ladkas e i ated ae ‘ » fe — » ‘ jot) Ss , (hip say =Tarte) is ‘tial ine vi : eh A\, pee ‘ : ce Py) 5 = 4a tok oll al iM ; = hie = - ‘! ; 7 2eue = ey oh — - ne = : 7 7 7 ; } i " - MV oe a iP aaeah Mant sett = SY MET ~ ii Cs ic” 4 ) + dea . a a Pea) jks 7 - ek 72) ai awe Tali ial itp boedl .—dq? 7 ; Sin ot f Begun in 1895 NUMBER 360 MARCH 1, 2001 from the Lower Clinton Group, Western New York State by James D. Eckert and Early Silurian (Llandovery) Crinoids Carlton Brett Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, New York, 14850 U.S.A. PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION Officers PREGHDENT sca th Bas Orette de icpiaies tose hast Shere cleeten cede re eautese loxtatr otis, fale Mae i SHIRLEY K. EGAN RinSi? VICE-PRESIDENT ii rccs, ate 21h we elle ctctta ous) Mine Lane al cvcsl Weary «da petiedeitemeatethe JOHN Poseta, JR. SECOND VICE=PRESIDENT. deals ina so) pcan eee sae cstesirerate Howarp P. HARTNETT SECRETARY Sik. Ae US tattanpe iis WleNain ss Re Jute ts GN in yet gis aural aut ce Henry W. THEISEN ARIAT: es ters Veh at aye Gee SAE RENE i ey eye hates Matsa isi ck Meigen States Patricia A. JOHNSON iD yorkeXen a) Ny todas PEN RET Cae RPE AD i net PRP ERRATUM ONES NED at WARREN D. ALLMON Trustees CARLTON E. BRETT WILLIAM L. CREPET W. MicHAeEL DrRiscoLi J. THomas Dutro, JR. SHIRLEY K. EGAN Howarp P. HARTNETT PatriciIA HAUGEN Harry G. LEE CHRISTOPHER G. MAPLES Puitip PROUJANSKY MEGAN D. SHay Mary M. SHUFORD ConsTANCE M. Soja Joun C. STEINMETZ Peter B. STIFEL Henry W. THEISEN SALLY T. TRUE ARTHUR WATERMAN Amy R. McCune Trustees Emeritus Harry A: LEFFINGWELL Rosert M. LINsLeY SAMUEL T. PEES Epwarp B. Picou, Jr. James E. SORAUF RAYMOND VAN HOUTTE WILLIAM P. S. VENTRESS THOMAS E. WHITELEY BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY and PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AMERICANA WV ARIRENT DD ATE NTONH | e00 i Sick oi rciaslcoy'eyib) ere: clce: tor cover elutes PO eM ea em ae oNTVPay Coles reese EpIToR A list of titles in both series, and available numbers and volumes may be had on request. Volumes 1—23 of Bulletins of American Paleontology are available from Periodicals Service Company, 11 Main St., Germantown, New York 12526 USA. Volume 1 of Palaeontographica Americana has been reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003 USA. Subscriptions to Bulletins of American Paleontology are available for US $150 per year (individual or institution) plus postage. Issues are available and priced in- dividually. Numbers of Palaeontographica Americana are priced individually. for additional information, write or call: Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, NY 14850 USA (607) 273-6623 FAX (607) 273-6620 www.priweb.org This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Begun in 1895 NUMBER 360 MARCH 1, 2001 Early Silurian (Llandovery) Crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, Western New York State by James D. Eckert and Carlton E. Brett Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, New York, 14850 U.S.A. ISSN 0007-5779 ISBN 0-87710-452-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 00-134801 Note: Beginning with issue number 356, Bulletins of American Paleontology is no longer designating volumes. The journal will continue to publish approximately 2—4 issues per year, each of which will continue to be individually numbered. Printed in the United States of America Allen Press, Inc. Lawrence, KS 66044 U.S.A. CONTENTS PNOSAEVCLE. oh ast,5 cecal Sa Cactac RG. te a Reena tae eRe? Cuca ia Bese tere ct ars ire city carck vi Ranareneemar echt Scart oa hurl iaa eoseer rer aery Eon remeron cae CR ee ees Acknowledgments Introduction Stratigraphy of the lower Clinton Group in New York Age and Correlation Taphonomy and Paleoecology AMLOGUCHON ree spencrcearssstins Gee ua a wie enenetspauehete iene se a. coeye ce lies iA auctie) eu aseuel a enanauee ye taee veatue bol evel dustrepona c tovaleus Vo Siags cop tet tesoie Reynales Formation Bear Creek Shale Wolcott Limestone Willowvale Shale Diagenesis Systematic Paleontology [MTROCICINO Is Stam odio 3 wrote Slee ie areorcey Grol a o ere csanainLc eee ony Che eNOIcnnieeolo piers Cioialo ORS Oa ofoko Cola ulblo aS OGlo oo Oo a IRQUOSIOOS' s. oho Guaneaat eon ok cio Siento aioe. oreo ho moibioiin cots clomth ono DEe eS op oEmc omg Bas clomoloe.6 She on obAtoS SHVGiGTEIIGS. neovahyelate: guans auceois Gace Here creme cole auota oe See aertnio rein cians cpa enio co eiate doa Ute a> Od Oo Clo er ole cmt Gl a orm Subphylum Crinozoa Class Crinoidea Subclass Camerata Order Diplobathrida Suborder Eudiplobathrina Superfamily Rhodocrinitacea Family Callistocrinidae Genus Callistocrinus, n. gen. Family Emperocrinidae Genus Tormosocrinus, n. gen Order Monobathrida Suborder Compsocrinina Superfamily Xenocrinacea Family Tanaocrinidae GENUST EOS OCIINUS Anse Mate eirete i ene eh pea re ee eats De SENS aL eve eee CRE cones re) SE Pee Titel ke Re mea a es ey See) cee es oh pee ceakereneacne cies ?Suborder Compsocrinina SuperfamilyeAtalocnnaceas mr SUpertamis ms - - BPHbRONNUHWUWDAWABRIWDANIBDWBOUNUOUNHEIDANIDAMIDAIYVHE AHHH OS ee BMS E26392 18.0% 3.3 5.1** 0.6 * Distal portions of arms not preserved. ** Crushed cup (width greater than diameter). + Radianal absent. ++ Incomplete column. BMS E26399 10.8* 3.5 5.7** 0.6 Sta lie| SS Ses NN © © 0 Ne mn alae Wan circlet and in Calpiocrinus the infrabasals envelop the basals. For these reasons, we consider anisocrinids to comprise a family of their own. As discussed below, they are related to the Icthyocrinidae. Genus KYPHOSOCRINUS, new genus Type species.—Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti n. sp. Diagnosis.—A genus of Anisocrinidae with large, slightly bulging infrabasal circlet and relatively large pentagonal basals. Radianal pentagonal, situated di- rectly below C ray radial. Anal X large, succeeded by regular polygonal X1 or smaller, irregularly arranged plates. Interbrachials absent or few in number, small. Arms isotomous proximally, commonly heterotomous distally with weakly developed endotomy. Column round, xenomorphic. Plates smooth, unornamented. Remarks.—Kyphosocrinus n. gen. Differs from the other Llandovery anisocrinid, Cryptanisocrinus Don- ovan, Doyle, and Harper, in possessing relatively large pentagonal basals, as opposed to low triangular ones, and small interprimibrachials, unlike the prominent, large plates in Cryptanisocrinus (see Donovan et al., 1992). Kyphosocrinus is closely related to Proaniso- crinus Frest and Strimple 1978, from the Upper Or- dovician (Richmondian) Maquoketa Formation of Il- linois. Both genera are monotypic. The CD interray of the single known specimen of P. oswegoensis consists of numerous, irregularly arranged plates (Frest and Strimple, 1978, text-fig. 2B). Anal X is small, occu- pying less than one-third of the CD interray and ex- tending only to the top of the radial circlet. In contrast, the CD interray of Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti is com- pletely filled or nearly so by a large, polygonal anal X extending into the first or second primibrachial cir- clet. Accessory anal plates, infrequently present, are few in number and much smaller than anal X (Text- fig. 24A). Furthermore, the two known lateral interrays of P. oswegoensis are larger than those of Kyphoso- crinus and contain at least four irregularly arranged plates each. Most specimens of K. tetreaulti have a single small quadrangular plate in each interray or no interbrachials and the distal arms are commonly het- erotomous rather than isotomous. Etymology.—kyphosos (Gr.) = hunchback + krinon (Gr.) = lily (refers to the rounded contours of the crown). Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti, new species Plate 7, figures 2-12, 14-16, 18-20; Plate 8, figures 2-6, 8, 9 Text-figures 23A, B, 24A—F Diagnosis.—As for the genus. Description.—Crown ovoid, small (Table 8). Arms free above first or second primibrachial. Cup obconi- 58 BULLETIN 360 cal, height equal to or slightly exceeding width (h/w = 1.0—1.2), consisting of smooth, unornamented plates. Infrabasal, basal, and radial circlets comprising approximately 15%, 45%, and 40% of cup height, re- spectively. Infrabasals three, wider than high (h/w = 0.5—0.7), separated from each other by sutures in BC, CD, and EA interrays. AB and DE ray infrabasals six- sided, each with broad, concave distal margin. C ray infrabasal smaller (azygous), pentagonal. Infrabasal circlet bulging outward in profile, forming a break in otherwise smooth contours of cup (PI. 7, fig. 20). Ci- catrix slightly concave, lower margins of infrabasals concealing latera of first columnal. Basals five, height equal to or exceeding width (h/w = 1.0—1.3). CD in- terray basal large, heptagonal, AB and DE interray basals pentagonal, BC and EA interray basals pentag- onal with convex lower margins. Radial circlet divided by CD interray basal and anal X. Radials wider than high (h/w = 0.6—0.8), roughly pentagonal, upper cor- ners commonly slightly truncated. C ray radial narrow- er and shorter than other radials. Radianal pentagonal, wider than high (h/w = 0.7—0.8), situated directly be- low C ray radial. First primibrachials wider than high (h/w = 0.3-0.5), roughly rectangular, upper and lower corners commonly slightly truncated. Lateral interrays each commonly consisting of a small quadrangular or irregular polygonal interbrachial situated between truncated corners of first and second primibrachials (Pl. 7, fig. 18). Exceptionally, as many as four small interbrachials may occupy a single interray, or they are absent altogether (Text-figs. 24A—C). Anal X large, typically occupying entire CD interray, alate (h/w = 1.3—1.6), seven- to nine-sided, roughly almond-shaped, extending to second primibrachials. Small, irregularly arranged, accessory anal plates present in some in- stances. Exceptionally, anal X relatively short (extend- ing into first primibrachial circlet), truncated distally, supporting regular hexagonal X1 extending to secun- dibrachials (Pl. 7, fig. 12). Arms dividing isotomously on second primibrachi- als. Endotomy with heterotomous divisions commonly developed in higher arms (PI. 7, fig. 3). Outer arm branches forming ill-defined rami with successive di- visions on second to fourth secundibrachial and sixth to eighth tertibrachial; higher divisions concealed by coiled arms. Inner branches dividing on the third to sixth tertibrachial; higher divisions concealed by coiled arms. Brachials less than three times wider than high, patelloid processes absent. Column round, xenomorphic, relatively long, length of complete column 16.5 cm in BMS E26372. Column tapering little distally. Proximal and medial sections of column heteromorphic with complex noditaxes, typical formula N, 3IN, 2IN, 3IN, LIN, 3IN, 2IN, 3IN. Latera Table 8—Measurements (in mm) of three specimens of Prolix- ocrinus nodocaudis n. gen. and sp. ROM 43634 (holotype) BMS E26325 BMS E26326 Crown height 4 8.0 29.0 Crown width 32.0 14.0 — Cicatrix width 8:3 3.4 oo AB IB height 2.0 2.0 — AB IB width — 355 —- CI B height 2.0 1.9 CI B width DED 2.9 — DE IB height — 17 — DE IB width 4.0 3.4 AB B height 3.4 3.4 3.7 AB B width 2.6 Dei) 3.0 BC B height — 3.4 3.6 BC B width 2.4 2.8 392 CD B height 4.4 4.0 4.3 CD B width 3.0 3} 3.6 DE B height 3.8 — 3.6 DE B width 3.4 — 3.0 EA B height 3.5 3.7 4.0 EA B width — 3.0 34.3) Ar height — 2.8 3.4 Ar width — 3.7 4.5 Br height 3.4 2.8 32 Br width 47 3.8 4.1 Cr height Pad] 1:9 2) Cr width 3.8 33) 3.9 Dr height 3.4 — 3.0 Dr width 4.0 — 4.0 Er height 3.1 2.8 3.0 Er width 3) —- 2.4 Ra width 2.9 DUS) 32 Anal X height 4.4 — 3.3 Anal X width 3.6 — 2.8 * Crushed cup (width greater than diameter). of nodals and larger internodals rounded. Columnals wider than high (height 0.2—1.3 mm, h/w = 0.1-—0.5). Distal section of column isomorphic, terminating in radicular holdfast. Lumen round. Remarks.—Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti n. sp. is a somewhat variable species. In some individuals, the arms exhibit only very slight heterotomy, in others the rays are strongly heterotomous and endotomous. Even in a single individual, the degree of heterotomy may vary between rays. Morphology of the interrays is also quite variable. Out of a total of 28 observed interrays in 11 individuals, 17 interrays had only one interbra- chial, one interray had two plates, one interray had four plates, and 9 interrays had no interbrachials. Most specimens have two or more rays with interbrachials, and some are characterized by interbrachials in all lat- eral interrays (BMS E26382). One specimen assigned to K. tetreaulti is especially interesting. This individual (BMS E26372) has only one interbrachial in the BC interray; interbrachials are EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEw YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 59 Text-figures 24A—F—Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti n. gen. and sp., diagrams of interray variation. A-C. Three lateral views of BMS E26383. A. CD interray with extra anal plates. B. EA interray with three interbrachials. C. Crown centered on B ray. AB interray has no interbrachials; BC interray has four small interbrachials. D. BMS E26375 centered on D ray. CD interray has extra anal plate. E. Anterior view of BMS E26356b. F CD interray with anal X flanked by two smaller plates, BMS E26378. Radials black, interbrachials stippled. Scale for all figures is | mm. absent in the remaining interrays (Pl. 7, figs. 4, 5). It would only require the elimination of this single plate, addition of one or more regular polygonal anal plates, and less marked heterotomy to create a form indistin- guishable from Clidochirus. Evidently, the Anisocrin- idae is the ancestral stock of the Icthyocrinidae. Types and occurrence.—The 15 known specimens of K. tetreaulti n. sp. (holotype BMS E26377, para- types BMS E26347d-e, BMS E26356b, BMS E26373—E26376, BMS E26378—E26385) are all from the Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. Etymology of name.—The species is named for Denis Tetreault, a former graduate student at the Uni- versity of Rochester, who discovered the first specimen of this species. ?Anisocrinid species A Plate 8, figure 6; Text-figure 25 Description.—This species is represented by a sin- gle damaged crown 16.3 mm high with attached partial column 35 mm long. Cup smooth, unornamented, arms free above primibrachials. Infrabasal circlet com- prising 15% of cup height, infrabasals mostly missing. CD interray basal heptagonal, elongate (h/w = 1.5). Radial circlet divided by CD interray basal and anal X. Radials pentagonal, wider than high (h/w = 0.7— 0.8). Radianal small, pentagonal, situated directly be- low C ray radial. Primibrachials two, wider than high (h/w = 0.4—0.6), truncated shoulders supporting small, quadrangular interbrachial in DE interray. Anal X hep- 60 BULLETIN 360 Table 9.—Measurements (in mm) of six specimens of Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti n. sp. BMS E26377 BMS BMS BMS BMS BMS (holotype) E26372 E26375 E26380 E26382 E26383 Crown height* 28.0 DOR 14.0 13.8 14.0 16.6 Cup width** 17.0 15.8 11.0 10.5 8.7 10.9 AB IB height 1.5 yo} — 1.6 3) 1.7 AB IB width — 3.8 — a2) DES) 2.3 C IB height 1.6 1.8 1.3 ites} — 1.9 C IB width Dal 3.0 QED, 2.4 1.9 23) DE IB height — 23 1.6 eS) 123) 1.8 DE IB width — 4.2 — 2.8 2.9 3.6 AB B height 4.2 5.0 = 3.2 719) 3.6 AB B width — 4.2 = 323) 2.8 3.4 BC B height 3.6 4.1 3.4 35) 3.0 sks) BC B width 3.6 3.8 3.0 33 2.8 3.4 CD B height 4.4 4.9 3h4/ 3h7/ 3.4 4.5 CD B width 4.1 4.7 3.6 3.6 B29) 4.7 DE B height —_ 4.9 3.2 3)s) 4.2 4.9 DE B width — 4.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.8 EA B height — 33. = 35) 3.0 3.8 A R height _— 4.1 = 3.2 3:2 Bt) A R width — 6.4 — 4.5 4.1 5.0 B R height 3.9 4.0 — 32) 2.8 3:3 B R width S22, 6.0 —— 4.9 Br9) 4.5 C R height = SP) al 2.2 2.1 23) C R width 4.0 4.7 3.6 3.8 3) 4.0 D R height ) 3.9 Se 3.0 3.0 3.2 D R width — 5) 4.0 4.1 SiS) 4.0 E R height — 4.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 os) E R width —_ 5.7 3.9 4.6 4.2 Se) A IBrl height — 2.5 — 2.0 1.6 19) A IBrl width — 6.9 4.8 3.9 5.2 B IBrl height 2.1 2.3 — 1.8 1e7/ Dal B IBrl width Sy) 6.5 —_— 4.8 4.2 Sal C IBrl height IED) ZS 1.8 lof Nez 1.8 C IBrl width 4.3 4.9 4.2 4.5 3.8 4.8 D IBrl height Dal 2.3 129) 1.6 I 7/ 1.8 D IBr! width = 5.8 4.7 4.3 3.8 4.9 E IBrl height = 3:2 2.1 1.8 1.8 isa E IBrl width — 6.8 4.2 4.6 4.2 SES) A IBr2 height —_ 2.5 = 7/ 1.6 2.0 A [Br2 width — 6.1 — 4.0 3.4 4.5 B IBr2 height 2.0 Pes} — 7 1.6 Beil B IBr2 width 5.1 6.2 — 4.1 3.6 4.4 C IBr2 height Psi 2.3 2.0 2.0 7 2.0 C [Br2 width 5.0 6.0 4.5 4.3 35) 5.1 D IBr2 height ral 2.6 2.0 EZ Ne7/ ES) D [Br2 width — 6.3 4.6 4.3 3.0 5.0 E [Br2 height = ALS) 1.8 2.0 lef 1.7 E [Br2 width —— 6.3 31) 4.0 37/ 3.8 AB ilBr! height 1.4 + — + 1.1 1.0 AB ilBrl width = ay — + 0.8 0.5 BC ilBrl height 1.9 Pep, — 1.1 1.0 1.0 BC ilBrl width LES) 1.3 — 1.1 0.8 0.6 DE ilBrl height —- + ap 1.4 ily 1.1 DE i1Brl width = ar af 1.0 0.8 0.9 EA ilBrl height — ar — 11 7/ 1.2 + EA ilBrl width — at = 1.1 0.9 ate RA height AT $s) 2.6 2:5) AP) 2a, RA width 3.9 4.4 853) S7/ 2.9 Anal X height 43 6.3 3.4 4.0 Shi 4.5 Anal X width 3.3 5 $$ EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEw YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 61 Table 9.—Continued. BMS E26377 BMS BMS BMS BMS BMS (holotype) E26372 E26375 E26380 E26382 E26383 X1 height Ti + 1.4 0.9 1.0 + X1 width sr at V3 0.6 0.7 + Column length ~- 165 -- — a — Proximal diameter — 2.0 — — — = Distal diameter — 1.8 == — a == * Distal arms coiled. ** Crushed cup (width greater than diameter). + This plate absent. tagonal, higher than wide (h/w = 1.2). X, and X, trap- ezoidal, wider than high, sutured to C ray only. X,, now missing, originally sutured to C ray. Distal ani- taxis missing, originally consisting of several addition- al plates extending at least to tertibrachials. Arms free above first primibrachials, dividing iso- tomously on second primibrachials. Higher divisions on second or third secundibrachials and second to fifth tertibrachials slightly heterotomous with weakly de- veloped endotomy. Distal portions of arms unknown. Proximal section of column round, heteromorphic, consisting of alternating nodals and internodals. Remarks.—The resemblance of this specimen to Ky- Phosocrinus tetreaulti is obvious; perhaps it is just a mutation of this species. However, the anitaxis of this specimen, distally sutured to the C ray only, precludes Text-figure 25.—?Anisocrinid species A, plate diagram of BMS E26390. Radials black, interbrachial stippled. Scale is | mm. assignment to Kyphosocrinus as presently defined and it seems unwise to emend an already somewhat broad- ly defined genus. The significance of this individual, if it is indeed a mutant Kyphosocrinus, is that it dem- onstrates the ease with which rapid evolutionary change (cladogenesis) could occur in the Flexibilia. The absence of a radianal in Paranisocrinus and a specimen of Protaxocrinus anellus n. sp. are also ex- cellent examples of mutations leading to rapid and im- portant changes in morphology. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimen BMS E26390 is from calcareous shale 1.0 m above the base of the Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. Family SAGENOCRINITIDAE Roemer, 1854 Emended diagnosis.—Sagenocrinitaceans with large, ovoid to pyriform crown. Infrabasals visible in side view or concealed. Radianal situated directly be- low C ray radial, exceptionally dividing basal circlet. Anal tube absent. Fixed brachials and interbrachials numerous. Arms isotomous or heterotomous with var- iably developed endotomy. Included genera.—Sagenocrinites Austin and Aus- tin, 1842, Sil. (Wenlock-Ludlow); Forbesiocrinus De Koninck and Le Hon, 1854, L. Miss. (Tournaisian)— U. Miss. (Chesterian); Scapanocrinus n. gen., L. Sil. (late Llandovery); Trampidocrinus Lane and Webster, 1966, L. Perm. Remarks.—Diagnosis of the Sagenocrinitidae is herein emended in order to accommodate forms with heterotomous arms. The origin of this group, discussed below, is obscure. Genus SCAPANOCRINUS, new genus Type species.—Scapanocrinus muricatus Nn. sp. Diagnosis.—A genus of Sagenocrinitidae with ovoid crown and nearly cylindrical infrabasal circlet. Basal circlet undivided. Radianal pentagonal, situated directly below C ray radial, supporting anal X in radial circlet. Rays dividing two or three times in cup. Inter- rays wide, similar in width, interbrachials numerous. 62 BULLETIN 360 Arms heterotomous, endotomous. Column round, dominantly heteromorphic. Remarks.—The monotypic genus Scapanocrinus n. gen. is the earliest described representative of the Sa- genocrinitidae. Sagenocrinites 1s said to occur in the late Llandovery Jupiter Formation of Anticosti Island, but the material is undescribed (Bolton, 1981). Sca- panocrinus is apparently closely related to Sageno- crinites, but exact ancestor-descendant relationships of these genera are unknown. Scapanocrinus differs from Sagenocrinites 1n possessing a cup with a constricted base, heterotomous rather than isotomous arms, and a radianal situated above rather than in the basal circlet. The single known specimen of Sagenocrinites ameri- canus Springer, 1902 from the Beech River Member of the Brownsport Formation (Silurian, Ludlow) of Tennessee should be removed from this genus. It is anomalous in possessing an uninterrupted basal circlet and a quadrangular radianal situated obliquely below the C ray radial (see Springer, 1926b, p. 216, pl. 22, fig. 5). Although it is older, Scapanocrinus was prob- ably not ancestral to Sagenocrinites because the het- erotomous arms of Scapanocrinus are an advanced character in contrast to the isotomous arms of Sagen- ocrinites and Temnocrinus Springer, 1902. On the oth- er hand, placement of the radianal within the basal circlet of Sagenocrinites is clearly a derived, advanced character in comparison to Scapanocrinus, which re- tains the radianal in a primitive position directly below the C ray radial. It seems probable that these taxa are separate offshoots of an unknown ancestral stock like Scapanocrinus but with isotomous arms. In turn, the Sagenocrinitidae gave rise to the Dactylocrinidae Bather, 1899 through simplification of the cup (fewer interbrachials) and development of more marked het- erotomy. Etymology of name.—scapanos (Gr.) = spade, dig- ging tool (pick and shovel work resulted in discovery of this genus) + krinon (Gr.) = lily. Scapanocrinus muricatus, new species Plate 8, figures 1, 7, 12-14, 16—18; Text-figures 26A—D Diagnosis.—A species of Scapanocrinus character- ized by median keels on rays, angular brachials in proximal arms, and dominantly heteromorphic col- umn. Description.—Crown ovoid, exceptionally large (adult height estimated to be at least 100 mm). Cup bowl-shaped, wider than high (h/w = 0.8), expanding rapidly above constricted base formed by nearly cylin- drical infrabasal circlet (Pl. 8, fig. 18). Arms free above secundibrachials in small individuals (cup height 14— 20 mm), free above tertibrachials in larger individuals. ty NT7 Text-figures 26A—D.