B iu i; | OF AY DE i — Oy i if I! AS Seo ie 2ne = BN aS wy, Au W i - ii ; ‘ : v es. ! " (" oS we) Mess : i s ete nate “p OM aN See » Gorin Fart) SASS aioe) By oe el Re hogs nes ; oes itd i i le = a UN Ae Bere =" 3 CS Bein =, 2m a Pa. i ‘a ad covet Bayh 5 th 5 oo, it igo A ae 2 aS . PAT us Oot pa e ey Z Se | a Hy S Pas T i = EN is HC IRE Wine eR nae Je Pa aa Lye ‘ot HE. oe ee oe ek dO On aie SiO sae hor ainerant SN ae ie nape Deiminnie Oe ain \ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. SUE E TIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vi OTA MER (Nos. 1-10. ) X KET 91143 7 . . | Seat BeAD 1O0D \ \ C MAR & loos / | Ae PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. | WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1877 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Advertisement. ARTICLE I. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA; with a sys- tematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution based on the specimens contained in the United States National Museum. By Ep- WARD D. Corr. 1875. pp. 104. ARTICLE II. ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, made in connection with the American Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874~75. By J. H. Kipper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. I. ORNI- THOLOGY. Edited by Dr. ELLIoTT CouEs, United States Army. 1875. pp. 51. ARTICLE III. Contrwurions To THE NaTURAL History or KERGUELEN ISLAND, made in connection with the United States Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874-75, By J. H. Kipper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United StatesNavy. II. 1876. pp. 122. ARTICLE IV. Brrps OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, COLLECTED BY FRaNcIS E. Sum- ICHRAST, FOR THE UNITED STATES NaTIONAL MusEuUM. Prepared by GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 1875. pp. 56. ARTICLE V. CaTaLOGUE OF THE FISHES OF THE BERMUDAS. Based chiefly upon the collections of the United States National Museum. By G. BRowN GooDE, M. A., assistant curator United States National Museum. 1876. pp. 82- ARTICLE VI. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE THE ANIMAL RE- SOURCES OF THE UNITED StaTeEs. A list of the substances derived from the animal kingdom, with synopsis of the useful and injurious animals, and a classification of the methods of capture and utilization. By G. BRown Goons, M. A., assist- ant curator United States Nationai Museum. 1876. pp. 126. ARTICLE VII. ContTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN AND FANNING ISLANDS AND LOWER CALIFORNIA, made in connection with the United States North Pacific Surveying Expedition, 1873-"75. By Tuomas H. STREETS, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. 1877, pp. 172. ARTICLE VIII. INDEX TO THE NAMES WHICH HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE SUB-DIVI- SIONS OF THE CLASS BRACHIOPODA, excluding the Rudistes previous to the year 1877. By W. H. DALL, United States Coast Survey. 1877. pp. 88. ARTICLE IX. ConTrRIBUTIONS To NortH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. I. REVIEW oF RAFIN- ESQUE’S MEMOIRS ON NorRTH AMERICAN FisHES. By Davin S. JoRDAN. 1877. pp. 53. ARTICLE X. ConTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. II. A. Notes on Cottide, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchide, Aphredoderide, Dorosomatide, and Cyprinide, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little known species. B. Synopsis of the Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. By Davip S. JORDAN. 1877. pp. 120. IIl Rese) ans MSC NG arte DNepariment of the Bnterior: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. --|— BULLETIN or THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —_—_———— ’ PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875. CHECK-LIST or Norta American Barracuta AND REpTILIA- WITH A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, AND AN ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. BASED ON THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. By EDWARD D. COPE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875. ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the first of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of Natural History and Etbnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846, It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, November, 1875. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .......----- --0- 2-22 - = eee one wn oe ne wn nee 3 Part I. Arrangement of the families and higher divisions of Batrachia and Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsenian Institution.).. 7 (Clase BATE) cadbae punoee csbSoUe seach eee epuecd osuo caucmaoeHoau5oG 7 Omigp JNU oooses docece Gaso Sescinegsoo Shon COScd™ oosouoCE sOnODe 7 SWOGOCH OAM ~ co ocescoes Hopes coscce cdee Goue coda bane ODOC 10 Ghrmmm@owiGltey send Sega S650 cond SnScou conGEs oooOKe CoS SaceE 11 WUMOCEI sods Cbdced seb cd cocese sas0 6d55 Sodocconecas Cede S 11 TERMI Soed Baca podeee S665 code Dadoon cooges sHosud gesgcouS 12 NER OISISUOMIENEY cece Gobo: op ocboec Saco So0Sd5 6650 4500 on e500 SE 12 (CliaS TRE NUNN 6ob5 Soaasodba6 Use BsD ee cabe GeSEooceenee coocau seosscee cus 12 Ondlap “Omit Genie higdecseadianoes sa6ene coonso csenoU Goon capo eeeuG 12 ID MEsMININE Absa Geodata aeaeug sondes SHaend Goos cooEogeeoDEd 13 C@rocodtliat eee essa has scien ake ais se oe os sore he yeincel eee 14 SAUTTO DUO AB 6 sso Ge sceadedobs docs Gosse0 cubed poodse cee 14 pATTTOMNO OITA Meese ees yee oe Cee eiatoe cee a oe velene steele 15 TEI hyo pberyla way Ane aan pte cera k a ie ay rate at 15 IRONING NOES DINAN 6254 Sage Sano oea6 cos6 Sone Bove cuob Coeo Caen 15 hes tudinal ese tas oe Se nek ee Tee Ok ene ee ee 16 i acentiliae se cee censice Sacto Siriaas nt cme tee eroraye 17 PavthOnoOmMorp laine cx ee cme sare se mee slaraiet eeteenineite ee Sajna eet 26 (Qo) TCG He ec a aegis et chu a a ee Ac Sa na era eS ee 21 Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or INorthyAmericantrealim Ye. yes esate ce eo ocsiee Cewe hace reeves 24 ChissML AVEACIMamre ene ween saiues cae ke Megas Se estan ana y CEA are oo 24 Orderktrachy sto mlabarse ets aces ses eco es eee sa en oese 24 IProbeid as emit tee ctats, oe aecncmuias Sen ciee eoccee eaue arene 24 Caductbranchiatansc se s0 fetseelseriamc aciscisis ss cieeiseileiseeres 25 ASIII Reig ee ete aceite ees ort ecard rare A ee oa yt Sarna 29 BufonworuMavsceiaao esos ae soese es Gee Seta stnee ciae 29 HITMMIStELMI a eto cee mote masieaee es herecuce eae e nina 30 INT CMCRA Se) isis eed eee ee ieee aeke as 2 oven mie eeareeie 30 aniformilag sects yeaa ae Setar Sarat Ho uee iq aeyas coe 32 CORT IS ERCEY TVET Ses SG ts ENE Ta Se rs PR a cc eae I a ne eT 33 Order Op ida ieee psoas ic wameenan eee ee en es) ata MWS visa loan 33 Solenoglyplars see sess 6 es cewie ces Get we ely 33 Pro teroclyp ie sce eemre te cee See cee ce se se NN o4 ANSNOVERY Slee ies ere EAeG eA cues Mesiey const el potter eA ey aa 34 II TABLE OF CONTENTS. : Paze. Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia, &c.—Continued : Class Reptila—Continued : Order Lacerta at S42 24., Jota men see eee ea cee ne eee seats see 44 Opheosaurt jie)... ect Gece see anes ieee meee eee 44 Plenroedontal2esor even Dace ssc ee ee eee eae tone 44 ey phlophthalmt so.) crete So ee eee nee eee ‘44 ILC PtOSlOSSAi sg 2-12 wiareicle aiaiciclionie cecia atten neler serene 44 Diplo clossayeeeere reesei a lee ee eee 46 ITENNGY Soacisagaos daasde adocou asada ba sesosescs5 oo 64 AT IN GURED Ey AEeSenpnE Gest noooS Doss oes oS5560 sheen uess55 50 Testudinatay. 2222s. fo Moe eects oele a siyeiee ese Cee 50 AGH OCHO ooo oie Sa cotta) Se niece o Seetatlaln olalo ata tea eee eee 50 Cry ptodiras ge. eee tase aa tacos mee eS eee ene 51 Crocodilia soo eet eR Seas icte See eee ete 54 ParRT III. On geographical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Regnum Nearc- ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia and Reptilia.------- ay) T:—The faunal regions of the earth): 205-- -ee— sse22 2s ee eee 55 IT-—Number of species 222s Shs eos aes sees peace eae ee ee eee 58 MNT.—Relations:to other realms ss--)-425--) ee eee ae ae eee ee eee 61 TV..— The regions. $...2552.020 202s) deeeeriel eee Ce eee 67 Austroriparian 2.20.02... cane «sims o-eeecsceess eee eee nee 68 Master, 2. vo ocicersadenehee ays gaee eee Cee eee 70 Central. 205000. de aoe ees lee eee ae rr ial Pacific 2.060120. 1.22 con, oe 72 NOMOran 22. LS US ee Oe 73 Lower Califormian. 220 4.) peccbeeunseee e Ser eee 74 V-—ThesAustroripariantresion 22 .c82 44-55-94" See eres eee eee 76 VI.— ThepBastern:regions 65-025. 2. aee te ee Da ee 82 VII.—The Central region :.- 32... ceo o6/. 5: Jed aoe se ee =e eee 88 VIll.—The Pacific region .... --.. 1.1.0.4... 89 xt hhesonoran recionsee sheers seme Lessee Lee 90 x— the lower Californianimegion\. 25 44-2 yee eee 92 XI.—Relation of distribution to physical causes..........-.--- ----- 93 PART “EV: Bibliography : sec Lf ie doe ne 97 A.—Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia......-..---- 97 B.—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American Batrachia and Reptilia: 025-2224 2 os ee 100 ALPHABETICAL INDEX ‘INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The present contribution to North American Herpetology is a prodro- mus of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate- rial which has ‘been accumulating in the museum of that Institution has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of anatomical structure, variations of specific characters, and geographical distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, since these animals are especially susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds, and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra- tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its surroundings. In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the better a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of Supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi- viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone, and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that, since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate what those “certain peculiarities” shall be, the only test of specific defi- nition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well- marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some ornithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of these have been here- tofore regarded as species. In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibolus may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the 3 4 genus, the O. triangulum and O. coccineus, have always been regarded as distinct species; and so numerous are their differential characters, in col- oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat- isfactory foundation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep- resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes them, although certain types appear to be more abundant than the interme- diate ones. O. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the head, and a band posterior to the eye. O. coccineus is a small snake with a small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom- plished thus: The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of O. triangulum break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and posterior dark borders. The chevron of the top of the head first breaks into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a black line. This breaks up and disappears, leaving the annuli open ; and these are then completed in many specimens. ‘The general colors become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed 5 in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size, and the two temporal shields of O. triangulum are reduced toone. Livery form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent six species of the books (in North America), viz: O. triangulum, O. doli- atus, O. annulatus, O. gentilis, O. amaurus, and O. coccineus. The oldest name is the O. doliatus, Linn. Another series of: speciinens resemble very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows of scales are reduced by one on each side. These specimens simply carry one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama- ria elapsoidea of Holbrook; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard. It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted on, ‘“ that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote 5 species of identical generic characters,” which indicates that generic char- acters originate independently of the specific.* The classification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks. I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen- clature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the | Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association, and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,} after Thorell and Wallace; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol- lowing definitions : (1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a description or plate of the object intended. (Z) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive features. NotEe.—These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of nomenclature, since they offer the only means by which the writings of authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author- itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than one generic type; hence, the following additional rule has been found necessary : (3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which they refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions, as prescribed. (4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read- ing of papers. Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank must be defined in order to be understood, names of these uhacvompa- nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator. In regard to orthography, the same code of rules has been followed, viz, in the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been *Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1868. tThe Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 32. 6 applied especially to the compounding of family-names. Thus, if the generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived from it must be so also; hence, I write Scaphiopidae, not Scaphiopodidae; Rhinoceridae, not Rhinocerotidae. In the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo- graphical range. MACE WEY Ee ARRANGEMENT THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. [ADOPTED PROVISIONALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ] Crass BATRACHTA. Order ANURA. (Anura, Duméril; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.) ~ RANIFORMIA. (Raniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., v, 114, 1865.") Ranidae — Ranidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 114- 119, 1865.’ Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1866, 130.° 1 Raniformia, partim, Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gén. 2 Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 19, 1867; Ranidae, Polypedati- dae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 4-26. 3 Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867; ‘“‘ Calostethidae,” Mivart, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1869. FIRMISTERNIA.’ (Bufonoid Raniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., n. s:, vi, 1901867.) Dendrobatidae = Dendrobatidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 108-104, 1865. Phryniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. 6. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.° Engystomidae = Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. ’ Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867." Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n.s., vi, 190, 1867.2 — GASTRECHMIA. (Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.) Hemisidae = Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., | n. s., Vi, 198-199, 1867." 4Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sternal structure to have about equal systematic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. If is not impossible that this group may turn out to be inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same principle from Pipa, and the sube order is accordingly named Odontaglossa. 5 Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126. 6 Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42. 7Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100-101, 1865; Michrylidae, Brachymeridae, Engystomatidae, Hylaedactylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858. 8 Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 1865. 9 Hemisidae; Rhinophrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhinophrynidae et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1869, 281-288. BUFONIFORMIA. (Bufoniformia, Duméril et Bibron, partim; Cope, partim.) Rhinophrynidae =Rhinophrynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Dal eee 2d; 1So8% Bufonidae = Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Rev.,v, 102- 103, 1865." | Batrachophrynida = Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb. Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873, 411. AGLOSSA. Pipidae = Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 2-3, 1858." ODONTAGLOSSA. Dactylethridae = Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 1-2, 1858." ARCIFERA (Arcifera, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.") Cystignathidae | = Cystignathidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 105, 1865.” 10 Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart; ey Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 1867. 1 (Bufonidae) Chelydobatrachus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., part., 1858, 51, 53-54. 13 Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lon- don, 1869, 287, 295. 13 Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865; Dactylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 295. 14 Arcitera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866. 16 Cystignathidae, Ranidae partim, Cystignathidae, Uperoliidae, Bombinatoridae partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr.; Ranidae partim, Polypedatidae partim, Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1869. 10 Hemiphractidae = Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866. Hylidae > Hylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96, 1858.” Scaphiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.77. Pelodytidae = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., vi, 69, 1866.” Asterophrydidae = Asterophrydidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n.s., vi, 79-80." Discoglossidae «© = Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 105-107, 1865.” Order STEGOCEPHALI. (Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 209.) LABYRINTHODONTIA. Baphetidae = Baphetidae, Cope, MSS. Anthracosauridae = Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS. GANOCEPHALA. Colosteidae = Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.” 16 Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N.S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866. 17 Scaphiopodidae partim, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 1865. 18 Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cope, olim, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866. 19 Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866; Discoglossidae partim, 34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858; Mivart, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295 20 Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7. 21 Colosteus, Cope. 11 MICROSAURIA. Phlegethontiidae = Phlegethontiidae, Cope, MSS." Molgophidae = Molgophidae, Cope, MSS.” Ptyonudae = Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS.” Tuditanidae = Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS. Peliontidae = Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.™ Order GYMNOPHIDIA. (Gymnophiona, Miller.) Caeciliidae = Caeciltidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. Mon, 1350: Order URODELA. : Seiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. S. Ee odeedae = ee ; London, xxvi, 137-148, 1858. Salamandridae” =Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. 8. Lon- | don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858. Hynobiidae” = Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866. Desmognathidae = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila:, n. s., vi, 107, 1866. Thoriidae = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1869, 111-112. 21a Phlegethontia, Cope. 22 Molgophis, Cope. 23 Lepterpeton, Huxl.; Oestocephalus, Cope; Urocordylus, Huxl. 24 Pelion, Wyman. » Salamandridae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866. 26 Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, 1850. 12 Plethodontidae” = Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. .N. §. Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866. Amblystomidae* = Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n..s., vi, 105=106, 1866: Menopomidae = Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. _B. M., 52-54, 1850. Amphiumidae = Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n.s., vi, 104—105, 1866. Cocytinidae = Cocytinidae, Cope, MSS.” Order PROTEIDA. Proteidae = Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 64-67, 1850. Order TRACHYSTOMATA. Sirenidae | = Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 67-69, 1850. Crass REPTILIA, Order ORNITHOSAURIA. (Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.”) OE ee Cope, aa AesAG A. 8. 1870, 234, 1871.” 27 Plethodontidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, 1266, partim Gray, 1850. 78 Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim, Gray, 1850. 29 Cocytinus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874. %0 Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Owen. 31 Dimorphodontae, Seeley. 13 Pterodactyidae = FPterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. | 5.) xix, 234, 1871” Order DINOSAURIA. (Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley; Pachypodes, Meyer ; Ornithoscelida, Huxley.) SYMPHYPODA.: (Symphypoda, Cope; Compsognatha, Huxley.) Compsognathidae = Compsognathidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. ; S., xix, 234, 1871” (name only). Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. | S., 234, 1871* (name only). ? GONIOPODA. (Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.) Megalosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).” Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only). ORTHOPODA. (Orthopoda, Cope; Therosauria, Haeckel.) Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.5., Hes, xiv, 91 1869." *2 Rhamphorhynchae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit. 33 Compsognathidae = Compsognathus, Wag. » 34 Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsus, Cope. 35 Megalosauridae, Huxley. %° Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, Meyer, etc. 37 Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 14 Iguanodontidae = Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P.5., | Ty Ines: piv 91, 1869." Hadrosauridae = Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.5., ii. s., xiv, 91-98, 1669.) Order CROCODILIA. (Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.) PARASUCHIA. Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).” AMPHICOELIA. Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5., xix, 234, 1871 (name only). Goniopholididae = Goniopholis, Owen, ete. PROCOELIA. Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., XIx, 235, 1871 (name only).® Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” Order SAUROPTERYGIA. (Sauropterygia, Owen.) ’ Placodontidae = Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5., : xix, 235, 1871 (name only).* 38 Tonanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 1870. 39 Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 40 Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 1869, 32. 41 Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope. #2 Crocodilidae + Alligatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach- ampsa, Cope, ete., Pr. A. A. A. §., xix, 235, 1871. 43 Placodus, Agass. 15 Plesvosauridae = Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. m., xix, 290, 1871 (name only).” Hlasmosauridae = Elasmosauridae, Cope, Tr. A. P.5., n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.° Order ANOMODONTIA. (Anomodontia, Owen.) Dicynodontidae = Dicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” Oudenodontidae = Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. Ichthyosauridae = Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Syemixe2o5 on bO tl. Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).* Sphenodontidae =Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Sey Oy AS ilte (ke a eee idae = Ihynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., XIx, 235, 1870 (name only).” 44 Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, ete. 4 Hlasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, ete. 46 Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleontology. 47 Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology. 48 Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum). 49 Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 225-7. 50 Rhynchosaurus, Owen. 16 Order TESTUDINATA. ATHECAE. (Athecae, Cope, P. A. A. A.8., xix, p. 235, 1870.) Sphargididae = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos., 1825." | Protostegidae = Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. §., 1872, 413. | CRYPTODIRA. Cheloniidae = Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso- ply, S25. Propleuridae = Propleuridae, Cope, Am. Jour. Se. and Arts, 1, 137, 1870. Trionychidae = Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi- } losophy, 1825.” Emydidae = Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. WS, 3517 Chelydridae = Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H. | U.S: i 3412 Cinosternidae = Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. ist. U). ees 3a Testudinidae = Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phil, 1868, p. 282.” 51 Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz. 52 Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. 53'Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass. ‘4 Emydidae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). 54a Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872. 6 Testudinidae, Gray, Agass. 17 Pleurosternidae = Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 282 (name only). Adocidae sAigocmoc. «Cone. khostA. Pa. 8.) 1870, 547. PLEURODIRA. (Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron; Chelyoidae, Agass.) Podocnemididae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 282. Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. 8. London, 1869, pp. 208-209. Hydraspididae = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. | Phila., 1868, 282. Pelomedusidae = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. tg ae Phila? 1865, 185; 1868) p. dhe Sternothaeridae =Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1868, 119. Order LACERTILIA. (Lacertilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. is ohn lb, Aas, Ie aC.) RHIPTOGLOSSA. (Acrodonta Rhiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope; Chamaeleonida, Miiller.) Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).” 56 Wiegmann, Gray, ete. 20 18 | PACHYGLOSSA. (Pachyglossa, Cope; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 226-227.) Agamidae = Agamidae, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845, . 230. NYCTISAURA. (Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.; Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 225.) Gecconidae = Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. ; M., 1845, 142. ‘“PLEURODONTA. (Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.) a. Jquania. Anolidae = Anolidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 227, 228. Iguanidae = Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1964, 297, oe b. Diploglossa. Anguidae — Anguidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 228. Gerrhonotidae = Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 228.” 57 Cope, Pr. A. A.A. S., xix, 236, 1871. 68 Touanidae pars auctorum. 59 Zonuridae, pt., Gray. : 19 Xenosauridae = Xenosauridae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1866, 322. Helodermidae = Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845." c. Thecaglossa. (Thecaglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope.) Varanidae = Varanidae, Cope, P. A. A A.5., xix, 237, 1870. d. Leptoglossa. (Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope.) Teidae = Teidae, Cope, Ps Ay AW AS.) xix, PB pte Cllee Lacertidae = Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. , M., 26-44, 1845." Aonuridae = Zonuridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 237-241, 1871." Chalcidae = Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 57-58, 1845." Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 70-120, 1845." | Nepsidae = Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 121-126, 1845. 60 Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 228; 1866, 322. 61 Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229) ; Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Riamidae, Gray. - © Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228; Lacertidae et Cricosauri- dae, Peters; Xantusiidae, Baird. 6 Zonuridae, pt., Gray; Lacertidae pt., Cope. 6 Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 6 Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 66 Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 20 e. Typhlophthalmi. (Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 228." Feyliniidae = Anelytropidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 230° Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 126-127, 1845.” Aniellidae = Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 230. OPHEOSAURL. - (Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.”) Amphisbaenidae = Amphisbaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844." Trogonophidae = Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.” Order PYTHONOMORPHA. (Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P.S., n. s., xiv, 175-182, 1870.”) Mosasauridae > Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. 5., n. 8., Xiv, 182-211, 1870. 6&7 Typhlophthalmi, pars., Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gen. 6&8 Typhlinidae, Gray. 69 Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 7 Ophisauri, Merrem; Annulati, Wiegmann; Ptychopleures Glyptodermes, Dum. et Bib.; Amphisbaenoidea, Miiller. 7 Amphisbaenidae, Wiegmann. 72 Trogonophes, Wiegmann, Fitzinger. 7 Pythonomorpha, Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869; 251; Lacertilia Natantia, Owen, Paleontographical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles. 21 Order OPHIDIA. SCOLECOPHIDIA. (Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.”) Typhlopidae == vjlal@jone be, Core: 1 ke ke A TS, xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” Stenostomidae = Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” TORTRICINA. _ (Tortricina, Miiller.”) Tortricidae = Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230. Uropeltidae . = Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230.” ASINEA. (Asinea, Miiller, Cope.) a. Peropoda. (Peropoda, Miiller.) Xenopeltidae = Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. | Phila., 1864, 230.” Pythonidae = Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230. ™ Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 7% Kpanodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 6 Catodontiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim. % Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 78 Uropeltacea, Peters; Rhinophidae, Gray. ™ Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India. 80 Holodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 22 Boidae = Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8S. Phila., 1864, 230.” Lichanuridae = Lichanuridae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1868, 2. b. Colubroidea. Achrochordidae |= Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5S. Philagieos; 230. Homalopsidae = Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. 58. Phila., 1864, 167. Colubridae = Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., dK, een WS tOy Rhabdosomidae = Rhabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5. spy 238R emer PROTEROGLYPHA. a. Conocerca. Elapidae = Elapidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., L364 23s: Najidae = Najidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 231.7 8) Aproterodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 82 Achrochordiens, Dum. et Bib. 83 Natricidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potamophilidae, Jan. 84 Asinea, Group 6-bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231; Calamaridae, Olgodontidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Dendrophididae, Dryiophididae, Psammophididae, Lycodontidae, Scytalidae, Dipsadidae, etc., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, et op. alt. 8 Calamaridae partim, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22. 86 Hlapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M ., 1858, 209-237. 87 Klapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Shales B. M., 1858, 209-237. 23 b. Platycerca. Hydrophidae = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M., 2, 35, 40, 1849.* SOLENOGLYPHA.” (Solenoglypha, Dum. et Bib.) Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes B. M., 239, 1858.°° Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. N. S., Phila., 1859, 334. Viperidae = Viperidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., De kses Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.” 88 Hydridae, Gray; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859 333. 89 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333. % Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334. 91 Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther. 2 Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes B. M. et auctorum. Te AE OPE CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM. BATRACHIA, TRACHYSTOMATA. SIRENIDAE. SIREN, Linn. Siren lacertina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101. The Austroriparian region; extreme points North Carolina, Florida, Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, [linois. PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray. Pseudobranchus striatus, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology, vol. v, p. 109. Georgia. PROTEHIDA. PROTHIDAE. NECTURUS, Raf. Necturus lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, pp. 111, 115. Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States; from a few points in the Austroriparian. Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina. ; 25 CADUCIBRANCHIATA. | AMPHIUMIDAE. AMPHIUMA, Linn. Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. 2... eR ees ese lapeieub lero etareaalelare neat ene aoe 0 816 DERMOPTHRW: 50 225)-)s)0.+ 0% tis a < o\5 elle Sele eels eels ae ee 8 DEPTOOARDIM 2c.) fee ine ei 6 e ove/tare.a (ole epee ere Ne feat ea 1 Total species of Vertebrata .............-... eve sD This number is considerabiy below the truth, as many of the fishes, both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed. It is more difficult to state the number of species of the inferior divis- ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole- opterous insects have been discovered in the Nearctic region, and that this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000 species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, Hymenop- tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro- poda—say, 200 Myriopoda, 400 Arachnida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion of which are not yet known to science. The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte- rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes, 61 and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among the classes as follows: CSTE BLA TL OLED ats ee SA Ree Na i VP Oi eR 25 Aaa sTMR VICI PAIN es, At NC here RGU SINE ea es ON AU SN ae Vee a aad 400 Fresh-water...... PAE it gaa AR Mt rages A LER SGU at 438 PROSOBRANCHIATA : a4 [ay Fra 2) cease Ae Gal Oh AE i gee pe te A 297 EEE RERORODA 20 eo eee yah Ra RS RAMI ALAN ACAD 28 OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.........-.----e-. is We SI Na apart asta a 53 [PUTTER OIPOIDA act Beste ten ea ERR RUE R ier Er CMG LCN Ue AE UIE AROS 25 SCABHOPODA Sooo ok be. pM SINAN SNS SA MVIEIRG SEU NNN 2th) State L Fresh-water........ Ari ae neekn. UA seaeae ioe Rep EYE 596 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA : eis VD Sg Ten AG os bh lt. PNR EGS oad a Wa eaa eae ENC oi MOLLUSCOIDA. BRACHIOPODA...-...-- Se Rea MOR UNO leet ey ee eng ia Shea Me heres 10 ASCIDIA... - Ae eta. HR ii ral at Sea cp SPR geen EAA Be Me Da SNL 2 a PR 30 BR MOZO MS ee ee ine eee SH eel a ete en a Re ol 39 The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to number nearly as follows: ECHINODERMATA (123). HoLOTHURIDA ato EEE CA ley CORE ct Ae ICES oe Cae Sok) es! IE) @EITING@ ND) Ate se ee a Se cia Ns pA SOM Les BS AUR TEN (OMI VAC es ey ah eres ee Cheatin (eerste cla Fela Desiks ie EASE VOIR VAC Mee velara Aemiaile eee i eae eels Lg 17 NON ae COELENTERATA (144). MEDUSAE: Discophora......-- SPs Lone NER den tides Sg Site ay eet SOK ae oe ISU DU OROD ONC ite peas) rey. ees scleral sya toh es cle rofeisie a Dt eee ann CHING HORA nis eet eicee cls celetonie arlene ames LO ate ERO Ie WAR Tee eas ee sa ulale eed eesti VEN ag ome OT npc ere 13 Lee ia ELVDROMDHA. - oo... este a ee OO ar re OSH TE siovan Pa aebeie ss The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the numbers of our Spongiida, INFUSORIA and RHIZOPODA, have not yet been ascertained. IlIl.—RELATIONS TO OTHER REALMS. It has been already remarked that several species of Vertebrata are common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the 62 wolf extends throughout the northern hemisphere; the same may be said of the fox, the ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not improbable that our buffalo (Bos americanus) is a variety only of the B. bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) bears the same relation to the European brown bear (U. arctos). There are also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox ( Vulpes fulvus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and the red squirrel (sciwrus hudsonicus) to the S. vulgaris of Europe. The elk and moose (Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus) respectively answer to the 0. elaphus and Alces europaeus. The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group (Cariacus) mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm; while the species of the orders Rodentia and Insectivora are mostly of characteristically distinct species or higher groups. Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the most characteristic of any continent, and here we find in North America the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal- lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers; while the genera of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers, Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do not exist in the Old World. .On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers, and warblers are absent from North America. As we direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the Accipitres and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con- tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to the northern regions. The marsh-hawk (Circus cyaneus), peregrine falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae. Among owls, the cases are still more numerous; such are Nyctea nivea, Surnia ulula, Otus brachyotus, Strix flammea. Some of these present geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, é. g., the American— Haliaétus leucocephalus to H. albicilla of Europe ; Buteo swainsonii to B. vulgaris ; Falco sparverius to F. tinnunculus ; Falco columbarius to F. aesalon ; Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ; Otus vilsonianus to O. vulgaris ; etc., ete. 63 The Nearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae (turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures properly so-called. ' There are several wading-birds common to the two continents; and cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct, though not without a few corresponding species. Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one frog (Rana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water, the northern pike (Hsox lucius). The numerous tortoises of North America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in character. The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all of Neotropical families, except the scines (Humeces), which are found elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo- tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows: The Nearctic— Teiidae to Lacertidae ; Gerrhonotidae to Zonuridae ; Iguanidae to Agamidae. The Batrachia present relations to the Kuropeo-Asiatic fauna in the species of one genus (Rana) of frogs, and one genus (Notophthalmus) of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachian fauna is highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs (Scaphiopidae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are of a peculjar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Bufo. The salamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial; while the genera Desmognathus and Amblystoma, each alone in its family, present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire- dons, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining unchanged. 64 As permanent gill-bearing Batrachia, Necturus represents the Palae- arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to North America. The Amphiuma, or snakelike Batrachia, calls to mind the similiar extinet forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the Miocene of Ger- many. The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel, etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet (Mugil albula) is a valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic, except a few circumpolar forms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several (as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among which are certain species of Plectognathi, particularly of Diodon, Ba- listes, ete. The fresh-water fishes embrace many families characteristic of the northern hemisphere, as the cods (Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the seul- pins (Cottidae), pike (Hsocidae), chubs (Cyprinidae), the salmon, and herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions; though it is a singular fact that one of our genera (Amiurus) is represented by single species in China. The suckers (Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all fresh waters; but here, again, a single species (Curpiodes sinensis) has peen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad- dle-fish), of which one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and one in the Yang-tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc- tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars, which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop- ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish (A mia), type of the order Halecomorphi, which have some remote affinities with South American forms. The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in the table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearctic and 65 Southern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Felis con- color), and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into Brazil; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both realms. These are mostly waders, as follows: Rallus erepitans. Limosa fedoa. Tryngites rufescens. Actiturus bartramius. | Heteroscelus brevipes. Symphemia semipalnata. Breunetes petrificatus. Aegialitis vilsonius. Nyctherodius violaceus. To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Oathartes aura. Then certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts of both regions, but their number is comparatively small. The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex- ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples of mammals, and several species of wood-warblers, vireos, and hawks represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and the ringed snake Ophibolus dolia- tus ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina berlandiert. A few other species, as Hutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same region. In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com- munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and feptilia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are afew common genera of Mammalia (Mephitis, Procyon, Ursus, Sciurus, Hesperomys, and Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and the scansores, syndactyli, and clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae. The number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians, as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds. Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms are omitted. 5 H 66 MAMMALIA. Lynx. Urocyon. Putorius. Bassaris. Geomys. Thomomys. Ochetodon. Arvicola. Neotoma. Sigmodon. Cariacus. Antilocapra. REPTILIA. Crotalus. Candisona. Ancistrodon. Tropidoclonium. Tropidonotus. Hutaenia. Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Ophibolus. Phimothyra. Pityophis. Coluber. Tantilla. Chilomeniscus. Cinosternum. Chelydra. Pseudemys. Chelopus. Sceloporus. Phrynosoma. Heloderma. Barissia. Gerrhonotus. Oligosoma. Eumeces, Cnemidophorus. 5 67 BATRACHIA. Amblystoma. Spelerpes. Spea. fana. Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. ‘They are Girardinus, Gambusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae, and Atractosteus of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the above genera terminates at various points; but those which belong to the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic, which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject will be considered in a subsequent paper. In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the Reptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the Anolis prin- cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in the Nearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan genera Bufo and Hyla. IV.—THE REGIONS. We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian, Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro- riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis- sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis- sippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 68 The Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of 77° F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west of the Mississippi River. Many of its forms extend up the bottoms of the rivers which flow to the eastward through “ The Plains.” The Cen- tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the Sierra Nevada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the mountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra Nevada as far as, including Owen’s Valley in Eastern California, latitude 37°, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in Western Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego. f The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions included in Eastern North America differ from all the others in the abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards. Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar- riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined. The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disappear, while a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian. ~The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera being distributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num- ber of peculiar species in al] departments of animal life is large. It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six- teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the Same manner. The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area are— 6Y LIZARDS. Anolis. Oligosoma. SNAKES. Haldea. Cemophora. Tantilla. Spilotes. Abastor. Farancia. TORTOISES. ’ Macrochelys. CROCODILES. Alligator. BATRACHIA. Engystoma. Manculus. Stereochilus. Muraenopsis. Siren. I have omitted from this list ten genera which are restricted to one or the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis (chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char- acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the Néarctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char- acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re- gions; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Hlaps (also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Haldea, and Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern region. This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found here, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), Rana, and Chorophilus. 70 There are no less than nine genera cf birds which do not, or only accidentally, range northward of this district. They are— Piotus. Tantalus. Platalea. Hlanus. Ictinia. Conurus. Chamaepelia. Campephilus. Helmitherus. All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or farther. Among mammals, but few species and one genus (Sigmodon) are confined to it. Lepus aquaticus and LL. palustris, the cotton-rat, the Florida Neotoma, ete., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish- fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it will be considered. The Hastern region differs from the Austroriparian almost entirely in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it is so widely separated from the Central region. No genus of mam- mais is found in it which does not range into the Central or other region, excepting Condylura (star-nosed mole); but numerous species are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. ‘These number from twenty totwenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared with the more southern region only: Quiscalus, Seiurus, Oporornis, Helmitherus, Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Rep- tiles, and but one of Batrachians (Gyrinophilus), is confined to this region; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemidophorus, Humeces, and Scelo- porus, which are universally Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found in the Central are— Scaphiopus. Gyrinophilus. Spelerpes. Plethodon. Hemidactylium. Desmatognathus. Menopoma. Necturus. 71 The characteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much more marked ; two entire orders, represented by the gar (Ginglymodi) and dog-fish (Halecomorphi), are confined to it, and a series of genera of Percidae, embracing many species, known as Htheostominae, have the same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority of the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions, the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow- ing rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.* _ The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests, as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Rocky Mountain region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered with grass, and is almost totally treeless; the latter is covered with “sage- brush” (Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areas of tree- less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, @. e., An- tilocapra, Haplocerus, and Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group, i. €., Cariacus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys, Spermophilus, Dipodomys, Perognathus, and Lagomys. A few species of Spermophilus extend into the northwestern portion of the Eastern; while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range over the Central subregion, and into the Western and Gulf States the Austroriparian as tar as the Savannah River. A great many species of birds are peculiar to the Central region, and the following genera: Oroscoptes. Hydrobata. Myjiadestes. Neocorys. Salpinctes. Picicorvus. Chondestes. Calamospiza. Hmbernagra. Centrocercus. Pedioecetes. —______ el * Excepting the course of the Mississippi, and perhaps the Rio Grande. 12 The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the Hastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus wrophasianus ; the Pedi- oecetes phasianellus, or cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus ; several ptarmigan (Lagopus); and Bonasa; the last three Palaearctic genera also. The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare. Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it adds Phrynosoma, Crotaphytus, and Holbrookia. Among snakes, no genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Elaps are wanting. There is but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few; most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala- manders, the only genus is Amblystoma; but this is abundant, its large larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The burrowing-frog, Spea bombifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in much the same way. No genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is peculiar to the Central region. Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog- fish, ail Sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Sal- monidac, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia River, where, however, the Salmonidae have a great development. These sal- mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region, and embrace incredible numbers of individuals. The Pacific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con- sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Nevada, might be regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chamaea, and Oreortyx (mountain-partridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several peculiar types, as the eared seals (Otariidae) and sea-otter (Hnhydra). There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas, Lodia, Aniella, Gerrhonotus, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia, all salamanders, viz, Anaides, Batrachoseps, and Dicamptodon; while the Eastern genera Plethodon and Diemyctylus re-appear after skipping the entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Anwra are found here, there being two species of Hyla. (iS) ¢ A single species of tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) exists in the Pacific region. The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district in being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Pharyngognathi of the fam- ily of Embiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number of species of Salmo and Sebastes and the variety of types of Cottidae. In its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab- itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same coast, and several valuable species of cods (Gadus auratus, G. periscopus, and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong especially to the northern coasts. The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de- scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are different from those of the Central ; such are Callipep!a (partridge), Cich- lopsis, Mitrephorus (Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also. It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The following genera are not found in any of the other regions described : LIZARDS. Heloderma. Sauromalus. Uma. Coleonyzx. SERPENTS. Gyalopiun. Chionactis. a Sonora. Fhinochilus. Chilopoma. Hight other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder- ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo- trepical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran 74 region is characterized by a peculiar structure of the rostral plate, which is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree; two of the genera (Phimothyra and Chilomeniscus), common to the Lower Cali- fornian region, present the same peculiarity. This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no Jess than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also possesses a majority of the species of horned toads (Phrynosoma); only four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu- dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few species of Nearctic charac- ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type. The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodela, but several of the Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana, but six species of toad (Bufo), this being the headquarters of that genus in the Regnum Nearcticum. The eastern genus Scaphiopus appears here, instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species of tree-frog. Two species of turtles of the COinosternidace have been found. The fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo- rado River proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting, leaving only Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division of the former, the Plagopterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region. The Lower Californian region much more nearly resembles the Sonoran than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species of birds and reptiles. Scines appear to be wanting, but other lizards abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which do not occur in any other region of Nearctica: LIZARDS. Verticaria. Diplodactylus. « Cyclura. SNAKES. Lichanura. These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America. It shares with the Sonoran only, the following: 15 LIZARDS. Dipsosaurus. Callasaurus. Uta. . Phyllodactylus. SNAKES. Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Phimothyra. Chilomeniscus. These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho- don, Hypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico. Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Hyla, Scaphiopus, and Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Eastern. Of the fresh-water fish-faina, nothing is known; the streams are few and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary of California. Among the Invertebrata, the Mollusca present facts of distribution Similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata. Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Facific districts are plainly marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the Unionidae, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails (Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con- fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina-and Hygromia. The Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be- long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and Polymita are represented by handsome species. Macrocyclis and Bin. neya belong especially to this region. As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi- visions than the other animals. The fresh-water Orustacea have been but Sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution; thus Cambarus (craw-fish) and Artemia are found everywhere where physical conditions are suitable. 16 V.—THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION. Wes Reptiles whose distribution corresponds with the area of the Austroriparian region—24 : . Trachystomata. Siren lacertina. - Anuwra. Engystoma carolinense. Acris gryllus gryllus. Hyla squirella. Hyla carolinensis. Ophidia. Caudisona miliaria. Ancistrodon piscivorus. Elaps fulvius. Haldea striatula. Farancia abacura. Cemophora coccinea. Ophibolus doliatus coccineus. Coluber obsoletus confinis. Coluber guttatus. Tropidonotus fasciatus. Lacertilia. Oligosoma laterale. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus. Opheosaurus ventralis. Anolis prineipalis. Testudinata. Macrochelys lacertina (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys concinna. Testudo carolina. Crocodilia. Alligator mississippiensis. As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis- ianian, and Texan districts. ie The Mloridan district contains either peculiar species of animals, or those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic birds are chiefly of the latter character, but among reptiles the follow- ing are confined to it: Vv». Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18: Urodela. Manculus remifer. Anura. Hyla gratiosa. Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas). Rana areolata capito. Ophidia. Elaps distans (Sonoran also). Contia pygaea. Eutaenia sackenii. Tropidonotus compsolaemus. Tropidonotus compressicaudus. Tropidonotus ustus. Tropidonotus cyclopium. Helicops allenii. Lacertilia. Rhineura floridana. Eumeces egregius. BHumeces onocrepis. Sceloporus floridanus. Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba). Crocodilia. Crocodilus americanus (Cuba). Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, Sphaerodactylus, and Litho dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Nearctic fauna are— Lithodytes. Helicops. Ehineiira. Sphaerodactylus. (co) A venomous snake, the EHlaps distans, is common to tkis district and the Sonoran fauna. Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of birds that do not range north of it are— Certhiola. Zenaeda—\ Oreopelia Pigeons. Starnaenas } Fostrhamus Raptores Polyborus Aramus Waders. Audubonia ie Phoenicopterus. EDIE {ern Anoiis The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa- rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of Mammalia, the genera Alces, Mustela, Jaculus, Arctomys, Fiber, and Condy- lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit, etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory-billed wood- pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its Llaps fulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the Atlantic coast. V°. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36: (E confined to the Eastern portion ; W to the Western, as far as known). Trachystomata. Pseudobranchus striatus. E. Proteida. Necturus punctatus. EK. Urodela. Amphiuma means. Muraenopsis tridactyla. W. Amblystoma talpoideum. E. Amblystoma cingulatum. E. 79 Stereochilus marginatum. HE. Manculus quadridigitatus. E.. Spelerpes guttolineatus. H. Anura. Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. Bufo quercicus. Chorophilus nigritus. Chorophilus angulatus. Chorophilus oculatus. Chorophilus ornatus. Ophidia. Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus, Virginia harperti. Virginia elegans. W. Tantilla coronata. Abastor erythrogrammus. Osceola elapsoidea. E. Ophibolus rhombomaculatus. Coluber quadrivittatus. E. Spilotes couperi. E. Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. E. Bascanium anthicum. W. Tropidonotus taxispilotus. Heterodon simus simus. Testudinata. Aspidonectes asper. W. Aspidonectes ferox. Aromochelys carinatus. Pseudemys hieroglyphica. (?) Pseudemys scabra. Chrysemys reticulata. Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.) A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows: Pseudobranchus. Muraenopsis. Virginia. Abastor. Osceola. 80 The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating the latter from the Louisianian district is not well known. The Spelerpes multi- plicatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way, of uncertain reference. The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them (marked H) extending beyond the borders of the Austroriparian region v4, Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east- ward of it—13: Urodela. Amblystoma microstomum (H.). @ Ophidia. Carphophiops helenae. Virginia elegans. Ophibolus cailigaster (E.). Coluber emoryi (E.). Kutaenia faireyi (E.). Kutaenia proxima. Tropidonotus grahamii (E.). Tropidonotus rhombifer. Testudinata. Macrochelys lacertina. Pseudemys troostil. Malacoclemmys geographica (E.). Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.). The Zexan district of the Austroriparian region is not the range of any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the Louisianian district, many of which are represented by correspond- ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam- mals are also peculiar to it, 7. e., five rodents and two skunks. Of birds, three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx texanus, Vireo atricapillus, and Milvulus forficatus. Many Mexican birds are found on the Rio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Icterus parisorum. The high northwestern regions of the State should be assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges (Callipepla squamata and COyrtonyx massena) and the tinch (Peucaee cassinit), 81 Several genera of mammals, birds, and reptiles exist in the Texan region, which constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis- ianian ; these are— MAMMALS. Dicotyles (Nt.). Bassaris (P. Nt.). BIRDS. Geococcyx (P.S.). - REPTILES. Holbrookia (C.8.). Phrynosoma (C. 8. P.). Stenostoma (Nt. P.). None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Nt.) the Neotropical region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary. V°. Species confined to the Texan district—21 : Caducibranchiata. Amblystoma texanum. Anura. Bufo valliceps (also Mexico). Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii. Hyla carolinensis semifasciata. Rana areolata areolata. Ophidia. Crotalus adamanteus atrox. Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax. Elaps fulvius tener. Tantilla gracilis. Tantilla hallowellii. Tantilla nigriceps. Contia episcopa. Ophibolus doliatus annulatus. Diadophis punctatus stictogenys. Coluber iindheimerii. 82 Kutaenia marciana (extends W.). | Tropidonotus clarkii. Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei. Lacertilia. Holbrookia texana. Phrynosoma cornutum. Testudinata. Aspidonectes emoryi. VI.—THE EASTERN REGION. This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian; the Alleghe nian; the Canadian; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by the ranges of mammals and reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds. — The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend from Long Island, south of the hill-region of New Jersey, to the south- eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The | Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described, excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now describe. This includes Northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, with the Green Mountains; the Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg- hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada Hast and north of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson’s Bay, and is narrowed southeastward to Newfoundland. VI. Species peculiar to the Kastern region—34 : Proteida. Necturus lateralis. Caducibranchiata. Menopoma fuscum. Amblystoma bicolor. 83 Amblystoma xiphias. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. Spelerpes ruber montanus. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus fusea fusea. Desmognathus nigra. Anura. Bufo americanus fowlerii. Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis. Hyla pickeringii. Rana palustris. Rana temporaria silvatica. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis Rana septentrionalis (nearly). Ophidia. Caudisona tergemina. Virginia valeriae. Ophibolus doliatus triangulum. Cyclophis vernalis (rare south). Coluber vulpinus. Pityophis sayi sayi. Storeria occipitomaculata. Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata. Tropidoclonium kirtlandii. Lacertilia. Eumeces anthracinus. Testudinata. Aspidonectes spinifer. Amyda mutica. Pseudemys rugosa. Chelopus guttatus. Chelopus muhlenbergii. Chelopus insculptus. Emys meleagris. 84 The Carolinian fauna 1s not so marked among reptiles as among birds. One genus of the former, Cnemidophorus (swift lizard), does not range » north of it, with the genera Virginia, Cyclophis, Haldea, and Pityophis among serpents. Species contined in their northern range by the same limit are— Ophibolus doliatus doliatus. Ophibolus getulus. Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogaster. Pseudemys rugosa. Malacoclemmys palustris. Hyla andersonii. Genera of birds restricted in the same way are— Guiraca. Helmitherus. Mimus. Polioptila. Gallinula. Herodias. Florida. Himantopus. Recurvirostra. The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species - of Reptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do not extend north of it are the following: LIZARDS. Sceloporus. Eumeces. SNAKES. Carphophiops. Coluber. Cyclophis. Tropidonotus. Ophibolus. Heterodon. Caudisona. Crotalus. Ancistrodon. 85 BATRACHIA. Chorophilus. Hyla. Hemidactylium. Desmognathus. Menopoma. Necturus. The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are-— - Sialia. Vireo. Pyranga. Harporhynchus. Troglodytes. Cyanospiza. Pipilo. Ammodromus. Sturnella. Icterus. Zenaedura. - Cupidonia. Ortyx. Meleagris. Ardetta. Fallus. The catamount, red-squirrel, jumping-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna. The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows : TORTOISES. Chelydra serpentina. Chelopus insculptus. Chrysemys picta. SNAKES. Bascanium constrictor. ELutaenia sirtalis. Diadophis punctatus. Storeria occipitomaculata. 386 FROGS. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. Rana septentrionalis. SALAMANDERS. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus nigra. Spelerpes ruber. Spelerpes bilineatus. Spelerpes longicauda. This fauna extends south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squirrel, and brook-trout (Salmo fontinalis), and Desmognathus ochrophaea, as far as Georgia. Several mammals are restricted in northward range by the boundary of this fauna; such are the buffalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther, star-nosed mole, etc.; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it. VI». Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so: Urodeia. Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale. Anura. Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii. Rana septentrionalis. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh waters begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout and white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel, ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds breed there: Anthus ludovicianus. Saxicola oenanthe. Ampelis garrula. Aegiothus linaria. Plectrophanes lapponica. Plectrophanes nivalis. Plectrophanes picta. Leucosticte tephrocotis. The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe. Numerous waders and swimming-birds breed in this region, the whole 87 number being thirty-six; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander ‘north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid- dle States belong. North of this the species of vertebrates are circumpolar or arctic. The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to be considered. For the present, they wiil be united, though the distri- bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con- trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of the Nearctic region: ‘This large area is characterized by the distribution of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam- ined—those of Semotilus, Ceratichthys, Hypsilepis, Catostomus, ete., or by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari- ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (1), which belongs to the Lake region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to . the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity of the Atlantic subdistrict (Il) may be said to be the abundance of Esox, Salmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Haploidonotus. The first two are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have but a partial distribution there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Hsow is represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salme occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is especially characterized by the paddle-fish (Spatularia or Polyodon), the shovel-sturgeon (Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar (Atractosteus) ; also by the buffalo (Bubalichthys), the Cycleptus, ete., among suckers, and the fork-tailed catfish (Ichthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Hap- loidonotus is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu- ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order trom 88 those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast, until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great- est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed out by Agassiz, who calls this region a “‘zodlogical island,” and enu- merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there. Fk give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our present knowledge extends. Gulf rivers: ‘Haploidonotus has not yet been indicated from eastward of these, except in the Lake area. Roanoke: Campostoma ceases here. James: Micropterus and Ambloplites cease. Potomac: Pomoxys, according to Professor Baird (verb. commn.), ceases here. Susquehanna: Ceratichthys, Exoglossum, Chrosomus, Carpiodes, cease. Delaware: Clinostomus, Hypsilepis analostanus, Enneacanthus, and Lepi- dosteus cease. Hudson: Semotilus corporalis, according to F. W. Putnam (verb. commn.), ceases. The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis- trict (IV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perca ; and, secondly, the general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Hypsilepis, Stilbe, Hybopsis (bifre- natus), Fundulus, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Lota and Coregonus VII.—THE CENTRAL REGION. VII’. Species peculiar to the Central region—12 : Anura. Spea bombifrons. Ophidia. Ophibolus multistratus. Kutaenia radix. Kutaenia vagrans vagrans. Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis. Lacertilia. HKumeces septentrionalis. Eumeces inornatus. Eumeces multivirgatus. Holbrookia maculata maculata. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii. 89 Testudinata. Pseudemys elegans. Chrysemys oregonensis. Cistudo ornata. VIIIL—THE PACIFIC REGION. VILI*. Species confined to the Pacific region—44 : Urodela. Amblystoma macrodactylum. Amblyvstoma paroticum. Amblystoma tenebrosum. Amblystoma aterrimum. Dicamptodon ensatus. Batrachoseps attenuatus. Batrachoseps nigriventris. Batrachoseps pacificus. Plethodon intermedius. Plethodon oregonensis. Anaides lugubris. Anaides ferreus. Diemyetylus torosus. Anura. Bufo halophilus. Hyla regilla. Hyla cadaverina. Spea hammondii. Rana temporaria aurora. Rana pretiosa. Ophidia. Crotalus lucifer. Contia mitis. Lodia tenuis. Pityophis catenifer. Bascanium constrictor vetustum. Kutaenia hammondii. Eutaenia elegans. Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii. 90 Kutaenia sirtalis concinna. Hutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia. Kutaenia cooperii. Eutaenia atrata. Charina plumbea. Stenostoma humile. Lacertilia. Aniella pulchra. EKumeces skiltonianus. Xantusia vigilis. Barissia olivacea. Gerrhonotus principis. Gerrhonotus grandis. Gerrhonotus scincicaudus. Uta graciosa. Uta schottii. Phrynosoma blainvillei. Testudinata. Chelopus marmoratus. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus is common to the Pacific and Lower Cali- fornia regions. IX.—THE SONORAN REGION. 1X. Species confined to the Sonoran region—68 : Anura. Bufo alvarius. Bufo debilis. Bufo microscaphus. Bufo speciosus. Bufo lentiginosus frontosus. Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.) Hyla arenicolor. ‘ Scaphiopus varius rectifrenis. ; Scaphiopus couchi. Ophidia. Crotalus pyrrhus. Crotalus cerastes. Crotalus tigris. oa Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus. Crotalus molossus.:’ Caudisona edwardsii. Elaps euryxanthus. Chilomeniscus ephippicus. Chilomeniscus cinctus. Chionactis occipitalis. Contia isozona. Sonora semiannulata. Gyalopium canum. Rhinochilus lecontei. Ophibolus pyrrhomelus. Ophibolus getulus splendidus. Diadophis regalis. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha chlorophaea. Phimothyra grahamiae. Bascanium flagelliforme piceum. Chilopoma rutipunctatum. Eutaenia macrostemma. Eutaenia vagrans angustirostris. ‘Tropidonotus validus validus. Tropidonotus sipedon couchii. Stenostoma dulce. Lacertilia. Eumeces obsoletus. Eumeces guttulatus. Cnemidophorus grahamii. Cnemidophorus inornatus. Cnemidopborus octolineatus. Cnemidophorus tessellatus gracilis. Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus. Gerrhonotus nobilis. Gerrhonotus infernalis. Heloderma suspectum. Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis. Uma notata. Sauromalus ater. Crotaphytus reticulatus. Uta ornata. 92 Sceloporus ornatus. Sceloporus jarrovil. Sceloporus poinsettii. Sceloporus torquatus. Sceloporus couchii. Sceloporus marmoratus. Sceloporus clarkii. Phrynosoma modestum. Phrynosoma maceallii. Phrynosoma regale. Phrynosoma planiceps. Phrynosoma bhernandezii. Coleonyx variegatus. Phyllodactylus tubereulatus. Testudinata. Cinosternum sonoriense. Cinosternum henrici. Cinosternum flavescens. Testudo agassizii. Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only. X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION. X*, Species peculiar to the Lower Californian region—27 : Urodela. Plethodon croceater. Anura. Hyla curta. Ophidia. Crotalus enyo. Crotalus mitchellii. Tantilla planiceps. Chilomeniscus stramineus. Ophibolus californiae. Ophibolus getulus conjunctus. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyneha. Phimothyra decurtata. Pityophis vertebralis. Bascanium aurigulum. 93 Tropidonotus validus celaeno. Charina bottae. Lichanura trivirgata. Lichanura myriolepis. Lichanura roseofusca. Lacertilia. Phyllodactylus unctus. Phyllodactylus xanti. Cnemidophorus maximus. Verticaria hyperythra. Callisaurus dracontoides. Uta thalassina. Uta nigricauda. Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus. Phrynosoma coronatum. Cyclura hemilopha. XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES. The first observation with regard to the Batrachian and Reptilian fauna of North America is the usual one, viz, that the number of spe- cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach the tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one- fourth is included in the three Southern regions—the Austroriparian, the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian; yet these contain more than half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani- mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has the greatest influ- ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than in multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col- ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilHantly-colored species are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although the Regnum Nearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south- ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog- nathus among salamanders, and Hyla among frogs. So with snakes of the genera Crotalus, Caudisona, Ophibolus, Bascanium, and Eutaenia. It is 94 also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, Holbrookia, and Sce- loporus. Hutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub- region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species of Anolis does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it. Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques- tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since a greater or less part of their life is, in most species, necessarily spent in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation for sustenance, the modifving influence of moisture on their habits must be very great. The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera- ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos- phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and Reptilia. There are but nine species of both classes peculiar to it, while a few others enter from sur- rounding areas. The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs, ' the tree-toads, and the turties. The dry and often barren Sonoran and Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re- gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise. Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This prevails throughout the Batrachia and Reptilia of the Sonoran re- gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of which red is much the most usual. This peculia1ity doubtless results immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces- sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color is naturally established. 95 Another peculiarity of the Sonoran region, and which it shares with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an extraordinary development of the rostral shield either forward or out. ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred such genera to a group he termed the Probletorhinidae, but which has not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of snakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter (Phimothyra) is closely imitated by a genus (Lytorhynchus) which occurs on the borders of the African Sahara. The Heterodon of the Eastern States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds there; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto- gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela- tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the foot in the genus Uma, a character exhibited in higher perfection in the South African genus Ptenopus. * The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta- tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones especially developed for excavating purposes. * Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 321. Pes 15 z PR a phe QDS 18) en) el I Ue Vee BIBLIOGRAPHY. The present list only includes the titles of works and memoirs which embrace discussious of systematic or distributional relations of the reptiles of the Regio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe- cies only will be added at a future time. The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz, LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe- cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856, Dr. Hallowell remarked the rarity of salamanders and.turtles in the Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the faunal subdivisions of Bastern North America with great success, basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia. The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value, adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay I am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor Baird on the birds and mammals. A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia. 1817. Cuvier. Réegne Animal. First edition. Paris. 1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum. 1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium. 1825. Latreille. Familles Naturelles du Regne Animal. Paris. 1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London. 1826 (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien. — *Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309. 7H 97 98 1826 (October). Boie, H. Erpetologie von Java in Ferrusac’s Bulletin 1827. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1832. 1834. 1834. 1835. des Sciences Naturelles et Géologiques. Boie, F., in Isis von Oken, p. 508. Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibien. Miiller. Beitrige zur Anatomie der Amphibien, Tiedemann u Treviranus’ Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie, iv, p. 199. Wiegmann und Ruthe. Wandbuch der Zoologie. Berlin. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribuzione Metodica degli Animali Vertebrati. ome. Duwméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. i. General Clas- sification and Anatomy. The Testudinata. Paris. Wiegmann. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berlin. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ii. Testudinata ; Lacertilia, in general. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ili. Crocodilia, Chamaeleontidae, Gecconidae, Varanidae. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. iv. Sauriens (Iguanidae and Agamidae). Paris. Schlegel. Essai sur le Physionomie des Serpens. Hague. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. v. Lacertidae, Chalcididae, and Scincidae. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. viii. Batrachia Gymnophiona, and Anuwra. Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi. Ophidia in general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians in the British Museum. London. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London. Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum. London. Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, ete. Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British Museum. London. (January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents of North America. Washington. Duméril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens Institut de France 1854. 1869. 1870. 99 Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale. Tome vii, part 1, Ophidia Asinea; patt 2, Venomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra- chia Urodela. Tome x, plates. LeConte, J. Catalogue of the North American Testudinata. Por- ceedings of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii. Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. London. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233. Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders. Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society, London, p. 235. Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British Museum. London. Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British Museum. London. Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p: 330. Owen. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep- tiles.) Jan. Hlenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per VIconografia Generale. Milan. Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224. Giinther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society. Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia Natural History Review. London. Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Cope. On the Families of the Raniform Anura. Journal of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189. Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of Hatteria. Phiiosophi- cal Transactions. Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves ot North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xiv. Cope. arene 38 lchthyopteryeigiee=--ese-s ses e eee 15 Ichthyosauridae--..---....-----.-- 15 Isvaniares otis Pega wee el Se seme 47 lieuanidadece setae ee eae eee 18 Iguanodontidae...... rasieis awe lstovst ee eye 14 Introductory remarks....-.--.-.-- 3 Labyrinthodontia..-..----.---.--- 10 Dacertidae 2 22a. ee ea sae Macertiliaiest ce: eee e eee oo eee Leptoglossana: acess eee sace eee 44 Lichanura..-... Pee ee eIeee 43 JAG MAINO M@scacscscetcccococesoss ! Lithodyhes $2 = ceneS ae| 4 ; a as] e ® = é a) H Ss 2 Remarks. od! sa | +. oO C) R Bele] 3 epee feist ledie lh yi 3 |2|3| & Eee | Se) ee ee eee eo | 8 Pe eee a Eee ol a | 1874. 68956) 27 | Oct. 12) oo [15.50 30.507} 9.00 |...... 1.50 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.50 | Skin. 68957) 31 | Oct. 16 Q@ 14.00 )29.00 | 8.50 |....-. 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0.45 Do. 68955) 32 | Oct. 16] CG |15.00 |381.00 | 9.50 |...... 1660) ji GO abe | a) jseesae Skin with sternum. BOS sor ae Om, UE ee lledasaad|losoacs|lsogncalloocaodllasoocclleacoca| Soccualleaoundlloanoua| WONseal nove) al AanGl in alcohol. 68958] 67 | Nov.14} oO 15.75 |32.00 | 9.35 |...... 1.50 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 0.40 | Skin. Bf 127 | Dec. 5| co (2)-|15. 00 |30. 00 | 9.00 | 4.65 | 1.45 |.-...-] 1.65 | 1.55 | 0.50 | Alcohol. Efcaiers 146 | Dec. 11) & (@) \14. 50 |29.00 | 8.50 |......)...--.].-----} 1.73 | 1.50 | 0.50 Do. Seale 203 | Dec. 29} & (2) |16. 50 |30.50 | 9.00 | 4.85 | 1.50 |....--| 1.85 | 1.75 | 0.50 se leohiol and car- i olic acid. bk 204 | Dec. 29} 9 (2) /15. 25 |29.15 | 885 | 4.50 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. -.---|205 | Dec. 29} & (2) |15. 50 [29.85 | 8.85 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.55 } 0. 45 Do. aquoe 206 | Dec. 29] (2) /15. 75 |28.85 | 850 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. 1875. aee BBP) I diam: Ch oseqel loses aoosea| scoodel G@oodedl Sosscd soebcslasrocd| jssoous| Sseccel piers dobar ano =| Bill black and conical. On its upper surface a hood-shaped horny sheath, turned upward at its extremity, and not at all “‘ erectile” so far as my observation extends (see Cuvier, An. King., Chionis necrophaga). This sheath measures from 0.45 to 0.85 in different individuals, being rather larger in the male than in the female. The nostrils are separate and of large aperture. Eyelids pale-pink, whence the Chionis is often called by the sealers the “ sore-eyed ‘pigeon *, A black caruncle extends from the base of the sheath upward to the front of the eye, both in males and females; more prominent in the former, and especially after the birds have paired. Tris purplish-black. Body entirely pure white. ) BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. List of specimens, with measurements. of | | ~ 24 | fe | 3 | 2 | E aq I a gS | & | o a Se) & Ss S) Remarks. 3 =| = | ra| | +5 nD oO DR qgo° =| A S| q en | . 3 = vo ts | cst o ao | oo ae zc D Gs} St) ES) | ee el enziiilanetG le ili Aes jhe | eile Bo Pea 48 Mea Ses ee Peis else] > |p tS) | VESl ears | sas. eae ees S| Pt 1874. : | 68960 | 26 | Oct. 4] 9 |..---. bys (ON Esato dleasSSs | 2.50 |} 4.00 | 3.00 |......]......| Skin (from Mr. | Stanley). 68959 | 42 | Oct. 27) J 124.00 | 54.00 | 1£.00 | 7.25 | 2.25 | 3.15 | 3.00 | 2.85 | 0.65 | Skin. esse 139 | Dec. 10 | 25. 50 | 58.50 | 17.25 | 7.35 | 2.35 | 3.25 | 2.65 | 3.00 | 0.75 | Alcohol,with eggs. 68961 |188 | Dec. 24| 9 !23.75 ; 54.00 | 15.50 | 6.35 | 2.35 | 3.15 | 2.85 | 2.65 | 0.75 | Skin with eggs. PAD) Mees Me Sel Ssoeeollesnococllocaccod|-cocss|lscoacsloonqus|lbacocailascsoa|loadane Specimen injected with carb olic | acid. | | Bill black. Tris very dark steel-blue. Body generally dark-brown, mottled with black; basal parts of pri- maries showing as a broad white band beneath the wings during flight. Back sparingly mottled with dirty white. A single white feather often found near and below carpal joint of wing, among the coverts. Second primary longest. Considerable differences in general tint were observed, even in the same pair, some being very much paler than others. Stom- ach musenlar; contents not identified, except in one case, when bits of egg-shell were found. Tarsus and foot greenish slaty-black, scutellated. Claws black, long, and strongly hooked. There being no land-birds on Kerguelen Island besides Chionis, the office and most of the habits of a buzzard-hawk have been assumed by this great skua. It was at first taken for a hawk by all of us; its man- ner of flight, watchfulness of the ground over which it flew, and habit of perching on spots commanding a wide view all suggesting this impres- sion. It was, indeed, difficult to believe the evidence of my own senses when I found a web-footed bird avoiding the water and preying solely, so far as my observation extended, upon other birds. When any of the party went out shooting, he was pretty sure to be followed by one or two ‘“‘sea-hens”, as the sealers call them, and_had often to be very prompt to secure his game before it should be carried off in his very presence. Mr. Train tells me that he had one day to stand, while re- loading, with his foot upon a teal which he had shot, a skua swooping down constantly after it if he stepped away even for a couple of yards. On another occasion (October 21), the same gentleman had crippled a teal, which was carried off, still living and not badly hurt, before his BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS. 11 eyes, So that he had to shoot the skua to secure his game. November 21, in order to settle the question whether they attack and kill their own game when it is unhurt, Mr. Stanley and I dug up, by the aid of the dog, a well-grown and nearly-fledged young bird (supposed to be of Majaqueus ceequinoctialis), as large as an ordinary domestic fowl. a.) raspy te moet |e = coe | cae Siete | Ce ereial| Bits Ae S| ees alleeeteie eames Do Bill worn (apparently) to greenish-white, remaining black in sutures Upper mandible strongly hooked ; lower much less so. Nostrils tubu- lar, distinct, and inclosed in a separate horny sheath. Upper mandible composed of four pieces ; lower, of three. No cere. Tris black. Head black, excepting a white spot around base of lower mandible, and for one inch below and behind it. | Body generally black; a small tuft of white feathers on abdomen. Tail, middle feathers longest. Tarsus and foot greenish-black and scutellated. Claws black. Distinct hind claw. 26 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. Stomach internally rugose and partially muscular; contained the remains of crustaceans and beaks of cephalopods. A single specimen of these birds (No. 29) was dug up by the dog on October 12 from a very deep burrow under a clump of Azorella, but none others were seen until November 15, when they suddenly appeared in the day-time in considerable numbers. On December 16, I dug up specimens with eggs, and frequently thereafter. They nest in very deep burrows, with almost always a little pool of water at their entrance, and keep up an incessant squealing while the dog is digging for them, very like the sound of the water-whistle toys, or ‘¢ whistling coffee-pots”, sold on the street-corners. The note is, in other words, very shrill, and constantly trilling. They fight the dog more bravely than any other petrels, generally coming out of the burrow hanging to his ear, and keep- ing him off very successfully on the open ground. It was one of these birds that has been elsewhere spoken of as being attacked by a skua while in the water. The name ‘‘ stinker” is fully warranted by the rank odor emitted by the bird, and is given on the authority of the whalers on the schooner Emma Jane. Captain Fuller, however, of the schooner Roswell King, a very careful observer, tells me that the stinker is a much larger bird, and that it nests on the ridges of the high hills, not in burrows, and very late in the season. If so, I have never seen it. On December 18, while out in a boat, at some distance from the sta- tion, I saw very many black petrels, both swimming and flying, which strongly resembled these birds in every respect, except that they had not the white throat-spot described above. An embryo (No. 185) has been preserved in alcohol. Egg is single, white. One of the first birds dug out by the dogs after our arrival, on Sep- tember 15, was a large petrel, covered everywhere by long, gray, hairy down, and found quite near the station. They were found often after- ward, and were much hunted by the dogs as food. From their squealing when captured, the structure of their bills, the depth of the burrows in which they were found, the black plumage of those subsequently taken, and their offensive odor, I supposed them to be the young of Maja- queus, but was assured by the whalers that they were “ Mutton-birds”, and of quite a different species. A curious circumstance with regard to them is the fact that I never succeeded in getting any positive clew to the old birds to which they belonged. At different times, I set snares in front of the burrows, and sprinkled light dry earth within its entrance, ZSTRELATA LESSONI. 7) but never captured any birds; nor did I ever find any tracks upon the earth. It certainly seemed as if the old birds had finally abandoned them. It must be remembered, also, that one of these young birds was found as early as September 15, and that I found Majaqueus with egg on December 15. The “*Mutton-birds” had certainly not begun to fly © before December. The two specimens preserved were captured on November 10; the wings of No. 62 being then in full feather, but the body still partially covered with down. "No. 62, 16 by 38.75 by 12; bill, tarsus, and foot black; iris dark-blue. No. 66, 13.50 by 32 by 8; bill, tarsus, and foot black; iris dark-blue; younger than 62. [Not seen by me—probably some Puffinus.—E. C.] JESTRELATA LESSONI, (Garn.) Cass. WHITE-HEADED PETREL. ? Procellaria alba, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 565. VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvii, 1817, p. 420. ? Daption album, SHAW, Gen. Zool. xiii, 1825, p. 246, ? Procellaria variegata, ‘‘ BONNATERRE”. (Bp. §& Gray.) Procellaria lessoni, GARNOT, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii, 1826, p. 54, f. 4. Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. 1831, p. 611. GouLp, B. Aust. vii, pl. 49. REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. pl. 24, f. 2605; pl. 20, f. 339. 4istrelata lessoni, CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, p. 327. CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 142. Rhantistes lessoni, BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. xlii, 1856, p. 768. Procellaria leucocephala, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 206. GouLp, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii, 1844, p. 363. Aistrelata leucocephala, BONAPARTE, Consp. AV. ii, 1856, p. 189. Procellaria vagabunda, ‘‘SOLANDER”. (Gray § Bp.) This is a large, stout species, with a strong bill, and, in adult plumage, very hand- some. What is more important, in some respects, it is likewise one of the better- marked species of this difficult and thoroughly-involved group. I have reason to believe that its characters, relationships, and synonymy are worked out in my mono- graph above cited with fidelity and consequent reliability. Passing over some early names, of probable but unproved application to this species, it seems that lessoni of Garnot is the prior tenable name, though some authors give preference to leucocephala of Forster. When this name was first proposed I have no means of knowing, but I trace no published record of it back of 1844. This species has been figured by several authors, and is, or should be, now well known. In lieu of further remarks, I beg to refer to the paper already mentioned.—C. Measurements of a specimen. Remarks. Smithsonian Insti- tution number. Date. ex Length. Extent. Middle toe. Longest claw. M | Original number. | Wing. | Tail. Bill | Head | Tarsus. | 1874. 68969! 211 | Dec.29| 9 18.15 | 43.00 | 12.15 | 5.85 } 1.50 | 2.50 | 1.85 | 2.20 | 0.50 | Skin. | 28 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. bill black, very stout and strongly hooked. Tris very dark-brown. Head pearl-gray; black shading around eyes; throat white. Body, back gray; dark-brown to black over wings; breast and belly white; tail pearl-gray. Tarsus and foot flesh-pink; black along upper sirtdees of digits and on the web near the claw. Claws black. A bird was brought to me on September 19, which I then pronounced to be a fulmar, but which I now believe to have been an individual of this species. Unfortunately, being much occupied with other work, and supposing these to be common, I disregarded it and did not preserve the specimen. It never afterward came under my personal notice. Mr. Eaton, naturalist of the English party, visited us on December 9, and then told me that he had found a specimen, and, on December 29, the specimen preserved was brought home alive by one of the men, having been dug out of a very deep burrow by the dog, at a considerable dis- tance inland, and well up among the hills. He found noegg. I saw them following the ship on January 18, about seven hundred miles north of Kerguelen. GESTRELATA KIDDERI, Coues. KIDDER’s PETREL. Procellaria grisea, KUHL, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 144, No. 15, fig. 9. Not of La- tham. SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 9. Exclusive of syn. “solandri Gould”. Astrelota grisea, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 148. “ Procellaria lugens, Forst., icon. 21”, according to Kuhl. : “« Aistrelata inexpectata, Forst.”, BONAP., Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 189, but not of Forster. “ Procellaria wnicolor, GOULD”. (Fide Gray.) The single specimen of this bird brought home by Dr. Kidder is of special interest and importance. It is of a species I never saw before, but one of which, with a degree of sagacity which proves equally unexpected and gratifying, I introduced a compiled account in my monograph, judging it to be, from the published descriptions, different from any one with which I was then acquainted. The characters of this bird agree exactly with the accounts given both by Kuhl and Schlegel, Ul. cc., of a bird they call Procellaria grisea ; and there is no reasonable ques- tion that all ies of us have the same species in view. But there is little if any prob- ability that it is the same as P. grisea of Latham, which is described as having the bill two inches long, &c. (see what is said Proc. Acad. Phila. p. 148, foot-note, and p. 149, text). In my monograph, I permitted “grisea Kuhl” to stand, as the names fell in different so-called genera; but the groups are so closely allied, and birds of this genus are so commonly called “ Procellaria”, that it will tend to prevent future misunder- standing to apply to this species 2 new name. And, in so doing, I take pleasure in recognizing, to this slight extent, the excellent service which the author of this paper has rendered in extending, and especially in increasing the precision of, our knowledge of southern oceanic birds. (STRELATA KIDDERI. 