Ee ijt) \ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BuLuetin 202 FISHES OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS BY LEONARD P. SCHULTZ AND COLLABORATORS: EARL S. HERALD, ERNEST A. LACHNER ARTHUR D. WELANDER, AND LOREN P. WOODS VOLUME 1 Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae Ye th INe;s a> 7 OR HOIE Wig ise Ps See BANS UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1953 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $2.75 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and re- visions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, con- tains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoologi- cal groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in sev- eral volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as Indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. The present work forms No. 202 of the Bulletin series. RemiIncton KELioae, Director, United States National Museum. CONTENTS Authorship of sections prepared by collaborators other than Leonard P. Schultz indicated after the name of the group for which they are responsible. For full details, see Introduction, p. XvI. Page VDRO HOGA se se ES ee see en en Pes See Sgn eg XV ANGUS) CGY GSS OY Oh le ea a A ey a ee ete Tet eee ee XVI PAC Ka Ole GRIM EN LSE a emer a en iE ee ee eae ed oe ene XVII HE xteniumorimvestiCatlOns te Se cee 2 eee ee ee ee oe XVIII Generalsfaunalirelationshipscs se 2 2 kN ey en eee ee XIX Methods of study and presentation. ____.__.--------------------- xx TEESE ee pt at A de ap anh RG tee mea ee a XX SPABVG NON AO Res saih oe a Bec Naa AAAI ce de Naas cee SA ele Ee ees aa XXI SpecmmensistuGiecerrie er enaie ner es ete moe rye nee Se wee XXI Terminology, measurements, counts used in descriptions_-_------ XXI COlora tions meee Ne yee Lev Is 2 AE UN ADAM UREN eel ae Oe XXIII JEON OLR es Mp yh A PO UE co NN ev XXIV UGTA T Speen eet i MEME RNR a yen Lo LCS NL ee) i Gt as XXIV MTS eee Gass ee ey were eet Ne al ala ota iets I yk XXIV Hishecollecting stationss <2 see. 2 uke Cie ee eo see XXIV by lime @horda tama sees nai bine nee a Ay oe al een en a 1 SUMO FORT rea neg ee re ee ad lal pea a wl 1 Class: Cephalochordatas 222225 2 cain oe ye ee 1 Order!Branchiostomidas= 28425254. e aan ee 1 Family Asymmetrontidae: Lancelets- 1 Genus Notasymmetron Whit- NG yee ee ae ea at ea 1 SubpiylamyCrantatae veces bees ie a Pe ela me 2 Superclass-Gnavhostomatas: ss heen oh ee Ss eee 2 Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes._.._.___------- 2 Subclassiselac hii bee esheets Ly eo elas eee. 2 Superorder Selachica: Sharks___.-.--..--------- 2 Order amnida 2:2 see So 08 ys eee as 2 SuborderiGaleinaes 252 se ee ee ee 2 Family Isuridae: Mackerel Sharks--- 4 Genus Carcharodon Agassiz- 4 Family Orectolobidae: Carpet Sharks 4 Genus Ginglymostoma Miller and) Henlese see. ta 4 Family Triakidae: Smooth Dogfishes_ 5 Genus Triaenodon Miiller and Henle_____..------- 5 Family Carcharhinidae: Gray Sharks_ 6 Genus Galeocerdo Miller and Femlew hiya sap see eh cd cho 6 Hemigaleops, new genus- --- 8 Genus Carcharhinus Blain- Sat 0s i a ne ce a ee 11 IV U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Chondrichthyes—Continued Subclass Selachii—Continued Superorder Rajica: Skates and Rays__---._____- Order: Rajidas 22420 2u anne cc eam a eee Subordershva ina sse a sas eee Family Dasyatidae: Sting Rays_--__- Genus Taeniura Miller and Family Mobulidae: Devil Rays; Genus Manta Bancroft____- Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes_--_.--------_--__--____ Subclass Teleostomit <2): 2¢ 42. os sa) ee ee Superorder Teleosteica_......--..------- cael wae Order Isopondylidae22 225222. 5 eee Suborder! Clupeina: 2222229525 p ee Family Dussumieridae: Round Her- rings (by Lronarp P. Scuuuitz and ArtHurR D. WELANDER)___-__- Genus Dussumieria Cuvier and Valenciennes-______-_- Genus Spratelloides Bleeker_ Suborder Iniomina____.________________ Family Synodontidae: Lizardfishes_-_ Genus Saurida Cuvier and Valenciennes___..______- Genus Synodus Scopoli-_--__- Family Myctophidae: Lanternfishes__ Genus Myctophum Rafin- Genus Diaphus Eigenmann and Eigenmann----_-._-_- Order Anguillida: Hels235 22222352532. ee Family Anguillidae: Fresh-water Eels_ Genus Anguilla Shaw-_-__--- Family Ophichthidae: Snake Eels_-_-_ Genus Brachysomophis Genus Myrichthys Girard___ Genus Callechelys Kaup---- Genus Leturanus Bleeker ___ Family Echelidae: Worm Eels----_-_ Genus Kaupichthys Schultz_ Genus Myrophis Liitken_-_- Genus Muraenichthys Bleek- Gre 2 an oe Genus Leptenchelys Myers and Wade. eee Genus Schultzidia Gosline_- Page CONTENTS Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthyes—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Anguillida—Continued Family Congridae: Conger Eels_-_--___ Genus Conger Schaeffer_____ Genus Ariosoma Swainson _- Family Moringuidae: Worm Eels_-__ Genus Moringua Gray -_-_--_- Family Muraenidae: Moray Eels-_.--- Genus Rhinomuraena Gar- Genus Echidna Forster--___ Genus Enchelynassa Kaup_- Genus Gymnothoraz Bloch__- Genus Anarchias Jordan and Genus Uropterygius Riippell_ Order/Synentognathidass2o22 225. eee eee Suborder Scomberesocina.___...________ Family Belonidae: Needlefishes______ Genus Belone Cuvier_______ Genus Ablennes Jordan and MOndicec asset Tek aero Genus Strongylura van Has- Sel (ee woke ly aie, ce aaa a Genus Rhaphiobelone Fowler - Suborder Mxococtinageessa5. = ae Family Hemiramphidae: Halfbeaks (by Loren P. Woops and Leonarp Jez: (SKOlsq op Up Wy Aca m EB AT Genus Huleptorhamphus Gill_ Genus Hemiramphus Cuvier_ Genus Hyporhamphus Gill_- Family Exocoetidae: Flyingfishes (by Loren P. Woops and Lronarp P. PSX OD lwp Ug WA) BAe A SSS a BA era Genus Parexocoetus Bleeker_ Genus Exocoetus Linnaeus _ Genus Cypselurus Swainson_ Genus Prognichthys Breder-- Orders Berycomorphidas same ee ans Family Holocentridae: Soldierfishes, or Squirrelfishes (by Loren P. WW © DS) Bis ae as ee ee TS Genus Holotrachys Giinther-_. Genus Myripristis Cuvier___ Genus Holocentrus Scopoii- - Page 208 VI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Phylum Chordata—C ontinued Page Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthyes—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—C ontinued OrdersAnacanthidas == eee ee 226 Family Bregmacerotidae_______----- 226 Genus Bregmaceros Thomp- SO rae ee ae 226 Order Synenathidasseee sees eee eee eee eee 227 Suborder Aulostomina___.._._...___--_--- 227 Family Aulostomidae: Trumpetfishes. 227 Genus Aulostomus Lacepéde. 227 Family Fistulariidae: Cornetfishes_._. 228 Genus Fistularia Linnaeus__ 228 Suborder? Syngnathinase === === se a= 229 Family Solenostomidae________-.--- 229 Genus Solenostomus Tace- pede 2 2 eee 229 Family Syngnathidae: Pipefishes (by EARL STANNARD HERALD) ______-_- 231 Genus Ichthyocampus Kaup._ 236 Bulbonaricus, new sub- PONUS 2) Usa ye eee 241 Genus Doryrhamphus Kaup_ 244 Genus Dunckerocampus Whit- ley. ee eee 249 Siokunichthys, new genus... 254 Genus Micrognathus Dunck- (=) pa La a alot ea Nh BA 8 3 256 Genus Corythoichthys Kaup_ 265 Genus Syngnathus Linnaeus. 278 OrdersRercomorphidate2= 2 ee ee eee 279 Suborder Sphyraenina_________________- 279 Family Sphyraenidae: Barracudas... 279 Genus Sphyraena Walbaum_ 279 Family Atherinidae: Silversides- -__-_- 287 Genus Atherion Jordan and Starks 0202 2 ee ae 292 Genus Stenatherina Schultz. 297 Genus Allanetta Whitley__.. 298 Genus Hypoatherina Schultz 303 Genus Pranesus Whitley_._._.. 306 Family Mugilidae: Mullets__..____- 310 Genus Oedalechilus Fowler_.. 312 Genus Neomyzus Steindach- FO 5) ee a as SS MRA Sa pe Dub 315 Genus Crenimugil Schultz_.. 317 Genus Chelon Rése__---_-- 318 Plicomugil, new genus_._-_-._ 320 Suborder Polynemina_____-___-__.-___- 323 Family Polynemidae: Threadfins__.. 323 Genus Polydactylus Lacepede. 323 CONTENTS Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthyes—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Percomorphida—C ontinued Suborder Percomorphina: Perches and hamilyeuhlideese es ese a= se === Genus Kuhlia Gill__-__---- Family Serranidae: Groupers, Sea Subfamily Serraninae_--------- Genus Epinephelus Bloch--- Genus Anyperodon Giinther_ Genus Variola Swainson---- Genus Plectropomus Oken-_-- Genus Cephalopholis Bloch and Schneider__.-------- Genus Belonoperca Fowler Ypsigramma, new genus---_-- Subfamily Anthiinae__._._----_- Genus Anthias Bloch___---- Subfamily Grammistinae_-_-_---- Genus Grammistes Bloch and Schneiders. sees Grammistops, new genus---- Family Pseudochromidae_-__-------- Genus Pseudochromis Rutp- Genus Aporops Schultz__--- Genus Plesiops Oken_-_-.---- Genus Pseudoplesiops Blee- Family Apogonidae: Cardinal Fishes (by Ernest A. LACHNER)-------- Genus Siphamia Weber- - -- Genus Apogon Lacepéde---- Genus Archamia Gill___---- Genus CheilodipteropsSchultz Genus Cheilodipterus Lace- Genus Paramia Bleeker - - -- Genus Gymnapogon Regan-- Family Priacanthidae: Big Eyes_--- Genus Priacanthus Oken_--- Family Coryphaenidae: Dolphins-_-_-- Genus Coryphaena Linnaeus- Page 324 324 324 328 334 334 360 361 363 365 370 372 381 381 384 384 386 388 390 395 396 398 401 407 412 414 429 476 479 481 488 490 499 499 502 502 VIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Phylum Chordata—Continued Page Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthyes—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—C ontinued Order Percomorphida—Continued Suborder Percomorphina—Continued Family Carangidae: Jacks (by Loren PWV © DS) esses oe oy oa ee 504 Genus Decapterus Bleeker__._ 505 Genus Elagatis Bennett_-____ 507 Genus Trachurops Gill______ 507 Genus Trachinotus Lacepéde. 509 Genus Scomberoides Laceptde. 510 Genus Caranz Lacepéde__._. 512 Genus Carangoides Bleeker.__ 518 Family Lutjanidae: Snappers_-_-_-_-_-- 521 Genus Scolopsis Cuvier___-- 527 Genus Lutjanus Bloch____-- 529 Genus Macolor Bleeker__-_-_-_ 533 Genus Plectorhinchus Lace- pedess sc. 58 ae 534 Genus Gnathodentex Bleeker. 535 Genus Monotazis Bennett__._ 536 Genus Aprion Cuvier and Valenciennes_._.._....-__~ 538 Genus Aphareus Cuvier and Valenciennes____..--__-- 539 Genus Caesio Bleeker____-_-_ 540 Genus Pterocaesio Bleeker__. 5438 Genus Lethrinus Cuvier__-_-- 548 Family Leiognathidae: Silver Pereh__ 556 Genus Gerres Quoy and Gai- Mar sone ee Be sta ee 557 Family Pempheridae.__..-_-------- 559 Genus Pempheris Cuvier____ 559 Genus Parapriacanthus Stein- dachners).o5 is a eee 561 Family Kyphosidae: Pilotfishes----- - 563 Genus Kyphosus Lacepéde.__ 563 Family Chaetodontidae: Butterfly- fishes =) pies Tu ineiee hx ae eee eae 566 Subfamily Chaetodontinae (by Loren P. Woops)-_-------_- 566 Genus Forctpiger Jordan and Mec Gregor. 2 Nae saa aie 575 Genus Heniochus Cuvier__.._ 576 Genus Megaprotodon Guiche- MOG es i ea 578 Genus Chaetodon Linnaeus_. 579 CONTENTS IX Phylum Chordata—Continued Page Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthyes—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Percomorphida—Continued Suborder Percomorphina—Continued Family Chaetodontidae—Continued Subfamily Pomacanthinae (by Loren P. Woops and LEonarpD PESCHUETZ) oO) Pho eh Nei 597 Genus Pomacanthus Lace- Pederns seven Te wives & 598 Genus Pygoplites Fraser- Brunneree ses a e52 ess 600 Genus Centropyge Kaup__-_ 601 Family Platacidae (by Loren P. WOODS)IS2. Sikes tik ped iha aay 609 Genus Platax Cuvier_-_____- 609 Family Zanclidae (by Loren P, WOODS) eesedae lye A cn per mena ia SAR 610 Genus Zanclus Cuvier_-_-___- 610 Family Acanthuridae: Surgeonfishes (by Lronarp P. ScHuLtTz and Loren P. Woops)___-_-________-_- 614 Genus Ctenochaetus Gill_____ 620 Genus Acanthurus Forskal__ 624 Genus Zebrasoma Swainson. 640 Genus Naso Lacepéde------ 642 Family Siganidae (by Loren P. WOODS) sie. aye ini maki UY eeu 649 Genus Siganus ForskAal-___-_. 649 New, generarand species. 222 62 220. eke waa) Bk eon) eo ey 659 WOhre ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES (Following p. 660) . Holotype of Hemigaleops fosteri, new species . Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Riippell) . Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) and Synodus variegatus (Lacepéde) . Holotype of Taeniura brocki, new species . Mania alfredi (Krefft) . Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard), Echidna nebulosa (Ahl), and Z£. zebra (Shaw) . Holotype of Brachysomophis sauropsis Schultz . Muraenichthys laticaudata (Ogilby), Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier), and Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett) . Holotype of Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz . Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker . Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker), Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker), and Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert) . Holotype of Echidna leucotaenia Schultz . Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard), Gymnothorar fimbriatus (Ben- nett), and G. pictus (Ahl) . Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw and Nodder) and G. undulatus (Lacepéde) . Holotype of Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz) . Holotype of Uropterygius reidi Schultz . Rhaphiobelone robusta, new species, paratype; Prognichthys sp. ?; Holotrachys lima (Valenciennes); and Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) . Myripristis berndti Jordan and Evermann, M. bowditchae, new species, and M. argyromus Jordan and Evermann . Holocentrus sammara (Forsk&l) and H. opercularis Valenciennes . Holocentrus spinifer Forskal and H. tiere Cuvier and Valenciennes . Holocentrus microstomus Ginther, H. lacetoguttatus Cuvier, H. diadema Lacepéde, and Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus) . Solenostomus armatus Weber and Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker) . Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) and Chelon vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) . Neomyxus chaptalii (Eydoux and Souleyet), ventral side of head of N. chaptalit, and ventral side of head of Chelon vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) . E’pinephelus merra Bloch, E. macrospilos, (Bleeker), and H. elongatus, new species . Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsk&l) and E. heragonatus (Bloch and Schneider) . Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), half-grown speci- men and young adult . Variola loutt (Forskal) 29. . Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepéde), C. argus Bloch and Schneider, Epinephelus Plectropomus truncatus Fowler and P. leopardus (Lacepéde) fasciatus (Forsk&l) . Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider, C. urodelus (Bloch and Schneider), C. miniatus (Forsk8l) x ILLUSTRATIONS xI . Grammistes sexlineatus (Thtinberg) and Chorististium swalesi Fowler and Bean . Plesiops nigricans (Ritppell) and Apogon snydert Jordan and Evermann . Apogon lateralis Valenciennes and A. leptacanthus Bleeker . Apogon fasciatus (White) and A. nubilus Garman . Apogon savayensis Giinther . Apogon compressus (Smith and Radcliffe), A. novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, and A. nigrofasciatus, new species . Apogon aroubiensis Hombron and Jacquinot, A. bandanensis Bleeker, and A. erdmanit Lachner . Archamia lineolata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), Paramia quinquelineata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), and Apogon isostigma (Jordan and Seale) . Archamia lineolata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), A. fucata (Cantor), and A. buruénsis (Bleeker) . Archamia zosterophera (Bleeker), A. biguttata Lachner, and A. dispilus Lachner . Cheilodipterops isostigma Schultz, Paramia quinquelineata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), and P. bipunctata Lachner . Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepéde), C. arabicus (Gmelin), and C. lineatus (Linnaeus) . Priacanthus cruentaius (Lacepéde), Lutjanus bohar (Forsk&l), and Pem- pheris oualensis Cuvier and Valenciennes . Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) and Caranz melampygus Cuvier . Caranz lugubris Poey and Carangoides ferdau jordani Nichols . Macolor niger (Forsk&l) . Monotazis grandoculis (Forsk&l), Aphareus furcatus (Lacepéde), and Aprion virescens Cuvier and Valenciennes . Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) and Heniochus permutatus Cuvier . Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) and Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier . Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park, C. unimaculatus Bloch, C. citrinellus Cuvier, and C. tinkert Schultz . Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier and Valenciennes and C, melannotus Bloch and Schneider . Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier and C. falcula Bloch . Chaetodon lunula (Lacepéde) and C. quadrimaculatus Gray . Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert), and Centropyge bicolor (Bloch) . Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier and C. auriga Forsk&l . Chaetodon mertensit Cuvier and Centropyge flavissimus (Cuvier) . Chaetodon multicinctus Garrett and C. punctato-fasciatus Cuvier . Centropyge heraldi, new species, and Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch) . Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus) . Adult Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard) and adult Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett . Postacronurus stages of Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard) and of Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepéde), and immature adult of A. elongatus (Lacepéde) . Adult Acanthurus triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus) and acronurus stages of A. triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus) and A. elongatus (Lacepéde) . Very young stages of Acanthurus triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus) and post- acronurus stage of A. elongatus (Lacepéde) . Acanthurus aliala Lesson and A. achilles Shaw Acanthurus guttatus Bloch and Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch and Schneider U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 . Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus) . Naso lituratus (Bloch and Schneider) . Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes) . Juvenile stages of Naso unicornis (Forskal) . Naso vlamingi (Valenciennes) . Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) 74. Siganus rostratus Valenciennes FIGURES Page ie Ma profiBikini (ACOs mies meee ees SC ee ee eee eee eee XXV 2: MaptolEniwetok Atoll occ. 22 e252 0 oo ee ee ee eee XXVII 3 Maprof-Rongelap Atolls wee ens Se ease awa Sacer ene ae eee XXIX Ar Nia pro tRongernkv Atoms see owl. Seas et UNS See. vee ee eee XXXI 5. Hemigaleops fostert, new genus and new species, holotype; Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker; and H. microstoma Bleeker_---.-------------+ 10 6. Various parts of Manta alfredi (Krefft) _-------------------------- 21 7. Holotype of Spratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz--------------------- 28 8. Holotype of Synodus binotatus, new species_-..-------------------- 35 9. Holotype of Synodus englemani, new species_---------------------- Al 10. Dental patterns of certain species of eels: Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker), Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard), Gymnothoraz petelli (Bleeker), G. thyrsoideus (Richardson), and G. rupellit (McClelland) eee eee ee ea ee a ee rere eee ere 45 11. Arrangement of teeth of certain species of Ophichthidae: Myrich- thys colubrinus (Boddaert), Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett), Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier), Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker), C. melanotaenia Bleeker, Brachysomophis sauropsis Schultz, and Cirricaecula johnsoni, new genus and new species-___..-- 48 12. Holotype of Cirricaecula johnsoni, new genus and new species_-_---_--- 51 13. Dental patterns of certain species of Echelidae: Kaupichthys diodon- tus Schultz, Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker, M. macropterus Bleeker, M. schultzei Bleeker, and M. laticauda (Ogilby)_-..----- 63 14. Holotype of Kaupichthys atronasus, new species_-..---------------- 66 15. Holotype of Kaupichthys brachychirus, new species_--.------------- 67 16. Holotype of Leptenchelys pinnaceps, new species__.__-..---.-------- 79 17. Holotype of Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schultz and Woods)-_-__------ 82 18. Dental pattern of Conger noordzieki Bleeker____-._.---------------- 84 19. Dental patterns of Moringua microchir Bleeker, M. abbreviata (Bleeker), and) Mi javanica (Sap) se oe ie eee ere he 90 20. Holotypes of Moringua latebrosa, newspecies, and M. penni, new species - 97 21. Dental patterns of Echidna polyzona (Richardson), HE. zebra (Shaw), E. nebulosa (Ahl), H. unicolor, new species, and E. leucotaenia re) 015 | ry dpe ae pei a a ya A CS Cee as a a 101 22. Holotype of Echidna unicoler, new species._....-------------------- 106 23. Dental patterns of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw and Nodder), G. buroensis (Bleeker), G. pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker), G. melatremus, new species, G. bikiniensis, new species, G. bayeri, new species, G. pictus (Ahl), and G. richardsoni (Bleeker) __._-.-------.----_-_-- 115 . Holotype of Gymnothorax bikiniensis, new species_----.------------- 117 . Holotype of Gymnothoraz melatremus, new species_.------------__-- 121 . Holotype of Gymnothorax bayert, new species___.------------------ 125 . Dental patterns of Gymnothorax monochrous Bleeker, G. schistmatorhyn- chus (Bleeker), G. monostigmus (Regan), G. jfimbriatus (Bennett), G. flavimarginatus (Riippell), G. margaritophorus Bleeker, G. undu- latus (Lacepéde), G. javanicus (Bleeker), G. gracilicaudus Jenkins, and /G:izontpectts Seale ws ye Ney OE Be ate SN DU Soy ei 127 28. 29. . Holotype of Rabula fuscomaculata, new species . Holotype of Rabula marshallensis, new species . Holotype of Uropterygius dentatus, new species . Holotype of Uropterygius fuscoguttatus, new species . Dorsal view of head of Hyporhamphus laticeps (Giinther), H. dussu- . Holotype of Cypselurus antoncichi, new species . Diagram of the middle part of the body of a hypothetical syngnathid, . Holotype of Ichthyocampus davacensis, new species . Holotype of Siokunichthys herrei, new species . Heads of certain species of Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell), M. . Holotype of Micrognathus brocki, new species . Holotype of Corythoichthys ocellatus, new species, and of C. nigripectus, . Holotype of Corythoicthys schultzi, new species . Corythoichthys flavofasciatus conspicillatus (Jenyns) . Corythoichthys intestinalis intestinalis (Ramsey) . Holotype of Atherion elymus freyi, new subspecies . Holotype of Allanetta crenolepis, new species . Holotype of Hypoatherina barnesi, new species . Holotype of Pranesus insularum whitei, new subspecies . Plicomugil labiosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . Plicomugil labiosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . Holotype of Epinephelus kohleri, new species . Holotype of Epinephelus emoryi, new species . Holotype of Epinephelus elongatus, new species . Holotype of E’pinephelus melanostigma, new species . Holotype of Epinephelus spilotus, new species . Holotype of Epinephelus spilotoceps, new species . Young specimen of Epinephelus spilotoceps, new species . Holotype of Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean . Holotype of Ypszgramma lineata, new species . Holotype of Ypsigramma brocki, new species . Holotype of Anthias heraldi, new species . Holotype of Grammistops ocellatus, new species . Holotype of Pseudochromis aurea marshallensis, new subspecies . Holotype of Aporops bilinearis Schultz . Holotype of Pseudoplesiops rosae Schultz . Holotype of Pseudoplesiops revellei, new species . Holotype of Pseudoplesiops sargenti, new species . Holotype of Acanthopleisops hiatti, new species . Holotype of Siphamia versicolor (Smith and Radcliffe) . Holotype of Siphamia elongata, new species ILLUSTRATIONS Gapmnotnorgx ZONtPECliS SCALE was a2 2 aia Spee ee Fea gts nek ANE Dental patterns of certain species of muraenid eels: Anarchias can- tonensis (Schultz), A. lewcurus (Snyder), A. allardicet Jordan and Starks, Uropterygius polyspilus Regan, U. marmoratus (Lacepéde), U. fijiensis Fowler, U. concolor Riippell, U. microptcrus (Bleeker), and U. zanthopierus (Bleeker) miert (Valenciennes), and H. acutus (Ginther)__________________- illustrating the terms used in describing the Syngnathidae________- edmondsont (Pietschmann), M. nitidus (Giinther), M. dunckeri Chabanaud, M. mataafae (Jordan and Seale), M. brachyrhinus, new species, and M. brocki, new species PIG WASP OCICS Hee hs ee A Reid UE il Lalu 1 pa A ern SEP Ap Me Oh SN XIV U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 . Holotype of Stphamia argentea, new species_____------------------ . Ho'otype of Siphamia cuprea, new species____--------------------- . Holotype of Siphamia fuscolineata, new species__------------------ . Holotype of Siphamia ovalis, new species____._--..----------------- . Extremes in development of the shape and size of the vomerine tooth patch, from a specimen of Apogon isostigma (Jordan and Seale) and of A. compressus (Smith and Radcliffe) _____._-_----------------- . Holotype of Apogon mentalis (Evermann and Seale)_--------------- . Holotype of Apogon angustatus (Smith and Radcliffe) ____---------- . Holotype of Apogon menesemops, new species_---------------------- . Color mark below eye in Apogon savayensis Gunther and in A. nubilus . Holotype of Apogon robusius (Smith and Radcliffe) ____---------_-- . Holotype of Apogon nigrofasciatus, new species-_------------------- . Dental pattern of certain genera of Apogonidae: Chilodipterus, Chetlodipterops, ang eara mia eee aa ee eee ee ee . Holotype of Gymnapogon urospilotus, new species__.--------------- . Holotype of Gymnapogon gracilicauda, new species_-_-------------- . Holotype of Pterocaesio marri, new species_-_---------------------- . Holotype of Pierocaesio kohlert, new species.....---.---------------- . Gerres oblongus Cuvier and Valenciennes. ___..-------------------- . Holotype of Centropyge flammeus, new species_-_-.---------------- . Holotype of Centropyge nigriocellus, new species__------------------ . Color patterns on and below the pectoral fin base of Acanthurus trios- tegus triostegus (Linnaeus), A. sandvicensis Streets, and A. t. mar- quesenszs Schultz. and Woods axes see ee ees eae INTRODUCTION By Lronarp P. SCHULTZ This is a descriptive catalog of the fishes collected in the Marshall Islands in connection with, and after, the atom-bomb tests of Opera- tion Crossroads, 1946. In addition, it includes material from the southern Marianas Islands and contains descriptions of new species and of new genera from various other areas of the tropical Indo- Pacific region, whenever these new forms were found and were needed in the clarification of the species of fishes encountered in the faunal area under investigation. Bikini Atoll was discussed as a fish habitat in “The Biology of Bikini Atoll, With Special Reference to the Fishes,” published by Schultz in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1947, pp. 301-316, pls. 1-17, 1948, and for that reason is not covered in detail here. In that article the reefs were classified into sandy areas, coral and algal areas, flat pavementlike areas, isolated tidal pools and solu- tion channels, lithothamnion ridge, and the open-water habitat of the lagoon. Collecting methods were discussed, especially the use of rotenone and the use of a light at night. The first expedition sailed from San Francisco in February 1946 on the U. S. S. Bowdztch, under the direction of Commander Roger Revelle, U.S. N. R., and Lt. Comdr. Clifford A. Barnes, U.S.C. G. R., returning to the United States in September. The scientists as- sembled on this ship represented the fields of biology, oceanography, and geology, and it was their purpose to study Bikini Atoll in a thorough manner before and after the explosions so that if the atomic bombs caused any profound changes these might be detected. As con- trol atolls, extensive biological studies were to be made at Rongelap, Rongerik, and Eniwetok in the northern Marshall Islands. The second major expedition, the Bikini Scientific Resurvey, left San Diego July 1, 1947, on board the U. S. S. Chilton to determine the changes that had resulted from Operation Crossroads. This re- survey, made under the direction of Capt. C. L. Engleman, U. S. N., returned to San Diego on September 11 of that year. Later expeditions were undertaken in 1948 and 1949 by the Applied Fisheries Laboratory, University of Washington, as part of a con- tinuing study sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission. The biological field work in the northern Marshall Islands con- _ sisted of making extensive collections of the flora and fauna. The botanical studies were made in 1946 by Dr. William R. Taylor, Univer- XV XVI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 sity of Michigan. The physiology of aquatic plants was undertaken in 1947 by Drs. L. R. Blinks and P. M. Brooks, Stanford University, California. The marine invertebrates were studied in 1946 and 1947 by Dr. J. P. E. Morrison and in 1947 by F. M. Bayer, both of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. During July and Aug- ust 1947 special studies were made on echinoderms by Dr. D. M. Whit- aker, Stanford University; on insects by Dr. A. C. Cole, University of Tennessee; and on the food of fishes by Dr. Robert W. Hiatt, Uni- versity of Hawaii. Extensive collections of plankton were made by Dr. M. W. Johnson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography ; the micro- biology of Bikini was studied by Dr. D. B. Johnstone, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, during 1946. The geology of Bikini and other Marshall Islands was studied by Dr. Harry S. Ladd, Dr. J. Harland Johnson, and Joshua I. Tracey, of the U.S. Geological Survey, aided by Dr. John W. Wells, then of Ohio State University, and Gordon G. Lill, Office of Naval Research. The bottom geology of Bikini was mapped in 1946 by Dr. K. O. Emery, University of South- ern California. The study of the effect of radiation on marine ani- mals, especially fishes, was made from 1946 to 1949 by Drs. Lauren R. Donaldson and Arthur D. Welander, Applied Fisheries Laboratory, University of Washington. Since fishes represented the group of animals of greatest economic importance in and around the atoll, great emphasis was placed on them. Statistical studies were made both in 1946 and 1947 to measure the relative abundance of the reef and lagoon fishes, and of the pelagic fishes (sharks, barracuda, and tuna and their relatives). This latter work was accomplished by commercial fishermen, using trolling meth- ods, under the immediate supervision of John C. Marr and Osgood R. Smith, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The population studies of the lagoon fishes were made in 1946 and 1947 by Vernon E. Brock, director, Division of Fish and Game, Territory of Hawaii. Those of the reef fishes were made in 1946 by Dr. Earl S. Herald, then Cap- tain, U.S. Army Medical Corps; and in 1946 and 1947 by Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, curator of fishes, U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. AUTHORSHIP Since the study of such large collections of fishes was a bigger task than could be accomplished by one person in a reasonable length of time, I enlisted the services of various ichthyologists: Dr. Earl S. Herald, director of the Steinhart Aquarium, spent about 4 months on the Syngnathidae during late 1946 and early 1947 and then continued his studies in the California Academy of Sciences; Loren P. Woods, curator of fishes, Chicago Natural History Museum, spent 18 months in the U. S. National Museum during 1946-48, and then continued on the Bikini fishes for a short time at the Chicago Natural History INTRODUCTION XVII Museum; on February 1, 1949, Dr. Ernest A. Lachner, associate curator of fishes, U. S. National Museum, began work on this report and was continuing at the time this volume went to press; Dr. Arthur D. Welander, University of Washington, spent July and August 1950 on the Bikini fish collections of the School of Fisheries, University of Washington; I have spent practically all my research time since the conception of this project, in September 1945, on the fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands and adjacent regions. The portions of this work written by my collaborators are identified both in the table of contents and in the text. The appearance of my name as second author indicates that I furnished the ecological data and assisted in other ways but did not write major portions of the manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to express their appreciation of the fine work of the artists, Mrs. Aime M. Awl and Mrs. Dorothea B. Schultz, who have made most of the pen-and-ink drawings for this report; to John S. Lea, editor, and Gladys O. Visel, assistant editor, U. S. National Museum, for their full cooperation and aid in preparing this volume for printing. During the atom-bomb tests of 1946 and the Bikini Scientific Re- survey of 1947 the United States Navy took about 400 kodachrome pictures of the fishes, for which the authors are very grateful. AlI- though it is not feasible to reproduce these in color, many black-and- white prints have been made from them, which are herein reproduced. To the Smithsonian Photographic Laboratory we express our thanks for making many of the prints from the Kodachromes and all the photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection. To the Atomic Energy Commission we express our appreciation for partial financial support of a study of the Bikini fishes at the Applied Fisheries Laboratory, University of Washington, during 1950. Especially, we wish to acknowledge the partial financial support of this project by the Office of Naval Research and the Bureau of Ships of the Department of the Navy. Among those who were principally engaged in this undertaking during Operations Crossroads in 1946 Brock, Herald, and Schultz, working together, collected most of the fishes and were often assisted by Kohler and Marr. During 1947 the active fish collectors were Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, assisted by Marr, Myers, and Smith. The skill of Brock, Herald, and Hiatt in swimming, diving, and collecting unusual fishes was especially noteworthy. The following list gives the names of those who collected fishes that were used in this report. In some cases, where specimens were for- warded to us by people engaged in other phases of Operation Cross- roads, we were unable to obtain the complete name of the collector. 955292—53—vol. 1-2 XVIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Baker, R. H. Bayer, Frederick M. Borror, Brock, Vernon BH. Cali, Frank Cloud, P. E. Cole, A. C. Craighead, Frank Craighead, John Davis, Alice Donaldson, Lauren R. Emory, Kenneth O. Frey, David G. Gressitt, J. L. Herald, Earl S. Hiatt, Robert W. Hornbostel, H. G. Ingram, Robert Johnson, David H. Johnson, Martin W. Kaley, G. Kohler, Thomas F. Ladd, H. 8. Lord, Markley, M. H. Marr, John C. McBurney, McChesney, McHlroy, L. P. Morrison, J. P. HE. Myers, George S. Necker, Walter L. Otis, J. C. Randall, John E. Schaefer, Schroyer, Fred B. Schultz, Leonard P. Seymour, Allan Simon, J. R. Smith, Osgood Strassburg, Donald Taylor, William R. Tuiasosopa, Warner, Welander, Arthur D. Welsh, White, Thomas D. Ziesenhenne, Fred C. Holder, Norton, James H. EXTENT OF INVESTIGATIONS Altogether, over 50,000 specimens from the northern Marshall Is- lands and over 15,000 from the southern Marianas Islands were studied in preparing volumes 1 and 2 of this catalog. Most of these were obtained during Operation Crossroads, and during the Bikini Scientific Resurvey. However, this study was not confined to that material alone. The U.S. Navy, Army, and Air Forces, during World War II, sent to the U. S. National Museum large and valuable fish collections from the Indo-Pacific region. For comparison we have used these and other extensive reef and shore collections in the U. S. National Museum from Japan, Okinawa, Philippine Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Island, Phoenix and Samoan Islands, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and American eastern Pacific. We have also used similar lesser collec- tions from the China coast, Fiji, Solomons, East Indies, Australia, and Mauritius. Likewise the vast collections made in the Pacific by the Albatross under the auspices of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries during the early part of this century, also in the national collections, were used in various parts of this report. In addition, about 10,000 specimens of fishes were studied by Drs. Welander and Schultz at the Applied Fisheries Laboratory, Uni- versity of Washington, during July and August 1950. Dr. Wilbert M. Chapman’s excellent Solomon Islands collections did not arrive in time to serve extensively in the preparation of this catalog. Although we had ample library facilities for our work, type mate- rials for many of the species of the Indo-Pacific were not available. In the numerous instances where we needed to verify characters on INTRODUCTION XIX type specimens, ichthyologists were requested to examine the types and to furnish pertinent information, but in spite of our care it has been necessary to assign a tentative name to some specimens, as the problem was not solvable. Usually, where doubt must be cast on our identifications, this has been pointed out in the text. GENERAL FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS Our studies have revealed considerable information concerning the relationships of the wide-ranging species of the tropical Indo-Pacific. In general where we have had numerous specimens of a species from various island groups, small but distinct and constant differences can be found. These differences are of varying degree, and show up in counts, measurements, and coloration. The importance of coloration as a factor in the recognition of species and subspecies cannot be overemphasized. This has been demonstrated by the constancy with which basic color patterns of browns, blackish shades, and light areas occur in preserved specimens of certain species and subspecies. These patterns were observed in live specimens and were recorded by means of color photographs. Their persistence after a few years of alcoholic preservation was later confirmed by comparison of these photographs with the preserved specimens. We find that the old concept that has led to the combining of several species into one catch-all species, as has been done by some authors because they disregarded the basic color pattern, needs re- examination on the basis of comparing large series of specimens from the various island groups; and we find that probably the concept of subspecies should be applied to many of the species that exhibit small but distinct differences in coloration and are geographically isolated. We have noted especially that the Hawaiian Island fishes have numerous distinct species and subspecies, and that similar distinct endemic elements exist in the area comprised of Polynesia and Micronesia, in that comprised of the Indo-Australian region and Melanesia, and in the area from Mauritius to the Red Sea. Further- more, these relationships, on a lesser scale, also hold for some of the island groups within these general areas. The study of those specimens on which this report is based, and their comparison with specimens from other faunal areas of the tropical Indo-Pacific region show conclusively: (1) That the vast Indo-Pacific fauna cannot be properly interpreted on a local basis, and that to approach a correct conclusion in identification, each species must be compared with all its close relatives from the east coast of XxX U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Africa to the west coast of the Americas; (2) to place the correct scientific name on our specimens has usually required us to make a tentative revision of the genus where no revision existed; (3) the investigator must study the original descriptions of each species, aug- mented by redescriptions of type specimens, and must not rely on unverified descriptions in the literature; (4) no reliance can be placed on lists of fishes that are based entirely on collections from a single group of islands, or that lack supporting descriptions and figures. METHODS OF STUDY AND PRESENTATION In the discussions following some of the family and generic names, we have included information pertinent to the relationships of the genera and species, respectively. In some instances, references to important literature have been included. In certain families and genera, in which the number of pelvic and branched caudal rays are constant for all species, these counts are noted in the discussion and omitted in the descriptions of the species. KEYS In many instances the keys include exotic genera and species that may or may not have been represented by specimens available to us. These extralimital species are included whenever it was considered important: (1) To compare them with related species in the faunal area treated, (2) to clarify the taxonomic position of those previously assigned to the wrong genus by authors, (38) to clarify the present interpretation of relationships within a genus, (4) to make the keys more useful and complete by recording more of the background in- formation that applies to this study, and that supports the conclusions reached in this report. The keys often give a range of counts greater than that shown in the description of a species. This difference is the result of using additional extralimital specimens, whereas the species descriptions were almost always based on specimens collected for us in the area treated in this report. Wherever a new species or genus is described, the group to which it is related has been tentatively revised. Where investigation has uncovered extralimital species that are new, these are described in the text. Additional references, synonyms, and comments often appear as footnotes to the key when the genus or the species is not described in the text. The order of occurrence of the genera and species under each family is the same in the keys as in the text. INTRODUCTION XXI SYNONYMY A complete list of synonyms for each genus and for each species did not seem to be warranted for this faunal study. Therefore, only the reference to the original description for each species in the text is given, together with those synonyms and references that have been verified to the satisfaction of each author. SPECIMENS STUDIED The term “specimens studied” refers for the most part to those specimens collected during Operation Crossroads, 1946, and the Bikini Scientific Resurvey, 1947, and to some others collected in the southern Marianas Islands during World War II. They are generally sum- marized according to the number of stations for each atoll of the northern Marshall Islands, as listed on pages xxIv—xxXxII, or according to the number of lots for those collections not referable to a station number. However, collections are listed in detail for all new species and subspecies, and also in a few instances when it seemed desirable to call special notice to specimens that were unusual or that were the subject of special study. For these the United States National Mu- seum (U.S.N.M.) catalog number is given. Symbols are used for the catalog numbers of specimens in other institutions as follows: Academy: of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (A.N.S.P.). American Museum of Natural History (A.M.N.H.). California Academy of Natural Sciences (C.A.S.). Chicago Natural History Museum (C.N.H.M.). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (M.C.Z.). Stanford Natural History Museum (S.N.H.M.). Applied Fisheries Laboratory, University of Washington: Univ. Washing- ton. References to a ship lost on the California coast also occur in this section. These refer to a small ship used by a group of commercial fishermen in their study of commercially important fishes of the north- ern Marshall Islands in 1946. On the way back from Bikini it ran aground in Halfmoon Bay near San Francisco, and all but about a hundred specimens of tuna and of sharks were lost. These drifted ashore in a bad condition and were saved. TERMINOLOGY, MEASUREMENTS, COUNTS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS Under each species occurs a description that has been based on the material listed under “specimens studied” unless otherwise indicated. Terminology and methods of measuring and counting cannot be completely standardized where a large and diverse fauna is involved. Exceptions to terminology and methods as defined below are occa- sioned by differences in anatomical structures. Wherever these dif- XXII U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ferences occur in the text an explanation is made in parentheses at the point of use, but it applies only to that particular measurement. Often, however, notice or explanation of such change is given in the discussion preceding the particular family or genus involved. Measurements——Owing to the extent of this project, it was decided that, for those species revealing only slight variation, there was not sufficient time to make proportional measurements on more than two or three specimens, one small, one medium, and one of the largest. However, when relationships were close, or when a new species was described, measurements and counts were made on a series of suffi- cient number to determine the general limits of variability for that species. Standard length is the distance from tip of snout to midbase of caudal fin. Length of head is the distance from tip of snout to rear end of fleshy operculum. Depth is the greatest depth of body. Mouth or length of mawillaries is the distance from tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary. Snout is the distance from tip of snout to front of eye. Distance between nostrils or nostrils to eye is measured from the edge of the nasal opening unless otherwise indicated. Interorbital space (width) is the least fleshy distance between eyes. Bony interorbital space (width) is the least distance between bony orbits. Postorbital length (part) of head is the distance from the rear edge of the eye to the posterior tip of the fleshy operculum. Preorbital width is the least width of this bone. Suborbital width is the least width of this bone. Length of caudal peduncle is measured from the base of the last anal ray to the midbase of the caudal fin. Depth of caudal peduncle is the least distance dorsoventrally. Distances involving the anus are measured to the center of the anus. Counts.—In the fin ray formulae that appear in this report small (lower case) Roman numerals represent the simple, cross-striated, un- branched soft rays; large (upper case) Roman numerals represent non-cross-striated rays, or spines; and Arabic numerals, the branched soft rays. Asan example we read VII, ii, 8 as 7 spines, 2 unbranched soft rays, and 8 branched soft rays. A dash between elements in the fin ray formula (for example, VII-ii, 8) indicates that the two por- tions of the fin are divided and separate, whereas the comma indicates that the different fin rays are in the same portion of the fin. Counts made on paired fins are separated by a dash. We have represented INTRODUCTION XXIII the branched rays of the caudal fin in a formula, thus 8+7 means that there are 8 rays in the upper lobe and 7 in the lower lobe. In counting fin rays, each ray (including rudiments in the pectoral fin) with a separate base was counted as a single ray. In cases where the last ray was divided down to the base, this ray was counted as one ray when it had a single base; dissections were made and examined microscopically to determine the presence of one or two bases in doubt- ful cases. The number of gill rakers (including rudiments on the first arch) are expressed in the formula 12+1+25=88, where the first number indicates those on the upper part of the arch, the second, that at the angle, the last, those in the lower part of the arch, and the equals sign indicates that the total number is 38. In counting scales along the side of the body, the number of oblique rows were counted, along or just dorsal to the lateral line, from the upper edge of the gill opening to the midbase of the caudal fin. If the lateral line was absent, the scales were counted along the midside of the body. On those fishes where the number of oblique or vertical scale rows above the lateral line differs from that below it, the rows were counted above the lateral line unless otherwise indicated. The number of scales above the lateral line was counted in an oblique or vertical row from the lateral line to some specified point along the base of the dorsal fin. The number of scales below the lateral line was counted in an oblique row extending posterodorsally from the anal origin to the lateral line. Dentition.—In regard to dentition, the term villiform indicates nu- merous small or fine teeth all of approximately the same size, usually in a band or patch; conical, teeth with sharp points; zncisor, chisel- shaped teeth; canine, any conical tooth that notably projects beyond the other teeth; and molars, flat-topped teeth. COLORATION Certain meanings were given the terms used in description of colora- tion: The term 6ars was used to indicate a vertical pattern on the body and transverse color marks on the fins; the terms streaks and stripes indicate lengthwise color marks; and the term dines was used when a color mark was very narrow, resembling a pen-and-ink line. The heading Color in alcohol includes a description of the basic color pattern as observed in the alcoholically preserved specimens, whereas in the section Color when alive, the description is based on color notes made in the field by Dr. Schultz or on Kodachrome transparencies taken in the field of living or very recently dead specimens. XXIV U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ECOLOGY Under this heading we have summarized briefly our observations on the habitat of the species and in some instances information con- cerning habits. REMARKS This section includes miscellaneous information concerning rela- tionships among closely related species and subspecies, pertinent char- acters used in recognizing the species, comments on literature, and possible synonyms. ILLUSTRATIONS Most of the photographs used for the plates were black and white prints made from kodachrome transparencies taken under field con- ditions. These pictures were made of fishes still alive or only recently dead, in order to record as nearly as possible their true coloration. In some instances, it has not been possible to delete the background en- tirely, since the net or reef on which the subject was photographed is visible through the fins. FISH COLLECTING STATIONS The following collecting stations were made during 1946 and 1947, using the U. S. S. Bowditch and the U.S. 8. Chilton as headquarters, respectively (U.S. Navy map names are used for the islands of Bikini Atoll) : NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN S—46-1, March 2, 1946, lat. 20°17’45"’ N., long. 162°28’45’’ W., trolling, Marr. S-46-395, summer 1946, lat. 09°00’ N., long. 168°00’ E., plankton net at 4 feet below surface, Johnson. BIKINI ATOLL, 1946 (see map, fig. 1) S-46-2, March 11-31, lagoon, off Bikini Island to entrance at Hnyu Island, hook and line, Brock, Marr, Schultz, and crew of Bowditch. S-46-3, March 12, Enyu Island, lagoon, diving, spearing to depth of 30 feet, Brock. S-46-7, March 11, north side of lagoon, diving, to depth of 15 feet, Brock. S-46-8, March 16, Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel entrance, poison, diving, and spear to depth of 20 feet, Schultz, Brock, and Marr. S-46-9, March 19, Hrik Island, at western end, ocean reef, Schultz and Brock. S—46-10, March 20, Erik Island on lagoon side, large pool with sand and gravel bottom, Schultz and Brock. S-46-15, March 22, Bikini Island, ocean reef, Schultz and Brock. S—46-41, March 25, lagoon, eastern end, depth of 30 feet, diving, Brock. S-46—-42, March 26, lagoon, eastern end, coral heads at depths of 20 to 25 feet, diving, spearing, Brock and Schultz. S-4643, March 28, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 1 mile off Bikini Island, surface light, Schultz and Brock. S-46—-44, March 29, lagoon, eastern end, three dredge hauls at 180 to 200 feet over coral bottom, Schultz. XXV INTRODUCTION TOV lpg jo deyy—y] sunory Seen cot et eme. coe er eS NOOODVT TIOLV INIMIG XXVI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 S-46-46, March 30, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage off Bikini Island, surface light at night, Schultz and Brock. S—46-47, April 1, Romuk Island, ocean reef, Schultz. S-46-48, April 2, Romuk Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S-46-49, April 8, Namu Island, lagoon side, shallow tidal pools, Schultz. S-46-50, April 3, Namu Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-51, April 4, Namu Island, ocean reef, Schultz. S-46-52, April 6, Boro Island, reef next to Boro Channel, Schultz and Brock. S-46-53, April 6-7, Boro Channel, surface light at night, Schultz and Brock. S—46-54, April 6, Boro Channel, hook and line, Schultz, Brock and crew of YMUS 413. S—46-62, April 7, Boku Island, ocean reef next to Boro Channel, Brock. S-46-72, April 1 to May 7, lagoon, general region of channels to leeward, trolling, hook and line, and spearing, Schultz, crew, officers, and scientists of Bowditch. S—46-90, April 6, Ruji Channel, surface trolling, Brock and Schultz, spearing to depth of 8 feet, Brock. S-46-92, April 12, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, surface light, Schultz. S-46-93, April 13, lagoon, western half, five dredge hauls at 150 to 180 feet over coral, algae, and algal sand, Schultz. S-46-94, April 15, Bokon Island, ocean reef, at edge, Schultz and Brock. S—46-95, April 15, Bokon Island, ocean reef, high tidal pools, Schultz. S-46-96, April 16, Airy Island, ocean reef, in surf, Schultz. S-46-97, April 17, Airy Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S-46-98, April 18, Cherry Island, ocean reef, Schultz. S-46-99, April 18, Cherry Island, high tidal pools, Schultz. S-46-108, April 23, lagoon, 1 mile south off west end of Bikini Island, dredge at 72 feet, Morrison. S-46-109, April, lagoon, dredge, Emory. S-—46-110, April 17, Airy Island reef, picked out of algae, Taylor. S-46-111, April 23, lagoon, northeastern end, Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, Schultz and Morrison. S-46-112, April 24, lagoon, east end at Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, Schultz. S-46-114, April 25, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, Schultz. S—46-115, April 24-25, lagoon, 4 miles south of western end of Bikini Island, dredge in 168 feet, Morrison and Ladd. S-46-116, April 26, lagoon, east end, about 1 mile off northwestern end of Bikini Island, surface light at night, Schultz. S-46-119, April 29, Bikini Island, off western end, lagoon side, Cali. S—46-120, May 1, Bikini Island, 1144 miles west, ocean reef in surf, Schultz. S-46-121, May 4, Erik Island, at western end, ocean reef, Schultz. S-46-122, May 5, Boro Channel, hook and line at 240 feet, Kohler. S-46-124, May 8, Enyu Island, ocean reef, near high-tide line, under rock slabs, Schultz. S-46-125, May 10, Bikini Island, south end, ocean reef, Schultz. S46-126, May 11, lagoon off Bikini Island, in sediment trap at 15 feet, Emory. S-46-127, May 13-14, Romuk Island, reef at night with flashlight, turning over rocks, Schultz. S—46-128, May 14, Romuk Island, east end, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-153, May 1, lagoon near middle, plankton net, 60 feet to surface, Johnson. INTRODUCTION XXVII S-46-212, May 8, lagoon, 5 miles northwest of Enyu Island, plankton net at 6 feet, Johnson. S-46-245, July 8, Boku Pass, in channel, surface light at night, Herald. S-46-246, July 10, Amen Island, 4% mile directly south on lagoon reef, spearing, by breaking up coral heads, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. S—46-247, July 11, lagoon, submerged coral head, 4 miles southwest of Bikini Island, spearing, by breaking up coral heads, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. S—46-249, July 11, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 3 miles northwest of Enyu Island, surface light at night, Herald S—46-250, July 12, lagoon, YMS463 anchorage off Yuro Island, searchlight and dipnets, Herald. S-46-251, July 13, Yuro Island, ocean reef, Herald. S—46-252, July 13, lagoon, deep coral head at depth of 30-45 feet, lat. 11°35’138”’ N., long. 165°28’39’’ E., diving and spearing, Brook, Emory, and Kohler. S—46-253, July 16, Bikini Island, ocean reef, Herald. S—46-307, August 4, Amen Island, lagoon, diving at depth of 30 feet, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. S-46-308, August 7, Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area, depths from 0 to 40 feet, Brock and Herald. §—46-325, August 6, Enyu Island, in channel 100 yards south of southern tip, fish trap at depth of 18 feet, Brock and Kohler. $o, Nid Li1ay) me 2G 8 et db 0, Ul(aTey tein; Sain) ee t 4 we ee 1 oa yO e e 3 we Elugelab-f, Pio ‘a rs ress Rae Eybbiyae(aRuchiJt. 2 Rt a yy oF Bogombogo“I. # ‘ee on? a: Bogallua I, & biru(sAarasnbiru)I, Piiraai I. WEST SPIT. LAGOON Chinieero Y. as aptan(«Amiysanii)I. 6 . soutwest Passage. @, BogenleJicroru) Ive asin EAST CHANNEL(sDeep entrance) Parry Ie e/ Exiwetok Zo SOUTH: CHANEL CaWitin, pASsARS) ENIWETOK ATOLL Figure 2.—Map of Eniwetok Atoll. XXVIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 S46-332, August 12, Reer Island, northwest side, lagoon reef, Herald and Brock. S—46-333, August 13, Enyu Island, southeast end, ocean reef, Herald S—46-349, August 14, Bikini Island, near northwest tip, ocean reef, Herald. S—46-361, August 15, Cherry Island, ocean reef, Herald. S-46-382, August 16, Oruk Island, ocean reef, Herald. S-46-383, August 17, Boby Island, north end, ocean reef, Herald. S-46-384, August 12, Boku Pass, 200 yards, off Oruk Island, hook and line at 54-60 feet, McChesney. S46-385, August 21, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 34 mile due east of Rokar Island, hook and line, Norton. S—46-390, August 9, Namu Island, 1 mile southeast, lagoon reef, poison and spear at depth of 30 to 45 feet, Brock and Herald. S—46-396, August 27, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 3%, mile due east of Bokar Island, hook and line, Norton. BIKINI ATOLL, 1947 S—46—-402, July 15, lagoon, half mile off Bikini Island, light at night, Myers, Schultz, and O. Smith. S-46-403, July 16, Eman Island, in lagoon, Brock. S—46—-404, July 16-18, Hman Island, Schultz, Morrison, and Bayer. S—46—-405, July 17, Eman Island, channel reef at western end, Schultz, Brock, Hiatt, and Myers. S—46—421, July 17, Eman Island, lagoon, 20 feet depth, Brock and Hiatt. S-46—-422, July 18, between Eman and Reer Islands, large, shallow tidal pond, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers. S-46-441, July 19, Eman Island, ocean surf at eastern end, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt. S-46-442, July 21, halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, lagoon side of reef, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz. S-46-458, July 20 to August 10, lagoon off Bikini Island, hook and line, Schultz and crew of U.S.S. Chilton. S—46478, July 22, off leeward side Bikini Atoll and in Aran Pass, Marr and O. Smith. S-46+474, July 27, Enyu Channel, L. Marquis and Lt. Cox. S—46+475, July 27, ocean reef, Bikini Island, Schultz and Bayer. S-46476, July 28, coral head 114 miles off Eman-Erik Channel at depth 30 feet, Brock. S—46477, July 30, lagoon at Chilton anchorage off Bikini Island, crew of Chilton. S+46-478, July 29-30, Boro Passage, hook and line, Brock, Marr, O. Smith, and Schultz. S-46—482, July 31, ocean reef, western tip Bikini Island, Schultz. S—46-483, August 1, Enyu Island, ocean reef at channel entrance, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt. S~46-505, August 1, ocean reef, western side Namu Island, Brock. S-46-507, August 1-5, western side of Bikini Atoll, Marr and O. Smith. S—46-508, August 6, Namu Island, lagoon reef, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt. S—42-533, August 18, Bikini Island, lagoon reef, western end of sandspit, Brock and Schultz. S-42-564, August 18, Bikini Island, shallow rock pools, western end of sandspit, Schultz and Brock. S-42-565, August 16, Bikini Island, ocean reef, Bayer. XXIX INTRODUCTION TVIOLY dV1Z9NO¥N => etteqey (G7, = ‘I detotuy ‘TJO1y deesuoy jo depyj—¢ ano *] dejTesxu0y *J ogjyaefnyog "I neynasoy } *I qosng *I TFh190emM “J uewuostTy “I oTey ay “I Tyoou *] JeLUTIO;UCZOg *J (304 16AAU—-) FoR oBT UT *SsVd HLAOS - “‘T nddezoyog NOOSV1 "ssvd LSaM a mncg’, Jaen Ss orefoiedy ued td XXX U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 S-42-566, August 19, Namu Island, western end, ocean reef, Brock and Schultz. S$-1019, August 7, Namu Island, ocean reef and in surf, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz. S-1040, August 7, Enyu Island, channel reef at 20 to 30 feet depth, Donaldson and Welander. ENIWETOK ATOLL, 1946 (See map, fig. 2) S—-46-154, May 20 to June 6, Eniwetok lagoon, off southeast end of Eniwetok Island, Bowditch anchorage, hook and line, Welsh and Schaefer. S—-46-158, May 19, lagoon, 1% miles off Eniwetok Island, surface light at night, Schultz. S-46-159, May 20, Eniwetok Island, ocean reef in surf, Schultz. S-46-174, May 21, Jieroru Island, southeast corner, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-175, May 22, Igurin Island, reef, turning over rocks, Schultz. S—46-180, May 26-30, Southwest Passage, about 44 mile south of Rigili Island, hook and line, at depth of 30 feet, Schultz and crew of YMS 4638. S—46-181, May 25, Chinieero Island, ocean reef, Taylor. S-46-182, May 23, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage off Eniwetok Island, surface light at night, Schultz. S-46-183, May 24, Southwest Passage, leeward side of reef 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, Schultz. S-46-184, May 25, Southwest Passage, leeward edge of reef, 44 mile south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, Schultz and Cali. S-46-186, May 28, Mui Island, ocean reef in surf, Schultz. S-46-187, May 29, Giriinien Island, ocean reef in surf, Schultz. S—46-188, May 29, Giriinien Island, high tidal pool, Schultz. S-46-189, May 30, Rigili Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-195, June 2, Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-196, June 2, Rujoru Island, ocean reef, Morrison and Cali. S-46-197, June 1, Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—46-198, June 3, Aaraanbiru Island, ocean reef, Schultz. S—46-209, June 7, Runit Island, ocean reef, Schultz. S—46-210, June 6, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage off Eniwetok Island, rod and reel, Norton. RONGELAP ATOLL, 1946 (See map, fig. 3) S—46-213, June 16, Arbor Island, western end, ocean reef, Schultz. S—46-214, June 16, Arbor Island, ocean reef, high tidal pool, Schultz. S—46-215, June 17, Eniaetok Island, north end, lagoon reef, Schultz. S—-46-216, June 18, Enybarbar Island, ocean reef next to Enybarbar Channel, Schultz. S-46-217, June 18, Enybarbar Island, southern end, high-tidal pool, Schultz. S—46-220, June 19, Mellu Island, lagoon reef, Schultz and Herald. S—46-221, June 20, Rongelap Island, lagoon side, picked off coral head, Kaley. S-46-222, June 16-28, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 1 mile off Rongelap Island, hook and line, Schultz and crew of Bowditch. S-46-231, June 20, Kabelle Island, north end, lagoon reef, Schultz and Herald, S-46-232, June 21, lagoon, 2 miles west of Bush Island, dredge at depth of 120 feet, Taylor. S-46-259-A to I, July 17-27, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, % mile off Rongelap Island, surface light at night, Herald. S—46-260, July 18, Tufa Island, ocean and lagoon reef, Brock and Herald. S—46-267, July 20, Eniaetok Island, north end, lagoon reef, Herald and Brock INTRODUCTION XXXI S-46-280, July 21, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage 1% mile off Rongelap Island, hook and line, Kohler. S-46-282, July 23, Rongelap Island, southwest end, passageway, coral head at depths of 10 to 60 feet, spear, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. S-46-285, July 24, Kieshiechi Island at north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 20 feet, Brock and Herald. S—46-286, July 25, Rongelap Island near north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 18 feet, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. S-46-295, July 26, Rongelap Island, 144 mile north of western end, at Able Buoy, top of coral head at depth of 15 feet, spear, Brock. S-46-300, July 28, Tufa Island, lagoon coral heads at depth of 28 feet, poison and spear, Brock and Herald. S-46-301, July 29, Naen Island, lagoon, surface light at night, Herald. S—46-302, July 30, Naen Is!and, west side, lagoon reef, Herald. S-—46-803, July 30, Yugui Island, lagoon, surface light at night, Herald. S46-304, July 31, Yugui Island, west side, ocean reef next to small boat pas- sage, Herald. S-46-305, July 31, Lomuilal Island, lagoon side, surface light at night, Herald. S—46-306, August 1, Lomuilal Island, lagoon reef, Herald. S-46-331, July 25, lagoon off village on Rongelap Island, hook and line at 60 feet, Kohler. S-46-389, July 21, Rongelap Island, lagoon side, spear at 10-20 feet, Brock. JEDIBBERDIB PASS. edibberdib I, Latoback I. MoterikkuI @ Mortlock J. Rw Bigonattam I. Bock I. LAGOON BOCK PASS g/Bokeredj I. RONGERIK ATOLL Figure 4.