 5 448 ppnUSMiplstites ose eaeccuscatestonentrcesssetetee cae

* Devonian annelids, Tertiary mollusks, Ecuadoran strati-

graphy paleontology.

(Nos. 1402145))-400) pp. p19 plsiye toons orececcseneneccertecceeearteneeet ss

Trinidad Globigerinidae, Ordovician Enopleura, Tasmanian
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cods and conularid bibliography.

(INos5)146=154) 5/386, pps Slbplss cee ree neue eeatacensceecrascenererons

G. D. Harris memorial, camerinid and Georgia Paleocene
Foraminifera, South America Paleozoics, Australian Ordo-
vician cephalopods, California Pleistocene Eulimidae, Vol-
utidae, and Devonian ostracods from Iowa.

(Nos: 155=160)2) 4:2 ppSSe pl s.eecsccscserescentescacenesscereceerse seeeneess

Globotruncana in Colombia, Eocene fish, Canadian Chazyan
Antillean Cretaceous rudists, Canal Zone Foraminifera,
fossils, foraminiferal studies.

(Nos.' 161-164), 4864ppie-3 7 Tplsat Sis cscsecaseecs eerehe ramen ete
Antillean Cretaceous Rudists, Canal Zone Foraminifera,
Stromatoporoidea.

(Nos:'165-176).'447ppar 53m plst tencseccten cote eeereee cee

Venezuela geology, Oligocene Lepidocyclina, Miocene ostra-
cods, and Mississippian of Kentucky, turritellid from Vene-
zuela, larger forams, new mollusks, geology of Carriacou,
Pennsylvania plants.

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MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE
CHAPPEL LIMESTONE OF CENTRAL TEXAS

By

Joun LyMAN CarRTER

1967

Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 14850

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

1967 - 1968
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BULLETINS
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Vol. 53

No. 238

MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE
GHAPPEL LIMESTONE OF CENTRAL TEXAS

By

JOHN LyMAN CARTER

November 17, 1967

Paleontological Research Institution

Ithaca, N. Y., 14850 U. S. A.

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CONTENTS

Page

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TEXT FIGURES AND TABLES
Text-figure

1. Map showing localities at which brachiopods were collected from
the (Chappell Weimestonet .srec com trees sss coo ece sac ooo eee

Text-figures of species sections, scatter diagrams, plots of measure-
ments, and Tables of measurements are in text with species description
respectively.

MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE
CHAPPEL LIMESTONE OF CENTRAL TEXAS

Joun Lyman CarTER

ABSTRACT

The Chappel Limestone of late Kinderhookian and possibly early Osagian
age is a thin discontinuous crinoidal limestone that crops out along the
western, northern, and eastern edges of the Llano Uplift of central Texas.

A well-preserved fauna has been collected from these beds. The microfossils
have been described in some detail by Roundy (1926) and Hass (1959). Ex-
cept for the unusual collection of juveniles, mainly brachiopods, described by
Girty (1926), the macrofauna, with few exceptions, has never been described.
The present report consists of the systematic description of the diverse brachio-
pod fauna, with a reassessment of Girty’s taxa and the application, when pos-
sible, of those names to large collections that include mature specimens.
Fifty-one genera and sixty-five species are recognized. Three new genera,
Cyphotalosia, Amesopleura, and Crassumbo, and 25 new species are proposed.
Wherein possible, simple statistical techniques are used to characterize growth
patterns of both individuals and sample populations.

Correlation of the Chappel Limestone with the upper Chouteau Group
of the Mississippi Valley is reaffirmed by this study of the brachiopod fauna.

2

INTRODUCTION

The Chappel Limestone of central Texas is a thin bioclastic
unit of early Mississippian age that crops out at many places along
the eastern, northern, and western margins of the Llano region of
Texas. It is stratigraphically delimited above by the Barnett Forma-
tion of late Mississippian age, and below by various older strata
ranging in age from Ordovician (Ellenburger Group) to late De-
vonian or early Mississippian (Houy Formation).

Along the eastern edge of the uplifted region it consists of sev-
eral thin beds of gray, fine to medium-grained, crinoidal limestone,
ranging in thickness from a feather edge to a few feet. Macrofossils
are rare, and if present, are usually minute juveniles. In the north-
ern and western portions of the region the texture is similar, but the
color is often reddish or pink, although gray beds predominate at
some outcrops and sparry calcite is often mixed with the fine-grained
matrix. The thickness is erratic but the greatest thickness known,
about 40 feet, is attained here in small structural sinks. A large
well-preserved macrofauna, consisting mostly of brachiopods, has
been collected from several localities in this part of the uplifted re-
gion, usually from the previously mentioned structural sinks. Several
species of trilobites have been described by Hessler (1963, 1965)
and Grant (1965) described three species of stenoscismatacean
brachiopods. Except for the minute forms, mostly juvenile brachio-

254 BuLLeETIN 238

pods, described by Girty (1926), the macrofauna has not been
described in detail.

The main purpose of this study is to systematically describe
the brachiopod fauna of the Chappel Limestone. Secondary objec-
tives are the recognition and establishment of Girty’s taxa from
his so-called “Boone-age fauna” and the correlation of this fauna
with similar shelly facies in the mid-continent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The study was undertaken at the U.S. National Museum. The
author is grateful to R. S. Boardman, Curator of Invertebrate Pale-
ontology, for making available the facilities of the museum. G. A.
Cooper, Chairman of the Department of Paleobiology, suggested
this study as a doctoral dissertation and made available the great
comparative brachiopod collections in his care. The author extends
his warmest thanks to G. A. Cooper and K. E. Caster of the Uni-
versity of Cincinnati for jointly supervising the study and providing
advice and encouragement throughout. In addition, thanks are due
P. FE. Cloud, Jr., and V. E. Barnes, who kindly consented to the
use of their collections, now in the National Museum, for the pur-
poses of this study. R. E. Grant made helpful suggestions and pro-
vided stimulating discussions concerning brachiopod systematics.
Jesse E. Merida assisted the author in developing preparation tech-
niques. Peter U. Rodda loaned specimens of the Texas Bureau of
Economic Geology. Finally, this study would not have been possible
without the infinite patience and constant encouragement of the
author’s wife, Ruth, who also typed all drafts of the manuscript.

The cost of the engraving of the illustrations has been met by
a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati.

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION

The Chappel Limestone was named by Sellards (1932, p. 91, 92)
for the so-called “Boone or Osage age” deposits described by Roundy,
Girty, and Goldman (1926). Cloud and Barnes (1946, 1948), in
their studies of the Ellenburger Group, also mapped the younger
formations, including the Chappel Limestone but considered it to
be of late Kinderhookian (Chouteau equivalent) or perhaps early
Osagian age. F. B. Plummer investigated the Chappel Limestone

Texas MIssISsIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 255

and redefined it to include four members ranging in age from early
Kinderhookian through mid-Osagian. Hass (1959) accepted only
one of Plummer’s members (Espey Creek Limestone) as being
Chappel Limestone and also considered the age to be late Kinder-
hookian and early Osagian. Plummer’s youngest member, the Whites
Crossing Coquina, was considered by Hass (1959) and Cloud and
Barnes (1948) to be a facies of the Barnett Formation. This correla-
tion was because of its stratigraphic position above the Chappel
Limestone and because a Keokuk-age macrofauna was found in both
the coquina and more typical Barnett lithologies. The present
writer agrees with this interpretation. Plummer’s oldest members,
the Ives Conglomerate and King Creek Marl, were placed by Hass
in the Houy Formation as defined by Cloud, Barnes, and Hass
(1957

The Chappel Limestone is used in this report as defined by
Hass (1959), who presented a number of accurately measured sec-
tions and designated three faunal zones based on the conodont
fauna that was collected from those and other carefully measured
sections. These zones are from bottom to top the Siphonodella coop-
eri Zone, Gnathodus punctatus Zone, and the Bactrognathus com-
munis Zone. According to Hass (p. 368-370) the lower two zones
are late Kinderhookian (Chouteau) in age, and the uppermost zone
is early Osagian.

The distribution of the macrofossi] localities is unusual and
perhaps worthy of consideration. Several of the largest collections
(USNM localities 9045, 9042-3, and 9044) were taken from beds
consisting mainly of winnowed piles of brachiopod shells, crinoidal
debris, and minor amounts of both sparry and micritic matrix.
These beds occur in the so-called structural sinks as described by
Cloud and Barnes (1948, p. 51). Other collections were obtained
from smaller isolated outcrops that could also be remnants of struc-
tural sinks (e.g. USNM localities 9047 and 9048). Only the collec-
tions from USGS localities 2623 and 9367 were clearly taken from
flat-bedded strata typical of the eastern portion of the outcrop
area.

Because the Chappel beds arch over the sink wall in the man-
ner of folded beds, and from lithic character and the distribution
of these beds, Cloud and Barnes concluded that the Chappel beds

256 BuLLETIN 238

were either let down from an original subhorizontal position con-
comitantly with solution or that they fell into solution-formed caves
prior to Barnett time. This writer considers the latter alternative
unlikely because it does not explain the presence of winnowed piles
of brachiopod shells found in beds at several of these structural
sinks. It seems more likely that the shells accumulated in depres-
sions formed by gradually collapsing sinks. The greater proportion
of sparry to micritic calcite matrix in some beds of these sinks sug-
gests that there were stronger bottom currents in this portion of
the Llano region than to the east where sparry calcite is rare and
concentrations of macrofossils are lacking.

Unfortunately, unbiased sample populations were not obtained
for this study. This is due to several factors: the difficulties involved
in collecting a macrofauna from a hard limestone matrix; the un-
certain time span represented by slowly accumulated death as-
semblages; and the fact that many of the finest and most useful
specimens were not collected by the writer. As a result no serious
effort was made to statistically analyze the collections from a popu-
lation viewpoint. The graphs and scatter diagrams in this study are
presented solely to illustrate variation in mode of growth during
ontogeny.

AGE OF THE MACROFAUNA

Of the 65 species described in the systematic portion of this
study less than half prove to be useful for stratigraphic correlations
at the present time. It is probable that detailed studies of other
faunas of similar age will eventually facilitate the use of a larger
proportion of the Chappel fauna for these purposes. In general, the
species excluded from consideration are either geographically limit-
ed to the Chappel Limestone, as far as is known, or are too poorly
preserved or represented by too few specimens for accurate identi-
fication. Furthermore, forms such as Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp.,
Acanthoplecta inopinata, n. sp., and Tornquistia? transversalis, n. sp.
represent lineages that have not previously been reported from this
continent. Species such as Merista maccullochensis, n. sp. and Rotaia
sp. are anachronisms, being most closely related to Siluro-Devonian
and late Osagian species, respectively, and lack correlation value
at this time. It must also be kept in mind that the macrofauna was

Texas MIssiISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 257

not collected from every bed, and it is unlikely that the evidence
for correlation presented here is as complete as can be obtained
with micropaleontological collecting techniques.

DISCUSSION

Only two of the chonetid species appear to have value in
correlation, These are Rugosochonetes burlingtonensts (Weller) and
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard). The former is common
in USNM collections from the Caballero Formation of New Mexico
and was described by Weller from Kinderhook bed #6 in Iowa.
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus is closely related to Chonetes “glen-
parkensis” of Weller (1914) and Branson (1938). Both of these
species indicate a late Kinderhookian or early Osagian age.

Of the productid species Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore),
and Rhytiophora aff. R. blairi (Miller) indicate a Chouteau-Cabal-
lero-Chappel correlation. Productina sampsont (Weller) has been
identified by many authors from both late Kinderhook and early
Osage strata in Missouri and New Mexico. Gentculifera brevicula,
n. sp. and Avonia cf. A. pustulifera Moore indicate only approximate
Kinderhook-Osage affinities.

Most of the rhynchonellids are not useful in correlation, es-
pecially the stenoscismataceans. In general, the Chappel species of
that superfamily, at least as currently understood, indicate little
more than a Mississippian age although Colediwm evexum Grant
appears to be related to C. bisinuata (Rowley), an early Osagian
species in the Mississippi Valley region. Shumardella obsolescens
Weller and Cupularostrum? sp. are Chouteau-Caballero-Chappel
species and neither ranges into the Osagian as far as is known.
The unusual large form described as Rotaia sp. probably repre-
sents an early development of this genus but does not seem to indi-
cate a correlation with Osagian strata. Rhynchopora sansabensts, n.
sp. is probably related to R. persinuta (Winchell) and R. cooperensis
(Shumard) but is not useful for Kinderhook-Osage differentiation.

The retziid species, Plectospira problematica (Girty), was ini-
tially identified by the writer as P. sexplicata (White and Whit-
field) a commonly identified species in both late Kinderhookian
and early Osagian faunas. However, the Chappel species is clearly
distinct and of limited value in correlation.

258 BULLETIN 238

Except for the species of Cleiothyridina the Chappel athyrid
species are also of little use in correlation. Merista maccullochensts,
n. sp. is most closely related to Silurian and Devonian species and
is hence an anachronism. Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley) has
been widely identified in both late Kinderhook and early Osagian
strata, and Cleiothyridina cf. C. prouti (Swallow) is similar to an
undescribed species in the Caballero Formation. These species have
close affinities with the Fern Glen-Pierson-Lake Valley species,
Cleiothyridina prouti (Swallow), but occur stratigraphically below
that species. Camarophorella dorsata, n. sp. is most similar to C.
mutabilis Hyde, from the upper Waverly Group of Ohio.

Most of the spiriferid species have been identified by various
authors in both late Kinderhook and early Osagian strata in Mis-
souri and New Mexico, e.g. Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley, Spirifer
gregert Weller, Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), and Reticu-
laria cooperensis (Swallow). Only Eomartiniopsis girtyt (Branson)
and T'ylothyris cf. T. missouriensits (Weller) indicate an exclusively
Kinderhookian age.

Because Mississippian terebratulids are so difficult to identify
accurately, they are not ordinarily useful in correlation. However,
the distinctive species Beecheria chouteauensis (Weller) has been
positively identified in late Kinderhookian and early Osagian forma-
tions in New Mexico by Armstrong (1958, 1962) as well as from
similar age strata in Missouri by Weller (1914) and Branson (1938).
Girtyella cedarensis Weller is a Northview-Sedalia species in Mis-
sour! and probably indicates a late Kinderhookian age in the Chap-
pel Limestone.

SUMMARY

Of the 19 species useful for correlation at the present state of
knowledge only four would seem to indicate an exclusively late
Kinderhookian age. The other 15 species have been identified in
both Kinderhookian and Osagian formations in the Mississippi Valley
and New Mexico. None of the latter species are known only from
Osagian strata.

The Chappel brachiopod fauna is most similar to and correla-
tive with that of the Caballero Formation of New Mexico. The
Sedalia-Northview formations of the Chouteau Group of the Mis-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 259

sissippi Walley, as delimited by Beveridge and Clark (1952), con-
tain many similar or conspecific brachiopod species although there
are also many similarities with the lower Pierson Formation fauna
of Spreng (1952). The latter formation is considered to be basal
Osagian by the above mentioned authors.

The lack of exclusively Osagian species in the Chappel macro-
fauna is considered significant, and the author deems it unlikely
that at least the beds from which the macro-fossils were recovered
are Osagian. The preponderance of evidence from the brachiopod
fauna indicates a late Kinderhookian age, essentially agreeing with
the conodont correlations as established by Hass (1959).

LAMPASAS
CO.

LLANO CO.

GILLESPIE CO. BLANCO CO.

me edericksburg |. ¢

pedern®

KERR CO. KENDALL CO. ! WAYS CO.

| St el
Maas i0 20 miles

Text-fig. 1— Map showing localities at which brachiopods were collected
from the Chappel Limestone.

260 BuLLETIN 238

COLLECTING. LOCASITIES AND*FOSSHL EIS£S

Colfections were made by the author from all the localities
listed below except for the type locality near Chappel, San Saba
County, which has been covered by road fill. Attempts to collect
a macrofauna from nearby exposures were unsuccessful. USNM
locality 9046 and Cloud-Barnes locality 16T-2-27A which produced
such excellent specimens for Cloud, Barnes, and Cooper failed to
yield more than fragmentary material to this writer.

USNM locality 9042 — Margin of a caliche pit on the east side
of U.S. Highway 87, about 6.7 miles SSE of the courthouse at
Brady, McCulloch County, Texas. Equivalent to Cloud locality
TE-385 and USGS locality 15533.

Cyphotalosia masonensis Carter
Quadratia egregia Carter
Acanthoplecta inopinata Carter
Productina sampsoni (Weller)
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Ovatia sp.

Shumardella obsolescens Weller
Coledium evexum Grant
Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Crassumbo turgidus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter
Dielasmella larga Carter

USNM locality 9043 — Pasture on the west side of U.S. High-
way 87, across the road from a caliche pit, about 6.7 miles SSE
of the courthouse at Brady, McCulloch County, Texas. Equivalent
to Cloud locality TF-389, Plummer locality 153-T-110 and USGS
locality 15534.

Schizophoria sp.

Leptagonia sp.

Tornquistia? sp.

Retichonetes? gibberulus Carter
Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller)
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard)
Productina sampsoni (Weller)
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore)
Rhytiophora cf. R. blairi (Miller)

Texas MIssIssiPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 261

Cupularostrum? sp.

Shumardella obsolescens Weller
Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium undulatum Grant
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Athyris bradyensis Carter

Merista maccullochensis Carter
Crurithyris parva (Weller)
Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Tylothyris cf. T. missouriensis (Weller)
Amesopleura texana Carter

Spirifer chappelensis Carter

Spirifer cf. S. gregeri Weller
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Crassumbo turgidus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyt (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter

Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis Moore
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter

2

USNM locality 9044— From a structural sink on the east
side of a North-South fence, 1000 to 1500 feet ENE of the mouth
of Joe Davis Hollow, about 1.76 miles N 60 E of the mouth of Lost
Creek, McCulloch County, Texas. Equivalent to Cloud locality TF-
392 and USGS locality 9353.

Schizophoria sp.

Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard)
Acanthoplecta inopinata Carter
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Ovatia sp.

Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium evexum Grant

Coledium undulatum Grant
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Athyris bradyensis Carter
Camarophorella dorsata Carter
Amesopleura texana Carter

Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)

USNM locality 9045 — From the SE corner of a structural sink
on the May Brook Kothman ranch, about 2900 feet N 39 W of the
peak of Bald Ridge and High Lonesome windmill and about 6.2 air-
miles S 33 E of the courthouse at Brady, McCulloch County, Texas.

Equivalent to Cloud locality TF-406 and USGS locality 9360.
Philhedra sp.
Schizophoria sp.

262 BuLLeTIN 238

Rhipidomella perminuta Girty
Leptagonia sp.

Schuchertella? sp.

Tornquistia? transversalis Carter
Retichonetes? gibberulus Carter
Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller)
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard)
Cyphotalosia masonensis Carter
Quadratia egregia Carter
Acanthoplecta inopinata Carter
Productina sampsoni (Weller)
Avonia honeycreekensis Carter
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore)
Rhytiophora sp.

Marginatia sp.

Ovatia sp.

Shumardella obsolescens Weller
Rotaia sp.

Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium evexum Grant

Coledium undulatum Grant
Coledium vadosulcatum Carter
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Hustedia? texana Girty

Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley
Athyris bradyensis Carter
Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley)
Cleiothyridina cf. C. prouti (Swallow)
Actinoconchus sp.

Merista maccullochensis Carter
Camarophorella dorsata Carter
Crurithyris parva (Weller)
Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Amesopleura texana Carter

Spirifer chappelensis Carter
Spirifer cf. S. gregeri Weller

Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Ectochoristites inflatus Carter
Punctospirifer sp.

Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter

Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis Moore
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter
Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis Weller
Dielasma sp.

Beecheria chouteauensis (Weller)

USNM locality 9046 — North side of a draw, 0.6 to 0.7 mile up
Honey Creek from Texas Ranch Road 1871, about 8 miles SW of
Mason, Mason County, Texas. Equivalent to Cloud locality TF-417c.

Texas MIssISsIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER. 263

Schizophoria sp.

Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller)
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard)
Cyphotalosia masonensis Carter
Productina sampsoni (Weller)
Avonia honeycreekensis Carter
Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore)
Rotaia sp.

Coledium undulatum Grant
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Athyris bradyensis Carter

Merista maccullochensis Carter
Crurithyris parva (Weller)
Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Amesopleura texana Carter

Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Ectochoristites inflatus Carter
Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Crassumbo turgidus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter

Hamburgia chappelensis Carter
Beecheria chouteauensis (Weller)

USNM locality 9047 — 800 to 900 feet SSE of an abandoned
well and just SE of a stock pen on the Jack Sloan ranch. The pen
and abandoned well are on a seldom used rancher’s road that is
about 1.0 mile south and 0.5 mile east from the 7th cattle guard
south from U.S. Highway 190 on the Richland Springs-Maxwell
Crossing county road or about 7.5 airmiles S 10 W from Richland

Springs, San Saba County, Texas. Equivalent to Plummer locality
205-T-77.

Philhedra sp.

Schizophoria sp.

Tornquistia? transversalis Carter
Retichonetes? gibberulus Carter
Cyphotalosia masonensis Carter
Acanthoplecta inopinata Carter
Productina sampsoni (Weller)
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Ovatia sp.

Shumardella obsolescens Weller
Sedenticellula sacra Grant
Coledium evexum Grant
Coledium undulatum Grant
Coledium vadosulcatum Carter
Rhynchopora sansabansis Carter
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley
Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley)

264 BULLETIN 238

Camarophorella dorsata Carter
Crurithyris parva (Weller)

= Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Amesopleura texana Carter
Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter
Cranaena? dorsisulcata Carter
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter
Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis Weller
Dielasma sp.
Dielasmella larga Carter

USNM locality 9048 — Just NW of Antelope Pond on the
J. W. Gibbons-Oakdale-Miller ranch. The pond is about 0.5 mile
NNE of the abandoned Gibbons-Oakdale ranch house and is about
8.3 airmiles S 58 W of Richland Springs, San Saba County, Texas.

Philhedra sp.

Rhipidomella perminuta Girty
Cyphotalosia masonensis Carter
Acanthoplecta inopinata Carter
Avonia cf. A. pustulifera Moore
Geniculifera brevicula Carter
Shumardella obsolescens Weller
Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium altisulcatum Carter
Coledium evexum Grant

Coledium vadosulcatum Carter
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Hustedia? texana Girty

Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley
Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley)
Cleiothyridina cf. C. prouti (Swallow)
Merista maccullochensis Carter
Camarophorella dorsata Carter
Crurithyris parva (Weller)
Tylothyris brevaurita Carter
Tylothyris cf. T missouriensis (Weller)
Amesopleura texana Carter

Spirifer chappelensis Carter

Fusella llanoensis Carter
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Punctospirifer sp.

Crassumbo inornatus Carter
Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson)
Cranaena texana Carter

Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis Moore
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter
Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis Weller
Dielasma sp.

Dielasmella larga Carter

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 265

USNM locality 9155 — Small inlier 500 feet SW of U.S. High-
way 87, about 6.5 speedometer miles SSE of the courthouse at Brady,
McCulloch County, Texas. Equivalent to Cloud locality TF-408.

Retichonetes? gibberulus Carter
Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller)
Plicochonetes aff. P. ornatus (Shumard)
Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium evexum Grant

Coledium? costatulum Carter
Rhynchopora sansabensis Carter
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Hustedia? texana Girty

Crurithyris parva (Weller)

Tylothyris brevaurita Carter

Tylothyris cf. T. missouriensis (Weller)
Fusella llanoensis Carter

Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)
Eomartiniopsis girtyt (Branson)
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter

USGS locality 2623 — Type section for the Chappel Limestone
but now covered by road fill, 2.4 miles SE from courthouse at San
Saba, San Saba County, Texas, on the old San Saba to Chappe!
road, downhill from sharp turn in the road, and high on the side
of a hill. The following species list consists of those species recognized
by the present writer.

Rhipidomella perminuta Girty
Anopliopsis subcarinata (Girty)
Plectospira problematica (Girty)
Hustedia? texana Girty

USGS locality 9367 — Elm Pool, Johnson City area, about 5.2
miles SSW of Cypress Mill, 4000 feet North of the mouth of Miller
Creek, and about 3 miles NE of Honeycut Bend on the Pedernales
River, Blanco County, Texas. Equivalent to Cloud and Barnes |o-
cality 16T-2-27A.

Sedenticellula sacra Grant

Coledium undulatum Grant
Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller)
Hamburgia chappelensis Carter

PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

Preparation of the exteriors of specimens was done with various
kinds of grinding apparatus and by the use of chisel-edged needles.
Natural interiors were ordinarily lacking. Interior data were ob-

266 BULLETIN 238

tained indirectly from serial transverse sections and directly by cal-
cining specimens. Internal details were sometimes satisfactorily re-
vealed by this latter method if the matrix was of a different con-
trast than the shell substance in reflected light, either dry or im-
mersed in water. The transverse serial sections were obtained by
means of a Croft Parallel Grinder and were preserved as cellulose
peels made in the manner described by Boardman and Utgaard
(1964, p. 768). This technique has the advantages of forming an
accurate replica of the shell structure as well as leaving a near
permanent record of the sections. Furthermore, the peels can be
projected in an ordinary small-format photographic enlarger, pro-
ducing excellent study photographs of ten or more diameters magni-
fication. The text-figures illustrating the serial sections in this
study were made from tracings taken directly from such enlarge-
ments.

Many of the specimens were partially spalled and uneven
in color. In order to make the overall tone of the figured speci-
mens even, they were coated with a washable opaquing ink. All the
figured specimens were coated lightly with ammonium chloride be-
fore they were photographed.

MATERIAL STUDIED

Many of the U.S. National Museum collections from the
Chappel Limestone were made by Cloud and Barnes during the
course of their study of the Ellenburger Group of central Texas.
G. A. Cooper subsequently added substantially to these collections
as did the writer. Although the USNM collections form the largest
part of the material studied, part of the F. B. Plummer collec-
tion in the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology collections was also
examined, some of it in detail.

All primary types are deposited in the U.S. National Museum.

SYSTEMATICS

The brachiopods of the Chappel Limestone have never been
studied in detail, except for the small fauna described by Girty
(1926) from the type locality of the formation near San Saba, San
Saba County. Girty’s collection was made by P. V. Roundy and

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 267

K. C. Heald in 1919 and consisted of numerous small individuals,
most of which are immature, with a few adult representatives of
smaller species. Some of Girty’s specimens have been lost or mis-
placed, although all the type specimens are available for study.
This writer has attempted to assess Girty’s taxa in terms of their
probably being early ontogenetic stages of the species found to
the west of the type locality. Because the collections from the west-
ern and northern portions of the Chappel outcrop area often yield
excellent growth series, it has been possible in some cases to apply
Girty’s species names to taxa in which the early ontogenetic stages
are easily recognized. In other cases, Girty’s minute specimens are
not identifiable, at least by this student of brachiopods, and are
considered by him to be nomina dubia. Should some other student
of this fauna successfully recognize Girty’s specimens as_ being
growth stages of any of the species described herein, then Girty’s
names must be applied to those taxa.

The author’s disposition of the 23 brachiopod species and
varieties recognized by Girty is as follows:

Lingulidiscina aff. L. minuta Mather.—This specimen is unique
and poorly preserved. Not recognized.

Crama pertenuis Girty, 1926— Based on six minute highly
variable individuals. Species characters are not adequately estab-
lished. Not recognized.

Rhipidomella perminuta Girty, 1926 — The types are juveniles
of a species described in detail below.

R. perminuta var. Girty, 1926 — These specimens are possibly
juveniles of the large undescribed species of Schizophoria consid-
ered below.

Schuchertella morsei Foerste? — Original specimens apparently
lost. Not recognized.

Schuchertella? sp. — This specimen may be lost. Not recog-
nized.

Chonetina subcarinata Girty, 1926 — Represented in this fauna
only by the syntypes from the Chappel Limestone, although the
description was based on specimens from the Ridgetop Shale of
Tennessee. These specimens are possibly not conspecific with the
Chappel Limestone specimens.

Pustula inconspicua Girty, 1926 —Girty’s collection of pro-

268 BULLETIN 238

ductid juveniles is sizable. The specimens described as P. inconspicua
are probably spat of some larger productid species. Not recognized.

Pustula moorefieldana var. pusilla Girty? — Specimens appar-
ently lost. Not recognized.

Pustula aff. P. indianensis Hall— Specimens apparently lost.
Not recognized.

Camarophoria? aff. C. bisinuata Rowley—This specimen is
definitely a juvenile of the genus Colediwm Grant. However, it 1s
not specifically identifiable.

Dielasma? sp.— Four of these specimens are unidentifiable
terebratulids and two are probably small rhynchonellids or meris-
toids. Not recognized.

Selenella? subcircularis Girty, 1926 — These specimens are prob-
ably juveniles of one or more of the terebratulid species described
below but unfortunately cannot be assigned generically. Judging from
their shape and general configuration they are probably juveniles of
Hamburgia, Cranaena, or Girtyella. It is unlikely that these speci-
mens are sufficiently advanced ontogenetically to show generic char-
acters even if sectioned. Not recognized.

Ambocoelia laevicula Rowley? —Girty’s specimens are repre-
sentatives of the species described by the writer as Crurithyris
parva.

Spirifer sp.— The specimens described by Girty are juveniles
and not identifiable specifically. In all probability they are repre-
sentatives of several delthyrid and spiriferid species described be-
low.

Spirifer sp. var.— One of these specimens possesses a ventral
septum and is probably a juvenile T'ylothyris or Cyrtina. Not rec-
ognized.

Reticularia sp. — Probably a juvenile of R. cooperensis, a pos-
sibility recognized by Girty.

Brachythyris? simulans Girty, 1926— This specimen is_pos-
sibly a juvenile individual of B. chouteauensis. Not recognized.

Hustedia? texana Girty, 1926— These specimens are small
adults or large juveniles, the species is thoroughly described below.
Generic assignment remains in doubt.

Hustedia? problematica Girty, 1926

Assigned to the genus

Texas MIssiISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER. 269

Plectospira Cooper and described in detail below. The type speci-
mens are small adults or large juveniles but easily recognized.

Hustedia? subaequalis Girty, 1926—The holotype is most prob-
ably an aberrant Plectospira problematica. The other specimen is a
juvenile of some spiriferid species. Not recognized.

Hustedia? parvicostata Girty, 1926— This specimen is prob-
ably a juvenile of one of the spiriferid species described below. Not
recognized.

Cleiothyridina? sp.— Most of these specimens are not gen-
erically identifiable. One specimen appears to be a juvenile of
Camarophorella. Not recognized.

Much of this paper was written before the publication of the
Brachiopoda volumes (Part H) of the Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology. The writer has attempted, where possible, to apply
the morphological terminology and higher classification used in the
Treatise. Some exceptions are noted below.

The compilers of the Treatise indicate a preference for the non-
descriptive terms primary layer and secondary layer for the various
shell tissues. Because our understanding of the nature of shell depo-
sition in brachiopods is still rudimentary, the writer prefers to use
the established descriptive terms lamellar layer, fibrous layer, and
columnar layer as used by Dunlop (1962).

The use of the term crural plate in the Treatise for assorted
structures that “extend from the inner edge of outer hinge plate or
crural base to floor of brachial valve. . . .” is inadvisable because
it is usually neither descriptive nor genetic. If the crural bases
actually extend to the floor of the valve it seems unnecessary to
use two terms for the same structure. If structures unrelated to
the crural bases (histologically) extend to the floor of the valve,
then the term crural plate is a misnomer. The writer prefers to use
descriptive terms for the latter such as buttressing, basal, or sup-
porting plates,

The abbreviations USNM and USGS indicate localities or speci-
men numbers of the United States National Museum and United
States Geological Survey respectively.

270 BuLLeETIN 238

SYSTEMATICS

~ Phylum BRACHIOPODA Duméril, 1806
Class INARTICULATA Huxley, 1869
Order ACROTRETIDA Kuhn, 1949
Suborder CRANIIDINA Waagen, 1885

Superfamily CRANIACEA Menke, 1828
Family CRANIIDAE Menke, 1828
Genus PHILHEDRA Koken, 1889
Philhedra sp. Pl. 15, figs. 18a-19b

Six craniid brachial valves constitute the entire collection of
inarticulate brachiopods from the Chappel Limestone. Only one of
these specimens possesses shell material. A fragment of this shell
substance is covered with fine sinuous costellae, this being the
main evidence for the generic assignment.

Occurrence. —USNM localities 9045, 9047, and 9048.

Class ARTICULATA Huxley, 1869
Order ORTHIDA Schuchert and Cooper, 1932
Suborder ORTHIDINA Schuchert and Cooper, 1932

Superfamily ENTELETACEA Waagen, 1884
Family ENTELETIDAE Waagen, 1884
Subfamily SCHIZOPHORIINAE Schuchert and LeVene, 1929
Genus SCHIZOPHORIA King, 1850
Schizophoria sp. Pl. 13, figs. la-3e

Medium size for the genus, biconvex, subelliptical in outline,
wider than long, greatest width at about midlength; lateral profile
lenticular, brachial valve more convex than the pedicle valve; beaks
moderate in size, slightly curved; hinge line straight, narrow, card-
inal extremities evenly rounded; ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal
interarea orthocline to slightly apsacline; anterior commissure recti-
marginate; both valves evenly convex or one or both valves with
a slight sulcus; surface multicostellate, shell substance punctate.

Pedicle valve interior unknown.

Brachial valve interior with small bilobed cardinal process, di-
vergent brachiophore bases that bound the adductor muscle field;

Texas MIssISSiPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER. Dil

adductor muscle field of moderate size divided by a short thick
median ridge, obscurely divided into two parts, an outer posterior
and an inner anterior pair.

Remarks. — Because many of the Mississippian species of this
genus are highly variable in shape and size, no attempt is made
here to assign the few Chappel Limestone specimens specifically. It
is worth noting that some of these specimens are similar to Schizo-
phoria sulcata Sanders, 1958, from the Represso Limestone of Son-
ora, Mexico, Schizophoria sedaliensis Weller, 1914, from the Sedalia
Limestone of Missouri, and Schizophoria subelliptica (White and
Whitfield), 1862, from Kinderhook bed No. 6 of Iowa. All of these
species are about the same age as the Chappel Limestone. However,
a careful study of large population samples of these species 1s neces-
ary to assess their validity as species.

Table 1.— Measurements in millimeters of Schizophoria sp. from USNM
locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154526 Ze 30.6 14.2
154527 17.4 20.9 10.2
154528 10.1 12.6 555

Illustrated specumens. —USNM Nos. 154526, 154527, 154528.
Occurrence and abundance. — Five nearly complete and several
dozen fragmentary specimens from USNM locality 9045, and sev-
eral fragments each from localities 9047, 9046, 9048, and 9044 make

up the collection of this species.

Family RHIPIDOMELLIDAE Schuchert, 1913
Genus RHIPIDOMELLA Oehlert, 1890
Rhipidomella perminuta Girty Pl. 13, figs. 4a-7e

1926. Rhipidomella perminuta Girty, U. S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 146, pp.
25, 26, pl. 5, figs. 4-6.

Girty’s description of this species was based on about 100 small
specimens which this writer considers to be immature individuals,
mainly because of the disproportionately coarse multicostella proso-
pon and small size. Although a growth series of topotype material
is not available, the close similarity in outline between Girty’s

Die BuLLETIN 238

small specimens and larger mature specimens from other localities
convinces the writer that the two growth stages represent a: single
species. The description given below is essentially Girty’s, slightly
emended to include the mature forms discussed above.

Average size for the genus, slightly wider than long, subelliptical
to almost subtrigonal in outline; maximum width anterior to mid-
length; beaks average size for the genus; hinge line short, straight,
cardinal extremities compressed, subangular; posterolateral mar-
gins straight to concave; distinct sulcus on brachial valve; anterior
commissure weakly sulcate, anterior margin may be emarginate;
both valves multicostellate, other details of prosopon not discern-
able due to spalled surfaces.

Pedicle valve slightly gibbous in the umbonal region, com-
pressed along the lateral margins as well as in the cardinal ex-
tremities; interarea narrow, low, orthocline or slightly apsacline;
beak slightly incurved, projecting beyond that of the brachial valve;
fold absent or poorly developed.

Brachial valve with small distinct, slightly incurbed beak;
equally or slightly more convex than the pedicle valve; dorsal inter-
area low, anacline; sulcus narrow, shallow to moderately deep, orig-
inating in the dorsal umbo, becoming wider anteriorly.

Interior details of adult specimens unknown. Pedicle valve of
immature specimens with large flabelliform muscle scars that ex-
tend about halfway to the anterior margin.

Table 2.— Measurements in millimeters of Rhipidomella perminuta Girty,
1926, from USNM locality 9048.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154529 729 1953 7.4
154530 13.8 14.9 6.6

Syntypes. —USNM Nos, 121171, 121172, 121173.

Distinguishing characters.— This species is characterized by
its subelliptical to subtrigonal outline, short hinge line, compressed
cardinal extremities and lateral margins, distinct sulcus on the
brachial valve, and weakly sulcate anterior commissure.

Comparisons. — Rhipidomella perminuta Girty is most similar
in size and outline to Rhipidomella jerseyensis Weller, 1914, from

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 273

the Fern Glen Formation of Missouri, but the latter is more in-
flated with convex margins and rounded cardinal extremities.

Rhipidomella tenuicosta Weller, 1914, from the Chouteau Lime-
stone of Missouri is similar to R. perminuta in size and in being
slightly compressed at the margins, but differs in having a more
circular outline, rounded cardinal extremities, and a poorly de-
fined sulcus on the brachial valve.

Occurrence and abundance. — Although Girty’s collection from
near San Saba numbered some 100 specimens, this species is rare
elsewhere in the Chappel Limestone. Four adults and three juve-
niles from USNM locality 9045, two nearly complete adults and
several fragments from locality 9048, and six crushed shells from
Cloud locality TF-386 constitute the entire collection.

Order STROPHOMENIDA Opik, 1934
Suborder STROPHOMENIDINA Opik, 1934
Superfamily STROPHOMENACEA King, 1846
Family LEPTAENIDAE Hall and Clarke, 1894

Genus LEPTAGONIA M’Coy, 1844

Leptagonia sp. Pl. 14, figs. 10a-10b

This genus is represented by one spalled shell, natural molds
of four pedicle valves, and several fragments. The best preserved
specimen (illustrated) is about 17.0 mm long, and 23.4 mm wide;
small to medium in size, subquadrate in outline, with a small
cordate ventral adductor field, costellate, and covered with numer-
ous concentric rugae. Another specimen is biconvex with a genicu-
late pedicle valve and a weakly convex nongeniculate brachial
valve.

Figured specumen. — USNM No. 154545.

Occurrence. —USNM_ localities 9045 (four specimens, eight
fragments ), 9043 (one natural mold of a pedicle valve).

Superfamily DAVIDSONIACEA King, 1850
Family SCHUCHERTELLIDAE Williams, 1953
Subfamily SCHUCHERTELLINAE Williams, 1953

Genus SCHUCHERTELLA Girty, 1904
Schuchertella? sp. Par tice

Two spalled imperfect brachial valves are the only represen-

274 BULLETIN 238

tatives of the davidsonaceans in the Chappel Limestone. The larg-
est and-est preserved of these specimens is about 12.3 mm long and
22.5 mm wide. Although the shell surface was clearly costellate,
and not plicate, most of the surface details are lacking. Since gen-
eric assignment in this superfamily depends so heavily on interior
information, the specimens are questionably assigned to Schucher-
tella on the basis of valve shape and prosopon.

Figured specimen. — USNM No. 154544.

Occurrence. —USNM locality 9045.

Suborder CHONETIDINA Muir-Wood, 1955
Superfamily CHONETACEA Bronn, 1862
Family CHONETIDAE Bronn, 1862
Subfamily ANOPLIINAE Muir-Wood, 1962
Genus ANOPLIOPSIS Girty, 1938
Anopliopsis subcarinata (Girty) Pl. 14, figs. 7-9

1926. Chonetina subcarinata Girty, U.S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 146, p. 27, pl.
5, figs. 10-16.

This rare species is the type for the unusual monotypic anoplid
genus Anopliopsis Girty, 1938, which is characterized by having
radial platelike septa inside both valves.

Girty (1926, p. 27; 1938, p. 281) based his species Chonetina
subcarinata on specimens from the Fort Payne Chert and Ridgetop
Shale of western Tennessee but he identified and illustrated as syn-
types specimens from the Moorefield Shale of Oklahoma and the
Chappel Limestone (Girty’s Boone age limestone) of central Texas.
Whether or not all of these collections represent one species cannot
be determined due to lack of interior information from the Okla-
homa and Texas specimens. The three illustrated syntypes from
the Chappel Limestone near San Saba, San Saba. County, Texas,
are the only Chappel Limestone specimens of this species in the
USNM collections.

Syntypes. —USNM Nos. 121197, 121198, 121199. Eight of
Girty’s illustrated specimens from the Fort Payne Chert are also
now in the USNM collections.

Genus TORNQUISTIA Paeckelmann, 1930
Tornquistia? transversalis, n. sp. Pl. 14, figs. 15a-20

Average size for the genus, concavo-convex, twice as wide as

Texas MIssIssipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 275

long, acutely subtriangular to semicircular in outline; cardinal ex-
tremities angular, compressed, not mucronate; greatest width at the
hinge line; fold and sulcus lacking; surface smooth or faintly capil-
late on spalled surfaces; anterior commissure rectimarginate.

Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, being slightly
more inflated posteriorly; surface evenly convex except for the
cardinal extremities; beak small; interarea slightly curved, low,
acutely triangular; small pseudodeltidium in apex of delthyrium;
spines or spine bases not observed.

Pedicle valve interior (known only from calcined molds) with
short high median septum, thick lateral ridges diverging at low
angle from the hinge line delineating the diductor muscle field;
cardinal extremities also marked off by marginal ridges; diductor
field large, flabellate; adductor scars consisting of two, pairs located
posteriorly on either side of the median septum.

Brachial valve evenly concave except in the cardinal extremi-
ties; interarea about the size of that of the pedicle valve, reflexed;
chilidium not observed.

Brachial valve interior unknown.

Holotype. —USNM No. 154550.

Table 3.— Measurements in millimeters of Tornquistia? transversalis,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154550 4.9 10.0? 1.8
154556 522 8.5? Pop
154551 5.6 Dy) 2.
154552 5.2 9°39 2.0
Distinguishing characters. —T. ? transversalis is characterized

by its strongly transverse outline, angular compressed cardinal ex-
tremities, smooth surface, and reflexed dorsal interarea.

Comparisons. — The writer knows of no other smooth strongly
transverse Mississippian anopliid species. Cooper (1957, p. 25) de-
scribed a similar species from the Permian of Oregon as Paeckel-
mannia aff. Chonetes alatus Stuckenberg, 1898. However, that
species has more acute mucronate cardinal extremities and a more
transverse outline.

276 BULLETIN 238

Occurrence and abundance. — This species was found only at

USN MAocalities 9045 (23 specimens) and 9047 (two specimens ).

Tornquistia? sp. Pl. 14, figs. 11a-14

Small, slightly wider than long, subtrigonal to semicircular in
outline, maximum width at the hinge line; cardinal extremities
acutely angular, compressed, relatively large; fold and sulcus lack-
ing but pedicle valve strongly arched medially; anterior commissure
sulecate; surface faintly capillate, growth lines irregularly spaced.

Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, strongly in-
flated in posterior profile with concave lateral slopes; umbo large,
overhanging the hinge line, beak small; interarea unknown; hinge
spines not observed.

Brachial valve unknown.

Figured specimens. —USNM Nos. 154546, 154547, 154548.

Table +. — Measurements in millimeters of Tornquistia? sp. from USNM
locality 9043.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154547 4.0 Se Sie, 2.6
154546 4.6 ? 2.4
154548 4.1 529) 2.2
Comparisons. — This problematical little species can easily be

distinguished from the other chonetid species in the Chappel Lime-
stone by its small size, relatively large ears, greatly inflated pedicle
valve, and faintly capillate prosopon.

Remarks. — Generic indentification of this species is particu-
larly difficult because of the contradictory nature of the shape,
prosopon, and pedicle interior. The shape and general aspect of
these shells are anoplid, similar to that of Anopliopsis Girty, 1938.
However, that genus is smooth, not capillate, and has strongly de-
veloped septum-like plates inside both valves. The interior of two
pedicle valves of this species are smooth except for the median
septum and muscle bounding ridges. The assignment of this species
to Tornquistia Paeckelmann, 1939, is by default, and duly ques-
tioned. According to Muir-Wood (1962, p. 59) the surface of Torn-
quistia 1s capillate when decorticated. Furthermore, the pedicle in-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER Qi

terior lacks platelike septa and the muscle scars are obscure, as in the
Chappel species.

Occurrence and abundance. — Eight pedicle valves from USNM
locality 9043 make up the entire collection of this species.

Subfamily RETICHONETINAE Muir-Wood, 1962
Genus RETICHONETES Muir-Wood, 1962
Retichonetes? gibberulus, n. sp. Pl 15. fies) 10a?

Smaller than average for the genus, concavo-convex; wider
than long; semicircular in outline, maximum width at the hinge line;
cardinal extremities compressed, angular, small, not mucronate;
fold and sulcus lacking but pedicle valve mesially inflated; anterior
commissure sulcate or ventrally deflected; surface costellate, the
costellae bifurcating; growth lines numerous, fine, forming a reticu-
late pattern with the costellae; anterior portions of both valves often
lamellose.

Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, inflated pos-
teriorly, mesially arched in anterior profile, compressed laterally;
umbo of moderate size, beak smail, incurved; interarea low, almost
flat, presence of pseudodeltidium undetermined; single spine near
each cardinal extremity, at 45-50° angle to the hinge line.

Pedicle valve interior (known from calcined molds) with short
median septum; muscle field bounded by low ridges diverging at
about a 30 degree angle from the hinge line and septum; diductor
and adductor scars undifferentiated.

Brachial valve moderately concave, evenly curved except for
the cardinal extremities which flex ventrad slightly; interarea low,
catacline or slightly reflexed; presence of chilidium unknown.

Brachial valve interior unknown.

Table 5. — Measurements in millimeters of Retichonetes? gibberulus, n. sp.
USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154571 6.1 8.8? 2.9 9045
154570 Sei 8.7 3.1 9045
154576 6.9 Sf 9045
154573 Bes 6.3 1.6 9045
154568 5.9 10.0 Zit, 9043
154569 5E5 10.0 746) 9043
154572 4.6 7.1 129, 9043

278 BULLETIN 238

Holotype. —USNM No. 154571.