29 For the characters of this species, and further discussion of some technical questions concerned, I would refer to the monograph already cited. The bird is a typical Aistre- lata, of the group of smaller species that cluster around mollis of Gould and cookii of Gray (“genus” Cookilaria Bp.). It has every appearance of being a young bird, in dark whole-colored plumage, like others of this group when immature; but finding it breed- ing, with the egg, settles the question of its maturity. The whole plumage is dark- gray, nearly uniform, but sootier on the back and wings than on the under parts, with a peculiar glaucous shade throughout. The bill is very short, hardly over an inch long, and extremely thin, though deep and strongly hooked. Other proportions are indi- cated by Dr. Kidder’s measurements below.—C. Measurements of a specimen. ag|o Ho | 2 aa] 8 a eae Remarks, Sal's ai 3 a D e ° Sia o¢ |..|., eo A Se aloe ep a| r lapel cz 8 a 8 a iS 3 S| ® a 3 & a |S) (Se Sie a is E 2 Cee Wea ais oS 3 | 14.00 | 34,50 | 10.15 | 4.05 | 1.10 | 2.05 | 1.45 | 1.59 | 0.35 | Skin with egg. Bill black. : Skin thickly covered with fat within. Plumage nearly uniformly sooty-gray, with a slightly bluish cast. Tail, middle feathers longest. Tarsus and foot dusky. Claws black. - Egg single, white, 2.00 by 1.50 inches. These birds were found October 11, with eggs, in rather deep bur- rows, each one.of which contained a little pool of fresh water, close by where the egg was deposited. They squealed shrilly when captured, with a note very like that of Majaqueus. The only specimen preserved was taken, with an egg, October 21. A young bird, taken December 13, and much resembling the young “mutton-bird” (see Majaqueus), but far less advanced than the latter at that date, I believe to belong to this spe- cies, although the evidence is not positive. It made no sound when taken from the burrow (specimen No. 160). These birds were common in burrows near our station early in October, and were neglected for others more difficult of access, under the sup- position that they would always be at hand. After October 21, how- ever, I never saw another adult specimen, and Mr. Eaton informed me in December that he had not yet found it at all. Doubtless, more dili- gent collecting and observation of the birds while they were still com- paratively plentiful would have cleared up the doubt which seems still to exist as to their specific position among strelate. Their neglect is 30 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. only another instance of the tendency, which so often causes mortifica- tion and chagrin to the collector, to postpone those objects which are familiar and common for others mistakenly supposed to be rare and urgent. As Dr. Hooker has so feelingly said, ‘‘ These are, however, questions which propose themselves to us in the closet only, when the prospect of solving them is gone by; and when they but add to the thousand regrets over lost opportunities, the remembrance of which weighs so heavily on the mind of every naturalist that the brightest pros- pects of discovery in the fair future can never obliterate them.”—Flora Antarctica, vol. ii, p. 465. Perhaps the disappearance of these birds about the end of October may be explained on the supposition that they are really rare in the locality under consideration; but that we had, in selecting a station, stumbled upon one of their nesting-places, and actually dug up nearly or quite the entire community. OCEANITES OCHANICA, (Kuhl) Coues. WILSON’S STORMY PETREL. Procellaria pelagica, WILson, Amer. Ornith. vi, 1808, p. 90, pl. 60, fig. 6, nec auct. Procellaria oceanica, KUHL, Beit. zur Kennt. Proc. 1820, p. 136, pl. 10, f. 1. BoNaPaRTE, Journ. Phila. Acad. iii, 1824, p. 233. Thalassidroma oceanica, GRAY, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. —. Oceanites oceanica, Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 82. Procellaria wilsoni, BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ili, 1824, p..231, pl. 8, f. 3, 34, and pl. 9, lower fig. Thalossidroma wilsont of many authors. Oceanites wilsoni, Keys. & Buas., Wirb. Europ. ii, 1840, p. 238. BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 199. I have looked at a great many “ Wilson’s Petrels” from various parts of the world without having been able to see any difference between them. In any event, the bird here presented is the original “ oceanica” of Banks, Kuhl, &c.—it is the other one, wilsoni Bp., 1824, which is to be cut away from this one, if any division is athemntee. Bonaparte has the thing hind part before in his Conspectus.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. Remarks. Smithsonian Insti- tution number. Original number. Date. Sex Extent. Wing. Middle toe. Longest claw. 1874. 62933} 209 | Dec. 30 68932] 210 | Dec. 30 6.15 | 14.00 | 5.35 | 2.5 6.50 | 14.50 | 5 60 | 2.6 402, Bill black. Tris black. PROCELLARIA NEREIS. 31 Head, body, tail, and tarsus blackish, excepting a white band one-half inch wide across rump. Toes black, the webs with a yellow spot. These birds are crepuscular near the shore, like Procellaria nereis, and. much more common near our station after their first appearance on December 8. I had previously seen them at sea east of the Cape of Good Hope; and, on December 14, I saw them out by day feeding on the oily matters floating away from the carcass of a sea-elephant. They frequent rocky parts of the hillsides, and flit about very like swallows in pursuit of insects. There seemed to be ro flying insects on the island, however, other than very minute gnats. The two specimens preserved were shot on the evening of December 29, among the rocks near the top of the hill.on which we were encamped. I never succeeded in find- ing the egg, but learn from Rev. Mr. Eaton, who found one on Thumb Mountain, some fifteen miles from our station, that it is single, white, and that the nest was made under a large rock not far from the beach. He found the egg on December 8. I have no doubt from what I have observed of its habits that it nests among and under rocks habitually, and usually at a considerable elevation above the sea. PROCELLARIA NEREIS, (Gould) Bp. THE SEA-NYMPH. Thalassidroma nereis, GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1840, p. 178; Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii, p. 367; B. Aust. vii, pl. 64. Procellaria nereis, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. 1i, 1856, p. 196. Couss, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila..1864, p. 81. A large series of this pretty little petrel was collected, the first and only ones I have seen, excepting Gould’s types, from Bass’s Straits, now in Mus. Acad. Phila., from which the account given in my monograph was drawn up. It isasmall and particularly ele- gant species, quite different from any other known to me; the bluish color recalls birds of the Prion group. It comes very near P. pelagica proper in form, beloriging to the same short-legged group, as distinguished from Oceaniies and Fregetta, though the legs are longer than in P. pelagica.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. ae om ES) = j is] =| g 5 SS | 5 3 AS Be] & s S Remarks. 2a x | a a © 2 =.2 a) : ee) =| th nN 5 = Y sa iS) 2 : on 2 q 3 S Q = st) = a ~~ 4 q ~~ A cee = ow] = us) =| eo 2 Ss o o ial CI I © Ss a S) B S) Ginea tea a Fle|a |e) a}a [a 1:74, | 68936 44 | Oct. 29) So | 6.50 12.75 | 4°75 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 lokin - pair 68937 45 | Oct. 29) 2 | 6.50 13.00 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 |§ Ff us 638935 46 | Oct. 3L| o& | 6.50 12.50 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85} 0.25 | Skin. 68938 47 | Oct. 31| o& | 6.50 13.00 | 4.85 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.235 | 6.85 | 0.25 Do. 62940} 157 | Dec. 15] ¢ | 6.75 12,75 | 4.50 | 2.50 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 1.25 | 0.90 | 0.25 | Skin with egg. 68941) 158 | Dec. 15] o | 6.55 13.00 | 4.89 | 2.85 | 0.55 | 1.09 | 1.25 | 0.80 | 0.25 Do. 68934) 159 | Dec.15) of | 6.75 13.00 | 4.75 | 2.65 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 | Skin. on, BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. Bill black; nostrils in separate tube, above base of upper mandible. Tris black. Head, body, and tail generally bluish-ashy, except lower part of breast and belly, which are white. Tail very dark at tip, and fan-shaped in fiight. Tarsus, foot, and claws black. 'Tibia naked 0.50 inch. Egg single, white, sometimes speckled with reddish at the large end ; very large in proportion to the size of the bird. The first specimens were taken on the 28th and 29th of October, being dug out by the dogs from small burrows under clumps of Azorella. A pair captured on the latter date were found under a tussock not two yards above high-water mark, on the beach, under a high cliff. No eggs were found at that date. Eggs were first found, December 12, under the overhanging margins of clumps of grass and “ Kerguelen tea” (Acena ascendens), in a bit of swampy lowland near the sea. Strange to say, I have only found the male with the egg. In this locality, there were no burrows; the overhanging herbage seeming to afford sufficient pro- tection to the nests. This petrel is strictly crepuscular in habit when near its breeding- _ place; none having been seen by daylight except when disturbed from the nest. I believe its note to be a sort of chirping whistle, not unlike the creaking of a block, but did not succeed in settling this point defi- nitely. No eggs were hatched before our departure from the island. The birds are, at this season, perfect balls of nearly fluid fat. PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS, (Gm.) Gray. 6 WHALE-BIRD.” Procellaria desolata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, p. 562. Latuam, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 825. But probably not of authors generally. Daption desolatum, SHaw, Gen. Zool. xiii, 1825, p. 244. ZEstrelata desolata, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 155, in part, with execlu- sion of much of the synonymy. Prion (Pseudoprion) desolata, Gray, Handlist, iii, 1871, p. 108, No. 10923. Pseudoprion banksii, Couns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 166; but whether of the authors there cited ? The single prepared specimen in the collection agrees with the characters I give of P. banksii, so that I so identify it with little hésitation. I never identified the Procel- laria desolata of Gmelin in the least to my satisfaction, having allowed myself to sup- pose that it was an istrelata, being unconsciously biased by the fact that it had been very generally so considered by writers. In attentively re-examining Gmelin’s diag- nosis, with reference to the specimen in hand, I find, to my surprise, that it agrees in essential points with the bird brought in by Dr. Kidder, and I am forced to the con- clusion that Gray is right in referring it to my section Psewdoprion. It will be observed ' PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS. 33 that in my monograph I did not identify Gmelin’s name, merely quoting his description, and adding to it a description of Schlegel’s from the same specimen that Kuhl handled ; both these authors having considered it the same as Gmelin’s bird. It would appear, however, that such is not the case, especially as we have Kamtschatka assigned as a locality. The bird here treated is Pseudoprion banksii of my paper, but whether the banksii of authors I am now uncertain. It is also, I have now no doubt, the original P. desolata of Gmelin, as correctly allocated by Gray, and, consequently, in part the Astrelata desolata of my paper, but is apparently not the desolata of late authors. The expressions used by Gmelin in reference to the dark band running clear across the body and wings, and the dark tip to the tail, point to a Prion, not to one of the Gistrelate.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. meee a2 |e , aa | 8 5 aes A 3 Remarks. Co Lot ° o: . 22/2 es eee : : Seeeo Pe te a fe a eh a ys El eras >) 3 I CI is) fis} Boel eye rom tars) | ee Sy ey Metoop Perey Mb en A | 1874. 65926 | 100 | Nov.24| | 10.50] 23.35 | 7.25 | 3.85 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 | Skin. ene 137 | Dec. 10|...| 11.25 | 24.00 | 7.15 | 4.00 | 1.15 | 1.50 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 | Alcohol ee 138 |Dec.10|...| 11.50 | 24.10 | 7.50 | 4.00 | 1.25 | 1.60 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 Do. aeeee 170 |Dec.16|...| 10.75 | 24.25 | 7.75 | 4.00 | 1.15 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.25 | 0.35 Do Beane 171 |Dec.16|..-| 10.75 | 24.15 | 7.25 | 3.75 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.25 Do. Bill lavender-blue, widened at base ; upper mandible sharply hooked. Nostrils similar to those of Halobena cerulea, but more distinctly separated. Tris invisible during life, bluish-gray. Head blue-gray above; white line above eye; blue line from posterior angle of eye to join the tint at the back of the head; throat and region around base of bill white. Body generally paler than that of Halobena caerulea, but marked by a dark band running from wrist-joint along radial portion of wing to and across rump. This band becomes very distinct, when the bird is flying. as a V-shaped marking. Tarsus and foot lilac-bine; claw black at tip, lilac or white at base; middle claw turns sharply outward. Tail marked by a black band of one-half inch at the tip. This bird was at first confounded by me with Halobeena cerulea, which, in life, it greatly resembles. It was much less common at our station than Halobena, none being observed until November 24; is smaller, much more pugnacious, and distinguished, on superficial examination, by the dark band at the tips of the tail-feathers; Halobena showing a white band in the same part. The beak, tarsus, and foot also are lav- ender-blue in Pseudoprion, but black in Halobena. eae burrows near the sea-shore, in lowland, under stones, or 34 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. in stony ground. The burrow is similar to that of Halobena, and the birds begin to lay at about the same time. Both species-being nocturnal in their habits, it was difficult to detect any differences between them in note or habits; I did not, at least, succeed in doing so. I first saw this bird at sea, on the way out, about a hundred miles southeast of Tristan d@’Acunha (South Atlantic Ocean), in July. The v-marking already described is very prominent when the birds are thus seen; and their irregularity of flight, using first one wing and then the other, with their tendency to fly in flocks, and disregard of the waste from the ship’s galley—traits nat common to other petrels—lead to their often being mistaken for shore-birds, or, at least, for that class of birds which are seldom seen far from land. I did not succeed in absolutely . identifying any eggs. HALOBAINA CASRULEA, (Gim.) Bp. ‘6 WHALE-BIRD.” Procellaria cerulea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 560, and of authors generally. Pachyptila cerulea, Uliger, Prod. 1811, p. 275. Halobeena cerulea, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 193. CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, f. 163. Procellaria similis, FORSTER, “ic. ined. 86”; Descr. Anim., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 59. Procellaria forsteri, SM1rH, Ill. 8. Afr. B., pl. 54. Readily recognized at a glance by the short, square, sharply white-tipped tail. There is no difficulty whatever with the specific names of this species; though I sus- pect that an expert in the intricacies of nomenclature, on diligently applying himself to the case, would discover that a different and probably a new generic name would here be admissible, if not actually required. (Zaprium, n.) This strongly-specialized bird appears to be rather rare in collections. Before exam- ining Dr. Kidder’s specimens, the first received at the Smithsonian, I had only seen it in the Philadelphia Academy.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. Be) § AAal| Ss eal d © E ons Low Ba | 4 £ | 4 Remarks. #3\s Sell) ie a Ate ell ream eS Sea ea tecwaciee | bef 8 | Bbc ie gs | a S 3 re & iS) pes ope Mey eterna cat siamese ey fe ie es 1874. } 68924) 1|Sept.16| 9 | 12.50 ].......|......|..---- ANSON [CeCe al beter TIAA ee re Skin. 68922] 41 | Oct. 24] 2 | 10.75 | 26.25 | 8.25) 4.60 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 0.25 oan (very pale coloring). 68923] 43 | Oct. 29) 2 | 10.75 | 26.25 | 7.75 | 4.50 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 0.30 |} Skin with egg. 68925] 63 | Nov. 13} Q | 12.00 | 25.25 | 8.25 | 4.75 | 1.05 | 1.50 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 0.30 Do. oSoaicis TE |) WKS TN | Apenoy Ar) paleo lessee lceboasllscesa||--cesollaococolloasescllescoca), ANi@oGll masini, Waeaek GR} Dyers TL AYONfobavR nolo lesgelloscecellasaoas||-seoce|oseese|jeosoas|iccecac|[ooacea}| A a@lna)! 1 WERE old. eerie 141 | Dec. 11 |.--.| 11.00 | 25.85 | 8.50 | 4.50 | 1.20 11.60 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.25 | Alcohol. SHeede 142 | Dec. 11| Yojung--.|.--.-.-|.-----|.-----|------#------|------|------|------ Do. Sandpe IS) ID yeres AE | WAC) (OWA eee cel lsdossallaasociellecoonsllooceool|soseec|joeoscallscosa5 Do. Sree MEG NID een Tab Pe CONE NG Nace eoallasdassilesacac|laaoacallaes eos|[scescollo, os olleesees Do. erate ies 145 | Dec. 11]..-.] 11.25 | 27.35 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 1.25 | 1.75 | 1.50} 1.50 | 0.30 Do. aeiaisrele MAB AL DYees TU NOES e ee ae Se eee ea gec|lsasucclleddaneljsaaceoljesoabs | AUalNel 5 One of 145. HALOBZNA CAZRULEA. 35 Bill black ; upper mandible sharply hooked, lower much flattened at its base. Nostrils tubular, divided by a septum, looking upward and placed far back on the bill. Tris very dark-brown or black; not visible during life. - Head slaty-blue on top and at back, shading into paler slate-color at the sides. Throat and parts around insertion of bill white, the slate- tint nearly meeting, from each side, under the throat. Breast, belly, and under parts of wings and tail white; upper surface slaty-blue, shading into very dark tint; mottled with brown along prima- ries, secondaries, and tertiaries. Narrow white band, of one-half inch, at extremity of tail. The dark tint above mentioned runs from the carpal joint of either wing downward to the rump, making, when the . bird is flying, a Y-shaped marking, not so distinct, however, in this species as in Pseudoprion. Tarsus and foot black and scutellated (excepting No. 41, a very pale specimen, taken with the egg, in which they were noted as pearl-gray). Claws black, the middle claw being turned sharply outward. Upon first landing (September 13), the hill-sides, apparently quite deserted during the day, became at night perfectly alive with these birds and a species of Peissanoides (P. urinatrix, Gm.), flying irregularly about the rocks and hummocks of Azorella, and filling the air with their call. The note much resembles the cooing of pigeons, consisting of three short notes repeated in rapid succession and followed by two long ones, thus: “ ktk-ktik-ktitk—co0-co0.” They seemed rarely to: fly over the water, but to confine themselves to the neighborhood of their bur- rows, sometimes alighting and again taking wing—very much as if there were legions of bats inhabiting the hill. I never succeeded in satisfy- ing myself as to the object of this constant flight during the night, although I spent much time in watching them, since, so far as my obser- vation extended, there were no night-flying insects whatever upon the island, nor did the structure of the stomachs of these birds seem fitted to an insect diet. | The burrows are excavated beneath the mounds of an umbelliferous plant, which abounds on the Kerguelen hill-side (Azorella selago, Hook. fil.), growing in dense masses of often several feet in diameter. The holes usually run straight inward for a foot or more, then turn sharply to the right or lett, parallel with the hill-side, thence downward, often doubling once or twice upon themselves and communicating with other 36 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. entrances. At the bottom is an enlarged cavity, lined with fine root- fibers, twigs, ferns, or leaves of the ‘“ Kerguelen tea” (Acena affinis, Hook. fil.), and quite dry. Here the single egg is to be found, always quite covered with dry powdered earth or the leaves above mentioned. The diameter of the burrows at their entrance is about that of a man’s wrist. Limpet and mussel shells were often found near by. Upon our first arrival, two birds, male and female, were usually found in each burrow during the day. After they began to lay, however, but a single one was to be found with the egg, usually, but not always, the female. When set free in the day-time, the mode of flight was irregular, as if the light were confusing to the bird. They always alighted in the water after flying a mile or so. ‘The noise of their calling was incessant dur- ing the night, coming quite as often from the burrows as from the air, but became much less freauent after the middle of November, from which I infer that the call is connected with the season of pairing. The egg is white, single, and measures 1.90-2.00 by 1.45-1.55 inches, They had probably begun to pair by the time of our arrival (Septem- ber 13), and the first egg was found October 23, although doubtless they begin to lay earlier. A young bird, covered with slate-colored down, was found November 12, and frequently thereafter. The traveler who should visit Kerguelen Island only during the day, returning to his ship every night, might easily fail to observe the pres- ence of these birds at all, since, in the neighborhood of their burrows, they are exclusively nocturnal in their habits, being perhaps the very latest to appear after night-fall. They are, however, often seen at sea during the day, many hundreds of miles from land. PELECANOIDES URINATRIX, (Gm.) Lacép. “ DIVER” and * ” of the whalers. Procellaria urinatriz, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 560. Pelecanoides urinatrix, ‘ Lackp.”, GRAY, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. 646. Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 190. Halodroma urinatrix, ILLIGER, Prod. 1811, p. 274. BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 206. ScnLEGEL, M. P.-B. 1863, p. 37. Pufinuria urinatriz, GOULD, B. Aust. vii, pl. 60. Pufinuria garnoti, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 1826, pl. 46; Man. Orn. ii, 1828, p. 394; Tr. Orn. 1831, p. 730. Pelecanoides garnoti, Gray, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. 646. Halodroma garnoti, SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. 1863, p. 37. Procellaria tridactyla, Forsr., Descr. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. —. As very strongly intimated in my paper, satisfactory diagnosis of the thres currently- reported species of this genusis wanting. Nor is my faith in their distinctness increased PELECANOIDES URINATRIX. 37 on finding that these specimens, which from the locality undoubtedly represent the original P. urinatria, are fully up to the dimensions of the supposed larger garnoti, from the west coast of South America. Observed variation in the color of the feet, which is one point that has been relied upon, lessens the probability of distinctness, especially as the ascribed coloration does not coincide in every case with the dimensions. The size and proportions of the examples examined, as carefully measured in the flesh by Dr. Kidder, warrant me in adducing the garnoti of Lesson as a synonym of wrinatriz ; to which I still refrain, however, from adding the berardi of Quoy and Gaimard.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. Remarks. = Smithsonian Insti- tution number Middle toe. Longest claw. Tarsus. | Original number. Extent. | Wing Tail. Bill | Head 2 o | 8.50 |14. 00 |......].-.--- 68930} 3] Sept.19| so | 9.90 114.00 |.....-].-.--- : 4 918.5 Hiss 1 eS ES RE SAR Do. 9 fe) .75 | 1.60 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.30 | Skin; ovaries much enlarged; 2 ovules nearly ripe. DIE Phy lls EASA BS BES 13.00 | 4.85 | 2.25 essss J} Or ; i ' ; 0 i ; ; f Q : ‘ : i ‘ i ‘ i : iS) 68927| 60] Nov. 9| ¢| 7.15 |13.00 | 4.95 | 2.40 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.25 | Skin; testicles enor- mous, as large as sugared almonds. 68928 |101| Nov. 24] ¢ | 7.60 16.00 | 4.75 | 1.95 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.25 Do. soosca 40| Dec. 10 8.00 |16.35 | 4.75 | 2.05 | 0.80 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.05 | 0.25 | Alcohol. so0s08 148) Dec. 11 |. 8.25 |15. Ts 26 BS) TO) OSB Jlecesoai) tle WO |) TOs) jeagocc Do. seeoos 172) Dec. 23 8.00 }16.00 | 5.00 | 1.75 |.----.] 1.35 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.20 Do. SaeE OS 173; Dec. 23 |. 8. 00 16 00 | 4.85 | 1.75 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 0.25 Do. SOCOe 174) Dec. 23 8.00 116.25 | 5,00 | 1.85 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.25 Do. eae Pe Dec. 23 8. 00 (16. 00 | 4.75 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.25 Do. | Bill generally black; lavender-blue at quadrate basal portion of lower mandible. Upper mandible hooked; both much compressed and flat- tened ; square at base. Nostrils placed far back, opening upward by a heart-shaped aperture, divided by a longitudinal partition, as if the upper half of a tubular inclosure had been cut off, parallel to its long axis. Tris ash-colored ; not visible during life, when only the black pupi] appears. Head blue-black above; throat white. Body, upper parts blue-black; throat, breast, belly, and under part of tail white. Under down yarn-blue. Skin of belly naked. Plumage very fine and close. The body is remarkably large and heavy in pro- portion to the length of the wing; the latter being concave, similar to that of the quail. First and second primaries equal in length. Tarsus and foot are placed very far back, nearly in the axis of the body; lavender-blue; not scutellated; no rudiment of hind toe. Claws black ; middle claw turned outward. Tail very short, black above, white below. 33 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. When the Swatara was endeavoring to land a party at Possession Island, the largest of the Crozet group, early in September, I noticed frequently a very small diver, which took wing immediately on arising to the surface of the water, and after a short flight dived beneath it without first alighting. T suppose this to have been the bird now under consideration, although, as will be seen, I failed to verify the fact abso- lutely. On the first landing of our party at Kerguelen Island, this bird was one of the two most commonly heard at night, and seen fluttering about the hillside. Its note is somewhat similar to the mew of a cat, with a marked rising inflection of sound. It cannot rise from level. ground in flight, but, once in the air, flies strongly and rapidly, with a rapidly fluttering motion of the wings, very like the flight of the com- mon English sparrow. It burrows in the same localities as Halobena, digging less deeply and making fewer turns in its burrow, and seems to remain therein during the day, being exclusively nocturnal in its habits when near its nest.- Lays one egg, as large as a pigeon’s, white, and not sharply pointed; first found by me December 10. I did not succeed in finding any young up to January 10, the date of our depart- — ure. I heard much from the whalers and others of the great diving powers of these birds, which their structure certainly seems to indicate, without being able to confirm the fact by personal observation. On the night of November 23, while I was watching by the sea-shore the actions of the birds flitting across the path of the moon’s light upon the water, with the purpose of settling this point, one flew close by my ear, with a great whirring of wings, from the sea and into the bank behind me. It could not rise again on the wing, and I captured it, with some difficulty, owing to the darkness, as it was making its way back to the water. I tied a long, light string to one of its legs, carried it out some yards on a plank-walk leading to the tide-gauge, and threw it into the sea. It swam well, and could rise from the water in flight, spattering for a long. way with its wings, like a duck; but made no attempt whatever to dive, although much frightened and restrained from flight by the string. The experiment was repeated several times with no better success. (Speci- men preserved, No. 101.) The stomachs of all the specimens examined were found to be empty, and I have no clew therefore from the nature of their food. There seems to be no reasonable doubt of the diving powers of Pele- canoides, however, or that it habitually seeks its food in that way, not- APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS. 39 withstanding its failure to exhibit in my presence when absolute identi- fication was possible. | Nore 1.—The Cape Pigeon ( Daption capensis) and Yellow-billed Aiba- tross (Diomedea culminata?) have also been seen now and then near the shore, but were not found breeding by our party. The former appeared on the evening of December 8, near our camp; and I saw it again Jan- uary 2, flying to sea from inland, near Prince of Wales Foreland. The latter was common along the coast, and occasionally seen in Royal Sound. Note 2.—Alcoholic specimens of an undetermined Puffinus are in the collection, but have not been examined by Dr. Cones. APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS, Scop. KING PENGUIN. Patagonian Penguin, PENNANT, Phil. Trans. lviii, 1768, p. 91, pl. 5, in part. Aptenodytes patachonica, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 556, in part. Latuam, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 878, in part. Pinguinaria patagonica, SHaw, Nat. Misc. xi, 1797, pl. 409 (nec Forst.). Apienodytes longirostris, SCOPOLI, Sonn. Voy. p. 180, pl. 113. 5 CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 193, pl. 5, figs. 5-8 (osteology). Aptenodytes pennantii, GRAY, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, 315, and of most subsequent authors.. Spheniscus pennantii, SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. Urin. 1866, 3; De Dier. p. 268, fig. —. Aptenodytes rex, Bp., apud Gray. —C. List of specimens, with measurements. ae | 2.8 | 2 BS = no Ba| 8 4 peas = & S aS 5 i 2 Remarks. S = : . cs ~ na = Ee] ~ n 0) 2 ce) a S ~ q th = = o vias q=I oO v FH) i) . Ss n cs tet) Seer pe al 8 hee Bi eed) SWS @ aacl esl bee mem onn eG Qlathea | 4 < - St eke eels 1874. scsoue 104 | Nov.26] ¢ 36.00 | 31.50 12.50 |..--.-| 2.75 |...--.] 1.65 | 3.15 | 1.15 | Skin; lost. 1875. escoce 230 | Jan. 4] & ASE OU Peas) ee ooaced seca bsonnAieegece||asaassSeaooe seeecs|| seiolat, sasodic 231 | Jan. 4} Q SOCOM S200) |S yretcfei sat eiserereiel letersi | Sle tereieted eteteie ae este cca eee ll Os The ‘“‘ wing”-measurement is the length of entire flipper. Bill pointed and narrow; upper mandible black; nostrils opening in slits which extend nearly its whole length. Lower mandible black anteriorly, flesh-colored over posterior half, as if covered with mucous membrane. Iris bright-brown. Head black. Yellow collar from front of throat upward to behind eye, narrow at side of neck, pyriform above. Throat black. 40 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. Body generally black; breast and belly white. Feathers small, pointed, and spike-shaped. Tarsus and foot black. Tarsus very short. Foot three-toed, webbed, and very stout, resembling the foot of a plantigrade animal. Large cal- losity under heel, upon which and the point of the tail the bird balances itself in standing, the toes not touching the ground. Claws black. Tail a bunch of bristles, compressed from side to side. Tibic are very long, and the skin covered internally by a very thick layer of fat. The superficial muscles have numerous and broad attach- ments to the skin internally. The first specimens oc this penguin found near our station were met with on the beach on November 26, having apparently just come out of the water. There was but a single pair, both of which were secured, one being brought home alive. The other fought so fiercely that I had to kill him to get him home. Captain Fuller, of one of the sealing- schooners, informed me that skins taken at that time would be worthless, as the birds were beginning to moult. I skinned but one of the birds, therefore, and endeavored to keep the other alive, tying it up on the beach with a good long line to its leg. It had received a pretty severe blow on the head while being captured, which may account for a good deal of dullness during the first week or so, and for a strong aversion to the water which it showed at first. After a time, it brightened up, and would spend a large part of every day at the end of its line, splashing in the water. It finally entangled itself in the sea-weed near the bot- tom, and was drowned during the night (December 16). It slept bolt upright, balanced on its heels, swaying back and forth as it breathed, and snoring heavily. The neck is very extensible, so much so that the bird can stand at least a foot taller when excited than when at rest. It will frequently remain for twelve hours standing in the same place, and seems to me to be in every way a stupider bird than either Pygoscelis or Eudyptes. When thrown down, it raises itself by aid of its beak, press- ing the point against a stone. December 29, two more were captured on the beach at the other side of ‘the point upon which we had settled. Mr. Holmes and I brought them alive across the top of the hill, and found it a very laborious undertak- ing. I tried to drive my bird; but a very short journey on an up-grade entirely exhausted his breath. After two or three attempts, he turned about, having made up his mind to fight it out to the last rather than PYGOSCELIS TANIATA. Al try any further. These penguins are muck less active on land than other species. One was found on the coast, several miles away, on January 2, but I Saw no eggs or nests. Captain Fuller, of the schooner Roswell King, informs me that they do breed upon the eastern side of the island, on the lowland, but that they build no nests whatever, carrying the egg about in a pouch between the legs, and only laying it down for the pur- pose of changing it from male to female. I have questioned Captain Fuller again upon this subject since my return from the expedition, and he asserts that he has verified the fact repeatedly from personal observa- tion. The pouch, if there is one, can be no more than a fold of the skin, since none was noticed in skinning or measuring the specimens. The same story has been told of other penguins (see Pygoscelis). I can only say that I have always found Captain Fuller’s statements in other mat- ters to be reliable, and look upon him as an unusually careful observer, but can add no evidence of my own in this case. PYGOSCELIS TAINIATA, (Peale) Coues. “6 JOHNNY” of sealers and whalers. Aptenodytes papua, FORSTER, Comm. Soc. Reg. Gott. iii, 1781, p. 140, pl. 3. (Nomen ineptum.) BONNATERRE, Ency. Méth. i, 1782, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 3. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 556. LatTHAM, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 879. ° VIFILLOT, Gal. Ois. pl. 299. Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pl. 25. Eudyptes papua, Cassin, Orn. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1858, p. 264. GOULD, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 98. Spheniscus papua, SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, iii, 1866, p. 5. Pygoscelis papua, Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1871, p. —. Aptenodytes teniata, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped. 1848, p. 264. Pygoscelis teniata, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 195. Pygoscelis wagleri, SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 392. List of specimens, with measurements. Be\2 ; ad] 4 E Ss/ 5 cs) = E a gS 2 Remarks, nea| & | 43 n oO er) a ai = =2|5| $ fey GN | ree sts fee aS as Ses |e 3 a ® 1 2 E = o a = 8 a” ON ye eal et Cp eal seat ee| eS alee plies [ 1874. es.) 208 | Dec. 30| Q | 30.50 | 21.50 | 10.00 | 5.60 | 2.85 | 3.50 | 1.00 | 2.60] 1.05 | Skin; packed in 18%5. Salts sai 204 |Jan. 4|...| 29.50 | 22.95] 9.95 | 6.50 | 3.25 |......| 1.95 | 2.35 | 1.00 |? Skins sex notre: ae 225 | Jan. 4}...| 29.50 | 24.00 | 10.00 | 6.85 | 3.15 | 4.10 | 1.25 | 2.35] 0.85 |¢ FOI oes Pac 42 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. Bill, lower mandible and lower margin of upper mandible brilliant- orange; upper portion and tip of upper mandible black. | Nostrils opening by slits at sides of bill, 1.25 inches from its wi Bill, as a whole, long, narrow, and pointed. Head black, excepting an irregularly dumb-bell-shaped white band from eye to eye; the narrowest part of the eran being at the back and top of the head. Iris rich-brown. Pupil lozenge-shaped when contracted. Body, belly, breast, and underside of flippers white, the remainder of the body being black. The scales on the flippers are more evidently rudimentary feathers than in other penguins, the lowermost row being tipped with white. The feathers generally are small, pointed, and with- out distinct blade, similar to “‘ pin-feathers”. Tail compressed from side to side, formed of very stiff quills, and dis- posed like the canvas of a tent, the ridge looking upward. Tarsus and foot orange-colored, scutellated. Claws black. Distinet rudimentary hind toe. On the arrival of the Swatara at Kerguelen, these birds had already begun to lay, and we had their eggs for breakfast on the morning of September 10, finding them quite free from any fishy flavor, and, although rather insipid, a very acceptable change from sea-diet. ‘The fact that when cooked the albuminous portion only partially coagulates renders them less inviting in appearance than other eggs;.and, prob- ably on this account, the custom is to serve only the yelks. Two or three of the birds were captured by the boat’s crew which went on shore after the eggs, and brought back to the ship, where they created a good deal of amusement. When walking away from the spectator, swaying from side to side, with flippers hanging well away from the body, they bear a ridiculous resemblance to small children just beginning to walk who have put on overcoats much too long for them. A rookery was found about two miles from our station, which I visited September 16, finding many eggs. It is established upon the seaward extremity of a high rocky ridge, running nearly parallel with the trend of the shore, and abutting upon the sea in lofty bluffs. At the foot of this ridge is a little rocky cove, where the penguins land, and beyond the coast becomes precipitous, the rocks rising perpendicularly some hundred or more feet. Up the very steep inland slope of this hill, thickly overgrown with the ‘‘ Kerguelen cabbage”* and ‘“tea”,t the penguins have to climb, after * Pringlea antiscorbutica. t Acena affinis. PYGOSCELIS TA:NIATA. 43 crossing a considerable upland meadow. Numerous very distinct paths have been worn by successive generations of penguins, until the defiles cut in the sod near the sea are, in some cases, as much as four feet in depth. The track to a penguin-rookery and their landing-place are always marked by a remarkably luxuriant growth of a plant with long feathery fronds, belonging to the order Composite.* The tracks followed the course of a small stream in this instance, and ascended pretty sharp acclivities, steep enough to try one’s wind in following them up, until a level plateau was reached on top of the hill. The eggs (which were here never more than one to a nest) were laid either in hollows between the mounds of Azorella which covered the plateau, or in little bare spots scratched on their tops. I did not succeed in verifying the statement, constantly re-affirmed by whalers and sealers, that the female takes up her egg again into the oviduct, when disturbed, and carries it off; but I have seen a female, disturbed from the nest, drop her egg again at some yards’ distance when waddling off. I should suppose it more probable that she carried it between the thighs (tibie), the struc- ture of which makes such a proceeding quite possible. This particular rookery had been long known to the sealers, who make their rendezvous some ten miles distant, at Three Island Harbor, and who had already robbed the nests when we arrived; consequently, the birds had constantly been driven higher up the hill and farther inland, until, at the time of our coming, they were found nesting fully half a mile from their landing- place, and at an elevation of about three hundred feet. The eggs resem- ble in size and shape those of a duck, being, as a rule, rather larger. The brood from which my specimens were collected must have been at least the ninth or tenth laying since the season commenced. At other and more distant rookeries, subsequently visited, where the birds had not been so often disturbed, they were found to lay nearer the coast, and, as a rule, two young were found to each old bird. Singularly enough, one of these was always well-grown, apparently from one to two months old, while the other had just been hatched or was stillin the egg. It must, consequently, be the practice of these birds to rear two broods in a season, keeping both in the nest at the same time. No other birds lay among or near them; and it seems quite impossible that the alba- tross should do so in any locality, as has been made evident in describ- ing the nest of that bird. | Perhaps one hundred and fifty individuals were to be seen at a time * Leptinella plumosa. 44 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. at the rookery near us, standing gravely together for hours and doing nothing, as is their custom; but a small proportion being nesting females. Probably half as many more, in companies of twenty or so, were labori- ously toiling up the steep paths from the sea. So long and difficult a journey seems strange enough, undertaken by birds so slow of locomo- tion as penguins. But members of this species at least are by no means slow in getting over the ground, and, although they do not unfrequently fall upon their bellies, they are prompt in picking themselves up again, and seem to look upon sueh falls as a natural part of their progress. They do not at all find it necessary to drag themselves up a gentle slope on their bellies by the aid of flipper and beak, as has been stated. No living thing that I ever saw expresses so graphically a state of hurry as a penguin when trying to escape. Its neck is stretched out, flippers whirring like the sails of a wind-mill, and body wagging from side to side, as its short legs make stumbling and frantic efforts to get over the ground. There is such an expression of anxiety written all over the bird; it picks itself up from every fall and stumbles again with such an air of having an armful of bundles, that it escapes capture quite as often by the laughter of the pursuer as by its own really considerable speed. On the 3d of December, near the landing-cove already mentioned, about the time of hatching, I observed a school of these penguins pro- gressing by leaps clear of the water; one following another in so rapid succession that two or three were always in the air, and with a motion so like that of a school of porpoises, that I at first took them for those marine mammals. In the water, indeed, all awkwardness at once dis- appears; their speed in swimming being almost incredible, and surpass- ing, of course, that of the fish upon which they feed. ; December 4, I found one young penguin just hatched and three more still in the eggs, which they had broken with their beaks. As already stated, however, this rookery was very much behind time, and 1 know of a young penguin having been captured as early as October 12. The young were covered with soft, hairy, pearl-gray down. Head black above and behind; bill flesh-colored; feet black on the soles and flesh-colored above. (Origtnal numbers 119, 120, 121, and 122.) EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA? | 45 EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA ? Brandt. Rock-HOPPER. ? Eudyptes chrysolopha, BRANDT, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. ii, 324. SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. Urin., p.7. CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 204. The specimens collected by Dr. Kidder seem to agree better with chrysolopha than with chrysocome, in the lighter and more bluish shade of the upper parts, weaker Dill and general elongation of the coronal feathers; although the yellow plumes on each side of the head are neither so long nor so brightly colored as in the Philadelphia Academy’s specimen, upon which my actual knowledge of chrysolopha rests. I am stili of opinion that difficulty will be found in establishing the supposed species upon a sat- isfactory basis.—C. List of specimens, with measurements. Sito o oO Hele 2 ge 5 8 I ELE Ia , s S Remarks. Hae a Sls aie es SS ears lia Vien asia Seely sis hoe ge he sospea dl? 2) co rl p=) ca =| 3 Ra! S) Cre ae ie a ie Waa | es |S 1874. see 50 | Nov. 1] ¢ | 22.00 | 16.00 | 3.50] 5.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 1.15 | 2.00 |......) Skin; afterward lost. Seen 51 | Nov. 1} ¢ | 23.00 | 18.40 Serdoy | Mie ces ce 5 [fave aes | Scheme [Pe sepa] Coan Je Do. aCuss 186 | Dec. 23} Q | 23.85 | 15.50 | *6.50 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 2.75 | 0.85 | 2.15 | 0.75 | Skin; preserved in sal Soa 202 | Dec. 27} 2 | 23.00 | 16.00 | *6.50 | 5.25 | 1.75 | 2.85 | 1.00 | 2.60 | 0.75 Do. 1875. Bye 223 | Jan. 4] 2 | 23.00 | 16.00 | *6.50 | 5.25 | 1.75 | 2.80 | 1.00 | 2.65 | 0.75 Do. ernee Bh | ams Zeca saasees|[asanoeellascooas|lsoeeaal|senood] acooellodocas|lsoodocllsasaoe||slohavg iayoyn ararseis= ure oeee PC UES 2 Sa BM ee SSeencd Gocedoe| Seercr| Socaecd aeocoe (secure aeeocel esa Do. Peer SO Sh Pedic of | vee |e ee see take se ae | IE CMRI SEATS Ee Aonibeomerseieame ae see ae Do. ee ane 22D NETS Ch eae See a see e rca Gincacaa| oeaenal Gcespal besaoc| | soemect eaciie aeeee Do. * Whole length of flipper. Bill conical, orange. Nostrils not apparent. Iris deep-pink. Head black; crested by a broad horizontal layer of feathers, directed backward, and radiating from insertion. The marginal plumes, lying just above each eye, are mustard-yellow, those in the center being black. Tongue strong and pointed, furnished with five longitudinal rows of teeth, the palate being supplied with four. Body, throat and belly white; nape and back blackish; the dividing line between the colors running through the insertion of the flippers. Tail spike-shaped, flattened from side to side. Tarsus short and stout; ‘‘skin” white. Foot same color; three toes palmate; hallux rudimentary, black on plantar surface. Eggs two, white; one generally larger than the other. 46 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. These brave little penguins had established a large rookery not more than two miles from our station, where I found them nesting on the 7th of December. They had begun to appear along the coast early in November ; two of them having been captured and skinned on the Ist of that month. Probably, they begin to lay about the first of December. _ The rookery above mentioned was established among the loose rocks, from the crevices of which a coarse grass (Festuca) grew abundantly, just where the débris from the precipice above makes a sort of steep “lean-to” against its side, and sloping sharply into the sea. The nests are rather more distinct than those of Pygoscelis, and most of them were lined with dried grass. Each contained two white eggs, of which one was usually larger than the other; and both birds were, as a rule, by each nest. Whether one hunts to feed the other or not, I cannot say. A small flock came in from sea while I was present, announcing their arrival by a single shrill whistle, frequently repeated, and answered from the shore. They were wonderfully courageous, erecting their sulphur- colored plumes, and trembling all over with excitement on my approach, while they kept up a strident cackling that was almost deafening. Al- though knocked off their nests and down over the steep rocks for often twelve or fifteen feet, they would pick themselves up and scramble back again with unabated courage, threatening, and even biting sharply, to the very last. I suppose that the thick layer of fat beneath the skin, particularly abundant in this species at this time, serves as a protection against the hard knocks which they frequently get in falling from the rocks; no ordinary fall seeming to have the least effect upon them. They seem to dread far more the attacks of their neighbors, which harry them from almost every crevice as soon as they leave their own proper nest. The whaler’s epithet ‘“rock-hopper” is in this case particularly well applied, since they are the most agile of all penguins, skipping from rock to rock, climbing very steep inclined surfaces, and getting over the ground with great speed. Itis worthy of notice that these pen- guins always hop, using both feet at a time like a sparrow, and never walk, as do other genera. Cormorants and Chionis were their nearest and most friendly neighbors, particularly the latter. As soon as one is knocked off its nest, its mate immediately covers the egg, showing the same anxiety and courage. No eggs had been hatched so late as Janu- ary 4, the date of my last visit to the rookery. The apparent widening of the cheeks, caused by the erectile plumes and the position of the feathers below them, with the plumes themselves, EUDYPTES DIADEMATUS. 47 looking not unlike “whiskers” on a front view, have given rise to the name “sea-cats”, occasionally applied to these birds. On January 19, being then at sea, in latitude 39° 28’ south, longitude 64© 33/ east, and fully six hundred miles from the nearest land, a small | penguin, supposed then to be one of this species in poor plumage, was observed following the ship. It seemed to mistake the ship (Mononga. hela) for an island, and swam around it nearly all day, trying to find a landing-place, the wind being light, and the ship going from two and a half to three knots through the water. We had thus an excellent oppor- tunity to observe from above the penguin’s manner and great facility in swimming. It always dives when intending to swim with speed, and uses its flippers with great effect, looking precisely like a fish—-a small shark, perhaps. It had not the slightest difficulty in keeping up with us. EUDYPTES DIADEMATUS, Gould. ‘¢ MACCARONI.” ELudyptes diadematus, GOULD, Prec. Zoel. Soc. 1860, p. 419. SCHLEGEL, Urin. M. P.-B., ix livr. 1866, p. 8. CougEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 206. A fragment of skin, from a characteristic spot (top of the head), enables me to iden- tify the species as an inhabitant of Kerguelen’s Land.—C. : These penguins nest upon Kerguelen Island, as I am informed, but not upon that part selected by our party as an observing-station; nor have I any other specimens than a scalp, brought me as a present from Heard’s Island by one of the elephant-sealers. It appears, however, that they do not differ materially in habits from LH. chrysolopha, choosing the same localities for nesting, and progressing by the same hopping gait. es a nade ‘i i mi “ei fiatbotn ia suiel aee eee ‘vg. Fa eam i Se ee “a eee as eile Stead wht a Page iAczena, affimis’.5- 52-2226 cose sees. 36, 42 Aistrelata desolata .....---...----- 32 fRENSEES .o55b5 cone 62. saacds 28 inexpectata ..........--. 28 Iara erie Nee coseee et <5 28, 29 habits, ete. ..---. 29 lessoni =. 25 -\oscizi.2- 255 27 habits, etc. ....-- 28 JNIDARROS a6 666 daoSbA Se bere aoeerS 19 (S00) Fa gs ee ee ere 2) yellow-billed.........---- 39 Aptenodytes longirostris.......---- 21, 39 habits, etc. 39, 40 patachonica.......... 39 pennantii....-...-... 39 PAPUA esse sete cr 39 teniata....-.. GoeeseG 4l TOK soe scosaee sacs 30 Azorella selago.....---....-----.6, 26, 35 B. ‘Bone-breaker” .......----..----- 23 Buphagus antarcticus ...-.....--.- 9 skua antarcticus .....--. 9 C. Cabbage, Kerguelen.........-....- Vii Cape pigeon... ccc s oe ces 39 Chionis minor.......-...--....---- 46 description ...-...--. 1 habits, etc..--..-.-..- 2,3 intestine ..........-- 2 necrophaga........--.---- 3 Clupeilarus antipodum............ 14 verreauxi ......-. Bood 14 Wookilarian ore ie yee sesaes 29 Cormorant, caruncled.......---..-- 7, 46 Coues, Dr. Elliott...........-...- AME fain b-< Crozet Islands........-..-....-. vii, 15, 38 Crozier Mito. emcee cee ease vii D. ; Daption album s::255 22525-2062. : 27 CAPENSIS 52-5. c sc see ee be 39 desolatus 22. Jesh 32 4 é Page Diomedea albatrus.....---.. ..--.. 19 adusta....--sccsse-e- ibs 19 antarctica............-- 21 culminata ......-....... 39 exulans .22:.sse2cecescs2 19 fuliginosa............-.. 21 fusca i2sctecee RES 21 palpebrata ....-....--..- 21 spadicea..- 22. 222052555. 19, 21 Dominicanus antipodum ..-..-.---. 14 AZALBr se sets oes Sele 13 ALitZei a Ae 13 pelagicus22. 2.22.2). 13 verreauxi...-.. Levee 14 Ve hwlameeeeca sees > 13 vociferus....--.-..--- 13 Dryer Mis sesso esate eh vii E. Eaton, Rev. A. E.......- Viii, 2, 4, 28, 29, 31 Embryonopsis halticella.....--.... Vili English transit-party..-..--------- Vill, 1X Kudyptes chrysolopha........--..-- 45, 46. chrysocome.....-.....--.- 45, diadematus .........---- AT EIWUE conocc’ Bousoo coESes 41 F. Families, list of ...--...----..----- 1X Festuca cookit-3222.)< 149) 17175 154a 1.90 x 1. 40 ) 17176 154d Pats sei BO |) 17177 154e Lids tao | (oe Bee 17178 154d 2.08 x 1.49 GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS, (Gm.). (p. 7.) Eggs are two or three in number, first found November 5. Nests are built on rocky shelves in the precipitous faces of cliffs overlooking the sea. The base of the nest is built up to a considerable height, some- times as much as two feet, and is composed of mud, excrement, and decaying vegetable-matter. Upon this pedestal are arranged blades of grass, inclosing a cup-shaped cavity some ten inches across. It would seem that the old nests are used year after year; a new layer being added each season, so that they differ considerably in height. In shape, the eggs are long sharply-pointed ovoids. The structure of the shell is coarsely granular, and the color is an uniform pale green. Externally, there is the usual considerable calcareous deposit, which appears under the lens to be structureless, chalky, and disposed in masses of unequal thickness. It is here and there striated, wrinkled, or otherwise marked, as if deposited in a soft state, and afterward hardened by exposure to the air, leaving the shell proper partly exposed, especially about the smaller end. OOLOGY. 9 The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 17195 72a 2.45 1.53 |) 17195 720 2.40 x 1.57 | SSet No. 1. 17195 72¢ 2.59 x 1.57 i 17196 73a 2D >< 162 [Mesures 17196 73b 2.50 x 1.58 f 17197 - 74a 2.40 x 1.55 ject Wa 17197 74b 2.58 x 1.58 Young.—In addition to the remarks already given upon the young of this bird by Dr. Kidder in his previous paper, the following facts are of interest: Much of the under mandible is pale bluish, the chin yel- lowish, with a transverse line of demarkation from corner to corner of the mouth, the color being sharply defined against the general blackish hue of the body. The horny tip of the bill is light-colored, as is usual, and the bill otherwise very soft. The aperture of the eye is extremely small ; lids light-colored. The wings show the very tardy development noticed by Dr. K. in the case of the legs, being extremely small and soft. Another specimen, some eight or ten inches long, shows the same yellowish color of the pouch, abruptly defined against the blackness of the throat; the eyelids being, however, entirely dark. The wings and legs exhibit the same evidence of very tardy development. BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS, (Less.) Coues. (p. 9.) The nests are shallow cavities in the long grass, sparingly lined with grass-stems, and .always situated in a dry spot. Eggs are only two in number in the four instances observed ; first found November 17. A single egg was found December 20 in a nest robbed December 3. The shape is a very broad ovoid, tapering rapidly to a sharp point. Shell is brittle and of loose texture, being composed of irregularly prismatic bodies set side by side perpendicularly to the surface. Externally it is coarsely granular. Color is dark olive-drab, marked superficially by: irregular blotches of Vandyke-brown. Deeper markings appear as blotches of dark bluish stone-color. The blotches are more plentiful over the butt-end. Those of the same nest agree generally in color, but different clutches show considerable variety of tint. Nos. 134 a and b, (original number) for example, are generally of a pale olive-gray, and the blotches are scarcely deeper in hue than dirty Indian-yellow. 10 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 1l7a 2.80 & 2.15 \ yey 1175 2.91 x 2.18 J Containing embryos. 17150 134a 2.85 X 2.00 | : 17150 1346 2,009 0o i iniage ne co ad 17149 200 2.70 X 2.10 Second laying. Nos. 117 a and b, containing embryos, have been sent to Prof. E. 8 Morse for examination. LARUS DOMINICANUS, Vieill. (p. 13.) Nests are built of grass and sea-weed, near the sea, and are gener- aliy wet within. Eggs are three in number, and in shape a pointed ovoid, approaching to pyramidal. The shellis rather stout, brittle, and composed of two distinct layers of about equal thickness. The external layer is coarsely granular in texture, roughly mammillated superficially, and of a dark olive-drab color, blotched by irregular spots of different tints, Vandyke-brown, sepia, slate-color, and brownish-yellow. The slaty markings are within the shell, the others on the surface. As in the case of Buphagus, those of the same nest are generally similar in mark- ing, while those of different nests show considerable variety of hue. The internal layer of the shell is closer in texture, of a pale apple-green color, and shows under the lens innumerable small whitish trapezoidal columns set transversely to the surface, in a matrix of a pale-green homogeneous basis-substance. The blotches are more closely aggregated at the large end of the egg than elsewhere, and vary in shade accord- ing to their situation, superficial or deep. Some specimens of these eggs are not, distinguishable with certainty from those of northern gulls—Larus argentatus for example. The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. | Remarks. 17151 1994 2.93 x 1.90 ) 17152 1995 2.87 x 1.92 | >Set No. 1. 17153 199¢ 2.75 x%1.85 |] 17154 201a 2.58 x 1.98 } 17155 201b 2.53 x 1.92 |S Set No. 2. 17156 2010 2.58 2.00 |] OOLOGY. 11 The young, a few days old, have the bill black, with yellow tip, the feet dull blackish, webs partly dull whitish. The general plumage is black, mottled with yellowish-brown, much paler, inclining to white, below, as usual in this family of gulls. In embryos about to be hatched, the bill and feet are nearly colorless; the former somewhat mottled with black. The general plumage, so far as it can be determined from wet preparations, is much as has been already described. STERNA VITTATA, Gm. (p. 17.) The single egg is laid on high and broken ground, usually under the lee of a tuft of grass, and with little or no preparation. First found November 7. The shell is thin, elastic, and finely granular in texture, of general olive-green color. The ground-color varies widely, as usual in this family of birds, from rather clear green, with a suspicion of drab, to a decided brownish drab. Superficial markings are chocolate-brown of several shades, disposed in irregular spots and blotches, rather more thickly crowded toward the larger end. Deep markings show various shades of bluish slate-color, according to the thickness of the overlying deposit. The shape of the egg is a regular ovoid, and the measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 17188 61 1.78 x 1.22 17187 75 1. 82 x 1.29 17184 76u 1.82 x 1.27 17185 77 1.83 x 1.30 17186 78 1.75 X 1.23 17189 96 1.85 x 1.20 97 1.80 x 1.25 1.70 x 1.27 The young, when first fledged, is yellowish-brown, spotted irregularly with black; its bill, toes, and tarsus dirty-orange, blackening toward tips. Later, the colors grow darker, feet and tarsi becoming orange- red. It is as large as a chick, and very unlike the old bird in marking and general appearance. Specimens of the embryos have been sent to Professor Morse for examination. DIOMEDEA EXULANS, Linn. (p. 19.) Nests are on tall mounds, built up of grass to the height of two or more feet from the ground, and, being of different heights, seem to have 12 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. been used again and added to year after year. The egg is single, ellip- tical in longitudinal section, and but slightly thicker at the large than at the small end. Only occasional specimens tend somewhat to the ovoid form. The shell is white, of loose granular texture and roughly mammillated surface. There are no markings beneath the superficial calcareous layer, and the spots which appear on this seem to be adven- titious stains from the secretions of the oviduct, or accidental soiling after extrusion. Some specimens show a reddish stain upon the larger end, probably dried blood, since it is readily washed off. The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Length. | Width. | Long circumf. | Short circumf. 17097 2224 4. 96 3.18 13.15 9. 65 17098 2226 5. 08 3. 08 13.15 9.70 17099 _ 222¢ 4, 80 3. 18 12. 90 10. 04 17100 222d 5. 21 3. 25 13. 80 10. 50 17101 222e 4,80 3. 10 12. 80 9. 60 17102 222f 4, 88 3. 22 13. 10 10.18 No young were hatched previous to January 11. PHGBETRIA FULLIGINOSA, (Gm.) Reich. (p. 21.) Nests on rocky shelves or in caves in the faces of lofty cliffs where the birds build a conical mound, seven or eight inches high, hollowed into a cup at the top and lined rudely with grass. Egg is single, broadly ovoidal, generally white, marked by a collection of specks about the larger end, somewhat like the adventitious stains on the eggs of D. exulans, but, as well as we can judge, less superficial. The shell is compact in structure, rather thin for its size, and superficially smooth to the touch. Under the lens, it is seen to be marked by minute pits and linear depressions, being thus decidedly different, both to the eye and to the touch, from those of D. exulans. | The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Length. | Width. | Long circumf. | Short circumf. 17104 52 3. 95 2. 64 10. 50 8. 40 17103 86 3. 95 2. 60 10. 50 8. 25 An embryo has been sent to Professor Morse for examination. OOLOGY. 13 OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA, (Gm.) Reich. (p. 23.) Lays a single egg on open, rather elevated ground, at some distance (half a mile) from thesea. There was no vestige of an artificial nest when the young were found, January 2. These were then nearly fledged, and quite as large and heavy as the adults, occupying natural hollows between mounds of azorella. They are exceedingly filthy birds, eject- ing the contents of their stomachs for two or three feet from their bodies, and seeming to have a limitless supply to draw npon. When disturbed, they are soon surrounded by a puddle of vomited matters, and are, in this condition, by no means pleasant birds to collect. Among the ejecta were noticed many Penguin feathers. In the same neighborhood was a young bird of an earlier brood, fully fledged, but not yet able to fly. These Petrels must therefore be among the earliest in laying. The down of the young bird is entirely gray in color, the head is partly naked, and the bill, tarsi, and feet are colored nearly as in the adult, but somewhat paler. The first fully-formed feathers are similar to the adult plumage. MAJAQUEUS AQUINOCTIALIS, (Linn.) Reich. (p. 25.) Nests in very deep burrows in hill-sides, generally under a mound of herbage. Near the entrance to the burrow, there is always, so far as observed, a small pool of fresh water. Egg is single, regularly ovoid, and white, without shell-markings of any kind. It is generally, how- ever, much soiled by secretions from the oviduct and dirt from the bur- row. The shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, very smooth to the touch, but under the lens is seen to be marked by sinall pits and shallow linear depressions. The measurements are as follows : — Smithson. No. Orig. No. | Measurements. 17105 129a 3. 00 X 2.10 17106 189d 3.08 x 2.12 17107 189¢ ' 3.18 x 2.19 17108 189d 3. 17 < 2.17 17109 189e 3. 32 X 2.13 17110 189f 3.14 X 2.20 17111 1899 3.26 X 2.17 No young birds were identified as of this species. 14 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. CHSTRELATA LESSONI, (Garn.) Cass. (pp. 27, 39.) On pages 26 and 27 of the report preceding this, upon the birds of Kerguelen Island,* were described a series of undetermined young birds, with the note by Dr. Coues, ‘“‘ Not seen by me—probably some Puffi- nus.” Upon examination of the specimens preserved, there remains ne reasonable doubt that they are the young of Hestrelata lessont. The bill is that of an WHestrelata, and the measurements agree closely with those of Gi. lessoni, both from dried skins in the museums of the Philadelphia Academy and Smithsonian Institution, and as taken by Dr. Kidder from the recent specimens. These young birds were found on Kerguelen Island as early as September 15, living in deep burrows in hill-sides. At about the same time, an adult specimen was brought into camp by one of the men attached to the party, with the statement that it had been found with young, but was unfortunately not preserved, and the old birds were not found again until December 29, in a burrow without egg or young. It will be remembered that C/. kidderi, the only other species of the genus known to be found on the island, was taken with egg on October 21, and is thus excluded from consideration. From the Pro- ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1866,i we extract the follow-_ ing description of the young of G7. lessoni : — “6 No. 15709, Smiths. Register, Terra del Fuego, T. R. Peale.—Entire upper parts dusky fuliginous-brown; the dorsal feathers usually with somewhat light margins; the color deepening on the wings and back into brownish-black. Some of the secondaries, tertials, and upper co- verts have a slight cinereous tinge. On the head and nape, the brown is lighter than elsewhere; and a somewhat diluted shade of this color extends adown the throat, thus completely enveloping the head, and occupies likewise the upper half of the breast, quite across, as well as all the sides under the wings. On the crissum, and especially on all the under tail-coverts, except immediately around the anus, the color again deepens into brownish-black. The rest of the under parts are white. The circumocular region is darker than the adjacent paris. “The foregoing is the most immature plumage known to me, and it will be noticed that not only the colors themselves, but the pattern of coloration, is radically distinct from those of the adults. In some spec- imens is recognizable a faint shade of a darker color on the tips of the feath- * Op. cit. vide note to p. 1 of this report. t Critical Review of the Family Procellariidx, part iv, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A, pe 144. OOLOGY. 15 ers of the otherwise white under parts ; whence I infer that in very young birds the whole under parts may be brownish or grayish.” In the more advanced of the two specimens preserved (original No. 62), the entire body is as black as a crow. On the breast, however, and under parts generally, the bases of the feathérs show white to near the ends, while upon the crissum and about the head they are grayish. The surmise of Dr. Coues, therefore, with regard to the young plumage, was in the right direction, but did not go far enough. The indications of an adult white and gray plumage are unmistakable. The very young birds first found were completely covered, as is usual in the family, with slate-colored down. The same covering is plentiful upon the younger of the two specimens preserved (original No. 66), and still distinct upon the elder. : Below are contrasted three sets of measurements, viz: those of adult skins by Dr. Coues, and the young of the same from recent specimens by Dr. Kidder :— a : Be 3 5 E , ay eS as : tn : aN rc 5 ro Oa Remarks. a a o | x Uh ey Mb ese 4s Be es S Sy Sl els B Soe nee Vee | eee aie Al ee | FS Nha Assi ae | Re ee 11.75] 5.25) 1.50)-..... 1.65) 2.00] 0.50) Adult skin (Cones). 68969 | 211 pals H 43.00) 12.15) 5.85) 1.50} 2.50) 1.85) 2.20) 0.50) Adult, recent (Kidder). seoeace G3 eccssul} UG mr 38.75) 12.00} 5.40) 1.40) 2.50) 1.65) 2.10) 0.40) Young, recent (Kidder). It should be noted that the measurements of tail, bill, head, tarsus, middle toe, and claw of the last specimen were taken from the skin, and are therefore not ‘“ recent.” CHSTRELATA KIDDERI, Coues. (p. 28.) Nests in deep burrows excavated in a hill side, each burrow eontaining a little pool of fresh water near its entrance. Egg is single, dull white, and very obtusely ovoid in shape, almost as globose as a Penguin’s egg; first found October 11. Shell is thin, brittle, of compact structure, and marked externally by very shallow linear depressions, discernible only by aid of a lens. There are no color-markings. The measurements are as follows : — Measurements. Smithson. No. | Orig. No. 354 35b 35¢ 17157 17158 17159 2.18 X 1.77 2.20 x 1.75 (Broken.) 16 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. A young bird taken December 13, and much resembling that of @. lessoni, but tar less advanced than the latter at that date, was then attributed to this species, although, the old bird not having been taken at the same time, the evidence was not positive. It made no sound when taken from its burrow. Subsequent examination of the specimen fully confirms this surmise. The bird is still covered with pale slaty down; but the shape of the bill, and especially its narrowness from base to tip, taken in connection with the dates, place the identification beyond a reasonable doubt. OCEANITES OCEANICA, (Kuhl) Coues. (p. 30.) Nests under rocks, usually on pretty high land, laying a single white egg. There are no eggs in the collection; but one was found by Rev. Mr. Eaton, of the English party, on Thumb Mountain, some fifteen miles from the American station, December 8. PROCELLARIA NEREIS, (Gould) Bp. (p. 31.) Nests under tufts of grass, or other low herbage, near the sea. Some- times it digs a small burrow; oftener the eggs are found simply covered by overhanging grass-stems, in lowland. The egg is single, compact in structure, smooth, and very fragile, ellipsoidal in form, and white, except- ing at the larger end, which is marked by a collection of small reddish spots interspersed with a few specks of very dark brown. If we are correct in our impression that the markings about the butts of these eggs are not adventitious, we have here an exception to the general rule that the Procellariide lay white eggs. In size, shape, and coloration, the egg recalls some of the least-spotted examples of that of the com- mon Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna). By aid of the lens are to be seen a tew pore-like punctations, widely scattered. The measurements are as follows :— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. | 157 1.30 x 0.95 17194 We have no information concerning the young of this species, none having been hatched at the time of breaking up the American station (January 11). PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS, (Gm.) Gray. (p. 32.) Nests in the same localities and has the same habits as Halobena cerulea (q. V.). oOLOGY. 17 HALOBZNA CAZRULEA, (Gm.) Bp. (p. 34.) Nests in deep tortuous burrows in hill-sides near the sea. Egg is single, ovoidal, and dull white, without color-markings. In the speci- mens measured, there is, however, as shown by the figures, the usual range of variation in contour. They remind one, in size and shape, of the eggs of a bantam hen. Shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, presenting under the lens a finely granular external surface. First found October 23. The measurements are as follows: — Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 17161 49a 17162 49b 17163 49c 17164 49d 17165 49e 17166 17167 17168 17169 17170 17171 17171a 17172 17173 The newly-hatched young have bill and toes slaty blue, with appar- ently pale-yellowish webs and brownish-black claws. The horny speck upon the bill is whitish, and situated high above the tip of the bill. The region about the base of the bill is largely denuded. They begin to hatch about November 12. PELECANOIDES URINATRIX, (Gin.) Lacépéde, (p. 36.) Lays one egg in a burrow in the hill-side, generally selecting the same locality as Halowbna cerulea. Burrow is straight, slanting slightly downward, and less deep than that of Halobena. Egg is a regular ovoid, tending in some specimens to ellipsoidal. First found December 10. Shell is white, thin, brittle, compact, and homogeneous in structure. No color-markings. 2K 18 NATURAL HISTORY .OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. _ The measurements are as follows: — Smithson. No. Measurements. Remarks. 17191 Badly broken. 17192 i 1.62 x 1.15 Broken. 17193 1.62 x 1.27 17174 1.66 X 1.26 17190 1.65 x 1.25 No young birds were found during the visit of the American party to the island. APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS, Scop. (p. 39.) No eggs or young in the collection. It is of this genus that the state- ment is made that the eggs are incubated in a sort of pouch, formed of a fold of skin, and situated between the tibiz. The whalers met at Kerguelen Island confirm this statement; but no opportunity for direct personal observation was found during the stay of the transit-party. The male and female are said by the whalers to alternate in carrying the egg around. PYGOSCELIS THNIATA, (Peale) Coves. (p. 41.) Had already begun to lay September 10, selectin g the top of a mound of Azorella (a densely-growing plant common on the island), and serateh- ing therein a shallow cavity. But one egg was found at any time in a nest; yet we have good reason for believing that these Penguins rear two young in a season, laying a second egg about two months after the first, and before the young bird has left the nest. The eggs are obtusely ellipsoid, some specimens being almost spherical; white, with a very pale greenish tint. The shell is thick, inelastic, and friable, covered by a thin layer of calcareous matter that looks precisely as if it had been daubed on with a coarse brush. The specimens preserved, being from a rookery which has been often robbed, are doubtless smaller and thinner-shelled than those of the first laying. OOLOGY. 19 The measurements are as follows:— i | Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 17112 5 2.50 X 2. 08 17113 6 2.61 X 2.00 17114 7 2.52 X 2.17 17115 8 2.42 X 2.05 17116 9 2.68 X 2.18 17117 10 2.32 X 2.10 17118 11 2.70 K 2. 20 17119 12 2.69 x 2.18 . 17120 13 2.58 X 2.10 17121 14 2.40 x 2.18 17122 15 2.49 X 2.18 17123 16 2.45 X 2.17 Young birds were found just breaking the shell December 4. They are hatched much earlier when the rookeries are not so often robbed: as early as October 12, certainly. When first hatched, the young are covered with soft, hairy, pearl-gray down. Head black above and behind ; bill flesh-colored; feet black on the soles and flesh-colored above. , EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA? Brandt. (p. 45.) Begins to lay about the first of December, building among fallen rocks by the sea, making nests which are more complete than those of Pygoscelis teniata, and lining them with dried grass. There are two eggs to a nest, white, with a faint tinge of greenish, obtusely ovoid in shape, and usually one is distinctly larger than the other. The shells are thick, friable, inelastic, and often smeared in parts with calea- reous deposit. The external surface is punctured by minute pores, scattered widely apart, but presents no distinct surface-marking. 20 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. na The measurements are as follows:— Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 17124 a 2. 83 x 2.05 17125 = 2.60 x 2.07 17136 #1240 2.56 x 1.88 17137 124 2.89 x 2.16 17138 1240 2.39 x 1.92 17139 124¢ 2.79 x 2.20 17140 124d 2.50 x 1.79 17141 124¢ 3.04 x 2.18 17142 124 2.52 x 1.89 17143 1249 2.84 x 2.12 17144 124% 2.58 x 2.00 17145 124% 2.80 x 2.30 17146 124; 2.58 x 1.93 17147 124%; 2.80 x 2.11 17148 1241 2.81 x 2.02 17126 1340 2.94 x 2.15 17127 134b 2.82 x 2.19 17128 1340 2.95 x 2.15 17129 134d 2.83 x 2.10 17130 134¢ 2.32 x 1.80 17131 134f 2.82 x 2.04 17132 134g 2.50 x 1.99 17133 134h 2.86 x 2.10 17134 1344 2.82 x 2.15 17135 134; 2.70 x 1.95 17160 “ 2.52 x 1.80 oe! * Original number duplicated. EUDYPTES DIADEMATUS, Gould. (p. 47.) We have no direct information concerning the nesting or eggs of these birds. Whalers report that their habits in these respects are precisely similar to those of #. chrysolopha, as was to be expected. BOO AaIN Xo. A—PHAENOGAMIA, FILICES, rr LYCOPODIACE. REVISED BY PROF. A. GRAY. I.—RANUNCULACEA. 1. RANUNCULUS CRASSIPES, Hook. fil—Very common in and by fresh-water pools, and pretty well up on the hill-sides, among Acena, - and in crevices of wet rocks. Varies greatly in size and vigor of growth in different localities. Begins to flower about December 15. 2. RANUNCULUS TRULLIFOLIUS, Hook. jil—In small pools and running streams of fresh water. Not uncommon, but not found in flower. In two forms [the larger answering well to Dr. Hooker's specimens from the Falkland Islands; the smaller, with some entire leaves apparently much too near Rk. hydrophilus, Gaud. Neither of the two were before recorded from Kerguelen Island.—A. G.]. 3. RANUNCULUS sea. Not in flower up to January 2. Found in company with R. 2—In low land, between two arms of the crassipes, Which here grew much more luxuriantly than near the sta- tion (among the hills). [A succulent species, with rounded and some- what caudate leaves, an inch or more in diameter, deeply and obtusely 3-7-lobed, on fleshy petioles a span or more long. It can hardly bea form of the preceding.—A. G.] II.—CRUCIFER ZS. 1. PRINGLEA ANTISCORBUTICA, R. Brown.— Kerguelen cabbage” grows abundantly near the sea-shore, and I have seen it as high as 2,000 feet (Mount Crozier), where all other Phenogams but azorella had given place to Mosses and Lichens. Perennial, stout creeping rhizomes, sometimes 5 or 6 feet long and as many inches in diameter, stated by Dr. Hooker to be apetalous, on the authority of Mr. Anderson, who visited Kerguelen with Captain Cook (“‘petala nulla!” Hl. Antarctica), Bel 22 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. but I have found very many flowers with a single petal, clawed and faintly pink-tinted at the large end; many with two, some with three, and a few with four petals. They fall early and are easily overlooked when present. Axillary flowers are more frequently petalous than those crowded together upon the spike-like raceme. Observed to be in flower November 2. The leaves were eaten, as cabbage, by ourselves and the ship’s company of the Monongahela with relish; our fowls were fond of them, and they constituted the staple food of the live stock brought to the island by the English party and the Monohgahela. Ill.—CARYOPHYLLEA. .. COLOBANTHUS KERGUELENSIS, Hook. fil—Found with ripe fruit January 2, growing in both high and low land, among loose gravel and between stones. IV.—PORTULACE. 1. LYALLIA KERGUELENSIS, Hook. fil—Grows by preference on the sides of stony hills, almost always the southwest side, where it is’ exposed (by rapid drainage and heavy rains) to frequent alternations of dryness and moisture. Root thick, long, fleshy, and partly exposed above ground. One specimen was found straddling a good-sized stone, sending down roots on all sides. Flowers were first observed December 14, and the plant was already in seed December 21, when no flowers could be found. The flowers are not ‘very inconspicuous,” as Dr. Hooker supposed they might be. They are plentiful, although apetalous, and prominent as to their stamens and pistils, lending a pale yellowish- green bloom to the mound which the plant forms, and quite conspicu- ous enough to attract the attention of the casual observer. Neither can the plant be properly said to be ‘very local,” in this part of the island at least, since, although rare, many are usually found collected together in the same place. [Dr. Hooker’s specimens had only the cap- sules and calyx. With the present complete specimens, the whole struc- ture of the flower is made out. The sepals are four, thin, somewhat petaloid, oval, nearly unconnected. Petals none. Stamens three, hypogynous or nearly so, larger than the calyx, two of them alternate with sepals, and one before a sepal; anthers didymous, two-celled Style larger than the ovary, two-cleft at summit, the lobes linear, stig- matic for the whole length of the inner face. Ovules two or three from the base of the cell, campylotropous. Utricle fleshy, coriaceous, apicu- late with the persistent base of the style, apparently indehiscent. Seeds two or three. Testa small.—aA. G.] o BOTANY. 23 2. MONTIA FONTANA, L.—Flowers were first observed December 7. Habitat among gravel, near the sea, and (as remarked by Dr. Hooker) almost always very near Callitriche verna and Ranunculus crassipes. V.—ROSACEA. 1. ACHNA AFFINIS, Hook. fil.—‘ Kergueien Tea.” The leaves have ‘a considerable reputation among the whalers as a febrifuge and anti- scorbutic. They are used as an infusion, hence the trivial name. Abundant everywhere, especially on northeast hill-sides near the sea and in low land. In the flowering state, the specimens accord well with the A. adscendens, as described and figured by Dr. Hooker; but in fruit the characters relied upon to distinguish the two become quite apparent. VI.—HALORAGES. 1. CALLITRICHE ANTARCTICA, Engelm. in Hegel MS. Syst. Callitr. (C. VERNA, Hook. fil, Fl. Antarc.).—Grows in wet places, generally in company with Ranunculus crassipes, otten under water or beneath precip- itous rocks overhanging and limiting rocky sea-beaches. Flowers first observed December 17. Montia fontana is generally to be found near at hand. VIL—CRASSULACEA. 1. BULLIARDA MOSCHATA, D’Urv.—Small, white, perfect, regular, tetramerous flowers, first observed in bloom December 18. Pistils and stems blood-red. Plentiful in crevices of rocks overhanging and closely neighboring to the sea. VIII.—UMBELLIFERA. 1. AZORELLA SELAGO, Hook. fil—One of the commonest plants, growing in mounds closely compacted together, often 2 to 4 feet in diameter, and composed of the dead stalks of old plants. Owing tothe density of this crowding, only the surface is green, while deeply in the interior the old stems and leaves seem to be partly transformed into peat. It is this plant which makes walking so fatiguing on this island. The foot sinks into the soft mass at every step, and the hillocks are so closely joined together that for long distances it is impossible to avoid them. I could not find the hairs or bristles figured and described by Dr. Hooker as appearing upon the upper surfaces of the leaves along their venation (FU. Ant. p. 284). Flowers were first observed November 12, like small starry points, scattered over the mounds. They are never very conspicuous, and do not press well, owing to the strength and 24 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, resistance of the stems. Not pink as figured (fl. Ant.), but always pale greenish-yellow. Here and there is a patch of discolored leaves, white or yellow. IX.—RUBIACEA. 1. GALIUM ANTARCTICUM, Hook. fil—A small trailing plant, found as undergrowth with Acewna, Grasses, Ferns, ete., generally near the sea, but extending well up the hill-sides. Flowers first observed December 3. ‘Flores sessiles, albi, trimeri” (FJ. Ant. p. 303). I have found them quite as often 4-petaled as 3-petaled, and with a distinct peduncle. A single 5-petaled flower was found January 5. X.—COMPOSIT A. 1. LEPTINELLA PLUMOSA, Hook. jfil.—First observed in flower Novem- ber 30. This plant fringes the cliffs’ overlooking the sea, grows down to high-water mark in the low-land, and marks the ‘“‘roads” to Penguin rookeries and the rocks frequented by Cormorants. It grows very thickly, forming a flat matted carpet very welcome to the eye of the wearied pedestrian, less on account of the silvery luster of its leaves than because it is a certain indication of firm ground. A decoction of the leaves is used by the whalers as an emetic, and is said to be prompt and effectual in its action. XI.—GRAMINEZS. 1, TRIODIA KERGUELENSIS, Hook. fil.—Flowers were first observed December 2, Grows among cliffs, altitude 309 to 2,000 feet. Very long, filiform roots. 2. Festuca Cooxi1, Hook. jfil—Very common in hollows on hill-sides near the sea. Flowers early in May. A fine large grass. [The plants seem to be male only; if fertile, they are in a much earlier state of inflorescence than Dr. Hooker’s specimens.—A. G.] 3. FESTUCA ERECTA, D’Urv.—A straight, tussocky grass, with pur- ple panicles, observed in flower December 6. Found in flat land, alti- tude 200 feet, about a mile from the sea. 4, AIRA ANTARCTICA, Hook.—A graceful grass, with oat-like panicles. Found in flower near the sea-shore December 21. Also observed among cliffs at considerable altitudes, BOTANY. 25 XII.—FILICES ET LYCOPODIACEA. 1. LOMARIA ALPINA, Hook. fil—Dr. Hooker mentions this Fern as ‘very scarce”. We found it exceedingly common; mostly barren. 2. POLYPODIUM (GRAMMITIS) AUSTRALE.—In crevices of rocks; rare. New to Kerguelen Island. 3. POLYPODIUM VULGARE.—Crevices of rocks by running streams; altitude 200 feet and upward. Abundant. New to the island. 4, CISTOPTERIS FRAGILIS.—Not common. Crevices of rocks near hill-tops. [* No specimens in the collection.—A. G.] New to the island. 5. LYCOPODIUM SELAGO, Linn.—Rare. 6. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM (var. MAGELLANICUM).—More common, but very local. B.—MUSCL. DETERMINED BY THOMAS P. JAMES, Esq. 1. ANDREZA MARGINATA, Hook. fil. @ Wils. Fl. Antare. ii, p. 350, t. 151, f. 1.—On high rocks, 1,500 feet altitude. 2. CERATODON PURPUREUS, Brid. Br. Univers, i, p. 480.—In a vari- ety of forms; very common. 3. GRIMMIA FRONDOSA, James, sp. nov.— Laxe cespitosa vaice tasti giata, ramosa, fusco-viridis, gracilis; folia erecto-patentia, coazcava cur vata anguste lanceolata canaliculata, in pilum hyalinum suble.vem term) nata, costa sub pilo evanida; inferne depilia rigida acumineta; margin:s erecta, cellulis basi oblongis laxioribus flavidis et uscae medium folii quadratis superne remotis subrotundis versus apicer obscuris.” Growing with Andreea marginata ; found only in a barren condition. 4, GRIMMIA KIDDERI, James, sp. nov.—‘ Compzcie globosa, pulviaata, pusilla fastigiata, ramosissima, atrato-viridis, rigida; folia caulina den- sissima, erecta patentia an euste lanceolata, infeciora canaliculata acumi- nata strictiuscula superiora elongata curvulaia pilum brevem hyalinum sublevem producta; nervo ad basin lato infra apicem evanido margine erecta, cellulis basi angustis elongatis flavidis pellucidis superne sensim quadratis minutis subopacis.” : Growing in small globular masses on hill-sides at some distance from the sea. The small balls formed by this curious mos3 seem not to be rooted to any other plant, but to be blown about by the wind indiscrim- * Probably lost in transportation. The identification was given me by Rev. A. E. Eaton, of the English transit-party.—J. H. K. 26 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. inately. The detached masses generally were found disposed in a fan- shape, radiating apparently from a central point, as if a larger mass in which they had been aggregated had been broken up by the force of the wind. Found only in a barren state. Very local. 5. RACOMITRIUM LANUGINOSUM, Brid. i, p. 402, t. 152.—Abounds on high rocks. 6. ORTHOTRICHUM CRASSIFOLIUM, Hook, fil. G Wils. 1. ¢. p. 128, t. 57, f. 8; var. 2. acutum, C. Miill. Syn.i, p. 691.—This plant is monoi- cous, the male gemme being found terminal on separate, many-branched plants; also at the base of the female plants. 7. WEBERA CRUDA, Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. p. 83.—In the shade of, and in the crevices of rocks; appearing in many forms. 8. WEBERA ALBICANS, Whib. Fl. Lips. p. 353.—In wet, mostly springy places. 9. WEBERA NUTANS, Schreb. 1. ¢. p. 81, var. 2. cespitosa.—In wet situ- ations on mountain-sides. 10. WEBERA NUTANS, Schreb. var. 7. bicolor.—In shady places near the sea. 11. BRYUM WARNEUM, Bland. in Brid. p. 675.—Growing with Bryum bimum. Not common. 12. BRyuM GAYANUM, Mont. in litt. C. Mill. Syn. i, p. 267.—Rare. 13. BRYUM BIMUM, Schreb. |. c. p. 83.—Common in wet and boggy places. 14. BRYUM TORQUESCENS, Br. & Schp. Bry. Hur. fas. 6-9, p. 49, t. 20.—From the rear of the transit-house, uear the sea. 15. BRYUM PALLESCENS, Schwaeg. Sup. i, ii, p. 107, t. 75.—In damp situations. 16. BRYUM ARGENTEUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1586.—On exposed rocks and on bare ground. 17. BARTRAMIA PATENS, Brid. Sp. Mus. iii, p. 82.—Among shaded rocks. 18. BARTRAMIA FLAVICANS, Mitt. in Hook. Kew Jour. iii, 55.—Rear of the transit-house, among rocks. 19. BARTRAMIA APPRESSA, Hook. fil G Wils. Fl. Nov. Zel. 89, t. 86, f. 5 =B. exigua, Sulliv. U. S. Exp. Exped. 20. CATHARINA (ATRICHUM) COMPRESSA, C. Miill. Syn. i, p. 95.— Polytrichum compressum, Hook. fil. & Wils. 1. c¢. ii, p. 410, t. 153.—On hill- sides upon wet rocks. 21. PLAGIOTHECIUM DonIANUM, Sm. Eng. Bot. i, 1446.—Hypnum den- BOTANY. PAL | ticulatum, Linn.—H. obtusum, Whib.—On shaded ground, with Webera cruda. 22. HYPNUM GRACILLIMUM, Hirsch. Fl. Bras. i, p. 78.—Found deep in the interior of a small dark cavern in a rock; 300-400 feet altitude ; caves had been tenanted by birds. 23. HYPNUM UNCINATUM, Hedw. Muse. Fr. iv, p. 65, t. 25.—Abun- dant on hill-sides, among and on the sides of azorella mounds. 24, HYPNUM FLUVIATILE, Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 63.—On wet and damp rocks in rear of transit-house, and other localities. 25. HYPNUM FRIGIDUM, C. Mill. in Bot. Zeit. 1856.—Growing with Bryum Warneum. 26. HypNuM LECHLERI, C. Miill. 1. ec. 456, 1856.—On low ground. 27. HYPNUM FLUITANS, Linn. Fl. Suec. p. 1074.—In fresh water and among bogs. 28. HYPNUM RIPARIUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1596.—Growing with Ranun- culus crassipes in wet places. C—LICHENES.* DETERMINED BY PROF. Epw. TUCKERMAN. The Lichens of this island were first observed by Dr. J. D. Hooker during the voyage of the Erebus and Terror (1839-1843), and his speci- ~ mens were studied by Dr. Thomas Taylor, acc ording to whose reckoning (Lich. Antaret. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 3, p. 634) the whole number of species was sixteen. Dr. Taylor’s herbarium is now included in that of the Boston Society of Natural History, but contains unfortunately very little to illustrate his Kerguelen determinations; and the lack of micro- scopical analysis makes it difficult, therefore, to avail ourselves of his work. The collection now before me, made by Dr. Kidder, naturalist of the United States Transit Expedition of the present year, contains more or less satisfactory evidence of as many as twenty species, though not all of them determinable. Adding the three found in the Taylor hert barium, the whole number, according to this reckoning, will be twenty-three. And as eight or nine others are found in Taylor’s list, there is no doubt that this little Lichen-Flora is larger than it was taken to be. 1. USNEA SULPHUREA, Mill. Th. Fr.—U. melaxantha, Ach.—Rocks.— According to Taylor, the place of this well-known antarctic lichen is taken in Kerguelen’s Land by another, the U. Taylori, J. D. Hook., * Extracted from the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, October, 1875, pp. 57-59. 28 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. called ‘“‘handsomest of the vegetable products of this the island of Des- olation”. But this last, though received by Nylander (Neuropogon Tay- lori, Nyl. Syn. i, p. 273), is hardly well discriminated from the older Species by the description of either author; and I cannot separate any of the numerous specimens before me from others got, during the same voyage, at the Falkland Islands (Herb. Hook.), which Taylor and Ny- lander appear to have referred to U. melaxantha. ' 2, PANNARIA TAYLORI, sp. nov.—Thallo foliaceo cartilagineo appresso luteo-fulvo, lobis apice rotundatis crenatis incisisque, subtus nigris hypothallo obsolescente; apotheciis (demum plusquam 2 millim. latis) lecanorinis sessilibus, margine crasso ruguloso, disco plano fuscescente. Spore ellipsoideze, simplices, incolores, 0,016-21™™ long. 0,009-117™ crass.—Rocks, Hooker (Herb, Taylor).—Medullary layer of compact, elongated cells. Collogonidia 0,002-5™" in diameter, solitary or in chains of 2-5. The specimen is rather more than an inch across. It occurs with Placodium elegans, but wrapped apart, in Dr. Taylor’s col- lection. . 3. PANNARIA GLAUCELLA, sp. nov.—Thallo foliaceo cartilagineo arcte appresso glauco-cinerascente, subtus pallido hypothallo obsoleto, lobis radiantibus subintegris;. apotheciis (0™™. 006-8 latis) lecanorinis adnatis, margine integro demisso, disco dein convexo fusco-nigro. Spore imma- turse.—Rocks.—Specimens scarcely half an inch across. Elongated cells of medullary layer compact. Collogonidia 0,004—9™™ in diameter, in chains often of 4-10. 4, PLACODIUM ELEGANS, Link. D.C.—Rocks, Hooker (Herb. Tayl.).— Spores 0,010-17™™ long and 0,007-9"™ thick. Called Lecanora murorum by Dr. Taylor (Herb.), but not reckoned in his Lichenes Antarct. 1. ec. It is perhaps better referable as above. 5. PLACODIUM BICOLOR, sp. nov.—Thallo crustaceo-adnato rimoso- areolato aurantiaco, cephalodio centrali (6-10™™. lat.) pluribusve de- pressis radiatim rimosis, concoloribus onusto, ambitu lobato; apotheciis (2-3™™, lat.) sessilibus, disco plano nigro-fusco, margine tenui demisso subintegro. Spore in thecis uniserialiter octone, ellipsoidex, polari- biloculares, 0,020-30™™ lat., 0,012-20™ crass., paraphysibus capillari- bus.—Rocks.—Collogonidia of the cephalodia 0,006-9"™ in diameter, reddish, solitary or in short chains. The name and much of the ehar- acter of Lecanora dichora, Tayl., 1. c., suggests the present lichen; but the infertile specimen, called (notwithstanding its orange color) Leca- nora yelida by Taylor (Herb.), appears to me to belong here. Thallus at length two inches wide. BOTANY. 29 6. LECANORA GELIDA, LZ. Ach.—Rocks.—-Thallus and cephalodiastouter than I have seen them in the northern lichen. Spores 0,015-23™™ long and 0,006-12™ thick. 7. Lf. HaGent, Ach. Koerb.—fRocks.—Several minute, lecanorine apotnecia with white, crenate margins, appear to belong here, but have attorded no sufiicient analysis. Taylor reckons ZL. subfusca in his list. 8, L. MACROPHTHALMA, Zayl. Nyl. Ureeolaria, Tayl. 1. ¢., Lecanora, Nyl. in Flora, 1858 cit. Krempelh.—Rocks.—Thallus like that of L. gelida, with which it agrees in possessing similar, but more depressed, cepha- lodia; being the third lichen thus curiously characterized in this small collection. The apothecia are externally best comparable with those of Lecidea endochlora (Tayl. sub Urceolaria), but the lichen is probably to be referred to the sect. Aspicilia; though spermogones have not been observed. Thalli exceeding two inches in width. 9. URCEOLINA, Geng. nov.—Apothecia urceolata, excipulo proprio albido connivente discum rubrum submarginante, margine thallino evanido. Spore ellipsoidez, incolores. Spermatia acicularia, arcuata, sterigmatibus subsimplicibus. Thallus crustaceus, effiguratus. URCEOLINA KERGUELIENSIS, sp. nov.—Thallo crustaceo adnato areo- lato-verrucoso aurantiaco-fuscescente, verrucis gibbosis centroque sub- Stipitatis in ambitum effiguratum coalescentibus ; apotheciis (cire. 1™™. lat.) immersis, margine proprio tenui pallido v. dein livido-nigrescente. Spore in thecis uniserialiter octone, simplices, limbate, 0,021-30™™ long., 0,015-20™™ crass., paraphysibus filiformibus.—Rocks.—Specimen scarcely two inches in diameter. Whole habit of the pale-ash-colored young thalli that of similar thalli of Lecanora chlorophana; but the wart-like areoles becoming a little stalked, and the color finally making as close as possible approach, in the brown series, to dirty-orange in the lemon-colored. More or less radiation is evident in the arrangement of the warts toward the margin, which becomes lobulate, and the extreme edge blackish. Habit of apothecia that of Urceolaria scruposa with undeveloped thalline margin. The lichen is not referable to Lecanora § Aspicilia, and is excluded by its exciple from § Squamaria. 10. CLADONIA PYXIDATA, JL. Fr.—On the earth. _ 11. BIATORA RUBELLA, Hhrh. Rabenh.—Apothecia varying no little in color and size, but all referable to the v. inundata, Nyl. (Hepp. Eur. n. 289), as that is represented in North America. Spores 0,030-46™™ long and 0,0015-25™™ thick. Reaction of hymenial gelatine with iodine violet. 30 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 12. LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCA, /r.—On dead grasses. 13. L. ENDOCHLORA, Tayl. sub Urceolaria.—Rocks. (Herb. Tay]l.) 14. L. FUSCO-ATRA, Ach., Fr.—Rocks.—And traces occur of three other Lecidec. 15. BUELLIA PARASEMA, Ach., Koerb.—Rocks. — 16. B. STELLULATA, Tayl., Br. and Rostr.—Rocks. 17. B. GEOGRAPHICA, L.—Rocks. 18, SAGEDIA CHLOROTICA, Ach., Mass.—And there are insufficient traces of two other Verrucariet. ALG Ai. DETERMINED BY DR. W. G. FARLOW. 1. DPURVILLZA UTILIS, Bory. 2. D)URVILL AA HARVEYI, Hook. Two large specimens of what seems to be this species were brought home by Dr. Kidder. In the Flora Antarctica, the only species of D Urvillea mentioned as found in Kerguelen’s Land is D. utilis, but, in the two specimens above mentioned, the perforations of the root corre- spond clearly to the description given of D. Harveyi. 3. DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS, Lam. x.!—Apparently very common. 4, MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ag.—Partly of the typical form, partly the var. luxurians of the Flora Antarctica. 5. ADENOCYSTIS LEssonu, H. & H. 6. SPHACELARIA FUNICULARIS, Mont. ?—Quite a number of speci- mens, too small for accurate determination, probably belong to this species. 7. RHODOMELA GAIMARDI, Mont.—A single specimen of this species was collected by Dr. Kidder. This species is new to Kerguelen’s Land, the nearest recorded station being the Auckland Islands. 8. Dasya (PoLysipHonrA, H. d& H.) BERKLEYI, Ag.—Apparently very common. 9. PTILONIA MAGELLANICA, Ag.—Fine specimens in fruit. 10. DELESSERIA LYALLU, H. & H. 11. NITOPHYLLUM Livipum, H. & H. 12. NITOPHYLLUM FUSCO-RUBRUM, H. & H. 13. RHODYMENIA PALMATA, Grev. 14. RHODYMENIA CORALLINA, Grev.—Attached to Macrocystis roots. 15. RHODYMENIA VARIOLOSA, H. & H.—A single specimen in fruit. 16. GIGARTINA RADULA, Ag. CROZET FLORA. 31 17. CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Ag. 18. CERAMIUM RUBRUM, var. SECUNDATUM, Lyngb. 19. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, Ag. 20. CALLITHAMNION Pr1LoTa, H. & H.—New to Kerguelen’s Land; previously recorded at the Crozet Islands. 21. CODIUM ADH ZRENS, Ag.—New to Kerguelen’s Land; a not un- common species of Europe. 22, ULVA LATISSIMA, L. CROZET FLORA. From some specimens preserved by officers of the Monongahela, when that ship visited Possession Island, the largest of the Crozets, on its way to Kerguelen, I have been enabled to identify the following-named plants as common to both islands:— 1. PRINGLEA ANTISCORBUTICA.—Growing much less luxuriantly than _ on Kerguelen Island. 2, ACAINA AFFINIS. 3. AZORELLA SELAGO. 4, GALIUM ANTARCTICUM. 5. LEPTINELLA PLUMOSA. 6. LOMARIA ALPINA. 7. A moss believed to be ANDREA MARGINATA. 8. Also ‘a small vine, with blue flowers, growing among scoriz.” No specimens preserved. GEOLOGY. The following isa list of the collection of minerals from Kerguelen Island, determined by Dr. F. M. Endlich, geologist to the Smithsonian Institution : Smithsonian No. 9376. 9377. 9378. 9379. 9380. 9381. 9382. 9383. 9384. 9385. 9386. 9387. 9388. 9389. 9390. 3K Basalt; containing decomposed olivine and small white crys- tals of chabazite. Basaltic rock. Basaltic rock decomposed. The red color is due to the pres- ence of ferric sesquioxide. Basaltic rock decomposed. Stained by ferric sesquioxide. Basaltic rock decomposed. Stained by ferric sesquioxide. Basaltie rock, very compact. : Basalt ; containing small white crystals of chabazite in vesi- cles. Basalt, vesicular, with small crystals of chabazite and dark brown olivine. The red color of the portions exposed to atmospheric influences is due to decomposing magnetite. It contains also some augite in small particles. Basalt, slightly vesicular, containing augite, yellow olivine, and chabazite. Basalt with olivine. Basalt with large geodes of olivine—typical olivine color. Vesicular basalt, the vesicles being drawn out during the flow before rigidity of the material had occurred. Chabazite in basalt. Basalt coated with carbonate of lime, the result of the de- composition of its constituent minerals. Basalt with amygdules of calcite and crystals of chabazite and augite. 30 34 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 9391. Basalt with amygdules of calcite and crystals of chabazite and augite. 9392. Calcite, radio-columnar. 9393. Dolerite. A voleanic rock related to basalt, containing olt vine and labradorite. 9394. Aragonite. Large radio-columnar colorless crystals found in deep pockets in basalt. SuMMARY.