—Map of Rongerik Atoll. XXXII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 RONGERIK ATOLL, 1946 (see map, fig. 4) S—46-113, April 24, Bock Island, ocean reef, high tidal pool, Brock and Marr. S-46-237, June 27, Bock Island, ocean reef, Schultz and Herald. S-46-238, June 28, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, Schultz and Herald. S—46-239, June 28, lagoon, off Latoback Island, hook and line at depth of 60 feet, crew of YUMS 463. S—46-241, June 29, Eniwetak Island, ocean reef in surf, Schultz and Herald. S—46-242, June 28, lagoon, 200 yards off Eniwetak Island, surface light at night. Schultz and Herald. S—46-276, July 20, Bock Pass, hook and line at 60 feet, Kohler. S46-391, April 26, lagoon off Rongerik Island, surface light at night, Marr. S—46-392, April 23, lagoon, surface light at night, Marr. S—46-398, April 25, off Rongerik Atoll, trolling, Marr. S—46-394, April 27, Bock Pass, surface light at night, Marr. RONGERIK ATOLL, 1947 (see map, fig. 4) S—42-568, August 22, Rongerik Atoll, trolling, Marr. S-1041, August 14, Latoback Island, lagoon, Schultz, Brock, and Donaldson. KWAJALEIN ATOLL, 1946 S—46-397, September 1, Ennylabegan Island, near southern end, lagoon reef, Herald. KWAJALEIN ATOLL, 1947 S—46-506, August 3, Enubu Island, lagoon reef, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson. JOHNSTON ISLAND, 1947 S-42-569, August 28-29, reef along northern side of atoll, Schultz. FISHES OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum ACRANIA Class CHPHALOCHORDATA Order BRANCHIOSTOMIDA Family ASYMMETRONTIDAE: Lancelets By Lronarp P. Scuurrz We have a single specimen of a lancelet, probably in a postlarval stage, that we are not able to identify with any degree of certainty, but it resembles the following genus and species, as illustrated by Whitley: Genus NOTASYMMETRON Whitley Notasymmetron WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 7, pt. 260, 19382. (Genotype, Asymmetron caudatum Willey.) NOTASYMMETRON CAUDATUM (Willey) Asymmetron caudatum WiLLey, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 39, p. 219, pl. 13, figs. 14 1896 (type locality, Deboyne Group, Louisiade Archipelago) .— Wuittry, Australian Zool., vol. 7, pt. 3, p. 26, pl. 18, fig. 6, 1932. SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 141724, Bikini Atoll, dredged in lagoon, April 1946, S—46-109, Hmory, 1 specimen, 16 mm. total length. Description—tThis lancelet, only 16 mm. long, is referred to this genus and species with the greatest of doubt. It has about 60 to 65 myotomes and a long urostyloid projection; no gonads are developed, and no cirri can be found around what probably is the mouth. 955292—53—vol. 1——-3 1 Subphylum CRANIATA Superclass GNATHOSTOMATA Class CHONDRICHTHYES: Cartilaginous Fishes Subclass SELACHII Superorder SELACHICA: Sharks Order LAMNIDA Suborder GALEINA By Lronarp P. ScHuitz At least two species of sharks of which no specimens were secured were seen at Bikini. One was a hammerhead, genus Sphyrna, and one a species of Carcharhinus in which the second dorsal fin was larger than the anal as observable in a poor photograph. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF SELACHII OBSERVED AT BIKINI la. Body not depressed, and not disk-shaped, instead streamlined or nearly so (superorder Selachica). 2a. Sides of caudal peduncle with a sharp-edged keel ; teeth with Serrated edges, triangular, without distinct notch on sides; last gill slit over insertion of pectoral fin; color gray or blackish above, dirty white below, with a prominent black spot on the axils of the pectorals; tips of pectorals more or less spotted with black on lower surface (family Isuridae). Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) (p. 4) 2b. Sides of caudal peduncle without a keel. 3a. Head not shaped like a double-bladed ax. 4a, An elongate nasal barbel reaching to or nearly to front of mouth and abcut twice length of eye; teeth small, with a central pointed cusp, projecting beyond 8 to 5 serrae on each side basally; last two gill openings very close together when compared with anterior ones, pelvic insertion under first dorsal origin; anal origin under second dorsal origin ; color plain brownish (family Orectolobidae). Ginglymostoma ferrugineum (Lesson) (p. 4) 4b. No nasal barbel, at most only a very short flat dermal flap; pelvic in- sertion notably behind base of first dorsal fin; anal origin under second dorsal origin, or nearly so. 5a. Teeth in both jaws with a distinct cusp on base at each side of large central cusp; a short nasal flap, somewhat folded, and extending a little past nasal opening; color grayish dorsally, whitish ven- trally; tips of both dorsals, and of caudal lobes, white; anal and paired fins not white tipped and posterior margins of fins not white (family Triakidae)________ Triaenodon obesus (Riippell) (p. 5) 5b. Teeth without basal cusps on each side of central and main cusp (family Carcharhinidae). 2 SUBCLASS SELACHII—SCHULTZ 3 6a. Spiracle present, though minute, a little less than an eye diameter behind eye, slightly larger than mucus pores. Ta. Teeth in both jaws characteristic, one side broadly convex with serrae, with point directed posteriorly, the other side with a deep notch, then a broad convex basal portion with large serrae secondarily serrated; side of caudal peduncle with a dermal ridge; color gray to brownish, paler below; small specimens up to 6 feet with dark brown spots or bars, these fading with further growth. Galeocerdo cuvier (Lesueur) (p. 6) 7b. Teeth not as above; upper and lower teeth with central cusp but no denticulations or serrae basally, edges of teeth smooth; no dermal fold on caudal peduncle; notch present on dorsal and ventral sides of caudal peduncle at bases of caudal fin lobes. Hemigaleops fosteri, new genus, new species (p. 9) 6b. Spiracle absent; teeth in upper jaw with acutely triangular cen- tral cusp, with a shallow notch on posterior side, and edges finely serrated; teeth in lower jaw more slender with or with- out finely serrated edges. 8a. Second dorsal fin larger than anal fin. 9a. Posterior margins and tips of all fins white; undersides of paired fins white; tip of snout to front of mouth 1.4 times in distance between corners of mouth; greatest width of pectoral about 2% in its length; nasal opening without projecting dermal flap. Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rtippell) (p. 11) 9b. Posterior margins of fins not white, either grayish or blackish. Tip of snout to front of mouth about 114 times distance between corners of mouth; claspers of male of the open-leaf type, not tightly rolled; greatest width of pectoral fin 2.2 to 2.4, and length of inner margin 4.1 to 4.7, in its length; color plain brownish; nasal open- ings without projecting dermal flap. Carcharhinus brachyurus (Giinther) (p. 12) 8b. Second dorsal and anal fins same size. 10a. Tips of both dorsals, anal, pectorals, and lower lobe of caudal fin black; posterior margin of caudal fin black edged; posterior distal tip and edge of pelvics black; nasal opening with a short projecting dermal flap; tip of snout to front of mouth 114 times in distance between corners of mouth; greatest width of pectoral about 114 in its length. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 13) 10b. All fins grayish to blackish without distinct black tips; central part of underside of pectorals whitish, dorsally blackish ; tip of snout to front of mouth equals distance between corners of mouth; nasal opening without pro- jecting dermal flap; greatest width of pectoral about 1% to 2% in its length; claspers of male of the tightly rolled type. Carcharhinus menisorrah (Miiller and Henle) (p. 15) 4 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 8b. Head shaped like a double-bladed ax, eyes at sides of head (family Sphyrnidae).* 1b. Body depressed, disk-shaped, the head expanded sideways so that pectoral fins and head are not distinct, gill openings on ventral sides (superorder Rajica). 11a. Mouth on ventral side; no cephalic lobes; spiracles close behind eyes; tail with a serrated spine, the sting (family Dasyatidae). 11b. Mouth terminal, at each side an elongate fleshy ap- pendage, the cephalic lobe, directed forward; teeth in lower jaw only; tail without a sting; gill rakers in the form of a sieve (family Mobulidae). Family ISURIDAE: Mackerel Sharks By Leonarp P. ScHuitz Genus CARCHARODON Agassiz Carcharodon AGAssiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 91, 1838. (Genotype, Car- charodon versus Agassiz=Carcharias versus Cloquet=Squalus carcharias Linnaeus.) CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (Linnaeus) Squalus carcharias LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, vol. 1, p. 285, 1758 (type locality, Europe). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 miles at sea southwest of Enyu Island, July 18, 1946, Univ. Washington, 1 head, about 10 inches wide and 1414 inches to first gill opening. Teeth only. A 6- or 7-foot-long shark swam past the U.S.S. Chilton in 1947. Its color as described by the observers suggested Carcharodon, the great white shark. Family ORECTOLOBIDAE: Carpet Sharks By Lronarp P. Scuu.tz Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA Miiller and Henle Ginglymostoma MUtirer and HENLE, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 118. (Genotype, Squalus cirratus Bonnaterre. ) GINGLYMOSTOMA FERRUGINEUM (Lesson) Scyllium ferrugineum Lesson, Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par order du roi, sur la corvette de sa majesté, La Coquille, pendant des années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 . . . Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 95, 1830 (type locality, Port Praslin, New Ireland; Offack Bay, Waigiu). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, Chilton anchorage, 1 mile off Bikini Island, S-46—477, July 30, 1947, Schultz and crew of U. S. S. Chilton, 1 specimen, only the head preserved ; Bikini Island, western tip, on ocean side in shallow water, July 16, 1947, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 885 mm. total length. Description.—The following measurements in millimeters are re- corded first for the large specimen before part of it was discarded, 1 Observed but not captured in northern Marshal] Islands. FAMILY TRIAKIDAE—SCHULTZ 5 then for the small specimen preserved in alcohol: Total length 2,260 and 885; snout tip to notch at base of upper caudal fin lobe 1,600 and 590, to first dorsal origin 965 and 383, to second dorsal origin 1,470 and 497, to pelvic insertion 965 and 388, to pectoral insertion 406 and 178, to anal origin 1,400 and 526, and to front of anus 1,070 and 410; length of pectoral from its insertion to outer tip 381 and 124, and of pelvic 241 and 75; distance from notch at base of upper caudal fin lobe to its tip 648 and 288, of lower lobe 178 and 81; distance from middle of snout tip to eye 178 and 75, to first gill opening 482 and 140; inter- orbital space 228 and 96; distance from upper edge of first gill opening to last 127 and 51; width of first gill opening 63.5 and 21 mm., of last 65 and 22 mm. Snout 2.0 and 1.9; eye 19.5 and 15.5; interorbital space 1.5 and 1.4; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 2.2 and 2.5; length from insertion to distal tip of pectoral fin 0.85 and 1.2; distance between outer corners of mouth 2.3 and 2.6, between inner edges of bases of nasal papillae 5.5 and 6.2; snout tip to front margin of mouth 6.2 and 6.8; distance between upper edges of first and last gill openings 2.7 and 3.0; all in head length to upper edge of first gill opening. Teeth with a central pointed cusp, notably projecting, 3 to 5 small serrae on each side basally; nasal openings with an elongate nasal papilla that is nearly twice the length of the eye; head broadest through region of gill openings; first gill opening a little narrower than last one; last two gill openings very close together, the others much farther apart, last two gill clefts behind pectoral insertion; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth 234 times in distance between outer corners of mouth; a vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through first dorsal origin; anal origin under second dorsal origin; fins all pointed, with posterior margins a little concave; nictitating eyelid present. Color when alive.—Plain brownish. Ecology.—This species was caught on fish-baited hooks lying on the bottom at depths of 60 feet or more. Family TRIAKIDAE: Smooth Dogfishes By Lronarp P. ScuHurrz Genus TRIAENCDON Miiller and Henle Triaenodon MUutierR and HENLE, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 117. (Genotype, Carcharias obesus Riippell.) TRIAENODON OBESUS (Riippell) Carcharias obesus RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere . . . . Abyssinien gehirig. Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 64, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea.) 6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Chilton anchorage, 1 mile off Bikini Island, S-46—458, July 20 to August 10, 1947, Schultz, 1 specimen, length from snout tip to caudal notch 500 mm., to middle of caudal fin 550 mm., total length 675 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 7.9; length of head to upper edge of first gill slit 4.3, to last gill slit 3.4; distance between dorsal origins 2.8; predorsal length 2.1; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 2.9; all in length from tip to snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin. Snout 2.7; eye 7.5; least width of interorbital space 1.8; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 1.9; greatest height or distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 1.3, of second dorsal 1.9, of anal 1.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.6; length from insertion to distal outer tip of pectoral 1.2, and of pelvic 2.4; distance between corners of mouth 2.3; distance between inner edges of nostrils 4.0; snout tip to front margin of mouth 4.4; distance between upper edges of first to last gill openings 3.9; all in length of head to upper edge of first gill slit. Teeth in both jaws with a cusp at base of each side and sometimes with two on anterior side laterally; nasal flap folded over and extend- ing past rear edge of nasal opening; head broadest just behind orbits, with a postorbital ridge; first gill opening a little narrower than last, the latter just behind front edge of pectoral insertion; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth twice the distance between corners of mouth; pelvic insertions opposite posterior basal tip of first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal origins opposite; posterior margins of paired fins slightly concave, that of median fins strongly concave; nictitating eyelid present ; pupil of eye oval, the long axis directed dorsoventrally. Color in alcohol.—Grayish dorsally, pale to whitish ventrally ; tips of both dorsal fins and tips of both lobes of caudal fin white, sharply contrasting with grayish fins; ventral edge of projecting basal tip of dorsal and of anal fins grayish like rest of fin; paired fins and anal not white tipped, except that pectorals appear a trifle whitish on ventral side at tips; ventral side of pectoral and pelvics, basally, white. Family CARCHARHINIDAE: Gray Sharks By Leronarp P. Scuuurz Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle Galeocerdo Miiurr and HENtxg, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 115. (Genotype, Squalus arcticus Faber.) GALECCERDO CUVIER (Lesueur) Squalus cuvier (Peron and Lesueur) Lresureur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 2, p. 851, 1822 (type locality, northwest coast of New Holland). FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 7 SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boro Island on leeward side near channel at depth of 40 fath- oms, taken by hook and line May 5, 1946, S-46-122, Kohler, 1 specimen (but only 2 teeth were preserved), female, no embryos but ovaries had numerous large eggs. Estimated weight about half a ton. Description—The following measurements were made the day after capture and all distances are projected lengths and do not fol- low the curvature of the body (data in inches) : Tip of snout to: middle of posterior edge of caudalfin________-____-___----_-_- 141 tip of upper lobe of caudal fin-___---__--_____________----- 166 dorsal noteh of caudal peduncle_____--___-______-__------- 131 ventral notch of caudal peduncle___-__________-__-__-__-_- 130. 5 OLS NO MoniTSCiGOUSal=st2e. See aie Ae ae ee ee 50.5 OLicimomsecondedoOrsale 22s — = ae eee 112 COS ERUEA TT AY OME FENG MR UN Bw SR ae See 116 INSERtONLOL PeClOral ss sos -- oa ee ee ee ee 37 TSE LET OTN Ober (EL Vel CS eae eran ea eer eae ee 98 lowemedzeomnirstcillvopenine= == ee 29 lower edce of fith gill opening= = eee 39 Length of fin from its origin to tip of anterior edge: UTES Gree CL OT: Se sree sets ee ee Re ee Sn ese eee SREB 16.5 SOCOM OLS ell ere eer a re ee ee ek Ne eee 7.0 EAT ©) eee NS eg Del an aa ae Se ee ae te 9.5 Length of paired fin from its insertion to its anterior outer tip: DCG Teed erate ee ee SE ae eee SE ee 22.5 TLV Cee SN SS ENS NE DB PED Te Es Ny AI SE 10.5 Length of paired fin from its insertion to tip of inner posterior edge: TO CCE OTE are aoe ee LP ee ee ee 15.8 FOE GS SN a oa Se ee 14, 0 Length of caudal fin from peduncular notch to tip: upper: 1obes Qs OSM. See el Eee ee EE Oe ee 36. 5 Tower lobeesae hoe ss seth wes sees Be hry ee ee ee ee 18. 7 Distance from rear base of fin to the posterior tip of that fin: UTS Geet Gk TG Sea ee ce I a ee ae 2 ee eS 8.5 SOCOM CMC OTS 8 ae SR Sead ee Se ee Pa a ar eee 6.5 Fey CES Lg SS eB Rk PE ee a IR a ae 5. 75 Distance from origin of fin to posterior basal tip of that fin: firsthdorsalesied eee ret Perio re) ieths ah An ener aan 22.5 SOCOM OTS ya a aa ae es le ce 12.5 Ee cae ae ee BD ME cc a PE Os OR Sd US Re Re allt) Width of lobe of caudal fin at widest point: UOC pea S eee ia Sale Se ek a ee 9. 25 Gy Te Seats Na age a ae Sa 7 Mengthvotefirsteilcopenin ge 2] Swe ee ee 6 Mengthvot last rillvopening= 2s 2 eee ee ee 4.5 Distance between lower edges of first and last gill openings.____ 11 DATE TEROEeY CLs tee en aan nan hak ea erate Cade were Ce are Sa 1.5 Distance from rear of eye to front of spiracle_________-____--~-- 2, 75 Distance from spiracle to upper edge of first gill opening_---__- 18. 75 Tip of snout to rear corner of mouth_______---_-_--~-----_--- 17.5 8 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color when alive.—Brownish dorsally, paler ventrally, with slight indications of dark spots along upper part of sides. Remarks.—During dissection sting-ray spines were found embedded in the ventral part of the body wall. The stomach was empty. HEMIGALEOPS, new genus Genotype.—Hemigaleops fosteri, new species. This new genus of sharks, of the family of Carcharhinidae, is most closely related to that group of sharks represented by Hemigaleus Bleeker and Paragaleus Budker. They have in common, among other characters: A tiny spiracle a little behind the eye, a small fold on each nostril, the median cusp of the teeth in both jaws not serrated but smooth edged. The three genera differ from each other in the character of the teeth as indicated in the following analysis: 1a. Teeth at sides of both jaws with their bases strongly denticulate on the outer FSCO Yet ET EN EC Pea AL Ee el Paragaleus ? Budker 1b. Teeth in lower jaw without denticulations, bases smooth. 2a. Teeth in upper jaw without denticulations, bases smooth edged. Hemigaleops, new genus 2b. Teeth in upper jaw with their bases strongly denticulate on the outer sides (SRC AIS) aa i a a ea eS Hemigaleus * Bleeker Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, pp. 149-152, 1913) in- cluded in the genus Hemigaleus four species: pectoralis Garman, balfourt Day, microstoma Bleeker, and macrostoma Bleeker. Fowler (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 18, pp. 182-185, 1941) included the last three species mentioned in Hemigaleus, and H. machlani Herre. Bigelow and Schroeder (Fishes of the western North Atlantic, pt. 1, Sharks, pp. 275-280, fig. 45, 1948) recognized the genus Paragaleus Budker, 1935, and referred to it two species, pectoralis Garman and gruvelt Budker. Paragaleus differs from Hemigaleus “by the fact that the lower teeth in the sides of the [lower] jaw are oblique, notched, with their bases strongly denticulate on the outer sides.” This dis- tinction leaves in the genus Hemigaleus the four species placed there by Fowler, 1941, namely, machlani, macrostoma, balfouri, and micro- stoma. ‘These may be distinguished by the following analysis: ? Paragaleus Budker, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 107, 1935 (genotype, Paragaleus gruveli Budker, tropical West Africa, near Dakar) ; Cadenat, Bull. Inst. fran- cais Afrique noire, vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 412-417, 1950. * Hemigaleus Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 24, p. 45, 1852. (Genotype, Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker, designated by Jordan, Genera of fishes, pt. 2, p. 250, 1919.) Ohaenogaleus Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 411, 1862. (Genotype, Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker.) Negogaleus Whitley, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 334, 1931. (Genotype, Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker, proposed by Whitley to replace Hemigaleus Bleeker, sald by bim to be preoccupied by Hemigaleus Jourdain, 1837, in mammals.) FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 9 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HEMIGALEUS la. Cleft of mouth or distance from anterior tip of upper lip to rictus of mouth equal to preoral length of snout; cleft of mouth 1.1 in width of mouth; spiracle closer than an eye diameter behind eye. 2a. Vertical line through midpoint of base of first dorsal equidistant or a trifle closer to pelvic insertion than pectoral insertion; caudal fin length 4.8 in total length; preoral length of snout 0.9 to 1.0 in width of mouth; {STEN EO PE YP NaI tie FR OI Se DSN A GIS ts Hemigaleus balfouri Day 2b. Vertical line through midpoint of base of first dosal a little nearer pectoral insertion than pelvic insertion; caudal fin 4.3 in total length; preoral length of snout 1.1 in width of snout (see fig. 5, g, h). Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker 1b. Cleft of mouth shorter than preoral length of snout, probably about 1.7; cleft of mouth 1.5 to 1.6 in its width. 3a. Caudal fin length 3.6 in total length; midpoint of base of first dorsal not given; teeth 21/40___________________ Hemigaleus machlani Herre 3b. Caudal fin length 2 in total length; midpoint of base of first dorsal equi- distant between pectoral and pelvic insertions; teeth 22/?; preoral length of snout 0.8 in width of mouth (see fig. 5, i, 7). Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker Adequate descriptions of the four species referable to Hemigaleus were not found. One point is clear, however: the teeth of the upper jaw of all four species are definitely described with strong denticu- lations on the outer sides of the basal part of the teeth. Our new genus lacks denticulations on the teeth of both jaws. Other char- acters of the new genus are those of the genotype, Hemigaleops foster. HEMIGALEOPS FOSTERI Schultz and Welander, new species FIcurE 5, a-f; PLATE 1 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 152917, Bikini Atoll, Reer Island, July 8, 1946, Donaldson and Welander, total length 662 mm. Description.—Certain measurements were made on the holotype, the only known specimen, and these are recorded in thousandths of the total length, as follows: Greatest depth 129.0; distance from middle of snout tip to eye 73, to first gill opening 192, to notch at base of upper caudal fin lobe 763, to spiracle 106, to first dorsal fin origin 347, to second dorsal fin origin 622, to pelvic insertion 483, to pectoral insertion 212, to anal fin origin 622, and to front of anus 514. Inter- orbital space 107; distance from upper edge of first gill opening to that of last 48; distance between corners of mouth 92; distance from upper lip to snout tip (preoral length of snout) 59; eye diameter 18; eye to spiracle 15; width of first gill opening 35, of last 32. Length of pectoral fin from its insertion to outer tip 157, of pelvic fin 87. Distance from notch at base of upper caudal fin lobe to its tip 2384, of lower lobe 118. Distance from origin of dorsal fin to posterior basal tip 140, of second dorsal 119, of anal 95. Distance from inser- tion of pectoral fin to posterior basal edge 119, of pelvic 98. Distance U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 10 (‘loyyne Aq soys124S) *yq902 ‘/ Speoy fO apis [esquo, ‘2 3 (J9z991g Joqye) Iayxaa[q Vwojsoss1w Snapvsmayy "yqa01 ‘Yy ‘peay JO apis jerquo, ‘2 3 (19yI21q Ja}je) Jayo21q DULOISOLIVUL SnaIvEmaTT “YOO, JaMOT YIUAX ‘f $4100} Jamo] pasty? ‘a {y3007 soddn yquey “p fy1003 Jeddn pary ‘9 Spray jo opis Jeqquea ‘q fadAjojoy jo mata [esloqey ‘v :y43ua] [e207 SUE ESS) ‘ad A0]0Y € soidods Mou pue snus’ mou “249s50f sdoav31mazy— P f MuaTT ¢ auNoIy FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 1l from origin of first dorsal to its distal tip 180, of second dorsal 97, of anal 89. Distance from insertion of pectoral fin to its distal tip 165, of pelvic 88. Greatest width of pectoral fin 106. Greatest depth 6; length of head to upper edge of first gill opening 4.3, to last gill slit 3.4; distance between dorsal origins 2.8; predorsal length 2.2; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 3.4; all in the length from snout tip to notch at base of upper caudal lobe. Snout 2.9; eye 10.5 to 11; least interorbital space 2.0; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 1.8; distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 1.5, of second dorsal 2.1, of anal 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 5.6; distance from insertion of fin to its distal outer tip of pectoral 1.2, of pelvic 2.2; distance between corners of mouth 2.3; distance between inner edges of nostrils 4.0; snout tip to front margin of mouth 3.6; distance between upper edges, first and last gill openings, 3.9; all in length of head to upper edge of first gill slit. Teeth acutely triangular in both jaws, smooth edged, basal part without denticulations, numbering 28 in both jaws; nasal openings each with a short triangular dermal flap; head broadest behind orbits; first and last gill slits about same length, third and fourth a little longer than last; fourth gill cleft opposite pectoral insertion; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth is contained about 1.6 or 1.7 in width between corners of mouth; a vertical line through pelvic inser- tion is 344 times closer to rear of base of soft dorsal than to origin of second dorsal; posterior margins of paired and median fins concave; nictitating eyelid present; a minute spiracle located not quite an eye diameter behind eye, and only a little larger than the nearby mucus pores. Color in alcohol_—Brownish dorsally, light brownish ventrally. Remarks.—Named fosteri in honor of Dr. Richard F. Foster, who participated in the Bikini Scientific Resurvey, 1947. Genus CARCHARHINUS Blainville Carcharhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1816, p. 121; Journ. Phys. Chem. Hist. Nat., vol. 83, p. 264, 1816. (Genotype, Squalus commersonii Blain- Ville.) CARCHARHINUS ALBIMARGINATUS (Riippell) PLATE 2 Carcharias albimarginatus RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere .... Abyssininen gehirig. Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 64, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, April 6, 1946, S-46-54, Schultz and Brock, 1 Specimen, of which only the jaws were saved, after a photograph was taken. 12 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 The length from tip of snout to middle of concavity of caudal fin measured 1,790 mm. In its stomach was a 2-foot-long bone and joint, the remains of a roast thrown overboard from one of the ships in the lagoon, anchored 21 miles away. Tee Atoll: Southwest Passage, about 4% mile south of Rigili Island, May 26-30, 1946, S-46-180, Schultz and crew of YMS 463, 1 specimen, when alive measuring from tip of snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin 1,220 mm. (after 2 years’ preservation, measuring 1,130 mm.), and total length 2,325 mm. (after 2 years’ preservation, 1,560 mm.). Description.—Greatest depth 5.6; length of head to upper edge of first gill slit 3.6, to last gill slit 3.1; distance between dorsal origins 2.1; predorsal length 2.1; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 2.7; all in length from tip of snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin. Snout 2.1; eye 2.4; least width of interorbital space 1.7; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 1.8; greatest. height or distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 1.5, of second dorsal 5.3, of anal 3.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 6.0; length from insertion to distal outer tip of pectoral 0.9, of pelvic 3.7; distance between cor- ners of mouth 1.9; distance between inner edges of nostrils 2.95; snout tip to front margin of mouth 2.8; distance between upper edges of first and last gill openings 4.4; all in length of head to upper edge of first gill slit. Teeth, without basal cusps, broadly triangular in upper jaw, nar- rower in lower jaw, teeth of upper jaw with denticulated edges, those of lower jaw nearly smooth; nasal opening without a projecting dermal flap; head broadest behind orbits with a postorbital ridge; first gill opening a little longer than last; the last two gill openings behind insertion of pectoral fin; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth 1.4 times in distance between corners of mouth; vertical line through pelvic insertion closer to origin of second dorsal than to rear edge of base of first dorsal by a distance about equal to that between first and last gill clefts; posterior margins of paired fins slightly concave, those of median fins strongly concave; nictitating eyelid pres- ent; pupil of eye vertically oval shaped; greatest width of pectoral 21% in its length. Color when alive.—Grayish dorsally and ventrally whitish; pos- terior margins and tips of all fins white; undersides of paired fins white. CARCHARHINUS BRACHYURUS (Giinther) Carcharias brachyurus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 8, p. 369, 1870 (type locality, New Zealand). SPECIMENS STUDIED The following lots, collected from the northern Marshall Islands in 1946 by commercial fishermen (see p. XVI), were dried out and not in good condition, hav- FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 13 ing been recovered from the wreckage of the small ship in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (see p. XXI) : Two specimens, length to peduncular notch, 1,020 and 1,540 mm., respectively ; two specimens, about a meter long, dried and shrunken. Description.—(These measurements are based on partly dried speci- mens). Greatest depth 5.7 to 6.7; length of head to upper edge of first gill slit 3.6 to 3.9, to last gill slit 2.9 to 3.1; distance between dorsal origins 2.3 to 2.4; predorsal length 2.0 to 2.1; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 2.8 to 2.5; all in length from tip of snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin. Snout 2.1 to 2.2; eye 11.5 to 15; least width of interorbital space 1.8 to 2.0; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 1.9 to 2.0; greatest height or distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 0.9 to 1.0, to second dorsal 3.4 to 5.7, to anal 2.7 to 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.8 to 5.3; length from insertions to distal outer tip of pectoral 0.7 to 0.9, of pelvic 2.2 to 3.8; distance between corners of mouth 2.0 to 2.4; distance between inner edges of nostrils 3.2 to 3.5; snout tip to front margin of mouth 2.9 to 3.2; distance between upper edges, first to last gill openings, 3.5 to 3.6; all in length of head to upper edge of first gill slit. Greatest width of pectoral in its length 2.2 to 2.4; length of inner edge of pectoral fin in its length 4.1 to 4.7. Teeth broadly triangular in upper jaw, with serrated edges, and notched; teeth of lower jaw more slender, with smooth edges; nasal opening without a projecting dermal flap, head broadest behind orbits, with a very slight postorbital ridge; first gill sht longer than last; last two gill openings behind insertion of pectoral fin; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth about 114 in distance between corners of mouth; vertical line through pelvic insertion closer to rear edge of base of first dorsal by length of pelvic fin; posterior edges of all fins concave; nictitating membrane present; anal fin notably larger than second dorsal fin, their origins opposite; claspers of male of the open- leaf type, not tightly rolled. Color in alcohol.—Plain brownish. Ecology.—This large species was taken only by the commercial fishermen using long set-lines off the leeward side of the reefs. CARCHARHINUS MELANOPTERUS (Quoy and Gaimard) PLATE 3, A Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne . . . 1817-20, Zool., pts. 5, 6, p. 194, pl. 48, figs. 1, 2, 1824 (type locality, Waigu, Marianas). Carcharias (Prionodon) pleurotaenia BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 24, pp. 28, 40, pl. 2, fig. 6, 1852 (type locality, Batavia) (based on specimens 535 to 590 mm. long, at which length the teeth of lower jaw would appear smooth-edged under low magnification). 14 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Namu Island, ocean reef, April 4, 1946, S-46—-51, Schultz, 1 specimen, 885 mm. to peduncular notch. This specimen before preservation measured 450 mm. to middle rear edge of caudal fin, and after 2 years in al- cohol measured 410 mm. Lagoon, April 1-24, 1946, S-46-72, Schultz and crew of Bowditch, 1 specimen, 395 mm. to notch. Tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46-422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 2 specimens, 345 mm. to notch. Bman Island, ocean surf and reef, July 19, 1947, S-46—441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 355 mm. to notch. Rongelap Atoll: Bowditch anchorage, 1 mile off Rongelap Island, June 16-28, 1946, S-46—-222, Schultz and crew of Bowditch, 2 specimens, 540 and 595 mm. to peduncular notch. Rongerik Atoll: Bock Pass, July 20, 1946, S-46-276, Kohler, 1 specimen, 328 mm. to notch. Fifty-four other specimens were captured that night and dis- carded. Guam: Tartugan Point, July 1945, M. H. Markley, 1 specimen, 360 mm. to notch. Description.—Greatest depth 5.9 to 6.2; length of head to upper edge of first gill slit 4.0 to 4.1, to last gill slit 3.2 to 3.8; distance be- tween dorsal origins 2.4; predorsal length 2.3 to 2.4; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 2.8 to 3.1; all in length from tip of snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin. Snout 2.2 to 2.38; eye 6.9 to 8.5; least width of interorbital space 1.6 to 1.7; postorbital length of head to first gill opening 2.0 to 2.1; greatest. height or distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 1.4, of second dorsal 3.3, of anal 3.2 to 3.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.8 to 5.2; length from insertion to distal outer tip of pectoral 1.2, of pelvic 2.9 to 3.0; distance between corners of mouth 2.1 to 2.4; distance between inner edges of nostrils 3.1 to 3.2; snout tip to front margin of mouth 2.7 to 2.9; distance between upper edges of first to last gill openings 3.8 to 4.0; all in length of head to upper edge of first gill slit. Specimens were measured, after about 2 years’ preservation in al- cohol, as follows: Length, in mm., from snout tip to— Posterior edge of middle caudal fin (anterior edge of concavity) Dorsal caudal Tip of upper caudal peduncle notch lobe ©) 595 805 600 a 540 720 600 of 328 450 370 9 395 530 435 of 378 490 410 FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 15 Teeth on upper jaw triangular, with denticulate edges; teeth on lower jaw more slender, scarcely with denticulate edges but not smooth when examined under magnification; nasal opening with a short projecting dermal flap; head broadest just behind eyes, and with a slight postorbital ridge; last gill slit behind pectoral insertion, usually fourth gill slit over pectoral insertion; last gill slit notably not quite so long as first ; distance between tip of snout and front of mouth about 114 in distance between corners of mouth; vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through depressed tip of first dorsal fin; posterior margin of paired fins slightly concave, those of median fins strongly concave; nictitating eyelid present; pupil of eye vertically elongate; greatest width of pectoral 134 to 1% in its length. Color in alcohol.—Distal tips of both dorsals, anal, pectorals, and lower lobe of caudal fins with a large black blotch, posterior margin of caudal black edged; posterior distal tip and edge of pelvics black; general color of back grayish or brownish, undersides pale or white, sides along mid-lengthwise axis abruptly paler, and usually a grayish streak below mid-lengthwise axis extends as far as pelvics and is separated by white color from grayish back. Color when alive——Same as in alcoholic preservation. Ecology.—The black-tip shark is the commonest species seen, and unlike any other occurs in abundance in shallow water on the reefs, where it can be observed with its back exposed and the black tips of its fins showing. In the lagoon it was caught frequently in water as deep as 60 feet. When we were poisoning fishes, this shark seldom failed to become emboldened to the point of eating many of our specimens before we could pick them up. Although the general presence of sharks never actually troubled us, we were naturally some- what cautious when 6-foot-long specimens began feeding ravenously a few feet away. Remarks.—Bleeker described Carcharias pleurotaenia from Ba- tavia. Fowler (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 18, p. 166, fig. 8, 1941) recognized it as a species distinct from melanopterus. The difference between these two species is supposed to lie in the smooth-edged teeth on the lower jaw of plewrotaenia; we find that our specimens have nearly smooth-edged lower jaw teeth, but that if these are examined under good magnification, the finely serrated edges are fully evident. Since Bleeker had specimens only 535 to 590 mm. long, he could have overlooked (with only a hand lens for magnification) the finely den- ticulated edges. CARCEARHINUS MENISORRAH (Miiller and Henle) Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah MULLER and HENLE, Systematische Beschrei- bung der Plagiostomen, p. 46, pl. 17, fig., 1841 (type locality, Java, Australia, Red Sea). 16 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, 44 mile south of Rigili Island, May 26-30, 1946, S-46-180, Schultz and crew of YMS 463, 2 specimens, 575 and 640 mm. to caudal notch. Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, April 6, 1946, S-46-54, Schultz and Brock, 5 em- bryos, 148 to 175 mm., and 2 small adults, 660 and 690 mm., all measured to peduncular notch; Boro Passage, July 29-30, 1947, S-46-478, Brock, Marr, and Smith, 3 embryos, 257 to 272 mm. ; 1946, YMS 413, 1 embryo, 206 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Bowditch anchorage in lagoon a mile off Rongelap Island, June 16-18, 1946, S-46-222, Schultz and crew of Bowditch, 2 specimens, 450 and 490 mm. The following gray sharks from Boro Channel, Bikini, were measured and weighed, but not saved; however, the 5 embryos were preserved (S—46-54) : Length from snout tip to Sex outer edge of concavity Weight, in pounds of caudal fin, in mm. e) 1, 210 45 rou 1, 100 27 rot 1, 180 31 2 910 17 ie) 1, 230 55 ie) 1, 300 57 9 900 15 fe) 1, 090 31 2 970 23 9 1, 220 49 2 1, 090 35 ? 980 23 ? 810 11 g 770 10 2 820 13 2 1, 190 54 Number of embryos present | bo The following gray sharks from the Southwest Passage, Eniwetok Atoll, were measured but not preserved: Length to notch at base of upper caudal fin lobe, in mm. Sex 1, 180 1, 170 1, 120 1, 015 1, 040 1, 055 1, 725 +O +O +O +0 +0 +0 +0 Total length, in mm. 1, 525 1, 525 1, 460 1, 345 1, 370 1, 525 2, 325 FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE—SCHULTZ 17 The following specimens were measured after 2 years of alcoholic preservation: Length from snout tip to— Dorsal caudal peduncules Tip of upper caudal lobe Anterior edge of concavity of caudal fin rot 450 625 510 3 575 785 635 2 660 900 720 2 690 910 770 ? 640 840 700 o 490 679 540 Description.—Greatest depth 5.2 to 6.0; length of head to upper edge of first gill slit 3.3, to last gill slit 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 2.5 to 2.7; predorsal length 2.2 to 2.3; distance from notch at base of upper caudal lobe to its tip 2.8 to 3.5; all in length from tip of snout to notch at base of upper lobe of caudal fin. Snout 2.4; eye 6.2 to 10; least interorbital space 1.8 to 1.9; post- orbital length of head to first gill opening 1.9 to 2.1; greatest height or distance from fin origin to distal tip of first dorsal 1.6 to 1.7, of second dorsal 4.2 to 4.9, of anal 4.0 to 4.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 5.2 to 6.6; length from insertion to distal outer tip of pectoral 1.2 to 1.3, of pelvic 4.0 to 4.2; distance between corners of mouth 2.3 to 2.7; distance between inner edges of nostrils 3.4 to 3.5; snout tip to front margin of mouth 2.6 to 2.7; distance between upper edges of first to last gill openings 4.0 to 4.2; all in length of head from tip of snout to upper edge of first gill slit. Teeth broadly triangular in upper jaw, narrower in lower jaw; upper teeth with denticulate edges, dentae on posterior side of base a little larger than distally; lower teeth without rough edges; nasal opening without a projecting dermal flap; head broadest behind orbits with a very slight postorbital ridge; first gill slit about same length or a little longer than last; third gill cleft about opposite pectoral insertion, last two gill slits behind it; distance from tip of snout to front of mouth equals distance between corners of mouth; vertical line through pelvic insertion a trifle closer to rear of first dorsal base than to origin of second dorsal; posterior margins of paired fins slightly concave, those of median fins strongly concave; nictitating eye- lid present ; pupil of eye vertically elongate. Color when alive.—When this species is swimming, a narrow black- ish band can be seen on posterior edge of upper lobe of caudal fin; back and upper sides grayish-black; fins generally grayish, becoming 955292—53—vol. 1-4 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 blackish distally but not “black tipped ;” pectorals notably blackish above and on under sides, except central and basal parts, which are paler. Ecology.—This gray shark surpassed all other species in abundance as caught on fish-baited hook and line in the lagoon, channels, and shallow waters of the leeward side of the reefs. In Boro Passage on the night of July 29-30, 1947, a picket boat was anchored for the pur- pose of catching sharks. 'Tunafish were passed through a small sau- sage grinder, and the chopped-up meat and blood were cast slowly into the outward-flowing channel waters. Shortly sharks of this species were chummed to the boat by the presence of blood in the water. Then chunks of tuna meat the size of a man’s fist were thrown into the water and others placed on big steel hooks. The gray sharks struck these baited hooks with greed and speed. They jumped from the water. Several would rush the bait and each other as they fed voraciously. At the end of 5 hours, 29 sharks measuring 3 to 7 feet long had been successfully landed on the boat. All were gray sharks. This species was not seen in the shallow waters over the reefs; it remained in deeper water. Superorder RAJICA: Skates and Rays Order RAJIDA Suborder RAJINA Family DASYATIDAE: Sting Rays By Lronarp P. ScHuurz Genus TAENIURA Miiller and Henle Taeniura MULLER and HENTIE, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 117. (Geno- type, Trygon ornatum Gray.) TAENIURA BROCKI, new species PLATE 4 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140978, Bikini Atoll, off Eman Island in lagoon, depth 20 feet, July 17, 1947, S-46-421, speared by Brock. Description.—The measurements below were recorded in mm. on the preserved holotype about 10 months after capture (since some of the flesh had been dissected away near the base of the pectoral fins in order to get the approximately 100-pound sting ray into a tank, measurements involving the disk may be in error by a small percent- FAMILY DASYATIDAE—SCHULTZ 19 age): Length of disk from tip of snout to most posterior tip of disk 820; greatest width of disk 950; tip of snout to center of anus 740; center of anus to origin of anal fin 360, to a vertical line through base of sting 360; tip of snout to base of sting 1,090; distance from attach- ment of pectoral fin at base of tail to base of sting 370, to tip of tail 740 (end of tail may have been bitten off); width of tail at rear base of pelvic fins 65; width of tail at base of sting 30, its depth at base of sting 26; length of outer edge of pelvic fins 150; length of clasper 210; greatest height of anal fin 22; tip of snout to front of eye 185; least width of interorbital space 100, between spiracles 157; eye 28; orbit and spiracle 83; tip of snout to front edge of oronasal groove 135, to front of mouth 165; width between front of oronasal grooves 110, corners of mouth 90; distance between inner edges of first and last gill openings 105, between their outer edges 115; width of first gill opening 28, of second 380, third 33, fourth 28, and fifth 21. Distance between inner edges of first gill openings 190, of last gill openings 130; length of spiracle 38; height of spiracle 50; distance from tip of snout to a line between most distal edge of pectoral fin or disk 285. Disk rounded, a little wider than long, tail rather robust, only a little longer than length of disk, base of serrated spine or sting a little closer to tip than to base of tail, and opposite origin of anal fin, the latter extending along the ventral side of tail, posteriorly, no dorsal or caudal fin; no rostral cartilage; spiracles large, just at rear of eyes; interorbital space a little concave; anterior margin of disk rounded, with fleshy tip of snout projecting a little; nostrils large, separated by a narrow septum at front of mouth; upper lip or vellum fringed; lower lip and adjacent area behind with numerous papillae; middle of floor of lower jaw with 3 short papillae; nasal valves with a small free edge anteriorly and posteriorly projecting as a short dermal lobe or flap. Claspers tightly rolled, not of the open leaf-like form; teeth in both jaws in 30 oblique rows, each tooth with a short rounded tip directed forward; tail with some denticles, and with a median row along the mid-dorsal line of slightly enlarged denticles; shoulder with a few scattered denticles. Color in alcohol_—Background light grayish with numerous small black blotches and spots of irregular shape on dorsal surface; ventral side plain pale to whitish. Color when alive.—Background color whitish, the dark spots and blotches were brownish. Ecology.—This sting ray was living on the sandy bottom of the lagoon floor in about 20 feet of water. Other sting rays, probably of this species, were seen occasionally in large tidal ponds 10 to 20 feet deep with sandy bottoms in the reef west of Namu Island. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Remarks.—T. brockt was named in honor of its collector, Vernon E. Brock. The following key, complied from the literature, should distinguish it from the other species referred to the genus: KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TAENIURA la. Disk round; dorsal surface grayish with scattered, round, dark-edged, blue ES OY FSS SN SR Taeniura lymna (Forskal) 10. Disk broader than long. 2a. Dorsal surface plain brown to blackish. BX, te baY pro Taeniura meyeni Miiller and Henle SOs Skimerougii sess oe a ee Taeniura atra Macleay 2b. Dorsal surface of disk with brown or black spots or numerous blotches; skin rough. 4a. Spine or sting inserted only a little behind first third of tail ; numerous rounded black spots on dorsal surface of disk; snout length 6 times in greatest width of disk _______________ Taeniura melanospila Bleeker 4b. Spine inserted at about half length of tail; very numerous irregularly shaped small brownish to blackish spots and blotches speckling dorsal surface of disk; snout length 5 times in width of disk. Taeniura brocki, new species Family MOBULIDAE: Devil Rays; Manta By Leonarp P. Scuuitrz Genus MANTA Bancroft Manta Bancrort, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 144, 1828-29. (Genotype, Cephalopterus manta Bancroft.) MANTA ALFREDI (Krefft) FIGURE 6, PLATE 5 Deratoptera alfredi Kre¥Frt, Illustrated Sydney News, vol. 5, pp. 3, 9, woodcut fig., July 11, 1868 (type locality, Port Jackson, New South Wales). Daemomanta alfredi WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 8, pp. 167-178, figs. 1-3, pl. 12, 1936 (Queensland; bibliography ; description). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Enyu Channel, July 27, 1947, S-46-474, harpooned by Cox and Marquis, 1 specimen, female, without embryos, only right half preserved. Description.—The lower jaw only with very small teeth; no spine exposed at base of tail; mouth terminal; eyes at sides near base of cephalic lobes. The following measurements are recorded in mm.: Width across wings, or spread, 2,950; length from middle of snout to tip of tail 2,185; tip of pectoral fin to middle of snout 1,738; width of mouth 520; distance from rictus to tip of cephalic lobe, 420; distance from rictus to inner edge of first gill cleft 229, of second gill cleft 305, third gill cleft 394, fourth gill cleft 496, fifth gill cleft 597; width of FAMILY MOBULIDAE—SCHULTZ 21 first gill cleft 330, of second 356, third 318, fourth 280, fifth 223 ; width between outer edges of first gill cleft 959, of last gill cleft 622; distance from outer edge of first gill cleft to outer edge of last gill cleft 430; distance from inner edge of first gill cleft to inner edge of last gill es en a _ Ia ; a ae ee Figure 6.—Various parts of Manta alfredi (Krefft), from Bikini Atoll: a, Posterior edge of third gill cover; b, posterior edge of second gill cover; ¢, posterior edge of first gill cover; d, dorsal fin; ¢, outer tip of right pectoral fin; f, pelvic fin, inner edge at right; g, posterior tip of right pectoral fin; A, right cephalic lobe. (Sketches by author.) G cleft 325; distance from middle of snout to center of anus 1,245; dis- tance from middle of snout to rear edge of disk 1,500. Line between tips of pectoral fins crosses the lengthwise axis of body 940 mm. be- hind middle of snout. Distance from origin of dorsal fin to its distal tip 185; greatest height of dorsal fin or from rear base to distal tip 140; length of base of dorsal fin 170; length of cephalic lobe from ventral edge to distal tip 380; width across base of cephalic lobe 200; greatest transverse width of cephalic lobe 175; lengthwise diameter of eye 73, vertical diameter 57; distance from outer edge of base of pelvic fin 22 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 to its distal tip 215; the pectoral fin slopes to a point distally, at an angle of approximately 30°. Color in alcohol.—Generally the back is blackish; ventrally it is white with a few dark blotches. The large pectoral fin on its ventral side has dark colorations only along its outer edges, forming a narrow band, with irregular and fading inner edge. The cephalic lobe has a blackish inner edge, dorsally, with a width from 25 to 60 mm., widest forward; the ventral edge is white, but blackish submarginally anteriorly. Color when alive—Dorsal surface generally blackish with a V-shaped white shoulder patch on each side and a pale streak extend- ing outward toward tip of each pectoral, this latter white marking fades over the central part of the body and is most intense part way out toward tips of pectorals. Ventral surface with three dark blotches between gill clefts, but area around gills white, two more dark blotches behind area of gills, and several more small dark blotches scattered posteriorly. Posterior part of pectorals with numerous small dark spots. Ecology.—Manta alfredi was seen daily swimming around near the middle of Enyu channel at Bikini and occasionally at various places in the lagoons of Bikini, Eniwetok, Rongelap, and Rongerik Atolls. The specimen preserved contained several quarts of crustacean larvae that it had strained from the water. Its swimming movements were typical of other A/anta, the exposed tips of pectorals curved up- ward and outward as it slowly moved along the surface of the sea. These fish showed little fear of men or boats. Remarks.—Our identification of the Bikini specimen of A/anta was based on comparisons of photographs and drawings in our files and in the literature, as well as fragments and pieces of Manta hamiltont from the Marquesas and Galapagos Islands in the National collections. Beebe and Tee-Van (Zoologica, vol. 26, pt. 3, pp. 274-278, fig. 89, 1941) give a most useful discussion of M. hamiltoni of the eastern Pacific and I. birostris of the Atlantic. Our specimen from Bikini agrees with alfredi from Australia and differs from hamiltont and birostris in coloration on the ventral side by having three dark blotches in the space between the right and left gill openings, no black color around or behind the gill open- ings, and by having numerous small black spots on the posterior one-third to one-half of the pectoral fin. I. hamilion and M. birostris have a broad black band on the ventral posterior side of the pectoral fin, black around the gill openings but no black blotches in the space between the gill openings. All three species have the white shoulder patches. Class OSTEICHTHYES: Bony Fishes Subclass TELEOSTOMI Superorder TELEOSTHICA Order ISOPONDYLIDA Suborder CLUPEINA Family DUSSUMIERIDAE: Round Herrings By Leronarp P. Scuutrz and Arruur D. WELANDER The round herrings are small, pelagic fishes that reach but a few inches in length and occur in tropical or subtropical and temperate waters. The family was recently revised by Leon Bertin (Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. No. 853, pp. 1-82, figs. 1-8, 1948). Syratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz was not included because the publication was not available to him during the war. In his analysis of the species of Spratelloides, he places major emphasis on the number of scales, and as a result argyrotaeniata (Bleeker) occurs as a synonym under gracilis. Our present study of specimens from various localities in the Pacific shows conclusively that gracilis as understood by Bertin and by Weber and de Beaufort (The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 20, 1913) actually represents at least 2 species— japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782)=gracilis (Temminck and Schlegel), and argyrotaeniata (Bleeker) =argyrotaenia Bleeker. In addition atrofasciatus Schultz is a valid species (see table 1 for summary of counts). KEY TO SPECIES OF DUSSUMIERIDAE OF NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Branchiostegal rays 14-19, coloration plain whitish or pale. Dussumieria hasselti Bleeker 16. Branchiostegal rays 6-7. 2a. Back and upper sides plain bluish black; no lateral band. Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) 2b. Back and upper sides plain pale; distinct lateral band present. Spratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz Genus DUSSUMIERIA Cuvier and Valenciennes Dussumieria CUviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 20, p. 467, 1847. (Genotype, Dussumieria acuta Cuvier and Valenciennes.) 23 S. 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It ? peegess|iaesseaa| eases =| 57 II g Sian eres | hire eee SPUST I BYSABIAL 38NjD}0U2Q snpoulig’ aocseas| faeces 9 e o------|-------|-------]-------] 5 Zz OSCE [ROSS | eos 6e ao roc || OSGi rs z Tocoroaperoresorooas="""=--BMBUINGO pus ueder o------ 6 ol () = Rem oanel obec a6] pescce I 8 ee eae Fee I 9 y ae [eas Sa en ae “Spus[s] USIieMeH ------- 02 I L EOS SES 9520005 [ SES SSSE [SCSI 9 a I (es eet 9 woosresyeoros=""" Tens) PUB SpUeIS] [[eysre AL 3snjpbajpea snpouly OW ese eee lease csleez- see g (RAS REO RC 022 |e ¢ (0: Se BREE RE RIE Pree Poe Geass | ee eee eee pussy woyuyoL po = |\seseeeq||=s -----|-------]----- 2-|------- eet | Gora meena (eee Soe Zz | Gea (ES Pee ol ieee g | ices eee ees a RRS SpUeIs] [[2ysivyAy 91719046 ppLunog! 8 ‘I Lt | 0‘ | Or‘ | 6 | ert | ont | L ‘xt | Ta | ‘ma | 6 | Sr | 2‘ | or‘ | Ir‘ | OL‘ | 6‘ | 8H soloods pus snuefp shel o1Alog SABI [810}09g shel [eUY sAvi [esI0q esprjuopouds fo sazvads oftavq u1n}499 of paploras SJUNDD—’Z AIAV], FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE—SCHULTZ 35 fin yellowish brown, as are spots in dorsal fin; lower jaw with 8 or 9 pale brownish bars on dentigerous area, upper jaw similarly colored. Ecology.—This species occurred wherever there was a sandy bottom, and individuals lived both in the lagoon and on the ocean reef. It was never actually taken in the surf, but it occurred in the sandy bottom of deep surge channels. Remarks.—This species agrees very well with Norman’s (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1935, p. 127) revision and description with the exception that the teeth do not show very distinctly the “arrow-shaped tips.” Genus SYNODUS Scopoli Synodus SCoPott, Introductio ad historiam naturalem ... p. 449, 1777. (Geno- type, Hsoxr synodus Linnaeus.) (Reference copied.) SYNODUS BINOTATUS, new species FIGuBE 8 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140801, Kwajalein Atoll, lagoon reef near south end, Ennylabegan Island, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Herald, standard length 84.5 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140802, 1 specimen, 51 mm., taken with the holotype, bearing same data; U.S.N.M. No. 140808, Bikini Atoll, \ SSA ENN ee , tS ] S83 SS eae SEO ise Se: i d Bsa be BS Figure 8.—Holotype of Synodus binotatus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140801), from Kwajalein Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) Erik Island, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 4 specimens, 37 to 129 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140811, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, lagoon reef next to channel, July 17, 1947, S-46-405, Schultz, Brock, and Myers, 8 specimens, 32 to 96 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140810, Bikini Atoll, lagoon reef halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 75 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140809, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 54 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140806, Rongelap Atoll, Arbor Island, June 16, 1946, S-46-213, Schultz, 2 specimens, 53 and 88 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140807, Rongelap Atoll, Eniaetok Island, lagoon reef, June 17, 1946, S—46-215, Schultz, 1 specimen, 69 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140805, Ronge- 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 lap Atoll, Mellu Island, lagoon reef, June 19, 1946, S-46-220, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 77 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140804, Rongelap Atoll, between Eniaetok Island and Erapuotsu Island, lagoon reef, July 20, 1946, S-46-267, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 82 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140803, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, ocean reef, July 31, 1946, S-46-304, Herald, 5 specimens, 58 to 72 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140812, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, August 14, 1947, S-1041, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson, 4 specimens, 44 to 108 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140813, Johnston Island, ocean reef, northern side, August 28-29, 1947, Schultz, 5 specimens, 52 to 100 mm. Description.—The following counts are recorded, first for the holo- type, then for one paratype (additional counts are recorded in table 2) : Dorsal rays ii,11; 11,11; anal viii,1; ix,1; pelvics i,?—i,7 ; i,7-1,7 ; pectoral 11,10-11,10; i1,10-11,10. Scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 54 and 56. Scales in an obliquely descending row from front part of base of dorsal fin to lateral line 314 and 314, then below lateral line to midventral line 714 and 714; predorsal scales 15 and 15. Precision measurements were made on the holotype and one para- type. These are recorded in table 3 in thousandths of the standard length. TABLE 3.—Measurements made on certain species of Synodus, recorded in thousandths of the standard length binotatus englemani ulae Characters - " - af ie a eepolllitepel Ihevnollh Bazaevbes | real lied tec Standard length in mm___-__-_-----_----- -- 84.5 129 | 104.4} 94.6 112 | 95.5 177 298 Greatest depth of body---------------------- 156 147 | 144 143 174 | 157 158 171 Length of head to tip of fleshy operculum__--| 291 301 | 290 313 295 | 303 297 322 Postorbital length of head... ---------------- 188 190 | 180 196 190 | 190 198 223 Mengthtotisnoutsses--- 2 sos ee eee eee eee eee 67 77| 74 78 71} 63 68 77 Diameter of orbit_._----------. -. ------------ 52 50} 58 63 55 | 66 52 39 Least bony width of interorbital__--..._.. -- 25 31 | 36 36 36 | 24 31 40 Tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary.__.- _- 186 206 | 181 204 185 | 178 186 211 Least depth of caudal peduncle. ----.------- 63 52 | 53 59 59; 57 58 58 Length of caudal peduncle-____--------------- 124 119 | 136 144 140 | 123 124 124 Tip of snout to center of anus__. ------------ 740 748 | 748 754 755 | 780 756 771 Tip of snout to dorsal origin.-..-----_------- 428 464 | 408 429 424 | 418 419 416 Tip of snout to adipose origin... ------------ 816 830 | 815 829 819 | 828 825 822 Tip of snout to anal origin--------_---------- 773 774 | 771 765 803 | 806 796 815 Tip of snout to pelvic insertion. ----.------- 360 358 | 350 351 330 | 346 347 382 Tip of snout to pectoral insertion. ---------- 280 801 | 273 296 269 | 272 280 307 Longest dorsal ray...--. ---------------------- 160 141 | 154 148 144 | 157 155 142 Mongestianal Taye ee ee ee 101 101 88 80 82} 82 96 j---. -- Longest pectoral ray__.---------------.------ 130 124 | 108 104 104 | 105 116 115 Longest pelvic ray_..--------------.--------- 213 244 | 225 213 232 | 241 243 228 Distance from pelvic insertion to center of SATUS er OU ae cau A 438 395 | 365 442 438 | 445 415 421 FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE—SCHULTZ 37 Greatest depth of body 6.5 to 7.1; length of head 3.5 to 3.7; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.5; snout tip to pelvic insertion 2.7 to 2.8; dorsal origin to adipose origin 2.4 to 2.5; length of caudal peduncle 7.3 to 7.6; all in the standard length. Snout 4.0 to 4.1; diameter of orbit 4.4 to 4.8; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; longest dorsal ray 1.7 to 2.0; longest pelvic ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest pectoral fin ray 2.1 to 2.2; length of maxillaries 1.5 to 1.6; least bony width of inter- orbital 9.0 to 10.0; all in the length of head from tip of snout to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Length of inner ray of pelvic fin in fifth branched pelvic ray 1.7 to 1.8, in first, or simple, pelvic ray 0.6 to 0.7. Body somewhat tubular, head a little depressed, and caudal region nearly tubular; sides of caudal peduncle without keels; interorbital space narrow, concave; scales cycloid on body, cheeks and opercle, head otherwise naked; fins naked except scales basally on middle rays of caudal fin; adipose eyelids narrow; pectorals short, reaching about 4 scales past a vertical line through pelvic insertion; a vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through fifth predorsal scale; adipose fin base over middle of length of anal fin base; teeth caninelike in both Jaws and on tongue and palatines and enlarged teeth with arrow- shaped tips; no inner patch of palatine teeth; lower jaw extending to or almost to tip of snout; outer pelvic ray shortest, contained about 1.7 times in inner ray, about 2.4 to 2.7 times in fifth branched ray, the latter longest; all but the two inner pelvic rays enlarged and swollen; longest, or fifth, pelvic ray contained 1.7 to 2.0 times in dis- tance from pelvic insertion to anal origin; posterior bony processes of pelvics, broad, greatest width about 214 times in their length. Color in alcohol.—Background color whitish, with reticulated brown edges to the scales, intensified at upper and lower margins, forming 3 lengthwise streaks or lines above lateral line and another just above lateral line, more or less incorporated into the bars on sides; 10 vertical bars on back and sides, but not extending on ventral side, every other one intensified, the first dark bar over pectoral base, second at front of dorsal fin base, third behind dorsal base, fourth in front of adipose base, and last across caudal peduncle, all fins barred, front of adipose fin with a black spot, followed posteriorly with a second but less dark spot; the most characteristic color mark a pair of black spots at tip of snout, head otherwise lacks black spots; lips with four bars, one in front, one behind and one under eye, one at rear tip of maxillaries; three dark blotches on inner edges of mandibles, first near chin, second opposite third bar of lips, and third opposite isthmus. Ecology.