Distinguishing characters. —R. ? gibberulus, n. sp., is charac-
terized by its small size, mesially inflated pedicle valve, sulcate an-
terior commissure, and a single spine near each cardinal extremity.

Comparisons. — Retichonetes? gibberulus, n. sp., is not to the
writer's knowledge closely similar to any previously described species
from North America, Chonetes shuwmardianus de Koninck, 1847,
from the Borden Group of Kentucky is often similar in outline and
prosopon, but it is much larger and relatively less convex. Chonetes
elegans de Koninck, 1847, from Tournaisian strata of Belgium is
similar in outline, convexity and prosopon, but is much larger and
lacks a sulcate anterior commissure. Chonetes (Plicochonetes)
waldschmidti Paeckelmann, 1930, from the Posidonienschiefer of
Germany is similar in size and outline but is much less convex and
more coarsely costellate.

Remarks. — Generic assignment of this species is based on ex-
ternal characters, and as a consequence, 1s tentative. Final assign-
ment cannot be made until the brachial interior of this species is
elucidated.

Occurrence and, abundance. — This species is not common at
any locality, the only collections coming from USNM localities
9045 (four specimens), 9043 (ten specimens), 9047 (four speci-
mens), and 9155 (one specimen).

Subfamily RUGOSOCHONETINAE Muir-Wood, 1962
Genus RUGOSOCHONETES Sokolskaja, 1950
Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller) Pl. 15, figs. 1-9

1901. Chonetes burlingtonensis Weller, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans., vol. 11,
No: 9) *p:-184. pl. 16, figs 9:

1914. Chonetes burlingtonensis Weller, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1,
p. 93, pl. 8 figs. 18, 19.

1926. Chonetes burlingtonensis Weller, Butts, Geol. Sur. Alabama, Spec. Rep.
14 pl. 54, fies. 125 13:

Weller’s (1914) description of the exteriors of both valves does
not require repetition or emendation here. Since Weller did not de-
scribe interiors of either valve, the following description of a brachial
interior from the Chappel Limestone is given below.

Cardinal process bifid on internal face; alveolus developed;

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER> 279

median septum probably most elevated posteriorly (septum broken
in this specimen) becoming lower anteriorly, reaching about three-
fifths the length of the valve; lateral septa short, not prominent;
accessory septa well developed, most elevated anteriorly, extending
about to the end of the median septum; brachial ridges well de-
veloped, elevated, extending anteriorly beyond the median septum;
socket ridges narrow, curved, diverging from the hinge line at a
low angle; muscle scars obscure; internal shell surface finely papil-
late, those papillae on the brachial ridges being especially large
and prominent.

Holotype. — Uniy. Chicago, Walker Museum No. 6669. Now in
the Field Museum of Natural History.

Distinguishing characters. — R. burlingtonensis is characterized
by its small size, semielliptical outline, and narrow skarply defined
capillae that increase by bifurcation on the pedicle valve and by
intercalation on the brachial valve.

Table 6.— Measurements in millimeters of Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis
(Weller), 1901.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154558 5.6 2.9? 1k) 9045
154559 By) 8.8? 7M 9045
154562 6.3 oF 2.4 9043
154566 Tee, 9.8? 29 9043
154567 6.3 8.7 25 9155
154560 4.8 6.7 1.7 9046

Comparisons. — This species is not closely similar to previously
described North American species of this genus. Chonetes illinoisensis
Worthen, 1860, is often similar in outline but is larger, less convex,
and much more finely capillate.

Occurrence and abundance. — Weller (1901) described R. bur-
lingtonensts from bed 6 of the Kinderhook at Burlington, Towa.
Butts (1926) reported it from the Fort Payne Chert of Alabama. In
the Chappel Limestone it has been found at USNM localities 9045
(12 specimens), 9043 (four specimens), 9046 (two specimens), and
9155 (nine specimens ). A similar species also occurs in the Caballero
Formation of New Mexico.

280 BULLETIN 238

Genus PLICOCHONETES Paeckelmann, 1930 emend. Muir-Wood, 1962
Plicochonetes aff. Chonetes ornatus Shumard Pl. 13, figs. 8a-13
1855. Chonetes ornata Shumard, Missouri Geol. Sur., First and Second .\nn.

Repts., p. 202, pl. C., figs. la-c.

Slightly smaller than average for the genus, concavo-convex;
wider than long;. semicircular to subelliptical in outline, maximum
width at the hinge line; cardinal extremities acutely angular, small,
compressed, not mucronate; ventral sulcus lacking or some speci-
mens mesially flattened or with a slight sulcus; anterior commissure
rectimarginate; surface coarsely costellate, costellae bifurcating;
growth lines numerous, evenly spaced, forming a reticulate pattern
with the costellae.

Pedicle valve strongly convex, mesially inflated, compressed
laterally, otherwise curving evenly to the front margin; umbo prom-
inent, protruding beyond the hinge line; beak small.

Brachial valve moderately concave, curving evenly toward the
lateral and front margins, reflexing at the cardinal extremities.

Interior details unknown.

Illustrated specimens. — USNM Nos. 154531-6.

Table 7.— Measurements in millimeters of Plicochonetes aff. Chonetes
ornatus Shumard, 1855, from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154534 8.3 1-3 Bee
154535 8.3 1ARZ 332
154537 S:2 Ae yee 3.4
154533 7.4 11.0? 2.8
154531 7.0 9:2 2.9
Remarks. — Plicochonetes aff. Chonetes ornatus is similar to

the common Chouteau species, Chonetes “glenparkensis” Weller,
1906. However, Branson (1938, p. 30) and Williams (1943, p. 75)
pointed out that Weller’s holotype of C. glenparkensis is actually a
Glen Park Limestone variant of C. ornatus Shumard, 1855. This
writer regards the Chouteau species as being distinct from C. ornatus
and possibly conspecific with Chonetes logani Norwood and Prat-
ten, 1855, from the Kinderhook beds of Iowa.

In any case the Chappel Limestone specimens are too poorly
preserved for accurate identification.

Texas MIsSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 281

Occurrence and abundance.— This species has been collected
only at USNM localities 9045 (66 specimens), 9043 (three speci-

mens), 9046 (one specimen) and 9155 (one specimen).

Suborder PRODUCTIDINA Maillieux, 1940

Superfamily STROPHALOSIACEA Schuchert, 1913
Family STROPHALOSIIDAE Schuchert, 1913
Subfamily HETERALOSIINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Genus CYPHOTALOSIA, n. gen.

(Greek kyphos, bent; otos, ear; alos, disc)

Small for the family, concavo-convex, body cavity thin, nearly
symmetrical, slightly wider than long, subcircular or slightly trans-
versely subelliptical in outline; hinge width less thanethe maximum
width, which is near mid-length.

Pedicle valve moderately to considerably convex, nonsulcate;
ventral umbo small, beak usually slightly incurved; cicatrix small;
ventral interarea slightly curved, twice as high as that of the brachial
valve; pseudodeltidium narrow, convex, slightly raised above the
level of the interarea; flanks evenly convex, ears small, delimited
by flexures near the umbo; lateral extremities of ears characteristic-
ally bent sharply dorsad, forming two subparallel longitudinal flanges
almost normal to the hinge line. Prosopon consisting of relatively
long anteriorly curving spines sparsely scattered over much of the
valve surface, and one or two similar posteriorly directed spines on
each side of the umbo near the hinge line; few narrow irregular
concentric growth lamellae and exceedingly fine sinuous growth lines;
capillation lacking.

Pedicle valve interior with moderately deep mesial umbonal
cavity; ears flattened and bent sharply dorsad; marginal and lateral
ridges lacking; dentition and musculature unknown; no median
ridge or septum.

Brachial valve moderately to considerably concave; dorsal inter-
area low, inclined at a low angle to that of pedicle valve; chilidium
lacking. Prosopon consisting of few narrow irregular concentric rugae,
best developed on the ears, few scattered rounded depressions or
dimples, and irregular growth lamellae similar to that of the pedicle

282 BULLETIN 238

valve; no spines or spine bases observed; sinuous growth lines such
as found on the pedicle valve not observed, probably poorly pre-
served.

Brachial valve interior with postero-ventrally directed hetero-
losiid-type cardinal process and lophidium; short median ridge
(septum?) extending anteriorly from cardinal process between
deeply impressed teardrop-shaped adductor muscle scars, the latter
being impressed just anterior to the cardinal process with the pos-
terior portion rounded and deeply impressed and the anteriorly di-
rected tips somewhat shallower; complete sockets not observed,
sockets anteriorly separated from adductor scars by short low trans-
verse ridges. Other internal details not observed.

Type species. — Cyphotalosia masonensis, n. sp. from the Chap-
pel Limestone of central Texas.

Distinguishing characters. — This genus is characterized by its
small size, small cicatrix, sharply dorsally bent ears, and pedicle
valve prosopon of long scattered anteriorly curving spines and one or
two posteriorly directed spines on each side of the umbo near the
hinge line, narrow irregular rugae near the ears, irregular growth
lamellae and fine sinuous growth lines.

Comparisons. — Cyphotalosia is most similar to Heteralosia
King, 1938, Devonalosia Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960, Kostrophal-
osta Stainbrook, 1943, and Lialosia Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960.
All of these genera lack the dorsally bent ears and can be differen-
tiated on that basis alone.

In addition, Heteralosia usually has a larger more conspicuous
cicatrix and more numerous spines of two series, not one series as
in Cyphotalosia. Devonalosia has more numerous curved recumbent
spines, as well as a row of hooklike spines along the edge of the
interarea. Eostrophalosia has spines on the brachial valve, and
Lialosia is nonspinose, except for a row of laterally directed spines
at a low angle to the hingeline.

Remarks. — The writer originally considered the type species
of this new genus to be some form of the genus Heteralosia King,
1938, because the principle generic character, the sharply bent ears,
is often not apparent in specimens that have been broken free from
a hard limestone matrix. Unfortunately, a growth series of the type

‘oJ

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER’ 283

species is not available making it impossible to observe the develop-
ment of the flanges during ontogeny. However, it is probable that
the bent ears are an adult character only, because juveniles couldn’t
produce bent ears, a transverse shell outline and an extended hinge
line simultaneously.

Heteralosiid brachiopods are rare in the early Mississippian
strata of North America. To the writer’s knowledge no previously
described heteralosiid species possess sharply bent ears, but this may
only reflect the size of the collections and the state of preservation
of the specimens.

Range. — Late Kinderhookian.

Cyphotalosia masonensis, n. sp. Pl. 16, figs. 1a-7
Description and distinguishing characters same as for the genus.

Holotype. —USNM 154583, Plate 16, figs. 4a-d? from USNM
locality 9045, near Brady, McCulloch Co., Texas.

Table 8.— Measurements in millimeters of Cyphotalosia masonensis, n. sp.
USNM No. Length Hinge width Max. width Height USNM Loc.
154583 9.3 8.5 10.3 3.4 9045
154587 9.0? 9.4? TARO: 3.0? 9045
Pedicle Valves
154580 14.7 12.0 Bees Wey 5.4 9045
154582 13.3 11.8 13.8 4.6 9045
154581 12:3 12.9 14.6 4.2 9045
154584 12E9 4.5 9046
154588 9.8 8.5 10.6 Sa 9046
Brachial Valves
154585 10.2 11.0? 12.9 9046
154589 10.0 i}eI| 9046
Comparisons. — Few early Mississippian heteralosiid species

have been described. The differences between these species and
Cyphotalosia masonensis are readily apparent.

Strophalosia ? beechert Rowley, 1893, from the Louisiana Lime-
stone of Missouri is asymmetrical and lacks the sharply bent ears
of C. masonensis.

Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke, 1893, from the Borden
Shale of Kentucky is larger, more spinose, and lacks sharply bent
ears.

Occurrence and abundance. — This species is not common in the
Chappel Limestone. Twenty-six specimens from USNM_ locality

284 BULLETIN 238

9046 and 22 specimens from locality 9045 make up most of the col-
lection. One specimen each from localities 9042 and 9048 have been
assigned to this species.

Superfamily PRODUCTACEA Waagen, 1883
Family PRODUCTELLIDAE Schuchert and LeVene, 1929
Subfamily CHONOPECTINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960

Genus QUADRATIA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Quadratia egregia, n. sp. Pl; 17; figs. 1a-8

Average size for the genus, semicircular in outline, wider than
long, concavo-convex, nongeniculate; maximum width at or just an-
terior to the hinge line; ears medium size, subangular or slightly
rounded, delimited by broadly concave flexures; fold and sulcus
lacking or weakly developed in some specimens.

Pedicle valve moderately and usually evenly convex anteriorly;
beak small scarcely incurved, flanks spreading; interarea low but
higher than that of the brachial valve; pseudodeltidium not ob-
served, cardinal process protruding through delthyrium; prosopon of
low narrow concentric rugae, irregularly overlapping growth lamellae
and fine growth lines; spine bases small, sparsely scattered in sey-
eral crudely concentric rows anteriorly; several small spine bases also
arranged on each side of umbo close to posterior margin.

Pedicle valve interior with small closely set flattened teeth;
adductor muscle impression elongated, divided into two pairs, the
posterior pair being more deeply impressed and shorter than the an-
terior pair; diductor scars large, wide, subcircular in outline, lat-
erally bounded by two prominent subparallel ridges that extend an-
teriorly from the umbo at about a 45 degree angle and terminate
about halfway to the lateral margin.

Table 9.— Measurements in millimeters of Quadratia egregia, n. sp. from
USNM locality 9045.

Surface Hinge Maximum Thickness
USNM No, Length Length Width Width at Mid-length Height
154597 Za 29.8 29.2? splay 22 11.0?
154598 20.9 26.8 30.0 2.0 8.4
154599 20.8 27.0 26.5 2.2 Tedif,
Pedicle Valve
154600 21.7 25 31.4 11.1

Brachial Valve
154602 19.4 Dei 29.8

Texas MIssIssiPpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER: 285

Brachial valve usually moderately concave; low fold occa-
sionally developed; interarea lower than that of pedicle valve; noto-
thyrial details unknown; prosopon similar to that of pedicle valve
but apparently lacking spines.

Brachial interior with small low bifid cardinal process sup-
ported by narrow medium septum which extends anteriorly about
one-third length of valve; endospines numerous; other internal de-
tails unknown.

Holotype. —USNM 154597, Plate 17, figs. la-e, from USNM
locality 9045, near Brady, McCulloch Co., Texas.

Distinguishing characters. — Quadratia egregia, n. sp. 1s char-
acterized by having a semicircular outline, maximum width at or
near the hinge line, and medium size subangular ears. Internally
the ventral muscle field is bounded postero-laterally by two narrow
prominent lateral ridges that extend anteriorly from the umbo at a
45 degree angle, terminating just beyond the muscle field.

Comparisons. — This species is most similar to Quadratia bates-
villensts (Girty ), 1911, from the Moorefield Shale of Arkansas. How-
ever, that species has large prominent ears and as a consequence, a
smaller length-width ratio. Furthermore, the umbonal regions of
both valves of Quadratia batesvillensis are usually more rounded
than those of Quadratia egregia, and the outer surfaces of the valves
are nearly smooth, not rugose.

Remarks. — Several small specimens, presumably juveniles or
small adults, are closely similar to the large specimens described
above. They differ mainly in being less convex, as one would suspect.
Unfortunately, interiors of these small specimens are unknown.

Occurrence and abundance. — Quadratia egregia, n. sp. is fairly
common at USNM locality 9045 which yielded 35 specimens. It has
been found at only one other locality, USNM 9042, this collection
consisting of only four specimens.

Family LEIOPRODUCTIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily LEIOPRODUCTINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960

Genus ACANTHOPLECTA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960

1960. Acanthoplecta Muir-Wood and Cooper, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 81,
pp. 170-172, pl. 44, figs. 10-19.

Type species. — (By original designation) Producta mesoloba

286 BULLETIN 238

J. Phillips, 1836, Lower Carboniferous (Viséan). Great Britain.

Distinguishing characters. — According to Muir-Wood and
Cooper this genus is characterized by its geniculate valves, narrow
body cavity, and median longitudinal spine-bearing ridge on the
pedicle valve; prosopon of both valves with irregular undulating
rugae posteriorly, smooth anteriorly or with longitudinal folds and
row of spines near hinge line and down flanks of pedicle valve,
spines less numerous on brachial valves; cardinal process short, bi-
lobed, with alveolus; breviseptum short; adductors not dendritic;
lateral ridges short, near hinge line.

Comparisons. — Acanthoplecta is most easily confused with
Mesoplica Reed, 1943, an Upper Devonian genus, and Plicatifera
Chao, 1927, restricted by Muir-Wood and Cooper to the Lower
Carboniferous (Viséan).

Mesoplica can be differentiated by its costate prosopon, more
elongate narrower trail, dendritic adductor scars in the pedicle valve,
and massive, probably trilobed cardinal process supported by a
median septum.

Plicatifera, which previously included some of the species now
assigned to Acanthoplecta, has been newly interpreted by Muir-
Wood and Cooper. They recognized only the type species, Pro-
ductus plicatilis J. de C. Sowerby, 1824, and based their description
of Plicatifera on that species alone.

As emended by Muir-Wood and Cooper, Plicatifera can be dis-
tinguished from Acanthoplecta by its less convex ventral visceral
disc; shorter, more sulcate trail without a median ridge; less con-
cave brachial valve with a concomitant larger body cavity; stronger
more regular angular rugae on both valves; adductors set on a strong
median ridge in the pedicle valve; and a trilobate cardinal process,
supported by a broad-based median septum.

Remarks. —The degree to which the longitudinal median ridge
is produced and the arrangement of spines in rows down the flanks
appears to this writer to be variable in specimens assigned to
Productus mesolobus in the USNM collections. This is also true for
the Chappel Limestone species, Acanthoplecta inopinata, n. sp. It is
possible that these characters are not diagnostic of the genus.

Range. — The type species, Acanthoplecta mesoloba (Phillips)

Texas MiIssIssIPpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 287

is Viséan in age. Its distribution is not clearly understood, but it
probably is limited to Great Britain and possibly western Europe.
Muir-Wood and Cooper (plate 44, figs. 18, 19) illustrated a
specimen from the Upper Tournaisian of Russia and referred to it
(page 383) as Acanthoplecta hyperborea (Nalivkin).
Acanthoplecta inopinata, n. sp. is late Kinderhookian or early
Osagian and is identified only from the Chappel Limestone.

Acanthoplecta inopinata, n. sp. Pl. 18, figs. la-8d

1948. Plicatifera aff. P. calhounensis (Moore), Cloud and Barnes, Univ. Texas,
Pub. 4621, pl. 44, figs. 22, 23 (not fig. 26).

Average size for the genus, concavo-convex, semicircular to
subovate in outline, wider than long; maximum width at the hinge
line; ears large, flattened, or weakly convex, tapered, subangular;
both valves geniculate, trail moderately long; venter nonsulcate;
body cavity thin.

Pedicle valve with almost evenly convex, broad, posteriorly
tapering, umbonal region; beak small, incurved, slightly overhang-
ing the hinge line; flanks steep, spreading; ears sharply delimited
by concave flexures; venter usually with weak or obscure some-
times asymmetrical median longitudinal ridge, extending from the
middle of the visceral disc to the anterior margin; no interarea.
Prosopon consisting of numerous low narrow uneven rounded
rugae on the visceral disc and extending to the hinge line; numer-
ous sinuous growth lines; spalled surfaces faintly costellate; spines
sparsely scattered on rugae of visceral disc and irregularly on trail;
three or four spine bases on longitudinal ridge; often a row of sev-
eral spine bases on the flexure forming the ears.

Pedicle valve interior poorly known from calcined molds.
Muscle field obscure, longitudinally striated; other details not ob-
served.

_ Table 10.— Measurements in millimeters of pedicle valves of dcanthoplecta
inopinata, n. sp. from USNM locality 9044.

Surface Hinge
USNM No. Length Length Width Height
123969 UO 7/ 33.0 30.8 10.0
154604 OPI 31.5 29:3 9.6
154605 20.1 33.0 ZI Oie, 10.2
154606 18.5 30.2 27.0? 9.6

154607 17.0 29.0 22.4 8.9

288 BuLLETIN 238

Brachial valve strongly geniculate with flattened ears and
postero-median depression; trail almost touching pedicle valve;
prosopon of rugae on visceral disc similar to those on pedicle valve
and scattered dimples; spine bases not observed.

Brachial interior with short bilobed cardinal process with alveo-
lus, the lobes of which are conspicuously separated; breviseptum
short, less than half the length of the visceral disc; lateral ridges
close to hinge line; other internal details unknown.

Holotype. —USNM 123969 from USNM locality 9044, McCul-
loch Co., Texas. Illustrated as Plicatifera aff. calhounensts (Moore)
by Cloud and Barnes (1948, pl. 44, figs. 22-23).

Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by its
semicircular to subovate outline, nonsulcate venter with weak or
obscure, sometimes asymmetrical, median longitudinal ridge extend-
ing from the middle of the visceral disc to the anterior margin.
Spines sparsely scattered on rugae and trail, with three or four
spine bases on the longitudinal ridge, often with a row of several
spines in the flexure that forms the ears. Brachial valve with sparsely
scattered dimples.

Comparisons. — No other species of this genus has been rec-
ognized in North America.

Acanthoplecta mesoloba (Phillips) has a more elongate sub-
quadrate outline, longer trail, flattened or sulcate venter, more
prominent symmetrical median longitudinal ridge, more numerous
spines, sometimes arranged in rows near the ears and down the
flanks, and more numerous dimples on the brachial valve.

Remarks. — Although substantial collections of this species
are available, apparently none of the specimens represent early
growth stages. This fact and the overall uniformity in size and shape
of the individuals in the collection inhibit ontogenetic and popula-
tion studies.

Occurrence and abundance. — Acanthoplecta inopinata, n. sp. is
common at USNM localities 9044 (73 specimens) and 9048 (26
specimens). Smaller collections were made at localities 9042, 9045,

and 9047.

Family LEIOPRODUCTIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily PRODUCTININAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER _ 289

Genus PRODUCTINA Sutton, 1938
Productina sampsoni (Weller) Pl. 19, figs. la-2d

1909. Productus sampsoni Weller, Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 20, p. 300,
pla tiess 18-22%

1914. Productus sampsoni Weller, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp. 129,
130, pl. 13, figs. 30-35.

1915. Productus sampsont, Weller, Girty, Geol. Sur., Bull. 598, p. 34.

1928. Productus sampsoni Weller, Moore, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, 2d
series, vol. 21, p. 265.

1937. (?) Productus (Linoproductus) sampsoni Weller, Nalivkin, Geol. Prosp.
Inst.; rans. Cent: p. 56, pl: 6, figs. 21-24:

1938. Productus sampsonit Weller, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13,
Now33) Pp. )33, pls 25 figs. 26-30:

1938. Productina sampsoni (Weller), Sutton, Jour. Paleont., vol. 12, No. 6,
p. 552, pl. 63, figs. 1-4. :

1956. (2?) Productus (Linoproductus) sampsoni Weller, Simorin, Akad. Nauk
Kazakhstan S.S.R., p. 134, pl. 7, figs. 14-15, pl. 8, figs. 1-6.

1960. (?) Productina sampsoni (Weller), Sarytcheva, in “Osnovi Paleon-
tologi,” pl. 35, figs. 7, 8.
1960. Productina sampsoni (Weller), Muir-Wood and Cooper, Geol. Soc.

America, Mem. 81, pl. 123, figs. 1-10.

The following description is based only on the Chappel Lime-
stone collections.

Small, concavo-convex, usually longitudinally elongated, sub-
circular or subovate in outline, body cavity small; maximum width
usually near mid-length, occasionally at the hinge line; ears small,
angular, sharply delineated by abrupt flexures; venter nonsulcate
and nongeniculate.

Pedicle valve relatively thick-shelled, strongly convex in mature
specimens, much less convex in juveniles; venter arched, almost
lobate in some specimens; umbo inflated, beak strongly incurved,
overhanging the hinge line; flanks steep, spreading moderately,
slightly in the sublobate forms; prosopon of fine rounded closely
set bifurcating costae that gradually increase in width anteriorly;
growth lamellae prominent, regularly spaced posteriorly, less regu-
lar anteriorly; fine growth lines closely set; spine bases apparently
confined to ears.

Pedicle valve interior not observed.

Brachial valve moderately to strongly concave posteriorly, not
geniculate; visceral area lamellose, anterior portion of valve cos-
tate; spines apparently lacking.

Brachial valve interior not observed.

290 BuLLETIN 238

Table 11.— Measurements in millimeters of Productina sampsoni (Weller)
from the, Chappel Limestone.

USNM

USNM No. Length Width Height Locality
123970 b 11.4 12.6 5.6 9046
123970¢c 10.6 iD Si 4.3 9046
154611 14.0 12.4 7.0 9043
154612 : 11.6 1:2 De 9047

Holotype. — Univ. Chicago, Walker Museum 9695, from the
Chouteau Group of Pettis Co., Missouri. (Now in the Field Museum
of Natural History.)

Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by its
subcircular or longitudinally subovate outline, with the maximum
width usually near mid-length, small ears, and strongly convex
pedicle valve with an arched venter, often becoming almost lobate
anteriorly.

Comparisons. —Productina sampsont is a particularly distinc-
tive species. It does not, to the writer's knowledge, resemble any
other North American species, except possibly Productina parvula
(Winchell), 1863, from the Kinderhook beds of Iowa. The latter
species is rare and poorly known but apparently is smaller with
relatively larger ears than Productina sampsoni.

Occurrence and abundance. — Productina sampsoni is a widely
distributed late Kinderhookian and early Osagian species. It has been
reported from several North American formations, viz., the Chou-
teau Group of Missouri, Fern Glen Formation of Missouri, Fern
Glen Formation of Oklahoma, Caballero Formation of New Mexico,
Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico, and the Chappel Lime-
stone of Texas.

In the Chappel Limestone it has been found at USNM locali-
ties 9042, 9043, 9045, 9046, and 9047, the entire collection amounting

to 21 specimens.

Family OVERTONIIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily OVERTONIINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Genus AVONIA Thomas, 1914, emend. Muir-Wood, 1928
Avonia cf. A. pustulifera Moore Pl. 19, fig. 8a-d

1928. Avonia pustulifera Moore, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, 2d series, vol. 21,
pp. 271, 272, pl. 11, figs. (7,11) 12, 16°17, 20: 21.

Texas MIssiIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 291

1938. Avonia pustulifera Moore, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13, No.
3) Daoo, pl. 2) digs: 4-10:

1938. Avonia pustulifera Moore, Sutton, Jour. Paleont., vol. 12, No. 6, p. 565,
pl. 62, figs. 12-15.

A single incomplete pedicle valve from USNM locality 9048 is
similar to Moore’s syntype (Univ. Chicago, Walker Museum No.
32113. Now in the Field Museum of Natural History.) from the
Lower Burlington Limestone of Missouri.

According to Moore (1928, p. 272) this species is characterized
by its small size, strong convexity, low full umbonal region, prom-
inent spine bases, and pustulate anterior costae.

Moore identified the species in the Sedalia Limestone (Chou-
teau Group) and the lower Lower Burlington Limestone. Branson
(1938a, p. 39) reported it from several of his ‘““Chouteau’’ Limestone
localities. :

Measurements. —USNM 154620, length 8.7 mm, width 9.2?
mm, height 5.0 mm.

Figured specimen. — USNM 154620.

Avonia? honeycreekensis, n. sp. Pl. 19, figs. 5a-7b

Average size for the genus, concavo-convex, subcircular to sub-
ovate in outline, length and width about equal; maximum width
at or slightly posterior to mid-length; ears small, rounded or sub-
angular, slightly compressed; nongeniculate and nonsulcate.

Pedicle valve evenly convex, subhemispherical; ears delimited
by small flexures; beak small, slightly incurved, overhanging the
hinge line; venter slightly lobate; no trail produced; no interarea;
prosopon of numerous low narrow regular continuous rugae on the
visceral disc; low indistinct costae may be present on anterior por-
tion of valve; minute scattered spine bases posteriorly set on con-
centric rugae, anteriorly scattered or set on indistinct costae, if
present.

Table 12. — Measurements in millimeters of dvonia? honeycreckensis, n. sp.

USNM

USNM No. Length Width Height Locality
154615 ei 10.2 4.8 9045
154616 8.6 8.5 4.3 9046
154618 8.2 $.1 3.9 9046
154619 8.3 8.2? S78) 9046

292 BULLETIN 238

Pedicle valve interior unknown.

Brachial valve with gently concave visceral disc, weakly genicu-
lated; trail short and slightly lobate medially; prosopon of nu-
merous low narrow rugae on the visceral disc and sparsely scattered
dimples; trail weakly costate; spine bases not observed.

Brachial valve interior unknown.

Holotype. —USNM 154615, from USNM locality 9045, near
Brady, McCulloch Co., Texas.

Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by
having a subeircular outline with the maximum width at or slightly
posterior to mid-length, small rounded or subangular ears, small
slightly incurved beak, slightly lobate venter, ventral prosopon of
numerous narrow regular rugae on the visceral disc and indistinct
costae, sometimes absent, anteriorly. Brachial valve exterior with
similar rugae and sparsely scattered dimples.

Comparisons. —To the writer’s knowledge no similar produc-
toid species have been described from early Mississippian strata,
at least in North America.

Remarks. — This species has been questionably referred to the
genus Avonia Thomas, 1914, mainly for want of any better choice.
Although Avonia? honeycreekensis agrees with the type species of
Avonia in some respects, such as size, outline, proportions, and
spinosity, it is nevertheless dissimilar in having a small lightly in-
curved beak, a slightly lobate venter, and conspicuously rugose
visceral disc. As interior information is completely lacking, it seems
advisable to assign the species questionably to that genus most simi-
lar externally, until new material reveal its true relationships.

Occurrence and abundance. — This species is rare. It has been
identified only from USNM locality 9045 (one specimen, the holo-
type) and locality 9046 (13 specimens, two figured).

Family OVERTONIIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily OVERTONIINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Genus GENICULIFERA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Geniculifera brevicula, n. sp. Pl. 20, figs. 1la-12c

Average size for the genus, concavo-convex, semicircular to
subelliptical in outline, wider than long, maximum width usually

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 293

near mid-length, occasionally at the hinge line; ears small but well
developed, subangular; venter evenly convex posteriorly; occa-
sionally weakly lobate anteriorly.

Pedicle valve evenly convex in umbonal region, weakly genicu-
late; ears delimited by flexures near the hinge line; flanks steep,
flattened, curving inwards slightly to form a weak median anterior
lobe; trail short or lacking; ventral beak small incurved, slightly
overhanging hinge line; no interarea, Prosopon consisting of numer-
ous, narrow, low, discontinuous, concentric rugae well developed over
the entire visceral disc; small rarely elongate spine bases usually
evenly scattered over the whole valve; rare weak short costae an-
teriorly.

Pedicle valve interior unknown.

Brachial valve slightly concave or flattened on visceral disc, with
small mesial depression near the hinge line; ears flattened and set off
from the visceral disc by a low flexure; anteriorly geniculate; trail
short; prosopon of rugae on the visceral disc and numerous scat-
tered dimples; broad short uneven costae rarely developed; no
spines.

Table 13.— Measurements in millimeters of Geniculifera brevicula, n. sp.

Surface Hinge Width at

USNM No. Length Length Width Mid-length Height Locality
154629 ee7/ 19.0 Df 15.6 6.2 9045
154630 1322 19.0 15.4? 14.0 ee) 9045
154631 1HEZ, 16.0 13.0? 12.3 6.5 9045
154626 15.1 22.0 15.5? i) 7.0 9048
154627 12.4 18.0 11523 15.2 5.6 9048
154628 ZZ 16.5 11525 '2 14.4 6.7 9048
154622 V2e7 19.2 14.5 14.9 ye) 9044
154623 8) 14.0 12a 11.6 5.0 9044

Brachial Valves

Hinge Width at
USNM No. Length Width Mid-length Locality
154633 12.4 15.2 16.6 9045
154632 11.8 16.9 I \37/ 9045
154624 9.6 WAS iy ils 7/ 9044
154625 8.1 11.4 11.8 9044

Brachial valve interior with small, short, sessile, bilobed car-

294 BULLETIN 238

dinal process and narrow lateral ridges that diverge little zon the
hinge line. Other internal details unknown.

Holotype. —USNM 154622.

Distinguishing characters.— This species is characterized by
the weak geniculation of the pedicle valve, steep flattened flanks
which converge to form a weak median lobe, short trail if developed,
well-developed concentric rugae extending over the visceral disc
of both valves, usually noncostate anterior regions, and numerous
scattered dimples on the visceral disc of the brachial valve.

Comparisons. — Genicultfera boonensis (Branson), 1938, from
the Chouteau Group of Missouri and the Caballero Formation of
New Mexico can be distinguished from Geniculifera brevicula by its
strongly geniculate pedicle valve with a moderately long trail and
evenly flattened flanks and venter, irregularly developed costae on
both valves, and less numerous dimples on the visceral disc of the
brachial valve.

Occurrence and abundance. — Geniculifera brevicula, n. sp. 1s
common in the Chappel Limestone at USNM localities 9042, 9044,
9045, 9047, and 9048.

Family OVERTONIIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily OVERTONIINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Genus RHYTIOPHORA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore) Ply 2ie ese lla-1e

1928. Productus calhounensis Moore, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines. 2d ser., vol.
21, pp. 266, 267, pl. 10, figs. 1-6.

1938. Productus calhounensis Moore, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13
No: 3, pps 315.32, ple, figs. 1-3.

1948. Plicatifera aff. P. calhounensis (Moore), Cloud and Barnes, Univ. Texas,
Pub. 4621, pl. 44, fig. 26 (not figs. 22, 23).

This species is variable in size, degree of costation, and external
proportions, Small collections of similar specimens from the Chou-
teau Group of Missouri, Caballero Formation of New Mexico, and
the Chappel Limestone of central Texas all appear to be assignable
to this species. A detailed study of the species is greatly hampered
by a lack of interiors and the small size of the collections available.

Although Productus blairi Miller, 1881, the type species of the
genus Rhytiophora, is considerably more spinose near the anterior

O11

Texas MiIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 29

margins of both valves than is Productus calhounensis, Muir-Wood’s
and Cooper’s (1960, p. 201) assignment of the latter species to their
genus seems to be correct. The following description is based solely
on Chappel Limestone specimens.

Larger than average for the genus; length-width ratio variable,
especially with age, generally subquadrate to semicircular in out-
line; maximum width near the anterior margin in large adults or
near the hinge line in small individuals and trail-less (incomplete )
adults; ears of moderate size, angular, compressed, slightly convex;
venter flattened or weakly sulcate; both valves geniculate; body
cavity large.

Pedicle valve usually strongly and evenly convex posteriorly
but becoming straighter anteriorly and forming a moderately long
trail in mature specimens; umbonal region rounded; beak incurved
and overhanging hinge line; flanks steep and spreading slightly an-
teriorly. Prosopon consists of numerous low narrow irregular discon-
tinuous concentric rugae covering the visceral disc, most prominent
on the ears; weakly expressed irregularly formed growth lamellae
which in turn are covered with numerous fine closely set growth
lines; variably expressed broad flattened rounded irregular often dis-
continuous costae on the trail and often extending onto the viscera!
disc; spine bases small, rounded, sparsely and irregularly scattered,
and set on the rugae and costae.

Pedicle valve interior with obscure undifferentiated muscle scars
(as determined from calcined molds); other internal details not ob-
served.

Table 14.— Measurements in millimeters of Rhytiophora calhounensis
(Moore).

USNM Surface Maximum _ Hinge Locality
No. Length Length Width Width Height Thickness
154645 31.0 53.0 2)5)g5) 17.4 8.3 9045
154634 33.8 61.0 36.5 19.6 9.4 9046
Pedicle Valves
154638 30.1 Bip 337/51 9045
154639 172 28.0 23m 23.0? 8) 9045
154640 18.6 33.3 22.4 22.4? 10.4 9045
154635 31.2 49.5 31529 ISe7/ 9046
154636 23.4 42.0 27.4 26.0? WEG 7/ 9046

296 BuLLETIN 238

Brachial Valves

154644 20.2 30.2 24.5 ‘ 9045
154643 ~ 16.5 24.5 21.8 9045
154642 15.4 24.0 23.6 9045
154641 16.0 23.6 22.0? 9045

Brachial valve strongly geniculate, with a weakly concave vis-
ceral disc and postero-median depression near the hinge line under
the beak; ears reflexed slightly ventrally, gently convex; trail mod-
erately long, weakly concave or almost flat; prosopon similar to that
of pedicle valve but with numerous irregularly scattered dimples
and fewer spines apparently confined to the trail.

Brachial interior with small sessile cardinal process supported
by a posterior platform (coalescing of lateral ridges and median
septum). Other details unknown.

Holotype. — Univ. Chicago, Walker Museum No. 32118, from
the Chouteau Group, near Grafton, Calhoun Co., Illinois. (Now in
the Field Museum of Natural History.)

Distinguishing characters. — Rhytiophora calhounensts is char-
acterized by its strongly and evenly convex pedicle valve, moderate-
ly long trail, and steep slightly spreading flanks; numerous low
narrow irregular discontinuous rugae covering the visceral disc;
variably expressed broad flattened rounded irregular often discon-
tinuous costae on the trail and often extending onto the visceral
disc; small rounded sparsely and irregularly scattered spine bases
set on rugae and costae.

Comparisons. — Rhytiophora blairi (Miller), 1881, from the
Chouteau Group of Missouri and Rhytiophora raricostatus (Her-
rick), 1888 from the Waverly Group of Ohio are most similar to
Rhytiophora calhounensis.

Rhytiophora blairi can be distinguished by its lack of an ap-
preciable trail, numerous longitudinally elongate spine bases on
the rugae of the visceral disc, and smaller more rounded anterior
costae, if present. Rhytiophora raricostatus is most similar to Rhy-
tiophora calhounensis in size, shape, and proportions. It can be dis-
tinguished only in details of the ventral prosopon. In Rhytiophora
raricostatus the costae are similar in size but instead of being broad
and flattened with narrow interspaces as in Rhytiophora calhoun-
ensis, its costae tend to be sharper, more angular with wide gently

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 297

concave interspaces. The distinctive difference is that the spine
bases on the visceral disc are longitudinally elongated, to the extent
that they could qualify as costae. Some spalled specimens of Rhytio-
phora raricostatus have hollow spine canals exposed in the umbonal
region, a feature that the writer has never seen thus far in Rhytio-
phora calhounensis. However, this feature may merely reflect a dif-
ferent mode of preservation, not a difference in the direction of the
spines.

The brachial valves of all three above mentioned species are
similar at least in external details. The density of dimples seems to
be the only variable character that might be used to distinguish
them.

Remarks. — Paucity of well-preserved specimens and lack of
early growth stages do not permit ontogenetic or population studies
of this species.

Occurrence and abundance. — Rhytiophora calhounensis is com-
mon and widely distributed in the Chouteau Group of the Mississippi
Valley. Moore (1928) reported it from two localities in Illinois
and one in Missouri. Branson (1938a, p. 32) reported it as being
common in the Chouteau of several Missouri counties and also found
it in the Northview Sandstone of Missouri and the Kinderhook of
Illinois.

In the Chappel Limestone about 60 specimens, mostly single
valves, were collected at USNM locality 9045. Eleven specimens
have been identified from locality 9046 and one specimen from 9043.

The writer has examined small USNM collections of this species
or a similar species from the Caballero Formation of New Mexico.

Rhytiophora cf. R. blairi (S. A. Miller) Pl. 19, figs. 9a-b

1891. Productus blairi Miller, Geol. Sur. Indiana, Adv. Sheets, 17th Rept., p.
IE) ws sae 6 (CP sats BI7)\c

1892. Productus blairi Miller, Miller, Geol. Sur. Indiana, 17th Rept., p. 689,
Dies atic 16 (ce etieli7,)).

1914. Productus blairi Miller, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp. 110,
111, pl. 14, figs. 14-21.

1938. Avonia blairi (Miller), Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13, No. 3,
p. 36, pl. 2, figs. 15-17.

1950. Avonia blairi (Miller), Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub. 4329, pl. 5, fig. 5.

1960. Rhytiophora blairi (Miller), Muir-Wood and Cooper, Geol. Soc. America,
Mem. 81, p. 192, pl. 51, figs. 6-16.

Two pedicle valves were collected by F. B. Plummer from the

298 BULLETIN 238

Chappel Limestone at or near USNM locality 9043 (= Plummer
153-T-110). These specimens are similar to the common Chouteau
species, Rhytiophora blairi (Miller), and agree in all ascertain-
able respects with several good specimens in the USNM collections
from various localities in Missouri. Unfortunately, brachial valves
and interiors are lacking, making an unequivocal assignment im-
possible. .

Figured specimen. — USNM 154621.

Locality. —USNM locality 9043 (= Plummer locality 153-T-
110).

Rhytiophora sp. Pl. 19, figs. 3a-4d

In degree of convexity, length of trail, and coarseness of costae
the two problematical pedicle valves considered here are somewhat
similar to Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore). However, the numer-
ous longitudinally elongated spine bases set on irregular discontinu-
ous rugae are much different from the prosopon of that species.
In fact this type of prosopon is characteristic of Rhyttophora blairi
(Miller), a much less convex form with a short trail and narrower
less distinct costae. It is possible, nevertheless, that these specimens
represent a morphological end member of one of the above men-
tioned species. It seems doubtful that the question can be resolved
without much larger collections than those presently available to
the writer. In the meantime these specimens are illustrated separ-
ately and left unassigned as to species.

Measurements. —USNM 154613, length 21.4 mm, width 24.4
mm, surface length 38.5 mm, height 12.9 mm; USNM 154614, length
16.5 mm, width 21.2 mm, surface length 27.8 mm, height 9.2 mm.

Figured specimens. —USNM 154613, 154614.

Locality. —USNM 9045.

Family BUXTONIIDAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Subfamily BUXTONIINAE Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Genus MARGINATIA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Marginatia sp. Pl. 17, figs. 9a-c

A single well-preserved natural mold of the brachial valve
exterior is assigned to an unidentified species of the genus Margin-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 299

atia Muir-Wood and Cooper. The slightly concave visceral disc,
short geniculate trail, numerous rugae, sparsely scattered minute
spines, and larger scattered dimples of this specimen are charac-
teristic of both species assigned to the genus by Muir-Wood and
Cooper, viz. Marginatia fernglenensis (Weller), 1909, from the
Fern Glen Formation of Missouri, and M. burlingtonensis (Hall),
1858, from the Burlington Limestone of Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois.

Figured specimen. — USNM 154603.

Locality. —USNM 9045.

Family LINOPRODUCTIDAE Stehli, 1954
Subfamily LINOPRODUCTINAE Stehli, 1954
Genus OVATIA Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960
Ovatia sp. Pl. 40, figs. 8a-10c

Several presumably conspecific pedicle valves found at various
localities in the Chappel Limestone are assigned to the genus Ovatia
Muir-Wood and Cooper. Three of the specimens are nearly com-
plete valves but they show considerable discrepancy in size and
shape, thus making a specific assignment difficult, especially in
view of the fact that comprehensive descriptions are not available
for most previously described species of this genus, However, it is
interesting to note the similarity in general proportions between
these shells and Weller’s (1914, pl. 16, figs. 12-15) illustrations of
Productus laevicostus White (as Productus ovatus Hall).

The smallest of the Chappel specimens illustrated herein
(Plate 40, fig. 9) is noticeably wider than long and lacks a trail. It
is obviously a juvenile. The other illustrated specimens possess a
good trail and are more nearly equidimensional. They are probably
mature specimens, and if so, may represent a small species.

Measurements. —USNM 154872, length 16.5 mm, width 18.3
mm, height 6.8 mm; USNM 154870, length 17.3 mm, width 17.0?
mm, height 8.7 mm; USNM 154871, length 8.5 mm, width 9.2 mm,
height 3.7 mm.

Figured specimens. —USNM 154870-2.

Occurrence and abundance. — One nearly complete pedicle valve
from USNM locality 9045; two nearly complete pedicle valves from
USNM locality 9047; four fragmentary pedicle valves from locali-
ties 9042, 9045 and 9047.

300 BuLLeETIN 238

Order RHYNCHONELLIDA Kuhn, 1949

~ Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Gray, 1848
Family TRIGONIRHYNCHIIDAE McLaren, 1965
Genus CUPULAROSTRUM Sartenaer, 1961
Cupularostrum? sp. Pl. 23, figs. 6a-10e; Text-fig. 2

Small, subequally biconvex; outline subtrigonal, slightly trans-
verse in large specimens, slightly elongate in juveniles; anterior com-
missure uniplicate; fold low, moderately broad, originating anterior
to mid-valve; sulcus shallow, broad, extended dorsally; surface multi-
costate, the costae being angular and simple; four to seven costae
on the fold, three to six costae in the sulcus, and six to eight
costae per ventral flank in adults; growth varices weak, infrequent,
irregularly spaced; growth lines not observed.

Pedicle valve moderately convex, slightly tumid in the rostral
region, sloping evenly to the lateral margins; beak suberect, small,
acute; beak ridges, short, rounded; delthyrial details unknown.

Pedicle valve interior with short dental plates.

Brachial valve with distinct umbonal groove, most convex at
the umbo and near the lateral margins, venter often slightly flat-
tened; beak small, usually obscured by the pedicle valve.

Table 15.— Measurements in millimeters of Cupularostrum? sp. from
USNM locality 9043.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154666 9.0 ey) Deo
154667 8.8 9.5 5.3
154668 7.8? 8.2 4.7
154669 6.0? 6.0 3.4
154670 5.0 4.6 29

Brachial valve interior with short shallow septalium supported
by a moderately high median septum; crural bases well developed,
obliquely directed ventromedially, projecting dorsally from the hinge
plates; crura short, diverging slightly, projecting slightly ventrad.

Illustrated specimens. — USNM Nos. 154666-70.

Remarks. — Sanders (1958, p. 52) described a similar species
from the Represo Limestone of Sonora, Mexico, as Camarotoechia
sp. He noted that his specimen might belong to Camarotoechia tuta

Texas MiIssiIssiIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 301

Pee Gy Geo

Ove 0.3 0.4 : : q

0.8 0.9 1.0 lt

Text-figure 2.— Transverse serial sections of Cupularostrum? sp. 5,
USNM No. 154671, from USNM locality 9043. Measurements in millimeters
from ventral beak.