—‘‘ The voleanic rocks of the region examined contain a lim- ited number of zeolitic species, and some carbonates, as epigene products. The main rocks are basalt and dolerite, of uniform physical character and constancy of inclosed minerals.” : The foregoing list represents fairly the constitution of the surface- rock in the southern part of Kerguelen Island. The streams had cut their way deeply in places, exposing extensive surfaces of rock; but diligent search along these water-courses failed to disclose any strati- fied or fossiliferous beds. At the northern end of the island, however, in the neighborhood of Christmas Harbor, stratified rocks are abundant, with extensive deposits of coal (of poor quality), and contain many trunks of petrified trees. For a specimen of these last I am indebted to Mr. R. P. Maynard, bearer of dispatches on board the United States steamer Monongahela; my own observations having been confined to the neighborhood of the head of Royal Sound, at the southern end of the island. Sealers and whalers say that there is a great glacier in the middle of the island, extending in a general easterly and westerly direction, and reaching quite to the sea on the western coast. Itis related by them that a party of fourteen French sailors, from a wrecked sealing-schooner, tried several years ago to reach the southern part of the island on foot, and that all but six perished in crossing this glacier from exposure and starvation. The island is hilly everywhere and in parts mountainous—Mount Ross reaching an altitude of over 5,000 feet, and Mount Crozier, near the American station, about 3,000. The higher peaks are remarkably sharp and irregular in outline, quite bare of vegetation, and mostly covered with snow. Table-topped hills are frequent, as also are level plateaux or terraces of basalt, projecting from the sloping sides of the less sharply defined hills. These terraces no doubt indicate former flows of the vol- canic material, but our limited field of observation did not permit suffi- ciently extensive investigation to determine the points of outflow. GEOLOGY. 35 Should the islands of that region become at any time thoroughly well known, and a similar or identical feature be observed at different points, much could be learned regarding the distribution of land in that part of the world during the later Tertiary period. ; Many of the hills slope smoothly up to abruptly projecting rocky crowns of basalt. Some are quite smooth in outline, without these char- acteristic rocky crowns. Others, running in general southwest and northeast, are long and barrow-like, and seem to have been thrown up only or chiefly by the action of the winds, which are in this part of the world remarkable for their violence. The lee (north and east) sides of the larger hills are covered by broken rocks of all sizes, irregularly heaped together; while the weather, or south and west, sides are less rocky and covered by fine gravel. Some ranges, especially those fronting the southeast, present abrupt cliffs, intersected by broad rock-strewn plateaux. On the tops of these eliff-walls, particularly in the small gorges that notch their crests, are frequent pillar-shaped rocks, standing alone and near together, and curiously carved, as if by the action of the wind and sand. On the higher slopes it was a common thing to find bowlders of great size rest- ing upon flat rocks, in such a position that it seemed quite impossible for them to have rolled thither. I never succeeded in finding surface- scratches indicative of former glacial action, nor would the abruptness of the physical outline of the country agree with such a supposition. It would seem that the present hills were at first lofty and irregular pro- jections of basalt, from which fragments have continually been broken off by the violence of the winds and the action of ice. These fragments have gradually become piled up against the bases of the hills on their lee sides until the long southeasterly slopes uow existing have been built up, from which the remainder of the original rock projects as a more or less rounded crown. On the weather or southwesterly sides the approach is generally more abrupt, less marked by large bowlders, and covered by small, flat gravel, through which the bed-rock frequently crops out. Possibly accumulations of snow, filling the shallower hollows in winter and sliding down the hill-sides in summer, may have their effect in moving the bowlders above referred to. Such a body of snow still existed on Mount Crozier so late as December, which had been frozen by night and thawed by day until it had become nearly solid ice, quite capable of carrying rocks of considerable size with it should it ever slide down the hill-side. 36 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. In some instances the projecting rocks have become so undermined by the action of the elements as to present very remarkable outlines. An immense mass of basalt, for example, facing northwest, some four niles from our station, seemed to be held by the strength of its material alone, so far did it overhang its center of gravity ; its base wee deeply grooved and car ved, as if by the action of the wind. The streams are numerous, and furnish an excellent supply of pure, very cold water; sufficiently pure, indeed, to be used by the photog- raphers. Strange to say, these streams seemed to be absolutely without animal life, perhaps owing to the extreme coldness of the water (aver- aging 42° Fahrenheit). Ponds are frequent on both high and low land, and often of considerable size. In many places are extensive quaking bogs, and here and there are to be seen deep pits where the surface has fallen in, sometimes to the depth of 30 or 40 feet. Quicksands, or rather mud-holes, are said by the whalers to abound, and in most unexpected places. They tell many stories of shipmates who have undertaken to ex- plore the island and have never returned, supposed to have been swal- lowed upin sink-holes. Persons connected with the transit parties often got upon insecure ground, but no serious accident followed in any ease. The general aspect of the island is desolate in the extreme. Snow covers all of the higher hills, against which the abrupt outlines of their dark basaltic ridges are most clearly defined. Only along the sea-shore is a narrow belt of herbage, of which the singular Kerguelen cabbage is at once the largest and most conspicuous component. The weather is also extremely inclement, there being scarcely a day without snow or rain. Violent gales of wind prevail to an extent unknown in the same northern latitude. It was often impossible to go on foot any considerable distance from the home-station on account of the severity of the wind. Sir J. Clarke Ross tells of one of his men being actually blown into the sea, and of saving himself from a like accident only by lying flat on the ground. Little squalls called ‘“woolleys” (willy-waws ?) are particularly dreaded by the sealers. A small white sphere of cloud is seen high up on the mountain-side, and immediately comes down with immense speed and violence, often burying vessels bows under. These squalls are danger- ous not only by their violence but by their nearly vertical direction. In such a squall, on the 11th September, the entire transit expedition, with many officers of the Swatara, narrowly escaped with their lives and the loss of two boats, being overtaken while on their way from shore to the ship, anchored not more than a mile away. f GEOLOGY. 37 Following is the monthly summary of the meteorological observa- tions: * United States observing station, Kerguelen Island ; latitude, 49° 21'S. ; longitude, 70° 15’ E.; altitude of barometer above sea-level, 130 feet. . Wind, ; Month. Barometer, mean. Thermometer, mean. ee eee baat mean Bae force. 8a.m.|2p.m.|8p.m.|8a.m.)2p.mM.| 8p. mM. |8 a.m.|2 p.m.|8 p.m. Inches. September* .| 29.60 | 29.52] 29.60] 42.9 AOD) 9 Gib | ee eusllogades|lbadace SELp leswonce October t-..-. 29.36 | 29.32] 29.32] 41.97] 41.6 SY 50M NeSsacclleeecosllasoccc 5SGRSacceece November f{..| 29.73 | 29.74] 29.74 | 44.9 50. 41.6 | .855 | . 792 | . 823 5.3 2 December § --| 29.53 | 29.39} 29.54] 49.02) 52.05] 43.2 | .83 |.77 | .84 6. 45 6.3 * Snow or rain, excepting two clear days. t Twelve days without snow or rain. { Four days without snow or rain. § Nine days without snow or rain. The barometer touched its highest point, 30.30 inches, on September 16 and November 17; the wind being light on both occasions, from the southward and westward, with rain on the latter date. On October 18, the day after a severe gale, the barometer fell to 28.74, the forenoon being clear with snow in the afternoon, and the wind from the south- west. Again, on October 20, the wind being light, from the northwest, with snow all day, the barometer fell to 28.72. This also was the day after a severe gale. As a rule, we were disposed to place more reliance upon the steadiness of the barometer as an indicator of good weather than upon its actual height; fierce gales, snow, and rain occurring with almost every position of the mercury, but generally preceded by either a rapid rise or a rapid fall. From the 4th of December, for example, to the 9th (the day of the transit), the barometer had fallen steadily but very slowly from 29.92 to 29.12; yet the morning of the 9th dawned perfectly clear, and one of the stillest that occurred during all of our stay. The barometer began to rise about 8 o’clock, coincidently with the appearance of heavy clouds, followed by rain in the evening. The highest thermometers recorded were 64° at 8a. m., September 18, and 65° at 2 p. m., December 5; the wind being northwest on both occasions. The lowest recorded was 23° at 8 p. m., September 26, with a westerly wind. On one occasion, during a night early in September, the thermometer was observed to be as low as 18°, this being the low- est temperature noted. In September the extremes of temperature were 64° and 23°; in October, 54° and 27°; in November, 605° and 334° ; and in December, 65° and 35°. *For detailed meteorological register, see report to Surgeon-General of the Navy, dated June 12, 1875; published by Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 1876. 38 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. The force of the wind is figured on the scaie usually employed on sea- going vessels, according to which the maximum is 12, representing the strongest possible wind, such as is experienced in a typhoon or hurri- cane. According to this scale the force of the wind was three times estimated to equal 11, and fourteen times 10, in violence. Such estimates are of course liable to a certain personal error on the part of the observer; but it is not probable that in this case the error lies on the side of excess. The average daily rain-fall for November was 0.205, and for December 0.252 inch, no rain-gauge having been set up previous to November. Both the rain and tide gauges were extemporaneous contrivances, con- structed by Commander Ryan as soon as oppertunity and leisure offered. By the latter the rise and fall of the tide were measured. with consider- able accuracy, and were found to vary from 3 feet to 7 feet, according to the season of the month, and partly to the direction and force of the wind. The average rise of the tide was about 5 feet. | MAMMALS. The only land-mammal found on the island is the common mouse (Mus musculus), which abounds everywhere; doubtless imported by one of the earlier sealers. It builds its nest in holes in sand-banks (in one instance in the brain-cavity of the skull of a sea-elephant), lining it with dried grass-stems or bits of oakum. From the husks of grass- seeds scattered about the entrances to its burrows, I suppose these to be its principal food. ; Upon Cat Island, one of those bounding Three Island Harbor, the wintering-place of the sealers, the domestic cat has, for many years, existed in a wild state. It lives in holes in the ground, preying upon sea-birds and their young, and is said to have developed extraordinary ferocity. Recent attempts to retame individuals, even when taken quite young, have always, as I am informed, failed. I was not able to visit Cat Island during the stay of the transit expedition, and therefore am unable to say whether any obvious structural signs of reversion were presented by these animals. Rabbits, swine, and goats have been introduced upon the Crozet and some of the Kerguelen Islands from time to time, and have always ‘hriven well. Hog Island, the westernmost of the Crozet group, is overrun with rabbits, which have also been introduced into Kerguelen by the English transit party. MAMMALS. : 39 In former years the Kerguelen group of islands was noted as a favorite breeding-place for the sea-elephant (Macrorhinus leoninus, L.). On this account it has been much frequented by sealers for the last forty years, and resorted to also by whalers as a wintering-place, on account of the great security of Three Island Harbor, The sea-elephants have been so recklessly killed off year after year, no precautions having been taken to secure the preservation of the species, that now they have become very rare. Only a single small schooner, the Roswell King, was working the island during our visit, two others and a bark working Heard’s Island, some three hundred miles to the south, where the elephants are still found in considerable numbers. Probably they would long since have abandoned the Kerguelen Islands altogether but for a single inaccessible stretch of coast, ‘“‘ Bonfire Beach,” where they still “haul up” every spring (October and November) and breed in consid- erable numbers. The beach is limited at each end by precipitous cliffs, across which it is quite impossible to transport oil in casks, nor can _ boats land from the sea, or vessels lie at anchor in the offing, from the fact that the beach is on the west, or windward coast, and exposed to the full violence of the wind. No sea-elephants “hauled up” in the neighborhood of the American station previous to December. On the 13th of that month, while a boat’s crew from the United States steamer Monongahela were waiting at a rocky beach for their officers, a small female of this species came out of the water and was captured and killed by them. It measnred in length 8 feet 10 inches, and in girth 8 feet 4 inches, being enormously fat. The layer of fat beneath the skin was 4 inches deep, and the body seemed almost formless; a skin stuffed with semi-fluid fat, that quivered and trembled, when moved, like jelly. The skin was prepared and pre- served, and the skeleton partly cleaned and sunk in a barrel for small crustaceans to work on. Most unfortunately, during a very severe gale about Christmas time, it was carried away by the violence of the sea and lost. wo other skins and skeletons were procured for me by captains . of sealers, one of which, a fine full-grown bull from Heard’s Island, said to have measured 23 feet in length, was also lost, along with fifty barrels of oil, while being rafted off to the schooner. The other, a small and immature specimen, came from the eastern Kerguelen coast, and has been brought home in safety. It was procured for me by Captain Fuller, of the schooner Roswell King. (See Nos. 15336 and 12455 National Mu- seum Catalogue.) The dentition of this specimen is complete, but the 40 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. ossific centra of many bones, notably of the vertebra, have not yet become united together. Prof. Theo. Gill has examined and identified the skeleton, which, with two skins, constitutes the collection of this species finally preserved. The sea-elephant begins to “‘ haul up” on the beaches of its breeding- places about October 10, and remains ashore until well into the month of January. The old bulls, which alone are provided with a proboscis, take charge, each, of a large number of females, guarding them from the approach of other bulls, and (so the sealers assert) prevent them from re- turning to the sea before the young are old enough to do so with safety. During the breeding-season the bulls are very pugnacious, fighting fiercely with each other, and even attacking the sealers themselves. Although seemingly so unwieldy, they are described as getting over the beaches with surprising speed, advancing both flippers at a time and using them like crutches. The beaches of Royal Sound are fringed by innumerable wallows—cradle-shaped pits—in which the animals lie dur- ing the breeding-season, recalling the buffalo-wallows of our west- ern prairies. : ; The increasing scarcity of the sea-elephant, and consequent uncertainty in hunting it, together with the diminished demand for the oil since the introduction of coal-oil into general use, have caused a great falling-off in the business of elephant-hunting. The Crozet Islands, for example, had not been “‘ worked” for five years, and at Kerguelen there was only one small schooner engaged in this pursuit, two others making Three Island Harbor their headquarters, but spending the ‘‘ season” at Heard’s Island, three hundred miles to the southward. It may, therefore, be reasonably hoped that these singular animals, but lately far on the way toward extinction, will have an opportunity to increase again in numbers, and that the sealers may learn from past experience to carry on their hunting operations with more judgment, sparing breeding females and very young cubs. When the Monongahela visited the Crozet Islands on December 1, they found the sea-elephant very numerous, although left undisturbed for only five seasons. Besides the sea-elephant the sea-leopard, (Ogmorhinus* leptonya, Blainv.) often visits the island, as doseveral species of seal. The sea-Jeop- ard is also sought for its oil, but is less valuable, being a much more *This name is substituted for Stenorhynchus, because the latter has already been ascribed to other animals: to a crab in 1819, and to an insect in 1823 and 1825. See W. Peters in Monatsbericht der Kéniglich Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Ber- lin, June, 1875. MAMMALS—FISH. 41 active animal, and therefore less heavily loaded with blubber. The king- penguin is said to be its favorite food, a statement which speaks well for the sea-leopard’s activity in the water, the penguin swimming rapidly enough of course to catch the fish upon which it feeds. The leopard is described as pursuing and overtaking the penguin under water, rising to the surface and tossing it into the air, so as to catch it more securely, crosswise, in its jaws. Dr. W. Peters also describes a new species of Otaria,* the Arctophoca gazella, its specific name being given in honor of the sloop of war Ga- zelle, which carried the German transit of Venus expedition to Ker- guelen Island. And Rev. Mr. Eaton, naturalist to the English expedi- tion, speaks of two “ species of platyrrhine seal”,? in addition to the sea-elephant and sea-leopard. By our own party only four individuals of the Phocide were seen during four months’ residence on the island. Two of these were thought to be sea-leopards, and two sea-elephants, one of the latter having been captured and preserved, as above stated. Sealers speak of a few scattering fur-seals upon this and Heard’s Islands, but they have never been found in large numbers. Many species of whales and porpoises abound in the neighboring seas. In the early days of whaling in the Indian Ocean, these islands are said to have literally swarmed with whales, for which the numerous inlets and bays of the archipelago furnished secure and sheltered breeding-places. Even now this region is one of the best whale-fishing grounds of the Antarctic Seas. : FISH. (IDENTIFIED BY PROF. THEO. GILL.) Very few fish were collected, owing tothe want of boats. Several attempts were made with set-lines from the shore, but without success. From the deck of the Swatara, September 9, was caught, with a hand- line, a fine specimen of Chenicthys rhinoceratus, Richardson, which has been preserved. (Catalogue National Museum, No. 16642.) There were also captured, at various times, under stones on the beach, at low water, small specimens of Notothenia purpuriceps, Rich., and Harpagifer bispinis, Rich. On the 2d January, dredging at 5 fathoms from the steam-cutter of the Monongahela, I obtained two small speci- * Loe. cit. t Annals and Magazine, October, 1875. 42 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN JFSLAND. mens, one of which proves to be Notothenia purpuriceps, and the other (probably) Notothenia tesselata, Rich., hitherto reported from the Falkland Islands. Some of the dorsal rays having been injured in transportation, the diagnosis is not positive.* The sealers reported that at times they had caught a fish of consider- able size, ‘like a tom cod”, at the outer edges of the kelp-beds; but state that fish are never very plentiful. None were found in the fresh-water streams. A single specimen each of a species of Gobiesor and Clinus was brought from Table Bay, South Africa, having been captured on the shore. MOLLUSKS. By W. H. Dat, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. CHPHALOPODA. Octopus? Beaks of a cephalopod, perhaps an Octopus, were discovered by Dr. Kidder in the stomachs of sea-birds. Also an Octopus, dead on the beach, after a storm, in too imperfect a condition for identification. GASTEROPODA. RISSOID ZK. GENUS EATONIELLA, Dall. Eatonia, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xvi, ser. iv, July, 1875, 70; (not Eatonia, Jas. Hall, 10th Rep. N. Y. State Univ. 90, 1857; Pal. N. Y. iii, 432, 1858.) The name Hatonia being pre-oceupied, as above, by Hall for a genus of brachiopods, I have substituted a modified form of it which does not appear to have been used. This genus is practically a thin, smooth Rissoina, as far as the shell goes, apparently bearing much the same relation to Rissoina that Cingula does to Rissoa. EATONIELLA KERGUELENENSIS. Eatonia kerguelenensis, EK. A. Smith, 1. ¢. 70. Mus. No. 11893. The specimens, five in number, collected by Dr. Kidder at low-water * Gill, Synops. Notothenioids, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, 591.—Richardson, Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror, 5.—Giinther, Cat. Acanth. Fishes, ii, 260. MOLLUSKS. 43 thark on fuci, show such great variations in form of aperture, acuteness of the spire, and general proportions, that I am unwilling to describe them as new, though the diagnosis of Mr. Smith does not seem in all respects applicable to them. None of them exceed four and a half whorls in extent, the aperture being nearly one-half as long as the shell. A faint umbilical chink (is perceptible in a greatly enlarged camera-drawing. The largest specimen is 4.5™™.in length and 2.3-™. in width. If, on comparison, the specimens should be found to differ from the form described by Mr. Smith, they may be called Hatoniella inflata. The operculum of this species, besides being subspiral instead of con- centric, differs from that of Rissoella Gray (=Jeffreysia, Alder) in having the process extended at a much more obtuse angle, but on the same side of the operculum. HKATONIELLA CALIGINOSA. Eatonia caliginosa, E. A. Smith, 1. ¢. 71. Mus. No. 11899. Two specimens, apparently of this species, were obtained by Dr. Kid- der. MURICID Zs. PURPURA STRIATA. Buccinum striatum, Martyn, Un. Conch. Mus. No. 11900. New Zealand, Martyn; Kerguelen, Dr. Kidder, two specimens, one living; probably this species, which is common in New Zealand. PATELLID. PATINELLA MAGELLANICA. Patinella magellanica, Dall, Am. Jour. Conch. vi, 273, 1871. Patella magellanica, Gmelin. Patella deaurata, Auct. Paiella ferruginea, Wood, Index Test. No. 22. Patella fusca, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, 1047, No. 70. Mus. No. 11901. Straits of Magellan, United States Exploring Expedition ; Kerguelen, dead on beach, seven specimens, much worn, Dr. Kidder. 44 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. PATELLA? DELESSERTI, Philippi. Mus. No. 11902. Straits of Magellan, authors; Kerguelen, one dead specimen probably of this species, Dr. Kidder. CHITONIDZ. GENUS HEMIARTHRUM, Cpr., MS. Valve terminales laminate, haud articulate, lamine laterales obso- let; zona lanuginosa, porifera; branchiz postice. HEMIARTHRUM SETULOSUM, Cpr., n. 8. Mus. No. 11903. H. t. latiore, curvata, olivaceo-fusca; jugo planato; mucrone sub- centrali? areis haud definitis; tota superficie sensim quincunxiter granulosa, granis satis extantibus. Intus ; valva antica et postica conspicue laminata; laminis acutis, haud incisis, haud regularibus, valde extantibus; subgrundis spongi- Osis, minimis; valvis centralibus et postica laminis suturalibus, tri- angularibus, maxime distantibus, extantibus, decliviter lateraliter, conti- nuis; sinu maximo, valde spongioso. Zona modica, haud expansa, solida, leve; sparsim minutissime lanu- ginata; poris minutissimis, setuliferis ad suturas, et cire. iv, cireum valvas terminales sitis, instruct4, setulis minimis, curtissimis. Animal, pede capiteque normalibus; branchiis majoribus posticis, utroque latere circiter vi, medio pede tenus. Lon. 13", Lat. 7m, Div. variante ad 130°. Kerguelen Island, on stones at low water, Dr. Kidder, two specimens. This shell, externally, resembles some of the coarse, ill-defined acan- thochitons. The girdle, however, is narrower and smoother than in that genus, and the pores so extremely minute that in a dry specimen they would escape attention. Within, however, the features are entirely new, theugh not unexpected. It forms a transition between Hanleia (mendicaria) and the articulate chitons. A single unslit lamina sur- rounds both the terminal valves, projecting far beyond the external layer. In the posterior plate this is continued forward to form part of the sutural lamine. These, in all the valves, slope off, both toward the middle and toward the sides, so as to take the place of the ordinary side-laminz, which here do not exist, The specimen examined—hardened by preservation in aleohol and MOLLUSKS. 45 softened in water only—had the plates so much affected by the decorti- cation of the whole jugular portion that I was unable to extract them in a perfect condition. However, all the characters could be made out except the mucro, which, judging by the remaining strie of growth, must have been central, or nearly so. (Carpenter MS.) HELICID A. HELIX (HYALINA) HOOKERI. Helix hookeri, Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii, 88, No. 531. Helix hookeri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. 208, n. 1474. Mus. No. 11904. Kerguelen Island, Hooker, Dr. Kidder. Gregarious about and under stones. Occasionally the shell of this species appears to be partly mem- branous, and in drying, from this cause, the spire is frequently abnor- mally flattened. SIPHONARIID A. SIPHONARIA TRISTENSIS. Siphonaria tristensis, Sby. Gen. Sh. f. 3.; Dall. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, 1870. Siphonaria lessoni, Blainv. teste Rve. Ic. v., fig. 23, a, 6. Mus. No. 11905. : Tristan d’Acunha, Rve. Orange Harbor, Patagonia, United States Exploring Expedition; Kerguelen, Dr. Kidder; abundant between tide- marks. ACHPHALA. LASEID:. LASEA RUBRA, Mont. Mus. No. 11906. Kerguelen Isiand, Dr. Kidder, four specimens; with mussels. Dis- tribution world-wide: These individuals are rather larger than most northern specimens. EEPTONIDA. LEPTON PARASITIOUM, 0. 8. Mus. No. 11907. Shell small, elongate ovate, inflated, thin; beaks nearly central, not prominent, surface shining, but not polished, with the texture of a Pan- dora. Shell white, hardly sculptured, but under a high magnifying 46 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. power showing delicate concentric lines and fine radiating, apparently pubescent, lines extending from the umbones. Margins of the shell covered by an extension of the mantle, provided on each side with seven or eight stout cirri or tentacular processes. = fl | GS a 4 o © RD a | 2 ; or a eh 5 = yy = 321 : i) 3) 5 Lo} D =} i=) SS) | Ce so EN Sie etn Bt ubcel Slob So SP lp ws fel 2S 2 a oS = q eat ie ORS eee Soe Se ey el te | ep 4) caters all 1874. 68956 | 27 | Oct. 12 | ¢@ {15.50 30.50 | 9.00] .. ..] 1.50 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.50 Skin. 68957 | 31 | Oct. 16) 9 |14.00 ]29.(0 | 8.50 |._.-.-. 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0.45 Do. 68955 | 32 | Oct. 16] J {15.00 131.00 | 9.50 |..._-. TE RO GO) TMD 1 GO jss5--- Skin with sternum. abs || Ores IS} SP |aeosae UP SNe RRS es 5 DEY | Le CHO cee Be sl eee eee Disemboweled and in alcohol. G8958 | 67 | Nov.14] gf 15. 75 132.00 | 9.35 |... DOM london mben © | 1.60 | 0.40 | Skin. ----.|127 | Dee. 5} (2)|15. 00 [39.00 | 9.00 | 4.65 | 1.45 | ....- | 2.65 | 1.55 | 0.50 | Alcohol. sess MARY ID NSA E GD (POS OO eb SO | see5 essesei[soosec 1.75 | 1.50 | 0.50 Do. es 203 | Dec. 29 |7(2)|16. 50 |30.50 | 9.00 | 4.85 | 1.59 |....-- (1.85 1.75 | 0.50} Alcohol and car- | bolic acid. fone aie 204 | Dec. 29/9 (2)|15. 25 }29.15 | 8.85 | 4.50 | 1.35) 1.65 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. aoe 205 | Dee. 29 Is (2)|L5. 50 )29.85 | 8.85 | 4.75] 1.35 | 1.65 1.75 1.55 | 0.45 Do. source 206 | Dec. 29 9 (2)|15. 75 [28.85 | 8.50 | 4.75] 1.35 | 1.75 | 1.75 , 1.65 | 0.50 Do. * Vid. Darwin, Voy. round the World, p. 94, and Cunningham, Jour. Anat. and Phys, 1869, p. 88. t From Bull No. 2, Nat. Mus., loc. cit. CHIONIS MINOR. 91 DESCRIPTION. The first specimen selected for examination was taken from alcohol November 5. The field-measurements, from the flesh, are as follows :-— ! Wl eypalbecl | ule =| iB g is 2 72) 6 z= s ¥ 2 a Remarks. a = 2 3 yi Ep 8 a os as ‘= 2 = Ep Re (em 4 = a = ® 8 = Scere es | a Lema loa Pav a | as 1874 |....| 146 | Dec. L1| 2 14.50 [29.00 | 8.50 |...---|.-----]------ 1.75 | 1.50 | 0.50 | Preserved in alcohol. } Plumage universally pure white, very soft and downy. Under plum- age slate-colored. Bill black, stout, conical; mandibles of equal length. Chord of culmen 1.22, gape 1.35, depth 0.80, width 0.55; depth of up-. per mandible 0.37, width 0.40; depth of lower mandible 0.30, width 0.55. Commissure nearly straight, with only a slight downward curve towards apex of bill. Lying over the upper mandible like a saddle, with the pommel tilted up into the air, is the horny black sheath which has given to this bird one of its trivial names. From the insertion otf the frontal feathers to its anterior end, this sheath measures 0.50. The flaps of the saddle project downward and backward below the tomial line, its anterior margin. presenting two curves, convex forward, includ- ing one curve, convex posteriorly. The ‘‘ pommel” part of the sheath projects above the mandible, like a hood, 0.20 inch. From gape to apex the sheath measures 1.00; perpendicular depth 0.70, width of ‘ pom- mel” 0.30, of sheath between lower margin of flaps 0.45. At the sides the flaps are firmly soldered to the upper mandible, so that, in this spe- cies at least, erection of the sheath (attributed to C. necrophaga or C. alba by Latham, Lesson and Cuvier,*) is impossible. Structurally contin- uous with the sheath, and extending backward and upward trom its pos- terior portion, is a thick, black, tumid strip of naked skin, deeply pitted by numerous follicular openings, some of which near the edges give pas- sage to hair-like feathers. It lies in contact with the eyelid superiorly, and the portion uncovered by feathers measures 0.55 by 0.50. Upon clipping away the frontal feathers, this black carunele is found to ex- tend entirely across the forehead, as a squarish frontal hood, covered by white feathers so thickly as to be invisible in its anterior and central two- thirds. Its upper margin (Somewhat wider than the lower) is abruptly dis- . tinet, just opposite the highest part of theeyelid. The width of the carun- cle at its upper and widest part is 1.10; its height from the lowest inser- * Animal Kingdom, London, Orr & Co., 1849, p. 250. 92 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. tion of the feathers is 0.70. As already.stated, the sheath is continuous structurally with this caruncular fold, the epidermal tissue of the latter losing its follicles and assuming a horny structure at the wide angle be- tween the forehead and bill. In appearance the structure is strongly sug- gestive of the frontal papillose casque borne by the turkey* (Meleagris). Opposite the central concavity in the sinuous border of the side-flap of the hood appears, uncovered by the sheath, about half the aperture of the nostril, oval in outline, with its long axis nearly parallel with, but in- clining slightly toward, the rictus. The nostrils are pervious. The eye- lids are thickened and everted, during life of a pale pink, whence the name ‘‘sore-eyed pigeon.” Iris, dark-brown to black. The body is full and heavy. When at rest the head is withdrawn toward the body and the tarsi are nearly concealed by the plumage. Plumage universally pure white, remarkably soft and downy. ‘“After- shaft” of body-feathers distinct and soft, measuring rather more than half the length of the main shaft. Wing primaries 10; first three about of the same length, the second being, perhaps, a trifle the longest. The inner remiges equal the longest primaries. Tail slightly rounded, spreading widely in flight. Rectrices 12, inner and outer vanes of nearly equal width, innermost being rather the wider. Tibia is naked for 0.40 inch, but covered to below the joint by extremities of feathers. Tarsus is pale flesh-color, 1.70 inch; stout, flattened on its internal surface; narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; covered by prominent hexagonal scales, which merge gradually into scutellations on the toes anteriorly. Middle toe measures 1.5, longest claw 0.45 inch. Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 43; Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 799.—GUntTuerr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 222.— Barry, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 824. Morcielago, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 25, lam. xiv. 32 Polynemus sexradiatus, Mircuitt, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 323 (figured as “ The Six- rayed Polyneme,” Trans. Lit. & Phil, Soc. N. Y. 1815, pl. iv. f. 10). Dactylopterus communis, OWEN, Descr. Cat. Ost. Series, Roy. Soc. Surg. 1, 1853, 56. Gonocephalus macrocephalus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 106. Rare and without a common name. The Colonial Museum at Hamil- ton and Mr. Bartram’s collection at Saint George’s each contain a dried specimen. Mr. Jones secured one in Hamilton Harbor in October, 1851. , The species ranges from Newfoundland to Riode J aneiro, through- out the West Indies, and to the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mediterra- nean, where it is comparatively common. SCARIDA. SCARUS RADIANS, Valenciennes. SPANISH PORGY. Scarus radians, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 207.—SToRER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 147.—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 207-—GUICHENOT, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 10.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1870, 462. Labrus radians, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique du Sud, 1€55, 29. Common, occurring in large schools. The greatest length observed was eight inches. Though seined in quantity, the Spanish Porgies are not eaten, their flesh, like that of the other members of this family, being dry and flavorless. The species is recorded from Bahia, Mexico, and Saint Martin’s. Specimens from Barbados and Jamaica are in the National Museum. Bermuda appears to be the northern limit of its range. Color.—Above, olive, tinged with reddish-brown ; beneath, rose-color; head, upper part of body, and dorsal marbled with brown; caudai irregularly banded with black, the extremity and spots on the mem- brane white; anal immaculate (in six specimens); base of pectorals black ; chin white. PSEUDOSCARUS VETULA, (Schneider) Gill. MUD FISH. Vieja, Parra, Descr. Dif. Picz. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 58, lam. 28. fig. 1. Scarus vetula, BLOCH-SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 289 (description founded on Parra’s figures).—Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 193.—STORER, S n. Fish, N. Amer. 145.—MULLER & TROSCHEL in Schomburgk’s History of Barbados, 1843, 674.—Corn, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. 30 Pseudoscarus vetula, GiLu, MS. Scarus superbus, PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 218. Pseudoscarus superbus, Gonruer, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 218—Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1858, 346. Pseudoscarus psittacus, GUNTHER, op. cit. 225. The Mud-fish is very common, its gorgeous colors making it very conspicuous as it swims. The young may be seen by the hundred in the shallow rock-pools, while in the deeper waters the larger fish are sailing . about with the precision and regularity of a squadron of cavalry under drill. Though its flesh is not unpalatable, this fish is not often brought to market; the enormous scales are much used in fancy work. The species is recorded from several Antilles. The young fish differ much from the adult in coloration, their markings closely approximating those of Pseudoscarus sancte-crucis (Schn.) Gthr. Since no specimens of the latter species measuring more than eight or nine inches are on record, and none of P. vetula, in adult coloring, less than eighteen inches in length have failen under my observation, it seems possible that the two species may be the same in different stages of growth, particularly since both are usually recorded from the same locality. The question of their identity may be easily decided by the Bermudian naturalists. As is indicated in the synonymy, vetula is the specific name properly belonging to this species. Parra (1. c.) gives an excellent figure of the fish under the name Vieja, and on this figure Schneider founded his Scarus vetula, the specific name being a translation of Parra’s Vieja. Of this fact, Valenciennes was aware, and by it he was guided in adopt- ing the name of Schneider. Professor Poey renamed the species with the remark : “C’est & tort que M. Valenciennes rapport la figure de Parra au ‘Se. vetula,” seemingly forgetful that Schneider’s name was founded not upon specimens, but upon Parra’s figure solely. Dr. Giinther, adopt- ing the views of Prof. Poey, cites Scarus vetula as a synonym of Pseudo- scarus psittacus, (Linn.) Gthr. PSHUDOSCARUS CASRULEUS, (Bloch) Giinther. ‘* CLAMACORE” OR “ KILMAGORE.” Novaculz cerulea, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743, 18, pl. 18. Coryphena cerulea, BLocu, Ichth. v, 120.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1791. Scarus cwrulcus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 288, 3 °F 34. Pseudoscarus ceruleus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227—-GUICHENOT, Proc. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 24.—Pory, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 348. Trompa, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 57, lam. xxvii, f. 2. Loro, PARRA, l. c. f. 1. Scarus loro, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 288. Scarus trilobatus, LAckKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 21. Sparus holocyanosus, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 45. The “‘Clamacore” or “ Kilmagore” is very unusual in Bermudian waters; a single specimen of thirty-six inches was taken outside the reefs in April, 1872, and was an object of much curiosity. The color in life was brilliant turquoise-blue, fading to olive-green in alcohol. The species is recorded from Cuba and some of the adjoining islands. Dr. Giinther suggests that this species is probably only the adult stage of one of the other species, such as Pseudoscarus chloris,* but an ex- * The study of the synonymy of this species has brought to light an error, which nay be referred to here. It appears that Parra’s Vieja, No.3, and Schneider’s Scarus chloris, founded upon the figure of Parra, belong, not to Pseudoscarus, as is intimated by Dr. Giinther, but to Scarus; such is the judgment of Professor Poey after consulting the type of Parra’s description, preserved in the Museum in Madrid. M. Guichenot, after an examination of the types in the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, retains in this genus Scarus virens, Valenc. There now remains only Scarus quadrispinosus, Val., as a synonym of Giinther’s Pseudoscarus chloris, and, of these names, that of Valen- ciennes has undoubted priority. The reversed synonymy should stand then some- what as follows :— SCARUS CHLORIS, Schn. Vieja, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 59, lam. 28, f. 3. Scarus chloris, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 289 (on Parra’s figure).—Corez, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. Pseudoscarus chloris, GUNTHER, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227. Scarus virens, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 203.—STORER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 146.— MULLER & TROSCHEL in Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674. Scarus chrysopterus, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 286, pl. lviiii—Cuy. & VAL., op. cit. 185.—SToRER, op. cit. 143.— CoPE, op. cit. 462. Scarus lateralis, PokEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1860, 2i, 219; Rep. Fis. Nat. 1, 1867, 337, 375. Hasirat.—Cuba, Santa Cruz, Saint Christopher’s, Saint Thomas, Martinique, Porto Rico, Barbados. PSEUDOSCARUS QUADRISPINOSUS, ( Valence.) Guichenot. Scarus quadrispinosus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 197.—StToreER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 144, Pseudoscarus quadrispinosus, GUICHENOT, Proc. Soc. Imp. Sci.-Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 27. ? Scarus obtusus, POEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 217; Rep. Fis.-Nat. ii, 1868, 349. Pscudoscarus chloris (not Bloch), GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227—Cor#, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. HaBiTaT.—Saint Thomas, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas. 35 amination of specimens has convinced me that this is not the case. In the National Museum are two well-characterized specimeus of Pseudo- . a scarus ceruleus, measuring nine and fifteen inches respectively, both of which have the hump upon the profile well developed, though not so prominent as in the adult specimen of thirty-six inches. Parra’s two figures (lamina xxviii) named ‘“ Loro” and ‘“Trompa” represent differ- ent ages of this species, the prolonged caudal lobes as well as the addi- tional size of the caudal lobe being characters of age. LABRIDA. CH@ROJULIS RADIATUS, (Linné) Goode. BLUE-FISH. Turdus Oculo radiato (Pudding-wife), CaTesBy, Nat. Hist. Carol. &c. 1743, ii, 12, tab. xii, fig. 1. Sparus radiatus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1776, 472.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1278: Doncella, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 95, lam. xxxvii, fig. 1. Julis cyanostigma, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 1839, 391 (type 6 inches long).— MUu. & Troscu. in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 673.—SToRER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 139. Platyglossus cyanostigma, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 161.—Cops, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 464. Cherojulis cyanostigma, PoEY, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 334. Julis Principis, CUuv. & VAL., op. cit. 402, (type 11 inches long).—STORER, op. cit. 140, Platyglossus principis, GUNTHER, op. cit. 164. Julis patatus (partim), Cuv. & VAL. op. cit. 398 (types 13 to 15 inches long).—STORER op. cit. 140. The Blue-fish is frequently taken in the pots, though not valued as food. My largest specimen measures sixteen inches. The common name refers to the color of the adult fish. The species is recorded from several of the West India islands. .. Color.—In the adult, a brilliant azure-blue, each scale edged with bright pearly-green. A longitudinal band on anal and the margin of the dorsal light blue. Inthe young, the prevailing hue is brownish, a large light-blue spot on the base of each scale. Head with spots and longitudinal stripes of light blue. Dorsal with broad margin, and four lines of spots and blotches, longitudinally arranged, of the same color. Caudal with broad white margin, outer rays blue to the extremity, the base of the fin thickly spotted with the same. Anal with border and two longitudinal lines of blue, the fin being thus divided into three 36 nearly equal parts, a large circular spot of the same color at the base of each ray except the first. Pectoral with the first five rays and a nar- row transverse line across the base from the fourth ray blue. My notes on the colors of young and adult specimens of this species ‘have led me to believe that the different ages have been described un- der several different specific names, as the synonymy given above would indicate. Julis cyanostigma was the name given by Cuvier and Valen- ciennes to specimens six inches in length, Julis principis to those of eleven inches, while those ranging from thirteen to fifteen inches are included under Julis patatus. The specimens of larger size (‘‘Vindividus a plus de quinzes pouces”), included under the latter name, probably belong to another species. The ’Mudian fishermen recognize the difference in color to be caused by age.* I have seen specimens with the colors of immaturity, which had attained the length of teninches. It will proba- bly be found that the change of color is not restricted to any fixed | period in the growth of the fish. Should farther investigations sustain the opinion of Dr. Giinthert that Linné’s Sparus radiatus is a different species from that figured by Catesby, the specific name cyanostigma should be retained. LACHNOLAIMUS FALCATUS, (Linné) Val. HoG-FISH. Suillus (Great Hog-fish), Carmspy, Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743, 135, tab. xv. Labrus falcatus, LINNK, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 284; ed. 12,1, 1766, 475.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 1, 1788, 1287.—LACKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &e. iii, 1803, 425, 463. Lachnolaimus falcatus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 276.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 87.—Poky, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 330.—Copz, Trans Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 464. ‘ Lachnolaimus aiguia, Cuv.-& VAL., op. cit. 277, tab. 388 (type 11 inches long).—STORER, Syn. Fish. N. Am., 136. Lachnolaimus dux, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 285 (type 8 inches long).—STorER, l. ¢. Lachnolaimus suillus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 286 (type 24 inches long).—STORER, l. ¢. Lachnolaimus caninus, Cuy. & VAL., op. cit. 288 (type 10 inches long).—STORER, l.c. Lachnolaimus psittacus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 291.— STORER, 1. c. Very common here, as it is throughout the West Indies. Hog-fish * Since the above was written, I find that very similar conclusions have been reached by Professor Poey, who gives under Cherojulis cyanostigma a synonymy much like the wbove. tCat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, p. 164, note. 37 Ledge, at the entrance to Hamilton Harbor, is marked by a pyramid of stone, called the “ Hog-fish Beacon,” which is surmounted by a huge iron image of a Hog-fish. . The long streamer-like appendages or continuations of the vertical fins give to the Hog-fish as it swims a singularly graceful appearance. The beauty of those exposed in the market is frequently marred, how- ever, by having had these ornaments bitten off by the craw-fish and lobsters confined with them in the wells of the boats. The Hog-fish attains the weight of twenty pounds, and is among the choicest of table-fish; its hard, white, exquisitely-flavored flesh has never been found injurious here, though in some parts of the West Indies it is regarded with suspicion. The common name refers to the swine-like profile and dentition. HARPE RUFUS, (Linné) Gill. SPANISH LADY-FISH. Pudiano vermellio, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c., Brasil, iv, 1648, 145. Turdus flavus (Hog-fish), CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743, 11, tab. xi, f. 1. Labrus rufus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 284; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 475.—GMeE Lin, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1287.—SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 244.—Lac&pPEpE, Flist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1803, 427. | Cossyphus rufus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 108.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 463. _ Harpe rufus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863, p. 222. Bodianus rufus, PoEY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 331. Perro colorado, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 3, lam. iii, fig. 1. Bodianus bodianus, BLocu, Ichth. vii, 1797, 24, tab. cexxiii. Cossyphus bodianus, Cuv. & VAuL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 1839, 103. Lutjanus verres, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. eelv. Sparus verres, SUuAW, Gen. Zool. iv, 1803, 414. Cossyphus verres, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, Ichth, 1855, 27. Sparus falcatus, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. celviii. Bodianus Blochii, LackPipE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 279, 290. Harpe coeruleo-aureus, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 426, 427, tab. viii. fig. 2. Labrus semiruber, LACEPEDE, op. cit. iii, 428. Not common. The species is also recorded from various of the West India Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Saint Hel- ena. Closely-related species are known in the Spanish and French An- tilles under the names “ Doncella” and “‘ Demoiselle,” and the Bermu- 38 dian name may perhaps be incerpreted to mean “ the fish which the Spanish call Lady-fish.”. The name is not inappropriate, for the species is remarkable for the grace of its form and the beauty and elegance of its colors. My specimens measure eight inches. / Color.—Head and upper half of body to the third ray of the soft dor- sal rich chestnut-brown; the remainder, including the lower half of the operculum, bright golden-yellow. The lips have conspicuous folds. The pre-operculum is very percepti- bly denticulated. The two anterior ventral raysand the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal lobes are much produced, the dorsal and anal prolonga- tions extending to the middle of the median caudal rays; the outer eau- dal rays are twice as long as the median. POMACENTRID A. -GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS, (Linné) Cuvier. Cow-PILOT; SERGEANT-MAJOR. Jaguacaquare, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil. iv, 1648, 156. Sparus fasciis quinque transversis fuscis, LINNE, Ameen. Acad. i, 1749, 312. Chatodon fasciis quinque albis, cauda bifurca, LINNK, Mus. Ad. Fried. i, 1754, 54. Chetodon saxatilis, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 277; ed. 12; 1, 1766, 466.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1253.—Btiocn, Ichth. vi, 1787, 71, tab. ccvi, f. 2. Glyphisodon saxatilis, Cuv. & VaAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 446.—MULLER & TROSCHEL Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674.—CasTELNavU, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, 1855, 11. Glyphidodon saxatilis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 36.—PoEy, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 329.—Cors, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. Chetodon Marginatus, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. ccviiLACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 451, 463. Chetodon Mauritii, BLocu, op. cit. tab. ccxiii, f. 1—SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 234.—LACEPEDE, op. cit. 452, 470. Chetodon sargoides, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 453,471, 472. Very common in sheltered waters. The largest, six to eight inches in length, frequent the shallow shaded coves in company with Pseudoscarus vetula, Holacanthus ciliaris, and Sarothrodus bimaculatus. The young may be seen basking in every shallow tide-pool. The origin of the common name is not apparent, unless it refers to some supposed relation between this species and the Cow-fish (Acanthostracium quadricorne), such as Naucrates ductor is supposed by sailors to hold with the Sharks. The fish is sometimes called the ‘ Sergeant-major,” in allusion to the chevron- like bands of yellow on the sides. The species is very common through- 39 out the West Indies, and has been observed as far south as Bahia and east to the Cape Verde Islands. Its accidental occurrence at Newport, R. L., has been recorded. Oolor.—Adults golden-green, young golden-yellow,*with five black cross-bands, which are not as broad as the interspaces between them, the first from a point in front of the origin of the dorsal to the base of the pectoral; the second below the third and fifth dorsal spines; the third from the eighth and tenth dorsal spines toward the vent; the fourth from the twelfth and thirteenth dorsal spines to the middle of the anal; the fifth below the end of the soft dorsal and continued on the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal. The ventrals, soft dorsal, and anal are produced ; the fourth and fifth rays of soft dorsal and the fifth and sixth of anal longest. Dorsal and anal prolongations in young reaching to a point half-way between the posterior angle of dorsal and the base of caudal rays; in adults reach- ing quite beyond the base of caudal rays. External caudal rays twice the length of median. GERRID A. EUCINOSTOMUS GULA, (Cuv. & Val.) Goode. SHAD. Gerres gula, Cuv. & VAUL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 464.—JENyYNS, Zool. Voy. H. M.S. Beagle, 1842, 58.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 255.—MULLER & TROSCHEL, Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados,1848.—PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 368. ; Diapterus gula, PoryY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1i, 1868, 323. Common and secured in quantity in the shallow bays, with Decapterus punctatus, Hucinostomus Lefroyi, and Trachurops crumenophthalmus. 'The largest specimens seen, which were apparently adult, measuresix inches in length; intermediate sizes down to one inch were observed. The species has also been seen about Martinique, Santo Domingo, Cuba, Jamaica,and Bahia. The “ Turdus cinereus peltatus” of Catesby,* for which he gives the common name of “Shad,” seems to be identical with this species or the closely-allied Hucinostomus aprion, if not with the following species. EUCINOSTOMUS LEFROYI, Goode. LONG-BONED SHAD. Diapterus Lefroyi, Goopr, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, viii, 1874, (Aug.) 123. This species is distinguished from all other members of the family and genus by its relatively greatly-elongated form. The body is fusiform, * Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, ii, p. 11, tab. xi, fig. 1. A() compressed; its greatest height, at the thoracic region, being a little less than one-fourth (0.23) of the total length, and a little more than one- fourth (0.27) of the length without caudal (0.89). In Hucinostomus aprion, the most elongated of the species hitherto described, the greatest height is but one-third of the length. The height of the body is uniform under the spinous portion of the dorsal, sloping gently, and at a nearly uniform angle above and below, to the middle of the caudal peduncle. The height of the body behind the dorsal (0.10) is less than one-half, that of the least height of the tail (0.06) is one-fourth of the greatest height of the body. The scales are large, measuring 0.03 and 0.04 in height, and 0.02 and 0.03 in length; they form about forty-five oblique transverse rows between the » head and the caudal, four and a half longitudinal rows between the back and the lateral line, and ten longitudinal between rows the lateral line and the belly. The length of the head (0.22) equals the greatest height of the body, and is double the greatest width of the head (0.11); the height at the pupil (0.14) is double the width of the interorbital space (0.07). The length of the snout (0.06) equals the length of the operculum (0.06); when the mouth is protruded, the length of the snout is doubled (0.12), and when retracted, the posterior extremity of the intermaxiilary process extends to the vertical through the center of the pupil. The nasals are very prominent, and the nostrils are nearer to the orbit than to the extremity of the jaw. The orbit is circular, its diameter (0.08) one-third the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal is slightly behind that of the ventral; its dis- tance from the snout (0.31) twice the length of its base (0.16). The dorsal spines are graduated nearly in the proportion (I= 0.02; Il = 0.12; IIL = O01: PV = O10; Vi = 0:09; Vil — O03; Vl 0.7205 VTE Seales = 0.04). The notch between the spinous andsoft portions is very deep, and the connecting membrane barely perceptible. In the soft dorsal, the fifth ray is the longest (0.09), and equals the fifth spine; the succeeding rays diminishing regularly to the last, which equals the ultimate spine (0.04); the length of its base (0.20) is greater than that of the spinous dorsals. The anal begins behind the center of the body (0.56); the first spine is very short (0.01), one-fifth the length (0.05) of the second, which is slender; the first ray is the longest (0.08); the succeeding rays regularly diminishing in length to the last (0.03). The lobes of the caudal are equal; the outer rays in length (0.21) five times the inner ones (0.04). The extremity of the pectoral reaches the vertival from the last dorsal spine; its distance Al from the snout at the axilla (0.25) is nearly equal to the length of the body. The ventral spine resembles the fifth dorsal spine in shape and size. The length of the longest ray (0.11) slightly exceeds one-third of the distance from the snout to the ventral axilla (0.30); the axillary append- age consists of four lanceolate scales, the first and the longest as long as the last ventral ray. Oolor.—Silvery, with a bluish tint above; axils of the pectorals and extremity of snout brownish. Radial formula: D. 1X, 10; A. II, 8, P. 12; V. 1, 5; C. 3, 9, 9, 3. The unit of measurement used above is the one-hundredth of the total length, which in an average specimen is 7.29 inches (0™185). The species is common in the protected inlets about the islands, in company with the preceding species, the “Shad.” The “ Long-boned Shad” are in much demand for bait, and are easily seined in large quantities. The species is dedicated to his excellency Maj. Gen. J. H. Lefroy, F. R. S., governor of the Bermudas, a gentleman of well-known scientific attainments and reputation, who, while doing so much for the social and political welfare of the islands, is also taking an active part in the devel- opment of their natural history. Since the publication of the preliminary description of this fish, I have had. the oppértunity of comparing specimens from the Bermudas with others sent from Havana to the National Museum by Professor Poey, by whom the species had been recognized as new, and described in MS. under the name of Hucinostomus productus. The specimens are precisely the same, and coincide in having only two anal spines; a character in which they differ from the remainder of the genus, and which may prove to be, as suggested by Professor Poey, an indication of generic distinction. THUTHIDIDA. ACANTHURUS NIGRICANS, (Linné) Gill. DOCTOR-FISH. Turdus rhomboidalis, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Flor. and the Bahama Islauds, ii, 1743, 10, tab. x, fig. 1. Chetodon nigriscens cauda albescente eqali utrinque aculeata, ARTEDI, Desc. Spec. Pisce. 90. Chetodon nigricans, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10,1, 1758, 274; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 462.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1245. Acanthurus nigricans, GILL in Baird’s Report Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 801. 42 Acanthurus coeruleus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 214.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. x, 1835, 179.—GuIcHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1845, 121.—Srorer, Syn. Fish. N. Amer. 1846, 112.—CasTELNau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, 1855, 25,:pl. 12, f. 2—GwunrueErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 336.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 355.—Cops, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1870, 474. Not uncommon. The species extends through the West Indies, and has also been observed on the coasts of Florida and South Carolina. Its quick nervous movements, as it plays about the recesses in the reef, are very characteristic. The local name has reference to the lancet-like processes on the sides of the caudal peduncle. The ‘ Barbero” and ‘¢ Barbeiro” of Cuba and Brazil, and the ‘Chirurgien-bleu,” ‘‘ Porte Lancette,” and “ Saigneur” of the French Antilles, are names of similar origin. Color.—Bluish-brown; dorsal and anal with numerous obliquely lon- gitudinal lines of light blue. Caudal spine amber-colored, glassy, pos- teriorly half as long as anteriorly. A prominence in front of orbit; profile of snout slightly concave. Operculum, pre-operculum, and scap- ular bones with deep striz. Upper jaw with seven, lower with eight five to eight lobed incisors. ACANTHURUS CHIRURGUS, (Bloch) Schneider. DOCcTOR-FISH. Chetodon nigricans, BLocH, Ichth. vi, 1787, 60, tab. cciii (not Linné). Acanthurus nigricans, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Iehth. 1801, 211. Chetodon chirurgus, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. ecviii.— GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1259. Acanthurus chirurgus, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 214.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. x, 1835, 168.—GUICHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1845, 120.—STorEr, Syn. Fish N. Am. 1846, 112.—CasreLNau, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, 1855, 24.—GUnTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 329.—Pory, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 355.—Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 474.— GILL in Baird’s Rep. Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 801. Acronurus fuscus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 191. This species undoubtedly occurs, associated as it always is with the preceding. The name “Tang,” found in the list of local names, is prob- ably applied to one or both, if we can judge from the remarkable corre- spondence of the local names in the Bermuda and Bahama groups. 43 CHETODONTID A. SAROTHRODUS BIMACULATUS, (Bloch) Poey. FOUR-EYED FISH. Cheetodon bimavulatus, BLOCH, Ichth. vii, 1797, tab. cexix, f. 1—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 225.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 67.—STORER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 86.—GinTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus: ii, 1861, 9.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371. Sarothrodus bimaculatus, PoEY, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 353.—Copsr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 474. The “Four-eyed Fish” is usually seen in sheltered coves, lazily swim- ming a few feet below the surface, under the shadow of some high rock. Its local name has reference to the eye-like spots near the tail, which the fishermen believe to be a true pair of eyes. The species is also recorded from the northern West Indies. Color.—Pearly-gray ; snout, posterior edge of operculum, base of pec- toral, the anal, caudal, and dorsal bright yellow, blending into the gray of the body. A band, black, edged with yellow, extends from a point in front of and below the first dorsal spine across the eye to the margin of interoperculum ; soft dorsal with a large round indistinct black spot at its base between the fifth and twelfth rays, and a small spot of deep black at its angle; soft dorsal with narrow marginal line of black; soft anal with narrow, submarginal band of light blue, anteriorly edged with black; caudal with terminal band of bluish-white, with bright- yeliow center; base of ventrals blotched with yellow. HOLACANTHUS CILIARIS, (Linné) Lacépéde. ANGEL-FISH. Acarauna major pinnis cornutis, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, ii, 31, tab. xxxi, 1743. Chetodon griseus fasciis quatuor fuscis, LINNG, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 62, tab. xxxiii, f. 1. Chetodon ciliaris, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 276; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 465.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1252.—Buiocu, Ichth. vi, 1788, 83, taf. cexiv.— SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst., Ichth. ed. 1801, 218. Holacanthus ciliaris, LackrrpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 527-534.—Cuv. & Vat. Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 154.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 46.— Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 351.— GILL, Baird, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 802. Gabelita, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1787, 11, tab. vii, f. 1. Chetodon Parre, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 235 (on Parra’s figure).: 44 Chetodon squamulosus, SHaw, Nat. Mise. ——, 275. Chetodon Catesbeii, SHAW, Gen. Zool. iv, 1, 1803, 325. - Chetodon cornutus, DESMAREST, Déc. Ichthyol. Chetodon aculeatus, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 72. Common. The species is found, also, in the West Indies, at Bahia, and on the coasts of Mexico. The Angel-fish is partial to sheltered parts of the reef, where it may be seen lazily and gracefully swimming or floating a few feet below the surface. Its motions are very slow, and it frequently swims upon its side, or, sinking to the bottom, swims per- pendicularly to the surface, where its bright colors flash for a moment as it floats broadside upward. I have frequently seen them grazing upon the alga-covered rocks. The Angel-fish attains the weight of four pounds, and as far surpasses all the other fishes of the region in its delicious flavor as in its lovely hues. The largest I have seen measured fifteen inches from snout to extremity of soft dorsal. OCvolor.—Brown with a shade of olive-green, each scale edged with a lighter tint; on the dorsal and anal fins, the brown has reddish tinge. Chin, nape, base of pectoral, borders, and spines of operculum and pre- operculum, bright cobalt-blue. Extremity of pectorals, bright yellow. borders of dorsal and anal bright blue, passing through a vivid green to bright yellow on the slender streamers formed by the prolongations of the soft dorsal and anal fins. Caudal bright yellow, with narrow border of greenish blue. Base of ventrals blue, passing through green -into yellow at the extremities. Young and half-grown individuals are orna- mented with three or four broad transverse bands of blue and yellow. My specimens, some twelve in number, differ from all descriptions in the absence of the spot of brown, encircled with blue, on the nape. I have examined numerous West Indian specimens and find it universally present. Should this character prove constant, the Bermuda Angel-fish may be considered a geographical variety, Holacanthus ciliaris, var. Bermudensis. HOLACANTHUS TRICOLOR, (Bloch) Lacépéde. BLACK ANGEL-FISH. Acarauna, EDWARDS, pl. 583, f. 4. La Veuve Coquette, DUHAMEL, Trait. Gén. Pesch. 1782, pt. 2, pl. 13, f. 1. Catalineta, Parka, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 12, lam. vii, f. 2. Chetodon tricolor, BLocu, Ichth. xii, 1797, tab. 425.—SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 219. 45 Holacanthus tricolor, LAcKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 525-530.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist, Nat. Poiss, vii, 1831, 162.—CasTeLNav, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amér. du Sud, 1855, 19.—GtnTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 49.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 352. : Occasional. Mr. Jones captured a specimen in 1871, and the name occurs on the local list. The species occurs thronghout the West Indies, an d is also recorded from Bahia and Trinidad. Cheetodon arcuatus, (Linn.) Cuvier, is also likely to occur in these waters. / XIPHITD At. The name of “ Sword-fish” oceurs on the local list. The common Sword-fish (Xiphias gladius, Linn.) must occur in Bermuda waters, and probably also Tetrapturus albidus, Poey, and Histiophorus americanus, Cuv. & Val. The following reference to the Sword-fish occurs in “‘ Newes from the Bermudas,” a pamphlet dated Burmuda, July, 1609, and reprinted in “ Force’s Historical Tracts,” vol. ii. Whale, Sword-fish & Threasher.—“ The sword fish swimmes under the whale, & pricketh him upward: The Threasher keepeth above him, & with a mighty great thing like unto a flaile, hee so bangeth the whale, that hee will roare as though it thundered, &doth give him such blowes, with his weapon, that you would thinke it to be a crake of great shot.”— (Page 22.) SCOMBRID As. ORCYNUS ALLITERATUS, (Rajinesque) Gill. MACKEREL. Scomber alliteratus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri &c. Anim. Sicilia, 1810, 46. Orcynus alliteratus, GILL, Baird, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 802.—BaIrD, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825. Maquereau a Quatre Points, GQEOFFR. St. HILARts, Desc. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 1813, pl. xxiv, f. 3. Thynnus Leachianus, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii, 1827, 414. Thynnus thunnina, Cuv. & VauL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1831, 104.—BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv, 1851, 36.—TreMM. & SCHLEG., Fauna Japonica Poiss. 1850, 95, pl. 48.—GuIcHENOT, Rept. et Poiss. Exp. Scient. Algérie, 1850, Poiss. 57.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 364. Orcynus thunnina, Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, 1867, 321; ii, 1868, 362. Thynnus Brasiliensis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 110.—Poxry, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 373. Thynnus vagans, LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii, 1830, 162, pl. cxxxii. 46 Large schools were observed in March. This large and powerful pelagic fish has been observed in the Mediterranean, on the east of Norway, in the East Indies, on the coasts of Brazil and Cuba, and was found in 1871 by Professor Baird in large numbers at Wood’s Hole, Mass., and several have since been taken on the shores of Southern New England. It is highly valued for bait, but is the only large fish which is not thought good to eat; though rather oily, I think it superior to many of the Bermuda food-fishes. It attains the length of two feet and a half. CARANGIDA.’ DECAPTERUS PUNCTATUS, (Agassiz) Gill. RounD ROBIN. Scomber hippos, MircHiLL, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 246 (not Linné), (figured as “The Hippos Mackerel,” Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, pl. 5, f. 5). Caranz punctatus, AGassiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Brasil, coil. Spix, 1829, 108, pl. lvi a, f. 2.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833-38.—DEKay, New York | Fauna, Fish, 1842, 122, pl. 73, f. 123 (copied from Mitchill),—Storgr, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 101.—GwnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 446. Decapterus punctatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; and in Baird, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—Poky, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 368 (see, also, Mem. ii, 374).—BarrD, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825. Very common. This species ranges along the coast from Brazil to Cape Cod, and has been seen at Cuba and Martinique. The Round Robin is seined in great numbers in Hamilton Harbor, in company with the various species of Clupeide and Gerride, and is sold from row-boats along the quay at the legal rate of four-pence a pound. The largest measure six inches. ‘Jigging robins” is a favorite amusement of the little negroes. A few bread-crumbs are thrown over the dock, and the little fish collect in such numbers that a line with a bare fish-hook jerked rapidly throngh the group seldom fails to impale one or more. The local name seems to be fanciful in origin; at Barbados, it is given to the allied species Decapterus macarellus, which perhaps also occurs at the Bermudas. Oolor.—Above, olive-brown; beneath, white, with pearly reflections. A golden stripe along the lateral line, studded with small black spots, which cease at the commencement of the lateral plates. Eye yellow, with black iris. AT TRACHUROPS CRUMENOPHTHALMUS, (Bloch) Gill. GOGGLER; GOGGLE-EYE. Scomber crumenophthalmus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 1797, 65, taf. ecexliii. Caranx crumenophthalmus, LackrhpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 107—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 62.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 429. Trachurops crumenophthalmus, Gti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; and in Baird, Reps. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—PorEy, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 367.—BairpD, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New Eng- land, 1873, 825. Scomber balantiophthalmus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 29. Scomber plumieri, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. ecclxiv._ SCHNEIDER. op. cit. 30. Caranx plumieri, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 65.—MU Lu. & Troscu., Schomburgk, Hist. Barba- dos, 1848, 669.—GUICHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1845, 110. Caranx Daubentonii, LACKPHDE, op. cit. iii, 59, 71. Caranx macrophthalmus, RUPPELL, Atlas, Reise Nord-Africa, Fische, 1828, 97, tab. xxv, f.4 (not Agassiz). Caranx macrophthalmus, AGASSIZ, in Spix, Select. Gen. & Spec. Pisce. Brasil, 1829, 107, pl. lvi a, f. 2 (not Riippell). Caranx mauritianus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie & Physicienne, Zool. 1824, 359. Common; the species, like the preceding, is found in the West Indies and on the coast of the United States to Southern Massachusetts ; it is found also at Mauritius, in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Red Sea, and on the coast of Guinea. The Goggler reaches the weight of a pound, is found with the preceding, and is used for food. The local names refer to its great, staring eyes. Oolor.—Above, bluish; beneath, silvery white. PARATRACTUS PISQUETUS, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. JACK; BUFFALO JACK. Caranx pisquetus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 97.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 373. Paratractus pisquetus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; Baird’s Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England 1873, 803.—PoEy, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 365.—BairD, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825. Carana chrysos, DEKayY, Fishes, New York Fauna, 1842, 121, pl. xxvii, f. 85 (not Scom- ber chrysos, Mitchill).—BarrD, Fishes New Jersey Coast, 1855, 22. Carangus chrysos, GIRARD, Ichth. U. 8. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 1859, 23. Caranx hippos, HOLBRVOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 1856, 88, pl. xii, fig. 2 (not Scom- ber hippos, Linné). Carangus hippos, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 36. Trachurus squamosus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 125. The Jack, or Buffalo Jack, is common, occurring also in the West 48 Indies and on the coast of Brazil, and the United States as far north as Cape Cod. Its habits closely resemble those of the preceding spe- cies. My largest specimen is nine inches long; the fishermen claim that the species attains the weight of five or six pounds, but they probably confound this with some other species of the same family. Color.—Above, light slate; beneath, pearly white; snout and line over the orbit blue. Second dorsal margined with black. Base of lateral plates and tip of caudal light brown. NAUCRATES DUCTOR, (Linné). PILOT-FISH. Gasterosteus ductor, LINNS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, p. 295. Naucrates ductor, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, p. 312, pl. 332. This universally-distributed species occasionally finds its way into the hands of the Bermudian fishermen. .ZONICHTHYS FASCIATUS, (Bloch.) Swainson. BONITO. nee: Scomber fasciatus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 61, taf. ccexli, 17; Syst. Ichth. ed. SCHNEIDER, 29. Seriola fasciata, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 211, 1833.—GUnruEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 464. Zonichthys fasciatus, SwAINson, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Rept.—GIL1, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, v, 36, and in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish. 1871, 803. Halatractus fasciatus, Pony, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 373, 1868. Not uncommon; recorded also from Cuba and South Carolina. A specimen was taken near New York in October, 1875, and is now in the National Museum. The Bonito is an excellent tabie-fish, and reaches the length of two feet or more. The “Amber-fish,” the ‘“Guelly,” or ‘Cavally ” (Caballa ?), the ‘ Slip- pery Dick,” and the “Skip-jack” of the fishermen probably belong to this family ; but, as I secured no specimens, they cannot be identified. The “Skip-jack” is perhaps an Oligoplites, and the ‘‘ Amber fish” is doubtless a Seriola. CORYPHAINIDA. CORYPHANA HIPPURUS, Linn. DOLPHIN. Coryphena hippurus, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 446, I observed a Dolphin, measuring five or six feet, playing about our steamer in the Gulf Stream, about two hundred miles northwest of the Bermudas. The Dolphin is well known to the fishermen. 49 MULLID. HYPENEUS MACULATUS, (Bloch) Cuv. GOAT-FISH. Pira metara, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 156, 181. Mullus maculatus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 1797, 79, tab. 348.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 78. Upeneus maculatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 478.—SToRER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 48.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1853, 223; ii, 1861, 367.—CasTEL- wav, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique du Sud, Pois. 1855, :6.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 408.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471. Mullhypeneus maculatus, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 307. I did not secure a specimen, but was told that a fish of this descrip- tion is common among the reefs. Godet, in his ‘ History of Bermuda,” gives a description of color which is apparently taken from specimens by him, which renders the identification sufficient]; certain. The spe- cies is also recorded from Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, and Rio de Ja- neiro. BERYCID. HOLOCENTRUM SOGO, Bloch. SQUIRREL. Jaquaraca, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 147. Perca marina rubra, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, ii,, 1743, 2., tab. ii, f. 2. Bodianus pentacanthus, Buocu, Ichth. vii, 1797, 29, tab. ecxxxv (a badly-distorted copy: of Marcgrave’s figure). Holocentrus sogo, BLOCH, op. cit. 46, tab. cexxxii. : Holocentrum sogho, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 41, 186; and in Baird’s Rep. on Sea: Fisheries of South. New England, 1873, 804. Holocentrus rubellus laminis branchiostegis serratis etc., BROWN, Hist. &c. Jamaica, 1799,. 447, ‘Sogo holocentrus, SHaw, Gen. Zool. v. 1803, 555. Bodianus jaguar, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &c. iv, 1803, 286. Sciwena rubra, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 82 (not Forsk4l). Eolocentrum longipinne, Cuv. & VauL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 131.—SrorEer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 46.—GUnrTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 28.—Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 465. Common; its bright color and nervous darting motions rendering it one of the most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. It is found 4 Ff 50 throughout the West Indies and south to Brazil. Their voracity is very great, and the tyro in an gling usually finds his first prize to bea “Squirrel.” They are not often eaten. They breed plentifully about the islands, and reach a length of fifteen inches; the lobes of the vertical fins becoming proportionally more and more produced with age. The local name is the same as that given by Catesby, and refers to a grunting noise uttered by them, which resembles the bark of a squirrel. The Cuban form seems to be nearly the same; but Professor Poey hesitatingly places it in a distinct species. SCILAINID AL. Genus PAREQUES, Gill, MS.* PAREQUES ACUMINATUS, (Schneider) Gill. CARRUB. Grammistes acuminatus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch. Syst. Ichth. 1801, 184. Eques acuminatus, CASTLENAU, Anim. Nouy. &c. Amérique du Sud, Poiss. 1855, 11.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 280.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 370; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 325.—Copz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471. Eques lineatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 169. Common here, though of rare occurrence elsewhere, having been observed only at Cuba, Santa Cruz, and Bahia; not valued for food. My specimens measure eleven inches. The name “Carrub” is inexplicable, unless it be a corruption of ‘‘ Carp.” Color.—Tawny:yellow; extremities of fins and base of pectorals and ventrals blackish. brown; head blotched with the same. Two specimens have seven straight, longitudinal lines upon the side; the third is with- out any traces of such markings. Whether this difference is sexual, I have no means of determining. The first dorsal is one-fourth the height of the body, measured immediately below it. , ment of the spines of the first dorsal fin in normal number, (ten or eleven,) as well as other osteological characters. 51 -SPARIDZ. CALAMUS MEGACEPHALUS, (Swainson) Poey. GOAT’S HEAD PORGY. Pagellus calamus, Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 206, pl. 152.—Pory, Mem. Hist. : Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 367. Sparus calamus, PoEY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308. Calamus megacephalus, SwAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish, ii, 1839, p. 222—GuICHENOT, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xix, 1868, 112.—Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. x, 1874, 178. 4 Common; found also in the West Indies, reaching south to Bahia. My specimens measure from six to eighteen inches. CALAMUS ORBITARIUS, Poey. SHEEP’S-HEAD PORGY. Pagellus orbitarius, Pony, Mem. Cuba, ii, 1860, 201; 1861, 367. Sparus orbitarius, Poy, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308. Calamus orbitarius, Porky, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, 1874, 79. Common; recorded also from Cuba. This species very closely resem- bles the preceding in form and habits, butis easily distinguished by the shortness of the snout, which gives it a very abrupt profile. In S. cala- mus, the diameter of the orbit is contained twice in the distance from the extremity of the snout to the perpendicular from the anterior border of the orbit; in S. orbitarius, once and one-half. The height of the two specimens before me is the same; and, in S. calamus, the height is con- tained in the length twice and three-quarters; in S. orbitarius, twice and one-half. The specimens measure sixteen and fifteen inches, respect- ively. Color.—Both species, greenish-olive, with golden longitudinal stripes. . The names Goat’s-head and Sheep’s-head no doubt refer to the enor- mous pre-orbital bones which impart an ovine physiognomy to the fish. The Porgies are taken with the hook in large quantity, and rank among the most salable kinds. They live in deep water; and, when brought to the surface, their bellies are greatly expanded from the removal of pres- sure, giving them a very comical appearance. 52 SARGUS VARIEGATUS, (Lacépéde,) Goode. CHUB. Sparus Surgus, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 278; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 469.—GmE Lin, Linné, Syst. Nat.1, 1788, 1270.—Buocn, Ichth. viii, 1797, 31, tab. celxiv.— SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 270.—Lackrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 27, 77.—Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 236. Sargus variegatus, LACEPEDE, op. cit. iv, 1803, 207 (from Haty, Encyclopédie Mé- thodique.) Sargus raucus, GEOFFROY St. Hinarre, Deser. de VEgypte, Poiss. 1813, pl. xviii, f. 1. Sargus Rondeletii, Cuv. & VaAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 14, pl. cxliim VALENCIENNES. Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, Poiss. 1836, 28.—GUICHENOT, Expl. Scient. Algérie, Poiss. 1850, 46—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1861, 44. Very abundant; occurring in large schools in company with Pimele- pterus Boscit, which it closely resembles in form and habits. It is strictly European, and is especially common in the Mediterranean, but has not been found west of Madeira and the Canaries. I have carefully compared Bermudian specimens with Mediterranean specimens in the Bonaparte collection labeled Sargus Rondeletit. The Chub is seined in vast quantities in Hamilton Harbor and other secluded bays. My spe- cimens measure from ten to twelve inches. PIMELEPTERID A. PIMELEPTERUS BOSCII, Lacépéde. BREAM. Chetodon cyprinaceus, BROUSSONET, MS.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1269, note Pimelepterus Boscii, LacéPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 429.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831,258.—V ALENCIENNES, in Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, 1836, pl. xix.—DEKay, Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 1842, 100, pl. xx, fig. 56.—STORER, Syn. Fish. N. A. 1846, 89.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 497.—GiLL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 31.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868) 323.— GILL, in Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 805.—Bairp, Rep. Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 824. Pimelepterus incisor, VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 805. Common. The Bream is always found in company with the preceding species, to which it is very like in size, shape, and habits, and is taken with it in large numbers and brought to the market. It is easily dis- tinguished from the Chub, as far as it can be seen under water, by the large black spot just behind the dorsal. Itis also recorded from Madeira, 53 the Canaries, Jamaica, and Cuba. ese Betas slate ts ia crelavel Drchratapateicte nema oeretae Te, IReyouoRes}, (ERIK Y OE TORY) UOe S58 anaes cars Hacese aes meas Clin cine see OFAC olumipces (IPE ONS) iia reel seese ey eer ees sen a e Ra ee ane sana cm Ils Canblinesy, (GmUbIMNEECOWIS lONRINSS, 0H) EI) oo Saas saoeoe cboouscocd eseqeu coados ifs, Ibtemie@leey, ((OlOWGES)) Secs Gacace booaeuldadoseee = ela ine ieee Shy Sg ae ene man HO MELETOCTOMES (ETO US) is sear sentry ape ee LI LE TIA cite a Aye a ae Ge 2 OPA ECLOTICES A (CRANES) etry eet eee coke = clcpa/e Sin rs ere a Rene ee aU Eyre 21. Lamellirostres, (flamingoes and anserine birds)............. misled aa moiate 22, SIGEEMOOOCES, (COMMONS) o.obb5 sdobes GooceL cot Sodadeaddlscnees sanses Dee LOMO STU Sa (Oumlllsy) Neeley ete Nye) | Spa nega a opaara 2 cre 8 5 Paks IO EO NOC (PELE CNG bap es) SS OMB Games eek kak Cet ee leh eae ZOMSPMOMISCHy (ETC UINS oer east chs lion aut ta mep aaa Mnape ae vee LT Ie ESOT EUR TA ORS Ai ESC oe Cee URS A IRR aU RS Ca 8 kV EV aI a ae a SCenononwntnn wy wv te) de) We) VIII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. : Page. II. Reprires—Continued. 27; Mestudinata (tortoises)... «) 22 .s. uophobranchiin (pipe-lshes, oC.) seiseieeiee ence rice este ee eee eeeere 13 ove) Hemibranchiiy(sticklebacks) &c¢))s-sqeer-eeteseeeee aaa eae eens 13 38.) Releocephall a2. o5 cee lesyeree cits as cisions mip eoeeinc ues cies ie) aoe cies e eee eee 13 Heterosomata. (lat fishes) ies-ss-5 seen emcee eee se eee eee eee 13 Anacanthini;\(cods, (dc. i550 sce 5.) eee seis eenel nine Sacco es eee eee 14 Acanthopteri, (spiny-finned fishes)............---.---..----- -------- 14 Percesoces; (mulllets :Q@¢.) i055. ook Bo eet nates saree eee See Ree 15 Synentognathi, (gar-fishes and flying-fishes)...-....--..-....--.--.-- 15 Haplomix(pilkesioce:) ce 2/525 ess secre oe eee eee eee 15 Isospondyli, (salmon, herring, &c.)-... fo aoe ao Sa ee 15 Eventognathij(carps)) oo jce Seen se cee ce see elo eke eee eee 15 395 Nematognathin(cat-fishes) Mon. ss eeen sass eee eerie ence eee eens 16 AQ PAmod ess (els) sts ciaies sion ct= cicie ssolo hone atciave ate sislagen Sees es Spree o lash ene 16 AERC ycloganoideis(a@milas)) 52 ota) cajsis sepeeislal sects ie ie eo -tels See eee eee 16 AOS ihomboganoider.(car-pil sa aobos cHuGcd on 2. Preservation of game and fish ...-.-..--.---------- +--+ --+-+--+ 2-2-2 -- 3. Care of animals in captivity..---..--2-. .----------- ----++ +--+ +--+ -- 4, (Accessory.) Enemies of useful animals .----..----- BRS eee se EET s eC mes TUM, TERGBNEATHOIN stco edea sone boob noHS dene coades ones Bucs Sook cone gSaccagccacns . Propagation of mammals....---.------ -------- +--+ +--+ see etree tee . Propagation of birds . Propagation of amphibians 5 6 7. Propagation of reptiles 8 9 . Propagation of fishes... ..---. .----- ------ -- +--+ eee eee eee ree 10. Propagation of insects..-.....---------------- +--+ +--+ 2 ere eer oe 11. Propagation of leeches......---------- ----------+-+-+-2--2- 222007 t20-7° 12. Propagation of mollusks.....-.-- bolsbkGe doo 504 oS adod seeeouce eeeancaos 13. Propagation of corals....-....------------=-----+---- ---+-++++---:---° 14. Propagation of sponges.---..-- (EISSN EO ce SCPE MESSE D2 oa hy ALPHABETICAL INDEX ......-...---- ++ :2+- +--+ 22 2+ > ) INTRODUCTION. The system proposed in the following lists has been hurriedly pre- pared, and is necessarily very incomplete; it is intended merely as a provisional classification, to be used in collecting the materials for the exhibition, and in their preliminary arrangement. | The first group, SECTION A, is an index to the whole series; it will include all North American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to man. Although every species, down to the very least, ex- ercises some influence upon human well-being, it seems scarcely practi- cable to attempt the exhibition of those which affect it only indirectly. Those species are considered useful which supply food, clothing, shelter, implements, materials, and amusement; those injurious which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals and plants which are of direct benefit to him. In the enumeration of animals, the names of the orders are given, followed in parenthesis by the best- known names of the more important species included, and a brief note on their principal uses. This enumeration, being simply of convenience, Imakes no claim to zoological precision. SECTION B embraces all instruments and methods employed by the hunters, trappers, and fishermen of North America, aboriginal and civilized. Not only those which are directly employed in destruction or capture are included, but the means made use of in pursuing or attracting the animals and fishes, and the personal equipment of the pursuer. The collection will be a monograph of all matters relating to the chase and the fisheries of the country. In preparing the classifica- tion here submitted, the principles of zoological classification have been followed as closely as possible; each distinct form has been considered a species; and the specific forms have been grouped into genera, families, and orders according to the general balance of their affinities. Form and manner of use have not been without weight, but superficial resem- blance has been set aside, and the idea given the first importance. Thus, barbed spears and harpoons have been placed with the “ hooked instruments,” while plain spears and lances are grouped with the knives and clubs. In studying the place of the fire-arms and bows and arrows, the missile itself has been regarded as more important than the ; 1 i} 2 INTRODUCTION. machine which propels it, and the latter is placed in a subordinate relation. In one group, that of nets, convenience in arrangement of the speci- " mnens seems to demand that material, a character of small importance, shall be made prominent. Two widely diverging groups of apparatus are associated under the head of nets, viz, encircling-nets, the true rela- tions of which are with grasping and scooping instruments, and entang- ling nets which belong with the traps, where a third group of nets, the pound and weir nets are actually classed. Where the exigencies of administration of the specimens demand that they should be arranged otherwise than in their exact systematic position, full cross-references are given. The simplest implements have always been placed first, the series advancing in the order of complication of structure. Thus we have in the beginning the apparatus of direct application, or tools, including, - first, those implements which are used in the hand, and which increase its power in a simple way, such as clubs and slung-shot, which merely add to the weight of the fist, followed by the knives, axes, and spears, which in their simplest and primitive form were sharpened stones and pointed sticks. Second, are the grasping-implements, or those by which the power of the fingers is extended. In this series the same principle of progress from simple to complex is followed; in the scoop we have the idea of the hollow palm of the hand developed in various forms, while the grasping-hooks and grasping-lines are the artificial extensions of the human finger. Under hooked instruments, the simple hooks, or. those which are attached to the object by a single motion, a pulling one, are placed first, followed by the barbed implements, in which the attach- ment is made by a thrusting, succeeded by a pulling motion, and then by the tongs and forceps, which are essentially double hooks. The sue- ceeding division is that containing the lasso and bolas, which are worked at long distances and require great skill, succeeded by the tangles, which are, in principle, assemblages of lassos, entangling objects among their fiber nooses. In the third division, that of missiles, the same principle of succession isadhered to. First are placed those missiles which are propelled by the unaided arm; then those in using which the arm is artific:ally length- ened, as with the sling, string, or darting stick; then those in which the propelling power is derived from the elasticity of rods and cords, the strength of the arm having become subsidiary; closing with those in INTRODUCTION. o the use of which the strength of the arm is of no essential value, and the propelling power originates in chemical combustion. Accessory to these are groups containing those articles used in the manufacture, testing, loading, and transportation of these missiles, and the machines which drive them through the air. In a fourth division is the apparatus of angling, which is separated from hooked implements with which the form of the articles would natu- rally place them, since they are not implements of grasping, but partake of the nature of traps, being in part automatic. The group of nets is a heterogeneous one, as has been stated above, consisting of two divisions, the first that of entangling-nets, belong ing properly with traps, while encircling-nets are in idea instruments for grasping. Ir arranging traps a logical succession has been preserved as far as possible. Those traps are considered the most simple in which the animal is penned by its own act, without any change in the arrange- ment of the trap. The pit-falls or “‘tipes” are first, followed by the mazes or labyrinths of greater or less complexity. Then come the traps in which the entrance is closed, either by the falling of a door or by the falling of a box-like trap, as a whole, so as to surround the animal. Under clutching-traps are placed those which seize the animal, as in the fingers, while crushing-traps are those which seize or impale it bodily. Adhesive preparations, such as bird-lime, close the series. The accessory divisions, including hunting-animals, decoys, and dis- guises, and the methods and appliances of pursuit, do not admit any thorough classification, and are arranged with reference to convenience of exhibition. ; SECTION C includes all methods of utilizing animals’ products. It might be more satisfactorily arranged with the following section, were it not for the inconvenience of exhibiting models and tools in the same cases with the manufactured products; the arrangement of the two sec- tions is nearly the same. In SECTION D are grouped all useful substances derived from the animal kingdom. In order to avoid the omission of any products which are or may be obtained from North American animals, this enumeration has been made general, those not American being included in parentheses. This enumeration is far from complete, and is intended simply as an aid to-future study in the same direction. SECTION E includes all articles illustrating the culture and protection of useful animals. : SECTION A. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN, (WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THEIR USEFUL APPLICATIONS.) I. MAMMALS. lL. FERAE: FISSIPEDIA. (Cats, pumas, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, wolves and dogs, foxes, fishers, martens, minks, weasels, wolverenes, badgers, skunks, otters, sea-otters, bears, raccoons, and the domesticated cat, dog, and ferret.) Useful products : Food, (bears, raccoon, &c.) D. 1. Fur, (all the group.) D. 6. Leather, (dog, cat.) D. 20. Textile fabrics, felt, (raccoon.) D. 8. Ivory, teeth, (bear, fox, &c.) D. 9. Claws used by Indians, (bears, puma.) D. 11. Hair, for brushes, (badger, dog, weasel, skunk, bear.) D. 21. Oil, (bears.) D. 27. Perfumes, (civet, &c.) D. 28. Medicinal products, (skunk.) D. 30. Chemical agent, album greecum, (dog.) D. 30. Useful traits: . ! Susceptible of domestication, (wolves (Indian dog,) foxes, otters, bears, raccoon, dog, cat, ferret.) Employed in hunting, (dog, cat, ferret.) B. 40. Employed in fishing, (otter.) B. 40. ws 6 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 4 1, FERAE—Continued. ' F1ssIPEDIA—Continued. Injurious traits: Enemies of man, (cats, wolves, bears.) Enemies of domestic animals. Marauders on crops, (bears, raccoon.) Stench nuisances, (skunks.) Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, VI, X. PINNIPEDIA. (Fur-seals, sea-lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-ele phants, walruses.) Useful products: Food of aborigines. D. 1. Fur, (fur-seals, &c.) D. 6. Leather, &c., parchment from viscera, (sea-lions, hair-seals, walruses.) D. 20. Oil, (hair-seal, hood-seal, sea-elephant, &c.) D. 27. Ivory, (walrus.) D. 9. Injurious traits: Destroy fish. Modes of capture. JB. I, II, V, X. 2. UNGULATA. (Bison, musk-ox, mountain-goat, mountain-sheep, an- telope, moose, caribou, elk, deer, peccary, and the domesticated ox, goat, sheep, hog, horse, ass, and camel.) Useful products: Food, fresh, smoked, and pickled, (all the group.) D. Ils 2, BY Fur, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, moose, &c.) D. 6. Leather, (all the group.) D. 20. Textile fabrics and feit, (ox, goat, sheep, camel, musk-ox.) D. 8. Ivory and bone. D. 9. ‘Horn, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, elk, &c.) D. 10. Hoof, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, deer, horse, &c.) D. 11. | Hair, bristles, and wool, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, hog, camel.) D. 21. Gelatine and glue. D. 4, 24. Oil and fat. D. 27. Perfumes, (musk-ox, musk-deer.) D. 28. Coloring materials from blood and bile. D. 29. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 7 2. UNGULATA—Continued. Useful products: Chemical products. D. 30. Fertilizers. D. 31. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication. Modes of capture. B. I, I, III, VI, 1X. 3. PROBOSCIDEA. (Elephants.*) Useful products: Ivory. D. 9. 4, SIRENIA. (Manatee, or sea-cow.) Useful products : Food. D.1. Leather. D. 7, 20. Oil. D. 27. 5. CETE. (Whales.) DENTICETE. (Beluga, narwhal, porpoise, b'ack-fish, killer, gram- pus, sperm-whale.) Useful products : é Food, Indian, (sperm-whale, porpoise.) D. 1. Oils, (all the group.) D. 27. Spermaceti, (sperm-whale,) Leather, (porpoise, beluga.) D. 7, 20. Bone and ivory, (narwhal, sperm-whale.) D. 9. Perfume, ambergris, (sperm-whale.) Injurious traits: Destroy fish and seals. Modes of capture. B.I, II, III, X. MYSTICETE. (Right, or whale-bone whales.) Useful products : Food, (right-whale.) D. 1. Baleen. D. 12. Oil, (right-whale, &c.) D. 27. 6. CHIROPTERA. (Bats.) Useful products: Food, Indians. D. 1. Felting material. D. 8. Guano. D. 31. Useful traits: Destroy troublesome insects. Injurious traits: Disseminate troublesome insects. = * Elephas primigenius, found fossil in North America. 8 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. INSECTIVORA. (Moles and shrews.) _ Useful products: Fur, (moles.) D. 6. Felting material, (moles.) D. 8. Useful traits : Destroy burrowing insects, &c. . Injurious traits: Burrowers. Modes of capture. B. VI. 8. GLIRES. (Squirrels, prairie-dogs, showtl, marmots, musquash, bea- ver, rats, mice, lemmings, porcupines, rabbits, and the domesticated rabbit, and Guinea-pig.) Useful products : Food. D.1. Fur, (squirrels, showtl, marmots, musquash, beaver, lem- mings, rabbit, &c.) D. 6. Textile fabric, felt, (musquash, beaver, rabbit.) D. 8. Iwory, (beaver.) D. 9. Leather, (rat, beaver.) D. 7, 20. Hair and down, (rabbits.) D. 21. Quills, (poreupine.) D. 21. Perfume, castoreum, (beaver.) D. 28. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication, (squirrels, rab- bits, &e.) Tnjurious traits: Marauders. Modes of capture. B. I, I, Il, VI, VII, VIII, 1X. 9. BRUTA. (Armadillo, &c.) 3 Useful products: Shell used by Indians in various manufac- tures. D. 14. Injurious traits : Burrower. Marauder. 10. MARSUPIALIA. (Opossum.) Useful products : Food. D.1. Hair used in felting. D.&. Injurious traits: Marauder. Modes of capture. B. I, II, ill, VI, VIIL ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS 9 I. BIRDS. 11. PASSERES. (Thrushes, stone-chats and blue-birds, dippers, king- lets, titmice, nuthatches, creepers, wrens, larks, wagtails, warblers, tanagers, swallows, waxwings, greenlets, shrikes, finches, starlings, black-birds and orioles, crows and jays, fly-catcbers, and do- mesticated sparrow, canary, Wc.) Useful products : Foods, (thrushes, rice-birds, &c.) D. 1. Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Destroy insects. Song-birds, (generally susceptible of domestication.) 12-13. PICARIA, AND CUCULIL. (Night-hawks, whippoorwills, swifts, humming-birds, trogons, saw-bills, kingfishers, cuckoos, woodpeck- ers.) : Useful products: Ornamental feathers, (humming-birds, tro gons.) D. 23. Useful traits : F Destroy noxious insects, (night-hawks, swifts.) Destroy tree-borers, (woodpeckers.) Injurious traits : Destroy fish, (kingtishers.) Destroy birds’-eggs, (cuckoos.) Destroy fruit, (woodpeckers.) Destroy trees, (sap-sucker.) 14. PSITTACI. (Parroquet and domesticated parrots.) Useful products: Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication. 15. RAPTORES. (Owls, hawks, eagles, vultures, buzzards.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Quills. D. 22. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication and use in hunting? ee SSS sss 1Nine species of falcons, hawks, and owls have been employed in the chase by Europeans. 10 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. a 15. RAPTORES—Continued. Useful traits : Scavengers, (vultures, buzzards.) Destroy vermin, (owls, hawks.) Injurious traits: Destroy domestic animals, eggs, &c. 16. COLUMBS. (Pigeons and doves.) Useful products: Food. Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits: Game-birds. Susceptible of domestication. Used as targets, (wild pigeon.) B. 25. Used as carriers, (carrier-pigeon.) 17. GALLINA. (Turkey, grouse, partridge, sage-cock, ptarmigan quail, and the domesticated peacock, guinea-fowl, and fowl.) Useful products: Foods, flesh. D.1. Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Quills. D. 22. 5 Albumen. D. 30. Useful traits: Game-birds. Susceptible of domestication. 18. LIMICOLAS. (Plover, ring-neck, surf-bird, oyster-catcher, turnstone avoset, stilt, phalarope, woodcock, snipe, sandpiper dunlin, godwit, sanderling, willet, tattler, yellow shanks, green-shanks, curlew.) Useful products: Food: Flesh. D. 1. Eggs. D.1. Feathers. D. 23. Useful traits: Game-birds. 19. HERODIONES. (Ibises, spoonbills, herons, egrets, bitterns.) Useful products: Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits: Destroy vermin. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 1t 20. ALECTORIDES. (Cranes, rails, crakes, gallinules, coots.) Useful products: Food, (rails, crakes.) D. 1. Feathers. D. 23. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication, (cranes.) 21. LAMELLIROSTRES. (Flamingoes, swans, geese, ducks.) Useful products : Food: Flesh, (geese, ducks.) D. 1. iggs, (geese, ducks.) Ornamental feathers, (flamingo, geese, &c.) D. 23, Down, (geese, ducks.) D. 23. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication, (geese, ducks.) Used as decoys for other swimmers, (brants, ducks.) 29, STEGANOPODES. (Gannets, pelicans, cormorants, darters or water-turkeys, frigate birds, tropic birds.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers, (darters, tropic birds.) D. 23. Leather, (of feet.) D. 20. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication.’ 23. LONGIPENNES. (Gulls, terns, skimmers, petrels, albatrosses shearwaters.) Useful products : Food, eggs. D. 1. Ornamental feathers, (gulls, terns, &c.) D. 23. Oil, (petrels, &c., used by Eskimos.) D. 27. 24. PYGOPODES. (Loons, es auks: puffins, guillemot, murres.) Useful products : Foods, (eggs.) D.1. Ornamental feathers, (grebes.) D. 23. Feathers used as furs, (grebes, auks, &e.) D. 8. 25. SPHENISCI. (Penguins.) Useful products: Feathers used as fur. D. 6. Oly Deak: 1 Graculus carbo used in Europe for fishing and a similar species in China. 12 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. II. REPTILES. 26. CROCODILIA. (Alligator, crocodile.) Useful products: Food. D.1. ‘Ivory. D.8. . 3 Leather. D. 20. Oil. D. 27. Musk. D. 28. Injurious traits : Enemies of man and domestic animals. 27. TESTUDINATA. (Tortoises, terrapin, leather-back, green, logger- head, and hawks. bill turtles.) Useful products : Food: Flesh, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) D. 1. Eggs, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) Oil from eggs, (green turtle.) D. 27. Shell, (turtles.) D. 13. Perfume. D. 28. Methods of capture and transportation. E. 3. 28. uACERTILIA. (Lizards, skinks, horned-toads, chameleons, scor- pions, joint-snakes, &c.) Useful products: Food of Indians. D. 1. Medicinal product: (Skink.) D. 30. Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects. 29. OPHIDIA. (Snakes.) Useful products : Leather, (rattlesnakes, bull snakes.) D. 27.° Medicinal products, (rattlesnakes, copperheads.) D. 30. Oil, (rattlesnakes.) D. 27. Useful traits: Destroy vermin. Injurious traits: Enemies of man, (rattlesnakes, copperheads, and moccasins.) IV. AMPHIBIANS. 30. ANURA. (Frogs, toads, hyla, &ce.) Useful products: Food, (frogs.) D. 1. Material for physiological instruction, (frogs.) ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 13 30. ANURA—Continued. Useful products: Weather indicators, (hyla.) Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects, (toads.) 31, URODELA. (Salamanders, axolotis, and menopomes.) Useful products: Foods, aboriginal, (axolotls.) Useful traits: Aquarium use. Injurious traits: Enemies of young fish. 32. PROTEIDA. (River-dogs, hell-benders.) Injurious traits: Enemies of young fish. 33. TRACHYSTOMATA. (Sirens.) V. FISHES. 34. PEDICULATI. (Sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish or angler, mouse-fish, &c.) Useful products: Baits, (goose-fish.) D 1. Injurious traits: Enemies of. aquatic birds, (goose-fish.) 35. PLECTOGNATHI. (Sun-fish, rabbit-fish, porcupine-fish, swell-fish, box-fish, trunk-fish, cow-fish, file-fish, trigger- fish.) Useful products : Food, (file-fish, trunk-fish.) D. 11. Clothing, (helmets made from porcupine-fish.) D. 20. Oils, used in medicine, (sun-fish.) D. 27. Shagreen, (file-fish, trigger-fish.) D. 30. 36. LOPHOBRANCHII. (Sea-horse, pipe-fish.) Useful traits: Aquarium use. 37. HEMIBRANCHII. (Snipe-fish, trumpet-fish, stickleback.) Useful traits: Aquarium use, (sticklebacks.) Injurious traits: Destroy eggs of other fishes. 38. TELEOCEPHALI: HETEROSOMATA, (soles, flounders, flatfish, turbot, halibut.* Useful products : Foods: Fresh. D.1. Smoked, (halibut.) D. 2. Pickled, (halibut.) D. 3. Baits, D. 5. 14 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 38. TELEOCEPHA L!I—Continued. ANACANTHINI, (cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cusk, burbot, rockling, lance.) Useful products: Food: Fresh. JD. 1. Salted, wet, (cod,) (cods’ sounds, tongues.) D. 3. Salted, dry, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 2. Bait, (lance.). D. 5. Isinglass, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 24. Leather, (N. W. coast Indians, cod.) D. 27. Oil, (cod, haddock, hake, livers.) D. 30. ACANTHOPTERI, (Wolf-fish, blenny, oyster-fish, toad-fish, lump- fish, sea-snail, goby, sea-robin, gurnard, scul- pin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hemdur- gan, red-fish, rock cod (west coast), black-fish, or tautog, cunner or chogset, parrot-fish, vur- parous-fish (west coast), surgeon-fish, angel- fish, cheetodons, sword-fish, bayonet-fish, seab- bard-fish, mackerel, cero, tunny, bonito, crevallé, pompano, pilot-fish, dolphin, butter- fish, weak-fish, drum, croaker, king-fish, whiting, bass, sheepshead, scup or porgy, grunts or pig-fish, black bass, sunfish, straw- berry bass, rock bass, perch, groupers, striped bass or rock-fish, blue-fish, tailor, cobia, remora, barracuda.) Useful products : Food: Fresh. D. 1. Salted, wet, (sword-fish, mackerel, tunnies, pompa- noes, blue-fish.) D. 2. Baits. D. 5. Isinglass, (weak-fish, drum, &c.) D. 24. Ornament, scales, (parrot-iish, drum.) JD. 14. Injurious traits: Poisonous, (barracuda, dolphin, &c.) Enemies of vessels, (sword-fish, bayonet-iish.) Parasitic on useful fishes, (remora, toad-fish, and sea-snail, (on oysters and pectens,) &c.) Bait-thieves, (sculpins.) ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 15 388. TELECOPHALI—Continued. PERCESOCES. (Atherines, mullet.) Useful products: Food: Fresh. D.1. ' Salted, smoked, (mullet, mullet-spawn.) D. 2. Salted, wet, (mullet.) D. 3. Bait, (atherines.) D. 5. Scales, (mullet.) D. 14. SYNENTOGNATHI. (Gar-fish, flying-fish.) Useful products: Food: Fresh. D.1. Salted, smoked, (gar-fish, flying-fish.) 1. ~ HAPLOmI. (Blind-fish, pike, pickerel, minnows.) Useful products: Food, (pike, pickerel.) D. 1. Bait, (minnows.) OD. 5. Injurious traits: Enemies of other fishes and of aquatic birds, (pikes, pick- erels.) ISOSPONDYLI. (Capelin, oulachan, smelt, white-fish, salmon, trout, tarpum, herring, menhaden, shad, alewite or gas- pereau, anchovy, &c.) Useful products: Food: Fresh. D. 1 Salted, (shad, salmon, white-fish, herring, &c.) D. 2. Smoked, (herring, salmon, &e.) D. 1. Canned, (salmon, menhaden, sardines, &c.) D. 1. Eggs. D.1. Sauce, (anchovy.) D. 3. Oil,(salmon, oulachan, white-fish, menhaden, herring.) D.27. Bait, (capelin.) D. 5. Ornamental scales, (tarpum.) D. 14. Guano, (menhaden, herring, &c.) D. 31. Modes of culture. HE. 9. EVENTOGNATHI. (Suckers, dace, buffalo-fish, carp, tench, &c.) Useful products: Food. D. 1. Bait. D. 5. Artificial pearls. D. 29. _Modes of culture, (including domesticated species.) E. 9. 16 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 39. NEMATOGNATHI. (Cat-fish, “bull-heads,” &c.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Guano, (cat-fish.) D. 31. 40. APODES. (Hels, congers.) Useful products: Food. D.1. Bait, eel-skins. D. 5. Leather, (eels.) D. 20. 41, CYCLOGANOIDEI. (Mud-fish, or amia.) 42, RHOMBOGANOIDEIL. (Gar-pikes.) Useful products: Scales, used for arrow-tips. D. 14. Injurious traits: Enemies of other fish. 43. SELACHOSTOMI. (Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill) 44, CHONDROSTEI. (Sturgeons.) Useful products: Foods: Fresh. D.1. Smoked. D. 1. Eggs, pickled, (caviare.) D. 3. Chorda-dorsalis, dried, (veziga.) D. 2. Isinglass, (sturgeon.) D. 24. Oi D. 27, 2° Seales. D. 14. Useful traits: Scavengers. Injurious traits: Said to destroy eggs of white-fish. VI. ELASMOBRANCHIATES. 45. HOLOCEPHALI. (Chimera, or king of the herrings.) 46. RAIA. (Skates, rays, “ devil-fish.”) 47. SQUALI. (Sharks.) Useful products: Food, (sharks, skates.) D. 1. Bone, (sharks.) D. 9. Oil, livers, (sharks, rays, &c.) D. 27. Shagreen, (sharks.) D. 20. Injurious traits: Enemies of man and fishes. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 17 VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES. 48. HYPEROARTIA. (Lamprey-eels, or nine eyes.) 49. HYPEROTRETI. (Suckers, or hags.) Useful products: Food, (lamprey-eels.) D. 1. Useful traits: Scavengers, (hags.) VIII. LEPTOCARDIANS. 50. CIRROSTOMI. (Amphioxus.) Modes of capture. D. 6. __ IX. INSECTS. 51. HEXAPODA. (Bees, butterflies and moths, flies, beetles, bugs and lice, grasshoppers and crickets, dragon-flies and caddice flies.) Useful products : Food of aborigines. Honey, (bees, &¢.) D. 1. Wax, (bees, &c.) D. 30. Baits, (flies, bees, dragon-flies, beetles and their larva, grasshoppers, &c.) D. 5, B. 45. Silk, (moths.) D. 8. Coloring material, (cochineal insect, &c.) D. 29. Blistering preparations, (Spanish-flies, &c.) D. 30. Wings used in the arts, (beetles.) D. 19. - Useful traits : Puncture trees, producing galls, manna, lac, &c. Injurious traits: Injurious to vegetation, (numerous species.) Internal and external parasites, (flies.) 52. MYRIAPODA. (Centipedes, millipedes.) Useful products: Food of aborigines, (eggs.) D. 1. Injurious traits : Venomous, (centipedes, millipedes.) X. ARACHNEANS. 53. ARACHNIDA. (Spiders, scorpions, mites, &c.) Useful products: Fine threads used by opticians, (spiders.) Silk, (spiders.) 18 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 53. ARACHNIDA—Continued. Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects, (spiders.) Injurious traits : Venomous, (scorpions.) Parasites, (mites.) XI. ARTHROPODS. 54, CRUSTACEA. (Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, lim- noria, fish-lice, lerneans, sand and water fleas, barnacles, horseshoe crabs, &c.) Useful products: Foods, (fresh and canned crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, lobsters.) Baits, (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, &c.) Manures, (horseshoe crabs.) Usetul traits: Skeleton cleaners, (beach fleas, &c.) Injurious traits: Parasites on fishes and marine mammals, (barnacles, fish- lice, &c.) Destroy earthworks, dams, &c., (crawfish.) Destroy submerged timbers, (limnoria, &c.) Modes of protection against injurious species. KE. 4. Methods of capture. D. 7, 31, 32. XI. WORMS. 55. ANNELIDA. (Sipunculoids, leeches, earth-worms, serpule, sea- worms, &c.) Useful products: Food of aborigines, (earth-worms.) D. 1, 2. Baits, (earth-worms, sea-worms.) D. 5. Useful traits: Used in surgery, (leeches.) Used as barometers, (leeches.) Injurious traits: External parasites of animals, (leeches.) Methods of culture, (leeches.) E. 11. 56. SCOLECIDA. (Tape-worms and flukes, planarians, nemerteans, trichine, thread-worms, rotifers, &c.) Injurious traits: Internal parasites, (numerous species.) apoerte: _ ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 19 XIU. MOLLUSKS. 57. CEPHALOPODA. (Octopus, nautilus, argonauts, calamaries or squids.) Useful products: Food, (squids and their eggs.) D. 1. Bait, fresh and salted, (octopus, squids.) D. 1, 5. Ink, sepia, (sepias.) D. 29. “ Bone,” used as food for animals. D. 5. ‘‘ Bone,” used in arts and manufactures. D.19. 58. GASTROPODA. (Land-snails, sea-snails, whelks, limpets, &c.) Useful products: Food, (numerous species.) D. 1, 2. Bait, (limpets, &e.) D. 5. Nacre, (top-shells, ear-shells, &c.) D.15. Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. Useful traits: Carrion-feeders, (strombus and other siphonated genera.) Food of useful animals. Injurious traits: » Predatory on other mollusks, (murex, buccinum, natica, &c.) Injurious to vegetation. 59. CONCHIFERA. (Ordinary bivalve shells.!) Useful products: Food, fresh, dried, and pickled, (numerous species.) D Loe: Baits, (clams, mussels, &c.) D. 5. Pearls and nacre, (river-mussels, pearl-oysters, &c.) D. 15 Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. Injurious traits: Borers in wood and stone, (ship-worms, pholas_ gastrochzna, date, shells, saxicava, ungulina, &c.) XLV. RADIATES. 60. ECHINODERMATA. (Sea-cucumber, sea-urchins, star-fishes, ophi urans.) Useful products: Food, fresh, (sea-urchins and their eggs.) D. 1. Food, dried, (béches le mer.) 1 Tunicata, brachiopoda, and bryzoa are omitted, on account of their very remote usefulness. 20 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 60. ECHINODERMATA—Continued. Injurious traits : Burrowers, (various echinoids.) Destroyers of useful mollusks. 61. CHALENTERATA. (Acalephs, polyps, &c.) Useful products: Coral, various species of polyps.) D. 17. Tnjurious traits: Clog seines, weirs, and fishing-lines, (acalephs.) XV. PROTOZOANS. 62. RHIZOPODA. (Sponges and foraminifera.) Useful products : Food, “‘mountain meal,” (foraminifera.) D.1 Infusorial earths, (foraminifera.) D. 18. Sponges, used in arts and manufactures. D. 26. SECTION B. (THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.) MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS. * For striking. 1. CLUBS: a. Unarmed clubs: Salmon-clubs, used by the Indians of the Northwest coast. Other fishing-clubs. Hunting-clubs. b. Armed clubs: Stone-headed clubs. - Clubs, armed with teeth or bone points. Clubs, armed with metal points. 2. SLUNG-WEIGHTS: a. Slung-stones. b. Slung-shot. c. (§ Morning stars.”) d. (‘ Flails.”) 3. KNIVES: a. Straight knives: ** For cutting. Hunting-dirks and daggers. Hunting-knives, scalp-knives, &c. Blubber-knives, aboriginal and recent. Boarding-knives used by whalemen. Whaleman’s boat-knives. Bowie-knives. Flaying-knives, aboriginal and recent. Splitting-knives. Heading-knives. Sailors’ and fishermen’s sheath-knives. Hunters’ sheath-knives. Slivering-knives, used by fishermen. Oyster-knives. 22 22 ‘ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 3, KNIVES—Continued. a. Straight knives: Mackerel rimmers or fatting knives. (Swords, including the various forms incidentally used in hunting, sabers, cutlasses, machétes, creases, &c.) Stone and bone knives, used by Indians and Eskimos. Skin scrapers and parers, used in preparing leather. | b. Clasp-knives: Sailors’ clasp-knives. Hunters’ clasp-knives. Clasp-dirks. Jockey knives. | 4, AXES: a. Axes, proper: Tomahawks. Hatchets. Whaleman’s boat-hatchets. _ Cleavers. Axes, used by fishermen and hunters. Head-axes for whalemen. b. Cutting-spades: Whale-spades : Cutting-spades. Throat-spades, flat and round shank. Wide spades. Half-round spades. Head-spades. Blubber-mincing knives. Chopping-knives. *** For thrusting. 5. THRUSTING SPEARS AND PRODS: a. Fishing-lances. Whale-lances. Whaleman’s boat-spades, thick and thin. Seal-lances. Fish-Jances. b. Hunting-spears. c. Bayonets. d. Prodding-awls, used in piercing the base of the brain in killing fish for the table. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 23 I]. IMPLEMENTS FOR SEIZURE OF OBJECT. * Scooping-instruments. 6. SCOOPS. t For hand-use. a. Shovels: Clam-shovels. Trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals. Hand-scoops. b. Hand-dredges, used in collecting mollusks. ce. Pile-scrapers. tt For use with sounding-lines. d. Armed leads: Common “ deep-sea lead.” Deep-sea-sounding apparatus. e. Cup-leads. J. Scoop sounding-machines. ** Grasping-hooks. 7 HOOKED INSTRUMENTS. (Those used with a single motion, that of hooking :) a. Single-pointed hooks: Gaff-hooks. Boat-hooks. Jigs. Rabbit and squirrel hooks, used by the Ute Indians. Snake-hooks. Clam-hooks. Hoes and picks used in gathering shell-fish. Forks used in handling salted and dried fish. Whalemen’s hooks: Blubber-hooks. Blubber-forks. . Junk-hooks. Lance-hooks. Can-hooks. 24 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. HOOKED INSTRUMENTS—Continued. b. Many-pointed hooks: Grappling-irons. Lip hooks or grapnels, used by whalers. Toggles, used by whalers. Oyster-rakes. Clam-rakes. Oulachan rakes or spears. Squid-jigs. c. Twisting-rods, used in drawing small mammals from their lve oy burrows. 8. BARBED IMPLEMENTS. (Those used with two motions, the first that of thrusting :) a. Spears with fixed heads: Harpoons. One-flued harpoons. Two-flued harpoons. Toggle-harpoons. Harpoon-bullets. (See under 23.) Gun-harpoons. Other whaleman’s “ craft.” Barbed spears, (with single point.) Grains, (with two prongs.) Gigs. Bird-spears. Otter-spears. Sea-otter spears. Seal-spears. Walrus-spears. Rel-spears. Flounder-spears. Sturgeon-spears, (west coast.) Octopus-spears. Crab-spears, used in Rhode Island. 6. Spears with detachable heads: Lily-irons. Dolphin-irons. Indian harpoons of shell and iron. Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 25 &. BARBED INSTRUMENTS—Continued. b. Spears with detachable heads: Indian fish-harpoons. Other fish-harpoons. (For accessory apparatus, see under 29.) 9. TONGS, &e. } For hand use. a. Tongs (with two handles :) Oyster-tongs. Oyster-rakes. b. ‘¢ Nippers,” (with cord and handle.) Snake-tongs. Sponge-tongs. Coral-tongs. tt For use with sounding-lines. c. ‘*Clamms” for deep-sea soundings, (forceps closed by a weight.) (Ross’s “ Deep-sea clamms.”) (Bull-dog sounding-machine.) *** Grasping-lines. 10. NOOSES. t Stationary nooses. a. Jerk-snares : Bird-snares. Fish snares, of wire, gut, hair, &c. tt Thrown nooses. b. Lariats and lassos: Lariats with rope noose, made from hair, hemp, and rawhide. Lariats with metal noose. (Chilian bird-lariat.) 11. LOADED LINES. (Bolas.) a. Bird-slings, used by Eskimos. b. Bolas, with one or several weights.) #eEE Hntangling lines. 12. TANGLES. a. Tangles: Swab-tangles. (Dredge-tangles, used by English collectors.) Harrow-tangles. Wheel-tangles. ae 26 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES IIT. MISSILES. * Simple missiles, (those propelled by the unaided arm.) 13. HURLED WEIGHTS. a. Stones and discs thrown by the hand. b. Weights dropped from an elevation, (dead-falls, not automatic.) 14, HURLED STICKS. a. Straight sticks: Clubs used as missiles. b. Curved sticks: Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in hunting rabbits. (Boomerangs.) 15. HURLED SPEARS. a. Darts and lances. ** Centrifugal missiles. (Propelling power augmented by an artificial in- crease of the length of the arm.) 16. SLINGS AND SPEARS THROWN BY STRAPS. a. Slings. b. Spears, with straps used in throwing them. 17. MISSILES PROPELLED BY “THROWING-STICKS.” a. Spears with throwing-sticks, used by Eskimos: Series of throwing or darting sticks. #** Missiles propelled by a spring.—t Spring consisting of bent rod. 18. BOWS AND ARROWS. a. Bows: Simple bows. (Cross-bows.) (Ballistas.) 6. Arrows: Lance-arrows. Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing. Blunt or club arrows, used in killing birds. c. Accessories of bows and arrows: Holders. Quivers. Arrow-head pouches. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 18. BOWS AND ARROWS—Continued. d. Implements of manufacture: Flint-chipping apparatus. Arrow-head sharpeners. Shaft-gauges. Cord-twisting apparatus. Shaft-polishers. Glue-sticks, used in fastening head of arrow. tt Spring consisting of elastic cord. 19. INDIA-RUBBER SLINGS. a. Pea-shooters, used in killing birds. tit Spring consisting of metallic helix. 20. SPRING-GUNS. a. Spring-guns. #*** Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water. 21, AIR-GUNS. a. Blow-guns, (missile propelled by the breath :) Blow-guns carrying arrows. Blow-guns carrying balls. b. Piston air-guns. c. Reservoir air-guns: Air-guns. Air-gun canes. 22. WATER-GUNS. a. Syringe-guns: Humming-bird guns. #EEKK Hive-arms. 23. GUNS AND PISTOLS. a. Muzzle-loading arms: With smooth bores: Muskets. Fowling-pieces. Cane-guns. Pistols: Single-barreled pistols. Revolvers. With grooved bores: Rifles. Rifle-muskets. Rifle-carbines. Pistols. 28 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 23. GUNS AND PISTOLS—Continued. b. Breech-loading arms: With smooth bores: Fowling-pieces. Pistols. With rifled bores : Muskets. Hunting rifles. Carbines : Single-barreled carbines, Revolving carbines. Pistols: Pistols. Revolvers. ce. Whaling-guns: Bomb lance and gun. Harpoon ball and gun. Harpoon-gun. Harpoon bomb-lance gun. 24, (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION AND ITS PREPARATION. a. Explosives : Gunpowder. Gun-cotton. Percussion powder : Caps. Needle percussion. Primers. Wood powder. Dynamite or giant-powder. Nitroglycerine. ‘ Dualine. Lithofracteur. Colonia powder. Other explosives. b. Missiles : Bullets. (Accessory) bullet-molds. Shot. (Accessory) methods of manufacturing shot. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 29 24, (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION, &c.—Continued. b. Missiles : Explosive bullets, shells, &c. : Bomb-lance. Meigs’s shells. ce. Wadding: Bulk wadding. Prepared wads. (Accessory) wad-cutters. d. Aminunition-measures : Measures. Shot-measures. Powder-measures. Weighing-scales. e. Prepared ammunition : Cartridges: Ball-cartridges. Shot-cartridges. Wire-cartridges. (Accessory) paper-shells. (Accessory) metallic shells. f. Methods of preparing cartridges: Loaders. Crimpers. Cappers. 25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, CLEANING AND REPAIR- ING, SIGHTING, AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS. a. Instruments for cleaning, loading, &c.: ; Attached to pouches and separate. Rammers. Swabs. Charge-drawers, ‘* worms.” b. Sights, &e. : Muzzle-sights: Plain sights. Slit-sights. Globe-sights. Peep-sights. Breech-sights: Plain sights. Graduating sights. 30 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, &c.—Continued. b. Sights, &c. : Telescope-sights. Levels, attached to guns Wind-gauges. ce. Targets: Practice-targets. ‘“¢ Gyro-trap ” targets. ; Pigeon-traps and accessories of pigeon-shooting. d. Recoil-checks. 26. FOR CARRYING ARMS AND AMMUNITION. a. Ammunition-holders: Powder-holders : Horns. Flasks. Canisters. Shot-holders : Pouches. Belts. Cartridge-holders : Pouches. Boxes. Belts. Vests. Cap-holders: Pouches. Boxes. Cap-straps, used by Indians. b. Weapon-holders: Slings for arms: Shoulder-slings. Saddle-slings. Holsters. Belts: Pistol-belts. Racks and cases: Gun-racks. Gun-cases. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 31 IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE. 27, HOOKS WITH MOVABLE LINES. a. Tackle for surface-fishing : Fly-fishing tackle. Salmon-tackle. Trout-tackle. Black-bass tackle. Shad-tackle. Trolling-tackle: Trolling-tackle. Whiffing-tackle. Drailing-tackle. Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait. Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling: Striped-bass tackle. Redfish or bass tackle. Bluefish tackle. ide-drailing tackle: Pasque and cuttyhunk bass-tackle. b. Tackle foc fishing below the surface: Short hand-gear : Mackerel-gear. Deep-sea gear: Cod-gear. Halibut-gear. Flounder-gear. Shark-gear. Tautog-gear. Other bottom-gear. Bobs: Hel-bobs. 28, HOOKS, WITH STATIONARY LINES.—SET TACKLE. a. Surface lines: Spilliards, or floating-trawl lines. b. Bottom-set lines: Trawl-lines, or bull-tows. 32 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 29. (ACCESSORY.) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING- APPARATUS AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES. a. Hooks, including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufacture. Plain hooks: Fly-hooks. Trout-hooks. Salmon-hooks. Cod and halibut hooks. Hooks for general use. Bass-hooks. Jigs and drails: Mackerel-jigs. Blue-fish drails of bone and metal of the various pat- terns, Newport, Noank, Providence, Provincetown, &c. Block Island drails. | Pearl-squids of various patterns. Bone-squids. Metal-squids. Petticoat-squids of flannel, &c. Spoon-baits, plain and fluted: Bass-spoons. Pickerel-spoons. Trout-spoons. Blue-fish spoons. Other trolling-spoons, Artificial flies on hooks : Salmon-flies for each month. Trout-flies for each month. (Accessory.) Fly-books. b. Lines, (twisted and plaited :) Silk-lines. Grass-lines. Linen-lines. Cotton-lines. Cotton-hemp lines. Bark-lines. Manila-lines. Hide-lines. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 33 29. (ACCESSORY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS, &c.-—Continued. b. Lines, (twisted and plated :) Gut-lines. Lines made from sea-weed, (Nereocystis Liitkeana,) and used by natives of Alaska. (Lines of sea-weed, (Chorda jilum,) used similarly in Scotland.) (Accessory.) Apparatus for twisting lines. c. Snoods, leaders, and traces: “‘Cat-gut,” (sheep,) snoods, and leaders. Silk-worm-gut snoods. Salmon-gut snoods. Flax-snoods. Gimp-snoods. Wire-snoods. “< Sid-straps.” d. Whalers’ chains and lines: Head chains and ropes. Fin-chains. Fluke chains and rings and ropes. Head pike and ring. (Accessory.) Blocks, pendants, cutting-blocks, &e. e. Sinkers: Boat-shaped sinkers, plain and shearing. Pipe-lead sinkers. Bullet-sinkers. Plummet-sinkers, sugar-loaf, pear-shaped, and double-taper. Banker-sinkers. Seine-sinkers, of chain, lead balls, lead rings, stone, Sc. (Accessory.) Molds for sinkers. Jig-molds. Other sinker-molds. f. Spreaders : Chopsticks. One-armed chopsticks, or “ revolving booms.” g. Floats: Line-floats of wood, cork, and quill. Harpoon-floats of bladder, inflated skit, and wood. Seine-floats of cork, wood, glass, and rubber-tubing. Keg and other floats for lobster-pots, gill-nets, &c. Whale-line drag. 34 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 29. (ACCESSORY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS, &c.—Continued. h. Reels: Simple reels for fly-fishing, with and without check. Multiplying reels for bass-fishing, with and without check. Other multiplying reels. Gunwale-winches. Dredge-line rollers. Trawl-line rollers. Seine-windlasses. a. Line-holders: Winders. Spools. Whaleman’s line-tub. Tubs for trawl-lines. Seine-reels. k. Rods: Straight rods, of cane, wood, whalebone, &e. : Salmon-rods. Trout-rods. Bass-rods. Pickerel-rods. Other rods. Folding-rods. Tips of rubber, whalebone, &ec. Tell-tales, used in trolling. Tell-tales for fishing under the ice. (Accessory) cases for rods and rod-tops. l. Swivels: Box-swivels. Hook-swivels. Pot-gauge swivel. Cod-line swivels. Trawl buoy-rope swivels. m. Clearing-rings. mn. Disgorgers. “MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 35 V. NETS. 30. ENTANGLING-NETS. a. Meshing-nets, (entangling in meshes :) t BARRIER-NETS. Rabbit-nets, used by Indians of the Southwest. Bird mesh-vets. Gill-nets, used in great lakes. t DRIFT-NETS. +t Those drifting across the tide. Shad gill-nets, used in southern rivers. Bass gill-nets. Salmon gill-nets. Mullet gill-nets. tt Those drifting along the tide. Mackerel gill-nets. Herring gill-nets. ° b. Pocket-nets, (entangling in pockets :) Trammel-nets. 31. ENCIRCLING-NETS. a. Seines: Seal-seines. Manatee-seines. Shad-seines. Mullet-seines. Menhaden-seines. Bass-seines. Blue-fish seines. Capelin-seines. Herring-seines. Cod-seines. Lance-bunts. Baird collecting-seines. Bait-seines. ‘¢ Wly-tail” seines of North Carolina. . 6. Hoop-nets: Handle, or dip-nets: Bull-nets, (worked with ropes and blocks.) ‘36 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 31. ENCIRCLING-NETS—Continued. b. Hoop-nets : Handle or dip-nets : Scoop-nets, (herring-nets, pound-scoops, car-scoops, &c.) Landing-nets. Eskimo auk-nets. Baited hoop-nets : Crab-nets. c. Trailing-nets : Trawls: Beam-trawl. (Otter-trawl.) Dredges: Flange, or ordinary dredge. | Rake-dredge. Oyster-scraper. (Coral-dredge.) Towing-nets: , Surface tow-nets. d. Folding or jerk nets: Purse-nets : Mackerel purse-seines, (pursed by weight.) Menhaden purse-seines, (pursed by hand-ropes.) Cast-nets : Mullet cast-nets. Pompano east-nets. Bait cast-nets. Clap-nets for birds. Rabbit-spring nets. Spring-weirs, (St. Lawrence.) Sieve-traps, (for birds.) e. (Accessory.) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture: Raw material of nets. Babiche. (See under D. 20.) Netting-fibre. Netting:twine. Netting-needles. Mesh-needles. Hanging-needles. Eskimo netting-needles. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. VI. TRAPS. 32, PEN-TRAPS. a. Pocket-traps: Pitfalls : Pits, covered. Barrel-traps. Jar mole-traps. “¢ Rabbit-tipe,” used in England. Salmon-baskets, (Columbia River.) Salmon-weirs, (Upper Columbia River.) River-weirs, with pockets: Kel-traps. Fish-slides : Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina. b. Labyrinth-traps: Corrals. Turkey-traps. Weirs, or pounds: Heart-pound. Salmon-weir. Virginia Indian weir, (figured by DeBry.) Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence. Funnel-traps : Fish-pots. Lobster-pots. Eel-weirs, (with leaders.) Eel-pots, (without leaders.) Barrel-pots, for eels. West India wicker fish-pots. Set-nets. Fykes, (set-nets with leaders.) Bass-traps. c. Door-traps: + Closed by the falling of a door. Box-traps. Rabbit-traps, (figure 4.) Brick traps, (figure 4.) 37 38 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 32. PEN-TRAPS—Continued. e. Door-traps : . Box-traps: Musquash traps, with hanging doors. Rabbit-traps, for mouth of burrows. Self-setting box-traps. | Double box-traps. : Spring-door traps. tt Closed by falling of whole trap. Bowl-traps. Cob-house bird-traps. Pigeon-nets. ttt Closed by falling of tide. Bar-weirs. d. Sheaf-traps: Sheaf-traps, (New York Harbor.) 33. CLHUTCHING-TRAPS. a. Noose-traps: Snares: Footpath-snares. Barrier-snares. Springes. “ Round mouse-traps.” b. Jawed traps: ‘¢ Steel traps :” Newhouse traps: No. 0. Rat-trap. No. 1. Muskrat trap. No. 14. Mink-trap. No. 2. Fox-trap. No. 3. Otter-trap. : No. 4. Beaver-trap. No. 43. Deer-trap. No. 5. Small bear-trap. No. 6. Great bear-trap. Spring bird-nets. (French bird-trap.) MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 39 34, FALL-TRAPS. a. Crushing-traps: Deadfalls. Figure-four traps. b. Piercing-traps: Spear-falls. Mole-traps. Harpoon-traps. c. Spring-hooks: Pickerel-hooks. 35. MISSILE-TRAPS. a. Cross-bow traps. b. Spring-guns. 36. ADHESIVE PREPARATIONS. a. Bird-lime, &e. b. Hoods, boots, &e. ~ VIL APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION. 37. POISONS. a. Food poisons: Phosphorus poisons. Strychnine. Arsenic. Corrosive sublimate. Cyanide of potassium. Opium poisons. b. Blood poison: Woorara 38. ASPHYXIATORS. a. Apparatus for smoking-out. b. (Apparatus for suffocating with fames of sulphur.) ec. Apparatus for drowning-out. 39. TORPEDOES. 394. STOMACH-SPRINGS. : ‘a. Kskimo whalebone springs, used in killing bears. VIL. HUNTING-ANIMALS. 40. HUNTING-MAMMALS. a. Dogs. b. Hunting-leopard. (Cynailurus jubatus.) 40 40. HUNTING-MAMMALS—Continued. c. Weasels and ferrets. d. Otters. . ACCESSORIES TO HUNTING-DOGS. 41 42 C. ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. a. Dog-whips. b. Dog-whistles. Dog-collars. d. Dog-food. é. Dog-earts. f. Dog-muzzles. . HUNTING-BIRDS. a. Falcons. b. Owls. ce. Cormorants, (Carbo sinensis, used in fishing in China.) . ACCESSORY TO HUNTING-BIRDS. a. Hoods. - b. Perches. e. Cormorant-collars. 44, HUNTING-FISHENS. a. Remora, used in West Indies and Australia. ). BAITS. IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES. a. Natural baits: Flies and other insects. (This should include a collection of those insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are imitated in making artificial flies.) Worms. Mollusks. Salted baits, (prepared.) Menhaden. Herring. Squids. Clams, long. Clams, hen. Pea-roe of cod, (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely exported.) Grasshopper paste, used as a substitute for pea-roe. Tolling baits, ‘‘stosh,” &e. cy MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 41 45. BAITS—Continued. a. Natural baits: (Accessory) methods of preparing baits: Bait-cutters. Bait-mills. Bait-ladles. | Wheelbarrows for bait-clams, (Nantucket.) Bait boxes and cans. Bait-needles. b. Artificial baits: Trolling-spoons. Spinners. Squids and jigs. ‘¢ Bobs,” used in southern waters. Artificial flies. c. Accessory to b: a. Fly-books. b. Raw materials for making artificial flies. ce. Tools for making artificial flies. d. Pastes. 46. DECOYS. a. Scent-decoys. b. Sound-decoys: Animal calls, whistles, &e. Bird-ealls. c. Sight-decoys: Living decoy animals and birds. Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks. Stool-pigeons. Tame decoy-ducks. Tame decoy-brants. Imitations of animals and birds: Decoy swimming-birds. Decoy-waders. Imitations of fishes: Lure-fish used in taking Mackinaw trout. Blanket-decoys, (for antelopes.) Lanterns and otier apparatus for fire-hunting and fishing, Lanterns for still-hunting. 42 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 46. DECOYS—Continued. c. Sight-decoys: Lanterns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels. Jack-lanterns for fishing. 47. COVERS. a. Movable covers: Masks: Deer heads and antelope heads. Movable copses. Covers for hunter. Covers for boats. b. Stationary covers: Hunting-lodges. X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCES. 48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION. a. Personal aids: Snow-shoes. Skates. Alpenstocks and staves. _ Portable bridges. b. Animal equipments: Harness : Horse-trappings. Dog-harness. Girths, sinches. Bits, cabrestos, spurs. Saddles: Riding-saddles. Pack-saddles. Aparejos. Riding-pads, (for buffalo-hunting.) Furpack-saddle, (Hudson’s Bay Territory. Vehicles: Deer-sledges. Dog-sledges. Wagons. Dog-carts. Fish-carts, used in Nantucket. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 43 48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION—Continued. c. Boats: Hunting-boats, fishing-boats : Birch canoes. Canoes used by Indians of the northwest coast in whaling. Kyaks or bidarkas. Umiaks or bidarras. Indian raft-boats. Launches. Dug-outs. Portable (paper and canvas) boats. Duck-boats. Scows. Oyster-boats. Whale-boats. Seine-boats, (sea use.) . Seine-boats of the lakes. Potomac seine-boats. Dorys, sharpies, and dingies. Pound-boats of the lakes. Italian fishing-boats, (California.) Pinkies, (Martha’s Vineyard.) Adirondack boats. Alexandria Bay boats. Surf-boats. Whitehall boats. Oyster-canoes. Ducking-boats. Cat-rigged fishing-boats. Mackerel-smacks. Oyster-smacks. Menhaden-smacks. Menhaden-carryaways. Bank cod-smacks. Smacks with wells, used near the coast. Smacks employed in fish-trade. ‘W hale-ships. Sealers. 4A ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION—Continued. c. Boats: Herring-boats. Mackinaw boats. } sene ae ‘ Used in the Great Lake fisheries. Norwegian boats. ; Pound-boats. 5) Oyster-pungies, (canoe and square-sterned,) employed on the Chesapeake. Oyster police-boats. Steamers : : Mackerel-steamers. Menhaden steam-mills. | Lake gill-net steamer. Whale-steamers. Sealing-steamers, &c. Accessory to fishing-vessels : Rigging, masts, sails, cordage, pulleys, sockets. Anchors, killicks, chains. Sail-needles, palms, fids, marline-spikes. Oar-locks, chocks, oar-rests. Stepping-irons for whale-boats. Crotches and oar-rests. Paddles and oars. Rudder-heads, wheels, tillers, &c. Fog-horns, trumpets, drums, &c. Cabin, blubber room, cooks’ and binnacle lamps and jacket-lamps, signal, binnacle, and common lanterns. Compasses, barometers, We. Astronomical instruménts, sextants, quadrants, chro- nometers, hour aud log glasses. 49. CAMP-OUTFIT. a. Shelter: Lodges. Tents. Huntmg-camps. Hunters’ houses. Fishing-houses. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 49. CAMP-OUTFIT—Continued. b. Furniture: Hammocks. Beds, couches, stretchers, and lounges. Blankets, rubber and Mackinaw, and fur robes. Fuel. Apparatus for kindling fire. Lamps and lanterns. Tools. c. Commissary supplies: Cooking-apparatus, Kettles, and stoves. Table-furniture. Preserved meats, &c. 50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS. ‘a. Clothing: Hunting-suits. Cloth-suits. Skin-suits. Water-proof suits. Oil-skin suits. Boots, moccasins, leggings. Water-proof boots. Wading boots and stockings. Riding-boots. Moccasins. Leggings. Hats and caps. Protection from insects: Nets for beds and for face. Ointments, (such as tar and sweet-oil.) Smudges, (such as pyrethrum powder.) Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor. b. Trappings: Belts. Cross-belts. Game-bags. Game and fish baskets and slings. Wallets for lines and other tackle. AG ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS—Continued. c. Optical instruments, &e. : Snow-goggles. Telescopes. Field-glasses, &c. Water-telescopes. d. Medical outfit : Medicine-chests. ; Hunters’ and fishermen’s flasks. e. Artificial lights: ) Lanterns for camp and ship use. Torches. SHCTION C. METHODS OF PREPARATION. I. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOOD 1. PRESERVATION DURING LIFE, (see under E, 3.) 2. PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEATS. a. Refrigerators : . Ice-boxes and refrigerators. Refrigerator-cars. (Accessory.) The ice-trade: Ice cutting and handling apparatus. Methods of manufacturing artificial ice. Ice-houses. b. Other accessories of preservation : Meat-hooks. Skewers, &c. Carving-tools. 3. PRESERVATION BY DRYING. a. Sun-drying apparatus: Beach dryers. Flake-drying : Newfoundland flakes. Massachusetts flakes. Covers for fish-drying. b. Smoke-drying apparatus : Herring smoke-houses. Halibut smoke-houses. Salmon smoke-houses. Sturgeon smoke-houses. Aboriginal drying-houses. Methods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California. 47 48 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 4, PRESERVATION BY CANNING AND PICKLING. a. Salting fish : Knives, (see under B, 2.) Scaling-apparatus. Tables, tubs, &e. Barrels. (Accessory.) Salt: Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish. Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days. 6. Canning meats: Model of salmon-canning establishment. Model of sardine-factory. -(Accessory.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture. Model of lobster-canning factory. Model of oyster-canning factory. 5. PREPARATION OF BAITS. | a. Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c., (see under B, 2 and 3.) b. Bait tubs, vats, &ec. I]. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE FABRICS, FELTS, AND STUFFINGS. 6. PREPARATION OF WOOL AND HAIR OF MAMMALS. a. Preparation of wool cloths: Washing. Shearing. Stapling or assorting. Scouring. Combing, carding, and plucking. Spinning and reeling. Weaving. Fulling and teazling. Cropping. Pressing. b. Weaving worsted cloths. ec. Felting and the hat manufacture: Bowing. Pressing. Stopping. METHODS OF PREPARATION. 49 6. PREPARATION OF WOOL, &c.—Continued. c. Felting and the hat manufacture : Rolling-off. Shaping. d. Preparation of curled hair for stuffings. 7. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE. a. Preparation of stuftings. 8. PREPARATION OF FEATHERS. a. Preparation of down for stuffings. b. Preparation of feather fabrics. ce. Preparation of ‘ brillantine.” d. Preparation of flocking for wall-paper, from refuse quills. e. Preparation of fibres for manufacture of plush carpets. . 9. PREPARATION OF SILK OF INSECTS. a. Preparation of silk of silk-worms: Boiling the cocoons. Reeling. Spinning. Dyeing. Weaving. 10. PREPARATION OF SOFT PARTS OF OTHER INVERTE- BRATES. a. Preparation of silk from byssus of Pinna. b. Preparation of sponge stuffing. Ii. PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS AP- PENDAGES. 11. CURRYING OF LEATHER. a. Processes of currying : Dipping. Graining. Scraping. Dressing. b. Implements employed by curriers : ‘* Head-knives.” “ Pommels.” ‘¢ Stretching-irons.” *¢ Round-knives.” ** Cleaners.” 50 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. — 11. CURRYING OF LEATHER—Continued. b. Implements employed by curriers: “¢ Maces.” “ Horses,” or trestles. “¢ Dressers.” ‘¢ Treading-hurdles.” c. Eskimo and Indian currying methods and implements. d. Methods of dressing gut and sinew. 12. LEATHER-DRESSING. a. Processes of tanning leather : Soaking. Liming. Tanning. b. Processes of tawing or oil-dressing leather: Soaking. Liming. Oiling. ce. Apparatus of leather-dressing, recent and aboriginal. 13. FUR-DRESSING. a. Processes of fur-dressing: Currying. (See under 12.) Scouring. Tanning. Lustering. Plucking and dyeing. 14, FEATHER-DRESSING. a. Method of preparing ornamental feathers: Scouring. Bleaching. Washing. Azuring. Sulphuring. Scraping. Dyeing. b. (Art of plumagery.) 15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLES. a. Manufacture of quills for pens: Sand-bath drying and steaming. Polishing. METHODS OF PREPARATION. | 15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLES—Continued. a. Manufacture of quills for pens: Dyeing. Shaping. b. Manufacture of tooth-picks. c. Manufacture of floats and other articles. d. Manufacture of quill brush-bristles. 16. HAIR AND WOOL WORK. IV. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES. 17. IVORY CUTTING AND CARVING. a. Manufacture of handles, trinkets, billiard-balls, &c. : Turning and sawing. Polishing. Bleaching. b. Manufacture of organ and piano keys: Sawing. Strip-sawing. Polishing. Bleaching, &e. ce. Other processes. 18. PREPARATION OF HORN AND HOOF. a. Steaming. b. Pressing. 19. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE. a. Cutting and other processes. b. Manufacture of whip-makers’ stock and whips. . Manufacture of umbrella-maker’s bone. . Manufacture of ribbon-weaver’s bone. . Manufacture of hat and bonnet makev’s bone. . Manufacture of suspender-maker’s bone. . Manufacture of stock-maker’s bone. . Manufacture of dress and stay maker’s bone. . Manufacture of billiard-table cushions. . Manufacture of surgical instruments. . Manufacture of whalebone-brushes. a El es SF SS OS S&, © m. Manufacture of rosettes, woven-work, and trinkets. m. Other whalebone manufactures. 20. PREPARATION OF TORTOISE-SHELL. 52 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 21. PREPARATION OF FISH-SCALE WORK. 22. PREPARATION OF NACRE. 23. PREPARATION OF CORAL. | 24. PREPARATION OF OTHER HARD TISSUES Y. OILS AND GELATINES. 25. EXTRACTION OF WHALE.OiL, (WITH MODELS OF TRY- WORKS, CLARIFYING-VATS, &c.) a. Preparation of body-oil: Cutting in and stowing. Leaning and mincing. Trying. Bailing. Cooling. Barreling. Refining. b. Preparation of head-oil. ce. Preparation of spermaceti. d. Instruments and appliances of rendering whale-oil : Boarding- knives. Leaning-knives. Mincing-horse and mincing-knives. Mineing-tub. Mincing-machine. Blubber-fork. Try-pots. ifire-pike. Stirring-pole. Serap-hopper. Skimmer, Bailer. Cooler. Deck-pot. Casks. » EXTRACTION OF OTHER MAMMAL OILS, - EXTRACTION OF BIRD AND REPTILE OILS. . BXTRAC TION OF FISH-OILS, (WITH MODELS OF BOILERS, PRUSSUS, CLARIFYING-VATS, &c.) . EXTRACTION OF GLUE, GELATINE, AND ISINGLASS. METHODS OF PREPARATION. 53 VI. DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 30. . MANUFACTURE OF IVORY-BLACK. . MANUFACTURE OF PRUSSIATES. -. MANUFACTURE OF MUREXIDES. . PREPARATION OF COCHINEAL COLORS. . MANUFACTURE OF INKS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. . PREPARATION OF ALBUMEN. . MANUFACTURE OF PEPSIN. . MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHOROUS. - MANUFACTURE OF SAL AMMONIAC. 40. . MANUFACTURE OF ALBUMEN PREPARATIONS. 42, . MANUFACTURE OF FORMIC ACID. . MANUFACTURE OF CARBAZOTATES. 45, MANUFACTURE OF PERFUMES. MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA. MANUFACTURE OF PROPYLAMINE. VIL. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. PREPARATION OF GUANO. a. Model of fish-guano works: Grinders and pulverizers. Mixers. Guano in its various stages, with its ingredients, South Caro- lina phosphates, Navassa phosphates, scrap, (crude, and dried,) sulphuric acid, kainite, screened and unscreened guano, and sea-weed used in preparation. VIE. LIMES. 46. BURNING OF LIME. a. Models of kilns for burning shells. IX. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIEN- TIFIC USES. 47. APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCO- HOLIC SPECIMENS. a. Tanks and jars: Agassiz collecting-tank. 54 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 47, APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCO HOLIC SPECIMENS—Continued. a. Tanks and jars: Army collecting-tank. Museum storage-tank, Agassiz model. Anatomical jars. Self-sealing jars, used in collecting. Phials. Tube-phials. b. Syringes for injecting. c. Inflatable bags. d. Preservative mixtures: Alcohol. Glycerine. Carbolic acid. Chloral hydrate. Picric acid. Osmie acid. e. Labels: Metallic labels. Parchment labels. Indelible inks, pencils, &e. 48. APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING AND MAKING SKELE TONS. a. Preparation of the bones: Macerating-vats. Boiling-vats. Cleansing and bleaching preparation. b. Mounting of the bones: | Scraping-tools. Articulating-tools. 49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS. MODELING. a. Materials: Clays. Plasters. Glues. Papier-maché and carton pierre. Gelatine. Paraffine. Collodion. ‘ METHODS OF PREPARATION. 55 49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS, &c.—Continued. b. Frames and modeling tools. ce. Molds: Of plaster. Of gelatine. Of paper. Of paraffine. 50. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND MOUNT ING SKINS. TAXIDERMY. a. Tools: Flaying-tools. Scraping-tools. Taxidermists’ tools for stuffing : Forceps. Pliers. b. Preservatives and insect-powders: Arsenic and arsenical soap. Corrosive sublimate. Salt, alum, &c. Persian insect-powder. Syringes for application of insect-powder. Tobacco, snuff, used as preservatives. c. Frames, &c.: Wooden frames. Wire frames. Plaster model-bodies. 51. (ACCESSORY.) PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER DELINEAT ING APPARATUS. a. Photographic apparatus: Lenses. Cameras and fittings. Camera tripods and stands, with model. Fish Commission stands. Plates, and their results : Wet plates. Dry plates. Dark closets. b, Camera obscuras. c. Mechanical delineators. d. Methods of heliotyping and engraving illustrations. SECTION OD. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLI- ie OA LO NSS I. FOODS. 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION. This section may include specimens of the marketable animals in a fresh condition in refrigerators. For convenience in making up and arranging this portion of the collection, a list is appended of the animals used as food in the United States. Many others are available, but for various reasons are not commonly eaten. a. Mammals: Grizzly bear, (Ursus horribilis.) Black bear, (Ursus americanus.) White bear, (Thalarctos maritimus.) Raccoon, (Procyon lotor.) Buffalo, (Bison americanus.) Musk-ox, (Ovibos moschatus.) Mountain goat, (Mazama montana.) Mountain sheep, (Ovis montana.) Antelope, (Antilocapra americana.) Moose, (Alces matchis.) Woodland caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. caribou.) Barren-ground caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. grenlan- dicus.) Elk or wapiti, (Cervus canadensis.) Virginia deer, (Cariacus virginianus.} Mule-deer, (Cariacus macrotis.) Black-tailed deer, (Cariacus columbianus.) Peccary, (Dicotyles torquatus.) Manatee, ( Trichechus manatus.) Fox squirrel, (Sciurus cinereus.) Gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensis.) 57 58 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. a. Mammals: California gray squirrel, (Sciwrus fossor.) Tuft-eared squirrel, (Sciurus Aberti.) Red squirrel, (Sciwrus hudsonius.) Flying squirrel, (Sciuropterus volucella.) Woodchuck, (Arctomys mona.) Marmots, (Arctomys caligatus and flaviventer.) Polar hare, (Lepus timidus, var. arcticus.) Prairie hare, (Lepus campestris.) Northern hare or white rabbit, (Lepus americanus, and L. americanus Var. virginianus.) : Red hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Washingtoni.) Baird’s hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Bairdii.) Gray hare or gray rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus.) Sage rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Nuttalli.) Audubon’s hare, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Auduboni.) Trowbridge’s hare, (Lepus Trowbridgei.) Jack rabbit or mule rabbit, (Lepus callotis.) California hare, (Lepus californicus.) Marsh hare, (Lepus palustris.) Water hare, (Lepus aquaticus.) Opossum, (Didelphys virginiana.) b. Birds: Reed bird or rice bird, (Dolichonyx oryzivorus.) Wild pigeon, (Hetopistes migratorius.) Turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo.) Wild turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo, var. americana.) Spruce grouse, (Tetrao canadensis.) Dusky grouse, (Tetrao obscurus.) Sage cock, (Centrocercus urophasianus.) Sharp-tailed grouse, (Pediacetes phasianellus.) Prairie grouse or prairie hen, (Cupidonia cupido.) Ruffed grouse, (Bonasa umbellus.) Snow ptarmigan, (Lagopus albus.) Rock ptarmigan, (Lagopus rupestris.) White-tailed ptarmigan, (Lagopus leucurus.) Bob-white or “ quail,” (Ortya# virginianus.) Plumed partridge, (Oreortyx pictus.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 59 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. b. Birds: ; California partridge, (Lephortyx californicus.) Gambel’s partridge, (Lophortyx Gambeli.) Sealed partridge, (Callipepla squamata.) Massena partridge, (Cyrtonyx massena.) Black-billed plover, (Squatarola helvetica.) Golden plover,(Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus.) Kildeer plover, (Aegialitis vociferus.) Wilson's plover, (Aegialitis wilsonius.) Ringneck plover, (Aegialitis semipalmatus.) Piping plover, (Aegialitis melodus.) Stilt sandpiper,(Micropalama himantopus.) Ruddy plover, (Calidris arenaria.) Woodcock, (Philohela minor.) — American snipe, (Gallinago wilsoni.) Red-breasted snipe, (Macrorhamphus griseus.) Willet, (Totanus semipalmatus.) Tell-tale, (Totanus melanoleucus.) Yellow-shanks, (Totanus flavipes.) Upland piover, (Actiturus bartramius.) Long-billed curlew, (Numenius longirostris.) Hudsonian curlew, (Numenius hudsonicus.) ‘Eskimo curlew, (Numenius borealis.) Clapper rail, (Lallus longirostris.) Marsh hen, (fallus elegans.) Virginia rail, (Rallus virginianus.) Carolina rail, (Porzana carolina.) Yellow rail,(Porzana noveboracensis.) Trumpeter-swan, (Cygnus buccinator.) Whistling swan, (Cygnus americanus.) White-fronted goose, (Anser albifrons.) Snow goose, (Anser hyperboreus.) Brant, (Branta bernicla.) Canada goose, (Branta canadensis.) Mallard, (Anas boschas.) Black duck, (Anas obscura.) Pintail duck, (Dafila acuta.) Gray duck, (Chaulelasmus streperus.) 60 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. b. Birds: Widgeon or bald pate, (areca americana.) Green-winged teal, (Querquedula carolinensis.) Blue-winged teal, (Querquedula discors.) Red-breasted teal, (Querquedula cyanoptera.) Shoveller, (Spatula clypeata.) Wood duck,(Ax sponsa.) Big black-head, (Fuligula marila.) Little black-head, (fuligula affinis.) Ring-necked duck, (fuligula collaris.) Red-head, (Fuligula ferina, var. americana.) Canvas-back, (Fuligula vallisneria.) Golden-eye, (Bucephala clangula.) Barrow’s golden-eye, (Bucephala islandica.) Butter-ball, (Bucephala albeola.) Long-tail duck, (Harelda glacialis.) Harlequin-duck, (Histrionicus torquatus.) Eider duck, (Somateria mollissima.) King eider, (Somateria spectabilis.) Scoter, (Hdemia americana.) Velvet duck, (Gidemia fusca, var. velvetina.) Surf duck, (Gidemia perspicillata.) Long-billed scoter, (Gidemia perspicillata var. Trowbridgei.) Ruddy duck or bar duck, (Lrismatura rubida.) Sheldrake, (Alergus merganser.) Red -breasted merganser, (Mergus serrator.) Hooded merganser,(J/ergus cucullatus.) c. Reptiles: Gopher tortoise, (Testudo carolina.) Diamond-back terrapin, (Malacoclemmys palustris.) Red-bellied terrapins, (Pseudemys rugosa.) Florida river-terrapin, (Pseudemys concinna.) Alligator turtle, (Macrochelys lacertina.) Snapping turtle,(Chelydra serpentina.) Soft-shell, or leather-back turtle, (Aspidonectes ferox, &c.) Green turtle, (Chelonia mydas.) Pacific green turtle, (Chelona virgata.) Loggerhead turtle, (Thalassochelys caouana.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. d. Amphibians: Frogs, (Rana catesbiana, clamitans, &c.) e. Fishes, (eastern coast :) File fish, (Balistes capriscus.) American sole, (Achirus lineatus.) : Flat fish, (Pseudoplewronectes americanus.) Smooth flounder, (Pleuronectes glaber.) Sand flounder, (Lophopsetta maculata.) Flounder, (Chenopsetta ocellaris.) Southern flounder, (Chanopsetta dentata.) Four-spotted flounder, (Chanopsetta oblonga.) Halibut, (Hippoglossus americanus.) Newfoundland “ Turbot,” (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides.) Pollack, (Pollachius carbonarius.) Cod, (Gadus morrhua.) Tom-cod, or frost fish, (Microgadus tomcodus.) Haddock, (Melanogrammus eglefinus.) Hake, (Phycis chuss.) Squirrel hake, (Phycis tenuis.) Cusk, (Brosmius americanus.) - Whiting, (Merlucius bilinearis.) Norway haddock, (Sebastes norvegicus.) Rose fish, (Sebastes viviparus.) Tautog, or black-fish, (Tautoga onitis.) Chogset, or cunner, (Tautogolabrus adspersus.) Hog fish, (Lachnolemus falcatus.) Angel fish, (Holacanthus ciliaris.) Sword fish, (X?phias gladius.) Spear fish, ( Letrapturus albidus.) vail fish, (Histiophorus amerveanus.) Mackerel, (Scomber scombrus.) Chub mackerel, (Scomber colias.) - Bonito, (Sarda pelamys.) Horse mackerel, (Orcynus secundi-dorsalis.) Spanish mackerel, (Cybiwm maculatum.) Cero, (Cybiwm caballa.) Striped cero, (Cybiwm regale.) Crevallé. (Carangus hippos and Paratractus pisquetus.) 62 ANIMAL RESOUKCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. FOODS IN A. FRESH CONDITION—Continued. e. Wishes, (eastern coast :) Pompano, (Trachynotus carolinus.) Short pompano, (Trachynotus ovatus.) Butter-fish, (Poronotus triacanthus.) Squeteague, (Cynoscion regalis.) Spotted squeteague, (Cynoscion carolinensis.) Drum, (Pogonias chromis.) Spot, (Liostomus obliquus.) Silver perch, or yellow-tail, (Bairdiella punctata.) Red fish, or spotted bass, (Scicenops ocellatus.) King fish, (Menticirrus nebulosus.) Southern king fish, or Bermuda whiting, (Menticirrus albur NUS.) Croaker, (Micropogon undulatus.) Sailor’s choice, (Lagodon rhomboides.) Sheeps-head, (Archosargus probatocephalus.) Scuppaug, or porgy, (Stenotomus argyrops.) Grunts, (Zemulon arcuatum, &c.) Gray snapper, (Lutjanus caxis.) Red snapper, {(Lutjanus aya.) Grouper, (Hpinephelus morio.) Spotted grouper, (Hpinepheius guttatus.) Jew fish, (Promicrops guasa.) Sea bass, (Centropristis atrarius.) Squirrel, (Diplectrum fasciculare.) Striped bass or rock fish, (Hoccus lineatus.) White perch, (Morone americana.) Moon fish, (Parephippus quadratus and P. faber.) Triple-tail, (Lobotes swrinamensis.) Blue fish, (Pomatomus saltatriz.) Striped mullet, (AZugil lineatus.) Silver-sides, (Chirostoma notatum.) Silver gar fish, (Belone longirostris.) Skipper, (Scomberesox scutellatus.) Mummichogs, (Hydrargyra majalis, &c.) Capelin, (Iallotus villosus.) Smelt, (Osmerus mordax.) Salmon, (Salmo salar.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 63 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. e. Fish, (eastern coast :) Sea trout, (Salmo immaculatus.) Tarpum, (Megalops thrissoides.) Menhaden, (Brevoortia menhaden.) Shad, (Alosa sapidissima.) Alewife, or gaspereau, (Pomolobus pseudoharengus.) Tailor herring, (Pomolobus mediocris.) Herring, (Clupea harengus ) Mud shad, (Dorosoma cepedianum.) Anchovy, (Hngraulis vittatus, &e.) Sea eel or conger, (Conger oceanica.) Eel, (Anguilla bostoniensis.) Sturgeon, (Acipenser oxyrhynchus and A. brevirostris.) Lamprey eel, (Petromyzon americanus.) jf. Fishes, (fresh waters :) Burbot or lawyer, (Lota maculosa.) Fresh-water drum, (Haploidonotus grunniens.) Small-mouthed black-bass, (Micropterus salmoides.) Large-mouthed black-bass, (Micropterus floridanus.) Rock-bass, (Ambloplites rupestris.) Sacramento “ perch,” (Archoplites interruptus.) Sun-fish, (Pomotis aureus.) Black-eared sunfish, (Pomotis auritus.) ‘“‘ Bream” of Southern States, (Calliurus, Lepomis, Enneacan- thus, Chenobryttus, numerous species.) Strawberry or grass bass, (Hyperistius hexacanthus, and Po- moxys storerius.) Yellow perch, (Perca flavescens.) Yellow pike-perch, (Stizostedium americanum.) Gray pike-perch or sauger, (Stizostediwm griseum.) Canada pike-perch, (Stizostediwm canadense.) White bass, (Roccus chrysops.) Short-striped bass, (Jlorone interrupta.) Lake pike, (Hsox lucius.) Pickerel, (Hsox reticulatus, E. fasciatus, EH. cypho, &c., Se.) Masquallonge, (Hsox nobilior.) Brook trout, (of eastern slope,) (Salmo fontinalis.) Brook trout, (of western slope,) (Salmo iridea.) 64 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1, FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. J. Fish, (fresh waters :) Utah trout, (Saimo virginalis.) Oquassa trout, (Salmo oquassa.) Lake trout, (Salmo conjinis.) Salmon trout or Mackinaw trout, (Salmo namaycush.) Siscowet, (Salmo siscowet.) Sebago salmon, (Salmo sebago.) Missouri trout, (Salmo Lewisi.) . White fish, (Coregonus albus.) Otsego white fish, (Coregonus otsego.) Lake herring, (Argyrosomus harengus and A. clupeiformis.) Black fin of Lake Michigan, (Argyrosomus nigripinnis.) Michigan grayling, (Thymallus tricolor.) Mountain grayling, (Thymallus montanus.) Suckers of eastern slope, (Catostomus teres, &c., Piychostomus aureolus, &¢.) Suckers of western slope, (Catostomus occidentalis, &c.) Fall fish, (Semotilus rhotheus.) Chubs of eastern slope, (Semotilus corporalis, &¢.) Chubs of western slope, (Lavinia exilicauda, Algansea, sp., &c.) “Pike” or “salmon trout” of California, (Ptychochetlus grandis, &e., Pogonichthys inequilobus, &c.) Dace, (Ceratichthys biguttatus, &c.) Buffalo fish, (Bubalichthys bubalus.) Shiner, (Stilbe americana.) Carp, (Carpiodes cyprinus, &c.) Catfishes, (Amiurus catus, A. nigricans, &e., Ictalurus cceru- lesceus, &c., and many other siluroid fishes.) Sturgeon of the lakes, (Acipenser rubicundus.) Shovel-nose sturgeon, (Scaphirhynchops platyrhynchus.) g. Fishes, (western coast :) Flounders, (Platichthys stellatus, Lepidopsetta umbrosa, &ce.) “Soles,” (Parophrys vetulus, Psettichthys melanostictus, &c.) Halibut, (Uropsetta californiana, Hippoglossus, sp., &c.) Tomeod, (Microgadus proxinuts.) Cod of Alaska, (Gadus macrocephalus.) Rock fish or “ rock cod,” (Sebastomus rosaceus and species of Sebastosomus, Sebastichthys, &c.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 65 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. g. Fishes, (western coast :) Rock trout, (Chirus constellatus.) “Cod” of San Francisco, (Ophiodon elongatus.) Black fish or “ sheeps-head,” (Pimelometopon pulcher.) “ Perch,” (numerous species of Hmbiotoca, Holconotus, &c.) ‘¢ Bass,” (Atractoscion nobilis.) Cognard or little bass, (Genyonenus lineatus.) San Francisco “ smelt,” (A therinopsis californiensis.) Pacific smelt, (Osmerus elongatus.) ; Salmon, (Salmo quinnat, &c.) Oulachan, (Thaleichthys pacificus.) Sardine or pilchard, (Pomolobus ceruleus.) Herring, (Clupea mirabilis.) Sturgeon, (Acipenser acutirostris, &c.) Columbia River sturgeon, (Acipenser transmontanus.) h. Crustaceans.! - 4. Mollusks.! 2. FOODS: DRIED AND SMOKED. a. Mammal preparations : Jerked bear-meat. Jerked seal and walrus meat, (Indian.) Jerked and smoked buffalo-meat. Dried and smoked beef. Dried and smoked venison. Hams of various kinds. Jerked porpoise-meat, (Indian.) Jerked squirrels and other small mammals. Pemmican. Meat-biscuit, desiccated meat, meat extract, (extractum carnis,) desiccated milk, &c. Sausages. Cheese. b. Bird preparations : Jerked birds, (Indian.) 1 The various applications of these groups are enumerated in the “ List intended to give a general idea of the useful products (other than vertebrates) of the sea and shore, as well as of the interior waters of the United States,” prepared by Mr. WM. H. Datu, and printed as Circular No. 2 of series (C,) National Museum series. 5 66 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. FOODS: DRIED AND SMOKED—Continued. c. Reptile preparations : Dried lizards, (Indian.) d. Fish preparations : Smoked halibut. Dried cod, haddock, hake, &e. Dried and smoked mullet and roes. _ Dried and smoked garfish, flying-fish, &e. Smoked herring, alewives, &c., and their roes. Smoked salmon, oulachan, white-fish, smelt, &c., and their roes. Smoked sturgeon. Veziga, prepared from the notochord of sturgeons. e. Insects : : Dried grasshoppers, (Indian.) jf. Worms: Dried worms, (Indian.) g. Mollusk preparations: Dried abalones, (Haliotis,) prepared by the California Chinese. Dried siphons of Schizotherus prepared by the Indians of the northwest coast. Dried slugs, (Limax, &c.,) used by Indians. h. Radiate preparations : (Dried holothurians, ‘“‘ béches de mer,” used by Chinese.) 4. Protozoans : (“¢ Mountain meal,” a kind of infusorial earth, mixed with flour, and used as food in Lapland and China.) 3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED. a. Mammal preparations : Salted buffalo-meat. Salted beef. Salted deer, reindeer, elk. Salted tongues of beef, buffalo, deer, horse. Salted pork. Canned milk of the various brands. b. Bird preparations : Canned turkey. Canned chicken. Canned goose. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 67 3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED—Continued. b. Bird preparations: (Canned ortolans, (Emberiza hortularia,) esteemed a delicacy in Cyprus.) c. Reptile preparations : Salted and canned turtles and turtle soup. Canned frogs. d. Fish preparations : Salted halibut, halibuts’ fins, &e. Salted cod, cods’ tongues, sounds, and roe. Salted mackerel. Salted Spanish mackerel. Salted bluefish. Salted pompano. Salted sword-fish. Salted mullets. . Salted salmon. Salted white-fish. Salted trout. Salted shad. Salted herring. Salted gaspereau. Salted menhaden. Salted anchovies. (Spiced lampreys) used in Europe. Anchovy-sauce and “ essence of anchovies.” Canned menhaden, in oil, ‘“American sardines.” Canned menhaden, in oil, ‘American club-fish.” Spiced menhaden, “ ocean trout.” Canned herring, in oil, ‘* Russian sardines.” Caviare, prepared from roe of the various sturgeons. (Caviare, prepared from roe carps, used by Jews.) (“‘ Boutargue ” or ‘“ botargo” prepared on the Mediterranean from the roes of Labrax and Mugil.) e. Crustacean preparations : Canned lobsters. Canned crabs. Canned prawns and shrimps. f. Mollusk preparations: Canned oysters. 68 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED—Continued. J. Mollusk preparations: Canned clams. Canned little-neck clams. Canned scollops. (Cockles, (Cardium edule,) used in Europe as pickles and catsup.) 4, GELATINES. a Mammal gelatines, (see also under 24 :) Gelatines made from tanners refuse and from sinews. Gelatines made from feet and hoofs. Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings. b. Bird gelatines : (Nests of esculent swallows, (Calocalia esculenta, C. fuciphaga, C. indifica, &c.,) exported from Indian Arehipelago t China.) : ce. Fish gelatines or isinglass, (see also under 24.) d. Insect gelatine : Gelatine from cocoons of silk-worms. 5. BAITS AND FOODS FOR ANIMALS. a. Prepared baits, (see under B, 45.) b. Food for domesticated animals : Oil-factory scraps. Fish-seraps. Cuttle-fish bone, (see under 18.) I]. CLOTHING. 6. FURS, (embracing the furs in their rough state, (peltries,) and in the various stages of preparation; also the manufactured arti- cles, such as robes, rugs, cloaks, sacks, tippets, cuffs, muffs, hats, caps, gloves, trimmings and linings.)! a. Mammal furs : (Diana monkey, (Cercopithecus diana,) of West Africa.) (Black monkey, (Colobus polycomus, and other species,) of West Africa—trimmings, &c.) (Abyssinian monkey, (Colobus guereza.) ) 1 Note.—For convenience in arranging the general collections of the museum, this list has been made unusually full, and includes all furs known to be found in American and European markets. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 69 6. FURS—Continued. a. Mammal furs: (American howling-monkey, (Mycetes, several species)—mutfts.) (Lion, (Felis leo,) of Africa and Asia—rugs.) (Tiger, (Felis tigris)—rugs, &e.) (Leopard, (Felis pardus)—rugs and saddle-cloths.) Puma, (Felis concolor)—carriage-robes, rugs, &c. Ocelot, (Felis pardalis)—rugs. Jaguar, (Melis onca)—rugs. Cat, (Felis domestica)—robes and philosophical apparatus. Black cat. White cat. Maltese cat. Tortoise-shell. (Wild-cat, (Felis catus,) of Europe and Asia—robesand linings.) (Snow leopard, (Felis irbis,) of Asia.) Eyra, (felis eyra.) Yaguarundi, (Felis yaguarundt.) (Cheetah, (Cynailurus jubatus,) of India and Southern Asia.) Bay lynx, (Lynx rufus)—rugs, and, when dyed, muffs and _ boas. Canada lynx, (Lynx canadensis)—rugs and trimmings, and dyed muffs, boas, &c. Dog, (Canis familiaris.) Eskimo dog. Wolf, (Canis lupus)—linings, rugs, and robes. White wolf. Black wolf. Gray wolf. ‘¢ Blue wolf.” Red wolf. Coyote, or prairie wolf, (Canis latrans)—rugs and robes. (Jackal, (Canis aureus,) of Old World.) Red fox, ( Vulpes alopex, var. fulvus)—robes, (mostly imported to Turkey.) Cross fox, ( Vulpes alopex, var. decussatus)—robes, trimmings. Black and silver fox, (Vulpes alopex, var. argentatus)—mutftfs, cloaks, trimmings; also, fox-skins dyed to imitate lynx; also, various imitations of silver-fox, made from skins of more common varieties. 10 “AMIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. FURS—Continued. a. Mammal furs: Arctic fox, (Vulpes lagopus.) White fox. Blue fox. i Kit fox, (Vulpes velox)—robes, muffs, trimmings. (Cossac fox, (Vulpes corsac,) of Asia.) (Mountain fox, (Vulpes montanus,) of India.) Gray fox, (Urocyon virginianus)—rugs, robes, and linings. (Spotted hyena, (Hycna crocuta,) of West and South Africa.) (Striped hyena, (Hyena striata,) of West Africa and India.) Fisher or pekan, (Mustela Pennanti)—linings, tails used for trimmings. American or Hudson’s Bay sable, (Mustela americana)—cloaks, muffs, cuffs, boas, linings, &c.: Silver variety. Orange variety. Brown or common variety. (Russian sable, (Mustela zibeliina,) of North Kurope and Asia —cloaks, muffs, boas, linings, &c.) (Tartar sable, or kolinsky, (Mustela sibirica)—cloaks, mutts, and dyed to imitate Russian sable.) (Pine marten, (Mustela abietum,) of North Europe and Asia.) (Stone marten, or French sable, (Mustela saxorum,) of EKu- rope—dyed to imitate sable.) | (Beech marten, (Mustela foina,) of Europe and Asia—dyed to imitate sable.) (Polecat, fitch, or ferret, (Putorius vulgaris,) of Kurope and Asia.) Ermine, or weasel, (Putorius erminea,) of Northern Hemi- sphere—cloaks, linings, &e. : Royal ermine, trimmed with astrakhan fur, (miniver.) Siberian ermine. Long-tailed weasel, (Putorius longicauda :) Summer dress. Winter dress. Mink, (Putorius vison,)—cloaks, muffs. Wolverine, (Gulo luscus,)—mufis, robes, linings. American badger, (Taxidea americana)—mufts and rugs. ‘ PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 71 6. FURS—Continued. a. Mammal furs: (European badger, (Meles vulgaris) —mutis and rugs.) Skunk, Alaska sable, (Mephitis mephitica)—mufis, boas, &C. White-backed skunk. (Conepatus mapurito.) . Striped skunk, (Spilogale putorius.) Otter, (Lutra canadensis,) with specimens of the plucked and dyed fur—muffs, trimmings, “ce. Sea otter, (Enhydra marina)—mufis, gloves, collars, cufts, trimmings. Black bear, (Ursus americanus)—caps, rugs, muffs, robes, &c. a’. Cinnamon variety. b. Silvery variety. (Brown bear, (Ursus arctos,) of Europe and Asia.) Grizzly bear, (Ursus horribilis)—rugs, robes, trimmings. White bear, (Thalarctos maritimus)—rugs, robes, and used extensively by the Eskimos. Raccoon, (Procyon lotor)—hats, linings. Fur-seal, (Callorhinus wrsinus)—cloaks, hats, gloves, muffs, linings, trimmings, We. Cub fur. (Antaretic fur-seal, (Arctocephalus aucklandicus, &e.) Hair seal, (Pheca vitulina and Phoca Richardsii)—coats, caps, linings for shoes. Harp seal, (Pagophilus grenlandicus,) with specimens of the white fur of the unborn cub, and the blue fur of the young. Hood seal, or bladder-nose, (Cystophora cristata.) Square flipper, or bearded seal, (Hrignathus barbatus,) with specimens of fur dyed to imitate leopard. Banded seal, (Histriophoca equestris)—used by Eskimos as fur. Gray seal, (Pusa gryphus.) Ringed seal, (Pagomys fetidus.) Bison, or buffalo, (Bison americanus)—rugs and robes. a’. Mountain bison. b. Common bison. Musk-ox, (Ovibos moschatus)—robes, rugs, and trimmings. (Yak, (Poéphagus grunniens,) of Asia—robes and trimmings.) Mountain goat, (Aplocerus montanus)—robes, &c. 72 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. FURS— Continued. a. Mammal furs: (Llama, guanaeo, paco, and vicugna, (Auchenia, sp.)—trim- mings, &c.) Goat, (Capra, sp.)—rugs, trimmings. a’, Angora goat. b. Cashmere goat. c. Other varieties. Sheep, (Ovis aries)—rugs, trimmings, &e. a. Astrakhan sheep. b. Caracoul sheep. c. Other varieties. Lamb-skins and dyed furs. Antelope, (Antilocapra americana)—rugs. Moose, (Alces malchis)—rugs and robes. Elk, (Cervus canadensis)—rugs and robes. Reindeer, (Tarandus rangifer)—robes, coats, gloves, &c. Caribou, (Tarandus rangifer var.)—robes, coats, gloves. Mule deer, (Cariacus macrotis)—trimmings, robes. Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus)—trimmings, robes. Mole, (Scalops and Condylura, sp.)—robes, garments. (European mole, (Talpa europea)—robes, garments.) Woodchuck, or siffleur, (Arctomys monaz)—robes, exported to Europe as “white and gray weenusk.” Marmot, (Arctomys caligatus)—robes, trimmings. Parry’s marmot, (Spermophilus Parryi)—robes, trimmings. Gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensis, &c.)—trimming; tails used for boas. (Squirrel, or “calabar,” (Sciurus vulgaris,) Northern Europe and Asia.) a’, Siberian squirrel. Trimmings, muffs, capes, &c.; tails used for boas, dyed to imitate sable. b. ‘¢ Weisenfels linings” of the white fur of the belly. - Showt’l, (Haplodontia leporina)—used by Indians. (Chinchilla, (Chinchilla laniger,) of South America—mufis, wantles, boas, cloak-linings, and trimmings.) Musquash, (Fiber zibethicus)—mufts, capes, caps, and linings, and imitations of beaver-fur. (Neutria, or Coypu, (Myopotamus coypus)—linings and muffs, and imitations of beaver.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 13 6. FURS—Continued. a. Mammal furs: (Beaver, (Castor fiber,) of Northern Europe and Asia.) Beaver, (Castor canadensis)—linings and muffs. White beaver. Spotted beaver. Rats and mice, (Mus., sp. var.) Lemming, (Myodes torquatus and obensis)—robes. Rabbit, or cony, (Lepus cuniculus)—children’s furs, and imi- tations of seal, beaver, &c., exported largely to China. White variety. Blue variety. Brown variety. American native rabbit furs, such as Lepus glacialis, used for muffs, boas, and feltings. Possum, (Didelphys virginiana.) (Kangaroo, (Macropus giganteus,) of Australia.) (Ornithorhynechus, (Ornithorhynchus anatinus,) of Australia.) b. Skins of birds used as furs: Turkey furs, (Melagris gallopavo, &c.) Gull furs, (Larus argentatus, &e.) Grebe furs, (Podiceps aristatus, &c.) Loon furs, (Colymbus torquatus, &c.) Swan furs and swan’s down trimmings, (Cygnus americanus, &e.) Pelican furs, (Pelecanus fuscus, &c.) Adjutant crane, (Ciconia argala)—feathers used as fur. Puffin furs, (fratercula arctica, &c.) Penguin furs, (Aptenodytes, Pennantii, &c.) _ Feathers of common fowl used in trimmings. 7. LEATHERS. (See under 20.) 8. TEXTILE FABRICS. a. Prepared from hair of mammals: Human hair used in manufacture of watch-ehains. Hair of bats used in felting and in plaiting ropes in Central America and tassels in New Caledonia. Hair of raccoon used in felting, (largely exported to Ger- many for the use of hatters.) Hair of weasels and sables used in felting. 74 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. TEXT (LE FABRICS—Continued. ¢ Preparations of hair of mammals: Hair of fur seal woven with silk in the manufacture of shawls. , Moose hair and its fabrics. Ox and calf hair used in the manufacture of imitation woolen goods. Sheep’s wool, with specimens of fleeces and stapled wools, from various breeds and localities, short-wool fabrics, broadcloths, merinoes, flannels, mouselins de laine, serges, tweeds, blankets, carpets, and tartans, worsted fabrics, stuffs, bombazines, camlets, shawls, plushes and velvets, hosiery, and yarns, felts, felt-cloths, and felt-hats. Goats’ wool with specimens of mohairs, cashmeres, plushes, velveteens, camlets, and shawls. (For manufactured wigs and perukes, see under 21.) (Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) wool with specimens of yak-lace and other fabrics.) (Camels’ hair with specimens of fabrics, plushes, felts, shawls, &C.) (Hair of Nama, paco, guanaco, and vicugna, with specimens of alpaca, guanaco, and other fabrics, and umbrellas and other articles manufactured.) Hair of horses used in weaving furniture-covers, crinoline- skirts, and bags for pressing oil. Hair of buffalo used in plaiting ropes, lariats, &e. Fur of mole used in felting. Beaver (castor) fur with specimens of the felt cloths, hats, &e. (Neutria-fur used in felting and in the manufacture of hats.) Musquash fur used in felting. Possum hair with fabrics of Indian and other manufacture. Fur of rabbit and hare used in felting, with specimens of hats and cloths. / Whalebone fiber used in weaving cloth covers for telescopes, - &e. b. Prepared from feathers of birds: Cloths woven from feathers, (China.) c. Prepared from silk of insects: (This collection should include specimens of the cocoons, the raw silk, the spun silk, and of the various fabrics, plain and figured silks, satins and satin- ettes, shawls, damasks, brocades, crapes, and ribbons.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 15 8, TEXTILE FABRICS—Continued. c. Prepared from silk of insects: Silk of common silk-worm, (Bombyx mori.) Silk of Samia cecropia, Samia polyphemus, and other native American moths. (Silk of exotic moths other than Bombyx mori, such as the tussah, (Bombyx pernyt and Bombyx mylitta,) the moonga, (Saturnia assamensis,) the joree, (Bombyx religiosa,) the ena or arindy, (Bombyx cynthia.)) Fabrics woven by the insects themselves, as Tinea padilla. Silk of spiders. d. Prepared from byssus of mollusks. (Fabrics woven from byssus of the wing-shell (Pinna nobilis) and other mollusks.) TT. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MAN- UFACTURES. * Hard materials. 9. IVORY AND BONE. (This collection should include specimens of the various ivories and bones in their rough state, and manufactured into buttons, trinkets, cutlery-handles, canes, pen and pencil handles, brush-handles, billiard and bagatelle balls, dice, piano-keys, harness- rings, combs, false-teeth, philosophical in- struments, and as used by portrait painters and photographers.) a. Ivory of mammals: Tusks of walrus used for trinkets, handles, jewelry, buttons, paper-knives, counters, &c. Teeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, peccaries, and other large “mammals, used as implements, arrow-tips, and ornaments, by Indians. Elk-ivory used by Indians in ornamentation. Tusks of mammoth elephant (Hlephas primigenius) from northern America and Asia, with Eskimo carvings and specimens of ‘‘ Siberian ivory.” 76 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 9. IVORY AND BONE—Continued. a. Ivory of mammals: (Tusks of African elephant with specimens of sawed and seroll ivory and of the manufactured balls, combs, piano- keys, handles, rings, canes, buttons, trinkets, bangles, and miniature tablets.) (Tusks of the Asiatic elephant and their applications.) (Teeth of hippopotamus as used for handles for surgical in- struments, index-fingers, and formerly for false-teeth, (trade-name, ‘ sea-horse.”) Teeth of wild-hog used in manufacture of jewelry, vinal- grettes, &c. Teeth of peceary. Ivory of narwhal used for canes. Teeth of sperm-whale and their application to the manufae- ture of balls, buttons, and trinkets. Incisors of beaver used by Indians for chisels, knives, and ornaments. b. Ivory of reptiles: Teeth of alligator used for jewelry, whistles, cane-handles, buttons, &e. c. Ivory of fishes: Sharks’ teeth used in arming weapons. Teeth of sharks and other fish used as trinkets. Jaws of the sleeper-shark (Somniosus brevipinna) used for -head-dresses by Indians. d. Bone of mammals: Parts of splanchno-skeleton of ferae, used as charms. Bones of bear and other large mammals, used by Indians for implements, and as tablets for paintings. Bones of buffalo and of the domestic ruminants, used as substitute for ivory in the manufacture of buttons, han- dles, combs, &e. Sperm-whale jaw-bone, used for harness-rings, martin- gales, &e. Horn-cores of ruminants, used in manufacture of assayers’ cupels. e. Bone of birds: Bones of birds, used by Indians and Eskimos in making awls, needles, flutes, bird-calls, and dress-trimmings. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 17 9. IVORY AND BONE—Continued. f. Bone of fishes: Fish-hones, used by Indians and Eskimo in making imple- ments. Shark’s vertebree, used for canes. Bones of sharks and skates, used (in Japan) in making imitation tortoise-shell. g. Waste bone and ivory: Use in manufacture of bone-black, ivory-black, and bank- note ink, (see under 29.) Use in manufacture of sizes and glues, (see under 24.) Use in manufacture or gelatine for food, (see under 4.) Use in manufacture of phosphorus, carbonate of ammonia, (hartshorn,) and sal ammoniac, (see under 30.) Use in manufacture of bone-charcoal for filters, (see under 30.) Use in manufacture of paper. Use of shavings in case-hardening gun-barrels and other fine steel. 10. HORN. (Embracing the varieties of horn known to commerce, the : split and pressed horns, and the various manufactured articles, such as jewelry, combs, and handles. a. Horn, employed as a material : Horn of rhinoceros, used for handles and trinkets, cups, boxes, whips, and canes. Horns of ox, sheep, and goat, used for handles, buttons, combs, powder-flasks, cups, boxes, stirrups, spoons, and imitations of tortoise-shell, also “ sensitive Chinese leaves,” and formerly for transparent plates in lanterns and horn- hooks, for trumpets, and for finger-nails in lay figures. Horn of buffalo, used like that of ox. (Horn of Asiatic buffalo, (Bos bubalus.) ) Horn of mountain-sheep and mountain-goat, used by Aleu- tians, in making spoons, bowls, and numerous other imple- ments. b. Antlers: Antlers of deer, elk, and moose, (stag-horn,) used in the manufacture of handles for instruments, trinkets, and but- tons. 78 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 10. HORN—Continued. b. Antlers: Antlers of deer, elk, moose, and nearly all species of rumi- nants, employed for ornamental purposes. ce. Chemical and other applications: Burnt horn, (cornu ustum,) used in dentifrices. Carbonate of ammonia, (hartshorn,) manufactured from deer- horns, (see under 30.) 11. HOOFS AND CLAWS, &c. (Embracing the commercial hoof, and the various stages of manufacture represented by specimens.) . a. Hoofs: Hoofs of ox and bison, used in making buttons, combs, and handles. : Hoofs of horse, used like those of ox and bison. Hoofs of musk-ox, deer, and antelope, used by Indians in ornamentation. Feet of deer, used for knife-handles, stool-feet, &e. b. Claws: Claws of bear, puma, wolf, &c., used by Indians in orna- mentation. | (Claws of lion and tiger, used by jewelers for trinkets.) Human nails, used by Indians for ornamental trimmings. c. Chemical applications of hoofs and claws: Use in manufacture of prussiate of potash, (see under 30.) Use in manufacture of glue, (see under 24.) 12. BALEEN. (Embracing the commercial baleen in its various grades, Greenland, Northwest Coast, South Sea, fin- back, and hump-back, with the split, twisted, and dyed bone.) a. Whalebone, as used by manufacturers of ribbons, hats, um- brellas, whips, canes, boots, fishing-rods, billiard-tables, but- tons, handles, brushes, surgical instruments, stays, corsets, crinolines, harness-rosettes, covers, stuffings, light woven hats and bonnets, &c.; also, imitation whalebone, (wallosin,) made from rattan. 3 13. TORTOISE-SHELL. (Embracing the carapace entire, and the com- mercial shell. blades, feet, noses, and head.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 79 13. TORTOISE-SHELL—Continued. a. Shell of tortoise (Hretmochelys imbricata, H. squamata) used in manufacture of combs, handles, jewelry, inlaying, and but- tons; together with imitations of tortoise-sheli in horn, shark’s bone, and celluloid. b. Shells of land tortoises, used by Indians for pots, scoops, and rattles. 14. SCALES. a. Shell of mammals: Shell of armadillo, used by Texans and Mexicans. b. Scales of fishes used in ornamental work, with specimens of flowers and other articles manufactured : Seales of parrot fishes, (Scaridw and Labride.) Seales of mullets, (Jlugilida.) Scales of sheepshead, &c., (Sparide.) Scales of drum and bass, (Sciaenide.) Scales of Serranide and perches, (Percidae and Labracide.) Seales of Lobotidee. Scales of tarpum, (Hlopide.) Scales of herrings, (Clupeida.) Seales of Cyprinide. Scales of eels, used in the north of Europe to give a pearly luster in ornamental house-painting. Scales of gar-pikes, used by Indians for arrow-tips. (Pearl white, or essence @ Orient, prepared from scales of Al- burnus lucidus and other Cyprinide and Clupeide, used in making artificial pearls.) (See under 27.) Shagreen of trigger-fish, (Balistes,) used in polishing wood. Shagreen of sharks, used as leather, (see under II, B.5,) and for polishing purposes, particularly in the manufacture of quill pens. Seales of sturgeons, used by Indians for implements. For gelatine as a material and the arts and papier glacé, see 24. 15. PEARL. a. Pearls and nacre, (embracing the pearl-yielding shells, with the pearls and the mother-o’-pearl in the rough state, with the manufactured buttons, handles, and jewelry, pearl-powder, inlaid work, and papier maché, ornamented with mother- o’-pearl :) 80 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 15, PEARL—Continued. a. Pearls and nacre: Top-shells, (Turbinide,) and their application to manu- facture of shell-flowers. Tower-shells, (Trochide.) Ear-shells, (Haliotide,) used in manufacture of buttons, handles, inlaid work, and pearl-powder. Other gastropods supplying nacre. Pearl-oysters, (Aviculid@,) with pearls and nacre. River-mussels, (Unionid@,) with pearls and nacre. Mussels, oysters, and other conchifers supplying pearls and nacre. Shells of nautilus and argonaut, prepared to exhibit their nacre. Ornamental pearl-work, imitating sprays of flowers, &c. Imitation pearls. 16. SHELL. a. Cameo shell: Shell of conch, (Strombus gigas,) and carvings. Shell of helmet, (Cassis rufa, C. tuberosa, and C. madagascari- ensis,) with carvings. b. Shells used for implements, &c. : Shells of Strombus, Triton, Dolium, Fusus, Murex, and Buccinum, used for fog-horns, lamps, vases, and ornamental borders in flower-gardens. Shells of Busycon, Sycotypus, Mactra, &c., used by Indians in manufacture of implements, with specimens of imple- ments. Shells of Mactra, used for ladles, scoops, and spoons by fish- ermen. Shells of Tridacna, used for vases, fountains, and in the man- - ufacture of handles and carvings. Shells of Pecten, Haliotis, Dentaliwm, Mercenaria, &c., used by Indians for trimmings and ornaments. (Scallop, or palmer’s shell, (Pecten jacobwus,) used as a deco- ration of honor.) (Chank sheil, (Turbinella pyrum,) used in the manufacture of Hindoo bangles, and in polishing cloth.) Shells of Pecten, used in making pin-cushions and purses. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 81 16. SHELL—Continued. b. Shells used for implements, &c.: (Painters’ mussel, (Unio pictorum,) used to hold colors.) (Shells of Placuna placenta, used in China as a substitute for window-glass.) Shells of Mercenaria violacea, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum undatum, used by Indians of eastern coast in manufacture of money, with specimens of wampum, (with the modern wampum or shell-beads manufactured for the Indian trade,) and of the hyqua or Dentalium shells, employed in a similar manner by the Indians of the Pacific coast. Specimens of the cowry, (Cypraea moneta.) “Live cowry” and dead cowry, used in African trade and for trimmings. Shells of Cypraea, Rotella, Oliva, Turritella, Phasianella, (Venetian shells,) &c., mounted as buttons and jewelry. Composition shell-work for box-covers and frames, made by glueing shells in mosaics. Calcined shells, used by dentifrice and porcelain makers. (See, also, under 32.) Cuttle-fish bone from Sepia officinalis, used as a pounce, as a dentifrice, as polishing-powders, for taking fine impres- sions in counterfeiting, and as food for birds. (See, also, under D. 5.) Concretions from the stomach of Astacus, known as “ crab’s- eyes” and “ crab-stones,” and used as antacids. Shell of king-crab, (Limulus polyphemus,) used as a boat- bailer. Opercula of mollusks, used as “ eye-stones.” 17. CORAL. a. Coral as a material : Red coral, (Corallium nobilis,) with specimens of the five commercial grades (1, froth of blood; 2, flower of blood ; 3, 4, 5, blood of first, second, and third qualities) of the white variety, and of the round beads, negligée beacs, bracelets, pins, coronets, armlets, and earrings, &c. . White coral, Oculina, sp., used by jewelers. Madrepores and other showy corals, used for ornamental purposes. Horny axis of black flexible coral, (Plexaura crassa,) used for canes and whips in the Bermudas. 82 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 17. CORAL—Continued. a. Coral as a material : Axis of fan coral, (Rhipidogorgia,) used for skimmers and Strainers in the Bermudas. Coral, used for building purposes. Coral rock of recent formation, (Coquina,) used in Florida in manufacture of ornamental vases and carvings. Calcined coral, used for dentifrices, as an antacid, &e. Imitations of red coral in celluloid, rubber, and other sub- stances. | 18. INFUSORIAL EARTHS. a. Polishing powders, (used for polishing metals, cabinet-ware, and stone :) Specimens of polishing-slate, tripoli, and other foreign polish- ing-powder. Specimens of Amer.can infusorial deposits. b. Infusorial earths, employed in manufactures : Infusorial earth, used in making window and plate glass. Infusorial earth, used in making soluble glass. Infusorial earth, used in making mortar. Infusorial earth, used in making molds for metal casting. Infusorial earth, used in making filters. Infusorial earth, used in maxing dynamite. Infusorial earth, used in making fire-proof packing. Infusorial earth, as an absorbent for oils and liquids. 19. OTHER MATERIALS FROM INVERTEBRATES. a. From insects: Brazilian diamond-beetles, used in jewelry. Wings of beetles, used in embroidery. b. From echinoderms: Spines of echinoids, used for slate-crayons. ** Flexible materials. 20. LEATHERS. (Embracing the hides in a rough state, in the various stages of dressing, and manufactured into shoe- leather, parchment, vellum, binder’s leather, thongs, &c.) : a. Prepared from mammal skins: Cat-leather. Dog and wolf leather, used fur drum-heads, &e. PRODUCTS AND THE’ APPLICATIONS. — 83 20. LEATHERS—Continued. a. Prepared from mammal skins: Bear-leather. Raccoon-leather, used for gloves and upper-leathers of shoes. Seal-leather, used for fine shoes and in the manufacture of ‘“ patent leather,” and by Eskimos for numerous purposes. Sea-lion leather, used by Eskimos to cover bidarkas and for garments and beds. Walrus-leather, used by Eskimos for harness, tables, thongs, seal-nets and for covering polishing wheels. _ Bison-leather (and buffalo-leather, buff-leather.) Ox-leather, with specimens of sole-leather, split-leather, grain-leather, rawhide thongs, whips, leather-belts and saddles, and of calf-skins, prepared for binders’ and boot- makers’ use, as Russia leather and vellum, and tawed, as parchment. Sheep-leather, with specimens of binder’s leather, imitation chamois leather, wash-leather, buff leather, roan, imitation morocco and parchment, with vellum made from skins of dead-born lambs, and manufactured gloves, &c. Goat-leather, with specimens of shagreen-leather, morocco- leather, as used for linings, upholstery, bindings, and pocket-books, parchment, drum-heads, &c., with kid- leather, used in mannfacture of shoes and gloves, under- clothing, and vellum made from skin of young kids, also skin-bottles used in Asia. Horse and ass leather, used in manufacture of shagreen, sole-leather, harness-leather, saddles, trunks, water-hose, pump-valves, military accoutrements, ladies’ shoe-uppers. (Chamois leather, (Capella rupicapra,) used for polishing pur- poses and for straining mereury.) (Leather of gazelle, (Gazella dorcas,) used in packing com- mercial aloes, and of African antelopes, used in packing elephants’ tusks.) Deer-leather, dressed as buff-leather, chamois-imitation leather, Indian dressed (buckskin,) and for the finer mo- roccos, also manufactured into gloves, gaiters, undergar- ments, polishers, &c. Moose-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. 84 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 20. LEATHERS—Continued. a. Prepared from mamimnal skins: Caribou-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. (Reindeer-leather.) E)k-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. Anteiope-leather in plain, buckskin, and oil-finish, used in manufacture of castor-gloves. Peccary-leather as used in the manufacture of gloves. Hog-leather used by saddlers, shoemakers, and book-binders. Hippopotamus-leather used for buffing or polishing wheels. Rhinoceros-hide used for shields, targets, whips, &e. Beluga leather dressed as kid, sole, harness, velvet, plush, boot, mail-bags, belts, and patent (varnished) leather. Porpoise-leather. Beaver-leather used in manufacture of saddles, shoes, gloves, and trunks. (Nutria-leather (Myopotamus coypus) of South America.) Rat-leather used for thumbs of kid gloves. (Kan garoo-leather.) Leather trimmings used as stuffing for balls, &e. b. Prepared from intestines of mammals: Parchment from viscera of seals, used by Eskimo for cloth- ing, bags, and blankets. Leather from pharynx of seal and walrus used by Hskimo for boot-soles. Parchment from viscera of bears used in Kamtchatka for masks and window-panes. Viscera of ox used in manufacture of gold-beaters’ skin. Bladders of animals used for pouches, parchment, bottle and jar covers, and by Eskimo for oil-bottles. Viscera of sheep used in manufacture of ‘“ cat-gut,” with specimens of whip-cord, hatters’ cord, for bowstrings, clock-makers’ cord, filandre, guitar, violin, and harp strings, angling-lines, We. Viscera of hog used as envelopes for minced meat, sausages, Se. Sinews of sheep, deer, goat, buttalo, seal, walrus, and other animals used in manufactures of threads, lines, nets, and snow-shoes, in strengthening bows, &c., the Babiche of the Eskimos of the northwest coast. | PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 85 20. LEATHERS—Continued. c. Prepared from bird-skins: (Eskimos.) Kider-leather. Auk-leather. (Ostrich-leather used by, Arabians.) d. Prepared from reptile skins: Alligator-leather. Rattlesnake-leather. Other snake-leather. é. Prepared from fish-skins : Leather prepared from scaled fish by Indians. Kel-leather, (pigtails, queues, flail-thongs.) Shark-leather, (shagreen used for coverings and by the Alaska Indians for boot-soles.) Sturgeon-leather. (Skins of Diodon used in making helmets.) Stomach membranes of halibut used in Greenland for win- dow-transparencies. f. Leather waste: Paper manufactured from waste. Glue manufactured from waste, (see under 24.) Prussian blue made from leather waste, (see under 30.) 21. HAIR AND WOOL. a. Hair used in weaving and felting, (see under 8.) b. Hair used for wigs and ornament: Human hair as an article of commerce, with specimens of switches and wigs, and also of the trade imitations of hair in jute, horse-hair, &e. Goats’ wool as employed in manufacture of wigs and perukes. Horse-hair employed for military accoutrements and for standards, (‘Turkey.) Human scalp-locks as Indian trophies. Scalps of animals as trophies. ce. Hair and bristles used for brushes, (embracing the commer- cial hair and bristles, assorted and unassorted, and specimens of the manufactured articles :) Harr of skunk used for fine brushes. Hair of bear used for varnishing-brushes. 86 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 21. HAIR AND WOOL—Continued. c. Hair and bristles used for brushes: Hair of American badger used for fine shaving, graining, gilding, and dust brushes. (Hair of European badger used for coarse brushes.) Hair of dog used for coarse pencil-brushes. Hair of squirrel, marten, sable, kolinsky, and weasel, espe- cially the tails, used in making fine artists’ pencils. (Hair of camel used for pencils.) Bristles of hog and peccary used in making coarse brushes for varnishing, scrubbing, We. Tails of horses, buffaloes, &c., used for fly-brushes. (Tails of yak used for fly-brushes.) (Tails of elephants used for brushes and standards.) Sheep’s wool (on skin) used for black-board rubbers. Hair of deer and antelope (on skin) used by Indians for hair- brushes. i Ox-hair from the inside of cows’ ears used for striping aud lettering brushes. d. Hair used in other manufactures: Bristles used in shoemakers’ waxed ends. Bristles used in anatomical instruments. Hair and bristles used in artificial flies. (See under B, 45.) Hair of cattle used in strengthening mortar and plaster. e. Hair used for stuffing: Horse-hair, straight and curled, used for mattresses and cushions. Refuse hair of beaver and musquash, cut from felting-hair, used for cushions. (Down of rabbits used for cushions.) jf. Wool used as a medium for pigments : Wool flocking used in the manufacture of wall-paper, col- ored felts, and rubber-cloth. g. Chemical products: Refuse human and other hair used in manufacture of prus- siate of potash, with specimens of manufactured product. 22. QUILLS. ~ a. Quills of mammals: Quills of American bedge-hog used by Indians in embroider- ing. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 87 22, QUILLS—Continued. a. Quills of mammals: (Quills of porcupine used for pen-holders, floats for fishing, eyelet-punches, &c.) (Quills of European hedge-hog, on skin, used as a muzzle for weaning calves.) - b. Quills of birds: : Quills of swan and turkey for engrossing-pens. Quills of goose and eagle for writing-pens. Quills of crow and duck for fine pens. Quills used in making toothpicks, fishing-floats, color- bottles, pencil-handJes, needle-holders, &c. 23. FEATHERS. a. Feathers used for clothing. (See under Furs, D 6.) b. Feathers used for implements, (including manufactured arti- cles :) Feathers of hawks used as fans and screens. Feathers of fowl, turkey, grouse, and peacock used for ’ brushes, fans, and screens. Feathers of ibis, spoonbill, egret, and bittern used for fans and screens. Feathers of flamingoes, swans, geese, and ducks used for fans and screens. c. Feathers used for plumes and ornament, (including plumes, head-dresses, cockades, hat and dress trimming, &c.:) Feathers and wings of small perchers used in millinery and in manufacture of feather flowers. Feathers of trogons and birds of paradise used as plumes and for feather flowers. ; Feathers of humming-birds, scalps, and throats used in ornamental work. Feathers of kingfishers used in plumagery. (Feathers of parrots used in making feather flowers.) Eagle and hawk feathers used for plumes. Feathers of pigeons used for ornamental work. Feathers and wings of cock used as plumes, trimmings, &c., natural and dyed. Breast feathers of grouse, pheasants, and turkeys used as roll-plumes in hats. 88 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 23. FEATHERS—Continued. c. Feathers used for plumes, &e.: Feathers of ibises, spoonbills, flamingoes, herons, egrets, and bitterns used for plumes and ornamental work. (Feathers of adjutant, (Lepoptilus argala,) and marabou, (Lepoptilus marabou,) used for plumes and trimmings.) Feathers of flamingoes, swans, geese, and ducks used in or- namental work for roll-plumes, and swans’ down for trim- mings. (See under 6.) Breast-feathers of gulls, terns, and tropic birds used as roll- plumes. — : (Feathers of African ostrich used fgr plumes and trimmings, with specimens of undressed, scoured, bleached, scraped, and dyed grades.) Feathers of American ostrich. Specimens of composite feather flowers. Specimens of plumagery work on metal. Specimens of birds mounted for use in ae d. Feathers used in other manufactures : . Feathered arrow-shafts. (See under B, 18.) Feathers used in making artificial flies. (See under B, 45.) Feathers used in manufacture of textile fabrics. (See under D, II, C.) e. Down of birds: Down of eider-duek used in bed-stuffing, with specimens of the balls in which it is packed for transportation. Down of other ducks. Down of geese and swans used as stuffing for beds, and as electrical non-conductor in manufacture of philosophical instruments. 24. GHLATINE AND ISINGLASS. a. Gelatine : Gelatine made from leather-shavings, bones, hoofs, and horns of bison, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals, used in manufacture of glue, size, court-plaster, papier glacé for tracing, imitation glass, artificial flowers, and or- namental work, wrappings for confections, table-jelly, (see under D. 1,) &e. Size and gelatine from fine ivory chips. PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 89 24, GELATINE AND ISINGLASS—Continued. a. Gelatine: . Bone-glue, (Osteocolla.) (Glue made in India from skin of the ass, (Hippocolla.) ) b. Isinglass: ; Isinglass, (Ichthyocolla,) made from air-bladders and skins of fishes and used in the manufacture of fine glues and sizes, adhesive and court plasters, diamond cement, imita- -tion glass, and table-jelly and confectionery, (See under D. 1, D,) in refining wines and liquors, in adulterating milk, in fixing the luster of artificial pearls, and in lustering silk ribbons, (embracing the dried bladders and the manufact- ured products,) in their grades of “ lyre,” ‘ heart-shaped,” ‘‘ leaf,” and ‘* book” isinglass. Isinglass from sounds of cod and hake. Isinglass from the squeteague family, (Scienidae,) princi- pally used by confectioners. Isinglass from cat-fish family, (Silwridae.) Isinglass from carp family, (Cyprinidae.) Isingiass from sturgeons in all its grades and commercial forms. Isinglass prepared from fish-skins. 25. FLEXIBLE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM INVERTEBRATES. a. Insect productions: Silk-worm ‘ gut” used in making leaders for fish-lines. (Nest of Cayenne-ant, (Formica bispinosa,) used as a mechani- cal styptic.) Spiders’ web used as a mechanical styptic and for the cross- lines in optical instruments, (see, also, under D, 8.) Papier-maché of hornets’ nests used for gun-wadding. b. Mollusk productions : Byssus of mollusks, (see under D, 8.) 26. SPONGES. a. Specimens of American commercial sponges, with the different grades, and bleached sponges: (Specimens of Mediterranean sponges.) Surgical apparatus, probangs, aurilaves, ‘‘ sponge-tents,” and other instruments manufactured. Spongeo-piline used as a substitute for poultices. Sponges used in stutfing mattresses and cushions. 90 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 27. OILS AND FATS. a. Mammal oils: Bear-oil and bear-fat used as a cosmetic and in the manu- facture of pomatums. Dog-oil used in the manufacture of kid-gloves. Seal-oil, in its various grades, used for lubricating. Sea-elephant oil. Sea-lion oil. Manatee-oil. Dugong-oil. Oil and fat from domestic animals, tallow, suet, lard, lard- oil used in lamps, for lubricating, and neats-foot oil used in: dressing leather, also manufactured into various sub- stances, (see D, 30,) and tallow candles and night-lights. Oil from body of whales, grampuses, and porpoises used in the arts, for lubricating, painting, &e. Black-fish and porpoise-jaw oil used in lubricating fine ma- chinery, watches, clocks, and guns, with specimens of blubber. Grampus-oil used for lubricating fine machinery. Sperm-oil used in lamps, for lubricating, asan emollient in med- icine, for lip-salves, and in the manufacture of spermaceti. Manufactured glycerines, used as a preservative and anti- septic, as a cosmetic, as an emollient, as a substitute for cod-liver oil, in the manufacture of perfumes and _ hair- dressings, ip photography, in the manufacture of nitro- glycerine, dynamite, dualine, lithofracteur, coloniamite, and other explosives, soap, &c. Manufactured stearines, with candles and other manufactured articles. Soaps manufactured from mammal-oil, soda-soaps, (hard, toilet, and resin soaps,) potash-soaps, (washing, shaving, and soft soaps,) diachylon plaster, &c. Spermaceti, with specimens of candles. Butter made from miik of cows, goats, and horses. Oleomargarines, with specimens of imitation butter. Brains of buffalo used in tanning by Indians. b. Bird-oils: (Oils of petrels and other sea-birds used by Eskimos and in the Azores for lamp-oil.