—This species was taken from areas with sandy bottoms. Remarks.—We have compared this species carefully with the de- scriptions of all those species that possess 314 scales between the dorsal 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 fin base and lateral line and believe SS. b¢notatus is most closely re- lated to S. indicus. It differs from that species in having all the fins barred, in the absence of black tips to middle caudal rays, and in hav- ing the dorsal origin equidistant between the tip of snout and the adi- pose fin base (the dorsal origin of zndicus is equidistant between rear margin of orbit and adipose origin). This new species may be sep- arated from other species of Snyodus by means of the key. The name bznotatus refers to the two black spots at the tip of the snout. SYNODUS ULAE, new species Synodus varius (in part) JoRpDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 23, pp. 63-65, pl. 2, 1905 (Japan and Hawaiian Islands). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 52671, Hawaiian Islands, field No. 03174, from Honolulu market, June 1901. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 58525, Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu, June 26, 1906, E. L. Berndt, 1 specimen, 298 mm. (total length 1334 inches) ; U.S.N.M. No. 55272, Hawaiian Islands, south coast Molokai, 43 to 66 fathoms, April 1902, Albatross, 3 specimens, 95.5 to 112 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 55376, Laysan Island (Hawaiian chain), Albatross, 3 specimens, 108 to 141 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 55437, Hilo, Hawaii, Jordan and EKvermann, 2 specimens, 189 and 193 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 59805, Kochi, Japan, 1903, H. M. Smith, 1 specimen, 260 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 59778, Yamagawa, Japan, shore, June 16, 1908, H. M. Smith, 1 speci- men, 72 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 1438701, Okinawa, Naha, 1906, Albatross, 1 specimen, 147 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 148700, Hawaiian Islands, Hono- lulu, 1901, Jordan and Evermann, 1 specimen, 149 mm. Description.—The following counts are recorded first for the holo- type then for two paratypes (additional counts are recorded in table 2): Dorsal rays ii, 12; ii, 11; ii, 10; anal rays viii, 1; viii, 1; vii, 1; pec- toral rays ii, 11-11, 11; ii, 11-11, 11; 11, 11-11, 11; pelvic rays always i, 7. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 67; 66; 68; scale in an oblique posteriorly descending row from front of dorsal fin base to lateral line 514 ; 514 and 514; 514 and 514; then from lateral line to midventral line 914; 1014; 914; predorsal median scales 20, 19, and 20. Precision measurements made on the holotype and the two paratypes are recorded in table 3 in thousandths of the standard length. Greatest depth of body 6.1 to 7.0; length of head 3.2 to 3.5; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.5; snout tip to pelvic insertion 2.8 to 2.9; dorsal origin to adipose origin 2.5 to 2.6; length of caudal peduncle (distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin) 7.2 to 7.4; all in standard length. Snout 4.2 to 4.5; diameter of orbit 4.0 to 4.3; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.7; longest dorsal ray 1.7 to 2.2; longest pelvic ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest pectoral fin ray 2.3 to 2.4; length of maxillaries 1.5 to 1.6; least bony width of interorbital 8 to 11; all FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE—SCHULTZ 39 in length of head. Length of inner ray of pelvic fin in fifth branched pelvic ray 1.6 to 1.7, and in first, or simple, pelvic ray 0.6 to 0.7. Body somewhat tubular, head a little depressed, caudal region nearly tubular in shape; no keellike scales on sides of caudal peduncle; inter- orbital space concave, narrow; scales cycloid on body, cheeks and opercle, head otherwise naked; fins all naked, except that scales occur basally on middle rays of caudal; adipose eyelids narrow; pectorals short, reaching about four scales past vertical line through pelvic in- sertion ; a vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through sixth or seventh predorsal scale; adipose fin base over middle of length of anal base; teeth caninelike in both jaws, enlarged ones with arrowhead- shaped tips; teeth present on palatines and tongue, no inner patch of palatine teeth ; lower jaw a trifle shorter than upper; outer pelvic ray shortest, fifth branched ray longest; all but the two inner pelvic rays somewhat enlarged or swollen; posterior pelvic process broad, its greatest width about a third its length. Color in alcohol_—Background color whitish or straw colored, with about 8 or 9 reticulated vertical bars, every other one more intense, extending below the lateral line but not on ventral side; centers of scales on back pale or silvery ; all fins except pectorals probably barred ; adipose fin with a dark spot basally and another somewhat out toward the tip; upper parts of head blotched with brownish; snout plain brownish or with traces of about 3 pairs of brownish spots; lips with about 7 to 9 narrow bars, dentary with about 5, these more or less con- tinuous with those on lips. Remarks.—This new species is closest to S. vartegatus but differs in having 65 to 68 scales instead of 59 to 64. S. ulae has more scale rows crossing the lateral line than any other Indo-Pacific species of Synodus. Plate 2 in Jordan and Evermann undoubtedly repre- sents a color drawing of this new species, probably the red color phase mentioned by them. Named wlae, meaning red, after the Hawaiian common name for this species. SYNODUS VARIEGATUS (Lacepéde) PLATE 3, B Salmo variegatus LacrePépE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 157, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1803 (type locality, Isle de France). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 32 specimens, 38 to 165 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 69 specimens, 50 to 143 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 12 specimens, 49 to 108 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 103 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 7 specimens, 45 to 117 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays ii, 9 or 10; anal viii or viii,1; pectorals 11,10 (rarely, 11,11) ; pelvics 1,7. Scale rows from upper edge of gill 40 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 opening to midbase of caudal fin 59 to 61; scales in a row from dorsal origin to midventral line 514 to 6+1+81% to 10. Additional counts and measurements are recorded in tables 2 and 3. Greatest depth 5.5 to 6.7; length of head 3.4 to 8.6; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.5; snout tip to pelvic insertion 2.8 to 2.9; dorsal origin to adipose origin 2.4 to 2.6; length of caudal peduncle 7.1 to 7.2; all in standard length. Snout 4.5 to 4.7; diameter of orbit 4.5 to 7.3; post- orbital length of head 1.4 to 1.6; longest dorsal ray 2.0 to 2.2; longest pelvic ray 1.3; longest pectoral fin ray 2.7 to 2.9; length of maxillaries 1.7; least width bony interorbital space 10 or 11; all in length of head (tip of snout to rear edge of fleshy operculum). Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.6 to 2.9; length of inner ray of pelvic fin in fifth branched pelvic ray 1.5, in first, or simple, ray 0.5. Body tubular, head depressed, caudal region somewhat depressed ; sides of caudal peduncle without “keels”; interorbital space narrow, concave; scales cycloid, lacking on head, except on cheeks and oper- culum; adipose eyelids narrow; pectorals short, reaching about 4 scale rows past a vertical line through pelvic insertion; a vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through sixth or seventh scale row in front of dorsal origin; adipose fin base over middle of length of anal fin base; teeth canine in both jaws, moderately numerous, mostly covered with a broad lip, only tips of longer teeth exposed when mouth is closed; palatine teeth in a single band, caninelike, no inner patch present; probably no teeth on vomer; tongue with numerous caninelike teeth ; lower jaw a little shorter than upper, not extending past tip of snout; outer pelvic ray short, about 124 times in inner pelvic ray, about 224 times in longest, or fifth, branched pelvic ray; longest pelvic ray from 1.9 to 2.0 in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin. Color in alcohol.—Background whitish to straw colored, somewhat silvery-white below, back and sides with 9 or 10 dark bars, every other one more intense, or darker, the darker bars or blotches occurring over pectoral insertions, in front of dorsal fin base, on tips of depressed dorsal fin, directly in front of adipose fin origin, and on caudal peduncle; dorsal and caudal fins faintly barred, others plain and pale; lower sides of head with 3 bars, more or less continuous on the lips; dorsal surface of head with scattered dark spots, those on dorsal sur- face of snout in 3 pairs, anterior pair on each side of tip of snout, middle pair nearer middorsal line and about halfway to nasal open- ing, third pair at margin of anterior nasal openings; distinct and persistent black spots at origins of dorsal and of adipose fins; middle of length of adipose fin with dark pigment sometimes in the form of a round spot. Color when alive.—Dark bars brownish; fins and pale areas tinged with light orange. FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE—SCHULTZ 4] Ecology.—This lizard fish inhabits sandy bottoms in the lagoon and along the ocean reefs. SYNODUS ENGLEMANI, new species FIGURE 9 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140815, Rongelap Atoll, Kieshiechi Is- land, lagoon coral head, depth 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46-285, Brock and Herald, standard length 104.4 mm. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140816, Bikini Atoll, off Amen Island, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Herald and Brock, 2 speci- mens, 94.6 and 112 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Bikini-Amen reef, depth 30 feet, July 31, 1947, Univ. Washington, 3 specimens, 126 to 195 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Ion Island, August 7, 1946, Univ. Washington, 1 speci- men, 166 mm.; Bikini Atoll, lagoon, hook and line, July 24, 1946, Donaldson and Welander, 1 specimen, 186 mm. Description—The following counts are recorded first for the holo- type then for the two paratypes: Dorsal rays 11, 10; 11, 11; 11, 11; anal rays ix, 1; viil, 1; viii, 1; pectoral rays ii, 10-ii, 11; ii, 11-ii, 11; Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) opening to midbase of caudal fin 62; 62 and 63; scales in an oblique posteriorly descending row from front of dorsal fin base to lateral line 514; 514; 514; then from lateral line to midventral line 1014; 914; 1014; predorsal median scales 19; 19; 19. (For additional counts see table 2.) Precision measurements were made on the holotype and the two paratypes and these data are recorded in table 3 in thousandths of the standard length. Greatest depth of body 5.5 to 6.5; length of head 3.8 to 3.4; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.4; snout tip to pelvic insertion 2.7 to 3.0; dorsal origin to adipose origin 2.6 to 2.7; length of caudal peduncle 7.0 to 7.5; all in the standard length. Snout 4.2 to 4.3; diameter of orbit 5.0 to 5.1; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.6; longest dorsal ray 2.1 to 2.2; longest pelvic ray 1.3 to 1.4; longest pectoral fin ray 42 U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2.8 to 2.9; length of maxillaries 1.6; least bony width of interorbital 8.1 to 8.4; all in length of head (tip of snout to rear edge of fleshy operculum). Length of inner ray of pelvic fin in fifth branched pelvic ray 1.6 to 1.7, in first, or simple, ray 0.6 to 0.7. Body somewhat tubular, head a little depressed, caudal region nearly tubular in shape; sides of caudal peduncle without keels; interorbital space concave, narrow; scales cycloid, on body, cheeks, and opercle, head otherwise naked; fins all naked, except that scales occur basally on middle rays of caudal; adipose eyelids narrow; pectorals short, reaching about 5 scales past a vertical line through pelvic insertion ; a, vertical line through pelvic insertion passes through the fifth pre- dorsal scale; adipose fin base over middle of length of anal fin base; teeth caninelike in both jaws and on palatines and tongue, the en- larged jaw teeth with arrow-shaped points. No inner patch of pala- tine teeth; lower jaw nearly equal to or a little shorter than upper, not extending past tip of snout; outer pelvic ray shortest, the fifth branched ray longest; all but the two inner pelvic rays enlarged or swollen; posterior bony process of pelvic girdle broad, its greatest width about 3 times in its length. 4 Color in alcohol.—Background color whitish, with reticular brown- ish pattern formed by brownish edged scales and five vertical dark bars with three or four bars between; brownish band along and a little below lateral line joining with the vertical bars; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins barred; anal and pelvics plain and pale; adipose fin with a dark brown basal spot at its origin and a paler brown spot posteriorly ; upper parts of head plain brown; no dark spots on snout; lips with four indistinct bars; under side of dentary with three brownish bars, the two anterior ones in the form of narrow streaks mostly along the inner edges of the dentary next to the isthmus. Ecology.—This species was taken only in water 20 to 30 feet deep, and probably came from sandy deposits on the coral heads. Remarks.—This species is close to Synodus variegatus but differs in having a few more scales and a different color pattern. ‘The dorsal surface of the snout is plain brown in englemani, whereas in variegatus there are three pairs of small black spots, the one at the base of the posterior nasal openings being especially persistent. The middle brown blotch on the dentary of englemani takes the form of a narrow edging but in variegatus it is a broad blotch. There is no continuous brownish band or streak along the side of variegatus as in englemant. S. englemanz is sufficiently separated from all other species of Synodus in the key. Named in honor of Capt. C. L. Engleman, U.S.N., who was in charge of the Bikini Scientific Resurvey in 1947. FAMILY MYCTOPHIDAE—SCHULTZ 43 Family MYCTOPHIDAE: Lanternfishes By Lronarp P. ScHuLtTz Dr. Rolf Bolin kindly identified the lanternfishes, for which we express our sincere thanks. Since the species are too few to make a key practical or to permit a description, these are omitted. Genus MYCTOPHUM Rafinesque Myctophum RAFINESQUE, Indice d’ittiologia siciliana . . ., p. 56, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1810. (Genotype, M. punctatum Rafinesque. ) MYCTOPHUM BRACHYGNATHOS (Bleeker) Scopelus brachygnathos BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 1, p. 65, 1856 (type locality, Manado, Makassar). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, April 6, 1946, S-46-53, Schultz and Brock, 42 specimens, 23 to 65 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, 4 mile south of Rigili Island, May 25, 1946, S-46-184, Schultz and Cali, 2 specimens, 54 and 56 mm. Genus DIAPHUS Eigenmann and Eigenmann Diaphus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 3, 1890. (Genotype, Scopelus engraulis Gtnther.) DIAPHUS SCHMIDTI Taning Diaphus schmidti TANING, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk. Naturh. Foren., vol. 94, p. 189, fig. 11, 1982 (type locality, north of Samoa Island, lat. 7°46’ S., long. 167°10’ B). SPECIMEN STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, 4% mile south of Rigili Island, May 25, 1946, S—46-184, Schultz and Cali, 1 specimen, 33.5 mm. (This specimen was doubtfully identified by Dr. Bolin.) Order ANGUILLIDA: Eels By LEONARD P. SCHULTZ KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF EELS OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Body scaly, scales in patches arranged at right angles to adjoining patches; pectorals present; origin of dorsal far behind gill openings; median fins confluent with caudal; anus in front of middle of total length; posterior nostril in front of eye; teeth small, villiform or in cardiform bands on jaws and vomer (fig. 10, a); gill openings vertical slits in front of or below base of pectorals___._______.______-__-__-_____ Anguillidae (p. 45) 16. Body not scaly. 2a. Dorsal and anal fins, if present, not reaching tip of tail, the latter project- ing as a stiff point; caudal fin absent; posterior nostrils in upper lip, usually under eye, and directed ventrally; anterior nostrils tubular, usually under tip of snout at its sides; pectorals present or absent. Ophichthidae (p. 45) 44. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2b. Tip of tail with a well-developed caudal fin or a rudimentary one, with which the dorsal and anal fins, if present, are confluent; tip of tail not sharp pointed. 8a. Posterior nasal opening, in upper lip, usually with a valvular flap, directed downward; anterior nostrils tubular, each side of tip of snout; pec- torals present or absent-____--__________________ Echelidae (p. 60) 8b. Posterior nasal openings usually over or in front of eye, never in upper lip. 4a. Lower lip at sides of jaw folded downward and usually upper lip folded upward, folded parts of lips not continuous around tip of snout or tip of lower jaw; rear nasal opening in front eye; pectorals well developed ; gill opening in front of pectoral fin. Congridae (p. 83) 4b. Lower lip not folded downward on sides of jaw, anterior nostrils tubular near tip of snout. 5a. Posterior nasal opening in front of eye; pectorals well developed, vestigial or absent; body tubular in shape sometimes compressed near tip of tail, or wormlike; gill opening a pore in front of pec- toral base and below it; dorsal and anal fins confined to tail or nearly so and sometimes reduced to low folds, or with an inter- ruption a little in front of end of tail______ Moringuidae (p. 86) 50. Posterior nasal opening usually above dorsal edge of eye or on dorsal surface of snout a little in advance of orbit; pectorals absent; body usually somewhat compressed, more so nearend of tail; body not wormlike; gill opening a lengthwise slit on sides. Muraenidae (p. 98) Family ANGUILLIDAE: Fresh-water Eels By Lronarp P. ScuHuttz Genus ANGUILLA Shaw Anguilla SHaw, General zoology, vol. 4, p. 15, 1803. (Genotype, Muraena anguilla Linnaeus. ) ANGUILLA MARMORATA Quoy and Gaimard Anguilla marmorata Quoy and GAIMArRD, Voyage autour du monde... exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne ... , 1818-20, Zool., p. 241, pl. 51, fig. 2, 1824 (type locality, Vaigiou). SPECIMEN STUDIED Saipan: 1 specimen, 710 mm. total length. The identification of this specimen was made on the basis of “A Revision of the Genus Anguilla Shaw,” by Vilh. Ege (Dana Report, No. 16, pp. 1-256, 53 figs., 6 pls., 1939). Description—The following measurements are recorded in thou- sandths of the total length, which is 710 mm.: Snout tip to dorsal origin 275; snout tip to anus 458; head 161; length of pectoral fin 52; distance between verticals between dorsal and anal origins 183; greatest depth 70; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 65; snout 37; eye 13. Color in alcohol.—Marbled color pattern of dark gray. FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 45 Family OPHICHTHIDAE: Snake Eels By Lronarp P. ScHULTz The Ophichthidae are recognizable from all other eels by having the dorsal and anal fins, if present, ending in front of the tip of the Maasai |r RM aN YVveE SVG { I av sXe aie & 2% \ Ss (72335 ag M S\4 AN le Syvyhto & R S Seige Se SNIG4 dau ge 77M Ss 4% SNEGF Soe S3 y ¥% SXEGE 3 é y SNES Seiya Sy ey ars S Hitt) 98 3 A Sea ea MS Ya N % = v a $ c > e 3 as STS x ‘4 RY ? v 3 z N 2 3 Tota os ? Ue D > z ¥ : a * FSileaiiaics 7 t = N ? lp > y e Ay ZO 1D ESM 4h Xf 71 Ms => e “Os BIN Hy oh nae A’ by { vu wh Ve V U vVy sve GA, \ \ // Mtv by \ L dvuy pk 4“ N L VIWes RY b ayy be 4 RY & Peay h RY L yy vi be x s Vv L oy Ni yt ay B) v VE RY Vv 4 ’ v v 6 sy v ie Cee 3 o q ¥ 4, t * ¢ i e a ? D N anh a RHiks A F Z iy 5 y 4 ¥ % S ? t 4, e g S 3 Q y) e 2 Ay o Wy 2 t 3 . Pete 3 : 2 AY > is. e ¥ 2 v t 4 e 4 S 37 ot 4 \Y 2 . 34 8S Py \ YZ S ae AS As AS 4 Ny 2 4 c TINY Ficure 10.—a, Diagram illustrating the names used for the various groups of teeth in eels: (P) premaxillary, (M) maxillary, (IM) inner row of teethon maxillary, (V) vomer; (D) dentary, (ID) inner row of teeth on dentary. Dental patterns of certain species of eels: b, Gymnothorox moluccensis (Bleeker); c, Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard); d, Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker); e, G. thyrsoideus (Richardson); f, G. rupelli (McClelland). (Sketches by author.) 46 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 tail, the latter projecting as a stiff point. However, in such forms as Leptenchelys vermiformis Myers and Wade and L. pinnaceps, new species, in the family Echelidae the tip of the tail is almost hard tipped and might be referred to this family, since they have, in com- mon with Zeturanus, a median groove on the underside of the snout. KEY TO THE OPHICHTHIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Upper lip with cirri, or papillae. 2a. Both lips with cirri; jaws nearly equal; snout blunt; pectoral and median fins present; dorsal fin origin a little behind pectorals; gill openings lat- eral, below pectoral fin base; color brownish dorsally, white ventrally, each pore along lateral line black bordered. Brachysomophis sauropsis Schultz (p. 47) 2b. Upper lip only with cirri; lower jaw included, snout pointed, projecting ; all fins absent; gill openings ventrally located, nearly parallel length- wise slits, with a very narrow isthmus between; color plain white. Cirricaecula johnsoni, new genus and species (p. 50) 1b. No cirri along edges of lips. 3a. Origin of dorsal fin in front of middle of length of head or nearly so; lower jaw scarcely reaching to rear of base of tubular anterior nos- trils on underside of snout. 4a. Pectorals present, as long as or longer than diameter of eye; teeth granular, in two rows on maxillary, premaxillary, vomer, and dentary. da. Color pattern consisting mostly of round black or blackish-brown spots, these arranged in two or three alternating rows along back and sides; the row along middle of side usually with from 25 to 30 black spots; greatest depth of body 34 to 41, head 12 to 16, snout to anus 2.2 to 2.4, snout to dorsal origin 22 to 28, all in total length. Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier) (p. 51) 5b. Color pattern consisting of black rings or black saddles, encircling or partly encircling body, with interspaces white, occasionally with a black bar or spot. 6a. Color pattern consisting of about 26 to 33 black rings completely encircling body, with interspaces white; each black ring con- tinuous on dorsal and anal fins to their distal edges; anal and dorsal fins disappearing somewhat in advance of tip of tail, more so than in other related species; greatest depth 51 to 63, head 17 to 20, snout to anus 2.1 to 2.3, snout to dorsal origin 35 to 41, all in total length. Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert) (p. 52) 66. Color pattern consisting of black rings or saddles that do not com- pletely encircle body in front of anus, but may more or less meet posteriorly behind anus; black bars numbering from 26 to 31; greatest depth 52 to 69, head 18 to 21, snout to anus 2.0 to 2.3, snout to dorsal origin 39 to 45, all in total length. 7a. Black bars continuous on dorsal fin to distal edge so that dorsal fin is not white edged; usually a few round black spots or oblong black bars on sides, in white spaces. Myrichthys elaps (Fowler) (p. 53) FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 47 7b. Black bars not quite continuous to edge of dorsal fin, distal edge white across the black bars; no round black spots in white SPAceswu eee Myrichthys semicinctus (Bleeker) (p. 54) 4b. Pectorals absent; teeth caninelike or conical, in a simple series on maxillary and on dentary, in one or two rows on vomer. 8a. Color pattern consisting of a single wide band along middle of body with white above and below; margin of dorsal fin black, becoming white near end of tail, basal two-thirds white; anal fin white. Callechelys melanotaenia Bleeker (p. 55) 8b. Color pattern marbled or spotted with black-and-white areas ; head with small black spots; dorsal fin spotted or marbled ; tail region more uniform blackish than body anteriorly ; tip of tail white__ Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker) (p. 56) 36. Origin of dorsal fin over or behind gill openings; pectoral fin present ; teeth on maxillary and dentary conical, arranged in a single row; those on vomer, if present, in a single row; body with 22 to 39 black saddles alternating with white spaces; black bars do not meet in front of anus but some may meet behind anus along midventral line, colora- tion plain and pale on young specimens. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett) (p. 57) Genus BRACHYSOMOPHIS Kaup Brachysomophis Kaup, Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the Brit- ish Museum, p. 45, 1856; Arch. Naturg., vol. 22, p. 9, 1856. (Genotype, B. horridus Kaup.) BRACHYSOMOPHIS SAUROPSIS Schultz Fiecure 11, g; PLATE 7 Brachysomophis sauropsis SCcHULTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 2, h 1943 (type locality, Samoan Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 60 to 262 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 4380 and 475 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 357 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 288 to 350 mm. Description.—Body elongate, somewhat cylindrical, squarish in cross section. Greatest depth 16.6 to 32; head 6.9 to 7.5; snout tip to anus 1.8 to 1.9, to dorsal origin 5.1 to 5.7; allin total length. Greatest depth 2.4 to 4.3; snout 14.8 to 17.3; length of pectoral fin 9.0 to 12.8; snout tip to cross row of pores near occiput 1.8 to 2.0; eye 19 to 21; all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 1.1 to 1.4 in snout. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip, under eye; anterior nostril tu- bular, on side of snout; snout short, dorsal surface flattish, bluntly rounded ; eye diameter a little less than length of snout ; eye without free border; dorsal fin origin a little less than or 14 length of head behind pectoral fin base; gill openings restricted to sides and extending below upper edge of pectoral base a distance equal to snout and eye, or 114 48 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 times length of pectoral fin; pectoral fin well developed, with 10 to 12 rays; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tip of tail, the latter projecting as a sharp point; anus a little closer to tip of tail than to snout; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line near middle of sides, with 51 or 52 pores between gill opening and anus and 96 to 99 ~~ oO. 0 : ° 35 0, 2seosee 5 a" ‘J 20% 5500000 ° oO °° r) °e ets e8% Se a << Ficure 11.—Arrangement of teeth of certain species of Ophichthidae: a, Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert); b, c, Leituranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett); d, Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier); ¢, Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker); f, C. melanotaenia Bleeker; g, Brachysomophis sauropsis Schultz; h, Cirricaecula johnsoni, new genus and new species. (Sketches by author.) from gill opening to point where pores end some distance before tip of tail; lips with an irregular row of branched cirri; tip of snout with cirri each side of midline; eye with or without short cirri; eyes and snout together form an elevated circular “platform” with a constric- tion behind orbits; teeth caninelike, strong, sharp pointed, arranged as in figure. FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 49 Color in alcohol—Brown dorsally, abruptly pale or white below lateral line; each pore on head and along lateral line black bordered ; one specimen has a few scattered black specks on back, others plain brownish; dorsal fin plain white throughout its length; anal and pec- toral fins white; the raised “platform” composed of snout and orbital region dark brown on two specimens, sharply contrasting with light brown head. Ecology.—Individuals of this species came from reef areas where loose sand occurred, and probably were living buried in it until driven out by the poison (see p. xv). Remarks.—We cannot find any difference between B. sauropsis and the Marshall Island specimens. We believe B. sauropsis is different from B. henshawi Jenkins and B. crocodilinus (Bennett) as pointed out by Schultz (pp. 17-19). CIRRICAECULA, new genus Genotype.—Cirricaecula johnsoni, new species. This new genus of ophichthid eel is characterized by the cirri on the edges of the upper lip, and the two cirri, or barbels, between the tubular anterior nostrils; by the very small eyes located on the dorsal surface of the depressed or flattened head; by the pointed snout with included lower jaw; by the absence of pectoral or median fins; and by gill openings that are parallel slits on the under side of the head. This new eel is most closely related to Caecula Vahl=Sphage- branchus Bloch, and to Lamnostoma Kaup, both of which lack cirri on the lips. The genera Cirrhimuraena Kaup and Brachysomophis Kaup, with cirri on the lips, differ from Cirricaecula in having well- developed pectoral fins. Named in reference to the cirri on the upper lips, otherwise very similar to the genus Caecula. KEY TO GENERA CLOSELY RELATED TO CIRRICAECULA la. Upper lips with cirri; a pair of short barbels, or cirri, between anterior nos- trils; anterior nostrils tubular; eyes small, located on dorsal surface of depressed head; gill openings parallel lengthwise slits, distance between anterior gill membrane at isthmus equal to that between them posteriorly ; anus about equidistant between tip of snout and tip of tail; vomerine teeth uniserial ; all fins absent__________________-__-_ Cirricaecula, new genus 1b. Upper lips without cirri; no barbels between anterior nostrils on under- side of snout; gill openings oblique or vertical slits; distance between posterior edges of gill membrane at least twice or more that between anterior or inner edges; dorsal and anal fins present or absent. 2a. Anterior nostril tubular ; eyes somewhat lateral in position ; vomerine teeth UPD S17 a2 CU TUN EN en ae CaeculaVahl 2b. Anterior nostril not tubular; eye Somewhat lateral in position; vomerine teeth at head of bone in two pairs, then uniserial___. Lamnostoma Kaup 955292—53—vol. 1—_—_6 50 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 CIRRICAECULA JOHNSONI, new species Ficurss 11, h; 12 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 141188, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, total length 402 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141189, taken with holotype and bear- ing same data, 3 specimens, 324 to 353 mm. Description—The following precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded first for the holotype, then for the paratypes, respectively. Total lengths 402; 333; 324; 353. Tip of snout to anus 498; 496; 500; 484. Length of head to anterior margin of gill opening 100; 97; 99; 98. Greatest depth 32; 30; 84; 28. Length of snout 22; 22; 23; 21. Diameter of eye 3; 3; 4; 3. Width of interobital space 9; 8; 9; 8. Length of gill open- ing 25; 26; 24; 24. Width of isthmus at anterior edge of gill open- ing 8;1;1;1. Width at posterior edge 4; 2; 2; 3. Distance from anus to tip of tail 501; 502; 500; 516. Tip of snout to rictus 41; 39; 44; 38. Greatest depth 31, 33, 29; 36; length of head 10, 10, 10, 10; snout to anus 2.01, 2.02, 2.00, 2.05; all in the total length. Greatest depth 3.1, 3.2, 2.9, 3.5; snout 4.4, 4.5, 4.8, 4.7; eye 33, 380, 27, 29; length of gill openings 4.0, 3.8, 4.1, 4.1; width of isthmus at rear of gill open- ings 27, 41, 40, 82; interorbital space 10.5, 12, 11, 12; tip of snout to rictus 2.4, 2.5, 2.2, 2.6; all in length of head to front edge of gill openings. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip in front of eye; anterior nostril tubular, on underside of snout, just in front of tip of lower jaw; snout greatly depressed, pointed, much projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; dorsal surface of snout smooth; eye without free margin; dorsal, anal, pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins absent; gill openings on ventral side parallel, or nearly parallel, lengthwise slits, with a very narrow isthmus only slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly; no “duplicat- ing fold” around gill openings; tip of tail projects as stiff point; anus equidistant between tips of snout and tail, or a trifle closer to latter; a series of lateral line pores along middle of sides, some irregular larger slitlike pores just above these, somewhat irregular in occurrence; teeth hooked posteriorly, short, somewhat conical, in a single row on maxillary and vomer, those on premaxillary A-shaped in a single row, as in the figure. Upper lip with about 11 to 14 cirri, these interrupted opposite nostrils and ending about two-thirds the way back along upper Jaw; a pair of cirri, or short barbels, between anterior nostrils. Color in alcohol.—Plan white. Color when alive.—Plain white, somewhat translucent. FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 51 Ecology.—This new genus and species was taken from loose sand in about 7 feet of water at low tide along a rocky ledge, where the waves surged in and out. Remarks.—This new genus and new species belongs to the Sphage- branchus group of eels, a group that lacks pectoral fins, has long pointed snouts, and has gill openings mostly on the ventral side; it <—— eae Soom Figure 12.—Holotype of Cirricaecula johnsoni, new genus and new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141188), from Rongerik Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) differs from them, and from all other genera of ophichthid eels, in combining at the same time no fins, nearly parallel gill openings on the ventral side, with cirri on the upper lips, and with a pair of cirri, or barbels, between the anterior nostrils on the underside of the snout. The species was named in honor of Dr. Martin Johnson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., who participated in the 1946 field work. Genus MYRICHTHYS Girard Myrichthys GiparpD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 58. (Genotype, Myrichthys tigrinus Girard.) MYRICHTHYS MACULOSUS (Cuvier) Ficure 11, d; PLate 8, C Muraena maculosa CUvieR, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 232, 1817 (on Ophisurus ophis, part, Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, pp. 195, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1800). Ophichthys stypurus SMITH and Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 120, 1882 (type locality, Johnston Island ; type, U.S.N.M. No. 26817). Myrichthys rupestris SNyprR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 490, 1912 (type locality, Okinawa; type, U.S.N.M. No. 74048). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Tidal pond between Hman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46—422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 5 specimens, 1385 to 346 mm. total length. Kwajalein Atoll: Ennylabegan Island, lagoon reef, September 1, 1946, S—46- 397, Herald, 1 specimen, 316 mm. Rongerik Atoll: Latoback Island, lagoon reef, August 14, 1947, S-1041, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson, 1 specimen, 408 mm. 52 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Description.—Body elongate, cylindrical. Greatest depth 34 to 41; head 12 to 16; snout tip to anus 2.2 to 2.4, to dorsal fin origin 22 to 28; anus to tip of tail 1.7 to 1.8; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.3 to 2.8; snout 4.5 to 5.5; snout to dorsal origin 1.6 to 1.8; eye 8.0 to 9.7; pectoral 7.7 to 14.0; width of gill opening 7.5 to 11.4; all in length of the head to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 1.7 and 1.9 in snout. Width between round black spots on sides 0.58 to 1.2 in diameter of black spot on side of body (measurements made over region of anus). Posterior nasal opening in upper lip below front of eye; anterior nostril tubular, on underside of snout in front of tip of lower jaw; snout projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; dorsal surface of snout with fleshy ridges; eye without a free border; dorsal fin origin for- ward on head behind rictus about equidistant between snout tip and gill opening; gill opening restricted to side, the isthmus broad; pectoral fins present, small; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tail, tip of tail projecting as a stiff point; anus a little closer to snout than to tip of tail; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of side; lips without papillae; teeth granular arranged in two rows as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Body usually with round black or blackish- brown spots, arranged in 8 alternating rows of 25 to 30 each, along back and extending onto dorsal fin, the latter being white edged; ventrally 1 or 2 more irregularly placed rows of smaller similar spots may occur, some of which may be lacking fore and aft; in addition, a black bar on head through eye, somewhat broken by white spaces; anal fin white, unspotted. Color when alive.—Dark spots black or blackish brown, pale areas white. Ecology.—This is a rare species of burrowing eel, occurring in loose gravel and sandy areas. MYRICHTHYS COLUBRINUS (Boddaert) Fieure 11, a; Puate 11, C Muraena colubrina Bopvpsarrt, Neue Nord. Beitr., vol. 2, p. 56, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1781 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongerik Atoll: Latoback Island, June 28, 1946, S-46-238, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 666 mm. total length. Guam: Ylig Point, November 26, 1945, Frey and Gressitt, 5 specimens, 385 to 418 mm.; November 1945, Craighead, 2 specimens, 290 and 430 mm. Description.—Body extremely elongate, cylindrical, greatest depth 51 to 63, head 17 to 20, snout to anus 2.1 to 2.3, snout to dorsal origin 35 to 41, all in total length. Greatest depth 2.6 to 3.2, snout 5.0 to 6.1, snout to dorsal origin 1.7 to 2.1, eye 10.3 to 12.5; width of gill opening FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 53 8.6 to 14.3; pectoral fin 16.1 to 18.7, all in length of head to upper edge gill opening. Eye 1.7 to 2.4 in snout. White space over anus in black ring (measured along middorsal line) 0.5 to 1.2. Posterior nasal opening in the upper lip under front of eye, an- terior nostril tubular, on underside of snout in front of tip of lower jaw; snout projecting beyond lower jaw, and dorsal surface convex with fleshy ridges; eye without a free border; dorsal fin origin far forward on head behind rictus of mouth; dorsal and especially anal fins ending notably a short distance from tip of tail. Gull openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus wide; pectoral fins small but obvious; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tail, the latter projecting as a stiff point; anus a little closer to tip of snout than to tip of tail, the distance from anus to tip of tail contained 1.7 to 1.9 times in total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of side; lips without papillae; teeth granular, arranged in two rows on dentary, maxillary, vomer, and premaxillary as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Body encircled with black rings or bands alter- nating with white, these black rings varying in number from 26 to 33; white spaces usually a little wider than black ones but occasion- ally the latter are wider; first black band through eye and part of snout, the third one through pectoral and gill opening; each black ring continuous on dorsal and on anal fins; tip of snout and tail tip white; occasionally a black spot in the white spaces, but none was observed on specimens from Guam or the Marshall Islands. Color when alive-—Dark rings black or dark brown, interspaces white. Ecology.—This burrowing eel appeared over areas where there was loose sand or loose gravel. MYRICHTHYS ELAPS (Fowler) Chlevastes elaps Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1912, p. 18, fig. 18 (type locality, Philippine Islands). SPECIMEN STUDIED Rota Island: October 1945, Markley and Necker, 1 specimen, 650 mm. total length. Description.—(A specimen 460 mm. total length is included in the following description.) Body extremely elongate, cylindrical. Great- est depth 52 to 69; head 20 or 21; tip of snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 39 to 43; anus to tip of tail 1.8 to 1.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.4 to 3.3; snout 5.0 to 5.2; snout tip to dorsal origin 1.9 to 2.0; eye 12 to 14; pectoral fin 23.5 to 28; width of gill opening 7.8 to 11.7; all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 54 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2.4 to 2.8 in snout. White space measured along middorsal line over region of anus 0.20 to 0.22 in width of black space. Posterior nostril opens in upper lip below front of eye; anterior nostril tubular opens on underside of snout in front of tip of lower jaw; snout projects beyond tip of lower jaw, dorsal surface of snout with fleshy ridges; eye without free border; dorsal fin origin forward on head, behind rictus, but closer to snout tip than to gill opening; gill openings restricted to lower sides, the isthmus wide; pectoral fins pres- ent, very small or minute; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tail, latter projecting as a sharp free tip; anus closer to snout tip than to tip of tail; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along mid- dle of side; no papillae on lips; teeth granular, in two rows on maxil- lary and vomer. Color in alcohol—Body not completely encircled with black rings or bars, except two or three; black bars narrow, their width along mid- dorsal line contained four or five times in white spaces; latter with a few round black spots or oblong black bars on sides and ventrally, usually located near middle of white space. Black bars continue on dorsal fin all the way to its edge, so that the distal margin is not white across black bar as in J. semicinctus. First black bar passes in front of eye and is continuous around head dorsally, but somewhat interrupted on lower jaw. Snout tip white, tip of tail white or black. Remarks.—We conclude that this species is a valid one, after having compared several specimens of J/. semicinctus with it and having found no overlapping of color pattern. MYRICHTHYS SEMICINCTUS (Bleeker) Ophisurus fasciatus var. semicincta BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... , vol. 4, p. 64, 1864 (type locality, East Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, pondlike tidal pool, March 20, 1946, S-46-10, Schultz, 5 specimens, 310 to 395 mm. in total length. Eniwetok Atoll: Lagoon at Bowditch anchorage off Eniwetok Island, light at night, May 23, 1946, S-46-182, Schultz, 1 specimen, 237 mm. Description.—Body extremely elongate, cylindrical, greatest depth 53 to 68, head 18 to 20.3, snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.3, snout to dorsal origin 35 to 45, anus to tip of tail 1.8 to 2.0, all in the total length. Greatest depth 2.7 to 3.7, snout 5.5 to 6.5, snout tip to dorsal origin 1.9 to 2.2, eye 9.4 to 11.9, length of pectoral fin 21.8 to 33.4, width of gill opening 10.8 to 11.8, all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 1.7 to 2.2 in snout. White space measured along mid- dorsal line over anus, 0.21 to 0.47 in width of black space. FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 55 Posterior nostril opens in upper lip below eye, anterior nostril tubu- lar, opens on underside of snout in front of tip of lower jaw; snout projects beyond tip of lower jaw; dorsal surface of snout with fleshy ridges; eye without a free border; dorsal fin origin forward on head behind rictus, but closer to snout tip than gill opening; gill openings restricted to lower sides, the isthmus wide; pectoral fins present, but. very small or minute; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tail, tip of tail projecting asa stiff point; anus a little closer to snout than to tip of tail, distance from anus to tail tip contained 1.8 to 2.0 in total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of side; lips without papillae; teeth granular, mostly one row on maxillary and two rows on vomer, arranged as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Body only partly encircled with narrow black rings or bands alternating with broad white spaces; black rings vary in number from 26 to 31; white spaces from 3 to 5 times broader than black bars along middorsal line; none of the black bars meet ventrally ; first black bar variously represented by one or more black blotches on interorbital space, or by smaller patches in front of or below eye; no round black spots in white spaces; black bars continuous on dorsal fin, distal edge of which is white, as are tip of tail and snout. Color when alive.—Dark rings black or blackish brown and light spaces white. Ecology.—This burrowing eel, which is rare, was found in loose gravel and sand, but one was attracted to a light at night. Remarks.—Schultz, in his report on the Phoenix Island fishes (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1943), did not separate I/. semicintus (Bleeker) and J/. elaps (Fowler). We now have additional speci- mens of both species and we find that semicinctus differs from elaps in having the distal margin of the dorsal fin white across the black bars and in lacking round or oblong spots between the black bars. Genus CALLECHELYS Kaup Callechelys Kaur, Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 51, 1856. (Genotype, Callechelys guichenoti Kaup.) CALLECHELYS MELANOTAENIA Bleeker Figure 11, f Callechelys melanotaenia BirerKer, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ..., vol. 4, p. 66, pl. 193, fig. 2, 1864 (type locality, Am- boina) ; Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 213, 1865 (Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, pondlike tidal pool, March 20, 1946, S—46-10, Schultz, 8 specimens, 330 to 847 mm. total length; Romuk Island, ocean reef, April 1, 1946, S-46-47, Schultz, 2 specimens, 535 to 565 mm. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Eniwetok Atoll: Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, 1946, S-46-195, Schultz, 2 specimens, 379 to 560 mm. Teiteiripucchi Island, June 1, 1946, S-46-197, Schultz, 14 specimens, 420 to 650 mm. Description—Body extremely elongate, somewhat cylindrical. Greatest depth of body 44 to 63; head 16 to 18; snout to anus 1.4 to 1.5; snout to dorsal origin 38 to 56; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.6 to 3.6; snout 6.7 to 8.9; snout to dorsal origin 2.8 to 3.8, eye 14 to 25; width of gill opening 6.5 to 10.0; all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 2.0 to2.8in snout. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under eye, anterior nasal opening in a tube on under side of snout halfway between tips of Jaw and snout; snout projecting beyond lower jaw, dorsal surface strongly convex; eye small, its front margin over tip of lower jaw; eye without free border; dorsal fin origin far forward on head, only a little behind a vertical line through rear of mouth or rictus; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus narrow; no pectoral fin; dorsal and anal not confluent around tail, the latter projecting as a stiff point; anus very much closer to tip of tail than to snout, distance from anus to tip of tail about 3.1 to 3.5 in length; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of sides; lips without papillae; teeth conical, sharp, arranged as in the figure, the vomer with one to several teeth, sometimes in two rows forward. Color in alcohol.—A single wide black band along middle of side of body, with a pale streak or band on each side of base of dorsal fin, the latter with its basal two-thirds white and distal third black; dorsal fin near its origin either pale or occasionally spotted with black distally ; tip of tail white; head mostly white. Ecology.—This species was taken in shallow water, from bottom with loose sand or fine gravel, although it may occur at greater depths where we did not work. Usually this eel exposed only about 6 to 8 inches of its head when driven out by the poison (see p. xv), and it was necessary to grasp this portion firmly with the hands and pull out the remaining part of the eel. Since eels are difficult to grasp, more were lost than were captured. CALLECHELYS MARMORATUS (Bleeker) FIGuseE 11, e Dalophis marmorata BurrKer, Nat. Tijdschr, Nederl.-Indié, vol. 5, p. 247, 1853 (type locality, Ceram) ; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Muraenidae), vol. 25, p. 37, 1853. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Enyu Island, reef at entrance, lagoon, March 16, 1946, S—46-8,, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 440 mm. total length. FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 57 Eniwetok Atoll: Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, 1946, S-46-195, Schultz, 6 specimens, 373 to 521 mm.; Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, June 1, 1946, Schultz, 8 specimens, 491 to 596 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Kabelle Island, lagoon reef, June 20, 1946, S-46—231, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 416 mm. Description.—Body extremely elongate, nearly cylindrical. Great- est depth 40 to 44; head 14 to 16; snout to anus 1.5 to 1.6; snout to dorsal origin 42 to 52; all in the total length. Greatest depth 2.6 to 3.1; snout 7.4 to 7.7; snout to dorsal fin origin 3.0 to 3.3; eye 11 to 15; width of gill opening 6.6 to 8.5; all in the length of head from tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening. Eye 1.4 to 1.9 in snout. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of eye, anterior nostril tubular and about equidistant between tip of lower jaw and tip of snout; snout projecting beyond lower jaw, dorsal surface strongly convex with a middorsal ridge; eye small, its front margin behind a vertical line through tip of chin; eye without a free border; dorsal fin origin far forward on head, only a little behind a vertical line through rear of mouth, or rictus; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus narrow; no pectoral fin; dorsal and anal fins not con- fluent around tail, the latter projecting as a stiff point; anus very much closer to tip of tail than to snout, distance between anus and tip of tail 2.7 to 2.9 in total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of sides; lips without papillae; teeth conical, sharp, arranged as in the figure, the vomer with a double row of teeth, at least anteriorly. Color in alcohol.—Marbled black and white, white spaces more or less equal to back ones anteriorly, body becoming increasingly more blackish posteriorly ; head with numerous small black specks or spots; dorsal fin sometimes blackish and sometimes marbled like body; tail uniformly white tipped; tip of snout white. Ecology.—This species was taken from loose sand and gravelly areas on the reef. Like C. melanotaenia, it would thrust only a few inches of its head and body above the bottom after poisoning and had to be grasped with the hands. It is not a commonly seen species. Genus LEIURANUS Bleeker Leiuranus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Muraenidae), vol. 25, p. 36, 1853. (Genotype, L. lacepedci Bleeker.) Machaerenchelys Fow rr, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 2, pt. 3, p. 85, 1937. (Genotype, M. vanderbdilti Fowler.) LEIURANUS SEMICINCTUS (Lay and Bennett) Figure 11, 6, c; PLATE 8, D, E Ophisurus semicinctus Lay and BENNETT, The zoology of Captain Beechey’s voyage, Fishes, p. 66, pl. 20, fig. 4, 1889 (type locality, Oahu). AN i=) N ; ‘< <) 5 fa : : z a = = A Ss. U. 58 9 06 iZd 02 02 fA &I 9 ¢ ‘OT 6 Or g 6 &I 6 L 9 ~""snue 10A0 ‘aoeds oped Jo 4IpIM 180} 801p) ¢°9 02 ixG 83 174 GL 9% i239 €& 96 66 ¢ es 8Z €& 66 82 ~““"snUe J8AO ‘1eq YOR[q JO YYPIA 4sojvelp) 80¢ 9g GGG 6e¢ 91g C6P FOP €1g €1g 81g 887 oo¢g | sI¢ org 80¢ OLY | bas ee eee snue 0} nous jo diy, 98 ¢8 18 88 68 PL €Z 08 GL gL TL 89 cL 02 ol Gis |Pere SSery “Uls{1O [es1op 07 ynous Jo dry, € ¥ 9 ZL Or Or €T ot €T ¢'6 ara tae rai Or tL C332 Sie SS “--° "uy [e10jded Jo 44209] oT a tL cI GS Gece cca GIL &T (8) boa eae cil ara § tT Il rat dA Dea | eg See eer oe ee ynous jo 442Ue'T Z 9 ¢’9 9 L g Z 8 Sie iiss 228 Z 8 8 g ¢ iD a | Mat ee hase Ses --e48 Jo 10jomIBI CT 61 LT 02 62 KG GZ ¢'6l 81 ¢ ‘61 as ¢ ‘61 61 IZ 9T 61 (33 ee ee perce eect -*aydop 4soqBeIp): 98 LL 19 GOL 08 4 99 GL OL OL 89 0L ¢9 69 §9 09 “Zurluedo [[{s Jo espe yUoI 07 Jnous Jo di], (eat O&T 0&¢ 89S 916 066 &6E O8€ 08s 00F 00F OOF COP 09F CLP ORG =| Sesser a UIUL Ul Y4SU9| [6}0,1, s}USTIOIMSeOTL raoBIeyO sn}OULDIUWIES SnuBINIET fo suautzeds OT sof ‘y26ua) 70707 ay} fo SYIpUDsnoY} Ut passaldxa ‘sjuawmainspow U0ISI0LJ—F AAV], FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 59 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 21 stations, 303 specimens, 70 to 540 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 22 specimens, 107 to 400 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 26 specimens, 118 to 363 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 227 to 365 mm. Arhno Atoll: Albatross, 1 specimen, 165 mm. Guam: 8 lots, 5 specimens, 97 to 325 mm. Description—Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are given for 16 specimens in table 4. Body cylindrical or nearly so. Greatest depth 35 to 79 in total length. Posterior nasal openings in upper lip below front of eye, and anterior nasal opening in the form of a tube on underside of snout; lower jaw included; tip of chin about halfway between front of eye and anterior nostrils; snout flat pointed as viewed from side and broadly pointed as viewed from dorsal side; eye without free border ; dorsal fin origin over, or nearly over, pectoral fin; gill openings re- stricted, extending only slightly below pectoral fin base; pectoral fin well developed; dorsal and anal fins not confluent around tip of tail, the latter projecting as a sharp point; anus near middle of total length, anal fin origin close behind anus; lateral line along middle of side of body. Eye in snout 1.2 to 2.5; pectoral in head 4.4 to 11.5; pectoral in snout 0.5 to 2.4; width of white space (over anal region) along middorsal line 0.4 to 5.9 in black bar along middorsal line; teeth as illustrated in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Body with 22 to 39 black bars alternating with white bars, width of black bar increasing with increase in length, al- though with considerable variation. Smallest specimen on which black bars could be detected 107 mm. in total length; at that size, white interspace several times width of black pigment. The first black bar counted passes through eye, usually with a blackish exten- sion in front of eye across snout; underside of head with or without black pigment; pectoral base usually under third black bar or in third white space; black bars on tail (behind anus) all may meet along the midventral line, or none may meet; in the largest specimens these black bars on tail tend to meet, whereas in specimens up to about 300 mm. total length, only the last few meet at the midventral line. Color when alive-—Black bars alternating with white spaces. E'cology.—This is the commonest of the snake eels, and it occurs wherever the loose sand or gravel in which it burrows is present. In areas composed of fine gravellike deposits, such as the shallow tidal ponds, this eel occurs in countless numbers; more than one per square foot appeared at the surface after cubé root was used (see p. xv). At night numerous individuals were attracted to a light sus- pended at the surface both in the lagoon and on the ocean side of the leeward reefs. On outgoing tidal currents this eel is swept out to sea through the channels. 60 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Remarks.—Machaerenchelys vanderbiltt Fowler and M. phoenia- ensis Schultz (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 16, 1943) are two species that were recognized by the wide black bars separated by narrow white interspaces, the latter contained 4 or 5 times in the black bars. Both these species were based largely on that character and on the vomerine teeth. Neither author had large series for comparison when the species were described. However, the extensive material from the northern Marshall Islands has made possible this needed comparison. With but a few specimens at hand one would conclude that the three species were valid, but with a few hundred individuals before us ranging in length from 107 to 540 mm. we must cast doubt on that interpretation and suggest that only one species is involved, one that shows much variability in regard to (1) color pattern, (2) vomerine teeth, (3) size of eye, (4) length of pectoral fin, and (5) number of black bars. The precision measurements in table 4 are arranged in order of decreasing total length, from which it is observed that at different lengths no significant change occurs in length of pectoral fin, greatest depth of body, diameter of eye, length of snout, tip of snout to anus; however, the head is proportionately larger in small specimens, and the pale spaces wider. On the other hand, the black bars are extremely narrow in the smallest specimens, becoming wider in the large ones, but with great variability. The vomerine teeth vary from none to three without any correlation with color pattern. This is not in agreement with Schultz (ibid.), who had but a single specimen of I/. phoeniwensis for study and found one tooth on the vomer. Both eye and pectoral fin length are variable and do not seem to agree with the number of vomerine teeth or color pattern. The number of black bars per specimen varies from 22 to 39, as follows: Bars Specimens Bars Specimens 22 1 32 6 24 4 33 4 25 7 34 6 26 15 35 3 27 22 36 2 28 28 3t 1 29 16 38 1 30 9 39 1 31 10 Family ECHELIDAE: Worm Eels By Leonarp P. Scuuttz The worm eels referred to this family form a complex group of genera and species occurring in most of the warm seas of the world. FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 61 They are difficult to identify, and some genera appear to be allied to the Ophichthidae. No less than 22 genera have been placed in the family at various times. Among these the following have been assigned to other families: Verma Jordan and Evermann, 1896, ap- pears to be related to the Ophichthidae. Bathymyrus Alcock, 1890, is referred to the Congridae by Myers and Storey, 1939, and these authors refer Stnomyrus Lin, 1933, to the Dyssomidae. Jferinthich- thys Rivero, 1934, may belong to the Moringuidae. Heteromyrus Pietschmann, 1935, redescribed in 1938 by him, probably belongs with the Muraenidae. CArinorhinus Rivero, 1932, belongs in the family, Congridae and is a synonym of Neoconger, according to Isaac Gins- burg, who examined the holotype. This leaves 16 genera. There have been few attempts to compare them. Parr (Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 3, art. 4, p. 8, 1927) clearly demonstrated the advisability of referring Ahlia to the synonymy of Myrophis. After considering the variation in the position of the origin of the dorsal fin from anywhere from over the rear of the head to a little behind the anus, and also the variability of the dentition, we have gone still farther and referred four other genera to Myrophis (see p. 68). Myers and Storey, 1939, did not fully agree with this viewpoint; instead they described a new genus, Hesperomyrus. It is my opinion that the recognition of echelid genera must be done on a world-wide basis and not on a study of local fauna. The numerous species centering around A/uraenichthys Bleeker are all without pectoral fins, and in these, too, the dorsal fin origin may be located anywhere from over the rear of the head to 144 head lengths behind the anus. Since there is much variability in the origin of the dorsal among the various species, that character, in my opinion, can- not be used generically with this group of species. The arrangement of teeth is variable, differing on the jaws and vomer from bands to a uniserial row, or they may be absent from the vomer. I believe the dentition to be an excellent specific character. I have concluded that Muraenichthys should include all those echelid eels with teeth on premaxillary, maxillary, dentary, and vomer but without pectoral fins and without the median groove under the snout, as defined in the key to genera. Myers and Wade, 1941, did not agree with this view- point; instead they recognized Garmanichthys Seale and described Leptenchelys as new, basing their generic separation largely on the pointed snout, the position of the dorsal origin, the uniserial vomerine teeth, and the short tail, all of which characters are highly variable among the known species of this group. Leptenchelys deserves gen- eric status on the basis of a median groove on the underside of the snout, not mentioned by Myers and Wade for Leptenchelys vermi- formis. This character, common to Leéiuwranus and certain other 62 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 genera of the family Ophichthidae, is found on very few species of echelid eels. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ECHELIDAE 1a. Vomerine teeth arranged in two uniserial rows widely separated except where they divide anteriorly or may meet again posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw in 2 or 3 rows anteriorly, sometimes becoming uniserial poste- riorly. 2a. Pectoral fin absent; lip at side of lower jaw folded downward; posterior nasal opening on inside of upper lip, below front of eye, without valvular flap; dorsal fin origin about 144 to 144 head length behind gill opening; snout and tip of lower jaw broadly rounded; maxillary teeth uniserial. Chilorhinus’” Liitken 2b. Pectoral fin present; lips without folds; posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of eye, with valvular flap; dorsal fin origin slightly behind gill opening; snout and tip of lower jaw bluntly rounded. Kaupichthys Schultz (p. 63) 1b. Vomerine teeth, if present, arranged along midline of roof of mouth, rep- resented as a single tooth or a uniserial row or a narrow to broad band. 3a. Pectoral fin present, sometimes represented by a tiny dermal flap near upper edge of gill opening. 4a. Vomerine teeth in a broad band, notably wider near middle of length than at ends; maxillary and dentary with teeth in a band; dorsal fin origin over tips of pectorals or nearly so; a transverse white line OU MADE LE EN Ca cee EEC NE Ree ES Oa Echelus ® Rafinesque 4b. Vomerine teeth, if present, in a narrow straight band or uniserial, never broadened near middle of length; teeth in jaws usually in 2 or 3 rows anteriorly, sometimes becoming uniserial posteriorly or uni- serial throughout their length; dorsal fin origin between a vertical line through gill opening and one through a point slightly behind EDIT SS ST I eA eS Myrophis Liitken (p. 68) 3b. Pectoral fin absent. 5a. Ventral side of snout without a median groove, and upper lip con- tinuous anteriorly, without incision. 6a. Teeth present on premaxillary, maxillary, dentary, and vomer. Muraenichthys Bleeker (p. 70) 6b. No teeth on premaxillary or on vomer, those on maxillary and on dentary minute or villiform______ Schultzidia Gosline (p. 81) 5b. Ventral side of snout with a median groove, bordered by dermal folds, upper lip incised by the groove; 2 or 3 strong, sharp-pointed, hooked premaxillary teeth occur in the groove. Leptenchelys Myers and Wade (p. 79) 7 Chilorhinus Liitken, Vid. Meddel. Naturh Féren, Kjgbenhavn, vol. 1, p. 16, 1851, 1852. (Genotype, C. swensonii Ltitken.) 8 Echelus Rafinesque, Caratteri de alcuni nouvi generi e nuove specie di animali... e pinate della Sicilia ... , 1810, p. 68. (Genotype, H. punctatus Rafinesque, designated by Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ..., vol. 4, p. 20, 1864.) Myrus Kaup, 1856, Arch. Naturg., pt. 1, p. 53, 1856. (Genotype, Muraena myrus Linnaeus=Z. punctatus Rafinesque. ) FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 63 Genus KAUPICHTHYS Schultz Kaupichthys Scuuttz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 5, i, 1948. (Genotype, Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz.) This genus resembles Chilorhinus Litken in regard to the dentition of the vomer, both having two uniserial rows widely separated, but in other characters they appear to be in different phyletic lines. Gosline (Copeia, No. 3, pp. 195-202, 1951) discusses the relation- ships of this genus with Chilorhinus. D4 Sos Wey, SV rete yTA Tees << te <$< <3f BLES KSEE Po ace ceed CSS ea) a Ree 252 edd Sdadceceecaccee. £ <= Ficure 13.—Dental patterns of certain species of Echelidae: a, Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz; b, Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker; c, M. macropterus Bleeker; d, M. schultzei Bleeker; ¢, M. laticaudata (Ogilby). (Sketches by author.) 