Miller, 1881, or Camarotoechia mutata (Hall), 1856, but declined
to assign the specimen to either. This writer is similarly unable to
assign his collection specifically. Furthermore, generic assignment 1s
particularly difficult because Camarotoechia sensu strictu, has been
restricted to Middle Devonian species of the Atrypa congregata
Conrad type.

Occurrence and abundance. — This species has been found only
at USNM locality 9043, the collection consisting of 17 specimens
that are mostly incomplete.

Family PUGNACIDAE Rzhonsnitskaya, 1956
Genus SHUMARDELLA Weller, 1910
Shumardella obsolescens Weller Pl. 22, figs. la-8e; Text-fig. 3

1855. ? Atrypa obscuraplicata Swallow in First and Second Annual Reports,
Geol. Sur. Missouri, Part 1, p. 102 (nomen nudum).

1855. ? Rhynchonella obscuraplicata Shumard, Meek, idem, Part 2, p. 102 (no-
men nudum).

1855. ? Rhynchonella obscura-plicata Shumard, idem, Part 2, p. 218 (nomen
nudum).

1855. Rhynchonella missourtensis Shumard, idem, Part 2, pl. C, fig. 5a (not
fess 5) OC) e

1860. ? Rhynchonella (Eatonia) obsolescens Hall, 13th Ann. Rep., New York
State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 111 (nomen dubium).

1866. Rynchonella missouriensis Shumard, Meek and Worthen, Paleont. Illin-
ois, vol. 2, p. 153, pl. 14, figs. 4a-4b.

1898. ? Rhynchonella obsolens Hall, Weller, U.S. Geol. Sur., Bull. 153, p. 534
(incorrect spelling).

1910. Shumardella obsolescens Weller, Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 21, p.
Dilkye sores ato

302 BuLLETIN 238

1914. Shumardella obsolens (Hall), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 224,
pl. 26, figs. 1-9 (incorrect spelling).

1938. Shumardella obsolens Weller, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13,
Part 1, p. 51, pl. 5, figs. 11-13 (incorrect spelling).

1938. Shumardella obsolens Weller, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13,
Part 2, p. 21, pl. 21, figs. 14, 15 (incorrect spelling; cited as S. obsolens

(Hall) on plate 21).
1948. Shumardella obsolens Weller, Cloud and Barnes, Univ. Texas, Pub. 4621,

pl. 44, figs. 17-21.
1950. Shumardella obsolens Weller, Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub. 4329, pl. 5,
figs. 23a-b.

Distinguishing characters. — Outline subelliptical to subcircu-
lar but anteriorly emarginate; lateral and anterior profiles sub-
globose; fold and sulcus originating at mid-length or slightly pos-
terior to mid-length; pedicle valve gently convex; sulcus broad,
shallow, rounded, with large linquiform extension normal to the
lateral commissure; ventral beak small, sharp, suberect or sometimes
touching the dorsal umbo; brachial valve gibbous, strongly convex;
fold low, moderately wide, rounded; radial prosopon poorly de-
veloped, two to five weak, short rounded costae on the linguiform
extension, one or two obscure costae on each lateral slope.

Table 16.— Measurements in millimeters of Shumardella obsolescens Wel-
ler, 1910 from the Chappel Limestone.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154646 16.7 18.7 14.4 9048
154647 16.5 179, 12.8 9048
154648 15-5 16.7 134 9045
154649 14.3 15.4 10.1 9048
154650 13.9 15.9 Ctl 9045
154651 12.0 11.5 9.6 9048
154652 11.4 11.8 He 9045
154653 10.3 11.0 5.6 9048

Type material. — Weller (1910, p. 513) did not mention the
repository of his study specimens or sectioned material, but pre-
sumably all of this material was in the Walker Museum collections.
(Now in the Field Museum of Natural History.) The specimens
illustrated by Weller in 1914 are Collection No. 9668, Walker Mu-
seum, Univ. Chicago, Although one of these specimens could be
designated as the type, the writer considers this action unnecessary
inasmuch as the species is well known and easily recognized.

Comparisons. —S. obsolescens is a particularly distinctive
species and easily differentiated from Shumardella missouriensis

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 303

o
Ld Ge Ge)

0.4 0.6 0.8 a9)
f™»
1.4 1.6 1.8 220

Text-figure 3.—Transverse serial sections of Shumardella_ obsolescens
Weller. Measurements in millimeters from ventral beak. USNM 154644 from
USNM locality 9048. x 2.5.

(Shumard), 1855, which is a larger more strongly costate species.

Rhynchonella greenana Ulrich, 1886, from the Borden Group of
Indiana is similar in outline and prosopon to S. obsolescens but is
much larger, with an extremely gibbous brachial valve, and smooth
lateral slopes.

Remarks. — Branson’s synonymy and discussion of the author-
ship of this species is for the most part correct in that he recognized
the dubious nature of Hall’s species, Rhynchonella (Eatonia) obso-
lescens. He also attributed the species name obsolens to Weller.
However, because Weller established the species in 1910 (p. 513) as
S. obsolescens, that name must be correct and (according to the
code of Zool. Nomenclature) is applied here.

Occurrence and abundance. —S. obsolescens is common in the
Chouteau Group of Missouri, and according to Branson (1938, p.
52) has been found in all the Chouteau members. In the Chappel
Limestone it is common at USNM locality 9045 (72 specimens) and
9048 (40 specimens); but rare elsewhere. There are large collec-
tions of this species in the USNM from the Caballero Formation of
New Mexico.

Family TETRACAMERIDAE Likharev in Rzhonsnitskaya, 1956
Genus ROTAIA Rzhonsnitskaya, 1959

304 BuLLeETIN 238

Rotaia sp. Pl. 26, figs. 9a-e; Text-fig. 4

Average size for the genus, unequally biconvex, transversely
subtrigonal to subpentagonal in outline; anterior commissure uni-
plicate; fold low, broad, flattened anteriorly; sulcus shallow, broad,
rounded with a dorsally deflected linquiform extension; both valves
slightly compressed posteriorly on either side of the beaks, forming
a slight flange; surface multicostate, there being 14 simple rounded
costae on the pedicle valve and a corresponding number on the
brachial valve; sulcus with seven costae, fold with six; front mar-
gin serrate; growth varices coarse, widely spaced.

Pedicle valve gently convex posteriorly, slightly tumid um-
bonally, sloping evenly toward the Jateral margin, then being de-
flected to form a low flange with the brachial valve; surface in
lateral profile medially concave due to lateral crests formed on each
side of the sulcus; anterior margin of valve sharply deflected nor-
mal to the lateral commissure, including portions on either side of
the sulcus to form with a similar portion of the brachial valve, a
flattened anterior surface normal to the lateral commissure; beak
small, suberect, sharply pointed.

Pedicle valve interior with ventrally converging dental plates
that form a sessile spondylium anteriorly; spondylium supported
posteriorly by two lateral buttressing plates almost normal to the
plane of symmetry and the lateral commissure.

Brachial valve greatly inflated, most convex near the beak and
posterolateral margins; lateral profile subtrigonal; posterior profile
semicircular to subtrigonal; flanks strongly convex, being deflected
sharply ventrad forming the flattened anterior surface; beak small,
incurved, obscured by the pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with a deep septalium supported by a
high median septum; crural bases originating near the posterior
portion of the septalium, extending along the ventro-lateral edges
of the hinge plates, being directed ventro-medially, almost forming
a cover over the septalium; crura wedge-shaped, flattened, sub-
parallel, not curved, short.

Illustrated specimen.— USNM No. 154697.

Measurements in mallimeters. — Length — 25.4, width — 32.0,
thickness — 22.9.

Comparisons. — This specimen is similar to a shel] illustrated

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER: 305

NAA

See

3.8 4.2 4.6

Text-figure 4—Tranverse serial sections of Rotaia sp. X 1.5, USNM
154697, from USNM locality 9046, measurements (mm) from ventral beak.

by Weller (1914, pl. 29, figs. 1-5) and identified as Tetracamera
subtrigona (Meek and Worthen), 1860, from the Keokuk Lime-
stone of Illinois. It differs from that specimen in being. slightly
smaller, has a smaller less tumid ventral beak, a low flange along
the postero-lateral margin, and a relatively shorter brachial valve.

Remarks. — Transverse serial sections of the specimen described
above differ in some respects from those illustrated by Weller (1914,
p. 219). In the pedicle valve of the Chappel Limestone specimen
the lateral buttressing plates are almost normal to the plane of sym-
metry and the lateral commissure whereas in Weller’s text-figure
(which appears to be idealized) the buttressing plates appear to
extend anteriorly from near the beak. On first examination Weller’s
text-figure 17 seems to have been based on a specimen or speci-
mens having an unusually large inflated pedicle valve. However,
it seems more likely that the plane of orientation was at an angle
to the lateral commissure, producing a disproportionately large

306 BULLETIN 238

pedicle valve profile. Specimens of Rotaia subtrigona in the U.S.
Geological Survey collections from the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois
and the Boone Chert of Arkansas show the buttressing plates to be
antero-dorsally directed although not to the degree shown in Weller’s
sections. All the Upper Osagian specimens of this genus that the
author has examined have sharp beak ridges and concave postero-
lateral margins. It is the writer’s opinion that the Chappel Lime-
stone specimen probably represents an early undescribed species of
the genus Rotaia Rzhonsnitskaya, 1959.

Occurrence and abundance.— Two specimens each have been
found at USNM localities 9046 and 9045. Only the illustrated speci-
men described above and one weathered specimen from locality 9045
are actually suitable for generic identification.

Superfamily STENOCISMATACEA Oehlert, 1887 (1883)
Family ATRIBONIIDAE Grant, 1965
Subfamily ATRIBONIINAE Grant, 1965
Genus SEDENTICELLULA Cooper, 1942
Sedenticellula sacra Grant Pl. 24, figs. la-4e

1965. Sedenticellula sacra Grant, Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 148, No. 2, p. 75,
pl. 5, figs. 1-9.

Holotype. —USNM No. 142040.

Distinguishing characters. — According to Grant (1965, p. 76)
this species is characterized by its large adult size, transversely sub-
elliptical to subpentagonal outline, numerous coarse costellae that
originate near the beaks and bifurcate as well as intercalate anter-
iorly.

Remarks. — Large specimens of this species are rare in the
Chappel Limestone, there being only seven specimens in the USNM
collections, five from near Johnson City, Blanco County, Texas, and
two from USNM locality 9044. The coarseness of the costellae also
varies considerably in this species; the writer has no reason to be-
lieve that these specimens represent other than normal infraspecific
variation.

Occurrence and abundance. —S. sacra is common at USNM
localities 9045, 9155, and 9047, and less common at localities 9043,
9048, and 9046. Two large specimens from 9044 and the afore-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 307

mentioned specimens from Blanco County constitute the rest of the
collection.

Family STENOSCISMATIDAE Oebhlert, 1887 (1883)
Subfamily STENOSCISMATINAE Oehlert, 1887 (1883)
Genus Coledium Grant, 1965
Coledium evexum Grant Pl. 24, figs. 5a-7e

1965. Coledium evexum Grant, Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 148, No. 2, p. 112, pl.
15, figs. 1-10; Text-fig. 26.

Holotype. —USNM No. 142147.

Distinguishing characters.—This species is characterized by
its swollen pedicle valve, transversely subpentagonal outline, weak
costae, flanks commonly smooth, entire surface sometimes complete-
ly noncostate, slightly protruding anterior margins, short spondyl-
ium, and long intercamarophorial plate.

Comparisons. — C. evexum occurs with four other species of this
genus in the Chappel Limestone. Coledium undulatum Grant, 1965,
is usually larger, more transversely elongated, and has stronger
more numerous costae. Coledium vadosulcatum, n. sp., is larger,
much more transverse, and is usually entirely smooth; Colediwm
altisulcatum, n. sp., is similar in size and costation but has a greatly
inflated dorsal umbo, a much smaller ventral beak, and the valve
edges meet at an acute angle at the lateral and anterior margins,
not obtusely as in C. evexum. Coledium? costatulum, n. sp., is com-
pletely costate and has a smaller ventral beak.

Occurrence and abundance. — Grant (1965, p. 114) listed only
two localities for this species, USNM localities 9045 (50 specimens),
and 9042 (two specimens). The writer found this species also at
USNM localities 9044 (three specimens ), 9047 (12 specimens), 9155
(one specimen), and 9048 (12 specimens).

Coledium undulatum Grant P]..25, figs. la-3e

1965. Coledium undulatum Grant, Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 148, No. 2, p. 135,
pl. 14, figs. 1-2a; Text-fig. 32.

Holotype. —USNM No. 142501.
Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by
its broadly subpentagonal outline, strongly convex brachial valve,

308 BuLLETIN 238

numerous fine costae on the fold and flanks, short wena beak,
and flattened fold and sulcus in large specimens.

Comparisons. — As noted above, this species differs from C.
evexum Grant, in its greater size, transverse outline, smaller ventral
beak, and costate flanks and fold-sulcus. C. vadosulcatum, n. sp., has
much less convex valves, a lower broader fold and sulcus, and
usually lacks a radial prosopon. C. altisulcatum, n. sp., is similar
in size, outline, and strongly inflated dorsal umbo but differs in
having smooth flanks, and a rounded fold and sulcus. C. ? costatu-
lum, n. sp., 1s smaller, less transverse, with a more rostrate ventral
beak, the costellae reach to the beaks of both valves, and the fold
and sulcus are usually not so broadly and distinctly feeened as in
C. undulatum.

Occurrence and abundance. — Grant (1965, p. 137) reported
this species from USNM localities 9045, 9046, 9044, and from near
Johnson City, Blanco Co., Texas. The writer also has collections
from localities 9047 (14 specimens), and 9043 (eight specimens).

Coledium altisulcatum, n. sp. Pl. 22, figs. 9a-12e; Text-fig. 5

Average size for the genus, unequally biconvex, the brachial
valve being much more inflated than the pedicle valve; outline
subpentagonal to subelliptical, slightly transverse, greatest width
near mid-length; fold and sulcus well developed; fold moderately
high, narrow, rounded, originating at the umbo, the crest extending
forward about parallel to the lateral commissure; sulcus deep,
rounded, narrow, curving almost normal to the lateral commissure;
flanks smooth, fold and sulcus with two to four rounded, weak short
costae near the anterior margin; anterior commissure uniplicate al-
most parasulcate; incipient stolidium produced at the anterior
margin; growth varices irregularly spaced.

Pedicle valve thin and medially concave in lateral profile,
flanks being slightly reflexed antero-laterally; anterior profile slight-
ly concave or sinuous; beak small, incurved, almost touching the
dorsal umbo; beak ridges rounded, short; delthyrium obscured by
beak; foramen slit-shaped, not penetrating the apex of the beak.

Pedicle valve interior with spondylium supported by a median
septum duplex that rises moderately anteriorly (note the patho-
logically deformed spondylium in Text-figure 5).

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 309

sed

Text-figure 5—Transverse serial sections of Coledium Peis n. sp.

x 4, USNM 154659 from USNM locality 9048, measurements (mm) from ven-
tral beak. The spondylium in sections 0.6 to 1.4 is pathologically deformed.

Brachial valve strongly inflated umbonally, sometimes medially
arched in posterior profile; beak small, incurved against the del-
thyrium; flanks strongly convex to the valve margins.

Brachial valve interior with posteriorly fimbriate carainal
process; hinge plate narrow, flat, supported by the relatively long
intercamarophorial plate; crural bases well developed posteriorly,
almost vertical or diverging slightly; camarophorium narrow, weak-
ly concave, supported on a high median septum that rises anteriorly;
crura slightly flattened, diverging and rising slightly anteriorly, rela-
tive to the camarophorium.

Holotype. —USNM No. 154655.

Table 17—Measurements in millimeters of Coledium altisulcatum, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9048.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154655 11.0? 11.8 7.4
154656 10.0? 10.8 6.7
154657 10.0 10.6 De
154658 7.7 9.2 4.1

Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterzed by its
thin pedicle valve with concave smooth flanks, greatly infiated

310 BuLLETIN 238

brachial valve, high narrow fold with two to four weak costae, and
corresponding deep narrow sulcus.

Comparisons. — C. altisulcatum, n. sp., is not closely similar to
other stenoscismatacean species in the Chappel Limestone. It is most
similar to Coledium bowshert (Cooper), 1956, from the Magdalena
Group (Pennsylvanian) of New Mexico, Colediwm erugatwm Grant,
1965, from the Moorefield Formation of Oklahoma, and Coledium
explanatum (McChesney), 1860, from the Chester Series of the
Mississippi Valley. C. bowshert is similar to C. altisulcatum in size,
outline, incurvature of the ventral beak, and degree of costation,
but differs in having a much less inflated dorsal umbo and a lower,
broader, flattened fold and sulcus. Some specimens of C. erugatum
are similar to C. altisulcatum in size and outline and fold-sulcus but
C. erugatum differs in having a much less inflated brachial umbo,
and lacks costae on the fold-sulcus. C. explanatum is similar in
size, outline, inflation of the dorsal umbo but differs in having
costae on the flanks, a suberect ventral beak, and a lower, wider
fold and sulcus.

Occurrence and abundance.— Thirty-three specimens from
USNM locality 9048 constitute the only collection of this species.

Coledium vadosulcatum, n. sp. Pl. 25, figs. 4a-8e; Text-fig. 6

Average size for the genus, moderately biconvex in large adults
or flattened in small specimens; wider than long, outline transversely
subelliptical to subpentagonal; anterior commissure uniplicate, fold
low, slightly flattened or rounded, confined to anterior third of
valve; sulcus broad, shallow, flattened anteriorly; radial prosopon
absent; growth varices coarse, irregular spaced; growth lines fine,
regularly spaced; valve margins meeting at an acute angle; stolid-
ium not observed.

Pedicle valve gently and evenly convex in both anterior and
lateral profile; cardinal extremities slightly compressed in some
specimens; beak small, short, erect, with sharp apex; beak ridges
poorly defined, short; delthyrium relatively large, triangular; delti-
dial plates smal] disjunct; foramen triangular, not impinging on the
beak.

Pedicle valve interior with deep spondylium duplex, sessile or

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER: 311

SERBSt

0.4 0.5 0.6 8

‘

\
!
!

) Sue (
0.9 1.0 2 oa

Text-figure 6.—Transverse serial sections of Coledium vadosulcatum, n. sp.
<5, USNM 154686 from USNM locality 9047, measurements (mm) from ventral
beak.

nearly sessile posteriorly, never rising much off the floor of the
valve.

Brachial valve evenly convex in both lateral and anterior pro-
file, much more inflated than pedicle valve; cardinal extremities
slightly compressed; beak small, obscured by pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with moderately curved camarophorium
on a high median septum; camarophorial trough narrow, shallow,
not touching the hinge plate; intercamarophorial plate short, sup-
porting the hinge plate forward from the beak for only part of its
length; hinge plate clearly defined (in sections) by stout crural
bases, thickened posteriorly to form deeply striated cardinal pro-
cess; crura short, slightly diverging and flattened posteriorly, be-
coming rodlike anteriorly.

Table 18—Measurements in millimeters of Coledium vadosulcatum, n. sp.,
from USNM locality 9047.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154681 11.0? 14.7 6.8
154682 10.7 13.7 6.2
154683 9.0? 11.8 4.7
154684 8.2 9.5

3
154685 7.0 8.4 3.

32 BuLLETIN 238

Holotype. —USNM No. 154681.

Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by
its lack of radial prosopon, transversely subelliptical to subpentagonal
outline, and broad flattened fold and sulcus confined to the anterior
third of the shell.

Comparisons. —C. vadosulcatum, n. sp., 1s not closely similar
to any other species from the Chappel Limestone. Coledium an-
garium Grant, 1965, from the Barnett Shale of central Texas, is
similar in lacking radial prosopon but it is elongate not transverse
in outline, smaller, and the fold and sulcus are narrower and better
developed in adult specimens. Colediwm dutroi Grant, 1965, from
Upper Mississippian strata of Alaska, is similar in outline but
differs in being larger, more inflated, the fold and sulcus are nar-
rower and better developed, and it has weak costae or grooves on the
fold and sulcus.

Occurrence and abundance. —This species was found only at
USNM localities 9047 (ten specimens), 9045 (three specimens),
and Cloud locality TF-395 (one specimen). Three distorted speci-
mens from locality 9048 may belong to this species but are too
poorly preserved for accurate identification,

Coledium? costatulum, n. sp. Pl. 23, figs. 1a-5e; Text-fig. 7

Smaller than average for the genus, usually moderately bicon-
vex; subpentagonal in outline, greatest width at about mid-length;
anterior commissure uniplicate; fold well developed anteriorly,
moderately high, narrow, often flattened; sulcus shallow, often
flattened; both valves finely costate, the costae originating near
the beaks of both valves, there being about five—nine on the fold
and six—eleven on each dorsal flank; costation of pedicle valve
similar to that of brachial valve; stolidium not produced; growth
lines fine, numerous regularly spaced; growth varices irregularly
spaced.

Pedicle valve moderately convex, often anteriorly flattened in
lateral profile; beak small, slightly incurved, not touching dorsal
umbo; deltidial plates not observed; foramen mesothyridid, oval;
beak ridges well developed; sulcus originating in posterior third of
shell.

Pedicle valve interior with boat-shaped spondylium, elevated

Texas MIssISsIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 313

Ovi 0.8 OES, 1.0

1.1 ne

Text-figure 7—Transverse serial sections of Coledium? costatulum, n. sp.
x 5, USNM 154665 from USNM locality 9155, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

for its entire length on a moderately high median septum duplex;
sides of spondylium flaring anteriorly.

Brachial valve more convex than pedicle valve, sometimes
inflated umbonally, most convex posterior to mid-length; fold
originating in anterior portion of dorsal umbo; beak small, obscured
by pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with flat or slightly concave hinge plate
and thick fimbriate cardinal process; posterior edges of camaro-
phorium supporting hinge plate, continuing free and rising slightly
anteriorly into umbonal cavity; intercamarophorial plate moder-
ately long, touching the hinge plate for most of its length; other
internal details unknown.

Table 19—Measurements in millimeters of Coledium? costatulum, n. sp.,
from USNM locality 9155.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154660 9.1 8.9 6.3
154661 8.0 8.7 4.7
154662 74 8.0 Indl
154663 7.6 7.4 4.3
154664 Ue Hess 4.3

Holotype. —USNM No. 154661.
Distinguishing characters. — This species is characterized by
its entirely or almost entirely costate valves, small size, moderately

314 BuLLETIN 238

high, narrow, flattened fold and corresponding sulcus. Internally
the posterior edges of the hinge plate are supported by the camaro-
phorium which does not rise much anteriorly.

Comparisons. —C. ? costatulum, n. sp. 1s easily distinguished
from other species of Coledium by its multicostate valves. In the
Chappel Limestone only Sedenticellula sacra resembles it in being
costate. However, that species is much larger, with a low wide fold
and sulcus, and internally has a sessile spondylium posteriorly.

Remarks. — Stenoscismatacean species with well-developed cos-
tae that reach almost to the beak of both valves are rare, especially
in Mississippian strata. Generic assignment of such species is par-
ticularly difficult on that basis alone. This Chappel Limestone
species, Coledium? costatulum, n. sp., further differs from Grant’s
diagnosis of Coledium in that the camarophorium does not rise
markedly from the floor of the valve. Because of these differences
the generic assignment is tentative, and it is duly questioned by the
writer.

Occurrence and abundance.

C.? costatulum, n. sp. has been
found only at USNM locality 9155 (fourteen specimens).

Superfamily RHYNCHOPORACEA Muir-Wood, 1955
Family RHYNCHOPORIDAE Muir-Wood, 1955
Genus RHYNCHOPORA King, 1865
Rhynchopora sansabensis, n. sp. Pl. 26, figs. 1a-8b; Text-figs. 8,9

Average size for the genus, unequally biconvex, transversely
subpentagonal to subtrigonal in outline; anterior commissure uni-
plicate; fold low, broad, flattened anteriorly; sulcus shallow, broad,
flattened, with dorsally deflected linguiform extension; surface multi-
costate with six to twelve, usually eight or nine simple subangular
costae on the sulcus, and four to seven, usually five or six costae
on each lateral slope in adult specimens; front margin serrate; growth
varices coarse, widely and irregularly spaced; inner shell substance
finely pitted, presumably punctate.

Pedicle valve gently convex posteriorly, sloping evenly to the
lateral margins, then being sharply deflected normal to the plane
of lateral commissure, forming with the linguiform extension of
the sulcus a flattened posteriorly tapering surface, extending around

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER — 315

much of the valve; surface in Jateral profile convex posteriorly, often
concave anteriorly due to the sharp antero-lateral extremities; beak
small, suberect; foramen not observed; beak ridges short, subangu-
lar; posterior margin near the beaks slightly compressed to form with
a similar portion of the brachial valve a laterally grooved small
flange on either side of the beak.

Pedicle valve interior with short slightly diverging dental plates
that extend anteriorly about one-sixth the valve length; teeth small.

Brachial valve much more convex than the pedicle valve, great-
ly inflated anteriorly, being deflected normal to the plane of lateral
commissure and forming a flattened or slightly convex surface with
the tongue of the pedicle valve sulcus; lateral slopes similarly
deflected; umbo medially grooved or flattened; lateral profile
subtrigonal; beak small, obscured by the pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with short deep septalium, supported
by a moderately high long median septum that extends forward
about one-third the length of the valve; septalium covered by a
posteriorly concave, anteriorly flattened or concave hinge plate;
hinge plate medially thickened to form a small elongated knoblike
cardinal process; walls of septalium formed by crural bases; crura
acutely hook-shaped posteriorly, becoming arcuate anteriorly, di-
verging slightly, and rising ventrally.

Table 20.—Measurements ia millimeters of Rhynchopora sansabensis, n. sp.,
from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154687 18.3 22.6 14.7
154688 18.9 22.0 eof
154689 17.9 20.6 16.3
154690 16.6 18.5 14.0
154691 15.0 7/1 12.4
154692 1239 14.1 97
154693 9.9 10.6 4.4

154694 6.5 VE/4 2.0

Holotype. —USNM No. 154688.

Distinguishing characters.— This species is characterized by
its broad flattened fold and sulcus, with eight or nine costae in the
sulcus and five or six costae on each lateral slope in adult specimens.

316 BuLLETIN 238

OG. V0 1.4 1.6 1.8 fasd0)
22 2.4 (24S) Ore

Text-figure 8.—Transverse serial sections of Rhynchopora sansabensis,
n. sp. < 2, USNM 154695 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

Internally the hinge plate is concave posteriorly and flattened or
concave anteriorly with simple elongate cardinal process.

Comparisons. — R. sansabensis, n. sp. is most similar to Rhyn-
chopora persinuta (Winchell), 1865, from the Kinderhook of Iowa,
and the Byer Member of the Logan Formation of Ohio, and R.
cooperensis (Shumard ), 1855, from the Chouteau Group of Missouri.
R. persinuta differs from R. sansabensis in being smaller and in
having a narrower more rounded fold and sulcus, with about seven
costae in the sulcus, according to Weller (1914, p. 234) [or six or
seven according to Hyde (1953, p. 283)], and about seven or eight
costae per lateral slope, according to Weller (idem) [or five or six
according to Hyde (idem)]. R. cooperensis differs from R. sansa-
bensis in having a narrower fold and sulcus with about six to eight
costae in the sulcus and about six or seven per lateral slope; internal-
ly the hinge plate is distinctly convex, and a cardinal process is
lacking.

Remarks. — This species is highly variable in its proportions
during ontogeny and in adulthood. Text-figure 9 constructed from
data taken from a well-preserved collection from USNM locality
9045, illustrates this variation. Note that there is a distinct tendency
in adult specimens for the shells to become relatively more trans-
verse, Juveniles remain flat relative to length and width until they
attain a length of about five to six millimeters at which time rela-

Texas MIssIssipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 317

tive increase in thickness is accelerated. When a length of about one
centimeter is attained, increase in thickness relative to length and
width becomes isometric.

=

=

11

2E Fi

=

=

>
Eo)
°

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

%
wo e
=
=
oe
wm || Ce
op)
Li
=a
we
2
oL rT
| cod

Text-figure 9—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Rhynchopora sansabensis,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

318 BuLLETIN 238

The nature of the “punctation” of this species is not clearly
understood by the writer. A few specimens with spalled surfaces
are finely papillose, these tiny papillae appearing to be infillings
of punctae. However, the writer has in no case observed typical
densely spaced rhynchoporid punctae.

Occurrence and abundance. — R. sansabensis, n. sp. is common
at USNM localities 9045 (108 specimens), 9048 (32 specimens),
and 9046 (40 specimens), and less common at localities 9044 (six
specimens), 9047 (three specimens), 9043 (five specimens), and
9155 (seven specimens ).

Order SPIRIFERIDA Waagen, 1883
Suborder RETZIIDINA Boucot, Johnson, and Staton, 1964

Superfamily RETZIACEA Waagen, 1883
Family RETZIIDAE Waagen, 1883
Genus HUSTEDIA Hall and Clarke, 1893

1893. Hustedia Hall and Clarke, Nat. Hist. New York, Pal., vol. 8, pt. 2, pp.
120-122.
1914. Hustedia Hall and Clarke, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur.. Mon. 1, p. 451.

Diagnosis. — Small, finely punctate, rostrate, costate, with a
narrow straight hinge line; ventral interarea smooth, usually
curved; delthyrium closed by a flat deltidial plate (symphytium? );
apical foramen round. Ventral interior lacking dental plates; in-
complete pedicle collar fused to inner surface of deltidial plate.
Dorsal interior with ventro-posteriorly recurved hinge plate and
ventro-anteriorly directed curved “ligulate” process, all supported by
a median septum; crura nearly erect; jugum complete, fimbriate or
spinose, median process directed ventrally or posteroventrally.

Type species.— Terebratula mormonit Marcou, 1858, Geology
of North America, p. 51, pl. 6, fig. 11. Pennsylvanian of North
America.

Remarks.— The species considered herein differs substantially
from the type species and many other Pennsylvanian and Permian
species of Hustedia. The Chappel Limestone species, H.? texana
Girty, apparently lacks a pedicle collar and has a slightly concave
Jeltidial plate. Furthermore the costation is somewhat finer than in
most of the stratigraphically higher species. For these reasons the
writer has followed Girty in leaving the assignment questionable.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 319

Range. — ?Mississippian, Pennsylvanian — Permian. Distri-
bution cosmopolitan.

Hustedia? texana Girty Pl. 27, figs. 1a-1lc; Text-figs. 10, 11
1926. Hustedia? texana Girty, U.S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 146, pp. 34, 35, pl.
6, figs. 1-4d.

Girty’s description of this species was based on exteriors of
several small specimens. He assigned the form questionably to the
genus Hustedia, mainly because he lacked interior information.

Substantially larger collections from additional localities as
well as serial sections of several specimens showing interior details
make redescription of the species necessary.

Small, slightly longer than wide, subequally biconvex, subcircu-
lar to suboval in outline, greatest width near mid-length; anterior
profile elliptical; ventral beak small for the genus, slightly incurved,
with round apical foramen; dorsal beak small and inconspicuous;
hinge line narrow, straight or slightly curved, ears not produced,
valves slightly compressed at the shell margin making a sharp angle
at the point of juncture; brachial valve often with a weak shallow
median sulcus or groove, the pedicle valve rarely so, occasionally
producing an emarginate anterior commissure, the latter being other-
wise recti-marginate; both valves costate, there being about 18 to
22 simple slender rounded costae per valve in mature shells; entire
surface finely punctate.

Pedicle valve with greatest convexity slightly posterior to mid-
length; interarea small, curved, often obscured by beak incurva-
ture, delthyrium closed by a slightly concave deltidial plate.

Pedicle valve interior simple, lacking dental plates; no pedicle
collar present in sectioned specimens; musculature obscure; teeth
of moderate size.

Brachial valve exterior with a somewhat inflated umbonal
region marked by recurvature of the surface posterolaterally, other-
wise similar to the pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with posteriorly recurved hinge plate
and antero-ventrally projecting “ligulate” process, supported by a
short median septum; inner socket ridges thick; crural bases curved,
high, laterally directed posteriorly, becoming ventrally directed
anteriorly; crura descending almost vertically into the pedicle valve;

320 BULLETIN 238

details of brachidium not observable in specimens sectioned; muscu-
lature abscure in sections.

Table 21.—Measurements in millimeters of Hustedia? texana Girty.

USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness Locality
121185 eS 302 1.9 USGS 2623
121186 4.2 Jad 235 USGS 2623
121187 4.6 3.9 225 USGS 2623
121188 4.6 4.3 2.3 USGS 2623
154698 6.8 6.7 4.1 USNM 9045
154699 5.4 5:2 3.3 USNM 9045
154700 4.9 4.0 2.4 USNM 9045
154701 3.4 2.8 eZ USNM 9045
154702 Tee, 6.8 4.6 USNM 9048
154703 6.2 5.9 Joa USNM 9048
154704 5.8 5.2 Sea USNM 9048

Types. — Girty’s syntype suite of four specimens is in_ the
USNM collections, Nos. 121185-121188.

Distinguishing characters. — H.? texana is characterized by its
small size, subcircular outline, the length only slightly exceeding
the width, the common presence of a median sulcus on both valves,
especially on the brachial valve, and 18 to 22 rounded costae per
valve.

Comparisons. — Retzia circularis Miller, 1892, from the Chou-
teau Limestone of Missouri is similar and probably related to H.?
texana but can be distinguished by its fewer coarser costae, the com-
plete lack of a ventral median sulcus, and the dorsal median sulcus 1s
inconspicuous and restricted to the umbonal region.

Retza triangularis Miller, 1892, also from the Chouteau Lime-
stone (or Sedalia Limestone?) has an elongate subtriangular out-
line, fewer costae, and lacks a median sulcus in both valves.

Flustedia pygmaea Rowley, 1900, from the Lower Burlington
Limestone of Missouri has fewer coarser costae and both valves
apparently lack a median sulcus.

Remarks. — Including Girty’s types, 35 specimens from three
localities were measured and plotted as a scatter diagram in Text-
figure 11. Other growth information is lacking. It is apparent from
this diagram that individuals of this species are proportionately
nearly the same in all ascertainable growth stages. Note that Girty’s

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 321

Text-figure 10.—Transverse serial sections of Hustedia? texana Girty
measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) An adult specimen, USNM
154705, from USNM locality 9048, showing the high crural bases. (B) A
smaller specimen, USNM 154706, from USNM locality 9045, showing the weakly
concave deltidial plate. ;

vy C
AW a

322 BULLETIN 238

types are relatively smal] and may even represent a juvenile growth
stage. ~

Occurrence and abundance.—Girty’s four types are all that
remain of his original study suite. The writer failed to obtain more
material from Girty’s USGS locality 2623. USNM localities 9045
and 9048 yielded more substantial collections, there being about 12
specimens from 9048 and 28 specimens from 9045.

os Ss ° °
=
° 4 © °

e A = = e

oe% = e °

é Pa = 2°

A
“he x ed
to $
e e
N

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

6
tt

9045 >

° = 9048 aks ° P

= GIRTY:S<. TYRES:| 2 + Soy
(tp) Oo.
i
x 0 Oo

SE %

a
sa o

Text-figure 11.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Hustedia? texana
Girty from USNM localities 9045 and 9048 and USGS locality 2623.

Genus PLECTOSPIRA Cooper, 1942

1893. Ptychospira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 112.
1914. Ptychospira Hall, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 435.
1942. Plectospira Cooper, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 32, No. 8, p. 228.

Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 323

Diagnosis. — Small, subequally biconvex, rostrate, finely punc-
tate, subcircular to subtrigonal in outline, with few strong rounded
costae; hinge line narrow, ears not developed; ventral] interarea
narrow (or lacking? ); deltidial plate flat (symphytium?) closing
the delthyrium; apical foramen round. Ventral interior lacking
dental plate and pedicle collar. Dorsal interior with hinge plate sup-
ported by median septum; spiralia with four or five whorls; jugum
complete, apparently nonfimbriate, broadly curved postero-ven-
trally, with a simple median process.

Type species. — (By original designation) Terebratula ferita
von Buch, 1834, Uber Terebrateln, p. 76, pl. 2, fig. 37. Middle De-
vonian of Germany.

Remarks. — The Chappei Limestone species assigned here,
Plectospira problematica, not only possesses a definite sulcus with
disproportionately large sulcus-bounding costae, but lacks any trace
of a median costa in the sulcus such as occurs in the type species,
P. ferita, Although these differences may have considerable system-
atic significance the writer can do no more than illustrate them be-
cause his understanding of the type species of the genus is not com-
plete.

Range. — Middle Devonian—Lower Mississippian of Europe,
Asia, and North America.

Plectospira problematica (Girty) Pl. 28, figs. 1a-10e; Text-figs. 12-14
1926. Hustedia? problematica Girty, U.S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 146, p. 35,
pl. 6, figs. 6a-7c.

Girty apparently described this species from two small broken
specimens. His holotype, USNM No. 121190, is smaller and narrower
than the average adults found at most other localities but it clearly is
conspecific with the form found at USNM locality 9045, from which
a large excellent collection was obtained.

Because Girty’s description was based on relatively poorly
preserved material, the writer deems it useful to redescribe the
species, both externally and internally.

Average size for the genus, subcircular to subpentagonal in
outline, length and width about equal, subequally biconvex, the
pedicle valve being slightly more convex than the brachial valve;
anterior profile subelliptical; ventral beak small, slightly incurved,

324 BULLETIN 238

with round apical foramen; dorsal beak small and inconspicuous;
hinge ne narrow, straight or slightly curved, ears lacking; valves
not compressed at the margin; moderately wide conspicuous sulcus
in the pedicle valve produced between two disproportionately large
bounding costae; macroprosopon consisting of six simple rounded
costae per pedicle valve and five per brachial valve, those on the
flanks being much smaller than the middle costae, and irregularly
spaced growth varices; microprosopon (in exceptional specimens
only) consisting of numerous fine punctae.

Table 22——Measurements in millimeters of Plectospira problematica
(Girty) from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154725 8.8 933 553
154726 8.4 8.6 5.0
154727 7.8 Ted 4.9
154728 Ted Ue? 4.7
154729 6.7 6.6 4.0
154730 6.0 559 4.1
154731 Dei 5.0 Sai/
154732 4.8 4.1 353
154733 4.4 4.0 2.6

Pedicle valve with greatest convexity near the beak; inter-
area apparently lacking; delthyrium closed by what appears in
section to be a single slightly concave plate; convexity variable,
some specimens being flattened near mid-valve;_postero-lateral
margin slightly compressed but ears not formed.

Pedicle valve interior simple, lacking dental plates and pedicle
collar; muscle scars deeply impressed in mesial portion of the valve
between inner edges of sulcus-bounding costae; teeth wide, blade-
like.

Brachial valve less convex than pedicle valve, most convex
near the dorsal beak, somewhat compressed near the postero-
lateral margin; dorsal costae much lower than those of the pedicle
valve.

Brachial valve interior with high triangular flattened cardinal
process, becoming narrower anteriorly, supported by a strong high
median septum that extends anteriorly about one-third the valve
length; socket ridges thick and massive, supporting the curved

Or
to
Wn

Texas MississiIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER |

Text-figure 12.—Transverse serial sections of Plectospira problematica
(Girty) & 6, USNM 154734 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak. A large specimen.

326 BULLETIN 238

POO a

0.60 0.65 07 0.75 0.80
" pf a fi \ a
ae er ee
0.85 0.90 1,00 1.10

Text-figure 13—Transverse serial sections of Plectospira problematica
(Girty) x 6, USNM 154735 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak. A small specimen.

crural bases and cardinal process; crura projecting laterally pos-
teriorly but descending anteriorly, becoming ventrally directed,
spiralia and jugum not observed; muscle scars defined by two dis-
tinct ridges that extend forward from the bases of the socket ridges.

Holotype. —USNM No. 121190 collected from USGS locality
2623.

Distinguishing characters. — Plectospira problematica is char-
acterized by its ventral sulcus and disproportionately large sulcus-
bounding costae.

Comparisons. — This species might be confused with Plecto-
spira sexplicata (White and Whitfield), 1862, from Kinderhookian
strata of the Mississippi Valley, but the latter does not have a sulcus
and strong bounding costae. Furthermore, P. sexplicata may have
up to 12 costae on the pedicle valve, whereas P. problematica never
has, to this writer’s knowledge, more than six.

Measurements of 50 well-preserved shells of vari-
ous growth stages were plotted as a scatter diagram (Text-figure
14). Although the species is variable in shape it is concluded
that there is a tendency during ontogeny for the shells to become
relatively wider and thinner. Serial sections of large and small
specimens as seen in Text-figures 12, 13 show that in juveniles
the cardinal process is indistinct, and the other cardinal structures
are low, resting on the floor of the brachial valve.

Texas MIssIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | SATE

Occurrence and abundance. — This species is common at USNM
locality 9045 where over 100 specimens were collected. Excellent
specimens were also collected from USNM localities 9043, 9047, and
9048. Girty’s types from USGS locality 2623 are, to the writer’s

knowledge, unique.

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

as
ni =
= ae ce
” Nel
” © jomMe
[of ee
= eee oan?
e
thZ eEREs
oO ee e
— op
ae
=

Text-figure 14.—Scatters diagrams of dimensions of Plectospira prob-
lematica (Girty) from USNM locality 9045.

328 BULLETIN 238

Suborder ATHYRIDIDINA Boucot, Johnson, and Staton, 1964

=

Superfamily ATHYRIDACEA M’Coy, 1844
Family MERISTELLIDAE Waagen, 1883
Subfamily MERISTINAE Hall and Clarke, 1895
Genus MERISTA Suess, 1851
Merista maccullochensis, n. sp. Pl. 29, figs. 1a-10e; Text-figs. 15, 16

Smaller than average for the genus, subequally biconvex, the
pedicle valve being slightly more inflated than the brachial valve;
commonly asymmetrical; outline highly variable, ranging between
subcircular and transversely or longitudinally subpentagonal; great-
est width variable, usually near mid-length; pedicle valve commonly
with a shallow sulcus confined to the anterior half of the valve al-
though many specimens have little more than a slight flattening near
the front margin; brachial valve completely lacking a fold but many
specimens are flattened anteriorly, forming an emarginate front
margin; other specimens with an evenly rounded front margin;
anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly uniplicate; radial
prosopon lacking, growth varices strong, irregularly spaced; shell
substance impunctate.

Pedicle valve evenly convex in lateral and anterior profile;
cardinal extremities slightly compressed in some specimens, evenly
convex in others; lateral slopes curving evenly to the margin from
the sulcus; sulcus never deep, originating well in front of the umbo,
becoming moderately broad at the front margin; umbo moderately
inflated, beak small, acute, suberect to erect or slightly incurved in
some large specimens; delthyrium small, acutely triangular, open;

Table 23.—Measurements in millimeters of Merista maccullochensis, n. sp.

USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness Locality
154737 7.8 7.1 4.9 9048
154738 ell 6.8 4.7 9046
154739 7.5 6.9 4.3 9045
154740 7.0 5.6 4.3 9048
154741 6.8 6.9 4.1 9046
154742 6.5 6.3 4.0 9045
154743 6.4 Saf, 4.2 9045
154744 6.0 4.8 Ball 9045
154745 532 4.8 Si 9048
154746 4.1 3.6 Za 9045

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER » 329

0 9OQE

0.\ 0.3

0.5 0.7 Ow) 1.0
eS j | ee
2 1.4 2.0

4
el . ee

Text-figure 15—Transverse serial sections of Merista maccullochensis,
n. sp. X 5, USNM 154747 from USNM locality 9046, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

foramen not produced; short subangular beak ridges produced in
some specimens.

Pedicle valve interior with large convex shoelifter process origi-
nating in the ventral umbo and becoming broader anteriorly; dental
plates short, meeting the shoelifter process above the floor of the
valve, except in the beak; cella wider than deep, long, extending
anteriorly about one-third the length of the valve.

Brachial valve shorter than the pedicle valve, usually consider-
ably inflated in the umbonal region; lateral and anterior profiles
usually evenly convex, although the dorsum may be slightly de-
pressed medially in some specimens; cardinal extremities often
slightly compressed in average specimens or evenly convex in more
tumid individuals; beak small, incurved, obscured by the pedicle
valve.

Brachial valve interior with concave hinge plate supported by
a high long median septum, extending forward about one-third the
length of the valve; simple ridgelike cardinal process produced at
the posterior end of the hinge plate; crural bases flat, directed dorso-
medially in transverse view, originating on the antero-ventral edges
of the inner socket ridges; crura rodlike, spiralia with four whorls,
jugum not observed.

Holotype —USNM No. 154738.

330 BuLLETIN 238

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

2 ‘Re.

a @ 04%

Ww ere 6

LJ fee

z= ae

NS “See

O ere
= aS

Text-figure 16.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Merista maccullochenstis,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

Distinguishing characters.—This species is characterized by its
small size, commonly asymmetrical subcircular to transversely sub-
pentagonal outline, shallow sulcus in the pedicle valve, nonfolded or
slightly flattened brachial valve, and small suberect to erect beak
with an open delthyrium,

Comparisons.—The writer knows of no other occurrence of this
genus in Mississippian strata.

Remarks.—Assignment of this species to the genus Merista
Suess, 1851, is based on the presence of a shoelifter process in the
pedicle valve and a concave hinge plate supported by a high median
septum in the brachial valve. Its growth form and spiral brachidia
demonstrate that it is unquestionably a meristid relative. The com-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER’ 331

mon asymmetry of the shells, and lack of a well-developed fold and
sulcus are not typical of the genus Merista; similarly the small ven-
tral beak and open delthyrium suggest that this species has evolved
from the Siluro-Devonian meristid stock. Whether these changes
are sufficient to justify the erection of a new genus requires further
study.

This species is unusually variable in its proportions at all growth
stages. The scatter diagrams in Text-fig. 16 do not show any ap-
preciable trend during ontogeny, all the curves being essentially
isometric.

Occurrence and abundance-—M. maccullochensis is common at
USNM locality 9045 (135 specimens) and less common at localities
9046 (21 specimens), 9048 (11 specimens), and 9043 (one speci-

men ).