—Scapanocrinus muricatus n. gen. and sp. A. Plate diagram of incomplete crown centered on B ray, holotype BMS E26385. B. Same specimen centered on DE interray. C. Ex- panded plate diagram. D. Lateral view of crown displaced downward onto column, BMS E26386. Radials black, interbrachials stippled. Scale for figures A, B, and D is 2 mm. EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 63 Radials and fixed brachials V-shaped in transverse cross section, forming median keels on rays (PI. 8, fig. 16). Remaining cup plates smooth, unornamented. Infrabas- al circlet comprising approximately 15% of cup height. Infrabasals three, wider than high (h/w = 0.4), separat- ed from each other by sutures in BC, CD, and EA in- terrays. C ray infrabasal pentagonal, AB and DE infra- basals six-sided. Basal circlet uninterrupted, basals five, height equal to or slightly exceeding width (h/w = 1.0— 1.1). CD interray basal heptagonal, AB and DE interray basals pentagonal, BC and EA interray basals hexago- nal. Radials wider than high; AB and D ray radials seven-sided, D ray radial six-sided, C ray radial five- sided, smaller than other radials. Radial circlet divided by CD interray basal and anal X. Radianal pentagonal, wider than high (h/w = 0.6), situated directly below C ray radial. First primibrachials roughly rectangular, wid- er than high (h/w = 0.3-—0.6), upper corners commonly slightly truncated. Second primibrachials pentagonal, wider than high (h/w = 0.4—0.6), lower corners com- monly truncated. Secundibrachials wider than high, two or three in each half-ray. Anal X heptagonal, subequal, situated between C and D ray radials directly above CD interray basal. CD interray above anal X not differen- tiated from lateral interrays (Text-fig. 26B). Interrays wide, interbrachials numerous. First interprimibrachial in each interray hexagonal, slightly wider than high (h/ w = 1.1), succeeded by tier of two plates and at least 15 more interbrachials in an individual of moderate size (BMS E26386), additional interbrachials present in large specimens. Each pair of half-rays separated by several intersecundibrachials. Intertertibrachials present in the largest individuals (PI. 8, fig. 17). Free arms strongly heterotomous with well devel- oped endotomy. In two observed rays of BMS E26386, outer rami of each quarter-ray divide on fourth to sixth tertibrachial and eighth or ninth quar- tibrachial, higher divisions concealed by distally coiled arms (Pl. 8, fig. 16; Text-fig. 26D). Inner (adaxial) arms of each quarter-ray narrower than outer arms, di- viding on third or fourth tertibrachial, seventh to at least eleventh quartibrachial, and ninth quintibrachial. Median ray keels merging with dorsally rounded arms. Proximal free brachials angular-sided (V-shaped), dis- tal brachials smooth-sided. Brachials less than three times wider than high. Column round, relatively short (65 mm in BMS E26386), length not exceeding height of outstretched crown. Proximal diameter of column 4.8 mm in BMS E26386, diameter tapering gradually to 2.6 mm near distal end. Proximal and medial sections of column heteromorphic. Typical proximal noditaxis formula N, 3IN, 2IN, 3IN, LIN, 3IN, 2IN, 3IN. Noditaxes becom- ing simpler distally; typical medial formula N, 2IN, 1IN, 2IN, and N, IN near distal end. Epifacets of no- dals and larger internodals thick, rounded. Largest no- dals up to 160% diameter of adjacent internodals. Col- umnal height 0.2-1.4 mm in BMS E26386. Holdfast radicular, bearing numerous stout, branching radicles cemented to bryozoan zoarium (PI. 8. fig. 7). Remarks.—Shale rich in fenestellid bryozoans yielded only a single small specimen of this taxon (BMS E26386). Larger, incomplete individuals are re- stricted to limestone beds representing tempestites de- rived from nearby shoals. Apparently, Scapanocrinus was largely restricted to higher energy conditions than existed during deposition of the shale. It therefore may have been more abundant than presently indicated. Types and occurrence.—Scapanocrinus muricatus n. sp. is represented by specimens, holotype BMS E26385 and paratypes BMS E26386—E26387 and 4485BMS E26389 from an interval of shale and lime- stone |.1—1.2 m above the base of the Wolcott Lime- stone, locality 8. Measurements (in mm) of BMS E26385.—Crown height (distal arms coiled) = 28.1, actual height esti- mated to be approximately 37); cup height = 14.0; crushed cup width = 21.2, original diameter 17.5; AB IB height = 1.9, width = 4.3; C IB height = 1.5, width = 3.7; DE IB height = 2.0, width = 4.7; AB B height = 4.1, width = 4.0, BC B height = 3.4, width = 3.5; CD B height = 4.0, width = 3.8; DE B height = 4.0, width = 4.0; EA B height = 4.4, width = 4.0; AR height = 4.5, width = 5.3; C R height = 2.8, width = 4.0; D R height = 3.8, width = 5.3, E R height = 4.2, width = 6.3; A IBr, height = 2.7, width = 4.3; C IBrl height = 2.3, width = 3.9; D IBr, height = 2.4, width = 4.8; E IBrl height = 2.6, width = 4.6; A IBr2 height = 2.8, width = 4.4; C IBr, height = 2.1, width = 4.2; D IBr, height = 2.4, width = 5.8; E IBr2 height = 2.5, width = 4.5; AB iJBrl width = 3.8; DE ilBr, height = 4.0, width = 3.6; EA iIBrl height = 4.4, width = 3.9; RA height = 2.7, width = 4.5; anal X height = 4.6, width = 4.4. Etymology of name.—muricatus (L.) = full of sharp points, pointed; the specific epithet refers to the an- gular brachials of the proximal free arms. Family unknown Flexible crinoid species A Plate 8, figures 11, 15 Description.—This species is represented by a sin- gle crown with an almost entirely disarticulated cup (BMS E26391). Nothing is known about the structure of the infrabasals, basals, radials, and anal plates. Number of primibrachials in each ray unknown. Distal 64 BULLETIN 360 interray areas each containing a large, polygonal in- terbrachial between axillary primibrachials. Arms free above primibrachials, first observed di- vision of each isotomous. Arms strongly heterotomous distally with well developed endotomy. Stout inner and outer rami dividing on third secundibrachials, fifth to seventh tertibrachial, and at least once more on sixth or higher quartibrachials. Adaxial branches dividing on second or third tertibrachials, higher divisions con- cealed. Brachials thick (maximum thickness 2.2 mm), rounded dorsally, less than two times wider than high. Remarks.—Incomplete material precludes identifi- cation of this species. The single small interbrachial in each ray suggests Kyphosocrinus but the strongly het- erotomous arms are like Scapanocrinus. However, the thick robust plates are unlike either of these genera. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimen BMS E26391 is from a horizon with abundant bryozoans 1.1 m above the base of the Wolcott Limestone, lo- cality 8. Subclass unknown Crinoid species B Plate 2, figures 16, 17 Description.—Encrusting, five-lobed holdfasts up to 12 mm in diameter with five narrow slits alternating with lobes. Lobes of large examples may have smaller, subsidiary lobes (Pl. 2, fig. 17). Holdfasts attached to skeletal material including zoaria of bryozoans and fragments of trilobite exoskeletons. Remarks.—The illustrated examples are attached to the inner surface of a pygidium of a large illaenid tri- lobite, possibly Bumastus ioxus. Material and occurrence.—Figured pygidium BMS E26408 is from an unknown horizon in the Hickory Corners Member of the Reynales Formation, locality 2. Crinoid species C Plate 9, figures 10, 20 Description.—Column round, xenomorphic, robust and long (up to 13 mm in diameter, substantially ex- ceeding 29 cm in length), gradually tapering distally. Proximal section consisting of nodals with rounded, slightly nodose latera and straight-sided internodals, typical noditaxis formula N, LIN, 1IN, LIN. Columnals in medial section of column straight-sided, noditaxes more complex, consisting of a nodal, two or three sec- ond order internodals, a first order internodal, and two or three second order internodals. Nodals in distal sec- tion of column possessing large nodes on latera, nod- itaxes similar to those of medial section. Lumen round, occupying 60% diameter of proximal column, 25% di- ameter of medial column. Remainder of each columnal occupied by narrow areola and broad crenularium. Columnals low, wide (height 0.4—2.8 mm, h/w = 0.03—0.23), sutures sympectial. Remarks.—Many packstone and grainstone beds within the Wolcott Limestone consist almost entirely of columnals and pluricolumnals of this species. Sim- ilar pluricolumnals are also encountered in the argil- laceous facies of the lower portion of the Wolcott Limestone. However, they are never more than a few cm long in contrast to sections of column more than 30 cm long in the upper beds. These fossils represent large, robust, stenotopic crinoids that inhabited car- bonate shoals where they must have formed immense stands. Unfortunately, the agitated conditions preferred by these crinoids were not condusive to their preser- vation as articulated individuals. Thin beds of crinoidal limestone in the dominantly clastic facies of the lower portion of the Wolcott Limestone represent distal tem- pestites of powerful storms that swept these shoals. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimens BMS E26416 and E26417 are from crinoidal grain- stones 1.5 m above the base of the Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. Crinoid species D Plate 9, figures 1, 6, 11-13 Description.—Column long (incomplete examples exceeding 20 cm in length), xenomorphic, pentameric, with distinct longitudinal sutures. Column diameter 6— 10 mm, approximately constant within individuals. Columnals thin (height 0.5—1.4 mm, h/w = 0.08-0.2), becoming progressively thinner distally. Inferred prox- imal portion of column obscurely pentagonal, grading into round medial section. Distal section pentagonal, distal-most several centimeters giving off rootlets at junctions of pentameres. Proximal lumen round, di- ameter 50% of column; lumen in medial section of column pentastellate, angles alternating with penta- meres, diameter approximately 15% of column. Areola narrow, depressed, crenularium broad. Culminae fine, numerous, typically 15 to 25 on articular surface of each pentamere. Remarks.—Columnals and pluricolumnals of this unknown crinoid are among the most distinctive echi- noderm fossils of the Willowvale Shale. Unfortunately, its identity remains unknown in absence of preserved crowns or calices. The pentameric structure of the col- umn suggests cladid affinities. Material and occurrence.—A nearly complete col- umn (BMS E2641la-c) and pluricolumnals BMS E26412 and E26413 are from the Willowvale Shale, 2 m above the base of this formation, locality 11. EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 65 Crinoid species E Plate 9, figures 21, 24 Description.—Known from partial holdfasts only, consisting of gently curved pluricolumnal segments up to 11 cm in length. Segments oval in cross section, flattened in inferred dorsal-ventral plane, bearing nu- merous abortive cirri and attachment scars of rootlets on lower surfaces. Columnals commonly wedge- shaped, thin (height 0.6—-1.6 mm, h/w = 0.06-0.2), with symplectial sutures tending toward partial fusion. Lumen large, round or slightly oval, average diameter 50% that of column. Remarks.