64 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF KAUPICHTHYS 1a. Pectoral fin well developed, notably longer than diameter of eye. 2a. Anterior nasal tube whitish, area around its base whitish or same color as head; tip of snout to anus 3.4 to 3.8 in total length; eye 9.5 to 12 and interorbital space 5.8 to 7.2, both in head. Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz 2b. Basal part of anterior nasal tube black, and area around its base black; tip of snout to anus 3.2 to 3.4 in total length; eye 14 to 15, and inter- orbital space 7 to 10, both in length of head. Kaupichthys atronasus, new species 1b. Pectoral fin small, its length shorter than half diameter of eye; anterior nasal tubes or their base pale or white, not black; tip of snout to anus 3.0 to 8.2 in total length ; pectoral fin 21 to 30 times in head. Kaupichthys brachychirus, new species TABLE 5.—Precision measurements made on species of Kaupichthys from north- ern Marshall Islands, expressed in thousandths of the total length brachychirus Characters => aT diodontus ae oe Holotype} Paratypes me Total length in milimeters_--------.----- 128 115 93 138 121 82 93 Tip of snout to anus____--------------.--- 310 316 336 262 297 297 312 Tip of snout to dorsal origin-------------- 145 134 141 142 155 151 140 Tip of snout to tip of lower jJaw-_-.. ------ 5 4 Bs Fa pepe eect a) Fn ge 3 Greatest depth____..---_--------.-------- 36 41 36 53 45 40 32 Length of head_. _---.------------------- 137 130 127 133 149 149 132 Length of pectoral fin. ..----------------- 6 6 4 20 27 27 22 Length of snout_------------------------- 28 28 28 33 36 38 29 Diameter of eye_---.--------------------- 14 12 12 13 16 12 7 Tip of snout to rictus__.. --.------------- 47 47 43 49 57 54 43 Distance between dorsal and anal origins- 173 196 194 120 145 140 176 Interorbital space_._..-...--------------- 14 16 11 20 26 21 13 KAUPICHTHYS DIODONTUS Schultz Ficure 13, a; PLATE 9 Kaupichthys diodontus ScHuttTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 5, 4, 1943 (type locality, Tau and Rose Islands, Samoan group). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll; 7 stations, 15 specimens, 59 to 130 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 77 to 112 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 141 mm. Description—Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in table 5. Greatest depth 19 to 28; head 6.7 to 7.5; distance from snout to anus 8.4 to 3.8; snout to dorsal origin 6.4 to 7.6; all in total length. FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 65 Greatest depth 2.5 to 3.7; eye 9.5 to 12.0; snout 3.9 to 4.1; interorbital space 5.8 to 7.2; snout to rictus 2.6 to 2.8; pectoral 5.5 to 7.7; all in length of head. (Proportions based on 4 specimens.) Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of orbit, covered with a backward-directed valvular flap; anterior nostril tubular, at sides of tip of snout, slightly ventral in position, base of nostril just behind tip of lower jow; snout, depressed, smooth, rounded dorsally, sides somewhat straight, tip broadly rounded; eye moderately large, without free margin, its diameter much greater than distance from tip of snout to tip of chin; dorsal fin origin far forward, usually over pectoral fin base or a trifle behind it; anal fin origin just behind anus; both dorsal and anal fins rather high and confluent with caudal fin; minutely rayed caudal fin shorter than snout; anus in front of middle third of total length, distance from snout to anus about 3.4 to 3.8 in total length; gill openings in front of pectoral fin base, beginning opposite middle of pectoral base and ending at lower edge of base; pectoral fin well developed but a little shorter than length of snout; lateral line pores very minute, probably ending one or two head- lengths before tip of tail; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth conical, in a narrow band, inner row enlarged on maxil- laries, in a circular patch on premaxillary, with two central teeth enlarged; vomer with two widely spaced uniserial rows of teeth; teeth on dentary in a narrow band, with inner row enlarged; (this dental description corrects that for the original description of X. diodontus) ; rear margin of eye slightly in front of rictus; a vertical line through front border of eye nearly 24 closer to rictus than to tip of lower jaw. Color in alcohol.—Plain brownish, with distal parts of medium fins whitish; front border of eye with a short line of black pigment; pec- toral fin paler than body; anterior nasal tube whitish, area around its base whitish or same color as head. Ecology.—This eel appeared to prefer areas where the wave action is strong, since it was mostly taken on the ocean reef or in areas sub- jected to currents. We find no significant differences between the specimens from the Samoan and the Marshall Islands. KAUPICHTHYS ATRONASUS, new species Figure 14 Holoype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141260, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46- 286, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 98 mm. total length. Paratype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 141696, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, la- goon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 54 mm. 955292—53—vol. 1_—7 66 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Description.—Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in table 5. Greatest depth 27 to 31; head 7.5 to 7.7; snout tip to anus 3.2 to 3.4; snout to dorsal origin 6.6 to 7.2; all in the total length. Greatest depth 3.5 to 4.1; snout tip to tip of lower jaw 35 to 41; eye 14 to 15; snout 4.4 to 4.5; interorbital space 7 to 10; snout tip to rictus 2.5 to 3.0; length of pectoral fin 6.1 to 7.8; all in the length of head. Number of pectoral rays 10 and 11. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip, under front of orbit, with val- vular flap; anterior nostrils tubular, on front underside of snout op- posite tip of lower jaw; snout depressed, broadly rounded dorsally, tip rounded; snout and lower jaw minutely papillate; eye small, without free margin, its diameter contained about 214 times in snout; dorsal fin origin far forward over middle of length of pectorals; anal origin close Ficure 14.—Holotype of Kaupichthys atronasus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141260), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) behind anus; dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal, latter minutely rayed, short, 114 in snout; anus slightly in front of middle third of total length ; gill opening on sides, upper edge opposite middle of pec- toral fin base and reaching a little below pectoral base; pectoral fin well developed, but not quite so long as snout; lateral line pores minute, scarcely discernible; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth conical, on maxillary about three rows forward becoming two posteriorly, on dentary in a band forward becoming a narrow band posteriorly; premaxillary teeth in a patch with the two central ones enlarged; vomerine teeth in two widely separated uniserial rows, these rows closest together posteriorly and farthest apart near their middle length ; rear margin of eye about 34 to 44 eye diameter in front of rictus, anterior margin of eye notably closer to rictus than tip of lower jaw. Color in aleohol.—Dorsally speckled or mottled with small light brownish areas, a few along basal part of dorsal fin; all fins otherwise whitish; underside of head, isthmus, and ventrally nearly to anus, with brownish areas; basal part of anterior tubular nostrils black, area around their base black, tips white. FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 67 Remarks.—This worm eel is characterized by the blackish areas around the anterior nasal tubes, the basal part of which is black, where- as in diodontus and in brachychirus the basal parts are white. Named atronasus in reference to the black anterior nostrils. KAUPICHTHYS BRACHYCHIRUS, new species Figure 15 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141261, Bikini Atoll, off Amen Island, lagoon, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Kohler, Herald, and Brock, 128 mm. total length. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141263, Bikini Atoll, coral heads at eastern end of lagoon, depth 20 to 25 feet, March 26, 1946, S-46—-42, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 93 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141264, Bikini Figure 15.—Holotype of Kaupichthys brachychirus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141261) from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) Atoll, Romuk Island, ocean reef, April 1, 1946, S-46-47, Schultz, 1 specimen, 86 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141262, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, lagoon, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, taken with holotype and bearing same data, 2 specimens, 100 to 111 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141265, Eniwe- tok Atoll, Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, June 1, 1946, S-46-197, Schultz, 7 specimens, 78 to 107 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141266, Rongelap Atoll, Naen Island, lagoon reef, July 30, 1946, S-46-302, Herald, 1 specimen, 115 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141267, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Is- land, tidal pool, ocean reef, April 24, 1946, S-46-118, Brock and Marr, 4 specimens, 86 to 96 mm. Description.—Precision measurements on the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in thousands of the total length, are recorded in table 5. Greatest depth 24 to 28; head 7.3 to 7.9; snout to anus 3.0 to 3.2; snout to dorsal origin 6.9 to 7.5; all in the total length. Greatest depth 3.1 to 3.8; snout tip to tip of lower jaw when mouth is closed 29 to 37; eye 9.8 to 10.7; snout 4.5 to 4.9; interorbital space 8.3 to 11.8; snout to rictus of mouth 2.9 to 3.0; length of pectoral fin 21 to 30; all in length of head from snout tip to upper edge of gill opening. 68 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of orbit, a little on exterior side of lip, with valvular flap; anterior nostril tubular, at front on ventral side of snout near its tip, base opposite tip of lower jaw; snout depressed, rounded dorsally, tip bluntly rounded; snout and lower jaw minutely papillate; eye moderately large, without free margin, its diameter greater than distance from tip of chin to tip of snout; dorsal fin origin far forward, slightly behind gill opening and pectoral fin tips; anal origin close behind anus; dorsal and anal fins rather high, confluent with short caudal fin, latter minutely rayed scarcely as long as snout; anus in front of middle third of total length, distance from snout to anus 3.0 to 3.2 in total length; gill openings on sides, upper edges opposite lower part of base of small pectoral fin and continuing a short distance below it; pectoral fin small, distinct, its length about 4 to 6 times in snout; lateral line pores minute, scarcely discernible; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth conical in a narrow band on maxillary and dentary, with inner row a little enlarged; premaxillary teeth in a small patch with one or two enlarged ones located centrally; vomerine teeth in two uniserial rows, diverging and widely separated anteriorly but closer together posteriorly; rear margin of eye a little in front of rictus; anterior margin of eye notably closer to rictus than to tip of lower jaw. Color in alcohol.—Plain light brownish dorsally, paler ventrally ; fins whitish, except near caudal, where some blackish pigment may occur. E'cology—tThis species was taken from areas, mostly on the ocean reef or in the lagoon, where coral heads and sandy bottoms occurred and the current or wave action was strong. Remarks.—This is the third species referable to the genus Kauwpich- thys. It may be separated from X. diodontus and K. atronasus by the much shorter pectoral fins. Named brachychirus in reference to its short pectoral fin. Genus MYROPHIS Liitken Myrophis LUTKEeN, Vid. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, 1851, vol. 1, p. 1, 1852. (Genotype, Myrophis longicollis Kaup=Myrophis punctatus Kaup.) Paramyrus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 8, p. 51, 1870. (Genotype, Conger cylindroideus Ranzani, designated by Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish., vol. 16, p. 641, 1892.) Holopterua Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 16, p. 482, 1871. (Genotype, Holopterua plumbea Cope.) Ahlia JorDAN and Davis, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish., vol. 16, p. 641, 1892. (Genotype, Myrophis egmontis Jordan.) Parabathymyrus KAMoHARA, On the offshore bottom-fishes of Prov. Tosa, Shikoku, Japan, p. 14, fig. 4, 1938. (Genotype, Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus Kamohara. ) Hesperomyrus Myers and Storey, Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., vol. 1, p. 156, 1939. (Genotype, Hesperomyrus fryi Myers and Storey.) FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 69 MYROPHIS UROPTERUS (Temminck and Schlegel) Conger uropterus TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, p. 261, 1842 (type locality, Japan ).—BorsEMAN, Revision of the fishes collected by Burger and Von Siebold in Japan, p. 188, 1947 (Japan). Myrophis uropterus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 5, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1858-59 (Japan). Echelus microchir BLEEKrER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises .. ., vol. 4, p. 30, pl. 189, fig. 4, 1864 (Celebes) ; Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., p. 40, 1865. Paramyrus microchir WEBER and DE BEAvurFort, The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 278, 1916 (Celebes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, 2 miles south of Rigili Island on leeward side of reef, light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-183, Schultz, 1 specimen, 205 mm. total length; Aomon-Biijiri, light at night, Univ. Washington, August 12, 1949, 1 specimen, 71 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Pass between Eniaetok Island and Erapuotsu Islands, July 20, 1946, S-46—267, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 209 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 35 to 52; head 9.2 to 10.1; distance from snout to anus 2.6 to 2.9, to dorsal origin 7.3 to 8.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 3.5 to 5.7; snout tip to tip of lower jaw 20 to 88; eye 7.4 to 10.3; snout 4.0 to 5.4; interobital space 14 and 17; snout to rictus 2.8 to 3.5; pectoral 3.4 to 5.4; all in length of head. Proportions based on the two specimens. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of orbit, with valvular flap, anterior nasal opening tubular, on underside of snout opposite tip of lower jaw; snout smooth, rounded anteriorly, dorsal surface somewhat depressed; eye large, without free margin, its diameter more than twice distance from snout tip to tip of chin when mouth is closed ; dorsal fin origin far forward, opposite rear of pectoral fins or a trifle behind a vertical line through their tips; anal fin origin close behind anus; both dorsal and anal fins rather high and confluent with caudal fin; minutely rayed caudal fin much shorter than snout; anus a little behind first third of total length but notably in front of middle of total length; gill openings in front of pectoral fin base, upper edge of gill opening a little below middle of base, opening extending a little below pectoral fin base; pectoral fin well developed, length equal to or a little greater than that of snout; lateral line along middle of side, incomplete, ending a head length or two in front of tip of tail; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth conical, in about 3 or 4 rows forward on maxillary and on dentary, becoming biserial posteriorly, the inner row largest; premaxillary teeth in a patch, with one or two central ones a little enlarged ; vomerine teeth anteriorly a little enlarged in two rows, then uniserial pos- teriorly; rear margin of eye opposite rictus, anterior margin of eye slightly closer to tip of chin than to rictus. 70 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Light brownish dorsally, white ventrally; anal fin near caudal blackish distally for a distance about equal to a head length. Remarks.—The measurements given in table 6 on characters of cer- tain species of Myrophis of the tropical Pacific indicate that £. microchir Bleeker is synonymous with uwropterus, whereas W/. hetero- gnathus Bleeker from Japan is distinct. TaBLe 6.—Measurements made on species of Myrophis, expressed in thousandths of the total length uropterus microchir (after heterognathus Characters Bleeker, (After (after pl. 189, Bleeker, Eniwe- | Ronge- Bleeker) ! fig. 4) pl. 1, tok lap g. 3) Total length in millimeters.-_-_-_-_-___- 220 398 205 209 138 Tip of snout to anus__-___._-_.--__-______ 379 367 361 340 373 Tip of snout to dorsal origin________--.___ 136 131 130 123 207 Tip of snout to tip of lower jaw__-----_--- 3 5 4 3 i Greatest depth.._._-._.-.__-___-___-___- 24 28 26 19 60 Length of head_-_.--..--------_-_.------ 109 99 105 109 170 Length of pectoral fin_-......._-________- 20 29 20 24 47 menzthiof snouts so) ee ee ee 21 25 20 21 43 Diameter of eye.__------.-_---_--_--___- 12 13 14 11 29 Tip of snout to rictus. _-_---__--___-___- 32 35 31 31 53 Distance between dorsal and anal origins_ 243 241 234 223 152 Interorbital’space.- 2222 Seeks hie ek CREE eae 7 ip ES a8 ae ee 1 Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 5, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1858-59 (Japan). Genus MURAENICHTHYS Bleeker Muraenichthys BLeeKeEr, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 505, 1853; Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 25 (Muraenidae), pp. 52, 64, 71, 1853. (Genotype, M. gymnopterus Bleeker, designated in Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., p. 20, 1864.) Scolecenchelys Octtpy, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, pt. 2, p. 246, 1897. (Genotype, Muraenichthys australis Macleay.) Myropterura Ocitpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, pt. 2, p. 247, 1897. (Genotype, M. laticaudata Ogilby (not of Bleeker) .) Garmanichihys SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, No. 4, p. 80, 1917. (Geno- type, G. dentatus Seale.) Arenichthys Breese and TrEE-VAN, Zoologica, vol. 23, p. 301, 1938. (Genotype, A. apterus Beebe and Tee-Van.) Dr. William Gosline, University of Hawaii, suggested through cor- respondence that the genus Muraenichthys Bleeker as defined by Schultz and Woods (Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 39, pp. 169-174, 1949) should be broken up into genera or subgenera, and with that viewpoint I am in agreement, as indicated by the following key: FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ all TENTATIVE KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES CLOSELY RELATED TO MURAENICHTHYS OF THE INDO-PACIFIC 1a. Ventral side of snout with a median groove, bordered on each side by a dermal fold; premaxillary teeth occur in groove between dermal folds, which are extensions of upper lip; 2 or 8 sharp-pointed, posteriorly hooked, premaxillary teeth occur in groove (Leptenchelys). 2a. Caudal fin minute, or absent; tip of tail stiff; teeth uniserial on maxillary, dentary, and vomer. 3a. Dorsal fin scarcely discernible anteriorly, with its origin in front of gill opening, a little closer to latter than tip of snout; depth 53, snout to anus 1.7, snout to dorsal origin about 16, all in total length ; eye 20 in head; caudal fin minute. Leptenchelys vermiformis Myers and Wade 3b. Dorsal fin well developed anteriorly, its origin abovt equidistant between gill opening and tip of snout; depth 42 to 48, snout to anus 1.4, snout to dorsal origin 23 to 29, all in total length; eye 12 to 16 in head; caudal fin obsolete or absent. Leptenchelys pinnaceps, new species (p. 79) 2b. Caudal fin well developed ; dorsal origin a head length behind gill opening ; anterior nostrils tubular, elongate, their bases in front of tip of chin; rear margin of eye over rictus; snout acute; snout tip to anus 2.5, snout tip to dorsal origin 5.0 to 5.9, all in total length; eye 9 to 10 in head. Leptenchelys labialis (Seale) (p. 80) 1b. Ventral side of snout without a median groove containing 2 or 3 sharp- pointed, hooked teeth. 4a. Teeth absent or embedded on premaxillary and on vomer; dorsal origin 1.3 to 1.5 head lengths behind anus; snout tip to anus 2.4 to 2.7, snout tip to dorsal origin 1.8 to 1.9, both in total length; a narrow villiform band of teeth on maxillary (Schultzidia). 5a. A small median dermal papilla on edge of upper lip between anterior nostrils; greatest depth 45 to 54, head 10 to 10.5, both in total lene Ghee ees Schultzidia retropinnis (Fowler) (p. 81) 50. No papilla on upper lip; greatest depth 24 to 30, head 7.9 to 10.2, both in total length. Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schultz and Woods) (p. 82) 4b. Teeth present on premaxillary and on vomer (Muraenichthys). 6a. Dorsal fin origin more than one head length behind anus; teeth on vomer biserial, those on maxillary and on dentary uniserial ; posterior nasal opening on outside of upper lip near lower front of eye; greatest depth 37, head 9.9 to 10.2, snout to dorsal origin 1.4, all in total length. Muraenichthys philippinensis Schultz and Woods 6b. Dorsal fin origin less than a head length behind anus, or in advance of it. 7a. Dorsal fin origin over gill opening or a trifle in front of it; teeth in a narrow band on maxillary and on dentary, inner row largest ; vomerine teeth biserial. Muraenichthys bicollaris Myers and Wade 7b. Dorsal fin origin behind gill opening. 8a. Dorsal fin origin closer to gill opening than to anus (see also 8b, 8c, and 8d); teeth on maxillary and on dentary in a narrow band, inner row largest; vomerine teeth in 2 rows or an irregular row. 72 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 9a. Dorsal fin origin less than a snout length behind gill open- ings_.__. _Muraenichthys apterus (Beebe and Tee-Van) 9b. Dorsal fin origin about 4 or 5 snout lengths behind gill openings. Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker (p. 73) 8b. Dorsal fin origin equidistant or nearly so between gill opening and anus (see 8c). Muraenichthys thompsoni® Jordan and Richardson 8c. Dorsal fin origin closer to anus than gill opening, but notably in front of anus; tip of snout and of lower jaw bluntly rounded (see 8d). 10a. Teeth on vomer in a broad flattish patch forward, be- coming one row posteriorly; those on maxillary and on dentary in a band. 11a. Dorsal fin origin ¥% to % head length in front of anus. Muraenichthys hattae Jordan and Snyder 116. Dorsal fin origin 24 to 44 head length before anus. Muraenichthys gymnopterus * Bleeker 106. Teeth on vomer in one or two rows; teeth on maxillary and on dentary uniserial or biserial. 12a. Dorsal fin origin 2% to 44 head length in front of annus_______ Muraenichthys godeffroyi™ Regan 126. Dorsal origin from % to % head length in front of anus. 18a. Vomerine teeth biserial. Muraenichthys sibogae Weber and de Beaufort (p. 74) 13b. Vomerine teeth uniserial. Muraenichthys cookei Fowler 8d. Dorsal fin origin over anus or nearly so to less than a head length behind anus. 14a. Rear margin of eye notably in advance of rictus of mouth. 15a. Teeth on maxillary and on dentary uniserial, those on vomer in 1 or 2 rows; snout acute. 16a. Dorsal origin % head length behind anus; greatest depth 40 to 45 in total length. Muraenichthys tasmaniensis McCulloch 16b. Dorsal fin origin about 144 head length be- hind anus. Muraenichthys iredalei Whitley 16c. Dorsal fin origin over anus or anal origin or nearly so. 17a. Greatest depth 27 to 30 in total length. Muraenichthys macrostomus Bleeker ® Probable synonym: Muraenichthys malabonensis Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 23, p. 157, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1923 (Philippine Islands). 20?Synonym: Muraenichthys microstomus Bleeker, Atlas ichthylologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises . .. , p. 32, pl. 150, fig. 2, 1864 (Celebes Sea). 1 Synonym: Muraenichthys elerae Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, pp. 277-8, fig. 38, 1934 (holotype, U. 8. N. M. No. 92348). FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 73 17b. Greatest depth 40 to 50 in total length. Muraenichthys australis * Macleay 15d. Teeth on maxillary and on dentary in at least two rows or in a narrow to wide band, sometimes becoming one row posteriorly; dorsal origin from nearly over anus to 4% head length behind anus. 18a. Snout bluntly rounded; bases of an- terior nostrils opposite or a little be- hind tip of chin; teeth in bands on maxillary, dentary, and vomer. Muraenichthys schultzei Bleeker (p. 75) 18b. Snout acute. 19a. Rear margin of eye only slightly in advance of rictus of mouth; tip of snout to rictus about 3.7 to 43 in head; eye diameter about equal to distance from tip of chin to tip of snout; anterior margin of eye about equidistant between rictus and tip of chin; snout moderately pointed. Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker (p. 76) 19d. Rear margin of eye notably in ad- vance of rictus; tip of snout to rictus about 3 in head; eye a little in front of middle of cleft of mouth; snout much pointed. Muraenichthys acutirostris Weber and de Beaufort 146. Rear margin of eye over rictus of mouth; dorsal fin origin from slightly in front of anus to % head length behind anus; snout bluntly rounded ; greatest depth about 24 to 34 in total length; anterior nostrils opposite tip of chin; eye 13 to 16 in head. Muraenichthys laticaudata (Ogilby) (p. 77) MURAENICHTHYS MACROPTERUS Bleeker Ficure 13, ¢ Muraenichthys macropterus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 2, p. 91, 1857 (type locality, Amboina). Muraenichthys breviceps GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 401, 1876 (type locality, Tasmania). Muraenichthys owstoni Jonpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 862, fig. 11, 1901 (type locality, Yaeyama Island, Ishigaki group, Japan). Echidna uniformis SEAL“, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 62, 1901 (type locality, Guam). 122 Probable synonym: Muraenichthys olivert Waite, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 42, p. 374, 1910. 74 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, pondlike tidal pool, March 20, 1946, S-46-10, Schultz, 4 specimens, 116 to 193 mm. (In addition we have compared these specimens with two lots from Okinawa and with a paratype of H. uniformis Seale, U.S.N.M. No. 109383.) Description —Greatest depth 36 to 53; head 9.4 to 9.9; snout to anus 2.6 to 2.7; snout to dorsal origin 5.1 to 5.2; all in the total length. Greatest depth 3.8 to 4.5; snout tip to tip of chin 23 to 26; eye 11 to 13; snout 5.8 to 6.2; interorbital space 16 to 19; snout to rictus 3.8 to 3.9; all in the length of head. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip, with valvular flap, under front of orbit; anterior nostrils tubular, their bases opposite tip of chin; no groove under tip of snout; eye moderately large, without free margin; dorsal fin origin not quite a head length behind gill openings; anal fin origin close behind anus; both dorsal and anal fins confluent with the small, minutely rayed caudal fin; anus a little behind the anterior third of the total length; gill opening a rounded pore on sides; no pectoral fins; lateral line along middle of side, incomplete, ending a head length or two in front of tip of tail; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth short, conical in a narrow band on maxillary and dentary, in two rows or an irregular row on vomer, in a patch on pre- maxillary; rear margin of eye over rictus, anterior margin of eye a little closer to rictus than to tip of chin; snout and lower jaw bluntly or broadly rounded. Color in alcohol.—Plain whitish below, with darkish pigment dorsally. MURAENICHTHYS SIBOGAE Weber and de Beaufort Muraenichthys sibogae WEBER and DE BEAUFORT, The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 276, 1916 (type locality, south coast of Timor at Obi Major). SPECIMEN STUDIED Seale (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, No. 4, p. 79, 1917) described Mauraenichthys labialis from Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands. He states, “A detailed description of the largest of these [two] specimens M.C.Z. 29500 (A), the type of UM. labialis, is as follows:—”’ That leaves the shorter specimen, M.C.Z. 29500 (B), unmentioned and undescribed. My examination of both these speci- mens reveals that the shorter one, 74 mm. in total length, belongs to a different genus and species than the holotype of Leptenchelys labialis (Seale). I identify it as M. sibogae. Description —Greatest depth 53, head 8.7, snout to anus 2.7, snout to dorsal origin 3.1, all in total length. Greatest depth 6.1, snout tip to tip of chin 34, eye 28, snout 5.6, interorbital space 1.16, snout tip to rictus 4.0, all in length of head. Posterior nasal opening under front of orbit in upper lip; anterior nostrils tubular, their bases opposite tip of chin; no groove under tip FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 75 of snout; dorsal fin origin between 14 and 14 head length in front of a vertical line through anus; anal fin origin close behind anus, both dorsal and anal fins confluent with the small, minutely rayed caudal fin; gill opening a rounded pore a trifle below middle of side; teeth short, conical, in a biserial row on vomer, uniserial on maxillary, a few teeth on premaxillary; rear margin of eye a little in front of rictus; anterior margin of eye a little closer to rictus than to tip of chin. Color in alcohol.—Uniform brownish. MURAENICHTHYS SCHULTZEI Bleeker Ficuge 13, d Muraenichthys schultzei BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 13, p. 366, 1857 (type locality, south Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 9 specimens, 47 to 109 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 58 to 143 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 8 specimens, 86 to 97 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 85 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 27 to 42; head 8.0 to 8.9; distance from snout tip to anus 2.3 to 2.4; snout to dorsal origin 2.0 to 2.1; all in total length. Greatest depth 3.3 to 5.1; snout tip to tip of lower jaw 25 to 38; eye 15 to 25; snout 6.1 to 7.5; interorbital space 10.6 to 12.3; snout to rictus 3.3 to 3.8; all in length of the head. Propor- tions based on 4 specimens. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip just in front of orbit, with valvular flap; anterior nostril short, tubular, base located opposite, or a little behind, tip of lower jaw; eye small, without free margin; dorsal fin origin behind a vertical line through anus by distance not exceeding a head length (usually about % to 44) ; anal fin origin close behind anus; both dorsal and anal fins confluent with short caudal fin, latter bluntly rounded; anus a little in front of middle of total length; gill openings restricted to a pore on middle of lower sides; no pectoral fin; lateral line along upper side anteriorly, incomplete, ending a short distance in front of anus or over it; lips without cirri, without folds extending on underside of snout; tongue adnate to floor of mouth ; teeth short, conical, in a narrow band on maxillary and dentary, with inner row largest, in two rows on vomer, in a rounded patch on premaxillary; rear margin of eye notably in advance of rictus of mouth, anterior margin about equidistant between tip of low- er jaw and rictus; snout broadly rounded, projecting only a little in front of broadly rounded tip of lower jaw; none of premaxillary teeth exposed. 76 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Plain whitish, except back above lateral line and thence posteriorly, finely speckled with black pigment cells, these covering tail posteriorly. Ecology.—This sand-inhabiting species was attracted to a light at night. Remarks.—M. schultzei is a more robust species than others of this genus. It is characterized by the location of the eye farther for- ward in reference to the rictus and by the broadly rounded snout and lower jaw. The larger specimens are females with numerous nearly mature eggs. MURAENICHTHYS GYMNOTUS | Bleeker FicureE 13, b; PLATE 10 Muraenichthys gymnotus BureeKer, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ..., vol. 4, p. 33, pl. 150, fig. 3, 1864 (type locality, Am- boina). Muraenichthys aoki JonpAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 863, fig. 18, 1901 (type locality, Misaki, Japan). Sphagebranchus huysmani Max WeseERr, Siboga-expeditie, vol. 57, p. 48, fig. 10, 1913 (type locality, Molo-Strasse). Muraenichthys fowleri ScHuttz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 51, pl. 7, fig. 5,e, 1943 (type locality, Tau and Tutuila Islands, Samoan group). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 14 stations, 21 specimens, 57 to 142 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 15 specimens, 60 to 124 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 12 specimens, 57 to 119 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 9 specimens, 44 to 113 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 30 to 50; head 9.3 to 10.9; distance from snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4; snout to dorsal origin 1.7 to 2.4; all in total length. Greatest depth 4.0 to 5.2; snout tip to tip of lower jaw (when closed) 15 to 20; eye 16 to 28; snout 5.6 to 5.8; interorbital space 14 to 16; snout to rictus 3.7 to 4.3; all in length of the head to upper edge of gill opening. Proportions based on 5 specimens, 81 to 122 mm. in total length. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip, under front of orbit, covered with a valvular flap directed posteriorly; anterior nostril tubular, on underside of snout, base a little behind tip of lower jaw; snout tip smooth, bluntly pointed, without lobes or folds of skin; eye small, with- out free margin, its diameter about equal to distance from snout tip to tip of lower jaw; dorsal fin origin less than 1% head length behind a vertical line through anus (rarely, a little in front of that line) ; anal fin origin just behind anus; both dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin; caudal fin very short, with minute rays similar to those in dorsal and anal fins; anus slightly in front of middle of total length; FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ U7 gill opening a rounded pore restricted to middle of lower side; no pectoral fins, only a trace at rear rim of gill opening where fin is ex- pected; lateral line along sides, ending about 1% to % the distance from anus to tail tip; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth short, conical, in two rows anteriorly on maxillary, be- coming uniserial posteriorly, inner row largest; premaxillary teeth in an inverted U-shaped arrangement; those on vomer uniserial, on dentary a few biserial near tip (inner row largest), then uniserial posteriorly; rear margin of eye in front of rear corner (rictus) of mouth; vertical line through anterior border of eye passes about equi- distant between tip of lower jaw and rictus. Color in alcohol.—Plain pale or whitish. Color when alive-—Translucent to whitish. Ecology.—This eel was obtained in areas where there was loose sand or fine gravel. Remarks.—The 57-mm. specimen was just metamorphosing from the leptocephalus stage, and is referred to this species with some doubt. Some of the larger specimens are females containing eggs that may be approaching maturity. This eel is characterized by its relatively sharp-pointed snout, viewed laterally. MURAENICHTHYS LATICAUDATA (Ogilby) Ficure 13, e; PLATE 8, A, B Myropterura laticaudata OcitBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 247, 1897 (type locality, Fiji). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 33 specimens, 16 to 269 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 7 specimens, 96 to 184 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 6 specimens, 50 to 254 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 14 specimens, 50 to 224 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 178 to 260 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 24 to 34; head 8.9 to 10.2; distance from snout to anus 2.2 to 2.4, to dorsal origin 2.0 to 2.5; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.5 to 3.6; snout tip to tip of lower jaw (closed) 19 to 82; eye 13 to 16; snout 5.0 to 5.6; interorbital space 7.9 to 10.7; snout to rictus 3.9 to 4.7; gill opening 11.3 to 28; all in length of head. Proportions based on precision measurements made on 5 specimens from 97 to 253 mm. in total length. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under front of orbit, covered with a valvular flap, directed posteriorly, anterior nostrils tubular on underside of snout opposite tip of lower jaw; snout tip smooth, bluntly rounded, without lobes or folds of skin; eye small, without free mar- gin, its diameter greater than distance from tip of lower jaw to tip of 78 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 snout; dorsal fin origin near a vertical line through anus, less than 14 head length behind, or just in front of, a vertical line through anus; anal fin origin just behind anus, both dorsal and anal confluent with caudal fins; caudal fin very short, bluntly rounded; anus slightly in front of middle of total length; gill opening a rounded pore, restricted to middle of lower side; no pectoral fin, only a low dermal rim along gill opening where fin is expected; lateral line along uppersides an- teriorly, thence along middle of side, ending about halfway from anus to tail tip; lips without cirri or folds; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth small, conical, in two rows on maxillary, in one row, sometimes irregular, on vomer, uniserial on dentary, except a few extra ones near tip of jaw; teeth on premaxillary in an irregular ring, sometimes around a slightly enlarged centrally located tooth; rear margin of eye over corner (rictus) of mouth, anterior border of eye notably 3 closer to rictus than tip of lower jaw. Color in alcohol.—Whitish, sometimes light brownish or grayish dorsally. Color when alive—Dorsal surface of head pale purplish red, back pale yellowish orange, ventral side pale yellowish. Ecology—This eel appeared over loose-sand and _ loose-gravel bottoms. Remarks.—Only two specimens were observed that had the dorsal origin slightly in front of the anus; nearly all the larger female speci- mens contained well-developed eggs. TABLE 7.—Precision measurements made on certain genera and species of echelid eels, recorded in thousandths of the total length A Lepten- Schultzidia retro- | Muraenich- | ccnvitzidia johnston- | chelys | Leptenchelys inni ensis pinnis eee ‘ alll pinnaceps Characters i Marshall Islands | Philippines | J92"Ston [iin Costa lp ikini ee . - - - - | Para- | Holo- | Holo- | Para- toe Se ens tone ‘type ope ie type | type | type | type Total length in mm_----} 114 {111 107 |105 119 92 145 81 122 116 97 174 Snout to anus_--------- 368 |378 |420 |382 520 533 390 365 369 586 722 700 Snout to dorsal origin--] 544 |558 |560 |518 739 | 696 569 | 558] 549 56 45 34 Snout tip to tip of chin AN eA 8G Wee) 2 2 8 11 8 8 13 11 Greatest depth _------- 22 | 19 | 19 | 19 27 27 39 42 33 19 24 21 Tip of snout to front edge of gill opening--| 100 |105 |107 |100 98 101 117 126 100 87 97 74 Length of snout_------- 18 | 18 | 19 | 17 13 13 23 28 19 11 16 12 Diameter of eye-__------ 6] 5 Ml 4 4 10 10 7 4 8 5 Snout to rictus________- 32 | 27 | 28 | 27 27 26 32 38 30 24 34 24 Anal origin to dorsal or- igin between verticals_ 158 }153 |127 {128 183 163 169 170 140 630 680 655 Interorbital space______ 9/ 8|10] 9 10 10 14 13 10 8 9 9 FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 79 Genus LEPTENCHELYS Myers and Wade Leptenchelys Myers and Wanpkr, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., Univ. Southern California, vol. 9, No. 4, p. 72, 1941. (Genotype, L. vermiformis Myers and Wade.) LEPTENCHELYS PINNACEPS, new species FIGURE 16 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141691, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, ocean reef, April 1, 1946, S-46-47, Schultz, 97 mm. total length. Paratype.—Eniwetok Atoll, Rigili Island, August 10, 1949, Welan- der, 1 specimen, 174mm. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype, and these data are recorded in table 7 in thousandths of the total length. Greatest depth 42 and 48; head 10.3 and 13.6; snout to anus 1.4 and 1.4; snout to dorsal origin 23 and 29; all in the total length. Greatest depth 4.1 and 3.6; snout tip to chin tip 6.7 and 7.2; eye 16 and 12; snout 6.3 and 6.4; interorbital space 8.5 and 10.5; snout tip to rictus 2.9 and 3.1; all in length of head. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip under eye; anterior nostrils tubular, their bases a little in front of tip of chin; a distinct median Ficure 16.—Holotype of Leptenchelys pinnaceps, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141691), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) groove on underside of snout extending nearly to tip of snout; eye moderately large, without free margin; dorsal fin origin on head, closer to tip of snout than to gill opening; anal fin origin close behind anus; dorsal and anal fins well developed forward, but so rudimentary posteriorly that the presence of a caudal fin is doubtful, although a very short membrane appears to be present; anus behind middle of total length; gill opening a slit or pore on lower sides; no pectoral fins; lateral line along side, not quite reaching tip of tail; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; two premaxillary teeth in groove under snout, strongly hooked backward nearly at right angles, teeth on vomer probably lacking, those on dentary and maxillary probably present; anterior margin of eye much closer to tip of chin (nearly above it) than to rictus; snout moderately acute. Color in alcohol.—Plain and pale except for traces of 11 faintly pigmented spots along ventral side of body. In adults these may develop into blackish vertical bars, 80 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Remarks.—This new species is characterized by the location of the dorsal fin origin over the middle of the head, and the median groove or slit on the underside of the snout. The key (p. 71) will aid in distinguishing it from all related species. Named pinnaceps in reference to the location of the dorsal fin origin on the head. LEPTENCHELYS LABIALIS (Seale) Muraenichthys labialis SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, No. 4, p. 79, 1917 (type locality, Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands). Muraenichthys macropterus (non Bleeker) EvVERMANN and GoLpsBoroUGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, No. 7, p. 245, 1911 (Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 15 specimens, 68 to 193 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 98 to 201 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 174 mm. Arnho Atoll: M. C. Z. No. 29500 (holotype) also examined. Description —Greatest depth 31 to 53; head 10 to 12; distance from snout tip to anus 2.5, to dorsal origin 5.0 to 5.9; all in the total length. Greatest depth 2.7 to 4.5; tip of snout to tip of lower jaw (when closed) 9.2 to 10.1; eye 9.1 to 10.0; snout 4.6 to 5.3; interorbital space 22 to 32; snout to rictus 3.3 to 4.1; all in length of head. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip, under front of orbit, covered with valvular flap; anterior nasal opening on underside of snout, tu- bular, very long (about twice in snout and as long as diameter of pupil), base about equidistant between tip of snout and tip of lower jaw, or closer to latter; a groove separates a pair of dermal folds op- posite premaxillary teeth, inner edges of folds free, groove continuing nearly to tip of snout; eye large, without free margin; origin of dorsal fin nearly a head length behind head, of anal fin just behind anus, both confluent with caudal fin; caudal fin very short, bluntly rounded; anus in front of middle of total length; gill opening a rounded pore re- stricted to middle of lower side; no pectoral fin; lateral line along upper side anteriorly, thence, beginning about over anus, along middle of side, incomplete, ending a head length or two in front of tail tip; lips without cirri, but continuing as a pair of folds under projecting snout ; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth short, conical, in a single row on dentary and on maxillary, in an irregular row or two rows on vomer, in an inverted V-shape on premaxillary; rear margin of eye over rictus, or corner of mouth, anterior border of eye about equi- distant between rictus and tip of lower jaw; snout notably projecting in front of tip of lower jaw so that most of the premaxillary teeth are exposed ; snout somewhat pointed. Color in alcohol.—Plain whitish. Ecology.—This eel appeared over loose sandy areas. EEO Ee LD FAMILY ECHELIDAE—SCHULTZ 81 Remarks.—This species is easily distinguished from the other echelid eels by the long tubular anterior nostrils, the long, projecting, pointed snout, and the location of the origin of the dorsal fin a trifle less than a head length behind the head. Genus SCHULTZIDIA Gosline Schultzidia Gositine, Pacific Science, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 309, 1951. (Genotype, Muraenichthys johnstonensis Schultz and Woods.) SCHULTZIDIA RETROPINNIS (Fowler) Muraenichthys retropinnis Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1933, vol. 85, p. 277, fig. 37, 1984 (type locality, Taratara Island, Philippines; holotype, U.S. N. M. No. 92355). Muraenichthys malaita SEAE, Proce. California Acad. Sci., vol. 21, p. 341, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1935 (type locality, Malaita Island, Solomon group). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, light at night, April 25, 1946, S-46- 114, Schultz, 2 specimens, 105 and 111 mm. Rongerik Atoll: Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 107 mm. Description.—Measurements based on Marshall Island specimens and holotype of species. Greatest depth 45 to 54; head 10 to 10.5; snout to anus 2.4 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.8 to 1.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 4.5 to 5.2; snout tip to tip of chin 13 to 155 eye 15 to 21; snout 5.2 to 5.7; interorbital space 9.5 to 11.8; snout to rictus 3.3 to 3.7; all in length of head. Precision measurements, expressed in thou- sandths of the total length, are given in table 7. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip below front of eye, with valvu- lar flap; anterior nostrils tubular, on underside of snout in front of tip of lower jaw; at edge of lip between them a short papilla; snout pointed; interorbital space strongly convex; eye small, without free margin, diameter equal to, or a little shorter than, distance from tip of snout to tip of chin; dorsal fin origin from 114 to 1% head lengths behind anus; anal fin origin close behind anus; dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal; caudal fin very short, bluntly rounded; anus a little behind first third of total length; gill opening a rounded pore, restricted to middle of lower side; no pectoral fin; lateral line along middle of side, incomplete, ending a little in front of dorsal origin; lips without cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth villiform, in a single row anteriorly on maxillary, becoming a band posteriorly, in a villiform band on dentary, if present on premaxillary, embedded, not present on vomer; rear margin of eye notably in advance of rictus; anterior margin of eye equidistant between tip of chin and rictus. Color in alcohol.—Dorsal half of body speckled with blackish pig- ment, ventrally white. 955292—53—vol. 18 82 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Remarks.—The dentition of this species, especially the lack of pre- maxillary and vomerine teeth, distinguishes it from others of the region and, perhaps, of the entire tropical Pacific. SCHULTZIDIA JOHNSTONENSIS (Schultz and Woods) FIGURE 17 Muraenichthys johnstonensis ScHULTz and Woops, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 39, p. 172, fig. 1, 1949 (type locality, Johnston Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141268, Johnston Island, northern reef, August 28-29, 1947, Schultz, 145 mm. total length. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141269, taken with holotype and bearing same data, total length 81 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141692, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 122 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 24 to 30; head 7.9 to 10.2; snout to anus 2.6 to 2.7, to dorsal fin origin 1.76 to 1.8; all in total length. Greatest depth 3.0; tip of snout to tip of chin 11 to 15; eye 11 to 13, Figure 17.—Holotype of Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schultz and Woods) (U.S.N.M. No. 141268), from Johnston Island. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) snout 4.4 to 5.2; interorbital space 8.5 to 10; snout to rictus 3.3 to 3.7; all in length of head. Precision measurements, expressed in thou- sandths of the total length, are given in table 7. Posterior nasal opening in upper lip below front of eye, with valvu- lar flap; anterior nostrils tubular, their bases opposite tip of chin, no papilla between them on lip as in retropinnis,; no groove on underside of snout between nostrils; eye small, without free margin; dorsal fin origin about 1.3 to 1.5 head lengths behind anus; anal origin close be- hind anus; both dorsal and anal fins confluent with small, minutely rayed caudal fin; anus a little behind front third of total length; gill opening a small pore on lower side; no pectoral fin; lateral line near middle of sides incomplete, ending a little in front of anus; lips with- out cirri; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; teeth on maxillary almost villiform, in one or two rows or a narrow band, broadening posteriorly opposite eye; those on dentary similar and in a band; no teeth on vomer; teeth either lacking on premaxillary or embedded; rear margin of eye over rictus or slightly behind it; front margin of eye closer to rictus than to tip of chin; snout bluntly rounded. FAMILY CONGRIDAE—SCHULTZ 83 Color in aleohol.—Sides and back finely peppered with brown pig- ment; ventral side white; area below and behind eye white. Remarks.—This species is closely related to S. retropinnis (Fowler) in its peculiar dentition, especially the long band of maxillary teeth that broadens opposite the orbit, and the complete lack of teeth on the vomer. It differs in having a robust body of a compressed shape, whereas retropinnis is more tubular. Family CONGRIDAE: Conger Eels By Lronarp P. ScHuLtTz This family is characterized by the location of the posterior nostril in front of, and slightly below the dorsal edge of the eye, by lips with free edges that fold upward along the side of the upper jaw and down- ward along the side of lower jaw but do not meet near symphyses; by the tubular anterior nostril; by the anus notably in front of the middle of the total length; by the well-developed median fins, confluent with the caudal fin, by the location of the dorsal fin origin over the pectoral fin, the latter being well developed; by the naked skin; and by gill openings that are restricted to the lower sides in front of the pectoral fins. Genus CONGER Schaeffer Conger SCHAEFFER, Epistola ad Regio-Borussican Societatem litterariam Duis- burgensem, de studii ichthyologici faciliori ac tutiroi methodo ..., p. 20, 1760. (Genotype, Muraena conger Linnaeus.) CONGER NOORDZIEKI Bleeker Fieure 18 Conger noordziekii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 2, p. 86, 1857; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ..., vol. 4, p. 26, pl. 167, fig. 2, 1862 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 22 specimens, 20 to 890 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 7 specimens, 56 to 222 mm. HBniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 168 to 598 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 368 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 312 to 323 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 15 specimens, 67 to 865 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 17 to 22; head 7.3 to 8.0; snout tip to anus 38.0 to 3.1; snout to dorsal origin 6.7 to 7.1; length of pectoral 26 to 29; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 2.8; pectoral 2.9 to 3.6; eye 5.6 to 7.6; snout 3.9 to 4.3; interorbital space 6.7 to 9.7; tip of snout to rictus 2.7 to 2.9; length of gill opening 6.6 to 8.5, all in length of head. 84 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Posterior nasal opening without raised rim, a pore just in front of eye and slightly below upper level of eye; anterior nasal openings tubular, on snout at each side of tip and in line with upper lip; tip of snout with a median lobe or fold and one on each side, all between the tubular nostrils; dorsal surface of snout convex, smooth; eye large, without free margin; dorsal fin origin a little behind a verti- cal line through rear of pectoral base, anal fin origin immediately behind anus; dorsal and anal continu- ing as rayed fins to caudal, with which they are confluent; caudal fin rayed, ending in a blunt or rounded point, its length about equal to diameter of eye; anus notably in front of middle of length, distance from snout tip to anus about 8 in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus a little longer than snout; dorsal edge of gill opening opposite middle of pectoral fin base, opening continuing below lower edge of pectoral ee OE ES base for a distance about 34 width of latter; pec- pattern of Conger toral fin large, longer than snout, with about 17 nordzieki Bleeher or 18 rays; lateral line above level of pectoral base (Sketch by author.) in anterior third of length, then along middle of sides posteriorly, the canal not quite reaching to caudal fin base; lips thick, without cirri, characteristically folded upward on upper jaw and downward on lower jaw except at tip of jaws; these folds do not meet; teeth short, conical, in a single row on dentary, except in a patch at symphysis, premaxillary teeth in a small patch, those on vomer in a wedge-shaped patch, maxillary teeth in a single row, all teeth arranged as in figure 18; tongue free. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish dorsally, white ventrally ; a dark streak under orbit opposite edge of upper lip; pectoral fins white in young and half grown, and sometimes with a black blotch or spot dis- tally in pectoral fin, this black spot highly variable, sometimes very small, occasionally present on one side and absent on the other; dorsal and anal fins margined with a black band continuous around the caudal fin; this black band may be lacking anteriorly on young and half grown; on specimens between 59 and 125 mm. in total length the major part of the median fins are blackish posteriorly, the dark color just beginning to appear on the 59-mm. specimen. In some specimens the upper sides show traces of more or less distinct broad vertical bands. FAMILY CONGRIDAE—SCHULTZ 85 Color when alive.—Under sides and anal fin light yellowish; snout pinkish. E’cology.—This eel was seen commonly on the shallow parts of the reef at low tide, hiding in crevices, from which it was driven by the poison (see p. xv). At night it would come out and frequently it was seen in a few inches of water along the shore. Remarks.—This species was identified by Robert H. Kanazawa, who is revising the genus. Genus ARICSOCMA Swainson Ariosoma Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes .. ., vol. 1, p. 220, 1888; vol. 2, p. 196, 1889. (Genotype, Ophisoma acuta Swainson= Muraena balearica De la Roche, as restricted by Bleeker, replacing Con- germuraena Kaup and Congrellus Ogilby.) ARIOSOMA OBUD Herre Ariosoma obud HERRE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 23, p. 144, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1923 (type locality, Marinduque Island, P. I.). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: Tufa Island, depth 28 feet, July 28, 1946, S-46-300, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 83 mm. Rongelap Island, lagoon, depth 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46-286, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 129 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 18 to 25; head 5.9 to 6.4; snout tip to anus 2.3 to 2.5; snout to dorsal origin 5.9 and 6.0; and length of pec- toral 17 to 21; allin the totallength. Greatest depth 3.1 to 3.9; pectoral 2.7 to 3.8; eye 3.8 to 4.4; snout 4.1 to 5.0; interorbital space 21 and 22; tip of snout to rictus 3.7 to 4.0; length of gill opening 10.5 and 16; all in length of head. Posterior nostril without raised rim, a pore in front of eye on level of lower side of pupil and a pore above nostril on level of middle of pupil; anterior nostrils on each side of tip of snout and at front edge of folded part of upper lip; snout without lobes, rounded, dorsal sur- face convex; eye large, about equal to snout; dorsal fin origin over base of pectoral fin and anal origin close behind anus, both confluent with short caudal fin; length of caudal fin about equal to pupil; gill open- ings restricted to lower sides in front of base of pectoral fin, attached opposite fifth or sixth ray from dorsal edge, openings extending below base of pectoral; pectoral fin longer than snout, with 11 to 12 rays; lateral line above level of pectoral base, then near middle of side at mid- length, incomplete, ending about one-third head length in front of tail tip; upper lip folded upward on sides of mouth and lower lip folded downward, neither continuous around front of jaws; teeth minute, in narrow bands on vomer, maxillary, and dentary, in a patch on pre- maxillary; tip of tongue free, very short and thin. Color in alcohol.—Plain and pale or white, without pigmentation. 86 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Family MORINGUIDAE: Worm Eels By Lronarp P. ScHutitz This family is characterized by slender, cylindrical, elongate eels with the anus far behind middle of length of body, or about two-thirds the way back from tip of snout to tip of tail; dorsal and anal fins mem- branous, sometimes rayed, their origins a short distance behind a vertical line through anus; these fins confluent with the short but rayed caudal fin; posterior nostril just in front of eye, with a slightly raised rim, anterior nostril tubular, at front side of snout; teeth uni- serial on jaws, in one or two rows on vomer. Two eels referred to this family when described appear to belong elsewhere. B. L. Chaudhuri (Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 255, pl. 9, figs. 3-8b, 1918) described Moringua hodgarti from “a shallow stream in Upper Rotung,” India. It is our opinion that the species isa synbranchid eel. V. Franz (Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, IV Suppl., vol. 1 (Abh.), p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 11, 1910) described Oryptophthalmus robustus as a new genus and species from Japan. It is referred to the synbranchid eels. Genus MORINGUA Gray Moringua Gray, The illustrations of Indian zoology ... Hardwicke, vol. 1, pt. 5, pl. 95, January 1831; Zool. Misc., pt. 1, p. 9, February 1831. (Genotype designated by Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 114 (2), 1865, Moringua raitaborua Cantor=Muraena raitaborua Hamilton=Buchanan.) Rataboura Gray, Zool. Misc., pt. 1, p. 9, February 1831. In order better to compare various species of Moringua, detailed measurements are recorded in table 8. TENTATIVE KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MORINGUA OF THE TROPICAL INDO-PACIFIC 1a. Lower jaw slightly longer or notably longer than upper, projecting beyond tip of snout. 2a. Dorsal and anal fins vestigial, their origins opposite or nearly so, and represented anteriorly by a shallow groove, in which may occur a non- rayed membrane that does not extend notably above the sides of the groove; this membrane may disappear and then reappear just in front of caudal fin, with which it is confluent; caudal fin with rounded pos- terior edge, never truncate. 3a. Pectoral fin minute or vestigial, 52 to 152 times in head. 4a. Greatest depth 50 to 63, head 10 to 16, both in total length; eye 34 to 51, pectoral 52 to 108, in head______ Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker) 4b. Greatest depth 70 to 100, head 14 to 20, in total length; eye 38 to 68, pectoral 68 to 152, in head___________ Moringua javanica (Kaup) 3b. Pectoral fin 10 to 44 in head (see 2b). 2b. 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 with which dorsal and anal fins are confluent ; caudal fin usually rounded ; greatest depth 36 to 57, head 9 to 15, in total length ; pectoral fin 18 to 44, and eye 20 to 38, in head__--_____ Moringua macrocephala (Bleeker) 2c. Dorsal and anal fins with rayed portion a short distance behind a vertical line through anus, then these fins may disappear for a short distance, or be represented by low-rayed or nonrayed membranes, reappearing again as a rayed membrane just in front of caudal fin, with which dorsal and anal fins are confluent; caudal fin truncate or spatulate in shape. 5a. Dorsal and anal fins beginning opposite each other; back dusky to blackish, ventrally white, caudal blackish, sometimes with outer edges and posterior tips white; eye 9 to 18. 6a. Depth 34 to 45, head 8 to 18, in total length, pectoral 3 to 6, in head; anal origin % to 1 head length behind anus. Moringua macrochir Bleeker 6b. Depth 43 to 63, head 12 to 15, in total length; pectoral 4.6 to 8, in head ; anal origin 24 to 1% head lengths behind anus. Moringua bicolor Kaup 5b. Dorsal fin origin from % to 1 head length behind a vertical line through anal fin origin. 7a. Dorsal and anal fins continuous as a rayed membrane to caudal fin. 8a. Pectoral fin very small, 1.7 to 2.0 in snout and 10 to 15 times in head; greatest depth 46 to 52, head 11 to 18, in total length ; teeth as in figure 19, a- Moringua microchir Bleeker 8b. Pectoral fin large, 4 or 5 times in head; greatest depth 24 to 30, head 7.8 to 10, in total length. Moringua floresiana Weber and de Beaufort 7b. Dorsal fin at greatest development continuous to caudal fin as a nonrayed membrane or vestigal; pectoral fin larger, equal to, or longer than snout, and from 4 to 9 times in head; head 8 to 13 in total length. 9a. Greatest depth 45 to 51 in total length. 10a. Eye 8 in head; lower jaw at middle of sides under orbit included in preorbital; vomerine teeth uniserial. Moringua oculata (Fowler) 100. Hye 18 to 19 in head; vomerine teeth arranged in an irregular or double row___._ Moringua cagayana Seale 9b. Greatest depth 34 or 35 in total length ; eye 27 times in head. Moringua robusta Herre 1b. Lower jaw not projecting beyond tip of snout, or equal to, or shorter than, snout. 1la. Pectoral fin present, with about 9 to 18 rays and visible under magni- fication; lower jaw about equal to upper, sometimes a trifle shorter, or a trifle longer, than upper jaw. Snout to anus 1.5 to 1.6; head 8 to 10; depth 26 to 40; all in total length. 12a. Pectoral fin 4.7 to 7.4 times in head; gill opening extends dorsally in front of pectoral base to a little above its middle or opposite base of 4 to 6 pectoral rays counting from dorsal edge; base of pectoral fin equals width of gill opening; eye 18 to 30 in head; anus to anal origin 26 to 74 in total length. Moringua raitaborua * (Hamilton=Buchanan) 13 Muraena raitaborua Hamilton=Buchanan. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches, pp. 25, 364, 1822 (Ganges River). FAMILY MORINGUIDAE—SCHULTZ 89 12d. Pectoral fin about 15 in head; gill opening extends to upper edge of pec- toral fin base; pectoral fin base 1.4 in width of gill opening; eye about 17 in head; anus to anal origin 20 times in total length. Moringua latebrosa, new species 12c, Pectoral fin 25 to 86 in head; gill opening extends dorsally to opposite middle of base of pectoral fin; pectoral fin base 1.3 in width of gill opening ; eye 27 to 63 times in head; anus to anal origin 44 to 61 times in;total lengtlt=2sce 2 lh tee Moringua penni, new species 11d. Pectoral fin vestigial or absent, no rays present, pectoral fin, if present, represented by a tiny membranous fold. 13a. Caudal fin present, more or less rounded; pectoral fin represented by a dermal membrane; gill opening extends to upper edge of pectoral fin membrane and latter ends ventrally at middle of width of gill opening. Snout to anus about 1.4 to 1.5; head 9 to 14, depth 32 to How allinetotal length 2222 2a ee oe ees Moringua linearis Gray 136. Caudal fin vestigial, pointed; pectoral fin probably absent; snout to anus 1.1; head 10 or 11; depth about 47 to 53, all in total length. Moringua gangeticus “ (Fowler) MORINGUA ABBREVIATA (Bleeker) Figure 19, 6; Prats 11, B Apthalmichthys abbreviatus BieEKrer, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 163, 1863; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ..., vol. 4, p. 47, pl. 145, fig. 1, 1864 (type locality, Java; Batu; Celebes; Ternata; Amboina; Timor). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 20 stations, 116 specimens, 56 to 311 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 49 specimens, 64 to 270 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 48 specimens, 74 to 322 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 34 specimens, 68 to 252 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 289 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 143 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 11 specimens, 110 to 330 mm. Description—Body extremely elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 56 to 63; head 10 to 16; snout to anus 1.8 to 1.5; anus to anal origin 18 to 16; anus to tip of tail 3.1 to 3.9; end of lateral line canal to tip of tail 10 to 16; all in the total length. Depth 4.0 to 5.8; snout 6.4 to 7.3; eye diameter 34 to 51; length of pectoral fin 52 to 108; tip of snout to rictus 4.8 to 5.6; interorbital space 7.8 to 9.9; all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. The above pro- portions were based on 7 specimens. Precision measurements on these specimens, in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 8. Posterior nostril opens in a pore just in front of eye, with a slightly raised rim; anterior nostril tubular, on side of snout near its front margin, about 14 snout length behind tip; lower jaw notably project- ing in front of snout tip; dorsal surface of snout usually with traces 4 Aphthalmichthys gangeticus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1912, p. 32, fig. 9 (Ganges River, India). 90 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 of low fleshy ridges, perhaps as a result of shrinkage in alcohol; eye very small, equal in diameter or a little larger than posterior nostril, its margin not free; anal and dorsal fin represented by a shallow groove or a very low membrane, their origin about 114 head lengths behind a vertical line through anus; anal and dorsal membranes with- out rays, usually disappearing and beginning again about 4 head length in front of tip of caudal fin; both confluent with caudal fin, latter with fine fin rays; anus notably behind middle of length; dis- tance from anus to tip of tail contained 3.1 to 3.9 times in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus a little narrower in width than length of snout; pectoral fin very small, almost vestigial, base extending about halfway down width of the gill opening; gill opening reaches to a point opposite upper basal edge of pectoral fin, distal edge of which broadly rounded; lateral line along middle of sides, canal ending a short distance in front of tip of tail; lips without Ficure 19.—Dental patterns of certain species of Moringua: a, M. microchir Bleeker (U.S.N.M. No. 52232), from Samoan Islands; b, M. abbreviata (Bleeker), from Guam; c, M. javanica (Kaup), from Bikini. (Sketches by author.) papillae; teeth short, conical, pointing slightly backward, in a single row on vomer, maxillary, and dentary, those on premaxillaries ar- ranged in an inverted U-shape. Color in alcohol.—Plain brownish to brownish orange. Color when alive.—Plain orange to brownish orange. Ecology.—This worm eel burrows in loose sand and gravelly bot- toms, where it is very numerous. It was taken in shallow tidal pools and ponds, and at depths to at least 20 feet; it probably occurs at much greater depths, but no thorough collecting was done below that depth. Remarks.—This species has the smallest pectoral fin among those species of M/oringua obtained in this area which have the lower jaw projecting, and the pectoral fin characteristically very broadly FAMILY MORINGUIDAE—SCHULTZ Ol rounded and scarcely as long as the diameter of the eye. The key gives the essential characters that separate abbreviata from the very closely related macrocephala, if indeed they are distinct. MORINGUA JAVANICA (Kaup) FicureE 19, c Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaur, Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 105, fig. 71, 1865 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Coral heads at east end of lagoon at depth of 20 to 25 feet, March 26, 1946, S-46—42, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 850 mm. total length; Romuk Island, lagoon reef, May 14, 1946, S-46-128, Schultz, 1 specimen, 595 mm.; Amen Island, in lagoon at depth of 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Kohler, Herald, and Brock, 1 specimen, 235 mm.; Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46— 508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 658 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, 1946, S-46-195, Schultz, 1 specimen, 505 mm. Likiep Atoll: August 20-22, 1949, Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 462 to 485 mm. Description.—Body extremely elongate, wormlike, and cylindrical. Greatest depth 75 to 98; head 14.9 to 19.4; snout tip to anus 1.4; anus to anal origin 9.9 to 12; anus to tip of tail 3.4 to 3.8; end of lateral line to tip of tail 29 to 98; all in the total length. Greatest depth 4.6 to 5.8; length of snout 7.9 to 8.6; diameter of eye 38 to 68; length of pectoral fin 68 to 152; tip of snout to rictus 5.4 to 6.3; interorbital space 9.3 to 10.3; all in length of head to upper edge of gill opening. The above data based on precision measurements of 5 specimens. Other measure- ments, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 8. Posterior nostril opens in a pore just in front of very small eye, with a distinctly raised membranous rim, lower on posterior side; anterior nostril tubular, on side of snout near front; lower jaw notably pro- jecting in front of snout tip; dorsal surface of snout with a shallow median groove, perhaps resulting from shrinkage in alcohol; eye much smaller than posterior nostril, margin of eye not free; anal and dorsal fins represented by shallow grooves, which contain vestigial mem- branes, their origins about 114 to 2 head lengths behind a vertical line through anus; dorsal and anal fins reappear shortly in front of very short-rayed caudal fin and become confluent with it; anus notably be- hind middle of total length; distance from anus to tail tip contained 3.4 to 3.8 in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus not quite equal to snout length; pectoral fin very small, almost ves- tigial, smaller than eye; lateral line along middle of side, canal ending a. short distance in front of tip of tail; lips without cirri; teeth short, 92 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 conical, in a single row on vomer, premaxillary, and dentary, in in- verted U-shape on vomer. Color in alcohol.—Plain brownish to brownish orange. Color when alive-—Orange to brownish orange. Ecology.—This uncommon eel burrows in loose sand and gravel. Remarks.—This is the most elongate eel taken in the Marshall Is- lands, and by its slender wormlike body can be distinguished from its nearest relative, /. abbreviata. Also it has a more vestigial pectoral fin, and the rim around the posterior nostril is higher along the rear margin than in abbreviata. MORINGUA MACROCEPHALA (Bleeker) Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 165, 1863 (type locality, Timor). Moringua ferruginea Buss, Trans. Soe. Roy. Arts Sci. Maurice, new ser., vol. 13, p. 57, 1883 (type locality, Mauritius; holotype, M.C.Z. No. 6156, examined by me.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-832, Herald and Brock, 2 specimens 217 to 263 mm.; Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S—46-383, Herald, 1 specimen, 269 mm.; Tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46—422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 10 specimens, 155 to 293 mm.; Enyu Island, ocean reef, channel entrance, August 1, 1947, S-46-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 230 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, June 1, 1946, S—46-197, Schultz, 1 specimen, 154 mm. Description—Body extremely elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 44 to 57; head 12 to 15; snout tip to anus 1.4 to 1.5; anus to anal origin 13 to 19; anus to tip of tail 3.1 to 3.4; end of lateral line canal to tip of tail 10 to 18, all in total length. Greatest depth 3.4 to 4.38; length of snout 6.2 to 8.0; diameter of eye 20 to 38; length of pectoral fin 13 to 44; tip of snout to rictus 4.5 to 6; interorbital space 8.6 to 10.4; all in the length of head to upper edge of gill open- ing. The above proportions based on 9 specimens 154 to 293 mm. in total length. Other measurements, in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 8. Posterior nostril opens in a pore, just in front of eye, with a slightly raised rim; anterior nostril tubular, on side of snout near its front margin, about 14 snout length behind tip; lower jaw notably pro- jecting in front of snout tip; dorsal surface of snout usually with traces of low fleshy ridges, perhaps from shrinkage in alcohol; eye very small, usually about twice size of rear nostril, its margin not free; anal and dorsal fins represented by a very low membrane be- ginning about a head length behind anus; these fins, with rays that are sometimes visible, disappear except as a groove and begin again near end of tail, where they become confluent with rayed caudal fin, the FAMILY MORINGUIDAE—SCHULTZ 93 latter very short and usually rounded; anus notably behind middle of length, distance from anus to tip of tail contained 3.1 to 3.4 in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus a little narrower than length of snout; pectoral fin very rounded, small, a little larger than, to two or three times diameter of eye, much shorter than snout; base of pectoral fin extending a little over halfway down gill opening; lateral line along middle of sides, canal ending a short distance in front of tip of tail; lips without cirri; teeth short, conical, in a single row on vomer, maxillary, and dentary, those on premaxil- lary in an inverted U-shape. Color in alcohol.—Plain orange to reddish brown. Color when alive-—Plain orange to brownish orange. Ecology.—This rather uncommon eel burrows in loose sand and gravel, from which it was driven by the use of rotenone (see p. xv). Remarks.—This species, scarcely distinguishable from M. ab- breviata, has a slightly larger eye, a longer and more rounded pectoral fin, and dorsal and anal fins with a distinct membrane, and usually with slightly visible rays near their origins, whereas in abbreviata the dorsal and anal fins are represented by a shallow groove, with a fin membrane that is either vestigial or entirely lacking. It is highly probable that certain individuals of abbreviata cannot be separated with certainty from macrocephala. With more specimens at hand it is now possible to correct my iden- tification of Phoenix Island lots (U.S.N.M. Nos. 115902 and 115903), originally identified as Moringua microchir (U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1943), and to refer them to this species. MORINGUA MACROCHIR Blecker Moringua macrochir BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 9, p. 71, 1855 (type locality, Batu); Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises .. ., vol. 4, p. 15, pl.147, fig. 4, 1864 (Batu). Rataboura amphomelaena Fow.ter, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 2, p. 190, fig. 25,1988 (type locality, Christmas Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 132 to 169 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 125 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 169 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 6 specimens, 144 to 175 mm. Description.—Body elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 34 to 45; head 8.7 to 11; snout tip to anus 1.4 to 1.5; anus to anal origin 16 to 21; anus to tail tip 3.0 to 3.8; end of lateral line canal to tail tip 10 to 18; all in the total length. Greatest depth 3.8 to 4.5; length of snout 7.1 to 7.8; diameter of eye 11 to 16; length of pectoral 4.3 to 5.9; snout tip to rictus 5.1 to 6.1; interorbital space 7.4 to 9.3; all in length of head. Above proportions based on 6 specimens. Other 94 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 measurements, in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 8. Posterior nostril opens in a pore, just in front of eye, with a slightly raised rim; anterior nostril tubular, on side of snout near its front; lower jaw projecting a little in front of snout tip; eye small, at least 2 or 8 times larger than rear nostril; anal and dorsal fins represented by well-developed rayed membranes with rays somewhat visible, origins about 34 head length behind anus; both disappear, then begin again near tail, becoming confluent with small, rayed caudal fin; anus notably behind middle of length, distance from anus to tail tip 3.0 to 3.3 in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus a little narrower than length of snout; pectoral fin about twice or more longer than width across its base, and with 10 or 11 rays; pectoral fin as long as or longer than snout; base of pectoral fin behind gill opening, extending ventrally about two-thirds way down gill opening; lateral line along middle of side, canal ending a short distance in front of tail tip; lips without cirri; teeth short conical, in a single row on dentary and on maxillaries, but on the latter apparently only de- veloped anteriorly; vomer usually without teeth, one tooth found on one specimen, premaxillary teeth in one row, arranged in an inverted U-shape. Color in alcohol.—Dorsal half of body blackish or brownish, lower half white; caudal, dorsal, and anal fins blackish on tail, with outer tips and margins white. Ecology.—This uncommon species came from loose sand and fine gravel. Remarks.—This species has the longest pectoral fin of all the morin- guid eels encountered in the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Im- portant characteristics of the specimens studied are the large eyes, long pectoral fin, and, in some specimens, the tendency of the lower jaw to fit in between the sides of the upper lip under the orbit. MORINGUA BICOLOR Kaup Moringua bicolor Kaup, Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 107, 1856 (type locality, Timor).—BLrEEKeER, Atlas ich- thyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises. .., p. 15, pl. 147, fig. 1, 1864 (Timor). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 9 specimens, 146 to 320 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 11 specimens, 204 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 210 and 235 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 244 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 248 mm, Description.—Body elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 43 to 63; head 12 to 15; snout tip to anus 1.4 to 1.5; anus to anal origin FAMILY MORINGUIDAE—SCHULTZ 95 1.2 to 1.7; end of lateral line canal to tail tip 10 to 32; all in total length. Greatest depth 3.7 to 4.5; length of snout 6.6 to 7.8; diameter of eye 18 to 18; length of pectoral fin 4.6 to 8.0; snout tip to rictus 5.0 to 5.5; interorbital space 7.3 to 9.8; all in length of head. (Above proportions based on 4 specimens.) Other measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are given in table 8. Posterior nostril opens in pore in front of eye, has slightly raised rim; anterior nostril tubular, near front of snout, on side; lower jaw projecting a little in front of snout; eye small, but twice or more size of rear nostril; margin of eye not free; anal and dorsal fins pres- ent, with rays, their origin about 34 to 1 head length behind a vertical line through anus, both disappear then begin again near tail tip, becoming confluent with small, rayed caudal fin; anus far behind middle of length, distance from anus to tail tip 3.2 to 3.3 in total length; gill openings restricted to lower sides, isthmus a little nar- rower than length of snout; pectoral fin small, equal to or a little longer than snout; pectoral fin with about 9 to 12 rays, its base oppo- site and extending about 34 of the way down gill opening; lateral line along middle of side, canal ending a short distance in front of tip of tail; lips without cirri; teeth conical, short, in a single row on maxillary, dentary, and vomer, teeth on vomer appear to vary in number from 2 to 7 or 8, those on premaxillary arranged in an inverted U-shape. Color in alcohol.——Dorsal half of body brownish to blackish, lower half pale; end of tail blackish or fins blackish, with a white edge posteriorly. Color when alive——Back brownish or blackish. Ecology.—This somewhat uncommon eel burrows in loose sand and gravel. It was seen at night swimming in a lagoon, and occasionally it was attracted to a light at night. Remarks—This species may be recognized by the moderate-sized pectorals, the larger eye, compared with other species, the elongate form in conjunction with the rayed dorsal and anal fins, and a blackish back that is in sharp contrast with the pale ventral part of the body. MORINGUA LATEBROSA, new species Ficure 20, a Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 76772, Kwandang, Celebes, October 1914, H. C. Raven, total length 200 mm. Description.—Certain measurements on the holotype, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in table 9. Body elongate, wormlike, cylindrical; greatest depth 38.5, head 8.1, snout to anus 1.6, anus to anal origin 20, anus to tip of tail 2.6, all in the total length. Depth 4.8, snout 8.5, eye 16.5, pectoral fin 15.5, snout tip to rictus 5.0, interorbital space 9.2, all in the head length. 06 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Posterior nostril opens in a pore in front of eye, with raised rim, eye notably larger in diameter than pore; anterior nostril not tubular but with raised rim, about 14 snout length behind snout tip; eye mod- erately large, its posterior margin about opposite rictus of mouth; anal and dorsal fins rayed anteriorly, then becoming a low fold, ex- panding again into a rayed portion about a head length from tip of tail; median fins confluent with rayed caudal fin, which is truncate posteriorly; gill openings restricted to lower sides, width of isthmus a trifle narrower than snout length; pectoral fin moderately small, rays distinct under magnification, numbering about 11, its base extending nearly to lower edge of gill opening, the latter reaching dorsally to upper edge of pectoral fin base; lateral line present but not very dis- tinct; lips without papillae; teeth short, conical, uniserial on maxil- lary, dentary and vomer, and in small patch on premaxillary; jaws nearly equal; caudal fin truncate. Color in alcohol.—Plain light brownish. Remarks.—Named Jatebrosa in reference to its hiding in the bottom materials. MORINGUA PENNI, new species FIGURE 20, b Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 130660, Milne Bay, New Guinea, Novem- ber 1948 to February 1944, Lt. G. H. Penn, total length 515 mm. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 52040, southern part of Negros Island, Philippine Islands, 1901, Bashford Dean, total length 284 mm. Description—Measurements on the types, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in table 9. TaBLE 9.—Measurements made on certain species of Moringua, expressed in thousandths of the total length linearis raitaborua penni latebrosa Characters Philip- New pines | Guinea | Celebes Paratype} Holotype| Holotype Total length in millimeters____--.-_- 187 | 310] 310} 302} 174 284 615 200 Tip of snout to anus____------------- 719 | 662 | 674] 692) 638 665 640 610 Tip of snout to front edge of gill Opening ee Bae sale 72 117 123 120 125 113 97 124 Greatest depth. .---------_---------- 19 32 39 36 34 28 27 26 Length of snout. ..------------------ 12 15 17 16 16 15 11 14 Diameter of eye. -..------------------ 3 6 6 8 10 4 2 ue Length of pectoral__----------------- 1 22 23 26 18 3 4 8 Snout tomictusse se Ses ee ee 16 26 26 24 22 25 17 25 Anus to tip of tail..---.--.--.--____- 281 339 326 313 | 360 335 359 390 Anus to anal origin-__---__-._-_-____ 51 14 38 18 18 23 17 50 Tip of tail to end of lateral line... -__ TITAN eee eae Maecenas Rf eee EL 63 Interorbital space_..._---.---.-.-___- 9 ll 13 12 14 11 8 13 Width pectoral base_..---..----._-_- 3 11 ll 12 9 7 5 10 Width gil) opening._.-.-.-__.._____- 6 11 ll 13 12 5 4 6 Anus to dorsal origin. .--.----------- 59 26 60 31 52 33 82 56 FAMILY MORINGUIDAE—SCHULTZ 97 Body elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 35 to 38; head 8.9 to 10.8; snout to anus 1.5 to 1.7; anus to anal origin 44 to 61; anus to tip of tail 2.8 to 3.0; all in total length. Depth 3.6 to 4.0; snout 7.4 to 8.6; eye 27 to 63; pectoral fin 25 to 36; snout tip to rictus 4.4 to 5.7; interorbital space 10.0 to 12.8; all in head length. Posterior nostril opens in a pore a little in front of eye, which is a little larger than pore; anterior nostril not tubular, with a low, raised rim, on side of snout a little less than 14 snout length behind snout tip; eye small, its posterior margin notably in front of corner of mouth; anal and dorsal fins anteriorly a membranous fold that becomes rayed about a head length in front of tip of tail; median fins confluent with rayed caudal fin; gill openings restricted to lower sides, width of isthmus equal to or a little greater than snout length; pectoral fin Ficure 20.—a, Holotype of Moringua latebrosa, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 76772), from Kwandang, Celebes; b, Holotype of M. penni, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 130660), from Milne Bay, New Guinea. (Drawings by Aime M. Awl.) small, with rays distinct under magnification and numbering about 10 to 12; pectoral fin base extends about halfway down gill opening, which ends dorsally opposite middle of base of pectoral fin; lateral line obsolete; lips without papillae; teeth short, conical, uniserial on maxillary and dentary, in a double row forward on vomer, but uni- serial posteriorly; premaxillary teeth in a small patch; jaws equal, or nearly so; caudal fin rounded. Color in alcohol.—Plain light brown, darker dorsally. Remarks.—Named in honor of the collector, Lt. G. H. Penn, U.S. N. MORINGUA LINEARIS Gray Moringua linearis Gray, Zool. Misc., 1831, p. 9 (type locality, India) ; The il- lustrations of Indian zoology . . . , Hardwicke, vol. 1, p. 95, fig. 3, 1830-32. Moringua lumbricoidea RicHarpson, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. §S. Sulphur ... , Ichthyology, p. 113, pl. 56, figs. 7-11, 1844 (no locality). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Bikini Island, June 28, 1946, Donaldson and Welander, 1 speci- men, 187 mm. total length. Description.—Certain measurements were made and these data are recorded in table 9 in thousandths of the total length. 955292—53—vol. 19 98 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Body elongate, wormlike, cylindrical. Greatest depth 53; head 13.7; snout to anus 1.4; anus to anal origin 5.3; anus to tip of tail 3.5; end of lateral line to tip of tail 13; all in the total length. Depth 3.9; snout 6.2; eye 27; pectoral membrane 68; snout tip to rictus 4.7; interorbital space 8.5; all in length of head to gill opening. Posterior nostril opens in pore with raised rim just in front of eye, anterior nostril tubular, on side of snout, about 14 snout length behind tip of snout; lower jaw notably shorter than upper; eye very small, about equal to diameter of posterior nostril; anal and dorsal fins a faint line anteriorly, becoming distinct about a head length in front of tip of tail; median fins rayed posteriorly, becoming confluent with caudal fin; gill openings restricted to the lower sides, width of isthmus about 1.1 in snout; pectoral fins vestigial, without rays; pectoral base oppo- site and extending about halfway down gill opening, upper end of latter opposite upper edge of pectoral fin base; lateral line along middle of sides; lips without papillae; teeth short, conical, somewhat hooked posteriorly, uniserial on maxillary, dentary, and vomer, and in a small patch on premaxillary; lower jaw notably shorter than upper. Color in alcohol._—Plain light brownish. Family MURAENIDAE: Moray Eels By Lronarp P. ScHuttz This large and complicated family of eels is generally recognized to include those species that have a caudal fin, thought it may be rudi- mentary; gill openings restricted to a small porelike opening on the side of the body; the anterior nostrils tubular; the posterior nasal openings over the eye or somewhat in front of it; eyes mostly on the side of the head; the lower jaw as long as, or a little shorter than, the upper jaw, and bluntly rounded; dorsal and anal fins, though some- times rudimentary, confluent with the very short caudal fin; the anus located near the middle of the total length, or sometimes a little in front of or behind it. KEY TO THE GENERA OF MURAENIDAE FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Tip of lower jaw with three fleshy, pointed prolongations; tip of snout ending in a fleshy, pointed projection; tubular anterior nostrils with a fanlike ex- pansion ending in a pointed tip; dorsal origin about halfway between tip of snout and gill opening; anal well developed; tail pointed, snout to anus about 3, greatest depth 66 to 73, both in total length. Rhinomuraena Garman (p. 99) 1b. Tip of lower jaw bluntly rounded, without fleshy elongations. 2a. Dorsal fin present, well developed, its origin over or a little in front of the gill opening. 3a. Some of the teeth molarlike or granular, usually, and at least on vomer; MO NCATTM ES 2) ea SEA Ra EASE CA Echidna Forster (p. 100) FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 99 8b. Teeth not notably molarlike, even on vomer, although they may be short and conical; usually some caninelike teeth present. 4a. Anterior nostril tubular with a thickened, curled, bilobed projection or flap on posterior distal side of the low tube; notably very long canine SOCSYE( YAMA the Ca SR EM Enchelynassa Kaup (p. 107) 4b. Anterior nostrils simple tubes without lobes or cirri. Teeth on maxil- lary and dentary with posterior edges finely serrate or not serrated. Gymnothorax Bloch (p. 108) 2b. Rayed dorsal fin origin more than one head length behind gill openings or reduced to rudiments at tip of tail (see p. 188 for key). 5a. A pair of pores or double posterior nasal openings over each eye; dorsal and anal fins absent except at tip of tail. Anarchias Jordan and Starks (p. 143) 5b. A single posterior nasal opening over each eye. 6a. Anal fin origin close behind anus; rayed dorsal fin origin more than a head length behind gill opening but in front of a vertical line through anus______________ Rabula Jordan and Davis (p. 147) 6b. Rayed dorsal and anal fins, if present, confined to end of tail. Uropterygius Riippell (p. 151) Genus RHINOMURAENA Garman Rhinomuraena GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 20, p. 1, 1888. (Genotype, Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman.) RHINOMURAENA QUAESITA Garman Rhinomuraena quaesita GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 20, p. 1, 1888 (type locality, Ebon Island, Marshall group; holotype, M.C.Z. No. 9170). Description—Based on examination of holotype. Proportions in parentheses are my figures, others are from Garman’s description. Greatest depth 66 (73), head 18 (19.5), snout to anus 3.0 (3.1), all in total length. The following measurements in mm. were made on March 5, 1951. Total length 840; greatest depth 11.5; snout (from base of barbel) to anus 265; snout to dorsal origin 21; head 48; eye 2.8; snout to rictus 14.6; snout 5.7; least width interorbital space 3.0; length anterior tubular nostril 6; length median nostril barbel 4.2. Anterior nostrils at end of snout, tubular, each having appearance of being split on lower side for about half length, thus forming in front of tube a broad flap that terminates in an acute point; tip of snout ending in an acute flexible prolongation; at symphysis of lower jaw a sharp fleshy prolongation, similar to that on tip of snout, and at each side of it, another barbellike prolongation extending forward and downward; dorsal origin in front of gill openings about midway be- tween tip of snout and gill opening. Teeth uniserial on vomer, maxil- lary and dentary; premaxillary teeth in three rows, those in middle row a little more enlarged than others. Color in alcohol.—Black; median fins white. 100 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus ECHIDNA Forster Echidna Forster, Icones ineditae, p. 181, 1777. (Genotype, Hchidna variegata Forster.) Arndha DERANIYAGALA, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 131, 1931. (Genotype, Gymnothoragx zebra Shaw.) In this genus the dentition varies considerably with age. The vomer in the small eels may have only two rows of teeth, whereas in the largest specimens the rows increase to as many as seven, and the number of teeth in each also increases. The rows of maxillary teeth often decrease from two to one. The median row of premaxillary teeth may disappear in very large eels. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ECHIDNA FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Anus notably behind middle of total length, anus to tip of caudal fin nearly two times in snout to anus; color pattern of black and white rings resem- bling markings of a zebra______________________ Echidna zebra (Shaw) 1b. Anus near middle of total length or a little in front of it; color pattern not like that of a zebra. 2a. About 23 to 30 black or brownish rings, alternating with white rings, com- pletely encircling body posteriorly; sometimes rings are apparent only posteriorly on tail, mostly on adults 10 inches long and larger; these dark rings more or less unite anteriorly, giving a somewhat mottled appear- ance; corner of mouth with blackish blotch, in front of which on both jaws usually a white area, sometimes part of white bar; posterior nostrils usually white based_________ Echidna polyzona (Richardson) 26. No black-and-white rings encircling body. 3a. Two lengthwise rows of 24 to 30 starlike blotches, usually with pale cen- ters, and more or less interconnected by broken or complete reticulated black lines or by a series of fine black specks or spots; upper row of blotches along back, lower row along lower part of side, each blotch more or less meeting ventrally one from opposite side; on small speci- mens black blotches usually lack white centers and have smooth un- broken edges ; on largest specimens black blotches become more broken up by small white areas, and pale interspaces become more black SY OL EX Ch ak PE SAUNAS NR Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) 3b. Color pattern not of dark, starlike blotches as above. 4a. Color brownish, with very fine reticulated pale lines in form of an irregular network; dorsal and anal fins as well as snout of same color as rest of body ; dorsal fin origin in front of gill opening. Echidna delicatula * (Kaup) 4b. Color of body plain brownish or very light brown or tan; origin of dorsal nearly over gill opening or a little in front of it. 5a. Color plain dark brownish with edges of dorsal and anal fins white, sharply contrasting with brown color; snout white, lower jaw white with a brown blotch under eye, or in large specimens blotched with white and brown; corner of mouth dark brownish, with area in front white ; mucus pores under eye white. Echidna leucotaenia Schultz 5b. Color plain light brown or plain straw color; no white area any- where; a dark brown line around eye. Echidna unicolor, new species 1% Not known by me from the northern Marshall Islands (see also Introduction). 101 FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ Q . ; 000 % 0% 99 ode eo O29 Xe) [oYe) ra} oo o00°g00 Fe) Ca 0 ; Q 009 ; O80, acne” Q fey’) te) D WIA ° 988d? 2046 TEE NO siodasssohn y: as O9 POQQROR BEBE OR QRS RRQ sour OS QISE = 3050 oO 00 09 SF COD 22.0 Oe 9 SPCSSS 99095 SPye ° BOO oagGRsasgn << a hf 0009 eogs BO R0,9) Praee? N we 30.0 9909000095 ° (a) 99% oo Ge : ee Ss 9°89 C00eF aS 8,0 S GS COCO SERS Ba 080, ©0206 22302980 OFF aS oO SORBED © Ficure 21.—Dental patterns of certain species of Echidna: a, E. polyzona (Richardson); b, E. zebra (Shaw); ¢, E. nebulosa (Ahl) (young); d, E. unicolor, new species; e, E. leucotaenia Schultz (total length, 530 mm.); f, E. leucotaenia Schultz (total length, 218 mm.). (Sketches by author.) 102 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ECHIDNA ZEBRA (Shaw) FIcurRE 21, 0; PLATE 6, C Gymnothoraz zebra SHaw, Nat. Misc., vol. 9, pl. 322, 1797. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 395 to 645 mm. total length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 635 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 17 to 20; head 8.9 to 10.7; snout to anus 1.5; all in the total length. Greatest depth 1.6 to 1.9; eye 10.6 to 18; snout to rictus 2.8 to 3.1; snout 6.4 to 7.4; interorbital space 6.1 to 7.0; all in the length of head. Dorsal fin origin not evident without dissection but probably be- ginning about over gill openings; anus about a third closer to tip of tail than to snout, notably behind middle of length; short anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout; posterior nostrils tubular, located dorsally shightly above and in front of orbit; snout short and blunt; body compressed throughout its length; gill openings on middle of sides about on level of mouth; arrangement of molarlike teeth as illustrated in the figure. Color in alcohol_—Body completely encircled by from 43 to 76 black bars separated by narrow white interspaces usually narrower than eye, many of these white interspaces incomplete (for this reason, only complete black rings were counted) ; anus in twenty-eighth to fifty- fifth black bar. Color when alive.—Bars are black and pale interspace white. E'cology.—This eel is rare in the shallow tidal zone of the reef but below that area it is not uncommon in crevices and among the corals. Remarks.—E. zebra differs remarkably from all other eels of this genus in the northern Marshall Islands by reason of the zebralike color pattern and the location of the anus far posteriorly, near the beginning of the last third of the total length. ECHIDNA POLYZONA (Richardson) FIGURE 21, a Muraena polyzona Ricuarpson, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sul phur, ... Ichthyology, p. 112, pl. 55, figs. 11-14, 1844 (no locality given). Echidna psalion JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, vol. 22, p. 431, fig. 12, 1903 (Honolulu, U.S.N.M. No. 50685, type). Echidna obscura JENKINS, ibid., p. 480, fig. 11, 1903 (Honolulu, U.S.N.M. No. 50686 and 126011, types). Echidna vincta JENKINS, ibid., p. 429, fig. 10, 1903 (Honolulu, U.S.N.M. No. 50687, type). Echidna leihala JENKINS, ibid., p. 428, fig. 9, 1903 (Honolulu, U.S.N.M. No. 50844, type). FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 103 Echidna zonophaeca JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, vol. 22, p. 167, 1903 (Honolulu, U.S.N.M. Nos. 50621 and 125491, types). Echidna zonata Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900 p. 495, pl. 18, fig. 2 (type locality, Honolulu; A.N.S.P. No. 16484, holotype examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 162 mm.; Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 1 specimen, 52 mm. in total length; tidal pond between Hman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S—46—-422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 2 specimens, both 59 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Rigili Island, May 30, 1946, S—46-189, Schultz, 1 specimen, 370 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 12.3 to 16; head 6.6 to 7.38; snout to anus 2.1, to dorsal origin 8.0 to 8.6; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 1.2 to 1.3; eye 8.6 to 9.2; snout to rictus 2.6 to 3.0; snout 5.5 to 6.6; interorbital space 9.1 to 9.3; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head a little closer to gill opening than to rictus; anus just in front of middle of total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, not quite long enough to reach opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings above dorsal level of eye behind a vertical line through front of eye, with raised, finely fringed rims; body compressed; gill openings on middle of sides, about on level of lower part of eye; arrangement of short blunt teeth as shown in the figure; rows of teeth on vomer increasing in number with larger sizes. Color in alcohol—About 23 to 30 brownish rings, separated by narrow white ones, completely encircle body behind anus; on adults 10 inches long, or larger, these rings may nearly vanish except on tail; body anteriorly brownish, with a somewhat mottled appearance; at corner of mouth a persistent dark spot, in front of which, on both upper and lower lips, is a white area; below eye a dark brown bar or blotch continuing on lips of lower jaw; posterior nasal openings white, anterior tubular nostrils with whitish bases; edge of both dorsal and anal fins white across the dark bars, except anteriorly; anus in eleventh to thirteenth black bar. Ecology.—This reef-inhabiting species was extremely rare on the reefs of the northern Marshall Islands. Remarks.—VThe intensity of the color pattern of this species varies greatly from one with distinct bars to one with only indistinct ones on the tail, and the anterior half of the body nearly plain in color. The number of rows of teeth varies with age, usually a greater number of teeth being found on large adults than on the small ones. Thus, 104 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 vomer varies from one or two rows on the 59-mm. specimen to five or more on large adults. The change in dentition may have influenced Jenkins, as well as Jordan and Everman, to describe an unusually large number of species from Honolulu. ECHIDNA NEBULOSA (Ahl) FigukE 21, c; PLate 6, B Muraena nebulosa Aut, Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho (Thunberg), p. 7, pl., right fig., June 1789 (type locally, East India). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 12 specimens, 107 to 465 mm. total length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 116 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 319 mm. Guam: 5 lots, 5 specimens, 190 to 318 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 16.6 to 22; head 8.4 to 9.7; snout to anus 1.9 to 2.1; snout to dorsal origin 9.5 to 11.4; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 2.5; snout to dorsal origin 1.0 to 1.4; eye 9.2 to 14; snout to rictus 30 to 3.5; snout 6.3 to 6.9; interorbital space 7.9 to 10.8; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin usually over rear of head, a little in front of gill openings (on one specimen dorsal origin a head length behind gill opening); anus slightly in front of middle of total length; anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, each side of tip of snout, their length sufficient to reach just opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nostrils located a little dorsally and in front of orbit, with raised rims, body a little compressed throughout its length; gill openings near middle of side of head, about on level of rictus; arrangement of molarlike teeth as illustrated in the figure. Color in alcohol.——Background color pale or whitish, with two lengthwise rows of about 24 to 30 starlike blotches with pale centers, these blotches more or less connected by broken or complete reticulated black lines, or by a series of fine black spots; upper row of blotches along the back, including dorsal fin, lower row along lower side, each blotch meets ventrally the one from the opposite side; both dorsal and anal fins have distal edges white, even extending across blackish blotches; in the young (100 mm. and shorter) black blotches have un- broken edges and lack white center; in large adults the pale interspaces become more and more finely speckled with black; anterior nostrils white. Color when alive-—Dendritic blotches black, pale interspaces light brownish orange dorsally, becoming brighter toward tail, which is dull orange tipped; eye and anterior nasal tubes yellowish orange, pale centers of black blotches sometimes orange; ventrally pale inter- spaces are white, FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 105 Fcology.—tThis eel occurs commonly in the shallow reef area, where it inhabits crevices and coral heads. Remarks.—lt is easily recognized by its color pattern of dendritic black blotches with pale centers. FE’. cocosa Garman, from Cocos Island, is very closely related to Z. nebulosa. We have compared specimens from various parts of the tropical Pacific Ocean with the holotype of cocosa (M. C. Z. No. 28452) and find slight but persistent color differences in certain island groups. Those specimens from Cocos Island and Panama Bay are more solidly colored than those from the Phoenix Islands. The blackish bars meet more fully on the abdomen in specimens from the eastern Pacific, less so in those from Phoenix Island and still a little more broken in those from the Marshall Islands. We believe that subspecific designations would represent the variations observed but think this should not be done until a revision is made of the genus Echidna. ECHIDNA LEUCOTAENIA Schultz Fiaure 21, e, f; Plate 12 Echidna leucotaenia Scuuttz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 22, pl. 3, 1948 (type locality, Phoenix and Samoa Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 20 specimens, 123 to 530 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 121 to 384 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 135 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 5 specimens, 218 to 435 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 143 to 269 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 208 mm., Markley. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 38 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 13 to 19; head 6.7 to 7.4; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2, to dorsal origin 6.7 to 9.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.0 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.3; eye 8.1 to 10.5; snout to rictus 2.6 to 3.1; snout 5.3 to 6.8; interorbital space 8.8 to 8.9; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head a little in front of gill opening; anus a little in front of middle of total length; anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, not long enough to extend to opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nostrils with slightly raised ciliated rims, located a trifle above level of dorsal edge of eye and slightly behind vertical line through front of eye; gill openings near middle of sides, slightly above level of mouth; body compressed, more so posteriorly ; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; the lower jaw becomes progressively shorter in the largest specimens; jaws close. 106 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Plain brown with distal edges of median fins white; lower jaw white on young, becoming brownish and white blotched with age, the area around mucus pores always white; snout white in small ones, becoming brownish in large specimens; mucus pores white and posterior nostril white; area around mucus pores along upper jaw under eye white; sometimes anterior part of head and lower jaw white; corner of mouth dark brownish; area around gill opening slightly darkened in some specimens. E’cology.—A. common eel in the coral heads and in crevices of the shallow reef areas. Remarks.—The dentition changes with age, the rows of teeth becom- ing more numerous; on the vomer the rows increase from 2 on the small ones to 5 or 6 rows on the largest specimens available. Ficure 22.—Holotype of Echidna unicolor, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141627), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) ECHIDNA UNICOLOR, new species FIGURES 21, d; 22 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141627, Rongelap Atoll, Eniaetok Island, lagoon reef, June 17, 1946, S-46-215, Schultz, 227 mm. total length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141626, a specimen of 176 mm. total length, taken with holotype and bearing same data; U.S.N.M. No. 141625, Bikini Atoll, tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46-422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 2 specimens, 125 and 135 mm. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype and paratypes. These data are expressed in thousandths of the total length respectively. Total lengths 227, 176, 1385 and 125 mm. Greatest depth 53; 57; 46; and 40. Snout to anus 467; 460; 385; and 376. Snout to dorsal fin origin 99; 80; 110; and 114. Length of head 120; 112; 106; and 104. Diameter of eye 15; 14; 11; and 15. Snout to rictus 40; 86; 38; and 37. Length of snout 17; 16; 19; and 21. Interorbital space 17; 16; 15; and 19. Greatest depth 18 to 25; head 8.3 to 9.9; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.7, to dorsal origin 8.8 to 12.6; all in the total length. Greatest depth 2.0 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.0 to 1.4; eye 6.8 to 9.5; snout to FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 107 rictus 2.8 to 3.1; snout 5.0 to 7.2; interorbital space 5.4 to 7.2; all in the length of the head. Dorsal fin origin nearly over gill openings; anus in front of middle of total length; anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed not long enough to reach to opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings with raised rims, slightly above dorsal edge of eye and about over front of pupil, notably behind a vertical line through front of eye; body compressed, more so posteriorly; gill openings on sides, about on level of lower part of eye; profile of head slightly concave over orbits; snout short, broad; lower jaw included, its width narrower than width of upper jaw; arrangement of short blunt teeth as shown in figure. Color in alcohol.—Plain very light brownish or straw colored; a narrow dark brown line around eye. The mucus on the skin absorbed some of the copper ions from the copper tanks in which the specimens were preserved, giving two of them a somewhat greenish color. Remarks.—This eel differs from all other species referred to the genus in being entirely plain tan or hight brown, with a narrow dark brown line encircling the eye. The key to the species of Echidna separates unzcolor from other species in the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Genus ENCHELYNASSA Kaup Enchelynassa Kaur, Arch. Naturg., vol. 21, p. 213, 1855. (Genotype, Enchely- nassa bleekeri Kaup=Muraena canina Quoy and Gaimard.) ENCHELYNASSA CANINA (Quoy and Gaimard) Fiaure 10, c; PLate 13, A Muraena canina Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour de monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne, . . ., Poissons, p. 247, 1824 (type locality, Vaigiou and Rawak). Gymnothoraz vinolentus JORDAN and HVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 1902, vol. 22, p. 165, 1903 (Kailua, Hawaii; type, U.S.N.M. No. 50615). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 5 specimens, 162 to 780 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 9 specimens, 181 to 660 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 635 and 680 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 670 mm., Herald. Description—Greatest depth 12.4 to 17.0; head 7.4 to 8.1; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.1, to dorsal fin origin 7.1 to 10.1; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.7 to 2.2; snout to dorsal fin origin 1.0 to 1.8; eye 10 to 12; snout to rictus 2.0 to 2.4; snout 5.6 to 7.5; interorbital space 7.9 to 8.9; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, closer to gill opening than rictus of mouth; anus at middle or slightly in front of middle of total length; 108 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils on side of snout tip, tubular, with a curled bilobed flap arising on posterior side of tube usually long enough to reach to opposite edge of upper lip, when depressed; posterior nasal opening just above and in front of dorsal and front edges of eye, rims notably elevated, with shghtly fringed edges; body somewhat compressed, becoming robust with age; gill opening on middle of sides, a little above level of mouth; arrangement of teeth as shown in figure; teeth unusually long and caninelike, so long that the mouth cannot be closed; lower jaw curved dorsally at tip so that the toothed edge is a little concave. Color in alcohol.—Dark brown to chocolate-brown; median fins posteriorly near tail white edged, this extending more anteriorly in small specimens; usually mucus pores under eye and on sides of lower jaw bordered by white; inside of mouth brownish; gill opening same color as body, not blackish. Median fins of 162-mm. specimen nearly white, underside of lower jaw white. Ecology.—tThis voracious eel lives among the corals, in crevices of the surge channels, and along ledges. The larger ones occur in the deeper waters. Stomach contents indicate that they feed on fishes. Remarks.—This eel may be recognized by the long canine teeth, the lower jaw that does not completely close, the plain brown color, and especially by the bilobed flap on the rear edge of the tubular anterior nostril. On the basis of my observations in the Phoenix Islands and those by Vernon Brock at Johnson Island, it would seem that Enchelynassa canina may reach a length in excess of 7 or 8 feet. (See Schultz, Nat. Hist., vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 42-48, 2 figs., 1948.) Genus GYMNOTHORAX Bloch Gymnothorax Biocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 9, p. 83, 1794. (Genotype, Gymnothorag reticularis Bloch as selected by Interna- tional Commission Zoological Nomenclature, also restricted by Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 121 (9), 1865. Bleeker (Nat. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wetensch., ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 1380, 1863) did not designate any species as the type of Gymnothoraz Bloch as indicated by Myers and Wade (Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., Univ. Southern California, vol. 9, p. 87, 1941).) Lycodontis McCLELLanD, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, No. 18, pp. 173, 185, 1844. (Genotype, Lycodontis literata McClelland.) (Reference copied.) Siderea Kaur, Ubersicht der Aale, p. 59, 1856. (Genotype, Muraena pfeifferi Bleeker—Muraena picta Ahl.) Neomuraena Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 10, p. 171, 1858. (Genotype, Neomuraena nigromarginata Girard.) Priodonophis Kaur, Abh. Naturw. Verein Hamburg, vol. 4, 1859, p. 22, 1860. (Genotype, Gymnothoraz ocellatus Agassiz.) Both Isaac Ginsburg, of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and I have studied and compared a large number of the species of Moray FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 109 ells of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and we have con- cluded that there is so much variation in the fine serrations on the posterior edges of the maxillary and dentary teeth that the genera Neomuraena and Priodonophis cannot be recognized. Indeed, in cer- tain species, i. e., G. rupelli, this character changes with age, the teeth becoming more serrated in large adults. I have compared specimens of G. reticularis Bloch from Japan with specimens of G. rupelli from the Indo-Pacific and conclude that reticularis is distinct from rupelli. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GYMNOTHORAX FROM THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. (See also 18a.) Teeth on dentary, with posterior edges minutely but dis- tinctly serrate; color a uniform rich brown, darker posteriorly, no pale edges) topins. 22. 22 eee Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker) 1b. Teeth on dentary, with posterior edges smooth or nearly so, not notably serrate. 2a, Premaxillary teeth with three inner rows in addition to outer row; these inner rows consist of enlarged fanglike teeth, especially the median row; anterior nostril tubular, without bilobed tip (as compared with Enchelynassa canina.) 38a. Background color black or dark brown, everywhere with numerous small white spots about size of pupil of eye; gill opening in a black blotch; tip of tail usually white; posterior nasal opening over front edge of eye or Slightly in front of a vertical line through it. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw and Nodder) 36. Color pattern not of simple white spots on a dark background; gill opening not in a black blotch. 4a. Inner row of enlarged teeth on dentary extending along entire length, or nearly so, of toothed area; color brownish, without vertical bars or spots but with an indistinct or faded speckled appearance; pos- terior nasal openings oval in shape, becoming elongate in adults, with raised crenulated rims; posterior nasal opening a little in front of a vertical line through front of eye; mouth not completely closing ; jaws very long and slender. Gymnothorax bikiniensis, new species 4b. Inner row of enlarged teeth on dentary extending about % to 14 length of toothed area from near symphysis; color gray to blackish, or various shades of brownish overlaid with narrow dendritic blackish bars most prominent on tail and especially extending obliquely on median fins; sometimes bars so much expanded that ground color is blackish and pale interspaces are very narrow lines; sometimes with black spots in more or less lengthwise rows; posterior nasal opening over front part of eye; mouth closes; jaws not notably long and STE Cree ee NN NS as Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker) 2b. Premaxillary teeth with only a single inner, or median, row within the marginal series, or with median row lacking, especially on adults. 5a. Inner or median row of teeth, if present, not notably enlarged and never long and fanglike, about same size as marginal series; no fanglike teeth at symphysis of dentary ; vomerine teeth usually biserial, often uniserial in young and halfgrown specimens. 110 U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 6a. Gill opening in a black or dark brown blotch; background color plain light brown or tan, without any trace of light or dark spots; eye bordered by a narrow, dark brown line; teeth very short, blunt, somewhat approaching those found in the genus Echidna; numerous teeth in inner row of maxillary. Gymnothorax melatremus, new species 6b. Gill opening not in a black or dark blotch. 7a. Color usually plain light brownish with indistinct mottlings of lighter color ; margin of median fins white on small specimens, white more or less confined to tail on adults; snout and front half of lower jaw often white, shading into a darker colored middle third of head ; snout white in young and more sharply contrasting than in adults ; numerous teeth in inner row of maxillary. Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson) 7b. Color pattern of a pale background with black lines or black specks or dark dendritic bars. 8a. Lower jaw and upper lip more or less barred; background color light brown or grayish, with numerous brownish bars inter- connecting across paler background; these bars irregular and broken ; abdomen finely mottled with brown and white or light gray. All dark spots without pale or white centers; inner row of teeth on maxillary few or lacking in adults. Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker) 8b. Lower jaw and upper lip with black specks or spots on a white background, not arranged to form bars; background color white, with head and body profusely covered with small black specks or spots, Some of which usually have white centers; ventral region of abdomen in front of anus may be unspotted; small specimens, 100 mm. and shorter, may have solid black spots arranged in 4 to 6 regular to irregular rows, on specimens 150 to 200 mm. long these spots usually with pale centers; some- times the black specks are expanded to form a mottled pattern ; inner row of maxillary teeth lacking except in young. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) 5b. Inner or median row of teeth on premaxillary notably enlarged, canine- like, or fanglike. 9a. Enlarged canines at intervals along entire toothed area of dentary; teeth on dentary more or less in a single row; posterior nasal open- ing oval to elongate, notably in advance of a vertical line through front of eye; jaws long and slender, not completely closing; snout long and slender; color plain brown, edges of median fins white. Gymnothorax bayeri, new species 9b. Canine or fanglike teeth on dentary restricted to first fourth of the toothed area, next to symphysis. 10a. Definite rectangular black blotch extending about one eye diameter behind eye and forward so as to enclose eye in narrow black line; 4 or 5 mucus pores on lower jaw white, 2 or 3 on side of upper lip under eye also white; median fins white edged, broadly so pos- teriorly; no black blotch around gill opening; background color plain brown; posterior nasal openings white. Gymnothorax monostigmus (Regan) 10b. No single black blotch just behind eye. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 111 lia. Height of dorsal fin over anus more than % depth of body and higher than length of snout; body light brownish, mottled with pale specks on upper half of body and on high dorsal fin; ventral sides plain; head 7.1; depth 17.5; snout to anus 2.24; tail 1.8; all in total length. Head 3.17; depth 7.8; both in snout to anus. Snout 5.25; snout to rictus 2.4; depth 2.7; height of dorsal fin over anus 2.78; all in head. Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus * (Bleeker) 11b. Height of dorsal fin over anus contained three or more times in depth of body at anus; dorsal fin height over anus shorter than or equal to length of snout. 12a. Coloration of head and body plain brown, no black spots, dark bars, black or white rings, or mottlings; gill opening not in a black spot. 13a. (See also la.) Posterior edges of teeth on maxillary and on dentary finely serrate; background coloration uniform rich brown, somewhat darker posteriorly ; no pale edges to fins. Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker) 130. Posterior edges of teeth not serrate. 14a. Median fins white edged. 15a. Cleft of mouth or snout to rictus 2 times in head ; median teeth of premaxillary strongly fanglike; mouth does does not completely close. Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus ” (Bleeker) 15b. Cleft of mouth about 224 in head; median teeth of pre- maxillary not notably fanglike; mouth closes. Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rtippell) 14b. Median fins not white edged, brown throughout; snout to rictus about 2% in head; median teeth of premaxillary fanglike, mouth not completely closing. Gymnothorax monochrous Bleeker 126. Color not plain brown. 16a. Gill opening in a black blotch, that may not appear until a length of 80 mm. is reached. 17a. Body with prominent black blotches, edges of which are even or unbroken, with pale or light brown interspaces ; blotches arranged in about 3 irregular rows on each side, those on head fine, in large specimens numerous small black specks in pale interspaces; black spots on belly in front of anus; median fins not white edged, except that tip of caudal fin may be. Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker) 16 Not known by me from this area (see also Introduction). Dental pattern shown in figure 23, c. 17 Muraena schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Nat. Tidschr. Nederl.-Indié., vol. 4, p. 301, 1853 (type locality, Sumatra). Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... , pl. 184, fig. 1, 1864 (Sumatra; Java, Timor). ERhinomuraena eritima Jordan and Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 196, fig. 6, 1906 (type locality ; Pago Pago, Samoan Islands). Not known by me from this area. It may be distinguished from G. bayeri and G. bikiniensis by the dentition of the lower jaw (see fig. 27, 0). The inner row of caninelike teeth occur only near the tip and does not extend posteriorly beyond a third of the length of the toothed area; a vertical line through front of eye extends through the posterior nasal opening and not behind it. 112 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 17b. Ground color brown or blackish, everywhere finely mottled with light brown or whitish; sometimes coloration con- sists of very small, indistinct dark brown or blackish specks or white specks; the obscure lighter specks or mottling always visible anteriorly; black around gill opening not appearing before total length of 80 to 100 mm. is reached; margins of median fins white in alcobol, green or yellow-green in life. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rtippell) 166. Gill opening not in a black spot, this region same color as adjoining area. 18a. A little behind eye 4 to 6 small black spots that may be more or less in rows or irregularly placed; background color pale to light brown, with black spots, about size of eye, arranged to form irregular black bars, especially dis- tinct on fins; light interspaces of about same width as black bars; in general, pale coloration occupies larger area on body then do black spots; black spots on body more or less arranged in 3 rows; black bars on fins extend obliquely backward and outward; black spots nowhere white edged; front of snout and tip of lower jaw dark brown; no black spots on abdomen along ventral side in front of anus__---- Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett) 18b. Area behind eye without small distinct black spots. 19a. From 16 to 22 black rings, separated by pale inter- spaces, encircle body, especially on tail or behind anus. 20a. Black rings completely encircle body, even under head and in front of anus; white interspaces in specimens over 200 mm. in total length may be- come brownish or mottled brown dorsally, paler ventrally, more or less obscuring black rings anteri- orly ; black rings extend to edges of fins. Gymnothorax rupelli (McClelland) 206. Black rings do not meet under head and in front of anus, or at least one or two black rings do not meet ventrally; black rings do not extend all the way to edge of fins posteriorly; fins white edged posteriorly.____ Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker) 196. Body not encircled with black and white rings. 21a. Lower jaw barred with white and light brown; dark brown band or blotch extending behind eye and gradually uniting with brown background color of body; this brown band bordered above and below by white; background color light brownish with darker brown spots on sides ar- ranged in vertical bars, these bars continuing on fins as oblique dark brown or black oblong spots, bordered by white, and becoming more and more intensely brown or black posteriorly on tail. Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale FAMILY MURABNIDAE—SCHULTZ 113 216. Lower jaw not barred with white and brown. 22a. Median dorsal edge of snout with white streak, becoming less prominent in adults. 23a. No series of brown blotches behind eye; body crossed with about 40 to 50 dendritic spots forming rather widely spaced narrow bars on a pale light brown background; lower jaw white; median fins edged with white; abdomen plain light brown; transverse dark brown bars or saddles characteristically more widely spaced anteriorly than pos- teriorly, Gymnothorax gracilicaudus Jenkins 236. Extending posteriorly from behind dorsal part of eye a Series of 2 to 7 oblong dark brown or black blotches fading into general brown background color of body near gill opening; closeness of the dark brown bars gives ap- pearance of light spots on a brown back- ground; lower jaw pale or white ventrally ; fins narrowly white edged, at least posteri- orly ; small young almost plain brown, except for white area on underside of head and white nasal streak. Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 22b. No white streak on dorsal surface of snout or head; lower jaw not white but mucus pores on lower jaw and upper jaw are white; every- where covered with large brown blotches sepa- rated by distinct, narrow white interspaces more or less interconnecting, these sometimes no more than white lines; on large adults white spaces become brown spotted; median fins white edged; brown blotches occur on median fins, extending obliquely backward and out- ward, more or less as narrow bars separated by white interspaces. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepéde) GYMNOTHORAX MOLUCCENSIS (Bleeker) FiaureE 10, b Priodonophis moluccensis BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., vol. 4, p. 108, pl. 187, fig. 1, 1864 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, lagoon coral head, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 5 specimens, 57 to 368 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 16 to 19; head 6.4 to 7.33 snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4; snout to dorsal origin 8.1 to 9.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.5 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.3 to 1.5; eye 8.1 955292—53—vol. 110 114 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 to 9.7; snout to rictus 2.6 to 2.8; snout 5.4 to 5.8; interorbital space 7.4 to 8.0; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head a little in front of gill openings; anus notably in front of middle of length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when de- pressed extend about to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings above level of dorsal edge of and about over front edge of eye, with slightly raised rims; body somewhat compressed; gill openings on middle of sides about on level of lower edge of eye; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure, inner row of maxillary teeth disappearing on adults; vomerine teeth uniserial or biserial forward; mouth closes. Color in alcohol.