Subfamily CAMAROPHORELLINAE Schuchert and LeVene, 1929
Genus CAMAROPHORELLA Hall and Clarke, 1893
Camarophorella dorsata, n. sp. Pl. 30, figs. la-7e; Text-fig. 17

Average size for the genus, lenticular in form; subcircular to
subpentagonal in outline; usually wider than long, nearly equidi-
mensional in some specimens, or rarely longer than wide; greatest
width usually near mid-length, posterior to mid-length in sub-
pentagonal specimens; valves subequally biconvex, the pedicle valve
usually sightly more inflated than the brachial valve; fold and sulcus
usually lacking but both valves medially grooved or the pedicle valve
may have a shallow sulcus; anterior commissure rectimarginate or
weakly uniplicate; faint capillae present on decorticated surfaces of
some specimens; growth lines closely set, irregularly spaced; surfaces
finely pustulose; shell substance impunctate.

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbonal region; medial groove
or sulcus originating at the beak, becoming a shallow moderately
broad sulcus in large specimens; cardinal extremities slightly com-
pressed in some individuals; lateral slopes evenly convex to the
margins; beak small, suberect; foramen small, ovate; delthyrium
obscured by the dorsal beak.

Pedicle valve interior with a deep short spondylium duplex that
rises slightly on a long low median septum extending forward about
one-third to one-half the length of the valve; dental plates laterally

382 BULLETIN 238

buttressed by short mystrochial plates confined to the umbonal re-
gion and extending anteriorly about parallel to the plane of the
lateral commissure.

Brachial valve nearly as long as the pedicle valve; dorsal umbo
greatly swollen, nearly as inflated as the ventral umbo; median
ridge originating in the dorsal beak, not becoming significantly
broader anteriorly; lateral slopes evenly convex; cardinal extremities
slightly compressed; beak small, acute, incurved against the del-
thyrium, usually touching the delthyrium at the dorsal edge of the
foramen,

Brachial valve interior with a slightly concave hinge plate
extending between the dorsal inner edges of the inner socket ridges
and supported by a long high median septum extending anteriorly
about one-third the length of the valve; cardinal process simple,
platelike, extending anteriorly the length of the hinge plate, probably
merely a vertical extension of the median septum; crural bases origi-
nating on the inner ventral edges of the inner socket ridges, ventrad
to the hinge plate, being directed medially; crura converge posterior-
ly as flattened rodlike plates, the axis of flattening rapidly becoming
vertical, then diverging and rising anteriorly; other brachidial details
unknown; adductor muscle field supported on a short shoelifter
process, the cella being penetrated by the median septum.

Holotype—USNM No. 154749.

Table 24+.—Measurements in millimeters of Camarophorella dorsata, n. sp.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154749 15.8 17.6 9.6 9045
154750 12.0 11.5 6.2 9047
154751 9:9 10.7 535 9048
154752 eT, 9.6 5.2 9047
154753 7.8 Hed 4.1 9048
154754 S37 Def 3.0 9048
154755 4.2 4.2 2.1 9048

Distinguishing characters——This species is characterized by its
moderate size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, umbonally in-
flated brachial valve that is nearly as long as the pedicle valve, and
poorly developed sulcus in the pedicle valve.

Comparisons.—C. dorsata is most similar to Camarophorella

mutabilis Hyde, 1908, from the Waverly Group of Ohio. C. mutabilis

Texas MIssIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 333

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 (OTA 0.8
0.9 1.0 leu Ie 1.4

f

1.6 1.8 3.4

Text-figure 17.—Transverse serial sections of Camarophorella dorsata,
n. sp. X4, USNM 154756 from USNM locality 9048, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

differs from C. dorsata in being larger, with a pedicle valve that is
considerably longer than the brachial valve, a longer ventral beak,
a less tumid dorsal umbonal region, and the anterior commissure is
usually uniplicate.

The type species, Camarophorella lenticularis (White and Whit-
field), 1862, from Kinderhook bed No. 5 of Iowa, differs from C.
dorsata in being smaller, with a pedicle valve longer than the
brachial valve, and it completely lacks median grooves or a fold-
sulcus.

In the Chappel Limestone fauna individuals of this species can
be confused with collections of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata ( Rowley),
1900, however, that species can be differentiated by its larger ventral
beak, less tumid dorsal umbo and costellate surfaces, when de-
corticated, or lamellose surfaces when well preserved. Internally the
two species are much different.

Remarks.

All known species of this genus are highly variable

334 BuLLETIN 238

in their external proportions throughout ontogeny. It is noteworthy
that in this species as in C. mutabilis, there is a definite tendency
for the small shells to have a rounded subcircular or slightly elon-
gated outline, whereas large adults of both species tend to be trans-
verse with subpentagonal outlines. Unfortunately, none of the col-
lections of this species is large enough to allow quantification of this
tendency.

Occurrence and abundance.—This species has been found at
USNM localities 9048 (24 specimens), 9045 (11 specimens), 9047

(seven specimens), and 9044 (one specimen).

Family ATHYRIDIDAE M’Coy, 1844
Subfamily ATHYRIDINAE M’Coy, 1844
Genus ATHYRIS M’Coy, 1844

1844. Athyris M’Coy, Synopsis of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of

Ireland, Dublin, pp. 128, 146.

1847. Spirigera d’Orbigny, Acad. Sci. Paris, Compt. Rend., vol. 25, p. 268.
1850. Athyris M’Coy, King, Mon. Permian Fossils of England, Palaeontogr.

Soc., London, p. 136.

1868. Spirithyris Quenstedt, Die Brachiopoden, Petref. Deutsch., vol. 2, p. 30.
1869. Euthyris Quenstedt, Die Brachiopoden, Petref. Deutsch., vol. 2, p. 442.
1893. Athyris M’Coy, Hall and Clarke, Nat. Hist. New York, Pal., vol. 8, pt.

2, pp. 83-90.

1914. Athyris M’Coy, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp. 464, 465.

Small to medium-sized; subequally biconvex, transversely sub-
ellipsoidal to subcircular in outline; ventral beak moderately or
strongly incurved; foramen round, somewhat obscured by beak in-
curvature; hinge line short, subterebratuloid; delthyrium open; ears
rounded, both valves regularly convex except for the fold-sulcus and
slight lateral flexures at the cardinal extremities; anterior commis-
sure uniplicate; fold-sulcus weakly or moderately developed an-
teriorly and faint or obsolete posteriorly; prosopon consists of broad,
often frilled extensions of the growth lamellae; spalled shells smooth
or marked only by even concentric corrugations.

Ventral interior with short stout dental plates confined to
costral area; teeth large, broad, recurved at the tips; diductor scars
Hlabellate and poorly defined; adductor scars narrow and well
defined.

Dorsal interior with subquadrate apically perforate hinge plate;
sockets broad and deep; crura produced from the thickened lateral

Texas MIssISsSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 335

edges of the hinge plate; primary lamellae abruptly recurved pos-
teriorly; jugum complex, with long recurved posterior processes;
spiralia directed laterally or postero-laterally; low but well-defined
median ridge confined to dorsal umbonal region.

Type species—(By subsequent designation, King, 1850) Tere-
bratula concentrica von Buch, 1835 (separate, 1834, Uber Tere-
brateln. Abh. physik. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, for 1833, p. 103).

Distinguishing characters—This genus is characterized by its
broad, often frilled, but never spinose extensions of the growth
lamellae, often concentrically corrugated shell surface, apically per-
forate subquadrate hinge-plate, and dorsal median ridge.

Comparisons—The Paleozoic athyrid genera, ranging in age
from Silurian to Permian, are similar internally, varying mainly in
details of the hinge plate and jugum. Consequently, generic distinc-
tions are made mainly on the basis of exterior ornament and shape.
Only Carboniferous genera need be considered here for the purposes
of comparison.

Cleiothyridina Buckman, 1906, differs from Athyris in having
the lamellar extensions fringed with flat spines.

Actinoconchus M’Coy, 1844, has exceptionally broad flat lamel-
lar extensions that give the appearance of being radially striated.
According to Hall and Clarke (1893, pt. 2, p. 92) these !amellar
extensions may actually be fine tubular spines imbedded in a thin
calcareous plate. Observations of several specimens in the USNM
collections of A. planosulcata Phillips, 1836, seem to corroborate this
interpretation although the tubular nature of the rods or spines is
questionable. The spines may merely be composed of clear calcite
and just appear to be tubular.

Composita Brown, 1849, is similar to Athyris but completely
lacks lamellose extensions. Furthermore, in the brachial valve, the
hinge plate is ordinarily not perforate and usually a dorsal median
ridge is lacking.

Remarks.—M’Coy (1844, p. 128, 146) distinguished this group
of shells from the terebratulids mainly on the basis of their possess-
ing spiralia, and assigned several diverse species to the new genus.
King (1850, p. 136), however, fixed the type species and clearly
pointed out the unique characters of this genus. Spirtgera d’Orbigny,
1847, an objective synonym of Athyris, is still occasionally used by

336 BuL_eTIN 238

some workers, although the name is not valid. Since King’s time
many workers have used the name Athyris in a broad sense, includ-
ing species now placed in Cleiothyridina, Composita, and Actinocon-
chus. Hall and Clarke (1893, pt. 2, pp. 83-101) for instance, included
Cleiothyridina (as Cleiothyris), Composita (as Seminula M’Coy,
1844), Actinoconchus, and Spirigerella Waagen, 1883, as subgenera
of Athyris but restricted the generic diagnosis to the type species,
Terebratula concentrica von Buch. Their diagnosis of Athyris s. 5.
is essentially unchanged. Since Weller (1914, pp. 464, 465) the
majority of workers have interpreted the genus in the strict sense.

Range.—Middle Devonian to Mississippian. Distribution cos-
mopolitan.

Athyris bradyensis, n. sp. Pl. 31, figs. 1a-11; Text-figs. 18, 19

Average size, subequally biconvex, transversely ellipsoidal in
outline, lenticular in profile; ventral beak incurved tightly over the
dorsal umbo; hinge line straight or slightly curved, subterebratulid,
the greatest width being attained posterior to mid-length; cardinal
extremities rounded, delineated by concave flexures of the postero-
lateral portions of the shell; exterior surfaces of both valves evenly
convex, excepting the beaks and fold-sulcus; anterior commissure
slightly sinuous or weakly uniplicate; weakly rounded sulcus in an-
terior half of shell; dorsal fold usually lacking or weakly expressed
except at the anterior commissure, a weak dorsal sulcus or groove
usually present instead; prosopon consisting of five to eight, mod-
erate to strong, concentric corrugations in large spalled specimens,
or a similar number of broad, frilled, radially wrinkled, lamellar
extensions of growth lamellae in exceptionally well-preserved speci-
mens.

Pedicle valve most convex posteriorly, scarcely inflated; beak
small; foramen small, round, usually obscured by incurvature of the
beak; interarea apparently lacking; delthyrium open but completely
obscured by dorsal umbo; sulcus originating as a faint groove in the
beak or as far forward as midvalve; sulcus rounded, shallow pos-
teriorly; sulcal angle 20-25° in large specimens.

Interior of pedicle valve with thick, short, slightly divergent
dental plates which curve inward near the floor of the valve; teeth
large; area between dental plates thickened.

Texas MIssissIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 337

Table 25.—Measurements in millimeters of Athyris bradyensis from USNM
locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154761 21.8 28.7 12.5
154762 20.2 Ze 11.6
154763 20.3 25.8 10.7
154764 17.8 21.5 8)
154765 15.4 18.6? 8.3
154766 13.4 17.2 7.0
154767 12°35 14.4 6.4
154768 9.0 10.8 4.4
154769 6.2 6.0 3.1

Brachial valve evenly convex posteriorly, usually more inflated
in the umbo than the pedicle valve; dorsal beak small, incurved,
covered by the ventral beak; small specimens and medium-sized
specimens usually with a weak dorsal groove or sulcus rather than
a fold, except at the anterior margin where the shell may flex slightly
dorsad; a few medium and large specimens are merely flattened
medianly or have a low fold.

Interior of brachial valve with large apical perforation; hinge
plate subquadrate, thickened posteriorly; concave anteriorly, with
a low median undulation; short median ridge present only in pos-
terior portion of umbo.

Holotype—USNM 154761.

Distinguishing characters—This species is characterized by its
moderate size, transversely ellipsoidal outline with the maximum
width posterior to mid-valve, compressed ears, shallow ventral
sulcus, a shallow median dorsal groove or sulcus in moderate-sized
specimens which may be obscure in large specimens, and five to
eight moderate to strong concentric lamellar corrugations in large
spalled specimens.

Comparisons—This species is somewhat similar to Athyris han-
nibalensis (Swallow), 1860, from the Louisiana Limestone of Mis-
souri and other Kinderhookian strata, and so-called Athyris “lamel-
losus” (Léveillé), 1835, as used by Meek and many others from the
Burlington and other Osagian formations in North America.

Athyris hannibalensis however, is usually smaller, has a sub-
circular outline, with the maximum width near mid-length of the
shell, and lacks compressed ears. It does have a dorsal median flat-
tening but this is often inconspicuous.

338 BULLETIN 238

Athyris “lamellosus” as it is usually interpreted is much larger
than A. bradyensis, has a pronounced fold in the brachial valve, a
well-developed sulcus in the pedicle valve, the commissure is more
strongly uniplicate, and in all cases lacks a dorsal median flattening
or a sulcus in the brachial valve.

1.75 2.00

Text-figure 18—Transverse serial sections of Athyris bradyensis, n. sp.
x3, USNM 154772 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

Remarks.—It has been a usual practice to assign almost all
Mississippian species of Athyris that somewhat resemble A. lamel-
losus to that species. A. lamellosus was well illustrated by Léveillé
(1835, pl. 2, figs. 21-23). It differs somewhat in its proportions and
in other respects from the forms usually assigned to it from this
country. It seems advisable to discontinue use of this name inasmuch
as this broad interpretation is systematically meaningless. The ap-
plication of other names to Kinderhookian and Osagian species of
Athyris other than from the Chappel Limestone is beyond the scope
of this paper.

The growth patterns of A. bradyensis are entirely isometrical
with respect to shell outline and profile as seen in Text-figure 19.
However, other ontogenetic changes are worth noting. The ventral
sulcus appears only as a shallow groove of the anterior margin of
the smallest specimens. It broadens by the time the shells are about

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 339

e = Be
\
‘ = J
: e x jo e i
ie ie AQ) e
ane = ye

vad Oo
ro)

THICKNESS (MM) | _ =) 10 I5 20

>a e

©) = ae
rey SS
” es
ul asteg

OF2 ea
Oo aN
ac
=

Text-figure 19—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Athyris bradyensis,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

one centimeter long but is never deep in any growth stage. The
dorsal flattening or groove is present in the umbo of the smallest
spalled specimens and can be distinguished there in most adults.
This dorsal groove often develops into a shallow sulcus similar in
size and position to that of the pedicle valve. The conjunction of
these sulci forms an emarginate anterior margin and a subpentagonal
outline in small and medium-sized specimens (note figs. 4-8, Plate

340 BULLETIN 238

31). A slight dorsal flexure is usually present at the anterior margin
even in these specimens, giving the appearance of a fold in anterior
profile. In larger shells the shallow dorsal sulcus becomes gradually
less noticeable and is finally lost anteriorly, only a flattening re-
maining.

Occurrence and abundance.—This species is fairly common at
USNM locality 9045. Besides the 32 types and measured specimens,
there are 45 fragmentary shells or disarticulated valves. One speci-

men each is identified from USNM localities 9043 and 9044; locality
9046 yielded three poor specimens.

ACTINOCONCHUS M’Coy, 1844

1842. Actinoconchus M’Coy in Griffith, Notice respecting the fossils of the
Mountain Limestone of Ireland, p. 18. (Nomen nudum fide Schuchert
and LeVene, 1929).

1844. Actinoconchus M’Coy, Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous
Limestone Fossils of Ireland, p. 149.

Type species ——(By subsequent monotypy) Actinoconchus par-
adoxus M’Coy, 1844, Syn. Char. Carb. Ls. Foss. Ireland, p. 150, pl.
21, figs. 6a-c.

Davidson (1858-63, pp. 80, 81) placed M’Coy’s type species,
Actinoconchus paradoxus, in synonomy with Athyris planosulcata
Phillips, 1836. Many subsequent authors followed Davidson.

In the writer’s opinion M’Coy’s (1844, p. 150, pl. 21, figs. 6a-c),
Phillips (1836, pl. 10, fig. 15), and Davidson’s (1858-63, pp. 80, 81,
pl. 16, figs. 2-13, 15) descriptions and illustrations do not appear to
support Davidson’s synonomy. Actinoconchus paradoxus may well
prove to be a valid type species and the genus may have to be re-
appraised in order to determine its relationships to the other athyrid
genera. Because to the writer’s knowledge, interiors of A. paradoxus
are unknown, assignment of species to this genus is speculative, al-
though the interior details of the type species are in all likelihood
similar to those of A. planosulcata as illustrated by Davidson (1882,
Ds o)r

Despite apparent differences in size, shape, and fold-sulcus de-
velopment, A. paradoxus and A. planosulcata do share the diagnostic
generic character, that is, the unusual lamellar development near the
shell margin. This lamellar extension is broad, flat, and apparently
imbedded with rather widely spaced thin flattened rods (or spines? ).

Texas MIssiSSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER’ 341

The structure is so unlike the lamellar extensions of either Athyris
s. s. or Cleiothyridina that it is probably proper to recognize Actino-
conchus on that basis. Because the lamellar frill is so delicate and
rarely preserved, assignment of species to the genus without a
similar lamellar extension is speculative until such time as a com-
plete generic description can be obtained.

Actinoconchus? sp. Pl. 42, figs. 7a-8e; Text-fig. 20

This problematical athyrid species is tentatively assigned to
Actinoconchus M’Coy, 1844. It possesses lamellar extensions that
are not spinose, and a slightly elongate outline, as does the type
species of Actinoconchus. However, none of the specimens of this
species is well enough preserved to be positive of even the external
prosopon and as a consequence, generic as well as specific, assign-
ment is difficult. In the writer’s opinion it is likely that these few
specimens represent a new species. Until larger collections are ob-
tained, and until the exact status of Actinoconchus is known it is
advisable to leave it unnamed and questionably assigned generically.

The following short description is based on the entire Chappel
Limestone collection, consisting of two good but spalled specimens
(figured), two other nearly complete shells, and three broken speci-
mens, two of which were sectioned (one illustrated in Text-figure
20).

Shell of average size for athyrid genera; subequally biconvex,
subcircular to slightly longitudinally subellipsoidal in outline, great-
est width attained at or just anterior to mid-valve; profile lenticular;
ventral beak small, incurved, with small rounded foramen touching
the dorsal beak; delthyrium open but covered by dorsal valve; dorsal
beak small, incurved, somewhat obscured by the ventral beak; ears
small, slightly compressed, both valves evenly convex except for
beaks and fold-sulcus; anterior commissure uniplicate; sulcus nar-
row, shallow; fold low, anteriorly flattened; prosopon poorly known
but consisting of smooth lamellar extensions of unknown breadth;
spalled shells show weak radial markings or costae on the fold and
anterior portions of the flanks.

Interior of shell much thickened with columnar tissue.

Pedicle interior as in Athyris.

Brachial interior apparently without transverse hinge plate;

Los)
eee
bo

BULLETIN 238

4.00 4.25
Text-figure 20.— Transverse serial sections of Actinoconchus? sp. X2,

USNM 154904 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from ventral
beak.

inner socket ridges thick and high, supporting the crural bases;
short median ridge present only in umbonal region.

Occurrence.—All seven specimens are from USNM_ locality
9045.

Genus CLEIOTHYRIDINA Buckman, 1906

1841. Non Cleiothyris Phillips, Paleozoic Foss. Cornwall, Devon, and West
Somerset, p. 55. (?4thyris or unrecognizable).

1850. Cleiothyris Phillips, King, Palaeontogr. Soc., Mon. Permian Foss. Eng-
land, pp: 137, 1338:

1893. Cleiothyris Phillips, Hall and Clarke, Nat. Hist. New York, Pal., vol.
$, pt. 2; ips 90:

1906. Cleiothyridina Buckman, An. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 324.

1914. Cleiothyridina Buckman, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp. 472, 473.
Small to large, subequally biconvex, lenticular, transversely to

longitudinally ellipsoidal in outline; ventral beak weakly to strongly

incurved; foramen round, usually small to medium-sized, and some-

what obscured by beak curvature in some species; hinge line narrow,

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 343

subterebratulid; delthyrium open, concealed by ventral beak;
cardinal extremities rounded; both valves convex on the flanks, re-
flexing slightly postero-laterally near the ears of some species; an-
terior commissure uniplicate; fold and sulcus rounded, weakly to
well developed anteriorly, usually obsolete or lacking posteriorly;
prosopon consists of moderately broad extensions of the growth
lamellae, the free edges of which are fringed with numerous flattened
spines.

Pedicle valve interior as in Athyris, that is, with short thick
dental plates, large teeth, poorly defined flabellate adductor scars,
and well-defined narrow diductor scars.

Brachial valve interior of type species with an acutely tri-
angular, apically perforate hinge plate; primary lamellae broadly
united to crura, recurved, but not forming nooses; jugum similar
to that of Athyris; spiralia pectinated on outer edges. In other
species the hinge plate may be more subquadrate than triangular
and the apical perforation may be large and triangular. Median
ridge apparently present in all species.

Type species —(By original designation). Atrypa pectinfera J.
de C. Sowerby, 1841, Min. Conch., vol. 7, p. 14, pl. 616 (all figs.).
Permian of England.

Distinguishing characters.—Cleiothyridina is characterized by
its lamellar extensions, the free edges of which are fringed with
numerous flattened spines.

Comparisons.—The distinctions between this and other athyrid
genera are discussed under the genus Athyris.

Remarks. —King (1850, p. 137) used Phillips’ name Cletothyris
for a group of shells formerly placed in Atrypa rather than a new
name saying that it is “a step which has one recommendation in its
favour, that of using up a synonym.” He clearly designated the
type species (p. 138) as Atrypa pectinifera J. de Carle Sowerby,
1841.

As Buckman (1906, pp. 323, 324) pointed out, Phillips’ name
Cleiothyris must remain invalid, as a nomen nudum, or it might be
construed as a synonym of Athyris M’Coy. He proposed a new
name, Cletothyridina, because, “it seems to be generally agreed that
the A. Royssw series requires a separate name from A. concentrica,
... Buckman then unfortunately designated Athyris Royssu Dav-

344 BuLLeTIN 238

idson (should be Spirifer derotssyi Léveillé), 1835, as type species.
Davidson (1858, pt. V, p. 85) noted that some of his contemporary
paleontolologists considered A. deroissyt and A. pectimifera synony-
mous, although he did not (pt. IV, pp. 21-23, pt. V, p. 85). Buck-
man may have been of such a mind or else he assumed that he
could choose a new type species for his substitute name. Many
subsequent authors have followed Buckman’s designation causing
some confusion. Article 671 of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature requires that King’s designation of type species be
used,

King’s original diagnosis did not include the diagnostic char-
acter of this genus, that is, the lamellae fringed with flat spines.
Hall and Clarke (1893, pp. 90, 91) correctly diagnosed Cletothyrts,
pointing out the importance of the spinose lamellae, but considered
it a subgenus of Athyris. Since Weller (1914, pp. 472, 473) most
authors have recognized Cleiothyridina as a genus, more or less using
Hall and Clark’s diagnosis, although many have mistakenly fol-
lowed Buckman and considered C. deroissyi the type species.

Range.—Mississippian to Permian. Distribution cosmopolitan.

Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley) Pl. 16, figs. $a-13e; Text-fig, 21

1900. Athyris tenuilineata Rowley, Am. Geol., vol. 25, p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 31-33.

1901. Cleiothyris hirsuta, Weller, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, p. 187,
pl. 16, figs. 25-27.

1914. Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon.
1, p. 478, pl. 80, figs. 1-12.

1937. (?) Cletothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley), Nalivkin, Cent. Geol. Prosp.
S:S:8.R.;, lirans., ps 126) pli 38 ohigss 7, (8.

1938. Cletothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley), Branson, Uniy. Missouri Studies,
Vol. 13 Now 3s tp ye pla Oy tiesee oie 2*

1956. (2?) Athyris (Cletothyridina) tenuilineata Rowley, Simorin, Akad. Nauk
Kazakhstan S.S.S.R., Izd-vo, p. 217, pl. 20, figs. 9-12.

Small for the genus; subequally biconvex, neither valve much
inflated; subcircular or slightly elongated transversely or longitud-
inally; maximum width attained near mid-length; profile lenticular;
beaks small; hinge line short, subterebratulid; both valves evenly
convex except for the beaks; anterior commissure rectimarginate;
fold and sulcus usually lacking although there may be a narrow
mesial flattening of one or both valves, or more rarely faint mesial
grooves or sulcuses; growth lamellae closely spaced, fringed with
numerous fine spines that are arranged in radial rows; spalled shells

Texas MIissIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 345

occasionally marked by faint costae (these presumably being im-
pressions on inner layers of the radially arranged spines).

Pedicle valve moderately thin-shelled, greatest convexity near
the beak; beak small, slightly incurved, with a small subcircular
foramen which touches the brachial valve; delthyrium open, ob-
scured by the brachial valve. Interior with short, thickened, slightly
diverging dental plates that flare slightly antero-dorsally; teeth
large, medially incurved under the lateral edges of the inner socket
ridges; muscle scars indistinct.

Brachial valve thin-shelled; convexity variable, some spalled
valves being tumid posteriorly and others low and evenly convex;
dorsal beak small, narrow, slightly incurved, usually obscured by the
ventral beak; fold lacking but a mesial flattening or weak groove
common in spalled specimens. Interior with a small apical perfora-
tion; hinge plate subquadrate, short, with a mesial undulation; short
median ridge present in umbonal region; two low, subparallel, closely
set ridges flanking the median ridge and presumably marking the
adductor muscle field.

Table 26.—Measurements in millimeters of Cletothyridina tenulineata
(Rowley).

: USNM
USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness Locality
154590 12.8 12.7 6.3 9045
154591 10.7 11.8 5.8 9045
154592 10.1 10.1? 5.1 9045
154593 8.7 yi 4.4 9045
154594 7.6 8.2 4.0 9047
154595 6.3 6.6 3.0 9047

Types.—Rowley based this species on 12 specimens from the
Lower Burlington Limestone near Louisiana, Missouri. Apparently
only metatypes, or topotypes identified by R. R. Rowley, were
available to both Weller (1914, p. 478) and Branson (1938, p. 75).
Eight probable topotype specimens are in the USNM collections.

Distinguishing characters—This species is distinguished by its
smaller size, subcircular or subellipsoidal outline, lenticular profile,
subequally biconvex valves; rectimarginate anterior commissure; no
fold and sulcus, although a mesial flattening may be present on one
or both valves, and lamellar bands of fine spines arranged in radial
rows.

346 BULLETIN 238

Comparisons.—Cleiothyridina tenuilineata was considered by
both Weller (1914, p. 478) and Branson (1938, p. 75) to be a pos-
sible or even probable synonym of Cletothyridina hirsuta (Hall),
1856, from the St. Louis Limestone of Indiana and other Meramecian
formations. The two species do seem to be closely related. However,
C. hirsuta is ordinarily longer, has coarser spines, and commonly
has a subpentagonal outline, especially in larger specimens.

Cleiothyridina parvirostra (Meek and Worthen), 1860, from
the Keokuk Limestone of the Mississippi Valley, is somewhat similar
to C. tenuilineata, but is considerably larger, has a subpentagonal
outline, and a wider ventral beak.

(aN loa
O)ES) 0.4

ee iS 1.4

Text-figure 21.—Transverse serial sections of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata
(Rowley) x5, USNM 154596, from USNM locality 9045, measurements in
millimeters from ventral beak.

Cleiothyridina glenparkensis Weller, 1914, from the Fern Glen
Formation of Missouri is much larger than C. tenuilimeata and has
a transversely elongated outline.

Remarks —There does not appear to be much variation in

Texas MIssiSSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER © 347

shell shape during ontogeny. Eight probable topotype specimens
from Louisiana, Missouri, corroborate this.

Occurrence and abundance.—This species is widely identified
in most late Kinderhookian and early Osagian formations from the
central and southwestern states. In the Chappel Limestone it was
found at USNM localities 9045 (35 specimens), 9048 (4 specimens),
and 9047 (3 specimens).

Cleiothyridina aff. C. prouti (Swallow) Pl. 32, figs. 1a-4e; Text-fig. 22

1860. Spirigera Proutit Swallow, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 1, p. 649.

1881. (?) Spirifera temeraria Miller, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour., vol. 4,
p. 314, pl. 7, figs. 9-9b.

1894. Athyris proutit (Swallow), Keyes, Missouri Geol. Sur., vol. 5, p. 91.

1909. Cleiothyris prouti (Swallow), Weller, Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 20,
p. 314, pl. 14, figs. 12-15.

1914. Cleiothyridina prouti (Swallow), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1.
p. 474, pl. 79, figs. 13-16. “<

1950. (Non) Cleiothyridina prouti (Swallow), Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub
4329, pl. 5, figs. 21a-b.

The following description is based on five spalled but otherwise
nearly complete specimens from the Chappel Limestone. One of
these specimens was sectioned and is now preserved only as a plastic
cast. The small number of Chappel specimens prevents the erection
of a new species. G. A. Cooper collected several closely similar speci-
mens from the Caballero Formation of New Mexico. That material
has not been studied in detail.

Small to medium, subequally biconvex, both valves moderately
inflated, lenticular to globular in profile, transversely subellipsoidal
to subcircular in outline; both beaks considerably incurved, that of
the brachial valve being obscured by the ventral beak; hinge line
subterebratulid; cardinal extremities rounded, scarcely compressed;
surfaces of both valves evenly convex except for fold and sulcus;
anterior commissure uniplicate to parasulcate; fold and sulcus mod-
erately to well developed in anterior half of shell; prosopon con-
sisting of irregularly spaced growth varices and faint radial mark-
ings which presumably are inner shell impressions of radially ar-
ranged spines.

Pedicle valve thick-shelled, subconical in anterior profile; great-
est convexity near the beak; surface with even curve anterior to
beak and abruptly toward the posterior margin; foramen small and

rounded, touching the brachial umbo; delthyrium open but obscured

348 BULLETIN 238

by incurvature of the beaks; interarea apparently lacking; median
sulcus well developed, originating as a groove in the beak that
widens and deepens gradually to the anterior margin, forming a
moderate to deep rounded sulcus with rounded shoulders and in
some cases a moderate tongue; sulcal angle highly variable in the
specimens studied, averaging about 36 degrees.

Pedicle valve interior with short slender dental plates that
converge slightly dorsad posteriorly, being subparallel anteriorly;
bases of dental plates obscured by a thick deposit of shell tissue;
teeth large, bladelike.

Table 27.—Measurements in millimeters of Cleiothyridina aff. C. prouti
(Swallow), 1860.

USNM
USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness Locality
154774 13.5? 14.7 10.2 9048
154775 AI 14.9 8.7 9045
154776 12.8 13.6 9.2 9045
154778 LS ie 1357, 8.9 9045
154777 9.8 10.5 5.8 9045

Brachial valve with an inflated umbo; profile similar to that
of the pedicle valve; beak small, incurved, and hidden by the ventral
beak; surface evenly convex except for the fold-sulcus and beak
area; fold highly variable, inconspicuous or lacking posteriorly and
poorly to well developed anteriorly; fold when present, rounded,
never flattened.

Interior of brachial valve with small apical perforation; hinge
plate subquadrate; short median ridge present in umbonal region;
muscle scars indistinct.

Distinguishing characters and comparisons.—Cleiothyridina
proutt s. s. is characterized by its thick globular profile in adults,
uniplicate to parasulcate commissure, rounded, well-developed fold
and sulcus, and prosopon in which the flat spines of each lamella
are arranged in a radial series, producing a characteristic fine reticu-
late pattern. In worn or occasionally even in spalled specimens, the
surface may be weakly costate.

The Chappel-Caballero species approximates these character-
istics, but it is smaller, has a greater length-width ratio, and both
valves have relatively longer narrower umbones.

Texas MIssiIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 349

Cleiothyridina humerosa Stainbrook, 1950, from the Aplington
Formation of Iowa is similar and related to these forms. It can be
distinguished by its greater length-width ratio, better defined fold,
more pronounced lJateral sulci in the brachial valve, and a nonreticu-
late surface in worn or denuded shells.

Remarks.—The above mentioned closely related species appear,
at least superficially, to form an off-shoot from the typical Cletothy-
ridina lineage, and it is possible that these species should be
separated generically.

2.3

Text-figure 22—Transverse serial sections of Cleiothyridina aff. C. prouti
3, USNM 154774, from USNM locality 9048, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

Occurrence and abundance.—Cleiothyridina prouti 5s. 5., 1S a
Fern Glen species. A similar form occurs in the Lake Valley Forma-
tion of New Mexico. S. A. Miller proposed a name for this Lake
Valley form, Spirifera temeraria Miller, 1881, but it may prove to
be a junior synonym of C. prouwtt.

The unnamed Chappel species also occurs in the Caballero
Formation of New Mexico. It is not common in either formation.

350 BULLETIN 238
Suborder SPIRIFERIDINA Waagen, 1883
Superfamily CYRTIACEA Frederiks, 1919 (1924)
Family AMBOCOELIIDAE George, 1931
Genus CRURITHYRIS George, 1931
Crurithyris parva (Weller) Pl. 33, figs. la-8e; Text-figs. 23, 24

1899. Ambocoelia parva Weller, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. vol. 9, p. 20,

pl. 4, figs. 1-4.

1914. Ambocoelia parva Weller, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 424, pl.

Wd, figs, 32-35.

The following description is based upon a large collection of
spalled but otherwise complete specimens from the Chappel Lime-
stone. Weller based Ambocoelia parva on only two pedicle valves
which were preserved as external casts from the Northview Sand-
stone. The pedicle valve extensions are closely similar, and a com-
parison between the two forms is clearly in order. The obvious lack
of dorsal valves and interiors of C. parva makes unequivocable iden-
tification difficult at the present time.

Smaller than average for the genus, unequally biconvex, the
brachial valve being low but not flat; outline rounded, width usually
slightly greater than length, greatest width at or near mid-length;
hinge line straight; cardinal extremities rounded; ventral beak
prominent, incurved, overhanging the hinge line, dorsal beak tiny,
inconspicuous; both valves with a shallow median groove extending
from the beaks to the anterior margin; anterior commissure recti-
marginate; surfaces of both valves smoothly convex, except for the
median grooves and umbonal regions; no external prosopon pre-
served in the specimens studied.

Pedicle valve subconical in posterior profile, greatest convexity
posterior to the hinge line; ears faintly delimited by a slight com-
pression or reflexing of the shell surface; interarea triangular, curved,
apsacline delthyrium higher than wide, with narrow deltidial plates
that are best seen in transverse sections.

Pedicle interior simple; teeth wide, bladeshaped, low median
ridge present in the umbonal regions, sometimes extending forward
to mid-valve.

Brachial valve low, gently convex in posterior profile; ears a
little better defined than in the pedicle valve by a reflexing of the

Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 351

shell surface; dorsal beak narrow, small, set off by the reflexing that
forms the ears; dorsal interarea low, anacline.

Table 28.—Measurements in millimeters of Crurithyris parva from USNM
locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154780 6.8 Tot! 4.0
154781 6.8 7.0 3.9
154782 6.1 6.7 3
154783 of) 6.0 Sol!
154784 4.8 5.0 2.8
154785 4.0 4.6 2.6
154786 3.3 3.4 2.0
154787 2.6 2.8 loz

Brachial interior with simple moderately large clublike cardinal
process which rests on the floor of the valve near the ‘hinge line;
socket ridges large, thick, subparallel, diverging slightly, extending
anteriorly from either side of the cardinal process, completely en-
closing the crural bases which exist merely as rods lying on the floor
of the valve; crural bases originating in the dorsal beak on either
side of the cardinal process and emerging anterior to the socket
ridges (see Text-figure 23); crura long, also rodlike or somewhat
flattened; spiralia not observed; sockets: nearly parallel to the hinge
line, wide, delimited anteriorly by high fulcral plates; muscle im-
pressions consisting of a low wide median ridge extending anteriorly
from the cardinal process, two lower accessory ridges on either side
of the median ridge, all of which form a thickened crest that extends
forward to about mid-valve.

Comparisons.—According to Weller (1914, p. 425) Ambocoelia
parva differs from A. minuta White, 1862, “in its larger size, its
less gibbous pedicle valve with the umbonal region projecting farther
posteriorly, and in the absence of the covering of fine surface spines.”
The last named distinction is probably not valid but a limitation of
the mode of preservation of Weller’s specimens.

The Burlington species, Ambocoelia laevicula Rowley, 1s similar
to C. parva but is transversely elongated, with a weakened ventral
sinus, and the ventral beak does not extend far beyond the hinge
line.

Remarks.—Although a large collection of specimens of this

~~
On
bo

BULLETIN 238

~ De Sg va SS
\
\

/ \
\

her ~/ oa | ) \
ST a ae ee

0.8 0.9 1.0 II Ver

x
) y: »

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Joh

A
ae ( ies ary | ( wees) Ai

aft mp x

OF 0.8 (OHS) 1.0 i Ne
Eun ——— = atta amar

~~, el i Or, ee es

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 lars

B

Text-figure 23.—Transverse serial sections of Crurithyris parva (Weller)
6, measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) An average specimen, USNM
154788 from USNM locality 9047, showing the median ridge in the pedicle valve
and rodlike crural bases originating near the dorsal beak. (B) Another speci-
men, USNM_ 154789 from USNM locality 9045, with a short ventral median
ridge and a subdelthyrial plate.

Texas MuississiIPpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER

wn
On
>)

a8
WIDTH (MM)
x

7: “4
yo o oO
A oe
% e 6 4 e

e “I €
ON my e
LS t v/ °
se 8 pe
3. 4 ‘.
i. Va ;
Asami

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM) e & 6
=
= 3
a @ree
ne
ot i
= "Free
CRA
x
© Rey
x
oe

@e e
= ne
e

Text-figure 24.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Crurithyris parva
(Weller) from USNM locality 9045.

species is available from the Chappel Limestone collections, observa-
tions of ontogeny proved to be unsatisfactory, Text-figure 24 shows
how little the form varies in its proportions at various growth stages.

BuLLETIN 238

os)
mn
—

Because most specimens have a recrystallized matrix inside, prepara-
tion of transverse sections proved to be a laborious task, too difficult
in fact to derive much information about the development of various
internal structures.

Occurrence and abundance.—This form is common at USNM
localities 9045, 9043, 9046, and somewhat less common at locality
9047, and 9048. The collection from locality 9045 consists of over
150 good specimens.

Superfamily SUESSIACEA Waagen, 1883
Family CYRTINIDAE Frederiks, 1912
Genus CYRTINA Davidson, 1858
Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley Pl. 34, figs. la-8e; Text-figs. 25, 26

1893. Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley, Am. Geol., vol. 12, p. 308, pl. 14, figs.

1914, cae burlingtonensis Rowley, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1,
pp. 288, 289, pl. 35, figs. 22-31.

1958. Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley, Sanders, in Easton, et. al., Smith. Misc.
Coll., vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 63, 64, pl. 7C, figs. 9-24.

Although this well-known little cyrtinid species is easily recog-
nized from exteriors, none of the authors cited above has given a
complete description including interiors of both valves.

Smaller than average for the genus, unequally biconvex, hemi-
pyramidal, slightly wider than long, with the greatest width near
the hinge line; cardinal extremities small and rounded; ventral beak
large, incurved over the apex of the interarea; anterior commissure
uniplicate to parasulcate; fold and sulcus moderately developed,
narrow, and rounded; macroprosopon consisting of three coarse
rounded costae per ventral flank (two per dorsal flank), the lateral
ones being relatively weak, and irregularly spaced growth varices,
which are usually crowded near the anterior margin; entire shell
coarsely punctate.

Pedicle valve deep with convex lateral slopes; greatest con-
vexity posterior to mid-length; interarea clearly defined, high,
curved, triangular; delthyrium narrow, covered by a convex pseudo-
deltidium which is pierced by an elongate moderately large foramen;
sulcus narrow and shallow, originating as a groove in the beak;
bounding costae much stronger than those on the flanks.

Texas MiIssIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 355

Table 29.—Measurements in millimeters of Cyrtina burlingtonensis from
the Chappel Limestone.

USNM
USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154797 9.9 10.9 6.9 9045
154798 8.4 10.0 5.8 9047
154799 8.8 9.0 5.4 9045
154800 6.3 6.6 4.4 9045
154801 5.3 5.8 3.5 9045
154802 4.3 4.8 2.9 9045
154803 3.9 4.2 Ze, 9045
154804 2.8 3.1 1.9 9045

Pedicle valve interior with short convergent dental plates and
a high long median septum, forming a spondylium and tichorhinum,
teeth small; muscle scars indistinct. a

Brachial valve low with slightly concave lateral extremities,
forming small ears; greatest convexity near the small inconspicuous
dorsal beak; fold low, rounded, originating in the dorsal umbo; de-
lineated by disproportionately wide deep bounding grooves.

Brachial interior with low bifid cardinal process composed of
two coarse vertical plates and resting on the floor of the valve;
socket ridges large, relatively high, nearly vertical, enclosing the
posterior portions of the crural plates, which extend anteriorly di-
rectly from the anterior portions of the socket ridges; crura narrow
but thickened, low; muscle impressions formed in depression be-
tween two low subparallel ridges which extend forward from the
anterior edges of the socket plates; spiralia and jugum unknown.

Holotype.—Rowley’s holotype is presumably in the University
of Illinois collections.

Distinguishing characters.

Cyrtina burlingtonensis 1s charact-
erized by its nearly equal length and breadth, few costae, and
rounded ears.

Comparisons.—Cyrtina acutirostris (Shumard), 1855, from the
Louisiana Limestone of Missouri, 1s wider, has more numerous
costae, angular ears, and extremely disproportionately large sulcus
bounding costae.

Remarks.—Observations of growth varices, as well as measure-

ments of some 30 individuals from USNM locality 9045, show that

356 BuLLeTin 238

my:

/

a

; \
©5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1.0 \.1 le2
Volare ye : on

\

1.3 1.4 1.5

Text-figure 25—Transverse serial sections of Cyrtina burlingtonensis
Rowley <6, USNM 154805 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak.

most of the specimens are remarkably similar in their proportions
and general appearance in all known growth stages. The smallest
specimen in the Chappel Limestone collection has only two costae
per ventral flank but except for size this is the only discernible dif-
ference between it and the largest specimen, which has three costae
per flank. As Sanders (1958, p. 64) pointed out, there are some dif-
ferences in the outline and profile of the pedicle valves (of larger
specimens) due to variation in growth rate of the anterior margin.

Occurrence and abundance.—Seventy specimens from locality
9045 constitute the only adequate collection from the Chappel Lime-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 357

Cd
WIDTH (MM)

2

M
6 4 2 LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

Ta r
nueES Scat
S 4,
SS
7) Load
8) ae “ty
WW e
z
x ee.
©
OTs
|

Text-figure 26.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Cyrtina burlingtonensis
Rowley from USNM locality 9045.

stone. Localities 9047 and 9048 have yielded one good specimen
each.
Superfamily SPIRIFERACEA King, 1846
Family MUCROSPIRIFERIDAE Pitrat, 1965
Genus TYLOTHYRIS North, 1920
1920. Tylothyris North, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, vol. 76, p. 195.

Spiriferoid, small to medium-sized, biconvex; pedicle valve more
inflated than the brachial; transversely elongated in outline, greatest

358 BULLETIN 238

width at or just anterior to the hinge line; ears angular or somewhat
rounded; hinge nondenticulate; anterior commissure uniplicate; fold
and sulcus moderately to well developed, noncostate; flanks costate,
the costae being simple and subangular or rounded; surface lamel-
lose or imbricate but not capillate or spinose; impunctate.

Pedicle valve subconical in anterior profile; lateral slopes gently
convex or almost flat; beak small and usually slightly incurved;
interarea sharply defined, low to high, flat to curved, smooth; del-
thyrium higher than wide, apparently open.

Pedicle valve interior with short divergent dental plates and
apical callosity; median septum well developed and longer than the
dental plates.

Brachial valve gently convex; fold low posteriorly, flattened
and elevated anteriorly; dorsal interarea low and obscured by the
pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with a spiriferoid cardinal process and
a short low median ridge; spiralia and jugum unknown.

Type species—(By original designation) Cyrtia laminosa
M’Coy, Syn. Characters Carb. Limestone Fossils of Ireland, p. 137,
pl. 21, fig. 4.

Distinguishing characters—This genus is characterized by its
high subconical pedicle valve and low gently convex brachial valve,
short dental plates and well-developed median septum in the pedicle
valve, a nondenticulate hinge, the noncostate fold and sulcus, and
simple imbricate growth lamellae.

Comparisons.—In Mississippian strata Tylothyris can be con-
fused only with Punctospirifer North, 1920, “Spiriferina” d’Orbigny,
and Amesopleura, n. gen. The first two genera are coarsely punctate
and can be easily distinguished on that basis. Forms assigned herein
to Amesopleura can be distinguished by their denticulate hinge,
capillate microprosopon, and lack of a true ventral median septum.

Range.—? Upper Devonian, Mississippian (Lower Carboni-
ferous). The species assigned to Tylothyris from the Upper Devon-
ian of North America are somewhat different from Mississippian
forms and may not belong in this genus.

Tylothyris brevaurita, n. sp. Pl. 35, figs. la-9e; Text-figs. 27, 28

Small for the genus; biconvex, the pedicle valve considerably

Texas MississipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER. 359

more inflated than the brachial; transversely elongated, subquadrate
to semielliptical in outline; maximum width attained posterior to
mid-length or near the hinge line; ventral beak of moderate size
and incurved; dorsal beak inconspicuous or lacking; hinge brachy-
thyrid; ears small, subangular, attenuated, and slightly or negligibly
compressed; anterior commissure uniplicate, almost parasulcate; fold
and sulcus moderately developed, rounded; prosopon consisting of
four or rarely five simple rounded costae per ventral flank (and
three or four per dorsal flank), and evenly spaced imbricating growth
lamellae, there being about two or three per millimeter.

Pedicle valve subconical in posterior profile, the flanks sloping
evenly to the anterior margin; interarea sharply defined, smooth,
concave, and relatively low; delthyrium open; sulcus originating in
the beak as a well-defined groove, widening evenly to form a sulcal
angle of about 25 degrees at the anterior margin; bounding costae
noticeably larger than those of the flanks.