—These holdfasts closely resemble creep- ing stems or stolons (Franzén, 1977, p. 222, fig. 2F; Brett, 1978a, p. 351, fig. 4H) and the form genus Eu- rax eugenes Moore and Jeffords, 1968 (see Ubaghs, 1978, T75, fig. 54, no. 10). They represent sections of columns that, in life, were recumbent on the seafloor, to which they were attached by radicles and digitate extensions of stereom. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimens BMS E26437 and BMS E26438 are from the Willow- vale Shale, locality 10. Crinoid species F Plate 9, figures 22, 23 Description.—Columnal doughnut-shaped, 13.6 mm in diameter with a central opening 6.1 mm in di- ameter. Maximum thickness 3.3 mm adjacent to cen- tral opening, tapering abaxially. Columnal smooth, ar- ticular surfaces worn away. Remarks.—tThis fossil closely resembles specimens described by Hall (1852, p. 182, pl. 41, figs. 7a-e). This material is believed to be of crinozoan origin be- cause blastozoans are extremely rare in the lower Clin- ton Group. These columals are commonly associated with hematite-rich, oolitic limestones that originated as regressive lag deposits in shallow, high energy regimes characterized by low net rates of sedimentation. These environments were evidently ideal for growth of cer- tain crinoid taxa but not for their preservation. After death, the crinoids were thoroughly disarticulated and their ossicles became extensively abraded as they were washed about by wave and current activity on an abra- sive substrate. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimen BMS E26439 is from the Kirkland Iron Ore, locality 11. Similar material occurs in the Willowvale Shale at this locality. Crinoid species G Plate 9, figures 18, 25 Description.—This species is represented by partial holdfasts consisting of incomplete, branching pseudo- cirri more than 10 cm in length. Pseudocirri each con- sisting of a gently arcuate main branch up to 5 mm in diameter with smaller branches given off on one side at regular intervals, diverging from the main branch at angles of 45 to 55 degrees. Smaller branches subpar- allel to each other, dividing at least once. Pseudocirrals short, cylindrical segments (height 1.1-2 mm, h/w = 0.2—0.8) with smooth articular surfaces and small, round lumen. Remarks.—These distinctive fossils are locally abundant in the Willowvale Shale and rare examples also occur in the upper portion of the Williamson Shale. In the Willowvale Shale they are associated with stout, heteromorphic pluricolumnals that may be- long to this species (Pl. 9, fig. 19). The pseudocirri probably represent large, radial props that supported the column of a large, robust species of crinoid. Prob- ably only the subsidiary branches and distal end of the main branch were actually inserted in the substrate. Material and occurrence.—Figured specimens BMS E26414 and BMS E26415 are from a thin, fos- siliferous horizon 2 m above the base of the Willow- vale Shale, locality 11. Ichnogenus Tremichnus Brett, 1985 Ichnospecies Tremichnus cysticus Brett, 1985 Plate 9, figures 14—17 Description.—The specimen consists of a gro- tesquely deformed pluricolumnal 39 mm long and 11— 14 mm in diameter. The columnals are fused together by excess stereom covered with more than 220 pits of the ichnospecies Tremichnus cysticus Brett, 1985. Remarks.—Eckert (1988) described and illustrated the remarkable example of T. cysticus refigured herein. It is the only example of 7. cysticus known from the Early Silurian. Tremichnus probably represents em- bedment sites of unknown, host-specific epizoans (Franzén, 1974; Brett, 1978b, 1985). Type and occurrence.—Hypotype ROM 44359 is from the Willowvale Shale, locality 11. APPENDIX LOCALITY REGISTER Crinoids were collected from the following 11 lo- calities (see Text-figure 2). A topographic map refer- ence is given for each locality. Loc. 1. Hickory Corners Member of Reynales For- mation; east side of Niagara River Gorge opposite Sir Adam Beck No. | hydroelectric station, 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south of Artpark, Lewiston, Niagara Co., New York. United States Geological Survey Lewiston 7.5’ Quadrangle. 2. Hickory Corners Member of Reynales Formation; 66 BULLETIN 360 embankments of Somerset Railroad 0.7 km (0.43 miles) northeast of Niagara Street, Lockport, Niagara Co., New York. USGS Lockport 7.5’ Quadrangle. 3. Hickory Corners Member of Reynales Formation; bed and east bank of Oak Orchard Creek, John E. Butts Memorial Park, Medina, Orleans Co., New York. USGS Medina 7.5’ Quadrangle. 4. Wallington Member of Reynales Formation; Gen- esee River Gorge 0.3 km (0.2 miles) north of lower falls, talus slope east of Rochester Gas and Electric access road, Rochester, Monroe Co., New York. USGS Rochester West 7.5’ Quadrangle. 5. Wallington Member of Reynales Formation, Densmore Creek, 100 m (330 feet) east of Densmore Road, Rochester, Monroe Co., New York. USGS Rochester East 7.5’ Quadrangle. 6. Wallington Member of Reynales Formation; spoil heaps on north side of abandoned strip mine west of Knickerbocker Road, Ontario Center, Monroe Co., New York. USGS Ontario 7.5’ Quad. 7. Upper Sodus Shale; bed of Second Creek 20 m (65 feet) downstream (north) of dam on north side of Red Mill Road, Wayne Co., New York. USGS Rose 7.5’ Quadrangle. 8. Wolcott Formation; east bank of Mudge Creek 55 m (180 feet) north of Chapin Road bridge, Wayne Co., New York. USGS North Wolcott 7.5’ Quad. 9. Bear Creek Shale; bank exposures in waterfall of Bear Creek 180 m (590 feet) south of Caywood Road, Wayne Co., New York. USGS Fair Haven 7.5’ Quad- rangle. 10. Willowvale Shale; exposures in drainage ditch on north side of exit ramp of Interchange 33, New York State Thruway, 0.5 km (0.3 miles) east of Route 365, Oneida Co., New York. USGS Vernon 7.5’ Quad- rangle. 11. Willowvale Shale; tributary of Sauquoit Creek 2.5 km (1.5 miles) west of Bridgewater Street, New Hartford (Willowvale), Oneida Co., New York. USGS Utica West 7.5’ Quadrangle. REFERENCES CITED Aigner, T. 1985. Storm depositional systems: dynamic stratigraphy in mod- ern and ancient shallow marine sequences. 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Caelocrinus—nouveau genre of crinoid of Middle Silu- rian age from the province of Sichuan. Acta Palaeonto- logica Sinica, vol. 10, pp. 45—54. Zittel, K.A. von 1879. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Band 1, Palaeozoologie: Abteilung 1, Oldenbourg (Munchen & Leipzig) 557 pp. EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT PLATES 71 ap) BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 Figure Page 1, 2, 9-12, 19-20, 25. Haptocrinus calvatus new genus and species. All specimens are from the Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners and Wallingtonumembers- creme -geenPekeucietees eens nei eelneie khaled ie 1-2. 1. Large individual with cup and long, incomplete, pentameric column. Weathering has exposed lumen in proximal column, <1; 2. Anterior view of cup. Note two fixed primibrachials in each ray, 2. Paratype BMS E26331. 9-10. 9. Anterior view of partial crown. Arms divide isotomously on fourth primibrachial and branches abut each other closely, concealing ramules. Arrow indicates axillary secundibrachial with missing ramule. Pentameres of column are visible below cup, <3; 10. Overall view, column incomplete, * 1.5. Holotype BMS E26329a. 11. Anterior view of crown with small, regenerated arms, *4. Paratype BMS E26332a. 12. Articular surface of proximal columnal, *4.5. Paratype BMS E26324a. 19. Articular surface of medial columnal, 4. Paratype BMS E26324b. 20. Distal column, 2.5. Paratype BMS E26334. 22. Anterior view of small crown preserved in hard crinoidal grainstone. Anitaxis, indicated by upper arrow, is grooved ventrally. Note ramule (lower arrow) in left arm, *2.5. Paratype BMS E26320. 25. Partial arm. Incomplete ramules are borne by every other secundibrachial, 4.5. Paratype BMS E26436a. 3. 4, 13-15, 26, 27. Dynamocrinus robustus new genus and species. Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners Member. ........... 3. Isolated radial plate with ridges radiating from plate center, x2. Paratype BMS E26400. 4, 26, 27. 4. Inferred anterior view of crushed calyx and proximal column. Interray (center) consists of single row of interbrachials successively narrower distally. Heteromorphic column has wide, narrow epifacets, <1; 26. Inferred anterior view, X2; 27. Inferred posterior view. Primanal is bounded above by two plates before CD interray constricts to a single row of plates distally. Flat base of cup is circumscribed by ridge on basal circlet, *2. Holotype BMS E26304. 13. Medial section of column, 2. Paratype BMS E26401. 14. Medial section of column, * 1.2. Paratype BMS E26402. 15. Medial and incomplete distal sections of column, *1. Paratype BMS E26403. 5-8, 16-18, 21, 23. Thaerocrinus crenatus new genus and species. Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners Member. ............ with triangular E ray superradial. First division of E ray arm is isotomous, higher divisions are heter- otomous, *2.5; 7. Basal view. All three basals are in contact with column facet, x5; 23. A ray view of crown and column, <3. Holotype BMS E26305. 6, 8, 16. 6. E ray view of crown. E ray inferradial constricts rapidly distally and does not appear to be in contact with superradial, *2.5; 8. CD interray view of lower portion of crown. Note stout, rapidly tapering anal tube, X3; 16. A ray view of crown, *3. Paratype BMS E26308. 17. A ray view of incomplete crown and column, 2. Paratype BMS E26306a. 18. A ray view of large crown with missing base. Arms are spread out, revealing heterotomous ramules and endotomy in secundaxil arm, *2.3. Paratype BMS E26307. 21. A ray view of crown with damaged cup, X2. Paratype BMS E26306c. 24. Macrostylocrinus sp. Reynales Formation, Wallington Member. .....................-..-+----+-:----: 24. CD interray view of deeply weathered crown, column and holdfast. Large primanal supports secundanal flanked by smaller plates. Incomplete cirri are borne by swollen nodals. Note small discoidal holdfast, <2. Figured specimen BMS E26329b. PLATE 1 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 2 ONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALE EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEw YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 3 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 Figure Page 2. 4, 15, 22. Eomyelodactylus sparteus Eckert. Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners Member. ..... 2-22.26 0-20 eee eee eee 38 1. Weathered columnal from coiled portion of column. Note obscurely pentagonal outline of columnal and distinct pentameres. Large, lenticular lumen is excentrically situated near convex, outer side of columnal, <5. Paratype BMS E26404. . Columnal from cirriferous section of column. Columnal is elliptical with long axis in plane of coiling. Two rows of cirri are each represented by a single cirral projecting obliquely toward plane of coiling. Cirrals are fused longitudinally to adjacent pentameres on inner side of columnal. Small, bell-shaped lumen is excentrically situated near outer side, X5. Paratype BMS E26405a. 4. Columnal from inner portion of coil near recurved junction. Columnal is elliptical with long axis perpendicular to plane of coiling. Large, lens-shaped lumen is situated near outer margin of columnal, <5. Paratype BMS E26407a. to a te te . 