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 91 27. OILS AND FATS—Continued. b. Bird-oils: Goose-oil used by watch-makers, and as an emollient. (Oil of guacharo, (Steatornis caripensis,) used in South Amer- * ica as food.) (Ostrich used for food, and by the Arabs in medicine, and emu-oil used in Australia in medicine.) (Oil of penguin, (Diomedea chilensis,) of Falkland Islands, sold in London for currying leather.) (Peacock’s fat and oil.) (Oil of mutton-bird, (Procellaria obscura,) of Bass’s Straits, used for lamp-oil illuminating.) (Oil of frigate-bird, (Tachypetes aquila,) sometimes used in medicine.) Oil of pigeon, (EHctopistes migratorius,) used as food by In- dians and frontiersmen. (Fulmar-oil from island of Saint Kilda.) ¢. Reptile oils: Alligator-oil manufactured in Florida. (Alligator-oil used by South American Indians, mixed with chica pigment for painting their bodies.) Turtle-oil made from turtle-eggs, used in dressing leather and im manufacture of soap. Rattlesnake and other snake oils. d. Fish-oils: Sun-fish oil used by fishermen for cure of rheumatism. Cod-oil, also cod-liver oil used in medicine, as a food and emollient, and in lubricating. Hake and haddock liver oil used in adulterating cod-liver oil. (Pollock-oil used by Shetlanders for illumination.) Menhaden-oil used in currying leather, in rope making, for lubricating, for adulterating linseed-oil, as a paint-oil, and exported to Europe for use in the manufacture of soap and for smearing sheep. Herring-oil.t White-fish oil.1 Sturgeon-oil.! ~ (Norn.—These oils, with other oils made from fishes, and a large part of the seal and “black” whale oil, are known indiscriminately as fish-oil and used chiefly for the purposes enumerated under the head of menhaden-oil.) $2 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 27. OILS AND FATS—Continued. d. Fish-oils: Oulachan oil used by Indians of Northwest coast for food and illumination. Shark and skate liver oil, including the ‘ Rouen oil,” made on the coast of Normandy from the livers of Raia aquila, RK. pastinaca, and RF. batis, used like cod-liver oil. Cramp-fish oil used by fishermen for cure of rheumatisin. Soaps made from fish-oil. 28. PERFUMES. a. Mammal perfumes: (Civet of the civet-cat ( Viverra civetta) of Africa.) (Civet of the rasse ( Viverra rasse) of Java.) (Zibeth civet of the Zibeth (Viverra zibetha) of Indian Archipelago.) «! (Musk from musk-deer, (Zragulus, sp. var.,) in its various grades, of Tonquin or Thibet. and Kabardin, Russian, or Siberian musk.) Musk of musk-ox. Musk of the musquash. Castoreum of the beaver, including the various commercial grades, the Canadian, Hudson’s Bay, and Russian easto- reum, and specimens of castorine. (Hyraceum of the daman, (Hyrax capensis.) ) Ambergris of sperm-whale, with specimens of ambreine. b. Reptile perfumes: Musk of alligator. Oil of hawksbill and loggerhead turtles, used in perfumery. 29. COLORING MATERIALS. a. Derived from mammals: Bone-black. Ivory-black, (noire divoire,) used in fine painting, and in the manufacture of bank-note ink. Prussiates, prussian-blue, ferrocyanide of potassium, made from hoofs and refuse human and other hair. Gall of animals used in dyeing. Dung of animals used in ecalico-printing. Hematin made from blood, and used in turkey-red dye- works, and for the red liquor of printers. . Wool-flocking. (See under D, 21.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 93 29. COLORING MATERIALS—Continued. b. Derived from birds: Shell of eggs, used for white pigment. Series of murexides, or purpurate of ammonia dyes, made ' from guano. c. Derived from fishes : (Essence @ Orient, or fish-scale pearl, used as a pigment.) (Gall of carp, used in Turkey as a green paint and in staining paper.) d. Derived from insects: (Cochineal dye, from Coccus cacti of Mexico, nsed in manu- facture of rouge, of carmine, and lake pigments, and in coloring tinctures.) Canadian cochineal. (Kermes(and other cochineals of commerce, Coccus ilicis.) (Lac dye and lace lake, from Coccus lacca, C. polonicus, C. uva ursi, and Ophis fabe.) Dye prepared from bed-bug, (Cimex lectularius.) (Dye prepared from Trombidium, in Guinea and Surinam.) Nut-galls produced by insects, and used in tanning, for black dyes, for woolen cloth, silk, and calico, and in manufacture of ink and gallic and pyrogallic acid, employed in photog- raphy. e. Derived from mollusks: (Sepia from Sepia officinalis.) Purple dyes from gastropods, Murex, Purpura, &e. Purple dyes from nudibranch mollusks. 30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND AGENTS EMPLOYED IN ARTS AND MEDICINE. a. Derived from mammals: Secretion of skunk. Album grecum of dogs, used as a depilatory in tanning hides. Albumen of blood, employed in sugar-refineries, in certain cements and pigments, and as antidote and emollient. Dung, used in ealico-printing. Gall of animals, used in mixing colors, in fixing the lines of crayon and pencil drawings, in preparing the surface of ivory for painting, in removing grease, and in medicine. Pepsine and pancreatine, prepared from stomachs of hogs and caives. 94 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &c.—Continued. a. Derived from mammals: | (Koumiss, a fermented liquor, prepared from mare’s and cow’s milk, and employed in medicine.) Phosphorus, prepared from bones, with specimens of matches, vermin poisons, and other products. Vaccine lymph, derived from cows. Ammonia, prepared from bones and horn. Sal ammoniac, prepared from bones and dung. Prussiates, prepared from h:cof, horn, and leather waste, dried blood, hair, and wool, with specimens of blue cyanide of potassium. Lime from bones ard bone phosphates. See also under 32. Punk and tinder, made from droppings of camel and bison. Animal charcoal, used as a decolorizer. b. Derived from birds: Albumen of eggs, used in photography, in clarifying liquors, by physicians as emollients and antidotes, and by apothe- caries in suspending oils and other liquids in water. Egg-shells, employed as an antacid. c. Derived from reptiles: Crotalin of rattlesnake and copperhead. (Scincus officinalis of Egypt, used by European practitioners as sudorifie and stimulant.) d. Derived from fishes : Propylamine, made from fish-brine. (Intestines of grayling, used by Laplanders as a substitute for rennet.) Skins of eels, used by negroes for rheumatism. e. Derived from insects: Vesicatory preparations from American beetles, Cantharis cinerea and C. vittata. (Vesicatory preparations derived from foreign beetles, can. tharides or Spanish flies, (Cantharis vesicatoria,) and other species, and substitutes Mylabris cichorii, Cercoma Schoeffert, Meloe, sp. var., &c.) Vesicvatory preparations from American spiders, such as Tegenaria medicinalis. Gall-nuts, used in medicine. (See under 29.) PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 95 30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &¢.—Continued. - e. Derived from insects: Coccinella, used as a remedy for toothache. (Trehala, made from nests of beetles, (Larinas nidificans,) of East indies, and used as a substitute for tapioca.) Formic acid. Oarbazotic acid and its derivatives, made from sewing silk scraps, and used as a substitute for quinine. Beeswax, used in manufacture of candles, cerates, plasters, and artifivial flowers, in modeling and casting, and in medicine. Honey, used as a preservative, a food, and in medicire as an aperient and demulcent. (Wax, used in Chinese pharmacy, secreted by the Coccus pehlah.) (Manna, produced by punctures of Coccus manniparus. a’. Manna from the Tamarix mannifera, used as food, and in medicine as a purgative. b. Cedar manna of Mount Lebanon, from Pinus cedrus. c. Arabian manna, from Hedysarum alliagi.) (Eye-powder, made by Chinese from the Telini fly, (Mylabris cichorit,) of India.) jf. Derived from crustacea: Salve-bug of fishermen of Banks, (Caligus curtus,) parasite on cod-fish. Crabs’ eyes, or concretions from stomach of astacus, used as an antacid. g. Derived from worms: American leech, (Macrobdella decora,) used in surgery. ~ (European leech, (Hirudo medicinalis,) introduced into Amer- ica.) (African leech, (Hirudo trochina,) introduced.) Leeches used as barometers. h. Derived from mollusks: (Cuttle-fish bone of Sepia officinalis.) (See under D, IIT, H.) Calcined shells, used for building-lime, and in manufacture of dentifrices and enamel. (See under III, H.) a. Derived from radiates: a. Limes, derived from calcining coral and coral rock. 96 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &c.—Continued. k. Derived from protozoans: Burnt sponge, formerly used in medicine. Infusorial earth, and its applications. (See above, under K.) dl. FERTILIZERS. a. Natural guanos: Bat guano from caves. ' Bird guano from oceanic islands. b. Artificial guanos: Menhaden guano. Herring guano. White-fish guano. Other fish guano. ce. Artificial fertilizers: Bone-dust ground for use. Bone phosphates. Dried meat from refuse of slaughter-houses. Poudrettes. Other animal fertilizers. 32. LIMES. (See under 30.) 33. OTHER MATERIALS NOT MENTIONED. cane eae bie SECTION E. PROTECTION AND CULTURE, I. INVESTIGATION. 1, METHODS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Methods of work: Apparatus for collecting specimens, (see under B.) Apparatus for physical research. Appliances for working up results. (This should include a model of coast laboratory with all its fittings.) b. Results of work: Publications of the commission. Collections, (see under A, V to VIII.) Photographs, &c. H. PROTECTION. 2, PRESERVATION OF GAME, FISH, &c.: * From man. a. Game laws. ** From artificial obstructions. b. Fish-ways:! Gap fish-ways. Trench, ditch, or ** Cape Cod” fish-ways. Oblique grove fish-ways: Single groove. Brewer's. Mather’s. Step fish-ways: ; Box or pool fish-ways: Overflowing, (old style.) With passage-way cut down to the floor, (Smith’s.) With passage-way submerged, (Cail’s.) With contracting galleries, (Pike’s.) With transverse-sloping floors, (Steck’s.) 1 Classification proposed by C. G. Atkins. 98 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. PRESERVATION OF GAME, FISH, &c.—Continued. b. Fish-ways: Steps contrived by arrangement of rocks and bowlders, Inclined plane without steps: Plain, (Pennsylvania.) With partitions at right angles: ‘¢ Rectangular compartment.” Brackett’s. With oblique partitions : Foster’s. Swazey’s. *** From natural enemics. c. Apparatus for destroying injurious species : Oyster-bed tangles, (see under B, 12.) 3. CARE OF ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY. a. Tethers and hopples. b. Cages and pens:. Kennels for dogs, &c. Cages for animals. Cages for birds. Cages for insects. (West India fire-fly trap.) c. Fish-cars and other floating-cages for aquatic animals. d. Aquaria: Globes. Aquaria. e. Hives and other cages for insects. f. Live-boxes, troughs, &c., for microscopists’ use. g. Fish-ponds, fish-farms, (models.) 4, ENEMIES OF USEFUL ANIMALS. a. Intestinal worms and other internal parasites. b. Fish-lice, barnacles, and other external parasites. ce. Predatory animals not elsewhere exhibited. II. PROPAGATION. 5. PROPAGATION OF MAMMALS. a. Methods of mink culture. b. Methods of culture of domesticated animals. PROTECTION AND CULTURE, 6. PROPAGATION OF BIRDS. a. Methods of ostrich culture. b. Methods of culture of domesticated birds, fowls, &c. 7. PROPAGATION OF REPTILES. a. Methods of terrapin culture. 8. PROPAGATION OF AMPHIBIANS. a. Methods of frog culture. 9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES. a. Accessories of obtaining and impregnating ova: Pans, pails, &e. Strait-jackets used in spawning salmon. Spawning-race, (Ainsworth.) Roller-spawning screen, (Collins.) Spawning-vat, (Bond.) b. Hatching-apparatus : Troughs: Plain. Gravel-bottomed. With sieve-bottom trays: Brackett’s. Williamson’s. Clark’s. Vats or cases: Holton’s. Roth’s. Glass-grilled boxes, (Coste’s.) Jars and tin-vessels : Bell and Mather’s. M. A. Green’s. Ferguson’s. Chase’s. Hatching-boxes, (floating :) Seth Green’s shad-box. Brackett’s shad-box. Brackett’s shad-box, (No. 2.) Bryant’s shad-box. Stilwell & Atkins’s shad-box. Bannister’s shad-box. 1 Classification proposed by J. W. Miluer. 99 100 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES—Continued. b. Hatching-apparatus : Hatching-boxes, (floating :) Adhesive eggs apparatus: Vertical wire-cloth trays. Hatching-basket. Brook shanty, (furman’s.) (Bay or cove barriers, Professor Rasch’s.) Accessories : Tanks. Nests. Trays. Guiles. Gravel-filters. Flannel screens. Shallow troughs or tables (for picking eggs.) Egg-nippers. Cribbles. Pipettes. Skimmer-nets. Feathering quills and brushes. Rtose-nozzles, (for washing eggs.) Syringes, bulb, &c. Shallow pans. Aerating-pipe. c. Transporting apparatus: Apparatus for transporting eggs: Cans. Case of cups, (Wilmot’s.) Case of cups, (Clark’s.) Case of trays, (Clark’s.) Moss-crates, (Stone’s.) . Apparatus for transporting fish : Barrels. Cans, plain. Cans with aerating accessories : Slack’s. Clark’s. Creveling. M. A. Green’s. PROTECTION AND CULTURE. 101 9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES—Continued. e. Transporting apparatus: Apparatus for transporting fish : Tanks with aerating accessories: — Tanks, with attachment of band-wheel to car-axle, (Stone’s.) (Tanks, with Freiburg aerating apparatus.) Aquarium-car, (Stone’s.) Live-box, (Atkins’s.) Accessories : Air force-pumps. Siphons. Siphon-tubes. Bellows. Roses, aerating. 10. PROPAGATION OF INSEOTS. a. Propagation of silk-worm: Specimens of plants used for food. Model of house and its appliances. b. Propagation of cochineal insect. ce. Propagation of bees: For hives, (see under E. 3.) 11. PROPAGATION OF WORMS. a. Propagation of leeches. 12. PROPAGATION OF MOLLUSKS. a. Methods of oyster culture: Stools for receiving spat, natural and artificial. Other apparatus. 13. PROPAGATION OF CORALS. 14. PROPAGATION OF SPONGES. i ah Ate: Acalephs Acanthopteri Accessory to fishing-vessels.....-..- Adhesive preparations Adirondack boat Advertisement: Jo... s-se5 sei nee ; ece ces e cee eee coos Aerating-accessories......-.-.--. be Aerabine-pipe)-. == +. 2-6 25-5 ere Aerating, roses Agassiz collecting-tank......---..-- Agassiz storage-tank .......-....-- Aids, personal Ainsworth spawning-race Ain tonce-UMlps!:2es =) sees ees ANTEPTIIG Se eb44 cusaiBaoeae IAI A LEOSSUS eee st ees s sees eee ee Ib MMentoimplOod ssstcc 22sec sce 2. Mibumenloterys.22 22.252 .52- Albumen, preparation of Albumen preparations, manufacture Album grecum of dogs..-......-.-. ANON Se dcdcoseeeu ees Sasa nee een Alcoholic specimens.-............. Alectorides eeceee e sce eee ee ee tee ewe Alewife, or gaspereau ............- Alexandria Bay boats............. ANU EEN GORE | eeepc tessa psa lett alert aad PNIDACAA SS ease ese Cee e RT oe ESR AMlipenstocke ms s=s22e2ssa2 c= =e een EMMDOL OTIS sires se cue Mom nee e ee hk ee Ambreine esc ees co cw es eee eee coe ace Ammonia, carbonate of...........: Ammonia dyes, purpurate of ..-... Ammonia, manufacture of. ........ PATITA LIN UEOT A ae sen = Ne en He oes 20 | Ammunition and its preparation. -. Ammunition-holders Amp hilbiansieees eee eee Amphibians, propagation of ....... Amphibians used as food Amphioxus tay o2 ruse seas eens FAT AIC ARNG INIT tetera tert ee eee AMA COMACALSTATS suc st tae ae Anchors ee ee eee e me eee eee eee ew ee ee ee corres ee te ee ee cee cee coe eee eces ene e coe se ee ee ee tee eon Angling-apparatus................ ARO M OAC KIOL Re shee seers ea ATM AsCAGES Rea ete ee te eos spree Animal-calis=2:2.-2252<22222-5) 2.22 Animal equipments Animal, preservation of, for scientific Animals, aquatic Animals, domesticated, methods of cul Gurciotsse ss. ean tae hs eee Animals, enumeration of Animals in captivity, care of Animals;predatory=:s2222%) 522222 Animals, enemies of useful eo cee eee Annelida ......-..-.. Antelope: t=" sogsse se seen ee ‘Anttelope-decoys: =a scs ens ae Antelope-headsysssees nee saa as Ho ATICLET Ss Seema com le aii NES pits Lek HN ASTNULT asta erase NAH ee Nh A | ect eee eee nee eee cee eece ecco Apparatus for collecting fish. ...... Aparejos 33, 104 Apparatus for destroying injurious BDECIES Ret eciec cise tite coe sees ' Apparatus for kindling fire........ "Apparatus for leather-dressing, re- cent and aboriginal .........-.--- Apparatus for {transporting fish_-.. Apparatus for wholesale destruc- Appliances, instruments and, for ren- dering whale-oil Aquarium-car (Stone’s)..-.-.-...-. Aquatic animals, floating cages for. ATachneanseee cect cee eeeeoore cer Arachnida os cen eee ree eno. Argonauts Armadillo Armor, defensive eer eev cece wee ee coae os wooo ec eee ce eo ee cee eco ce ee oe ee ecce ce cece wees coee Army collecting-tank VAITOWS tc octane pacino nce eee noes Arthropods oss ssccecn eens Aniiculating-tools)-2 so... e nee as PATDMCVAI ATES) eros ence ce ek iene Artificial flies, raw materials for AU AIGUN Goo fot ha oie ee eee susie Artificial flies, tools for making.... Artificial lights Artiof plumagery. 45: os seeee aoe. Arts and manufactures, materials employed in eer ccc Ce ee coe es ee ee eo A, section AS DMV SIACOES eso cee meine cece ieee PASSOLUINO) . & jel eciclare oncleisie viele iniets INSTA GUB Sie os SN Ree ere rere eels Astronomical instruments Atherines eeee cones eeee cee es eee 2 © ae ee coc e INDEX. Page. Babiche 2c ee oeaeess 98 | Badgers .............. 45: | Barats tec ken ener sae beeen Baler tees a Sos ek Bee ome 50 | Bait-boxes and cans 100 Balt-cutitersyys foc ae eee eee So) bse ye seagate cre tyey penser Raber Bait-ladles Bait-mills 52 16 98 101 Baits, preparation of...-..--..-... Bait-tubs se oles ae ee eee Baleemi e282) wc\see cae eee eee Ball-cartridges Ballistas Bank cod-smacks Barbed implements -.-.--.-----.-- Barbed instruments...-....--.---. Barbed spears (with single point).- Barnacles: 2 cise soo eee gee JSAVLONEWES HS nA SaHe doooKG s6G5nR o46- Barracuda ic. 2.) aa/ sisi eee seer Barreling 25s assess onesie Barrel-pots for eels NSA pre Shee Sod ee eee pees Barrel-traps 2220.20.) cee scene IBanrier-Me@ts) == 2 ie. )-e eae eee GgHBass oc eee BC a ee Bats Bats, sea ecceers cre cee ce coe ees cee eee Bayonets ve. ea seoa teste eters Bayonet-tish. 2... ksl32 che cemsecee Beach-@ryers .. 22.5 cscs seseeeees Beam-trawl.... 5522 22s sscesse esas 22 22 13 50 Bears | Bed-nets Beds ee0ese 2pee@eee coce cence eee coeesce Page. Be iti 215 (8) 5 54 52 41 INDEX. 105 Page. Page. TROBE coe con eedeee Robe BoeeEOORCR ace gel BVO OUNIS yee eine rmteiseloleletata aide /eintn 27 Bees, propagation of .......--.-:-- 101 | Blubber-fork.........--.---..----- bo: Beeswax tee teh ia (aieioic, al eialavaie ste 95 | Blubber-mincing-knives....-....-.. 22. (agiilG@) 42 5666 bono Sue eee nea 17 | Blubber-room ..................-- 44 Beetles, vesicatory .--..----------- GAN PBlWe=bind Sys e eae seas elena) ite ane 9 TPellOWS cece cond 6660 Goon pecd eodaaE NO || IeaMeN Soosés Sosa ddes sega dosoore 14 Belts....-.--.-------------------- 30,45 | Blue, Prussian......-----..------- 85, 92 Beltiva ---....--. ----------------- 7 | Boarding-knives ......----.------- 52 IRICEN caselesconssocueses conaese AB} || RORNEINOO WS c445 ascacn cone cosa odes 23 IPMGERTNE) 5550 eagecdaonoe cone eere acs 418} || IBORNIS) cocaae coaces SonS00 poGesS ocRe 43, 44. ‘Binder’s leather...-...---.-------- S25833 | Boat-spadess eee ecee ciel eel 22 Earle -TAMIpS) ee. 2 5 aa. secciee = == AAS PBODS a5 oo o= oat cleninteelet sya etaets ite 31,41 Binnacle-lanterns......--.-------- AAS PE OLVCTS ya or aps seinen lalate aera 52 inchycanOesse-- 2 ccm= --- ee == - ANS |) IBxonMbUMVEEVAYES Sogo Sos0 Gece coco poacSs 54 Bird and reptile oils, extraction of. HOW Bolas. 26 5 sisins's' sss sates see aeetos 25 Bird-cages..--..----- 30. 08S Buel etal WS)" Borba) Sooo cebnGaoaconces ceac 74 Pid iin@ -ao665 cabdsoonacacs ooeece SH) || IBC MIDI ENE) Sasso cadcos so55s0 G-ec 29 JEITGIMGIS -c.o666 degbee cboaoud seabec 36 | Bomb-lance and gun .........----- 28 Bird-slings (used by Eskimos). .-.. 25 | Bond spawning-vat.........----.-- 99 IBIS (CoOL E Sc See RASS mensed OU BON Geass ss4 sg eeie a sels Se Le ONO IBirdls, CGO soca Go5enone sadcac coor ANI") IBY NSAI 36 obabe6 cae eed caaeonso6 77, 92 Birds, domesticated, methods of cul- Bone charcoal for filters .......--. 77 (HUDRS) OL Sasene cpaeeecdaee soobone rs OO PB anenphosphatesmecs seeeieiee asia 96 Binds whunGin eee. sco. aoa nls AY’) TEOINI®) Goacde copees Sagon ce 56 cooase 14 Birds, quills of..---.--.----.------ Sve /Boomeranes) eee esse eee ae 26 Birds, skins of, used as fUrseee ee oul MBO OtS ete tio acie cers saci sic ciara 39, 45 Birds used as food ......-..-....-- BS) || IBONBHHEO) 35 Sooccacéd 6660 60000000 5¢ 67 IBISOIN Gaac edoa bodo coed eee SoDOECIEe Gals Battom-seatens see eieee-)see eee 3L IBS CoS BES CaS aoe Baan Ge neO OnE One ne 42 | Bottom-set lines ..........---.---- 3l J NIGH Soe. 54 Seas eoE a eee aCe oeEec 10"), LECUNeNGls Eo seaseeeua mabe cogooe ro 67 ICH Ke WASS iano) ctalaclavais et oimeis) Sinica) ei 2 2252 cesscoas sees Byssus of mollusks ...--...-...--- GONSO) iCarding 39: 522t 425222 kc eeaeeees Galbin see seas sdsediee Cees eee 44 | Care of arimals in captivity...--.. Wabrestos, socio. asec. sc seaeecines AP @aribouys a8 522.58 sos se eee ee Gaddice flies2..5...5222. 2-255 22: Mi A(Carp sc She s2o ta csasassasass oes Cages... .scccetesscccs ceca tsness 98h Carpets sssscatenc cs sqo ens ese sees Cages for anima!s....-.....------- 98 | Carpets, plush...5...2-2552:-..--- Wages for birds/..525.2 6.2.22 e 5s 2 983) \Carpyeall of: 22225225552 555c25eeee Cages for insects.......-.---.:--:- 98i\'|Car-scoopss sac sas ee stow ete see eee Cail’s fish-ways........-..---.---- SG ii@arsy fish (ssc. 5252 saeaise seat Calamaries, or squids......-.-..-.- 1g | Cars, refrigerator .-..-----2.25---- Calcined coral ....-.--..-+-.------ 82 | Cartridge-holders .....-2.---+----: Calico) printing). -5 2 555 4-s.se aes 92}| (Cartridges. «- 52.2 22529-2455 5see== Caligus curtus........------.----- Osi Cartes. ecnte.s sateen eee Calls ge yak as STN Al)| Carving-tools..-.:.¢i22222. 5-2 -22 Gamelec osetia sc wa (hil CREE Ga SpoSeneBeaimbooud oacaeoes ce 100 Cases for rods and rod-tops:......-- Cashmeres....-.----- @askaretice ic cs cee ihe le Cast-nets WastoreuMeeee. tees. e ee ee Castor-leather Cats.. .... Cat, domesticated......-.-- @at-fish tees e2 tees ce OS CONSETT Sa oe ae Cee ee ee Cat-gut (sheep) ..-.-.-.--. Cat-rigged fishing-boats .....-..-.- eer eee wees cece ee ew me (COMMENTS: 35-51 tS ee Ore eee eae @entipedes ..--..-.-..--.0-------- Cephalepoda...-.......--.-..----- Cero (CRED) Basin bea eres SEP eC eee ect Clistodansprcsecssis. oka t. aieeee Chaingeeee cece e182 Chameleons Chamois-leather ........---..--... Charcoal, animal.......-.....-.-.- Charcoal boneeacca. ce sacs Chemical products......-..---.--- Chemical products and agents em- ployed in arts and medicine - ..-- @himicenay seca scemeaseecsvace wae Chiroptera, s. 225 -eo-2.- Chleral hydrate. .......--...-.--.- Chovsetivccs..s occ es ee @hondrostei.c sees cesses sae abe Choppers. ---.------------- 225-2 Chopping-knives....-......---2--- @hopsticks <5 522222. .0 2. oe kee GCRovda filun 2. ee ae cee Chronometers Gittera vittata: 292343). aa be @irrostomi 2.065.025. 235. Abs ee eee Civet of civet-cat eee ee cee eee coos _“‘Clamms” for deep-sea soundings. . Clap-nets for birds ............ 2... INDEX. 107 Page. Page. 34 | Clarifying-vats .......--20.-.---6- 52 WAY Claws\-cemce tee sae eaten eters elec 73 52 | Cleaners..---.. Lnbocnboeacaceeawekes 49 26 | Cleaning instruments ........-.--- 29 92 | Clearing-rings ...2...2-2-. 22-22... 34 84) Cleavers 22224222 ce ates eee 22 Tees Clothimay yeeros eisact atta oeiso se 45 Eh I Cho CHteUntswaeey Peters yah te EG 45 16 | Cloths woven from feathers...-..-- 74 84!) Clubs) sso vss es SE ae 21 33 | Clabs used as missiles.....-..-.--. 26 43) | Clutching-trapsa5 so tence cee cee 33 67 | Coast laboratory .-....-.--...-.--- 97 17 | Cob-house bird-traps ..........---- 38 VD) COW cacrrers oes sys yatta 14 14 | Culture, protection and ......----- 97 2) |\ Coceinellar serrssorrctinc ode 95 Ay | COCCUST EA CEU ace rccre ad Selman 93 Coceusicheisisoe eae sk Shs seas 93 12) i Coceuslaceds Se ceiseo eseninicseees 93 83 | Coceus manniparus...--.----.------ 95 44) Goccus mental socccweeae close ooe6 95 GG |PCOccus polonicisisess sees see eee 93 29 | Coccus Uvd-U1st ...0 220 nc0e2scesacdn 93 65 | Cochineal colors, preparation of. -.- 53 53) |) COchineal soso ceases seweniovesis 93 Cochineal insect, propagation of.... 101 93) |! Cockades)--- <2... 2 tenceccent seeee 87 DG WCOd Coe ces ascdiasecese sasee eames 14 @ | Cod rocks jsttectn asus esa ees 14 54) |} Cmlenterdtay occa. cesses eeoeascee 20 AMt |) Collarsa.ccss kckdee sn ele eee 40 14 | Collecting-tanks ........----...... 53 16 | Collins’s roller spawning-screen .... 99 4s} |; @oloniamite ne pone nace nice oe 28, 90 99 | Colonia powder.........-.---.---. 28, 90 33 | Coloring materials...........----. 92 33} } Columbee... ccccscnecaccceumcewcc YS 10: Adi | Combing ie cide ced eee a an 438 94 | Commissary supplies............2% 45, 17|) Compasses... c-.cec ese cteens ccs) J 44 92} | Conchiferale scot cecicrecs weet 19 G2) {Gon gers aewasicee se soeelcuse wees 16 52 | Contents, table of..........2...0.24 vii 36 | Cooking-apparatus............-.-- 45) 108 INDEX Page. Page. Cooks’ lamps ...---- .-----s--+---- 44)| Crotalin ..-2-- -bessebec fecsesees ue 94: Wool ernie eee eat ae Ser meats 52 | Crotches and oar-rests.----.-.----. 44 Crolin eee aca ere me ewsiscece 52) CLOWSpan see eerie ee Ee aeee = eee 9 Coots ee eels cose khaeetekeciods 11 | Crushing-traps ....-.---..-------- 39 Copperhead, crotalin of......-..--. 94) Crustacea eceene as cee eases 18 (OOPSNS sod Sq564.58a0 Han oos eaeeeaas 42) |) Cysection 22 2...0c5 see5 coe n- nedeett AT G@ngunimn eee ie ere Ne 82) |) G@uckoos-a:on.2.550s.02 see epee 9 (G\openll: 25 Seen aie hee renee ese 375,895); Cuculi’ occ kk cen ee oe Rete eee 9.. Coral, preparation of ..-.-..--.---- 52) |) Cucumber, sea. = ---2-oeceseeeeee 19 Coral, propagation of.......--..--. 101 | Cunner, or chogset...:.--..------- 14 @oraliock eas ase seen ets 95) |) Cnp-leads j.. pee. eees wee ceeeemees 23 @ordage. oe coerce yerines =e AD) Cupsccoi sete. -. shanti eentce hes 100 Work floats ances ieee eee 33) i Curledihairee = -sucesae-e eee aeeee 49 Cormorant-collars...---..----..--- A0)| Curlew. 2-224 seccine -2ts- coeeeseee 10 (COMMONS 650665 5004 5905 94000599 11 | Curriers’ implements...-......---. 49, 50 Cormorants (Carbo sinensis, used in @urnying {cecec e302 eee eee 49, 50 fishing, in! China). 2-228 ADVI Gusk tic eee eis, once tee eee 14 Cosmetics .--..----. Splewieteee = eee 90) (Guitlassest a sai.4-2 2 stance eee 22 Cotton-oil and its manufacture .--- 48 | Cutting and carving ivory .-.---.-- 51 OOO 52 5355543555 cS 24 dacs 45) Cutting-spades -.-..-- 22.2.2 -seimes N@OVETS ac Ace wate oo ee 42 | Cuttle-fish bone..-.-.-.---+- +++: 68, 81, 95 Covers for fish-drying............ 47;|| @ycloganoidei ......--=-- 4see eee 16 Covers for hunters.........------- 42 | Cynailurus jubatus......--.-.+----- 39 Oouweiisla 545555 555555555554 00b506C DS! | HDACe cee eee nee ee 15 @owny -- sense selnees sean tn BI pDagcerseene etese eee eee oe meee 21 OOM sas co555o5 aes OCB O ene cmeosS 93) Wamasksss-ch ccc in ee eee 74 Crab’s-eyes ......-..-.++----.----- 81,95 | Darters, or water-turkeys .......-: 11 Crab-stones-..-...- pole elelteh aero 8) Darting-stieks: 2.222) 1224 seatene ae 26 Onalesie ee eerie eeee isle eee rane dd} Arts sek cer eke eee eee 26 @ranes 2h aes eee a iY] Wead=fallss ck. S-.s-cc cee ee eee 39 Crapes ....... A 5 3595 oe et 74 | Dead-falls, not automatic........-. 26 Crates, moss (Stone’s)...--.------- LOR Deck=potic.2te cece eeeee eee 52 Cleases--.-cc eee ce cee ees eee 22 | Decoy: animals, birds........------ Al @reepers teens se mses eee eee 9) |(-Decoy-bitds 22-- ese. cee scenes eee 41 @revallé-i. cock te ees SUES 14?) Decoy-brants ..-....---22--2--2--e8 4l @ribblesecec eect eee. Hee snes 100°) Déecoy-dogs....---..----c.2c2ieeece Al @ricketsciecen cee teereiceseee = = 7 Decoy-ducks BD eSNG) Sc 8 3: 41 @rimpersiee ee ose eee ee ONVDECOVS CLve ce cee mame ce eee eeee 40, 41, 42 C@rinoline skirts......-...--..----- 74 | Decoy-waders ....-...----+------- 41 Groaker pees. see ee seers cece 4) Deep-sea gear 5. 1-5 ul ce ce -kieeee 31 Cnrocodilesoyeus- se pees alot eee LSM erchesen es ssc cae Sees eee 6 @rocodilia- 2 oe... 2222 cS. cece 12) MeersheadS e.cssccce ees sees ee eees 42 @toss-belts .220¢..6--...23-5252528 45 | Deer, musk...... vas ees 92 Gress-bows ..- <2... 655. Cbs cbse 263) Deer-sledwes. 22! 12 Secale 22 oe . 42 Cross-bow traps ....2. 2.2. --20es-- 39 | Defensive armor .........----+---- 45°: INDEX. 109 Page. Page. Delineating-apparatus .....--.-.--. 55 | Down, preparation of............-. 49 MD EMIPLCE LS, .jeresicnd oon sk eee RS TBD LAO cacierey Seisisters ae se eeisae cee cos 33 Wesiccated meat... 2.2202. soc se6 65) | Dragonciliesy es sce t)ssee ence see 17 Desiccated milk... ......---- ---2- G5 Wrage soe sseccens SUAS ee 33 Destroying injurious species, appa- Drailing-tackle ..2:.25. J5220 22.52 31 THUS (GP ssssogoegs. SoSed sssocess 98) Franses ees arts serte i asiers ee tects 32 Destruction, apparatus for wholesale 39 | Dredge-line rollers ......-.., .----- 34 Demibien say esseoeeoe caro searsc 13! 16) |}Dredgesssssss2 sss csorsese ans. eese 36 PAY IMOLES oes o ene ose 12 355 be Ye 43 WD robsers esse sw nsd ye Aes) hyn 50 WDip=pets cece coc s-siae cae setae nsec 35, 36 | Dressing feathers ...-....--.------- 50 Wi persieaccisecs ox ccc eer wna HHL 9 | Dressing-fur ss2s54 5255 Sooo ste ae 50 ADIT Gas ee sence So So. SER Sai 21 | Dressing leather..... ....22)0222.2-2 50 BPISCORKOES wc cero beeen ones 34 "Oried\ foods). 52. ssseennnen sees 65 BISPUISCS peewee as tees cone k teee odes 40) Orift-nets:. +... . . 5.5. .teeseeete ue 35 Ditch fish-ways.....-.-..--------- OU Drugs. sacs ano Wn 3 Pas een eee 53 Woe eartsleeee Js 2s Ue J. te ee. AQEAD GB) PUMAG owen o eect eeeta ee amen 14 Woo-collars sec eccee eee ae eeess XD) IOUS! S56 Sbeo Seosiceow osonS coSo5¢ 44 Woo toed Pee. sce siccccdcscdecesehe 40 | Drying-houses .........2225-45 002222 47 Doe-harness.-<<..ts sce ccesteesct 42 | Drying, preservation by.---..-.--. 47 Moe-kennelst..22.ececs SUS NS se OS) PDS Sechion 5. Sc er ne oc. ae eee 57 Mocemuzzlese 2 ssc NASI oe 40) PDualine - 220. BLISS, 20 28, 90 Dog-sledaes ©. --- 5. - 222 222-222 -e 42 | Ducking-boats .. UW eee. Se etle 43 WOs-WAIPS ceecce oe we eee anes 20) (Duckes.coset cress seretd rer soos il Woo-whishles v..<<.-< eens 36 | Hunting-lodges -.-. ..-. .-5---.--.- 42 Herrings, king of the............- 16 | Hunting-mammals.........-..-...- 39, 49 Heterosomata ........-.---------- 113} |} Jehan) G5 o6sq dono onages ac0r 23 IEIGEZYDOCEY S55666 550000 c4o0us CouaoS 1l7/ || TebrianmaesOnSS SoS bso c5 coSc6s ossacs 45 letionaeales 6 Gonecs Se50 cogcca saoHee SO piu edisticks) sas csecieeeee tae 26 Hives for-insects:--.-....<......-. 933) SEunlediweightsi-\- <2. -/4-e=s-ceee 26 Hoes used in gathering shell-fish.. . 23 | Huron boats...--..--.-..-.- VERS AC 44 181. .bo0 Goode Baca UUs UODU Gaedeu. ce OA MEby laisse Siac te cists io ccminisycmiseleeetemae 12 olocephaliteeesaatseeeecielees aceite GH SElyperoanhlay sates sco see 17 ISIMIBIEIRS sap cco cjaeds GoGb00 Bdag00 Ce SOU MEVMeLOUre ti - .2< soci siseee ses ce eer ily lomehy asd caSB RA pen serbponeDcooees Oot Eh yEACOUMN 252 sa. -cs secs meee 92 Elona), Ae Se cep eOe SOCCER ae cee 39, 40 | Haran capensis -- 222 22-4 --222.22---- 2222-25 44 | Lanterns for fire hunting and fishing 41 Jack-lanterns, for fishing .......... 42 | Lanterns for camp and ship use.... 46 SO UATS orice. sce BAR SANE 5 | Lanterns for weequashing......... 42 ADT Cogu Senate samardnes iocavae teat 5S juariatseeees. (ook 6ek cee eee 25 WAL MOle=thaps sche. as see ee eeiees 37) | MBAT KS pene vores Se ee eee 4) Jawed traps 2c see. se ae.te seek OO MBASSOS Rees swe we owls ection Rete 25 MANS i=icaaaaietins ote sae see cee eee ())) IDeNTbOe NSS cesous coocioc Peery ie | i! 43 serkedenmreabicccescisiseinassoceisteccee Ga) Maw same ee eects 97 MISS SLAs TR SRE ee cee aie 28) INMGAMGIS = S25 oleic cease ste elem tee 33, 89 Ais anoval Chievo eaoece dosooo osocds BOM BOAUS oe case siac cig wats Dees eee ee Begs HiGWCNGS So eaeo ss0dd5 codeisaugiabod Jo) UCAS seer ey aeellaerelstateneniete racer 52 JOHN RES mesos Noe Soe Soqon6 GS 127) heaning-knives....:205- 0. «ses seem 52 EIN Cys Sher 2 ae es Snes ee De) weather-back ck asen wes a seieeee 12 Keg used for floats, &c ........-... do. | Mveather belts:ss eee eee eee 83 2 AGING] Ky SS SS BEBO ONBSBaSE eS Se Saba50 98 | Leather, currying of -.....-....-.. 49,50 AME RMES eens oe nea ae ieee serie 93 | Leather-dressing...... .--.-.----+. 50 Wetter ee eae he Se oe eee AS | MPGathersi, soceesee ees Sa 73, 82 Reid leabhe nee sins enamine eer SS beeches, i... .4sk2tee tees see oeeee 18, 95 ASSILT@T Mma ray Sewer peatic miata aeeet oer Leeches, propagation of ......-.... 101 ARG e le sieaayeccteee ete ears tareialeeeaicte AA MSO TONGS (c/n ee eee ee renee 45 Kilns for burning shells........... BBN Limnos) SO SAde DodGse bddaes Gages 8 INDEX. 115 Page. Page. Leptocardians ....-..-.---------=+ 17 | Mackinaw boats .......---.......- 44 LEA gk oe CORE reece etry ree i? | Mammal tuts. jocestos. - 3a. 3 escigex 68 Pectin alin ss carers cedex Suede 98 | Mammal oils, extraction of........ 52 Pightoee eee ii su eeewdda Jakes 46 | Mammals --.:--.22----. ----5+ 2-5 3) PRT EONS new raw eo ches Ys cid eit 24 | Mammals, quills of..........-.---- 87 Pinon ee ae ikdleve eee 94 | Mammals, shell of... 2-2 20-22522. 79 Bie Mb (ac sccnee cee teers veoskt 39 | Mammals used as food .......----. 57 MAMES ete shee ee Sle niche beer 53, 95 | Mammals, hair of, preparation of .. 48 MRIIMICOMO cee seek wesaticcsbcccan ae 10 | Manatee, or sea-cow..---.-.------- 7 SPAM I est ata. Salset See EL 50 ) Manna wateee seesie ewes oye cert 95 Limpets...-.- ete eye PE aur Oe REE eek 19 | Manufacture of albumen prepara- Line-holders..- 2.22. 2-06 sce cue ee 34 biOnSiee acces ke Hesse eco oneeee 53 Lines, hooks with movable........ 31 | Manufacture of ammonia.......... 53 Lines (twisted and plaited) ....--. 32 | Manufacture of billiard-table cush- iD ibakes Bees os ET et ee 14 OWS) 335 565 556865 535555550005 0508 51 PHIONS SCA roams asciciseteasiecs Jtle ae 6 | Manufacture of carbazotates....-.. 53 Mi hooles ack ee cick bse soci. aus 24 | Manufacture of dress and stay ma- Mbithofracteur: sosccos.cees bee oceise PSsOD iM kes bone <. isc ccs Neecieeee ae 51 Live-box (Atkins’s).............2. 101 | Manufacture of fertilizers .......-. 53 Live-boxes for microscopists.....-.. 98 | Manufacture of floats and other ar- MP AAT Sipe pereisaeysoteoxsicle sion iaieiswinioeratiors 12 PCL OS arsreievseeeet ene estes emer 51 Loaded lines (bolas)....-- Sree er 25 | Manufacture of formic Aeideeceresee 53 HAO AM erste omiiea ewe wel Oy ice eleals 29 | Manufacture of handles, trinkets, Lobster-canning factory.........-. 48| billiard-balls, &c..-............. 51 Lobster-pot floats ...............-- 33 | Manufacture of hat and bonnet ma- MEOUSLOE=POLS) << nce on cenae rece o ous 37 Ker’s ONC ,o2)Jsva oe sSieee emacs 51 Lodges..--. Sissi Lecalemeee cise cess 42,44 | Manufacture of inks from animal MOR SETNEAD op aie cmeepcekis tevews ps2 Ge substances. .ucikecmecs eee teeee 53 HG0S-C1ASHOS =. -.<. oases 9 Movable lines, hooks with..-..---- SOL Nine; call) so- 25) 2). 2 eee 94 Mud-fish, or amia -...-..-...5--.-- LO Oar-locksies. o-<\scS cc. sees eee 44 WVinT hereon ec) ccc eite (ate wrermejchen oe 15th Oar vestepscisscisclsacts Mise See ee 44 Mamoxidegiteeseos a> jeccees = ec ccs= SBN Oarsy sae eer ns si2cisal~ wa asien eee a4 Murexides, manufacture of....----- 53 | Oblique groove fish-ways..---..--- 97 ITS) ws cogeceeeeCe OE DoODEEoEoT MME @CelOtdes nselace ciscsioce awisevceaeee 5 “Museum = storage-tank, Agassiz Octopus, eres see ra nce otese ace 19 TMOG Clee nase se ere aie eisimcaevete le SAE Ole cerca kee ee ee 52,90 Mise Gaerne ese enis a icleia clans ioe Oil CObLON seaic sere s-ciemee aeceysecioce 48 Musk from musk-deer - ..---..----- 92) (Oil-Gressin gee so sce ce see oe eeeies 50 Wins lecoxd ee a nei) asicisoiah.cratel= atte mre t= G6) Oilsfishseapsidrom.22---.72o-e5 se 92 Marsquash 2. 22---- <= -------9-2=-— Shi Olin geese aeiee enlace 50 Musquash - traps, with hanging Oil-skin suits...--.....-..-------- 45 CIOCHS non GSE HE SOD DIOE OOS CSEEC 4¢:38') Ointmentessas-te sera sess eee 45 WAGES. coodopecdoad copsodseccusees 40 | Oleomargarines..-.-..---..-------- 90 MMVI OC) soomaceode coencocsoscoc I7/ || OyoWONe eee oon Beacon Goda sccccb cos 12 WEVSMORNIB) 6 dotca odedoposSoEeSs Oscoue D || CWB fH Poscccareddco cose cso cscs 93 MLCT Ge ee eo ee suet a is cre citicve lila dis 497 @phiuranses: 2 = ne seeseerae eee 19 Nacre, preparation of...-.....----- || OSE WH crs Gees Hops conSaceoo bade 8 IWRENY DIL soG600 soob0d cou EDeE cooS 7 | Optical instruments.....-....----- 46 Natomas alts. esse. ect ae= etcicelela- 40 | Organ-keys, manufacture of .----.. 51 EN enti geese sieee ceo eicieteininiiertos UGNOrioles es cess secesa sees eeiee 9 Navassa phosphates...-.... Pee eee 53) KOsmicaciG penn aeeeceeeeeeece eae 54 Needle-percussion.......-.---.---- QB" cOsteocollarce sates oeeieeeioee rece sicrce 89 Weedlesteneeeteneisaec ccs sseetaserata 36 | Ostrich-culture, methods of.....--- 99 iINematoowathijeeceecsnececisesseeas AG Obters sce eae cere teia eles 5, 40 INemerteans--- 4 -eeseisaeee eee cae 1S) (Otter-trawlyasasets ecm eelenelaeio= 36 Nereocystis Liitkeana..---.-.------- SoulkOulachanyese see eee eee eee 15 IN@SIS Gagan caua GGo0 CaUOOdedee Sone 100 | Ova, accessories of obtaining and ISGUE) goocen ohonae Hades ocbeSdd coes 30) |p LIM POS DAM cess seice eo. 99 Nets for bed and face.............- 45 | Overflowing fish-ways ...--..----- 97 Ox, domesticated ....-... Hoes ee OS TMNIEI Ro Sobe osuconc6 bppbe Sanbae Oyster-bed tangles........-.------ Oyster-boats........---..---.- oy Oyster-canning factory......------ Oyster-canoesS......-.----- aise Oyster-catcher.... ...--- ---+ .- ene Oyster-culture, methods of ........ Oyster-fish ...---.----...----. ---- Oyster-police-boats ......----..--- Oyister-puncies \ cece cece atecen er Oyster-scraper......-.-...02--6--- Oyster-smaeksie~ ose ete eleeeiehele = Pack-saddles ------ ---2-.- clewieieisiciele Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill ...-..---. atc eS) ees roc oh ete iereteraporelaner-leretaio 72 7a Baperitboatsy scicciccisisclejeieceincieis a) 12° IPRVONGIe DIVO) 9548855 S550 s5oee0 coaace HPATASULESeeeyelelateceisisiereteeisioeenceiale Ranchmenti i A565, secon ecmevare cle cle icte Parchment from viscera of seals - .. PAT OTS Ec rarejeloreieiate etenatsie ieee sistemas IPRNOROGPIVE, Gon6 Gagceo coocKe ocoaGu Ed WPaLrOtetiSla wacedectelereveneieieveicieiel o\ciereinte PATLOUS ne cetecinw eet eteiara san orotapefeiad ape Parbrid ges sasccitessicle sate c[elsrateiato WASSCTES selocis ct cciceicicisisioelcieterscio slemic Pastes: sac sec tele ew cece ssisecelsce’ Patent: leather. ..5--...5 +--+ c2-6 Peacocks ess ssiccsecatecseces teres Pearl-powder..-..-------------.-- earls ie scecsisieaiee ciccine see seen Pearl-whiteccs.2s2ccc co ces coos cele Pea-TroerOf God. sae ose csoss seslacte Pea-shooters) fe. ste ssi ssi cleceews Beccary cescneecencces cecae see nacre Pedi culate ese aesaeis se ceseisiewiocis INDEX. . Page.. 9540! Pelicans): os rcis\atersetsepstoicie viet ores ats it 6! Pemmicanis< sis. deldeeaeeeee ae 65. 6) "Pon Cils) Jaca asia) sas sjomrinweseeeee 54. 6°) PON OUINS sor asco -mentere meioee 11 98 | Pens (for animals) ...-..--...----. 98: 43 | Pens, manufacture of quills for .... 51 Adi! Pens, quill: 22: s0cessecccesdscece 87 43) ‘Pen-traps soos 2s toes esos cceoeneeee 37 103) Pepsina: gasses o'.c2s oun ee eee ee 93. 101 | Pepsin, manufacture of......---. -- 53 14)|‘Pereesoces. 22.242. 245 oh Laeeeeeee 15 AM | Perch 2ceee8 2h04 05 cls Sa ee 14 44) Perches .... 502. 2--..+-2s--- soe 40: 36 | Percussion-powder......-..------- 28. 43)| Perfumese. ssncesvoe cee soe eee 53, 92 42)) Personal aids: 2025-22202 see eee 42 16 | Personal equipments..----.------- 45 AM!) Petrels:. 1225.40 .ee' Meese eee 11 A2)) Phalaropercs a. foes eee eee eee 10: 99 | Phiais...... Pe ol eee 54 44:| Phosphatesc.. .. JLo: ee eee 53, 96. 93F| Phosphorus.) Gaetan 77, 94. Phosphorus, manufacture of. ..---- 53 43 | Phosphorus prepared from bones -. Photographic apparatus. .........- 55 98 | Photographs. .22200... || SEINGA DUS BessesaousosHnuoseonsoS 95 HO) || Sand-bathisessscsecscsectes oes <-~'s 50 33 | Sanderling .-....---.---.------+--- 10 13 | Sandpiper ....-.------------+---+- 10 37 | Sardine-factory . .-..--.----------- 48 83 | Sardine-tisheries, French .....----- AO 45 | Satinettes ..---....--- »----- ------ 74 14 | Sausages ........----- +--+ 22-0 65 14 | Saw-bills---..-....-.------- ------ 9 14 | Scabbard-fish .-..-..----.-.------- 14 14 | Scales .. .----- 2-2 --- see ene eee nes 79 98 | Scaling-apparatus- .---.---.-------- 48 34 | Scent-decoys ---.---2+ +----- ------ Al 34 | Scolecida .--....---22------2 eeee=- 18 34 | Scoop-nets .-..-------+ e22ece-e2--- 36 34 | Scoops ...- cece se eeee -- 222 enee = =e 23 99 | Scoop sounding-machines....-.-.--- 23 49 | Scorpions....---.----------------- 12,17 33 | Scouring ..----------- coeds onoeSS 48, 50 100 | Scows .--2...--eec-eeecee SeSGbEES5 43 101 | Scrapers ...... .......----2------ -- 22 51 | Scrap-hopper ........------------= 52 18 Scraping So CHES ASS HEE ie SAS eee err 49 49 ' Seraping-tools ......-.-..--.------ 54 122 GECONS) ci lemme micheisinieperaciawiein Hema Screen, roller spawning (Collins) .. SCHON 565 onoecéocssctnscoss cen Scup, OF POPZy --c0e cone cece cncnce Sea-bats ..... miele cisiekie ei siameoaiiape le Gd COMseacineciencin) -1c\iaie euscesaiehes a Sea-cucumber.....---22ceeence enne MEA-NOLSO eee elecinie scisosicececie/ semaine Seal-elephants ........ -... --0< 0... SORIELS| cc \scc aise aces Seqs o0d0nR ac Sealing-steamers .....--.--2.----- Sea-lions ...... AGRO OAS Rooabe oooSKs Seals, parchment from.......---.-- Sea-Otters) son ecaccurecnmsntoce wenicn SPASTAVEMH 3s) o ccc ewislsicenesialesioiwieciccie OAs WOLMS i. siaisteteiotelereteiseiciicie eines SOCtIOMWAG ca etalon ie ijereie wfeiate meee nice Section B...... Sunde Gane GoooDMEEe SGVELNO) my Or Rae a AO Cee Gee oer ase S~aeumnem 1D) Soadcoad anno ad oGe0 aoueGe DOCHOMNM ey. Seu cela nleccineoteeteciae Seine-boats ........ ROadT CBea00 6ae6 Seine-floats J. .2 22.06 --cccsciccsae Seine-reels 2 soe cieieieein cee cee acne SONOS meses cteicisioer wininnitersioisicieretatals Seine-windlasses .... ......- Roe eiciae Seizure of object ........---..----- Selachostomi .........--c¢ cece soc Self-sealing jars, used in collecting. SIPRORS) Scab aasocde Sh06 edoniodsesas . S19 OU ne Re a ee aA PSLENGN ES) Goda Bao Gade Sooo ses doen Setstackileye cecirnrllceinelsincvaoe eee Sextants ......... alselsieiees steerer. mbad-sli desc cc no cine ceases Shagreen leather........---..---.- Shagreen of trigger-fish........... INDEX. Page. Page. 100 | Shanty, brook (Furman’s). ..... oe: 100 Ot Sharks ee cc esteeeeecin esos ace eeries 16, 14 | Sharpies ...... cwesimecclneecjoesc same 14.) Shawls ........--. She sesecsssssses 44 13 | Sheaf-traps ...--... Ls semipecinesce = Snes CIS) ieAiae? Saba Soeegsoe ase ‘epi lere es 48 Os Ghearwatersn. < << secs ---- 45)" Wihitetcoralia th*. cee eee eee 81 Water-proof suits........-.-.----. 3) PANINI STS sop na Sb ao necioas wade ool6 15 Water-telescopes .........----.--- 46 | Whitehall boats ...-.. viene omseeae 43 Water-turkeys........-----..-.2-- 11 | Whiting...... He SSSOLAe DEST Et Skee 14 VHGA Ae eee cn are pe a a 95 | Wicker fish-pots ...--.........---. 37 R/ANoWITES 7 UA ern eee 9 | Willetssrsc.steweeeerowsaeeseieed 10 RVWiealkatish }foc a Sete ie pr 14 |‘ Wilmot’s:eups:s..2..22 22 100 Weapon-holders 0). .-22-- eae ees 30) | Winches (cet. 20.2222 4 ee F 34 WViedSels tts rst eee ete 5. AQ) | Winders = cen m.n<'-2 eee eee 34 Weaving. terete tee denen ae sue 48)| Waindlasses i112) 77-72 eet See 34 Weaving worsted cloths .......... 48 | Wire-cartridges....-...-.22-2: w22: 29 Weequashing lanterns............. 42) Wioli-hshynauceeeaeee eshte 14 Wreiehine-scalesee. teres: eee tele 29 | Wolverenes|a-t-1_c ss -e ieee ree 5 Weights turled <2 2-2eeeee ees ae Gi Wiolvesteeee. =e en eeee eee eee 5 Wieltsi.occ5 ccc: ASRS Saeco sae 36.974] Woodcock: 2-22" 12-2 theese e=aeee 10 Wihale=bonts ies sce stetcsnee tee oe AS Wood loatsiceccss ss see eee eee 33 Whalebone .............2-.- aera 78 || Woodpeckers .2.: :---2 2.2252 5cene 9 _ Whalebone, preparation of......-. 49,51 | Wood-powder.......... Goose poosed 28 Whalebone springs....-...--...--- 319) | CO! BaeSoo segKodacesca Socal SSuc 74, 85 Whale-line drag.z:2:2:2...224 22-2 SB Viool=tlockin'ey ass eeeeieer eee 86, 92 Whaleman’s “ eraft”...-.. -.-- -ece 94 | Wool, preparation of............-- 49 Whaleman’s line-tub..........-..-. 34 | Wool work ...-.. SGOuEd ao GUOSSo se 51 Whale-oil s:22:52222 2222 ss2ase2282 BOM NVOOLAEAI At cscs sc ccs ce smeenemenee 39 Whale-oil, rendering.......-...... 52 WOLMB #2) -<0 5... 2 oc. eee 18 Whalers’ chains and lines.....----. 33 | Worms, intestinal ................ 98 Wihalestaceecctace ce cack Ree 7 | Worms, propagation of.......2.-.. 101 Whale-ships::2=2:.c2.20ccs28. 2252 43 | Worsted cloths, wearing ......-.-. 48 Whale-spades: )Jses02% sso ceeses5¢ 99 | Worsted fabrics .............2---- 74 Wihale-steamers: 22. 22255. 2225525: MMA NIRS OE) Gobeoo oneeou son 6 cooeacos os 9 Whaling-canoes :::::.::2-....-.- AB Nak lace! e252 sce qeccossaeeeeeees 74 Wihaling-cunsis=s-sssssaceceeeecee Die) ) MANNE) Soee cosooo becca ce coos qsc0 35 74 Wheelbarrows 2.22. sccess cesccece 4) || Vellow-shanks|.. 252 sacece sncesciee 10 WH GGISs sas nu wo Mod Tuan ae) Ge eeRnUne 44 | Zibeth civet...-.... SHOE SONEUn dS C 92 NWI eLKCS basco ue oe oe 19 Department of the Duterior: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. —_ | -—- BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IN. Oi 7 « PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. LOT ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the seventh of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of natural historv and ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary of tne Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN. INSTITUTION, Washington, April, 1877. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE Meet URAL HistToRY OF THE HAWAITAN AND FANNING ISLANDS AND LOWER CALIFORNIA, MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE UNITED STATES NORTH PACIFIC SURVEYING EXPEDITION, 1873-75. BY THOS. H. STREETS, M. D., PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON, U. S. NAVY. WASHINGTON: GCGOVERNMENY PRINTING OFFICE. 137. F 3 3 WABLE OF CON TENTS. Page. Privo Coosa sasees EE RAIN ore AE apes Bye ei ereray Ati oa ws is nea tayo) eye 7 ON TROL OG War ssitg occ ceie renee Men Ses Hae eee AEB Seals Ae eR EET IRS oh 5 9 HDL TPINON OCS Teas on BRA eEe hoe EetINRee Scie irks Se cee eM aera Sr Hee 35 GRAN MTB OTEOYENS Se CL echaSGAL SS DES BO OCS DISS HE Re Can ee ete area ae Saran Fa arene 3 I. Fishes of Upper and Lower California ......-.---- LEG a Ro eae een 43 TOL, Wishes: OF wine Blan alenn MENG Ko oods sacone caebed Boende boness gooace 56 JOC, IeWsloves) cont wave) Weyavavbayes SBA) Hees base ae kode 6555 depeisedoieeer baSsaac 7 INWepeishes fromthe samoanelslands)sa-esses eee as se ee ene ee cle a 94 CROSTAGIBN, S405 cane césecdusbe Gace HOUdoCbihs Oa.cHodee daopouinnod coodoonnorooeesas 103 TS OMAN Yee etesiete sete aie rere a nicteieinicisieis slsi= asta sole /alaio alsietmiaies aime wie) sla ieteleia ataiera) aierete= 142 PREFACE. The collections that furnished material for this bulletin*® were made, one in 1873-74, by Surgeon William H. Jones, U.S. N., and the writer, while serving on board the United States ship Portsmouth, Commander Joseph 8S. Skerrett commanding, engaged in the survey of the islands of the North Pacific Ocean; and the other by the writer alone, in 1874— 75, while on board the United States steamer Narragansett, Commander George Dewey commanding, engaged in the survey of the coasts of the peninsula of Lower California. The’ first collection very well represents the fish-fauna of the har- bor of Honolulu and the avi-fauna of the Fanning group. While among the latter islands, our means for the preservation of specimens were too limited to permit of a very extensive collection of fish. A complete botanical collection was made at Palmyra and Christmas Islands. The plants were sent home from the Pacific; and before I arrived there to commence the work of arranging the collection, they had been identified by Prof. A. Gray, and distributed through the gen- eral collection of the Agricultural Department at Washington, so that it was impossible to get a list of them except by overhauling the entire collection. The present list, therefore, represents little more than the duplicate series. I am indebted to Prof. Gray and Dr. Vasey, Botanist of the Agricultural Department, for the notes accompanying the list of plants from Lower California. The Fanning group, with the exception of the Hawaiian, were the only islands visited in the Pacific. This group comprises the islands of Christmas, Fanning, Washington, and Palmyra. ‘They are situated immediately north of the equator from latitude 1° 57’ to 5° 49’, and extend from longitude 157° 27’ W. to 162° 11’ W. Palmyra is the most northern and western, and Christmas the most southern and eastern of the group. From these two came the large-t part of our collection. They are uninhabited, save by parties that go there to harvest the crop *Excepting the Crustaceans, the invertebrate portion of the collection is excluded from this bulletin. 7 8 of cocoanuts. They are exclusively coral formations ; and all except Christmas are well clothed with vegetation, and are frequently visited by rains. In regard to the Lower Californian collection, it by no means repre- sents either the fauna or flora of any place or section. The specimens were collected all along the coasts—our stay at any one place being too short to admit of more than a mere cursory examination of its life. I regret to say that a large collection of birds’ eggs from Palmyra © and Christmas Islands was completely destroyed by rats on board the ship. To Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., belongs the credit of the identification of the birds, and he has very kindly furnished me with the notes ac- companying that portion of the ornithological collection from the Cali- fornian peninsula. I desire to express, in this connection, my obligations to Prof. T. Gill for assistance in the classification of the fishes, and for his advice in other matters relating to my ichthyological work. To doth these eminent gentlemen I tender my sincere thanks. ah, i. S. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., April, 1877. Om NTE OLOGY. SYLVICOLIDAL. DENDRG@&CA AUDUBON, (Zowns.) Bd. [No. 70632]. Sylvia audsbonii, Towns., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190. Sylvicola audubonii, Be., List, 1858, 21.—Aup., B. Am., ii, 1841, pl. 77. Dendrecca audubonti, Bp., B. N. A., 1858, 273.—Cousrs, Key, 1872, 100; Birds Northwest, 1874, 58.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 229, pl. xiii, f. 1. Locality: mouth of the Colorado River. Immature plumage; throat scarcely tinged with yellow. One specimen. FRINGILLIDA PASSERCULUS SAVANNA ALAUDINUS, (Bp.) [No. 70633]. Passerculus alaudinus, Bp., Comp. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 918.—Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 446. Passerculus savanna alaudinus, Bo., BRew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1371,537, pl. xxiv, f. 11.--Hrensnaw, Wheeler’s Exped., vol. v, 1575, Zool., 254, Passerculus savanna, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 177.—Cours, Birds North. west, 1874, 127 (in part). Locality: San Ignacio River, Sonora, Mexico. One specimen. Flew aboard the ship while at anchor, and was captured. PASSERCULUS SAVANNA ANTHINUS, (Bp.) Cs. [No. 70634]. Passerculus anthinus, Br., Comp. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 919. Passerculus suvanna anthinus, Couns, Key, 1872, 136.—Bp., Brew., & Riva., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 539, pl. xxiv, f. 10.—Covzs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 128. Locality: Todos Santos Islands, Pacific coast of Lower California. One specimen. PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS, (Cass.) Bd. [No. 70635]. Timberiza rostrata, CAssin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 348. Ammodramus rostratus, CAssIn, Ill. B. Cal. Tex., &c., 1, 1855, 226, pl. 38. Passerculus rostratus, Barrp, Birds N. Am., 1858, 446.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa, N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 542, pl. 24, f. 12.—Cours, Key, 1872, 136. Locality: Todos Santos Islands. One specimen. Inseparable from typical rostratus of Southern and Lower California (mainland), though 9 10 rather larger (wing 2.80, instead of abont 2.50; tail 2.10, instead of about 1.90). The peculiar turgid shape of the bill and its ligbt-brown color, together with the special light reddish-brown tone of all the markings of rostratus, are repeated with fidelity. PASSERCULUS GUTTATUS, Lawr. [Nos. 70636, 70637]. Passerculus guttatus, LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. New York, viii, 1867, 473. Passerculus rostratus var. guttatus, B., B., & R., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 544. Resembling P. rostratus in the great size of the bill, but with that member of a decidedly different shape. In P. rostratus, the shape of the bill is peculiar in the genus, and very much resembles that of a Pyranga in its turgidity, the convexity of the culmen throughout, and other fea- tures. In P. guttatus, the shape of the billis as in the Passerculi gen- erally, but its size is relatively greater. Culmen 0.50 of an inch long, about straight; depth of bill at base 0.22-0.30. Most or all of the upper mandible black ; the lower yellowish, with dusky point. System of coloration as in other Passerculi; the loral line only just appreciably tinged with yellowish; yellow of bend of wing obsolete. General col- oration much as in P. savanna. Length, as well as can be judged, about 5.75 inches; wing 2.75; tail-2.10; tarsus 0.85; middle toe and claw 0.80; bill as already given. Two specimens from San Benito Island, Pacific coast of Lower Cali- fornia. This well-marked form bas been referred [Check List, No. 160 a; B., B., & R., i, p. 544] to P. rostratus as a geographical or local race. Its relationships seem rather to be with P. sandvicensis, however, there being very little difference in color, while there is more resemblance to this species in form than to P. rostratus. Upon the whole, we are inclined to consider it a good species. The only other specimen that has been obtained is in the National Museum. It came from San José del Cabo. SPIZELLA BREWERI, Cass. | No. 70638]. Emberiza pallida, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 66, pl. 398, f.2; Birds Am., iii, 1841, 71, pl. 161 (nec Swat). Spizella pallida, BONAP., Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480. Spicella brewert, CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 40. Spizella pallida breweri, COUES, Key, 1872, 143; Birds Northwest. 1874, 151.—Bp., BrEw., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 13, pl. 27, f. 4. _ Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. One specimen. 11 ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS INTERMEDIA, Ridgw. [No. 70639}. Zonotrichia gambeli, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 460. Zonotrichia leucophrys var. gambeli, COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 145 (in part). Zonotrichia intermedia, YARRow, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 35. Zonotrichia leucophrys var.intermedia, RipGw., MS.—HrensHaw, Wheeler’s Geograph. and Geol. Expl. and Surv. West of the 100th Merid., v, 1875, Zodl., 261, pl. Megiea taco: Locality: Los Coronados Islands, near San Diego, Cal. CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, ( Towns.) Bp. [Nos. 70640, 70641, 70642]. Fringitla bicolor, TOWNSEND, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 189. Calamospiza bicolor, Br., List, 1838, 30.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 492.—Cougs, Key, 1872, 147; Birds Northwest, 1874, 163.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 61, pl. 29, f. 2, 3. Corydalina bicolor, AuD., Syn., 1839, 130. Dolichonyx bicolor, NuTr., Man., i (2d ed.), 1840, 203. Localities: Angel Island and Pichilinque Bay, Gulf of California. Three specimens. ; GONIAPHBA MELANOCEPHALA, (Svw.) Gray [No. 70643]. Guiraca melanocephala, Sw., Philos. Mag., i, 1827, 438.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 498. Coccothraustes melanocephalus, Ricu., Pr. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (18387). Pitylus melanocephalus, GRAY, Gen. of Birds, ii, 362. Fringilla melanocephala, AuD., Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 519, pl. 373. Coccoborus melanocephalus, AUD., Syn., 1839, 133. Hedymeles melanocephalus, CaB., Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 153.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 73, pl. 30, f. 1, 2. Goniaphea (Hedymeles) melanocephala, Gray, Hand-list, No. 7547. Goniaphea melanocephala, Cours, Key, 1872, 149; Birds Northwest, 1874, 167. Fringilla canthomaschalis, WaGu., Isis, 1831, 525. Locality: Pichilingue Bay, near La Paz. One specimen. CORVID A. CISSILOPHA SANBLASIANA, (Lajr.) Bp. [No. 70644]. Geai de San Blas, NEBoux, Rev. Zool., 1840, 290, 323. Pica sanblasiana, Larr., Mag. de Zool., 1842, Ois., t. 28. Cyanocorax de San-Blas, PREV. & Drs Murs, Voy. Vénus, v, 200. Cissilopha sanblasiana, Br., Consp., i, 380.—LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i ii, 224. “ Cyanurus geoffroti, Be.”, Gray, Hand-list, ii, 4. Cyanocitia sanblasiana, ScL. & Satv., Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1876, 269. Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. One specimen. Identical 12 with unquestioned examples of this species, except in the lack of any decided crest, though the feathers of the part are somewhat full. Bill jet-black, and the feet are blackish. In this and various allied jays of the black-bellied section of the genus Cyanocitia, it appears that the bill, and even the feet, may be indiffereutly either yellow or black. The @. crassirostris Bp. was separated from C. beecheyt partly on account of its black instead of yellow bill, but has, however, other and better specific TYRANNID A. TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Sw. [No. 70645]. characters. Tyrannus vociferans, Sw., Quart. Jour. Sci., xx, 1826, 273.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 174.—Cowrs, Key, 1872, 170, f. 1107.—Bp., Brrw., & Ripe., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 327, pl. 43, f. 5.—Couus, Birds Northwest, 1874, 238. Laphyctes vociferans, CaB., Mus. Hein., ii, 1859, 77. Tyrannus cassini, Lawr., Ann, Lye. New York, v, 1852, 39, pl. 3, f. 2. Locality: Bay of Santa Tomas, Pacific coast of Lower California. One specimen. MYTARCHUS CINERASCENS, (Lavwr.) Sel. [No. 70646]. Tyrannula cinerascens, LAWR., Ann. Lye. New York, v, 1851, 109. Myiarchus cinerascens, SCL., Ibis, 1859, 121.—Covurs, Key, 1872, 171; Birds Northwest, 1874, 239. 2 Myiarchus erinitus cinerascens, BD., BREW., & Ripe., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 337, pl. 43, f. 6. Myiarchus mexicanus, Be., Birds N. Am., 1858, 179 (nec Kaup; nec Lawr., Ann. Lyc. New York, ix, 1369, 202). . Mytarchus mexicanus pertinax, Bp., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 303. Loeality: Pichilingue Bay, Lower California. One specimen of the slightly broader bill form noticed by Baird from Cape San Lucas under the naine of var. pertinax. ARID A. CHRYSOTIS FINSCHI, Sclat. [No. 70647]. Chrysotis finschi, SCLAT., Proc. Zodl. Soc., 1864, 298.—Finseu, Die Papageien, ii, 1868, 543. ; Chrysotis viridigenalis var., GRAY, List Psitt., 1859, 82. Chrysotis viridigenalis, SOUANCE, Icon. Perr., t. 31 (upper fig.) sine descr. Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. One specimen. Agreeing perfectly with labeled specimens in the National Museum. 13 TRICHOGLOSSID At. CORIPHILUS KUMLI, (Vigors) Wagler [Nos. 67314, 67358, 67333}. Psittacula kuhli, Vrcors, Zod). Jour., 1824, 412, pl. 16. Psitiaeus kuhli, Luss., Voy. Coq., 1828, 629. Lorius kuhli, Luss., Tr. d’Orn., 193. Vini coecineus, Luss., Ill. de Zool., 1832, t. 28. Coriphilus kuhli, WAGLER, Mon., 566. Psitlacula interfringillacea, BeuRJ., Perr., t. 83. Brotogeris kuhli, Sws., Class. of Birds, ii, 303. Domicella kuhlt, FINscu, Die Papageien, ii, 1868, 749. Locality: Washington Island, Fanning group, North Pacific Ocean. Three speeimens. This bird is so rare in museums that a technical description of it will not be out of place in this connection. Bill short and stout, slightly shorter than the tarsus; upper mandible much heoked ; tarsus and feet short and stout. The under surface of the neck and extendivg half-way around on the sides, the side of the head below the eyes, the breast, and the abdomen bright scarlet; the same color extends up on the side of the head at the base of the bill to very near the nostril. The scarlet color is confined to the terminal portion of the feather; the basal half is grayish-brown, slightly tinged with green—under the wings the green color predominates on the basal half. The lower portion of the tibia violet; the lengthened feathers of the crest green on the forehead and purple en the top and back of the head; the back and upper wing-coverts green; rump and upper tail-coverts greenish-yellow; the colors of the rump, abdomen, and tibia mingle on the long feathers of the thigh; a short line of yellow sprinkled with red at the bend of the wing; the short under wing-feathers green ; the rest of the under surface of the wing grayish-brown, glossy in appearance; a narrow line of light blue on the outer margin of the wing; the edge of the outer web of two or three of the longest primaries margined with the same color; the mar- gins of the ether primaries green; the rest of the outer web, the shaft, and the inner web of the primaries and secondaries, as well as the apices of the primaries, brownish-black ; the under tail-coverts scarlet and yel- low, a mixture of the colors of the ramp and abdomen; the outer web of the tail-feathers violet : the inner scarlet, tips green. Lower mandible yellow; upper light brown; tarsus and feet light brown. 14 Total length about 8.00 inches; bill from feathers on the side of the head 0.50; wing 5.20; tail 3.20; tarsus 0.60; middle toe 0.65 ; claw 0.30. The following concerning this bird is taken from FT insch’s “ Die Papageien” :—“ This is one of the rarest parrots existing. Itis tobefound only in afew museums. It was erroneously said by Wagler to come from the Sandwich Islands. Latterly, this rare species does not seem to come tm Europe at all, which is surprising, inasmuch as the Society Islands, which thus far have been regarded as their only home, have considerable traffic with Hurope. Asaspecial locality, Vigors mentions the island of Tuhutitiruha |sic] near Tahiti; Lesson gives Borabora. Bourjot’s specimen in the Paris Museum is said to have come from Fan- ning Island, northwest of Christmas, and northeast of the Phenix group. But, although everything is diametrically opposed to this statement, it may, nevertheless, not be improbable that this very island is its true home.” From the foregoing statement, it is evident that much uneertainty existed in regard to the habitat of C. kuhli, with the weight of the tes- — timony inelining toward the Society Islands. Itis our pleasure to have dispelled tbe doubt, and to have assigned the bird to its only true homes,—Washington and Fanning islands of the Fanning group. It is quite natural that such an opinion should prevail, and it is thus that we would account for it. Natives of the southern groups visit these islands periodically, to make cocoanut-oil. We found a party of them on Washington Island at the time of our visit, and in the possession of the men were a number of the lories that had been caught and tamed. It is evident that when these men return to their homes, they carry the birds along with them, and in this way they bave probably fallen into the hands of collectors, who have them sent to Hurope as coming from the Society Islands. Fanning Island is situated about seventy miles to the south of Wash- ington Island. It possesses a good anchorage, and has been visited a number of times by exploring expeditions; and, it is probable that Bour- jot’s specimen reached Kurope through one of these. The island was discovered by Capt. Edmund Fanning, an American sailor, in 1798, and it is evident from the following untechnieal description, copied from his “Voyages”, that the lory was found living there at the time of his visits :-— ‘‘Amongst the birds was one species about the size of our robin [ Turdus migratorius|; with a breast-of scarlet-colored feathers, the under portion 15 of the body being finished off with bright red, the neck of a golden color, back a lively green, with a yellow beak, except the very poiuts, which were of a light dun color, the wings and tail being both of a jet black, and the last tipped off with white; it was a most beautiful and lovely bird, with its brilliant and richly variegated plumage. We were much chagrined, ‘while observing these, to see a man-of-war hawk flying by with one in his mouth, apparently having just caught it.” If we are allowed to state our own opinion in regard to the last sentence of this quotation, we would suggest that it was the red throat of the man-of-war hawk, and not a parrot, which our narrator saw. When the islander wishes to take the lories alive, he provides himself with two pieces of bamboo, each abeut a yard long. On the end of one he perches a tame bird, and from the extremity of the other suspends a short running noose made of cocoanut-fibers. The decoy bird as it is carried about among the cocoanut-trees utters a harsh, rasping sound, and wild birds fly down from the trees and alight alongside it on the bamboo stick, when by means of the other stick they are skillfully noosed. When caged aboard the ship, they exhibited as pretty a picture of love as one can imagine, well meriting their name of “ love-birds”. They sat billing and smoothing each other’s feathers for hours, and as night came on two would get together and sleep with heads turned toward each other. They lived in confinement but a very short time and bore it badly. At times, even while we stood watching their lively aunties, one would tumble off its perch and die, apparently in con- vulsions. The islands on which these birds are found are very small, and it would not require a very great effort to totally exterminate them. STRIGID At. OTUS BRACHYOTUS, (G@m.) Boie [No. 67365]. Strix brachyotus, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 289. Otus brachyotus, Born, Tsis, 549. Brachyotus palustris, GOULD, B. Eur., pl. 40.—Covrs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 204; Birds Noriliwest, 1874, 306. Brachyotus cassini, Bruw., Proc. Boston Soc., 1856.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 54. Otus (Lrachvotus) brachyo'us, Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, iii, 1874, 22. Locality : Taicahnano, Chili. One specimen. 16 FALCONID A. PANDION HALIATUS, (Linn.) Cuv. |No. 70648). Falco halivtus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 129. Pandion hatietus, Cuv., Régne Anim., i, 316.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 219; Birds Northwest, 1874, 357. . Pandion carolinensis, Br., List, 3. Pandion halietus var. carolinensis, R1ipG., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 143.—Bp., Brew., & Ripe., N. A. Birds, iii, 184. Pandion leucocephalus, GOULD, Syn. B. Aust., i, 22; Birds Aust., pl. 6. Pandion halictus var. leucocephala, RipG.—BpD., Brmw. & Rwae., N. A. Birds, iii, 183. Locality : San Geronimo Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. One specimen. We observed a number of old nests on this island, built, in the absence of trees, upon high points of rock. At a place on the gulf coast of the peninsula, an osprey was observed breeding in February, and we procured some cf its eggs. CHARADNID A. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, (Linn.) Brehm [No. 70549]. Tringa helvetica, LINN., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 250. Squatarola helvetica, Brrum, V. D., 554.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 697.—Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 243; Birds Northwest, 448. Vanellus helveticus, ViEILL., Ency. Méth., iii, 1077. Charadrius helveticus, Lictit., Verzeich., No. 728.—AupD., Orn. Biog., iv, 230, pl. 334. Charadrius (Squatarola) helvetica, Ripc., Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 383. Tringa varia, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 252. Charadrius varius, Finscu & Hartt., Vg. Osf-Afr., 1871, 644. Pluvialis varius, Scuu., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 53. Tringa squatarola, LINN., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 252. Pluvialis squatarola, Macciu., Man. N. H. Orn., ii, 48. The complete synonymy of the species may be found in Coues’s Birds of the Northwest. Locality: San Geronimo Island. ne specimen. = CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gm. [Nos. 67338, 67339]. Charadrius fulvus, Gat., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 687—Covurs, Birds N. W., 1874, 449. Pluvialis fulvus, Be., C. R., 417. Cheradrius pluvialis, Horsr., Linn. Tr., xiii, 1822, 187. Charadrius xanthocheilus, WAGL., S. A., 1827. Pluvialis xanthocheilus, Bp., C. R., 417. Charadrius taitensis, Less., Man., 11, 321. 17 Pluvialis taitensis, Be., C. R., 417. Charadrius virginianus, JARD. & SELT., IIl., ii, pl. 85. Charadrius glaucopus, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 176. Charadrius longipes, ‘‘TEMM. Mus. Lugdun.” Pluvialis longipes, Br., C. R., 417. Charadrius auratus orientalis, TemM. ScHu., Faun. Japon., pl. 62. Charadrius auratus, SCHRENCK, Reise Amur, 1860, 410. Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Two specimens. In regard to the habits of these birds, we were informed by residents of the island that they make their first annual appearance about September. When they arrive, they are very poor and weak, having evidently been on a lengthy voyage and been deprived of food for a long time. During their stay through the winter, they become very fat. About March or April, they begin to prepare for their departure. They can be seen during the day, at this time, taking long or short flights out at sea and returning again tothe island. This exercise is undoubtedly for the pur- pose of strengthening themselves for the final effort—their muscles dur- ing their winter’s life of luxury and ease having become flabby and feeble. We have met them at sea, a long distance from any land, very much exhausted, and have known them to take refuge aboard the ship, where, if not molested, they would remain until we neared land. HAMATOPODIDA. HAMATOPUS NIGER, Pallas [No. 70650]. Hematopus niger, PALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-Agiat., ii, 1811, 131.—Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 246. Hematopus bachmani, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 245, pl. 427. Locality: Saint Martin’s Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. One specimen. STREPSILAS INTERPRES MELANOCEPHALUS, (Vig.) Coues [No. 70651]. Strepsilas melanocephalus, V1G., Z. J., iv, 1829, 356.—Cass., Baird’s N. Am. Birds, 1858, 702. ‘Strepsilas interpres var. melanocephalus, CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 246; Birds North- west, 1874, 459. i Locality: San Geronimo Island. One specimen. A characteristic ex- ample of this peculiar form, entirely dusky and white, without a trace of rufous coloration. The feet also are dark-colored, being apparently blackish-olive. Bull. N. M. No. 7—2 18 SCOLOPACIDA. TRINGA MINUTILLA, Vieill. [Nos. 7 0652, 70653, 70654, 70655. ] Tringa minutilla, Vre11., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 452.—Couxs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 254; Birds Northwest, 1874, 482. Actodromus minutilla, Be., Comp. Rendus, 1856, Actodromas minutilla, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 191, 230. Tringa pusilla, Wits., Am. Orn., v, 1813, 32, pl 37, f. 4 (not of European writers). Pelidna pusilla, Br., List, 1838, 50. Tringa wilsoni, NuTT., Man., ii, 1834, 121.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 721. alctodromus wilsoni, Be., Comp. Rendus, 1856. Locality: San Geronimo Island. Several specimens. : CALIDRIS ARENARIA, (Linn.) Illiger [Nos. 70656, 70657, 70653]. Tringa arenaria, LANN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 251. Calidris arenaria, Iuu., Prod., 1811, 249.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 723.—Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 257, f. 167 ; Birds Northwest, 1874, 492. Charadrius calidris, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 255. Arenaria calidris, MEYER, Tasch. Deutsch]. Vog., 68, pl. 59, f. 4. Charadrius rubidus, G., Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 688. Arenaria vulgaris, BecusT., Tasch. Deutschl., ii, 462. Arenaria grisea, BECHST., Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 368. Calidris grisea, BREHM, Vog. Deutschl., 674. Tryngo, tridactyla, PALL., Zoog. R.-A., ii, 1811, 198. Calidris tringoides, VIEILL., Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 95, pl. 234. Calidris americana, BREHM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 695. Calidris nigellus, VIEILL. (vide Gray’s Hand-List, No. 10324). Localities: San Geronimo Island and La Libertad, Sonora, Mexico. Several specimens. : TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, (Gm.) Temm. [No. 70659]. Scolopax semipalmata, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 659. Totanus semipalmatus, TEMM., Man. Orn., ii, 637—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 258 3 Birds Northwest, 1874, 494. Totanus (Catoptrophorus) semipalmatus, Be., Syn., 1828, 328. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Bp., List, 1838, 31. Glottis senipalmata, NILSSON, Fn. Suec., 1817. Hodites semipalmata, Kaur, Sk. Ent. Eur., 1829. Symphémia semipalmata, HARTL., Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 729. Totanus crassirostris, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 1816, 406. Symphenia atlantica, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 417. Locality: San Geronimo. One specimen. Various species of waders were particularly abundant on this island. 19 HETEROSCELUS INCANUS, (Gm.) Coues [No. 67321]. Scolopax incana, GMEL., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 658, Pringa glareola, PauLas, Zoog. Ross.-As., ii, 1811, 194, pl. 60. Totanus brevipes, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 410. Scolopax undulata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht, 1844, 173. Scolopax pacifica, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 174. Totanus oceanicus, LEss., Consp. Buff., 1847, 244. Totanus polynesie, PEALE, U. S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 237. Totanus fuliginosus, GOULD, Voy. Beagle, Birds, 1841, 130. Heteroscelus brevipes, Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 734, pl. 88> Heteroscelus incanus, COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 261. Locality: Palmyra Island, Fanning group, North Pacific Ocean. NUMENIUS FEMORALIS, Peale [No. 67336]. Numenius femoralis, Prax, U. S. Expl. Exped., Orn. 1848, 233, pl. 37—CoueEs, Check- list N. A. Birds, 1874, 135. Locality: Palmyra Island. Very abundant on this island. A few only were seen on Christmas and the other islands of the group. RALLIDA. GALLINULA SANDVICENSIS, Streets [No. 67361]. “ Gallinula chloropus AuD.”(=G. galeata), PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 220 (nec Gallinula Me consis, STREETS, Ibis, i, 4th series, 1877, p. 25, fig. Frontal plate very large, terminating squarely on the top of the head, much inflated, the posterior margin on a line with the posterior border of the orbit; latterly, it encroaches on the orbit, being separated from it by a very narrow feathered space; the bill shorter than the head, thick, compressed ; wings rather short in proportion to the size of the species, when compared with other species of the same group; first primary shorter than the second; second and third of equal lengths, the rest graduated ; tail short; tarsus rather long and stout, rounded in front, and compressed posteriorly; toes and claws long and robust. The entire under surface of the body of one color, which is a dark slaty; no marks of white on the abdomen; the head and neck all around much darker than the rest of the body—nearly black, with a slight brownish tinge; a few of the long feathers of the flanks with long spots of white on the superior web; the edge of the wing at the bend, and the external margin of the outer web of the first primary marked with @ very constricted line of white; the under surface of the wing of the 20 same color as the under parts of the body; the longer under tail-coverts pure white, the rest black; the entire upper parts, including the upper surfaces of the wings and tail, olive-brown; this color deepest on the rump, and fading out on the neck and the exterior portions of the wings; the tips of the tail-feathers, and the shafts of the feathers brownish- black. The frontal plate and bill bright crimson, the latter tipped with yellow; the tibia naked for about an inch, and surrounded by a bright crimson ring; a decided crimson blush on the front of the tarsus, the color deepens on the sides; feet pea-green. Total length about 13.50 inches; wing 6.50; tail 3.00; bill along the commissure 1.20; from the feathers on the side of the tea 1.00; along the culmen, including the frontal plate, 1.65; breadth of the frontal plate 0.50; length, from the margin of the feathers on the side of the bill, 0.70; tarsus 2.00; middle toe and claw 3.00. To sum up ;—the proportions of Gallinula sandvicensis, and the quad- rate form of the frontal plate show that its strongest affinities are with Gallinula galeata, rather than with any other member of the group; but the greater extent of the frontal plate, the shorter wing, the absence of white on the abdomen and on the under surface of the wing, as well as its reduction to a mere trace on the margin of the latter, the more robust and different form of the tarsus, being broader and more rounded in front, as well as the great difference in the color of the tarsus, are characters which separate it immediately from G. galeata, and render its identification easy. The characters just enumerated, in addition to its larger size and the quadrate frontal plate, separate it a fortiori from the G. chloropus. | Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The only direct reference to this bird which I have been able to find is made by Peale in the Ornithology of the United States Exploring Expedition, page 220. He undoubtedly obtained a specimen from the island of Oahu, but the skin, he states, was lost. In the description which he gives from his field-notes, he calls the bird Gallinula chloropus Aud., %. e. G. galeata. The allusion which he makes, however, to the crimson-colored tarsi identifies his bird at once with our species. Gray, in his Hand-List of Birds, gives the Sandwich Islands as a habitat of G. chloropus Aud., as do also Hartlaub and Finsch, in the table of distribution of Central Polynesian birds, in the introduction to their work, “Die Ornithologie der Viti-, 21 Samoa-, und Tonga-Inseln.” It is highly probable that both of these authorities based their statements upon Peale’s original reference. FULICA ALAI, Peale [No. 67360]. Fulica alai, Prax, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, Orn., 224, pl. Ixiii, f. 2. Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. ANATID AS. CHAULELASMUS COUHSI, Streets [Nos. 67324, 67325]. Chaulelasmus couesi, STREETS, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. i, No. 2, 46. Bill nearly as long as the head, about as deep as broad at the base, depressed anteriorly, sides nearly parallel, converging slightly toward the base; tip rounded, and unguis abruptly curved ; frontal angle short and obtuse ; dorsal line at first sloping—rather more so than in C. strepe- yus—anterior portion broad, straight, and flattened. Internal lamelle numerous, small and closely packed, about seventy-five in number—in streperus only about fifty. Nostrils sub-basal, lateral, large, oblong. Plumage (immature).—Head above dark brown, the apical portion of the feathers of a lighter shade than the basal, those on the frontal region with the central portion black, and the edges brownish-white; throat and sides of head brownish-white, a small brown spot at the ex- tremity of each feather, shafts brown, on the lower portion of the neck, and on breast all around the feathers are marked with concentric bars of black and light reddish-brown ; under surface of the body white, with a broad dark band across the extremity of each feather, giving to this region a mottled appearance; toward the tail, the white of the abdomen assumes a dull reddish-brown tinge; a decided brownish-red color on the flanks, and on the sides of the body covered by the wings. On the back, the plumage is more mature. Color dark brown, marked transversely with fine wavy lines of black and white; scapulars dark brown, fringed with a narrow rim of reddish-brown; middle wing-coverts chestnut; the greater a velvety-black; speculum pure white, the inner webs of the white feathers being grayish-brown; on the third feather of the speculum, counting from within, the white gives place to a hoary- gray, with a black outer margin; the primaries light brown, with the portions of both webs nearest the shaft somewhat lighter. Tail con- taining fourteen feathers; color hoary plumbeous-gray, under surface lighter and shining; under tail-coverts crossed by transverse bars of 22 black and white; upper coverts composed of dark brown and black feathers intermingled. Under wing-coverts and axillars pure white. Bill and feet black; the inner side of the tarsus is perceptibly lighter than the feet. Tibia bare for about half an inch. Length 17 inches ; wing 8; tarsus 1.40; commissure 1.65; eulmen 1.45; height and breadth of bill at base 0.55; average width of bill 0.55. First toe 0.30; second 1.48, including claw shorter than the third toe without claw; third toe 1.88 without claw, longer than the outer toe without claw; outer toe 1.75. A female is similar, but with little trace of the peculiar wing-mark- ings, both chestnut and black being wanting, and the speculum being hoary-gray instead of white. Both the specimens before me are imma- ture; the adults, it is presumed, will show the peculiar vermiculated appearance of C. streperus. They resemble the immature condition of C. streperus so closely that one description of the coloration would an- swer for both species; but the C. couesi is immediately distinguished by its greatly inferior size, which hardly exceeds that of a teal, the differ- ent color of the bill and feet, and the singular discrepancy in the la- melle of the bill,which are much smaller, and one-third more numérous. Locality: Washington or New York Island, Fanning group. The discovery of this duck is highly interesting from the fact that it is the second known representative of a genus that is almost world-wide in its distribution. The present species is as restricted in its habitat as the other is wide-spread—being confined to the limited area of a coral island in the mid-Pacific. I dedicate this species to one of our most distinguished ornithologists, Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., as a slight testimonial of regard, and in con- sideration of the service which he has rendered to the science of orni- thology. SULIDE SULA LEUCUGASTRA, (Bodd.) Salv. [No. 70660}. Petit Fou, Burr., Pl. Enl., 973. Pelecanus leucogasier, BopDD., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 57. Dysporus leucogaster, Sunny. Proc. Zodl. oe. Jada, 1871, 125. « Sula fiber, LINN.”, Sou. & See. Nomenel., 124. Sula leucogostra, SALV., Trans. Zoi. Soc. Tbayedleay fi ix, 1876, 496. Sula fusca, AuD., Bards Am., vii, 1844, 57, pl. 426. Sula fiber, CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 298. This is the Sula f-sca of earlier American ornithologists, and the Sula fiber of the more recent writers; but, according to late authorities, the 23 name jiber should be used as a synonym of Sula piscator, aoe been given by Linnzeus to the young of that species. Locality: Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. This is an abundant species in the gulf. It was breeding in April. The nest from which our specimen was taken contained two eggs, differing ‘remarkably in size: one measuring 2.35 by 1.70; the other only 2.20 by 1.50. They are of the usual elliptical shape, greenish-white, with the ordinary, thick, . white, calcareous incrustation. SULA PISCATOR, (Lynn.) Bp. [Nos. 67319, 67327, 67332]. Pelecanus piscator, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 217. Sula candida, Briss., Steph. Gen. Zo6l., xiii, 1826, 103. Sula erythrorhyncha, Luss., Traité, i, 1831, 601. Sula rubripes, GOULD, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1837, 156. Sula rubripeda, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 274. Sula piscator, Bp., Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 166. Locality: Fanning group, North Pacific. Several specimens were taken at sea in the vicinity of this group of islands. When far away from land, they flew aboard the ship in the evenings, and roosted on the yards. They exhibited no signs of fear, but were easily captured by the men who went aloft. In the majority of our specimens, the tail is dark—it is white in the adult plumage. On Palmyra Island, their prin- cipal breeding-place, the period of their incubation was over at the time of our visit in December, but the young were not yet fledged. The latter were very numerous; they covered the trees and bushes, and looked like great balls of snow-white down. The nests are rudely constructed of coarse twigs, and are built on the low trees. We arrived at Christmas Island one month later, in January, and there we found the gannets still sitting on their eggs; few or no young were to be seen. This difference is probably induced by the physical conditions surrounding them. One of the islands is situated almost directly on the equator, exposed to the fiercest rays of a tropical sun ; it is devoid of fresh water, and it rarely or never rains; the vegeta- tion is scanty and stunted, and life in general has a very unequal struggle for existence. On the other island, Palmyra, a condition of things directly opposite to these exists. The gannets of Christmas Island have a very curious habit, which, as far as our observations ex- tended, is confined to those of that island. Under their nests, which were quite low on account of the stunted condition of the shrubbery, were mounds one and two feet high, built of twigs, and in some instances, 24 solidly cemented together by their excrement. It probably affords . them diversion during the monotonous period of incubation to break off all the twigs within reach of their bill, and to drop them under their nests. These mounds furnish evidence of the nests being occupied for several successive years; for the lean bushes could not furnish a sufficient amount of twigs to build them up in a single breeding-season. _ One is the usual number of eggs, though sometimes two were found in the same nest. They are somewhat larger, but in every other respect similar to the eggs of Sula leucogastra. SULA CYANOPS, Sundev. [Nos. 67315, 67316]. Dysporus cyanops, SUNDEV., Phys. Tidskr. Lund., 1837, pt. 5. Sula cyanops, SUNDEV., Isis, 1842, 858. Sula personata, GOULD, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1846, 21. Sula piscator, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 273. Locality: Christmas Island. One specimen in immature plumage. The whole of the upper surface of the body dark brown, mottled with white. The brown color of the back and upper surface of the wings has a grayish tinge; the head and neck all around dark brown, as in S. leucogastra, except. that the dark color does not extend as far down on the breast as in the latter. The general system of coloration is much the same as in leucogastra. If we are to learn anything from the transitional plumages of birds, may it not be that they show us the parent types from which the species are progressively developed? Many instances might be mentioned where the immature plumages of birds represent the perfect plumage of some closely allied species. S. cyanops were breeding on Christmas Island. They were not very abundant. They build no nest, but scratch a slight concavity in the fine coral sand, where the egg is deposited. All of those observed breeding on Christmas Island were in full adult plumage. One, a young bird in the leucogastra style of dress, was seen hesting on Palmyra. Its nest was on the ground, and was well constructed of grass. This is another exemplification of the rule observed all along of the different habits of the same species of birds on these two islands. GRACULIDA. GRACULUS BRASILIANUS, (@m.) Gray [No. 67369]. Procellaria brasiliana, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 564. Pufinus brasiliensis, BR., Av., vi, 1760, 138, sp. 4. 25 Pelecanus vigna, VIBILL., Enclyclop. Méthod., i, 1823, 342. Halieus brasilianus, Licut., Doubl. d. Zool, Mus., 1823, 86, 908. Graculus brasilianus, GRAY, Gen. of Birds, t. —. Phalacrocorax graculus, GOULD, B. of Eur., t. 408. Phalacrocoraxz niger, KING, Zo6l. Jour., iv, 1828, 101, sp. 63. Carbo mystacalis, Less., Traité d’Orn., 1831, 604. Carbo brasilianus, Sprx, Av. Brasil, ii, 1824, t. 106. Zaramagullon negro, AZARA, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paxaros del Paraguay, &c., iii, —, 395, 423. Locality : Concepcion Bay, Chili. TACHYPETIDA. TACHYPETES MINOR, (G@m.) Illig. [No. 67320]. Pelecanus minor, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 572. Pelecanus palmerstoni, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 573. Fregataminor, Br., Av., vi, 1760, 509, sp. 7. Tachypetes minor, ILL1G., Prodro., 1811. Atiagen ariel, GOULD, Birds of Austr., vii, t. 72. Tachypetes ariel, GRAY, Gen. Birds, t. 185. Localities: Christmas and Palmyra Islands. One of the specimens a. young bird with a white head. Not very abundant. They were not breeding on any of the islands at the time of our visit. PHATHONTIDA. PHATHON RUBRICAUDUS, Bodd. [Nos. 67329, 67330]. Phethon rubricauda, Bopp., Tab]. Pl. Enl. @Aub., 1783, 57.—Burr., Pl. Enl., 979. _ Phethon phenicuros, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 583. Phethon ethereus, BLOXH., Voy. Blonde, 1826, 251. Phenicurus rubricauda, Br., Consp. Ay., ii, 1857, 183. Locality: Christmas Island. Twospecimens. One in immature plum- age. The feathers of the whole upper surface of the head, neck, and , body marked with transverse bars of black and white. Bill black. The elongated central tail-feathers absent. These birds were brought to the ship by the sailors from a distant part of the island. They were taken from off their nests, which were on the ground under low bushes. Egg white, speckled with brown. LARID A. LARUS ARGENTATUS OCCIDENTALIS, (Auwd.) Cs. [No. 70664]. Larus occidentalis, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 320. Glaucus occidentalis, BRUCH., J. f. O., 1853, 101. 26 Laroides occidentalis, BrucH., J. f. O., 1855, 282. Larus argentatus var. occidentalis, Couns, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 312; Birds Northwest, 1874, 626. Locality: Lower California. In perfect breeding-plumage, well illus- trating this form in the strength of the bill, slaty-grayish shade of the mantle, &c. . LARUS (BLASIPUS) HEERMANNI, Cass. [Nos. 70665, 70666, 70667]. Larus heermanni, Cass., Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 187; Ilus., 1853, 28, pl. 5. Larus (Blasipus) heermanni, Sci. & Satv., Proc. Zod]. Soe. London, 1871, 574.—Covgs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 641. Blasipus heermanni, Bp., Consp. Av., ii, 1856, 211. Adelarus heermanni, Brucu., J. f. O., 1853, 107; 1855, 279. Larus belcheri, Scuu., Mus. P.-B., Lari, 9 (in part). Larus (Balsipus) belcheri, Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 314 (in part). Locality: Isla Raza, Gulf of California. Isla Raza is the particular breeding-place of these gulls in the gulf. It is a small, low island, about three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide. At the time of our : visit (April), immense numbers of the birds were congregated there, preparatory to laying their eggs, which, however, they had not begun to deposit. We may safely say, without exaggeration, that there was a bird on every square foot of the ground, and others were continually hovering about overhead. Their incessant noise deadened all other sounds, and so intent were they in their all-absorbing duties of reproduction, that they seemed entirely unconscious of our presence amongst them. The forma- tion of the island is a black volcanic rock, entirely destitute of vegetation. Through the long series of years during which these birds have made it a breeding-place, there has been going on a chemical reaction between the acids of their excrement and the bases of the rock, which has resulted in the formation of a new substance, composed largely of a tri-basic phos- phate. This now forms (or did form) a thick layer, covering the whole surface of the island. On breaking open the bowlders, a sharp line of demarkation can be seen extending into the body of the rock showing the depth of the chemical reaction. The altered rock being a softer material than the original is easily pulverized and worn off by the con- stant attrition of the birds’ feet during their breeding-season. In this way, the inequalities of the surface of the rocky islet have been smoothed over. A company has possession of the island, and is gathering the guano. Ten thousand tons have been removed, and it is calculated that six times that quantity stillremains to be gathered (1875). — In perfect breeding-dress. The eyelids are red, like the bill. 2 27 HYDROCHELIDON LABIFORMIS, (Linn.) Coues [Nos. 70661, 70662]. Rallus lariformis, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, ed. 10, 1758, 153. Sterna fissipes, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 228. Hydrochelidon fissipes, GRAY, Gen. of Birds, iii, 1849, 660.—CouEs, Key, 1872, 323. Sterna nigra, BRiss., Av., vi, 1760, 211, pl. 20. f. 1. Hydrochelidon nigra, Bote, Isis, 1822, 563. Hydrochelidon nigrum, Br., List, 1838, 61. Viralva nigra, LEACH, Gen. Zodl., xiii, 1826, 167. Sterna nevia, LINN., Syst. Nat.,i, 1766, 228. Sterna surinamensis, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 604. Hydrochelidon surinamensis, Be., Comptes Rendus, 1856, 772. Hydrochelidon (Pelodes) surinamensis, GRAY, Hand-List, iii, 1871, 122, No. 11074. Hydrochelidon nigricans et obscura, BREHM, Y. D., 1831, 794, 795. Sterna plimbea, Wi1s., Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 83, pl. 60. Hydrochelidon plumbea, Lawr., B. N. A., 1858, 864. Hydrochelidon lariformis, Cours, Birds Northwest, 1&74, 704. Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. Taken in May, at which period one had completed its breeding-dress, while the other had only begun to change its winter plumage. STERNA (HALIPLANA) FULIGINOSA, @m. [Nos. 67322, 67328, 67334]. Sterna fuliginosa, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 605. Sterna (Onychoprion) fuliginosa, GRAY, List Br. B., 1863, 242. Sterna (Haliplanes) fuliginosa, BuAS., List B. Eur., 22. Sterna ( Haliplana) fuliginosa, CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 322; Birds Northwest, 1874, 698. Onychoprion fuliginosa, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 277. Haliplana fuliginosa, WaGL., Isis, 1832, 1224. Hydrochelidon fuliginosum, Br., List, 1838, 61. Sterna serrata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht, 1844, 276. Onychoprion serrata, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 277. ’ Haliplana serrata, Br., Comptes Rendus, 1856, 772. Sterna guttaia, Forst., Deser. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 211. Anous Vherminieri, Less., Descr. Mammif. et Ois. 1847, 255. Sterna luctuosa, Pui. & LANDB., Wieg. Arch., 1866, 126. Sterna fuliginosa var. crissalis, BD., apud LawR., Proc. Boston Soe., 1871. Locality: Palmyra Island, Fanning group. They were particularly abundant on this island only. We arrived amongst them at the com- mencement of their breeding-season. The spot which they had chosen for breeding purposes was the extreme eastern or windward point of the island, within a stone’s throw of the breakers. They breed in commu- 28 nities; and so numerous were they on this occasion that they formed a cloud when they arose from the ground, and their clamor deadened the roar of the surf. They make no attempt at building a nest, but de- posit their one egg anywhere on the bare ground. The eggs were almost as thick as the clinkers on the coral beach. ANOUS STOLIDUS, (Linn.) Gray [Nos. 67323, 67326]. Sterna stolida, LInn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 227. Megalopterus stolidus, Bp., List, 1838, 61. Aaous stolidus, Gray, List Gen. of Birds, iii, 1841, 100.—Cousns, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 323; Birds Northwest, 1674, 710. Anous niger, STEPH., Gen. Zodl., xiii, 1826, 140. Gavia leucoceps, Sw., Classif. B., ii, 1837, 373. Localities: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. Breeding in both local- ities. There was a marked difference in the habits of the birds of the two islands. On Palmyra, they build nests of twigs in the forks of the tallest trees; a few were observed to build nests in the cocoanut-trees at the bases of the leaves. On Christmas Island, where there are no trees, they lay their eggs on the bare ground within a circle of a few twigs. GIGIS ALBA, (Sparrm.) Bp. [No. 67335]. Sterna alba, SPARRM., Mus. Carls., No. xi, 17&6. Sterna candida, GM., Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 607. Gigis candida, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 1223. Gigis alba, Br., Compt. Rend., 1856, 773. Gigis nepoleonis, Br., Compt. Rend., 1856, 773. Localities: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. These furnish us with another interesting example of the power of birds to conform to their ) surroundings in their breeding habits. They lay but one egg, which is very large for the size of the bird, and it was in every instance, on Pal- myra Island, placed on the naked branch of a tree. In some cases, the diameter of the limb on which it rested barely exceeded that of the egg itself; yet there it remains during the whole period of incubation, and the narrow lodge is the resting-place of the young bird until it is able to fly. On Christmas Island, the same obstacle is in the way of the grat- -ification of their desires as was mentioned in the case of the noddy terns, namely, the absence of trees, but the surfaces of the large coral blocks are made to serve their purposes equally as well. The Gigis alba exhibited a greater degree of curiosity than any of the other birds of the islands. They were continually hovering about over our heads when we were ashore, and, indeed, often seemed inclined to alight upon the theodolite while the officers were triangulating about the island. 29 - PROCELLARIID &. ADAMASTOR CINEREUS, (Gm.) Coues [Nos. 67370, 67371]. Procellaria cinerea, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 563. Puffinus cinereus, (GM.) Lawr., Birds N. A., 1858, 835. Procellaria hesitata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 208. Pufinus hesitatus, LawRK., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1853, vi, 5. Adamastor typus, Br., Consp. Av., ii, 1856, 187. Procellaria adamastor, SCHLEGEL, Monog. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, 25. Adamastor cinereus, CoUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 119 (critical). Locality: off Cape Horn. PUFFINUS (NECTRIS) NATIVITATIS, Streets, n. sp. [No. 67318}. Bill shorter than the head, much shorter than the tarsus; size me- dium ; sides compressed, as wide as high at the base; unguis moderate, much hooked; commissure slightly curved from base to unguis, convexity downward; the lower margin of the rami of the inferior mandible straight; unguis concave and slightly deflexed. Nasal tubes about one- fourth of the length of the culmen, broad, depressed, obliquely truncated anteriorly ; the nostrils oval; internal septum broad; culmen sloping downward abruptly from the upper part of the nasal tubes, and then rising very gradually toward the unguis. Commissural margins of the upper and lower mandibles inflected. The feathers on the front sweeping across the base of the bill with a gently-rounded outline, gaining the edge of the mandible about three-tenths of an inch from the angle of the mouth ; feathers on the side of the lower mandible do not reach quite as far forward as those on the culmen. Wings of moderate length, and all the primaries graduated, the first the longest; tail rounded, con- taining twelve graduated feathers. Tarsus slender and compressed, equal in length to the middle toe without claw; outer toe without its claw longer than the middle without the appendage, but including claws the middle toe is the longest; the tip of the claw of the inner toe falling short of the base of the middle claw one-tenth of an inch. The entire coloration of the species sooty-black, without any mixture of gray, except on the chin, where it is very faint; somewhat darker on the head and upper parts, where it is more of a brownish-black ; on the under parts, it is of a rich chocolate hue. Bill black; tarsus and feet brownish-black, somewhat lighter on their inner aspects. Prim- aries and tail-feathers scarcely darker than the rest of the plumage; shafts brown on the upper surface, those of the primaries with a longi- 30 tudinal line of white on the under surface; the under surface of the shafts of the tail-feathers presents three longitudinal parallel lines of white, one central and two lateral, with broad brownish interspaces. Total length 14.50 inches; length of bill along the culmen 1.20 inches; along the commissure 1.80; from the feathers on the side of the upper mandible 1.50; from the feathers.on the side of the lower mandible 1.35; height of bill at base 0.40; width about the same; length of the nasal tubes 0.30; wings, from the carpus, 9.70; tail 4.20; tarsus 1.70; middle toe and claw 2.00; outer toe and claw 1.90; inner toe and claw 1.65; hallux 0.12. Locality: Christmas Island. One specimen. Captured on its nest. The determination of this species is based upon Dr. Elliott Coues’s “Critical Review of the Family Procellariide”. Regarding this mono- graph as the latest and most exhaustive survey of this very difficult family, we find but one species that could in any way be confounded with the one under consideration, and that is Nectris fuliginosus Keys et Blas, a much larger species, and one, moreover, that is confined to the Atlantic Ocean. These two species (fuliginosus and nativitatis) are the only ones of the subgenus WNectris whose plumages are dark fuliginous without any admixture of white. Ve Kuhl’s Procellaria fuliginosa, sp. 12, p. 142, is recognized as the Péero- ‘droma atlantica Bp. = Aistrelata fuliginosa ‘Coues, which is an Atlantic species, and is not a true puffin; the Procellaria fuliginosa, sp. 27, p. 148, of the same author, isa Puffinus, and is now known as the pacificus. Its flesh-colored bill and feet, however, immediately separate it from nativitatis. Exactly what is the Nectris fulginosa, of Forster, no one seems to know. It is barely possible that it may be the species which we have just described as new; but there is no doubt that the latter is entirely distinct from all the other species which have been described by the old ornithologists under the name fuliginosa. If it be the one of which we have implied a doubt (this, however, cannot be proven), a re-description will not be amiss, and a re-naming will be demanded on account of the prior claim of another species to the same name. AASTRELATA PARVIROSTRIS, (Peale) Coues. [Nos. 67317, 67331]. Procellaria parvirostris, PEALE, U. 8. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 298. Khantistes parvirostris, Be., Compt. Rend., 1856, 768. Aistrelata parvirostris, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 146 (eritical). Locality: Christmas Island. Breedingin January. They make their 3} nests on the ground under low bushes. They merely scoop a hole in the ground for theegg. The eggs are large, rotund-elliptical, with a smooth, white, and translucent shell. They are such close setters that nothing could induce them to leave their eggs voluntarily. When we removed them from their nests they instantly returned to their duty on being released. DIOMEDEA CULMINATA, Gould [No. 67368]. Diomedea cholorhynchos, of AUDUBON’S Works. Diomedea culminata, GouLtp, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1844, xiii, 361.—Couns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 183 (critical). Locality: at sea, off Cape Horn. DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES, Aud. [Nos. 67362, 67363, 67364, 67365]. Diomedea nigripes, AUD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 327.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 178 (critical). Diomedea brachyura juv., CASSIN, Illust. B. Cal. & Tex., 1853, 291. - Diomedea gibbosa, GouLp, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1844, xiii, 361—Covuns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 180. Locality: North Pacifie Ocean. Captured at sea while on the passage between Honolulu and San Francisco. The seriesis a good one to illus- trate the species in nearly all its stages of plumage, and notably that described by Gould as D. gibbosa, which is nothing more than the adult plumage of nigripes. Dr. Coues, in his excellent “Critical Review of the Family Procellaridz”, alludes to this as the probable conclusion to be arrived at upon a more thorough investigation of the species. We have first presented to us the typical nigripes, with its uniformly dusky plumage. The white first makes its appearance on the basal portions of the upper and under tail-coverts; it increases in quantity until there is but a narrow rim of brown left at the apices of the feathers. In older specimens, the brown entirely disappears, and the whole of the erissum and upper coverts are pure white. We then find the white | traveling upward and spreading itself over the abdomen. In those specimens that have the greatest amount of white on the under sur- face of the body, we find a widening area of the same color on the top of the head, spreading backward from the narrow rim that originally surrounded the base of the bill. ; 32 ALCIDA. BRACHYRHAMPHUS CRAVERL, (Salvad.) Coues [No. 70663]. Uria craveri, SALVAD., Deser. Alt. Nuov. Uce. Mus. di Torino, 1867, 17. Brachyrhamphus craveri, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 66. Locality: Isla Raza, Gulf of California. An adult female in full plumage, taken in April, 1875. It was breeding in holes in the rocks, amid the innumerable gathering of Larus heermannt, already noticed. Eggs two, taken from a crevice of a rock at arm’s length. These eggs resemble those of the tern, though rather elliptical-ovoid in shape. They differ from each other decidedly in the ground-color as well as in the markings. The darkest one is brownish-drab, with nearly half of the surface (on the larger end) heavily and confluently blotched with reddish-brown and dark brown, with a few neutral-tint shell-markings interspersed ; the rest of the egg is sparsely sprinkled with smaller and more distinct markings of the same color. The ground of the other egg is clay-colored, or very pale stone-gray, with markings of the same colors as before, but less heavy, more distinct, and smaller. There is the same aggregation of spots about the larger end, but not so fully carried out, and the rest of the surface is more thickly and uniformly flecked than the same portion is on the other egg. The darker egg measured 2.05 by 1.40; the other 1.95 by 1.35. The eggs of the species, as far aS we are aware, have not before been described. The specimen of the bird is interesting as coming from far up the gulf, from virtually the same locality as the original of Uria craveri, if not from the identical spot, and is Signore Salvadori’s bird exactly. As stated by Dr. Coues, in his Monograph (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 66), it is very closely related to B. hypoleucus, the chief ditfer- ence being, that in the latter the lining of the wings is entirely pure white, while in craveri the same part is dusky varied with white. In cravert, the line of demarkation between the blackish of the upper and the white of the under parts passes on the side of the head consider- ably below the eye; while in hypoleucus the blackish barely includes the eye, though extending a little farther down on the auriculars. Dr. Coues alludes to the “ bare possibility ” that craveri was the young of hypoleucus, a supposition disproved by finding it breeding. B. craveri can only be referred to hypoleucus now, upon the assumption that the latter is the winter plumage of the former, as all the specimens which have 3d come to hand thus far with the pure white lining of the wings were taken in winter, as far as known. Such an assumption would not be widely at variance with the known characters of the seasonal changes of plumage in some members of this family, but remains to be proven. Pending this determination, craveri should be recognized as a good species. ; _ SPHENISCID 22. SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI, Meyen [No. 67367]. Diomedea chilensis, Mottna, Hist. Nat. Chili, 1786, 210. Aptenodytes chilensis, GM., Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 559. Aptenodytes moline, LATH., Ind. Orn., ii, 1790, 881. Spheniscus humboldti, MEYEN, Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. Carol., 1834, xvi, suppl. i, 110, pl. xxi. Locality: harbor of Talcahuano, Concepcion Bay, Chili. Bull. N. M. No. 7—3 Pen Eo whe OmOG yy. HYLIDA. HYLA REGILLA, Baird & Girard (No. 8572}. Hyla regilla, Bairp & GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1852, 174 ; 1853, 301.— Barr, P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Williamson & Abbott’s Route, Reptiles, 12, pl. 28, f. 3—GrRARD, Herp. U. 8S. Expl. Exped., 60, pl. 3, f. 13-18.—CooPER & SucKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., 1860, 304.—Coper, Check-list, 1875, 30. Hyia scapularis, HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 1e3; P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, Williamson’s Route, Reptiles, 21. Locality: Cerros Island, off the Pacific coast of Lower California. Near a spring of fresh water on the southeastern side of the island. Ground-color green; a narrow, deep-brown band extending from the nostril to the anterior margin of the orbit; a broader band of the same color from the posterior border of the orbit to the shoulder; the latter band margined below by a narrow rim of orange about half the breadth of the brown vitta; the side of the body between the shoulder and thigh spotted with brown; a V-shaped spot of brown between the eyes; two bands of the same color, one on either side the dorsal region, ex- tending from the occiput to the sacrum; an oblong spot on the middle of the sacrum. The extremities ornamented with transverse series of broad spots. The entire under surface of the body yellow. Heretofore this frog has been strictly confined to the Pacific region, where it is quite common. This is the first notice we have of its living in the Lower Californian region. The most southern locality whence it has been obtained previous to this is Tejon Pass (Hallowell, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1852). in the southern portion of Alta California. GECCONID 4. DIPLODACTYLUS UNCTUS, Cope [No. 8571]. Diplodactylus wnctus, COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1863, 102; Check-list, 1875, 50. Locality : Triunfo, Lower California. The only way in which this specimen differs from Cope’s original 30 36 description is in the arrangement of the color on the back. Though the plan of arrangement is the same, yet, instead of the color being placed so as to form five continuous blackish cross-bands from the base of the tail to the interscapular region, the bands are more or less inter- rupted, thereby giving to the region somewhat of a marbled appear- IGUANIDA:. PHRYNOSOMA HERNANDBAZL, Cope [No. 8567]. ance. Phrynosoma hernandezi, Corre, Check-list, 1875, 48. Tapaya hernandezi, GIRARD, Herp. U.S. Expl. Exped., 1858, 395.—Barrp, Pp. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Whipple’s Route, Reptiles, 38; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 8. Locality : Sonora, Mexico. Found living on the low, sandy, desert- like plains along the gulf coast. One of these interesting little animals was kept as a pet on board the ship until it died. After its death, its body was preserved in alcohol. When the collection was being exam- ined attentively, in view to the determination of the species, the throat, mouth, and nostrils of this one were found to be completely clogged up with parasites, small round worms, from a half to three-quarters of an inch long. Its diet while in captivity consisted exclusively of flies and cockroaches, and it is highly probabie.that from the one or the other of these insects originated the parasites. The latter are now in the hands of an eminent helminthologist for determination. SAUROMALUS ATER, Duméril [No. 8563]. Sauromalus ater, ‘‘DuMERIL, Arch. du Mus.”—Copr, Check-list, 1875, 47.—Cours, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explorations and Survey West of the 100th Merid., vol. v, 1875, Zodl., 600. Euphryne obesa, BairD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253; U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ti, 1859, 6, pl. 27.—CopPr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 310.— YaRRow, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explor. and Sury. West of the 100th Merid., vol. v, 1875, Zo6l., 559. Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. Abundant on this island. The largest specimen procured measured 22 inches in length. The old individuals are marked with one, two, or three large, rounded or irregu- lar, grayish blotches somewhere on their body. They were easily cap- tured by hand as they lay in the grass, sunning themselves. They eyed us timidly as we moved them about with our feet; then, appar- ently perceiving their danger, would start up and run with considerable 37 swiftness to their burrows, which are generally in the midst of a dense clump of bushes, or under rocks. When vnce in their holes, so tena- ciously do they hold on with their stout claws that the strength of a single person is not sufficient to drag them out. Their bleached remains scattered about over the island attest that they fall easy victims to the birds of prey. Excretze, supposed to be of this Lizard, deposited in the National Museum at Washington, and collected from the high lands of Utah and New Mexico by Dr. Yarrow, of Wheeler’s Geographical and Geolog- ical Survey, bear no resemblance to what was seen common around the mouths of their burrows on Angel Island. In the first place, the ex- crement was not deposited in masses, but was scattered about. The scy bala were oblong, and seemingly composed of the shells of seeds and other indigestible matter of plants. They were dry and porous, and so loosely held together that they could be readily pulverized under the foot. UTA STANSBURIANA, Baird & Girard [Nos. 8570, 8569]. Uta stansburiana, BarrD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 69; Stansbury’s Rep. Exped. Great Salt Lake, 345, pl. 5, f. 4-5.—Barrp, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 7; P. KR. R. Rep., x, 1859, Whipple’s Route, Rep- tiles, 37.—CoPE, Check-list, 1875, 48.— Yarrow, Wheeler’s Geogr. and Geolo. Expl. and Surv. West of the 100th Merid., v, 1875, Zool., 568.—Coums, op. cit., v, 1875, Zodl., 596. Locality: Cerros Island, off the Pacific coast of the peninsula of Lower California, and also from the mainland. The color of the male is brown above, with whitish-yellow irregular dots. The double row of dorsal patches of a deeper black, which is sometimes observed in this species, is more or less confluent into four longitudinal lines in our speci- men. The female is uniformly pale olive above. Both sexes are yel- lowish below, greenish along the sides, and bluish under the throat There is also present in both sexes a deep indigo spot on the sides, just posterior to the axilla. CHIROTIDA. CHIROTES CANALICULATUS, Cuvier [No. 8568]. Le Canellé, Lac&r., Hist. Quad. Ovip., i, 613, pl. 41. Le Bimane canellé, Cuv., Regne Anim., (lre édit.) ii,57; (2re édit.) il, 67. Bipes cunaliculatus, BoONNAT., Encyclop. Erp., 68, pl. 12, f. 6.—Latr., Hist. Nat. Rept. ii, 90. . 38 Lacerta lumbricoides, Suaw, Nat. Mise., vi; Gener. Zodl., iii, 311. Lacerta mexicana, DONND., Zo6l. Beit., iii, 135. Lacerta sulcata, SucKkow, Thier., iii, 147. Chalcides propus, Daup., Hist. Rept., iv, 372, pl. 58, f. 4. Chamesaura propus, SCHNEID., Hist. Amphib., ii, 211. Bimanus propus, OPPEL., Die Ordnung. Famil. und Gattung. Rept., 46. Chirote mexicain, BoRY DE SAINT VINCENT, Résumé d’Erpet., 141, pl. 27, f. 1. Chirotes tumbricoides, FLEM., Ph. Zoil., ii, 278—E1cuw., Zoél. Spec. Ross. Polon., ii, 180.—James, Lone’s Exped. to the Rocky Mts., i, 484—Haran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 55.—Gray, Cat. Tort., 1844,74; Cat. Shield Rept., pt. ii, 34. Chirotes canaliculatus, DuM., Collect. Mus. Par.—MERREM., Tent., 181.—F11z., Neue Clas- sif. Rept., 53.—Gur., Icon. Régne Anim. Cuv. Rept., pl. 16, f. 3.—ScHINZ, Naturg. und Abbild. Rept.,107, pl. 41, f. 2—Dum. & Bis., Hist. des Rept., v, 1839, 474.—Gray, P. Z. Soc., 1865, 446. / Locality : La Paz, Lower California. Obtained through the agency of the United States consul at La Paz. The Mexican name for this reptile is ajolote, which, however, cannot be considered as specific or even gen- eric, as it is applied to several species of Amphisbenide. I was in- formed that it lives mostly underground, coming out only at night. Its rudimentary eyes and the arrangement and shape of the feet, which are similar to those of the mole, would suggest subterrestrial habits, as would also the absence of coloring matter in its integument. The spec- imen obtained in Lower California differs in no respect from the descrip- tion given in Dumérii and Bibron’s “ Histoire des Reptiles”. Keference to the above biographical notice will show that it has been extensively quoted as coming from Mexico, which so far has been regarded as its only habitat. The only assurance we have of its ever having been found within the limits of the United States rests upon the somewhat doubtful statement in ‘ Long’s Expedition tothe Rocky Mountains”. The testi- mony is as follows :—“ We observed, in repeated instances, several indi- viduals of a singular genus of Reptiles (Chirotes, Cuv.), which in form resemble short Serpents, but are more closely allied to the Lizards by being furnished with two feet. They were so active that it was not without some difficulty that we succeeded in obtaining a specimen. Of this (as was our uniform custom when any apparently new animal was presented) we immediately drew out a description. But as the specimen was unfortunately lost, and the description formed part of the zoological notes and observations, which were earried off by our deserters, we are reduced to the necessity of merely indieating the probability of the ex- istence of the Chirotes lumbricoides of naturalists within the territory of 39 the United States.,.—(Vol. i, p. 484.) As no mention is made as to whether the two feet observed were the anterior or posterior pair, it is possible that the animal here noticed might have been one of the Scin- cide, which are also characterized by only one pair of feet, which are the posterior, however, instead of the anterior, as in Chirotes. Professor Cope does not include it in his ‘‘ Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia ”, which embraces the reptilian fauna of Lower California. CROTALIDA. CROTALUS PYRRHUS, Cope |No. 8562]. Crotalus aye. Cope, Check-list, 1875, 33. Caudisoma pyrrha, CopPz, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 308, 310—Couxs, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meri- dian, vol. v, 1875, Zodlogy, 608, pl. xxii. Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. This is the first notice of the occurrence of this rare and interesting rattlesnake since the date of its original description by Professor Cope, in 1866, and, as far as I am able to discover. it is the second specimen in existence in any museum.* It is readily distinguishable from all other members of the family, except C. mitchelli, by the presence of scales between the pre- nasals and the rostral; and from the latter by the greater subdivision of the plates of the head—C. mitchelli having but one loreal, whilst in pyrrhus there are four. The general style of coloration is much the same as given in the de- scription and plate (Wheeler’s Report), except that the colors in the recent specimen have somewhat faded in alcohol. The ground-color is a pinkish-gray instead of a salmon color. An exact tint, however, can- not be a point of much specific importance in reptiles, as they are known to be susceptible of a certain range of variation in their colors, in order to harmonize with the color of the ground on which they happen to be lying. The markings along the back are reddish-bay. These markings consist of a dorsal row of large hexagonal spots and a lateral row of smaller spots opposite the dorsal patches. On the anterior third of the length of the body, the hexagons are small and regular in outline, and are separated from the lateral spots by a well-defined interspace; on the middle third, they become more transverse, the lateral angles coa- * Since the above was written, the head of a third specimen has been found in the reserve series of the National Museum. 40 lescing with the row on the sides ; and, on the posterior third of the length, . all the markings have run together completely, being transformed into regular transverse bands. Three black half-rings on the tail. Some of the scales of the rows surrounding the dorsal patches are black-tipped. There is a heightening of the ground-color on the sides in the intervals between the lateral spots, corresponding to what Professor Cope describes as vermilion-colored spots. The bright lemon-colored spots in the same region have disappeared. The total length of the snake is ot feet. CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS ATROX, Cope [No. 8564]. Crotalus adamanteus atrox, COPE, Check-list, 1875, 33. Crotalus atrox, Bp. & GirR., Cat. N. Amer. Rept., 1853, 5, 156.—Bp., P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Whipple’s Route, Reptiles, 39, pl. 24, f.3; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv, ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 14, pl. i. Caudisoma atrox, COPE, Mitchell’s Res., 1861, 121; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 309. ‘Caudisoma adomantea atrox, CouES, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explora- tions and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. v, Zodlogy, 1875, 607. Locality: Los Coronados Islands, Pacific coast of Lower California. ELAPIDA. ELAPS EURYXANTHUS, Kennicott [No. 8566.] _Elaps euryxanthus, KENNICOTT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860. 337.—Coprr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 307; Check-list, 1875, 34.—Couxs, Wheeler’s Geographi- cal and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. v, 1875, Zodlogy, 611. Locality: Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. - COLUBRIDA. PITYOPHIS SAYI BELLONA, Cope [No. 8565]. !Pityophis sayt bellona, Corr, Check-list, 1875, 39.—Cours, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. v, 1875, Zodlogy, 617. ‘Churchillia bellona, Bp. & GirR.,:Stansbury’s ‘Rep. Exp. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 350. Pityophis afinis, HALLOW., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 181; Sitgreaves’s Exped. Zuni & Colorado Riv., 1853, 130, 146, pl. 10. 41 Pityophis bellona, Bp. & Gir., Cat. N. Amer. Rept., 1853, 66, 157.—KKENN., apud BD., P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Williamson’s Route, Reptiles, 42.—Bp., P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Beckwith’s Route, Reptiles, 19.—KENN., apud Bp., U. 8S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 19.—Corxr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 305.—ALLEN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1874, 69.. Locality: Saint Martin’s Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. In our specimen, there is but one anterior orbital on a side ; postorbitals ‘three. On the left side, there are two prefrontals ; the adventitious one is quite small, and is situated at the inner edge of the larger and nor- mal prefrontal plate of the same side, between the rostral and the ieft internal postfrontal. Nine superior labials 6n each side, the eye resting on the fifth. In those cases where there are but eight labials on a side, the eye always rests on the fourth, and invariably on the fifth when nine plates are present. The additional plate is inserted anterior to the position of the eye; and in those cases the head is more elongate. The whole of this small collection of reptiles, with two exceptions, came from the outlying islands along thecoasts of the peninsula of Lower California. They can be arranged into two groups, representing, one the Pacific, and the other the gulf islands, accordingly as they are related to the two regions north of them; namely, the Pacific and Sonoran : I. Types purely Sonoran, including all those that came from the gulf region: Phrynosoma hernandezi. - Sauromalus ater. Crotalus pyrrhus. Elaps euryxanthus. II. Types purely Pacific, or species belonging as well to the Pacific as to the Sonoran region, including all those that came from the Pacific coast: | Hyla regilla. Uta stansburiana. Crotalus adamanteus atrox. Pityophis sayi bellona. I desire especially to direct attention to the occurrence on Angel Isl- and of two highly characteristic Arizonian reptiles, the Sauromalus ater and Crotalus pyrrhus. These have heretofore been confined to Arizona, and they are by no means common there. The naturalists of Wheeler’s Survey have explored the Southwestern Territories for three successive 42 seasons, and have failed to add a single specimen of either to their col- lections. Their presence on Angel Island, which is situated in the guif about midway its length, may be readily explained when we consider the geological changes that have taken place since the post-tertiary period. The study of the geological formation of all the outlying islands _ of the peninsula, both in the gulf and on the Pacific coast, convinced me that they were at one time portions of the mainland; the study of their fauna strengthens this conclusion. Fringing the mainland, and over- lying the other formations on the islands, is a deposit of post-tertiary origin. There was an extensive upheaval during that period, and then it was that the islands probably formed a part of the peninsula, sub- sidence taking place subsequently. So far has this depression gone on—and it is probably going on at present—that some of the islands are now separated from the mainland by water a thousand feet deep. If we carry ourselves back to the time when they formed a part of the mainland, we will have the mouth of the Colorado River discharging its water into the gulf somewhere about the present site of Angel Island. So that it is not difficult to account for the presence of these reptiles on this now isolated bit of land, which was then connected with the Ari- zonian region by a continuity of surface. 7 MOH fT Ee Ol O.G Y . L—Fishes of Upper and Lower California. DIODONTIDA. DIODON MACULATUS, Lacép. [No. 17540]. Diodon tacheté, Lac&p., Poiss., ii, 1801, p. 13. Diodon novemmaculatus, Cuv., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, 136, pl. 6.—BLEEK., Nat. Tyds, Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 567. Diodon sexmaculatus, CUV., op. cit., iv, 1818, 136, pl. 7—Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., xxi, i, 1855, 229. Diodon multimaculatus, Cuv., op. cit., iv, 1818, 136, pl. .—Kaup, op. cit., xxi, i, 1855, 227. Diodon quadrimaculatus, Cuv., op. cit., iv, 1818, 137, pl. 6—BLEEK., Act. Soc. Sc. Indo- Neerl., ii, Amboina, viii, 94. Diodon spinosissimus, Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., xxi, 1, 1855, 228 (not Cuvier). Paradiodon novemmaculatus, BLEEK., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 57, pl. 206; Gymnod., pl. 2, f. 3. Paradiodon quadrimaculatus, BLEEK., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 58, pl. 212 ; Gymnod., pl. 8, f. 2. Diodon maculatus, GTHR., Cat. Fishes, viii, 1870, 307. Locality: Lower California. Our species corresponds to var. aof Giinther. It presents some points of difference, which we will note. The frontal row of spines the long- est; nearly all the spines of the back and sides are longer than the diameter of the eye. The black band between the eyes does not extend completely across the interorbital space, but is interrupted in the center ; it extends downward behind the eyes. The color is distributed over the rest of the body as follows :—A vertical band beneath the eye; a broad band across the nape of the neck; a large round spot on either side above and behind the base of the pectoral fin; a large triangular spot, with apex truncated, in the middle of the back; a V-shaped spot more posteriorly, diverging anteriorly, and with the base of the dorsal fin situated in the angle. Besides these, there are a number of small round spots scattered over the back and sides, one of which, larger than the rest, on the side, is situated behind and on a line with the inferior edge of the pectoral fin. Length, 6 inches. 43 44 ¢ COTTIDA. LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS, Gir. [No. 12963]. Leptocotius armatus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 131-145; viii, 1856, 133; P. R. R. Report, x, 1858, Fishes, 60, pl. 15, f. 2. Acanthocottus inermis, AYRES. Centridermichthys armatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, ii, 1860, 171. Locality: Mare Island, Cal. Giinther queries Girard’s statement that the end of the upper maxil- lary bone extends beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the . orbit. In our six specimens from Mare Island, varying in length from 3.50 to 5 inches, it reaches in every example either to or beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. We find nothing want- ing to complete Girard’s excellent description of this fish. SCORPANIDA. SEBASTOMUS AURICULATUS, (Gir.) Gill [No. 12964]. Sebastes auriculatus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 131; P. R. R. Report x, 1858, Fishes, p. 80.—AyREs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 1853, 218, f.68; Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1863, 394, fig. Sebastes ruber, var. parvus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, 1854, 7. Sebastichthys auriculatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 278. Sebastomus auriculatus, GILL, MSS. \ Locality: San Francisco, Cal. Caught at the wharves of Mission Bay. LABRID A. PIMELOMETOPON PULCHER, (Ayres) Gill [No. 17551]. Labrus pulcher, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, 1854, v.3; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, 101. Semicossysphus pulcher, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., series iii, viii, 1861, 384; Cat. Fishes, iv, 1862, 99.—GrLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 330. Pimelometopon pulcher, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 58. Locality: Pacific coast of Lower California. D.12, . D.~,. A. P. %. L. lat. 27. L. trans. 2. ’ We have examined seven specimens from this locality, and not one of them showed more than two spinous raysin the anal fin. This isinterest- ing, from the fact that all the autherities whom we have consulted give three spines to this fin. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. CHEILIO INERMIS, (Forsk.) Richards. [No. 17977]. Labrus inermis, ForskaL, Descr. Anim., 1775, 34.—Biocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 262. Labrus hassek, Lacép., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 513. Cheilio auratus (COMMERS.), LACEP., op. cit., iv, 1803, 433.—Quoy & Gar., Voy. Uran. Zoil., 1824, 274, pl. 54, f. 2—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, 341.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1451, Celebes, i, 221. Cheilio fuscus (COMMERS.), Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 433.—Cuv. & VAL.,.op. cit., xiii, 1839, 349. Labrus fusiformis, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 7, pl. 1, f. 4. Cheilio cyanochloris, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 346, pl. 382. Cheilio forskalii, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 349. Cheilio hemichrysos, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 351.—BLEEKER,. Nat. an Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, Banda, i, 255. Cheilio viridis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 352. Cheilio microstoma, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 353. Cheilio ramosus, JENYNS, Zo6l. Beagle, Fish., 1842. 102. Chilio auratus, PETERS, Monatsb. Preuss. Ak. Wiss.,. 1855, 453. Chilio bicolor, B1aNc., Menn Ac. So. Bologn., viii, 1859, Spec. Zoé]. Mosamb., 46, pl. 25. Cheilio inermis, RICHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin. Jap., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 258.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 82, pl. 31, f. 4. GUNTHER, Cat. Fish..,, iv, 1862, 194. Chilio inermis, KLUNZINGER, Verhn. zo6l.-bot. Gesells. Wien, xxi, 1871, 530. Five specimens gave the following formula for the dorsal and anal fins: Dy AF. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. Bull. N. M. No. 7—5 66 | _ ?JULIS MELANOPTERA, Gthr. [No. 15401]. Julis melanoptera, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 183. --— D.@. A.#. L. lat. 27. UL. trans, 23° “The height of the body is slightly more than the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total length (the candal lobes not included). The diameter of the eye is two-ninths of the length of the head, and one and a half times in the length of the snout. No posterior vanine teeth ; two anterior canine teeth of the lower jaw are received between, the ee of the upper. Dorsal spines pungent, shorter than the rays; caudal lobes, produced ; ventrals pointed, not prolonged, and are five-sevenths of the length of the pectorals; the latter shorter than the head—seven-ninths. . of its length. A few scales on the supraopercular region. . Colors in alcohol :—head uniform dark purplish, without any marking; body brownish-olive ; dorsal and anal fins dark violet, the former with a black spot anteriorly between the first and fourth spines ;. pectoral with an oblique oblong black spot, and a black spot above on the base of the fin. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. The only point about this description Ahiah Tends the identifieation anyways doubtful is the absence of. the ‘ broad, lighter, transverse band below the second to the sixth dorsal spines, extending to the belly;” the colors are somewhat faded, which, probably, accounts for its absence. There is no habitat assigned to the species by Giinther, but he gives Ceylon as a probable locality. POMACENTRID A. GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS, (Linn.) Gthr. [No. 15393). Chetodon saxatilis, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 466.—Forsk., Deser. Anim., 1775, 62.— Biocu, Ichth., vi, 1787, 71, pl. 206, f. 2. Chetodon’ marginatus, ee op. cit., vi, 1787, pl. 207.—Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., is 1803, 451, 463. ’ Chetodon mauritii, BLOCH, op. cit., vi, 1787, pl. 213, f. 1—BLocn, oye Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 234— Lac#&p., op. cit., iv, 1803, 452, 470. Chetodon sargoides, Lackp., op cit., iv, 1803, 453, 471, 472." Labrus sexfasciatus, LACEP., op. cit., iii, 1803, 477, pl 19, f. 2. Chetodon tyrwhitti, BENNETT, Fish. of Ceylon, 1834, pl. 25. Glyphisodon ‘saxatilis, Cuy. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 446.—RUPPELL, Atl Fische, 1828, 355 N. W.. Fische, 1837, 126. 67 Glyphisodon rahti, Cov. & Vat., op. cit., v, 1830, 456; ix, 1833, 507.—Bruexer, Nat. - j Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Amb. & Cer., 287. Teac: Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 253. Glyphisodon colestinus (SoLaAND.), Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 464; ix, 1833, 508.— _ RICHARDSON, op. cit., 1846, 253.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. | Cten., 15. | Gl; yphisodon tyrwhitti, RICHARDSON, op. cit., 1846, 253. Glyphisodon quadrifasciatus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. Cten., 17. Glyphisodon waigiensis, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. Cten., 13. Sparus fasciatus, GRonoov., Syst. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 60. Glyphidodon saxatilis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, p. 35.—KLUNZINGER, venice: zo00l.- bot. Ges. Wien, xxi, 1871, 524. Glyphidedon corlestinus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 38. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. “Our specimens from this locality agree more closely with Giinther’s description of G. saxatilis, than with that of G. celestinus; which, how- ever, they should correspond with, if there were any real specific differ- ences between them. We, therefore, do not hesitate to refer them both to one species, as has been done by Klunzinger. . ACANTHURIDE. ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS, var. SANDVICENSIS, Séreets. [No. 15398]. Our collection from these islands does not contain a single specimen of the typical triostegus. Wehave twenty-three specimens, collected in the harbor of Honolulu, varying in length from 1.2 to 4.8 inches, and they present certain peculiarities in common which stamp them as a well-marked variety. The band down the middle of the forehead to the extremity of the snout is absent. The second vertical line on the side of the body ceases, as in triostegus, in the axil of the pectoral fin; but, instead of there being but a small round black spot on the outer surface of the base of that fin, as in the typical examples, there commences, in the same situation, a line which passes obliquely duwnward and backward to near the ventral surface of the body. Finally, in A. triostegus there is a small black spot on either side of the caudal peduncle inferiorly and one superiorly; in our variety, the lower spots are invariably wanting. In every other respect the specimens correspond exactly to the description as given by Ginther. These differences cannot depend upon age, for we have com- . 68 pared them with specimens of the same size from other localities, and find the peculiarities to hold good. Cuvier and Valenciennes only, of ichthyological writers, speak of the presence, sometimes, of a line on the breast—“‘ Il y a quelquefois de chaque coété de la poitrine une ligne ou una série longitudinale de points bruns”—but it is not associated in their description with the absence of the other markings which we have mentioned. Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. ACANTHURUS BLOCHI, C.& V. [Nos. 15397, 17973}: Acanthurus blochi, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 209.—GinrHeR, Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 109, pl. 69, f. GB. Acanthurus annularis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., x, 1835, 209 (young). Acanthurus xanthopterus, CANTOR, Mal. Fish., 209, f. 4 (nee C. & V). Acanthurus matoides, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861,330.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo0l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1971, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 508. : Locality : Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. NASEUS UNICORNIS, (Forsk.) Gthr. [No. 17976]. Chatodon unicornis, FORSK., Descr. Anim., 1775, 63. Monoceros raii, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHy., 1801, 181. Monoceros biaculeatus, BLOCH, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 180, pl. 42. Naseus fronticornis, Cuv. & VaAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 259.—ScHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 129, pl. 69. Harparus monoceros, FORSTER, Descr. anim., 1844, 219. Naseus unicornis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 348.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zoél.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer 512.—GUntTuEr, Jour. Mus. Godeif., ii, 187375, Fische der Sudsee, i, 118, pl. 78. Nasews olivateus (SOLAND.), Cuv. & Va4lL., op. cit., x, 1835, 288.—GUNTHER, -Cat. Fish , iii, 1861, 362 (young). Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. CARANGIDA. TRACHUROPS MAURITIANUS, (Q. & G.) Streets [No. 17998]. Caranx mauritianus, Quoy & GarIm., Voy. Uran. Zool., 1824, 359.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 60. Caranx macrophthalmus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fisvh., 1828, 97, pl. 25, f. 4.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo0l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 458 (nec Agass.). Caranx crumenophthalmus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 429 (in part); Jour. Mus. Godeff., pt. xi, 1876, Fische der Sudsee, pt. v, 131. D. 83;,. A. 2,4. L. plates 36. Teeth in the upper jaw in a narrow villiform band ; those in the lower jaw even, in a single series; teeth on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. 69 Height of the body is contained 42 times in the total length, and the length of the head slightly more than 4. times ia the same. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equals the length of the snout, and interorbital space. Interorbital space elevated into a median crest. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; the end of the latter extends somewhat beyond the vertical from tlhe anterior margin of the eye. Breast scaly; lateral line scarcely bent; scales be- coming plate-like below the middle of the second dorsal fin. Pectoral slightly longer than the head. Opercular spot distinct. Locality: Harbor of Henolulu, Oahu. On comparing this species with indubitable specimens of crumen- ophthalmus from the Atlantic, we find the following characteristic dif- ferences. in the iatter the eye is much larger—little over three times in the length of the head ; the interorbital space is nuch more flattened ; the end of the upper jaw extends further backward; and the pectoral fin is shorter—not equal to the head-length. A more important char- acter, however, is in the shape of the interopercular bone. In mauri- _ tianus it is very obliquely rounded, and the triangular space of the isthmus is almost wholly exposed between the edges of the bones of the opposite sides; in the Atlantic fish, on the contrary, the interoperculum is nearly rectangular, and the inferior edges of the bones overlap along nearly the entire extent of the isthmus, leaving but a very small space of it uncovered at the angles, which are slightly rounded; there is also a broad, shallow notch on the posterior border of the bone. Cuvier and Valenciennes, in their diagnosis of the species, direct attention to this character, which seems to have been entirely overlooked by later ichthy- ologists. C. hasselti, Gthr., is probably synonymous with this species. CARANGUS MELAMPYGUS, (C. & V.) Streets |No. 17980]. Caranz melampygus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 116.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 446; Jour. Mus. Godeif., 1876, pt. xi, Fische der Sudsee, pt. v. 133, pl. 86. Caran stellatus, Eyp. & Sovut., Voy. Bonite, Poiss. 167, pl. iii, f. 2—GiUnrTuER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 436. Caranz bixanthopterus, RUPP., N. W. Fische, 1837, 49, pl. 14, f. 2—KLuNzINGER, Verh. z061.-bot. Ges., xxi, 187], Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 464. 1 D. 8 A as gl A By lates 36, PITA 19) sie The number of rays in the anal fin did not vary in the five specimens 0 examined. The anterior, pointed portions of the second dorsal and anal blackish. 7 Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. CARANGUS CHRYSOS, (Mitch.) Gill [No. 17987}. Scomber carangus, BLocH, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, 1785, 340.—BLocH, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 28. Scomber chrysos, MITCHELL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. New York, i, 1815, 424. _ Caranx carangus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 91 .—Couv., Régne Anim. Ill. Poiss., 1829-30, pl. 57, f. 2—GuICHEN., Poiss. ROMON DE LA SaGRA, Hist. Cuba, 111.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 448. Caranx chrysos, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ix, 1833, 98 (nee DeKay, Gthr., et al:). Carans ekela, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ix, 1833, 117. Caranx xanthepygus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ix, 1833, 109. Carangus esculentws, GIRARD, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., 23, pl. xi, f. 3-3. Carangus chrysos, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 COe 434, 1 1 D. SOT ET A. aaa hat. plates ol. Height of body contained 4:times in the total length, and agent of head 3 times in the same. Breast naked. Lower jaw has larger teeth intermixed with the others; end of the upper jaw extends beyond the vertical from the center of the eye. An opercular spot; margin and point of second dorsal fin blackish ; anal yellow. ? Length 4.80. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. CHORINEMUS SANCTI PETRI, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17992). Chorinemus saneli petri, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., viii, 1831, 379, pl. 236.— GintHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 473; Jour. Mus. Godeff., 1876, pt. xi, Fische der Sudsee, pt. v, 138—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Makr., 45. —PeErTeERS, Arch. fur Naturg., 1855, pt. 1, 245. . : Chorinemus toloo, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 377.—GUNTHER, Cat.. Fish., ii, 1860, 473.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, AAT. Chorinemus moadetta, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 382.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. z06l.- bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 448. ‘Chorinemus mauritianus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 382. ‘Chorinemus tol, KNER, Novara Exped. Fisch., 1866, 162. D. 745. A. 2945. Immature specimens. Height of body and length of head fneanly equal, and almost one-fifth of the total. Length of snout somewhat more than the diameter of the eye; upper jaw extends beyond the ver- tical from the center of the eye. Spots on the sides of the body absent. Top of second dorsal black. : Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. | ote a MULLIDA. UPENEUS TRIFASCIATUS, (Lacép.) Cuv. & Val. [No. 17990]. Mullus trifasciatus, Lactkp., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 494, pl. 15, f. 1. Mullus multifasciatus, Quoy & GaIM., Voy. Freye. Poiss., 1824, pl. 59, f. 1. “‘Upeneus trifasciatus, Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 468.—JENYNs, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 25.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, Banda, i, 237.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 407; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 59, pl. 44, f. B.-C. Locality : Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. Two specimens. Both having a black spot behind the eye, as in U. bifasciatus ; the color on the other parts of the body arranged as in U. trifasciatus. UPENEOIDES VITTATUS, (Forsk.) Bleek. [No. 17999]. Alullus vittatus, FORSKAL, Faun. Arab., 31.—B1ocuH, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 79.— Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 382,401, pl. 14, f.1.—Suaw, Zoil., iv, 1803, 616, pl. 89. ‘ Mullus bdtdi, SHAw, op. cit., iv, 1803, 615. Upeneus vittatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 448. Upeneus bivittatus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., vii, 1831,°520. Upeneus biteniatus, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zod6l. Soc., 1830~31, 59. Upeneoides bivittatus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Pere., 64; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, Amboina, vi, 411.—Day, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1867, 702. Upeneoides vitiatus, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Reg. Sc. Ind. Neérl., ii, 1857, Amboina, 43.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 397; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~’75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 55. Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. The oblique black bands on the lower caudal lobe are broader than those on the upper lobe. uRRANIDA. . MORONOPSIS MARGINATUS, (C. & V.) Gill. [No. 17993]. Dules marginatus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 116, pl. 52.—HomBron et JaquinoT, Dumont D’Urville, Voy. Péle Sud, Poiss., 1853-54, 41, pl. 3, f.3.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 268; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische de Sudsee, i, 24. Dules malo, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., vii, 1831, 479.—DumMoNT D’UrRvVILLE, Voy. Péle Sud, Poiss., 1853-’54, 41, pl. 3, f. 4. GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 270. 12 Dules maio, LEsson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii, 1826-30, 223. Dules leuciscus, JENYNS, Zodl. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 17. Moronopsis ciliatus, BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl., 1872, 376. Moronopsis marginatus, GiLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82. D.9;,- A. UL. lat. 53. L. trans. 8. Coloration as in Dules marginatus, as given by Giinther in Fische der Sudsee. Sides of the body spotted. Locality : Waialua, Oahu. CHILODIPTERID Zz. APOGON AURITUS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 15396]. Apogon auritus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., vii, 1631, 443.—GUNTHER, Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 23. Apogon punctulatus, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 88, pl. 22, f. 4. Apogon variegatus, VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus., i, 55. Apogonichthys polystigma, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vi, 1854, 484. Apogonichthys auritus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 246.—PLAYFaIR, Fish. Zanz., 1866, 21. Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. @ PRIACANTHID. PRIACANTHUS CAROLINUS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17994]. Priacanthus carolinus, Cuv. & VAuL., Hist. Nat. des. Poiss., iii, 1829, 105.—LEsson, Voy. Coq. Zo6l. Poiss., ii, 1826-30, 224.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1851, 235.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 219; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873-75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 17, pl. 18. Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. Immature specimens. During the month of September, 1873, an im- mense shoal of the young of this species entered the harbor of Hono- lulu. The largest of them did not exceed three and a half inches in length. This shoaling, we were told, has occurred a number of times, but at uncertain intervals. The coming of the “red-fish,” as they are called, foreshadows in the minds of the simple natives the sickness and death of some member of the royal family; and, on account of the pliant disposition of the Kanakas, the prophecy is usually fulfilled. But the fish are by no means unwelcome visitants to the common people, who are busy catching them night and day, as long as they remain. They are dried, and eaten without cooking. 13 CIRRHITIDA. CIRRHITES FORSTERL, (Bl.) Gthr. [No. 17978]. Perea teniata, FORSTER, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 224. Grammistes forsteri, BLOCH, Syst. Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 191. Sparus pantherinus, Lac&ép., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 160, pl. 6, f. 1. Cirrhites pantherinus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 70.—LEsSON, Voy. Coq. Poiss.,.1826-’30, 225, pl. 22, f. 1.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1851, ii, Banda, i, 232. Serranus tankerville, BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon, 1834, pl. 27. Cirrhites forstert, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 71.—GiLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 107.—GUNTHER, Jour. Mus. Godeff, ii, 1874, Fische der Sudsee, i, 69, pl. 49, f. A. Paracirrhitus forsicri, BLEEKER, Verh. k. Ak. Weten Amst., 1875, xv, 6. Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. MUGILIDA. MUGIL CEPHALOTUS, Cuv. & Val. [Nos. 18002, 18003]. Mugil cephalotus, Cuv. & VAuL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xi, 1836, 110.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 419. Mugil japonicus, SCHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 134, pl. 72, f. 1. Mugil macrolepidotus, RICHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 249. D. 44. A. 2. IL. lat. 40-42. L. trans. 14-15. The height of the body and the length of the head are nearly equal, and are one-fifth of the total length. Snout broad, depressed, longer than the eye; lips thin, provided with minute cilia. Deep cavity in front of the vomer. The angle formed by the lower jaw in front is a right angle; a narrow stripe of the maxillary is visible behind the inter- maxillary ; preorbital not emarginate, finely denticulated on its ante rior edge and at its extremity, which is obliquely truncated. Cleft of the mouth is not twice as broad as deep. The width of the interorbital Space is contained more than twice in the length of the head. Eye- nearly covered with a broad adipose membrane, leaving the pupil ex- posed through a narrow vertical slit in the middle. Three series of scales between the eye and the inferior border of the preoperculum; angle of preoperculum produced posteriorly. Pectoral inserted above the mid- dle of the height of the body ; it terminates on the eighth scale of the lateral line ; spinous dorsal commences on the tenth scale of the lateral line, and on the twenty-second from the end of the snout; anterior dor- sal spines more than one-half the length of the head, and they are situ- ated on the middle between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin. The sécond dorsal commences on the twenty-third row of seales of the lateral line; the space between the origins of the two dorsals nearly equals the length of the head. Ventrals midway between the base of the pectoral and the spinous dorsal. Anal commences before the soft dorsal ; both emarginate behind. (ee | Shining paler? darker abone, with longitudinal streaks along the series of scales. Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. Very numerous. ( There seems to be very little difference between this species and Mugil dobula, Gthr. AULOSTOMID A. AULOSTOMA CHINENSKH, (L.) Schleg. [No. 15371]. Fistularia chinensis, Linn., Syst..Nat. 1, 1766, 515. Aulostoma chinensis, LAC&P., Hist. des Poiss., v, 1803, 357. Aulostoma chinense, SCHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 320.—RICHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 247.—PrTrErs, Arch. f. Na- turg., 1855, i, 258.—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 538. _, Polupterichthys valentini, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iv, 1853, Ternate, ii, 608. D. 10-27. A. 28. Brownish, with vertical bands along the sides of the body and snout; -one or two of the bands on the snout oblique. Base of soft dorsal and anal fins black; a short black streak a little distance from the base ‘anteriorly, more plainly visible on the dorsal than on the anal fin ; on ‘the former, another short streak above the first. A round black spot on the base of the ventrals, and one above and below on the caudal fin. Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. FISTULARIDA. FISTULARIA SERRATA, Cuwv. [No. 17988}. Fi iui tabaccaria, var. BLOCH, Natuee. Ausliind, Fische, viii, 1794, 130, pl. 387, f. a 2-3.—BLOcH, Syst. Ichth., ed Scun., 1801, 114. : Fistularia immaculata, Cuv., Régne Anim., 1817.—RicHaRpDsoNn’s Ichth. Chin., Rep, 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 247.—ScHLEG. Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 2320.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Amb. & Cer., 281; Verh. Acad. Wet. Amsterd., Japan, ii. 15 Fistularia serrata, Cuv., Regne Anim., 1817.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 533. Fistularia commersoni, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 142. —PETERS, Arch. f. Naturg,, 1855, i, 258. Cannorhynchus immaculatus, Cantor, Catalopue, 211. Locality: Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. BELONID As. BELONE PLATURA, Riipp. No. 17983]. Belone platura, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 73, pl. 20, f. 1—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xviii, 1846, 451.—BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ned., ii, 1857, Amboina, viii, 85.—_GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 237.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 577. Belone carinata, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xviii, 1846, 437 Lehman Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 236. D. 14-15. A. 19-20. Body subpentagonal ; tail depressed, strongly carinated ; the median shallow groove on the upper surface of the head scaly. Two specimens gave nineteen rays in the anal fin, and one gave twenty. | - Length, 15 inches. Locality : Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. SCOMBERESOCID A. EXOC@TUS SPECULIGER, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17985]. Exocetus speculiger, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 94.—BLEEKER, Ned. Tydsch. Duerk., iii, 1865, 122.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 287. Origin of the dorsal fin is behind the anal; pectoral with an oblique white band across its lower half anteriorly; white edged. Ventrals white; grayish in the axil, and with the middle rays gray. Locality : Hawaiian Islands. EXOCGTUS BRACHYPTERUS, Solander [No. 17986]. Exocetus brachypterus, SOLANDER, MSS.—RicHaRDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin. on Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 265.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 280. Exocetus mento, Cuv. & VAL, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 124.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Snek., 21.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 281. Parexocetus mento, BLEEKER, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk., iii, 1865, 126. D. 12. A. 13. One or two very sbort barbules at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Height of the body is contained 53 times_in the total length, and the 9 16 length of the head 44 times in the same. Snout shorter than the eye. Interorbital space flat, and its width equals the diameter of the eye; the latter is one-third of the length of the head. Origins of the dorsal and anal fins opposite to each other; dorsal high and pointed; the an- terior rays, when laid backward, reach to the caudal fin. Anal very low. Lower caudal lobe longer than the head. Length of the pectoral is one- half of the total length, reaching nearly to the middle of the dorsal fin. Ventrals extend to the anal, and are inserted midway between the snout and the root of the caudal fin. The upper part of the dorsal is black; pectorals blackish, anals and ventrals whitish. Total lengths, 6.00, 6.50 inches. Locality : Hawaiian Islands. SCOPELIDA. SAURIDA NEBULOSA, Cuv. & Val. [No. 15392].. Saurida nebulosa, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xxii, 1849, 504, pl. 649.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 292.—_GunTuEr, Cat. Fish., v, 1864, 399.—KLUN- ZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 591. D.11. A. 9-10. L. lat. 52. In the o!der specimens the spots are more or less aggregated, those on the sides of the body forming transverse bands extending to below the lateral line. Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. ALBULIDA. ALBULA CONORHYNCHUS, Bl. Schn. [No. 18004.] Argentina glossodonta, ForsK., Deser. Anim., 1775, 68. Albula conorhynchus, BLocH, Syst. Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 432.—Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 356.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vii, 1868, 468. Butirinus glossodontus, KUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 80, pl. 20, f. 3—ScHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 242, pl. 109, f. 1. Esox argenteus, FORSTER, Descr. Anim., ed. Licnt., 1844, 196. Albula bananus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xix, 1846, 345.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Chiroce., 11. Albula glossodonta, KLUNZINGER, Verh. z06l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 602. Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. bk TT MURANIDA. MURAINA UNDULATA, (Lacep.) Gthr. [No. 17982]. Murenophis undulata, Lacep., Hist. des Poiss., v. 1803, 629-644. Murena cancellata, RICHARDSON, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Fish., 1848, 87, pl. 46, f. 1-5.— 3 BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Mur., 74; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., v. 1853, 1853, 5315 viii, 1855, 326. Murena valencienni, EyD. & SOUL., Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 207, pl. 8, f. 1. Murena agassizi, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, 458. Thyrsoidea cancellata, Kaup, Apod. Fish., 1856, 76, f. 59. Gymnothoraa cancellatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 93, pl. 32, f. 3, pl. 33, f. 2, pl. 39, f. 1.—KNER, Novara Exped., Fisch., 1869, 384. Gymnothorax agassizi, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 95, pl. 41, f. 2. Gymnothorax blochi, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 102, pl. 36, f. 2 (young). Mvrena blochi, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Mur., 49; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vii, 1854, 102. Murena undulata, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 110. Locality : Coral reefs at Honolulu, Oahu. One specimen resembling Bleeker’s figure 3, on plate 32 of Atlas. In another specimen the yellow lines are more interrupted and less dis- tinctly defined, as is shown in figure 1, plate 39, of the same work. GALEORHINIDA. TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA, Girard [No. 17975]. Triakis californica, GRAY, Chondropter., 56 (No descr.). Triakis semifasciatum, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196; U. S. Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1858, Fish., 362. Musielus felis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 17. Triacis semifasciata, GUNTRER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 384. A row of rounded black spots along the sides of the body, alternat- ing with transverse bands, which unite across the median line of the back. Also small round black spots between the cross-bars on the median line of the back, and others alternating with the larger spots on the sides. Locality : North Pacific Ocean. Foetus. The specimens were obtained in Honolulu, whither they had been brought by a whaler. eo 78 IIL—Fishes of the Fanning Group. ~TETRODONTID A. TETRODON IMPLUTUS, Jenyns* [No. 19214]. - Locality: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. Specimens large, and sparsely spinous. — Round bluish-white spots on the dorsal regions numerous, and the longitudinal lines on the under surface indistinct. — ; Rial: | TETRODON NIGROPUNCTATUS, Bl. Schn. Ixo, 19215) sis Tetrodon nigropunctatus, BLocH, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 507. Ayes, Cat. _ Fish., viii, 1870, 293.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. z00].-bot. aac xxi, 1871, Fische d. _ Roth. Meer, 643. cy Tetr codon diadematus, RUPPELL, Atl. mice 1828, 65, “iL 1, f. 3.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 293. Tetrodon trichoderma, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. lind, v, 1853, Sumatra, 532. Tetrodon trichodermatoides, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vi, 1854, Flores, 336. Arothron melanorhynchus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ix, 1855, 111. Arothron trichoderma, BLEEKER, Enum: Pisce.’ Arch. Ind., 1859, 201. Arothron trichodermatoides, BLEEKER, Enum. Pisce. Arch, Ind., 1859, 202. Crayracion nigropunctatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, G2 ane 74, pl. 2, £. 4. Locality: Fanning Group. This specimen belongs to what Giinther calls citrinella, a variety of nigropunctatus. It is characterized by its lemon color, with small scat- tered black spots on the sides, and large and small irregular black spots: on the back; by its black dorsal fin, with a large black blotch around. its base; eye-lids black, and black around the gill-openings. OSTRACIONTID A. OSTRACION TUBERCULATUS, Linn. [No. 19216]. Ostracion tetragonus, LINN., Mus. Ad. Fred., 1754, 59.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, Ostrac., 39, pl. i, f. 2, pl. 3, f. 2—GUNTHER, Fish. Zanzi., 1866, 129. Ostracion tuberculatus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 409. Ostracion cubicus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 410.—Buocn, Ichth., iv, 1787, 115,-pl. 137.—- Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., i, 1798, 461, pl. 22, f. 1 —RUPPELL, Atlas Fische, 1828, 3. _Burexer, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852; Balist. en Ostrac., 35, pl. 7, f. 14.— Honzarp, Ann. Sc. Nat., vii, 1557, 162—GuntTnEr, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 260.— KLUNZINGER, Verh. z.-b. Ges., xxi, 1871, 635. Ostracion bituberculatus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 501. * See synon. under Hawaiian Fishes. 19° Ostracion cyanurus, RUPPELL, Atl., iene 1828, 4 pl. 1, f. 2.—HOoLarD, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1857, vii, 167. Ostracion argus, RUPPELL, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 1. Ostracion immaculatus, SCHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 296.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Nat. Ichth. Japan, 55. : Ostracion tesserula, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 305 (young). ' Carapace four-ridged, without spines. Body with bluish black-edged ocelli, one in the center of each scute. | ‘Locality: Fanning Group. y : BALISTID A. BALISTES ACULEATUS, Linn. [No. 19217.] Balistes aculeatus, LiNN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 406.—Biocn, Ausliind. Fisch., ii, 17:6, 19 pl. 149.—Btoca, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 465.—Lac&p., Hist. des Poiss., i, 1798, 367, pl. 17, f. 1 —BENNETT, Beechey’s Voy. Zo6l., 1839, 69, pl. 22, f. 2.— JENYNS, Zool. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 155. BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Balist., 15. —HOLLARD, Ann. Se. Nat., i, 1855, 333.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 223. : Balistes ornatissimus, LESSON, Voy. Coq. Zodl. Poiss., i, 1830, 119, pl. 10, f. 1. Balistes armatus, Cuv., Regne Anim. Tl. Poiss., 182930, pl. 112, f. 2. Balistes striatus, GRONOV., Syst. (1780), ed. GRayY, 1854, 32. Balistes (Balistapus) aculeatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 120, pl. 216, Balist., pl. 2, f. 3. Locality: Fanning Group. PLEURONECTID At. RHOMBOIDICHTHYS LEOPARDINUS, Gthr. [No. 19218]. Rhomboidichthys leopardinus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 43. . The posterior half of the lower eye falls vertically below the upper; the interorbital space concave, its width equaling the longitudinal diam- eter of the eye, and scaly only on its posterior half; anterior half naked. Brownish spots, and blue-edged ocelli scattered over the body and fins. ‘Locality: Fanning Group. This species is very closely allied to 2. pantherinus, but it may readily be distinguished by the naked anterior-half of the interocular space, and by the scattered ocelli. Gtinther records it without a habitat, and this is the first instance, to our knowledge, where a locality has been assigned to it. 80 BLENNIIDA. SALARIAS QUADRICORNIS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 19219]. Salarias quadricornis, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xi, 1836, 329, pl. 329.—GUN- THER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 255.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 476. D.12 | 20. A.21-23, V.2. Dorsal notched, and continued on the base of the caudal. Head crested. Tentacles over the eyes, on the sides of the neck, and at the nostrils; the latter are fringed the former are as long as the eye and those on the neck are very short. Transverse streaks arranged in pairs on the sides of the body and ascending on the dorsal fin at its base; spinous dorsal with undulating lines; the soft dorsal with oblique lines ascending backward; the anal with three fine lines, the lowest of which is discontinued anteriorly. The anterior dorsal is lower than the pos- terior, and both are lower than the body and higher than the anal. Locality: Fanning Group. SCARIDA. © PSEUDOSCARUS GLOBICEPS, (Cuv. & Val.) Gthr. [No. 19220]. Scarus globiceps, Cuv. & VaAL., Hist. Nat. des. Poiss., xiv, 1839, 242.—JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 106. Pseudoscarus globiceps, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 224; Fish. Zanz., 1866, 105. Pseudoscarus spilonotus, KNER, Sitz. d. k. Ak. d. Wissen. Wien, Iviii, i, 1868, 31, 352, pl. 9, f. 26. A deep black ocellus on the scale covering the base of the fourth dorsal spine. Body spotted; spots principally confined to the upper and anterior parts of the body. Locality: Fanning Group. “PSEUDOSCARUS JONESI, n. sp. [No. 19221]. D. 2. A.2. L. lat. 24. L. trans.8. Head, 34. Height, 34 in total. Jaws greenish; lips very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws. Two series of scales on the cheeks; seven scales in the lower series; the lower preopercular limb entirely naked. Upper profile of the head convex, not gibbous. In one specimen there is a short tooth on each side at the angle of the lower jaw, but it is absent in all the rest (three). Caudal lobes slightly produced. Fourteen rays in the pectoral fin. 81 Color (in spirits) greenish-olive, yellowish about the mouth. A broad irregularly-outlined band across the snout, and from its extremities there passes backward a prolongation which touches the anterior margin of the orbit, and then passes along the superior border of the eye to the posterior part of the interorbital space, where it joins with its fellow of the opposite side, inclosing an irregularly-shaped triangular space on the front of the interocular region. Frequently (in smaller specimens) there is a narrow dark streak from the superior border of the orbit toward the middle of the interorbital space; this streak is sometimes reduced to rounded spots in the same situation; a short streak from the middle of the posterior margin of the eye; a band below the eye, commencing near its anterior edge, and prolonged beyond the posterior margin. Frequently two ocelli, one on either side, in front of the bana on the snout, and also one behind and above the angle of the mouth; a very narrow band around the margin of the upper lip; a broad band around the lower jaw, the two halves of which scarcely meet below in the median line; it broadens above, just below the angle of the mouth, where it is directed backward; it frequently arches downward and back- ward in this situation. It coalesces with the narrow supramaxillary band, and in some instances a narrow band passes from it to the band across the snout. Occasionally there is an ocellus on the lower jaw, behind the marginal band. Dorsal and anal fins with a narrow band along the margin, and with one or two rows of intermarginal spots. I re- quently (in young specimens) these spots are confluent transversely or longitudinally, forming either vertical streaks or longitudinal bands. Caudal with reticulating transverse bands. Lengths, 14, 12, 11 inches. Locality : Palmyra Island. To William H. Jones, M. D., Surgeon, U.S. N., an indefatigable col- lector in natural history, and to whose zeal.we are chiefly indebted for this collection, I dedicate this species, in remembrance of pleasant hours passed together as collaborers, and as messmates. PSEUDOSCARUS ASRUGINOSUS, Blkr. [No. 19221]. ? Scarus wruginosus, Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiv, 1839, 257. Scarus lacerta, CUv. & VAL., op. cit., 217. Scarus wrugirosus, BLEEKER, Ver. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Labr., Cycl., 58. Pseudoscarus eruginosus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 40, p]. 17, f. 2—GONTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 229. Color (in spirits) greenish cn the sides of the body and head, brown- Bull. N. M. No. 7—6 82 ish above, along the back and head; three silvery longitudinal bands along the side of the abdomen; the first commencing at the lower part of the base of the pectoral fin; the third above the base of the ventrals, extending to the anal fin. Fins reddish; spinous dorsal with a very narrow darker margin. Lengths, 8, 8, 5.50 inches. Locality : Fanning Islands. LABRID AI. CHEILINUS. UNIFASCIATUS, n. sp. [No. 19222]. D. 3. A... lL. lat. 22. LL. trans. 94. Height of the body three and a half times in the total length, and the length of the head from three to three and one-fifth times in the same. Snout elongated, conical, lower jaw projecting. Diameter of the eye is one-third the length of the snout, and one-half the width of the preorbital; the center of the pupil is midway between the angle of the operculum and the point of the snout. ‘Che anterior tu- bules of the Jateral line with a single lateral branch. Two rows of scales on the cheeks; the lower series does not cover the inferior preeopercular limb. Caudal fin rounded, with the upper aud lower lobes very slightly produced. Body reddish (in spirits), with branching lines passing from the eye over the snout; anastomosing lines on the cheeks, extending to the margins of the sub- and inter-operculum; a yellowish streak from the inferior border of the orbit to the Superior axil of the pectoral fin; and above this another streak, similar but somewhat fainter outlined, extending from the posterior border of the eye to the end of the opereu- lum; the upper surface of the head covered with reticulated markings. A broad band from the end of the dorsal to the end of the anal fin, and continued obliquely forward on the posterior rays of the dorsal; dorsal violet, with a light margin, and a light median line. Anal less deeply tinted with violet than the dorsal; in younger specimens nearly immac- ulate, with alight streak along the center; rays green. Upper and lower lobes of the caudal violet, the intermediate rays deep green. Basal half of the ventrals of a deep violet. Lengths, 8.50, 10.00, 10.50, 11.00, 11.50 inches. Locality: Fanning Group. This species is apparently very closely allied to Cheilinus rhodochrous, Gthr., which, however, is a slenderer fish, with much less depth of body. This is the most important distinction between them. 83 JULIS UMBROSTIGMA, Riipp. [No. 19223]. Julis umbrostigma, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, ii, 1837, pl. 3, f. 2.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, 92, pl. 34, f. 2—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 185.—KNeEr, Fische Novara Exped., 1869, 257—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo0l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 538. Julis souleyeti, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, 457. Body with small blackish vertical streaks on the scales; spots scat- tered over the head; three or four short streaks from the upper and posterior portion of the orbit; a pair of short streaks between the eyes, and two on the upper surface of the snout; a single round spot between the two pairs; an oblique streak on each side of the snout, parallel with the upper lip; another, and shorter, streak on the side of the snout, ex- tending downward from before the eye and coalescing with the extrem- ity of the first. Dorsal with a black spot anteriorly between the first and third spines. Locality: Fanning Islands. JULIS GUNTHERI, Bleeker [No. 19224]. Julis quadricolor, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl., i, 1856, Manad., 55. Julis giintheri, BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Wet. Amst., xiii, 1862, 279; Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 94, pl. 34, f. 1.—GwtNnrTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 188. Three specimens similar in every particular, and agreeing with descrip- tions. Two longitudinal denticulated bands on the sides of the body—one running from the nape of the neck, just above the anterior portion of the lateral line, to the extremity of the upper caudal lobe; the sec- ond commencing behind the angle of the operculum and extending to the middle of the caudal fin. Two curved bands on the sides of the. head—one from the upper jaw, through the eye, to the angle of the operculum; the other from the under surface of the lower jaw, along the inferior border of the eye, to opposite the base of the pectoral fin; a U- Shaped band across the occiput, pointing backward and downward; two Slightly arched bands between the eyes, from the antero-superior and postero-superior margins, inclosing the interocular space; sometimes the extremities of these bands are united through the superior edge of the eye, forming a ring around the interorbital region; in one instanea a third band crossed the center of the space between the eyes; an oblique band on the breast below the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly; the fin with a dark margin; anal uni- 84 formly colored. The tip of the pectoral fin black; a black spot on the upper part of the base. In one specimen short vertical streaks pass from one longitudinal band to the other on the sides. Lengths, 5.50, 5.00, 4.50 inches. | Locality: Fanning Islands. JULIS MELANOCHIR, Bleeker. [No. 19225]. Julis melanochir, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl., ii, 1857, Amboina viii, p. 77; Atl. Ichth. i, 1862, Labr., 89, pl. 33, pl. 2.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 182. Head violet, with two narrow blue black-edged lines on the sides; one extending from the posterior border of the eye to the point of the oper- culum; the other from the angle of the mouth to the junction of the sub- and inter-operculum. Body green. Dorsal fin with alight edge and a dark intramarginal line; anal with a light margin. A rounded, transverse black spot across the posterior border of the pectoral fin; a black spot in the axil above. Locality: Fanning Islands. JULIS LUNARIS, (L.) Cuv. & Val. [No. 19226]. Labrus lunaris, LINN., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 474. Scarus gallus, Forsk., Deser. Anim., 1775, 26. Labrus viridis, BLocu, Auslind. Fische, v, 1736, 129, pl. 232. Julis porphyrocephala, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soe., ii, 183. Julis duperrei, QUOY & GaIM., Voy. Uran. Zod6l., 1824, 268, pl. 56, f. 2. Julis lunaris, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, p. 409.—BLEEKmER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Zabr., 28; Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 90, pl. 33, f. 5.—GUn- THER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 180; Fish. Zanz., 1866, 97.—KNER, Fische No- vara Exped., 1869, 256.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 535. Julis viridis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 420. Julis meniscus, CUV. & VAL., op. cit., 415. Julis martensti, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 421. Julis trimaculatus, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 13. Julis celebicus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ix, 1855, Celebes, viii, 313. Julis lutescens (SOLANDER), BENNETT, Zo6]. Beechey’s Voy. Fishes, 1839, 65, pl. 19, f. 2. Caudal lobes much produced; the second ray of the ventral fin pro- longed. Head violet, with two or three streaks from the hinder margin of the © eye, deflexed obliquely across the operculum; a curved band on the side of the head below the eye. Body green, with a vertical streak at the base of each scale. Dorsal and anal fins with dark base and light margin. A longitudinal oblong black spot on the upper part of the pec- toral fin. Locality: Fanning Islands. 85 JULIS ANEITENSIS, Gthr. [No. 19227]. Julis aneitensis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, iv, 1862, 183. Height equals the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total length (caudal lobes not included). Colors (in spirits), bluish on the shoulder ; no light cross-band behind the pectorals ; bands on the side of the head; two behind the eye, the upper extending to the origin of the lateral line, and the second from the middle of the posterior border of the eye to the point of the operculum; a third from above the angle of the mouth, across the lower border of the eye, to opposite the base of the pectoral fin; a curved band on the cheek below the eye, commencing on the edge of the suboperculum, turning upon itself behind the angle of the mouth, and terminating on the interoperculum. Body, greenish; each seale with a vertical streak. A broad oblique black band across the posterior half of the pectoral fin, and a black spot in the axil above. Dorsal fin with a broad light margin, and an intramarginal band, edged with a fine black line above and below; the lower line is very near the base of the fin; a black spot anteriorly on the dorsal between the second and third spines. Anal light colored, base dark; the dark portion limited by a fine black line similar to those on the dorsal. Locality: Fanning Islands. This species is apparently very closely allied to Julis hebreica, and is probably an eastern representative of that species. GOMPHOSUS UNDULATUS, n. sp. [No. 19228]. D. 8. A... L.lat. 27. 4. trans. . Height of the body 44 times in the total length, and the length of the head 24 times in the same. Caudal fin truncated; lobes very slightly produced. Color in spirits: Head brownish-olive; a broad irregular band from the snout through the lower part of the eye to the operculum. Body glaucous-olive, lighter on the breast, aud with a vertical purplish streak at the base of each scale on the sides. Dorsal and anal fins with narrow transparent margins; the former with a median row of irregu- larly-shaped light spots; the other portion of the fin purplish; from the upper margin of the purple portion slender, tooth-like streaks ex- tend upward into the transparent margin between the rays. Anal with a narrow purplish band along the base, with its margin dentated; a band of the same color along the center, the upper margin of which is scalloped, and from the lower margin are tooth-like streaks similar to 86 those on the dorsal. A blackish transverse streak across the posterior part of the pectoral fin, and a black spot above on the base. Length, 9 inches. Locality: Fanning Islands. Allied to G. varius, the principal difference between them being the markings on the vertical fins. POMACENTRIDAL. GLYPHIDODON SEPTEMFASCIATUS, (C. & V.) Gthr. [No. 19229]. Glyphisodon septemfasciatus, Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 463.— BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Sumatra, i, 582. Glyphidodon septemfasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 40. 13 x D 9 7 ea PETIA L. lat. 29. L. trans. 3. Scales between the eyes do not reach as far forward as the anterior border of the orbit. Seven transverse bands on the side of the body, broader than the spaces between them; the firstand second band situated in front of the commencement of the spinous dorsal fin ; third, fourth, and fifth bands under the spinous dorsal; sixth under the soft dorsal ; seventh on the caudal peduncle behind the dorsal and anal fins. Upper half of the spinous dorsal blackish ; caudal lobes tipped with black. Locality : Palmyra Island. GLYPHIDODON SORDIDUS, (Forst.) Gthr. [No. 19230]. Chatodon sordidus, Forst., Deser. Anim., 1775, 62, no. 87.—BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 230. Pomacanthus sordidus, LACHP., iist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 519. Glyphisodon sordidus, RUPPELL, Ati. Fische, 1828, 34, pl. 8, f. 1—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1880, 4€6.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr., Cien., 16. : Glyphidodon sordidus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 41. Scales between the eyes extend forward to the anterior border of the orbit. Six cross-bands on the body. ne epee pat en ata IS Se ee A Se ecco ciG 47 ATPENPOUS. OLAS Loses cs bo soak eas enone eeeece nna e aL een ee 46 FG@SSOU oie ee US Reis he eins re estonc cre Shas IG SS a Hara sec 14 WWestri COMUS tasers ce etsred ceiaratisia rato iers ah s ote tera ta Seater Bic tatat tote tate vay te lc ten eres te eye ere 125, 127 TUWDESECUS oi siecie cere ebin Wee Sakae see SISOS Se a ee 125 Leucogastra ..---- Tee Ley Ge eterriey aba ic ahh wie at anaiayale givin Menage Bee te 24 Héucorhynchus <350.cacet ees ose Soewidecaws sSoeke secu Sa cus Cosa eeee 56 SRT ER NS re iste veers tataniats as A eh Me He IN a Sa 1 ioid Saou aya 23 Hiomenra ‘cinctimanar: Socio oe se mews) owciaee ee eee aee oe Wace are ene 116 Veta e Soe cies wininiascitrare eyareraetcrorofe re nate asl etavo a otelata Secreta re ene 116 HissocareinUs: oe oS cos ao Sac etscs Saeeheeee aoe ees eeeeneceesee ees cemeee 110 orbicularis socos coleiaksle oe aie acs oac sles sean alae baa eee 113 Bo beliacere oe eS oe san ais crs ae alter etm gg Sue a LSU Ne IAI 143 DEON Es VAS wis cieas nial cinpe stove sis sieisie erate nraretclcrareye alate rotate aie lellae ia otis epee ee aeare = eer 38 Moris Kwhlis soos say oo ets cretas ketal sl aerate gens ere ares senor sieht SPS coed ee oe pear 13 Hos Coronados Tslands -2\j2)2 Gack: ics hoc ieatee otesoiciewieteae s See See eee eee 11, 40 Bower Californias jo. scccces So eae s eee eataieen cic eos Seek Eee ee 7, 9, 38, 39 Muciferides 3 eee eee wee eae Saad so sets SoS eee 122 POUICIPON 5 so sire aroha cits eee aS NOUR et TNT SNS 120, 122 ACORUEA Leow eo oa ae os es 122 TusMMin O82 Foo hs SER SSS a ca Se eS ae ee Nd aiclou ns ae Seon eeeoeeeee 142 do 0) 0 0 = asa a eee ye Oe dee eg ES CEs ree RE I OOS 106 Bupayoranulata ces 35 eee en ee ssteteiecaie) felafelalolel a ciciaeie ie reeor omer 109 sanguinolentars suis sos see erendae ee Sees Ccislcien siene leas enlon ee earners 106 PH UbJANUS ALUANUG) cmos) eon clef eecianeoine alesse eer lee cine nis eenicleeiaeeeiser eee 97 PIMOATUS iad oe Soe were Siete crete eee ee eC tes ree 90. Macromy sisi sees ata (sini occ seree ee miee eee eienarel seis sie cine a ciate eerste eter 124 Macrophthalmidae ish. oo sconces seca cece sem tece cee cse ce oe eae ee acceeas 113 OA LEEW 0 Ce see A eR a 103 Page IMMA ORE) sob6s0 6465 6666 adobe bebo co5ebs ooo o00dSo 6oSU0s0 BHoOooonSoDED CEmBee 142 ITI Olevia Tea ie ord eis omy Aa) wats e Mare aaelctatate eeica) cleiaars siele cies) Were staaiecl NaH 15 WAT JIGIAITG! GBSR86 sBReae Cees BOTCES BRAD GS CECH CO55 Dora ESE To CnSe hed cceroS aaeE 44,54 EPITUT A TAU Sette ey eraracyes crs ie siatsns caiciste 2 sistnie niemeioiotn teleinie es nieiclainve cin wa chamacieeis 69 Me CIERTANCAM SER ceice ac cee ois sass elseeaiassin lecereuine sews bates ene anim eemisaie 110 REE eA HEMMSISCOMCNS Hi se ciee ea eae nic la aio oes oe ote enaure ein mincing e sielal tc 28 Melichthys ringens.......----..--- stnletsis cinco peeee Meee emsmereneeiio sereese 57 WG) eoeRS5ibeae Boomer Sco o OBEe BO HOS CHeROee Sh5oc6 6cShe oneroRmEaS 57 Mesopnion janthinuropterus. 32-0 ccccscccccs cise oniceceisenmen sscncise senses 90 NiME Mh Sees ae pasine ieaie tice win wa esieeGaneo wine ala RE ee en ese eee 90 SULIACUS Aacjeaiciseie Cisne sicleicie faic's jan clniciate sd winie tale sie eet ate ene ee eee 90. WES TONO CEA PSUS LEME GM NAM pce ecm a seme = ernie cin ew si secale eee eeetertcon 114 MG iro oC ASteMA COTES AUIS). dbbEE aUEOSOoboSSS CeSOEs SEbooShooos0 Sande 116 JPRS) hj VEEN sasces dooeo6 SoeoSh o86500 coteds BOS EEO SOS SOU CESSES ooEesC ost 117 WeIS coonce soconondeodo Sobor Ss HegOC bonga0 HOSHoo conbHO Secon tosodc 117 IOV TMDRTTWS ~ soo ococSbo cococe cb0Sne SosSoU DoS oOU SSTuSEeEBeus Fanode.s< 116 TILONKEE omiaaa poOneS GOODS DAQOOO DA ASGI O05 500 SAG O08 SoS SI CSE COU SHG aC 116 LER TTMO MNOS) ed BoStod coo EOD DOSER O SCO OOC OOOO GC COS RSIS OSEO OBESE Hoes 119 [EMIS SOM AOMAMOS HN 656565 cooode 656560 0805050 6SSh00 SOS555 BobSG0bosoSoUeSeeC 119 Teta isle) 3s e66 obdoo6 GoSKdS coboSuSbdboodcHdo cosdsadudecs Giadoo 7, 23, 24, 28, 143 JPRMTRANIS sce oto-cdoseuoSbes voSood cd EOS cooSno LoSeHo csaDcocedecE coon sseue 117,118 AM CLOM MC ALOMMEN SI Sistema ae sees aan ciaeeinee eeeioe ewe aeiela ae laeiateee eaisieneeias 16 Mamie eee pees cao asclemecsclee Sais cicls niacleetalc\alclaelsiarwaloe aerate 16 WEE CHRO UTC MNS co 5660 doo ddb doessu aoodos asad 465000 be oops 16 VES WENO s) O NIIIS S Sedo coos Good euos peso bocace cod secs.cabe 16 Vencogep ha lustees = seiteseetars cise setae cae) s oo ance meats sar eet eelore aie 16 ParaciLroivuspLlOorsberiae sees decsceecs so ss sees Ach ee RO Ape GIRLIE acc pl 73 Paradiodon novemmaculatus .-......--..---.-------++-- oe ees Re i Se Sere 43 CMEC TNTE CATS ee seo ee be totc Sace os cs osinooy cos sons es ceciGeeae 43 ~ [ERMPIOOH OREN) SooG65 Coast OSC SOO bOOSOS 6ESb55 HObba6 pobo5S Senses DOEE CHESBOOSS 62 PAreXOCeetUsMeENbO ses saeco oeinice ss cine cise See elCMR eee Bee acne meee eee ees 75 164 Page. TERT) IMMEDI S poobo5 cone c65b OdGd bed0 6665 6505 4650 0080 Sage ca506600 HoodS6 S000 14 IPARROROLIN sooo6 Concho coobod pdouds Geoobd Cobcdo Dd0550 cdaG0n GoNS60 csabO0 GAS 10 Passerculus alaudinus sscce. -- 2-26 soos one clenleninels=) leis cisiel o> = clei elsie siecle =lal= 9. EAT TTT Peep nem P EMU LA DE EMG SENS Aa A oe 9 gnttatus 2205 See eee ee ee 10 TRISH DUG aesh5 C6550 6500 Goug Heed O60 Sood 55a0 656586 S055 5660 conc 9,10 guttatus.... .---.- 1-2-3. -- oe erence ene wen on = 10 Sand ViCeMSiS; 2. 5 -ceeeeee ec ere at obelsciee sean owner eons &< 10 RAW ENNIO Gosnoo doo so0 Gou0 G60 5600 605 pe00 Fads bone SSu5 cad0 cea0eC 9,10 alaudinise Soe eue eee cree encase release eases eres g)- PYMUINTOWS 5 S556 Goe5 coSGauGKs Sobu doaD a4an DoDD OSHS bods OneS 9 EAN Bassas doom so00 6455 6600 Sabo Uodoo0 564 COUN C506 UBad6D CooSho G050 DOGG 00 20 Pelecanus leucogaster ....-.--.¢-------------------+---- Pie sein ane eeiee ate 22 MMUTNKOE 4550 bone oooU omUs Goa GAO6U656R COON Cab5500 Hons baaSoD oSoSSo SHES 25 palmerstOmis es soe cer seo oleae eee oe arta = = alee ee tafe de 25 Piscator .... .- 2. ee cne cone coe one eee enn one cee once sone cence 23 ViIG“UA.- 2. oon ee cape ween ce ee on ee we oe eee nee ene nnn ween cece canes 25 Perea guttata ...2-. 22 2-22 20 0 oe oe oe oe ce ee ee ee we ee ne ee ee ee ee ee cee eee ee 91 hexagonata ..-... 2.2225 oo noe oon ono nnn nn ne ween sone nares 92 WOM. cosso bobo S566 Seco Seoed6 GONG FeOeo0 Hood OOOO GougUOSSOSoedsoo000=S - 92 plumiera...--. 222. 2-22 cnn cee ee eon eens wee wee ee eee eee ceeee 50 pulchella .... 220. 2-22 nee wenn eon ene nee ren oe eee cee coe eee e ees 101 spiniferum ...--. 220. 22-0 2 eee eee wn ee ne eee ene eee e eee eee nee 89 RSI Gaoood Gs0n00 BooDKS CoOue sie aieisicte Roe i eaccisio tis eee Sica aterteeets 73 urodela ...-- CEE SS GOES AR SOEIOE a BOC DEE EOE CEO UO DUBS O SOR ESE 5OOd50 0 91 PHIM? Goqo50 qouuos coUaEO caOsod 500000 So5G00 CUbbeD HOGH5H GogeHo coUeES cadaS 12 TRH LOD coooo coedao conmEs a65000 bod0b0 Cb O50" SudoKs SaobaD oobSKe coBGoobeCNS 22 Pheenicurus rubricauda..-..0 .----- -----+ see ee enone eee ee eee ne eens one 25 IPNRA) MAKER) GaGGoG onoGoS OaaouS cboGeb Gododo c6an5d couEoe daoaSOGeccOgcodoONC 25 Pheethon wetherus....-..--.-- o--------- RS Uae RE RAS ioe Sec cOKC Meohes pheenicurus .----. 22.2. .-- ne eens ene ene ene nee cee n ne cannes & 25 SIDED Re Ka5 GooaoS oobosd USS eaO ben oe boOboe oobood BoSSod ba0sco 6 25 TANCES one Goo Good cone cade baad 6404 GoBo cane ataoRe.comdao Soa0 a0 25 PhalacrocoraxX jraculus ose. ss ose sees se eteer sewiccl sa cee = eee ieseieeee cea 25 MIGVeLr..2. 2-0 enn ane enn one we eee sees eee cece cece coes cecee 25 Phoenix Group ...- 2-2. 2-220 on = ene aes cee nee con cnn cree nee cone ne noes 14 TDs Roya aap Els) oe ee Sooo boEg 6600 CaGOedod COUd GoEd s400Kd00 boa C0 128 Iie?) GAGe eee case bosouKho udouldéas ooS0 HoogUe S600 Gono OSes POS Sic 128, 131 PRN AMMAOVES) Ses GeSe ooe Beao ooo GoGo Geo0 Saud 0000 GaoD bade osu Gu: Goad'sa006 130 TIIMKOMNINT, cemeeemnsoaes Geum puocouodoS coco GaKe GeUd ontGE doe Esco coes'oueD Ga00 60 1380 Phronima atlantica...... ..ccce ccne woos cone ene cece cece cece cece mone coe nee 6 130 borneensis ......--- WSs ES UN enya tat tata cfeeatntarelietaie mater sleierertalstetateksberets 129 @BEIOS G656G0 6otbboe Oods60 boSdE6 coUGb0 GeEsodbodgsun Addéo56 6599000000 129 NIRYOUIEE 5 So BomA bern bOObco CUObd odbdos csccaNdeGnce caadeasans co6o 128 165 Page. Phronima sedentaria ....-..----2 «-- 900 00006 Hons Hoos doooOS cgHdad HoSbad oes 129 DIROSTTONOVER. nooobo CobocomeoSEd HSE600 COO500 Sooeb5 Gogues Sasoao.cquRS sieges 130 Phrynosoma hernandedi ...~--- 2-2-7 o-- 220 eee oce coco ce cone cone ce cece cone ee 36, 41 Pica sanblasiana -..---- NA she Kis B03 bese nea 3A Ongo ObNOEGOEGSOS SOnO GHa0 il Pichiiingme RA ocece ceas SE eeE CE ERED Sob pO ce onco SoOda5 GcomESenE Eas corced 11,12 EetapaSIlae ee eae cone oes koe enNansos Necelos mm etlenteicans 18 Pimelometopon pulcher.... 2... ..---- cece cone coc nns wee ne coe nee cone enn -- = 44 TeiimmbRe, HNO) 55555 coud GopUBKORDotonb 400 HOOD Gobo CobdEd 0OOS Soo Soca ees6os 115 (RINE) Soo KooBUG SOO OCA GbE Cod DOObIbSEO GQudSD LoCo. udd0 CooadE decode 115 TER OITOHRERNGIED. s oodo codes GasbSeoe 66ho aa6deo boo band GoGOba nana HsUs GedolonoKDN 113, 115 Piiylus melanacephalug.s--2- se=es~ e22- eo =e soo -a~ coon ome weele(e =i == 11 Pityophis affinis. ......-.-. 2. ---- +--+ -- --- 2 2+ one one one woe teens eee ee 40 Tela, ssonseoode coda cease HbabbeDeoa boScoO USCOboCOS QGKS 6680 66G06 40, 41 amp eon coe665 sosces coanospo cobosn copoee soEoss Bsadcn S65 Sse e 40,41 Platyonichus.. .--. 1-222. cece ne conn cee e ns cnn coon ns oon nae cnn e cee ene wae =o ee 110 Talnen Sean des ener te des at Oa LU bcs cust wnt toceded sued scce dotdeg ean 133 Platyscelus batei--.- .222.. 6.2. c0s0 coe ene c ns cence enna ne enon n= ons = nn - 133 PISSOINGOU Ae ree co celate adele ee Seas aes sae sae stew eens e voce aictoseaetree 134 REISS sos sSo 6506 Gens connes edod cdHoo doadde bade does Sasa doosod 134 TPIGTRO NCCI Godocd coon saad co0GaS os0esD US doo0 co6606 HdN6 GhosbboEdo Saud BHed 57,79 Pluvialis folvus.-...--- F.SCbG Oded BOnGOo Dobe ob decoco GODBOO CoOSOUBOUCon BOOude 16 NGI PIPES esata scielsa cel einsiele = ale) aialnrelsiai= w\winl= alain) ainl= 5\-[e\@wjwm wie lwiminivimislim~inins 17 SQUAtATOlA...- 2. eens coe cone comme es cee ne conn ns one nn cane wane ane 16 TIME, cacecocoogen cose con600 5655 5505 n5odod CSO5n5 O66006 coda Re08 7 i TEIN. 35646 S SUR SHSRESSS DEBS OnE ESA EE CAE Cre eet arene ate sem 16 AH NOOMENIIE 5 ashco bo5650 060500 Sh6b dant asoond nobdg50 Dagean ad6uen 16 Podophthalmus spinosus. -....-..--- SD OdESS Seen nboacoaSeo Codned coc SHod scan 113 WH pocoas asob Hae 465 656000 4500 nbO000 Sotdao Sdoo cEnO Shoe GONE 113 ROK DOCH MUNN 6555 S6q6 noo bob o6o5 soceco Gace cade Bescus 6508 ede cone aoce 143 Poly pierichthys valentini--- 226s coo. os eos cans sec cce coerce connne sermne 74 REsresecer tric caper titye: Sean OA o rin Cons insite s hey tec ao a 66, 86, 97 iPomacanbhusPsOLrgqiduseycoms fees alsacisce esi ole aisicicislecicisicic) ojmielc se! cel= isle Sisetsciee 86 POMACENELUST AULA Spe areeiels ecclesia csciel cis inicielel Sisiseisiniciae(eisicleisisicinieieisisicinielecieie 97 MAM ENMLOSUStemerss esos ine cle sicie ie aerosol cae oan = cise oat oeyoicts 88 Pontellin® ....-...... soon arate a eae reels ee eae elon eae soos wade name sesene 138 Homntel aprenden caeremcsitacissceeistcaecie rics cetee ce ecise ce ecicicinaclsicioteinicnieiemieleciee 140 Pontellinaldetruncataoocces cocci secsce cecce ccc occce SeaGb CaSESo S660 6a06 140 Rantsmoutlcecm cece sce s coe cetisas ceca noc cece ne ce elew cea SoCo ees Se es ur Fortunidiec. ease. scicsee BE SA Te eS See cele eee eld a aale Saeislae aces Seicpeeeeia tes 106, 113 Portunus admete..........- GOA H CAC ISEB Ee HAS E CO Sr SSO SO CSACE hE eRCE 106 WHOIS cosoad cnoade 6660s vaca Gs00 0006 Doon CadcoGa506 Boas HoOGod 109 JDAVHMIIEY 6 Gab edd Cobos bobSdbnbo Seb bHos ObEdaH Hato Gace Guab oda6 soosor 108 SaleuInolentuswesseeetee eee oases eeeeeere a5 ddoaen SoKe bacOOnGE 106 TERIAL ae ore a UN NNN Ca SS ee 0d (2 a a ee ee 113 166 Page. Post-Tertiary ...---..--- Gol aisle siecle a ate! dialect iwiete oiesioi a aielar ae stare aie eacmta pena arenes 42 ILIACAD LMI sess svelte ce cece wats bic wi cles rc scutes wicte sate ejleicietermetcacts Serie Mere eeiee 72 Priacanthus ¢arolinusi. i. cccicc osteo cece asamce snes wae siciscseeetenaee aeeeee 72 PALIT O ee Se eels Sejee see Sollee ee oe a een ae 130 Pristipomatids -......-. soocas Seca e Hoses easels cay aeees Sis clei reteeeereeee 49, 90 Pristipoma COTO LOSES RRS ROI NE yore sea Ut eer Up = dor Jeueiseus: Js Soe ese sees SSE esse daece once Sone esos wee Seen 49 Brocellariidw@scoe soi coe seo cco cacaiccicine o eins civtein Set asio sisi nice eae sie ease 29 critical Teview Of SsFs5. oe ieee eee ate eines wt otc a are cleaner 30, 31 Procellaria adamastor: ss. sas ns wee ns soc ae vee cee cin seers a See SR 29 brasiliana ss sense oe soso Gace ee oe oe Swe Moe ene Seer 24 CINEFEA sh is cease ele Pos alee ise elowieeera iets see eee 29 UTENO SoS Goa6 Gu.G6066d dob650 650000 cD6Gbe KodHOb SOOBHO DeNba6 deo : 30 Wwesitata sees css co dwetre es wctontecinsoe se cece sean eee ee eee 29 PaLvirostris’s s jo Lcjes sce asecls wa soso osiscics o sisissin cetsie Selsey aes 30 Promysis .....-. PoRoeED COSkO0 6506 6055E0 SodaCR beodeS Sogsed caSSoD OsonON SSe6 5° 124 Psendocheilinus hexatewnia soe ssoe oe cael aes oaee cemele ces icc ne cece ears 63 psittaculusg. 3 2csocccsescccess sas ssasscece ccine ease cseeeees 63 Pseudoscarus eruginosus 2s. 2s oce coos clco-s cece oes eseccieascec te seers 81 Plobicepsites= Sas esse. See ecs soon meee Solna awe Seco Papper as 80 Jonesi asses soew Sees cae oes coe ao ael eee owen fra sene 2 80 SpilonotuS ase cice cee ces ca Sscsce chs ioe caselcaicis Salsa ace meeeeeres 80 Pseudoserranis Tout ye ee ars Sites wisn Paleo sae a oa ace hanes eee S 92 Bsittaculaskwhlts 33 3252 2 2es secs scsktscsenstsein si sears oa Se so cte c arstectateictn soe tareieinets 13 interirin cillacea: casas eae FASS Re Sse Sees So salcise So cteeme cere eens 13 Psitfacuscahly sca sa Ns ee cose CORES NSS anys eee 13 Pteris aquilina var. caudata..---....- io siete se Siclnlel cjcieib cle eneie wise aerial ie rue cera 143 Pterodromavatlanticassassscc cases Seo eee soak cose sco ardce Soca oe eee come 30 Butlins cee oss Sa secs ods Sole ses emeide ses oe a seis Se ce sle dee aio en eeee epee 30 Drasilinsis 2 ss 5s35 chasse sss SS Haske esse Ca Se ecicies Seneca eaeeee ' 24 CINETEUS SES CAST Seo Bo sal Spee so aU caiie ee ee eee ete 29 heesitatusese sack Ss Pee Re ee Ai as oS ea ee eee 29 (Nectris) mativitatis tse acs oe eo ose co cce cis oo vee coos cece eee 29, 30 PACH CA HSS SAS My a A NOE AAU oS rere ae 30 Pupet Sound SesT Sey TI et rarer ein tene ete te fe macra ser crema ieee ene a ene 115 Byran ga sass sscocs gO Pate ieee RAP 8 20 PR BE a 10 PAVED TNT AOA AS ee Ses cane Fe I EL NL Ea ea hee Ct 39 Raia esse ss F FSS e AS SRS NA FN eae th LS Sh SONY SR 19 Rallusdarifornmis. 33 5c c/s le ase ete hometown wc talelo miaicinis Seen ee eee 27 Medi Sease angel SS Sk Ae ea NE ee rd Saree ener aa re 110 Rhabdosomare sss Sa eS oreo ae Cee eats 137 WhibeL A252 Po a PEE OTIC re epee 137, Rhantistessparvilostris’ os NS a eat es Rs ea 30 | ay OHM AKON OYE RICO Es) cs le RU Ra i MN SRC ALON Nya Ly Ss RC ae a a eS a 59 Page. Pera AuS CUCOLMYNCRUS! te aseiseieie sei ol seisie owls oe sissjeciclsaisiojsiwieces once 55 PRO CUC CUS aoe ane etateis a egeieeete oie mie eictnre cin sia eisioies Wa esis mice nelcle 55 hombordicnohys)leopardinuses-.specenscseeae ee nee cee e=e ce cee sees coos 79 PantheriMmusilaseses coc meee seer eee eee e meee cceeE ces ees 57,79 FVNGINDUSSOAMLMOCLIMUS! Goan ecennd 16 WHO ~255 5555 cesses cone ss oecn codoad GoQogdIocdeS asen ada Sonn boones 18 Trichoglossid ..---- ---- ---- +--+ e222 one cee cee nee ce een nee nee eee eens nee 13 Trynga tridactyla...-.-.--. ---- ------ --- 22+ eens wee cee see ene rene eee eee C 18 STINGING cocood bode eboo Bead Sd0u Ga50 Cond goad one Secu coua cece macHGaes O66 14 TMM onc cao oo donb dogsougsodad ba6Gbde Sao Sao pedecoGaades sS0c0s coSaen BoSesC 115, 116 Turbo argyrostoma..----.----- ------ ---2-2 cee n ee eee ee eee eee odes siscseceree 117 Turdus migratorius.....---- J Badhos ce eSaN FESS 0505 HONC0S code onoses coDSét OS 14 Tyrannida..---. .--20- --- 22. een en ene ne cen cee eee cen conn cence cone eee 12 Tyrannula cinerascens -....----- eeeee. ee 2 eee eee woe nnn cee cee n ns cee ene ee 12 Tyrannus cassifi-.....---. .-- 2-0 eee n ee oe eee ene ce nee tenn ene n eee nee ee 12 WOGMIEIAMNS Jo condos bnocad dEESeL SASS boo ROSRHE Sone Goon Seseds 5056 12 Weaince pe aapiat seers ssicperictals wiciasines BS SPS BOR be BOE SEn EE CEEOOCS Gono oEoodE 114 imittied! GWE coco sasoss pace SoodoS Gaus een S804 6606 G506 Code cos sed code Saccose 38, 110 Upeneoides bivittatus ......---. DE ive ed Ha GE ere Oe Oce re naL code Hoan donanoT 71 THERES) sco6 do onde osas doobnd beSeoe cobobos cedD Gbocds Cnoccd HS6aG" ¢ 7 Wpeneus bifasciatus ..2-)2 505.225 5-8 soca cacwee eae ene an oneal ens oceans o== fl 71 IDES ONIGWENS cocado oboeao Hose SSeS cou coo bUS DORECU Odea Goes booEcciggsa 71 bivittatus......... Te OS He ESL SAC HOCIIE ONC OOO O00 CHAU OOS OIET 71 Aa olineatUs eee os Ske ae) Aan ee MEE eit tts 89 MstTitASclatUS= 22s clean: , f. 2-9. (Sil.) Numunulus, Waller. Craniide. 1778. Syst. Min. ii, p.500. Non-binomial. (= Cranio, Retz.) Numulus, Agassiz. Craniide. 1846. Nom. Zool. fase. ix, 1846, p.60. (= Nummulus, Wall.) Obolella, Billings. Obolide. I8GH. New sp. L. Sil. Foss. i, pp. 6-7, f. 7 a-d. Type O. chromatica, Bill. i. c. (December). 4 50 Oboleilima, Billings. Trimerellide. Canadian Nat. new ser. vi, p. 220, Dec. (Sil.) Type Obolus galtensis, Billings, 1.c. p. 222. Pal. Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 168, f. 161, Jan. 1862. (= Trimerelia, B.) @Obolidae, King. Lyopomata. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Obolus. @bolimge, Dall. Lingulide. Am. Journ, Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. Brach. cont. Obolus, Obolella, Monobolina, Spondylobolus. Obolus, Hichwald. Obolide. Zo0l. Spec. i, p. 274. (Sil.) Type 0. apollinis, Hich., Schl. sp. Dav. 1853, p. 136, pl. ix, f. 280-284. Syn. Aulonotreta, pars, Kut.; Ungula, Pander; Ungulites, Broun. @bovites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio R. p.7. No ex.cited. Gen. incert. @lpulus, Quenstedt. Obolide. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 732; lapsus, = Obolus, Eichw. @mychites, Mercati. Brachiopoda. Met. Vatic. p. 330 (non-binomial), and subsequent writers, for a group of brachiopods with deeply incurved umbones, like Stringocephalus, Gypidia, and some Ehynchonelle. @rbicelia, D’Orbigny. Discinide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Noex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p. 350. No ex. cited. Prodr. Pal. Strat. 1849, p. 20. No type selected, first two sp. cited as of ‘“D’Orb. 1847”. 1st sp. O. Buchii, Verneuil, Murch. Geol. Russ. Ural, ii, p. 288, t. 19, f.1. 2d sp. O. punctata, Sow- erby, in Murchison’s Siluria (ed. iii), p. 212, f. (35) 1, pl.v,f.17. (i. Sil.) Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 69, pl. vi, f. 9. 9th (last) sp. cited O. ter- minalis, *‘D’Orb. 1848”, Conrad, in Kmmons, Geol. N. York, iv, p. 395, f. 4, 1842. Dav. 1856, xiv, f. 4-7. In the absence of other information, O. Buchii may be taken as the type. (== Trematis, Sharpe.) Orbicula, Cuvier. Craniide. Tabl. Elém. d’Hist. Nat. p. 435. Type Patella anomala, Mull. = Crania an. Dav. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 24, 32, 33, 35, 36. (Recent.) Lamarck, Prodr. p.83, 1799. Type O. norvegica, Lam. non Sow.=Crania anomala. Ib. Syst. An.s. Vert. 1801, p. 140, same type. (= Crania, Retz.) Orbicwla, Sowerby. Discinide. Min. Conch. vi, p. 4, pl.506. Ex. O. reflexa, Sow. 1. c. G. B. Sowerby, Conch. Man. ed. ii, p. 209, 1842. Thes. Conch.i, p. 365, 1847. Not Orbi- cula,Cuv. (= Discina, Lam.) Ovbiculacea, Anton. Lyopomata. Verzeichn. p. 21. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. Oa wiculae, Deshayes. Lyopomata. Encye. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. 187i. is7i. iz. 1847. E798. 1830. 1839. 1830. 51 Orbicularius, Dumeril. Craniide. Zool. Analyt. p. 168. (= Orbicula, Cuv.) Orbiculidae, M’Coy. Lyopomata. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 103. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. Adt. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28,1846. (=Discinide.) Orbiculidze, D’Orbigny. Lyopomata. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Siphonotreta, Orbicella, Or- biculoidea, Orbicula. Orbiculima, Agassiz. Iyopomata. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 757. = Orbiculide, M’Coy corrig. Not Orbiculina, Lam. gen. Rhizop. Orbiculoidea, D’Orbigny. Discinide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p. 301. No ex. cited. Prodr. Pal. Strat. 1849 (Sil.), p. 21. Ist sp. O. Morrisii, ‘‘D’Orb. 1847”, Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 65, pl. vii, f. 10-12. Two other sp. cited as of ‘“ D’Orb. 1848”. It would appear as if O. Morrisii must be considered as the type. Davy. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 1-3, cites O. ellip- tica, Kutorga sp. (Schizotreta) as type or example of both Orbiculoidea and Schizotreta, as also in 1853, p. 129, t. ix, f. 253-255. It is, however, only the type of the latter, though both may be congeneric. (Comp. Schizo- treta, Kut.) @rithothrix, Davidson. Productide. Intr. Expl. pl. xii, f. 27; lapsus = Orthothriz, Geinitz. Orthambomites, Pander. Strophomenide. Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 80, t. iii, f. 7; xxviii, f. 18, generic diagrams. 1st sp. p. 81, t. xxii, f. 1, (Sil.) O. transversa, Pander, 1. ¢., which with eleven of Pander’s eighteen nominal species is referred by Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 852, to Orthis calligramma, Dalman, Ter. p. 28, t. 2, f. 2. See Orthis. Syn. Schizophoria, King. (= Orthis, Davidson.) @rtihnidse, Woodward. Arthropomata. Man. Rec. and Foss. Shells, p. 229. Fam. Brach. cont. genera Orihis, Strophomena, Davidsonia, Calceola. @rthis, Dalman. Strophomenide. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 93, 96. Istsp. (queried by Dalm.), O.? pecten, Wahl. sp. Act. Upsal. viii, p. 66; Dalm. |. c. p. 110, t. 1, f. 6. 2d sp. (also queried), O.? striatella, Dalm.1.c. p. 111, t. 1, f. 5; 3d (not regarded as typical by Dav.), O. zonata, Dalm. 1. c. p. 111, t. ii, f. 1 a-e (not — O. adscendens, Pander); 4th sp. O. callactis, Dalm. 1. c. p. 112, t. ii, f. 2; 5th sp. O. calligramma, Dalm. 1. ¢. p. 114, t. ii, f. 3 a-d; Dav. 1853, t. vii, f. 127. This and the 4th sp. are taken as typical by Davidson. Syn. Schizophoria, King; Orthambonites, Pander. Not Orihis, Mke. Ortihis, Menke. Terebratulide. Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p.96. Sole ex. Anomia truncata, Lin. sp. Day. 1856, pl. vii, f. 9-12. Id. Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 69; i, p. 95, t. vi, f. 12. Not congeneric with any of Dalman’s species. (= Megerlia, King.) 1806. E844, 1849. 1847. L847. 1856. 1830. 1852. 182s. 1830. 52 Ortihis, King. Strophomenide. Perm. Foss. pp. 103-105. Type Anomites pecten, Wahl., Dalman’s ist but queried sp. of Orthis. Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f.42. Not Orthis, Davidson, Mke. but = Strophomena, Bl. sp. Owrthis, Davidson. Strophomenide. Intr. p. 101, pl. vii, f. 127. Types O. calligramma, Dalm. Dav. 1. c. and O. elegantula, Dalm. Dav. 1. c. pl. vili, f. 140. Ibid. 1856, p. 194. In- cludes Orthambonites, Platystrophia, Dicaelosia, and Schizophoria. (= Or- this, Dalm. em. not of King, Menke, or Philippi.) Orthisidse, D’Orbigny. _ Arthropomata. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, Orthis, Or- thisina. Orthisima, D’Orbigny. Strophomenide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 267. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. vili, p. 2638, t. 8, f. 7 (probably anomala). No sp. named. Id. xiii, 1850, p. 319. No type specified. Three species: Ist, O. anomala, Schloth. sp. Dav. 1853, t. 8, f. 150, 151; 2d, O. adscendens, Pander sp. ; 3d, O. Verneuiliit, D’Orbigny (Eichwald sp.). Prodr. Pal. Strat. i, p.18. No type cited. Three sp. named: ist, Verneuili; 2d, anomala ; 3d, adscendens. Cours Elém. Pal. 1852, ii, p. 84. Sole ex. cited, O. Verneuilii, 1. c. f. 243. Kiehwald, Ur- welt, ii, p. 51, t. 2, f. 3-5. Dav. 1856, t. xi, f. 23. This should probably be taken as the type. Quenstedt considers anomala and adscendens con- specific. (== Klitambonites, Pand.) @rtinisima, King. Strophomenide. Perm. Foss. p. 105. Ex. Gonambonites plana, Pand. Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f.25. Ibid. 1853, pl. viii, f. 153, 154. @Orthisima, Davidson. Strophomenide. Intr. p. 104, pl. viii, £149. Takes as type Klitambonites adscendens, Pander, I. c. Ibid. 1856, p. 198, pl. xi, f. 24, 26. (= Klitambonites, P.) Orthomata, Emmons. Acephala. Genus supposed by Herrmannsen, Ind. Mal. ii, p. 165, to belong to the Brachiopoda. (Lapsus, = Orthonota, Conrad.) Orthotetes, Oken. Strophomenide. Isis, p. 232, as of Fischer de Waldheim. Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index, p. 764, 1847. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, 1846, p. 37, note, cites Strophomena pecten, Wahl., as the apparent type. (== Orthothetes, Evans.) Orthotheles, D’Orbigny. Strophomenide. Pal. Frang. Terr. Cret. iv, p. 340; lapsus (= Orthothetes, Evans.) Orthothetes, (Evans, MS.) Fischer. (Incerte: sedis.) _ Bull. Soe. Imp. Nat. Moscou, i, p. 375. No ex. cited or figured. Gen- eric description insufficient to be recognizable. Stated to be related to Placuna and Pedum. (Gen. incert.) 1850. 1853. 1849. 1847. 1850. 18as. 1842. i83i. 1850. 1829. 53 Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldheim. Strophomenide. 1837. Oryct. Gouv. Moscon, p. 133, t. xx, f. 4 a-c. No specific name applied. According to Bronn, the figure represents Orthis arachnoidea, Verneuil, Geol. Russ. Urai Mts. ii, p. 196, t. x, f. 18; xi, f. 1, which, according to Davidson, is Spirifera crenistria, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, ii, 1836, p. 216, pl. ix, f. 6, = Streptorhynchus crenistria, Dav. Mon. Carb. Brach. pp. 124, 228, and Mon. Dev. Brach. p. 81. Fischer again introduces the name in Bull. 1. c. 1850, p. 23, pl. x, f. 3, with the species this time named O. radiata, Fischer, = Streptorhynchus umbraculum, Dav. Mon. Dev. Brach. p. 76. Syn. Streptorhynchus, King. (= Hipparionyx, Vanuxem.) Ovthothrix, Geinitz. zs Productide. 1847. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xx, p 84. Type Strophalosia excavata, Geinitz. sp. Dav. 1856, pl. xii, f. 27-29. Cf. Geinitz, Zechst. p. 48, 1848, and Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, v, p. 300, 1848. (—Strophalosia, King.) Orthotoma, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. i874. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 315, pl. 45, f. 138-142. Subg. Terebratula. (Mid. Lias.) Type Ter. Heyseana, Roemer, Verst. Nord]. Ool. 1836, p. 35, t. 12° £7. Orthotrix, Auctt. Productide. Lapsus; cf. Orthothrix, Geinitz. Ostracites, Lihwyd. Invertebrata. 1699. Lith. Brit. Ichn. and other non-binomial authors. Genus incert. In- cluded fossil Pectinides, Spondyli, Ostrez, and Brachiopoda. 1 Ostreopectinites, Auctt. Invertebrata. Used by early non-binomial authors to include various ribbed brach- iopods, Anomia and Ostrea sp. foss. Oxyrhymehus, Lihwyd. Rhynchonellide. 1699. Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 34, non-binomial. Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, 1871, pp. 29,34. (= Rhynchonella, Fischer, not Oxyrhynchus, Aristotle.) Pachiloma, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 1831. Mon. Biy. Shells Ohio R. p. 8. No ex. cited. Gen. incert. j Pachyloma, Herrmannsen. Brachiopoda. 1848. Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 186. Paetel, Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 149, 1875; lapsus, == Pachiloma, Rat. Pachyrhynchus, King. Terebratulide. 18590. Perm. Foss. p. 70. (Recent.) Type Terebratula rosea, Mawe. Sow. Gen. f. 4, Day. 1856, pl. vii, f. 25-8. (= Bouchardia, Dav.) Palzocramia, Quenstedt. Cranide. 18714. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 688, t: 61,f.98. (Sil.) Sole ex. Orbicula anti- quissima, Kichw. Leth. Ross. 1860, i, p. 909. (Cf. Pseudocrania, M’Coy.) Palliobranchiata, Blainville. Invertebrata. 1824. Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxii, p. 298. Class Moll. cont. the Brachiopoda and some genera of Acephala. 54 Palliobranchiata, King. Brachiopode. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 26. Class Moll. cont. Obolide, Lingulide, Orbiculidew, Craniide, Calceolide, Strophomenide, Productide, Terebratu- lide, Spiriferide, Thecideide. Paracycias, Hall. Acephala. Geol. Rep. Fourth Distr. N. York, p. 171. Erroneously referred by Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 200, to the Brachiopola. (Gen. Lucinidarum.) Pectimites, Aldrovandus. Invertebrata. Mus. Met. &c. Contained fossil pectens, with which pectiniform brachiopods were often confounded. ~ Pectumculi, Lister. Invertebrata. And subsequent non-binomial authors. Contained fossil sp. of brachio- pods among other things. Cf. Pectunculites. Pectumculites, Lister. Invertebrata. Hist. an. Ang). p. 245. Gen. conch. biv. fos. cont. sp. of brachiopods. Non-binomial. (Cf. Pectinites.) Pectumculus, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27, gen. Hypothyridarum; p. 3 mentions P. JSerreolus, Gesner, 1565, De fig. lapid. p. 166. Non-binomial. =? Tere- bratula rimosa, Quenst. Handb. Petref. 1851, p. 447. Not Pectunculus, Lam. Pedumculata, Berth. Brachiopoda. Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 196. Order cont. fam. Aquivalvia, Inequivalvia. (= Pédoncules, Latr.) Pedunculata, Fleming. Brachiopoda. Brit. An. pp. 225, 367. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula, Terebratula, Magas, Spirifer. Pedoncules, Latreille. Brachiopoda. Fam. Nat. Régne An.* Ord. Brach. = Pedunculata, Berth. Pentagomia, Cozzens. Spiriferide. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, iv, p. 158, pl. x, f. 3 a-b; read Dec. 8th, 1345. Type P. Peersii, Cozzens, 1. c.= Atrypa unisulcata, Conrad, Pal. N. Y., iv, p. 309, pl.50. Comp. Goniocoelia, Hall. Pemtamerelia, Hall. Pentameride. Notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, March, p. 163. Pal. N. York, iv, pp. 373, 375. Type Atrypa arata, Conrad. An. Rep. Geol. N. York, 1841, p. 55. Hall, 1. c. 1867, p. 375, pl. 58, f. 1-21. Pentameridz, M’Coy. Arthropomata. Carb. foss. Ireland, p. 103. Fam. Brach. cont. Pentamerus. Pentameridsze, Hall. . Arthropomata. Notice of Pal. N. Y, vol. iv, p. 19. Fam. brach. cont. Pentamerus, Pen- tamerella, Stricklandinia, Gypidula, Anastrophia, Amphigenia, Camarophoria, ? Triplesia, ?Gypidia, ?Camarella sp. i846. 1843. L468. 1687. 1687. is7i. 1867. 1844. 1867. 55 Pentameroidz, Agassiz. Arthropomata. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 805, == Pentameride, M’Coy corrig. Pemtamerus, Sowerby. Pentameride. Min. Conch. i (Germ. ed. p. 48), pl. 28, f. 1, 1813. 1st sp. P. Knighiii, Sowerby, l. c.; Dav. 1856, pl. x, f. 33-34. Other sp. P. levis, Sow. 1. c.f. 2; P. Aylesfordi, Sow. 1. c. t. 28, f. 3; t. 29. (Cf. Conchidiwm, Lin.) Pemtastera, Herrmannsen. Pentamerida. Index Gen. Mal. ii, p. 231, = Pentastére, Bl. = Pentamerus, Sowerby. Pentastere, Blainville. Pentameride. Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxii, p. 301. Ibid. Man. Mal. 1825, p.511. Vern. pro Pentamerus, Sowerby. Perforata, Giebel. Arthropomata. Allgem. Pal. p. 78. Fam. Brach. = Orthiside, D’Orbigny. Peridiolithus, Hupsch. Brachiopoda. Neue Entdeck. p. 144; non-binomial. ?= Orthis, sp. Pharetra, Bolten. Lingulide. Mus. Bolt., (ed. 1819, p. 111). Sole ex. P. monoculoides, Bolt.1.¢c. No description or figure of genus orspecies. == Lingula anatina, Lam. Hist. vi. 1819, p. 258. (= Lingula, Brug.) Pholidops, Hall. Craniide. 13th Regent’s Rep. p. 92; 15th do. p. 195. 1st sp. P. squamiformis, Hall, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 108 B, f.6 a-b. In notice of Pal. N. Y. vol. iv, Mar. 1867, by a MS. correction as distributed, this genus is said to be .@ synonym of Pseudocrania, M’Coy, 1859. In Pal. N. Y. vol. iv, p. 413, Crania antiquissima, EKichwald, Verneuil, Geol. Rus. Ural. ii, pl. i, f. 12 a-c, is said to be a Pholidops, but was cited by M’Coy as his first of two species of Pseudocrania. M’Coy’s P. divaricata is said to be of a differ- ent type. Syn. Palwocrania, Quenstedt, 1871. (Sil.) (= Pseudocrania, M’Coy.) Pilolithus, Beuth. Calceolide. Juliz et Mont. subterr. p. 150. Non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) Plachilomaa, Ferussac. Brachiopoda. Bull. Zool. p. 23; lapsus, = Pachiloma, Raf. Placumea, Rafinesque. Invertebrata. eae Nat. p. 148. Fam. cont. Cranicella, Raf. (= Les Ostracées, am. Platidia, Costa. Terebratulide. Fauna del Regno Napoli, p. 47, January. (Recent.) Type Terebratula anomioides, Scacchi, in Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 69, pl. xviii, f.9. Syn. Morrisia, Dav. Piatidiimeae, Dall. Terebratulide. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. cont. Platidia. IS47. ISis. q84s. ES24. E8o2. i768. 1798. i860. i?76. L830. L8is. 1802. 1870. 56 Platilia, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 183i. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio R. p. 7. Sect. Terebrariorum cont. #latilites, Pleurinea, Pachiloma, Strophomenes, Pleuranisis. Platilites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 183i Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. | Platistrophia, Quenstedt. Strophomenide. 1871. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 735; lapsus, = Platystrophia, King. Platystroplia, King. Strophomenide. 183®. Perm. Foss. p. 106. (Sil.) Type Orthis biforata, Schloth. Dav. 1853, p. 101, pl. vii, f. 146-148. (= Orthis, Dav.) Plectambomites, Pander. | Strophomenide. 1836. Beitr. Geognos. Russ. Reiches, p. 90, t. iii, f.8, 16; t. xxviii, f. 19, generic figures. Ist sp. p. 90, t. xix, f. 1, P. planissima, Pand. 1. c. Sil. (which with P. convexa, Pander, 1. ec. p. 91, t. xix, f. 5, and other of Pander’s sp. is referred by Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 995, to “Leptaena” convexa, Murch. Verneuil and Keys. Geol. Russia, ii, p. 232, t. 15, f.5). Generic figure t. iii, f. 8, appears to represent a Strophomena of the rhomboidalis type. Adt. Shaler, 1865, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, p. 64: 1st sp. P. glabra, Shaler, ].c. (Sil.) Syn. Leptagonia, M’Coy ; Leptaena, King; Strophomena, sp.Dav.; Leptaena, sp. Dalman. Pleuramisis, Rafinesque. - Brachiopoda. 1834. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. Pleurecterites, Bronn. (Incerte sedis.) ? 1848. Pal. Coll. p. 118. Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 391. = Pleurete- rites, Raf. corrig. Cf. Pleuretcrites. Pleureterites, Rafinesque. Invertebrata. 1832. Atlantic Journal, iv, p. 142, cuts.: 1st sp. P. lateristria, Raf. f. 2 (apparently a fossil coral); 2d sp. P. obliqua, Raf. f. 3, p. 143 (= Tri- gonia, sp.). Genus worthless; referred by Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index, p. 860, 1847, to the Brachiopoda. Pleurimea, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 1820. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232; name cited; no description. Mon. Biv. Sh. Ohio, p. 8; diagn.; no ex. cited. Genus incert. Pileuropysia, Bronn. Brachiopoda. 1862. Klass. u. Ordn. Thierr. iii, 1 Ste Abth. p. 301. Order cont. the inarticu- lated brachiopods. (= Lyopomata, Owen.) Poleteria, Ratinesque. Invertebrata. 1816. Analyse Nat. p. 148. Order cont. among other things the family Brachiopea. Polymaria, ‘“‘ Deshayes”, King. Invertebrata. 18350. Perm. loss. p..67,in synonymy. ? lapsus pro Polymyaria. (= Brachi- opoda, Cuv.) 57 Porambonites, Pander, , Porambonitide. 183®. Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 95, t. iii, f. 9: generic figure; t. xxviii, f. 21,25; 1st sp. p. 95, t. xvi A, f. 12, (Sil.) P. intermedia, Pander, 1. ec. Hight of Pander’s species are referred by Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 1029, to P. equirostris, Schlotheim sp. = Terebratulites equirostris, Schloth. Petref. i, p. 282, 1820, which is taken as type by Dav. 1853, p. 99, t. vii, f. 120- 122, and 1356, p. 192, pl. x, f. 37-39. Cf. Dav. Geol. Mag. Decade ii, vol. 1, Feb. 1874, t. ili. Syn. Isorhynchus, King ; Priambonites, Agassiz. Porambomutidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr. p.51. Fam. Brach. cont. Porambonites. Ibid. 1856 (olim). Priambomites, Agassiz. Strophomenide. Nom. Zool. Fasc. ix, 1846. Index, p.886,1847. Idem. Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 331, and Paetel, Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 471; lapsus, = Porambonites, Pander. Priomites, Agassiz. Strophomenide. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 888. Idem. Herrm. l. ¢. ii, p. 332, 1848; lapsus, = Pronites, Pander, not Mliger. Producta, G. B. Sowerby. Productide. Genera of Shells, fasc.21. (= Productus, Sow.) Producta, M’Coy. Productide. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p.105,f.9. First sp. Productus aculeatus, Sow. Min. Conch. t. 63, f. 7-8, 1813. Productella, Hall, Productide. Notice of Pal. N. York, vol. iv, Mar.p. 149. Pal. N. York, iv, p. 153. First sp. P. subaculeatus, Murch. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, xi, p. 255, pl. li, f.9 a-c, 1840. Hall, 1. c. p. 154, pl. xxiii. Producti, Deshayes. Arthropomata. Encyel. Méth. iii, p.553,tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus. (= Pro- ductide, Dav.) Productide, Gray. Invertebrata. Synops. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Calceola.: Productidze, King. Arthropomata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Stro- phalosia. Productidz, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 267. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Chonetes, Leptagonia, Leptena. Productidz, Gray. Invertebrata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Stropholosia, Chonetes, Leptaena, Orthis, Stiophonema, Calceola. Productidae, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Cours Elém. Pal. p.80. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Chonetes, Leptena. L803. 1847. 1847. 182o. 1844, 1867. L830. 1840. ES46.. 1847. E848. 1849. (BS Productidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr. p. 51. Fam. brach. cont. Chonetes, Strophalosia, Productus, (Au- losteges?). Ibid. 1856, p. 90. Conchyl. Cab. vii, p. 301, non-binomial ; = Productus pustulosus, Phil- lips, Geol. Yorkshire, ii, p. 216, pl. vii, f. 15. Not Pyxis, Humphrey, Bell, or Dej. 18953. Productidz, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 18714. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Mesopygia, sect. ili, cont. subsect. Diplo- thyride, Syphnothyrida. Productima, Giebel. Arthropomata. 1846. Allgem. Pal.* Fam. Brach, = Productide, D’Orbigny. Ibid. Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index, p. 892, 1847. : 1s8i2. Productus, Sowerby. Productide. 1814. Min. Conch. i, p. 153, t. 68; do. iv, p. 15, t. 317, f.2-4, 1823. Type P. martini, Sow. l. c. = Anomites semireticulatus, Mart. 1809, Petref. Derb. p. 7, pl. xxxii, f. 1-2, + A. productus, Mart. 1. c¢. p. 9, pl. xxii, f.1-3. Adt. Dav. 1856, P. martini, Sow. pl. xii, f.11; Konincek, Mon. Productus, 1847, p. 83, pl. viii, fi 1 a-h; pl.ix, f. 1 a—m; pl.x, f. 1 a-d. Promites, Pander. Strophomenide. 1830. Beitr. Geogn. Rus. Reich. p. 71, sect. Klitambonites; 1st sp. P. adscende#s, Pander, |. c. t. xvii, f. 6. (Sil.) Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f. 24, 26, =type of Klitambonites. Not Pronites, Iliger, 1811, gen. Avium. (—Klit- ambonites, Pand.) Protomia, Link. Productide. 1830. Handb. Phys. Erdbeschr. ii. 1, p. 449. (= Productus, Sow. corrig.) Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, 1871, pp. 27, 609; noex. cited. Not Pro- ‘tonia, Rafinesque. Pseudocramia, M’Coy. Craniide. 18ah. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vili, p.388. Type Crania antiquissima, Kichwald, Sil. Schicht. Esthl. 1840, p. 169. Dav. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 22. Cf. Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 79. M’Coy’s 2d sp. Crania divaricata, M’Coy, Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. 1]. ¢. pl. viii, f. 7-12. Dav. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 25-26. Syn. ? Pholidops, Hall; Palwocrania, Quenstedt. Pugites, De Haan. Terebratulide. i833. Mus. Lugdun. p.—. Type Terebratula diphya, Col. Woodw. Man. p. 215, pl. xv, f. 2, 1854. Bronn, Leth. p. 653, 1838, (fide Herrm., Bronn.) (= Pygope, Link.) ’ Pycmodomte, Fischer de Waldheim. Invertebrota. 183. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. viii, pl.i; gen. cont. Orthis, sp. et Gryphea, sp. foss. .Pygope, Link. Terebratulide. 1830. Handb. Phys. Erdbeschr. ii, 1,p.451. Type Zerebratula diphya, Col., von Buch, Ueber Ter. p. 88, t. i, f. 12. King, Perm. Foss. 1850, p. 144. Woodward, Man. p. 215, pl. xv, f.2. Syn. Pugites, De Haan; Antinomia, Catullo. Pyxis, Chemnitz. Productide. 1784. 59 Rensselzria, Hall. Terebratulide. 12th Regent’s Rep. p. 39, Oct. Ist sp. BR. suessana, Hall, 1. c. f. 12. = Meganteris s. Hall, 10th Reg. Rep. 1857, p. 100; Pal. N. York, vol. iii, pl. 106 a, f. 1. 2d sp. Zerebratula ovoides, Eaton, Geol. Textb. p. 45, 1832; not of Sow. Hall, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 104-5, f. 1. 12th Reg. Rep. l. c. f. 3,4,5. Dall, Rev. Ter. 1870, p. 105, took the second sp. as the type. (Comp. Centronella, Bill.) Reticularia, M’Coy. Spiriferide. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 142, f. 26, pl. xix, f.15. 1st sp. Terebratula ? imbricata, Sow. Min. Conch. t. 334, f. 4-6, 1823 (Germ. ed. p. 365). (2? = Spirifer, Sow.) Retsia, Davidson. Spiriferide. Tntr. pl. ix; lapsus, = Retzia, King. Retzia, King. ; Spirtferide. Mon. Perm. Fos. p. 137. Type Terebratula adrieni, Vern. Hall, 16th Reg. Rep. p. 57, f. 4; Day. 1856, pl. ix, f. $1. Comp. Acambona, White; Eumetria, Hall. Rhizophylluma, Lindstrém. Calceolide. Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1865, p. 271, pl. xxxi, f.1-8. Type R. gotlandicum, Lindstr. 1. c. = Calceola gotl. F. Roemer. (= Calceola, Lam.) Rhynchomelia, Fischer de Waldheim. Rhynchonellide. Notice des Fos. Gouv. Moscou, Oct. 26, 1809, p. 35, t. ii, f. 5,6. Type &. loxia, Fischer, 1. c. Dav. 1853, pl. vii, £. 99. Ib. 1856, pl. x,f.7. Cf. Hemithiris, D’Orb.; Hypothyris, Phillips; Rhynchotrema, Hall. (=Rhyn- chonella, Bl.) I have been able to consult the original paper. Rhynchomelia, (Fischer) Blainville. Rhynchonellide. Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xly, p. 426, 1827. Fischer de Waldheim, Oryct. Gouv. Mose. -1837, pl. 24. Type R&R. lowia, Fischer, Dav. 1853, pl. vii, f. 99. Resembles &. acuta, Sow. Lias (Dav. in litt.). Cf. Hypothyris, Phillips; Rhynchotrema, Hall. Rhymchomellida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Hemithiris, Rhynchonella, Strigocephalus, Porambonites. Rhynchomellida, Gray. Arthropomata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p.438. Fam. Brach. cont. Rkynchonella, Came- rophoria, Uncites?, Trigonosemus, Rhyncora (Dalm.), Pyyope, Delthiridea, Pentamerus. Rhymchomellidar, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr.p.51. Fam. Brach. cont. Rhynchonella, Camarophoria, Pentamerus. Tbid. 1856, p. 90. Rhymchomellima, Gemellaro. Rhynchonellide. Giorn. Sci. Nat. ed Econ. Palermo, Studj. Pal. sulla Fauna del Caleari a: Ter. janitor, ili, p.29. Type R. Suessi, Gem. p. 31,1. ¢. pl. v, f. 1-7. (Jura.) (This paper not seen, but particulars kindly furnished by Mr. Davidson.) 1899. 1s44. L836. 1830. 1866. 1809. 60 Bhymchopora, King. Rhynchonellide. 1856. . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. xvii, p. 506, pl.12,f11. Type Rhyncho- nella Geinitziana, Verneuil, King, l.c. Not Rhynchopora, Iliger, gen. crus- taceorum, nor of Latr. gen. coleopterarum. Rhynchora, Dalman. Terebrutulide. 4828. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 105,135. Ist sp. Terebr. costatus, Dalm. 1. c. = Anomites costatus, Wahi. 1821, Act. Upsal. viii, p. 62, t.iv, fig.12-14. Supposed by Dalman to= 7. lyra, Sow. = Lyra Meadii, Cum- berland. 2d sp. p. 136, Anomites spathulathus, Wahl. 1. c. t. iv, f. 10, 11,1821. Dav. 1856, p. 126, pl. vii, f. 19-21, pl. xiv, £.54,55. (Cret). Herr- manusen, Index Gen. Mal. Suppl. takes 2d sp.as type. King, Perm. Fos. » p. 81, takes the Ist. i Davidson says that Hagenow added a false beak to some of his specimens of 7. costata, which seems to be a Trigo- 2 nosemus. Woodward meutions the same thing, and adds that a cast of this false beak is in the British Museum. Dalman quotes 7. lyra, Sow., in his synonymy of T. costata, but places a note of interrogation after the ‘‘rostrum .... producta?” in his diagnosis. The name would seem to be well retained as a subgenus of Magas, with the second species as the type. Rhymchoridse, King. Arthropomata. 1830. Perm. Fos. p. 81 (p. 245, olim). Fam. Brach. cont. Ismenie, Delthy- ridea, Rhynchora. Rhynchospira, Hall. Spiriferide. 1 809. 12th Regent’s Rep. Oct. pp. 28,29, f.1-6. Type R. formosa, Hall,]. ¢. Pal. N. York, iii, p. 484, pl. xev,a, f. 7-11, same type, 1859. (Comp. Retzia, King.) ‘ Rhynchotrema, Hall. Khynchonellide. 1860. 13th Regent’s Rep. App. F. p. 68. Type Rhynchonella increbescens, Hall, lc. p. 66, f.38-13. (L. Sil.) = Atrype incr. Hall, Pal. N. York, 1847, vol. i, pp. 146, 289, pl. 33, f. 13 a-y, pl. 79, f. 6, = A. capax, Conrad, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. viil, p. 264, 1842. (Comp. Rhynchonella, F.) Bhynmchura, Agassiz. Terebratulide. 1847. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 942, = Rhynchora, Dalm. corrig. Rhymcora, Gray. Terebratulide. 1848, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438; lapsus, = Rhynchora, Dalm. Whymcospira, Hall. Spiriferide. 28a9. Pal. N. York, iii, 1859, p. 213, subg. Trematospira. (L. Held.) 1st sp. Trematospira globosa, Hall, 1. c. p. 215, pl. 36,f. 1 a-p. Lapsus, = Rhyncho- spira. EsShymgomeliia, Bronn. Rhynchonelude. 1849. Nom. Pal. iii, p. 1087, lapsus, = Rynchonella, Fischer. 61 Rhynobolus, Hall. Trimerellide. 23d Regent’s Rep. p. 247, pl. 13, f. 10, 1872. Extras Mar. 1871, fide Hall. Type Obolus galtensis, Bill. Hall, 1.e. (= Trimerella, Bill.) Sacculus, Lihwyd. ; Brachiopoda. Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 42, no. 871; non-binomial. Gen. incert. Sandalielite, Rozier. | Calceolide. Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) Sanmdaliolithus, Hupsch. Calceolide. Neue Entdeck. p. 56; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) Samdalite, Rozier. . Calceolide. Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) Samdalites, Hupsch. Calceolide. ; Neue Entdeck. p. 56; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) Samdaliuma, Oken. Calceolide. Lehrb. der Naturges. iii, p. vil. (= Sandalites, Hupsch. corrig.) Sarcicobrachia, Gray. Brachiopoda. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii,p. 436. Ord. Brach. cont. Productide, Cra- niade, Discinide, Lingulide. Sarcicobrachia, King. . Brachiopoda. q? Perm. Foss. p. 81. Ord. Brach. cont. Lingulide, Obolidw, Craniade, Discinide, Calceolide, Davidsonide, Productide, Strophomenide. i Sarcicobramchia, Paetel. Brachiopoda. Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 185 ; lapsus, = Sarcicobrachia, Gray. Schizocrania, Hall and Whitfield. Discinide. Pal. Ohio, ii, p. 71, pl. i, f. 12-15. (Cincin. Gr.) Type Orbicula filosa, Hall, Pal. N. York i, p. 99, pl. xxx, f.9. = Trematis f. Hall, 23d Reg. Rep. expl. pl. xiii, f. 21-22. Schizophoria, King. Strophomenide. Perm. Fos. p.106. Type S. resupinatus, King, = Conch. an. resupinatus, Martin, Petref. Derb. 1809, p. 12, t. 49, f. 13-14, = Orthis res., Phillips, is7ti. 1699. A? 74. 1768. igv74. i7Gs. 1815. is4s. 1850. 1875. 1875. 1850. Pal. fos. Cornwall and Devon. p. 67, t. 27, f. 15, and Murch. Vern. Keys. © Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, 183, t. 12, f. 5,6. (= Orthis, Dalm.) Schizotreta, Kutorga. Discinide. Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, pp. 260, 272, t. vii, f. a-c. Type S. elliptica, Kut. 1. c. (Sil.) Dav. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 1-3. (= Orbi- culoidea, D’Orb.) Sclerobrachia, Gray. Brachiopoda. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436. Ord. Brach. cont. Spiriferide, Rhyn- chonellida. Sclerobrachia, King. Brachiopoda. Perm. Foss. p. 81. Ord. Brach. cont. Hypothyride, Spiriferide. 1848. 1848. 1800. 62 Schmaidtia, Volborth. Obolide. 1869. Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, iv, 1868, p. 208, t. 17, f. 1-6. Sole ex. S. celata, Volb. 1. c. (Sil.) p. 209. Quenst. Petref. Deutsch]. 1871, p. 671. ?Syn. Dicellomus, Hall. Not Schmidtia of Bals.-Criv. gen. Porifere, “1863. Semibrachidés, D’Orbigny. _ Brachiopoda. 1849. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Sect. Brachide cont. Spiriferidw, Magasida, Terebratulide, Orbiculide, Cranide. Semiluma, King. » Arthropomata. 184.6. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, pp. 33,36; lapsus, = Seminula, M’Coy. Semimula, M’Coy. Arthropomata. 1 84:4. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 158; p. 150,f. 31. Ist sp. Terebratula pentaédra, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, p. 221, t. 12, f. 3, 1836, = Athyris ambigua, Sow. fide Davidson; 2d sp. Z. seminula, Phil. 1. c. p. 222, t. 12, f. 21-23; 3d sp. T. rhomboidea, Phil. 1. c. p. 222, t. 12, f. 18-20. (Nos. 2 and 3 are probably Rhynchonelle.) M’Coy’s first or typical species being a true Athyris, the name Seminula should take precedence of Spirigera, D’Orb, if Athyris be dropped. Semumula, M’Coy. Terebratulide. 18de. Pal. Foss. Cambridge Mus. p. 408. (Not seen by me. Stated to have been proposed this time for the group of Terebratule already character- ized by King as Epithyris and afterward as Dielasma.) Not Seminula, M’Coy, 1844. (= Epithyris, King, not Phil.) Sessiles, Latreille. Brachiopoda. 1820. Fam. Nat. Réegne An. p.—. Ord. cont. fam. Fixivalves, Latr. Sessilia, Berth. Brachiopoda. 1827. Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 196. Ord. cont. fam. Fiawalvia. (= Sessiles, Latr.) Sessilia, Fleming. Lyopomata. 2828, Brit. An. pp. 225,367. Fam. Brach. cont. Discina, Criopus. . Shizotreta, Davidson. Discinide. 1836. Jutr. p. 282 in syn. lapsus; == Schizotreta, Kutorga. Sipheomotremaa, Dana. Lyopomata. L849. Geol. U. 8. Expl. Exp. p. 615; lapsus, = Siphonotreta, Vern. Siphomeotreta, Verneuil. Siphonotretide. 184. Murch. Vern. u. Keyserl. Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, p.286. Type Crania ungui- culata, Eichwald, Dav. 1856, p. 239, pl. xiv, f. 9-18. Kutorga, Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, f. 1847, p. 261. Same type (Sil.) p. 264, t. vi, f. 4-6, 1848. Siphomotretacae, Kutorga. Iyopomata. 4848. Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, p. 250. Fam. Brach. cont. Siphonotreia, Schizotreta, Acrotreta, Aulonotreta, Mesotreta. Siphomotretes:, Morris. _ _Lyopomata. 1849. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. iv, p. 315. = Siphonotretee, Kut. 63 Skemidiuma, Hall. Spiriferide ?. 1860. 13th Regent’s Rep. p. 70, Dec. f. 2,4,5. Type Orthis insignis, Hall, 1. c. (Comp. Rhynchora spathulata, Dalm.) Relations doubtful, perhaps Stro- phomenoid. Spimifer, Rafinesque. Spirvferide. ASBa. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 7. No ex. cited; Japsus, = Spirifer, Sow. Spirifer, Sowerby. Spiriferide. 1815. Min. Conch. ii, p. 42, t 120. Sole ex. S. cuspidatus, Sow. 1. c. (Carb.) = Anomites cuspidatus, Martin, Trans. Lin. Soe. iv, p. 45, t. 3, and t. 4, f. 5. Dav. Mon. Carb. Brach. pp. 44, 224. This is the first printed reference to the genus, and it has been urged with much force by eminent authorities that the sole species mentioned here must necessarily be taken as the type of the genus. But Sowerby had previously pre- sented a paper (in 1814), which was then read before the Linnean Society,.and the substance of which became known not only in England but on the continent (cf. Dav. 1853, p. 81). This was published in the Linnean Transactions, xii, pp. 514-515, 1821, and in it the discovery of the spires from which the genus takes its name, in the Anomites stri- atus, Martin (Petref. Derb. t. 23, 1809), Sow. 1. ¢. p. 515, t. 28, f. 1-2, was announced, while at the same time Sow- erby notes that their presence in 8. cuspidatus was only sur- mised at that time. On these grounds, the majority of modern authors have justifiably regarded S. striatus as the type (see Dav. 1856, p. 159, pl. viii, f. 22-23). This decis- ion is of more importance, since S. cuspidatus belongs to a section of the genus differing in some details from that typi- fied by S. striatus, and which has been recognized under the name Syringothyris applied by Winchell. If-the work of restriction were to be done over again from the very begin- ning, it is probable that most authors would consider the rules of nomenclature better served by taking cuspidatus as the type, but the reverse process has been the rule among authors so long that it would be a serious detriment to sci- ence to attempt such a change at present. Syn. Spirifera, Phillips, J. de C. Sowerby; Trigonotreta, Konig, &c. Comp. Spirifer, King, Meek, &c. &pirifer, Meek and Hayden. Spiriferide. 1864. Pal. Upper Missouri (Carb.), p.19. Mr. Meek, considering S. cuspidatus, Sow., the first species published under the name of Spirifer as the true type, defines the genus upon that basis. Cf. Spirifer, Sow.; Cyrtia, Dal- man; Trigonotreta, Konig ; Syringothyris, Winchell. 64 Spirifera, J. de C. Sowerby. Spiviferide. 1835. Index Sow. Min. Conch. 1835 ; Phillips, Geol. Yorksh. ii, and Dav. 1856, p. 157. (= Spirifer, Sow.) Spirifera, MCoy. Spiriferide. 1844. Carb. Fos. Ireland, p. 128, f.17. 1stsp. Terebratula aperturata, Schloth. Petref. i, 258, ii, p. 67, t. xvii, f. 1. Spiriferidae, King. Arthropomata. 1846. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p.28. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Atrypa, Martinia, Strigocephalus. Spiriferidae, Gray. Arthropomata. 1848. . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 487. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Strigo- cephalus. Spiriferidz, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 1849. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Cyrtia, Spirifer, Spiriferina, Spirigerina, Spirigera. Spiriferidae, King. Arthropomata. 1850. Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Airypa, Athyris, Cletothyris Retzia, Delthyris, Trigonotreta, Spirifer, Martinia. Spiriferidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1853. Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Athyris, Spirigera, Uncites, — Atrypa, and subg. Spiriferina, Cyrtia, Reizia. Spiriferidse, Davidson. Arthropomata. 186. Intr. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifera, with subg. Spiriferina, Cyrtia, Suessia; Athgris, with subg. Merista, Retzia, Uncites; Atrypa; ? Koninck- ina. Spiriferima, D’Orbigny. Spiriferide. 1847. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. Noex.cited. Id. D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p. 334. Type Spirifer Walcotti, Sow. =S. rostrata, Schloth. sp. fide Dav. 1856, p. 161, pl. ix, f. 1-5, 11, 14. _Spiriferus, Blainville. Spiriferide. 1827. Dict. Sci. Nat. t, 50, p. 291. = Spirifer, Sow. Spirigera, D’Orbigny. Spiriferide. 1847. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex. cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, p. 357; Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p. 337, sole ex. and type S. concentrica, von Buch; Chenu, Man. ii, p. 216, f. 1108-10; Dav. 1853, p. 87, pl. vi, f. 65-67; Billings, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p. 233. (= Athyris, - M’Coy.) Proposed to replace Athyris with the same type, on ac- count of discrepancies between the diagnosis and name of Athyris and the real characters; but,if that be rejected, Seminula would antedate this name. Spirigerima, D’Orbigny. Atrypide, 1847. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p..334. Type Anomites reticularis, Linné, Dav. 1856, p. 175, pl. ix, f. 39-46. (= Atrypa, Dalman.) 65 ‘Spirobranchiophora, Gray. Invertebrata. US2HE. London Med. Repository, p. 238. Tribe Moll. aceph.= Brachiopoda, Cuy. Spondylobolus, M’Coy. ? Obolide. 1852. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii, p. 407. Types S. craniolaris, M’Coy, Dav. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 37 (Sil.), and Crania Sedgwicki, Lewis. The latter appears not to be a brachiopod. Cf. Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 83, pl. viii, f. 25. Spondylobus, Davidson. ? Obolide. 1833. Intr. p. 122, in syn. Dall, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, pp. 100, 163-5; lap- sus, = Spondylobolus, M’Coy. Stemocisma, Conrad. Pentameride. 1839. Ann. Rep. Geol. N. York, p.59. Sole ex. Terebratula schlotheimi, von Buch; Chenu, Man. ii, p. 220, f. 1132 (Sil.), scr. Stenoschisma. Syn. Came- ~* rophoria, King. Not Stenocisma, Hall, 1847, nor 1859. Conrad’s diagnosis is very short but explicit, and agrees perfectly with the characters of the species he cites as type, but which he does not figure. His typical specimens are _ not preserved. Professor Hall, on the ground that Conrad had abandoned his genus, proposed, in 1847, to apply the Stenocisma to a group of Atrypide typified by A. modesta, Say. In July, 1562, however, Professor Hall, having inves- tigated the interior of this species, proposed for it the name Zygospira. This was in conformity with the well-established rule that a genus once described passes out of the control of its describer, and, except for identity of characters with some other, cannot be wilfully remanded to. oblivion. In 1859, Professor Hall (Pal. N. Y. iii, 236, t. xxxv, f. 6 a—-y) described a brachiopod from the Lower Helderberg under the name of Rhynchonelta formosa. In 1867-68 (Pal. N. Y. iv, p. 334, and 20th Reg. Rep. p. 270), Professor Hall refers to an unpublished lithograph, with MS. notes upon it, by Mr. Conrad, among which a figure (referred by Professor Hall to his Ehynchonella formosa) is stated to be named Ter. schlotheimit in Mr. Conrad’s handwriting. For that reason, Professor Hall, considering R. formosa to represent a par- ticular group of Ihynchonellide, proposes to revive Conrad’s name of Stenocisma for the group in question. In spite of some reasons which seem to recommend this course, it still remains very doubtful whether it is desirable to be adopted. Mr. Conrad may have confounded the R. formosa with T. 5 r 66 schlotheimi at the time of preparing this plate, as the two shells are not dissimilar externally. Or he may have in- tended to represent 7. schlotheimi, and failed to do so sufii- ciently to allow his figure to be distinguished from R. for- mosa. Any one familiar with Mr. Conrad’s plates will, not doubt the possibility of this. But there does not appear to be any certain method of deciding that there was any necessary connection between this figure and the “ common Silurian bivalve” which Mr. Conrad had in his mind when he proposed his genus, and with which his diagnosis agrees. The fact that the same species was afterward made the type of the genus Camerophoria by Professor King has no bear- ing on the question. To the writer there seems no escape from the necessity of taking Mr. Conrad’s citation as it stands, and thus conform- ing to the rules of nomenclature, although in so doing we shall be obliged to reduce to the rank of a synonyme a name which has been widely recognized and generally adopted. Stemocisma, Hall. Atrypide. Pal. N.. York, i, p. 142, pl. 33, f. 15. Type Atrypa modesta, Say; Hall J. c. (Trenton Gr.). Scr. Stenoschisma; not Stenocisma, Conrad, 1839, nor Hall, 1867. (= Zygospira, Hall.) Stemocismaa, Hall. . Rhynchonellide. Pai, N. York, iv, p. 334. Type Rhynchonella formosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y. ili, p. 236, pl. 35, f. 6 a-y (L. Held.). Ser. Stenoschisma, not Stenocisma, Hall, 1847. (Comp..Rhynchonelia, Fisch.) Stola, Klein. Invertebrata. Ostracol. p. 173, non-binomial, pl. xii, f. 82-86. Gen. cont. Chama sp. Brachiopoda sp. Name cited Spondyli Listeriana, Klein, 1. c. incl. several things. Stophalosia, Bronn. Productide. Leonh. u. Bronn, Jahrb. f. Min. p. 248; lapsus, = Strophalosia, King. Strepheodomta, Marschall. Strophomenide. Nom. Zool. p. 140; lapsus, = Strophodonta, Hall. Streptorhymchus, King. Strophomenide. Mon. Perm. Foss. p. 107 (Carb. and Perm.). Type Terebratulites pelar- gonatus, Schloth. Denkschr. Acad. Miinchen. vi, t. 8, f. 21-23. Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f. 27. Dav. Mon. Perm. Brach. ii, f. 38, 40-42. (See Hemipronites, Ps) i867. 67 Stricklamdia, Billings. Pentameride. Canadian Naturalist, iv, April, p. 132, f. 8-10. (Sil.) Ist sp. Atrypa lens (Sow. ?), Bill. 1. c. Murch. Sil. Syst. pl. 8, f. 9, 10. Billings, Can. Nat. 1863, pp. 78-85, refers species to the genus which are probably not congeneric. Cf. Hall, Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 373, 1867; S. canadensis is the first of a series of characteristic forms referred to the revised genus by Hall. Not Stricklandia, gen. plantarum. Cf. Stricklandinia. Stricklamdimia, Billings. Pentameride. Can. Nat. viii, 1863, p. 370. (Sil.) Proposed for Stricklandia, Bill., which had previously been used in botany, though this, under the pre- vailing practice of naturalists, was quite unnecessary. (= Stricklandia, Bill.) Strigecephalida, King. Arthropomata. Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Strigocephalus. Strigocephalus, Detrance. ? Terebratulide. Diet, Sci. Nat. vol. li, p. 102, pl. 75, f.1,1la. Type S. Burtini, Defrance, l.c. Woodward, Man. p. 222, f. 130, 131, pl. xv, f. 13. Ser. Stringo- cephalus, q. V- Strimgocephalida, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr. p. 51, (?) fam. Brach. cont. Stringocephalus. Strimgocephalimear, Dall. Terebratulide. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Subfam. Brach. cont. Stringocephalus. Strimgocephalus, Sandberger. Terebratulida. Leonh. u. Bronn, Jahrb. fiir Min. 1842. Day. 1853, p. 73, pl. vii, f. 95-98. Type S. Burtini, Defr., Dav. 1. c. =Strigocephalus, Defr. bene corrig. Strophalosia, King. Productide. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv, p. 313. No ex. cited. Ibid. 1. c. 1846, xvii, p- 92. Type Orthis excavatus, Geinitz, Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 578, pl. x, f. 12, 13 (Dev.). King, Perm. foss. p. 93, pl. xii, f. 13-17, 1850. Syn. Orthothrix, Geinitz ; Leptaenolosia (olim), King. Stropheedomta, Hall. Strophomenide. Pal. N. Y. ii, p. 63. Type S. demissa, Conrad; figures S. prisca, Hall, pl. xxi, f. 9 a-b, 1852. Dav. 1856, Intr. p. 203, note. Mon. Sil. Brach. p- 3886. Brit. Foss. Brach. appendix, p. 28, 1874. = Strophodonta, Hall, emend. Strophesia, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232; name cited without diagn. ~ or ex. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8; no ex. cited. Genus incert. Strophodomta, Hall. Strophomenide. Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 348; 10th Reg. Rep. p. 138, f. 12. 8. demissa, Conr. sp. (Ham. Gr.) Rep. Pal. Iowa, t. ii, f. 5 a~c; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. viii, p. 258, t. 14, f. 14, 1842. (Ser. Stropheodonta.) 1859. i863, 1850. 1853. 1879. HSA. 1&44. 1832. 18350. 68 Siropholosia, Gray. Productide. L848. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 433; lapsus, = Strophalosia, King. Strophomena, Blainville. Strophomenide. Man. Mal. i, p. 513, ii, pl. liii, £2. Sole ex. S. rugosa, Bl., which (fide Meek) is S. planumbona, Pal. Ohio, i, p. 73,1873, =Leptaena planumbona, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. York, vol. i, p. 112, pl. xxxi B,f.4a-e. Adt. King, Perm. Foss. p. 103, 1850. See Hemipronites, Pander. Strophomena, Kin g. Strophomenide. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 36. Type S. rugosa, (Raf.) Bl. King here considers Blainville’s type congeneric with Leptaena alternata, which has socket-valve concave, while planumbona had been said to have it convex. But in Perm. Ios. p. 103, Professor King concludes that it is concave in planumbona also, which appears to be the fact. Stroplomeema, Davidson. Strophomenide. Intr. p. 105, pl. viii, f. 157-159. Type S. planumbona, Hall. Dav. 1. c¢. includes Orthis? pecten, Dalm. Ibid. 1856, p.200. Ditto, Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, iv, p. 178. (= Strophomena, Blainv.) Strophomema, Meek. Strophomenide. Pal. Ohio, i, p. 73, pl. v, f.6 a-c. Type S. rhomboidalis, Wilck. [=Lep- taena, Dalman, King, not of Davidson.] (= Plectambonites, Pand.) Strophomenes, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) Annals Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232, 1820. Name only; no diagn. or ex.cited. ‘Annals of Nature, Oct. 1, 1820”, fide Rafinesque, but not tobe found there. Descr. Rem. Objects Cab. Raf., Nov. 1831, p. 4. Ist sp. S. levigata, Raf. foss. Ohio Limestone; descr. insufficient. De- france, Tabl. p. 6, 1824; name only. Noex.cited. (Genus indeterminate.) Professor Hall says he saw, in Rafinesque’s cabinet, after it had passed through several hands, a specimen of Stroph- omena rhomboidalis, Wilckens, labelled by Raf. as S. rugosa. But this is insufficient to determine the character of his original type, even if the label had certainly not been mis- placed, as Rafinesque has even united a coral and a Trigonia in one genus as brachiopods! The genus must stand as of Blainville, and by his figured type, if it is to be retained at all. See Hemipronites, Pander. Strophomenmes, Steining. Strophomenide. Verst. der Hifel, p. 36. Not seen. (= Orthis, Dalman.) Strophomenidae, King. Arthropomata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, Orthis, Leptena, Chonetes. 1825. L846. E853. 183i. 1846. 69 Strophomenids, King. Arthropomata. Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, Leptaena, Chonetes, Orthis, Schizophoria, Slreptorhynchus, Orthisina, Dicelosia, Platystrophia. Strophomenmidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Orthis, Orthisina, Strophomena, Leptacna. Strophomenidz, Davidson. Arthropomata. Intr. p. 90.. Fam. Brach. cont. Porambonites ; Orthis, with subg. Or- thisina ; Strophomena, with subg. Leptena; ? Davidsonia. Strophomemsz, Rang. Strophomenide. Man. Moll. p. 261; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, 1848, p. 433, lapsus ; = Strophomena, Raf. Strysocephale, Blainville. Terebratulide. Man. Malae. p. 511, pl. lili, fi 1. Ter. Burtini, Defr.1.¢. (= Stringo- cephalus, Sandb.) Strygocephalus, Bronn. Terebratulide. Index Pal. iii, p. 1208; lapsus, = Strigocephalus, Defr. Styriasis, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. Suessia, Deslongchamps. Spiriferide. Annales Inst. des Provinces, 1854. Day. Mon. Brit. Fos. Brach. i, p. 28. Appendix, 1854. Davy. 1856, p. 165, pl. ix, f.6,13-18. Type S. imbricata, Desl. 1. c. (subg. Spirifer). Symtrielasma, Meek. Pentameride. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Dec. 1865, p. 277. Geol. Rep. Illinois, Pal. vol. ii, p. 321, f. 36-37. Type Spirifer hemiplicatns, Hall, 1862. Stans- bury’s Great Salt Lake Rep. p. 409, pl. iv, f. 3 a-b. Symtrilasma, Carpenter. Pentameride. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p.73, passim; Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 724, 1871; lapsus, = Syntrielasma, Meek. Syphnothyridz, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Subsect. Productide cont. Productus, Pro- tonia, Chonetes, Koninckina, Strophalosia, Gryphites, Bufocephalus, Pyzxis. Syrimgothyris, Winchell. Spiriferide. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jan. 1863, p.6. Type S. typa, Winchell, lic. (—Spirifer cuspidatus?) Cf. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, ii, July, p. 1, pl. ii, iii. Sil.) Welestrophis, Agassiz. Invertebrata. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 1047. = Telistrophis, Raf. corrig. Pelistrophis, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) Atlantic Journal iv, p. 142, f. 7. Sole ex. T. torsala, Raf.l.c. ?= Spirifer sp., distorted. Genus incert. Temdimosa, Reeve. Brachiopoda. Conch. Syst. i, p. 174. Tribe Brach. ‘cont. Lingula, Terebratula. (= Pedunculata, Berth.) L830. L853. £856. 1865. 1867. ve & IS8G3. 1847. 1s3z. Esai. 70 Werebraria, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p.7. Fam. Brach. cont. sect. Macrilia, Isilia, Platilia. Werebratelia, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Noex.cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, p. 110,1847. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, p. 247. Type Ter. chilensis, Brod. = Terebratula dorsata, Lamarck. An. s. Vert. v, vii, p. 331, 1819. Dav. 1853, p. 65. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. viii, p. 346, t. 68, f. 15, 16, 17. (Recent.) Syn. Delthyris, Mke.; Ismenia, King. Terebratellidae, King. Arthropomata. Perm. Foss. p. 245. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratella, Megerlia, Ismenia. Terebratula, Llhwyd. Terebratulide. Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 40, no. 827-865. Non-binomial. Adt. Lang. 1708, Klein, 1753, &c. Cf. Terebratula, Miller. Terebratula, Klein. Arthropomata. Ostracol. p. 171, pl. xi, f.74. Non-binomial. Ist sp. T. simplex, Klein, lic. = Terebratula,.sp. Eerebratuia, O. F. Miiller. Terebratulide. Prodr. Zool. Danica, pp. xxxi and 249. Ist sp. T. cranium, Miiller, Others, = Terebratulina, sp. and indeterminate. Miiller cannot be said to have settled the type; his indeterminate sp. may have been T. vitrea. Cuvier, 1798, Tab]. Elém. p. 434; 1st sp. Terebratula vitrea; Gray, B. M. Cat. p. 17, f. 3a—b. Insynonymy of this, he (Cuvier) places Anemia ter- ebratula, Linné. Lam. Prodrome, 1799, p. 89, sole ex. Anomia terebratula, Linné, — (fide Hanley), Terebratula perovalis, Sow. Dav. Mon. Ool. Brach. p. 51, pl. x, f. 1-6. (Oolitic.) Lam. Syst. 1801, same type. T. vitrea, Lam., and T. perovalis, Sow., are generally ac- cepted as the types of the genus as now restricted. But if it is insisted that Miiller’s first species must be taken as type, Terebratula would = Waldheimia (Hudesia), as gener- ally understood, and the present Terebratule would have to take the name of Gryphus, Megerle. Werebratulacea, Menke. Brachiopoda. Synops. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p. 95. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebra- tula, Atrypa, Uncites, Gypidia, Magas, Delthyris, Cyrtia, Orthis, Monotis, Leptaena, Megorima, Apleurotis. Terebratulacez, Menke. Terebratulide. Syn. Mus. Mke. p. 56, olim. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Magas. Perebratuladz, Leach, MS. Arthropomata. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p.273. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula. Rerebratulae, Deshayes. Arthropomata. Enc. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, senso magno. 183i. L847. Lodo. 1776. 1 Terebratulanina, Gray. Arthropomata. 1838. Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p. 15. Tribe Brach.'cont. Terebratula, Terebra- tulina, Waldheimia. Terebratularius, Dumeril. Terebratulide. 4806. Zool. Analyt. p. 168. == Terebratula, Auct. Werebratulids, Gray. Arthropomata. 1840. Synops. Cont. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Spirifer. Herebratulidsze, M’Coy. Arthropomata. 1844. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p.150. Fam. Brach. cont. Delthyridwa, Terebratula, Cyclothyris, Atrypa, Seminula. Werebratulidae, King. Arthropomata. 1846. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Hypothyris, Pentamerus, Camerophoria, Uncites. Terebratulidz, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 184.7. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratella, Terebra- tula, Terebrirostra, Dissirostra. PTerebratulidae, Gray. Arthropomata. 1848. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p.436. Fam. Brach. cont. ‘“Magas, Terebratula, Terebratulina, Terebrirostris, Fissirostris, &c.” Perebratuladae, King. Arthropomata. 1850. Perm. Foss. p. 81 (p. 244 olim). Fam. Brach. cont. Hpitkyris, Terebra- tella, Terebratula, Pygope, Eudesia, Megerlia, Waldheimia. Terebratulidae, King. Arthropomata. 1830. Perm. Foss. p. 245. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Terebratulina, Delihyridea, Waldheimia, Epithyris, Pygope. Terebratulidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1833. Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, subg. Terebratulina, Wald- heimia ; Terebratella, subg. Trigonosemus, Terebrirostra, Megerlia ; Kraussia, Magas, Bouchardia, Morrisia, Argiope. Terebratulidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1836. Intr. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula with subg. Terebratulina, Waldheimia; Terebratella, with subg. ? Trigonosemus, ? Terebrirostra, Me- gerlia, Kraussia, Magas, Bouchardia, Morrisia ; subfam. Thecideide, with Argiope, and subg. Zellania; Stringocephalus ; Thecidium. Terebratulidze, Dall. Arthropomata. 1870. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratuline, Strin- gocephaline, Magasine, Kraussinine, Megathyrine, ? Platidiine, ? Theci- divine. Terebratulida, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 1871. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Sect. i of Mesopygia, cont. Hypothyride, Epithyride. 72 Werebratulidea, Sowerby. . Brachiopoda. 4822. Trans. Lin. Soe. Lond. xiii, p. 469. = Brachiopoda, auctt. Perebvratulima, Giebel. Brachiopoda. Paleoz. Faun. p. 121. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Delihyris, The- cidea, Magas, Trigonotreta, Spirifer, Orbicula. Terebratulima, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex.cited. D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, p. 249. Type 2. caputserpentis, Lin. pl. vii, f.7,8, 17,1848. Ib. xiii, p. 339,1850. Dav. 1856, p. 121, pl. vi, f. 7-10,24. Syn. Agulhasia, King. Terebratulimse, Dall. Terebratulide. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Subfam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Renn- selaeriz, Terebratulina, Waldheimia ; with subgenera Terebratula, Centro- nella, Epithyris?, Pygope, Waldheimia, Cryptonella, Meganteris. Werebratulites, auctt. Arthropomata. Walch, Schréter, and others, used to denote fossil species of Brachio- poda. PWerebratulites, Schlotheim. Arthropomata. Petref. p. 250, pl. 20,37, 40. Sectio Anomites, cont. Brach. Arthrop. sp. foss. ‘ Nerebrirestra, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 263. No ex. cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, p- 146, 1847. Type Zerebratula lyra, Sow. = Lyra Meadii, Cumb. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, p. 345, 1850. Journ. de Conchyl. ii, p. 222, 1851. (—Lyra, Cumb.) Werebrirostris, Gray. Terebratulide. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436; lapsus, = Terebrirosira, D’Orbigny. Whecida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Ibid. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80,1849. Fam. Brach. cont. Megathiris, Thecidia. Thecidaea, Gray. Thecidiide. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 437; lapsus, = Thecidea, Defr. Phecidzeadz, Gray. Arthropomata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 437. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea, Argiope. Thecidaeidae, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, p. 308. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea, Megathiris. Whecidaeidae, King. Arthropomata. Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea. Whecideadae, Gray. Arthropomata. Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p. 8. = Thecide, D’Orb. Whecidea, Defrance. Thecidiide. Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. p. 38 (1821?). Type Terebratula pumilum, Lam. Hist. An. s. Vert. vii, p. 58,1819. Dav. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1850, pl. xiv, f.58. (Cret.) Syn. Z. radiata, Defr.1.¢. (= Thecidium, Sow.) R846. is47. 1870. E820. L847. 183s. 13 Whecideae, Deshayes. Arthropomata. 183@. Enc. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea. Whecideidae, Gray. Arthropomata. 1840. Synops. Cont. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155; ii, pp. 85,92. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea. Adt. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28,1846. Dav. 1853, p.51. (Mel. Thecidiide.) Whecideidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1806. Intr. p. 90. Subfam.? Zerebratulide cont. Argiope and subg. Zellania, Siringocephalus, aud Thecidium. Whecidewnm, Lacaze Duthiers. Thecidiide. 48G4. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. xv, p. 262, pl. i-iv. TZ. mediterraneum, Sow. (= Thecidium, Sow.) Whecidiidar, Dall. Arthropomata. 1870. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 147. Cat. Rec. Brach. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1872, p. 195. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidium. Thecidiime, Dall. Thecidiide. 18790. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subf. cont. Thecidium. Whecidioida:, Agassiz. Arthropomata. 1847. Nom. Zool. Index, p. 1061. = Thecideade, Gray corrig. Whecidiuen, Sowerby. Thecidiide. 1844, Genera of Shells, xx. Dav. 1853, p. 77, pl. vi, f. 35-38. Type Thecidea radiata, Defr.—= T. pumilum, Lam. (Cret.) Dav.l.c. (= Thecidea, Detfr. corrig. & Wrematis, Sharpe. Discinide. 1847. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London (June), iv, p. 66. Type Orbicula ter- minalis, Conrad, Nat. Hist. N. York, iv, Geol. by Emmons, p. 395, f. 4, 1842. Dav. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 4-7. (Trenton.) (Syn. Orbicella, D’Orb.) Trematospira, Hall. Spiriferidee. eel i809. -Pal. N. York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 207. 1st sp. mentioned 1. c. pp. 207-9, Spirtfer? multistriatus, Hall, Reg. Rep. 1856, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 24, f. 3 a-t, pl. 28, f.5a-f. (Sil.) Cf. 12th Reg. Rep. (Oct. 1859), pp. 27-8, T. mul- tistriatus, Hall, 1. c. f. 3-4. (Comp. Retzia, King.) Wretemterata, King. Brachiopoda. 1873. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xii, July, 1873, p. 15. Subclass cont. the inarticulate brach. (= Lyopomata, Owen.) Trigomeiia, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 1871. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27, pl. 45, f. 1-2. Gen. Epithyrid. Type Tere- bratula trigonella, Schloth. Petref. 1820, p. 271,= Trigonella suevica, Schréter (non-binomial), fide Quenstedt,1.c. Not Trigonella, Da Costa. (= Eudesia, King.) Twrigomelila, Fischer de Waldheim. Invertebrata. 1809. Notice Fos. Gouv. Moscou, p. 35. Sect. Terebratulidarum. Included some species of trigonal brachiopods. Not used in a strictly generic sense. (= Trigonella, Quenst. auct.) 74 Trigomosema, Paetel. Terebratulide. Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = Trigonosemus, Kon. Trigomosemus, Konig. Terebratulidee. Icones Foss. Sectil. p. 3, pl. vi, f. 73. (Cret.) Type T. elegans, Kon. 1. c. fide Day. 1856, p. 126, pl. vii, f. 6,7,8. Mon. Cret. Brach. p. 29, pl. iv, f. 1-4. Syn. Fissurirostra, D’Orb. Prigomosmaus, Paetel. Terebratulide. Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = _ Tri igonosemus. Trigomoremaus, Gray. Terebratulide. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438; lapsus, = Trigonosemus. Trigorimnan, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 7. No ex. cited. Genus incert. Wrigomotetra, Davidson. Spiriferide. Intr. exp]. pl. vili, f. 21. Spirifera disjuncta, Sow. Id. Keferstein, 1829. Zeit. Geogn. p. 85; lapsus, = Trigonotreta, Kon. Trigomotreta, Konig. Spiriferide. Icones Foss. Sectiles, no. 70, p.3. (Gen. cont. Spirifer sp. et Orthis sp. &c. fide Bronn.) Adt. King. Perm. Foss. pp. 81, 126, 1850. T. stokesii, Kon. 1. c. selected as type; =(?) Ter. aperturatus, Schloth. Petref. i, p. 258, ii, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 1 (fide Bronn). (= Spirifer, Sow.) Wrigomotreta, Meek and Hayden. Spiriferide. Pal. Upper Missouri (Carb.), p.19. Mr. Meek, having adopted S. cuspi- datus as the type of Spirifer, revives Trigonotreta, Konig, to contain Spirifer striatus, Sow. (commonly regarded as the type,) and its conge- ners. (= Spirifer, Dav.) Trimecella, “ Dalman”, Paetel. Trimerellide. Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = Trimerella, Bill. Twianereiia, Billings. Trimerellide. Pal. Foss. Canada (June), p. 166, vol. i, f. 151,a-b. Type 7. grandis, Bill. J.c. (Sil.) Dav. & King, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. May, 1874, p. 124, pl. xiii, f. 2,3. Wrimmereiiidar, Davidson and King. Lyopomata. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London (May), p. 142. Fam. Brach. cont. Trimerella, Monomerella, Dinobolus. Triplesia, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 12th Reg. Rep. p. 44 (Oct.), f. 1-3. Type T. extans, Hall, 1. ce. = Atrypa extans, Emmons, Geol. Rep. 3d Distr. N. Y. 1843. (Ser. Triplasia.) Not Triplasia, Reuss, 1854, g.foramin. (Syn. Dicraniscus, Meek. ) Tropidoleptus, Hall. Arihropomata. 10th Regent’s Rep. p. 151, f. 1-2. 12th do. p. 31, f. 1-4, 1859. Type Strophomena carinata, Conrad, Ann. Rep. Geol. N. York, 1839, p. 64; Hall, l.c. In notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 23, f. 1-2, Mar. 1867, this genus is pointed out as close to Leptocoelia, and probably belonging to the fam. Terebratulide. (Dev.) (Comp. Leptocoelia, Hall, 1859.) 18735. 1820. 187s. 1848. 8di. 1864. L887. 1862. L874. L859. 1807. 15 Trumculites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 4831. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Atlantic Journ. iii, p. 122, 1832. Name cited; no diagn. or ex. (Gen. incert.) Turhbimolia, auctt. non Lam. Coelenterata. A genus of zoophytes to which Calceola sp. and some brachiopods have been referred by authors. Uncinites, auctt. Brachiopoda. Cf. Uneites. Uncites, Defrance. . Spiriferide. Blainville, Man. Mal. p. 630. (Dev.) ype Terebratulites gryphus Schlotheim, Dav. 1856, p. 173, pl. ix, f. 50-56. Uncitida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Uncites, Atrypa, Pentamerus. Unguia, Pander. Obolide. Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, pp. 55-7. Ist sp. U. convexa, Pand. p. 59, t. xxviii, f.1. (L. Sil.) = Obolus apollinis, Kichw. (1829), Zool. Spec. i, p. 274, t. iv, f.5. Dav. 1856, p. 245, pl. xiv, f. 35-39. Five out of six of Pander’s sp. are stated by Bronn (Ind. Pal. iii, 1342) to be vars. of O. apollinis. The other sp.=0O. ingricus, Hichw. 1. c. p. 274. (= Obolus, Eichw.) Quenstedt notes (Petr. Deutsehl. 1871, p. 669) that this genus was mentioned in Rose, ‘‘ Reise nach dem Ural”, the publication of which was begun by Engelhardt, of Dor- pat, in the spring of 1829 (but not finished until 1837). Pander’s work passed the censor in November, 1829, and was probably published by January, 1830. No sufficient evidence has yet been adduced to show that Pander’s name preceded that of Hichwald, and if it stand at all (it seems as if several forms were included in Pander’s very bad figures) it cannot be on the first species. Unguilites, Bronn. Obolide: Ind. Pal. ili, p. 1342. Quenst. 1871, Petr. Deutschl. p. 725 (? Wiegm. Arch. 1837, p. 143). Lapsus, (= Ungula, Pand.) Umgulites, Quenstedt. Trimerellide. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 669. Cont. Dinobolus, sp. fide Dav. and King. Urticites, auctt. Invertebrata. Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat. lvi, p. 383, 1828, in syn. (= Hysterolitius, auctt.) ' Vitulima, Hall. Arthropomate. 13th Regent’s Rep. p. 72 (Dec.), f. 1-2. No specific name applied. (Hamilton Gr.) Pal. N. York, iv, p. 410, pl. 62, f. 1,a-i. Sole ex. V. pus- tulosa, Hall, 1.c. Not Vitulina, Swains. gen. Gasterop. 1840. Probably belongs to the Terebratulide. i S6@. 76 Volborthia, Méllera. | Siphonotretide. 1873. (Extr.) Verh. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, 1873, p. 1-7, pl. i, f. 1-6. (In Russian.) Type Acrotreta recurva, Kutorga, 1. c. 1847, p. 277, t. vii, f. 9, 1848. Hyolithes sp. Eichw. Leth. Ros. p. 905. W aldheimia, King. Terebratulide. 1850. Perm. Foss. p. 81, 145. Type Terebratula flavescens, Lam. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi, p. 246, 1819, = Waldheimia australis, King, 1. c. pl. xx, f. 10-12. Reeve, Conch. Icon. t.i; t. ii, f.1 a-b. Cf. Hudesia, King. This genus, or subgenus, which has come into very gen- eral use, and is represented by a number of recent species, most unfortunately bears a name which is preoccupied by Brullé, in Hymenoptera, since 1846. Brullé’s genus is stated on good authority to be tenable, and hence the writer pro- poses to revive the name of Hudesia (which see) for this group. (Cf. Brullé, Hist. Nat. des Insectes Hym. iv, p. 665, Nov. 1846. Types Tenthredo Brasiliensis, Lep. St. Fargeau, and W. Orbignyana, Brullé, 1. ¢. pl. 46, f. 8.) W/altomia, Davidson. Terebratulide. 1850. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 475. Type W. Valenciennesii, Dav. 1. ¢. pl. xv, f.la-d. Ib. 1. c. 1852, p. 372, subg. Magas. Id. 1. c. 1861, p. 34, olim. Founded on an immature and apparently imperfect Terebratulid; per- haps a Terebratella. Zellamia, Moore. Terebratulide. 1854. Proc. Somerset Archzol. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1854.* Dav. 1856, p. 141, pl. vii, f. 43-44. Type Z. Davidsonii, Moore, 1.c. (= Cistella, Gray.) @omawrites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 41834. Enum. Rem. Obj. Cab. Raf. p. 4. Sole ex. Z. atrata, Raf. 1. c. fos. Ken- tucky. (Genus incert.) Aygospira, Hall, Atrypide. 18G2. 15th Regent’s Rep. pp. 154-5, f. 1,2. Type Airypa modesta, (Say) Hall,l.c. (== Stenocisma, Hall, not Conr.) TO SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE GENERA. Genera or subgenera admitted to be valid, or not sufficiently known to tke author to be reasonably questioned, are printed in upright letters. Synonymes, or names suspected to be such, are indented; absolutesynonymes are in italics, the others in upright letters; both under the name to which they are referred, or suspected to belong. An asterisk marks non-binomial synonymes. An interrogation-mark [?] indicates that the family relations are doubtful. The same in parentheses (2) indicates that the synonyme so marked cannot be definitely referred to any genus, or may denomi- nate an assemblage of species which should be distributed among several groups. Before a name not indented, it indicates a doubt as to its validity. The name following a genus refers to the author who used it in the sense indicated by its a)location here, and not necessarily the author who first used it. This holds good throughout these lists. It must be borne in mind that this arrangement is merely tentative and subject to reform. Fam. TEREBRATULIDA. ( Terebratuline.) Terebratula, Miiller. * Terebratula, Lihwyd. * Sacculus, Lihwyd. * Lampas, Meuschen. * Terebratulites, Schlotheim. Terebratularius, Dumeril. Lampas, sp. Humphrey. Gryphus, Megerle. Lampus, Sowerby. Musculus, Quenstedt. Nucleata, Quenstedt. (?) Epithyris, King, not Phillips. Lpithyrus, Paetel. Seminula, M’Coy, 1855. Dielasma, King. Centronella, Billings. Cryptonella, Hall, 1861-3. (7) Rennseleria, Hall. (?) Leptocoelia, Hall, 1859. Pygope, Link. * Diphyites, Schréter. Pugites, De Haan. Antinomia, Catullo. (7) Orthotoma, Quenstedt. (?) Vitulina, Hall, not Swainson. Terebratulina, D’Orbigny. Agulhasia, King. Cryptonella, Hall, 1867. ? Cryptonema, Bigsby. Cryptocella, Paetel, not Adams. Meganteris, Suess. Eudesia, (King) Dall. Waldheimia, King, not Brullé. Macandrevia, King, not Gray. (?) Gwynia, King. Trigonella, Quenstedt. Cincta, Quenstedt. Cryptacanthia, White & St. Jobn, Lyra, Cumberland. Terebrirostra, D’Orbigny. Terebrirostris, Gray. (Magasine.) Trigonosemus, Konig. Trigonoremus, Gray. Trigonosmus, Pactel. Trigonosema, Paetel. Fissirostra, D’Orbigny. Fissurirostra, D’Orbigny. Fissirostris, Gray. Fissuristra, Paetel. Delthyridea, King. Deltyrydea, Davidson. Delthiridea, Gray. ? Hynniphoria, Suess. Hinniphoria, Broun. Terebratella, D’Orbigny. Delthyris, Menke. Ismenia, King. Waltonia, Davidson. Laqueus, Dall. Megerlia, King, not Rob-Desv. Megerlea, Davidson. Orthis, Menke. Orthis, Philippi. (?) Frenula, Dall. Ismenia, King, olim. Ismenia, Gray, Dall. Kingena, Davidson. Magasella, Dall. ? Tropidoleptus, Hall. Platidia, Costa. Morrisia, Davidson. Bouchardia, Davidson. Pachyrhynchus, King. Magas, Sowerby. Majas, Keferstein. Megas, Isensee. (?) Mannia, Dewalque. s as (8 Rhynchora, Dalman (pars). : Fam. RHYNCHONELLIDE,. Rhynchura, Agassiz. Rhyncora, Gray. Kraussina, Davidson. Kraussia, Davidson. Kraussinina, Paetel. Rhynchonella, Fischer. Rhynchonelle, Fischer. Rhyngonella, Bronn. * Oxyrhynchus, Lihwyd. Stenocisma, Hall, 1867. Rhynchotrema, Hall. Hypothyris, Phillips. Hypothyris, King. Cyclothyris, Davidson. Bicornes, Quenstedt. (Megathyrine. ) Megathyris, Bronn. Megathiris, D’Orbigny. Argyope, Deslongchamps, not Sa- Acanthothyris, D’Orbigny. vigny. Argiope, Deslongchamps, not Sa- Acanthothiris, D’Orbigny. vigny. Hemithyris, Bronn. Hemithiris, D’Orbigny. Hypothyris, Forbes & Hanley. Rhynchopora, King. (?) Antirhynchonella, Quenstedt. Camarella, Billings (pars typ.). Camerella, Paetel. Eatonia, Hall. Elonia, Meek & Hayden. Dimerella, Zittel. Atretia, Jeffreys. Cryptopora, Jeffreys. Cistella, Gray. Zellania, Moore. Fam. THECIDIIDA. Thecidium, Sowerby. Thecidea, Defrance. Thecidea, Gray. Thecideum, Lacaze Duthiers. Fam. STRINGOCEPHALIDZ. Stringocephalus, Sandberger. (?) Rhynchonellina, Gemellaro. Strygocephale, Blainville. Triplesia, Hall. irygocephalus, Bronn. Dicraniscus, Meek. Strigocephalus, Defrance. Leiorhynchus, Hall, not Rud. Meristella, Hall, clim. 1862. Fam. PENTAMERIDZ. ? Eichwaldia, Billings. j l SS. eastrophia vetall: Dictyonella, Hall, MSS Brachymerus, Shaler. Fam. ATRYPIDZ. Amphigenia, Hall. Gypidula, Hall. ; Atrypa, Dalman. Spirigerina, D’Orbigny. Camarella, Billings (pars). ‘ Cleiothyris, Phillips. - Camerella, Paetel. Cleidothyris, Paetel. Stenoschisma, a, Cliothyris, Agassiz. : Stenocisma, Conrad, not Hall. Anoplotheca, Sandberger. Camerophoria, King. Zygospira, Hall. Camarophoria, Bronn. Stenocisma, Hall, 1847, not Con. Comerophoria, Gray. (?) Coelospira, Hall. Pentamerus, Sowerby. Leptocoelia, Hall, 1857. Pentastére, Blainville. Koninckina, Suess. Pentastera, Herrmannsen. Koninckia, Woodward. Conchidium, Linné. ? Davidsonia, Bouchard. Gypidia, Dalman. Gypidia, Hall. Pentamerella, Hall. Fam. SPIRIFERIDE. Gypidium, Beyrich. Athyris, M’Coy. : Stricklandia, Billings. Athyris, Davidson, 1856. Stricklandinia, Billings. Seminula, M’Coy, 1844. Syntrielasma, Meek. Actinoconchus, M’Coy. Syntrilasma, Carpenter. Semiluna, King. Cleiothyris, King. Spirigera, D’Orbigny. Euthyris, Quenstedt. (?) Charionella, Billings. Merista, Suess. Camarium, Tall. Pentagonia, Cozzens. Goniocoelia, Hall. Meristella, Hall, 1861. Athyris, Davidson, 1853. Athyris, Billings. (?) Meristina, Hall. Nucleospira, Hall. Retzia, King. Retsia, Davidson. Rhynchospira, Hall. Rhyncospira, Hall. Trematospira, Hall. Acambona, White. Eumetria, Hall. Uncites, Defrance. Uncinites, auctt. Spirifer, Sowerby. Spirifera, J. de C. Sowerby. Spiriferus, Blainville. Spinifer, Rafinesque. Hysterolithus, Quenstedt. Fusella, M’Coy., Choristites, Fischer. Choristites, Quenstedt. Choristides, Keferstein. Delthyris, Dalman. Brachythyris, M’Coy. Trigonotreta, Konig, Meek. Trigonotetra, Keferstein. Reticularia, M’Coy. Martinia, M’Coy. Amobocoelia, Hall. Ambocoilia, Quenstedt. Syringothyris, Winchell. Spirifer, King, Meek. Cyrtia, Dalman. Cyrthia, D’Orbigny. Cyrtina, Davidson. Cyrtaena, Hall. (?)Mentzelia, Quenstedt. Suessia, Deslongchamps. Spiriferina, D’Orbigny. * * (?) Skenidium, Hall. Fam. PORAMBONITIDZE. Porambonites, Pander. Priambonites, Agassiz. Isorhynchus, King. 79 Fam. STROPHOMENIDZ. Strophomena, Blainville. Hemipronites, Meek. Strophonema, Rang. Orthis, King, 1850. Leptaena, sp. Dalman. Strophomena, Davidson (pars). Hipparvionyx, Vanuxem. (2) Orthothetes, Fischer, 1837. Orthothetes, Fischer, 1850. Orthotheles, D’Orbigny. Orthotetes, Oken. Streptorhyuchus, King. (?) Plectambonites, Pander. Leptaena, sp. Dalman. Leptaena, King, 1846. Strophomena, Meek, 1873. Leptagonia, M’Coy. Leptogonia, Agassiz. Leptaena, Dalman (pars). Leptaena, Davidson. Plectambonites, King. Stropheodonta, Hall. Strophodonta, Hall. Strepheodonta, Marschall. Klitambonites, Pander. Pronites, Pander, not Illiger. Prionites, Agassiz. Clitambonites, Agassiz. Hemipronites, Pander. Hemiprionites, Agassiz. Gonambonites, Pander. Orthisina, D’Orbigny. Orthisina, Davidson. Orthis, Davidson. Orthis, Dalman (pars). Orthambonites, Pander. Strophomenes, Steininger. Schizophoria, King. Platystrophia, King. Platistrophia, Quenstedt. (?) Meekella, White & St. John. Bilobites, Linné. Dicaelosia, King. Brachyprion, Shaler. (Doubtful.) ? Amphiclina, Laube. ? Aulacorhynchus, Dittmar. ? Enteletes, Fischer. Entellites, Sowerby. Anteletes, D’Orbigny. ? Iphidea, Billings. ? Tropidoleptus, Hall. ? Skenidium, Hall. ‘ Fam. PRODUCTID. Productus, Sowerby. Producta, Sowerby, jr. Producta, M’Coy. Protonia, Link. * Pyxis, Chemnitz. Arbusculites, Murray. Arbusculithes, Paetel. Chonetes, Fischer. Leptaena, M’Coy. Chonetus, Paetel. Productela, Hall. Strophalosia, King. Stropholosia, Gray. Stophalosia, Bronn. Leptaenalosia, King. Orthothrix, Geinitz. Orithothrix, Davidson. Orthotrix, auct. Aulosteges, Helmersen. LYOPOMATA. Fam. SIPHONOTRETID&. Siphonotreta, Verneuil. Siphonotrema, Dana. Mesotreta, Kutorga. Acrotreta, Kutorga. Volborthia, Moller. ? Kichwaldia, Billings. ? Iphidea, Billings. Fam. TRIMERELLID&. Trimerella, Billings. Trimecella, Paetel. Gotlandia, Dall. Rhynobolus, Wall. Obolellina, Billings. Dinobolus, Hall. Ungulites, Quenstedt. Conradia, Hall. Monomerella, Billings. ? Lingulops, Hall. I'am. OBOLIDZ. Helmersenia, Pander. Keyserlingia, Pander. ? Kutorgina, Billings (pars). Kortugina, Davidson. Monnbolina, Salter. Obolella, Billings. ? Spondylobolus, M’Coy. Spondylobus, Davidson. Aulonotreta, Kutorga (pars). Leptobolus, Hall. Leptobulus, Hall. 80 Acritis, Volborth. Acrites, Dav. & King. Obolus, Eichwald. Obulus, Quenstedt. Ungula, Pander. Ongulites, Bronn. Aulonotreta, sp. Kutorga. (?) Schmidtia, Volborth, not Bals.-Criv. Dicellomus, Hall. Fam. LINGULIDA. Dignomia, Hall. Lingulella, Salter. Lingnlepis, Hall. Glottidia, Dall. Glossina, Phillips. Lingula, Brugiére. Ligula, Cuvier. Ligularius, Dumeril. Lingularius, Herrmannsen. Pharetra, Bolten. Fam. DISCINIDZ&. Discina, Lamarck. Orbicula, Sowerby. Discinisea, Dall. Trematis, Sharpe. Orbicella, D’Orbigny. Orbiculoidea, D’Orbigny. Schizotreta, Kutorga. Shizotreta, Davidson. Schizocrania, Hall & Whitfield. Fam. CRANIIDA. Crania, Retzius. ' * Criopoderma, Poli. * Criopiderma, Poli. Criopododerma, Agassiz. Criopus, Gray. Cryopus, Deshayes. Craniolites, Schlotheim. Craniolithes, auctt. Discina, Turton. *Nummulus, Waller. Numulus, Agassiz. Orbicula, Cuvier. Orbicularius, Dumeril. Craniscus, Dall. Ancistrocrania, Dall. Cranopsis, Dall, not Adams. Pseudocrania, M’Coy. Craniops, Hall. Pholidops, Hall. Paleocrania, Quenstedt. Choniopora, Schauroth. Sl GENERA INCERTZ SEDIS. Mostly indeterminable and of Rafinesque. Amblotrema, Rafinesque. Amblyitrema, Agassiz. Aplecerotis, Paetel. Apleurotis, Rafinesque. *Bufocephalus, Linné. *Bursula, Klein. *Capsularia, Lihwyd. Clipsilia, Rafinesque. *Conchyliolithus, Martin. Cranicella, Rafinesque. Curvulites, Rafinesque. Cyclothyris, M’Coy. Delthyridea, M’Coy. Dictipsites, Rafinesque. Diclisma, Rafinesque. Discinella, Hall. Epithyris, Phillips. Goniclis, Rafinesque. Gonotrema, Rafinesque. Hemiasterias, Herrmannsen. Henvisterias, Rafinesque. Megarima, Deshayes. Megarites, Rafinesque. Megorima, Rafinesque. Obovites, Rafinesque. Orthothetes, Hvans, 1829. Orthothetes, Fischer, 1837. Pachiloma, Rafinesque. Pachyloma, Herrmannsen. * Peridiolithus, Hiipsch. Plachiloma, Ferussac. Platilites, Rafinesque, Pleuranisis, Rafinesque. Pleurecterites, Bronn. Pleureterites, Rafinesque. Pleurinea, Rafinesque. Strophesia, Rafinesque. Strophomenes, Rafinesque. Styriasis, Rafinesque. Telestrophis, Agassiz. Telistrophis, Rafinesque. Trigorima, Rafinesque. Trunculites, Rafinesque. Zonarites, Rafinesque. GENERA CONTAINING A HETEROGENEOUS ASSEMBLY, OF WHICH SOME SPECIES ARE KNOWN OR SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN BRACHIOPODS. Anomia, Linné. * Anomites, Schlotheim. *Bucardites, Argenville. Clavagella, Goldfuss. * Cienites, Kenntman. *Cunolites, auctt. *Gryphites, Llhwyd. *Gryphytes, Da Costa. Helmintholithus, Linné. Hipponyx, Morris. * Hysterolites, Schlotheim. Hysterolithes, Link. * Hysterolithos, Grew. * Hysterolithus, Aldrovandus. * Hysteropetra, Cardan. * Onychites, Mercati. * Ostracites, Lilhwyd. * Ostreopectinites, auctt. Patella, Linné. * Peciinites, auctt. *Pectunculi, auctt. *Pectunculus, Gesner. * Pectunculites, Lister. Pycnodonte, Fischer. Siphonaria, Quenstedt. * Stola, Klein. Trigonelles, Fischer. * Trigonellites, auctt. *Orivsiics, auctt. GENERA ERRONEOUSLY REFERRED TO THE BRACHIOPODA. ACEPHALA. ANOMIIDZ, Ainigma, Koch. CARDITIDZ. Orihonata, Emmons, 6 LUCINIDE. Paracyclas, Hall. CRUSTACEA. ENTOMOSTRACA. Daphnoidea, Hibbert. COELENTERATA. * Pilolithus, Beuth. * Sandaliolite, Rozier. CALCEOLID 2. * Sandaliolithus, Hitipsch. * Sandalite, Rozier. * Sandalites, Hiipsch. Sandalium, Oken. Calceolaria, Grittith. Rhizophyllum, Lindstrom. 2? | Chelodes, (D. & K.) Lindstrom. Hypodema, Koninck. Calceola, Lamarck. *Calecovites, Schlotheim. * Crepidites, Schroter. *Crepidolite, Rozier. *Crepidolithus, Hiipsch. * Crepite, Rozier. * Crepites, Hiipsch. From the preceding list it appears that about four hundred and Sixty- three generic and subgeneric names have been rightly or wrongly asso- ciated with the group of Brachiopoda. Highty-seven have been assigned to the Terebratulide, sixty-five to the Rhynchonellide as generally under- stood, fifty-three to the Spiriferidw, and fifty-two to the Strophomenide. Of all these, only about one hundred and thirty have been at all generally accepted, being about three and a half names to each group. Sixteen families and two orders are here recognized. The general list contains about seven hundred names. It is estimated that there are about ten thousand names and synonymes which have been used in the sub-king- dom of Jfollusca, taken in its extended sense, of which the Brachiopods contribute about six per cent. List of the Linnean species of Brachiopoda described in the Systema Nature, ed. X and XII, with their modern equivalents, chiefly on the authority of Sharpe, Hanley, and Davidson. Td. Linnean name. Modern name. X Anonvia craniolaris. Crania craniolaris, Dall. X Anomia pectinata. Trigonosemus pectinatus, Gray. X Anomnia scobinata. ? Megerlia truncata, Dav. X Anomia aurita. ? Terebratulina caputserpentis, D’Orb. X Anomia retusa. Terebratulina caputserpentis, D’Orb. X Anomnia pecten. Strophomena pecten, Dav. X Anomia striata. 2 XIL Anomia truncata. Megerlia truncata, Dav. XK Anomia reticularis. Atrypa reticularis, Dalman. X ) =] = ) .o) mn A 6) Au is 5 16) ia x x Be x x x SS = —— —— —————w x x x x x * — — e oss oa — — i) x x x x x x |) een Eee = EEE t) , S| L | —— SoS Se —— x x x x x x 87 Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brackiopoda in geological time—Continued. Q 5 9 a a q © : J a 9 3 q 3 a2 | 3 i) S a = 3 a g a a S & = seh. oe | eee ee ie Deny eres ee eat crs |S 8 5 b > & a BS) = =) a r= 2 Cy ) H i=} 4 a) 2 iS) wD A oO Ay ‘sa ian) ‘= a Teena, SEG 5 ve! a a Tb) 6) Va] | aye Re Orbiculoidea, D’Orbigny . 5 Discina, Lamarck . .. . : 2 x x x x x x x CRANIIDE. . . . ee | { ? Pseudocranie, M’Coy BG (feeeives wl | Cronva sReuzms). 7 2 6s ee F g Choniopora, Schauroth A (CRifcosrug EM G6 60 6 Go 6 Oo 0 5 5 : 5 ° bias Aims uo ng, MN 8 a ina ol) 6 O. . 0 C Table of the geological distribution of the known families. Q = ; 5 s aH 2 = ra] & fs iS . POO fel OTS ND SE) TET Oe Me Alma pd | Steal SUL eal oy lee mls Sareea Imeee TUS AUAEE! ee q 5 p 4 2 acs BM =) m =) 3 = 2 Cs oO = 3 i o o 1) n A 1S) 4 isa 5 1S) = a LYOPOMATA. (ODUGEE 0". & Ghee hos eee ol lo Discinide . LEAT 6 GO YO eS SPORTED 0 (oS Bp oo 0 ol) Gg ( Siphonotretide . . . . | COA 5 6 65 | 0 ARTHROPOMATA. Strop homenidce. - a a . oe a |____!#_____l____}_____ tt Productide .... . | ISULUIVEREACC waste todiu er tys a hek Goel \el Wet cis Mie | LO AUPOUGD a2) ge Vice ay BRE Ge, ke Bese | ee Pentamcride. . . Rhynchonellide . . Porambonitide . .. . a eae . : Terebratulide. . .. . ee See te Stringocephalide. . . ... . [RSS SDE pis TUCO BITRTA IAS Bree Sere nee Ney Se 88 Tt is seen that of sixteen families, six have living representatives, one more than appear to have been represented during the Cambrian epoch; while but two of the Cambrian families have survived. All those living in Cretaceous times have endured till now. All now living had Pale- ozoic representatives, while half the Paleozoic families do not appear to have survived the changes which introduced the Mesozoic time. ADDENDA. (December, 1877.) Acrothele, Linnarson. Discinide. 1876. Bibang till K. Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl. iii, No. 12, p.20. Ist sp. A. coriacea, Linnars. 1. c. p. 21, pl. iv, f. 44-43. (Cambrian. ) Comp. Mesotreta, Kutorga. Much like feiical Discina. gilops, Hall. ? Brachiopoda. 180a®. Third Regent’s Rep. App. K. p. 171; sole ex. 2. subcarinata, Hall, 1. c. pl. 4, f. 1 a-b. (Trenton.) A squeezed indeterminate cast, described (inferentially) as a Lamellibranch, but referred to Brachiopoda by Mil- ler, Am. Pal. Fos. p. 103, 1877 ; no diagnosis; incert. sedis. Lysimgothyris, Hall. é Spiriferide. 1868. Twentieth Reg. Rep. p. 388, note; lapsus = Syringothyris, Winchell. @rthoidea, Friren (’). Incert. sedis. U8'Teb. Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. de Metz, 1875, p. 22, pl. i, ii. (Middle Lias.) 0. liasina, Fr.n.s. Quoted as a Brach. in Geol. Rec. for 1875, index of n. 8. p. 301. Promites. This term, as used by Illiger, was spelled Prionites. This does not, how- ever, affect the synonymy in Brachiopods. BRhizoplhyifum, Lindstrom. Coelenteratee. Dr. Lindstrém is convinced that this is distinct from Calceola. 6 Suessia, Deslongchamps. Spiriferide. 1854. First published by Dav.1.c. (See p. 69.) Afterward in Ann. Inst. Prov. 1855 (not 1854); extras, p. 6, f. 8-11, 12-16. 1st sp. S. imbricata, Suess, ]. c. Wrematis, Sharpe. ; Discinide. 1847. Page 73, instead of “Type” read “ Ist sp. 1. ¢. p. 68, f 1-3,” Orbi- cula terminalis, etc. ) Department of the ’DSnferior: U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM. — 9 — BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. INGO. oS. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the ninth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, | Washington, May, 1877. it CONTRIBUTIONS NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. BASED PRIMARILY ON THE COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I. REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE’S MEMOIRS ON NORTH AMERICAN FISHES BY DAVID S. JORDAN. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface see tags Grae oe iy lear ie Nisei ol VIL COP Nie colder ni merle eed loreal a eee eee 5 Iishomahinesquianycenerayeese ee cee-eirieeee ene eee aerate eee : 9 List of species described prior to the Ichthyologia Ohiensis ......---.-.-------- il Ichthyologia Ohiensis....-. 22-2... - 200 1222s oo neice none nnn eens ens =e 16 List of species not noticed by Kafinesque ..-.....---.--------2--------0 ---- ee - 48 JONES. Tho (REMEG MEINE 356555 550660 boO500 0500500,050000 8a6560 BoE ad0050 Soan aoc fe ol 4 PREFACE. The purpose of this paper is to present a series of identifications of the species of fresh-water fishes described by Rafinesque in his * Ichthyologia Ohiensis” and elsewhere, made as a result of nearly three years of “ field- work” in the region. fished in by Rafinesque. In most cases, fresh speci- mens have been carefully compared with Kafinesque’s accounts, and in the more difficult groups, as the Cyprinidae, Catogtomide, and Centrarchide, I have taken a full series of the species known to occur in this region and compared Rafinesque’s description with each specimen in turn, until oue was reached which showed no serious discrepancy. It is evident that many of Rafinesque’s descriptions were drawn up from memory, and that his measurements were made by the eye, with- out the restraint of a tape-line. He indeed somewhere states that his collections were made in the summer and accounts written up for pub- — lication during the winter. As a result of this, the descriptions are often inexact, although usually striking. The numerous misprints in his work are also, in some cases, a source of confusion. By making due allowance for these facts, and keeping in mind the proposition, unjustly controverted by some writers, that hafinesque was not altogether a knave nor a fool, I have succeeded in identify ing more or less satisfactorily, nearly all of his species, and in restoring to a number of his names their rightful priority. : The species still remaining unidentified are of two sorts: First, species really existing but not distinctively described, as Luwxilus interruptus, Rutilus compressus, etc., in which no really tangible characters are given; and, second, those like Aplocentrus calliops and Pogostoma leucops, described at second hand from “ drawings by Mr. Audubon”, presenting, a grouping of characters applicable to no known fish. It is not my purpose here to enter into any discussion of the merits of Rafinesque’s work. That the Ichthyologia has been, and still is, a stum- bling-block, is generally admitted. This is partly owing to errors of observation on the part of the author, partly to the admixture of state- _ ments derived from memory, imagination, or hearsay with statements of fact, and, finally, in no slight degree to the fact that Rafinesque’s 5 6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. accounts were taken from living fishes, and hence were not to be readily interpreted by workers in the closet with preserved specimens. In order to do justice to Rafinesque’s work, it is necessary, in the words of Girard (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1856, 167), “that one should go to the very ground trodden by Rafinesque himself, his book in hand, during all seasons of the year, aye, even for years in succession, to ena- ble us to discriminate between what Rafinesque really observed and what is imaginary ”. Rafinesque’s work has been well summed up by Professor Agassiz: ‘«‘ Nothing is more to be regretted for the progress of natural history in this country than that Rafinesque did not put up somewhere a collec- tion of all the genera and species he had established, with well-authen- ticated labels, or that his contemporaries did not follow in his steps, or at least preserve the tradition of his doings, instead of decrying him and appealing to foreign authority against him. Tracing his course as a naturalist during his residence in this country, it is plain that he alarmed those with whom he had intercourse, by his innovations, and that they preferred to lean upon the authority of the great natu- ralists of the age, then residing in Europe, who, however, knew little of the special natural history of this country, than to trust a some- what hasty man who was living among them, and who had collected a vast amount of information from all parts of the States, upon a variety of objects then entirely new to science. From what I can learn of Rafinesque, I am satisfied that he was a better man than he appeared. His misfortune was his prurient desire for novelties and his rashness in publishing them, and yet both in Kurope and America he has antici- pated most of his contemporaries in the discovery of new genera and species in those departments of science which he has cultivated most perseveringly, and it is but justice to restore them to him, whenever it can be done”. (Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 1854, p. 354.) In regard to the descriptions of fishes made by Rafinesque from ‘‘drawings by Mr. Audubon”, I am informed by Dr. Kirtland, on the excellent authority of Dr. Bachman, that several of the monsters de- scribed by Rafinesque (such as Aplocentrus, Pogostoma, Hurystomus, etc.) were drawn by Audubon with a view to a practical joke on the too credulous ichthyologist. That being the case, it is but justice to Rafin- esque’s memory to let those names drop from our systematic lists without prejudice to him. REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 7 _The work known as the “ Ichthyologia Ohiensis” was originally pub- lished as a serial in the ‘* Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine”, Lexington, Ky., from December, 1819, to November, 1820. This fact of publication by parts should be kept in mind, as, in one case at least (that of Aplesion), it may affect our nomenclature. ‘The following are the dates of publication, for which Iam indebted to Professor Gill : Vol. | No. | ; Date. W.R.&M.M. 1.0. | Page. Page. I. es December AlSl9 ve ssc coca se cen veels cece sce 305-313 1-13 Mea anmany, pL S20 2 hace Secs setetie eels see 4 361-377 13-29 Ne He brivany, (2) plS20 see ceer ects = sis yee eee. ee 2-57 2-37 Ti. JW o i 2 Oral hale eee ae Se eect Ee eee Seer eer 169-177 37-45 Vie Many S20 ei eae te she ce uch clei eee 7-243 45-53 Wala le dune LOLOb aco ote see ten oo cure wea ecco 299-307 53-60 An eeIily 1S 20 ace reese oe Men tracenss yey hol ne 355-363 61-69 ee lllee Pavel: "October, 1820). 2.252 sasecccecccescck set ces 165-173 69-77 XS Novem berelS20mscwnccess cece niae cebesieacc 244-252 77-84 Quite a number of genera and species of American fresh-water fishes were described by Rafinesque in other publications previous to the ap- pearance of the Ichthyologia. I give a list of all these known to me. with identifications. I exclude all names merely catalogued without explanation, as having no claims upon our attention. In some cases, a Species was catalogued under one name and finally described under some other. I have next inserted a complete catalogue of Rafinesquian genera, arranged in chronological order, with their equivalents in the nomencla- ture which I at present adopt. The body of this paper consists of alist of the genera, subgenera, and species of the Ichthyologia, arranged in the sequence adopted by Rafinesque, with the names, English, Latin, and French, as he gave them, the misprints corrected by him in the “ Erreta” being here recti- fied. The page in the Ichthyologia in which each description occurs is added for the benefit of compilers of synonymy. Next comes my iden- tification, with a partial synonymy of the species, the name which I adopt being printed in capitals. In a subsequent paper on the fishes of the Ohio Basin, the synonymy will be given in full, for which reason I have preferred not to insert it here. : 8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—1. In all cases where the recognition of Rafinesque’s genera or species will render necessary a change in the current nomenclature, I have added Rafinesque’s description as a foot-note, that the reader may see the grounds on which the identification is based. In such cases, I have - usually italicized the salient points. Finally, a list of the species now found in the valley of the Ohio, which do not appear to have been known to Rafinesque, completes the memoir. This paper was originally prepared for the press in the spring of 1876. Most of the changes in nomenclature here discussed have been adopted by the author in different papers on fishes, and they have generally received the sanction of American workers in ichthyology. The manu- script of the paper has been since retouched, some untenable positions have been abandoned, and some further changes suggested by Profess- ors Cone and Gill have been introduced. I—LIST OF RAFINESQUIAN GENERA AND SUBGENERA, WITH THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE ADOPTED NOMEN. CLATURE. 7 I give here a catalogue in chronological order of the generic and sub- generic names proposed by Rafinesque for our fresh-water fishes, with the type of each where any type is either designated or in any definite way implied, with its equivalence in the nomenclature which the writer at present adopts. The reasons for the use or non-use of these names will appear farther on. Those names originally proposed for subgenera are designated by a star (*). Rafinesquian genera. Type species. Modern genera. 1818. Notropis atherinoides. Nototropis (=Minnilus = Alburnellus). Glossodon harengoides. Hyodon. Litholepis adamantinus. Litholepis (Atractosteus). Dinoctus truncatus. Acipenser L. Pogostoma leucops. A myth! Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxys. Noturus flavus. Noturus. Sarchirus vittatus. Lepidosteus. Exoglossum lesurianum. Eixoglossum. Maxillingua* lesurianum. Hxoglossum. Hypentelium* macropterun. Hypentelium (Hylomy- zon Ag.). 1819. Aplodinotus grunniens. Haploidonotus. Htheostoma flabellaris. Etheostoma (Catono- tus). Leucops leucops. A myth! Aplocentrus calliops. A myth! Calliurus punctulatus. Micropterus. Lepomis: — auritus L. Lepiopomus. Pomotis* ‘ auritus L. _ Lepiopomus. 10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. Mafinesquian genera. Apomotis * Notemigonus Amphiodon Amblodon Cycleptus Pylodictis Stizostedion * Lepibema * Pomacampsis * Iethelis Telipomis * Aplites * Nemocampsis * Dioplites * Ambloplites * Aplesion * Diplesion * Pomolobus Dorosoma Clodalus * Minnilus Alburnus Pbhoxinus Dobula Hemiplus (181-). Luxilus Type species. cyanellus. auratus. Modern genera. Apomotis. Notemigonus (Stilbe). ‘¢ alveoides ” (alosoides). Hyodon. bubalus (teeth of grun- Ichthyobus and Haplot- miens). nigrescens. limosus. 1820. salmonea. chrysops. nigropunctata. auritus L. pallida. flexuolaris. salmonea. ictheloides. ealliura. blennioides. chrysoc hloris. notata. clodalus (Le 8S.) alburnus IL. pean). — phoxinus L. pean). dobula L. (European). chrysocephalus. (European ?). donotus. Cycleptus. Pelodichthys (Hoplade- lus). Stizostethium Roceus Mitchill, 1817. Stizostethium. Lepiopomus. Apomotis (Bryttus C. & V.). Micropterus Lae. Micropterus Lac. Micropterus Lac. Ambloplites. Micropterus Lacép. Diplesium (Hyostoma Ag., 1854). Pomolobus. Dorysoma (Chatoéssus Cuv. & Val., 1829). yodon Le 8. Nototrepis. Alburnus (Heckel emend., 1843). Phoxinus (Agassiz emend., 184-). ? Squalius Bonaparte, 1841. Luxilws (Hypsilepis Baird, 1854). REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 11 Rafinesquian genera. Chrosomus Semotilus Rutilus Plargyrus Pimephales Moxostoma * Ictiobus * Carpiodes * Teretulus * Kurystomus * Decactylus * Cycleptus Ictalurus * Elliops * Ameiurus * Tlictis * Leptops * Opladelus * Picorellus * Cylindrosteus * Atractosteus * Sturio * Sterletus * Dinectus Pegedictis Proceros Type species. erythrogaster. dorsalis. rutilus L. (European). rutilus L. promelas. anisurus. bubalus. megastomus. nigrescens. maculatus. limosus. ViISCOSUS. nebulosus. vittatus. platostomus. ferox. serotinus. truncatus. ictalops. maculatus. Modern genera. Chrosomus. Semotilus. Leuciscus Klein, 17—~. Leuciscus. Pimephales. Myxostoma (Ptychosto- MUS). Ichthyobus. Carpiodes. Myxostoma. 2 A myth. Catostomus, ete. Cycleptus. Ichthzlurus. Ichtbzlurus. Amiurus. Pelodichthys. Pelodichthys. Pelodichthys. Esox. Lepidosteus. Litholepis, 1818. Acipenser L. Acipenser L. Acipenser L. Etheostoma (Catonotus). A myth. Ii.—LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED PRIOR TO THE ICHTHY- OLOGIA OHIENSIS. I give here a list of the papers known to me in which descriptions by Rafinesque, prior to those in the Ichthyologia, occur, with the names of the species so described, the page on which the descriptions occur, and my identification of the species. 12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—1. *]T. “ Précis des Découvertes Somiologiques”, 1814: Sparus mocasinus .....- 19 = Eupomotis aureus ( Walb.) G. &J. Centropomus albus .... 19=Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill. Centropomus luteus .... 19=Perea americana Schranck. If. Dissertation on Water Snakes, Sea Snakes and Sea Serpents. < American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, September, 1817: Anguilla, gigas ..#.--..-.-. 454—=A myth. If. First Decade of new North American Fishes. Page. Ceratichthysie= sce) ---stee- =) sai 31° @heenobrytbusleseeeecee sissies 18, 19, 49 @hatboessugieecsceee see te seater eer 10, 24 Chologaster/ a5 jecceisessiaeeeis sia 49 Chrosomusimscncaceseaaececeicacer 11, 28, 32 Centrarchuspee seen cesceecieacs 48 ich cee ee cee cena sree sloreiatoes 21 @liolan 36 22 3s See oceS einer seenels 49 Clodalus' 2252 se2cee.css occas cece 10, 26 Clupear. 32232. et isses ee foeelye 13, 14, 24 COMREP cod5 Sdba cosees caso cone ostsd 44 (COMVHONG saseho sha5 nncase'acse coodne 18 COAOIEING s656 soca ondadose0e sa60% 21 Cycleptusteaceesseceocincoeeee a 11, 16, 38 Gylimdrosteusyssseeas corel een. 11, 43 Cy prinella, cows lee ae sees 31, 49 @yprinus= oe. ---- 12, 14, 25, 26, 29, 31, 35, 36 TOON AE) cose cosa coooeoGHeSOGGeS 11, 38 DINECtUSias Serine Soe eciccrs ee esee es 11, 45 Dinoctusssisc2.5 ese eet soo ues sateee ee 9, 14 Dioplites: 2.25555 soe se sese teen = 10, 21 Diplesion@esssse see oreo eee ese 10, 23 Diplesipmpesecesse cece se see- lO lo conde Dobulays- sae ce ee neaeerec ees eee 10, 26 DOLrosOM aes bsceccore cose aecelaeae 10, 24 Dorysomay so oe ee eaee ieee ee 10, 13, 24 Elio psp eee eons ce se cies ee 11, 38 ITI COSMMA esse cones aie cise cleno ciesen ies 48 ETiGy Mba wees hs see resem aeis ces 49 BILIMyZones saeco en en eee 33, 30, 30 SOX! ease eace dics secio seicinee ae 11, 14, 42, 43 Etheostoma ...-....- 9, 11, 15, 22, 23, 24, 46 Hupomotisteasaseeeeseceeeeeeses. 12, 52 DUG SHOMUSseeeerseseeiceee ee at 11, 37 POAT cosoosoasacd oooec0 9, 14, 15, 49 Bund lust ee eee tease. scetel wsisie oie 49 Glanisnesa eeecteettewice seleatsiee acon 14 Clossodonieeneeaen saeco. veces 9, 13, 14, 26 Haploidonotus..............-- 9, 10, 15, 17 51 52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH Hemiplus ......-. ------------+--- 10, 26 TSO@GOM.5 sse4 padG05 bHGo00 cong aBeRS 26 Holocentrus ..---..--------------- 46 Hopladelus ...--. ..--------------- 10, 40 Hudsonius...--- .----------- ------ 23 Hybognathus...---.----.--------- 49 _ TSRyhaSlSssece segoowesoase coos sa00¢ 27 Hyborhynchus...--.-------------- 27 Hydrargyra ..-..--------2-+------ 13 Hydrargyrus ..-.------------ ----- 36 Hylomyzon .....-----+------------ 9, 41 ibyodonrase sci seiereese= 9,10, 13, 15, 25, 26 Hyostoma .......----- --------- . 10, 23, 24 Hypentelium ......---.------- 9, 34, 35, 41 Hypsilepis ...--. --------- 11, 25, 28, 29, 30 Icthelurus ...-.....-.-11, 13, 16, 38, 39, 50 WE NDNDNS Sooo boobies 6656 don codbuG 4 19, 20 Ichthyobus.....---.--- 10, 11, 13, 15, 33, 34 TIGNES Gouge se6ce5 Ge0o Sd5o0GE 11, 38, 41 UGWNANIS cascode vascod osocad se 10, 18, 19, 20 MERMOWWE csosog soa6 cease co6050 6a86 115.33 TUG S Bassa sae eHBee es Season esos 11, 40 IHTAOEOUNES soso eb5a.4000 asocga ceceed 48 eabidesthes eaeee ere see eecrice cei 49 Lepibema .........-.. .-----.----- 10, 17 Lepidosteus ...... ---.-----9, 11, 14, 15, 42 Lepiopomus .....-..- 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 43, 50 Lepisosteus ...-.. ..-...---.---- 13, 14, 43 ILESDOWANE) SoS665u56655 S566 6s 9, 15, 18, 20, 46 IVDO So555ocbhdso dondae eosdad 66 11, 39 WOU CISCUS! ceciacislecisislseisincscici 11, 26, 30, 31 IWGWIEO OS ssoscdsa056s dusdas od55 do56 9 ILDEMOCEOMNBS Sossoogdoeds so6sob6ocs 12, 25 Litholepis ...-....---.-- 9, 11, 14, 16, 43, 44 NOGA Se seis cee os Coa etere eto eeteseiaiers 22, 49 IDIOMA, Soca dsoo dace Sooo coboce 6 17 lipo oasesasbe 11, 12, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 49 Doythrnurus cece ese eee eee eee 30, 32 Miarallin owas -eicicia seeei ee a saat 9 Melgmuracccu set. vces ie ose wes eee i AQ MicrOpeLCaee ewes eel ee eae 48 Micropterus...... 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22 Minimal eeejereeerseey ce 9, 12, 26, 27, 31, 47 MOLOM Gees ee eens emis wisinee creer 12, 48 MOXOSPOMAeacieleisscieeinin ennicteisle sie 11, 33, 36 AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. Page. Murena o/s 2tc ccc oceeetinnas 44 Myxostoma.-....--.- 11, 13, 32, 33, 37, 38, 50 Nanostoma ..i.52cbo..oSedaceoee 3 48 INGHNOCHTN DNS soocsacosbes Gauouas 9,21 Nocomisss sce ecco eos 31, 36, 49 Notemigonus .--..--......-.- 10, 12, 15, 25 INothonotustas- soe eeee eee neeree 23, 48° Nototropis.-..-....-.... 9, 10, 12, 27, 31, 49 INOtTOpIS Sa ee eiete ce eines eee eens 912 Notunus 22s ee coceee se 9, 14, 16, 41, 50 Olmerus (misprint for Osmerus) -.. 14 Opladélus eee cay. ote cecee cece 11, 39, 40 hesedictispecsaet ic-eei- serene 11, 22, 46 Pelodichthys ..--..--.. 10, 11, 16, 39, 40, 42 MOLGaiias soasiceie ieee serene een 12, 13, 15, 17 Percimai neous sve sacs cee 13, 17, 24, 48 Percopsiss 25-55... 