—Uniform rich brown, somewhat darker pos- teriorly; no pale edges to fins. Ecology.—This rare species was taken only in water 20 to 40 feet in depth around coral heads. Remarks.—This plain brown eel is best recognized by the finely serrated posterior edges of the maxillary and dentary teeth. GYMNOTHORAX MELEAGRIS (Shaw and Nodder) FIcureE 23, a; PuatTe 14, A Muraena meleagris SHAw and Nopper, Nat. Misc., vol. 7, p. A2, pl. 220, 1795 (type locality, “Southern Ocean’’). Gymnothoraz leucostictus JENKINS, Bull. U. 8S. Fish. Comm., 1902, vol. 22, p. 425, fig. 5, 1903 (Honolulu, type U.S.N.M. No. 50681). Gymnothoraw meleagris Hiyama, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 2, 19438 (Marshalls). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 15 specimens, 102 to 620 mm. total length. Rongerik Atoll: 5 stations, 8 specimens, 64 to 580 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 185 to 550 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 6 specimens, 102 to 570 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 174 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 10.0 to 14.6; head 7.2 to 8.0; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.5; snout to dorsal origin 9.0 to 9.7; all in length of head. Greatest depth 1.4 to 1.8; snout to dorsal origin 1.2 to 1.4; eye 7.6 to 12.3; snout to rictus 2.3 to 2.7; snout 5.4 to 5.8; interorbital space 7.1 to 11.0; all in length of head. A vertical line through dorsal origin about equidistant between gill opening and rictus; anus notably in front of middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, length not sufficient to extend to edge of upper lip when depressed ; posterior nostrils located slightly above and in front of eye, with a distinctly raised rim; body a little compressed, especially in region of tail; gill openings on side, slightly above level of mouth; dentition as shown in figure. 115 area around gill opening black. Color when alive-—Background color black, spots white; eye and tip of tail slightly tinged with orange. y) FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ Color in alcohol——Background color black or dark brown, every- where speckled with numerous small round spots about the size of size of specimen, but become more numerous; tip of tail usually white; pupil of eye; spots do not appear to increase in size with increase in inside of mouth white Wu, w Ley, Yrs, we? “Wu sen) yyy “Yep SYN Vv z yuwwey Se LS awe) SN “kez, Q) & oe Sime Se i) Saar $e> > Asti x ==% a) nn NA, oa nT 47) APA aag A Anan Ble ise anannnnnt AA, an Aan i Manin aot ee y a we gan ao ww +L, ew SSA Ctra, A CES we Ly yy tL PS S>>>>>0>00 U ee SS cee (U} Fa, Cte 4 ees "Tae 233553 s Say we TAs @ Ee Me Man, pannnars N VWAAAA NAKA a3 “ripe Se YP Ly, Appia ore fee Wveces, RIN MX tur oa 44 32 tee ‘ 4S yaesss) eho, SSS Stier uw Cz eee 23393 >.32> oa) Vive Rw, tN) > °F 2712 nang, = oe nang Vi vA YHHss a y EE Be saan dEPETENEERE nh he reanaas, Oy AN ae. gS “ry se? Seay, gaa ase eed > ae, Ras << =< zm SobyodsHr99> aw See >> W>»>o4D < ae Sn SS —~ = ——— Cage 10201 g, Se AZALI) eS ae Aarne, paper SA PAA4 tm, gov’ Nodder); b, G. buroensis (Bleeker); c, G. pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker); d, G. melatremus, (Sketches by author.) new species; ¢, G. bikiniensis, new species; f, G. bayeri, new species; g, G. pictus (Ahl); Ficure 23.—Dental patterns of certain species of Gymnothorax: a, G. meleagris (Shaw and h, G. richardsoni (Bleeker). 116 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—This reef-inhabiting species was not taken frequently in the shallow parts of the reef; it occurred more often among the corals and crevices below the low tidal zone, and the larger ones came from water more than 10 feet depth. GYMNOTHORAX BIKINIENSIS, new species Ficurss 23, e, 24 Gymnothoraz schismatorhynchus (in part) Scuutrz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 41, 1943 (Rose Island). Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 141575, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, April 18, 1946, S-46-98, Schultz, total length 555 mm. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141572, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel entrance, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 2 specimens, 215 and 303 mm. in total length; U.S.N.M. No. 141574, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 600 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141573, Bikini Atoll, Boro Island, ocean reef at channel, April 6, 1946, S—46-52, Schultz and Brock, 2 specimens, 318 and 570 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141576, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, ocean reef, May 28, 1946, S-46- 186, Schultz, 1 specimen, 303 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141571, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, April 24, 1946, S-46-118, Brock and Marr, 1 speci- men, 113 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 116054, Rose Island, Samoan group, ocean reef, June 11-14, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 115 mm. Description—The following precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded first for the holotype, then for certain paratypes, respectively. Total length in mm. 555; 600; 570; 818; 303; 303; and 215mm. Greatest depth 45; 58; 56; 41; 43; 43;42. Snout to anus 432; 450; 435; 440; 486; 448; 442. Snout to dorsal origin 95; 111; 97; 112; 99; 106; 100. Length of head 101; 110; 100; 107; 104; 104;107. Diameter of eye 11; 13; 11; 11; 13; 12; 11. Snout to rictus 50; 54; 47; 52; 51; 48; 46. Length of snout 21; 94; 19; 23; 21;22;90. Least interorbital space 9; 11; 9; 11; 11; 10;8. Greatest depth 17 to 24; head 9.1 to 10.9; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.3, to dorsal fin origin 9.0 to 10.5; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 2.6; snout to dorsal fin origin 0.96 to 1.1; eye 7.9 to 10.0; snout to rictus 2.0 to 2.3; snout 4.6 to 5.4; interorbital space 9.5 to 13.5; all in length of head. Length of posterior nasal opening 4.1 to 14; distance between vertical lines through front of eye and center of rear nasal opening 4.1 to 16; all in length of snout. Length of posterior nasal opening 0.5 to 1.4 in distance from latter to vertical line through front of eye. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, only slightly in front of, or over front of, gill openings; anus slightly in front of middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nasal openings tubular, on each FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 117 side of tip of snout, without a modified tip, tubes just long enough to extend to edge of upper lip when depressed; posterior nasal openings oval, becoming more elongate in adults, with a slightly raised rim, edge of latter becoming fringed or crenulate in adults, rear edge a little in front of a vertical line through front of eye; pores around head with crenulate edges in adults; body somewhat compressed, robust in adults; gill opening near middle of side, slightly above level of mouth; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; teeth canine- like, so long that mouth cannot be completely closed; tips of both jaws curved toward each other, so that both toothed edges are a little con- cave, the lower jaw notably so. Color in alcohol.—Light brown with a slightly speckled appearance; region of head behind eye to gill openings paler brown, lower jaw very Ficure 24.—Holotype of Gymnothorax bikiniensis, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141575), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) light brown; edges of median fins very light brown posteriorly; an- terior tubular nostrils and rim of posterior ones blackish; pores around upper jaw and on snout edged with dark brown or blackish; inside of mouth light brown; gill opening sometimes slightly dark brownish on edges; corner of mouth dark brownish. E'cology.—This brownish eel, inhabiting crevices in the surge chan- nels or coral growths, seemed to prefer the rugged, wave-swept ocean reefs. Remarks.—G@. bikiniensis may be recognized from all other moray eels of the Indo-Pacific region by its dental pattern, its plain brownish coloration, and the large, oval-shaped posterior nasal openings situated in front of the front margin of the eye. A species much like G. bikiniensis is G. umbrosus Poey from Cuba, but the latter differs in having the large canines of lower jaw confined to the front third of the toothed area as in G. schismatorhynchus. The nasal openings of bikiniensis and umbrosus are nearly identical. Another species closely related is G. octavianus Myers and Wade, from Colombia, Pacific coast ; the type, of this species, U.S.N.M. No. 101801, has a total length of 294 mm., and its color, including the median fins, which are not white edged as in b¢kiniensis, is plain dark brown. G. octavianus and G. bikiniensis have identical dental patterns and might prove to be the 118 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 same species if a larger series were available for further comparisons. Named dzhiniensis in reference to Bikini Atoll. GYMNOTHORAX BUROENSIS (Bleeker) FIguRE 23, 0 Muraena buroensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tidschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 13, p. 79, 1857; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., vol. 4, p. 90, pl. 190, fig. 1, 1864 (type locality, Nova-Selma; Buro; Amboina; Ceram). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 29 stations, 278 specimens, 46 to 320 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 10 stations, 198 specimens, 52 to 287 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 5 stations, 57 specimens, 50 to 280 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 58 specimens, 108 to 270 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 162 and 180 mm. Kwajalein: 1 station, 46 specimens, 61 to 326 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 90 mm. (See under Remarks for additional specimens. ) Description.—Greatest depth 18 to 16.5; head 5.6 to 7.7; snout to anus 1.8 to 2.0, to dorsal origin 7.4 to 10.5; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 1.2 to 1.4; eye 6.1 to 9.2; snout to rictus 2.5 to 3.0; snout 5.6 to 6.8; interorbital space 6.7 to 9.2; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, about equidistant between rictus and gill opening; anus about midway between tip of snout and end of tail, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostril tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed about long enough to extend to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings a little above level of dorsal edge of, and opposite front edge of, eye, with slightly raised rims; body a little compressed; gill openings above mouth about on level of lower part of eye; arrangement of teeth as illustrated in the figure. Vomer consistently has a single row of teeth, even on largest speci- mens. Dorsal surface of snout flattish, slightly enlarged in front of eyes. Color in alcohol.—Background color black, dark brownish, light brownish to grayish, with mottled or reticulated blackish spots form- ing narrow interconnected zigzaglike vertical bars, most prominent on posterior half of body. These bars separated by white intercon- necting narrow streaks or lines. Background color sometimes so black or dark brown that dark markings cannot be seen PCa when specimen is held in front of a strong iene. In general there are four color phases with intermediate variations: (a) Blackish—specimens from about 46 mm. upward in length black- ish with vertical bars scarcely distinguishable, on these ventral sides from anus forward plain brownish, rarely with some black spots; white margins of median fins posteriorly very distinct; (b) dark FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 119 brownish—very much like the black coloration except that head is brownish and eye is bordered by a blackish line slightly wider pos- teriorly; (c) Light brown—blackish or brownish vertical bars sepa- rated by white or pale interspaces, stand out clearly; distal edges of median fins are white posteriorly; region of head is light brownish; numerous specimens show black spots arranged in lengthwise streaks or rows, especially on the anterior half of body and head; some have black spots on abdominal region, whereas others are plain light brown; sometimes pores on head, especially on snout and around jaws, are ringed with a blackish line; nostrils dusky above, paler below; eye black lined; (d) grayish coloration—usually black spots and bars stand out clearly against the gray background; black spots tend to be in rows anteriorly. Specimens from 46 to 65 mm. may be, and usually are, plain brown without any markings; on some specimens about 150 mm. and shorter underside of head below mouth whitish or very pale; inside of mouth white. Consistently, all pores on head are not margined with white or in any way whitish at any age. Gill openings are not blackish. One specimen from Eman Island reef at Bikini had a white head. Ecology.—This was the most abundant species of eel on the reefs. It lived in crevices among the corals and in the algae. Remarks.—Females and males 230 mm. and longer contained large eggs and mature testes, respectively. The females have more robust bodies than the males at maturity. This is a small species, probably spawning during late summer and probably not exceeding 400 mm. in total length. We have examined a paratype of Gymnothorax marquesensis Seale, U.S.N.M. No. 109375, and must remove it from the synonymy of G. buroensis of earlier authors on the basis of its having two rows of teeth on the vomer. The following three lots were separated from typical buroensis be- cause they have more robust bodies and the area around the pores below the eye are white, otherwise these specimens agree in dentition and color pattern with buroensis as figured by Bleeker. (These might represent an undescribed species!) Bikini Atoll: Bikini Island, ocean reef, July 16, 1946, S46-253, Herald, 1 specimen, 191 mm. total length; lagoon reef halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 316 mm.; Namu Island lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock and Hiatt, 3 specimens, 144 to 248 mm. Gymnothorax ercodes, G. buroensis, G. laysanus, G. marquesensis, and G. eurostus have been referred to the synonymy of G. meleagris by various authors. However, after comparing the extensive series of 120 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 these eels we cannot agree that a single species could vary so much yet be so constant in characters as we have observed. The differences that seem to be important are summarized in table 10 on the basis of specimens from the Red Sea and the following island groups: Ha- walian, Phoenix, Samoan, Marshalls, Marianas, Philippines. TABLE 10.—Comparison of certain species of Gymnothorax eurostus, laysanus, Characters meleagris and ercodes buroensis marquesensis Vomerine teeth__-_} Uniserial. -____-_- Wane ae Uniserial_---------- Biserial. Pores below eye | Present__.-__-_--- Present or absent..-_| Rarely present_-___- Absent. surrounded by white, Color pattern along sides of body. Color of inside of mouth. Color around gill opening. Color on under side of head and ab- domen. Moderately large white spots on a black back- ground at all ages; no bars. Slightly blacker than body. Spotted with white on black background. Vertical narrow in- terconnecting black or brown bars over- laid with tiny white spots more prominent on pale interspaces; body usually with black spots. Heavily pigmented _- and white with black spots some- Vertical narrow in- terconnecting black or brown bars separated by pale interspaces; no tiny white spots; black spots on body. White or pig- mented. Same color as body 2: Same color as body. Mottled with brown | Plain brown or gray rarely with black spots. Black more or less arranged in hori- zontal and verti- cal rows on & dark brown background; no white spots. Heavily pig- mented. Same color as body. Plain dark brown with a few black spots. what scattered. GYMNOTHORAX MELATREMUS, new species FIGURES 23, d; 25 Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 141610, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, only known specimen, 176 mm. in total length. Description—tThe following precision measurements are recorded in thousands of the total length, 176 mm. Greatest depth 55; snout to anus 426; snout to dorsal fin origin 81; head to front edge of gill open- ing 107; diameter of eye 13; snout to rictus or corner of mouth 35; snout 18; interorbital space 14. Greatest depth 18; head 9.4; snout to anus 2.3; snout to dorsal origin 12.38; allin the total length. Greatest depth 1.9; snout to dorsal origin 1.3; eye 8.5; snout to rictus 3.0; snout 6.1; interorbital space 7.8; all in length of head. A vertical line through dorsal fin origin is equidistant between gill opening and rear of eye; anus a little in front of middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed extend slightly past edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings, above level of dorsal edge of eye and over FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 121 front edge of pupil, notably behind front edge of eye; posterior nasal openings with the raised rims fringed, this fringe composed of tiny cirri; body scarcely compressed forward, more so posteriorly; gill opening on sides, about on level with lower edge of eye; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure, teeth on vomer in about two rows. Color in alcohol.—Plain light brown, with median fins white edged ; gill openings surrounded by black or dark brown; eye bordered by a narrow, dark brown line. Remarks.—This new species is characterized by its very light brown coloration and the gill opening surrounded by black, a color combina- tion not yet described so far as we could find for any other species of Ficure 25.—Holotype of Gymnothorax melatremus, new species (U.S.N.M. 141610), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) Gymnothoraz having very short conical teeth, none of which are fang- like. This eel, along with Gymnothoraz thyrsoideus, approaches rather those eels usually placed in the genus Echidna, and it more or less bridges the gap between those two genera. It is named melatremus in reference to the black blotch around the gill opening. GYMNOTHORAX THYRSOIDEUS (Richardson) Fieure 10, e Muraena thyrsoidea RICHARDSON, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur ...-, Hishes, p. 111 (non pl. 49, fig. 1), 1844 (type locality, China Seas). Gymnothoraw prosopeion BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... , vol. 4, p. 88, pl. 188, fig. 3, 1864 (type locality, Cocos= Nova-Selma, Sumatra, Halmahera, Amboina, Timor). Gymnothorasx thyrsoideus HtyaAMA, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 6, 1948 (Marshalls). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 170 mm. total length. Rongerik Atoll: Bock Island, ocean reef, April 24, 1946, S-46-113, Brock and Marr, 2 specimens, 117 and 140 mm.; Latoback Island, lagoon reef, June 28, 1946, S—46-288, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 150 mm. Guam: July 11, 1945, Markley, 1 specimen, 202 mm. total length. Description.—Greatest depth 20 to 22; head 9.0 to 9.6; snout to anus 2.5; snout to dorsal origin 13.5 to 14.4; all in total length. Greatest 122 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 depth 2.1 to 2.5; snout, to dorsal origin 1.5; eye 10.8 to 12.7; snout to rictus 3.1 to 3.8; snout 6.0 to 6.5; interorbital space 9.0 to 9.5; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, about equidistant between gill opening and rictus; anus notably in front of middle of total length; anal origin close behind anus; anterior nasal opening tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed extend about to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal opening located notably above dorsal edge of eye, just behind a vertical line through front of eye, and with raised rims; body somewhat compressed; gill openings on sides, about on level with pupil; teeth short, conical, arranged as shown in the figure, those of middle row of premaxillary as short as those in the outside row; vomerine teeth usually biserial. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish, finely mottled with darker brown and paler specks, or plain light brownish; snout and front half of lower jaw often white, shading into a darker colored middle third of head, or pale snout and jaw same color as rest of body; margins of median fins white on small specimens; snout of small specimens usually white, more sharply contrasting than that of larger ones. — Remarks.—Like Echidna unicolor, this species of eel, when pre- served in the copper tanks, absorbed enough copper ions to cause the mucus to turn green. GYMNOTHORAX RICHARDSONI (Bleeker) FIGURE 23, h Muraena richardsoni BLeeKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.- Indié, vol. 3, p. 296, 1852; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., vol. 4, p. 100, pl. 186, fig. 2, 1864 (type locality, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Ternate, Goram, Timor). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: Oca Point, August 1945, Markley, 1 specimen, 237 mm. total length; Ulig Bay, July 24, 1945, Markley, 2 specimens, 240 to 300 mm.; Saupen Point, July 15, 1945, Markley, 1 specimen, 289 mm.; Tumon Bay, May 27, 1945, Gressitt, 1 specimen, 135 mm. Description—Greatest depth 13.0 to 14.4; head 6.4 to 7.2; snout to anus 1.9 to 2.1; snout to dorsal origin 6.1 to 9.3; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 2.1; snout to dorsal origin 1.0 to 1.8; eye 8.9 to 11.5; snout to rictus 2.9 to 3.38; snout 6.9 to 8.0; interorbital space 9.5 to 9.8; all in length of head. Dorsal fin over, or a little in front of, gill opening; anus about in middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, long enough to extend a trifle past edge of lip when depressed; posterior nasal openings with dis- tinctly raised rims or in a very low tube, located on level of dorsal edge of eye just behind a vertical line through front of eye and above FAMILY MURABNIDAE—SCHULTZ 123 its front edge; body only slightly compressed forward, more so poste- riorly; gill openings on sides, about on level of rictus; arrangement of teeth as illustrated in the figure; vomerine teeth usually in two rows or one irregular row; jaws close. Color in alcohol——Background color light brown or grayish, with numerous brownish bars interconnecting across paler background color, these bars irregular and broken; fins and lower jaw barred with brown and white, upper lip similarly barred; abdomen finely mottled with brown and white or light gray. Remarks.—This eel may be recognized by its barred lower jaw and upper lips, numerous interconnecting dark bars on body, in combina- tion with its biserial vomerine teeth. GYMNOTHORAX PICTUS (Ahl) FIGURE 23, g; PLATE 18, C Muraena picta Aut, Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho, p. 8, 1789 (on Riippell, type locality, East India). Gymnothorax pictus H1tyaMA, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1943 (Marshalls). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 16 specimens, 103 to 650 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 470 to 740 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 134 mm. Rongelap Atoli: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 221 to 860 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 408 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 89 and 298 mm. Description—Greatest depth 10 to 20 (adults more robust) ; head 5.7 to 8.0; snout to anus 1.9 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 6.5 to 7.8; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 1.0 to 1.1; eye 9.8 to 14.0; snout to rictus 2.5 to 3.6; snout 5.5 to 7.6; interorbital space 7.7 to 10.0; all in length of head. Dorsal origin over gill opening or nearly so; anus near middle of length of body, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, length sufficient to extend to edge of lip when folded downward; posterior nostrils with slightly raised rims, on level of upper edge of orbit and over front of eye; body a little compressed; gill openings on middle of side of body about on level of rictus of mouth; dentition as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Background white, with head and body pro- fusely covered with fine black specks or small broken black spots, except that ventral surface in front of anus may be white, or may have scattered black spots or specks, these usually evenly distributed and not arranged in bars or clear rows; in young specimens up to about 100 mm. total length, round black spots of same size as pupil arranged in 4 to 6 regular to irregular rows on side of body; in speci- 124. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 mens from 150 to 200 mm. these spots have pale centers; in those from about 200 to 300 mm. the blackish rings may become broken into small spots arranged more or less as a ring of irregular small spots, this change with age most irregular, the color patterns sometimes carrying over to greater sizes; another color phase shows these spots expanded to form a mottled pattern or with white dendritic specks between black spots but not arranged to form bars. Color when alive-——Background color white, everywhere finely speckled with black except on belly, which may be white or slightly spotted. Ecology.—This common eel lives in crevices of the reef and in coral heads. It is the one most frequently encountered at low tide cruising around on the reef out of water or nearly so, along the margin of the water at high tide, or in pools left at low tide. Often, while I was walking in the shallow water on the reef, G. picta would come toward my feet at considerable speed, circle them closely, appar- ently looking for a crevice in which to hide, then depart hastily. In my many such experiences it never attempted to bite. However, when I poked this moray with a dipnet handle while it was hiding in a crevice, the creature attacked the wooden handle, leaving on it deep imprints of its teeth. GYMNOTHORAX BAYERI, new species FIGURE 23, f ; 26 Gymnothoraz schismatorhynchus (in part) ScHuLtTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 41, 1943 (Rose Island). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. 141608, Rongelap Atoll, Kieschiechi Island, lagoon coral head, depth 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46-285, Brock and Herald, total length 398 mm. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141606, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel entrance, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 310 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141604; Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 225 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141605, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, depth 20 to 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Herald, Kohler, and Brock, 1 specimen, 284 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141609, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 1 specimen, 159 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141607, Rongelap Atoll, taken with holotype and bearing same data, an adult female, swollen with egos, 552 mm. total length; U.S.N.M. No. 116053, Rose Island, Samoan group, lagoon reef, June 12 to 20, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 212 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, July 13, 1948, Univ. Washington, 1 speci- men, 355 mm.; Bikin Atoll, Bikini Island, July 29, 1946, Univ. Wash- ington, 2 specimens, 350 and 358 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, August 18, 1947, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 106 mm. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 125 Description.—The following precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the total length are recorded first for the holotype then for certain paratypes. Total length 398; 552; 310; 225 mm. Greatest depth 44; 76; 48; 37. Snout to anus 398; 417; 393; 410. Snout to dorsal origin 118; 122; 119; 111. Length of head 132; 146; 130; 128. Diameter of eye 11; 11; 10; 10. Snout to rictus 58; 60; 55; 58. Length of snout 30; 29; 28; 28. Least width interorbital space 10; 18; 10;10. Greatest depth 12 to 27; head 6.9 to 7.8; snout to anus 2.4 to 2.5; to dorsal origin 8.2 to 9.0; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 3.4; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.2; eye 11.5 to 13.4; snout to rictus 2.8 to 2.4; snout 4.4 to 5.0; interorbital space 11.5 to 13.1; all in length of head. Length of posterior nasal opening 16 to 31; distance between vertical lines through front of eye and center of rear nasal opening 3.2 to 9; all in length of snout. Length of posterior nasal opening 3.3 to 5.4 in distance from latter to vertical line through front of eye. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, only slightly in front of a ver- tical line through front of gill opening; anus in front of middle of Figure 26.—Holotype of Gymnothorax bayeri, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141608), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, their tips not modified; posterior nasal openings oval, with slightly raised rims, notably in front of anterior margin of, and above level of, eye; pores under eye of large female with slightly crenulate edges; anterior nasal tube not quite long enough to reach to opposite edge of upper lip when depressed; body somewhat compressed, robust in adult female filled with eggs; gill opening near middle of side about on level of rear of mouth; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; teeth caninelike, some so long mouth scarcely closes; tips of both jaws curved toward each other, meeting only at tips; both toothed edges are a little concave, lower jaw notably so. Color in alcohol.—Plain brownish; edges of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins white. Color when alive.—Plain rich brown with distal edges of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins yellow; area over gills somewhat blotched. Remarks.—This eel may be recognized by its plain brown colora- tion, its very long, slender jaws, and the location of the posterior nasal openings notably in advance of the front of the eye. 126 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Species named in honor of Frederick M. Bayer, assistant curator, division of marine invertebrates, United States National Museum. GYMNOTHORAX MONOSTIGMUS (Regan) FIGURE 27, c Muraena monostigma REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 438, 1909 (type locality, Tahiti and Raiatea).—GUntTHeEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 9, pt. 17, p. 409, fig., 1910 (Tahiti and Raiatea; on types). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 14 specimens, 125 to 442 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 212 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 173 to 355 mm. Description —Greatest depth 16 to 20; head 8.2 to 9.0; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.8; snout to dorsal origin 7.9 to 9.1; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 2.4; snout to dorsal origin 0.96 to 1.0; eye 10 to 11; snout to rictus 2.8 to 3.4; snout 5.4 to 5.8; interorbital space 6.9 to 8.4; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin approximately over gill opening; anus near middle of total length or a little in front of it; anterior nasal opening tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed extend only about halfway to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal opening with prominently raised rim, above dorsal edge of eye and over front edge of eye, or a trifle behind it; body only slightly compressed anteriorly, more so poste- riorly ; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; vomerine teeth in a single series; teeth on sides of lower jaw are very slightly serrate on rear edges. Color in alcohol——Plain brown, with a characteristic more or less rectangular black blotch extending about one eye diameter behind eye and forward so as to enclose eye in a narrow black line; 4 or 5 mucus pores on each side of lower jaw and 2 or 3 on side of upper lip under eye surrounded by white; posterior nasal opening white and in a small white blotch; median fins white edged, rather broadly so posteriorly, especially caudal fin; area around gill opening same color as rest of body; black blotch behind eye appears at a length of about 100 to 125 mm. total length. Color when alive-—Plain dark brown with edges of median fins, especially caudal, reddish; area around mucus pores slightly pinkish; eye red; area behind eye black. Ecology.—This eel seemed to prefer the more rugged conditions of the ocean reef, since all our specimens were collected there. Remarks.—This species is easily recognized by its plain brown color, the black blotch just behind the eye, and the white spots surrounding the mucus pores under the eye and on the lower jaw. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ GYMNOTHORAX HEPATICUS (Rippell) Muraena hepatica Ruppert, Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika. Fische des Rothen Meers, p. 120, 1828 (type locality, Red Sea). Gymnothorag albimarginata BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales .. vol. 4, p. 107, pl. 187, fig. 2, pl. 184, fig. 8, 1864 (type Néerlandaises . . locality, Amboina; Buro). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam: Tumon Bay, Jan. 8, 1946, Gressitt and Ingram, 1 specimen, 90 mm, total length. 127 Description—Greatest depth 23.7; head 7.0; snout to anus 2.1, to dorsal origin 10.0; all in total length. Greatest depth 3.4; snout to dorsal origin 1.4; eye 11.6; snout to rictus 2.7; snout 5.8; interorbital space 8.5; all in length of head. Ale NY) ig AW, Wi. UE VV \V Nf A RA. NyA VA, a4 AVA Uy Abe NZ AVA Nw/ Ny Nae Ny 2 NY yh, pS 3% SQ: VA SN\i/4 2 97% SY © EN 4 ay Api RN YN 4% 3 ¥ %, XN ¥ B v v “a v 2 RY v mies ; le yy OZ Se sie s < e 3 + BS A N E e : ¢ = D ys = Ss B ; 3 N we = < z : 2 é z > = NS te S < 3 NS S Xx = N z x : 3 N S x = N z S ve ys 208 ay ad Ses 24, S ~S g N 3 sy \s Z > = < oS aN aS a4\t = \ ON WF “ aN My X wy Y, J V Wy NG al Wy, A | I, \yh Wyo Avi. vv 4 y We Vy/ NW) Nie ‘ \ Yj, Ny A 4 ATL, \ \ Ath AVA RUA Ae \ 4 ae 4 \ £ S\ . VE aN 3 +e Nie ae Nee ie NA NE YS N Ge Sethe Be IN EN ee oie ST anes 2 4 fy z 4 y % < 2 ze 4 = G H 1 So gs aang eA Ses es ns 3 ; % ; 2 : Z N : N % N 3 . 2 nEs 3 N 3 : 4 N % N A xy z N > N 2 N Z N EA GS 2 s) 3 : ag Say Bus B18 aS v Z x Y} AN 4x 4n WN aN Figure 27.—Dental patterns of certain species of Gymnothorax: a, G. monochrus Bleeker; b, G. schistmatorhynchus (Bleeker) (drawn from holotype of Rhinamuraena eritema Jordan and Seale); ¢, G. monostigmus (Regan); d, G. fimbriatus (Bennett); ¢, G. flavimarginatus (Rippell); f, G. margaritophorus Bleeker; g, G. undulatus (Lacepéde); h, G. javanicus (Bleeker); 7, G. gracilicaudus Jenkins; 7, G. zonipectis Seale. (Sketches by author.) 128 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, notably closer to gill opening than to rictus of mouth; anus slightly in front of middle of total length, anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nasal openings tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed extend to opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings above dorsal edge of eye, just behind a vertical line through front of eye, and with slightly raised rims; body compressed, more so posteriorly; gill openings on sides about on level with lower edge of eye; teeth on premaxillary in 8 rows, a median one of somewhat enlarged canines and irregular outer ones of smaller conical teeth; maxillary teeth in two rows, a short inner row of 3 to 5 caninelike teeth and an outer row of smaller conical teeth; vomerine teeth uniserial ; teeth on dentary biserial near symphysis, the inner row of somewhat enlarged canines. Color in alcohol.—Plain dark brown with median fins white or pale. Remarks.—This small eel is identified with considerable uncertainty, but appears to be nearest those figured by Bleeker. GYMNOTHORAX MONOCHROUS Bleeker FIGURE 27, a Gymnothoram monochrous BiEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises..., vol. 4, p. 106, pl. 191, fig. 2, 1864 (type locality, Singapura; Sumatra; Ternata; Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S—46-308, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 58 mm. total length (this specimen is referred to this species with much uncertainty) ; Ion Island, August 7, 1946, Univ. Wash- ington, 2 specimens, 198 and 290 mm.; Bikini-Amen reef, depth 30 feet, July 31 1947, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 287 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Kabelle Island, lagoon reef, June 20, 1946, S-46-231, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 198 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 17 to 20.4; head 6.7 to 7.9; snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4, to dorsal origin 8.3 to 9.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.2 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.3 to 1.4; eye 8.7 to 10; snout to rictus 2.4 to 2.6; snout 5.0 to 6.6; interorbital space 8.0 to 10.4; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, about equidistant between gill opening and rictus; anus notably in front of middle of total length; anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, extending past edge of upper lip when depressed; posterior nasal opening just above dorsal edge of eye and just behind a vertical line through front edge of eye, with slightly raised rims; body somewhat compressed, more so posteriorly; gill openings on sides, about on level of lower part of eye; arrangement of teeth as illustrated in figure; mouth not completely closing. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 129 Color in alcohol.—Plain brown, including median fins, but poste- riorly becoming blackish brown; no white edge on median fins; mid- dorsal line of head slightly pale or whitish in smallest specimens, plain brown on largest specimen; corner of mouth slightly dusky. GYMNOTHORAX JAVANICUS (Bleeker) FIGURE 27, h; PLATE 11, A Muraena javanicus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indié, vol. 19, p. 347, 1859 (type locality, Java). Gymnothorax javanicus BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises ... , vol. 4, p. 95, pl. 179, fig. 2, 1864 (Java). Gymnothoragz flavimarginatus HiyAMa, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1948 (Marshalls). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 488 to 590 mm. total length; Univ. Wash- ington, 2 specimens, 150 and 190 inm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 317 and 470 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 14 to 16; head 7.5 to 7.8; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2, to dorsal origin 8.9 to 10.0; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.3; eye 9.3 to 12; snout to rictus 2.6 to 2.7; snout 5.6 to 6.1, interorbital space 7.5 to 8.3; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head about equidistant between rictus and gill opening; anus slightly in front of middle of total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, not long enough when depressed, to extend to opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings notably above dorsal edge of eye and over front edge of eye, with notably raised rims; body compressed; gill openings on sides about on level with lower part of eye, above level of mouth; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; anterior part of vomerine teeth usually in two rows forming a Y-shaped pattern; jaws moderately long and slender, the toothed edge of dentary very slightly concave. Color in alcohol.—Background color light brown, with black blotches and spots separated by paler brown interspaces slightly nar- rower than blotches; spots on the body may be roundish or quadrate and arranged in two or three somewhat irregular lengthwise rows; gill opening bordered by black; corner of mouth usually blackish; edges of median fins not white, except posterior edge of caudal fin; inside of mouth brownish. A 150-mm. specimen has the belly black spotted and area around gill openings only a little dusky. Color when alive—Dark bloches are black and background color light reddish brown; eye pinkish. 955292—53—vol. 1_—11 130 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—This species was seldom taken on the reefs. In the stom- achs of specimens were found fishes recently swallowed, probably those affected by the rotenone used for collection purposes. Remarks.—This eel is easily recognizable by its gill opening bor- dered with black, and about three irregular rows of black blotches on a light brownish background. GYMNOTHORAX FLAVIMARGINATUS (Riippell) FIGURE 27, € Muraena flavimarginata Riprett, Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika. Fische des Rothen Meers, p. 119, pl. 30, fig. 3, 1828 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 41 specimens, 99 to 635 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 140 to 295 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 132 to 219 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 26 specimens, 69 to 465 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 245 and 525 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 7 specimens, 155 to 467 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 11 to 18.3; head 6.4 to 9.7; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.3; snout to dorsal origin 8.8 to 11.4; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.6 to 2.0; snout to dorsal origin 1.0 to 1.3; eye 7.7 to 12.4; snout to rictus 2.1 to 2.6; snout 5.0 to 5.8; interorbital space 6.8 to 7.9; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, notably closer to gill opening than to rictus of mouth; anus a little in front of middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, not quite long enough to extend to opposite edge of upper lip when depressed; posterior nasal opening above dorsal edge of eye and slightly behind a vertical line through front edge of eye, with slightly raised rims; body a little compressed; gill openings near middle of side a little above level of rictus; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; vomerine teeth in one or two rows or one irregular row. Color in alcohol.—General color brown or blackish, everywhere mottled with light brown or whitish; sometimes the coloration ap- pears to consist of more or less poorly defined mottlings or small spots of dark brown or blackish with whitish or light brown specks; an important characteristic of the coloration is the lighter areas, obscure but always visible anteriorly; gill opening margined with blackish, this black blotch not appearing until a total length of about 80 to 100 mm. is reached; in the black color phase the black gill opening is not easily distinguished, but there are traces of the lighter mottlings; margin of median fins white. Color when alive.—Edges of dorsal and anal fins green or yellowish green, edge of caudal fin yellowish; eye reddish. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 131 Ecology.—G. flawimarginatus occurs commonly in the crevices of the reef and in coral heads in the shallower parts of the reef, as well as in deeper water. Remarks.—This species is easily recognized by its brown or black coloration with obscure small light brown or whitish markings, and by its black blotch around the gill opening. Muraena viridipinna Seale, M.C.Z. No. 6146, from Mauritius, was studied. It is probably a synonym of this species. GYMNOTHORAX FIMBRIATUS (Bennett) FIGURE 27, d; PLATE 13, B Muraena fimbriata BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soe. Londen, 1831, pt. 1, p. 168 (type locality, Mauritius). Gymnothorag favigineus var. isingteenus H1tyaMA, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1948 (Marshalls). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 24 specimens, 132 to 402 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 178 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 168 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 6 specimens, 88 to 873 mm. Description —Greatest depth 15.2 to 18.2; head 6.8 to 7.4; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.2; snout to dorsal origin 8.3 to 10.0; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.2 to 2.7; snout to dorsai origin 1.2 to 1.4; eye 7.8 to 8.9; snout to rictus 2.4 to 2.6; snout 5.1 to 5.9; interorbital space 9.1 to 10.2; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin in rear of head and a little in front of a vertical line through gill opening; anus slightly in front of middle of total length, anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, sufficiently long to extend to opposite edge of upper lip when depressed; posterior nostrils with slightly raised rim, a trifle above level of dorsal edge of eye and slightly behind a vertical line through front edge of eye; body a little compressed, more so posteriorly; gill openings on sides, about on level of pupil; arrange- ment of teeth as shown in the figure; vomerine teeth uniserial; jaws © moderately long, slender, lower jaw curved upward at tip, but the two jaws fit together fairly well. Color in alcohol.—Background color pale to light brownish, with black spots or blotches about size of eye arranged to form somewhat irregular black bars, black spots about as wide as the light brown interspace, and occurring in three lengthwise rows, one along middle of side, one along lower side and near base of anal fin, and one along upper back, the back especially distinct, extending onto the dorsal fin obliquely backward; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins edged with white; eye usually narrowly edged with black, especially around anterior 132 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 margin; slightly behind the eye four to six small black spots that are present even in smallest specimens; corner of mouth blackish; ab- domen, or ventral side of body in front of anus, unspotted; front of snout and tip of lower jaw dark brown; in smaller specimens, the mucus pores under eye and on lower jaw a little whitish. Color when alive—Background color light brownish, spots black. Ecology.—A. common eel in the coral heads and crevices of the reefs. GYMNOTHORAX RUPELLI (McClelland) Figure 10, f Dalophis rupelliae McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 2138, 1845 (type locality, on Rtippell). Gymnothorax reticularis BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... , vol. 4, pl. 183, fig. 2, 1864 (adult coloration). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 8 specimens, SO to 580 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 335 to 404 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 158 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 610 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 251 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 289 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 15 to 23; head 7.6 to 8.7; snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4, to dorsal origin 9.1 to 12.3; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.9 to 2.6; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.5; eye 8 to 9; snout to rictus 2.6 to 2.7; snout 6 to 6.5; interorbital space, about 10; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, about equidistant between rictus and gill opening; anus a little in front of middle of length, anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, their length sufficient to reach edge of lip when folded downward; posterior nasal openings located dorsally, over front of eye, with slightly raised rims; body a little compressed, more so near tail; gill openings on middle of side, slightly above level of rear corner of mouth; arrangement of teeth as illustrated in the figure. Maxillary teeth are acutely triangular. Color in alcohol—From 17 to 22 brown or black bars completely encircle body, even under head and in front of anus, their greatest width contained from 114 to 3 times in pale interspaces; interspaces white in specimens not exceeding 200 mm. in total length, in those over 200 mm. becoming brownish or mottled brownish dorsally but paler ventrally ; the 610-mm. specimen mottled brownish, so that dark bars dorsally break up into a more mottled pattern; inside of lower jaw brown or blackish, sometimes rear corner of mouth blackish; tip of tail white, snout white in young, somewhat pale brownish in adults; black bars extend all the way to edges of dorsal and anal fins, no FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 133 white edge on median fins; anus in seventh, eighth, or ninth black bar, usually in eighth or ninth; first dark bar includes orbit; second slightly behind rictus of mouth and third just in front of gill opening, or gill opening sometimes in white area in third dark ring; tip of snout may be brownish, as may base of nostrils, but tip of anterior nostrils are white; specimens 400 to 600 mm. and longer have on under side of head and behind eye 7 to 10 lengthwise brownish or blackish streaks that extend toward gill opening, these streaks separated by white or pale streaks. Ecology.—This eel occurs in crevices, among coral heads, or wher- ever there is room to hide in the reef. Remarks—This species is characterized by its dentition and by the series of brown or black bars meeting ventrally on the body and extending all the way to the edges of the median fins. GYMNOTHORAX PETELLI (Bleeker) FIcure 10, d Muraena petelli BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 11, p. 84, 1856 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 14 specimens, 70 to 515 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 101 to 227 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 10 specimens, 111 to 346 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 138 specimens, 95 to 525 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 9 specimens, 85 to 485 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 16 to 22; head 7.6 to 9.3; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.8, to dorsal origin 9.9 to 11.6; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.2 to 2.3; snout to dorsal origin 1.2 to 1.4; eye 8.0 to 9.5; snout to rictus 2.4 to 2.8; snout 5.0 to 5.8; interorbital space 8.0 to 10.6; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, a vertical line through it is about equidistant between rictus and gill opening; anus a little in front of middle of total length, anal origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, their length sufficient to extend to edge of lip when folded downward; posterior nostrils placed above front of orbit, with slightly raised rims; body a little compressed, especially on tail; gill openings on sides, a little above level of corner of mouth; dentition as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol—From 16 to 21 brown or blackish bands; those behind anus completely encircle body but in front of anus one or two may or may not meet ventrally, and those forward and under head do not meet along midventral line but are distinctly separated; bands about as wide as white interspaces on smaller specimens, half as wide on the 560-mm. specimen; pale interspaces white in small specimens, somewhat pale brownish in adults; inside of lower jaw and rear of 134 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 roof of mouth blackish; tip of tail usually blackish, sometimes white; snout white or nearly so, with tubular nostrils and base blackish or brown; black bands extend all way to edge of dorsal fin anteriorly but posteriorly edge is white; edge of anal fin white, black bands not reaching quite to edge; anus in eighth, ninth, or tenth black band; first black band at rear of orbit may or may not extend ventrally to include some of lower jaw; dark brown or blackish spot is persistent at corner of mouth; third blackish band near rear of gill opening or through it or just behind it. Whole body becomes brownish with age, making the bands less distinct at 560 mm. total length. Ecology.—This eel occurs in coral heads, crevices, or wherever there is room to hide on the reef. Remarks.—This species is characterized by its dentition and the black bands that do not completely encircle the body anteriorly (they do not meet under head and in front of anal region), the distal edge of anal fin is white across the black bands, which do not reach the edge of the fin. I have examined Gymnothorax pikei Seale (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, No. 4, p. 90, 1917, holotype, M.C.Z. No. 6145) from Mauritius. Although it closely resembles this species, G. piket has the gill opening in a black blotch, the brown bars do not meet ventrally in front of the anus, they do extend all the way to the edges of both dorsal and anal fins. I conclude that G. pikeé is a valid species. G. signifer Bliss (Trans. Soc. Roy. Arts Sci. Maurice, new ser., vol. 18, p. 58, 1883), from Mauritius (M.C.Z. No. 6147, holotype studied), is a synonym of G. petelli. GYMNOTHORAX ZONIPECTIS Seale FicurEs 27, j; 28 Gymnothoraz zonipectis SEALE, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 7, fig. 1, 1906 (type locality, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 4 specimens, 144 to 310 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 18 to 20; head 7.3 to 7.9; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.3, to dorsal origin 8.7 to 10.3; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.3 to 2.7; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.4; eye 8.2 to 9.1; snout to rictus 2.3 to 2.7; snout 4.9 to 5.5; interorbital space 9.8 to 11.1; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, a vertical line through its origin passing notably closer to gill opening than to rictus of mouth; anus a little in front of middle of total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, more elongate than usual; when depressed, their length sufficient to extend notably beyond edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings with FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 135 slightly raised rims, located a little above dorsal edge of, and about over front edge of, eye; body a little compressed, more so posteriorly ; gill opening on middle of sides about on level of lower edge of eye; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure, vomerine teeth uniserial; jaws scarcely closing, tip of lower curved dorsally. Color in alcohol.—Background color light brown with darker brown spots on sides arranged in vertical bars, these bars continuing on fins as oblique dark brown or black spots, bordered by white, becoming more intensely brown or black posteriorly; lower jaw Ficure 28.—Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, from the Philippine Islands. (Drawing taken from Albatross Philippine collections.) crossed with four or five white bars; a black or dark brown blotch extends behind eye a short distance, the area below white, then below eye one or two more white bars; dorsal surface of snout and head brown, with a white streak separating the brown dorsal surface of head from the dark brown bar behind eye; inside of mouth with some brown pigment posteriorly, otherwise mostly white. E'cology.—This is a reef-inhabiting species of eel. Remarks.—This eel is characterized by the white-bordered dark- brown or black bars in both fins, becoming more intense posteriorly. GYMNOTHORAX GRACILICAUDUS Jenkins FIGURE 27, i Gymnothorax gracilicauda JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 426, fig. 6, 1903 (type locality, Honolulu, T. H.). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 24 specimens, 93 to 298 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 15 specimens, 121 to 288 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 99 to 264 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 148 to 182 mm. Description —Greatest depth 17.5 to 23.2; head 7.5 to 9.1; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.8, to dorsal origin 9.3 to 10.8; all in total length. Greatest 136 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 depth 2.8 to 2.9; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.3; eye 7.2 to 9.1; snout to rictus 2.4 to 2.8; snout 5.4 to 6.4; interorbital space 9.2 to 10.85 all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head a little in front of a vertical line through gill opening; anus slightly in front of middle of total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed scarcely reaching to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings with slightly raised rims, lo- cated a little above dorsal level of eye and slightly behind a vertical line through front of eye; body a little compressed, more so pos- teriorly; gill openings on sides about on level of lower edge of eye; teeth arranged as in the figure, vomerine teeth in one or two rows, usually one; jaws moderately long, slender; lower jaw curved upward at tip but the two jaws fit together fairly well. Color in alcohol——Background color pale brown to light grayish brown, with about 40 to 47 dendritic narrow dark-brown bars more or less interconnecting, sometimes somewhat alternating along sides and along back; these bars all with dark spotlike centers, arranged in three rows, one along back, one on middle of side, one ventrally ; pale interspaces about 3 times width of brown bars; abdomen plain light brown. Middorsal surface of snout white from anterior nostrils to interorbital space, sides brownish, this white area crossed by a transverse brown bar at rear of eyes; a second transverse brown bar occurs halfway between eye and dorsal fin origin; corner of mouth with brown blotch; lower jaw white or very light brown with tip of chin brownish; edges of median fins whitish. Ecology.—A common eel among the coral heads and in crevices. This species appears to be a small one. Remarks.—Characteristic of this species is the white streak on the middorsal side of the snout, followed by a brown crossbar at the rear of the eyes and another halfway between the eyes and the dorsal fin origin. We have compared this eel with specimens of G. kidako Temminck and Schlegel from Japan and have found the latter species to be distinct. GYMNOTHORAX MARGARITOPHORUS Bleeker FIcure 27, f Gymnothorax margaritophorus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1864, p. 53, 1865; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... , vol. 4, p. 97, pl. 175, fig. 1, 1864 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 42 specimens, 57 to 355 mm. total length. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 16 specimens, 151 to 227 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 9 stations, 34 specimens, 77 to 377 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 6 specimens, 59 to 387 mm. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ W376 Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 232 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 185 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 90 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 18 to 23; head 7.5 to 7.9; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.3, to dorsal origin 8.4 to 10.4; all in the total length. Greatest depth 2.3 to 3.0; snout to dorsal fin origin 1.1 to 1.3; eye 8.0 to 9.0; snout to rictus 2.3 to 2.8; snout 5.0 to 6.3; interorbital space 9.2 to 10.9; all in the length of the head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head, a little closer to gill opening than to rictus of mouth; anus a little in front of middle of length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed long enough to reach to opposite edge of upper lip; posterior nasal openings with raised rims, on dorsal side of, about opposite front edge of, and a little above dorsal edge of eye; body a little compressed ; gill openings on middle of sides, a little above level of mouth; arrangement of teeth as illustrated in the figure; vomerine teeth in one row or an irregular row; jaws long and slender, scarcely closing tightly when shut, lower jaw slightly curved dorsally or its lateral aspect slightly concave. Color in alcohol—Background color in adults, brownish with traces of mottling anteriorly and dendritic bars, separated by white or pale interspaces posteriorly; in the smaller and halfgrown specimens the vertical interconnecting brown bars continue to the head; margins of fins usually white edged; the most conspicuous color mark a white streak on dorsal surface of snout, more or less continuing posteriorly to dorsal fin.origin, but usually brown spotted or mottled behind orbits; extending posteriorly from upper part of eye a dark brown streak or black blotch, followed by another under dorsal fin origin, then two to seven dark blotches gradually blending into the brown or brown- ish bars; lower jaw and underside of head white, except in large adults; corner of mouth brownish; anterior nostrils brown. Color when alive.—Brownish markings appear reddish brown. Ecology.—G. margaritophorus is a species commonly caught among crevices and coral heads. It does not reach a large size, the longest specimen taken by us being not quite 400 mm. Small fishes were found in the stomachs of several of the preserved specimens. Remarks.—This species is characterized by the white streak on the dorsal surface of the snout, and from two to seven dark blotches in a line on upper sides of the head and extending posteriorly behind the upper edge of the eye. GYMNOTHORAX UNDULATUS (Lacepéde) FIGURE 27, g; PLATE 14, B Muraenophis undulatus LacrerEpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, pp. 629, 642, 644, pl. 641, fig. 2, 1803 (locality not given). 138 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Gymnothorag undulatus Hiyama, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1943 (Marshall Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 8 specimens, 314 to 690 mm. total length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 288 to 295 mm. Description —Greatest depth 10 to 19 (large fish more robust) ; head 6.1 to 8.2; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.3, to dorsal origin 8.2 to 9.5; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.7 to 2.8; snout to dorsal origin 1.1 to 1.4; eye 7.8 to 10.3; snout to rictus 2.4 to 3.1; snout 4.9 to 6.9; inter- orbital space 9.0 to 11.8; all in length of head. Dorsal fin origin on rear of head about equidistant between rictus and gill opening; anus a little in front of middle of total length; anal fin origin close behind anus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed reaching about to edge of upper lip; posterior nasal opening without distinct raised rims, slightly dorsal to and opposite front edge of eye; body compressed; gill openings on middle of side, slightly above level of mouth; arrangement of teeth as shown in the figure; vomerine teeth in one row or an irregular row; jaws long and slender, lower slightly curved dorsally at tip so that toothed edge is slightly concave. Color in alcohol.—Everywhere covered with large brown blotches separated by distinct, narrow, white or pale interspaces more or less interconnecting and sometimes no more than lines; on large fishes white interspaces brown spotted; edges of dorsal, caudal, and anal fins white posteriorly; brown blotches continued on dorsal and anal fins more or less as narrow bars separated by white interspaces; rictus of mouth with a brownish spot; under side of head and thorax more uni- formly brownish than rest of body; pores under orbit and on sides of lower jaw bordered by whitish, especially so in small ones, absent in large adults; inside of mouth brownish; gill opening not bordered by black. Color when alive—Brownish markings appear dark reddish brown; iris of eye slightly orange; pale interspaces nearly white, slightly tan colored; gill opening with slightly purplish tinge. E'cology.—This eel was not very common in the shallower parts of the reefs; it came from crevices, ledges, and coral heads. In the stomachs of most specimens were recently swallowed fishes, indicating that the eels fed on the poisoned fishes. Remarks.—This eel is characterized by its bold brown blotches separated by narrow white interspaces, more or less interconnecting, and by the absence of a black border on the gill openings. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES RELATED TO UROPTERYGIUS la. A pair of pores or 2 posterior nasal openings over each eye; dorsal and anal fins, if present, confined to tip of tail; center of eye a little closer to rictus FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 139 of mouth than to tip of snout; lower jaw equal to, or slightly shorter than, upper (Anarchias). 