15. Cirriferous medial and distal sections of column of large individual. Cirri become progressive smaller and more closely spaced distally, <0.9; 22. Detail of medial section of cirriferous column. Cirri, initially projecting obliquely from column, are brought into plane of coiling by curved cirrals fused to columnals. Note irregular arrangement of small and large cirri. Barrel-shaped cirrals have expanded distal margins and deeply impressed sutures, <3. Holotype BMS E26309. 3, 5, 18, 20. Eomyelodactylus uniformis. Eckert Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners and Wallington members. .......-......-. 38 3. Nudinodal probably from distal region of column, *5. Paratype BMS E26406. 5. Proximal coiled column of a small individual, «4. ParatypeBMS E26315. 18, 20. Overall view of incomplete, cirriferous column, *2; 20. Detail of cirri, *4. Holotype BMS E26409a. 6-9, 19, 21. Prolixocrinus nodocaudis new genus and species. Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners Member. ........-..--.--- 54 6. CD interray view of partial crown with missing infrabasals. Anal X is situated above hexagonal CD interray basal. BC interray basal, situated directly below radianal, is smaller than remaining basals, 1.5. Paratype BMS E26326. Salo seNeatly;completesyounp:individual«centered iomeAwialyan 2M ee a eye ase 2 eee media dle ene diel ecm ello) e fol fe) Ce ot io R-N =) an) E= t= d =I =) T=ine 54 8. Detail of nodose proximal column, <3; 19. Detail of crown illustrating high, conical shape and large infrabasals, x2. Paratype BMS E26325. 9. Crushed crown of large individual. C ray is to left. Radianal is situated directly below narrow C ray radial and anal X is visible on the extreme left, <1. Holotype ROM 43634. 21. Small, disarticulated crown divided into lower and upper portions on opposite sides of pinnulate arm of unknown camerate crinoid, X2. Paratype BMS E26327. 10-14. Haptocrinus calvatus new genus and species. Reynales Formation, Hickory Corners Member. .........----....-5: 42 10. Cup and proximal column of very small individual. C ray is to left, <5. Paratype BMS E26324. 11. Cup and proximal column, *3. Paratype BMS E26332b. 12. Weathered crown and partial column of an immature individual centered on B ray, *4. Paratype BMS E26322. 13. Anterior view of narrow, cylindrical cup and partial column, *2. Paratype BMS E26317. 14. Detail of pentameric, pentalobate section of medial column, *2.5. Paratype BMS E26331. Kowigemindeferminate holdfastsscrinoidispecies!B) | svete) eric =e) Semen eper ea cdeltedted ol et tt- Mee Magiet = l= == c-uoide f= -p = ede=l 1 =ihani-) = 64 16. Holdfasts of unknown crinoids and bryozoans attached to concave, inner side of large illaenid trilobite pygidium, x1. 17. Detail of largest holdfast, ¥2.7. BMS E26408. 74 BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 Figure Page 1=45 8 O—lSe5 Compsocrinus:relictus new species so ear Creckas hale: marwiene oa. cence ict eokecnetoenen nce vil nea eee ee 26 1. Anterior view of crown and incomplete, heteromorphic column of a large individual. Stellate ornament consisting of ridges radiating from centers of plates is visible on lower portion of cup, *0.6. Paratype BMS E26294b. 2. Anterior view of immature individual with large gastropod attached to tegmen, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26294d. 3, 4. 3. Small cup and partial column centered on D ray, *1; 4. Detail of cup. Radial circlet is divided by CD interray basal and primanal. Wide posterior interray has median anitaxial ridge, *2.5. Paratype BMS E26295. 8. Crown and column of large specimen centered on DE interray. Crushed CD interray is visible on extreme right. Note crenulate lower margins of basals. Lower portion of cup has weakly developed stellate ornament. Free brachials become successively more cuneate distally but remain uniserial, < 1.2. Holotype BMS E26294a. 10. Anterior view of partial crown and column, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26296. 11, 12. 11. Sectioned base of cup with four basals, *3; 12. Partial crown centered on E ray. Incomplete gastropod is attached to tegmen, 2.2. Paratype BMS 26302. 13. Large, nearly complete pyritized crown and partial column centered on E ray. Decomposition of pyrite has largely destroyed cup plates, <1. Paratype BMS E26301. 5—/ 4 Dendrocrinusursae new: species. Bear Greek Shales eysreteris > aie © = ener een ees a) ees ene 48 S=7: 5. Cup and detached column, * 1.2; 6. Detail of cup centered on CD interray, *2:; 7. Detail of section of column indicated by arrows on Figure 5. Incompletely preserved cirri are borne at junctions of pentameres, <5. Holotype BMS E26303. 9. Unidentified camerate crinoid. Bear Creek Shale. 9. Nearly complete individual centered on D ray. Figured specimen BMS E26303. PLATE 3 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 4 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 Figure 1-14. Tormosocrinus furberi new genus and species. Wolcott Limestone. il, Ss in) EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 1. CD interray view of small cup. C ray is abnormal; second primibrachial is missing and secundibrachials are directly supported by the first primibrachial, 3; 5. Crown centered on D ray, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26344. . Anterior view of large crown and partial column. Base of cup is disarticulated but remainder of crown is remarkably well preserved. Pinnules were selectively removed during preparation, exposing prominent, distally spinose anal tube. Fixed pinnules are visible in center interray, *1.3. Paratype BMS E26342a. 3. 3. Detail of distal column. Two pseudocirri borne on adjoining columnals are fused together longitudinally, *2.5; 4. Partial crown and nearly complete column. A ray is at extreme right. Column displays transition from heteromorphic proximal and medial sections to isomorphic distal region, <1; 13. Opposite side of crown centered on DE interray. Axillary primibrachials are reduced in size, allowing lower corners of first secundibrachials in each ray to touch first primibrachial below. Proximal portion of crushed anal tube is visible at extreme right, x2. Paratype BMS E26341. . Cup and partial column of a small specimen. Arms are entirely missing, exposing tegmen and partly disarticulated anal tube, 1. Paratype BMS E26345. . Partly disarticulated cup sectioned longitudinally. Infrabasal circlet, indicated by arrow, is situated at top of intracalical cylinder, 3. Paratype BMS E26349. . Anterior view of well preserved crown and proximal column, 1.3. Paratype BMS E26342b. . 9. Crown centered on D ray. Primanal and secundanal are visible below pinnules concealing anal tube. Primanal is smaller than DE interray interbrachial, 2; 10. Oppposite side of crown. B ray is to left, <2. Paratype BMS E26343. . Large, incomplete crown centered on D ray. Upturned lower margins of basals in intracalical cylinder surround proximal column. Anal tube is partly visible, «1.5. Holotype BMS E26336a. . Anterior view of crown with nearly complete column, 1.3. Paratype BMS E26337. . Aboral view of crown. Column has been removed, exposing intracalical cylinder. CD interray is at top center, * 1.5. Paratype BMS E26338. 1 76 BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5 Figure Page 13 =] Ollie 2eeA clistocrinusicapistratus new genus and! species, Wolcotteleimestone: frre i elaine eee 1, 3-5. 1. Lateral view of distorted but otherwise well preserved specimen, 2.5; 3. Lateral view of same rotated to right approximately 180 degrees, X2.5; 4. Lateral view with additional 90 degrees rotation to right. Arms and partition plates are obliquely crushed downward, largely concealing them from view in this photograph, <3; 5. Oblique adoral view. Note long partitions dividing biserial arms. Several distal plates of anal tube are visible at upper left, <2.5. Holotype BMS E26352. 6, 7. 6. Adoral view of small, well preserved crown. Expanded, cogwheel-like terminus of anal tube apparently gave rise to at least three spines represented by elevated attachment scars near center of summit, x4; 7. Oblique adoral view of crown, *4. Paratype BMS E26355. 9. Lateral view of essentially complete crinoid. Dominantly heteromorphic column with wide epifacets is displaced slightly from holdfast (columnal facet indicated by arrow). Some pseudocirri are attached to cirriferous pluri- columnal of unknown crinoid, *3. Paratype BMS E26354a. 11. Incomplete crown, *3.5. Paratype BMS E26354b. 12. Large, disarticulated specimen. Cup is disarticulated above radials. Only lower portions of basals are confined to concavity in base of cup. Wide ventral groove is visible in arm to left and a partition plate is situated to lower right. Cup is bounded on left and right by first interprimibrachials, < 1.8. Paratype BMS E26410. 2, 10. Callistocrinus tesselatus new genus and species. Wolcott Limestone. 2, 10. 2. Lateral view of crown and nearly complete column, *1.6; 10. Detail of crown. Two rays are visible, each giving rise to five arms. One arm divides again above the cup and incipient divisions of at least two other arms are represented by large proximal pinnules. Basal at lower center is in contact with interbrachial above, separating radials of left and right rays. Interrrays consist of numerous plates, X2.8. Holotype BMS E26335. ...........................--. 8013) Alralocrinusiarctusmew, Penusjand SpECies mWOlcOtt se ime LONE: ie meme) iene inet tesdi cient) aie ite 8, 13. 8. A ray view of crown with crushed cup and incomplete column, * 1.7; 13. Opposite side of crown centered on narrow CD interray. Large, hexagonal CD interray basal and primanal divide radial circlet, X2.5. Holotype BMS E26351. 28 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 5 a WEEE Pera ee” PLATE 6 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 Figure 1-3, 5. Myelodactylus linae new species. Wolcott Limestone. 5 3% Dis EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6 1. Articular surface of columnal, *3; 5. Portion of cirriferous column, 1.5. Paratype BMS E26370. 2. Anterior view of crown tightly enrolled within proximal coil. Cirri were removed in order to expose crown, 2; 3. Lateral view of complete individual. Crown is concealed by cirri. Holdfast bears short radicles attached to fragmentary zoarium of Fenestella, * 1.5. Holotype BMS E26369. Tal 456-17 -919920) Euspirocrinus wolcottense new species: WoleottJeimestone) 2... 44. 2 ais eens cles se ie ete el cea aks eee eee 46 4,11. 4. CD interray view of very small crown. Short anal sac does not extend beyond arms, X2; 11. Anterior view of crown. Short, complete arms are preserved in A and B rays, <2. Paratype BMS E26361. . Anterior view of complete individual. Unusually short column with discoidal holdfast is attached to fenestellid bryozoan, 2. Paratype BMS E26357. . Anterior view of complete specimen. Holdfast bears stout radicles attached to fenestellid bryozoan. Low ridges radiate from centers of cup plates. Arms are coiled distally, * 1.5. Paratype BMS E26358. . 8. Detail of cup and anal sac. Base of cup has been pushed upward, partly concealing infrabasals, x 1.5; 9. CD interray view of nearly complete crinoid. Pentameres are visible in distal column. Holdfast is attached to bryozoan, 0.9. Paratype BMS E26359. 