5-2 hee see oes 49 Petromy Zon’: ssciocieetaseeiviseciegseiete 12, 46 Phenacobius! 2.06.0 6c0\s soos ces 49 IPhotovenis\sacecere eerie cease 49 CANO SUS G855 6aS55 Soda cao soCse. = 10, 26 Picorellus 22s ose ease ene 11, 42, 43 Pileoma .......--. tice eigstereioe Sees 23 Pilodictis 2.22. ceook. eee eee 16, 40 Pimelodug 323.2222 ae sees 38, 39, 40, 41 Pimephales (22.22 52canecee sees 11, 32 lacopharynx fees ceeee ee see 30 Planirostra .20 5. 5.52 S8e aos eeee 45 Plarey Luss cise cesta 11, 25, 28, 29, 31 Plearolepis' so... . 250 oe ee 48 PlOtosuss.2 2b. scree cee see sees 41 Reecilichthys je se ssc coe ee - 23, 48 Rocostoma) saan. sesee ce eee 9, 14, 15, 22 Polyodon oo. ve coe tee wee ceo ond IROMACAMPSIS oases eee eee 17 Pomolobus' 232 tase cece ee nee tose 10, 24 IROMOLIS Ks Sess Soceeceeere esos 10, 19, 20 Pomoxis:s. oe See ene er 9,14, 15, 21 Pomoxys 2.2/2.2 2- 02 ce oe 0) LA lone lae Potamocottuss--= -ce--6 eases 49 IPTIStIS eset eee ce seeoeeeestr 2 47 IPTOCETOSsesaoeiece wes ee eee eee 11, 47, 48 Phy chostomus \s.ssenseceer 33, 35, 36, 37 IPWMOGWCHE) o54455 coos odccas scee oe 10, 40, 41 Rheocrypta.---.. .. 2-26 cece on = 45 INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES. 53 Page Page, MAIMIGM GY Sts von ee cic ccocee fees AOR Sterletusmeaeeacs se see sean ee pias 11, 45 HROCCUS Merce sacccmacesse ace feeee LOSERS bill Dome Meine sete, eres /sere ee SAGE 25 | 0 (0D SSE ee eee, Needs SES NATE SUilllonuisyemrea terse ey ar erie nyse amet 25 SalmOpeeeeewccecc seeks tess sce ND BS. || SWVOSECNIOM coc550 s6dcce se50 ecose0 17 SAMOS ete elie sricis aainvee wo nee a cisis 48; Sbizosbediumy sees see se se eee eer 10 PearONITMS ooo. sco cas fee 9, 145 15, 42, 47 | Stizostethium --.-- -....-.- 10, ey ar ANS) Scaphirhynchopse.......2--------- AS Sturion ca 22a el teat oe raGe eee 11, 45 SCION Asap iclecus s siaeisisiesiaciessinae su - 18) PS Anouk 225855 sobcconobeoo ocen 3 Somoviluspesaeecsecsecleciceee 1 OR SOFAG SG Relipomis! 2.22 siete aa tee eee ees 9,18 SUlMrUs 22a sess 4s AST Gr oSOO AON ala Mheretulusessieeecee ee eee eee eerie iil Bis RUNG B ORs ce iwiainels ainicicisw wma ce eet Sen eeayphilichthysmercescsseeee aeeen wee 49 SEU Sie een as jsicie ercsicre mioueicieim siecteve 12} NEN OIG) ees aerials cease selase nine 19, 20, 51 RIUEMINUS ERE Oe Wel cos ccm tock ce enes 0k | Ziv conectestas see. sos see as oee ere 47,49 Department of the Snterior: UD. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IN, Os OO. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1877. ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the tenth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, May, 1877. CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - BASED PRIMARILY ON THE COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ne A.—Notes on Cotiide, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchidew, Aphododeride, Dorysomatida, and Cyprinide, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little known species. B.—Synopsis of the Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. BY DAVID S. JORDAN. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. TABLE OF CONTENTS. (CUTIES oso che bese dodne0 sees Cottopsis spilotus ... Etheostomatids® ...--...----. Ammocrypta beanil - Nanostoma........-. e@ceesee0 2eeee9 ce ee08 eee S58 cee eee Cee eet Bsee ose eee 2 2ec8 ©eec cose seece © ceefe0 ce2e2e0 eee eee cee eee becece Hadropterus tessellatus.......---..----.---.- Seabee ses ycctitencaucees Ericosma evides ..--- Rheocrypta ....-..--- HO DaoSeb OnE RSO OnESOO CNdS Ga00 DODESO doEOOD ODCOG0 ¢ e@eceseeseces ceecee cee ese cee eer cee eee eseesre tee ye eo heocry pta Copeland iss sss) s2 2 scen cise s sisece oes cee seas Seem eoeee Arlina atripinnis ..-.. A TCOTIOING, KOMENEEE NS cagaco n66550 9506 Gancbe Sand [606 dabcc6 HsDbeS0HC Analysis of genera of Etheostomatid@ ........---.---------- +222 ++ eee Catalogue of species of Etheostomatid@---....-...-----.--..------------« List of nominal species of Etheostomatide ...........----.--------------- Centrarchide ...--..-....--- EKupomotis .... .----.. Eupomotis pallidus. - IXENOTIS Levelecce voces we 2oe pee ears cee ees cee ees eee ee e@ee* eeeces cee ees taeces ere ees cece ee cee ees eee eee Bee eee © Guw3Sees eer ese cee eee ee e2ee Cee eee ese ese toe ees Cos ees Gee ees eoae cee e ose XEN OUISISAN CUMIN OEM CUS eee ates ele ecisle see sietcisine lee meieieanioee 200500 aed Xystroplites ........ Xystroplites gillii .-- Lepiopomus ischyrus Lepiopomus apiatus . Lepiopomus miniatus Apomotis phenax..-- eos C8 e eee eee 2 oe ee ee cee eee Pee eee oes ees ese eee he eee eeccees ceeeee Cee eee ose ees cee eet ot esos eae eee sscecs 2c escece @ eeee2ee0 €2ee2e08 ceeeee sees casees see ees coe oes Enneacanthus pinniger -----.......-... Soleseejemininie Sac cule mameniemmeets Bnnecacanthuspmarcarobissecms cesses eseleeeee nee eestor eee eeeeee eee Centrarchus .......- Genera of Centrarchide .- Analysis of the genera of eee ecee cess e202 e222 22808 cee eee eos e ome eee owe ee eee Centrachidss =.) Se Se ee a eta na Catalogue of species of Centrarchid@ ...-.. .-- 20. 2255 ane wee nee ene wenn List of nominal species of Centrarchide ...-.......--2...---. .--2-5----- Xenotis lythrochloris Xenotis aureolus -..- Xenotis inscriptus..- Lepiopomus pallidus Micropterus pallidus Page. Ooo Mm rte On oan ay f=) 11 Diyas) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page ORCL ate cine oe cinelele ciciate ainieiohes ciniaie isleleratalepalersteielen tetstete rarer etraveherelsieterareye tare 43 SAMS W ANT S655 cood ood 6 6650 H660 000050 5000 SnOKSo OO 56 DONS CODO GOH os 43 SHOR Oa \WAlARSWHTN soG GS56G oon CoGoSO couo Coda DS5e cooeos CO400 sone 46 Stizostethium Salmoneum(.— 2-5/2 2 2-6) ence ceme eee saeieeie = aeeaiae 47 Stizostethium) canadenseo--ecmoce cere eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 48 Catalogue of species of Stizostethium..............-.....----...--------- 49 FASSOMINED ..2 Linn since cere hice Seimei s gemrae eens eneinicinicia) aie senremersc cesar pees 50 IIE CLOVE BARES Aer nooracced uocsod Obadad ceéaned SaoaemO aed eoo doaaoe basen 50 Elassoma zonata ..--...---- rere et laias a ye.a) era aita ela] Sie teva /adee area natant cee ate 50 Aphododeride <2... ore oa oo wees wei ne eww mi ele ee oe ain el 51 Asternotremiaces ase mca ose cee eisineice ceciociattinele =e eec neice ee eteee 51 Aphododerus cookianuseccea screenees nee rise came see eee 52 Asternotremia mesotrema.... .----. -- +6. cone wenn ee ene ene eee ne 52 List of species of Aphododerid@ ...-.....--. 2... ----- +--+ 2-02 --- eee eens 53 Win brides en ee ee i as as ae a 53 Umbra pygmeaa ....-.---..----. Sidicieaiel sleleieia eeelnlel slate Sle ate ac abel inetere pep o IBISOONOIES GagGac dé S5d0 665000 dada 6b00 d0b65 cbbdo0 DOdS60 SoG odbS CobbSa soSSda cote 54 Esox-nobilior soso Soe ek oe ee ciara See eek cio te rare oe eter 54 Dorysomatidea eesti ee eS esas Seti ails eemesinate a aerate 5d Dorysoma cepediana ..-.-.- Gh eelveitie ecclesia a ste siete Seles yaaieveione craic nis aac ae 55 (Chymiavanicles) Seb656 Gaga sa06 oa6dae S565 Go6Gab'sd5ds6 Godae8 od6c6 siGeiee see aaeeeeee ee 50 Genera of American Cyprinid® ...-.....-.. 2-2. -.--25 eee oee ee eee === 55 Daxilus selene etek scale ocos cise ainleh (esos sats ticle meee ani ero ee eee 60 MUURILUS TOSCUS Baas cies: a= wai cies eyauie a) ee minvelas coaere Mulere a seis ee eee eee 61 Cy prinellarcalliura ees eee ee ee ria ciao Sere res oe tO 61 iPhotogenisyorandipinnisesc. see cecies see cee see eee ee eee eee ee ere 62 Semotilus'thoreautanus. 22) oS s.c soe eee ses coc oee se eee Co nee 63 Nocomisimilweri isos. Soot ese ee eens c ee ce Bee ele cetera cree eee 64 Cliolasariomimays: 2237 2s oe ian eee ane wok ee etka oe ese ee a eee 64 Hyboonathus: regis. 422 22) secieeiee me eecan eck | saeeeee sete emeeeeee 64 Notemigonus chrysoleucus .........---..------ Us ees er 65 Platygolio gractise roo ee See eae ce ec oc sae eRe cee Oe eee 65 Catostomides yess oss eee isco eee eeiscie en owioctere ole Meme CER eee 66 Myxostoma poeeiluray . set sca e Se ae cee a ieee eet ere 66 Fiyodomtidaas 2555/2 u ete eee eo acre stetetetct at cio a8 crave vey 20 ie eee ae ea 67 Hyodon selenops esses ccs ee ee SSeS gE SU ea eee 67 Synopsis of fresh-water Silurids’ of the United States............-..-----..--- 69 Groupylchthroluriqss esos ese eee eee eee POI nL ye AR SN 70 Anallysisior genera of ichtheelurleereee secon eee ee eee eee eee ree eeore 71 Catalocuejof nominalspecies|sscces seca coeniee cece oe Secale eee eeeeeee ih Melati hse ais sees ria aN co DE 74 Analysisiof species of Ichthsluruss.seekeeeeeceeccsen eo nceee eee eeeee 75 Fel this urns ur cabs see yes Sa a a LU Lec Ra 75 Fehthaalurus TODUStUS s/sese eles se Sie eieeeaeeee eee le ee ee 76 TABLE OF CONTENTS. liginingalinans meric bonbke) p66545 ccousc asooue coeuee sooboU ESE bes coap Gone AROITIETS, GSES GeO BSA OOo COS OE ESO EEA DOSE Oo Doe COO BEC OSS Re SCO nC EIAs morret AIBISISIS Of GUGGIES cooase case cose oan0 GoGo bon Soe Gagoad BaSeas sopSod coNSEC ANTINORS UDYOWS soccos co6505 coNS voGeGS 655500 8g6a65 005000 6050 e60G60 SOEe ANORORUS SDVEYEMLATS soo oad soboud dooo cooced bOOs dade Guoo boaG adhd aooaes ASTANMIS, IGAMCAIOS Goaea6 Sooo pooHho Goaa Gaoeon So daa cooS cond 640GKd0 BAGG AATUTITS | OORGAlIS! Saye ae eid Sie ace ace Snel oo aed oid a alnetevelcinteisisisiose je teniere Amu siallbidlstesserssscre cee Nesta see os pale seen eeel emesis ecinie Somes ATOM DS LOWNDES soste5 céneno opSe cpnO GEOL Db FbbCC0 Sond és Shad Boch ooESS ANinIiITRDS GROOMS) 455 donee code cass osc coeoen UaEcaU cDaSS0 cageEG oon AMM EUS NAVAS ssiooe nes cia ease cesses cscs sieminesteensecioeslaser ANTRIMIAR) TRUIBETIS. o6a5 coon ne oe00 o60 bbbn dogs cobb sono gsudlgnaood osececce ANDITO AUS HORMONE. onodo0 ba00 Cons ade Son DoDD ONCOoO 0ODSe5 Hoscg6 So obcC PAtrmiemmar sin eas rst cea eels sara cena are lela wie aialciate wrcicioiohatrioleis ete siete cist ce taictae ATMBTPAUS CHIDS ssos00 sootoo coches Jone conc oono cehbeb DESEO: E6000 O00DC Animus ) 1865 Bryttus oculatus, Copet....-........-.-.] 1865 Lepomis longispinis, Copet....-..-....---. 1865 Bryttus mineopas, Copet ..--....--...-.- 1865 Ambloplites cavifrons, Copet ....-....-.. 1869 Hemioplites simulans, Copet -........--- 1869 Lepomis anagallinus, Copet ........-...-. 1869 Lepomis ardesiacus, Cope t -....--..-.--. 1869 Lepomis ophthalmicus, Cope t ..-.-..-..- 1869 epomisioWlis Copenh jaaieicecitae oo 2 < ese 1869 Lepomis charybdis, Cope ...............-| 1869 Lepomis nephelus, Cope t..-.....---..--- 1869 Lepomis purpurascens, Cope t ...-..----. 1870 Lepomis peltastes, Cope*...:........---- 1870 Identification. Micropterus pallidus. Archoplites interruptus. Archoplites interruptus. Enneacanthus obesus. Lepiopomus elongatus. Eupomotis speciosus. Xenotis marginatus. Enneacanthus obesus. Enneacanthus gloriosus. Cheenobryttus viridis. Mesogonistius chetodon. Acantharchus pomotis. Micropterus pallidus. Pomoxys annularis. ‘ Cheenobryttus gulosus. Apomotis cyanellus. Apomotis cyanellus. Apomotis cyanellus. Apomotis cyanellus. .Apomotis (?) albulus. Apomotis signifer. Lepiopomus humilis. Lepiopomus pallidus. Xenotis popii. Enneacanthus obesus. Eupomotis speciosus. Pomoxys nigromaculatus. Pomoxys annularis. Pomoxys annularis. Pomoxys annularis. Lepiopomus oculatus. Lepiopomus pallidus (var. ?). Apomotis cyanellus. Ambloplites cavifrons. Ilemioplites simulans. Lepiopomus anagallinus. Lepiopomus pallidus (juy.,. Xenotis sp. ? (juv.). Chenobryttus viridis. Chenobryttus gulosus. Lepiopomus macrochirus. Lepiopomus pallidus (var. ?). Xenotis peltastes. 40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. Nominal species. Date. Identification. Dioplites treculii, Le Vaillant & Bocourt.| 1874 | Micropterus pallidus (?). Dioplites variabilis, (Le 8.) Le V. & Boc...| 1874 | Micropterus pallidus(?). Copelandia eriarcha, Jor.t .--------.--.. 1876 | Copelandia eriarcha. Xenotis lythrochloris, Jor. t..---.-...---. 1877 | Xenotis lythrochloris. Xenotis aureolus, Jor. t .----.------------ 1877 | Xenotis aureolus. Xystroplites gillii, Jor. t ..-...-.-...--.-. 1877 | Xystroplites gillii. Lepiopomus ischyrus, Jor. & Nels. t .----. 1877 | Lepiopomus ischyrus. Apomotis phenax, Cope. & Jor. t ......--.| 1877 | Apomotis phenax. Lepiopomus miniatus, Jor.t -.---...------ 1877 | Lepiopomus miniatus. Enneacanthus pinniger, Gill & Jor.+.----. 1877 | Enneacanthus pinniger. Enneacanthus margarotis, Gill & Jor....| 1877 | Enneacanthus margarotis. Enneacanthus milnerianus, Cope, MSS.-..-| 1877 | Enneacanthus milnerianus. Lepomis apiatus, Cope, MSS..........---- 1877 | Lepiopomus apiatus. Lepomis mystacalis, Cope, MSS..---.---. 1877 | Lepiopomus mystacalis. Xystroplites longimanus, Cope, MSS..---- 1877 | Eupomotis speciosus (?). 24. XENOTIS LYTHROCHLORIS. Icihelis aurita, Rar., Ichthyologia ohiensis, 1820 (not Labrus auritus Linn. 3 not Le- pomis auritus Raf., 1819). Lepomis auritus, Gow, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868 (not Lepomis auritus Gill). Ichthelis sanguinolentus, JORDAN, Man. Vert. 1876 (in part, confounded with X. megalotis and X. sanguinolentus. ) Xenotis tythrochloris, JORDAN (1877), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, — This elegant species is fairly described by Rafinesque, and quite ac- curately by Prof. Cope, but no other writers seem to have distinguished it. It does not seem best to retain the name auritus. Rafinesque ap- parently took this species for the Linnean auritus, and, if so, this is simply a case of mistaken identification, and the name thus given in error should not be retained. If we suppose that Rafinesque intended to describe his aurita as a new species, we have the anomalous case of an author describing a new species under the specific name borne by an oid species which he himself elsewhere precisely indicates as the type of his genus. In this view, which would be absurd in regard to any author other than Rafinesque, we should have two species, strongly resembling each other, in closely related genera, both bearing the same specific name, Lepiopomus auritus and Xenotis auritus. This undesira- ble arrangement we can avoid by supposing, what is probably the fact, that Rafinesque wrongly identified his Icthelis aurita with Labrus auri- tus of Linneus. Rafinesque’s aurita being thus without a specific name, CENTRARCHIDZ. 41 I supply that of lytirochloris, in allusion to the blood-red and pale-green coloration. Xenotis lythrochloris needs comparison chiefly with X. megalotis. The body is elongate proportionally, somewhat as in the species of Apomotis, but the profile is quite steep. The back along the base of the dorsal fin is unusually straight, not strongly bowed as in megalotis. The colors are different in life; there is more red on the cheeks and fins in X. lythrochloris, but the ground-color of the back is a decided olive- green with blue spots. The belly, as in megalotis, is orange. The mem- brane of the soft parts of the vertical fins in X. lythrochloris is bright orange-red. The spines are extremely short, the longest about equal to length of snout. The most available distinctive. point is in the oper- cular flap, which is extremely long, longer than in megalotis or sanguino- lentus, and entirely black, without any trace of pale edging whatever, ex- cept at base. In megalotis, the flap is conspicuously edged with paler. X. megalotis abounds most in ponds and still deep places in the rivers. X. lythrochloris runs up the small brooks into places where it and Apomotis cyanellus are the only Centrarchine inhabitants, whence it often comes to adorn the urchin’s string in company with Semotilus corporalis, Catostomus teres, Campostoma anomala, and other ‘boys’ fish”. 25. XENOTIS AUREOLUS, Jordan. ? Pomotis macrochira, KIRTLAND (1839), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii, 469.—Srormr (1846), Synopsis, 298 (not Icthelis macrochira Raf.=Lepomis nephelus Cope). Ichthelis macrochira, JoRDAN (1876), Bull. Buff. Nat. Hist. Soc. 92; Manual Vert. , 236 (not of Raf.). Xenotis aureolus, JORDAN (1877), Bull. ix, U. S. Nat. Mus. —. Body oblong, rather heavy forward; the forehead usually quite con- vex, but sometimes the profile straightish or almost concave; depth about 24 in length; head 22; eye about as large as flap in adult, 4 in head; mouth moderate; scales on cheeks rather large, in 5 or 6 rows. Fin-rays as in related species ; dorsal spines short, rather longer than in X. lythrochloris, but scarcely longer than snout ; pectorals moderate ; ventrals elongate. Colors very clear and translucent, the young almost transparent, the adult lustrous, clear pale green above; sides with much spotting of golden orange or brassy, the spots numerous but not well defined, shading into the green; the orange predominating below; the belly clear orange ; some blue spotting on sides, a purplish-red lustre on the sides in life, peculiar to this species. This disappears at death. 42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. Soft parts of vertical fins, particularly the anal, with the membrane, clear orange; ventral fins bluish; cheeks with three bread bronze- orange bands, between which are bands of bluish-green; two bronze bands in front of eye; space beneath eye largely blue-green and iri- descent. Opercular flap not long, narrow, varying to rather wide, with a con- Spicuous purple margin ; iris red; pupil black. Size small. I have seen none over four inches in length. Habitat—Ohio Valley ; rather common in bayous and still places in small creeks. It occurs in company with Xenotis lythrochioris, and, like that species, is commonly among the treasures of the small boy as he comes back from the swimming-hole. This species much resembles the young of X. imegnibtts the only spe- cies with which it need be compared. X. megalotis is more positively and brilliantly colored ; there is more blue ; the spines are lower, and the scales on the cheeks smaller. X. awreolus is chiefly of a golden orange, and in life has a translucency of hue unlike the colors of any other species. In spirits, it becomes of a pale yellowish or white. It is prob- able that Kirtland’s description of Pomotis macrochira was drawn up from a specimen of this species. It is certain, however, that Kirtland confounded two or three species under the name of macrochira, among them probably Lepiopomus pallidus. This cannot well be the species called macrochira by Rafinesque. I have therefore proposed the new name of aureolus, in allusion to its gilded coloration. 26. XENOTIS INSCRIPTUS, (Agassiz) Jor. Pomotis inscriptus, AGASSIZ (1854), Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 302. Lepomis inscriptus, COPE (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. —. Ichthelis inscriptus, JORDAN (1876), Manual Vert. 237. j Xenotis inscriptus, JORDAN (1876), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. —. Body oblong, little elevated, the depth 24 in length; profile and dor- sal outline forming a nearly uniform curve from snout to caudal pedun- cle; eye large, larger than in megalotis ; mouth moderate; cheek-scales large. Pectoral fins short, not reaching anal; dorsal spines low, but high for this genus, more developed than in any of the other species, the long- est about as long as from snout to middle of pupil; ventral fins not reaching anal. A small compact handsome species of a dark color, not at all trans- lucent; color dark olive-green, with blue shades; cheeks with blue CENTRARCHIDZ. 43 lines; opercular flap pretty long, rather narrow, its lower margin being shorter than the upper, directed more obliquely upward than in the other species, bordered above and below with pinkish, many of the scales of the back and sides marked with a short horizontal black line like a pencil-mark, these usually forming interrupted lines along the rows of scales. These markings are often obsolete. Fins dark olive, only the anal usually with red; no black dorsal spot. Length of specimens examined about 4 to 5 inches. Habitat.—Tennessee River (Agassiz, Cope); Etowah River (Jordan) ; White River, Indiana (Jordan); Mississippi River at Cairo (Jordan). This species may be known to be a Xenotis by the ear-flap and the weak gill-rakers. From the other Ohio species, its longer spines, dark green coloration, and the peculiar upward direction of the opercular flap distinguish it. The black streaks which suggested the name in- scriptus usually disappear with death. 27. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS, (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan. Labrus pallidus, MITCcHILL, 1814, = Labrus appendix, MITCHILL, 1818, = Pomotis incisor, Cuv. & VAL, 1831. We have here restored the oldest and therefore correct specilic name to this species. The genus Helioperca, recently proposed by me for this species and its immediate relatives, does not seem sufficiently dis- tinct from Lepiopomus. I therefore abandon it, for the present, at least. 28. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS, (Rajinesque) Gill & Jordan. Lepomis pallida, RAFINESQUE, 1820, = Cichla floridana, Le SuEvR, 1822, = Huro nigri- cans, C. & V., 1828. Rafinesque’s description of his Lepomis pallida seems to have been drawn from this species. His specific name should therefore be adopted. This change is especially desirable, as it does away with the objection- able local name jloridanus for this widely distributed species. PERCID AS. 29. STIZOSTETHIUM, Rafinesque. The American species of this genus have been involved in consider- able confusion, and no one seems to know positively whether we have 44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. two, three, four, or five species, or how those species may be dis- tinguished from each other, or, finally, what names any of them should bear. Having lately been enabled to examine a large number of speci- mens in a fresh state, through the kindness of John C. Klippart, the efficient fish commissioner of the State of Chio, I have come to certain provisional conclusions, which I have thought it advisable to insert here. Among the species of Stizostethium, there are two well-marked groups, known to our lake fishermen respectively as the “Saugers” and the ‘s Pikes”, These differ somewhat in external peculiarities of form and coloration, and strongly in the arrangement of the pyloric ceca. In the “ Pike” group, there are three pyloric ceca, long and large, subequal, and all longer than the stomach. In the “Saugers”, the pyloric ceca are much shorter and smaller. There are four larger than the rest, not quite equal, and all shorter than the stomach. Besides the four larger ones, there are one, two, or three small ones. The total number is usually six, but sometimes the small ones are obsolete. In the extreme generic subdivision which at present obtains, any such decided anatomical peculiarity may be held to indicate generic dis- tinction. I therefore propose to consider the “Saugers” as at least subgenerically distinct from the “ Pikes”. The name Stizostedion was proposed by Rafinesque for his Perca sal- monea, the ‘* White Salmon of the Ohio”. Rafinesque’s description is not altogether satisfactory; but, as a certain fish of this genus is still known as the “White Salmon,” at the Falls of the Ohio, it is possible to make an undoubted identification. The Perca salmonea is a “ Pike”, and therefore the name Stizostedion (or rather Stizostethiwm, for the name is stated to mean “ pungent throat’) should be retained for the Pikes. Since the preceding paragraphs were in type, Prof. Gill and the writer have been enabled to compare the American species of Stizo- stethium with the two inhabiting the waters of Europe, viz, Stizoste- thium lucioperca (L.) G. & J. (Lucioperca sandra C. & V.) and Stizostethium volgense (Pallas) G. & J. The genus divides at once into four strongly marked sections or subgenera, of which two—that typified by S. cana- dense and that by S. volgense—bear little resemblance to each other, and could be readily considered as generically distinct were not the other two sections intermediate. (1) The section typified by S. volgense in several respects approaches the genus Perca: it may be termed Mimoperca(G.&J.). (2) The Sauger group, from the development of the canine teeth, may be appropriately designated as Cynoperca (G. & J.). PERCIDZ. 45 (3) The American Pike-perch group was. called Stizostethium by Rafin- esque, and (4) the Sandres of Europe were called nearly simultaneously Lucioperca by Cuvier and Sandrus by Stark. The Lucioperca marina Cuv. & Val. (Perca labrax Pallas), if correctly described, has apparently no affinity with the genus. : The following analysis of the characters of these groups has been compiled by Prof. Gill and myself after a rigorous comparison of the several forms. It may be stated that we have been unable to ascertain certainly the character of the pyloric ceca in Mimoperca and Lucioperca, the two specimens of each species in the National Museum being deprived of their intestines :— *, Dorsal fins well separated, the interspace between them more than the diameter of the eye; the distance from the base of the last spine of the first dorsal and the first of the second equal to the space occupied by the last 4 to 6 spines of the first dorsal; anal fin II, 12, longer than high; second dorsal I, 17, to I, 21; spines of the second dorsal and anal closely attached to the soft rays; last dorsal spine scarcely erectile, more or less firmly bound down by the membrane; canine teeth strong (American species) : t. Soft dorsal comparatively short (its base one-fourth shorter than that of spinous dorsal) and with about 17 short rays; cheeks, opercles, and top of head more or less closely scaled; body depressed, subterete ; size small; pyloric ceca form- ing two groups, the primary one of four, unequal, moderate, much shorter than the stomach ; the secondary of few (1-3) rudimentary ones, which are sometimes Cinea ore aes oe th: LOE CGO Soe Oe Bee ae ee Ee Bee eee aE BPN eee oe CYNOPERCA. tt. Soft dorsal rather long (one-sixth shorter than spinous dorsal), with about 20 soft rays; cheeks and upper surface of head nearly naked; body more compressed ; size large; pyloric ceca three, subequal, all long (about as long as stomach), STIZOSTETHIUM. **, Dorsal fins approximated, connected by low membrane, the interspace much less than the diameter of the eye; the distance between the last spine of the first and the first spine of the second only equalling the base covered by the last four or fewer rays of the spinous dorsal ; spines of second dorsal and anal connected with succeeding rays by loose membrane; last dorsal spine erectile; second dorsal usually I, 22 or 23; anal fin at least as high as long; body compressed ; size large (Kuropean species, the body more or less distinctly transversely barred and the first dorsal with series of roundish black spots): t. Soft dorsal considerably (one-fifth) shervter than spinous dorsal; anal fin II, 12, as long as high ; canine teeth strong; ‘‘ pyloric ceca 4 to 6”..-.--.--LUCIOPERCA. tf. Soft dorsal somewhat longer than spinous dorsal; anal fin short and high; its length two-thirds its height; its rays II, 10; canine teeth weak, not much dif- ferentiated ; body strongly compressed as inthe genus Perca; “pyloric ceca WINES Chas (MLCT) espe cs avy /a sista ors wal min) ora aie ia slcja eitey wie Sucre semmteeeee a Sse MIMOPERCA. Of American species I know certainly three, the Wall-eyed Pike or Yellow Pike (Stizostethium vitreum), the Blue Pike or White Salmon (Stizostethium salmoneum), and the Sauger or Gray Pike (Stizostethium griseum or canadense). The ‘Sauger” of the Saint Lawrence, S. cana- dense, may be distinct from S. griseum, but at present I think it is not; 46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. and, finally, the “Blue Pike” is possibly, but improbably, distinct from the ‘* White Salmon”. Without further discussion, I will give the synonymy and characters of the species now recognized. 30. STIZOSTETHIUM VITREUM (Mitchill) Jordan & Copeland. Wall-eyed Pike—Glass Eye—“‘Dory ’— “Salmon ''—Pike-perch—Doré—_Okow— Horn Fish—Green Pike—Yellow Pike (? female). Perca vitrea, M1TCHILL (1818), Supplement Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 247 (Cayuga Lake). Stizostedium vitreum, JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List N. Am. Fresh Water Fishes, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 136. Stizostethium vitreum, JORDAN (1877), Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist.—JORDAN (1877), in Klippart’s Rept. Fish Commr. Ohio. Lucioperca americana, Cuv. & Vat. (1829), ii, 122—RicHarpson (1836), Fauna Bor.- Am. iii, 10.—KIRTLAND (1838), Zool. Ohio, 192; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv 237.—THOMPSON (1842), History Vt. 130.—DE Kay (1842), Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 17.—STORER (1846), Synopsis, 276.—AGassiz (1850), Lake Superior, 294.— JARDINE (1852), Nat. Libr. Perches, 107.—GUNTHER (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 74A— JORDAN (1874), Ind. Geol. Survey, 212; and of writers generally. Stizostedium americanum, COPE (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 82, 85.—CorE (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 448.—MILNER (1872-3), Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 425.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 225.—UHLER & LueGrr (1876), Fishes of Maryland, 110.—NELSOoN (1876), Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36. Body elongate, rather slender and subcylindric, becoming deep with age; the depth in young of 14 inches, 44 to 5 in length; head long, 3% in length. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond the pupil to posterior margin of orbit; its length 22 to 3 in head. Mandible a little more than half length of head; eyes large, less than in salmoneum, shorter than snout and than preopercle, 44 to5in head. Jaws equal, or the lower slightly projecting, its sides somewhat included. Cheeks scaly, varying to nearly smooth, usually a few scales at least behind the eye. Opercle with a strong flat spine, which is sometimes bifid or trifid; no smaller ones below it. Dorsal spines high, more than half the length of head, as long as from snout past eye and 4 to + past opercle. General color a heavy olive, varying considerably, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indistinct lines, which run obliquely upward and backward along the rows of scales. Sides of head more or less vermiculated; lower jaw flesh-colored; belly and lower fins pinkish. Spinous dorsai fin without black spots except a large jet-black blotch, which involves the membrane of the last two or three spines. Second | PERCIDZ. 47 dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish. Base of pectorals without distinct black spot. Fin-rays:—Dorsal XII or XITI—1, 20 or 21. Anal II, 12. Lateral line with about 90 scales.. Pyloric ceca long and large, subequal, three in number. Size very large; this species reaches a length of nearly three feet and a weight of twenty or thirty pounds. Habitat.—Upper Mississippi River, Great Lake Region and streams of the Atlantic slope, south of New England, north to the Fur Countries. 31. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEDM, Rafinesque. Blue Pike (Lake Hrie)—White Salmon (Ohio River). Perca salmonea, RarF. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. v, 354; (1820), Ich. Oh. 21. Stizostedion salmoneum, RaF. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23. Stizostedium salmoneum, Cop (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 82.—JorpDan (1876), Man. Vert .225.—Copr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 449.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136.—NELSON (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36. Stizostethium salmoneum, JORDAN (1677), Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. —; (1877), in Klippart’s Rept. Fish Commrs. Ohio, — ?? Perca nigropunetata, RaF. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23 ewe erroneous). ?? Pomacampsis nigropunctatus, Ra¥. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23. This species is very similar to the preceding in its technical charac- ters, and it may prove to be merely a variety. The body is shorter, thicker, and deeper, with slenderer caudal peduncle, the diameter of which is not much greater than that of the large eye. The mouth is smaller, the maxillary not reaching quite to the posterior margin of the pupil, 3 in head; the eye is larger, its diameter equal to the length of the snout or that of the preopercle; the lower jaw is slightly included. The dorsal spines are evidently considerably lower than in S. vitreum, the longest about equal to the distance from the snout to a point just short of hinder margin of orbit, about 2! in head. The coloration is similar to that of S. vitrewm, but the adult is bluer or greener, with scarcely any of the brassiness characteristic of the lat- ter species. The coloration of the fins is darker, and there are traces of a blackish horizontal band along the dorsal in addition to the large black blotch on the hinder rays. Young specimens (from Obio River) are more silvery, with traces of faint black bars along the back. Fin-rays:—Dorsal XIV—1, 20. Anal II, 13. Lateral line with 995 scales. Opercular spine single, as in S.vitreum. Cheeks largely naked. _ Pylorie cceca three, large, longer than stomach, as in the preceding species. 48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II Size much less than that of S. vitreum. The largest specimens seen by me were about fourteen inches in length. The accompanying figure represents the stomach and pyloric ceca of one of these. Habitat.—Lake Erie, Ohio River, and southward to Georgia. 32. STIZOSTETHIUM (CYNOPERCA) CANADENSE, (C. H. Smith) Jordan. Sauger—Gray Pike—Sand Pike. ? Lucioperca canadensis, C. H. Smiru, MSS. (1834).—GRiFFITH’s Cuvier’s Animal King. dom, x, 275.—RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, iii, 17.—DE Kay (1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19.—SToRER (1846), Synopsis, 276.—GUNTHER (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 75.—JORDAN (1877), Klippart’s Report, 225. ? Stizostedium canadense, JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 225.—JoRDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. Lucioperca grisea, DE Kay (1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19.—SToRER (1846), Synopsis, 276.—GUNTHER (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 76.—JORDAN (1874), Ind. Geol. Surv. 212. Stizostedium griseum, MILNER (1875), Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-3.—JorDaN (1876), Man. Vert. 225.—NELSON (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36.—Jor- DAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. Lucioperca borea,,GRD. (1857), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Nov. (not Okow or Horn Fish of Richardson, which is S. vitreum). Stizostedion boreus, GRD. (1858), Pac. R..R. Survey, x, 31. Stizostedium boreum, JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. I have never seen a specimen of the Sauger with the opercular spines exactly as represented in Smith’s figure of his canadensis. I find, how- ever, much variation in this respect, and I have seen specimens with 1, 2, 3, and 4 spines ; and also specimens with the two sides unlike. Until it is known that there is a second species of Sauger in our waters differ- ing from grisewm by the constant presence of four opercular spines, it is safest to unite grisewm and canadense. The types of Stizostedion boreus Girard are preserved in the United States National Museum, and seem to be the common “Sauger”, S. canadense. Part of Dr. Girard’s description of this species is borrowed from Richardson, and applies to S. vitreum. Body most elongated, more terete than in Stizostethiwm proper, with the back scarcely compressed, so broad that the lateral line may be seen in a view from above, the back somewhat angulated as it de- scends to the sides, the depth of the body 43 to 5 in length. Head quite pointed, about 33 in length, the slope of the profile greater than in Stizostethium. Eye smaller, 5 to 5$in head in adult; mouth rather smaller, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin of eye. PERCIDA. 49 Opercle with a sharp flat spine, usually a smaller one below it and an obscure one above; sometimes two or three smaller ones below, often none; the position and number of these spines extremely variable. Cheeks usually closely scaled, the hinder third or less sometimes naked Median furrow on top of head closely scaled. Coloration paler and more translucent, the shades less blended than in the Stizostethia ; olive-gray above, sides considerably brassy or pale orange, with much black mottling, the black gathered into several defi- nite dark areas, the most distinct of these being opposite the second dorsal; two others fainter, at each extremity of the spinous dorsal and one at base of caudal. These blotches are irregular and diffuse, but very characteristic. Young specimens are pale orange, with broad black shades. Spinous dorsal with two or three rows of round black spots, one of each row on the membrane between each pair of spines; no distinct blotch on posterior part of the fin; a large black blotch at base of pec- torals. Second dorsal with about three rows of irregular dark spots ; caudal yellowish and dusky, almost barred. Fin-rays:—dorsal XII—1, 17, varying to XIII—1,18; anallII, 12. Lateral line with 92 to 98 scales. Pyloric ceca 4 to 7; four of them larger than the rest, of different lengths, all small and shorter than the stomach. The usual number is six, but the two small ones are sometimes one or both absent, sometimes duplicated. Length of adult 10 to 15 inches. Habitat.—Great Lake Region, and Upper Mississippi Rivers, also in the Ohio, where it has been introduced from the lakes, through the canals, according to the fishermen. The different form and coloration, particularly the markings of the dorsal fin, distinguish this species at once from the Stizostethia. This species has, moreover, always fewer dorsal rays, more scaly cheeks, and a different armature of the operculum. The following is a catalogue of the known species of Stizostethium, with references to Dr. Giinther’s Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. i:— 1. STIZOSTETHIUM (CYNOPERCA) CANADENSE, (Smith) Jordan. Lucioperca canadensis, Gitinther, i, p. 75. Lucioperea grisea, Gtinther, i, p. 76. Lucioperca (borea), Giinther, i, p. 501 (d. s.). 2. STIZOSTETHIUM (STIZOSTETHIUM) VITREUM, (Mitchill) Jordan & Copeland, Lucioperca americana, Giinther, 1, p. 74. Bull. N. M. No. 10—4 50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 3. STIZOSTETHIUM (STIZOSTETHIUM) SALMONEUM, Rafinesque. 4, STIZOSTETHIUM (LUCIOPERCA) LUCIOPERCA, (Linnwus) Gill & Jordan. Lucioperca sandra, Giinther, i, p. 75. 5, STIZOSTETHIUM (MIMOPERCA) VOLGENSE, (Pallas) Gill & Jordan. Lucioperca wolgensis, Giinther, i, p. 74. ELASSOMIN Ai. 33. HLASSOMA, Jordan, gen. nov. In a collection of fishes lately sent to me by Prof. H. S. Reynolds, . taken inthe Little Red River, White County, Arkansas, I find two specimens of a curious little fish, representing a type entirely new to me, for which I would propose the above generic name («Aacowypa, a being reduced or diminished). The characters of the pharyngeal bones cannot well be ascertained on account of the small size of the specimens; I am, therefore, unable at present to definitely refer the genus to its proper family. It possi- bly, however, belongs to the family of Cichlide, so numerously repre- sented in the fresh waters of South America, of which but one species, Heros cyanoguttatus (B. & G.), has thus far been recorded from the United States. The following are the generic characters of Hlassoma, so far as they can be made out from the type-specimens :— Form and to some extent aspect of Aphododerus, but more compressed; fins small; dorsal with five spines; anal with three; ventrals distinct, thoracic, each with one small spine and five soft rays; branchiostegals apparently five; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw longest; each jaw apparently with a single row of large conical teeth; no vomerine teeth (2) ; cheeks and opercles scaly ; body entirely scaly; no visible lateral line; branchiostegal membrane broadly united across the pectoral region ; caudal fin truncate; vent normal. Typical species Hlassoma zonata, Jordan. 34. ELASSOMA ZONATA, Jordan, sp. nov. . Form rather elongate, compressed, especially behind ; the nape rather broad and depressed, forming a straightish profile, the head narrowed forward, short but rather pointed, broadest below. Head 3 in length ; depth about 34. Eye large, greater than snout; 3 in head. Mouth APHODODERIDZ. 51 considerably protractile, small, oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Fin-rays :—Dorsal V, 7 (6 to 10; the exact number of soft rays I am unable to make out). Anal ILI, 6 (5 to 8); the spines of the dorsal con- tinuous with the soft rays. Color olive-green, finely punctulate everywhere; sides with about eleven parallel vertical bands of dark olive, about equal in width, nar- rower than the eye, the bands about as wide as the pale interspaces. A roundish black spot, nearly as large as the eye, under the beginning of the spinous dorsal, .just above the axis of the body, as in man y South American Cichlide ; soft fins faintly barred; cheeks and under parts of head profusely speckled with fine black dots, as in Aphododerus cook- ianus. Length of each of the three specimens known just one inch. It probably grows to a somewhat larger size, but the fact that it has thus far apparently been overlooked by collectors, leads me to think that its maximum dimensions are quite small. Habitat.—Little Red River, Arkansas; collector, Henry 8. Reynolds ; two specimens. Rio Brazos, Texas, a single specimen noticed in a bottle of Sunfishes in the United States National Museum, without other label than that of the locality. This species seems to bear little relation to any of the genera of Cichlide described from South America by Dr. Giinther or Professor Cope. I therefore propose to consider it as forming a distinct sub- family, and leave the matter of its relationships for future investigation. APHODODERID AA. 30. ASTERNOTREMIA, Nelson, MSS., nom. gen. nov. Sternotremia, NELSON, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1876. Some objection has been made to the name Sternotremia on the ground that it is anatomically incorrect and misleading, the vent not being in the “sternon”, as in Aphododerus, but entirely behind it. As the name Sternotremia was given through a misunderstanding of the meaning of *“ sternon”, Mr. Nelson proposes to modify it to Asternotre- mia, which term is anatomically correct, and indicates the chief dis- tinction between this genus and Aphododerus. ¢ 52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. | 36. APHODODERUS COOKIANUS, Jordan. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p. 60. Many specimens of this species are in the United States National Museum from various points in Illinois. The chief distinctive charac- ter of this species, the small size of the scales, seems to be constant. Specimens of an Aphododerus, from near New Orleans, the original locality of Aphredederus gibbosus Le Sueur, seem to be identical with A. sayanus. . The etymology of “Aphredoderus” is apparently agodos, excrement; deon, neck. The word should therefore be spelled Aphododerus. -37. ASTERNOTREMIA MESOTREMA, sp. nov. General form, appearance, and coloration of Asternotremia tsolepis Nelson, but the vent not as in the latter species between the anterior bases of the ventral fins, but about an eye’s diameter in front of them- Head nearly 3 times in length; depth 34; lateral line, 45 scales. Dor- sal III, 8. Anal IIT, 7. Type 9296, United States National Museum, from Georgia. Col- lector, Hugh M. Neisler; precise locality not indicated. Specimen 24 inches long, in very bad condition. The peculiar position of the vent indicates a direct transition from the more generalized type of Asternotremia toward Aphododerus. In this species, it is about two-fifths of the distance between its normal position in the former genus and that of the latter, farther forward than in Asternotremia isolepis. Since this paper was in press, I have received two more specimens which I refer to this species. They are in much better condition than the original types, and from them I am enabled to supplement and cor- rect the original description. i Head 3 in length; depth 33; eye 4in head; distance to dorsal 24 in body ; base of dorsal 4. Fin-rays:—D. II, 10; A. III,6; V.7. Scales in 60 to 70 rows, very small, and difficult to count. Vent in front of the ventrals, about one-third the distance to the lit- tle knob at the throat. Color precisely like that of the other members of the family. Length of specimens 23 and 24 inches respectively. They were taken in Little Red River, Arkansas, by Prof. H. S. Reynolds. - UMBRIDZ. 53 The species of this family now known are the following, beginning with the form least specialized :— 1. Asternotremia isolepis Nelson.—Illinois, both in tributaries of Lake Michigan and of the Ohio and Mississippi. 2. Asternotremia mesotrema Jordan.—Georgia to Arkansas. 3. Aphododerus cookianus Jordan.—Wabash Valley ; at various points both in Indiana and Illinois. Many specimens in United States National Museum. 4, Aphododerus sayanus (Gilliams) De Kay.—Streams coastwise, New York, New Jersey, south to Louisiana. UMBRIDAS 38. UMBRA PYGMASA, (De Kay) Bean, MSS. Leuciscus pygmeus, DE Kay, Fishes N. Y. 214.—SToRER, Synopsis, 414. Melanura pygmea, BARD, Ninth Smithsonian Rept. 1855. Fundutus fuscus, AYRES, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 296.—SrToRER, 1. ¢. 431. Umbra or Melanura limi, part, various authors (all quotations from Southern New York and streams of the Atlantic coast). My friend Dr. T. H. Bean, of the Smithsonian Institution, calls my attention to the fact that the Mud Minnow of our eastern streams is quite a different species from the Umbra or Melanura limi, with which it has thus far been confounded by all writers who were aware of the relations of the fish. The synonymy of I. pygmca is given above. Its characters are as follows :— Head about 4 in length; depth 44; body more terete and less com- pressed than in M/. limi; head broader, less depressed, with larger eye ; interorbital space more convex; snout shorter, profile more gibbous. Dorsal 13; anal 7 (dorsal 14, anal 8 in Jf. limi). Lateral line 35. Coloration :—dark brown, a series of whitish lengthwise stripes along the rows of scales; a black bar at base of caudal; no traces of verti- cal bars; blackish bands forward, downward, and backward from eye ; a dark vertebral band. J/. limi is more mottled, not striped, and always shows pale vertical cross-bars. Specimens examined from Tarboro’, N. C., and from points in New Jersey and New York. The smaller number of branchiostegals (four instead of five or six) is the only char- acter known to separate Melanura from Umbra. 54 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. ESOCID Ai. 39. ESOX NOBILIOR, Thompson. 2 Hsox masquinongy, MircuHi1, ‘ Mirror, 1824, 297 ” (not there !).* ? Wsox estor, RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, 1836, p. 127; and of several authors (not of Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1818, 413). Es0x nobilior, THOMPSON, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1850, 163, 173, 305; and of recent writers generally. It is not quite clear why Dr. Mitchill’s name for this species should be set aside. Giinther remarks (Cat. Fishes Br. Mus. 1866, vi, 227), ‘¢ Mitchill has counted seventeen anal rays, and therefore it is probable that his typical specimens belonged to this species (H. lucius) and not to H. estor (nobilior), and rejects Mitchill’s name on the supposition that the number of rays in the Muskallunge is 20 or 21. But, in point of fact, the number of anal rays is 16 to 18, usually one less than in H. lu- cius”, instead of 3 or 4 more. Moreover, Mitchill’s specimen was about 4 feet in length and weighed 30 pounds, a size unusual for the Pike, although specimens even larger are occasionally taken. Mitchill sup- posed that the fish in his possession was the Muskallunge ; he described it, and named it on that supposition. The following description was taken from a specimen about 3 feet long from Ecorse, Mich. (No. 10607, National Museum), and from three smaller specimens from Lake Huron :— Depth 6 in length; head 32; general form of ZH. lucius, the head perhaps a trifle larger proportionally, 10 inches long in the larger speci- men; eye about midway in head. Interorbital space transversely con- cave, with a prominent middle ridge; maxillary reaching to opposite middle of orbit. Sealy part of cheeks about as wide as eye, beginning on a level with the eye and running backward, its lower edge nearly parallel with the profile. Sealy region of opercles similar. The amount of squamation is variable within narrow limits. Eight rows of scales on cheeks and about the same number on opercles. Seales on lateral line 150. Fin-radii :—B. 18-17; 17-17; 18-19; 17-17, in four specimens. D. TU, 17; WII, 17; 10,17. Anal, II, 15; IDI, 14; 117,15. V. 12. Color dark gray; sides with round dark spots of a grayish-black hue, nearly the color of the back, on a ground-color of grayish silvery ; * A search through the files of the Mirror for Mitchill’s description has proved un- successful: it is not on the page cited by Dekay. CYPRINIDZ. 55 belly white; fins black, spotted as in H. lucius. Nearly every writer who has mentioned the Muskallunge has confounded it more or less with H. lucius. Giinther’s statement, “ body with large rounded whitish spots,” applies to H. lucius, and not at all to H. nobilior, the color in the latter species being gray, with rounded blackish spots. I have compared European and American examples of Hsox lucius, and am unable to find any difference whatever. DORYSOMATID A. 40. DORYSOMA CEPEDIANA, (Le 8.) Gill. Subsp. HETERURA, (faf.) Jordan. Comparison of specimens of Dorysoma from the Wabash River with others from Chesapeake Bay have convinced me that all properly bé- long to one species, but that our inland form may be recognized as a subspecies, for which the name heterura* may be retained. Var. hete- ura differs chiefly in form; the back is much less arched, the axis of the body in specimens of about a foot in length being about half nearer the dorsal than the ventral outline. In cepediana, the axis of the body is usually about midway. The greater arch of the back in cepediana brings the beginning of the dorsal fin nearer snout than base of caudal; in heterura, the dorsal is about midway. The dorsal fila- ment is usually longer in heterura, commonly longer than head; in cepediana, it is usually shorter than head. The less elevated nape renders the head of heterura rather more slender. The name Dorysoma may as well be spelled correctly in accordance with its etymology. CYPRINIDA. GENERA OF AMERICAN CYPRINIDZ. The following is a semi-artificial key to the genera of American Cypri- mide which I am at present able to recognize. Algoma Grd. I refer to Hybognathus, as one species which I have exam. ined, A. amara has the alimentary canal elongate, and no characters * Clupea heterurus, Ra¥., Am. Monthly Mag. Sept. 1818, 354, = Dorosoma notata, RaF., Ich. Ob. 1820, = Chatoéssus ellipticus, Kirt., 1838. 56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. have been brought forward to distinguish Algoma. Cliola Grd. seems to be equivalent to Hpisema Cope & Jordan, the dentition and position of the dorsal being the same in both. Notropis Raf. is revived in place of Alburnellus, Notropis atherinoides being evidently Alburnus rubellus Ag., or some closely related species. Sarcidium I unite with Phenaco- bius without hesitation, on examination of the types of each. Pho- togenis Cope I retain for the present, rather from the fact of the utter dissimilarity of the species with those of Nototropis than from ability to show any good distinctive characters. It is perhaps questionable whether the development of the peculiar satin-white pigment, which is found in the fins of the maies in spring in every species of Photogenis and Cyprinella known in life, and in no species of any other group (ex- cept Codoma, a very near affine of Cyprinella), may not be a true generic character. * Inthe genera proposed by Girard, I consider the species first men- tioned as the intended type, as I believe it is a known fact that Girard himself so considered it. Some species referred to certain genera will be found not to agree with the characters here given. Several such species need a reéxamination. It may be premised that the present arrangement is to be considered merely temporary, as a step from the present condition of chaos toward solid ground. *, Dorsal fin without a strong developed spine; ventral fins not decurrent on the abdo- men; dentary bones slender, arched, and widely separated except at their symphysis; opercular and mandibular bones without externally visible cavernous chambers; pharyngeal teeth well developed: +. Air-bladder suspended in the abdominal cavity and surrounded by many convolu- tions of the long alimentary canal (Campostomine) : a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4, with oblique grinding surface and no hook; mouth inferior; lips sheathed; upper lip protractile; ali- mentary canal six to nine times length of body; sexual dif- ferences very great; males strongly tuberculate, ; CAMPOSTOMA, lL. tt. Air-bladder contiguous to the roof of the abdominal cavity and above the aliment- ary canal (Leuciscine): $. Rudimentary dorsal ray separated from first developed ray by membrane; head short, mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface, not strongly hooked; males with the head tuberculate: b. Alimentary canal elongate, two or three times length of body ; teeth scarcely hooked; jaws normal: c¢ Materal/line incomplete.222-- 2. 22-2 sce e- 2. o-oo eee - eM PAS ee celuateraldline:completelse-oeeseeer ae seeeeee eee eeee HYBORHYNCHUS, 3. bb. Alimentary canal short, about as long as body; teeth hooked ; jaws with spoon-shaped bony expansions, somewhat as in Tetrodon, CoCHLOGNATHUS, 4. CYPRINIDZ. 57 tt. Rudimentary dorsal ray attached : d. Teeth not molar, in one or two rows : e. Maxillary without barbel: jf. Teeth in the principal row 4-4 : g. Alimentary canal elongate, about four times Jength of body ; teeth one- rowed, cultriform, with oblique grinding surface and little or no hook; premaxillary projectile; lips attenuate, without sheath; scales large: h. Lateral line almost wanting; mouth oblique; dorsal in front of ven- trals -...- bo PSUs Peds Re piety ROR GJ) Soba esate Siocon COLISCUS, 5. hh. Lateral line complete; mouth horizontal; dorsal over ventrals: —. Teeth elongate with narrow grinding surface and no hook; body elongation soe a Aine See tS a HYBOGNATHUS, 6. — —. Teeth short, with rather broad grinding surface and slight hook ; body short and rather stout; size small......--.. DIoNnpDA, 7. gg. Alimentary canal short, about as long as body; teeth raptatorial, usually strongly hooked: i. Teeth with grinding surface developed, not crenate : j. Dorsal fin beginning above ventrals (i. e., above some part of base of ventrals) ; anal basis skort: ® —. Scales small, much longer than deep, with much of the surface ex- posed; body stout, compressed; teeth one-rowed, little hooked, the uppermost standing out above the surface of the bone; size large....:.-.---.-------:---(Subgenus?) ALGANSEA,” 8. — —. Scales large, about as long as deep, the usual surface exposed; teeth one- or two-rowed, pretty strongly hooked ; size usually quite small_-..-- sie ae eee aps (Subgenus ?) Hysopsis, 9. — — —. Scales large, much deeper than long on the sides, the ex- ‘ posed surfaces very narrow; teeth one or two-rowed, strongly hooked; size moderate or large......-.-..----- LUXILUS, 10. jj. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals, between ventrals and anal; anal basis elongate-...........-.. LYTHRURUS, 11. ii. Teeth with the edges crenate; dorsal fin beginning over middle or last rays of ventrals ; scales closely and smoothly imbricated ; teeth one-rowed (Moniana) or two-rowed (Cyprinella), CYPRINELLA, 12. iii. Teeth with edges entire and without grinding surface : k. Lips thin, normal; lateral line complete : d. Species of small size and weak organization, with the mouth little cleft : m. Scales comparatively thick, closely and smoothly imbricated, so that the exposed surfaces are higher than long; dorsal fin beginning opposite between first and last ray of ventrals, rarely slightly posterior; mouth subinferior, somewhat oblique; males in spring developing a satin-white pigment in. the tips of the vertical fins and in the skin of the abdomen; snout tuberculate; colors brilliant, pigmented, : (Subgenus?) PHorogeEnts, 13. mm. Seales thin, much exposed; no white satiny pigment (except in Codoma?): *In A. tincella, the type of Algansea (Leuciscus tincella C. T. V., Hist. Nat. ces Poissons Xvii, 323), the teeth are said to be 4-4. In some species referred to Algansea, they are 5-5. These I refer for the present to Mfyloleucus, from the type of which genus they differ in having but one row of teeth. 58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. nm. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals: o. Body short and thick; the head almost globular; the mouth small, inferior; anal basis short..(Subgenus?) Copoma, 14. oo. Body elongate, with the mouth oblique, terminal, and the head more or less pointed; anal basis somewhat elongate, ° NOTOTROPIS, 15. nn. Dorsal fin beginning above some part of ventrals; aspect of Nototropis ..--- Ses 355s 95sa0 745525 ciieis oie Satter Cui1oLa, 16. W. Species of large size, with the body much elongated, sub- cylindrical; the head elongated, and the mouth deeply cleft, Lsou-like; scales not large; pharyngeal bones long and slen- der, the teeth slightly hooked (sometimes 4-5) (voracious species of large size and strong organization, aspect of Gila), PTYCHOCHILUS, 17. kk. Lips thin; lateral line incomplete or wanting .... PROTOPORUS, 18. kkk. Lips thick, fleshy, enlarged behind ; mouth small, inferior; dorsal - fin beginning slightly anterior to ventrals; teeth one-rowed ; lateral line complete....-...........---- PHENACOBIUS, 19. ff. Teeth in the principal row 4-5 or 5-5 (or 4-4 in some species referred to Hemitremia) : . Lateral line incomplete: q- Dorsal over ventrals ; scales large; teeth with grinding surface; ali- mentary canal short. .---...-.-2..------- HEMITREMIA, 19, qq. Dorsal behind ventrals; scales small: r. Teeth with grinding surface, one-rowed ; alimentary canal long, CHROSOMUS, 20. rr. Teeth without grinding surface, two-rowed; alimentary canal (2) OVO) Gees ee a Me OPS SSR ae Sas se ES PHOXINUS, 21. pp. Lateral line complete: s. Lips normal, without cartilaginous or bony sheath: t. Anal basis not elongate—of 10 or fewer rays: u. Teeth raptatorial, entire, without grinding surface: v. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals; mouth large; scales small ; body elongate; western species of large size with flattened head, arched back, and slender caudal peduncle (Gila) or eastern species of slender form and small size (Clinostomus) or western species of large size, intermediate in form and with the exposed surfaces of the scales broad (Zigoma), GILA, 22. vv. Dorsal over ventrals; mouth smaller ; body stout and heavy, SIBOMA, 23. uu. Teeth not crenate, raptatorial, with grinding surface : w. Dorsal over ventrals; body rather stout. ...- MYLOLEUCUS, 24. ww. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals; body more elongate, com- POSSE Ce Pee ea yee ae eke RU CHEONDA,* 25. ti. Anal basis elongate, of 11 to 25 rays; body much compressed ; dor- sal fin entirely behind ventrals; lateral line decurved, com- plete: x. Teeth one-rowed, not serrate, sharp-pointed, with masticatory surface, little hooked; base of caudal with many accessory rays; body elongate, large........--...-.--.. LavIniA, 26. *To this genus I refer at present Tigoma pulchra, T. nigrescens, and T. gibbosa ot Girard. Cheonda differs from Myloleucus only in the more backward position of the dorsal and from Gila (Tigoma) in the presence of grinding surfaces on the teeth. CYPRINIDZA. 59 ' gx. Teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface, and the edges crenate- serrate; belly sub-carinate; alimentary canal elongate, NOTEMIGONUS, 27. zxx. Teeth two-rowed, entire, without grinding surface ; alimentary canal not elongate......---..----.------ RICHARDSONIUS, 28. ss. Both jaws with a hard or cartilaginous brown horny plate, large » and conspicuous; mouth inferior (Chondrostomatine) : —. Teeth 5-4, club-shaped, entire, terminating in a hook, with the inner (grinding) surface obliquely cut; anal fin elongate ; dorsal fin over ventrals; caudal fin with the accessory rudi- mentary rays very largely developed; alimentary canal elon- RETR 6agans aacdat scodbe sooceauseocy Hae hee ACROCHILUS, 29. fff. Teeth usually 6-6, compressed, lanceolate, erect, very slightly bent inward, one-rowed ; body elongate; jaws even; scales small; dorsal over ventrals; basal caudal rays largely developed ; lower jaw sharp-edged, with a knob at the symphysis; no pseudobran- chi; intestinal canal elongate; size large... ORTHODON, 30. Sfff. Teeth in the principal row 3-3, without grinding surface; isthmus very wide; dorsal behind ventrals...-....---.-----. TIAROGA, 31. ee. Maxillary provided with a small barbel: y. Premaxillaries not projectile, the skin of the lip and front continuous ; teeth in the principal row 4-4, without grinding surface ; scales small; dorsal behind ventrals; barbel terminal : : RHINICHTHYS, 32. yy. Premaxillaries projectile, a groove separating the upper lip from the forehead : z. Teeth without grinding surface : a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4; barbels terminal : b. Dorsal behind ventrals ; scales small : c. Lateral line incomplete...--. ---. ----------+------ APOCOPE, 33. cc. Lateral line complete.........----. (Subgenus?) ERITREMA, 34. bb. Dorsal fin over ventrals; lateral line complete.----- NocoMIs, 35. aa. Teeth in the principal row 4-5; barbels lateral : d. Dorsal fin over ventrals; scales large, equal, (Subgenus ?) LEucosomus, 36. dd. Dorsal fin beginning over last rays of ventrals; scales smaller, Ceo nolesl OPER Cope oo nconons coed onde cocsod SEMOTILUS, 37. zz. Teeth with developed grinding surface : e. Dorsal fin bekind ventrals; scales small....-..---.-----. AGOSIA, 38. ee. Dorsal fin directly over ventrals; scales large: jf. Head compressed, rounded above-.-.-----.----- POGONICHTHYS, 39. ff. Head broad, much depressed, nearly flat or concave above, resem- bling the head of a Cyprinodont.-.----.------- PLATYGOBIO, 40. dd. Teeth molar, of the grinding type, without grooves or ridges, in three rows, the outer deciduous, 2 or 3, 2, 5—4, 2,2 or 3; two or three of the teeth blunt and much enlarged; body elongate; head tapering: —. Angle of mouth with a barbel; upper jaw freely protractile; dorsal over WOMEN Gs Goss oeasa6 oS once odcOs caoane eedooe MYLOCHILUS, 41. ——. No barbel; upper jaw not protractile; dorsal beginning behind ven- THE sR eae mone eo ee soodot sca beSDos MyYLOPHARODON, 42. **, Opercular and mandibular bones with external cavernous chambers; air-bladder normal; dentary bones not united; fins without spines (Celophori) : 60 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. g. Teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 4—4 in the principal row; lips normal ; no barbel; intestines short; dorsal over ventrals; mouth SON poo coe sos4eosbs5c0 se sasscossesescssesa se ERICYMBA, 43. ***| Dentary bones straight and flat, united throughout their length ; mandible much contracted, incurved, tongue-like, a lobe on each side of it at base; air-bladder normal; bones of head not cavernous; fins without spines (£xoglossine) : h. Teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 4-4 in the principal row; dorsal slightly behind beginning of ventrals ; no barbel; premaxil- laries) not) projectile sss 2sccl\-se > =e ese ExoGLossum, 44. **** Dorsal fin with a strong spine composed of two, the posterior received into a longitudinal groove of the anterior; inner border of the ven- tral fins adherent to the body (Plagopterine) : é. Body with small scales; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal row 4-4; no barbels; dorsal behind ventrals. LEPIDOMEDA, 45. ui. Body entirely naked; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal row 4-4; no barbels; dorsal behind ventrals....... MeDA, 46. tii. Body entirely naked; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal row 5-4; a barbel at the extremity of the maxillary; dorsal behind ventrals.--.---:..---- Subsets aaycles PLAGOPTERUS, 47. «xe“* Pharyngeal teeth quite rudimental, replaced by a somewhat uneven ridge of the bone (Graodontine) : ’ 4. Dorsal fin short, without spinous ray, opposite ventrals; anal fin short; mouth small, without barbel, the upper jaw somewhat longer; alimentary canal short; scales of moderate size; lateral line complete...... i Cicero ray wre Oecra ahora Geet ad Ree a eee GRaopws, 48. 41. LUXILUS SELENE, sp. nov. A handsome and striking species allied to L. cornutus, but showing a tendency toward Hybopsis. Head short and stout, rounded above, 43 in length, depth about the same; body much more elongate than in cor- nutus, and the head proportionally shorter; mouth oblique, terminal, lower jaw included; eye very large, 3 in head, wider than snout and than interorbital space; snout blunt, quite short. Fin-rays:—DorsalI, 8. AnalI,7. Dorsal fin about midway of body, over ventrals; dorsal very high; pectorals reaching two-thirds of the distance to ventrals, the latter to vent. Scales large, the exposed sur- faces much less narrowed than in cornutus, 4—40-3, the lateral line little decurved. Color bright steel-blue above, with a very distinct silvery band, which overlies a plumbeous shade; cheeks and belly silvery, a small, round, black caudal spot, a dark vertebral line; iris white ; fins unmarked. Teeth with marked masticatory surface, 2, 4—4, 2. Length of specimen 4 inches. CYPRINIDA. 61 Many specimens in United States poual Museum; collected near Bayfield, Wis., by J. W. Milner. _ This species seems to be distinct from all the numerous varieties of ZL. cornutus which I have examined. 42. LUXILUS ROSEUS, sp. nov. Another handsome species, related to the last, but still more Hybopsis- like. Body short, thick, and stout, much as in. Hyborhynchus notatus ; head 3g in length, depth 44; head rather short, thick, bluntly rounded; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; jaws about equal, the lower shutting within the upper in closed ‘mouth; eye large, nearly 3 in head, about equal to snout, a little Jess than the broad interorbital space; scales large, 5-38-5, 15 before the dorsal fin, those along the sides with the exposed surfaces somewhat narrowed, but not very decidedly so, the arrangement being about midway between that observed in LZ. cornutus and that of the colored species of Hybopsis, such as H. chrosomus, H. rubricroceus, &c. Fin-rays:—Dorsal I, 8. AnalI,7. Dorsal fin high, inserted directly over ventrals, midway between snout and caudal; pectorals not reach- ing ventrals the latter to vent. Color olivaceous above; scales dark-edged, a broad plumbeous lateral band passing through eye; lips black, a dark caudal spot, a dark verte- bral line; anal region dusted with black points; cheeks and belly sil- very; dorsal, anal, caudal, and most of pectorals rosy red; iris, top of head, and tip of snout also red; no tubercles on the type-specimens, which are probably immature, being about 24 inches in length. ’ Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with developed grinding surfaces. This stall species forms a transition between Luxilus and Hybopsis. Habitat.—Notalbany River, near Tickfaw, La.; collected December, 1876, by Dr. T. H. Bean. The types are now in the United States Na- tional Museum. 43. CYPRINELLA CALLIURA, sp. nov. Body elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profile be- fore dorsal curved, and the snout projecting, forming a decided angle. Head convex above, densely tuberculate; muzzle rather pointed, over- hanging the oblique mouth. Eye 4 in head, 14 in muzzle, 12 in interor- bital width. Head 42 in length; depth 33 to 4. 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. Fin-rays :—D. I,8; A. 1,8; V,8. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind ventrals; pectorals scarcely reaching 3 to ventrals, the latter to vent. Seales moderately elevated, 6—-44-3; lateral line strongly decurved, forming an abrupt flexure just before the ventrals,—a peculiarity usually well marked and characteristic. Teeth 1, 4—4, 1, strongly crenate. Color in spirits pale ; sides silvery ; a pretty distinct black blotch on last rays of dorsal, as in C. analostana ; a large, distinct, black caudal spot, ovate in form, half larger than eye, and extending up on the mid- dle rays of caudal; the coloration therefore nearly that of Photogenis stigmaturus. Length 44 in ches. Types, No. 6865, United States National Museum, from Black War- rior River, Alabama. Collector, Prof. Winchell. Many specimens. Other specimens from Tangipahoa River, Louisiana, are also in the col- lection. ‘ The species seems to resemble C. cercostigma Cope most, having a similar coloration ; but that species is said to possess the teeth 2, 4, and to have somewhat different: proportions. Several other similarly col-— ered species of Photogenis and COyprinella inhabit our southwestern waters. 44, PHOTOGENIS GRANDIPINNIS, sp. nov. Body short, much compressed; back elevated; the form generally that of a young Notemigonus. Depth 4 in length. Head short, 44 in length, pointed, flattened above; mouth large, very oblique, the jaws just equal; eye large, 3 in head, about equal to snout and to interorbital space. Fin-rays:—Dorsal I, 8; anal I,10o0r11. Dorsal fin entirely posterior to ventrals, midway between eye and base of caudal, the fin greatly elevated, the longest ray being a little longer than head; anal fin also greatly elevated, reaching to within one eye’s diameter of base of cau- dal; in smaller specimens less elevated, but in all very large, larger than in any other Cyprinoid known to me. Scales with the exposed edges very narrow, 6-35-3; 16 large scales before dorsal; lateral line much decurved. Color disappearing in alcohol; dorsal fin with the large black blotch, found in all the species of this group, unusually large and distinct, spread- ing forward on the anterior rays; a distinct black candal spot, smaller than eye and deeper than long, running up on the middle rays; sides Shining plumbeous; a very distinct bright silvery band from upper half CYPRINIDZ. 63 of eye straight to upper half of caudal, passing around the nose; below this sharply dusky; the opercles, lower haif of eye, and lips in the dark band. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked and sharp-edged. Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from Georgia. Collector, Hugh M. Neisler; exact locality not specified. Numerous specimens in poor condition, showing no trace of tubercles. Length 24 inches. This small, handsome species is related to P. pyrrhomelas and P. xenurus, but needs no special comparison with either. The small size, the coloration, and immense development of the dorsal and anal fins distinguish it completely. 45, SEMOTILUS THOREAUIANUDS, sp. nov. Body short and rather stout, rather abruptly narrowed behind dorsal ; depth 3? to 44 in length. Head short and thick, 52 in length, almost round in the larger specimen. Mouth large, oblique, the jaws about equal. Barbel lateral, better developed than in S. corporalis. Eye small, 44 to 5 in head, 14 in snout, about 2 in interorbital space, cheeks swollen; snout in a small male specimen 3 inches long, with a bilobed tubercle on each side. Fin-rays :—Dorsal I, 8; anal I, 7. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals, its last ray over the first of anal; caudal peduncle slender; fins all short; pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, the latter not to vent. Scales larger than in S. corporalis, not much crowded forward, 5—48-9 ; lateral line much decurved. Coloration of S. corporalis, the black dorsal spot distinct. Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from ‘ Georgia”. Collector, Hugh M. Neisler. Two specimens, the longest 32 inches long. This species differs from Semotilus corporalis in its large scales, more backward dorsal, short head, and small size. The number of scales in the lateral line will probably always distinguish it. This species is named in honor of the late Henry David Thoreau, of Concord, Mass., an excellent ichthyologist, one of the first to say a good word for the study of Cyprinidz.* *I am the wiser in respect to all knowledge, and the better qualified for all fortunes, for knowing that there is a minnow in the brook. Methinks I have need even of his sympathy and to be his fellow in a degree. * * I would know even the number of their fin-rays, and how many scales compose the lateral line.—(Thoreau, Essay on Nat. Hist. Mass. 1842. GaobSa'scoucdooaS bouEs5 39) GIS Kiaae casalncnbad oS Seas baGend 65 38 Catonotus ..-.. UA Pe 11, 18, 19 CHUM ssgoassacs.ccco a Seco mae 72, 88, 89 catus .71, 72, 73, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Caudahuncabusieeeeeeseeeee cere 72, 76, 78 CAVATTON Ske eee oe eo ee 34, 39 @entranrchuseeseeeereeeee 30, 33, 36, 38, 39 Cepedianay eae. sees sae ce cteee 5d BCELCOSUIOIMAI Sao eto atone ca ee 62 CERUMIESCEN SIRE see e eee cme ey aerate 72,77 Cheenobryttus ......--- 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39 Chetobranchusiaseeseeeeee eee 32 Chetodonges eannes Sa a ce 36, 39 Chany sods merisiac seers sce cimomsineets 39 Chatoéssus ..-......-.. eee Sears ay) Cheonda..-..-..- Le es atlabe aie io 58 @hrosomuls) Sar ees ose ceca see ses 58 Chrosomiuseye ees. ees Sees 61 chinysoleucusiase sce co sees oe ce 65 Chnysopsiswse. icser ss cece See Sane 67, 68 Mite ee ee et 38, 43 CIMCLE Ameo ee eleials icicigie slows cesses 17,18 (CUMMOSTO MN! Beas Gaus seeded sasausss 58 (COUT ya aa RG Ea oe 56, 58, 64 clodalusyeee sss-5 Baie eie sie Nes Spee 66, 67 Clin pe at eee ee Ss serene tres 55 Cochlognathus-....--..---..------ 56 Codemasters 5, 6, 57, 58 C@NOSUSHas een eee eee 72, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87 coerulea Rees ee ee ee rae 18 CMLUleSCenSi eee ee cee eee 77, 33 Colisc use eee ey ee 57 COMMUNISH Slee es eee eee ee 66 Confinisteeeteater eee eee 73, 88, 89, 90 CONVOXTTONSS-e ate eee ee ee eee 30 COOkdanUsMeeE eee. Gee eas 51, 52,53 Copeland eee ese 9,10, 15, 19 Copelandia ...-.... ese ase 30, 31, 33, 36, 40 COLMUEUS eee cee cniec ce eee woes 60, 61 COLPOTaligh ee eevee ee ne 41, 63, 64 Cottogasterm eee coen seers oee 7,19 Cottopsise eee eee eee 5 CUPTEOIMESL Seat eee ene eee 73, 86 . Page. CUPLOUB ee. oo aidecsnceemeee 72, 79, 81, 87 cyanellus...-....-... 20, 27, 35, 37, 33, 39, 41 cyanoguttatus .........--.-..-.-.- 50 cymatogrammum ...-..-.----...-. 18 (Cy nopercayweesiei/ se. <2 sssicee 44, 45, 48, 49 Craprinellasemoeee coe a cemos 56, 57, 61, 62 delay ai. jose toe cb Sc eewletcioeeaMenee GIAPHANUS saepe a. so e-cicien saieeeerse 39 DOM Mayes eens ahs Coe eeee meee oe 57 MBiosiites (ou 2 os Soe ets esas 40 PPIMeSION Ges oes set eae eee 17,18 Diplesiuineesess-eeeeeeeee 13, 15, 17, 18, 19 dolomileuvaes ee es eeeee eee 37 Dorosoma .....--..- ce newton scheme 5d Dorysomlage sae sees seen eens sete 3) duquesnit 22s Lectiecc ose seemeeee 65 efiumens) tes Schoey acess ee eee 10, 15, 18 Mlassomareeecce neces ee eee ett Elattonistius .............-..-<--- 67, 68 elegans S25 53.0 22 cs) eae eee eee 16, 18 eleutherus:2 0.3522 222 0 S2Se5 eee 73, 98, 101 BN Ops oo. se Gace bas ae cere eee eee 74 elonigatus) 22h jste a. ey See eee 25, 35, 38 Enneacanthus ...... 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 39, 40 COB G2 cece, se ereeel = 2 cies aoe eee 16, 19 Hpisemaeecee. Cone sagen ne eee 56, 64 erebennts 2s set oe Soe eee 73, 81, 85 GIMAIRO NE soooes dos (os eae ae 36, 40 MTicosmace 3h. 285s ee eee 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 Ericymba, 2.202 ec ree ae ee eee 60 Eoritrerma, 2 seas reyes 59 erochrous 2 se ee Choe sere ee 16, 19 enythnogastenna-seere eee eee eee 18 Ory UbIOpS) << sen weocinsicsee eee 37 eLrvihropterare eases eee eee eee 72,76 BN SORUG TNA So eee cr oeree nets 54, 55 CSOD UE see cee Rbaoeaa ca86ne 40 b4 Estrellas sce ees asker 18 Etheostoma ...-- 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 38 Eupomotis. .... .20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ewides Scales Stns eee 8,9, 10, 14, 19 exdisi 2c. ekecetece 16, 18, 73, 97 100, 103 TOPOS Sas soos wciodao 306 Bais 60 CEE Ep: a gears earnest aie a ss SCs 23, 36, 38 fasciataleiss Le aule Se eee ieee 38 fasciatus) 20 Sete et eet ose 17, 18, 29, 39 felinns..25 3253S e Rook ee Sees 73, 86 PODS eS ve eee ei, Se yz ek eas 72, 90, 91 flabellata ce See t ae eee meet Aabellarisieecanescoeceereesee 11, 16, 17,18 HAVUSM Ce aoe weno ee eee 71, 73, 97, 99, 102 HEXMOlALIS Ise see se eee eee 37 AMOTIMANA 22 ese ee nemee oeleeaieeene 38, 43 INDEX TO GENERIC AND Page. MOTI MOUS alo 5 siatajef Gm scaueiccie fete 43 HORIGENS Sts cis se cso sete wines easiest 39 HOMGIMIANS ES 3 cnc Bee cece seelsios 1s Te ati HOMNOMOS, 5-565 a54b50 Ssnooanuoosde 39 EF UMAGIMMUS srse site cs See ae se eters 53 RUNG AUIS Betas a alia. nicictai(sisiniatia a 15,19 macrocephalum......------------- 19 macrochira .....---- sieienietasyeraorerets 41, 42 MACEOCHLGUS) 22. -~ scares = cee) ereeerae 35, 37 macropterus ..-.-.----- ---------- 36, 37 TORKOWIENIEY Gaooccon sora Gdou sub dood 17,37 TMUCMIATIECEPS) ecfawiae) lass) see hese 15,19 maculatus.--..--------- 9, 14, 16, 18, 72, 76 TMACULOSUS\e ses e eee oe eee ee eee 39) MMV OW ags5oo abo dose sede Sosa seD 15,19 Mmargarotis ...--.....-..-- 28, 29, 30, 36, 40 marginatus....---- 23, 36, 39, 73, 76, 99, 100 NACI) Hosea asus CuDb bear booed asus 45 TVALINOLAUWS ee eee celiac neve siee 72,81, 29 MASOUINONG Yee 2 ee seis cece 54 VIS ee ee eee ee aces eee ciel eee 60 THETA OPS see ateeie se ee cicero One e megalotis ......-.-.23, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 MeEPASLOMA) ee cee lejos a's cle elaine l= eie = 39 Melanutaieeern sccm cte 2 sscjrneee eels 53 TMC] ALES ee sie ioe oe wteleeeieeletareraisce 72 MINOT oS So ca 5csboson4aoousen 37, 39 MEM AS Meee eae ciee 72, 82, 88, 89, 90, 93 MeTiClOnaAliseses sone cece cies 73, 75,78 TMESPO Bees oetnce rss ocie sisveeiamisieieniare 15, 19 TIVESOUS| es esa eyes cichisieinosior wisieiaice 19 Mesogonistius ......-...----- 31, 33, 36, 39 IMESOLEMD (22 ecco we tjereoaenciein® 52-53 microlophus ~.-.).-<-<-v--c-- =-=--= 39 Microperca ...--.-.-.----------- 14, 17,19 HERONS 65650 6G. 005005 bone 9B0689 39 Micropterus ........-.- 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40 milberbivsseeeeccee nsicieo cic sie elses 91 MNES Sooo ao CooS see ree cabcaa bodc 64 TMM SLIAMUS eerste tye etoetenniereteetereicisiere 36, 40 | Mimoperea ......-..------------ 44, 45, 50 MiNCOPAS..-- .----- -- 5. - eae eee eee 39 miniatus ...... ein cie ureteimerattelce yates 35, 40 LAV AINE) Soo OS BOOS SeE OES COR UaO 18 mispilliensis...-....----.---- 69, 73, 90, 91 MVUTUS 22 sete aeiete)-1ete cine 73, 98, 99, 100, 101 TMNOOARIDNNS) S555 55 6600 co Gobeod codeod 37 MOTTA Ree ee Neleisielsisictsaiwisloletereraieia)=/e 57 _ Morone..-.-. .----2 --02- 2-22-22 37 MUGINUS) eee cee cieeisicmee cemecioia| siete 39 mutatum .... ..- latslaisisisleta Se eee 19 Mylochilus)2ics25:\:c2c-seseesceeee aM] Myloleneus 222 2222222- SeAbstae 57-58 Mylopharodonieyss-eese ees aeieeaee 59 mystacalisne logs else e ease aee cee 35, 40 My xostom@ac22- se eao so ssaeeeeeceee 65 Nanostoma ..-.....-----. 6,7, 12,13, 16, 19 martalisiees-— Nemes 72, 73, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90 mebulosa, ce Cfo ee ee ee 17 nebulosus ... ---.17, 72, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95 MefASHUS yee Se lade eeedee eer eee coe 38 mephelus: 222 tees ete 39 NE VISCNSO. oajcoe nisinieie els cisieicis oer 19 Nevisensis <1. 4S... See eee 14,19 Me wManl snes Ass ee a een 15, 15 DYN eR eee tS lly, 117 MORESCEN Se seaesine eis eee 58, 72, 83 nigricans ....--. 38, 43, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84 Mio TUaADEIS\ epee eerie ee 69, 73, 79, 82, 92 nigrofasciatus ...-..-..----...---. 14,18 nigromaculatus......-----.---- 37, 38, 39 nigropunctata ..........---..----- 47 nigropunctatus .....----.-.-..---- AG TOT G HOE cack eye ee et Se eR ae 38 MOU CIGS os ete eeNS 0c ata niet tere 39 niveiventris .--....----..---- 69, 73, 80, 83 NODIMTOR ee eo oes ee 54-55 NOVAS eee e ok yo Oe Te Sey ee eae 3c INOGOMIS 22a. ee aa anne 59-64 NOLAA Ysa eesels eels ee eee sere ete 38 OUMNH Goas doceood cade 35, 38-61, 73, 77, 78 Notemigonus) 222 ---- 2) coe 59-62, 65 Nothonobus s2saceese eee se 7, 12, 13, 16, 17 INOUOUNO) DN Socsusoonecse sconce ssacce 56-58 WORD OE soon od5o cose ae 55500 00558¢ 56 Noturus.. . 70, 71, 72,73, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 NUCH AS. seciceee cise comes 64 MINXKNTS555 bacbocanHaoo sooo oeos 39 obesus ....---.----- 28, 29, 30, 39, 73, 89, 90 ObSCULUS Cas ee eee cesses 35, 38 occidentalis 2. 2.2.2 5-- 22s eno OU ocullatus 223 sod ce neo saree Siew OHIGeNSIS co se ce ee Sa Se ee SUS BN AONO Oligocephalus .....----.-----.---- 18 Minn SSSA Gochoooadaca SosoCS 73, 77, 78 O)IVALISE As soe eee eae een 71, 72, 75, 95 Olmstediee oes cee oe ee eee 15, 17,18 ophthalmicus......------------- 24, 36, 39 Opladelus2eee aeeitesesesciee eae 94 Oxrthodonees a eee oe eles aerate iets 59 OSMELINUS Se soe cee eieloiera eicletele atatet 64 palladus ...2.. 2-20 cescccces ecccee 3d INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC Page TAIINGIO saecoolbes abease sodcod oggEeD 37, 42 pallidus ...--. 21, 24, 26, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 72, 76 DAIS cossoososonso cs césese socess 5 PE@ACICIIS 665485 Geoobn cseKconadeCe 17 fellllnvenclig: Seseeseencapo eaecoe 6,10, 17,19 Pelodichthys..--...- 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 93, 94, 95, 101 PE MBASTOS Se) 2). oh os eccleine cosine 23, 36, 39 peltatum -.....- 2G RGd CUOOREOSOSOU 19 DCIMTUS Sess othcas soceaoousse oees 12,15 pentacanthus ...... ..---.-....-.. 38 JEBIER, Gasca uceden aU ToEeee 17, 18, 44, 45, 47 TECHN, Se ouceeesonueeeepacess Bg) ey 7/5 We) JE} AKO) OWS bo e560 sadooUeadseoooscc 56-58 (UNSDAR. eéo4o00n sess cppeBebadcar 26, 35, 40 IPHOLOSEMIS |= see. 2 =) eee 56-57, 62-64 IZM =e goeSco sb soaeobadseses 58 phoxocephalum--..-------. ------ See ats) phoxocephalus-------..---..------ By (NIGH sec eeeesosoouboo0s nope eSeE a Ren eormaneets eso ore aisiciayani sven iaim ae clea 18 OCUCHIS eee siete minis wcme nic isisieieiner 72, 93, 95 Pimelodus.. .71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100 Pairmepnaless 2. s\n cco scclesicie wei 56 TDI OINIGET? cons Bopp esEre Sees 27, 29, 30, 36, 40 Wlaco piers ss se sciesceicecee onl 60 platycephalus ...............73, 82, 93, 99 JPG ROIID soe bese cee deecso peseer 59 WIESLODERCapriccie| sae tennis ae, cele sie sae 19 leurolepis= ------ «--- Sys LOMA eo plumbeus ......- ae Reta puppies 64 Pecilichthys ........6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 ceCilOsOMay seers cece eee cette sins 18 jOCR oN, AR ee aos 6 Soka eHeO eo aeeee 65 IBovonichthys-a-..-\-- 0-55 5sc6 -oee 59 IBOMACAMPSIS) = <2/0= 2 aici ced ecn ees 47 Pomotis.-.... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 39, 41, 42 POMOLIS Me ce Ae UL ee oe 34, 38, 39 JEUNE) eo SHS CODE AROSE REE noes 2) 39 TOMO Sete sec eee ees OS OO OM TOSNOD OP seesacsis cies seeensseeoeeeccs's 36, 39 Rotamocottus) s.<-.2.05h25-42- 2. -s 5 TOIT, SESE SABE Ne Sse leap ine age 17,18 DEOSUMCMMIUS one nese asses aces 64 pLrotacanthus| Make ees icce sow alce 39 IPLOLOPOLUS) os. jace ee eocaiesece 58 iy chochiluse.csss2e,5 cose soese eae 58 malchellus\s soe sen se seca comes sins 18 pulchrae es So eee 58 pullus..... CR VESENCS ee al 72, 82, 89, 92, 93 puma ..... Pe es ays van ac ub see NU 73, 86 punctatus ....38, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 33 punctuate cnisenidcccs eee sacs 17, 19, 72 NAMES. T5 } Page. punctulatus .......---...-... 16, 18, 37, 95 OWIFOWTASCEINS Goose5 de55 Séecas ooaC 39 JON MONG Se os Seco eeea ce Bodo Shee Sere 53 JDSWOWAFSW a= Sooo seco cose Hos Bees Gece 53 IPWIOGIGE -sos65 560000 coo5c5 oSde55 94, 95 IoyrEhonie assess eemeats aaa eraee ae 63, 64 TAVONE Messe state es lone cierciereeenteetats 38 WAI eoo5oes5cocscashs sobeco cess 64. RAV OWIGNE) So Soaed anoo ccebesessace 38 heocryptabess seers 9) 10; 13) 15, 119 TRIMIMKEI NAME 54 a cebo eeasa Goode gona 59 TICE L eee esto sue re SN yaice Se Sia 5 RIChHAardsSOminus) eo eeeeeeeereee eee ete 59 TODUStUS! see T eee See eeaete 75, 76 POSEUS Goss ei toads were yes ions e eteleeeine 61 Melb e lds eye Ne iacleroisieictownio creer 56 RUD CAUd asses sem eee eee cetenae 38 RUDLICLOCeUS sae eae lee eolee eee 61 RUMMMEatUseoseaces eee sees ee cee OMS, MUPESULISKE 2 osm s cise esac cease Oty OMOO Balmoidesy aeecwncceet tere eeesee TOs ooO Bal MOMEA |S 25-\erciovoc ase e ener cee OO UNA aaa SalmMOneUMaaees oscars nae see OAT SAM PAs s = Saree a oats cereale ee a SMNGOHANS Guod douceo soda pdopedocoScs 45 Bam oul s os oejseraciteinjtacen/ asco Lone sanguinolentus -.........--..23, 36, 38, 40 Sarcidiumiacaaceetaaeeee nae eereetoniee 56 SYA 55 60cdn4 doseccogs c56o5oec 53 Scie Waense cw acjsere steel ee oseeeee 17 Schillbeordestscses cesses ooo ee 96 Schilbeodes! 2225s secece noose 96, 97, 102 SClOMOtesiac cei coo Seiol wos See ae nets 60 SelenOpShas esas oer eee 67, 68 SOM ASCIAlae tens see eee eee eee 18 SEMISCADET ae ses easier wae elcaelset 5 Semotiluseacesocseeeees sotenesse 41, 59, 63 RVUOINTEARO MN SER Seon sa Hobe Gece uode 7, 15,18 Sai si ae seis eee ete coco 73, 98, 99, 102, 103 SHH ews pe OaeteEGa Go MAGEE COSeoD 58 MEM yosoec cane csodos Hooosatace 35, oD Silurus.. .71, 76, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 102 SiIMOteRUMEs sae re OS ts er ane 15,19 SHIM OOM Leases Eeceug cb ce oocasas TBs W0p the: Ssimumlansessseee eee Zee Magy l tae is 36, 39 yaaganaunis Mapes aa hotel Be ae Bee 66, 67 BOIS ee ie Ie ee ats eee 22, 36, 38 SOMONE) Sasaacéasas sosbdo sonene és 30, 37 SOBIEWIS coobos onocodob5bab coodea woge 21, 37 SPeCClOSUS)-s5 250 see «cel yy eens 35, 39, 40 Bpectapiliguee sews maisiseralaeraeeys 16, 18 MONEY so ask OSS Gee Ore 5 OMICS Gass dodoeu esouon cabaseEOee 5 SOUAMICE PS) oe aee| esis cine ini eeele Wt AL NG ) 116 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. Page. | Page. RUWOO DIU 2545 Hoes He oeee Sond oaae 26 | Wetlabilisye eter erseltaaneeeeeee 40 Stermowneuiiaysse se oe eae eee SL, pvariatasseiee sees ere cea 17 BhigMBA....--- a 22 ener ee een ee == WEI BN GEN AUS Soc BkooacAoee sa scosae 4c 16, 18 SOU EAU oe cine oa en = we ee 19°) vernalisi.0ecerosee eee 66, 67 stigmaturus ...-...--------------- G2)|versicolomeses a=. etaeeereeie aes 18 Shi@GsheMlON) 25-2 saan <- saeco AA NATE AS) | WATIGIS te ceeaee ae parietal 34, 38 ShIZOshe aim ys eae ease eta ACHAT. AS’ | WASCOSUS seen fo atets serio ee 72, 95 Stizostethium .. -43, 44,.45, 46, 47, 48,49) 50) | vatrea 2.2.2.5. 3 2me occscs ese een 46 SVADNGI EV ges Gomera SOP See ec 38 | VitTeUM 2 25...252220 22 222% 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 Synechoglanis .-..--.-----+---- Bio Aad) || NIULCUSicesceereret cemtsnnetsemetane 6, 17,19 Mel POMS <2 26 tcwc enter — a= 20") wolg@enseses-as sacs esse ieaeetaeee 44,50 HSI) Gee Renner cocameraas Hasecct AL | vulgaris. css 2225-5 nt 21, 38, 72, 73, 81, 88 TEEIGHS) aceeroon cones. paciees apooan 67,167 | vulmeratusysss<-aee 22 =o a eee 16, 19 (ES GUEWBhcrces sroganoe oboGus Seon 17,18: vulpeculus, 2225022 4--c2s2-52eee5 73, 90, 91 TSR ONENRIIIN Ho 5566 seseog secedo Goce We \ wulpeSs 2.225222 =s2225 ea see 72, 77,78 Hessellatusee eee e eee eee WVA9 | warrenis 224: .ssc2+ seeeee ce sees 17,18 TEU Baek nee pee oce deo eoee oh46 56) | ayhipplerfsss.c2-e eee eeeereeee ae 18 THOREAU MUS eee tarto eee 63° | -wolgensis;i2s232¢5-s52>2-seesemees 50 ALTA G2 Bree iaicoionnie make ete re etal 59) | xeenUnusesessccesrene ees a SELES 63 UNG OTR hehe ee eke cence eee occs 58 | xanthocephalus.....--.---.----- 72, 82, 92 tincellanase apostolate tosa-e ae 57 | Xenotis .-21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, WOR HVELESIUM aca S655 Seco s5ooood 18 40, 41, 42, 43 WIGOUN ce se 6s565.6 Gs5e55 bobo cee ee 40 | Xaphophorus):- 2.22 2-22.--2.8-4---- 65, 67 OAOMIRGIENTh Gace de deen Seas apecen boon 37 | Xvstroplites -...---- 24, 27, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40 Winallorae ess Scents eee ete ciae giants 5S Zebra: ok Saha ee arrae eeeee 15, 18, 19 PINT OOPS e eater cere versie ence tel 30) |vzonaligicilasscotesasensbesece ss 6,7, 16, 19 (Wramidea ee aeeiastntere 2 etal Ae alee 5 | zonata .... ..--..5------ pr alabeteteyel as 00 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. 1. Ichthelurus furcatus, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. Texas, (From types of “ aginis”—No. 837.) p. 75. 2. Ichthelurus furcatus, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. Texas. (From types of ‘“affinis”—No. 837.) p. 75. 3. Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Locality uncertain (From type—No. 20056.) p. 76. PLATE II. 4. Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Locality uncertain. (From type—No. 20056.) p. 76. 4 (b). Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Illinois River. p. 76. PLATE III. 5. Ichthelurus punctatus, (Raf.) Jordan. French Broad River. p. 76. PLATE IV. 6. Ichthelurus punctatus, (Raf.) Jordan. French Broad River. p.76. 7. Ichthelurus meridionalis, (Giinther) Jordan. Guatemala. (From Giinther’s figure.) p. 78. = 8. Ichthelurus meridionalis, (Gtinther) Jordan. Guatemala. (From Giinther’s figure.) p. 78. PLATE V. 9. Amiurus lupus, (Grd.) Giinther. Texas. (From type—No. 916.) p. 83. 10. Amiurus lupus, (Grd.) Giinther. Texas. (From type—No. 916.) p. 83. PLATE VI. 11. Amiurus niveiventris, Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. 12. Amiurus niveiventris, Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. 13. Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Lake Erie. p. 83. PLATE VII. 14 (6). Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83. PLATE VIII. 14 (c). Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83. PLATE IX. 14 (d). Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Florida. (From a mounted skeleton.) p. 83. : PLATE X. 15. Amiurus albidus, (Le 8.) Gill. Potomac River. (From No. 20925.) p. 84. 16. Amiurus albidus, (Le S.) Gill. Potomac River. (From No. 20925.) p. 84. PLATE XI. 17. Amiurus lophius, Cope. Potomac River. p. 85. . PLATE XII. 18. Amiurus lophius, Cope. Potomac River. p. 85. 117 118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. PLATE XIII. 19. Amiurus erebennus, Jordan. St. John’s River, Fla. (From type—No. 19093. p. 85. (Type is less than a foot long.) 20. Amiurus erebennus, Jordan. St. John’s River, Fla. (From type—No. 19093.) p. 85. (Type is less than a foot long.) 21. Amiurus natalis, (Le §.) Gill, var. natalis. Lake Erie. p. 86 PLATE XIV. 22. Amiurus natalis, (Le 8.) Gill, var. natalis. Lake Erie. p. 86. 23. Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River. p. 86. PLATE XV. 24. Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River. p. 86. Things Soak 24 (b). Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N..C. (From No. 18540.) ~ a PLATE XVI. 24 (c). Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N. C. (From No. 18540.) p. &6. _ 25. Amiurus natalis cenosus, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan. p. 86. 26. Amiurus natalis cenosus, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan. p. 86. PLATE XVII. 27. Amiurus natalis cupreus, (Raf.) Jordan. Ohio River. p. 87 28. Amiurus natalis cupreus. (Denutition.) 29. Amiurus natalis antoniensis, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 87. 30. Amiurus natalis antoniensis, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 87. PLATE XVIII. 31. Amiurus natalis analis, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 87%. 33. Amiurus vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lake Michigan. pp. 88. . PLATE XIX. 34. Amiurus vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lake Michigan. p. 88. 35. Amiurus vulyaris elurus, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River. p. 88. PLATE XxX. 35 (b). Amiurus vulgaris elurus, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River. p. 88. PLATE XXI. 36. Amiurus marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jordan. Altamaha River, Ga. (From No.9031.) p. 89. 37. Amiurus marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jordan. Altamaha River, Ga. (From No. 9031.) p. 89. PLATE XXII. 38. Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. PLATE XXIII. 39. Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. T[llinois River. p. 89. PLATE XXIV. 39 (b). Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89, 39 (c). Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. PLATE XXY. 40. Amiurus catus, (L.) Gill. Delaware River. p.90. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 119 PLATE XXVI. 41. Amiurus catus,(L.) Gill. Delaware River. p.90. PLATE XXVII. 41 (6). Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope. Mispillion Creek, Del. (From type.) p.90. PLATE XXVIII. 41 (c). Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope. Mispillion Creek, Del. (From type.) p.90. PLATE XXIX. 42. Amiurus canthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. White River, Ind. p. 92. 43. Amiurus canthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. White River, Ind. p. 92. 44, Amiurus nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill & Jordan. Conestoga Creek, Pa. (From type.) p. 92. PLATE XXX. 45. Amiurus nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill & Jordan. Conestoga Creek, Pa. (From type.) p. 92. 46. Amiurus pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Genesee River, N. Y. (Natural size.) p. 93. 47, Amiurus pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Genesee River,N. Y. (Natural size.) p. 93. 48. Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Ocmulgee River, Ga. (From type.) p. 93. PLATE XXXI. 49. Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Ocmulgee River, Ga. (From type.) p.93. 49 (b). Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Saluda River, 8. C. p. 93. 49 (c). Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Saluda River,8.C. p,. 93. PLATE XXXII. 50. Amiurus platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. North Carolina. p. 93. PLATE XXXIII. 51. Amiurus platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. North Carolina. p. 93. PLATE XXXIV. 52. Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. French Broad River. p.95. PLATE XXXV. 53. Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. French Broad River. p. 95. PLATE XXXVI. 54. Noturus flavus, Rafinesque. Ohio River, W. Va. p. 99. 55. Noturus flavus, Rafinesque. Ohio River, W. Va. p.99. 56. Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. PLATE XXXVII. 57. Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. 57 (b). Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. 57 (c). Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100, PLATE XXXVIII. 58. Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. p. 100. 59. Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. p.100. 59 (b). Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. (From one of three original types.) p. 100. 120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. PLATE XXXIX, 60. Noturus miurus, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From types.) p. 100. 61. Noturus miurus, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From types.) p.100. 61 (6). Noturus miurus, Jordan. Ohio River, W. Va. p. 100. PLATE XL. » 62. Notwrus eleutherus, Jordan. French Broad River. (From types.) p. 101. 63. Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. French Broad River. (From types.) p.101. 63 (6). Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. Tar River,N.C. (From types—No. 20926.) p. 101. PLATE XLI. 63 (c). Noturus elewtherus, Jordan. Tar River, N.C. (From types—No. 20926.) p. 101. 64. Noturus leptacanthus, Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. (From type.) p. 102. 65. Noturus leptacanthus, Jordan. Etowah River,Ga. (From type.) p. 102. PLATE XLII. 66. Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Rafinesque. Hudson River. p. 102. 67. Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Rafinesque. Hudson River. p. 102. 68. Noturus sialis, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From type.) p. 102. PLATE XLIII. 69. Noturus sialis, Jordan. White River,Ind. (From type.) p. 102. 69 (b). Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Raf. Hudson River. (Natural size.) p. 102. 69 (c). Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Raf. Hudson River. (Natural size.) p. 102. PLATE XLIV. 70. Silurus glanis, Linn. Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland. (From No. 5935.) 71. Stizostethium canadense, (Smith) Jordan. (Pyloric ceca.) p. 49. 72. Stizostethium salmoneum, Ratinesque. (Pyloric ceca.) p. 47. PLATE XLV. 73. EHlassoma zonata, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 50. 74. Asternotremia mesotrema, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 52. PLATE 1. Fic. 1—Ichthelurus furcatus (C. € V.) Gill. Texas. From types of afinis Fic, 2—Ichthelurus furcatus (C. é V.) Gill. Texas. From types of ‘afinis. Fic. 3—Ichthelurus robustus (Jordan.) (From type.) PLATE 2. Fic, 4—Ichthelurus robustus (Jordan.) (I'rom type.) Fia. 4 (6)—Ichthelurus robustus (Jordan.) Illinois River. Reduced one-half. Us eee se cea PLATE 3. Pectoral spine. Lower jaw. Fic. 5—Ichthelurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. Chattahoochee R., Ga. Reduced one-half. Upper jaw. PLATE 4. Fic. 6—Ichthelurus punctatus (Iaf.) Jor. Chattahoochee R.. Ga. Reduced one-half, Fig. 7- -Ichthzlurus meridionalis, (Gthr.) Jor, Central America. (From Gunther’s figure,) Fic . 8—Ichthelurus meridionalis (Gthr.) Jor. Central America. (From Gunther's figure, ) ie Me Ne ne bees PLATE 5. eer stt cae o eat sazaeses fsrcec FSR Sevres esses st ttt Fic. 9—Amiurus lupus (Grd;) Gthr. Texas, (From type.) oS > =a 3 SS SSS [<=>) Fic. 10—Amiurus lupus (Grd.) Gthr. Texas. (From type.) Parents PER a PLATE 6. SANS : \\\ 8 Fig. 11—Amiurus niveiventris (Cope.) , Neuse River. (From type.) Reduced. Fig. 12—Amiurus niveiventris (Cope.) Neuse River. (From type.) Reduced. Fie. 13—Awmiurus nigricans (Ze S.) Gill. Lake Erie. nit i A . NY PLATE 7. Fia. 14 (6)—Amiurus nigricans (Le S.) Gill. Ohio R., Leavenworth, Ind, Reduced one-half, Bc TN : ky PLATE 8. Fia@. 14 (c)—Amiurus nigricans (Le S.) Gill. Ohio R., Leavenworth, Ind. Reduced one-half. eh nia Niertatln . PLATE 9. Fic. 14 (d)—Amiurus nigricans (LeS.) Gil. Florida. (From a mounted skeleton.) t PLATE 10. Fig. 15—Amiurus albidus (Ze Sueur) Gill. Potomac R. Reduced one-third. ea eS Fic. 16—Amiurus albidus (Le S.) Gill. Potomac R. Reduced one-third. PLATE Il. Fic. 17—Amiurus lophius Cope.) Potomac River. Reduced one-half. LY Rea J a ye PLATE 12. Fic. 18—Amiurus lophius (Cope.) Potomac R. Reduced one-half. Me ae Vy PLATE 13. Fic. 19—Amiurus erebennus Jordan. St. John’s R., Fla. From type. Fic. 20—Amiurus erebennus Jordan. St. John’s l., Pla. From type. Fic. 21—Amiurus natalis (Ze S.) Gill. (Var. natalis ) Lake Erie. jee ae 1s rade ip PLATE 14. Fic. 22—Amiurus natalis (Le. S.) Gill. (Var. natalis.) Lake Erie. Fic. 23—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf.) Jor. Tlinois R. Reduced one-half. PLATE 15. Fic. 24—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf.) Jor. Illinois R. Reduced one-half. Fra. 24 (b)—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf ) Jor. Kinston, N.C Reduced. ei) i PLATE 16. Fig. 24 (c)—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf.) Jor. Kinston, N. C. Reduced. Fic. 25—Amiurus natalis ccenosus (fich.) Jor. L. Michigan. Reduced one-half. Fic. 26—Aumiurus natalis ccenosus (Lich. ) Jor. Lake Michigan. Reduced one-half. Ws te Sh ratalt ie PLATE 1%. QC \ \\ Ry AX : ‘ Fic. 27—Amiurus natalis cupreus (Raf.) Jor. White R., Ind. Reduced one-third. Dentition upper jaw. Dentition lower jaw ; FIG. 28—Dentition of Amiurus natalis cupreus. Fic. 29—Amiurus natalis antomensis (Grd.) Jor. Etowah R., Ga. ; e Iie. 30—Amiurus natalis antonicnsis (Grd.) Jor. Etowah River, Georgia. kN 1 1) TAHT ole 4 a eA Heese) ahaa aa PLATE 18. ‘J[vy-ouo pooupery URSIOIPL oxe'T ‘STON (Uosdumoy,y) Stuvs[~A snINIULy—PE “OL (‘jeuttouqe ourds [es10q) ‘od Aq 018 YUN ATV “AT perl 9D HT Cupp.of) STTVUR ST[VyEU SUALTOLY TE ONEL ‘J{Uy-om0 poonpoy “tf SLoUlT{]y IOP (‘p..y) snap SLIBS[NA snainry—cE “HL J[ey-ouo psonpery UROL OYVT ‘SION ((Cuwoyy) SLIvs[DA SnaIMULy—PE “OWT = PLATE 19. fe Rote Pa dito bath i ane) ih q the hia PLATE 20. ‘J[By-ouo psonpexy “AWATY Td dissIssi Ay “1of (psp) suAn[e suBds[nA snaniury—(q) CE “DIT Mis te eras ei 4 PLATE 21i. WS Fic. 36—Amiurus marmoratus (Holbr.) Jor. Altamaha R- Fic. 37—Amiurus marmoratus (Holbr.) Jor. Altamaha R. Paull ti Ye tothe ity ea ee i iat PLATE 22. es = GR) ees ee ee, a SPO ACS Copeland. Reduced one-half. Illinois R. Fic. 38—Amiurus melas (af.) Jordan & 23. PLATE ; “a Slounty snaniwy— 68 “OTL PLATE 24. Fic. 39 (b) —Amiurus melas (Raf.) Jor. & Copeland linois R. Fia. 39 (c)—Amiurus melas (Raf.) Jor. & Copeland. Illinois R. Reduced one-half. 25. PLATE AT OIVA RIOT ‘TIED (7) sngeo snantury— Op “OLA PLATE 26. "eCN ‘dopyuoIy, “Wy orvaMclod ‘TIED (7) snqeo sniniury—tP “OL ty a eat . ay he ars ees ied 8 PLATE. 27. Beas == wre: Ly =o WG, 41 (6) —Amiurus mispilliensis (Cope.) Nat. size from types. Mispillion Creek, Delaware. = ae sc Ms Aly, aa te 28. PLATE So <<<>= PLATE 46. Fic. 73—Elassoma zonata Jordan. Little Red R., Ark. Type enlarged 3 diams. Fic. 74—Asternotremia mesotrema Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. Wht Wal x an. —iaeern 7 [; | Let i a i tas | Hi fl ‘ i jul Vv. iM ! " | ~~ ‘Ne zs a v4 aS) = . A Ae Set Heres 4th esate Sainte Sa ent as : ahead ete eee Siorysoaer Sancron ‘onsen ‘ Le | ReMi saints Cait afer of isi on FL sey rane ta iat Ne Kf pe Ry ie \ we ey i x | | i is Nees Xe io | EO, a i BA) rae 8 { ie 5 Fae en i ht ij T | Hl i 3 ue! aaa C ieee yy Oye ae Ha pe EG, care ina ae atta Tem hs SE eer 30,8, ae | Sot ee cen I Xe (i / 1 Lin 3.9088 01421 0470