2a. Tip of tail hard pointed, caudal fin rays rudimentary; dorsal and anal fins absent; rear nasal openings without raised rim in young, becoming slightly raised in those over 150 mm.; center of rear nostril over rear of pupil; caudal fin white; nostrils usually white; mucus pores white; color plain brown on those about 40 mm. in total length, becoming flecked or speckled with white ventrally on head and trunk on those up to a length of 100 to 150 mm., gradually changing to a color pattern on back and sides of about 50 interconnecting or somewhat reticulated narrow brown bars, with pale interspaces, meeting ventrally behind anus; lips barred except in young; a more or less evident pale band or blotch on midside of head behind rictus; snout to anus about 2.2 to 24 in totalllencth!s tear. a eis Anarchias galapagensis * (Seale) 2b. Tip of tail not sharp pointed but rounded; some rays evident, near tip of tail, in dorsal, anal, and caudal fins; longest ray of caudal fin 11 to 27 in head. 3a. Plain dark brown; caudal fin edged with white; mucus pores and rear nasal openings white; sometimes on head a paler area more or less in form of a pale bar behind eye ; lower jaw sometimes slightly barred ; depth 16 to 22 in total length; rear nasal openings without raised Tera SMa apa eS Anarchias allardicei Jordan and Starks (p. 143) 36. Color pattern of irregular narrow brown bars or a network of wide brownish lines; lips barred; posterior nasal opening with a slightly raised rim. 4a. Numerous light brownish irregular bars, sometimes discontinued ventrally or replaced there with brownish specks; under side of head and trunk unspotted; occasionally brown bars so fully expanded they are indistinct ; the 2 pores over each eye separated by a dermal partition; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.4 in total length; caudal fins 13 to OTF invheadiad Mul elaid) mn Anarchias leucurus (Snyder) (p. 145) 4b. A network of wide brownish lines more or less arranged into irregular vertical reticulated bars, more obvious posteriorly; under side of head usually plain whitish; abdomen with brown specks; the two pores over each eye separated by dermal isthmus; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2 in total length; caudal fin 11 to 14 in head. Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz) (p. 146) 1b. A single pore or nasal opening over each eye. 5a. Anal fin origin close behind anus (Rabuia). 6a. Rayed dorsal fin origin % to % head length in front of vertical line through anus, 1.7 to 2.1 head lengths behind gill opening; center of rear nasal opening over front of pupil; color pattern light brownish or brownish overlaid with numerous dark-brown or blackish-brown spots the size of pupil, these more or less interconnected by brown lines, more prominent posteriorly ; mucus pores and posterior nasal opening white, anterior nostril brownish; snout to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.7, snout to anus 2.0 to 2.3, both in total length. Rabula fuscomaculata, new species (p. 147) 18 Uropterygius necturus (not of Jordan and Gilbert) Myers and Wade, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., Univ. Southern California, vol. 9, No. 4, p. 85, 1941, is the young of A. galapagensis (Seale) (ibid., No. 1, p. 6, fig.). I have examined the specimens used by these authors and found the two pores over each eye. U. necturus has but one pore. Actually the specimens identified by these authors as U. marmoratus are the true necturus. U. marmoratus has not been found east of the central tropical Pacific. 140 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 6b. Rayed dorsal fin origin a head length in front of anus and 1% head length behind gill opening. Za. Posterior nasal opening notably in front of a vertical line through front of eye; mucus pore on middle of dorsal side of snout equi- distant between one on dorsal base of anterior nostril and rear nostril; snout to dorsal origin 2.95; snout to anus 2.1, both in total length; color dark brown with traces of light mottlings or whitish spots the size of pupil_-_________-__________ Rabula davisi Fowler 7b. Posterior nasal opening behind front of eye, a vertical line passing through front of pupil also passes through center of rear nasal opening; mucus pore on middle of dorsal side of snout notably closer to one on dorsal base of anterior nostril than to rear nostril; snout to dorsal origin 3.0 to 3.2, snout to anus 2.2, both in total length; plain brown, edges of dorsal and anal fins same color as body, mucus pores on head and rear nostrils white, anterior nasal tube brown; caudal fin whitish, or paler than body. Rabula marshallensis, new species (p. 149) 5b. Anal fin present only at tip of tail (Uropterygius). 8a. Rayed dorsal origin just behind gill opening; caudal fin edged with blackish ; mucus pores and nostrils brownish; coloration plain yellow- ish brown tinged with pale on ventral side anteriorly ; posterior nasal opening without raised rim; center of eye equidistant between tip of snout and rictus; snout to anus 2.1 in total length. Uropterygius insuetus Whitley 8b. Rayed dorsal fin present only at tip of tail, both anal and dorsal fins confluent with short caudal fin. 9a. Snout to anus longer than tail, about 1.45 to 1.9 in total length. 10a. Posterior nasal openings not tubular, at best development only a raised rim; vomerine teeth uniserial. 11a. Color pattern of finely mottled brown and violet (pale) markings not arranged in rows or bars; tail pale edged; nostrils white. Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker) 11b. Color pattern of 5 to 6 irregular rows of brown spots more or less joined to each other and about 8 or 9 somewhat broken, blackish- brown, lengthwise bands on sides of head; figure 29, f. Uropterygius fijiensis Fowler 10b. Posterior nostrils tubular. 12a. Color pattern of large brown spots on a pale brown background but snout not white as in polyspilus; center of eye closer to rictus than to tip of snout; posterior tubular nostril as long as anterior one, or nearly so, and white; snout to anus 1.6 to 1.9, greatest depth 22 to 26, both in total length; caudal fin very short, about 29 in head______ Uropterygius tigrinus (Lesson) 12b. Color pattern not of large brown spots. 13a. Color plain yellowish brown or brown without any markings; center of eye equidistant between tip of snout and rictus; jaws about equal; mucus pores and nostrils same color as head (based on U.S.N.M. No. 150552, cotype). Uropterygius sealei ” Whitley 129U, sealei Whitley, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 330, footnote, 1932, is a new name for Scuticaria unicolor Seale 1917 (preoccupied). FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 141 13b. Coloration everywhere speckled with fine brown and fine white spots not arranged in bars or lengthwise streaks; tubular posterior nostril as long as tubular anterior nostril; mucus pores on head and nostrils white; greatest depth 13 to 20 in total length____ Uropterygius polystictus Myers and Wade 9b. Snout to anus equal to or shorter than tail (anus to tip of caudal fin), about 2.0 (rarely 1.95) to 2.91 in total length. 14a. Coloration of large blackish or dark brown spots on a pale back- ground; tip of snout white; center of eye closer to rictus than to tip of snout; nostrils white; mucus pores on head same color as head; caudal fin same color as body; rear nostril in a very short tube or with a raised rim, located over pupil; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.1, greatest depth 23 to 27, both in total length; caudal fin length 17 to 27, mouth 2.9 to 3.9, both in head; teeth as in ET SUNT 2S i eae Uropterygius polyspilus Regan 14b. Coloration not as above. 15a. Plain brown without any dark or light spots; center of eye closer to rictus than to snout tip; rear nostril with raised rim over pupil; caudal fin white; nostrils and mucus pores brown; gill opening slightly above middle of side on level of middle of eye; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2, depth 29 to 31, both in total length. Uropterygius concolor Riippell (p. 151) 15b. Coloration not plain brown, but with dark bars, or light or dark spots at least posteriorly. 16a. Gill opening notably closer to middorsal line than to middle of sides, opposite upper edge of eye; maxillary and dentary with numerous rows of slightly oblique small conical teeth on outside of inner row of caninelike teeth; body subtubular in shape anteriorly, a little compressed posteriorly; rear nostrils notably tubular in shape, nearly as long as anterior ones; center of eye closer to snout tip than to rictus; caudal fin same color as body, jaws barred, mucus pores same color as head. 17a. Brownish or grayish with small brown spots forming rather widely spaced dark bars; vomerine series of teeth continu- ous with those of premaxillary; both nostrils white. Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan) (p. 152) 176. Mottled with dark and light spots rather closely set, arranged to form rather indistinct bars; vomerine series of teeth interrupted and not continuous with those of premaxillary ; rear nostrils white, anterior ones brownish. Uropterygius dentatus, new species (p. 152) 16b. Gill opening closer to middle of side than to middorsal line of back; outer rows of teeth on maxillary and dentary parallel to the inner row of more enlarged teeth. 18a. Coloration plain brown or blackish brown overlaid with tiny white specks, these usually most prominent on sides of head and underside of abdomen, disappearing posteriorly in the largest specimens; snout and lower jaw uniform pale or light brown; tail, including dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, white ; posterior nostrils tubular or nearly so, usually white 142 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 or partly white; anterior tubular nostrils brown; mucus pores same color as head; snout to anus 2.4 to 2.9, greatest depth 27 to 37, both in total length. Uropterygius xanthropterus Bleeker (p. 154) 18b. Coloration not as above. 19a. Everywhere coloration mottled combination of gray, olive, brown, blackish, whitish, with small dark spots of brown or blackish, no bars anywhere; vomerine teeth biserial, at least in adults; rear nostril tubular, nearly as long as anterior tubular nostril; center of eye equidistant between tip of snout and rictus; jaws nearly equal; caudal fin nearly obsolete and same color as body; nostrils and mucus pores on head same color as head; snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4, greatest depth 19 to 28, both in total length. Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepéde) (p. 155) 196. Coloration not as above. 20a. Coloration brown or light grayish overlaid with a char- acteristic network of finely reticulated black lines not forming bars or lengthwise streaks; rear nostril with raised rim; center of eye equidistant between snout tip and rictus; nostrils and mucus pores same color as head; tail same color as body; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2, greatest depth 16 to 22, both in total length. Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker) (p. 155) 2006. Coloration not as above. 21a. Plain brown anteriorly with dark brown spots posteri- orly, sometimes arranged in bars; lower jaw, some- times including area behind it, whitish or light brown, persistently paler than brown body; mucus pores on head same color as body; anterior nostril and most of rear nostril white; margin of caudal fin whitish; snout to anus about 2.0, greatest depth 17 to 25, both in total length. Uropterygius fuscoguttatus, new species (p. 156) 21b. Color patterns predominantly of numerous irregular brown bars alternating with lighter interspaces; sometimes the color is so dark that the bars are dif- ficult to observe; rear nostril with raised rim or nearly tubular. 22a. Lower jaw plain white or plain dark brown on the very darkest specimens, with scarcely any light areas; lower lips not barred; caudal fin white tipped or same color as body; nostrils and mucus pores same color as head. Uropterygius reidi Schultz (p. 158) 226. Lower jaw notably barred or reticulated with brown ; lower lips barred ; caudal fin, including rayed dorsal and anal fins, white; nostrils and mucus pores usually same color as head. Uropterygius necturus (Jordan and Gilbert) and Uropterygius Enighti (Jordan and Starks) FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 143 Genus ANARCHIAS Jordan and Starks Anarchias JorpAN and Srarks, in Jordan and Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 204, 1906. (Genotype, A. allardicei Jordan and Starks.) ANARCHIAS ALLARDICEI Jordan and Starks FIGURE 29, c Anarchias allardicei JorpaAN and Srarks, in Jordan and Seale, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 204, fig. 9, 1906 (type locality, Pago Pago, Samoa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Namu Island, lagoon reef, April 8, 1946, Johnson, 1 specimen, 88 mm, in total length. Rongerik Atoll: Bock Island, ocean reef, April 24, 1946, S—46-113, Brock and Marr, 1 specimen, 113 mm.; Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 50 mm. Guam: June-July, 1945, McElroy and Markley, 3 specimens, 85 to 95 mm. Saipan: Cloud, 1 specimen, 82 mm. Description.—The first figure for each character is that of the holo- type of A. allardicei, followed by proportions for 3 other specimens. Greatest depth 16.6 (18 to 22); head 7.6 (7.5 to 7.8) 5 snout to anus 2.0 (2.0 to 2.1); all in total length. Greatest depth 2.2 (2.3 to 2.9) ; length of longest caudal fin rays 13 (11 to 17) ; eye 13 (10 to 11) ; snout tip to rictus 8.1 (2.9 te 3.5) ; snout 5.8 (6.0 to 6.4) ; interorbital space 7.6 (7.6 to 10.3) ; all in length of head. Body a little compressed, more so on tail; rayed dorsal fin absent except near tip of tail, anal absent except near tip of tail, both con- fluent with short caudal fin; sometimes dorsal fin appears as a low fold along back but no rays have been found by dissection; center of eye nearly a third closer to rictus than to snout tip; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed barely reaching to edge of upper lip; posterior nostrils with two openings above each eye, these two pores separated by a dermal septum; a vertical line through center of base of rear nasal pore passes through front edge of pupil; anus at or slightly in front of middle of total length; dis- tance between pore above base of anterior nostril and the one on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.9 to 2.1 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three nearly in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to eye; lower jaw a little shorter than upper jaw; teeth short, conical, inner row of dentary and maxillary somewhat enlarged, vomerine teeth uniserial. Color in alcohol.—Plain dark brown; caudal fin edged with white; mucus pores and rear nasal openings white; sometimes a paler area on head, more or less in form of a pale bar, behind eye. 144 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—Two of the specimens were taken from a thick growth of algae on coral heads growing on the ocean side of the reef of Bock and Namu Islands. Remarks.—This species is characterized by its plain dark brown coloration and its double rear nostrils. Four specimens were described by Jordan and Starks, two from Pago Pago, Samoa, and two from Apia. The two from Pago Pago are of the same species; one, the holotype, has the U.S.N.M. No. 51715 tied to it, together with a metal tag “Drawn”; the other, a paratype bears the U.S.N.M. No. 144296. Of the two from Apia, one, U.S.N.M. No. 126338, is of a different species, probably U. concolor Riippell. I have not seen the second specimen from Apia; it may be at Stanford University. The holotype, originally measured at 160 mm., has shrunken to 133 mm. in preservation, but this is not excessive for eels. ANARCHIAS LEUCURUS (Snyder) FIGURE 29, Db Uropterygius leucurus SNYDER, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 521, pl. 6, fig. 12, 1904 (type locality, Maui and Lanai). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 30 specimens, 77 to 178 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 26 specimens, 123 to 220 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 specimen, 70 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 118 mm. Description —Greatest depth 23 to 31; head 9.2 to 9.5; snout to anus 2.2 to 2.45 all in total length. Greatest depth 2.4 to 3.3; length of long- est caudal fin ray 18 to 27; eye 11 to 18; snout to rictus 2.7 to 3.4; snout 5.3 to 6.7; interorbital space 6.5 to 9.5; all in length of head. Body a little compressed; dorsal and anal fins not externally evi- dent except near tip of tail, where they are confluent with caudal fin, otherwise more less represented as a low fold of skin; center of eye closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, tubes long enough to reach edge of upper lip, when depressed; posterior nostrils represented by a pair of openings above each eye, these separated by a dermal partition, the anterior opening with a slightly raised rim; a vertical line through middle of dermal partition of pair of openings passes through front of pupil; anus notably in front of middle of total length; distance be- tween pore above base of anterior nostril and that on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.7 to 2.0 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three about in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to eye; teeth conical, moderately long, pointed, inner row of maxillary and of dentary few in number and caninelike, vomerine teeth short, uniserial. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 145 Color in alcohol.—Color pattern consists of numerous light brown- ish, broken or irregular bars, occasionally somewhat mottled, with very pale or whitish interspaces, sometimes bars discontinued ven- trally and color consists of light brownish specks; underside of head and abdomen anteriorly unspotted; upper and lower lips barred; an- terior nasal tubes usually white, margins of dorsal, anal, and tip of caudal fin white; occasionally brownish bars so fully expanded that white interspaces are indistinct. (This seems to be the color phase represented by the holotype of Zewcewrus, which, after long preserva- tion is brownish. The original figure of Jewcwrus does not give a true color pattern for the species.) Ecology.—This small species was common in the shallower reef where there was considerable wave action. It lives in crevices, rocky algal debris, and among coral heads. ~ : am an @ ate ee RAG AV? iy’ 3 SV Y? b fy'+ VY gvrry NA hep Adee: ey AG iN hy, f\ 43 AQt Ss V5 4% AC Ny 4 Ae Wee ye % Ng OS is 5 S345 ibs 3 on iS * tna ne a ; \ 2 > ) (a) E a v 3 4S & A : 4 2 NS ANAG i 2 A 7 vr iy NS 5 % ; aN NS % é 5, zy NG Zi SS Ry NS 4, EEN 4 NG Ea ASS 4 % te 4 NG 3% NY 47 vi NS dh OS 4 ¥ 47 BA, Ae INAS *4 bs Aa Nt 4n, ph awe 4p Asis % oe Sys AVE Vio ah EN Y Ye i AY Me ki, we AVG Ny 2 v ts as 14 BN Vie rs ¥ NS as ING EN wy 44 NGF PNY v Ye \ v EN) v 4 v b mp a RES Bo: VEG a vo oF ra : he 2 t aS y by \ M y ; ‘ : ‘ : F G ee i 7 ° 49 te 5 rt s 7, re t ¢ % : 7 ; 3 a, Aa ; aes : q 77 XS ¢ og A 47 t 77 Rr 4 \: q N 34 iN ee 1 WN : TiS SS Za TANS Die a oN 7 ¢ 44 ty yy g, wy O Ry y N3 7 % 34 Se 4A’ we “alts janes Ficure 29.—Dental patterns of certain species of muraenid eels: a, Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz); 6, 4. lewcurus (Synder); c, A. allardicei Jordan and Starks; d, Uropterygius polyspilus Regan; e, U. marmoratus (Lacepéde); f, U. fijiensis Fowler; g, U. concolor Rippell; h, U. micropterus (Bleeker); 1, U. xanthopterus Bleeker. (Sketches by author.) 955292—53—vol. 1 12 146 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Remarks.—We have compared our specimens with the type from the Hawaiian Islands, U.S.N.M. No. 50871, and are convinced that our material represents the same species. The type was not well preserved and is plain brownish. ANARCHIAS CANTONENSIS (Schultz) FIGURE 29, a; PLATE 15 Uropterygius cantonensis ScHuLtTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 3a, 1943 (type locality, Canton Island, Phoenix group). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Romuk Island, lagoon reef, April 2, 1946, S-46—48, Schultz, 1 specimen, 190 mm. total length; Namu Island, April 3, 1946, S-46—49, Schultz, 1 specimen, 63 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Enybarbar Island, tidal pool, June 18, 1946, S—46—-217, Schultz, 1 specimen, 189 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 20 to 28; head 7.2 to 8.0; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.5 to 3.5; longest caudal fin ray 11.6 to 13.3; eye 12.4 to 14.1; snout to rictus 2.8 to 3.1; snout 5.8 to 6.7; interorbital space 7.5 to 11; all in length of head. Body a little compressed, more so posteriorly, nearly tubular an- teriorly; dorsal and anal fins not externally evident except near tip of tail, where they are confluent with the short caudal fin; center of eye closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, just long enough to reach to edge of upper lip when depressed; posterior nasal openings double (over each eye two openings), rear one larger, with a slightly raised rim, separated by narrow isthmus of skin from a smaller pore a little in front; a ver- tical line through center of rear nasal opening passes through rear of pupil; anus a little in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 2.0 to 2.9 times in distance between latter and rear pore of rear nostril, these pores not in a straight line; dis- tance between real nasal openings a little greater than diameter of eye; lower jaw very slightly shorter than upper; teeth conical, in two rows on maxillary and on dentary, inner row caninelike, vomerine teeth uniserial. Color in alcohol.—Color pattern a network of wide brownish lines, more or less arranged into irregular vertical reticulated bars, more obvious posteriorly ; underside of head usually plain whitish, abdomen with brown specks; lips barred; front margin of eye with a line of black pigment; edge of rear nasal opening white, as are mucus pores on dorsal surface of head; caudal fin whitish. E'cology.—This species was taken from the shallow reef area and probably came out of some of the crevices, or from coral growths. FAMILY MURABNIDAE—SCHULTZ 147 Remarks.—We have compared the Marshall Islands specimens with the types from the Phoenix Islands and find no significant differences. Genus RABULA Jordan and Davis Rabula JorpAN and Davis, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. and Fisheries, 1888, vol. 16, pp. 590, 598, 1892. (Genotype based on U.S.N.M. No. 66738, holotype of R. davisi Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 64, p. 21, February 1912, as restricted by him, and not on Gymnothoraz aquae-dulcis Cope, holotype, A.N.S.P. No. 14925, which is another species and came from Costa Rica.) This genus is characterized by having an anal fin with its origin close behind anus (origin of the rayed dorsal fin is more than a head length behind the gill openings but in front of a vertical line through the anus) and by having a single posterior nasal opening. Ficure 30.—Holotype of Rabula fuscomaculata, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141639), from Rongerik Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) RABULA FUSCOMACULATA, new species FIcuRE 30 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141639, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, August 14, 1947, S-1041, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson, total length 173 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141644, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S—46-9, Sees and Brock, 1 specimen, 125 mm. in total lernavih U.S.NM. No. 141646, Bikini ei lagoon, coral heads eastern end, depth 20 to 25 feet, March 26, 1946, S46—42, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 164 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141645, Bikini Atoll, Boro Island, channel reef, April 6, 1946, S-46-52, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 61 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141643, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, April 18, 1946, S-46-98, Schultz, 2 specimens, 146 to 150 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141648, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 2 specimens, 143 and 147 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141647, Bikini Atoll, Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 177 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141641, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, channel reef, July 17, 1947, S-46-405, Schultz, Brock, Hiatt, and Myers, 1 specimen, 84 148 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141640, Bikini Atoll, tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46-422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 9 specimens, 92 to 148 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141642, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 3 specimens, 93 to 182 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141653, Eniwetok Atoll, Teiteiripucchi Island, June 1, 1946, S-46-197, Schultz, 6 specimens, 118 to 169 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141652, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, June 28, 1946, S-46-238, Schultz and Herald, 5 specimens, 145 to 181 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141650, Rongelap Atoll, Mellu Island, lagoon reef, June 19, 1946, S-46-220, Schultz and Herald, 9 specimens, 93 to 148 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141649, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, ocean reef, July 31, 1946, S-46-304, Herald, 18 speci- mens, 72 to 165 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141651, Kwajalein Atoll, Ennylabe- gan Island, lagoon reef, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Herald, 2 specimens, 112 and 142 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141638, Johnston Island, ocean reef, northern side, August 28-29, 1947, S-42-569, Schultz, 16 specimens, 81 to 159 mm. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype and 3 paratypes, and these are recorded, in thousandths of the total length, in that order, respectively. Total length in mm. 178; 156; 133; 72. Greatest depth 61; 55; 60; 51; head 124; 126; 119; 121; snout to anus 474; 469; 503; 444; length of longest caudal fin rays 10; 6; 12; 11; eye 14; 12; 18; 11; snout 23; 22; 20; 22; snout to rictus 46; 37; 39; 39; interorbital space 20; 18; 16; 24; snout to dorsal origin 376; 393; 413; 888; distance between rear nostril and mucus pore on mid- dorsal side of snout 14; 12; 13; 11; distance between mucus pores on middorsal side of snout 9; 9; 8; 8. Greatest depth 16.5 to 19; head 7.9 to 8.8; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.3, to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.7; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.0 to 2.4; eye 9.0 to 10.9; snout to rictus 2.7 to 3.5; snout 5.4 to 5.9; interorbital space 5.1 to 7.6; longest caudal fin ray 10 to 19; all in length of head. Body a little compressed throughout its length; dorsal fin present, its origin about 4 to 24 head length in front of a vertical line through anus and 1.7 to 2.1 head lengths behind gill opening; anal fin present, its origin just behind anus, both fins confluent with short caudal fin; rays of dorsal and of anal fins visible only by dissection; center of eye notably closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed reaching to edge of upper lip; single pair of posterior nasal openings, slightly tubular, a vertical line through center of base of posterior nostril passes through front edge of pupil; anus usually a little in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 149 and the one on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.3 to 1.7 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three not quite in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to diameter of eye; lower jaw a little shorter than upper, tip of snout projecting a little; teeth very short, conical, no canines, arranged as shown in the figure, vomerine teeth uniserial or irregularly biserial. Color in alcohol—Background color light brownish or brownish overlaid with numerous dark-brown or blackish-brown spots the size of pupil and more or less interconnected by brown lines, this pattern more prominent posteriorly ; median fins pale edged; abdomen usually unspotted; sides of head behind eye and lower jaw plain brownish or with white specks; mucus pores white below eye, on snout, and on lower jaw; posterior nostrils white; anterior tubular nostrils brownish; on some larger specimens, brown spots expanded to form a more mottled pattern; on smaller fish, brown spots not inter- connected by brownish lines. Ecology.—This new eel was common on the shallow areas of the reefs, among coral and debris. The finding of mature eggs indicates a spawning time during late summer. Remarks.—A_ small species, since females contain mature eggs at total lengths of as short as 130 mm. These eggs measure 2 mm. in diameter. This new species differs from all other eels related to the genus Uropterygius in having the dorsal origin far behind the head, and a color pattern of brown spots more or less interconnected by brownish lines on a light brown background. (Dr. William Gosline, University of Hawaii, recently sent to the U. S. National Museum two specimens of this species from Oahu Island, T. H.) This new species was named fuscomaculata in reference to the brown spots. RABULA MARSHALLENSIS, new species FIGURE 31 Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 141687, Kwajalein Atoll, Ennylabegan Island, lagoon reef, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Hema! total length 179 mm. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141690, Bikini Atoll, Boro Island, chan- nel reef, April 6, 1946, S-46-52, Schultz and Brock, 3 specimens, 136 to 161 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141689, Eniwetok Atoll, Jieroru Island, lagoon reef, May 21, 1946, S46-174, Schultz, 2 specimens, 187 and 178 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141688, Kwajalein Atoll, Ennylabegan Island, lagoon reef, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Herald, 4 specimens, 128 to 160 mm. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype and 3 paratypes and these, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in that order, respectively. 150 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Total length in mm. 179, 178, 161 and 148. Greatest depth 48; 39; 44; 38; head 121; 111; 109; 111; snout to anus 449; 450; 454; 448; longest midcaudal fin ray 8; 5; 9; 6; eye 12; 13; 12; 10; snout 23; 20; 19; 19; snout tip to rictus 44; 386; 40; 38; interorbital space 17; 12; 15; 16; snout to dorsal origin 324; 337; 311; 315. Greatest depth 21 to 26; head 8.3 to 9.3; snout to anus 2.2, to dorsal origin 3.0 to 8.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.5 to 2.9; length of longest midcaudal fin ray 12 to 20; eye 8.2 to 10.5; snout to rictus 2.7 to 3.1; snout 5.1 to 5.9; interorbital space 6.9 to 9.0; all in length of head. Body a little compressed throughout its length; dorsal fin present, its origin about 134 to 2 head lengths behind gill opening, only slightly more than 1 head length in front of vertical line through anus; anal fin present, its origin just behind anus, both fins confluent with short Figure 31.—Holotype of Rabula marshallensis, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141687), from Kwajalein Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) caudal fin; rays of dorsal and anal fins visible upon dissection ; center of eye about a third closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nos- trils tubular, on each side of tip of snout when depressed reaching to edge of upper lip; single pair of posterior nasal openings with slightly raised rims, a vertical line through center of base of posterior nasal openings passes through front of pupil; anus a little in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.2 to 1.7 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three nearly in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to diameter of eye; lower jaw a little shorter than upper; teeth rather short, conical, arranged as illustrated ; vomerine teeth uniserial; under magnification a few of the enlarged teeth on premaxillary have the posterior edge very slightly serrate on largest specimens. Color in aleohol.—Plain brown, without any white edges on dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin somewhat paler than body, or even whitish; mucus pores under eye, on snout, and on lower jaw, white; rear nostril white; anterior nasal tube brown; lower jaw and region behind eye and underside of head paler than rest of brown body; front of eye with a blackish line. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 151 Ecology—This eel occurred among the coral heads and rocky debris of the reefs where the wave action was strong. Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from all other plain brown eels by the location of the origin of the dorsal fin (about two head lengths behind the gill opening), the location of the rear nasal pore over the eye, and the arrangement of the teeth. It is close to Rabula davisi Fowler. The latter, however, has the posterior nasal opening notably in front of a vertical line through front of eye. Named in reference to the Marshall Islands. Genus UROPTERYGIUS Riippell Uropterygius RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere . . . Abyssinien gehirig. Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 83, 1885. (Genotype, U. concolor Riippell.) UROPTERYGIUS CONCOLOR Riippell FI@uRE 29, g Uropterygius concolor Rtppett, Neue Wirbelthiere ... Abyssinien gehdrig. Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 838, pl. 20, fig. 4, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll : 3 stations, 4 specimens, 107 to 311 mm. total length. Guam: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 43 to 143 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 141 mm. Description. —Greatest depth 29 to 31; head 11.5 to 18; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.3 to 2.6; longest ray of caudal fin 14 to 16 or more in large adults; eye 10 to 16.3; snout to rictus 2.7 to 3.1; snout 4.6 to 5.2; interorbital space 6.7 to 8.2, all in length of head. Body a little compressed, more so near tip of tail; rayed dorsal and anal fins absent except near tip of tail, where they are more or less evident, and confluent with caudal fin, no dermal fold where dorsal or anal fins might be expected; center of eye notably closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nostril tubular, one each side of tip of snout, when depressed reaching to edge of upper lip; posterior nostrils with raised rims, fringed on adults, a single opening over each eye; a verti- cal line through base of posterior nasal opening passes through pupil; anus a little in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout con- tained about 1.9 to 2.3 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three nearly in straight line; distance between rear nostrils slightly less than diameter of eye; teeth short, conical, vomerine teeth uniserial, arrangement as shown in the figure. Color in alcohol.—Plain brown without any dark or light spots; tip of tail whitish ; nostrils brown; mucus pores not white edged. 152 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 UROPTERYGIUS SUPRAFORATUS (Regan) Gymnomuraena supraforata Recan, Ann. Mag. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 439, 1909 (type locality, Savay).—GuNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 17, pt. 9, p. 426, fig. of head, 1910 (Savaii, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S—46-308, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 300 mm. in total length. Tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46—422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 1 specimen, 300 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Yugui Island, ocean reef, July 31, 1946, S-46-304, Herald, 1 specimen, 217 mm. Description Greatest depth 20; head 10 to 10.9; snout to anus 2.0; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 1.9; length of longest caudal rays 6.5 to 7.7; eye 7.4 to 8.3; snout to rictus 1.8, snout 5.8 to 5.9; inter- orbital space 5.7 to 6.0; all in length of head. Body nearly tubular, somewhat compressed posteriorly; dorsal and anal fins not externally evident except near tip of tail, where they are confluent with short caudal fin; center of eye notably closer to tip of snout than to rictus; anterior nostrils very short, tubular, on each side of tip of snout, tubes scarcely longer than posterior nostrils; these latter tubular, single, on each side; a vertical line through center of base of rear nostril passes through a point between middle and rear of pupil; anus at middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.7 to 1.9 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three not quite in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to diameter of eye; jaws equal; teeth very numerous, long, pointed, some caninelike; teeth on maxillary in several slightly oblique rows, inner two or three rows caninelike and outer teeth very small; teeth on dentary similar but less oblique; vomerine teeth uniserial. Color in alcohol—Background color light brown to light grayish; everywhere with small brownish spots of irregular shape, more or less united into somewhat distinct vertical rows, spots more or less in- terconnected ; sides of head with fine dark specks, more or less forming a barred pattern ; both nasal openings whitish. Remarks.—This characteristic species may be recognized by its den- tition, by its color pattern of small brownish spots more or less arranged to form bars, and by the absence of a white edge on the caudal fin. UROPTERYGIUS DENTATUS, new species Ficure 32 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141637, Johnston Island, northern ocean reef, August 28-29, 1947, S-42-569, Schultz, only known specimen, 373 mm. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ L538 Description.—Precision measurements, made on the holotype, are expressed in thousandths of the total length. Greatest depth 48; head 95; snout to anus 442; longest midcaudal fin rays 13; eye 8; snout 15; snout to rictus 54; interorbital space 16; distance from rear nostril to mucus pore on top of head 8, and from latter to anterior pore above front nostril 6. Greatest depth 21; head 10.5; snout to anus 2.3, all in total length. Greatest depth 2.0; length of longest caudal fin rays 7.2; eye 12; snout to rictus 1.8; snout 6.3; interorbital space 6.1; all in length of head. Body nearly tubular and somewhat compressed posteriorly; dorsal and anal fins not externally evident except near tip of tail, where they are confluent with short caudal fin; center of eye a third closer to tip of snout than to rictus; anterior nostrils very short, tubular, on each side of tip of snout, scarcely longer than posterior nostrils, these latter tubular, single, on each side; a vertical line through center of base of rear nostril passes through rear of pupil; anus a little in Figure 32.—Holotype of Uropterygius dentatus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141637), from Johnston Island. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.4 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three not quite in line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to eye; jaws equal; teeth very numerous, long, pointed, those on maxillary in several slightly oblique rows, teeth in outer rows small, in inner rows canine- like; dentary with similar dentition; vomerine teeth uniserial, sepa- rated from the premaxillary teeth by a short edentulous area; gill openings notably nearer middorsal line than middle of sides. Color in alcohol.—Background light gray, everywhere overlaid with numerous small brownish spots or dots more or less interconnecting and arranged to form somewhat indistinct broken or mottled bars; rear nostrils white, anterior ones brownish; Jaws somewhat barred with brown specks. Remarks.—This species is close to U. supraforatus Regan, but differs in having much more numerous close-set brown specks or spots ar- ranged in more numerous bars of less distinct nature, the vomerine series of teeth, continuous in swpraforatus, are interrupted in dentatus, and thus are not confluent with the premaxillary teeth. 154 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 This eel was named dentatus in reference to the characteristic dentition. UROPTERYGIUS XANTHOPTERUS Bleeker FIGURE 29, i Uropterygius santhopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 19, p. 350, 1859; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., p. 114, pl. 164, fig.4, 1864 (type locality, Java, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 26 specimens, 70 to 345 mm. total length. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 8 specimens, 165 to 341 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 165 to 286 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 287 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 107 to 182 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 27 to 37; head 10 to 11; snout to anus 2.4 to 2.9; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.6 to 3.5; eye 10.8 to 12.4; snout to rictus 2.5 to 2.9; snout 5.4 to 6.5; interorbital space 6.9 to 7.6; longest caudal fin rays 6.1 to 8.3; all in length of head. Body only a little compressed, more so posteriorly; dorsal and anal fins not externally evident, except near caudal fin; center of eye equi- distant or slightly closer to tip of snout than to rictus; anterior nos- trils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed reaching or nearly reaching to edge of upper lip; a single short, tubular posterior nasal opening over each eye; a vertical line through center of base of rear nostril passes through front part of pupil; anus notably in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.6 to 2.0 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three in a line; distance between posterior nostrils greater than diameter of eye, jaws nearly equal, lower a little shorter; teeth conical, pointed, in two rows on maxillary and dentary, teeth in outer row very short, in inner row caninelike and widely spaced; vomerine teeth uniserial. Color mm alcohol.—Background color dark brown or blackish brown, somewhat mottled or overlaid with small white specks, these latter most prominent on sides of head and underside of abdomen; snout and lower jaw uniform pale or light brown; specks disappearing pos- teriorly in larger specimens; tail white edged; posterior nostrils usually white, or partly so; posterior half or more of body may have only scattered white specks; mucus pores same color as head; anterior nostrils brown. Ecology.—This species was taken frequently from the shallow reefs, where it lived among corals and in the crevices. Remarks.—This eel is best recognized by its slender body, the white specks prominent on the head, fewer on the body, and the white-edged FAMILY MURABNIDAE—SCHULTZ 155 tail. A female 258 mm. in total length, taken August 7, contained large eggs apparently fully mature. Specimens of Gymnothoraw dorsalis Seale, M.C.Z. Nos. 31061 and 31062, were studied. Although U. dorsalis is probably a valid species, it is an elongate species similar to U. wanthopterus. UROPTERYGIUS MARMORATUS (Lacepéde) FIGURE 29, e Gymnomuraena marmorata LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol 5, pp. 648, 649, 1803 (type locality, New Britain). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46—-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 499 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 19 to 23; head 9.4 to 11; snout to anus 2.3 to 2.4; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.1 to 2.3; eye 12 to 17; snout to rictus 2.8 to 3.1; snout 5.8 to 7.4; interorbital space 8.1 to 10.6; longest midcaudal fin ray 17 to 21; all in length of head. Body nearly tubular and only a little compressed; dorsal and anal fins not externally evident, caudal fin rudimentary; on young, median fins slightly indicated, more evident posteriorly ; center of eye equidistant between snout tip and rictus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed not quite reaching to edge of upper lip; single pair of posterior nostrils tubular, more prominent in adults; a vertical line through center of base of posterior nostril passes through front of pupil; anus a little in front of middle of total length; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained 1.4 to 1.7 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three in line; distance between posterior nostrils about equal to diameter of eye; jaws about equal; teeth conical, pointed on adults, usually 5 rows within marginal row on premaxil- lary and 2 rows within marginal row on maxillary, 2 rows on maxil- lary and 2 on dentary in young, 2 or 3 rows on vomer in large adults. Color in alcohol.—Coloration a mottled combination of gray, brown, blackish, or whitish, adult appearing somewhat blotched, with irreg- ular close-set dark spots; underside of head nearly plain white to dark, nostrils blotched with brownish or blackish. Remarks.—This species appeared to be very rare in the northern Marshall Islands. UROPTERYGIUS MICROPTERUS (Bleeker) FIGURE 29, h Muraena micropterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indié, vol. 3, p. 298, 1852; Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises .. ., p. 115, pl. 164, fig. 2, 1864 (type locality, Flores, Buro, Morotai, Amboina, Ceram, Aru, Timor). 156 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Uropterygius tinkhami Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 59, figs. 1, 2, 1945 (Saipan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 242 mm. total length. Guam: 13 lots, 48 specimens, 53 to 260 mm. Description.—Greatest depth 16 to 22; head 8.6 to 9.8; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.6 to 2.6; eye 11.2 to 13.8; snout to rictus 2.9 to 3.4; snout 6.2 to 7.5; interorbital space 10.0 to 12.2; all in length of head. Body nearly tubular, only a little compressed forward, more so near tail; dorsal and anal fins represented by rays only near tail, sometimes a fold of skin along middorsal line of back beginning on rear of head, caudal fin very small; center of eye about equidistant between tip of snout and rictus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed reaching to opposite edge of upper lip; single pair of posterior nasal openings represented by a slightly raised rim, not at all tubular, a vertical line through center of posterior nasal opening passes a little in front of pupil of eye; anus a little in front of middle of total length ; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained 1.1 to 1.4 times in distance be- tween latter and rear nostril, all three in line; distance between pos- terior nostrils slightly less than diameter of eye; lower jaw equal to or slightly shorter than upper; teeth conical, pointed, arranged as shown in figure, vomer with but a single row of teeth. Color in alcohol.—Background color brown or light grayish, over- laid with a fine pattern of reticulated black lines or a network of black- ish or brownish lines; under side of head plain white or pale, some- times sides of lower jaw have some black recticulated lines; ventral part of body a little lighter than dorsal. Remarks.—This species, apparently very common in the Marianas Islands, was not found in the northern Marshall Islands, in spite of the extensive collecting. Schultz (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 38, 1943) placed the types of Anarchias knighti Jordan and Starks in Jordan and Seale with this species. Upon further study it was ob- served by him that the “145 mm.” specimen is actually Uropterygius micropterus, now bearing the U.S.N.M. No. 147772. The “115 mm.” is a different species and was designated as the type of knighti by Jordan and Starks. The latter is a valid species. UROPTERYGIUS FUSCOGUTTATUS, new species FIGURE 33 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141680, Bikini Atoll, off Amen Island, lagoon, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Herald, Kohler, and Brock, total length 176 mm. FAMILY MURAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 157 Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 141679, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, ocean reef, July 16, 1946, S-46-253, Herald, 1 specimen, 185 mm. in total length; U.S.N.M. No. 141681, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-808, Herald and Brock, 2 specimens, 163 and 189 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141678, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, channel reef, July 17, 1947, S-46-405, Schultz, Brock, Hiatt, Myers, 1 specimen, 140 mm.; U.S.N.M. 141676, Eniwetok Atoll, Jieroru Island, ocean reef, May 21, 1946, S-46-174, Schultz, 1 specimen, 63 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141677, Rongelap Atoll, Mellu Island, lagoon reef, June 19, 1946, S-46-220, Schultz and Herald, 2 specimens, 86 Ficure 33.—Holotype of Uropterygius fuscoguttatus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141680), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) and 165 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141675, Johnston Island, northern ocean reef, August 28-29, 1947, S-42-569, Schultz, 1 specimen, 148 mm. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype and 4 paratypes and these, expressed in thousandths of the total length, are recorded in that order, respectively. Total length in mm. 176; 165; 163; 148; 140. Greatest depth 54; 48; 46; 57; 39 length of head 110; 101; 107; 103; 100; snout to anus 500; 497; 503; 493; 486; longest midcaudal fin ray 10; 115185313; 14; eye11; 11; 10; 115; 10; snout 20; 19; 19; 19; 20; snout tip to rictus 49; 53; 48; 49; 48; interorbital space 14; 15; 15; 15; 15. Greatest depth 17 to 25; head 9.1 to 10.0; snout to anus 1.99 to 2.03; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.8 to 2.5; longest midcaudal fin ray 7.0 to 11.4; eye 9.3 to 10.3; snout to rictus 1.9 to 2.2; snout 5.0 to 5.6; interorbital space 6.7 to 7.8; all in the length of the head. Body a little compressed, more so near tip of tail; dorsal and anal fins absent except near tip of tail, with which they are confluent; center of eye equidistant between tip of snout and rictus; anterior nostrils tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed not reaching edge of upper lip; a single posterior nasal opening over each eye, in a short tube, but only a raised rim in the smallest specimens; a vertical line through center of base of rear nostril passes through front of pupil; anus equidistant, or nearly so, between tip of snout and tip of tail; dis- tance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.9 to 2.1 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three in a straight line; distance between 158 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 rear nostrils a little greater than diameter of eye; lower jaw a little shorter than upper, tip of snout projecting a trifle; teeth conical, those in inner rows caninelike; vomerine teeth uniserial. Color in alcohol.—Plain brown anteriorly, becoming dark-brown spotted posteriorly, these spots often irregular in shape, sometimes more or less arranged to form somewhat interconnecting narrow verti- cal bars, smaller specimens plain light brown without spots; lower jaw, sometimes including area behind it whitish or light brown, persistently paler than brown body; mucus pores on head brownish; anterior nos- tril and most of rear nostril white; margin of caudal fin whitish. E'cology.—This new eel seemed to prefer the ocean reef and the deeper waters of the lagoon. Remarks —This new species differs from others in the genus by hav- ing a plain brown coloration anteriorly, with brown spots or inter- connecting bars posteriorly, in combination with caninelike teeth, short tubular posterior nostrils, and no white around the mucus pores on the head. Named jfuscoguttatus in reference to its brown color and brown spots. UROPTERYGIUS REIDI Schultz PLATE 16 Uropterygius reidi ScHuLtz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 32, pl. 5, 1948 (type locality, Tau Island, Samoan group). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Enyu Island, entrance reef, lagoon, March 16, 1946, S—46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 147 mm. total length; Bokon Island, ocean reef, April 15, 1946, S-46-94, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 90 mm. Description —Greatest depth 21 and 22; head 7.6 and 7.7; snout to anus 2.1 and 2.2; all in total length. Greatest depth 2.7 and 2.8; longest ray of caudal fin 15 and 27; eye 12 and 13; snout tip to rictus 2.9 and 3.0; snout 5.6 and 9.1; interorbital space 6.9 and 7.6; all in length of head. Body a little compressed, more so posteriorly; dorsal and anal fins restricted to near tip of tail; center of eye notably closer to rictus than to tip of snout; anterior nostril tubular, on each side of tip of snout, when depressed not long enough to reach edge of upper lip; single posterior nasal opening over each eye, in a short tube, only a raised rim on smaller specimen; vertical line through center of rear nostril passes through middle of pupil; anus a little closer to tip of tail than to snout ; distance between pore above base of anterior nostril and pore on dorsal surface of snout contained about 1.5 to 1.6 times in distance between latter and rear nostril, all three in a straight line; distance between rear nostrils about equal to diameter of eye; lower jaw slightly FAMILY BELONIDAE—SCHULTZ 159 shorter than upper, or equal; teeth conical, those in inner rows canine- like; vomerine teeth uniserial. Color in alcohol.—Numerous brownish bars, irregular in shape and somewhat reticulated, with pale or light brown interspaces; lower jaw usually uniform pale brown or nearly white; lower lip not barred. Since describing reédi I have changed my conception of the species somewhat to include another color phase, which is very dark, almost blackish, yet the vertical bars can be seen when the specimen is exam- ined closely. These have the same shape as those on the types of re¢de and on the two specimens listed above, all five of which represent the light color pattern. To this species I refer the following lots: U.S.N.M. No. 1159380, 115982, and 115933. These were reported by me as U. marmoratus in U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1948. Remarks.—This species is close to U. necturus of the Gulf of Cali- fornia and the west coast of Central America, but it can be dis- tinguished by a slight difference in color pattern. The dark or black- ish color phase is indeed confusing, but it probably is the same species as reid. Order SYNENTOGNATHIDA Suborder SCOMBERESOCINA Family BELONIDAE: Needlefishes By Lronarp P. ScHULTz KEY TO THE GENERA OF BELONIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Gill rakers not rudimentary, but distinct on first gill arch, at least near its posterior angle; caudal peduncle strongly depressed, with lateral scaly keels that continue on basal half of middle caudal fin rays; lateral line complete and rising to extend close under lateral keel; greatest width of body a little greater than greatest depth________________ Belone Cuvier (p. 160) 1b. Gill rakers rudimentary. ° 2a. Body strongly compressed, greatest width about twice in greatest height; lower pectoral rays notably and abruptly shorter than upper ones; jaws notably arched in front of eyes, or “swollen” so that they do not com- pletely close____ Ablennes Jordan and Fordice (p. 161) 2b. Body not strongly compressed, greatest width contained less than 1% times in greatest height; pectoral rays graduated, lower ones not abruptly shorter than upper rays; jaws not notably arched near their bases. 3a. Upper jaw equal to or not over “% shorter than lower jaw ; caudal peduncle nearly round in cross section; caudal fin forked or with truncate or concave posterior margin_________ Strongylura Van Hasselt (p. 161) 3b. Upper jaw % length of lower jaw; caudal peduncle depressed, with a pseudo keel; caudal fin more or iess rounded with lower rays a little HN TAG: Toe ENG MUO AU Nas ZN Rhaphiobelone (Fowler (p. 163) 160 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus BELONE Cuvier Belone Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 1, p. 185, 1817. (Genotype, Hsoxr belone Linnaeus. ) BELONE PLATYURA Bennett Belone platyura BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, pt. 1, p. 168 (type locality, Mauritius). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll; 5 stations, 16 specimens, 325 to 380 mm. standard length. Guam ; 1 lot, 1 specimen, 335 mm. Description—Dorsal rays i, 12 to 14; anal 11, 15 or 16; pectoral 1, 10 or 11; pelvic 6; gill rakers on first arch 4 or 5+15 to 17. Lateral line along lower lateral edge of body; head about 2.8 to 3.0 in standard length; greatest depth about 24 to 34 greatest width of body; caudal peduncle strongly depressed, with lateral keels; caudal fin forked; postorbital length of head contained about 1.2 in longest pectoral fin ray; scales very small, cycloid; teeth on jaws in bands, outer band broad, villiform, along inner edge of band a row of enlarged, conical teeth, not strong canines; upper pharyngeals with 2 pairs of patches of villiform teeth; gill rakers developed and obvious, not rudimentary ; diameter of eye contained from 1.5 to 1.8 times in postorbital length of head, and the latter contained from 2.0 to 2.2 in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin; diameter of eye in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin 3.1 to 3.6; dorsal origin a little behind a vertical line through anal origin. Color in alcohol.—Brownish above, silvery below; a dark brown band, its width about equal to height of pupil, along middorsal line of back; dark streak along middle of sides; a silvery area on cheek and a large one in front of and below pectoral base. Color when alive.—The lateral streak was blue. Ecology—tThis needlefish was seen swimming near the surface in the lagoon and along the ocean side of the reefs. Remarks.—In my report on the fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1943), I stated that B. platyura and B. persimilis were the same species. Since collecting four speci- mens of B. persimilis from Johnston Island, I am able to separate the two species as follows: 1a. Hye 1.5 to 1.8 in postorbital length of head and 3.1 to 3.6 in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.2 in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin. Belone platyura Bennett 1b. Kye 1.8 to 2.1 in postorbital length of head and 4.0 to 5.1 in distance between pelvic insertions and anal origin; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.5 times in distance between pelvic insertions and anal origin. Belone persimilis Gtinther FAMILY BELONIDAE—SCHULTZ 161 Genus ABLENNES Jordan and Fordice Athlennes JoRDAN and Forprice, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 9, p. 342, 1887. (Genotype, Belone hians Cuvier and Valenciennes; changed to Ablennes; Athlennes is a misprint, according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. ) ABLENNES HIANS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Belone hians Cuvirrn and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 18, p. 482, pl. 548, 1846 (type locality, Bahia, Brazil). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Chilton anchorage, 1 mile off Bikini Island, lagoon, July 20 and August 10, 1947, Smith and Schultz, 1 specimen, 885 mm. Description—Dorsal rays 11, 22; anal ii, 25; pectoral 11, 12-11, 18; pelvic i, 5-1, 5. Lateral line along ventral lateral edge of body but rising on rear of caudal peduncle to end on midlateral part of caudal fin. Head 4; snout tip to dorsal origin 1.30, to anal origin 1.35; all in standard length. Greatest width of body about 2.1 in greatest height; body and caudal peduncle strongly compressed, without lateral keels; caudal fin forked; lower 7 rays of pectoral fin nearly 14 shorter than others; postorbital length of head contained about 1.8 or 1.9 in longest pectoral fin ray; scales very small, cycloid; teeth on jaws in a band, outer ones villiform, along inner edge a row of enlarged, conical, caninelike teeth; rear third of jaws not completely closing; upper pharyngeals with two pairs of patches of villiform teeth; gill rakers rudimentary ; dorsal origin a little behind a vertical line through anal origin; orbit around its margins enclosed by an adipose eyelid. Eye 9.4; postorbital length of head 4.3; snout 1.5; bony interorbital space 8.4; all in length of head. Diameter of eye contained 2.2 times in postorbital length of head and 6.5 times in distance from pelvic in- sertion to anal origin; postorbital length of head 2.97 times in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin. Color in alcohol.—Dark brownish dorsally, paler ventrally, the back blackish ; all fins dusky. E'cology.—This species of needlefish grows to a large size. Speci- mens were occasionally seen swimming near the surface in the lagoon. Genus STRONGYLURA van Hasselt Strongylura vAN HAssELT, Alg. Konst. Letterbode, No. 35, 1823; Bull. Sci. Nat. (Férussac), vol. 2, p. 374, 1824. (Genotype, S. caudimaculata van Hasselt= Belone strongylura van Hasselt, 1823.) (References copied.) Tylosurus Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia, vol. 42, No. 124, 1838. (Genotype, Tylosurus cantraini Cocco.) 955292—53—vol. 1——-18 162 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STRONGYLURA COLLECTED IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Lateral line not rising to midlateral part of caudal peduncle, not forming a lateral dermal keel, and ending about opposite tip of last dorsal fin ray, thus incomplete; canines of upper jaw directed straight downward. Strongylura incisa (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Lateral line complete, rising to near midside of caudal peduncle and forming a ridge or keel near rear part of peduncle, ending at posterior edge of sealed area of base of caudal fin; canines of upper jaw notably slanting or curved a little forward. Strongylura gigantea (Temminck and Schlegel) STRONGYLURA GIGANTEA (Temminck and Schlegel) Belone gigantea TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna japonica, pt. 5, p. 245, 1846 (type locality, Japan). Belone annulata Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 18, p. 447, pl. 550, 1846 (type locality, Celebes, Seychelles). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, March 11-31, 1946, S-46-2, Brock, Marr, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 860 mm. in standard length. Rota: October 1945, Necker, 1 specimen, 318 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11,21; anal 11,18 and 20; pectoral 1,13 or 14; pelvic 1,5. Lateral line along ventral lateral edge of body but rising to near midside on caudal peduncle, forming a ridge or keel near rear part of peduncle and ending at posterior edge of scaled area of base of caudal fin; thus lateral line is complete. Head 2.9 to 3.8; snout tip to dorsal origin 1.30 to 1.81; snout to anal origin 1.31 to 1.32; all in standard length. Greatest width of body 1.1 to 1.3 in greatest depth; body rounded, not notably depressed or compressed; caudal fin broken but probably forked; lower pectoral fin rays not abruptly shorter than dorsal ones; postorbital length of head contained about 0.9 times in longest pectoral fin ray; scales small, cycloid; teeth on jaws in a villiform band, with inner row of enlarged canines; upper pharyngeals with two pairs of patches of villiform teeth; gill rakers rudimentary ; dorsal origin very slightly behind a vertical line through anal origin; eye without adipose eyelid. Eye 9.9 to 10.2; postorbital length of head 3.3 to 4.4; snout 1.67 to 1.72; bony interorbital space 5.7 to 8.7; all in length of head. Postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.1 in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin. Eye 2.2 to 3.1 in postorbital length of head and 4.2 to 6.9 times in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin; interorbital space nearly flat. Color in alcohol.—Back brownish, undersides pale; middorsal line with a blackish or brownish band, on each side of which is a black line. Ecology.—This large specimen was caught in the lagoon by trolling with an artificial lure. FAMILY BELONIDAE—SCHULTZ 163 STRONGYLURA INCISA (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Belone incisa Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 18, p. 451, 1846 (type locality, Indian Ocean). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 205 to 710 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 690 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 550 to 595 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 1,18 or 19; anal i or 11,20 or 213 pectoral 1,10 or 11; pelvic i,5. Lateral line along ventral lateral edge of body but not rising to midlateral part of caudal peduncle, not forming a lateral keel, and ending a little distance in front of base of caudal fin or about opposite tip of last dorsal fin ray. Head 2.1 to 2.8; snout tip to dorsal origin 1.25 to 1.26; snout tip to anal origin 1.28 to 1.29; all in standard length. Greatest width of body about 1.4 in greatest depth; body a little compressed, caudal peduncle nearly round; caudal fin with concave margin, not strongly forked; lower pectoral fin rays not abruptly shorter than upper rays; postorbital length of head con- tained about 0.9 to 1.0 times in longest pectoral fin ray; scales small, cycloid; teeth on jaws in a band, outer ones villiform, inner row of enlarged, conical, caninelike; upper pharyngeals with 2 pairs of patches of villiform teeth; gill rakers rudimentary; dorsal origin about over second branched ray of anal fin; eye without adipose eyelid. Eye 9 to 14; postorbital length of head 3.1 to 5.4; snout 1.6 to 1.8; bony interorbital space 8 to 12; all in length of head. Diameter of eye contained 2.6 to 3.2 times in postorbital length of head and 4.5 to 7.8 times in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin; postorbital length of head 1.8 to 1.9 times in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin; interorbital space with middle part strongly concave. Color in alcohol.