Table 30—Measurements in millimeters of Tylothyris brevaurita, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154812 WE 10.9 Sal!
154813 7.6 , 10.5 5.2
154814 7.4 OBS 4.9
154815 6.4 8.7 4.0
154816 5.6 8.3 3.6
154817 5.3 Well 3.6
154819 4.4 529 3.0
154820 3.6 4.9 2.4

Pedicle valve interior with short slender subparallel dental
plates; median septum of moderate height, long, extending anteriorly
about one-third to one-half the length of the valve; apical callosity
relatively small; teeth small.

Brachial valve low, gently convex, ears slightly compressed;
dorsal interarea low and inconspicuous; fold low, originating as a
simple costa posteriorly but being delineated by costal grooves that
are somewhat deeper than those of the flanks; fold rising anteriorly
and becoming flattened.

Brachial valve interior with a flattened cardinal process that
is supported by an umbonal callosity; crural plates wide, obliquely

360 BuLietTin 238

>) r I —

Ip A\ / ay C L AES \
// NG \ \\ ¥ / a\ 7 \ Ve x y y \

LSS \2. Zo ad Aes
eA ec Fe ee

1.0 1.1 i ire) 1.4

if ; \ fo \
Yo f / !
1:5 1.6

Text-figure 27.—Transverse serial sections of Tylothyris brevaurita, n. sp.
«3, USNM_ 154821 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

imbedded on their inner edges in fibrous shell tissue; short low
median ridge present in dorsal umbo; spiralia unknown.

Holotype-—USNM No. 154813, Plate 35, figs. 2a-e.

Distinguishing characters——This species is characterized by its
smal] size, subquadrate to semielliptical outline, small subangular
attenuated ears, four or rarely five costae per ventral flank, and
prominent bounding costae and grooves.

Comparisons.—Tylothyris brevaurita is distinctive and easily
recognized in the Chappel Limestone collections. Forms from other
strata bear some resemblance to it but are usually easily distin-
guished in the following manner.

Tylothyrts clarksvillensis (Winchell), 1865, from the Louisiana
Limestone of Missouri, is larger with a rounded semicircular outline,
the brachial valve is more convex, its ears are angular or somewhat
rounded but not attenuated, the sulcus is narrower, and the fold-
sulcus bounding costae and grooves are not significantly different in
size from those of the flanks.

Delthyris missouriensis Weller, 1906, from the Glen Park Lime-
stone and Hamburg Oolite of Missouri, and possibly Chappel Lime-
stone of Texas, is also larger with a semicircular outline, lacks
prominent fold-sulcus bounding costae and grooves, its ears are
narrowly rounded and not attenuated and the brachial valve is more
convex than in 7. brevaurtta.

Texas MIssissipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 361

A \ Ss Me
=
e x -
re 5
x i
. > .
AA ei
“
a
LENGTH(MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

pn
a e

= ~

” oS
¢ a e %w e

CS, e

2 Ne

oO ose

‘S Ng

Text-figure 28.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Tylothyris brevaurita,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

Delthyris farmert Branson, 1938, from the Bushberg Sandstone
of Missouri, has a much more convex brachial valve, six to eight
costae per flank, and the bottom of the sulcus is flattened.

Remarks.—An examination of 27 good specimens of various
sizes from USNM locality 9045 failed to reveal any significant mor-

362 BuLLETIN 238

phological differences between the larger and smaller specimens.
The ears in small specimens are often not so sharply attenuated as
in large specimens, but otherwise there is little external difference
between large and small specimens. Information on the ontogeny of
the interior details is unfortunately lacking due to the poor preserva-
tion of the interiors of most specimens. Scatter diagrams comparing
measurements of the above mentioned specimens from locality 9045
are illustrated in Text-figure 28.

Occurrence and abundance.—ldentifiable specimens of 7. brev-
aurita have been found only at USNM localities 9042, 9043, 9045,
and 9047. It is common only at locality 9045; this collection con-
sisting of the 27 measured shells plus several scores of fragmentary
specimens or disarticulated valves.

Tylothyris cf. T. missouriensis (Weller) Pl. 34, figs. 9a-9e

1906. Delthyris missouriensis Weller, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 16, p.
445, pl. 6, figs. 23-26.

1914. Delthyris missouriensis Weller, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p.
302, pl. 36, figs. 9-14.

1922. (Non) Delthyris missouriensis Tansey, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, vol.
17, p. 199, pl. 51, figs. 1-11 (primary homonym).

1938. (In part) Delthyris clarksvillensis, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol.
13 ANOs3. aps 1375 pleeli6, figs 10) om ties. 9:

1938. Delthyris suborbicularis, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13
3, Dis N6s ties) 213)

No:

Several problematical specimens of T'ylothyris from USNM
locality 9045 appear to be comparable to Tylothyris massourtensts
described by Weller. The Chappel Limestone collection consists of
only one complete specimen and 15 fragmentary or poorly preserved
similar specimens, some of which may not be conspecific.

The illustrated specimen agrees in most respects to Weller’s
description although an accurate comparison is impossible, mainly
because of the small collections available for comparison.

The only discrepancy between this specimen and Weller’s
description is in the nature of the growth lamellae. Weller described
T. missouriensis as having three or four lamellae per millimeter
whereas the specimen illustrated here has much coarser, more widely
spaced lamellae, there being about two per millimeter or three per
two millimeters.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 363

Genus AMESOPLEURA, n. gen.
(4, Gr., without; mesos, Gr., middle; pleuron, Gr., rib)

Moderately to strongly biconvex, fusiform to subellipsoidal;
outline subtrigonal, transversely elongated, greatest width at the
hinge line; both beaks, especially the ventral, considerably incurved
giving a nearly ovate lateral profile in adult specimens; cardinal ex-
tremities often somewhat mucronate, not much compressed; pos-
terior portions of shell evenly convex except near the hinge line and
beaks, convexity even or increasing considerably anteriorly forming
a truncated anterior margin; anterior commissure uniplicate, lateral
commissure straight or slightly curved; fold and sulcus relatively
narrow, noncostate; fold low, often flattened, not elevated pos-
teriorly, becoming moderately elevated anteriorly, often with a shal-
low or obscure median groove; sulcus shallow, rounded, originating
in the beak as a narrow but deeply impressed groove, delineated by
bounding costae that are slightly to considerably larger than those
of the flanks; flanks costate, costae simple, rounded and radiating
from near the beak, originating posteriorly near the edge of the ven-
tral interarea; surface lamellose or imbricate and capillate; im-
punctate.

Pedicle valve more inflated than the brachial valve; beak small,
strongly incurved; surface evenly convex or with slight reflexing
near the ears; interarea low, sharply defined, acutely triangular or
narrowly rectangular, vertically grooved, often truncated at the
lateral extremities; hinge line denticulate; delthyrium apparently
open or partially filled with columnar tissue deposits.

Pedicle valve interior with slender moderately long dental plates
that originate in the beak and extend anteriorly along the inner
grooves formed by the external sulcus-bounding costae; dental plates
considerably thickened by columnar shell tissue; dental flanges con-
vergent and partially buried within the dental plates; median ridge
usually poorly developed.

Brachial valve inflated but less convex than the pedicle valve;
beak small; interarea low, triangular; notothyrium more or less
closed by the cardinal process; inner edge of interarea pitted, forming
tiny sockets for the denticles.

Brachial interior with spiriferoid cardinal process, supported by

364 BULLETIN 238

a thick, elongate mass of columnar or fibrous shell tissue, deposited
between two platelike ridges that usually extend one-third to one-
half the length of the valve along the inner crests of the fold-bound-
ing grooves; these platelike ridges may be obscured by massive
columnar tissue deposits supporting the cardinalia but can invariably
be distinguished in thin sections or cellulose peels.

Type species—Spirifera novamexicana Miller, 1881, Cincinnati
Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour., vol. 4, p. 314, pl. 7, figs. 10-10b. Lake Valley
Formation (Osagian) of New Mexico.

Distinguishing characters —This genus can be distinguished ex-
ternally from related genera by its elongate narrowly rectangular
interarea, moderately incurved ventral beak, slightly mucronate
ears, and somewhat disproportionately large sulcus-bounding costae
(a weak median groove in the dorsal fold ?). Internally, the dentai
plates are long, set close together, and follow the inner surfaces of
the sulcus-bounding costae, and the cardinalia are supported by a
thick elongate mass of shell tissue deposited more or less between
two platelike ridges that usually extend forward one-third to one-
half the length of the valve.

Comparisons!—Amesopleura is most similar to Strophopleura
Stainbrook, 1947, from the Percha Shale (Upper Devonian) of New
Mexico; Eleutherokhomma Crickmay, 1950, from the Middle and
Upper Devonian of North America; Acuminothyris Roberts, 1963,

lAfter this genus was in manuscript the author was informed of the estab-
lishment of a similar new genus, Voiseyella Roberts, 1964, from the Middle
Viséan of Australia. Roberts assigned only the type species, Strophopleura
anterosa Campbell, 1957, to his genus although he noted the external similarity
between the latter and Spirifer mundulus Rowley from the Burlington Lime-
stone of Missouri. The cursory diagnosis given by Roberts fits in general many
delthyrid and spiriferid genera. His (pl. 3, figs. 1-7) and Campbell’s (1957, pl.
15, figs. 15-23) illustrations of the type species leave much to be desired in
terms of showing interior details, and serial sections have not been illustrated.
From these illustrations there is no indication that the brachial valve of
Voiseyella possesses a thick elongate mass of shell tissue deposited between
two platelike ridges as in Amesopleura, a difference that the writer considers
to be of generic importance.

The Chappel Limestone species described herein, Amesopleura texana, in
some respects is more similar externally to Voiseyella anterosa than to Ameso-
pleura novamexicana. However, early growth stages of the Texas and New
Mexico species are remarkably similar and the brachial interiors of adults are
comparable.

No North American species can be unequivocably assigned to Voiseyella
Roberts, although admittedly the interiors of few spiriferoid species are known
from Mississippian strata.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER. 365

from the Upper Tournaisian of New South Wales, Australia; and
Pterospirifer Dunbar, 1955, from the Permian of Greenland, the
Arctic, and Europe.

Strophopleura has a peculiarly discordant costation on the
flanks of both valves and is distinguishable on that basis alone. In-
ternally it also has short buried dental plates that can be seen only
in transverse sections. In the dorsal valve the cardinal process is
partially supported by shell tissue posteriorly and the longitudinal
ridges on the crests of the fold-bounding grooves are low and incon-
spicuous. Furthermore, the unsupported or free end of the cardinal
process splits medially and is attached to the socket and crural
plates by layers of fibrous shell tissue that are wrapped around free
portions of the latter structures.

Eleutherokomma looks much like Mucrospirifer hence can be
distinguished by its extremely mucronate ears and regular imbricate
prosopon. Internally the cardinal process is essentially unsupported
and there does not appear to be any prominent longitudinal ridges
on the fold-bounding grooves.

Acuminothyris has regular lamellae and acutely angular, but
never mucronate, ears. Internally the dental plates are short, set
relatively far apart, and do not follow the sulcus-bounding costae,
and the callus supporting the cardinal process is relatively short.
The ventral interarea is acutely triangular and the ventral beak
is strongly incurved over the dorsal umbo.

Pterospirifer is relatively large, the sulcus has a low narrow
median rib or ridge as does the dorsal fold, and the ventral inter-
area is relatively high and nearly flat.

Amesopleura can easily be distinguished from similar appearing
but unrelated delthyridid and mucrospiriferid genera by its denticu-
late hinge and capillate microprosopon.

Assignment of species to the genus, besides the type,
is particularly frustrating due to the lack of interior details and
knowledge of microprosopon for most similar species. However, it is
possible to assign with little equivocation a new species from the
Chappel Limestone, Amesopleura texana, n. sp.

Sanders (1958) described a brachial valve from the Represso
Limestone of Sonora, Mexico, as Tylothyris ? sp. that belongs here.
Spirifera mundula Rowley, 1893, from the Lower Burlington Lime-

366 BuLLETIN 238

stone of Missouri should probably be assigned to Amesoplewra, but
unfortugately the holotype is too poorly preserved to determine the
nature of the prosopon. Spirifer piersonensis Moore, 1928, from the
Pierson Limestone of Missouri may also eventually be assigned to
this genus. However, the holotype is apparently the only specimen
known and it is not well preserved. In the USNM collections there
are several poorly preserved specimens of a large species from the
Borden Group of Indiana and Kentucky that shows affinities with
Amesopleura. It and other Borden forms often called Spirifer nova-
mexicana may eventually be assigned here. An undescribed species
from the Caballero Formation of New Mexico may also be placed
in this genus at a later time.

The geniculation of one or both valves in the type species of
this genus may prove to be more significant than is regarded here.
Also, the nature of the shell tissue that supports the cardinalia
seems to be different in the type species from that of the Chappel
Limestone species. It is possible that recrystallization has taken
place in the type species, and it is true that the shells are partially
silicified, which may indicate that the shells were treated to some
chemical alteration even in the nonsilicified limy tissues. If unaltered
shells unequivocally show that the cardinalia supporting tissue 1s
columnar and not fibrous as in Amesopleura texana, n. sp., then this
may be another reason for further subdivision of the genus, although
Williams and Rowell (1965, p. 64) considered the third shell layer
(called columnar herein) to be “. . . simply a modification of the
secondary layer.”

Range. — Lower Mississippian.

Amesopleura novamexicana (Miller) Pl. 33, figs. 9a-12e; Text-fig. 29

1881. Spirifera novamexicana Miller, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour., vol. 4,
p. 314, figs. 10-10b.

1909. (?) Spiriferina magnicostatus Weller, Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol.
20, p. 307, pl. 13, figs. 12-15.

1914. Delthyris novamexicana (Miller), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp.
304, 305, pl. 36, figs. 15-24.

1930. Delthyris novamexicana (Miller), Croneis, Arkansas Geol. Sur., Bull. 3,
pl. 11, figs. 21-23.

1938. (?) Delthyris novamexicana (Miller), Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies,
vol. 13, No. 3, p. 58, pl. 6, figs. 8-10.

1938. (?) Delthyris novamexicana (Miller), Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies,
vol. 13, part 4, pp. 21, 22, pl. 22, figs. 3-8.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 367

1947. (Non) Tylothyris novamexicana Stainbrook, Jour. Paleont., vol. 21, p.

323, pl. 47, figs. 31-33.

1950. (Non) Delthyris novamexicana, Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub. 4329, pl.
1962. ‘SRE cf. T. novamexicana (Miller), Armstrong, New Mexico

Bur. Mines Min. Res., Mem. 8, p. 53, pl. 6, fig. 26.

Although this species name has been applied by various authors,
as seen in the summary above, a proper description based on a
reasonably large collection and including interior details has never
been given. Such a description based on several dozen fairly good
topotype (or presumably topotype) specimens from Apache Hill
near Lake Valley, New Mexico, is given below in order to establish
the new genus Amesopleura more satisfactorily.

Slightly smaller than average size for the family; subequally
biconvex, the pedicle valve is somewhat more inflated than the
brachial; considerably transversely elongated in outline, the greatest
width at the hinge line, the length-width ratio is approximately 0.43;
lateral profile subovate; ventral beak small to moderate in size and
incurved over the apex of the delthyrium; dorsal beak small or ob-
scure; ears slightly mucronate in earlier growth stages, becoming
acutely angular in adults, often slightly compressed anterior to the
ventral interarea; convexity of both valves uneven in adults, the
valves bending sharply toward each: other posterior to mid-length,
forming a gently convex anterior surface, the two valves meeting
each other at a high angle; anterior commissure uniplicate, almost
parasulcate in some specimens; fold and sulcus narrow, moderately
developed; macroprosopon consists of regularly spaced subimbricate
growth lamellae about 4-5 per millimeter (anterior to the abrupt
change in growth direction, the lamellae may be less regularly
spaced ), irregular corrugations or growth varices, and seven to nine
simple costae per flank in large specimens; microprosopon consists
of fine capillae about 20 per millimeter and faint rarely preserved,
growth lines that form a reticulate pattern when viewed under high
magnification.

Pedicle valve subconical in posterior profile, lateral slopes ap-
pearing weakly concave in most specimens; greatest convexity an-
terior to mid-length at the point of geniculation; sulcus shallow,
rounded, originating as a narrow groove at the beak and forming a
small tongue anteriorly; sulcus bounding costae noticeably larger

368 BULLETIN 238

than those of the flanks, especially in juvenile specimens; sulcal
angle about 18-19 degrees; interarea low, catacline to slightly pro-
cline in adults, apsacline to catacline in juveniles, curved, often
vertically grooved, narrowly subrectangular, the extremities being
abruptly truncated; delthyrium triangular, higher than wide, with
what appears to be a short thin strongly convex plate at the apex
and a thick longer plate beneath it that protrudes above the edges
of the delthyrium nearer the hinge line (the shell tissue that makes
up this lower plate appears to be continuous with that of the dental
plates) but leaving most of the delthyrium open.

Table 31.— Measurements in millimeters of Amesopleura novamexicana
(Miller) from Apache Hill, 1 mile North of Lake Valley, New Mexico.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154791 9.3 24.2? 8.9
154792 10.3 20.1 8.9
154793 7.4 18.4? tee)

154794 7.8 18.3 1.2

Pedicle valve interior with slender moderately long closely set
dental plates that are mostly composed of columnar tissue and
which follow the inner trace of the sulcus-bounding costae; median
ridge low or often lacking; dental flanges short, oblique, with thin
ventral tips enclosed by the dental plates; teeth small, pointed;
hinge line denticulate.

Brachial valve less inflated than the pedicle valve, more con-
vex in posterior profile, also geniculate anterior to mid-length but
often to a lesser degree; dorsal interarea low, acutely triangular,
orthocline or slightly apsacline; fold low, narrow, with a distinct
median groove that originates very near the dorsal beak.

Brachial valve interior with spiriferoid cardinal process com-
posed of eight plates, closely set inner socket ridges which are
medianly bounded by vertical crural plates; sockets small; cardinalia
supported by a high thick mass of shell tissue (not a septum) which
divides under the cardinal process forming two prominent ridges
that follow the fold-bounding grooves for about one-third to one-
half the length of the valve (these ridges can ordinarily be seen
externally through the fibrous shell layers and appear as dark lines);
median ridge well developed, obscured posteriorly by the above

Texas MIssiISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 369

fe pss ~ ip a AEN

\ 0 ) OW JU ) wT / 0 LY INN }
0 JU WW
So ( ate Sees Ss SS pe a zal
ae! OY My PB hy A Bee De wag
LOW ne 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Text-figure 29—Transverse serial sections of Amesopleura novamexicana
(Miller) from Apache Hill, 1 mile north of Lake Valley, New Mexico. (A)
Large specimen, USNM 154795, 2, showing mature internal structures. (B)
Juvenile specimen, USNM 154796, x4, showing a solid mass of shell tissue sup-
porting the cardinalia, and short dental plates.

mentioned mass of shell tissue; muscle scars not distinguishable in
section; spiralia not preserved in material sectioned.
S. A. Miller’s types are apparently lost. Weller il-

Types.

370 BuLLETIN 238

lustrated three specimens from Lake Valley, New Mexico. Two of
these are now in the Field MNH collections and one specimen pre-
sumably is in the Yale Peabody Museum.

Distinguishing characters—This species is characterized by its
relatively small length-width ratio, the abrupt geniculation of both
valves in adults, seven to nine costae per flank, the narrowly sub-
rectangular procline to catacline ventral interarea with abruptly
truncated lateral extremities in adults, slender closely set dental
plates, short dental flanges, closely set socket plates and vertical
crural plates.

Comparisons—This species is not easily confused with other
forms of Amesopleura despite the broad application of the species
name by earlier workers. Amesopleura texana, n. sp., from the Chap-
pel Limestone has a larger length-width ratio, evenly convex valves,
apsacline ventral interarea, thicker dental plates, longer dental
flanges and more widely spaced socket plates. Strophopleura anterosa
Campbell, 1957, from the upper Tournaisian of New South Wales is
smaller, has fewer costae, and lacks a median groove in the fold.

Remarks.—The status of Spiriferina magnicostatus Weller, 1909,
is uncertain. Iwo specimens of lamellose spiriferoids from the Fern
Glen Formation in the USNM are similar externally to Weller’s
syntypes. They are too poorly preserved for certain identification,
but they and Weller’s syntypes appear to be juveniles of A. nova-
mexicana. It seems that only a large collection of the Fern Glen
Formation can resolve the status of Spiriferina magmicostatus and
in the meantime it is left as a questionable synonym of A. nova-
mexicana.

Observations on the ontogeny of this species are restricted by
a lack of good juvenile specimens and otherwise poor exterior pres-
ervation of most of the USNM specimens. Few specimens have even
one ear completely intact making width measurements impossible.
For this reason only the four illustrated specimens were measured
although many otherwise excellent specimens were available for
study.

Growth varices on several specimens indicate that the outline
changed little during ontogeny. The most significant ontogenetic
changes noticed are these: 1. The dental plates apparently developed
late in ontogeny and are short except in large adults; 2. The genicula-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 371

tion of both valves occurs late in ontogeny occuring anterior to
mid-length; 3. In juvenile shells, the valves being much less convex,
the mass of shell tissue supporting the cardinalia does not split into
two ridges under the cardinalia as in adults but remains a solid mass
up to the bases of the crura.

Occurrence and abundance.—Although this species has been
reported from Osagian formations in the mid-continent, the author
has identified it only from the Lake Valley Formation of New
Mexico where it is presumably common.

Amesopleura texana, n. sp. Pl. 15, fig. 20; Pl. 27, figs. 12a-26; Text-fig. 30

Medium size, biconvex, pedicle valve slightly more inflated than
the brachial valve, transversely elongated in outline, length width
ratio approximately 0.62; greatest width at the hinge line; lateral
profile subovate; ventral beak small to moderate-sized, incurved
over the apex of the delthyrium; dorsal beak inconspicuous; ears of
moderate size, mucronate in most growth stages, often becoming
angular in large adults, usually slightly compressed; umbonal and
anterior portions evenly convex anterior to the beaks; ears set off
by reflexing of the shell surface; anterior commissure uniplicate;
fold and sulcus moderately developed, narrow, rounded; macro-
prosopon consisting of nine or ten costae per flank in large speci-
mens, those bounding the sulcus being somewhat larger than the
rest, irregularly spaced growth varices, and evenly spaced sub-
imbricate lamellae about two or three per millimeter that cover
the entire surface, except for the interarea; microprosopon consists
of fine capillae, about 20 per millimeter.

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbonal region, compressed
laterally; sulcus originates as a groove in the beak, widens evenly
anteriorly forming a sulcal angle of about 18 or 19 degrees; interarea
low, vertically grooved, curved, apsacline, sharply defined, somewhat
truncated at the extremities, forming an obtuse triangle; delthyrium
triangular, occluded apically by a thick mass of shell tissue.

Pedicle interior often greatly thickened posteriorly by columnar
shell tissue; dental plates of moderate length, thick, slightly diver-
gent, following the sulcus-bounding costae, obscured for most of
their length; muscle field deeply impressed between the dental
plates; low median ridge present; teeth large, dental flanges thick,

Si) BuLLeTIN 238

long, and oblique; hinge line denticulate; lateral edges just inside
the valve margin fringed with very small thin lamellose platelets
(see Plate 15, fig. 20).

Brachial valve less inflated than the pedicle valve, more evenly
rounded in posterior profile; greatest convexity near or posterior to
mid-length; ears as in the pedicle valve; dorsal interarea low, in-
conspicuous; fold low, marked only by bounding grooves in the
umbo, usually slightly flattened with a weak median groove.

Table 32.—Measurements in millimeters of Amesopleura texana, n. sp. from
USNM localities 9045 and 9048.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154709 13.2 18.4? 10.5? 9045
154710 OA 16.2? 6.9? 9045
154711 8.3 12.6? 5.5 9045
154712 5.6 S22) 3.9 9045
154713 oy if 10.6? 4.2 9048

Pedicle Valves
154716 W237 20.1 9045
154714 13.8 21.0? 9045
154718 10.2 15.4? 9045
154723 6.4 11.0 9045
154717 t1e5 20.0? 9048
154720 9.5 15.1 9048
154719 8.4 15.4? 9048
154721 9.4 16.4? 9048
Brachial Valves
154715 10.1 20.8 9045
154722 6.8 14.1? 9048

Brachial interior posteriorly thickened by (fibrous?) shell tis-
sue; cardinal process relatively large, composed of about ten plates,
supported by a thick (fibrous?) elongate shell deposit that extends
forward beyond the cardinal process; socket ridges thick, also im-
bedded in fibrous tissue, free only anteriorly; crural plates thin,
short, slightly oblique, attached laterally to the inner socket ridges;
median ridge present in posterior half of valve, ridges extend from
the shell mass under the cardinalia anteriorly for about one-third
the length of the valve, often obscured by shell tissue in very large
specimens but well defined in moderate sized specimens; lateral
edges of valve margin fringed with tiny platelets as in the pedicle
valve; spiralia and muscle scars not distinguishable in sections,

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 373

rare
1.4 1.6 1.8 240) 2.2
ee 5 ( a Lo > ye
— Ee y ae pe io
SES es Dees
2.4 2.6 = eke

. \ © \
ee 4b Se
0.8 iO ie2 1.4 1.6
Vz <
Sa ee nce a ae
des shy a: Gone Se ai ee

Text-figure 30.—Transverse serial sections of Amesopleura texana, n. sp.
measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) Large specimen, USNM 154579,
<3, from USNM locality 9045, showing the massive thickening of the shell in
late ontogeny. (B) Juvenile specimen, USNM 154724 from USNM locality
9048, 4, showing callus supporting the cardinalia and short dental plates.

374 BuLLeTIN 238

Holotype—USNM 154709, Pl. 37, figs. 12a-e. |

Distinguishing characters-—The length-width ratio, nine to ten
costae per flank, greatly thickened umbones, deeply impressed ven-
tral muscle field, and massive tissue deposits supporting the car-
dinalia characterize this species.

Comparisons.—Strophopleura anterosa Campbell is smaller,
more transversely elongated, and has more mucronate ears.

Remarks.—A closely similar species is found in the New Provi-
dence Shale of Indiana and Kentucky. This form is invariably
crushed, the brachial valve being especially poorly preserved. The
mucronate ears and larger size of this form probably indicate that
it should be given a separate name.

Observations on ontogenetic development of A. texana are lim-
ited by paucity of well-preserved specimens. Growth varices appear
to indicate that in the later stages the shells grow in length much
more rapidly than in width. The smallest specimen sectioned, about
6 mm long, did not have fully developed dental plates, that is, they
did not reach the floor of the valve and there was little columnar
tissue in the ventral umbo.

Occurrence and abundance.—This species is not common at
any locality in the Chappel Limestone, although fair collections
were obtained at USNM localities 9045 and 9048. Nine complete
and nearly complete specimens, two of which were sectioned, 35
pedicle and 16 brachial valves are identified from locality 9045. Two
complete specimens, one of which was sectioned, 17 pedicle and 13
brachial valves were collected at USNM locality 9048. Localities
9043, 9044, 9046, and 9047 each produced several fragmental speci-

mens.

A. texana is not identified outside the Chappel Limestone. The
similarities between this species and undescribed forms from the
Borden Group of the Midwest were noted previously.

Family SYRINGOTHYRIDIDAE Frederiks, 1926
Genus SYRINGOTHYRIS Winchell. 1863
Syringothyris sp. Pig s2tigsm5a-d
One spalled but otherwise complete specimen and 14 disarticu-
lated valves and fragments from USNM locality 9045 constitute the

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER — 375

entire Chappel Limestone collection of syringothyrids. The paucity
of specimens makes their specific identification difficult.

Although interiors per se are not available the pedicle valve
definitely bears a syrinx, dental plates, and lacks a septum. Since
the outer shell layers have been spalled away, it is impossible to
determine whether there was a “twilled-cloth” prosopon, a supposed
generic character. There is little doubt, however, that these speci-
mens belong in Syringothyris.

The spalled surfaces are finely pitted and one specimen appears
to be endopunctate, that is, the punctae occur in fibrous shell
tissue,

The ventral interarea is strongly procline, being inclined only
about 35 degrees above the lateral margin.

Family SPIRIFERIDAE King, 1846
Genus SPIRIFER J. Sowerby, 1816

1816. Spirifer Sowerby, J., Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, London,
Vola Zaps 41:

1844. Spirifera M’Coy, Synopsis of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of
Ireland, London, p. 128.

1924. Spirifer Fredericks, Izvestya, Geol. Komm. S.S.S.R., vol. 38, No. 3, p. 307.

1941. Spirifer Sokolskaja, Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol.
12 Now2 pp. 6-12. 118:

1941. Spirifer Semichatova, Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol.
12, No. 3, pp. 23, 24, 153, 154.

1959. Spirifer Besnossova, Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol.
75, pp. 81-83.

1960. Spirifer Ivanova, Osnovi Paleont., Mshanki Brachiopody., p. 269.

1965. Spirifer Pitrat, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachio-
poda, vol. 2, p. 704.

Medium to large, subequally biconvex, usually wider than long;
maximum width attained at or slightly in front of the hinge line;
ears acute or blunt; ventral beak slightly to considerably incurved,
anterior commissure uniplicate; fold and sulcus poorly defined to
prominent and angular; ventral interarea well defined, curved, ver-
tically grooved, triangular in alate forms or laterally truncated in
elongate forms; delthyrium open or with a small transverse sub-
delthyrial plate at the apex in early growth stages; hinge denticulate;
dental plates short, reaching to the ventral muscle field; low median
ridges often present in both valves; brachial valve apparently free
of floor-touching plates; macroprosopon consisting of numerous sim-
ple or bifurcating costae on the flanks, more or less numerous freely

376 BuLLeTIn 238

bifurcating costae on the fold and sulcus, and prominent growth
varices; microprosopon consisting of capillae and irregularly spaced
fine growth lines.

Ty pe specites—( By suspension of the rules of zoological nomen-
clature, I.C.Z.N. Opinion 100) Conchylolithus Anomites striatus
Martin, W., 1793, Figures and Descriptions of Petrefactions Col-
lected in Derbyshire, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2.

Distinguishing characters —Spirifer is characterized by having
a hinge width equal to or less than the maximum width, short
divergent dental plates in the pedicle valve, apparently no basal
plates in the brachial valve, freely bifurcating lateral and sulcal
costae, and a simple capillate microprosopon.

Comparisons —Although Spirtfer s. 5. is not strictly definable,
it is still desirable to differentiate those species commonly assigned
to it from other genera that are similar but seemingly distinct. The
following differentiation is based on the preceding description and
is hence tentative.

Spirifer differs from Cyrtospirifer Nalivkin, 1918, in having a
denticulate hinge line and usually low median ridges in both valves.
Cyrtospirifer lacks a denticulate hinge, a ventral median ridge, and
has weaker more numerous costae.

Fusella N’Coy, 1844, is commonly smaller, usually transversely
extended, has simple lateral costae, usually a simple median costa
in the sulcus, a relatively low ventral interarea, and a reticulate
microprosopon formed by intersecting radial capillae and fine reg-
ularly spaced growth lines.

Imbrexia Nalivkin, 1937, is similar to Spirifer but displays a
pronounced imbrication of the growth lamellae, shows radial capillae
only in the grooves between costae, if present at all, and has a sim-
ple median costa in the sulcus.

Neospirifer Fredericks, 1924, is differentiated on the basis of
macroprosopon; that is, the costae are bundled or fasciculate. It
may also have a lamellose pseudodeltidium. Some species of Neo-
spirifer have imbricate growth lamellae.

Choristites Fischer de Waldheim, 1825, is distinguished by its
long subparallel dental plates which impinge on the muscle field
and elongate outline.

Ectochoristites Campbell, 1957, can be distinguished by its

Texas MIssISsIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | BU

short thick dental plates, simple median sulcal costa, and the pres-
ence of short basal plates in the dorsal umbo.

Remarks.—The type of Spirifer striatus (Martin) has apparent-
ly been lost and a neotype has not been selected, making positive
identification of this species difficult. Harrington and Leanza (1952)
described and illustrated the ventral interior of British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) specimens of S. striatus as having short divergent den-
tal plates and lacking a delthyrial plate; apparently no brachial
valves were sectioned. Semichatova (1941, p. 33, pl. 17, figs. 1c, 2)
found more or less the same structures in specimens from Derby-
shire, England. This information is useful but insufficient. Detailed
brachial interiors of topotype material have still never been illus-
trated to the writer’s knowledge. Under the circumstances then, the
preceding description is incomplete and actually a consensus of most
recent authors.

Range.—Lower Carboniferous. Upper and lower limits inde-
terminate at present.

Spirifer chappelensis, n. sp.
Pl. 23, fig. 12; Pl. 36, figs. 1a-4e; Pl. 37, figs. 1a-4e; Text-figs. 31-33

Medium size, subquadrate to semicircular in outline; valves
about equally convex, moderately inflated; hinge submegathyrid,
greatest width anterior to the hinge line but usually slightly pos-
terior to mid-valve; ears usually rounded but often angular in juve-
niles and occasionally in adults; macroprosopon consisting of numer-
ous simple or bifurcating costae on both valves, and prominent ir-
regularly spaced growth varices; the costae being somewhat flat-
tened and rounded. A paratype USNM No. 154824 (Pl. 36, figs.
2a-e) has sinuous costae but this is unusual; microprosopon consist-
ing of radial capillae (PI. 23, fig. 12), about seven or eight capillae
per costa.

Pedicle valve with greatest convexity posterior to mid-valve;
beak moderately incurved; surface of valve regularly convex except
for a slight flexure near the ears; interarea curved and of moderate
height; vertically grooved, and truncated at the extremities in most
adults, the vertical grooves being external ramifications of calcite
rods which are embedded in the interarea and which project as
denticles at the hinge (Text-fig. 31); delthyrium an equilateral tri-

378 BuLLeTIn 238

angle or slightly higher than wide; dental ridges or the growth track
of the fteth are present but no trace of a delthyrial plate was found,
although a subdelthyrial plate is present; sulcus extending from near
the beak to the anterior margin making an angle of about 39 degrees,
and forming a subquadrate tongue in many adults, although this
is a variable character, as in some adults the sulcus is rather uni-
formly rounded; median costa bifurcating at the beak, lateral sinal
costae bifurcating, and several costae also bifurcating from the
bounding costae; lateral slopes marked by flattened rounded costae
which occasionally bifurcate, there being about 17 to 27 costae at
the anterior margin of each flank.

Table 33.—Measurements in millimeters of Spirifer chappelensis, n. sp.

USNM No. Length Width Hinge Thickness USNM

(max. ) Width Loc.
154823 33.8 46.3 41.8 28.2 9045
154824 30.9 46.2 41.8? 24.4 9045
154831 28.0 40.4 34.5? 20.4 9043
154825 259 40.6 40.6 21.1 9043
154826 20.8 32:3 29.6? 16.7 9045
154827 16.0 Zoe 23).5i2 11.9 9045
154828 12.6 7-2 16.4? 8.9 9045
154829 92 13.4? 13.4? 6.6 9045
154830 7.3 7a Biel 9045

Interior of pedicle valve bearing short, slender, parallel dental
plates; dental flanges meeting the dental lamellae at an angle; apical
portion of shell not markedly filled with callus tissue as in many
spiriferids although the cavity between dental plates may be lined
with callus for two or three millimeters in the beak. Short low
median ridge in the fibrous shell layers between the dental plates,
this ridge being covered by callus in all sectioned specimens; muscle
scars narrow and indistinctly impressed in serial sections.

Brachial valve with greatest convexity slightly anterior to that
of pedicle valve; umbo slightly swollen but beak inconspicuous;
interarea low; fold originating at the apex of the valve but not
prominent until mid-valve; fold often flattened anteriorly in adults
and marked off by lateral depressions somewhat deeper and wider
than those separating the costae; prosopon similar to that of pedicle
valve.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 379

Interior of brachial valve with inner socket ridges that unite
beneath the umbo supporting the cardinal process, which consists
of a dozen or more vertical plates; socket ridges not reaching valve
floor; sockets wide; descending lamellae forming at the inner edges
of the socket ridges, however, no spiralia seen; low median ridge
several millimeters long present but adductor muscle scars indistinct.

Holotype —USNM 154823.

Distinguishing characters.—This species is characterized by its
subquadrate transversely elongate outline, submegathyrid hinge,
subquadrate fold and sulcus in large adults, 17 to 27 costae per
lateral slope, 11 to 14 costae per ventral sulcus, the median costa
bifurcating, short slender subparallel dental plates, and an incon-
spicuous narrow ventral muscle field.

2

529 6.0

Text-figure 31.—Transverse serial sections of Spirifer chappelensis, n. sp.
1, USNM 154832 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from ventral
beak.

380 BuLLETIN 238

Comparisons.—Adults of this species are easily distinguished
from adults of other related species in the Chappel fauna, Juveniles
are easily confused with specimens of Fusella llanoensis, n. sp.
and Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp. Juveniles of S. chappelensis are
much wider in proportion to their length, less thick, have slender
parallel dental plates and inconspicuous fold. Similar stages of F.
llanoensis are thicker and more inflated, narrower, have slender di-
vergent dental plates, conspicuous fine growth lines and a con-
spicuous fold. Those of Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp. have an in-
flated pedicle valve and a somewhat flatter brachial valve, thick
divergent dental plates, and a low fold slightly recessed between
bordering grooves.

Spirifer vernonensis Swallow, 1860, a Fern Glen species, has a
similar outline but has a smaller length-width ratio, a rounded fold
and sulcus, a simple median costa in the sulcus, divergent dental
plates, and imbricate growth lamellae.

Spirifer shepardi Weller, 1914, from the Pierson Limestone of
Missouri is somewhat similar to S. chappelensis but is widest at the
hinge with angular ears and has a shallow narrowly rounded sulcus.

Spirifer striatiformis Meek, 1875, from the Waverly Group of
Ohio has a more rounded subellipsoidal outline, a larger Jength-width
ratio, a smaller more rounded fold and sulcus, divergent dental
plates, and finely imbricate growth lines.

Remarks.—Studies of size and gross shape variation in this
species are limited by the size of the collection and preservation of
specimens but a scatter diagram comparing standard dimensions
of 17 complete specimens from a population is reproduced in Text-
figure 32. Ontogenetic development of external growth form can be
seen in Text-figure 33. Early stages are somewhat alate, maximum
width usually being attained at the hinge with angular ears the rule.
When the shells are 20-25 millimeters long hinge growth nearly
ceases while growth along the antero-latera]l and anterior margins
continues resulting in a subquadrate outline, truncation of the
ventral interarea, and bunching of the growth lines near the ears
in adults. The fold becomes noticeable about 8-10 millimeters from
the dorsal beak, but the sulcus is present in the earliest recognizable
Stages.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 381

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

Ss e
= SS
VY
[ép)
ob 3 es
WJ
za ee
x .
Oo
= Ne
i= ~

Text-figure 32.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Spirifer chappelensis,
n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

Occurrence and abundance.—Chappel Limestone, USNM local-
ities 9045, 9043, and 9044.

This species is not common except at USNM locality 9045.
Besides the ten types and measured specimens, this locality has pro-

382 BULLETIN 238

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

Text-figure 33—Plots of length/width measurements of Spirifer chap-
pelensis, n. sp. taken from growth varices of five large pedicle valves (USNM
locality 9045), illustrating variation in the proportions of these shells during
ontogeny and a general trend toward truncation of the lateral extremities in
later growth stages.

duced eight other complete shells and more than 40 incomplete
specimens and disarticulated valves.
There are two superior specimens from USNM locality 9043.

>)

Texas MIssIssIPpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 38

Spirifer cf. S. gregeri Weller Pl. 41, fig. 13

1914. Spirifer gregeri Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 359, pl. 55, figs. 1-8.
1938. Spirifer gregeri Weller, Branson, (pars) Univ. Missouri Studies, vol.
13, No. 3, p. 59, pl. 7, figs. 15, 16 (mon Figs. 1-3, ? Ectochoristites inflatus,
n. sp.).
1938. (2? Non) Spirifer gregeri, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13, No.
4, p. 22, pl. 21, fig. 22.
1948. Spirifer gregeri Weller, Laudon, Jour. Geol., vol. 56, No. 4, fig. pl. 1.
1960. [?] Spirifer gregeri Weller, Balashova, Vopros. Paleont., S.S.S.R., vol.
35 pp: 94: pli; fig: 34:
1962. [?] Spirifer cf. gregeri Weller, Armstrong, New Mexico Bur. Mines Min.
Res., Mem. 8, p. 49, pl. 7, figs. 22, 23.

Material—Two incomplete pedicle valves from USNM locality
9045 and one incomplete pedicle valve from USNM locality 9043

appear to represent this species.

Description —Pedicle valve moderately convex, the greatest
convexity being posterior of mid-valve: beak incurved, small; inter-
area sharply delineated, triangular, curved, and vertically grooved;
median sulcus narrow, rounded, moderately shallow in those portions
of the shell preserved, with a bifurcating median costa; numerous
other sulcal costae bifurcate from the sulcus-bounding costae and
may also bifurcate occasionally; costae rounded and flattened; en-
tire surface costate and capillate; dental plates of moderate length,
thin, subparallel near the beak but becoming moderately divergent
anteriorly.

Remarks—These specimens agree in all respects to Weller’s
types of S. gregeri in so far as they can be compared without brachial
exteriors or complete interiors. Branson (1938, plate 7, figs. 1-3)
illustrated specimens which he assigned to this species that are
clearly different from Weller’s syntypes. These specimens are as-
signed to a new species, Ectochoristites inflatus, that also occurs in

the Chappel Limestone and the Lake Valley Beds of New Mexico.

Spirifer gregeri is most similar and probably closely related to
Spirifer rowleyi Weller, 1914, of the Fern Glen Formation of the
Mississippian Valley and the Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico.
It is distinguished from the latter by its smaller size, greater length-
width ratio, smaller ears, and less conspicuous brachial fold.

Spirifer esplanadensis Brown, 1952, from the Banff Formation
of Alberta is closely related to S. gregeri but differs in being longi-
tudinally elongated with a more inflated pedicle umbo.

384 BuLLeETIN 238

Genus FUSELLA M’Coy, 1844

1844. Fusella M’Coy, Synopsis of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ire-

land, London, pp. 128, 132.

1908. Fusella M’Coy, Buckman, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 64, p. 29.

1924. Fusella M’Coy, Fredericks, Geol. Com., S.S.S.R. Izvestya, vol. 38, No. 3,

1929. en M’Coy, Schuchert and LeVene, Foss. Cat., pars 42, Brachiopoda,
>

1954. f>] eee Maxwell, Univ. Queensland, Dept. Geol., vol. 4, No. 5, p. 35.

1957. [?] Unispirifer Campbell, Jour. Paleont., vol. 31, p. 67.

1959. Fusella M’Coy, Besnossova, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst., Trudy,

vol. 75, pp. 58-60.

1960. Fusella M’Coy, Ivanova, Osnovy Paleont.: Mshanki, Brachiopody, p. 269.

Description —( Modified after Besnossova, p. 58). Small to
medium-sized, multicostate, subequally biconvex, uniplicate; usually
more or less transversely elongated; maximum width usually at-
tained at the hinge line; ventral beak incurved, tapering; ventral
interarea relatively low, concave; lateral costae usually simple; sulcal
costation consisting of a median costa that is simple in most species,
bounding costae that bifurcate on either side, and one, two, or rarely
three pairs of secondary costae that bifurcate from the bounding
costae; microprosopon consisting of finely imbricate growth lines
and radial capillae.

Dental plates divergent, thin, short, skirting the muscle scars
as low ridges; subdelthyrial plate present in early stages; apical
thickening of ventral umbo developed; teeth small, rounded; sockets
shallow and rounded; cardinal process relatively low, flattened;
hinge plate elevated above the valve floor.

Type species —(By original designation) Spirifer fustformis J.
Sowerby, 1836 (in Phillips, p. 217, pl. 9, figs. 10-11). Lower Car-
boniferous of Yorkshire, England.

Distinguishing characters —Fusella is characterized by its trans-
versely elongate shell, long angular ears, simple lateral costae, a
simple median costa in the sulcus, and a finely reticulate microproso-
pon formed by capillae and fine regularly spaced growth lines.

Although most species assigned to this genus in recent years
fit this characterization, a number of species with relatively narrow
hinges and small ears have been assigned to Fusella on the basis of
the other diagnostic characters, as for example, Fusella llanoensts,
n. sp. While it is possible that some of the narrow species do not
belong in this genus, it is this writer’s opinion that in many spiri-

Texas MuIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 385

feroid groups hinge width varies so greatly from population to pop-
ulation, growth stage to growth stage, and species to species, that
it is usually unsafe to use it as a generic character except in con-
junction with other more stable characters.

Comparisons.—Fusella is most easily confused with Spirifer J.
Sowerby, 1816, and Imbrexia Nalivkin, 1937.

Spirifer s. s. is usually larger, has freely bifurcating lateral and
sulcal costae, a bifurcating median costa in the sulcus, a higher inter-
area, and usually lacks the reticulate pattern formed by capillae
and growth lines. Instead the capillae are simple and uninterrupted.

Imbrexia has conspicuously imbricate growth lamellae and the
lateral costae bifurcate freely. Furthermore, if capillae are present,
they are confined to the grooves or interspaces between the costae.

Remarks.—TIn using this genus the author has reluctantly fol-
lowed the Russian authors G. A. Besnossova (1959) and E. A.
Ivanova (1960), who have more or less resurrected it in recent
years. M’Coy originally proposed it as a subgenus of Spurifer defining
it (p. 128) as “including those little shells allied to Spirifer fusiformis
and rhomboidea of Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, having a regular fusi-
form outline, with a very wide and hollow cardinal area, the sides of
which are parallel.” He further characterized it thus (p. 132), “Gen.
Ch.—Shell elongate transversely, fusiform; cardinal area wide, much
curved; beaks incurved.” This proposal met with little success as
most nineteenth century workers suppressed the name as a synonym
of Spirifer. However, in 1908 Buckman (p. 29) revived the name
and gave it generic status, redefining it as having a “Wide extended
hinge line; ribs coarse laterally, tending to be deficient medianly,
the type is in the smooth stage when nearly all ribs have been lost.”