10. Complete juvenile individual centered on CD interray, * 1.5. Paratype BMS E26361. . CD interray view of incomplete crown. Note slightly heterotomous arms and weakly developed endotomy, 2. Holotype BMS E26347a. . Anterior view of incomplete crown. A large oral plate is situated above interradial notch, 2. Paratype BMS 26347b. . Complete crinoid. CD interray is partly visible at extreme right of crown. D and E ray arms are displaced slightly from cup, exposing radial facets. Base of anal sac is visible between arms. Pentameric distal column is attached to fenestellid bryozoan, 1. Paratype BMS E26360. . Anterior view of crown, *2. Paratype BMS E26362. 16, 19, 20. 16. Tegmen. Note large orals. Base of anal sac is at upper right, 2; 19. Cup, anal sac, and proximal column. B ray is at extreme right, x2; 20. Cup centered on E ray. Proximal columnals and lower portions of infrabasals have fine longitudinal ridges, X2.5. Paratype BMS E26363. . Exceptionally large, complete crinoid tentatively assigned to this species. CD interray is partly visible at extreme right. Arms are tightly coiled distally, exposing most of long anal sac. Numerous pustules and short, undulating ridges on cup an atypical ornamentation for this species, 1. Paratype BMS E26365. Ste Aprocrinusisp mW OlCOteE1IMeSTONe se qei ara wee eas alse ee eee cites en Seal Reena gu clewan a relat fel cei cone Suememenenege @ Eco tay ats 45 18. Partial cup and proximal, pentameric column, <3. Figured specimen BMS E26363. 78 BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 Figure 1, 13. Dendrocrinus aphelos new species. Wolcott Limestone. 1. Anterior view of large, partial crown and column. B ray is at extreme left, x1. Holotype BMS E26366. 13. Incomplete, small individual centered on A ray, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26367. 2-12, 14-16, 18-20. Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti new genus and species. Wolcott Limestone. 2, 9, 10, 14. 2. Crown centered on E ray. Note quadrangular interbrachial in DE and EA interrays, 2; 9. B ray view, X2; 10. Adoral view illustrating distally coiled arms, X2.5; 14. CD interray view, 2. Paratype BMS E26382. 3. CD interray view of crushed crown and partial column. Endotomy is evident in slightly hetero- tomous distal divisions of arms, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26378. 4, 5. 4. CD interray view of crown. Note large anal X and heterotomous arm in C ray, 1.2; 5. Anterior view of entire individual. A small interbrachial is visible at left in BC interray above first pri- mibrachials, <1. Paratype BMS E26372. 6, 7. 6. CD interray view of small, crushed crown, <2; 7. Anterior view. B ray is to left, <2. Paratype BMS E26381. 8. CD interray view of crown and partial column, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26347e. 11. Small crown. CD interray is at extreme right, X1.3. Paratype BMS E26347d. 12. CD interray view of crown with distally coiled arms. Anal X, truncated distally, is succeeded by X,, X2. Paratype BMS E26375. 15. Crown and proximal column centered on B ray, 1.5. Paratype BMS E26379. 16. Incomplete crown centered on CD interray, X2.5. Paratype BMS E26376. 18. Anterior view of crown. Single quadrangular interbrachial in each interray is situated above upper corners of first primibrachials, ¥2. Paratype BMS E26356b. 19, 20. 19. Crown and curved column centered on C ray, * 1.5; 20. Detail of crown. BC interray contains quadrangular interbrachial. Note bulging profile of infrabasal circlet, x2. Holotype BMS E26377. 17. Euspirocrinus wolcottense new species. Wolcott Limestone. 17. CD interray view of partial crown with distally coiled arms, X2. Paratype BMS E26356a. 21. Dendrocrinus bactronodosus new species. Wolcott Limestone. 21. Anterior view of crown. D ray is at extreme right. Plicate proximal plates of anal sac are visible between D and E ray arms. Anal sac is nodose distally. Proximal, pentameric column is pentas- tellate, 2.5. Holotype BMS E26368. PLATE 7 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 8 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8 Figure 1, 7, 10, 12-14, 16-18. Scapanocrinus muricatus new genus and species. Wolcott Limestone. 1, 7, 16. 1. Anterior view of nearly complete individual attached to fenestellid bryozoans. Base of crown and column are pushed together, concealing basal and infrabasal circlets, * 1; 7. Detail of holdfast, * 1.9; 16. Detail of crown. Note large numbers of interbrachials incorporated into cup and angular- sided proximal free brachials. Heterotomous arms are strongly endotomous, <2. Holotype BMS E26386. 10, 12, 13. 10. Oblique view of cup. Crushed CD interray is at right. Hexagonal CD interray basal and anal X divide radial circlet. Upper and lower arrows indicate C ray radial and radianal, respectively. Note nearly cylindrical infrabasal circlet, * 1.7; 12. Opposite side of crown centered on damaged B ray. Arrow indicates radianal, *1.5; 13. Cup centered on DE interray, *1.5. Paratype BMS E26385. 14. Incomplete crown, *1. Paratype BMS 26389. 17, 18. 17. Detail of intertertibrachials, <2; 18. Large, incomplete crown and proximal column. Infrabasal circlet is indicated by arrow, *1. Paratype BMS E26387. 2-5, 8, 9. Kyphosocrinus tetreaulti new genus and species. Wolcott Limestone. 2, 3, 8. 2. Crown centered on B ray, X2; 3. D ray view, X2; 8. CD interray view, X2. Paratype BMS 26383. 4. Crown in adoral view, *2. Paratype BMS E26384. 5, 9. 5. Aboral view of crown, *2.5; 9. CD interray, 2. Paratype BMS 26380. 6. ?Anisocrinid species A. Wolcott Limestone. 6. Damaged crown and partial column. CD interray is at right. Anal X was originally succeeded by a single row of plates extending almost to top of crown but the distal anitaxis was lost during preparation, *2. Figured specimen BMS E26390. 11, 15. Flexible crinoid species B. Wolcott Limestone. 11. Crown viewed from disarticulated base, *2; 15. Lateral view illustrating strongly heterotomous arms and endotomy, x2. BMS E26391. io 80 BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9 Figure Page 6; 113 sUnknownicnnoidispectess® Wall ow, valecs tial sirsgem mete ot ene cueney een eee mem ee We ear Wp oe eugene 64 1, 6, 11. Proximal, medial, and distal sections, respectively, of nearly complete column. Pentameric column is round proximally, pentagonal distally, * 1.2. BMS E2641 1a—c. 12. Articular surface of medial columnal with large lumen and distinct pentameres, 2. BMS E26412. 13. Articular surface of distal columnal, x2. BMS E26413. 2—5; /—9\Protaxocrinus anellus new species: willowvale|Shales ye. 2e 2) iy eee nei eee oie te tee ae eee 52 2. Anterior view of crown and long, incomplete column. Distal columnals are barrel-shaped, <2. Paratype BMS E26399. 3. Anterior view of small crown. Distal tips of arms were dissolved in early diagnesis, X2.5. Paratype BMS E26394b. 4, 5. 4. Crown centered on D ray. Anal sac is represented by anal X and X1 only, X2.5; 5. B ray view, 2.5. Paratype BMS E26393. 7, 8. 7. C ray view of crown that suffered complete dissolution of distal arms and most of column in early diagenesis. Note narrow anitaxis attached to concave right shoulder of CD interray basal, x3; 8. Opposite side of crown. A ray is at extreme left, 2.5. Holotype BMS E26392. 9. Anterior view of crown. Distal arms have been dissolved, 2.5. Paratype BMS E26394a. 105-205 Unknownierimoid species: Wolcott isimestones) ay -)eyeier ayers kev ie ee aetna rreite etcetera ene ene 64 10. Proximal column, *1. BMS E26416. 20. Distal column, x1. BMS E26417. 4 iiey nemiGhnusicy sticus Brett, Wallowvaleyshales sean eier a eeene nein: ice sienna see wena ate 65 14. Lateral view of pluricolumnal engulfed by excess stereom covered with pits of 7. cysticus, X1.5; 15. Inferred distal end. Excess stereom has tripled diameter of column, <2; 16. Inferred proximal end, <2; 17. Lateral view of opposite side, * 1.5. Hypotype ROM 44359. LSi19 255 Unknownicrinoidispeciess Gx Wallow,aless hale seeps ems eine ies eee ete eerie eee etre ence ee 65 18. Large, branched pseudocirrus comprising part of holdfast, x1. BMS E26414. 19. Slightly curved pluricolumnal probably of this species, X 1.2. BMS E26418. 25. Two partial holdfasts. Example at right is encrusted by bryozoans, *1.5. BMS E26415. 21, 24 Unknownicnnoidispecies E, WillowyalesShalesescsesaracren tonne iene renee erties a ie ea 64 21. Section of recumbent column. Rootlets are represented by elevated attachment scars, ¥ 1. BMS E26437. 24. Pluricolumnal with encrusting bryozoans, ¥1. BMS E26438. 22,23. Unknownlicrinoidspecies se Kirkland Inonk@xes eye enero ene mer ere eae eee eee en ee 65 22. Axial view of large columnal extensively abraded before final burial. Articular surface has been completely obliterated, «1.3; 23. Side view, ¥1.3. BMS E26439. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 9 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 10 EARLY SILURIAN CRINOIDS FROM NEW YORK: ECKERT AND BRETT 81 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10 Figure I=6. Flogstl assomalksss. OF lower Cliinworm GOW» asnonenoocnnsngoggeosacedoaunegosuduonsocouue base asaaouugod 12-15 1. Packstone bearing ramose bryozoans, calymenid trilobite pygidium (lower left), and corroded rugose coral (lower right), 2.2. Reynales Formation near base of Hickory Corners Member, locality 2. . Crinoidal grainstone consisting almost entirely of columnals of Haptocrinus n. gen., *3.8. Reynales Formation near top of Hickory Corners Member, locality 2. 3. Bryozoan assemblage dominated by Fenestella tenuis (example in upper right) and Striatopora flexuosa (narrow branch crossing photograph near bottom). A small, articulated specimen of Atrypa is also visible, *3.4. Lower Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. 4. Brachiopod wackestone containing disarticulated and fragmented valves of Pentamerus, *1. Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. 5. Grainstone consisting of fragmented and abraded ramose bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and small brachiopods, x2. Upper Sodus Shale, locality 7. 6. Shale bedding plane covered with the brachiopod Eocoelia hemisphaerica, represented by internal molds of mostly disarticulated valves, X3. Upper Sodus Shale, locality 7. tO BULLETIN 360 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11 Figure Page 1=4: ower Clinton Group:exposures: = <2 sages ces seers nc tes Se + tae eo tere at ratet oe ge een Ste ee eee eee eae eee 8 1. Crinoidal grainstone beds near top of Hickory Corners Member, Reynales Formation, locality 3. 2. Thin-bedded wackestones of basal Hickory Corners Member overlying Neahga Shale (contact at top of lens cover), locality 1. 3. Exposure on bank of Bear Creek. Sterling Station Iron Ore, between arrrows, is situated above Bear Creek Shale and below Lower Sodus Shale, locality 9. 4. Excavation in bank of Mudge Creek. Tools rest on poorly exposed shales and limestones of the lower portion of the Wolcott Limestone, locality 8. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, BULLETIN 360 PLATE 11 5S ec = INDEX Note: Page numbers for descriptions of genera and species are shown in bold type. Abacocnnidaemackel lO lS maeeenece car ee ne rere aeeertirneeeeerere Pil ADOLAIBNMETV.S MELWOLKS treater alate eteyelete le elalateret rasisisettistetetclatsledeteieiteteieteianeteiet 34 Abrasionn OfsSkeletons))ccmeeet mecmicccerteeaa-ceectiaseect ec 12, 14, 80 ANCCRREQON:. conbpacconpsduocuHaogoooponnsooosoSodpacbonEobocoocrdonanAr 15 PAGLISLOGTINUS DESC CD ie yaar ce aa rscessseccioneer ease rasisiiai 31,32 iA\s, GETDIS TLRS 16)! ShboacogSaroureessed Saou By Hi. Acrocrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885 . : Aeronian.Stage (see Llandovery B-C4) ....................... PALES OGHIPUS Mecercmiciena st aiiaalsisisicis's'ctec Giseaisierittaspiesalactae idan o esas PAPBLE LT AiMLALUS SLOW ELLOS lereeneareneeencaeeerece cmaciniseeeras ces 29 Allocrinus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1889 ....................0.55 38 A SODOGHINUSMUANSE YO 2A ror iors cetaaeienaieisicstsinseiie vinyl tes else eiecisicre INO, INE asscnenanoceaocesecsoscscopodeeecscoceppacdonaanacaonsdcd Amonohexacrinus Shevchenko, 1967 ...........2..200000eee eee e es AND ATS OA MALS AS EVIL MSF sogcoceqdssoaoncoscouseasooacasdeonanae WATT SOCTIDIGESPECIES Atiarer eitetice osteitis snletsiaiseeinis altars Amisocrimidaein fam 5. sseecos es eese sn aeseercemenecteacecense Anisocrininae Frest and Strimple 1978 AVANCE TIALS ANNES ial, MEW) sonrasansdassaapsadasssescdsnacndeaces ENON... saauaaesosseasseuadsbondasespaassceraceccodddosermudoetaacee EVN TAROCTAUTIG| ja ronacaokehanogelncdocheeecanonadadeumacsensescscsanasan BuLecOnaDehLneminvyille Mole sscmecaaccecesecetaerceseeiecescrce Anticostimlsland’s@Quebecr 21.2-c----ceeoreencerecnsss:cesscce asses Arulocrinusiamsbottom: NOG fyssceecnetnete ese steenceras sce: AppalachianuBaSinunnensctjaeter ete cetomiccenerceecer seen cees Archaeocalyptocrinus Witzke and Strimple, 1981 ............... Sil A. modosus Witzke and Strimple, 1981 2.22... ........2neeenee eee 31 Arenacraxocrinusilewiss OSI) era... accscercencteesaeecnn sere acc 52 articulation (of crinoid skeletons) 12-17 ASaphocrinus: Springer L920 ee ne ceee cas cece = seers ene 19, 56 ISS SIRE SUA. donnndeaoennctdcrandd Aneene ns eaeeeoe cer mnceerce 25, 34 ASLELOZO AM ser ce eee eae p oe eeaaaeecmane dene saints selaanerceousterece cers 1S LAGIOGTINUS MW ELIEI LOM Omser rn nattetitcererimeeriimaneecee reece tr 2D AtalocninaceammeSupertam! sasscescssessceccecereeecteceoreeen csr e 27 Atalocrinidae nyfaml 22-2) -csssccscetecssasccesecessaeessecsceseescese 27 AL CLOGHINUSAN OCDE een a Ristiecnc see eekar tee sasdere ce temo ntee WDE 2 ASAT CLUS YS Dee jncean soos ce sans eeeaaaaste SS 2281295 76 JENICO TT ADS Vid nC Ee eaerenadesonenbudocsstadd sanboooubsadeearcn 47 JEN 0 005 ses QUGR SECO COS OOE ac DOR CC RBpc Cer sccoueaarincecs 10, 14, 17, 81 Australia autotomy 15\/\2 |) 6a cer Aa oes uaheda apne rnaeno: tos appe roa crenanarerasonremacanghid 13) BARR ensiee rinses seta teen ao ag segs cease scree casera aeaemasng 13, 14, 17 13/A\E Scots Ses SRHE RB aS nO gen ARSE OGRE AtadHaacteocadn te ocntinc aneccccnenoon 1ST. 1BVA=4) GtaelirictReEEacra cts Sede Me et Bar Alnno sansa cnondcammncnrdaanny 17 1S NEO} Sopp a cedo sD Caco DERE BERD Te epE DEC RTOR So ncROSE emacs ssLEcocuasoocroE 13 Bactrocrinites Schnur W849) 7253. cemacsa centers seneiie se eeciee sei: 48 bathymetricyeradients) 25: 5c0-ccscceraeesanaeea tec ance ee neeenee 12 JeeEie (Ce eINNC sotennseasnngnacsadaceasoge 11, 14, 26, 34, 49, 66, 82 Bear Creek Shale ....... 11, 10, 14, 15, 18, 26, 34, 49, 66, 74, 82 IBEeChRRivers MeEMDER eames oces-cacccee cate tce 41, 61 benthictassemblages\(BA)| © one ocecm ccc enacememdeiancence a teeceets 13 bIOlOPICAVISPECIES) ee acisjan clei ciele esr. desceeee ae acerisa ees seacee eons sae 19 biostratisraphy we sassedaccancte areas oes tae aeons ace 10, 11 DIOSERALINIOMIY areas one 8s wesc cae saeeaaae tes secede Meena ie 12-17 biotinbatloniern.-cscecece- scree scee te ance teen ee saeeeee 13, 14, 17, 18 DivalieSuaecenrect rae ee atea oe atic os caine cna eR Rae 14, 17 ISIE) INCENSE? pondnacorenncesananeponerasrnadcocdd 34, 41, 42, 52 IE KOYAOY 1S: nanarnamoaoAnnecasencdbanpsaanaanndaccspabaccapnacdcsosocctc 65 Bolicrinus) Witzkeyandystrimple LOS lier n. sn: ee eckee cee eee 33 BoliviacriusiMicIntosh esl 98 Sweeeeeere cerca nee er cecisee isle sect eeetae 33 borings (see embedment pits, Tremichnus) Brachiocrinus FAAS USS 8 encaceaccsacccheete nasacort cee aces 38 brachiopods a weesscecacaeccaceee cee nemer aceite 10, 11-17, 42, 81 Brassfield Limestone (Formation) ..... 7, 8, 11, 12, 20, 22, 36, 39, 47, 50, 54 Briarocrinus Angelin,1878 Britaiml(Britishwlsles) ace ecaeeeeeeeeeeacceacceeemeereceecstiice 7, 48 Brewenmlbock Members -eeeecerreeereeereerecccce eae eereneee eer 10, 11 Bromide Formation -cccecesesachiceeeeeee eee eee eee sear een er erent 48 Brownsportskormation\ co.c-mas.cacte cece cteeenasheeeeeeret ee 41, 62 bryozoan) thickets! s2..--cssss-eeee secon sete cere eee acne 1S Sy LG bEy.OZOAanNS pe acessee cents ceecaseee LOMO MAAS Ss 16S 7A Sas Buffalo, NY Bull Fork Formation Bumastus ioxus. CabotsHeadt Shaler at as amcice sossecrs oss seat ee aee eee eres 18, 36 EGelOGrinus KU, VOGD: «ocieccsieyes ct ateiaracaiegstisizjnie sisernie s boleelelseetyeleteeee ehscoasle 45 Calceocrinacea Meek and Worthen, 1869 ..................--00-55 34 Calceocrinidae Meek and Worthen, 1868 ................ 16, 18, 34 (COA MAO oS" Sepsncanpoassbnadaanoddaonnaddaspneccecn 34, 36 (CHUSTSTIAS: Pee copsaddgosaseosuooeonE Suaessoquaveobenanbeaddes 10, 13, 14 Calliocrinusid) Orbigny-wS4 9) epee eee eee necro ceaetrce eee Si Callistocrinidae n. fam 19, 20, 28 (COM OC ANS Wy TSW po-cacdoendsebeacadcocseedunedocnodsagee 12, 20-21 (GBresselaiuSanesS picmce ee eecee eee er eae Oo; Lil 155 165,20-215 76 G@alpiocrinuss ANC elin whoo mepeRde eae eee eee eee eee ee Caliymiemid prilOD ites ar iescyelerlorsiaic)-tol Classen). fencer eee Camerata Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885 ............ Gameratevenmoid species Awa. -ees ee eater ne eet eae seer eee Camerate ChiNOIdS) sao. . sos ees: 6-8, 12-18, 19-34, 36, 39, 74, 76 Canistrocrinus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885 ................... 25 Garadocian penises st)-|-s seecreecee te 34, 41, 42, 45, 47, 52 Carbonateybuf tenn Peete seeeecseeeesie eee sates aeetce 18 Garboniferousys. pase cae eseiicees sess se rasa-eeieasrits PA seks Sule (Il Carpocrinacea deKoninck & Le Hon, 1854 ...................... 27 (Ganmocrinites:SayemUS29) sense eee cee eeeee ace ceeeee eee 12 Catatonocrinus Brett, 1981 Centriocrinus Bather, 1899 channel-dwelling crinoids Charactocrinus Brett, 1981 .. @hestenianiys ees oes sche ccc R sensi: eeise eens cee eee ‘Ghicagocrinusmweller W900 Wa a-ceeeee es eeeee reat eae eee eee eee eee 31 GhirocrinuspAnee ling Si Sie esasse eee eeeeee ea eee erences 34 (GhiropinnagMoore wl OQ Ue reremsiacleeeraesceiaee eticte tae ae Ceca 34 GHOMA TILES is Steels ais asian sais wheeled otasniosre sions wate oe ees eee 14 Chronostratioraphiciunitsiaaccecaassaasaaseeceaeee eee ee cere eerie ee 10 CITTUBS ae eric tas cate eee aceon 7, 15, 33, 39, 41, 48, 49, 80 cladid crinoids (cladids) ...... 6, 14, 15, 18, 45-52, 74, 75, 77, 78 cladids(indetemminate) ees s.eeaeeee ee eee eer 18, 50, 64 Cladida Moore and Laudon, 1943 ..........................505 10, 45 CLAGISUIES) Gee rete ees arcinieroiaieetescioca siacae ticsane ate crdlale ete etetesate ners 19 Class Crinoidea Miller, 1821 19 Cleistocrinus Springer, 1920 54 (Clie layed nag JAS OG WASTAS goopoocan soseonn2onechoddatcosdonsaane 54, 59 84 BULLETIN 360 C. americanus Springer, 1920 ( = Prolixocrinus americanus ((Syo} 90 o¥=7<) op (2240) ape seepeenspooonpoccanso scence sbonbdsecapeconGae 54 (GExeratiosus:Stumples 1963). eres emer (see eet steree tem erert 54 (CL joa O! JUNE ial WISSTIS) Sageeocoocoaudaocsdeeoodubdocsodoccndeee 54, 55 (Gserrulatus BIOWER OTS: s-a-ceerecr erecta beeen serret 54 GSspringerizAusichy 19840 ie ccceerermectestete err ertsc es tree 54 @bintont Groupie eee ses se se cee saeeetrrare teeter reece setae tt 7-20 @lintonm sNews cocsen- cc aacsa see cctetne Matec ee arte ceeetaeie te teteeiciets 8,9 @lonocrinidae Bathery 1899 meeeeceeceeeeee eee nee eee 295335 Glonocrinusi@uensted: mS Gieeeecrrtaceermsscetscerteeceeren coer 29 (CHAN GRae did fon) s LESS PD. Sen on coos ostoasoecocnoronaausccunsosancsect 29 columns (columnals) .. 9, 10, 7, 12, 15, 16, 44, 45, 64, 65, 80, 81 (e{oVvaka ail Vals Men aA ASAE RB RaRAnSspae cessor docooocamanuudéaanondadedeanan! icAUk. eas Gol eeel ital seo naasoedr aco davedasonnagdesosadpadtopanougsoe 14, 26, 74 Compact oni (CLUSHING)|es.creee eect ameter sels 4S SH 9) @ormaysrowbavel 1BYSNENIS” AogaaccaccocnoncenodnaosondnsobonrooceShoe 19, 42, 43 @ompsocnnina Ubaghs; W978) oc. scree eiiseeeeeereria cr: PI, Pi Compseocrinus S.A. Miller, 1890 ...............2++0.- 13, 25, 26, 34 (GwharristsS Ac Miller, 188i) 2eeecsccesceecessceeceeee eer een eo Gemiamiensis Ses Miller USSSieesne-eeceesee eee eenccsese cease OLE 2O Ganodosus Brower 197) pee reeeese neces seeseeeeneeeeceeee ee ee O (CL ANGHTOIMNS Go), seecestoosocadoosacdacseoabe 3, 11, 14, 18, 26, 34, 74 OMOGOMtS ere se alse esctase stat ere at fetes satel Delatetey ete cictelelataterelerelans stelalnpalafetstelnts, fewelan 11 COOTINIA Facies hs aa se eee he eel ele eee erates U2 Sea 7 coprophagous (gastropods) ................00sscceeseeeee 3, 14, 26, 74 coquinites) (ShellibedS) Beeseenesneeorcete ere eet ee eee ree rer Ms ts A19/ Gostistricklandiah erp ceRereR ere eee ernie ence each snienee il) GremacrinusiUlticheml SS Omrrcreeteerr ence ercereciieescrtsee rs 34 (Crainalorncal tenis Wikoyordes ISIS: . os sagpdacdncnosoavedasunGodesadoanes 38 Grinoidwlanvaceuassymes eset ree ee ee cece tier ccnt 16, 20, 28 Crinoid species B-G (see Unknown crinoid species B-G) crinoidal grainstones ... 10, 11, 10, 14, 15, 42, 48, 64, 64, 81, 82 (Crainreyzorl, IMMaliybinaro}o), MOO) spo ndo~ non dapnponadoobopeasEaecorsn 10 Cryptanisocrinus Donovan, Doyle, and Harper, 1992 ........... 57 (CHOATE egepacaaceacadocerargacs-coedanponsrnoacnsaacsndeccucbbens 14, 17 Gunctocrinus Keslingvand) Sigler 1969) ori cerca. «seer ceemce - e 34 Gupulocrinusidi@rbignyesl'S5 OMeeenre sere erat sete ete eters 53 (CyathocrmidasB ath eri 99 mae seece tan atstersteeeeistetsietetelalsielelerelels eielelere ater 45 GyathocrinitaceasBassler 9S Sipe secsee eetserteterctae etelerstereete clatter 45 Gyclocrinites bedstsaa.ceee seer eee ce cece eee ee ese siete eens 11 (Gi intel yer oer eareeante sno cage soc cackadencbacdenpcaoqonsncatorpdassssago 12 GTO Oa erssatata ers ss ass tn ea foscynia ate sis slate e asi sta aielelevero slelalelals eielee sloloielelelers 14 Dactyocrimidae, B athersUS99 erererrerne sere eetliesissteltehtslecisieiieltstele 62 IDOLMAN TLCS Bian creer ei sae declare aaa decile tare seer lor sees 17 Dyer ReS AO ALS UNG Oe) canconosoncoudoasasoedseokodososuvsosnouead 34 Daw ESRROMMAtON caccees secs eee eaete sect ecec Oeineeenetacleacre decalcification: cases nccdee nthe ecce aac omen ie ste Deltacrinus Wlnch M8 86)-eesseeeeeesee reer e ener eee ee Dendrocrinacea Wachsmuth and Springer, 1886 Dendrocrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer, 1886 DendrocuninayBather, i899). is. . eccececareeeseceeeeneaceeeaccee Dendrocrinusslall WSS2 \oscc- aca eset ee reece eacee 12, 47, 48 DRaphelosenSpivsemas sneer sts.cisjnaasee ee 7, 11, 15, 48, 49, 50, 78 PAPTUOTUS Elle TOGO ess Head nsacs eaanv nese ee Sealser oan eeas eeneEteee 50 WD ACIONOdOSUSII ES Dissereetietseisese eet eee . celsus Ringueberg, 1888 NA GYLONeriStS AUSIGNS M9 SAB emer t sec. cieele see e eee cence D.? gasworksensis Donovan, 19 DwlongidachyliussialleltSS2 eer aseerrceetecee er 7, 6, 48, 49, 50 D. parvus Eckert, 1984 IDE TIAA 1, RID senoonicbocondcouscoosocorcecsoncoonse Sosy D. villosus Brower and Veinus, 1982 Densmore! Ereeksphosphater bed iererernseetetreeerreee rte tees 8 Densmore! Creeks(IN NOE saceeccecek eee seer cee saree e cee eamet eects 65 depositionalllsequencesi--eeeerreeeee atest eeeee eee hn ec mtte eee eee 8 DeSulfovibrios S228 nee een eee ste hoe esol cteiciol eit cleric eee 18 Devonian , 54 diagenesis 18 Diamenocrinus Oeblett: WSO eee eee eee eee 20 Diaphorocrinus Eckert, 1984 ............