Buckman’s reference to the type without further comment on
its state of preservation is unfortunate. Davidson (1858, p. 56)
pointed out the poor preservation of the type noting the spalled
nature of the exterior. Furthermore, M’Coy obviously referred to
specimens from Ireland in his description of Spirifer fustformis and
clearly stated that it possessed three ribs on the fold and up to
eight ribs on each flank. M’Coy’s intentions are clear; it is a pity
that the type species is so poorly known.

Schuchert and LeVene (1929, p. 20, 61) recognized Fusella
without comment. Fredericks (1924, p. 303) ascribed a septum and

386 BULLETIN 238

dental plates to Fusella and later recanted (1926, p. 405), deciding
that it was a synonym of Eospirifer.

Maxwell (1954, p. 35) restricted Fusella to species similar to
the holotype, that is, nearly smooth and finely striate, and proposed
a new name, Prospira, for species which more or less fulfilled Buck-
man’s diagnosis. of Fusella. By taking this action Maxwell implied
that Fusella fusiformts is unidentifiable. In a later paper (1961, p.
89) Maxwell said “. . . the true characters of Fusella cannot be
established until the type species has been identified in well pre-
served material from the type area of Balland, Yorkshire.” Maxwell
further pointed out that such a revisionary study may be difficult
if not impossible. This writer is not aware of any such attempt at
revision of F’. fusiformis and hence prefers to interpret Fusella in the
broad sense until such time as the genus can be restricted and clearly
defined.

Campbell’s genus Unispirifer (1957, pp. 67, 68) appears to be a
subjective synonym of Fusella and Prospira, but usage of it too
awaits clarification of Fusella fusiformis.

Range.—Miussissippian.

The distribution of this genus, as here defined, is probably
cosmopolitan. It is especially common in strata of Tournaisian age

(Kinderhookian and Osagian ).

Fusella Ilanoensis, n. sp. Pl. 23, fig. 11; Pl. 38, figs. la-9e; Text-figs. 34-36

Medium size, subelliptical in outline; subequally biconvex; rela-
tively thick, moderately to strongly inflated, globose in_ profile;
beaks small and incurved; brachial umbo relatively tumid; hinge
submegathyrid, greatest width at about mid-valve; ears small and
angular; anterior commissure uniplicate; fold and sulcus narrow,
well developed, sharply defined, V-shaped; macroprosopon consisting
of numerous simple rounded costae and irregularly spaced growth
varices; costae of the flanks simple and rounded but those of the
fold and sulcus tending to be flattened; median sulcal costa simple;
microprosopon consisting of radial capillae and fine regularly spaced
growth lines, there being about 11 or 12 capillae per costa and six
to eight growth lines per millimeter. The capillae and growth lines
intersect to form a characteristic fine reticulate pattern.

Pedicle valve with greatest convexity at the anterior and pos-

Texas MIssiSSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER _ 387

terior extremities; beak moderately incurved; entire surface convex
except for the ears; interarea low to medium in height; vertically
grooved, curved, and usually somewhat truncated at the lateral
extremities; hinge line denticulate; sulcus beginning at the beak and
extending to the anterior margin as an acute triangle, making a
sulcal angle of about 29 degrees; shoulders and bottom of the sulcus
usually slightly rounded; median costa simple, lateral sulcal costae
bifurcating from the bounding costae near the beak. In most adults
two more costae bifurcating from each bounding costa. Lateral slopes
marked by 13 to 18 simple rounded costae that rarely bifureate;
delthyrium slightly higher than wide or equilateral, and possessing
dental ridges; no deltidium present; subdelthyrial plate or thickening
formed in the beak between the dental plates (see Text-figure 34—
2.0, 2:5\):.

Interior of pedicle valve bearing moderately divergent dental
plates of medium length; posterior portions of these plates and rear
one-third of valve greatly thickened with callus in adults; dental
flanges also thickened and meeting the dental plates at a slight
angle; free portions of these structures slender; short low median
ridge usually buried in callus; deeply impressed area between the
dental plates presumably representing muscle scars (Text-figure
34—3.5); small groove in the median portion of this area probably
representing adductor scars ( Text-figure 34—3.5); the peculiarly
irregular interior surface lateral to the muscle scars possibly repre-
senting ovarian impressions.

Table 34.-—Measurements in millimeters of Fusella llanoensis, n. sp.

USNM No. Length Width Hinge Thickness USNM

(max. ) Width Loc.
154839 24.7 34.0? 237 bre. 19.8 9044
154840 D2 28.2 21.0 19.4 9045
154841 18.4 26.2 20.8 15.4 9045
154842 15.6 18.6 16.8? 12.0 9048
154843 14.0 1529: WAZB 10.5 9044
154844 12.1 1522 12.3 10.0 9048
154845 10.1 les) 6.1 9045
154846 7.4 7.4 6.0? 5) 9045

154847 6.3 6.6 4.1 9045

Brachial valve with greatest convexity at the umbo, which is
somewhat swollen; dorsal beak incurved and inconspicuous; dorsal

388 BULLETIN 238

interarea low and acutely triangular; fold inconspicuous at the umbo
but becoming high and carinate at the anterior margin of adult
specimens; costae on the fold usually low and often indistinct; lateral
costae similar to those of the pedicle valve.

Text-figure 34.—Transverse serial sections of Fusella llanoensis, n. sp. X1,
USNM 154848 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from ventral
beak.

Interior of brachial valve with a spiriferoid cardinal process
composed of ten or a dozen thin vertical plates; socket ridges uniting
beneath the umbo to form an apical callosity just below the cardinal
process; sockets of moderate size, open posteriorly; crural bases
produced from inner surfaces of the socket ridges; spiralia unknown;
low median ridge extending anteriorly four or five millimeters from
the dorsal umbo; two low subparallel ridges marking the edge of
the fold.

Holotype —USNM No. 154840.

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
inflated valves, elliptical outline, relatively narrow hinge, sharp high
fold, posteriorly closely spaced moderately diverging dental plates,
and characteristic microprosopon formed by capillae intersecting fine
growth lines.

Comparisons.—This species is similar to Spirifer vernonensis
Swallow, 1860, from the Fern Glen Formation of the Mississippi Val-

Texas MissIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 389

ley, Spirifer floydensis Weller, 1914, from the Borden Group of In-
diana, Spirifer marionensits Shumard, 1855, from the Louisiana Lime-
stone of the Mississippi Valley, and Spirifer striatiformis Meek, 1875,
from the Waverly Group of Ohio.

Spirifer vernonensis has a wider hinge, is usually larger, has
more widely divergent dental plates, prominent coarse imbricate
prosopon, a semicircular outline, and usually much less inflated
valves.

Spirifer floydensis is wider at the hinge, has larger ears, a shal-
lower, less angular sulcus, and is less inflated.

Spirifer marionensis has finer, more numerous costae, an ex-
tended nearly mucronate hinge line, a characteristically extended
quadrate interarea that is abruptly truncated at the extremities,
less pronounced fold and sulcus, and is usually less inflated.

Spirifer striatiformis is larger, less inflated, usuatly has a less
pronounced fold and sulcus, thicker more divergent dental plates, a
wider ventral muscle field, more numerous costae on the flanks and
usually more in the sulcus. Hinge width is apparently highly vari-
able (Hyde, 1953, p. 260) and the ears may be rounded or angular.

Juveniles of Fusella lanoensis can be confused with similar
stages of Spirifer chappelensis, n. sp. and Ectochoristites inflatus, n.
sp. Differentiation of the growth stages is discussed under Spirifer
chappelensis.

Remarks.—None of the samples from single populations was
large enough to permit ordinary studies of size variation, Text-
figure 35 is a composite scatter diagram of individuals measured
from five scattered localities or populations. Growth varices of well-
preserved specimens were also measured and plotted in Text-figure
36 to illustrate ontogenetic change in shell shape. These examina-
tions have shown that in the early growth stages of this species the
shell is nearly as long as wide with the maximum width anterior to
the hinge. The ears are rounded and inconspicuous. In later stages
the shells become relatively wider until they are about 17 to 20 milli-
meters wide at the hinge. At this time hinge growth slows down in
relation to the rest of the shell and after one or two more millimeters
hinge growth ceases entirely while the rest of the shell grows linearly
in all dimensions forming a nearly subelliptical outline. Pronounced
ears are formed at the time the shells are about 12 to 15 millimeters

390
ie 2
e
- %

THICKNESS (MM)

BULLETIN 238

Ss
Zo
mM ee
ro)
ae ®
oe eo
(a) %
=
oe
oO %
N °
fe)

10

LENGTH (MM)

*
|

o = OC. 9048

LOC. 9045

Sah le
foe)
Ske 5.2
= ° &
Ww) 2°
ip)
J Q%
za
x ° e
oO °
— 6
Se ee.
ee

Text-figure 35.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Fusella llanoensis, n. sp.
from USNM localities 9045 and 9048.

wide at the hinge. As the hinge growth slows down the ears become

vestigial and the interarea becomes somewhat truncated.

The fold is low but recognizable in all growth stages but does

not become prominent until the shells are about 12 to 14 millimeters

Texas MiIssissipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 391

HINGE WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

Text-figure 36—Plots of length/hinge-width measurements of Fusella
llanoensis, n. sp. taken from growth varices of five pedicle valves, illustrating
variation in the proportions of these shells during ontogeny and a general trend
toward truncation of the lateral extremities in later growth stages.

long. The sulcus develops more evenly and is conspicuous in the
earliest known stages.

Occurrence and abundance.—this species is fairly common at
several localities in the Chappel Limestone. Besides 35 types, sec-
tioned, measured, or otherwise excellent speciments from USNM lo-
calities 9045, 9048, 9042, and 9044, there are about 150 additional
fragmental specimens or disarticulated valves from these localities

392

BULLETIN 238

as well as a few poor specimens from localities 9046 and 9047. This
species has not been identified outside the Chappel Limestone.

1844.
1908.
UO Se

1914.
1924.

1926.
1927.
1929!
1932.

19373
1941.

1944.
1948.
1949.
1952:
1954.
1959.
1960.

1962.

Family BRACHYTHYRIDIDAE Frederiks, 1919 (1924)
Genus BRACHYTHYRIS M’Coy, 1844

Brachythyris M’Coy, A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous
Fossils of Ireland, p. 128.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Buckman, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 64,
p: 30:

Brachythyis M’Coy, Schuchert, iz Zittle-Eastman, Textbook of Paleon-
tology, vol. 1, p. 410.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, pp. 370, 371.
Brachythyris M’Coy, Fredericks, Geol., Comm. S.S.S.R., Izvestya, vol.
38, No. 3, p. 316.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Fredericks, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Izvestya, p. 401.
Brachythyris M’Coy, George, Geol. Mag., vol. 64, p. 107.

Brachythyis M’Coy, Chao, Paleont. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 11, fasc. 1, pp.
54, 55,

Brachcythyis M’Coy, Paeckelmann, Neues Jhr. Mineral. Geol., Palaont.,
vol: 67, B; pps 37,) 38.

Ovalia Nalivkin, Cent. Geol. Prosp., $.S.S.R., Trans., vol. 99, p. 107.
Brachythyris M’Coy, Sokolskaja, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst.,
rudy, vols 12; No:\2, 5p. 35:

Brachythyris M’Coy, Cooper, “Phylum Brachiopoda,”’ im Shimer and
Shrock, Index Fossils of North America, New York, p. 327.
Brachythyris M’Coy, Muir-Wood, Malayan Lower Carboniferous Fossils,
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London, p. 44.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Simorin, Izd-vo Kazakhstan SSR, Akad. Nauk,
p. 43.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Roger, Brachiopods, im Piveteau, J., Traité dé’
Paléontologie, vol. 2, p. 101.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Maxwell, Univ. Queensland, Dept. Geol., vol. 4
No: 5) pps 26, 27.

Brachythyris, M’Coy, Besnossova, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst.,
Trudy, vol. 75, pp. 122, 123.

Brachythyris M’Coy, Ivanova, in Sarycheva, T. G., Osnovy Paleont.,
Mshanki, Brachiopody, p. 270

Brachythyris M’Coy, Armstrong, New Mexico Bur. Mines and Min. Res.,
Mem. 8, pp. 53, 54.

’

Small to large, rounded in outline, subequally biconvex, the

ventral valve usually slightly more inflated than the brachial; ven-
tral beak incurved; ears small and rounded; hinge line straight, sub-

megathyrid; ventral interarea small, concave, triangular, vertically
grooved; hinge line partially denticulate; anterior commissure uni-
plicate; fold and sulcus weak to well developed; surface multicostate,
lateral costae broad, flattened, simple; those of the fold and sulcus
often increasing by bifurcation or indistinct; microprosopon consist-
ing of fine growth lines (and possibly capillae? ); dental lamellae

Texas MIssissiIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 393

completely lacking; delthyrial carinae may be present on the inner
edges of the delthyrium; brachial interior typically spiriferoid with
a low short median ridge.

Type species —( By original designation) Spirifera ovalis Phil-
lips, 1836, p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 5, Lower Carboniferous of England.

Distinguishing characters—This genus is characterized by its
submegathyrid denticulate hinge line, broad, flattened, simple lateral
costae, bifurcating sulcal costae that may be indistinct, and a com-
plete lack of dental plates.

Comparisons.—Brachythyris M’Coy is not easily confused with
Martinia M’Coy, 1844, despite George’s implication that the two are
end products of closely related lineages. It is this writer’s opinion
that the absence of hinge denticulation, the presence of shagreen
microprosopon, the characteristic transversely elongate ¢ooth-socket
development, and lack of costae in the martiniids are characters
sufficiently distinct to place these two genera in different families.

Brachythyrina Frederiks, 1929, from the Permian of Russia is
similar to Brachythyris internally, that is, it also lacks dental plates,
however, externally it is wide-hinged and is similar in appearance
to the wide-hinged spirifers.

Ella Frederiks, 1918, from the Permian of Russia is apparently
similar to Brachythyris externally as well as internally, but it pos-
sesses radial lirae that intersect the growth lines to form a so-called
“shagreen” microprosopon.

Eochoristites Chu, 1933, a Lower Carboniferous genus from
China, has simple lateral costae and somewhat similar proportions,
but the costae are more numerous and narrower, the ears are sub-
angular, and internally it possesses well-developed dental plates.

Remarks—This genus was proposed by M’Coy (1844, p. 128)
for forms “in which we find the longitudinally ribbed surface of
Spirifera [sic], united with the short hinge line of Martinia.” Most
of M’Coy’s contemporaries rejected this diagnosis based on exterior
details and considered the name a subjective synonym of Spirifer.
It remained for Buckman (1908, p. 30) to revive the name, noting
that the dental plates were small or lacking. Weller (1914, p. 370)
further noted the simple nature of the lateral costae, the common
presence of delthyrial carinae, and the poorly defined ventral muscle

394 BuLLeTiIn 238

field. Simorin (1949, p. 43) stated that the microprosopon consists
only vf fine growth lines.

Many specimens of Brachythyris chouteauensis Weller, 1909,
have a vertically grooved interarea similar to that of Spirifer. Cellu-
lose peels made normal to the interarea show these grooves to be
typically spiriferid external ramifications of calcite rods and ap-
parently represent the growth tracks of hinge denticles. These
vertical grooves have been observed on well-preserved specimens of
several species including specimens in the USNM collections of B.
ovalis (Phillips) from Derbyshire, England.

Attempts to determine the exact nature of the microprosopon
were not conclusive due to the spalled nature of much of the external
shell layers. However, Simorin’s (1949, p. 49) observation of fine
growth lines is correct. Because some specimens of B. chouteauensis
seemed to show a capillate microprosopon, although admittedly not
well, knowledge of this feature may be incomplete.

Range.—Mississippian. Distribution cosmopolitan.

Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller) Pl. 39, figs. la-9e; Text-figs. 37, 38

1909. Spirifer chouteauensis Weller, Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 20, p. 305,
Pla tS, tags 1k

1914. Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon.
1, pp. 373, 374, pl. 57, figs. 4-11.

1938. Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies,
vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 65, 66, pl. 6, figs. 1-4.

1941. Brachythyris cf. chouteauensis (Weller), Sokolskaja, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,
Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol. 12, pp. 36, 37,-pl. 4, figs. la-c.

1948. Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Cloud and Barnes, Univ. Texas,
Publ. No. 4621, pl. 44, figs. 24, 25, 27.

1950. [Non] Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub.
No. 4329, pl. 5, No. 22.

1950. Brachythyris suborbicularis (Weller), Plummer, Univ. Texas, Pub. No.
4329° apl? 55 No. 0S.

1952. Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Brown, Geol. Sur. Canada, Mem.
264, p. 101.

1952. Brachythyris chouteauensis (Weller), Sarycheva and Sokolskaja, Akad.
Nauk S.S.S.R., Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol. 38, p. 193, pl. 54, fig. 312.

Medium size, relatively thin-shelled, biconvex, pedicle valve
inflated or subconical in posterior outline, brachial valve much less
convex; maximum width anterior to the hinge line but rarely as
far forward as mid-valve; beaks relatively small and proximate;
ears rounded and usually small; surface of both valves regularly
convex except for a slight flexure near the ears; uniplicate, fold of

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 395

medium height, rounded or flattened, and narrow; sulcus shallow
and narrow; both valves costate, although those costae in the fold
and sulcus are usually indistinct; lateral costae large, rounded,
slightly flattened, and rarely bifurcate, those of the fold and sulcus
usually indistinct and bifurcating from the fold-bounding costae;
growth varices prominent, irregularly spaced. Surface in exceptional
specimens covered by faint radial capillae and exceedingly fine con-
centric growth lines.

Pedicle valve most convex at the umbo; beak considerably in-
curved; flanks evenly convex in inflated specimens or nearly flat in
anterior or posterior profile of some specimens; interarea sharply
defined, triangular, low, some well-preserved specimens showing ver-
tical grooves similar to those of true spiriferids, indicating that the
hinge is probably denticulate; delthyrium apparently open although
dental ridges are present; median sulcus originating as a groove at
the beak of moderate width and depth, becoming evenly concave an-
teriorly and with three to five indistinct costae; 11 to 15 usually
simple lateral costae on each flank.

Interior of pedicle valve simple; dental plates and septa lacking;
muscle scars indistinct in serial sections; inner edges of delthyrium
thickened near the teeth proper and form the so-called “dental
carinae;” teeth slender except for the articulating surface which 1's
of moderate size.

Brachial valve considerably less inflated or convex than the
opposing valve; dorsal umbo of moderate size but dorsal beak small
and slightly incurved; dorsal interarea present but exceedingly low;
fold originating at dorsal beak as a low ridge and rising evenly an-
teriorly, often producing a slight dorsal flexure near the anterior
edge; lateral plications similar to those of pedicle valve; fold bearing
from two to four indistinct plicae but with a distinct median groove.

Interior of brachial valve simple; spiriferoid cardinal process
partially supported by socket ridges, crural bases, and in many
specimens by a small thickening of fibrous shell tissue; sockets mod-
erately wide and open on their inner edges except at their anterior
tips; descending lamellae produced from dorsal inner edges of
divided hinge plate; spires unknown; adductor muscle scars in-
distinct in transverse serial sections.

396 BuLLeTIn 238

Table 35.—Measurements in millimeters of Brachythyris chouteauensis from
USNM locality 9045.

~

USNM No. Length Width (max.) Width (hinge) Thickness
154851 31.6 33.9 39.0 24.3
154852 28.9 30.3 229 Ze,
154853 23:2 Dish Zilles 16.4
154854 ; 1922 PNA 17.4 13.3
154855 16.8 19.3 13.6 11.4
154856 12.4 14.8 11.0? 8.5
154857 9.9 1223; 94 6.2
154858 Hohl 8.6 5.6 4.8
154859 Sef 6.3 4.6 S160

Holotype——Univ. Chicago, Walker Museum No. 9664, now
Field Nat. Hist. Mus., from Chouteau Springs, Missouri.

Distinguishing characters—This species is characterized by its
considerably inflated pedicle valve, small proximate beaks, sharply
defined interarea, rounded or flattened fold which has a distinct
median groove, 11 to 15 costae per flank and three or five faint
costae in the sulcus.

Comparisons. —Brachythyris chouteauensis is easily distin-
guished from most Lower Mississippian species but can be confused
with B. peculiaris (Shumard), 1855, which is smaller, more equally
biconvex, the ventral beak is much larger, interarea is higher less
sharply defined and the beaks are usually farther apart than in B.
chouteauensts.

An Osagian species, B. swborbicularis (Hall), 1858, is usually
considerably larger than B. chouteawensis and has flatter, weaker,
lateral costae and a much wider and higher ventral interarea than
that species.

Remarks.—The relative abundance of well-preserved exteriors
from one population permits a limited analysis of the variation in
size and gross shape of several of these shells. A scatter diagram of
the standard measurements taken from this sample has been re-
produced in Text-figure 38. The prominent growth varices also per-
mit one to observe growth stages of well-preserved adults. There is
little variation in the proportions of these varices. It is apparent that
the length-width ratio remained relatively constant in all measur-
able growth stages. The slight curves shown on Text-figure 38 show
that the species became relatively thicker late in ontogeny. The most

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER _ 397

4.5 5.0 5.5 BG

Text-figure 37. — Transverse serial sections of Brachythyris chouteauensis
(Weller) X1.5, USNM 154860 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak.

conspicuous ontogenetic changes occur in the ornament and fold
development. The smallest specimens of this species are nearly
smooth and often almost impossible to distinguish from similar
stages of Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson), 1938. The latter species

has dental plates, however, and preservation permitting, the writer

£5
segregated some specimens on this basis. In these smallest specimens
the fold is absent and only a narrow median groove represents the
ventral sulcus. The costae are usually weak until the shells are
nearly a centimeter wide. The strength of the costae increases con-
currently with shell growth, the costae being added along the hinge
at the lateral edges of the beak. Bifurcation of costae is rare on the
flanks. The fold does not become conspicuous until the shells are
commonly more than a centimeter wide, many larger shells display-
ing only bounding grooves to indicate its presence. The fold remains
low and inconspicuous in most specimens nearly to maturity at
which time the fold rises anteriorly somewhat and often forms a
dorsal flexure near the shell margin. The ventral sulcus corresponds
to the fold and remains a shallow narrow groove until the shells
are more than a centimeter wide. After the fold is developed, the

398 BuLLeTIN 238

a
= Be
= é |
td oO / . |
= NX Lo: |
ot a yee
be aN = “a

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

= “vs,

OFLK ve
ae |

WY e

Lu 8s

Fae e
evs ‘Ns
(Qn) rt CA:

as

a <

_Yext-figure 38.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Brachythyris chouteau-
ensis (Weller) from USNM locality 9045.

sulcus widens, deepens, and forms a moderate-sized semicircular or
slightly flattened tongue.

Occurrence and abundance.—According to Branson (1938, p.
66) Brachythyris chouteauensis occurs at many localities in the

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 399

Chouteau Limestone of Missouri. Brown (1952, p. 101) identified it
from the Lower Banff Formation of Alberta. Sokolskaja (1914, p.
36, 37) reported a comparable form from the Lower Carboniferous
of the Moscow Basin.

This species is relatively common and well represented in the
Chappel Limestone, occurring at almost every locality, being espe-
cially abundant at USNM locality 9045. The collection from this
locality consists of 15 types and measured specimens, 47 other well-
preserved specimens of various growth stages and several dozen
incomplete specimens and disarticulated valves. USNM localities
9046 and 9048 also produced good collections of this species.

Genus ECTOCHORISTITES Campbell, 1957.

1957. Ectochoristites Campbell, Jour. Paleont., vol. 31, pp. 71, 72.
1961. Ectochoristites Campbell, Maxwell, Jour. Paleont., vol. 35, pp. 92, 93.

Diagnosis —( After Maxwell, 1961.) Shell subequally biconvex,
maximum width at hinge line; ventral interarea high, curved, sub-
rectangular, grooved; entire surface costate, with bifurcations; dental
plates short, thick; crural plates short.

Type species —(By original designation) Ectochoristites watts
Campbell, 1957, Jour. Paleont., vol. 31, pp. 73-76, pl. 15, figs. 1-7,
Upper Tournaisian of Watts, Babbinboon, New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.

Comparisons.—Ectochoristites is similar to several Carboni-
ferous and Permian spiriferid genera, most notably Spirifer J. Sow-
erby, 1816, a supposedly common Mississippian genus; Choristites
Fischer de Waldheim, 1825, from the Upper Carboniferous and Per-
mian of Europe, Asia, and Greenland; Palaeochoristites Sokolskaja,
1941, from the Lower Carboniferous of the Moscow Basin; Fochori-
stites Chu, 1933, from the Lower Carboniferous of China; and some
species of Fusella M’Coy, 1844, another Mississippian genus.

Spirifer s. s. possesses short divergent dental plates and appar-
ently lacks dorsal basal plates that support the hinge plate.

Choristites has long subparalle] dental plates that impinge on
the ventral muscle field and lacks basal plates.

Palaeochoristites has long dental plates, long basal plates as
well, lacks a ventral median ridge, and possesses simple costae that
rarely bifurcate and a triangular ventral interarea.

400 BULLETIN 238

Eochoristites may be closely related to Ectochoristites. How-
ever, the costae of Kochoristites are invariably simple, the interarea
is not vertically grooved, and it has much longer basal plates. A
narrow hinged species assigned herein to Fusella is similar to this
genus exteriorly but internally it has longer more slender dental
plates and lacks dorsal basal plates.

Remarks.—Until the genus Spirifer s. 5. is thoroughly under-
stood the status of Ectochoristites and many other spiriferid genera
is uncertain. In the meantime it seems to be useful, stratigraphically
as well as paleontologically, to assign many spiriferid species to
somewhat restricted genera. Rather than propose new generic names
for species that are different from seemingly typical Spirifers, this
writer has chosen a more conservative solution, namely, to equivo-
cally expand several existing generic concepts so as to include, in
some cases, geographically widely separated species. In this manner
the name Ectochortstites is questionably applied to North American
species.

Campbell, (1957, pp. 75, 76) noted the general external similar-
ity between the type species, FE. wattst Campbell, and Spirtfer gregert
Weller, 1914. Spirifer gregeri s. 5. is unlike F. wattst internally, hav-
ing long slender divergent dental plates in the pedicle valve, and
lacking basal plates in the brachial valve.

Range.—Lower Carboniferous (Upper Tournaisian) of Aus-
tralia, possibly Upper Kinderhookian and Lower Osagian of North
America.

Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp. Pl. 37, figs. 5a-6e; Text-figs. 39, 40

Medium to large, transversely subelliptical in outline; biconvex,
pedicle valve subconical in profile and more inflated than the
brachial valve; hinge submegathyrid, greatest width being attained
posterior to mid-valve; ventral beak strongly incurved; ears small
and rounded or slightly angular; anterior commissure uniplicate;
fold and sulcus well developed, V-shaped; entire surface costate,
with 19 to 21 rounded, usually simple costae per flank and 9 to 11
costae in the sulcus; prominent growth varices present at irregular
intervals; microprosopon consisting of capillae and regularly spaced
growth lines, the latter forming a fine but conspicuous herringbone

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER © 401

pattern in well-preserved specimens; juveniles much less inflated
with relatively larger more angular ears.

Pedicle valve subconical in anterior profile; flanks convex, beak
strongly incurved; interarea of adults relatively short, curved,
abruptly truncated at the extremities and marked by irregular
vertical grooves; interarea of juveniles wider and nearly triangular;
delthyrium usually wider than high, open, or with a small convex
pseudodeltidium; narrow dental ridges present; sulcus starts near
the beak and broadens to form an angle of about 28 to 30 degrees at
the anterior margin; sulcus deep, broadly V-shaped with flat sides
and simple median costa; other sulcal costae bifurcating from sulcus-
bounding costae and rarely also bifurcating; sulcal costae tending to
be flattened and indistinct at the anterior margin.

Table 36.—Measurements in millimeters of Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp.,
from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width (max.) Width (hinge) Thickness
154834 38.4 46.8 YD 31.0
154836 35.0? 41.0 34.0? Died,
154837 32.8 41.4? 30.4? 26.7
154835 24.8 30.0 27.0 19.4
154838 20.0 28.02 21.4? 15.9

Pedicle interior bearing widely spaced, slightly divergent,
thick, short dental plates; beak filled with columnar tissue which
obscures the anterior ends of the dental plates; muscle scars deeply
impressed between thick ridges of columnar tissue; dental flanges
also thickened forming a right angle with the hinge line near the
beak, intersecting the dental plates near the floor of the valve at
an angle; dental flanges converging and forming obtuse angles an-
teriorly; short low median ridge buried in columnar tissue posterior-
ly or exposed anteriorly; entire hinge line denticulate, the denticles
having external expression in the interarea as vertical grooves;
adductor scars per se indistinct.

Brachial valve much less inflated than the pedicle valve, form-
ing a semicircular anterior profile; dorsal umbo blunt, beak small,
incurved; interarea low with acute extremities; fold narrow, usually
inconspicuous, being bounded posteriorly by grooves which are

402 BuLLeTIN 238

deeper and more conspicuous than those between costae; fold often
slightly. recessed between these grooves posteriorly and thus incon-
spicuous one or two centimeters from the dorsal beak; fold in adults
often slightly flexed dorsally at the anterior margin to form a flat
or slightly concave lateral profile; costae on fold often less distinct
than those of the flanks especially at the anterior margin; other
prosopon similar to that of the pedicle valve.

Brachial interior with dorsally thickened hinge plates which
reach floor of the valve as two short septa or basal plates; cardinal
process composed of about 15 or 16 parallel vertical plates, sup-
ported by the hinge plate; sockets of moderate size and open an-
teriorly for most of their length; crura or descending lamellae pro-
duced from the slightly thickened inner dorsal edges of the hinge
plate; two low ridges marking the margins of the fold and forming
a rounded median groove; adductor scars not distinguishable in
serial sections but presumably lying in this median groove; short
low conspicuous median ridge present in posterior portion of groove.

Holotype. —USNM 154834.

Distinguishing characters. — The subelliptical outline, 19 to 21
simple rounded lateral costae on each flank, 9 to 11 suleal costae with
a simple median costa, relatively deep V-shaped sulcus with some-
what angular shoulders, short basal plates in the brachial valve, and
herringbone pattern formed by growth lines characterize this species.

Comparisons. — The similarities of juveniles of this species with
those of Spirifer chappelensis, n. sp. and Fusella llanoensis, n. sp.
are discussed under S. chappelensis.

Spirifer rowleyi Weller, 1914, from the Fern Glen Formation
of Missouri and the Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico is much
larger than EF. inflatus, the lateral costae are more numerous and
bifurcate freely, has a rounded sulcus with 20 or more costae, and the
postero-lateral flanks are thin and slightly concave.

Spirifer striatiformis Meek, 1875, from the Waverly Group of
Ohio is much thinner, relatively shorter compared to the width, rela-
tively wider at the hinge, has a shallower sulcus with a bifurcating
median costa, more slender and more divergent dental plates, and
usually more numerous costae on the flanks.

Specimens in the USNM collection of Spirifer floydensis Weller,

Texas MIssIsSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 403

1914, from the Borden Group of Indiana appear to be similar to
juveniles of Ectochoristites inflatus. However, they are wider with
larger more angular ears, have a more rounded and more shallow
sulcus and the dental plates are thinner and more divergent.

a fa Los

©

SES 4.0 4.5 5.0

ON
C7 7 Ne

3.9 6.0 Ae)

6
iO Ties 8,0
Text-figure 39.—Transverse serial sections of Ectochoristites inflatus, n. sp.

«1, USNM 154836 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

The type species of Ectochoristites, E. wattst Campbell, 1957,
from the Upper Tournaisian of New South Wales, Australia, is
considerably longer relative to width and the maximum width is at
or near the hinge, is thinner and has a much shallower, more rounded
sulcus.

Remarks. — There is too little material to permit statistical

analysis of size variation. However, growth varices do permit study

404 BULLETIN 238

°

m0
cae
=
=
Ve
=Llo
oO |N
=
uJ
oO
=
= Jo

lO 20 30
LENGTH (MM)

Text-figure 40—Plots of length-hinge-width measurements of Ectochori-
stites inflatus, n. sp. taken from growth varices of five pedicle valves (USNM
locality 9045), illustrating variation in the proportions of these shells during
ontogeny and a general trend toward truncation of the lateral extremities in
later growth stages.

of ontogenetic changes in growth form as shown in Text-figure 40.
In early stages the hinge width exceeds length in a ratio of about
3:2 and maximum width is at the hinge. The ears are angular but
not mucronate. This condition prevails until the shells are about
half or two-thirds grown at which time lateral growth at the hinge
nearly ceases while antero-lateral growth continues causing abrupt
truncation of the ventral interarea. Anterior growth continues and
length usually exceeds or equals hinge width in adults. With the
maximum width moving anteriorly, the ears become small and al-
most rounded.

The fold in juveniles is low and usually recessed between the

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 405

fold-bounding costae. It may remain inconspicuous except at the
anterior margin where it rises slightly in specimens more than 25
millimeters long. Except at the anterior margin of the holotype, the
fold is never high.

The sulcus on the other hand is present on the ventral beak as
a distinct groove and rapidly becomes deep and angular, forming
a characteristic angular V-shaped sulcus in shells about 25 milli-
meters long or longer.

Occurrence and abundance.—Chappel Limestone of central
Texas and the Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico. This species
is rare. The Chappel Limestone material consists of 7 morc or less
complete shells and 47 incomplete specimens and. disarticulated
valves from USNM locality 9045, and one complete shell from
USNM locality 9046. One nearly complete specimen in the USNM
collections from the Lake Valley Formation of New Mexico is similar
to the holotype.

Superfamily SPIRIFERINACEA Davidson, 1884
Family SPIRIFERINIDAE Davidson, 1884
Genus PUNCTOSPIRIFER North, 1920
Punctospirifer ? sp. Pl. 34, figs. 10-13

Two badly spalled pedicle valves and two brachial valves, both
spalled, from USNM locality 9045 and two spalled pedicle valves
from locality 9048 are possibly representatives of this genus in the
Chappel Limestone. The poor preservation of these specimens pre-
vents accurate specific as well as generic identification.

These specimens are questionably referred to Punctospirifer
North on the basis of shell shape, costation, and coarse punctation.
The pedicle valves bear dental plates and a median septum but
other internal details are lacking. Whether the original external
surface was imbricate and spinose is not known.

Superfamily RETICULARIACEA Waagen, 1883
Family RETICULARIIDAE Waagen, 1883
Genus RETICULARIA M’Coy, 1844
Reticularia? cooperensis (Swallow) Pl. 40, figs. la-7d; Text-fig. 41
1860. Spirifer cooperensis Swallow, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 1, p. 643.

406 BuLLETIN 238

1914. Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow), Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1,
pp. 428, 429, pl. 75, figs. 21-33.

1956. (?) Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow), Simorin, Akad. Nauk Kazakh.
SSR, p-2196,, pl. 17, figs. 12-15.

1958. Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow), Sanders, in Easton, et al., Smith.
Misc. Coll., vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 58, 59, pl. 6, figs. 21-30.

Sanders (1958) adequately described this species both extern-
ally and internally. His description was based on silicified specimens
from the Represo Limestone of Sonora, Mexico.

The Chappel Limestone collection of reticulariids agrees with
Weller’s (1914) and Sanders’ descriptions of exteriors. Serial peels
(Text-figure 41) of Chappel material agree with Sanders’ descrip-
tion and illustrations of the interior details. These serial peels re-
vealed two additional details ordinarily missed in conventional
examinations. First, there are thin deltidial plates (or plate?) that
project somewhat above the surface of the ventral interarea. These
plates appear as curved lines between the valves in Text-figure 41,
2.00 and 2.25. (It is interesting to note that George (1931, p. 526)
found similar plates in Phricodothyris). Second, the hinge line is
finely denticulate (as Sanders hypothesized). The denticles can be
seen in Text-figure 41—2.50 as vertical grooves near the hinge
line.

Table 37—Measurements in millimeters of Reticularia? cooperensis (Swal-
low) from the Chappel Limestone.

USNM

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154862 19.3 23:3 13.0 9045
154863 17.5 Ziel LE ;7 9048
154864 15.9 20.4 12.3 9045
154865 14.5 16.8 10.2 9045
154866 Wail 14.6 8.1 9045
154867 oil 10.6 5.8 9045
154868 6.4 Wes 3.8 9045

Types. — Swallow’s types were lost in a fire in 1892. However,
the species is so well known it seems unnecessary to designate a
neotype. Weller’s hypotypes are in the Field Natural History
Museum, Walker Museum Coll. No. 9701. Sanders’ Represo Lime-
stone hypotypes and the Chappel specimens are in the USNM.

Remarks. — Besnossova (1963, p. 304) assigned this species to
the genus Torynifer Hall and Clarke, 1894. However, none of the

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER © 407

f
: aN
nie Ss
3,00 S20

Text-figure 41.—Transverse serial sections of Reticularia? cooperensis
(Swallow) <3, USNM 154869 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak.

several dozen specimens in the USNM collections from the Chouteau
Limestone of Missouri has a dorsal median septum. In fact, most do
not even have a conspicuous median ridge. As Sanders (1958, p. 59)
pointed out, Weller may well have described a ridge instead of a
septum in his description of this species. In any case it is safe to say
that this species does not possess a dorsal septum and hence, does
not belong in Torynifer.

408 BULLETIN 238

Occurrence and abundance.— ‘This species has been widely
identified in Kinderhookian formations of North America. It is fairly
common in the Chouteau Limestone of Missouri, the Chappel Lime-
stone of Texas, occurring at almost every locality in the latter
formation. If the form identified by Besnossova has a dorsal septum,
it is not this species and requires another name.

Genus CRASSUMBO, n. gen.
(Latin crassus = thick; umbo = shield)

Smooth, spiriferoid, medium-sized; subequally biconvex; unipli-
cate; usually wider than long; ears rounded, hinge line shorter
than the maximum width; beaks slightly to considerably incurved,
fold and sulcus poorly to well defined; ventral interarea relatively
small, triangular, open; posterior portions of both valves much
thickened with columnar tissue; dental plates thin, subparallel,
partially or completely buried in columnar tissue; ventral muscle
field narrow and considerably incised posteriorly; no median ridge
apparent in either valve or mature specimens, however, a promi-
nent ventral ridge appears in juveniles; cardinal process and sockets
spiriferoid; inner socket ridges much reduced; crural bases large,
high, thickened by columnar tissue, reaching floor of valve in
juveniles; pallial sinuses not positively identified but may be mar-
tinioid; macroprosopon consisting of irregularly spaced growth
varices; some spalled specimens show a few vague low rounded
radial wrinkles on the flanks (these may prove to be manifestations
of the pallial sinuses); microprosopon consisting of radial capillae
and sparse, irregularly scattered nodes or spine bases.

Type species. — Crassumbo inornatus, n. gen., n. sp. from the
Chappel Limestone of central Texas.

Distinguishing characters. — The great thickening of the umbos
of both valves obscuring internal structures in adults, the prominent
ventral median ridge and well-developed crural plates in juveniles,
and capillate, nodose or spinose, microprosopon characterize this
genus.

Because assignment to this genus depends on both interior
details, as well as a well-preserved exterior surface prosopon, it is
usually difficult to assign from the literature old spiriferid and

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 409

martinid species. Whether the genus includes more than the two
new species described herein has not been determined.

Comparisons. — This genus is similar exteriorly to many mar-
tinioid, reticularid, and ambocoeliid genera. However, the capillate,
sparsely nodose microprosopon and massive umbonal regions serve
to distinguish it from most of these genera that are grossly similar
exteriorly,

Crassumbo is associated with Eomartiniopsts Sokolskaja, 1941,
in the Chappel Limestone. Because the microprosopon is_ rarely
preserved, it is necessary to determine whether the umbos are
thickened in order to distinguish it from Eomartiniopsis which 1s
thin-shelled.

Several somewhat similar genera from the Devonian of Czecho-
slovakia have been described by Havliéek. Pinquispirifer Havliéek,
1957, has faint costae on the flanks, a strong fold and sulcus, lacks
well-developed crural plates, the brachial umbo is much less
thickened with columnar tissue, and the hinge plate is free. In ex-
ternal form, microprosopon, and thickened ventral umbo Pinqut-
spirifer shows obvious similarities to Crasswmbo and Warrenella
Crickmay, 1953, and may be related to them, although Havlicek
placed it with the Eospiriferinae.

Undispirifer Havliéek, 1957, also has low flat indistinct costae
on the flanks, and a prominently marked off fold and sulcus, but
has concentric rows of minute, single, longitudinally elongated spines,
lacks the great thickening of the umbos, and lacks well-developed
crural bases.

Eoreticularia Nalivkin, 1930, has concentric rows of fine gran-
ules or spines and furthermore, is relatively thin-shelled, and in-
ternally lacks crural plates that touch the floor of the dorsal valve.

Fredericksia Paeckelmann, 1932, from the Permian of Russia,
has a ventral median septum and a “shagreen” (martiniid) micro-
prosopon.

Remarks.—Crassumbo is most similar and possibly related to
Warrenella Crickmay, 1953, a genus now widely identified in the
Devonian of North America. Warrenella, however, does not display
the unusual degree of umbonal thickening in the brachial valve as
seen in Crassumbo, possesses a deltidial plate, and apparently lacks

410 BuLLeTIN 238

well-developed crural bases. Crickmay, (1953, p. 599, figure 19)
illustrated a transverse section in which rudimentary plates are de-
veloped on the dorsal edges of the inner socket ridges. The micro-
prosopon, that is, capillation of the two genera is nearly identical,
but Warrenella apparently lacks the scattered nodes (or spine bases)
seen in Crassumbo inornatus, n. sp.

Tingella Grabau, 1931, a Devonian form from Asia and Europe,
is similar to Crasswmbo in that it possesses well-developed crural
plates that touch the floor of the dorsal valve and is thickened by
columnar tissue. The fold and sulcus are more weakly developed,
columnar tissue deposits thinner, and apparently the microprosopon
consists of fine spines and not true capiliae.

Despite the lack of preservation of actual spines, the nodes or
spine bases, capillate ornament, prominent median ridge in the
juveniles and general form all indicate reticularid affinities. Conse-
quently Crassuwmbo is assigned to that family. However, the unusual
thickening of the shell with columnar tissue, the sharp delineation of
the ventral interarea, presence of well-developed crural plates in the
brachial valve, and lack of obvious concentric prosopon (e.g. rows of
spines) make subfamilial assignment uncertain.

Range.—Lower Mississippian of central Texas.

Crassumbo inornatus, n. gen., n. sp. Pe 23 Mtoe 14 SP aletisselaq2=
Text-fig. 42

Martinid in aspect, small to medium in size, smooth, thick-
shelled, transversely ovate or subelliptical in outline; subequally
biconvex, neither valve much inflated; beaks small; hinge brachy-
thyrid, considerably less than the maximum width which is attained
near mid-length; cardinal extremities rounded in all growth stages
but more acute in juveniles than in adults; macroprosopon consists
of irregularly spaced growth varices and on inner shell layers of a
few specimens there are faint low costae or costellae on the flanks.
Microprosopon consists of fine radial capillae and sparsely scattered
nodes or spine bases (see Text-fig. 42).

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbo; beak slightly incurved
and small; sulcus a shallow groove posteriorly, becoming broader but
not deep anteriorly; flanks gently convex or nearly flat near the

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER All

ears; interarea low, sharply defined, smooth, triangular; delthyrium
apparently open.

Interior of pedicle valve with slender, subparallel, short dental
plates that are partly or completely buried in columnar tissue (the
actual dental plates composed of fibrous tissue are represented as
single lines in Text-fig. 42A); subdelthyrial thickening of columnar
tissue present below the delthyrium in the beak; teeth small; median
ridge not discernible in later growth stages but prominent in juve-
niles; ventral muscle field moderately incised between dental plates.

Brachial valve similar to pedicle valve in convexity; beak
slightly swollen, anterior extremity of shell bent slightly dorsad; fold
absent in umbonal region, low, confined to anterior two-thirds of the
valve; flanks slightly concave posteriorly near the ears, otherwise
gently concave; dorsal interarea low, triangular, inconspicuous; pro-
sopon similar to that of the pedicle valve.

Interior of dorsal valve with greatly thickened umbo; cardinal
process spiriferoid, that is, composed of shelly plates; sockets rela-
tively small, completely enclosed posteriorly and dorsally by colum-
nar tissue, at least in adults; socket ridges greatly thickened with
columnar tissue; crural plates short and buried or greatly thickened
by columnar tissue in adults; in large.specimens crural bases thick-
ened by columnar tissue (see Text-fig. 42A—5.0 and 5.5); no median
ridge present; dorsal muscle scars indistinct in serial sections; no
spiralia observed.

Holotype-—USNM No. 154873, Plate 41, figs. la-e.

Distinguishing characters ——This species is characterized by its
relatively low uninflated valves, the pedicle valve being considerably
longer than the brachial valve, smaller beaks, a poorly defined fold
and sulcus, rounded ears, and a gently convex pedicle valve.

Table 38.—Measurements in millimeters of Crassumbo inornatus, n. sp.

Length Length Width Hinge Thick- USNM
USNM No. (pedicle) (brachial) (max.) Width ness Loc.
154873 18.5 16.8 2325 16.6 13.8 9045
154874 eZ 14.4 20.8 14.6 12.9 9045
154675 ee 14.8 20.8 14.8 11.4 9046
154875 17.5 14.3 18.9 985 10.2 9045
154876 9.8 8.3 9.8 alll 6.9 9045
154877 5.6 5.0 6.0 4.5 Bh 9045

412 BuLLETIN 238

Text-figure 42.—Transverse serial sections of Crassumbo inornatus, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) Large
specimen, USNM 154884, 1.5. (B) Large juvenile or small adult, USNM
154885, 3. Dental plates and crural bases are represented as lines.

Compartsons.—This species is readily distinguished from Crass-
umbo turgidus, n. sp. with which it occurs at USNM localities 9043
and 9046. C. turgidus has more swollen umbos in both valves, the

Texas MIssIssipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 413

brachial valve is nearly as long as the pedicle valve, the sulcus is
deeper, and the cardinal extremities more acute and slightly reflexed
from the rest of the shell. C. inornatus has a brachial valve that is
considerably shorter than the pedicle valve, a less swollen dorsal
umbo, a shallow sulcus, and the cardinal extremities are rounded and
evenly adjoin the rest of the shell.