--...- 4, 36 Dichocrinidae S:A., Miller 1889 ....2.....-... 27 Dimerocrinites Phillips in Murchison, 1839 . 28 Gimerocnnitidaesssreeeceen seer hee eee eee eee eter 28 Dimerocrinus (Dimerocrinites) brachiatus (Hall,1852) ...........- oT Diplobathrida Moore and Laudon, 1943 .....................- 19, 20 disanticulationy seccseseec cee ee crear oon ee eee cence ete 213522 disparid crinoids (disparids) 6, 7, 12, 13, 19, 34—45, 72, 73, 77 Disparida Moore and Laudon, 1943 34 GNC Srocoosaacucsdescosacncoascsses Dolerorthis. ......... dolomitization ................. Dynamocrinus n. gen IDG RATES) Os SO ganoqsooosandcnsdsessaasoescususanbadesse earlyplelandoOVenyanesas rc cereece aaesceeeeeee 7, 11-14, 18, 36, 41 EIClenocrinuss SeAG Maller 889) te csceccel- sees eeE eee eee eeeee 44 Biteliam) ees acnpecdeece ose namereenr eee eee eee CL Ose ECE Eee EE EES 31, 33, 34 embedmentpitsieceese-aa- eet he eee ree ease c eee ee ree eee eeeeee 17, 65 Emperocrinidae Frest and Strimple, 1981 ......................65. 21 Emperocrinus Frest and Strimple, 1981 ....................s.s00e. 22 Emsiani Stage en naesccesceuastece tear renee eee eee CE Eee 33, 34, 45 encrinites (see crinoidal grainstones) ENGFINUTUS 23sec elenas on ae oar ERB Re ee rae EEE 12 @ndemiSm, .as. (Ginga Sieyao Gace sdsandeuenaesedeesaeneecsspeeeropadoes 34, 45, 52, 54 (GhypooeMininA IM@eKes LEY), “aos osnaonsossedonodadoonsAddonsegocsuueds 27 Glyptocrinus plumosus Hall, 1852. ..............00000000005 7, 38, 42 Gnorimocrinus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1880 ................-. 52 Gotlande(Sweden) feececsscace peace acces sect mccrer iene: 47, 55 PRETO ONSS eahasorddbaadaacecasspentaasonacdebbance 12, 14, 15, 42, 53 graptolitic facies 17 (Gre ADIAISHG? WG) Ts, NS 3s cdeaacbaccasssthovoccsonasnoodoosneeosenDar 47 Group I rhodocrinitids 20 Group I rhodocrinitids 20 Giaynoe ars Satya, We) codeoseeosonpepsocooscupoesepecaseEeder 34 GunNsRIVers BOLUM AON arene e ase eesse se telne sccectainciereictevsinie Pieietemtetererae 12 FHaerencoraxOcrinusekranzens L982, acento sess aceiieeee s a1 52 FELALYSTOCTINUSMOMGICHS, USSG sere cieieics aaeielaeslertoisilels tn ecto sictetoteisterniciereia © 34 lnkypliecanibie IETGIE Ici) aoocacanssonsonsoobrcopoemboboppSsnconoe 33 Haptocrinus calvatus n. sp ... 1, 2, 11, 13, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 72, 73 Haptocrinus Me Sem sasceess--c0 105125135 145 116; 395742533; 81 /@C 80) - a datecanneed beg enee cEeaHadcnencas aaSeooanan Aeron 6; 115 153455 77 INSATETTES GoudeaoovosaponcssRonoURonccocobanponaadco0 cupepacaEnds Henryhouse Formation ........... Herkimer Sandstone .............. Herpetocrinus Salter, 1873 INSWEKOS ARON? oc oonponccnhosacoosmpgncosoopedoons Hexacrinitacea Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885 .................. 27 Hickory Corners Member ... 11, 8, 10—13, 18, 31, 37, 38, 45, 56, 65, 72, 73, 81, 82 high energy environments ...................- 3163 L775 2256365 FANE AM LANL eee alate ste eis asin sists sintztajetectarciaes aisieratete srerelcteysintelelerwnitieinisielv sinter teres 33 ElimeacrinidaeErest.and Strimple; 1977) <0 226. -c cesses. sees ee evens 33 holdfasts .... 2, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 31, 39, 41, 44, 63, 64, Homalocumidae Aneelin 878i snes. asec seein Homalocrinus. Angelin, 1878 ..... HOMOGEKiNAcCeAnStey-eeen- ee eee eee FLOMOCKINT AAS ATK OAS 55 areca atest orersyetate we) se mrsheinlelsrcieiaie ebeteteveterelee homologies ..... NON 2 OR 222s 29 ole. .50s Hopkinton Dolomite .................... Te 5 Wal, 2s, SF ELV ALLA AIN AMR Ha ciolaisiots wie cts alajn crt CONS AC ON ener aca eco ae 1213 My bocnimidaeryZittelwiS 79) cenanec-racicereeeracseeecse er oectereneeee 20 PDEXOCHINUS CAME 3h DIO! y sercictamninia nies sino sierslare sietecia aatsiactestaetetraterere 19, 42 Ichthyocrinus? clintonensis.Hall, 1852 ..........2..0.++-.-0020eee0e: 7 FethyocrinaceayAngelinysUS71Sio-.ccceccte-eeeceeeeiectesnc see certs 53 FethyocrnidaevAn sellin M8718) rama) -terepctatareaas)-)-ate steric 54, 57, 59 UGLY OCKiNUsSA CONTAC MSAD weeye elacisreletse snr elelsvetsleteictaetesisileleleteisteterereteteise 54 INST O1S He hs cere costa cetoTaye A wo nla oles osigye ators isle siaveiainis Sictorats ais aicsovovere slerslsiereteretes 58 rein hGH Ua Mn eae 78 RL fotm sate rstalatstotcioesy afoot sistorcraie ojcreiniavte wheicla(s is sists jeratevaisteteisiats 19, 53 Indeterminate holdfast 2, 65373 ltiQeVe ne ean oa Senoearriod sengons-ne crochccasbnsocbannancascnarcaonnadsecr 25 locrinidae Mooresand Paudons 1943 ooo. ccccceccccccsicececenssess 42 Iago EME fofoys, qaasoassonupabacncenoceedbeccruabocermucnocToonoC 42 Rsv ally re aserejn sate ara eeeta sierstejelstoratntcts te eretattel sy Gy Wil, IP, AB} Wits}5 PAO Syl IFOHAMONOSUIfidesy as scrcemoacmswasecceoeeone ee emser acess aie 19 ImondequoityemmestOme emt m tele elertaer erie eee eee eer 8 iterativerevolutionwsrermseece daece ree steee eee seeiaccere ae eeeae crt 36 UUM IRON oegooossroooacdoadsandaoeceswendoccooduDoaadNe 12, 61 Keanoshishalesenese-ee terre sects aleeetosereecerac brace rece nceee errr Keyser Formation Kirkland Iron Ore ... Kodak Sandstone Krinocrinus Witzke and Strimple, 1981 Ky lixOCrinuspECKertmlOSA memer acess se merece etter cretiersier KS) PHOSOGrINUS HINES CMy se eeeeereieetaccemmeteeeetetrrir K. teatreaulti n. sp .... 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, KV TEOGINUSHAUSICO LOS OM. cere aterm eee cereeeieee renee rner lag oonalilenvinOnMentsiascer crore erence er eC rece 7, 1A; US [A(t Ol gqgemoanpencdacnnsanenuneaaneansbhiansboceoenbuacautomeqatca 9 lates Mlandovenyeencarossereeecccraca 11, 20, 22, 25, 31, 34, 39, 41 Late Ordovician .......... 6; 122925, 33,345 36745, SS. Oi Soll ate: OrdovicianiextinCtiOnl -mercesecesidemcciiestaericcemeee taser 6, 7, 36 BaurelocrinusiS punter iho? Ob eaeaceeeer aetna rece 33 ebanonMsimestoneare cease cere sectadect ee raceme niactetrcsrcterers Lecanocrinus Hall, 1852 Jenticularalimestonetmereas-peeeeter treet aceet mecca eet errr ae [LARC OT socueantcogonsoddonsosvooonocdvodooNRnopapSdneSsscesonssoun 14, 17 TO GLY MEN Meas ace oath otis asa eid necks saceaaanetes asec WPA, M7 IMG CLAY Soeposuasooncqesusosdeanboowe non docouprenbotasSeeacuodgcenr 12-19 MlandeilianySta Geman aecictet(tesetaelessiaceeiiact elem seer cre etcleraretereres 53 WlandovenyeAN4B 2a errr celeriac alas saci eeiaiaismincteetereeretctelereraisetctee 12 MiandovenyabSimeeerreteet saeco recseceerseeaaemseenacr eae rete 11 IDeravckoeiny? (CK CHWs coscas agen coeaoopooumodobcebengdosabongooasunn 6805 11 Llandovery C4-CS5 (see late Llandovery) ......................5.+ 11 WlandovervyaC Omrerrrrn cece tcl Llanvirnian Stage IL@ANOWS INDE caooanooodcoannsne ooppesecenoscoannouuDEAS Lohkovian Stage lowReneTrey Aco VITONMENtS Meese emcee eeeeeer rere eee reer LONE IDEN OWEN ooo nnocogaqnduenussucossconee lowe landovery, ses---eeees tl 11, 18, Bowen Permnianwerecseere sees eee raaeeececerereseec seen 2 Loner Ses SEE) snoopncucoosssasconghononnsosason Ludlow Series ...... 22, 29, 33, 34, 41, Euxocrinus Waitzkerand)s trimples lO See aaceecereetce rescence Lyriocrinus Hall, 1852 MacnamaratyluseBoltony LOMO espe elsaetci==/= rte -llolaisr- elaine a 38 Wiemann toenails Bull IGS) ssccopsnoppaacosunccoaonesovacauoouondns 35 IW ERS O ae Acae aA qanut ceadear oped DSS EApnn so HEAROE DB ParoOnpae ils, iil, 813}, 2 Manitoulinmlslancligenmnpeercctcirteeeriececte stern ieeceitneseisieiyeisreter 25 Maplewood) Shaler (BOrmatlom)) ri aaerato= cere eects ielele elt sjolelelels foie 8 86 BULLETIN 360 Maquoketa Formation Maquoketacrinus..Slocum, in Slocum and Foerste, 1924 ....... 22 Marsupiocrinidae Bronn, 1855 MartyillecINiY 6 see eeeceaece eer ei neeeeeerre Mastigocrinacea Jaekel, 1918 Mastigocrinidae Jaekel, 1918 Mastigocrinus: BathernwlS 92 e-eeerereeecereertenaaeteereeascrieeeriet Med ima Group jars ercrece srsiereic tote ors erase els cle ee etote fete elctelsicietstcloj=ale(nieievaiabe claieielet 8 1 tcl al bie Sepmeeeisomd acaceude cagaiguaddsge dauaEheetaaepeHeneron:o 9, 65 Melocninitaceard! Orbipny-s852eeeaceeereecrrasearsciseretiecese ces 29 “Melocrinites:. gracilis) Melmtoshy UOST si ccctec cee oj-.0.010 siete 27 iautalarerghethatalspmeanaqasoadocasosndcscocvacapenadeodeaocenandencadannsaens 29 IMErISTOGrINUST S PLING CL LO OG wet eer isteteetietaisielsie e/=icleteletel stele eee a2 IMIBsenkiKo RO ATAN ON coocaaqescacnoqoddeoouondeanoedudacnHenaseanndens 10 METIGhINVOCTHINUS|S Pun erm 2 0 eemect cet ects ceereeecreer eee 54 IM TORSO RCH AGNI. ornocoacaacacasqdoconsseenoppudacon paca cocdadaoogeparc 11 Middle Devonian 31, 34, 45, 52 middieWelandovenyarceceeece cect ss: eiiiclsisisssaciecleseeneeeee cee) O22 Middles@rdovicianl as-eemceeet ce cecctt ness lee 36, 42, 47, 48, 52, 53 Mini CrINUSsELOKOp wl 0 Bete etal -iyatciacieeiete ee aeCeee eee eee 34 NZ WN) ek GS ete) 36; 42) 45; 47,48, 525, 933.555 56, 57, 81 @rleans: County, WNWG f-cassslecteciciceieenecners eee eeee 10, orthoconic mautiloids.. te-ccecce semen sence cceiaaaciceeemeiten heeeaaets Osagian/Stage ce eccccsssscacmeccnes ces qeeeeoe amen see teres 34, Oswego County, NY oxidation PACKSLONES bos )5/e 2s seleis cite ase simmcislselslee siteidnseies siieteelerte 10, 11,12, paedomorphism\s...nsa25- esse ee eeeaec essa eee ae O Le eee Palaeocyclus. ....... paleoautecology 14-17, 39, 44, 46, 48, 63, paleoecolopy ceeseecereceeeoreneeeeeenoceeeaaceaee 7, 12-17, 39, 42, Paleoenvironinentsmeceeee tease eee eee eee eee eee 12-19, Parachidochirus Webster and Fox; 1986) -22---.- esas eee Peer aitosusn(Strimp let 1963) iemea-eekas-sesea see eeee rece eee eee Paragazacrinus Springer (92.6) ser tsraisje = telselsiselscisateeeeeiae Parahexacrinidae Shevchenko, 1967 .......................055 Parahexacrinus Shevchenko, 1967 Paramelocrinidae Ubaghs, 1958 ... Paramelocrinus Ubaghs, 1958 Paranisocrinus brest and! Strimple; 1978) Sen-c-ceeeeteeeee 57 PALASISMy -eemenjesscremoncepeiiern co aasticdldansene See ee Eee 7/5 (oS), (3)! Parichthyocrinusespringer, 1902) vas... een eee eee eee 52 PGVlOcrinuspECKert lO 8427. sete eee ee ere eee eee eee C Renee Parisangulocrinus: Schmidt), 1934 ~2-Vessce--- ence eee ee eee eee Parisocrinus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1880 ... PatelliocrinaceaAngeling 18W7S0 2eace.--eeecee eee ce ee eee eee eee PatelliocnnidaesAngelinsel Si Sie essere eeeeeee reece eee Patelliocrinus Angelinw lS78i er seers eee see eee eee eee eee eee s pearly Layersr? ©. acisicver-see sialon cis ciovsineiee vieateeisi alee el) ae eee ee DENGAN CLES were nese seencee eee ce en ieee eee 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 64 PERTAMETUS.. coerce ascae sierra ee ese ee Ee 10, 13-16, 34, 81 Peremocrinus Frest.andStrimple; 198i) areas sass eeee 22 padepressusi (Weller a9 00) ere cease eases een aacr eee eer eee eeeee 22 Periechocrinacea Bronn, 1849 27 Periechocrinius» Norms, LS43ie- ae-aoeeereeesacteeaeee ee eer eee 12 phosphatic; pebbles). 2.4.3 cs20= eee acces sec eee eee ee aee eee 8, 10 phylogeny .. 19, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 42, 48, 53-55, 57, 62 Platycrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 ........................2. 33 Plicodendrocrmidde Jell999 Feast sasee eet eee 48 Plicodendrocrinus,casei\(Meek, 877i1)) aeenccer----eeeeeee 48 Power Glenihonmation ye --esce-se sees sesrse eee eee ee eerie 26, 42 preservation (see, taphonomy) Prid Oli, S€niess coenatuecoestack