Remarks.—The small number of well-preserved specimens avail-
able makes a complete description and analysis of this species im-
possible. However, it is possible to add a few remarks about some
of the small individuals available from USNM locality 9045. The
smallest specimens are only a few millimeters long, but unfortunately
they are not well enough preserved to insure good interior informa-
tion. A good cellulose peel of one small specimen about five milli-
meters long shows a prominent ventral median ridgé in the beak
area, similar to that found in juveniles of C. turgidus. The smallest
completely sectioned specimen was about nine millimeters long and
it varied little internally from a typical adult (Text-fig. 42B). Ex-
teriors of small specimens are similar in their proportions to those
of adults although the fold and sulcus are less pronounced. The
growth varices of adults bear this out also. In the latest growth
stages there is a tendency toward crowding of the growth varices
especially near the ears resulting in a slightly narrower hinge line.
Several specimens have a noticeably larger ventral beak, but this is
assumed to be normal infra-specific variation.

Occurrence and abundance.— Chappel Limestone of central
Texas. This is a relatively common species of USNM locality 9045
(61 disarticulated valves or fragmentary adult specimens and four
complete adults, 47 juveniles and small individuals); rare at location
9046—three more or less complete adults and two fragmentary
specimens; rare or unidentified elsewhere.

Crassumbo turgidus, n. gen., n. sp. Pl. 42, figs. la-6e; Text-figs. 43, 44

Martiniid in general aspect, smal] to medium size; thick-shelled;
transversely ovate or subquadrate in outline; subequally biconvex,
both valves much inflated and nearly equal in length; beaks con-
spicuous; hinge brachythyrid, maximum width attained more or
less near mid-length; cardinal extremities angular and delineated by

414 BULLETIN 238

a slight reflexing of the outer surface of both valves; macroprosopon
consisting of irregularly spaced growth varices and on inner shell
layers of some specimens faint radial costae on the flanks; micro-
prosopon consisting of fine capillae preserved only on outermost
shell layers and hence rarely observed.

Pedicle valve most convex posteriorly; subconical in posterior
profile, the flanks being slightly concave posteriorly, beak moderate-
ly incurved and small; sulcus beginning in the beak as a shallow
narrow groove becoming much broader but not deeper at mid-length,
forming a moderately deep rounded sulcus near the anterior com-
missure; flanks slightly concave to slightly convex in anterior out-
line; interarea low, well defined, triangular, delthyrium apparently
open; marks of pallial sinuses not observed unless represented by the
faint fine costae on the flanks.

Interior of pedicle valve with slender subparallel or slightly
convergent short dental plates that are partially or nearly com-
pletely buried in columnar tissue in adults; dental plates free in
earliest growth stages observed; teeth relatively small; thick prom-
inent median ridge present in earliest known growth stages, buried
in columnar tissue in adults; ventral muscle field deeply incised be-
tween dental plates.

Brachial valve more convex than pedicle valve, being strongly
convex in the umbo and reflexing or concave only in the ears, the
flanks forming a moderately convex slope to the anterior commis-
sure; dorsal beak somewhat incurved, considerably swollen; fold not
apparent in the dorsal umbo, first appearing at about mid-length
or even slightly anterior to mid-length as a posterior flexure in the
growth varices, gradually becoming higher anteriorly, being well de-
lineated only in the anterior one-third or so of the shell; dorsal
interarea low, triangular, inconspicuous; prosopon similar to that of
pedicle valve.

Interior of dorsal valve with greatly thickened umbonal region;
cardinal process spiriferoid; sockets small, posteriorly enclosed by
columnar tissue in adults; crural plates short but touching the dorsal
inner surface in juveniles, buried in adults; crural bases also partially
buried and thickened in large adults; dorsal muscle scars indistinct,
no spiralia observed.

Texas MISsSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 415

| A
WOU EVGREA
“ee eee

ey)
ee:
«S
oc

aan

YPM LIS

5 |

Text-figure 43—Transverse serial sections of Crassumbo turgidus, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9043, measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) Large
specimen, USNM 154899, «2; (B) Small adult, USNM 154900, x3.

416 BuLLeETIN 238

Table 39.—Measurements in millimeters of Crassumbo turgidus, n. sp.

a

Length Length Width Width Thick- USNM
USNM No. (pedicle ) (brachial) (max.) (hinge ) ness Loc.
154887 18.8? 16.9? 24.0 18.2? 15.3 9043
154888 17.6 16.3 23.0? Uefa 14.6 9043
154889 16.3 1359) 18.0? 14.1 11.9 9043
154890 16:6 14.5 17.7 13.0 10.5 9043
154891 11.2 9.6 11.6 8.3 8.0 9046
154893 OF/i 8.7 Wn Tei 7.8 Gee, 9046
154894 8.9 8.2 955 6.2 6.3 9046
154895 8.3 Wes) 8.9 5.6 6.1 9046
154896 6.4 6.3 6.9 4.1 4.5 9046
154892 6.0 Se7/, 6.1 Sei, 4.4 9046
154897 4.4 4.4 4.4 Qe, See 9046
154898 Saf) 3.8 S50 2.0 Za 9046

Holotype —USNM 154887.

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
inflated valves, swollen umbos, considerably incurved beaks, well-
developed fold and sulcus, well-delineated semiangular cardinal ex-
tremities and a brachial valve that is nearly as long as the pedicle
valve.

Comparisons.—This species is similar to and associated with
Crassumbo inornatus, n. sp. which can be distinguished by its less
evenly and less inflated valves, relatively smaller brachial valve,
lesser incurvature of both beaks, less swollen umbos, less prominent
fold and sulcus, and less angular and more poorly defined cardinal
extremities.

Remarks.—Unfortunately no single locality has produced a
population sample large enough for statistical analysis. The collec-
tion from USNM locality 9046 of small adults and juveniles provides
useful information concerning the development of the columnar tis-
sue thickening and the pre-deposition structures present in both
beaks. The smallest of these specimens sectioned (Text-fig. 44) was
about 5.5 millimeters long and similar in appearance to the speci-
men shown on Plate 42, figure 6. This specimen clearly displays a
prominent median ridge in the pedicle valve and short crural plates
in the brachial valve, structures only suspected to exist in adults.
The progressive deposition of columnar tissue in specimens only
slightly larger than this obscures these details. By the time the in-
dividuals are a centimeter long most interior details are obscured by

Texas MissIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 417

0.8 0.9

Text-figure 44.—Transverse serial sections of Crassumbo turgidus, n. sp.
a small juvenile, USNM 154901, from USNM locality 9046, 6, measurements
(mm) from ventral beak. Note the massive ventral median ridge and crural
bases that reach the floor of the brachial valve.

this deposition. (Sexual maturity is, of course, impossible to demon-
strate but for the purposes of description the specimens have been
referred to as adults if they have been sufficiently thickened to bury
or greatly thicken the dental plates and cardinalia). The length-
width ratios of juveniles are substantially larger than those of large
adults. The length-width ratios of the largest adults are 0.77-0.78
with those of juveniles averaging around 0.98. The fold and sulcus
of juveniles are also poorly produced, the sulcus being a shallow
narrow groove, and the fold scarcely discernible.

Occurrence and abundance—Chappel Limestone of central
Texas, USNM localities 9043, 9046, and 9042.

This species is not common. Besides the types there are two
nearly complete specimens and seven disarticulated valves or frag-
mentary specimens from USNM locality 9043. From USNM locality
9046, excepting the types, there are eight complete or nearly com-
plete small adults, 52 disarticulated valves or fragmentary speci-

418 BuLueTIN 238

mens of small adults and 64 complete juveniles. Two imperfect speci-
mens fram USNM locality 9042 are assigned to this species.

Family MARTINIIDAE Waagen, 1883
Genus EOMARTINIOPSIS Sokolskaja, 1941

1941. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol.
12, No. 2, pp.- 78-80, 123.

1952. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Rzhonsnitskaja, Trudy, Vsesoiuznyi Nauehno-
issled. Geol. Inst. (VSEGEI), p. 144.

1952. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Sarycheva and Sokolskaja, Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol. 38, pp. 216, 217.

1959. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Havliéek, Ustredniko ustavu geologického,
Rozpravy, Svazek 25, pp. 185, 259, 260.

1960. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Ivanova, Osnovi Paleont., Mshanki, Brachio-
pody, Moscow, pp. 274, 275.

1963. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja in Sarycheva, Sokolskaja, Besnossova, and
Maximova, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Paleont. Inst., Trudy, vol. 95, p. 299.

1965. Eomartiniopsis Sokolskaja, Pitrat, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,
Part H, Brachiopoda, vol. 2, p. 726.

Thin, lacking columnar tissue, small to medium size; outline
ovate or transversely to longitudinally rounded; hinge line short,
much less than the maximum shell width, cardinal extremities round-
ed; sinus and fold usually well developed; ventral interarea of mod-
erate size, curved, triangular, smooth; delthyrium large, triangular,
open; dorsal interarea low and inconspicuous; macroprosopon con-
sisting of growth varices and in some species, low, broad, indistinct
costae or radial undulations on the flanks of large specimens; micro-
prosopon consisting of fine pits on inner shell layers.

Pedicle valve with thin, medium to long, subparallel to slightly
divergent dental plates; no median ridge, but the oblong muscle
scar is longitudinally divided by two low narrow ridges (not seen in
serial sections ).

Brachial valve with martiniid cardinalia, that 1s, the cardinal
process is spiriferoid or composed of several vertical shelly plates;
sockets narrow and transversely elongated; crural bases arising from
dorsal edges of inner socket ridges, directed dorso-medially; short
“basal” plates arising and diverging dorso-laterally from the crural
bases in the dorsal beak but not reaching the floor of the valve. No
median ridge present.

Type species—Eomartiniopsis elongata Sokolskaja, 1941, pp.
82-85, pl. 7, figs. 2-4, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. Lower Carboniferous (Tour-
naisian) of the Moscow Basin.

Texas MIsSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 419

Distinguishing characters.—The thin shell, transversely to longi-
tudinally ovate outline, usually well-developed fold and sulcus in
adults, indistinct broad flat costae commonly found on the flanks,
thin slender, subparallel dental plates in the ventral valve, incipient
“basal” plates in the brachial valve, and microprosopon of numerous
fine pits on the inner shell layers characterize this genus.

Comparisons—The presence of dental plates and lack of well-
developed “basal” plates easily distinguish this genus from Martinia
M’Coy, 1844, and Martinopsis Waagen, 1883, respectively.

The capillate irregularly nodose microprosopon and the massive
shell development in the umbones of Crasswmbo, n. gen., another
Chappel genus, serve to distinguish it from Homartimopsts.

Pinquispirifer Havliéek, 1959, Undispirifer Havliéek, 1959, and
Eoreticularia Nalivkin, 1930, appear similar to Eomartiniopsis in
outline and general aspect; they can be distinguished by the follow-
ing; Pinquispirifer has a capillate surface ornament, the shell is pos-
teriorly thickened with columnar tissue, the dental plates are buried
in this tissue, and crural plates are partally buried. Undispirifer pos-
sesses concentric rows of minute, simple, elongated spines and _ is
thus a reticulariid as in Eoreticularia which lacks low broad costae
on the flanks in all cases, has concentric rows of fine spines or papil-
lae, and the fold and sinus are poorly developed or even lacking.

Remarks.—Sokolskaja (1941, pp. 79, 80) and Havliéek (1959,
p. 260) speculated that this genus may prove to be synonymous
with Martiniella Grabau, 1931, but reserved judgment due to the
scanty description given by Grabau. It would seem that the type
species given for Martiniella by Grabau, Martiniella nasuta Grabau,
is a nomen nudum. Therefore, Martiniella appears to be an invalid
name according to the International Code of Zoological Nomen-

clature (Articles 13 b and 68).

Range.—Lower, Middle, and Upper Devonian of Czechkoslo-
vakia, Tournaisian of the Moscow Basin, and Kinderhookian of
Texas.

Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson) Plyy2seifigs 13-2 P ly 43stiss la-7d-
Text-figs. 45-47

1938. Brachythyris girtyi Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13, No. 3, pp.
66, 67, pl. 9, figs. 31-33.

420 BuLLeTIN 238

Medium-sized, thin-shelled, subequally biconvex, transversely
ovate in outline, the pedicle valve being somewhat more inflated in
profile; hinge brachythyrid, considerably less than the maximum
width which is attained at or somewhat posterior to mid-valve;
cardinal extremities rounded in all growth stages; beaks incurved;
fold and sulcus well developed in mature specimens; macroprosopon
consisting of about 12 or 13 costae on each flank, the costae being
simple, low, broad, and indistinct especially near the umbones, and
prominent irregularly spaced growth varices; surface of inner shell
layers densely covered with fine pits (see Plate 23, fig. 13) as in
Martima (so-called “shagreen” ornament).

Pedicle valve most convex at the anterior and posterior ex-
tremities, the beak being tumid and somewhat incurved; flanks al-
most flat in posterior profile from the edges of sulcus to valve mar-
gins; interarea relatively small, curved, triangular, smooth, and not
sharply delineated in most specimens; delthyrium large, triangular
and apparently open; sulcus originating as a groove on the beak but
by mid-valve is a rounded sulcus of moderate depth with slightly
rounded shoulders, forming a moderate tongue anteriorly.

Interior of pedicle valve with slender, subparallel, moderately
long dental plates which extend about one-third of the valve length
but appear only as ridges for much of their extent in serial sections.
No median ridge, Jateral crests or muscle scars discernible in serial
sections.

Table 40.—Measurements in millimeters of Eomartiniopsis girtyi from
USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width (max.) Width (hinge) Thickness
154905 29 sf 39:2 293 21.4
154906 29.8 35.1 24.6 22.1
154907 27.2 34.7 24.2 19.6
154908 XS) 30.2 21.0 18.0
154909 20.0 PHTfes| 18.5 13.8
154910 Sey, 20.2 11.8 9.4
154911 11.0 3E5 hah 6.6

Brachial valve less inflated; dorsal beak small and scarcely in-
curved; dorsal interarea low and inconspicuous; fold originating just
anterior to the dorsal umbo but remaining inconspicuous for much
of its length. At about mid-valve a median groove appearing (simi-

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER: 421

4.25 4.50 4.75
Pe arwerts al te hee TS Daas Sv Grin
wa ¢ pp, SE —< oe & SA aes e/
5.00 5.25 5,50 6.00

Text-figure 45—Transverse serial sections of Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Bran-
son) 2, USNM 154912 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

lar to that of Brachythyris) and the fold is slightly flattened at the
anterior commissure. Prosopon similar to that of the pedicle valve.

Interior of brachial valve with a spiriferoid cardinal process;
sockets transversely elongated; short “basal” plates (Text-fig. 45—
4.75) diverging dorso-laterally from the crural bases but not touch-
ing the floor of the valve except in the umbo proper. Crura origi-
nating antero-dorsally from the inner socket ridges. No median ridge;
muscle scars not distinguishable in serial sections.

422 BuLLETIN 238

Syntypes—University of Missouri, collection 4267, Chouteau
Limestone, near Williamsburg, Missouri. (One syntype illustrated
in Branson, 1938, plate 9, figs. 31-33).

Distinguishing characters —Eomartiniopsis girtyt is character-
ized by its transversely ovate outline, somewhat inflated pedicle
valve, relatively well-developed fold and sulcus, costate flanks with
12 or 13 broad stmple costae per flank and slender subparallel dental
plates.

Comparisons.—Eomartiniopsis girtyi is the only previously de-
scribed Mississippian species of this genus in North America.

Havhiéek (1959, p. 185) placed Delthyris laevis Hall, 1843, and
Martima kirki Merriam, 1940, in this genus, however, both are
reticularids. Delthyris laevis Hall is probably a Warrenella Crick-
may, 1953, and M. kirki Merriam is similar to Tingella Grabau, 1931.

Remarks.—A large sample of reasonably well-preserved nearly
complete specimens from a single population (locality 9045) affords
an opportunity for an unsophisticated analysis of size variation and
growth characteristics. Text-figure 46 is a scatter diagram comparing
the standard dimensions of length, width, and thickness. From this
diagram it can be seen that although shell growth is linear, in gen-
eral, there is a tendency for shells to become relatively wider and
thicker compared to the length. More conspicuous ontogenetic
changes are apparent in the development of the fold and sulcus and
flank costation. In smal] juveniles the fold is poorly developed and
the sulcus is merely a median groove. By the time individuals are
about a centimeter long the fold appears and the sulcus begins to
widen anteriorly. Smaller shells are nearly smooth and extremely
difficult to identify unless one can observe the presence of dental
plates or pitted inner shell layers. The weakly developed lateral
costa apparently appear late in ontogenetic development. Most
specimens less than 20 millimeters long do not have recognizable
costae and the ribbing in larger specimens is sometimes indistinct.
Text-figure 47 is a graph of length-width measurements taken from
growth varices of the pedicle valve of several specimens. It more or
less duplicates the information of the scatter diagram but in addi-
tion shows a marked tendency for the growth varices to become
crowded posterolaterally, that is, growth in width nearly terminates

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 423

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

THICKNESS (MM)

s Ver
oO Ss ER
= oe
CS ,
é
° De
uJ
za *
x
oO oO ee ©
in
as o\?
oN

Text-figure 46.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Eomartiniopsis girtyt
(Branson) from USNM locality 9045.

424 BuLLETIN 238

WIDTH (MM)

LENGTH (MM)

Text-figure 47—Plots of length-width measurements of Eomartiniopsis
girtyi (Branson) taken from growth varices of six pedicle valves (USNM lo-
cality 9045), illustrating variation in the proportions of these shells during
ontogeny and a slight trend toward truncation of the lateral extremities.

in full maturity although length increases. This tendency is typical
of round-eared spiriferoid brachiopods.

Occurrence and abundance.—This species occurs in the Chou-
teau Limestone of Missouri and the Chappel Limestone of central
Texas. Branson (1938, p. 67) listed only one collecting locality in
the Chouteau, University of Missouri locality 4267, and did not com-
ment on the size or extent of his collection.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 425

In the Chappel Limestone F. girtyi is a relatively common
species and occurs at nearly every Chappel locality.

Besides the 41 types and measured specimens from USNM
locality 9045, there are also several scores of incomplete specimens
and disarticulated valves. The USNM locality 9048 collection is also
large and includes 13 excellent shells and several dozen more or
less perfect specimens.

Order TEREBRATULIDA Waagen, 1883
Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA Waagen, 1883

Superfamily DIELASMATACEA Schuchert, 1913
Family CRANAENIDAE Cloud, 1942
Subfamily CRANAENINAE Cloud, 1942 ~-
Genus CRANAENA Hall and Clarke, 1893
Cranaena texana, Nn. sp. Pl. 44, figs. 1a-10e; Text-fig. 48

Smaller than average for the genus, strongly but unequally
biconvex, pedicle valve usually more inflated than brachial valve;
longitudinally subelliptical in outline, sometimes vaguely subpen-
tagonal; longer than wide, greatest width near mid-length, greatest
thickness near mid-length or slightly -posterior to mid-length;, an-
terior profile subelliptical to subcircular; lateral profile subelliptical
to lenticular; fold and sulcus Jacking; anterior commissure rectimar-
ginate; in thick specimens the anterior third of both valves may be
flattened forming a truncated anterior margin; radial prosopon lack-
ing, growth varices strong, irregularly spaced, growth lines not ob-
served.

Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex, evenly curved in
lateral profile; umbonal region moderately swollen, evenly convex;
anterior third slightly flattened medially in some large specimens;
beak erect, foramen elongate, ovate; delthyrium not observed.

Pedicle valve interior with short rudimentary dental plates,
reaching the ventral floor only in the beak.

Brachial valve usually less convex than the pedicle valve, often
weakly convex in moderate-sized and small specimens; umbonal re-
gion most convex, broad, not much swollen in most specimens, tumid
in thick specimens; medial portion of valve evenly convex; anterior

426 BULLETIN 238

third evenly rounded or medially flattened in some large specimens;
beak small, obscured by the pedicle valve beak.

Brachial valve interior with strongly concave free medial hinge
plate and oval apical perforation; outer hinge plates slightly con-
cave, weakly depressed; crural bases originate at juncture between
inner and outer hinge plates, becoming high anteriorly; crura high
and vertical posteriorly, gradually becoming horizontal and short
anteriorly, forming a short terebratuliform loop with ventrally de-
flected transverse band.

Holotype —USNM No. 154915.

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
small size, strongly but unequally biconvex valves, the pedicle valve
being more convex than the brachial, longitudinally subelliptical or
obscurely subpentagonal outline, no fold and sulcus, and occasionally
flattened anterior portions forming a truncated front margin. In-
ternally the dental plates are short and rudimentary, and the medial
hinge plate is strongly concave.

Table 41.—Measurements in millimeters of Cranaena texana, n. sp. from
USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness
154914 9:9 8.7 5.9
154915 9.8 Ash 5.8
154916 8.9 7.1 6.1
154917 8.9 6.8 4.7
154918 8.9 6.6 4.9
154919 8.3 6.1 4.5
154920 8.0 6.1 4.6
154921 6.1 4.9 329
154922 Dei, 4.7 322
154923 5 4.7 353

Comparisons.—C. texana, n. sp. is most similar and closely re-

lated to Cranaena globosa Weller, 1914, from the Burlington Lime-
stone of Missouri. That species differs from C. texana in being larger
with a relatively more convex brachial valve, and in general, a more
inflated lateral profile. Internally, the dental plates of C. globosa are
well developed and the medial hinge plate is weakly concave.
Some specimens of Cranaena occidentalis (Miller), 1892, from
the Chouteau Group of Missouri are similar in outline and lateral

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 427

5.0 Sue 3.4 3.6

Text-figure 48.—Transverse serial sections of Cranaena texana, n. sp. 4,
USNM 154924 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from ventral
beak.

profile to some small thin specimens of C. texana but in general
this species is much larger, relatively thinner, with a narrow ventral
umbonal region, rounded front margin, and the maximum width is
usually attained anterior to mid-length.

Remarks.—Although large collections of this species are avail-
able, the writer can contribute little about its ontegenetic develop-
ment due to the unusual variability in its proportions at all known
growth stages. Some attempt is made to illustrate this variabilizy on
Plate 44. Although there are strongly inflated individuals with trun-
cated front margins in all growth series, as well as thinner rounded
forms, a complete gradation exists between these extremes, making
further taxonomic subdivision impossible and inappropriate.

Occurrence and abundance.—C. texana is common at USNM
locality 9045 (126 specimens), and less common at localities 9046

428 BULLETIN 238

(15 specimens ), 9048 (13 specimens), 9047 (seven specimens ), 9042
(four specimens), and 9043 (one specimen). .

Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis Moore Pl. 30, figs. 8a-10e; Text-fig. 49

1928. Cranaena hannibalensis Moore, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, vol. 21, 2d
series, p. 2/3, ple 12; figs, 9) 110.

1938. Cranaena hannibalensis Moore, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13,
No. 4, p. 51.

The following description is based on several Chappell Lime-
stone specimens that vary considerably in size and outline. These
specimens presumably represent a single species but the collection is
too small to properly assess this variation in terms of species charac-
ters. Comparison with Cranaena hannibalensis Moore is based main-
ly on external similarity, as Moore did not adequately describe the
interior details of his species.

Average size for the genus, almost equally biconvex, longitudin-
ally subovate to almost subcircular in outline; slightly to moderately
longer than wide, greatest width attained near mid-length;, anterior
profile lenticular, the valves meeting at an acute angle; lateral
profile sublenticular or almost oval; fold and sulcus completely lack-
ing; anterior commissure rectimarginate; some specimens. slight-
ly flattened in the dorsal umbonal region; anterior and lateral mar-
gins evenly rounded; radial prosopon lacking; growth varices prom-
inent, irregularly spaced.

Pedicle valve moderately convex, most convex in umbonal re-
gion, being weakly convex anteriorly in lateral profile; lateral siopes
weakly convex, flaring in some specimens; beak erect, foramen ovate,
epithyridid.

Pedicle valve interior with short rudimentary dental plates
confined to the beak.

Brachial valve similar in convexity and lateral profile to that
of the pedicle valve; dorsal umbo narrow, tumid; beak small, narrow,
obscured by the pedicle valve.

Brachial valve interior with thickened umbonal region; inner
socket ridges massive; medial hinge plate slightly concave; outer
hinge plates posteriorly thickened by secondary shell tissue, inclined
slightly dorsad anteriorly; crural bases well developed apically but

Texas MIssiIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 429

Text-figure 49.—Transverse serial sections of Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis
Moore X2, USNM 154760 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

obscured by secondary tissue, becoming thick vertical plates anterior-
ly; crura high and directed ventrally; loop unknown.

Illustrated specimens—USNM Nos. 154757, 154758, 154759,
154760.

Table 42—Measurements in millimeters of Cranaena cf. C. hanntbalensis
Moore, 1928, from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width ‘Thickness
154757 20.8 17.3 11.7
154758 17.8? 16.6 es)
154759 12.0 9.9 6.1

Remarks.—Although Moore did not describe the brachial in-
terior of C. hannibalensis the Chappel Limestone specimens agree
with his description in most other respects. The mesial flattening of
the brachial valve is much less pronounced in the Chappel speci-
mens than is shown by Moore’s illustration (pl. 12, fig. 10).

Occurrence and abundance.—Including those described there
are 17 specimens assigned to this species from USNM locality 9045.

430 BULLETIN 238

One specimen each from localities 9048 and 9043 may also belong

here. .

Cranaena? dorsisulcata, n. sp. Pl. 44, figs. 1la-15e; Text-fig. 50

Average size for the genus, unequally biconvex, the pedicle
valve being more inflated than the brachial valve; outline longi-
tudinally subtrigonal to obscurely subpentagonal, considerably longer
than wide in large specimens, nearly equidimensional in some small
specimens; greatest width anterior to mid-length in large individuals,
near mid-length or even posterior to mid-length in small specimens,
greatest thickness near or posterior to mid-length in all known
growth stages; anterior profile subovate in large adults, more lenticu-
lar in small individuals; lateral profile thickly lenticular; fold lack-
ing; sulcus developed in brachial valve in all known growth stages;
anterior commissure sulcate; front margin slightly emarginate;
radial prosopon Jacking, growth varices strong, irregularly spaced,
shell substance finely punctate.

Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex, evenly curved pos-
teriorly in lateral profile, being somewhat less convex anteriorly in
some specimens; venter may be slightly flattened anteriorly; lateral
slopes evenly convex; umbonal region broad, elongate, tumid; beak
nearly straight to suberect, foramen elongate-ovate, epithyridid,
deltidial plates conjunct.

Pedicle valve interior with short but well-developed dental
plates confined to the umbonal region,

Brachial valve most convex in the umbonal region, curving
evenly to the front margin in lateral profile; sulcus originating near
or just anterior to the dorsal umbo, becoming broad but shallow
anteriorly; lateral slopes evenly convex; beak small, curved in
against the delthyrium.

Brachial valve interior with moderately concave apically per-
forate short hinge plate; crural bases originate on the inner edges
of the inner socket ridges; crura rodlike near the hinge plate, be-
coming broad and vertically directed anteriorly; loop short, centro-
nelliform in juveniles, the main bands forming a short union; adult
loop unknown.

Holotype—USNM No. 154925.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 431

Table 43.—Measurements in miilimeters of Cranaena? dorsisulcata, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9047.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154925 18.5 14.4 10.3
154926 8.4? 8.1 4.3
154927 8.4 7.6 4.6
154928 6.8 5.6 3.5
154929 529) 5.8 3.0

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
longitudinally subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline with greatest
width anterior to mid-length in large adults, sulcate anterior com-
missure, emarginate front margin, brachial valve with a broad shal-
low sulcus in all growth stages, straight to suberect beak, epithyri-
did foramen, and conjunct deltidial plates. 7

Comparisons.—In the Chappel Limestone C.? dorsisulcata can
be distinguished from other species of the genus Cranaena by its
sulcate anterior commissure. Small individuals of Dielasmella larga,
n. sp. may have a weak shallow dorsal sulcus, but these specimens
are more compressed, especially in the lateral extremities, and have
a small narrow suberect beak, and often are costate. Internally,
Dielasmella larga has a long cryptonelliform loop, not a short loop
as in C.? dorsisulcata.

C.? dorsisulcata, n. sp. is most similar externally to Centronella
louistanensis Weller, 1914, from the Louisiana Limestone of Mis-
souri, and Centronelloidea rowley (Worthen,) 1884, from the Lower
Burlington Chert of Missouri. According to Sanders (1958, pp. 53,
54) Centronella lowisianensis is an impunctate rhynchonellid and
the type species for the genus Dorstsinus Sanders, 1958. Centron-
elloidea rowley is greatly different internally from C.? dorsisulcata
having a sessile hinge plate and a peculiar terebratuliform loop with
long anterior projections.

Remarks.—Generic assignment of this species is tentative until
such time as the nature of the adult loop is elucidated. Assignment
to the genus Cranaena is based on the presence of an apically per-
forate free hinge plate in C.? dorsisulcata. However, the epithyridid
foramen and sulcate anterior commissure of this species are not usual
for the genus.

432 BuLLETIN 238

0.5 Om OL) 1.1 1.3
Sem

1.5 STA 1.9 (Ae
el Re i Cae
- Rte he py aebdar ey, Sea Fe tae
25 2.5 ath 20

Text-figure 50.—Transverse serial sections of Cranaena? dorsisulcata,
n. sp. 5, USNM 154930 from USNM locality 9047, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

Occurrence and abundance——Eleven specimens from USNM
locality 9047 constitute the only collections of this species.

Genus HAMBURGIA Weller, 1911
Hamburgia chappelensis, n. sp. Pl. 45, figs. la-5e; Text-figs. 51, 52

Larger than average, subequally biconvex, longitudinally sub-
pentagonal to subovate in outline; greatest width near mid-length,
greatest thickness near or slightly posterior to mid-length;, anterior
profile thickly ovate, lateral profile subelliptical; anterior commis-
sure rectimarginate; fold and sulcus lacking but both valves usually
flattened anteriorly forming a truncated front margin in adults;
radial prosopon usually lacking, some specimens faintly costellate on
decorticated surfaces; growth varices strong, growth lines faint, ir-
regularly spaced.

Pedicle valve moderately and evenly curved in lateral profile;
umbonal region narrowly swollen, median region evenly convex, an-

Texas MIssIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ™ 433

terior third often medially flattened; beak erect, foramen large,
ovate, slightly marginate.

Pedicle valve interior with short dental plates, separated from
lateral walls by narrow umbonal cavities; large specimens often with
narrow medial muscle impression in posterior portion of the valve.

Brachial valve slightly less convex than pedicle valve, broadly
convex umbonally, evenly convex medially, usually flattened in an-
terior half of the valve; beak small, obscured by the ventral beak.

Brachial valve interior of small specimens with open notothyrial
cavity; hinge plates flat, meeting posteriorly at their juncture with
the floor of the valve, rising on a low thin ridge anteriorly, being
entirely free anteriorly in some specimens; large specimens with
greatly thickened umbonal region, small narrow notothyrial cavity,
hinge plates and crural bases buried in fibrous tissue for much of
their length, being supported anteriorly on a thick median ridge;
crural bases originating near the floor of the dorsal umbo as vertical,
slightly ventro-medially converging plates on the outer edges of the
hinge plates; crura broad vertical bands, converging ventrally, com-
plete loop not obtained.

Holotype—USNM No. 154931.

Distinguishing characters—This species 1s characterized by its
large size, almost equally convex valves, longitudinally subpenta-
gonal outline with greatest width near mid-length, lack of fold and
sulcus but anteriorly flattened valves form a truncated front margin,
rectimarginate anterior commissure, and narrowly swollen ventral
umbo, Internally the hinge plates meet at their juncture with the
floor of the valve posteriorly and rise anteriorly on a narrow or
thick median ridge.

Table 44.—Measurements in millimeters of Hamburgia chappelensis, n. sp.
from USNM locality 9045.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness
154931 25.6 22.4 16.0
154932 22.3 18.6 WS
154933 17.2 15.5 9.8
154934 11.6 9.8 6.2

154935 7.1 6.1 3.4

434 BuLLeTiIn 238

| ¢ ? f \ 4 ie / ,
ey Sa Se
5.8 G2 7.0 8.0

3.8 4.2 4.6 5:0

Text-figure 51.—Transverse serial sections of Hamburgia chappelensis,
n. sp. measurements (mm) from ventral beak. (A) Large specimen, USNM
154936 from USNM locality 9045, 1.5. (B) Small adult, USNM 154937 from
USNM locality 9048, 2.

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 435

Compartsons.—H. chappelensis, n. sp. is most similar and closely
related to Hamburgia flora (Winchell), 1870, from the Logan For-
mation of Ohio. That species differs from H. chappelensis in being
larger, relatively thinner, with a broader ventral umbo, and usually
a more rounded front margin. Internally the two species are closely
similar.

Small juveniles of this species are not easily confused with other
small smooth shells in the Chappel Limestone, although small
cranaenids and meristids may occasionally be misidentified as ham-
burgiids. These shells can be segregated by their strongly inflated
valves and uniplicate anterior commissure respectively.

WIDTH (MM)

Text-figure 52.—Scatter diagrams of dimensions of Hamburgia chap-
pelensis, n. sp. from USNM locality 9045.

436 BULLETIN 238

Remarks.—Ontogenetic development of internal characters has
not been observed. Hoeter a scatter diagram of measurements of
50 nadimenalle from a single collection are shown in Text-figure 52.

Occurrence and abundance.—\his is a relatively common species
in the Chappel Limestone, having been found at USNM localities
9045 (529 specimens), 9048 (97 specimens), 9046 (55 specimens),
9047 (44 specimens), 9155 (32 specimens), 9043 (27 specimens),
9042 (seven specimens), and 9044 (one specimen). In addition,
three large specimens from near Johnson City, Blanco County,
Texas, are in the USNM collections.

Subfamily GIRTYELLINAE Stehli, 1965
Genus GIRTYELLA Weller, 1911

Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis Weller Pl. 45, figs. 6a-7d; Text-fig. 53
1914. Gurtyella cedarensis Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 272, pl. 34,
figs. 48-50.

1938. Gurtyella cedarensis Weller, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol. 13,
No. 4, p. 30, pl. 22, figs. 34-38.

1956. [2] Girtyella cedarensis Weller, Simorin, Akad. Nauk Kazakh. S.S.R.,
Pp: 263, 9pl. 27, figs, 9=12-

Holotype.—Yale Peabody Museum (D. K. Greger No. 1402)

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
large size, shallow rounded ventral sulcus, medially flattened or
slightly grooved brachial valve, slightly emarginate front margin,
weakly uniplicate or rectimarginate anterior commissure, and ob-
scure radiating grooves on the medial portions of one or both valves
of some specimens.

Measurements (mm) of illustrated specimens—USNM No.
154940, length 14.6, width 13.2, thickness 8.5; USNM No. 154939,
length 15.4, width 13.5?, thickness 8.4.

Remarks.—The Chappel Limestone specimens of Girtyella agree
in most respects with Weller’s and Branson’s descriptions of G.
cedarensis. The Chappel Limestone shells, however, are somewhat
smaller and less inflated than the specimens from Missouri as illus-
trated by Weller and Branson. The Chappel specimens are, if not
conspecific, at least closely related to the Northview Shale Species.

Occurrence and abundance.—Girtyella cedarensis was described
by Weller from the Northview Shale of Missouri. In the Chappel

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 437

MY OY

2.0 2).

>
nw
fe 2)

3.6 4.0 4.4 48
Text-figure 53.— Transverse serial sections of Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis
Weller 2.5, USNM 154941 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak. °

Limestone Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis has been found only at USNM
localities 9045 (six specimens), 9047 (one specimen), and 9048 (one
specimen ).

Family DIELASMATIDAE Schuchert, 1913
Subfamily DIELASMATINAE Schuchert, 1913
Genus DIELASMA King, 1859
Dielasma sp. Text-fig. 54

Two fragmentary specimens from USNM localities 9045 and
9048, and a single brachial valve from locality 9047 appear to be as-
signable to the genus Dielasma King, 1859, on the basis of interior
details as developed from seria] transverse sections made from the
specimen from locality 9048. These sections show the hinge plates
to be divided reaching the floor of the valve separately posteriorly,
converging and touching anteriorly, but not rising above the floor
of the valve as in Hamburgia chappelensis, n.sp. Although these
three specimens are poorly preserved, they appear to represent a
species that is relatively tumid or inflated posteriorly.

Illustrated specimen —USNM No. 154942.

Family HETERELASMINIDAE Likharevy, 1956
Genus BEECHERIA Hall and Clarke, 1893

438 BULLETIN 238

IOOOG
Cie

4.4 4.8 e/

Text-figure 54.—Transverse serial sections of Dielasma sp. 2, USNM
154942 from USNM locality 9048, measurements (mm) from ventral beak.

Beecheria chouteauensis (Weller) Pl. 45, figs. 8a-e; Text-fig. 55

1914. Dielasma chouteauensis Weller, Illinois Geol. Sur., Mon. 1, p. 257, pl.
32, figs. 1-17, text-fig. 29.

1937. (Non) Dielasma chouteauensis Weller, Nalivkin, Tsentral. nauch. Geol.
Inst; frudys vols99s p28 pl..32) tig. 3): pls 345 figs, le 2:

1938. Dielasma chouteauensis Weller, Branson, Univ. Missouri Studies, vol.
13, No. 3, p. 55, pl. 5, figs. 28-30.

1956. (?) Dielasma chouteauensis Weller, Simorin, Akad. Nauk Kazakhstan
SSR, p. 256, pl. 26, figs. 13-20.

1958. Dielasma chouteauensis Weller, Armstrong, New Mexico Bur. Mines
Min. Res., Mem. 5, pp. 26, 27, pl. 2, figs. 1-7, 11-14, 17-28, 31.

1962. Beecheria cf. B. chouteauensis (Weller), Armstrong, New Mexico Bur.
Mines Min. Res., Mem. 8, p. 63, pl. 9, fig. 20.

Ty pes.—Weller (1914, p. 257) did not designate a holotype. His
suite of syntypes are in the Univ. Chicago Walker Museum collec-
tions, numbers 12237, 9703, 9666, and 8547. (Now in the Field Natu-
ral History Museum. )

Distinguishing characters —This species is characterized by its
subequally biconvex moderately compressed valves, subovate out-
line, evenly convex surfaces, rectimarginate anterior commissure,
rounded front margin, and faintly costellate prosopon; internally
the inner hinge plates unite posteriorly and rise slightly off the floor
of the valve.

Measurements (mm.) of illustrated specumen—USNM No.
154943. Length 29.9; width 22.5; thickness 12.7.

TexAs MIsSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER — 439

Comparisons.—B. chouteauensts is most similar to B. osceolensts
(Weller), 1914, from the Lower Burlington Limestone of Missouri.
That species, however, differs in being larger, proportionately nar-
rower, more inflated, with a wider more truncated front margin.

Occurrence and abundance—ITWwo well-preserved specimens
from USNM locality 9045 are assigned to this species, one of these
was sectioned serially. A single brachial valve from USNM locality
9046 may also belong here.

2.0 2.4 2.8 Se 3.6

4.0 46 6.2 7.0

Text-figure 55—Transverse serial sections of Beecheria chouteauensis
(Weller) 1.5, USNM 154944 from USNM locality 9045, measurements (mm)
from ventral beak.

Branson (1938, p. 56) found B. chouteauensis at all of his col-
lecting localities in the Chouteau. Armstrong (1958, p. 27; 1962, p.
63) identified this species from the Caloso Formation of New Mex-
ico, and tentatively from the Keating Formation of Arizona and
New Mexico. Brown (1952) reported it in the Banff Series of Al-
berta.

Suborder TEREBRATELLIDINA Muir-Wood, 1955

Superfamily CRYPTONELLACEA Thompson, 1926
Family CRYPTONELLIDAE Thompson, 1926
Genus DIELASMELLA Weller, 1911

440 BuLLETIN 238

Dielasmella larga, n. sp. ; Pl. 14, figs. la-5e; Text-fig. 55

Larger than average for the genus, unequally biconvex, the
pedicle valve being more inflated than the brachial valve; subpenta-
gonal in outline, longer than wide, greatest width and greatest
thickness posterior to mid-length; anterior and lateral profiles sub-
lenticular; fold and sulcus lacking, anterior commissure rectimargin-
ate; pedicle valve arched umbonally but becoming medially flattened
anteriorly in large specimens; brachial valve may also be medially
flattened or weakly grooved, ordinarily forming a moderately to
sharply truncated front margin; flanks of large specimens obscurely
costate, the costae being simple, widely spaced and originating near
the umbones; umbones and flattened medial portions of valves
smooth; growth varices strong, irregularly and infrequently spaced.

Oo O ike

1.4

ee

3.4 ; Ave 5.2

9.8 10.2 10.4

Text-figure 56.—Transverse serial sections of Dielasmella larga, n. sp.
<2, USNM 154542 from USNM locality 9042, measurements (mm) from
ventral beak.

Texas MIssissipPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 44]

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbonal region, curving sharp-
ly, from the median arched portion and reflexing slightly on the
lateral slopes to form slightly compressed lateral extremities; beak
suberect, narrow, sharp, foramen not observed; beak ridges sharp,
subangular, extending forward to the compressed lateral extremities.

Pedicle valve interior with short but well-developed dental
plates; teeth small, directed medially.

Brachial valve less inflated than the pedicle valve, broadly
rounded in the umbonal region, flattened medially and antero-later-
ally in large specimens; beak small, acute; small specimens weakly
convex anteriorly or with a shallow medial depression.

Brachial valve interior with short medially depressed outer
hinge plates, extending dorsomedially from the inner socket ridges;
inner hinge plate short, slightly concave, slightly recessed between
the vertical crural bases; apical perforation large; crtiral bases ex-
tending both above and below the inner hinge plate in transverse
sections; descending branches of loop originate as high ventrally con-
verging processes, rapidly narrowing and diverging slightly; loop
long, not completely observed, but probably cryptonelliform.

Table 45—Measurements in millimeters of Dielasmella larga, n. sp.

USNM No. Length Width Thickness Locality
154538 20.4? LEZ 9.6 9047
154542 1252 10.3 4.8 9047
154539 17.6? W3a7/ Wes) 9048
154540 EAE. 10.7 4.9 9048
154541 13.6 ile 7/ 5.6? 9042

Holotype—USNM No. 154538.

Distinguishing characters ——This species is characterized by its
large size, costate flanks, antero-medially flattened valves, moderate-
ly to sharply truncated front margin, and compressed lateral ex-
tremities.

Comparisons.—Dielasmella compressa (Weller), 1906, from the
Glen Park Limestone of Missouri, and Dielasmella calhounensis
Weller, 1914, from the Hamburg Oolite of Illinois, can easily be
distinguished from D. larga by their much smaller size and smooth

flanks.

442 BULLETIN 238

Centronella emaciata Rowley, 1900, from the Lower Burling-
ton Chert of Louisiana, Missouri, is similar to small specimens of
D. large in outline, profile, and lateral compression of the valves.
Stehli (1961, p. 459) suggested that this species may belong in the
genus Gacina Stehli, 1961. Rowley in describing the species had only
two specimens and this writer knows of no other specimens. Since
the interior details of Centronella emaciata are unknown its rela-
tionships cannot be assessed. It is entirely possible that additional
collections might show this species to be conspecific with D. larga.
In the meantime the Chappel Limetone species can at least be as-
signed with reasonable confidence to the genus Dielasmella.

Occurrence and abundance.—D, larga is not common in the
Chappel Limestone. Six specimens from USNM locality 9047, two
specimens from locality 9048, and two specimens from locality 9042
constitute the entire collection.

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444 BULLETIN 238

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446 BuLLeTIN 238

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Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 447

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PLATES

450 BuL_eTIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13
Figure - Page
la-3e. Schizophoria sp. Ase EDO)

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior (only figs. 2°38))
views, three specimens, USNM 154526-8, respectively, USNM
locality 9045; 1.

4a-7e,14. Rhipidomella perminuta Girty 0. 271
4a-5b. Ventral and dorsal views, two syntypes; *6, USNM 121171
and 121172, respectively, USGS locality 2623. 14. Ventral
view, third syntype; x 6, USNM 121173, USGS locality
2623. 6a-7e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior
views; > 1, two mature specimens, USNM_ 154529-30, re-
spectively, USNM locality 9045.

8a-13. Plicochonetes aff. Chonetes ornatus Shumard .................... 280
USNM locality 9045; x 3. 8a-9b. Ventral and lateral views, two
spalled specimens, USNM_ 154531-2, respectively. 10-12.
Three spalled pedicle valves, USNM 154533-5, respectively.
13. Natural mold, brachial valve exterior, USNM 154536.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 13

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 538 PLATE 14

Texas MISSsISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 451

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14
Figure Page

la-5e. Dielasmella larga, n. sp... ... 440
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, , five speci-

mens; X 1. la-e. Holotype, USNM 154538, USNM locality

9047. Although the ventral beak is missing, this specimen is

otherwise well preserved. 2a-e, 4a-e. Two specimens, USNM

154539-40, respectively, USNM_ locality 9048. Note weak

costae on the lateral slopes of the larger specimen. 3a-e. Well-

preserved specimen, USNM_ 154541, USNM locality 9042.

5a-e. Small specimen, USNM 154542, USNM locality 9047.

6. Schuchertella ? sp. ... 273
Natural mold of brachial valve, USNM 154544, -USNM locality

9045 ke
7-9. Anopliopsis subcarinata (Girty) 20000 274

Chappel Limestone syntypes, USGS locality 2623; << (i th Ys
Pedicle valves, USNM 121198 and 121199, peapectively Se
Spalled brachial valve, USNM 121197, showing some internal]
structures.

IND 2s Oye CSS ETSY TE TANG) 0) a Bee eft dees Re 4 ROR On Pra 273
Ventral and anterior views ‘spalled specimen, USNM 154545,
USNM locality 9043; x 1. Note the small chordate muscle

impression.

aal4 ee MORNGUISH an enSPs tet teeter Sco ee ne eek eee a. onc aan. 276
USNM locality 9043; »% 5. 1la-13c. Ventral, lateral, and pos-
terior views, three specimens, USNM 154546-8, respectively.

14. Natural mold of pedicle valve interior, USNM 154549.

15a-20. Tornquistia ? transversalis, nN. sp... 274
(No. 20 x 5), USNM locality 9045; x 3. 15a-c. Ventral, dorsal,
and posterior views, holotype, USNM_ 154550. 16a-17b.
Ventral and posterior views, two pedicle valves, USNM
154551-2, respectively. 18, 19. Two natural molds of brachial
valve exterior, USNM_ 154553-4, respectively, showing im-
pressions of both interareas and cardinal process. 20. Calcined
mold of pedicle valve interior, * 5, USNM 154555, showing
lateral and marginal ridges and muscle field.

Figure

1-9.

10a-17.

18a-19b.

20.

BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15

Page

Rugosochonetes burlingtonensis (Weller) ... 278
Chappel Limestone. 1. Brachial valve interior, USNM_ 154557;

< 5, showing the cardinalia, lateral and accessory septa,
and brachial ridges. 2a-c. Ventral, lateral, and posterior
views, pedicle valve, USNM 154558; x 3, USNM locality
9045. 3a-d. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views,
nearly complete specimen, USNM_ 154559, USNM_ locality
9045. 4a-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior
views, small but well-preserved specimen, USNM_ 154560,
USNM locality 9046. 5, 6. I'wo spalied pedicle valves, USNM
154561-2, respectively, USNM locality 9043. 7-9. Three natura]
molds, brachial valve exteriors, USNM 154563-5, respectively,
USNM locality 9045.

Retichonetes ? gibberulus, n. sp. ; 277

10a-12d. Ventral, lateral, and posterior views, three specimens,

USNM_ 154568-70, respectively, USNM localities 9043 (figs.
10-11) and 9045 (fig. 12) (12d is anterior view). 13a-e.
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, holo-
type, USNM 154571, USNM locality 9045. 14, 15. Two
pedicle valves, USNM_ 154572-3, respectively, USNM locali-
ties 9043 (fig. 14) and 9045 (fig. 15). 16. Natural mold,
brachial valve exterior, USNM 154574, USNM locality 9047.
All except 17, & 3. 17. Calcined mold, brachial valve interior
USNM 154575; * 5, USNM locality 9043.

Philhedra sp. 270

Dorsal and lateral views, two brachial valves, USNM 154577-8,

respectively, USNM localities 9048 (fig. 18) and 9045 (fig.
EY RENE

Amesopleura texana, N. Sp. 0. J eeaeee ROL
Transverse serial section, cardinal extremity showing tiny un-

usual platelets on the inner lateral margins of valves, USNM
154579, USNM locality 9045; x 2.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 15

PLATE 16

BuLuL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 45:

mn
oe)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16

Figure

Page
la-7. Cyphotalosia masonensis, nN. SP. 2... 283
la-e. Ventral, lateral, posterior, and two ‘oblique - views, calcined
mold, pedicle valve interior, USNM 154580, USNM locality
9045. 2a-c. Ventral, lateral, and oblique views, spalled pedicle
valve, USNM 154581, USNM locality 9045. 3a-c. Ventral,
lateral, and posterior views, calcined mold, pedicle valve in-
terior, USNM 154582, USNM locality 9045. 4a-e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, oblique, and enlarged dorsal views, holotype,
USNM 154583, USNM locality 9045. 5. Large pedicle valve,
USNM 154584, USNM locality 9046. The lateral extremities
are not preserved. 6. Natural mold, brachial valve exterior,
USNM 154585, USNM locality 9046. 7. Enlarged view, pedicle
valve interarea, USNM 154586, USNM peat 9046. All x 2
except figs. 4e and Uvok Sc
8a-13e. Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley) ................0.000c.. 344

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior wiews, growth
series, six specimens, USNM _ 154590-5, respectively, USNM
localities 9045 (figs. 8-11) and 9047 (figs. 12-13). All x2.

454 BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17
Figure ~< Page

1a-85_\Quadratiaegregiay Mesps tuner eee 284
USNM locality 9045. la-e. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior,
and lateral views, holotype, USNM 154597. 2a-3e. Ventral,
dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, two nearly
complete specimens, USNM_ 154598-9, respectively. 4a-d.
Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle valve,
USNM_ 154600. 5. Calcined mold, pedicle valve interior,
USNM 154601. 6. Natural mold, brachial valve exterior,
USNM 154602. All x 1. 7, 8. Enlargements of inter-areas
of USNM > 154596-154597, respectively, showing the spalled
ventral beak and impressions of cardinal processes, USNM
locality 9045; x 3.5.

Qa-c. Marginatia sp. eee we MOURN 4.5. cot et ee _ 298
Three views, natural mold, brachial valve exterior, USNM
154603, USNM locality 9045; x 1.

PLATE 17

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 18

Texas MIssIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 455

EXPLANATION OF: PLATE 18

Figure Page

and lateral views, pedicle valve, holotype, USNM 123969.
2a-5d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, four
pedicle valves, USNM 154604-7, respectively. 6a-8c. Natural
molds, three brachial valve exteriors, USNM_ 154608-10,
respectively.

456 BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19
Figure . Page

ja-2d. Productina sampsoni (Weller) 0.000000. Aer ee 289
la-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle
valve, USNM 154611, USNM locality 9043. 2a-d. Ventral,
anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle valve, USNM
123970b, USNM locality 9046; x 2.

3a-4d: » RhytiophorarcsSp recessive tice cose ssce so ee eee 298
3a-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle
valve, USNM 154613, USNM locality 9045; x 1. 4a-d.
Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle
valve, USNM 154614, USNM locality 9045.

5a-7b. Avonia ? honeycreekensis, N. SP. ......000.0..00.0. occ 291
‘Sa-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle
valve, holotype, USNM 154615, USNM locality 9045; x 2.
6a-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle
valve, USNM 154616, USNM locality 9046. 7a-b. Natural
mold, brachial walve exterior, USNM_ 154617, USNM
locality 9046.

8a-d. Avonia cf. A. pustulifera Moore 2... Soe: 290
Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, pedicle valve,
USNM 154620, USNM locality 9048; x 2.

9a-b. Rhytiophora cf. R. blairi (Miller) 0000 en.. 297
Ventral, and lateral views, pedicle valve, USNM 154621, USNM
locality 9043; x 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

PLATE 19

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 20

Texas MISsSsISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 457

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 20
Figure Page

la-12c. Geniculifera brevicula, n. sp. eee UN HEN cer tes So Sah 292
(Figs. la-4 x 2) (figs. 5a-12b x 1). la-d. Ventral, posterior,
anterior, and lateral views, pedicle valve, holotype, USNM
154622, USNM locality 9044. 2a-d. Ventral, posterior, an-
terior, and lateral views, pedicle valve, USNM_ 154623,
USNM locality 9044. 3, 4. Natural molds, two brachial valve
exteriors, USNM_ 154624-5, respectively, USNM locality
9044. 5a-7d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views,
three pedicle valves, USNM 154626-8, respectively, USNM
locality 9048, »% 1. 8a-10d. Ventral, anterior, posterior,
and lateral, views, three pedicle valves, USNM 154629-31,
respectively, USNM_ locality 9045. 1la-12c. Natural molds,
two brachial valve exteriors, USNM 154632-3, respectively,
USNM locality 9045.

458 BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 21
Figure Page

la-11. Rhytiophora calhounensis (Moore) .... antes dS Ae TO. 294
la-e. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views,
USNM 154634, USNM locality 9046. 2a-b. Ventral and lateral
views, pedicle valve, USNM 154635, USNM locality 9046.
3a-d. Ventral, anterior, and lateral views, pedicle valve,
USNM 154636, USNM locality 9046. 4. Ventral view, in-
complete specimen in which much of the valves has been
lost, partially revealing a natural mold of the brachial
valve exterior, USNM 154637, USNM locality 9045. 5a-b.
Ventral and lateral views, pedicle valve, USNM_ 154638,
USNM locality 9045. 6a-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and
lateral views, pedicle valve, USNM 154639, USNM locality
9045. 7a-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views,
pedicle valve, USNM 154640, USNM_ locality 9045. 8.
Natural mold, brachial valve exterior, USNM 154641, USNM
locality 9045. 9. Natural mold, brachial valve exterior,
USNM_ 154642, USNM locality 9045. 10. Natural mold,
brachial valve exterior, USNM_ 154643, USNM__ locality
9045. 11. Natural mold, brachial valve exterior, USNM
154644, USNM locality 9045. All x 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 21

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 22

—
’ ‘
a

ae a

I2e

Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 459

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 22
Figure Page

la-8e. Shumardella obsolescens Weller 00o0.0...occocccccceceeeeeeeee. 301
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, eight specimens, USNM 154646-53, respectively, USNM

locality 9045; x 1.

Ya-12e. Coledium altisulcatum, n. sp. Sees a oe ae BLO
USNM locality 9048; x 2. 9a-d. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, and
posterior views, holotype, USNM 154655. 10a-12e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, three speci-
mens, USNM 154656-8, respectively.

460
Figure_

1a-5e.
6a-10e.
lute

14,

13.

14.

BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 23

Goledium) 2) costatuluUm, MecSpriee. eco ee 312
Ventral, dorsal, laterai, anterior, and posterior views, five
specimens, USNM 154660-64, respectively, including holotype

(fig. 2), USNM locality 9155; x 2.

Cupularostrum ? sp. ee : LL ee nc te. ee SOOO

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth

series, five specimens, USNM 154666-70, respectively, USNM
locality 9043; x 2.

Fusella Ilanoensis, n. sp. eee, Bo aha - Ske caer eee _ 386
Microporospon, exceptionally well-preserved specimen, USNM
154672, USNM locality 9042; x 10.

Spinifer;chappelensis; 1s Sptget cco tere eee 377

Microprosopon, small specimen, ‘USNM 154673, USNM locality
9045) Saa10:

Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson) em 49

Microprosopon, USNM 154674, USNM locality 9045; x 10.

Grassumbo inornatus, n-s2en Ne Spar eee ee 410
Microprosopon, USNM 154675, USNM locality 9046; <p

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 . PLATE 23

PLATE 24

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIsSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 461

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 24

Figure

la-4de. Sedenticellula sacra Grant (200s. 306
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, four speci-
mens, USNM_ 142040, 142039, 154676, and 154677, respec-
tively, including holotype (fig. 1), USGS locality 9367 (figs.
1, 2), USNM locality 9047 (fig. 3), and USNM locality
Gs. (Gaer, 2h) 5 Se Py.
Haven -Coledium Gvexum Grant oo... flci ccc. sc..sis sone sahaceusshceoshteees ss deveveises-- 307
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, three
specimens, USNM_ 142147, 154678, and 154679, including
holotype (fig. 5), USNM locality 9045; x 2.

462 BuL.LeTIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25
igur Page
Figu e g

la-3e. Coledium undulatum Grant |. a8 Sere 307
la-d. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, large speci-
men, USNM 142502, USNM locality 9045. 2a-e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, holotype, USNM
142501, USNM locality 9045. 3a-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral,
_anterior, and posterior views, nearly complete specimen,
USNM 154680, USNM locality 9047. All x 2.

4a-8e. Coledium vadosulcatum, n. sp. ........ ape NT te ira eae | OM U)
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, five specimens, USNM 154681-5, respectively, includ-

ing holotype (fig. 4), USNM locality 9047; *« 2.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 25

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 26

WG

Texas MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 463

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26
Figure Page

la-8b. Rhynchopora sansabensis, n. sp... Lee
Ventral, dorsal, Jateral, posterior, and anterior views (only
ventral and dorsal in fig. 8), growth series, eight speci-
mens, USNM_ 154687-94, respectively, including holotype
(fig. 2), USNM locality 9045; x 1.

Ga-e.*" Rotala Spt sccs.54.ceeickoeteete Fst OP AO RN OS ie nN hcl oh OE
Ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, USNM
154697, USNM locality 9046; x 1.

464 BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27
Figure . Page
la-llc. WHustedia ? texana Girty ph Dien Spo s 655) 12)

la-7e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views,
growth series, seven specimens, USNM_ 154698-704, respec-
tively, USNM localities 9048 (figs. 1, 3, +) and 9045 (figs.
2, 5, 6, 7). 8a-1lc. Dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, four
Syntypes, USNM 121188, 121187, 121186, and 121185, re-
‘spectively, USGS locality 2623. All x 2.

12a-265) Amesopleura texanay Nesp) ee eee 371
12a-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views,
holotype, USNM_ 154709, USNM_ locality 9045. 13a-16e.
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, four specimens, USNM 154710-13, respectively, USNM
localities 9045 (figs. 13, 14, 16) and 9048 (fig. 15). 17.
Natural mold, brachial valve interior with portion of pedicle
valve intact, USNM 154714, USNM locality 9045. 18-26. Nine
free valves, USNM 154715-23, respectively, USNM localities
9045 (figs. 18, 19, 21, 26) and 9048 (figs. 20, 22, 23, 24, 25).

All >< 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 27

a td a 2 i d )
ae

| f ij) i
6 (a

a
b b

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 28

wv
ip

Texas MIssiIssIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 465

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 28
Figure Page
la-10e. Plectospira problematica (Girty) 00... L323

growth series, nine specimens, USNM 154725-33, respectively,
USNM locality 9045. 10a-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, an-

terior, and posterior views, holotype, USNM 121190, USGS
locality 2623. All x 2.

466 BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 29
Figure ~< Page

la-10e. Merista maccullochensis, 1. SP. 0 828
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, ten specimens, USNM 154737-46, respectively, includ-
ing holotype (fig. 2), USNM localities 9048 (figs. 1, 5, 9),
9046 (figs. 2, 4), and 9045 (figs. 3, 6, 7, 8, 10); X 3.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 29

PLATE 30

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER - 467

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30
Figure Page

la-7e. Camarophorella dorsata, n. sp...
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, seven specimens, USNM_ 154749-55, respectively, in-
cluding holotype (fig. 1), USNM localities 9045 (fig. 1), 9047
(igss)2) 4) ands9048) (figs: 35 5.) 6587) p< 2:

8a-10e. Cranaena cf. C. hannibalensis Moore 0... 428
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, three
specimens, USNM_ 154757-9, respectively, USNM__ locality

9045 <le

468 BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31
Figure
Ha-1t.- .Athyris ibradyensis; 15 (Sp. scene See ee ee ee 336
USNM locality 9045. la-e. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior,
and lateral views, holotype, USNM 154761. 2a-6e. Ventral,
dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, growth series,
five specimens, USNM 154762-6, respectively. 7a-9d. Ventral,
dorsal, anterior and, lateral views, three smaller specimens,
USNM_ 154767-9, respectively. 10-11. Ventral views, two

specimens, USNM_ 154770-1,_ respectively, showing the
frilled lamellar extension characteristic of this genus. All x 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 31

Os

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 82

Texas MIssISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 469

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32

Figure Page

la-4e. Cleiothyridina aff. C. prouti (Swallow) ..... ae et OL
1a-e. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, large
specimen, USNM 154774, USNM locality 9048; X 2. 2a-4e.
Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, three
specimens, USNM_ 154775-7, USNM_ locality 9045; x 2.
(Figs. 2f-2g xX 1).

Ras PSYFIMIGOENYEAS SP ooo cacpc.ncs------.-sene0essnsaraesencet-ceczrederbensnsbensnecnmamenr 374
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, USNM_ 154779,
USNM locality 9045; x 1.

470 BuLLeTIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 33
*j Page
Figure _ g

la-8e. Crurithyris cf. parva (Weller) sees 24s 350
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, eight specimens, USNM 154780-87, respectively, USNM

locality 9045; x 2.

9a-12e. Amesopleura novamexicana (Miller) . bos ale see Sis OOO
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, four speci-
mens, USNM_ 154791-4, respectively, USNM locality 3027A,
Lake Valley Formation, near Lake Valley, New Mexico;
<ul

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 33
E

ib As 4

29294232427
2 N = ee er

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 34

Texas MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER ~ 47]

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 34
Figure Page

la-8e. Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley ows) semrrartiles S| |. 5S 354
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth

series, eight specimens, USNM_ 154797-804, respectively,

USNM localities 9045 (figs. 1, 3-8) and 9047 (fig. 2); X 2.

9a-e. Tylothyris cf. T. missouriensis (Weller) ............................... 362
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM
154807, USNM locality 9043; x 1.

TUR SPURCIOSDINISG@N: 2 9SDse. 2 20h oe ac eee ae eee eee 405
10-11. Two pedicle valv es, USNM 154808- 9, respectiv ely, USNM
locality 9045. 12. Pedicle valve, USNM_ 154810, USNM
locality 9048. 13. Brachial ale USNM 154811, USNM
locality 9045. All x 1.

472 BuL_eTIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 35
Figure _ Page
la-9e... Tylothyris. brevauritajnesp: siccsieet a ie. fale 2858

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, nine specimens, USNM 154812-20, respectively, includ-
ing holotype (fig. 2), USNM localities 9045 (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 8, 9) and 9047 (fig. 7); x 2.

PLATE 35

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

NO

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ON

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BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 473

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 36
Figure Page

ja-te; Spirifer.chappelensis,. n. Sp. x..4.50.5- 8 nea eee ek 377
la-e. Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views,
holotype, USNM 154823, USNM locality 9045. 2a-4e. Ven-
tral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, part of
growth series, USNM 154824-6, respectively, USNM _ locali-
ties 9045 (figs. 2, 4) and 9043 (fig. 3). (See Plate 37).
All te

474 BULLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 37

Figure ~ Page
la-4e. Spirifer chappelensis, nN. SP. .....0.000000oooccccccccccccecceeeeeecccce eects. 377
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, part of
growth series, USNM 154827-30, respectively, USNM _ local-

ity 9045; x 1.
5a-6e. Ectochoristites inflatus, m. SDP. o..........c0cc00cccccccssecserescceceeeennes 400

USNM locality 9045; % 1. 5a-e. Ventral, dorsal, Jateral, anterior,
and posterior views, holotype, USNM 154834. 6a-e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, smaller speci-
men, USNM 154835.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL.-53 PLATE 37

PLATE 388

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssiIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 475

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 38

Figure Page
Ja-9e-- Fusella Manoensisy ls )Sp sis 65.02 Fesedh. ad ea ee 386
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, nine specimens, USNM_ 154839-47, respectively, in-
cluding holotype (fig. 2), USNM localities 9044 (figs. 1, 5),

9045 (figs. 3, 7, 8, 9), and 9048 (figs. 4,6); x 1.

476 BuLLeETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 39
Figure ~ Page

la-9e. Brachythyris chouteauvensis (Weller) 0.0.0.0... 394
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, nine specimens, USNM 154851-9, respectively, USNM

locality 9045; xX 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 39

|

PLATE 40

BuLuL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssIssIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER . 477

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40
Figure Page

la-7d. Reticularia ? cooperensis (Swallow) 0. 405
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views (fig. 7
lacks a posterior view), growth series, seven specimens,
USNM_ 154862-8, respectively, USNM localities 9045 (figs.
1, 3-7) and 9048 (fig. 2); Xx 1.

GaalOeeOvatianisSp ys. ct ie eee aad See ha ete ORG eee Ue. SEE 299
8a-d. Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of pedicle
valve, USNM 154870; x 1, USNM locality 9047. 9a-d.
Ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, small pedicle
valve, USNM 154871; x 2, USNM locality 9047. 10a-c.
Ventral, posterior and lateral views, large pedicle valve,
USNM 154872; x 1, USNM locality 9045.

Figure

la-12.

13.

BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 41
Page

Crassumbo inornatus, n. gen., n. sp. . ede . 410
la-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, holo-
type, USNM 154873, USNM locality 9045. 2a-6e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth series,

five specimens, USNM 154874, 154675, 154875, 154876, 154877,
respectively, USNM localities 9045 (figs. 2, 4-6) and 9046

(fig. 3). 7-9. Three brachial valves, USNM 154878-80, re-
spectively, USNM locality 9045. 10-12. Three pedicle valves,
USNM 154881-3, respectively, USNM locality 9045. All x J.

Spirifer cf. S. gregeri Weller ee. sesodcyune BROS
Pedicle valve, USNM 154886, USNM locality 9045; x 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 . PLATE 41

PLATE 42

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53

Texas MIssissIpPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER | 479

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 42

Figure Page
la-6e. Crassumbo turgidus, n. gen., N. SP. ooo 413
la-e. Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, holo-
type, USNM 154887, USNM locality 9043. 2a-6e. Ventral,
dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth series,
five specimens, USNM 154888-92, respectively, USNM locali-
ties 9043 (figs. 2-4) and 9046 (figs. 5, 6). All x 1.
MAC MEPACTINOGONCNUSE. SDs eésccsct.scevaesedtaetatsscd ered eee tees cts. aon cbaaete: 341

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, two speci-
mens, USNM_ 154902-3, respectively, USNM locality 9045;
SC Ue

480 BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 43
Figure Page

laYd. Eomartiniopsis girtyi (Branson) ...................... Lathan 419
Ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (figs. 6,
7 lack posterior views), growth series, seven specimens,

USNM 154905-11, respectively, USNM locality 9045; x 1.

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 43

BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 44

97 74 =
4 Od
9c i

120 Ne ” s ed &
| i>» \|3d =
sy Se &
} \4d l4e

\4c Sa <>
5c 15d \5e

-_ anes

Texas MISSISSIPPIAN BRACHIOPODS: CARTER 481

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44
Figure Page

laslOene Cranaenajtexanay To SD. oc... ckecsce sere cee cnessepestewenentoees 425
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, ten specimens, USNM_ 154914-23, respectively, in-

cluding holotype (fig. 2), USNM locality 9045; « 2.

lla-15e. Cranaena ? dorsisulcata, mM. SP. ooo... occccecceecceceeeeeee eee 430
Veatral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, five speci-
mens, USNM locality 9047. 1la-e. Holotype, USNM 154925,
x 1. 12a-15e. Four juveniles, USNM 154926-9, respectively,
x 2.

482 BuLLETIN 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 45

Figure Page
la-5e. Hamburgia chappelensis, n. Sp. 0... 432
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, growth
series, five specimens, USNM_ 154931-5, respectively, in-

cluding holotype (fig. 1), USNM locality 9045; x 1.
6a-7d. Girtyella aff. G. cedarensis Weller 0... 436
Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior (fig. 6 only)
views, two specimens, USNM 154939-40, respectively, USNM

locality 9045; x 2.

8a-e. Beecheria chouteauensis (Weller) . . 438

Ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, excep-
tionally well-preserved specimen, USNM 154943, USNM lo-
cality 9045; x 1,

BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 53 PLATE 45

INDEX

Note: Light face figures refer to the page number. Bold face

figures refer to the plate number.

A
Acanthoplecta ............ 285-287
Actinoconchus 335, 336,
340, 341
Acuminothyris _........ 364, 365
acutirostris,

Gyrtinal = 393
aff. alatus

; Paeckelmannia ...... Paha
INIDertar er eee 383, 439
altisuleatum,

Colediuny 2... 22 264, 307,

308-310
Amesopleura. ...........5... 358, 363-374
angarium, Coledium.. 312
ANODIOPSIS) 22.sesccc-ss 274
anterosa,

Strophopleura ........ 364, 370, 374

Voiseyella ......... Be 364
Aplington Formation. 349
AT. CUCM Cee eee 365
PNUMY TIS eee rae 334, 336, 338,

341, 343
JANUTENZ] OFS nebeen peeeNBAe eeice ee 343
PXuStrallan, ees cctcccsc 400
PRU A we ee ahs ee 290

B

Banff Formation ...... 383,399, 439
Barnett Formation .... 253, 255, 312
batesvillensis,

Ouadratiae ss. 285
beecheri,

Strophalosia ? ...... 283
IBCCCHErIal +e 437-439
aff. bisinuata,

Camarophoria ? .... 268
bisinuata, Coledium .. 257
blairi, Rhytiophora... 296, 298
ef. blairi,

Rhytiophora .......19 257, 260,

297, 298
Boone Chert . 306
Boone-age fauna ........ 254
boonensis,

Geniculifera 294
Borden Group 278, 283, 303,

366, 374, 389,
403
bowsheri, Coledium 310

483

Brachythyrina 22... 93
BrachythyniSue = 392-399, 421
bradyensis,
AGHVTISH) ee eee 31 261, 262, 263,
336-340
brevicula,
Geniculifera ....... 20 257, 260, 261,
262-264,
292-294
brevaurita,
Tylothyrisy > 35 260, 261, 262,
263, 264, 265,
358-362
Burlington
himestone) = . 291, 299, 320,
337, 365, 426,
431, 439, 442
burlingtonensis, e
Cyrtinai.) ee 34 258, 262, 263,
264, 354-357
Marcinatial 2. 299

Rugosochonetes ..15 257, 260, 262,
263, 265, 278,

279
Bushberg Sandstone . 361
Byer Member ............ 316

Cc

calhounensis,

Dielasmella ............ 441
Rhytiophora ....... 21 257, 260, 262,
263, 294-297,
298

aff. calhounensis,

Plicatiferas, es 288
Caloso Formation ...... 439
Camarophorella ...... 269, 331
Camarotoechia s.s..... 301
cedarensis, Girtyella. 258, 436
aff. cedarensis,

Girtyella 453.8 45 262, 264, 436,

437
chappelensis,

Ham bunsilae 45 260, 261, 262,

263, 264, 265,

432-436, 437

Spirifer ....23, 36, 37 261, 262, 264,
377-382, 389,

: 402
Chinders se ee 393, 399
Chonistites) 376, 399

INDEX

chouteauensis,
Beecheria 45 258, 262, 263,
438, 439
Brathythyris .....39 258, 260, 261,
262, 264, 265,
268, 394-399
circularis, Retzia ........ 320
clarksvillensis,

Tylothyris i - 360
Cleiothyridina . _ 258, 335, 336,

341, 342-344,

349

Clevothyris.....--.--- 336, 343

Coledium 307, 314
communis,

Bactrognathus ........ 255
compressa,

Dielasmella 441
Composita . 335, 336
concentrica, Athyris 343

Terebratula oe 335, 336
congregata, Atrypa .... 301
cooperensis,

Reticularia ? ....40 258, 260, 261,

262, 263, 264,
265, 268, 405-
408

Rhynchopora 257, 316
cooperi,

Siphonodella . 255
costatulum,

Coledium ? 23 265, 307, 308,

312-314
Cranaena 268, 425-432
Crassumbo .. _ 408-418, 419
Crurithyris 350-354
Cupularostrum 300
cymbula,

Strophalosia . 283
Cyphotalosia 281-283
Cyrtina _ 268, 354-357
Cyrtospirifer 376
Czechoslovakia 409, 419

D
Derbyshire, England Sith
deroissyi, Spirifer 344
Dielasma 437
Dielasmella 439-442
dorsata,

Camarophorella 30 258, 261, 262,

264, 331-334
Dorsisinus 431
dorsisulcata,

Cranaena ? 264, 431

dutroi, Coledium . 312
E
egregia, Quadratia 17 260, 262, 284,
285
Eleutherokomma 364, 365
elegans, Chonetes .. 278
HSH pe ce Peers et te 393
Ellenburger Group .... 253, 254
elongata,

Eomartiniopsis 418
emaciata, Centronella 442
Ectochoristites ............ 376, 377, 399-

405
Bochoristiteses............ 393, 399, 400
Eomartinopsis _............ 409, 418-425
EForeticularia 409, 419
Eospirifer 386
erugatum, Coledium 310
Espey Creek

Limestone .... 255
esplanadensis,

Spirifer ..... 383
evexum, Coledium 24 257, 260, 261,

262, 263, 264,
265, 307, 308
explanatum, Coledium 310
F
farmer],
Delthyris 361
Fern Glen Formation 258, 273, 290,
299, 346, 370,
380, 383, 388,
402
fernglenensis,

Marginatia .. 299
flora, Hamburgia 435
floydensis, Spirifer... 389, 402
Fort Payne Chert 274, 279
Fredericksia 409
Fusella 376, 384-392,

399, 400
fusiformis, Fusella 386
Spirifer 384, 385
G
Gacina 442
Geniculifera 292
gibberulus,
Retichonetes ? ...15 260, 262, 263,
265, 277, 278

484

INDEX

girtyi, Eomar-

tiniopsis 23, 43 258, 260, 261,

262, 263, 264,

265, 397, 419-

425

Gintyelllass t2hcccccin ct 268, 436, 437

Glen Park Limestone 360, 441
glenparkensis,

Chonetes, 24444). 257, 280

Cleiothyridina ..... 346
globosa, Cranaena . 426
greenana,

Rhynchonella 303
Greenland” “354.0. 365, 399
gregeri, Spirifer . 258, 383, 400
ef. gregeri,

Splnlfers... 41 261, 262, 383

H
Hamburg Oolite ..... 360, 441
ambareia. 5... 268, 432-436
hannibalensis,

Athyris ie 337

@ranaenaye ee 428
cf. hannibalensis,

Cranaena | 30 261,262, 264,

428-432
hirsuta,

Cleiothyridina ...... 346
honeycreekensis,

Avonia ? Eee Ie 2bo5 20035291,

292
Houy Formation ........ 253205
humerosa,

Cleiothyridina . 349
Eustediay =... 318, 319
hyperborea,

Acanthoplecta 287

I
illinoisensis,

Chonetes 279
Imbrexia 376, 385
inconspicua, Pustula . 267
aff. indianensis,

Pustula 268
inflatus,

Ectochoristites .37 256, 262, 263,

380, 383, 389,
400-405
inopinata,

Acanthoplecta 18 256, 260, 261,

262, 263, 264,
286, 287, 288

inornatus,
Crassumbo _ ....23,41 261, 262, 263,
264, 410-413
Ives Conglomerate ... 255
J
jerseyensis,
Rhipidomella .......... 272
K
Keating Formation .... 439
Keokuk Limestone .... 305, 306, 346
Kinderhook Beds ...... 271, 279, 280,
290, 297, 333
King Creek Mar] ........ 255
kirk; Martiniay 23.24 422
L
laevicostus,
Productus “ 299
laevicula, ¥
Ambocoelia .. 268, 351
laevis, Delthyris 422
Lake Valley .. 258, 290, 349,
364, 371, 383,
402, 405
lamellosus, Athyris .. 437, 438
laminosa, Cyrtia ... 358
larga, Dielasmella 14 260,264, 431,
440-442
lenticularis,
Camarophorella 333
llanoensis,
Fusella 23, 38 260, 261, 262,
263, 264, 265,
380, 384, 386-
392, 402
Logan Formation 316, 435
logani, Chonetes 280
Louisiana Limestone 283, 337, 355,
; 360, 389, 431
louisianensis,

Centronella 431
M
maccullochensis,
Merista 29 256, 258, 261,

262, 263, 264,

328-331

Magdalena Group 310
magnicostatus,

Spiriferina . 370

Marginatia 298

485

INDEX

marionensis,

Spirifer ..... 389
Martinia 393, 419
Martiniella ; 419
Martiniopsis 419
masonensis,

Cyphotalosia 16 260, 262, 263,

264, 283, 284
Merista 328
mesoloba,

Acanthoplecta. 286, 288
mesolobus, Productus 286
Mesoplica ..... reat 286
aff. minuta,

Lingulidiscina Caer 267
missouriensis,

Delthyris 360

Shumardella | 302

Tylothyris . Ree 362
cf. missouriensis,

Tylothyris 34 258, 261, 264,

265, 362
Moorefield Shale ...... 274, 285, 310
moorefieldana var.

pusilla, Pustula . 268
morsei, Schuchertella 267
Moscow Basin ..... 399, 418, 419
Mucrospirifer_...... 365
mundula, Spirifera 365
mundulus, Spirifer 364
mutabilis,

Camarophorella 258, 332, 334
mutata,

Camarotoechia ..... 301

N

nasuta, Martiniella 419
Neospirifer see 376
New Providence Shale 374
New South Wales ..... 365, 370, 399,

403
Northview Shale 258, 297, 436
noyvamexicana,

Amesopleura 33 366-371)

Spirifer 366

Spirifera 364

(e)

obsolescens, Rhyn-
chonella (Eatonia) 303
Shumardella 22 257, 260, 261,
262, 263, 264,
301-303

occidentalis, >

Crandenawe ee 426
aff. ornatus,

Plicochonetes .._13 257, 260, 261,

262, 263, 265,
280, 281
osceolensis,

Beecheria a 439
ovalis, Brachythyris “4 394

Spinifera, 4500.48 393
Ovatiaeee aah 299
ovatus, Productus 299

Pp
Palaeochoristites .. 399
paradoxus,

Actinoconchus .. 340
parva, Ambocoelia 350-354

Crurithyris . 33 261, 262, 263,

264, 265, 268,
350-354
parvicostata,

Hustedia ? 269
parvirostra,

Cleiothyridina .... 346
parvula, Productina .. 290
pectinifera, At ; 344

ANGIE) eo eee 343
peculiaris,

Brachythyris 396
Percha Shale .... 364
perminuta,

Rhipidomella |... 13 262, 264, 265,

267, 271-273
persinuta,

Rhynchopora 257, 316
pertenuis, Crania . 267
Phricodothyris 406
Pierson Limestone _ 258, 259, 366,

380
piersonensis, Spirifer 366
Pinquispirifer 409, 419
planoculata,

Actinoconchus 335
planosuleata, Athyris 349
Plectospira 269, 322-323
Plicatifera ..... 286
plicatilis, Productus 286
Pliocochonetes 280
Posidonienschiefer 278
problematica,

Hustedia ? 2638

Plectospira 28 257, 261, 262;

263, 264, 265,
269, 323-327

486

INDEX

Proquctinay ese 289
Brospira 2 ---tee 386

routi,

Cleiothyridina ........ 258
aff. prouti,

Cleiothyridina . 32 258, 262, 264,

347-349

Pterospirifer ... 365
punctatus, Gnathodus 255
Punctospirifer . 358, 405
ef. pustulifera,

Avonia

19 257, 264, 290,
291

pygmaea, Hustedia 320
Q

Quadratia 284
R

raricostatus,

Rhytiophora ......... 296, 297
Represso Limestone 271, 300, ie
Retichonetes 277
Reticularia . 405-408
Rhipidomella .............. PATIL
Rhynchopora . 314
Rhytiophora ......:.......:. 294
Ridgetop Shale ........ 274
RO tA aM oe 303
rowleyi,

Centronelloidea .... 431

Sy Dib 1} pane peer Ae 383, 402
royssii, Athyris 343
Rugosochonetes 278
RUSS ale eee 393, 409

S
sacra,
Sedenticellula ... 24 261, 262, 263,
264, 265, 306
307, 314
St. Louis Limestone 346
sampsoni,

Productina 19 257, 260, 262,

263, 289, 290
sansabensis,

Rhynchopora 26 257, 261, 262,

263, 264, 265,
314-318
Schizophoria _....... 270
Schuchertella ..... 273
Sedalia Limestone 258, 271, 291,
320

sedaliensis,

Schizophoria 271

Sedenticellula ............ 306
Syeyomi nul) 5 cosoncesssssnenchone 336
sexplicata,

PiectOspira® occ. 257, 326
shepardi, Spirifer ... ~ 380
Shumardella 301
shumardianus,

Chonetes . 278
simulans,

Brachythyris ? .....-.. 268

Sonora, Mexico) 23 271, 300, 365,
406

sp., Actino-
conchus ? ............42 262, 341, 342
Camarotoechia .. 300
Cleiothyridina ? 269
Cupularostrum ? 23 257, 261, 300,
301

Dielasma .................. 262, 264, 268,
437, 438

Leptagonia ........... 14 260, 262, 273
Marginatia 1? 262, 298, 299
Ovatia 40 260, 261, 262,
263, 299

Philhedra 15 261, 263, 264,
270

Punctospirifer ...34 262, 264, 405
Ret Culariaywese 268
Rhytiophora ........19 262, 298
Rotaia _.......26 256, 257, 262,
263, 304-306

Schizophoria _..... 13 260, 261, 263,
270, 271

Schuchertella ? ..14 262, 267, 273,
274

Spirifer, var. <...-.:-: 268
Spirifer 6)... aS 268
Syringothyris ......... 374, 375
Tornquistia ? .....14 260, 276, 277
MylOthyrises e-p.cccee 365
Spiriters ces ee 375-383, 385,
399
CS olrineniWay seuss es-c2e 358
Spirigera d’Orbigny.... 335
Spirrperelliay 2 ------- 336
striatiformis,
Spirifer. 1 O80; Su, 402
striatus, Conchylio-
lithus Anomites .... 376
Spirifer ence ts. Sir 7/
Strophopleunay...---- 364, 365
subaequalis,
Hustedia ? . 269
subelliptica,
Schizophoria 271

487

INDEX

suborbicularis,

Brachythyris 396
subcarinata,

Anopliopsis .....14 265, 274

@honetina cc)... 267, 274
subcircularis,

Selenella ? ............. 268
subtrigona, Rotaia 306

Tetracamera 305
sulcata,

Schizophoria . 271
Syringothyris . 374, 375
T

temeraria,
Spirifera ... 349
tenuicosta,
Rhipidomella 273
tenuilineata,
Cleiothyridina 16 258, 262, 263,
264, 333,344-
347
texana,
Amesopleura 20, 27 261, 262, 263,
264, 365, 366,
370, 371-374
Cranaena 44 260, 261, 262,
263, 264, 425-
428
Hustedia ? 27 262, 264, 265,
268, 319-322
Minceiare ct 410, 433
Tornquistia ..... 274
Torynifer . 406, 407
Tournaisian 278

transversalis,
Tornquistia ? .....14 256, 262, 263,
274-276
triangularis, Retzia ... 320
turgidus,
Crassumbo ....42 260, 261, 263,
412, 413-418
tuta, Camarotoechia .. 300
Tylothynis’ 2k 268, 357-362
U
Undispirifer 409
undulatum,
Coledium na25)261-, 262; 263;
265, 307
Unispirifer 386
Vv
vadosulcatum,
Coledium 25 262, 263,264,
307, 308, 310-
Si2

vernonensis, Spirifer 380, 388, 389

Voiseyellay ioc 364
WwW
waldschmidti,

Chonetes (Plico-

ChOMeLCS) Meee eee 278
Warrenella |..........:..... 409, 410, 422
wattsi, Ecto-

choristites ............. 399, 400, 403
Waverly Group ......... 258, 296, 332,

380, 389
Whites Crossing
GOGUINAS a. .2e sess 255

488

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

Volume I.

Il.

Ill.

LY.

CRE et) ee POPP TS y2 ba asic acs otek cept tgp esate vnevanecs iascadsecncbaspeacsevecon

Type and Figured Specimens P.R.I.

NOs BS -1O2) eS SA app. 35) Pl Sey eaccccssectesctuasctecsetearectsesdostoniseccesnees

Australian Carpoid Echinoderms, Yap forams, Shell Bluff,
Ga. forams. Newcomb mollusks, Wisconsin mollusk faunas,
Camerina, Va. forams, Corry Sandstone.

(ik Og ER NARS De > BRR, Bago | Ee mame ee se Pr A er

Venezuelan Cenozoic gastropods.

Garis Bee EON G27 Diss = 39 .sp lah .daccracessicasesaceesstusstancusbeccareesassoosiet

Ordovician stromatoporoids, Indo-Pacific camerinids, Missis-
sippian forams, Cuban rudists.

(INOS 9199-203) rs 655, Dpu GS plSetsecsecssreccoccsteces cotteneies eee

Puerto Rican, Antarctic, New Zealand forams Lepidocyclina,
Eumalacostraca.

(N05 204) SISG4E PDs 6 3) DIS: Vacs testesscseccosesscessoces ct cteceeaesetenveee este

Venezuela Cenozoic pelecypods

MOAR CUR AN ye 4 Do Dh 710)! op Sis fe sanscsssncnaenorecvestueteosseosdiateootonnecans

Large Foraminifera, Texas Cretaceous crustacean, Antarctic
Devonian terebratuloid, Osgood and Paleocene Foramini-
fera, Recent molluscan types.

(INGsag21 2221117) 5584s pps. SSiupls Ne necsn.cs.cc.sctsievecsesiteseti nese

Eocene and Devonian Foraminifera, Venezuelan fossil
scaphopods and polychaetes, Alaskan Jurassic ammonites,
Neogene mollusks.

MING sea S)PehOS:8 pp psy n Sen Semsccccectseseseass.cahecsanevetvestecde, candles sccostaasee

Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the
Southern and Eastern United States.

APSR eee) AOU SPP ODES er oc cscect ocdus cesceaes casescoutsorecudaceweiceasnes

Peneroplid and Australian forams, North American carpoids,
South Dakota palynology, Venezuelan Miocene mollusks,
Voluta.

MNGHeeeo~-250) 5151S (PD. 42 PIS. cececvceer-encsonebesrcadecoieenteanteebees

Venezuela and Florida cirripeds, Antarctic forams, Linnaean

Olives, Camerina, Ordovician conodonts, Niagaran forams.

(Noss 25la2 te) set 20 pps. LO plea icisctieccscniasscccactenmeucbseseichecssonereubavest
Antarctic bivalves, Bivalvia catalogue.

(NOnezeS-PaUCn 367 PDs ASS? oo coseimcsinedusiodsaniabias stamens

New Zealand forams, Stromatoporoidea, Indo-Pacific, Mio-
cene--Pliocene California forams.

MIN OS 2572256)! 9 488) pp 45 i plsticenvecsscarsasssccsssrerececseeestests comet

Venezuelan Bryozoa, Kinderhookian Brachiopods

PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AMERICANA

See Johnson Reprint Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave., New York,

N.Y. Monographs of Arcas, Lutetia, rudistids and venerids.

CIN os 37 G212))te 530 ppv 37) DIS nokssteeeaeie tees noss abenceaeeet sss sestes

Heliophyllum halli, Tertiary turrids, Neocene Spondyli, Pale-
ozic cephalopods, Tertiary Fasciolarias and Paleozoic and
Recent Hexactinellida.

(Dogs lS=25) cP eo StS ppc Ole spiss cckccseczas settee tieeaceiesst eset eceneeecae

Paleozoic cephalopod structure and phylogeny, Paleozoic
siphonophores, Busycon, Devonian fish studies, gastropod
studies, Carboniferous crinoids, Cretaceous jellyfish, Platy-
strophia, and Venericardia.

(Noss 26-33)a0 PIODS Dp h1 Ap lSS mescccetacescsetsecostaccacessascassecoomaeesece

Rudist studies, Busycon, Dalmanellidae, Byssonychia, De-
vonian lycopods, Ordovician eurypterids, Pliocene mol-
lusks.

(INGss 34-32)\e0n 44am pp TON Gilat (accesses sanccsescesccscteccssccuavesttestaceeet

Tertiary Arcacea, Mississippian pelecypods, Ambonychiidae,
Cretaceous Gulf Coastal forams.

16.00

16.00

16.00

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16.00

16.00

16.00

18.00

16.00

16.00

16.00

16.00

16.00

21.00

25.00

25.00

32.00

Vols.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXII.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY

I-XXIII. See Kraus Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York,
N.Y. 10017, U.S.A.
(Nos. 80-87)... 334 pps 27 plsamercscacac: andere airy Ne hes 10.50
Mainly Paleozoic faunas and Tertiary Mollusca.
(Nios. 88-94B)i2 306% pps 3 Ou pl seein cc scesccadarancecernscatccdancterses vie 10.00
Paleozoic fossils of Ontario, Oklahoma and Colombia, Meso-
zoic echinoids, California Pleistocene and Maryland Mio-
cene mollusks.
CINos%952100) 27420 b pp pi N58 alse iecsccececessccescesccssttctatecccenentecctavecttonee 12.00
Florida Recent marine shells, Texas Cretaceous fossils, Cuban
and Peruvian Cretaceous, Peruvian Eogene corals, and
geology and paleontology of Ecuador.
(Noss 1OT-TOS8) ES 63'765 pps, 5. Gmplsi cecccccas-csecseceovecsecsateccesecternersenecs 12.00
Tertiary Mollusca, Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian fish and
Paleozoic geology and fossils of Venezuela.
CNosiel ODSE 14) eat? sp ps, 13 ipl staestrceetecsencsvcnactccececcey-terccscereaccece 12.00
Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian of Idaho, Cretaceous and
Eocene mollusks, Cuban and Venezuelan forams.
(Nes eb 116) Se 758i p pas 52 oP lSemeercewcecesavcscacssucesctexsecssocenerenseectee 18.00
Bowden forams and Ordovician cephalopods.
CIN U7) S563 ep ps 65a DIS. <ierarrn eee tcsccecescactsesessexsezasuceackoceromsexteeeaeee 16.00
Jackson Eocene mollusks.
(Nase UTSS128) ee FES 8m ppc tat plSaerccerscccectccszcctccestrceeers eee cere 12.00
Venezuelan and California mollusks, Chemung and Pennsyl-
vanian crinoids, Cypraeidae, Cretaceous, Miocene and Re-
cent corals, Cuban and Floridian forams, and Cuban fossil
localities.
(Nose 129-1383) 294 pps iS 9 DISs, i sncxccse--xesctaceccesssatensecsesceeeseseoneg 12.00
Silurian cephalopods, crinoid studies, Tertiary forams, and
Mytilarca.
(Nos: 21345139) 5 44 Sip pif SC pl se ccccececccccuasectceceoaccenteccscessnsevsrestes 14.00
Devonian annelids, Tertiary mollusks, Ecuadoran strati-
graphy paleontology.
GINO SS1402745) 5.4.00! pope 19h al soo eee secede svacscctecancanceansccesovararescce 13.00
Trinidad Globigerinidae, Ordovician Enopleura, Tasmanian
Ordovician cephalopods and Tennessee Ordovician ostra-
cods and conularid bibliography.
(Nos: 146-154). 386 aps, “SH please roc cncnscscthesskecsecncen teaateesaen ences 16.00
G. D. Harris memorial, camerinid and Georgia Paleocene
Foraminifera, South America Paleozoics, Australian Ordo-
vician cephalopods, California Pleistocene Eulimidae, Vol-
utidae, and Devonian ostracods from Iowa.
(Nos. 155-160) 5-412) pp. /SSi pls. aaccxccsqcou dh cccacecercneascieestecssneteeers 16.00
Globotruncana in Colombia, Eocene fish, Canadian Chazyan
Antillean Cretaceous rudists, Canal Zone Foraminifera,
fossils, foraminiferal studies.
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Antillean Cretaceous Rudists, Canal Zone Foraminifera,
Stromatoporoidea.
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Venezuela geology, Oligocene Lepidocyclina, Miocene ostra-
cods, and Mississippian of Kentucky, turritellid from Vene-
zuela, larger forams, new mollusks, geology of Carriacou,
Pennsylvania plants.
(Nos. 177-183). 448) pps 36: plsis cccaccececcactinscocscunncoteseeateertensereecences 16.00

Panama Caribbean mollusks, Venezuelan Tertiary formations
and forams, Trinidad Cretaceous forams, American-Eur-
opean species, Puerto Rico forams.

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