—Background light tan or straw color; middorsal line of back with a dark streak, each side of which is a black line; dorsal lateral side with a black streak; bases of pectoral rays blackish; area under maxillary on dentary blackish; cheeks with numerous brownish spots, sometimes absent. E'cology.—This species was seen near the surface in the lagoon, and on the ocean side of the reef. Genus RHAPHIOBELONE Fowler Rhaphiobelone Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 322, 1933. (Genotype, Rhaphiobelone dammermani Fowler.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHAPHIOBELONE la. Eye in postorbital length of head 2.9 and in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 5.3; dorsal fin origin over base of 7th or 8th anal fin ray; eye 164 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 diameter in distance between vertical lines through origins of dorsal and anal finsiabout l(a ee Rhaphiobelone dammermani Fowler 1b. Eye in postorbital length of head 2.1 to 2.2, and in distance from pelvic in- sertion to anal origin 3.8 to 4.3; dorsal fin origin over base of 4th or 5th anal fin ray ; eye diameter in distance between vertical lines through origins of dorsal and anal fins 0.5 to 0.6____-_ Rhaphiobelone robusta, new species RHAPHIOBELONE ROBUSTA, new species PLATE 17, A Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141749, Rongelap Atoll, off Yugui Island, light at night, July 30, 1946, S-46-303, Herald, standard length 124.5 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141750, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, ocean reef, channel entrance, August 1, 1947, S-46-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 165 mm. (tips of jaws broken off during preserva- tion) ; U.S.N.M. No. 189774, Guam, November 26, 1945, Frey, 1 speci- men, 170 mm. (tips of jaws broken off) ; U.S.N.M. No. 93064, Philip- pines, Luzon Island, Port Dupon, March 17, 1909, Albatross, 1 speci- men; U.S.N.M. No. 98067, Philippines, Pandanon Island, March 24, 1909, Albatross, 1 specimen; U.S.N.M. No. 93072, Philippines, Ma- culabo Island, southern Luzon, June 13, 1909, Albatross, 1 specimen; U.S.N.M. No. 93073, Philippines, Mindoro Island, Varadero Bay, July 23, 1908, Albatross, 1 specimen. (Tips of jaws of all Philippine specimens have been broken off.) Description.—Dorsal rays i or ii, 17 to 20; anal ii, 19 or 20; pectoral usually i, 11. Precision measurements were made on the holotype and one para- type and these data are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, respectively. Standard length in mm. 124.5 and 165. Length of head 397 and 394; tip of chin to front of eye 400 and 362; distance from rear of eye to midbase of caudal fin 671 and 691; diameter of eye 34 and 38; interorbital space 34 and 36; snout 297 and 279; post- orbital length of head 75 and 78; snout to dorsal origin 784 and 800; snout to anal origin 775 and 742; pectoral insertion to pelvic insertion 233 and 280; pelvic insertion to anal origin 146 and 142; greatest depth 40 and 42; greatest width of body or head 88 and 41; distance between vertical lines through dorsal and anal origins 17 and 24. Head 2.5; snout to dorsal origin 1.28; snout to anal origin 1.29, all in standard length. Eye 10.5 to 11.8; postorbital length of head 5.1 to 5.8; snout 1.4; bony interorbital space 10.8 to 11.8, all in length of head. Greatest width 1.0 to 1.1 in greatest depth. Eye 2.1 to 2.2 in postorbital length of head and 3.8 to 4.3 in distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin. Postorbital length of head 1.8 to 2.0 in distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin. Eye 0.5 to 0.6 in dis- tance between vertical lines through dorsal and anal origins. FAMILY BELONIDAE—SCHULTZ 165 Lateral line along ventral lateral edge of body but not rising to mid- lateral side of caudal peduncle, not forming a lateral keel, and in- complete or ending about opposite tip of last anal ray ; caudal peduncle depressed to form a pseudokeel a little in front of base of caudal fin; greatest depth of body only slightly greater than greatest width; body not compressed ; caudal fin with truncate margin or lower rays a little longer than upper; posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins not ex- panded into separate lobes; pectoral fin rays graduated, lower ones not notably abruptly shorter than upper ones; postorbital length of head about equal to longest pectoral fin ray; scales small, cycloid; teeth on jaws in a band, outer ones villiform, inner row canines ; upper pharyngeals with 2 pairs of patches of villiform teeth; gill rakers rudimentary; dorsal origin over base of fourth or fifth anal ray or second or third branched anal ray; no adipose eyelid; interorbital space with central area flat, concave with respect to portion over orbits; projecting part of lower jaw beyond tip of snout contained about 21% times in snout; sides of lower jaw distally with a broad free dermal membrane that hangs downward, widest below free part of lower jaw. Color in alcohol—Back brownish; undersides white or silvery; a blackish-blue lateral streak along side, separating brown back from white sides and belly; midline of back with a black line, and another a little distance each side along back; free dermal membrane of lower jaw black; fleshy tip of lower jaw black; area below maxillary black- ish; bases of upper pectoral fin rays blackish. Color when alive—Notes taken from Kodachrome picture: Back blackish; lateral streak bluish; pectorals light yellowish. Remarks.—This new species is referred to the genus Rhaphiobelone because it lacks gill rakers and has a depressed caudal peduncle sim- ilar to that of Belone, but differs in having an upper jaw notably shorted than the lower jaw. It may be distinguished from Rhaphiobe- lone dammermani Fowler (U.S.N.M. No. 93065, holotype) in having a larger eye, a shorter postorbital part of the head, and a more robust body; &. dammermani has a distinctly compressed body, whereas robusta has a nearly squarish body. Both species are adequately sep- arated in the key. Named robusta in reference to its heavy, short body. Suborder EXOCOETINA Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE: Halfbeaks By Loren P. Woops and Lronarp P. Scuutrz In addition to the specimens described under the species of this family are five postlarvae, too small to identify without considerable additional study, from Eniwetck Atoll. KEY TO THE GENERA OF HEMIRAMPHIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS 7% 1a. Body extremely elongate, extremely compressed, bandlike; back with low but prominent median ridge; pectoral fins very long, longer than head (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap). Euleptorhamphus Gill (p. 166) 1b. Body moderately elongate, moderately compressed, or rounded; not bandlike ; back flattened or rounded; pectoral fin equal to or shorter than head. 2a. Upper jaw naked; nasal fossa rounded, deeply depressed, its greatest diam- eter one-fourth to one-third that of orbit; posterolateral border of nasal fossa without prominent bony rim; sensory canal on preorbital branched, with a pore at end of posterior branch (which terminates in a bony ridge near front of orbit) and a pore at end of anterior branch near antero- ventral margin of nasal fossa; inner pelvic ray elongate, longer than OUbEROpPel VG Hiaasen WHemiramphus Cuvier (p. 168) 2b. Upper jaw scaled ; nasal fossa broad and little depressed, its greatest inner diameter more than one-half that of orbit ; posterolateral border of nasal fossa surmounted by a prominent bony rim; sensory canal on preorbital unbranched, with an exposed pore on side and another pore at termius of canal near anterior margin of nasal fossa; inner pelvic ray not longer than outer pelvic ray____________________ Hyporhamphus Gill (p. 169) Genus EULEPTORHAMPHUS Giil Euleptorhamphus GitL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, May 1859, p. 156. (Genotype, Huleptorhamphus brevoortii Gill.) EULEPTORHAMPHUS VIRIDIS (van Hasselt) Hemiramphus viridis van HASSELT, Bull. Sci. Nat. (Férussac), vol. 2, p. 374, 1824 (on Kuddera C. Russell, Descriptions of two hundred fishes collected at Vizagapatam on the coast of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 67, pl. 178, 1803) (type locality, Vizagapatam, India). 1##a The characters used in this key to distinguish between Hemiramphus and Hypor- hamphus are chiefly from R. R. Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 96, p. 187, 1945. 166 FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 167 Hemiramphus macrorhynchus CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, p. 54, pl. 556, 1846 (long. 177° E. (Paris), lat. 7° 8.) (type locality, Peyster Island, Polynesia). Hemiramphus longirostris Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 286, 1829 (type locality, warm seas, both hemispheres). Euleptorhamphus longirostris Myers, Copeia, No. 4, p. 320, 1950 (Bikini). SPECIMEN STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, leeward side of reef 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-1838, Schultz, 1 speci- men, 293 mm. Description—Dorsal rays ii or iii,19 or 20; anal iii,19 or 20; pec- toral i,7 or 1,8; pelvic i,5; branched caudal 6+7; scales in lateral line about 126, from dorsal origin diagonally to lateral line 4, from anal origin to lateral line 3; predorsal scale rows 60 to 65; gill rakers 7 or 8 + 19 and 22 on first arch; teeth in jaws small, close set, in 4 regular rows in lower jaw, 4 or 5 irregular rows in upper; large patch of teeth present on vomer. Depth of body 14.5, greatest width (just anterior to pectoral fins) 25.7; head length (tip of upper jaw to posterior margin of opercular flap) 6.8; length of lower jaw extending beyond upper jaw 3.0; all in standard length (tip of upper jaw to base of middle caudal rays). Snout 3.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 5.5; length of pectoral fin 0.58; postorbital part of head 2.7; caudal fin lobes broken; diameter of eye 3.3; all in length of head. Head width across preorbitals 1.45, across preopercles 1.05; length of maxillary plate (movable part of upper jaw) 2.45, width 1.55; all in length of snout (tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of orbit). Maxillary plate of upper jaw bluntly pointed, with prominent median ridge, upper surface scaled; interorbital deeply concave; body extremely compressed, back with a slight median ridge; dorsal and anal fins high anteriorly, concave; anal fin originates under fourth dorsal ray, no scales on dorsal or anal fins; pelvic insertion nearer caudal base than opercular opening by half length of head. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back light brown; lateral stripe broad, silvery, lower sides of head and body silvery; dorsal fin with membranes pale, each ray with a thin black line on anterior and pos- terior sides; anal pale; caudal fin with upper lobe membranes black, lower lobe dusky with fine black lines between the rays; pectoral fin base dusky, rest of fin pale; pelvic fin pale. Ecology.—Some members of this species were observed by Schultz actually to fly both in Bikini Channel and at Eniwetok, where one was seen flying for a distance of about 50 feet, with its tail com- pletely out of water. On July 19, 1947, Schultz and Myers saw this species fly, making two taxis. The flight lasted several seconds and 168 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 covered about 150 feet into the wind. The greatest height above the crests of the 6-foot-high waves was about 8 feet. The flight posi- tion is one in which the posterior half of the length sags notably downward, and the anterior half of the head and body, including beak, is straight forward. The flight is a steady one. Schultz and Stern (The Ways of Fishes, p. 18, 1948) and Myers (Copeia, No. 4, p. 820, 1950) give an account of this species in flight. Remarks.—The remains of five specimens of this species were re- covered from the stomach of the wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, caught in Aran Pass, Bikini Atoll, July 21, 1947, by Marr and O. Smith. This material was so nearly digested that it was discarded. Genus HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier Hemi-Ramphus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 186, 1817. (Genotype, Hsow brasiliensis Linnaeus. ) HEMIRAMPHUS MARGINATUS (Forskal) Esoxv marginatus ForsKA., Descriptiones animalium .. ., p. 67, 1775 (type local- ity, Djedda, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Saipan: Obtained from fishermen, October 8, 1945, Simon, 3 specimens, 179.3 to 192 mm.; Harbor near Garapan, hook and line at surface, February 2, 1945, McBurney, 4 specimens, 220.5 to 237 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11,11 or 12; anal ii,10; pectoral 1,9 to 11; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 6+7; scales in lateral line 51 to 57, from origin of dorsal diagonally to lateral line 514, from anal origin to lateral line 2; predorsal scale rows 40 to 42; gill rakers 10 to 18+29 to 33; teeth in both jaws in 2 rows anteriorly, 3 posteriorly (sometimes 4 posteriorly in lower jaw). Depth of body 6.4 to 6.8, width 9.9 to 11.8; head length (from tip of upper jaw) 4.2 to 4.35; length of lower jaw extending beyond upper jaw 3.3 to 3.8; all in standard length (tip of upper jaw to base of middle caudal rays). Snout 2.75 to 2.85; least depth of caudal pedun- cle 3.85 to 4.5; length of pectoral fin 1.05 to 1.1; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.65 to 2.9; lower lobe of caudal 0.9 to 1.0, upper lobe 1.25 to 1.385; eye 4.3 to 4.6; all in length of head (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap). Interorbital space in eye 1.0 to 1.03. Head width across pre- orbitals 1.6 to 1.68, across preopercles 1.0 to 1.13; length of maxillary plate (movable part of upper jaw) 2.35 to 2.5, width 1.75 to 2.0; all in length of snout (tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of orbit). Maxillary plate of upper jaw convex, with prominent median ridge, bluntly pointed; interorbital area flat; back rounded, sides straight; anal origin opposite insertion of fifth branched caudal ray; dorsal and FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 169 anal fins concave, last ray of dorsal produced, though not so long as first branched dorsal ray, length of anal base 1.5 in that of dorsal. Color in alcohol.—Upper part of head, back and sides of body light grayish brown to dark greenish brown; lower sides of head and of body and belly silvery white; silvery lateral band rather indistinct; dorsal part of lower jaw and its lateral membrane dark brown proxi- mally, tip of lower jaw light yellow, underside of lower jaw speckled Ficure 34.—Dorsal view of head of three species of Hyporhamphus: a, H. laticeps (Gunther); b, H. dussumieri (Valenciennes); c, H. acutus (Gunther). (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) with very fine dark brown punctations; dorsal fin anterior rays dark brown; anal fin pale; caudal fin dusky, with fine dark lines out- lining rays; pectoral fin pale; pelvic fin dusky at base and through middle. Color in life-—Greenish brown to iridescent blue on back; underside silvery; caudal fin rays blue. 170 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus HYPORHAMPHUS Gill Hyporhamphus Gitu, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859 (April), p. 131. (Genotype, Hyporhamphus tricuspidatus Gil—=Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani.) The members of this genus occur in fairly large schools. They commonly come to a light at night. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYPORHAMPHUS OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Base of dorsal fin longer than base of anal fin. 2a. Gill rakers on first arch 10 to 14+28 to 33=39 to 46; upper jaw much broader than long, bluntly rounded (bluntly pointed in young), flat or smoothly convex; depth of body equal to width, greatest width of body 10.5 to 11.5 in standard length; dorsal fin rays ii,13 or 14; anal rays ii,12 COV i We aa oe Te es Hyporhamphus laticeps Giinther 26. Gill rakers on first arch 8 to 11-44-22 to 28=80 to 39; upper jaw broader than long, bluntly pointed, prominent median ridge; depth of body greater than width, greatest width of body 12.1 to 15.1 in standard length ; dorsal fin rays ii,14 or 15; anal rays ii,14 or 15. Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes) 1b. Base of dorsal fin equal to or shorter than base of anal fin; gill rakers on first arch 8 to 11+-24 to 29=82 to 40; upper jaw sharply pointed, flat; in adults teeth occur on upper surface of beak, in half-grown specimens only in patches laterally, in young absent; depth of body greater than width; greatest width 13.7 to 19.7 in standard length; dorsal fin rays ii,13; anal PV Si LU My OT Ge ee ae erase asin eae Hyporhamphus acutus Giinther HYPORHAMPHUS LATICEPS (Giinther) FIGURE 34, @ Hemirhamphus laticeps GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 6, p. 267, 1866 (type locality, Fiji Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 18 stations, 154 specimens, 20 to 296 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 14 specimens, 80 to 270 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 6 specimens, 44 to 267 imm, Rongelap Atoll; 6 stations, 18 specimens, 24 to 194 mim. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 77 mm. Mille Atoll: Albatross, 1 lot, 1 specimen, 72 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 9 specimens, 74 to 215 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays ii, 18 or 14; anal ii, 12 or 13; pectoral i, 11; pelvic i, 5; branched caudal 6+7; scales in lateral line 59 or 60, from origin of dorsal diagonally to lateral line 514, from anal origin to lateral line 2; predorsal scale rows 40 or 41; gill rakers 10 to 14+28 to 33 on first gill arch (see also table 11) ; teeth in Jaws in 3 or 4 rows in upper jaw, 4 to 6 rows in lower. Depth of body 10.0 to 11.2, greatest width 10.0 to 12.7, head length (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap) 4.25 to 4.6; length of lower jaw extending beyond upper jaw 3.7 to 5.2; all in standard 171 FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ So eS Race Pea ae eee Cee |e |e Tel gO [ele Te le [ames |e ees cme CuI 2 [OE 100) 16] See | ones eee llega lerenleO eal SIS Te (nya) eae eeneingTI00 ele aia OTe ST Val ce |nceaes) Snel eels [eae eee la CF OEE | GS se lia es a Pah | |g || sdao1qo) Se eee eee tae Coe |e | |S) I Come | eel Mee Tt Ug mel mealies eee Ge | he WS ole al C4 |cacnl| Ge |aaaclcamslaeeal 7 =\16h.| To |nCe|e=exsttopeumennp a eS ee ee eS seeds seyoie 440q UO JequINU [e40,1, | oie IaMO'T yqoie odd snjnoev *y pup ‘sdeorye] “Y ‘tle1uanssnp snydursys0dA yy ‘youn 7726 psuif ‘sayps 7716 fo szunod fo uo1Nq14jsigG@—* [| WIAV 172 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 length (tip of upper jaw to base of middle caudal rays). Length of lower jaw 0.81 to 1.2; snout 2.7 or 2.75; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.9 to 5.8; length of pectoral fin 1.7 or 1.8; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.85 to 3.6; lower lobe of caudal 1.1, upper lobe 1.3; diameter of eye 3.35 to 4.0; all in length of head (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap). Interorbital space in eye 0.9 to 1.03. Head width across preorbitals (just anterior to nostrils) 1.39 to 1.47, across preopercles 0.99 to 1.055 length of maxillary plate (movable part of upper jaw) 2.0 to 2.3, width 1.4 to 1.6; all in length of snout (tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of orbit). Maxillary plate flat or slightly convex (in young), bluntly pointed; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; back flat; sides straight; belly flat or slightly concave; anal origin opposite insertion of third branched dorsal ray ; dorsal and anal fins convex; anal fin base shorter than dorsal base, length of anal base 1.2 to 1.4 in that of dorsal; dorsal fin scaled in specimens 150 mm. long and larger; anal fin usually scaled. Pelvics inserted nearer caudal base than opercular opening by slightly more than eye diameter. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back light brown, pigment being arranged in a large spot in center of each scale; a broad dark stripe down midline of back with a thin gray line on each side; silvery lateral stripe, narrow anteriorly, broadest between dorsal and anal fins, nar- rowing again on anterior part of caudal peduncle then spreading fan shaped over base of middle caudal fin rays, a black line along dorsal margin of silver stripe; lateral line scales pigmented with a lengthwise streak (along the canal) and a few scattered dots ventrally; dorsal fin black on distal part of anterior rays, rest of fin dusky; anal fin pale basally, dusky distally; caudal fin with fine black lines along fin membranes, posterior margin of fin pale; pectoral fin colorless, trans- lucent; pelvic fin dusky on basal three-quarters, pale on distal one- quarter. HYPORHAMPHUS DUSSUMIERI (Valenciennes) FicureE 34, 6 Hemiramphus dussumieri VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, p. 33, pl. 554, 1846 (type locality, Seychelles). Hemiramphus erythrorinchus var. B. LESUEUR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 2, p. 1388, 1821 (type locality, near Timor and Mauritius). ? Hemirhamphus affinis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 6, p. 267, 1866, (type locality, South Seas). Hemiramphus affinis Jorpan and SEALE (non Giinther), Bull. U. S. Bur, Fish- eries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 207, 1906 (in part, U.S.N.M. No. 126609). Hemirhamphus aginis ScHuttz (non Giinther), U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 56, 1943 (in part, U.S.N.M. No. 115203). Hemiramphus pacificus Jorvan and SEALE (non Steindachner), Bull. U. S. Bur Wisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 207, 1906 (in part, U.S.N.M. No. 52530). FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 173 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 29 to 225 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 specimens, 50 and 71 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 18 specimens, 22 to 104 mm. Rongerik Atoll, 2 stations, 18 specimens, 129 to 247 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 10 specimens, 82 to 112 mm. Arhno Atoll: Albatross, 13 specimens, 23 to 30 mm. Wotje Atoll: Albatross, 2 specimens, 97 to 105 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 85 to 117 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11,14 or 15; anal ii,14 or 15; pectoral 1,11; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 6 plus 7; scales in lateral line 59 or 60 (plus 3 to 7 more to caudal base, from origin of dorsal diagonally to Jateral line 5; from anal origin to lateral line 2; predorsal scale rows 41 to 44; gill rakers 8 to 11 + 24 to 28 on first gill arch; teeth in jaws in 8 rows in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Depth of body 9.4 to 11.8, greatest width 12.1 to 15.1; head length (tip of upper jaw to posterior margin of opercular flap) 4.3 or 4.4; length of lower jaw extending beyond upper jaw 3.4 to 5.0; all in standard length (tip of upper jaw to base of middle caudal rays). Length of lower jaw 0.75 to 1.05; snout 2.55 to 2.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 5.66 to 6.15; length of pectoral fin 1.8 or 1.9; postorbi- tal length of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.2 to 3.4; lower lobe of caudal 1.1, upper lobe 1.6; diameter of eye 3.7 to 4.1; all in length of head (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap). Interorbital space in eye 1.06 to 1.1. Head width across preorbitals 1.6 or 1.7, across preopercles 1.1 or 1.2; length of maxillary plate (movable part of upper jaw) 2.05 to 2.2, width 1.7 or 1.75; all in length of snout (tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of orbit). Maxillary plate convex, with median ridge, bluntly pointed; in- terorbital area slightly concave; back flattened, sides straight, belly flat; anal origin opposite insertion of third branched dorsal ray; dorsal and anal fins convex; anal base shorter than dorsal base, length of anal base 1.09 to 1.15 in that of dorsal; dorsal and anal fins usually scaled in specimens larger than 150 mm; pelvics inserted nearer caudal base than opercular opening by slightly more than eye diameter. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back dark brown, pigment being arranged in broad semicircular bands around posterior rim of each scale, center of scales pale; narrow black stripe down middle of back with thin black line on each side terminating at dorsal origin; broad silvery or blackish stripe along sides from upper edge of pectoral insertion to middle caudal base, continuing as two wedge-shaped spots en basal portion of middle caudal fin rays; lateral line scales pig- mented with thin black line; dorsal fin pale basally, distal portion of anterior rays intensely black; anal fin pale; caudal fin dusky, with 174 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 fine black lines along rays, broad posterior margin dusky, darker than rest of fin; pectoral fin with narrow black basal line, rest of fin pale, translucent; pelvic fin dusky at base and on basal portion of outer rays. HYPORHAMPHUS ACUTUS (Giinther) FIGURE 34, c Hemirhamphus acutus GUNTHER, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 671 (type locality, Rarotonga, Cook Islands). Odontorhamphus chancellori WEED, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 20, p. 52, 1933 (type locality, Aitulaki, Cook Islands). Odontorhamphus chancellori ScHuLtTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 56, 19438. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 139 specimens, 57 to 153 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 56 to 75 mm. Rongelap Atoll, 5 stations, 9 specimens, 17 to 125 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11,18 ; anal 11,15 or 16; pectoral i,10 or 11; pelvic i,5; branched caudal 6+ 7; scales in lateral line 57 to 61 (+8 to 5 more to midcaudal base), from origin of dorsal diagonally to lateral line 6 or 6%, from anal origin to lateral line 2; predorsal scale rows 41 to 48; gill rakers 8 to 11+23 to 29 on first gill arch; teeth in jaws in 2 or 3 irregular rows in upper jaw, 3 or 4 irregular rows in lower; teeth extending along upper surface of beak; in more or less incom- plete bands along sides in large specimens; in lengthwise patches, scattered, in medium-sized specimens; and in one or two small patches, or absent, in small specimens. Depth of body 9.2 to 13.9, greatest width 13.7 to 19.7; head length (tip of upper jaw to posterior margin of opercular flap) 4.4 to 5.7; length of lower jaw extending beyond upper jaw 3.0 to 4.6; all in standard length (tip of upper jaw to base of middle caudal rays). Snout 2.2 to 2.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.6 to 6.6; length of pectoral fin 1.35 to 1.9; postorbital length of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.3 to 3.4; lower lobe of caudal .97 to 1.0 upper lobe 1.25 to 1.5; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.7; all in length of head (tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercular flap). Interorbi- tal in eye 1.0 to 1.08. Head width across preorbitals (just anterior to nostrils) 1.6 to 1.8, across preopercle 1.25 to 1.35; length of maxillary plate (movable part of upper jaw) 1.6 to 1.9, width 1.7 to 1.95; all in Jength of snout (tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of orbit). Maxillary plate flat, pointed, about as long as wide; interorbital area flat to slightly convex; back rounded; sides straight; belly flat, nar- rower than back; dorsal and anal fins convex, dorsal base sometimes equal to but usually shorter than anal base, length of dorsal base 1.0 FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 175 to 1.23 in that of anal; dorsal and anal fins scaled on anterior basal portion in specimens 150 mm. long and larger. Dorsal fin origin over, or a little anterior to, that of anal; pelvics inserted nearer midcaudal base than opercular opening by diameter of pupil. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back light grayish brown to dark brown, pigment arranged in broad bands under posterior margin of each scale, anterior part of each scale with thin light yellow line; narrow dark brown or black stripe down midline of back, with a thin black line on each side, terminating at dorsal insertion; broad silvery stripe along sides from upper edge of pectoral insertion to caudal, where it ends without dividing but with a slight widening; lateral line scales pigmented with rows of 2 to 4 small dots on each scale; dorsal fin pale basally, distal portion dusky, color most intense on anterior rays, fading posteriorly; anal fin colorless, translucent; caudal fin outer rays dusky, middle rays pale, posterior margin dusky; pectoral fin with narrow black basal line, pale distally ; pelvic fin dusky at base, along outer unbranched ray, and on distal margin, inner and middle part of fin pale. Remarks.—Weed established the genus Odontorhamphus on one specimen of 170 mm. standard length, from the Cook Islands; this had the upper surface of the mandible well toothed along its lateral mar- gins almost to the tip of the beak. The series collected by Schultz in 1939 in the Phoenix and Samoan Islands were of various sizes, show- ing all gradations from completely toothed mandibles to those with elongate patches of teeth, and those many small specimens with one or two small patches of teeth bearing only 1 to 3 teeth per patch. Since this species otherwise bears all the characteristic features of Hypor- hanvphus, we do not believe a separate genus is required. Steindach- ner’s type of 1. pacificus was 237 mm. long, large enough to have teeth on the mandible; these are not mentioned in his description, but they are small, easily rubbed off or overlooked. Otherwise the specimens described above match Steindachner’s description of pacificus very well. Family EXOCOETIDAE: Flyingfishes By Loren P. Woops and Lronarp P. Scuutz Flyingfishes were numerous in the western two-thirds of the lagoons of the atolls visited by us, and in the ocean all around the atolls. Nearly all those collected in the northern Marshalls were taken at night with the aid of a surface light and dipnet. All but three of the specimens collected were adults, many of these with eggs. A quart-sized flattened bottle, covered with a close network of eggs, most of which had reached the eyed stage, and which are prob- 176 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ably of fiyingfishes, drifted over the reef on the outer side of Romuk Island, Bikini Atoll, April 1, 1947; it is U.S.N.M. No. 140285. The first flyingfish were observed about 400 miles east and a little northeast of Oahu, T. H., with the water temperature about 72° to 73° F. There were both large and small ones. Observations of hundreds of flights, noted by Schultz on several succeeding days, show that the usual taxi is into the wind at an angle away from the ship. When the flyingfish hit the water for another taxi, it invariably turned again to taxi into the wind, straight or at an angle. The length of flight appeared to be longer in strong winds, the flyingfish almost always curving with the wind as it sailed along. On both sides of the ship, the reaction to ship and wind was similar. A sandspit, projecting nearly into the channel on the leeward side of Airy Island at Bikini, was a hazard for flyingfishes. Several were observed stranded at night. They were immediately devoured by crabs. Table 12 summarizes the observations on the flight of flyingfishes: TaBLE 12.—Length of flight of flyingfishes in wind velocities of 10 to 15 miles per hour armibersor Length of flight in seconds takeoffs for each flight | 1]/2/31!141/5]61{71]8 | 910] 11] 12| 13] 14| 15 | 16] 17] 18] 19 |20 Mees AR Qe ZeA SPM LL OE ues [feces anc | rece a ecee p Uf my. | et Re | er | eae ee |e ee | eae | ene | ree | PS ea AT eoepenn| vert (ake Te dS By ab eal Th 8} eel IL 2) 25 ee5) Boe eae eee BJ Se ear yeaeer| e EPea beae 1 eel es Th ese ees eer ee SDD ye] iss 10 |e el S| ress | eee | ees ee Re eal bee | Peneegey Ppp Pes cas) Lea PA ese Nil Ui | POSS ae ca Oe Oe Vs) thy |e 2) ees Se eee cea ene anes Fon pen | eV RR Ep eB |r | ems | re ene | ene | ne ees 1 KEY TO THE GENERA OF EXOCOETIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALLS AND ADJOINING REGIONS 7° 1a. Pectoral short, scarcely reaching pelvic origin______ Oxyporhamphus™” Gill 1b. Pectoral long, reaching at least to dorsal origin. 2a. Pectoral not quite reaching to end of dorsal base; dorsal mostly black, with its central rays longest; pelvic fins not, or scarcely, reaching anal origin; lower jaw prominent, with symphyseal knob. 3a. Snout long and pointed, longer than eye; no teeth on tongue;™ pelvics not reaching anal origin-_________ Fodiator Jordan and Meek 3b. Snout short and blunt, shorter than eye; teeth present on tongue, vomer, palatines and pterygoids; pelvics reaching to anal origin, or just beyond origin__________________ Parexocoetus Bleeker (p. 177) 2 Modified after Breder, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 6, art. 5, p. 2, 1938. 21 Regarded aS a separate family, Oxyporhamphidae, by Bruun (Dana Report No. 6, p. 84, 1935) and Breder (op. cit., p. 91), but here included in the key because the adult resembles an exocoetid. 22The original description of the genus states that the teeth are similar to those of Parexocoetus, but we failed to locate any on tongue after examination of numerous speci- mens. There are small teeth on vomer and palatines. FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 17 ¢7 2b. Pectoral reaching well beyond end of dorsal base, usually to caudal base. 4a. Pelvic fins very short, failing to reach anal origin by at least their own length, inserted anteriorly, nearer tip of snout than base of COPE TCD Az ae Rah 7 re US OS Nal Exocoetus Linnaeus (p. 178) 4b. Pelvic fins very long, reaching well beyond anal origin, frequently to end of its base or beyond; inserted posteriorly, nearer caudal base than tip of snout. 5a. First pectoral ray simple, the second branched; anal fin shorter than dorsal and with fewer rays; anal inserted under or posterior to fourth dorsal rayon Cypselurus Swainson ™ (p. 179) 5b. First and second pectoral rays simple, the third branched; anal fin as long as or longer than dorsal, usually with as many or more rays; anal inserted under or anterior to third dorsal TE IR A es a Prognichthys Breder™ (p. 189) Genus PAREXOCOETUS Bleeker Parerocoetus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 126, 1866. (Genotype, Haocoetus mento Cuvier and Valenciennes.) PAREXOCOETUS MENTO (Valenciennes) Exocoetus mento VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, p. 124, 1846 (type locality, Pondicherry). SPECIMEN STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: Bowditch anchorage, 14 mile from Rongelap Island, surface light at night, July 22-25, 1946, S-46-259, Herald, 1 specimen, 71 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 10; anal 11; pectoral 1,12; pelvic 6; branched caudal 6 + 7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 34, from insertion of dorsal to lateral line 414, between lateral line and insertion of anal 114; predorsal scale rows (from occiput to insertion of dorsal fin) 20; gill rakers on first arch 7 + 18. (Measurements in table 14.) Pectoral fin reaches to about fourth dorsal ray; pelvic fin does not reach anal insertion, inserted midway between base of caudal and an- terior margin of eye; first anal ray inserted under insertion of fourth dorsal ray; interorbital space flat; teeth present on tongue, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; lower jaw projecting beyond upper, with prominent tubercle at symphysis. Color in alcohol_—TYop of head, back and upper sides of body dark grayish brown; sides of head and lower sides anterior to pelvic inser- tion silvery; tip of lower jaw blackish; lower sides posterior to pelvic insertion light olive-brown with scattered minute dark-brown dots; dorsal fin pale at base, first nine rays and membranes dusky, color deepening just above base to become black on distal half, membrane 73 We follow Hubbs and Kampa (Copeia, No. 4, p. 205, 1946) in regarding Chilopogon Lowe and Hirundichthys Breder as subgenera. 24 Danichthys Bruun 1s considered a subgenus of Prognichthys. 955292—53—-vol. 1—_—14 178 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 between ninth and tenth rays white; pectoral and pelvic fins pale, colorless, membranes transparent, in some specimens membranes plain brownish purple, in others speckled with close-set rectangular spots or dashes (—) ; occasionally pelvics are dusky on outer distal part; anal fin pale, sometimes close-set reddish streaks on membranes near base; caudal fin with dark brown spot at base, upper lobe pale, lower lobe dusky distally. Genus EXOCOETUS Linnaeus Exocoetus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 316, 1758. (Genotype, Ha- ocoetus volitans Linnaeus. ) EXOCOETUS VOLITANS Linnaeus Ezocoetus volitans LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 316, 1758 (type locality, Atlantie Ocean). SPECIMENS STUDIED West of Johnson Island: Lat. 17° N., long. 176° W., May 9, 1946, F. C. Ziesen- henne, 1 specimen, 148 mm. Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, surface light at night, April 6-7, 1946, S—-46-53, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 29.5 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 14; anal 13 or 14; pectoral i,14; pelvic 6; branched caudal 6+7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 48, from insertion of dorsal fin to lateral line 7, between lateral line and insertion of anal 214; predorsal scales (from occiput to insertion of dorsal fin) 18; gillrakers on first arch 8+ 24. The following measurements are given in thousandths of the stand- ard length: Head length 250 to 271; greatest depth of body 170 to 189; width in front of pectorals 149 to 163; predorsal length 651 to 676, preanal 685 to 696, prepectoral 257 to 265, prepelvic 426 to 427; length of dorsal base 213 to 230, anal base 220 to 227; length of longest pectoral ray 634 to 787, longest pelvic ray 188 to 142, longest dorsal ray 101 to 182, longest anal ray 101 to 115, snout 58 to 61; eye diameter 68 to 102; interorbital width 78 to 102; postorbital length of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 103 to 115; least depth of caudal peduncle 68 to 78. Pectoral fin reaches to last dorsal ray in small specimen, beyond caudal base in large specimens; pelvic fins inserted nearer snout than base of caudal, extend half the distance from pelvic insertion to anal insertion; first anal ray inserted under insertion of third dorsal ray ; interorbital area flat; no teeth evident on palate or in jaws; upper jaw rounded, lower Jaw rounded and slightly projecting beyond upper. Color in alcohol.—Avutt: Top of head, back, and upper part of sides grayish brown; lower sides of head and body silvery white; breast and belly silvery white; dorsal fin with membranes faintly FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 179 dusky; anal fin pale, silvery white at base; caudal fin uniform light brown; pectoral fin membranes dusky brown, rays darker brown, posterior margin narrowly white; pelvic fin pale. Juvenite: Top of head, back, and sides with small, close-set brown dots arranged in lengthwise rows; ground color light yellowish; faint dark brown saddle across back between pectoral insertions; light indistinct saddle across back including anterior half of dorsal fin, followed by a darker band of about the same width on posterior part of fin, then a second lighter band; posterior part of caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin dark, pectoral fin pale on basal two-thirds, outer one-third of mem- branes dusky brown on anterior part; pelvic fin with a few minute scattered brown dots on median basal portion; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins colorless. Genus CYPSELURUS Swainson Cypsilurus SWAINSON, The natural history and classification of fishes .. ., vol. 1, p. 299, 1838. (Spelling changed to Cypselurus Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, vol. 8, p. 38, 1841, by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.) (Genotype, Hxocoetus appendiculatus Wood.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYPSELURUS REPORTED FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALLS la. Dorsal fin with large black blotch covering distal portion of membranes between third to ninth (or sometimes twelfth) rays; pectoral membranes purplish brown to black (reddish in life), posterior margin narrowly white; lower jaw rounded, as long as, or slightly longer than, upper; dorsal rays 13 or 14; anal 9 to 11; pectoral i,12 or 18; gill rakers about 24; predorsal seales 26 to 81__________ Cypselurus spilonotopterus (Bleeker) 16. Dorsal fin without large black blotch on distal portion of membranes, but with anterior rays dusky brown. 2a. Lower jaw pointed, projecting beyond upper; pectoral membranes trans- parent, colorless; least depth of caudal peduncle less than length of snout; dorsal rays 12 or 18; anal 9 to 11; pectoral i,13 to 15; gill rakers 21 to 24; predorsal scales 29 to 34__ Cypselurus antoncichi, new species 2b. Lower jaw rounded, even with upper or slightly projecting ; pectoral mem- branes uniform light grayish purple on outer part; inner part with rays pale and membranes transparent; least depth of caudal peduncle equals length of snout; dorsal rays 12 to 14; anal 8 to 10; pectoral i,13 or 14; gill rakers 21 or 22; predorsal scales 26 to 31. Cypselurus unicolor (Valenciennes) CYPSELURUS SPILONOTOPTERUS (Bleeker) Hzocoetus spilonotopterus BLrEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 113, 1866 (type locality, Padang, Sumatra). Hzocoetus bahiensis BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises .. ., vol. 6, pl. 249, fig. 2, 1866-72. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Off south side; flew on board ship at night, April 16, 1946, Marr, 1 specimen, 258 mm. 180 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Rongerik Atoll: Bock Pass, surface light at night, April 27, 1946, S-46-394, Marr, 2 specimens, 264 and 269 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, leeward edge of reef, 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-183, Schultz, 11 specimens, 261 to 317 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 13 or 14; anal 9 to 11; pectoral i,12 or 13; pelvic 6; branched caudal 6 + 7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 47 to 50, from origin of dorsal to lateral line 7 or 8, from origin of anal to lateral line 3; predorsal scales 26 to 31. (Other counts in table 13.) The following measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length: Head length 249 to 267; greatest depth of body 173 to 198; width of body in front of pectorals 131 to 157; predorsal length 697 to 728, preanal 798 to 811, prepectoral 256 to 274; prepelvic 578 to 587; length of dorsal base 170 to 190, anal base 107 to 118; length of longest pectoral ray (second) 656 to 722, longest pelvic ray (third) 250 to 277, longest dorsal ray (second) 111 to 181, longest anal ray 69 to 83, snout 76 to 79; eye diameter 69 to 82; interorbital width 82 to 93; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 95 to 101; least depth of caudal peduncle 71 to 77. (Other measurements in table 14.) Pectoral fin reaches past rear of dorsal base, sometimes to rudimen- tary caudal rays; pelvics reach to about fourth anal ray, inserted mid- way between hind margin of eye and base of caudal rays; first anal ray inserted under sixth to eighth dorsal rays; shape of upper jaw rounded, lower jaw rounded, even with upper, or slightly protruding in large specimens; teeth small, simple, conic, in bands in jaws, pala- tines toothed. Color in aleohol—Top of head and back down to middle of sides dark purplish brown or grayish brown, tip of lower jaw dusky; opercle and preopercle silvery, opercular flap pale; lower sides light brown; belly white or silvery; pectoral fin membranes very dark purplish brown to black, rays lighter, outer unbranched ray white, narrow hind margin of fin white; dorsal fin with a large dark blackish spot on distal part of fin, extending usually from fourth to ninth rays but sometimes to twelfth; caudal fin grayish brown, its posterior margin somewhat darker ; pelvic fin with outer four rays dusky, inner two white, dusky color extending onto membranes in center of fin near its base. Remarks.—This is the species that has usually been called, in the Pacific area, Cypselurus bahiensis Ranzani by most authors (see Fow- ler, Fishes of Oceania, p. 84, 1928 for synonomy). However, the name bahiensis of Ranzani is no longer available as Breder (Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 6, art. 5, pp. 89 and 51, 1938) has shown bahiensis FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 181 to be a synonym of C. comatus (Mitchill). This Pacific species is ap- parently most closely related to C. lineatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) of the Atlantic, from which it differs in having fewer predorsal scales (39 to 46 for /éneatus, 26 to 30 for spilonotopterus) and in hay- ing stronger, always present, palatine teeth; déneatus has more scale rows (58+) and fewer dorsal rays. There are slight differences in the coloration of the pectoral fin (that of dineatus has a broader white posterior margin and sometimes a faint light cross band). As for the other recognized Atlantic species having a dark dorsal spot, spilono- topterus differs from C. cyanopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes in hav- ing fewer predorsal scales (35 to 40), and from C. exstliens Linnaeus in having the distal margin of pectoral fin white instead of black as in exsiliens. In both species there is an overlap or agreement in the number of scale rows, number of dorsal and anal rays, and number of predorsal scales. Figure 35.—Holotype of Cypselurus antoncichi, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140291), from Eniwetok Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) CYPSELURUS ANTONCICHI, new species Figure 35 Cypselurus bahiensis (not Ranzani) Krenpart and GoxLpssoroucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 27, No. 7, p. 253, 1911 (Arhno, Marshall Islands, U.S.N.M. No. 65809). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140291, Eniwetok Atoll, southwest pas- sage, leeward side of reef 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-183, Schultz, female, 251 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140293, same data as holotype, 18 speci- mens, 237 to 289 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140288, Bikini Atoll, Boro Chan- nel, surface light at night, April 6-7, 1946, S-46-53, Schultz and Brock, 2 specimens, 240 and 279 mm.; Bikini Atoll, July 4, 1948, Welander, 1 specimen, 260 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140289, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, western end, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 251 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 65809, Marshall Islands, Arhno Atoll, 1899-1900, Albatross, 1 specimen, 251 mm. 2° The figures quoted for C. lineatus and O. cyanopterus are all from Breder (op. cit.). 182 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Description.—Counts and measurements of holotype are given first, followed by those for two paratypes; all measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length. Additional counts and measurements are recorded in tables 18 and 14. Dorsal rays 12; 12; 12; anal 10; 11; 11; pectoral i,14; 1,14 1,14; pelvic 6; 6; 6; branched caudal 7+7; 6+7; 6+7%. Scale rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal rays 51; 54; 54; from origin of dorsal to lateral line 7; 7; 6; from lateral line to origin of anal 3; 3; 3. Predorsal scale rows 303; 81; 30. Gill rakers on first gill arch 5+15; 6+18; ?+18. Head 250; 242; 244. Greatest depth of body 155; 167; 158. Width of body in front of pectoral fins 180; 127; 120. Predorsal length 721; 714; 720; preanal 785; 760; 810; prepectoral 259; 244; 251; prepelvic 592; 604; 584. Length of dorsal base 171; 167; 179 anal base 123; 127; 124. Length of longest pectoral ray 666; 647; 610; longest pelvic ray 295; 304; 288; longest dorsal ray 100; 83; 93; longest anal ray 76; 56; 61. Snout 80; 77; 75. Eye diameter 84; 75; 77. Inter- orbital width 84; 79; 77. Postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 90; 95; 98. Least depth of caudal peduncle 64; 65; 61. Length of caudal peduncle 118; 123; 116. Pectoral fin reaches slightly beyond middle of dorsal; pelvic fin reaches to about the middle of anal fin, inserted midway between eye and base of caudal rays but nearer opercular opening than to latter; base of first anal ray under base of sixth dorsal ray; interorbital area concave; teeth of jaws very small; palate edentate; upper jaw rounded in some specimens, or with an elongated, rounded, median portion in others; lower jaw somewhat pointed, longer than upper, projecting beyond upper. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back dark bluish gray to dark brown; anterior sides beneath pectoral fin light reddish brown with an indistinct dark purplish streak; sides of head below level of eye silvery; lower sides and belly silvery white; pectoral fin rays dusky brown, membranes clear, transparent; pelvic fin rays with minute scattered dusky dots basally, membranes clear, transparent; dorsal fin membranes smoky colored on basal portion, clear distally; anal fin pale; caudal fin dark grayish brown; posterior margin paler than middle part of fin. Remarks.—This species differs from all other Pacific members of the genus Cypselurus in possessing the combined characters of a pro- jecting, pointed lower jaw, large eye, slender caudal peduncle, and clear transparent membranes in the pectoral and pelvic fins; it re- sembles C. gregort Pietschmann in the projecting lower jaw but differs from this species in the length of the pectoral fin. It is prob- ably most nearly related to C. s¢mus Cuvier and Valenciennes and 0. spilonotopterus. FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 183 Named antoncichi (pronounced antén’-sich-i) for Michael An- toncich, of Monterey, Calif., commercial fisherman on the operation Crossroads project. CYPSELURUS UNICOLOR (Valenciennes) Exocoetus unicolor VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, p. 97, 1846 (type locality, Vanikoro). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, surface light at night, April 6-7, 1946, S—46-53, Sehultz and Brock, 2 specimens, 194 and 226 mm. HBniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, leeward side of reef, 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-183, Schultz, 6 specimens, 176 to 214 mm. Description —Dorsal rays 12 to 14; anal 8 to 10; pectoral 1,12 or 13; pelvic 6; branched caudal 6+7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 43 to 53, from origin of dorsal diago- nally to lateral line 7 or 8, between lateral line and origin of anal 2 or 3; predorsal scales 26 to 30; gill rakers 5 or 6+ 16. (Additional counts in table 13.) Depth 5.1 to 5.9; head 3.8 to 4.05; length of pectoral fin 1.5 or 1.6, of pelvic 3.2 to 3.8; all in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 3.7; eye 3.0 to 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 4.0; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.45 to 2.8; upper lobe of caudal 1.0, lower lobe 0.85 or 0.9; all in length of head. Interorbital width in eye 1.0; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4 to 1.95; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 26° or 27°. (See table 14 for measurements in thousandths of standard length.) Pectoral fin reaches to insertion of last dorsal ray (second branched ray longest) ; pelvics reach to fourth anal ray (third ray longest) ; pelvic inserted midway between hind margin of eye and base of caudal rays, nearer gill opening than caudal fin; dorsal fin with its second and third rays of equal length, about 2.8 in head; first anal ray inserted under bases of sixth to eighth dorsal rays; upper jaw broadly U-shaped, smoothly curved, lower jaw rounded, equal to upper; teeth in jaws small, simple; palatine teeth when present, weak, covering small area. Color in alcohol—Top of head and back dark purplish brown, almost black, upper sides light brown with reddish tinge; cheeks and lower parts of head silvery ; breast and belly yellowish white; pectoral fin membranes uniform light grayish purple, narrow white margin on posterior part of fin, inner part with rays pale and membranes transparent; pelvic fin with dusky rays, transparent membranes; dor- sal fin membranes dusky, rays pale; caudal fin dark grayish brown, narrow posterior margin lighter. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ss. 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U. 186 FL &Z TZ GL ¢9 ¢9 GL BL TZ tL IZ GL €9 99 66 $8 16 16 18 88 98 06 c6 96 98 16 ¢8 06 ners eae ta $6 98 16 €L bL 06 26 c8 €6 G8 98 bl 88 OL 92 GL 08 G9 g9 cL 88 69 28 G8 18 9L €8 tL OL TZ €L 19 09 89 ¥L OL 82 €Z LL TZ 18 89 19 So eae | Saer es G9 9¢ TL 89 69 c8 TZ LL 19 6L 91 SIT 621 821 | OOT LOT 86 SOT GST II 18 96 cOT ZiT F0E 963 68S O0& | ove £63 ISG | €83 OSG LEB PLZ L86 092 FOE 929 cg FIL GOL | 802 br9 649 | 602 999 829 999 Le9 89 809 OST erat G&L ert | OL 88 601 | #8 FIT SIT ¥6 96 OTT col SEG OIG L0G €2G | 6LT 181 OZ | 661 OLT G81 681 TI@ 69T 881 vrs BLS GLE BPG | 989 609 L6G | 819 82g 989 FID 819 909 86S 9FZ 092 0SZ 9c6 | 026 823 OFZ | 696 996 196 09% 696 €S £96 092 608 C6L Ts | L6L 608 PIS | Shs 508 008 88L 008 O18 €9L 989 169 £69 c69 =| 669 SIL 869 | 9dZ SoZ 802 FOL ¢89 9EZ 80L OT 6&1 LPI LPL | 8&1 ial €yL | SFI Tél LST LET 61 9II SET S61 L81 T61 POL | IZT 98T 661 | €8T €LT §61 6LT GLI col €8T (4x6 PPS L¥G GSS | GIS 616 €&Z | SZ 6S 092 8S FPS 68% £96 G ehs 696 082 CELE | OFS Gt G "992 TS LIE 016 rats 602 P&S OFS fo) 2 2 2 fo) é é 2 é e ad 6 é L : ; nny 1107 V 110d V M G9T°N of |_og OH IvMeA|eMeH| ueder | uvder |NeMeH|NeMeH|HOPMIUG |HlosmoY) [OVW YOJOMIUM j|HOJOMIU) JUTE FLZG11 €IZ0¢ | escz6 | Iztee | geLz0g | 9EL0 | FIgGe | ZLOTS (sod Ajeie g) §2U6181.47D 8nstajdoj1ds 005D SnUs n1ajd0j0Uo7tds 1£07091un 14310U0jJUD snunjasdha sninjasdhig sninjasdhia sninjasdfig sninjasdlg sninjasdlig sninjasdigd wUnasnjy ares cm -apounped [epnea jo uydep 4svoT Oe ea aa ~~" Wy sual [e31G.103s0 gq Bears cee IPI A [vJ1G.1010; ul AUOG SS SS eee IOJOUIBIP OAT ee ee ee ae q4Sue] ynoug Re eee Avl [BUT JSASUO] JO Y4SUueT SSTRSSecss ~~~ "ABI [eSIOP JSOSZUO| JO UYSU'T eae aioe --" "BI DIATad JSesUOo] Jo ySueT Sts eae een ee AI [V10}00d JSoSUOT Jo GysUueT So mn a --Y1ZUd] [VUB JO ose sree ee eee -""-YZU9] [es1op Jo oseg pga eee ee eae 4sug] orApedailg Se Soe eee ee es Yj sug] [e10joodelg Sa pn a pe a eae yjsuol [euvelg Fee a ee ae ee q4 sue [esIopeld SOoSS= “$]v10j00d Jo JUOT UT Apod Jo YIPIM ae ee eee ----yydap 4seyBein ooo 2-2 en-n------ ~---"="""peeyg Jo 44yZueT ae ee SIOPIUI[[IU UI YSU] prwpueys SIOJOVIVYD [DUONIDN “SS “) ay} U2 avprj2000zq oiftavg fo sarvads urnjsao fo ‘yj6ua) puvpunjs oy} fo syzpunsnoy} U2 passaidxa ‘sjuawmaunspayy—'FT AIAVY, 187 FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 00T 06 08 08 0g 0g 08 OOT 093 026 002 08g 099 099 082 092 0L9 089 O&T OST O8T 061 OFZ 0&% 016 092 nan’ nN nineNn (ed) ChILVI 9669 VI 1 2U037jNS sningasdhig TZ GL 88 &6 28 BL 68 oL 89 69 88 69 Gol COL G86 923 €89 629 c6 06 9¢cT GOL 089 129 GSS OFS 0€8 608 692 6FL OST vPL LLY F0Z Shs OF LPT LOT fo) é Tad la “OTLOTL ‘oBuvpulyAL LOSZOT 8POLET sndoyjsido snanjasdhig "8861 ‘HOS-z8e ‘dd ‘gg “oa ‘sore AA UJNOG MON “00g UveUUrT * 001g ‘xBjolOD pus AOTMG AA 1 06 98 FOr €0T FOL 96 06 98 GL TZ GL €0T inca gel OEE ate GL9 v9 16 90T 181 161 629 £09 926 046 6&2 £28 POL Tel POT 9ST €1Z £1 913 696 t&I OFT re) fo) wig WUeIg LEEEOr 8ESE0L $1@2706170 snanjasdlig 19 69 £5 LOT 98 96 GL LL L9 GL 68 $8 Zr 6PhT 69% 38 169 LYL PEL raat FGI £06 Glg 899 P&G 193 OLL 128 00L 602 orl 6FT CLT I8T 1G L9G vet GL8I P — all “M ‘esueoqg | ,eg, ‘suOT -UCZ, “N oOL “387 bPO8S LLZSTT s1uuadijjD snangasdhg 038 92 o6 $6 (As) &8 GL 19 OL L9 08 L9 OZT LIL Org 882 0F9 8&9 G8 ¢8 OFT GLI O19 $89 096 EFS 028 C28 GEeL LEL GST BrT Sst C06 gos GES 002 2 BSS CoE eueueg €&268 LIS6Z $n19j207]09 Ssninjasdhig 88 18 ¥6 (43) 88 68 88 18 IZ 8g Sree “| $8 I 961 PIE 0ZE GIL 969 GIL 18 P6T F6L G8g £19 G9% 9&2 G18 608 GEL LOL 6ST PST L61 961 12z 9&2 OLT T61 Pe) é eoules OAYO J, 8IEZS O9ETL $najdo7290900d snanjasdhi TOOER eppunped [epneo Jo yydop 4svo'T SSO eT or ias ~-Y4 Sue] [8}1G10}Ss0q STG S Rose Me eaes Ui PIA [eyqQ10104ul AuOg Figs Se ee eS “"-JoJoOMVIp 9A 0S Se ae q43u9] Jnoug PSS Seer Saees AVI [BUS JSesUuO| Jo 4ASUI'T peer A®1 [WSIOP {SaZUO[ Jo 43ue7T SSeS ABI OTATod 4sesuo[ Jo q3ueT Rae See Avi [8.10}00d 4sasuo] Jo qySuNT Sanaa eee a ere “Y4sud] [Bue Jo oseg “yQsugl [Vsiop Jo oseg Re eee YjsU9] OlApedaIig BEST als meee ~-7"q42us[ [e10}09doIg Ser es eg ee ee “"Y4suel [cuveIg Pat ees a em oe ag “-q4sUus[ [esiOps1g ~~ “sye1ozo0d Jo JUOIJ Ul Apog Jo [IPI ee ~ -yydep 4soqvoIN -~------------------- --"-peey jo 443ueT Se SIOJOUNI[[IU UL YISUe, prspueys SI9JOBICYO, NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ss. U. 188 eee eee eee eee eee eee ——————————————————————————— eee 09 6¢ c8 68 62 8L LL 82 g9 Lg SII FOr PoE 282 (406 GTZ T9¢ TLS 602 &61 91Z S8T ees ves TG 682 062 822 S69 6IL aan €&T 281 L0G 08% LEG 6&1 Sel NBMCA Sc1g¢ SITe¢ snsajdfiyoo1sq 8N9J090LILD 02 0L 18 08 €8 06 &8 G8 GL OL 66 691 FPS 996 C6T 061 F89 829 vST T9T 181 €8T GLg ceg £52 GLE a7 4 Gol 0&2 61L 9&T Tet 922 402 SES bad GOI TZ ; ‘I'd 1109 V ‘pl ofor | dvjesuoy TEL8&sT | 96Z0FT ojUau 879000730 ay) 69 g8 82 18 28 43) 99 99 99 18 88 Sor e0r Org SOE FOL OLL SPT FST SST O9T 063 79g 626 GES S&L eoL 602 6hL 81 C&T €9T O9T €1d 902 893 6 é © )038f@) Nog yO ‘oelleO PSOSIL SPSLCT stuumduyns shyqynubolgy 89 29 19 £6 66 68 8L 8h 08 8L €L 99 el 69 19 TZ ee et GL CS Se | pees: ““| 80T L0E 862 S61 802 $89 T&L PST Tet si Trl GOT LET 98¢ yog v6 FG 8h6 G16 9bL 8&L Ob ISL 8hL 614 9&1 OFT O&T SLT OLT LET 6S ve 10} £4 S06 81 (ad 2 = e “MM “N oO1 3@1 QLZSTT orse9 | e2g0¢ odAy, $NJDINIDUWL1Q]D 143qnb shyqyo1ubolgd shyqyoubold ! weny | M Opt suoT 0891 “SUT | (ada T) |°N 0808098 £9 £9 98 56 68 LL QL ZL GL 68 46 ¥8 96 &8 062 C83 &b9 (674 8ST 8ST L9T 8st 909 c09 IgG 67S 88L €&L TS2 LPL T&I SPhL €o1 CLT SE 67% TGZ TGé 2 L Heavy eee S86LT SPEC Labynaads snanjasdlig 8¢ v8 ------g1ounped [epneo Jo qydoep 4sve'yT worerrnrma-----= 44309] [B}1GI09SOg ---------- ---Y4PIM [841q1010}01 AUOg gescees wrornn-------" =" 1999IBIP OAT SEES eoeneee--- q}3u9] Jnoug Senge ~--|-----~------£@I [Bus JSIZUO[ JO 44SUE'T Sates wrerm}---------AeI [esIOp JSasUO] JO 4IZUN'T "MeO “PI BUl[VIBO (ed4y) OFT8 sna1ulofiyDo snanjasdiig SS ----£BI dIATad 4SasUo] Jo 43Ue'T Saye ae ABI [810}00d 4s9sUO] Jo YysU'T Siar ee -- “Y4Zug] [eu Jo oseg es erage “""-" °q4ZUe] [sop Jo oseg ieee eset re ~--" =" "4 3U9] OALoderg pee wommrme =n ZueT [e10joede1g eee sorromr oo" =" 4 sUel [BUBII Se es ~="""q4ZU9] [BsIOpelg “s[e10j0ed Jo yuosy UT Apog Jo TIPIM pees eee - ~yjdep 4se}¥ee1pH eae woomeraroo=o--pgoy Jo 443u0'T oe SIOJOUTI[[IW Ul YSU] Pispusys s10j08IvYO a eee ee ee ee ee “$$ [= = = — ————————EE—E—E—EEEEEEE———————E——————————EEEEEEEEEEEE penuryu0g—wnasn py JDUOLIDN ‘S *Q 2Y) U2 avprjo0.0uq aifrovg fo satoads urj.1a0 fo ‘yjbua? pappunjs ay} fo sy;puvsnoy) ur passaidxa ‘syuamainsvayy—'F] AIAV L N il P A IY4LIVd f é YyjbUe)] p4dp Y YIP Y P W FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 189 Genus PROGNICHTHYS Breder Prognichthys Brevrr, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 2, No. 2, p. 20, 1928. (Genotype, Hxocoetus gibbifrons Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) PROGNICHTHYS ALBIMACULATUS (Fowler) Cypselurus (Hxonautes) albimaculdtus Fowter (on Cypselurus speculiger Kendall and Goldsborough, 1911), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 327, fig. 81, 1983 (19384) (type locality, Guam). Cypselurus rubescens Fow ter, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, art. 6, p. 6, 1932. Danichthys gilberti ScHuttz (not Snyder), U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 58, 1943 (part) (U.S.N.M. No. 115276). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 65810, Marianas Islands, off Guam, 1899-1900, Albatross [type], 218 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 89734, lat. 7° S., long. 124° W., September 7, 1929, A. K. Fisher, 1 specimen, 6, 230 mm. (approx.) ; U.S.N.M. No. 115276, latitude 10° N., longitude 165° W., April 20, 1939, L. P. Schultz, 1 specimen, ¢, 205 mm.; un- cataloged, from Bishop Museum, Honolulu, lat. 13° N., long. 165°30’ W., flew on board U.S.C.G. Taney, July 18-19, 1938, G. C. Munro, E. B. Brier, E. H. Bryan, Jr., 1 specimen, ¢, 230 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11; anal 11 or 12; pectoral ii, 16 or 17; pelvic 6; branched caudal 6+7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 48 or 49, from dorsal origin diagonally to lateral line 6; between lateral line and origin of anal 3; predorsal scales 28 to 31; gill rakers on first arch 6 to 8+17 to 20. (Additional counts in table 13.) Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth of body 5.6 to 6.2; width in front of pectorals 7.1 to 7.4; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.55, of pelvic 3.2 to 3.55; all in standard length. Snout 3.1 to 3.5; eye 3.1 to 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 3.7; postorbital length of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 2.9; all in length of head. Inter- orbital width in eye 0.94 to 1.05; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 to 1.7; palatines toothless; anal fin originates slightly in advance of dorsal, latter usually originates over second or third anal ray. (See table 14 for measurements in thousandths of standard length.) Color in alcohol.—Upper part of head, back, and upper sides dark brown to light grayish brown; cheeks, opercles, sides of body, and belly silvery or whitish; pectoral fin dark brown at base, upper six rays and membrane blackish, center of lower half of fin crossed by large oblique hyaline band, wide submarginal dark band on posterior part, tips of rays white; pelvic fin with second, third, and fourth rays dusky brown on basal half, rest of fin pale; dorsal and anal fins pale; caudal fin dusky brown with a pale but not white margin. Remarks—The specimens listed above have been compared carefully with the type of Z'wonautes gilberti Snyder, from which they differ in the coloration of the pectoral fin; the relative positions of the dorsal and anal fins; the number of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin rays; and the 190 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 number of scales. The most striking differences are the longer head, larger eye, and thicker caudal peduncle. PROGNICHTHYS sp. ? (juv.) PLATE 17, B SPECIMEN STUDIED Hniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, leeward edge of reef, 44 mile south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 25, 1946, S-46-184, Schultz, 1 specimen, 46 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 11; anal 12; pectoral 11,15; pelvic 6; cau- dal 6+7; scales missing (scars not evident enough to count) ; gill rakers on first arch 6+ 18. Depth (greatest just behind head) 7.0; head 4.8; length of pectoral fin 1.5, of pelvic 2.6; all in standard length. Snout 4.0; eye 2.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0; postorbital length of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.5; (upper and lower lobes of caudal fin broken); all in length of head. Interorbital width in eye 0.9; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.3. Pectoral fin reaches almost to end of dorsal base, membrane between first and second unbranched rays much wider than that between other rays; pelvics extend to about midway between end of anal and base of caudal, inserted midway between hind margin of pupil and base of caudal; dorsal fin rather high, its longest ray (second), 1.7 in head, its base 1.5 in head; first anal ray inserted slightly in advance of base of first dorsal ray; upper and lower jaws of equal length, upper jaw rounded, lower somewhat pointed, teeth not evident on palatines. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light tan, minute dark-brown pig- ment spots arranged to follow myomeres on back and sides, a double row lengthwise down middorsal line to dorsal fin; dark brown area at base of upper lobe of caudal fin; dorsal fin with black pigment spot on outer one-third to one-half extending from second to ninth rays; anal white; pectoral fin black at base, upper rays largely dusky, fin crossed by three irregular pale areas, tips of upper rays and membranes black, those of lower pale; pelvic fin dusky; an intense line of black following fifth ray and broadening toward tip of fin; caudal fin upper lobe pale, lower dusky. Remarks.—This Eniwetok Atoll specimen is obviously a juvenile form, as shown by the weakly developed scales, large eyes, and en- larged mucus channels and pores of the head. It is very similar in general shape and color to the figure and description of Exonautes marginatus Nichols and Breder (Zoologica, vol. 8, p. 429, fig. 165, 1928), described from a specimen 45 mm. in standard length, but differs from that specimen in depth, head, and paired fin proportions. It is possibly the young of Z. gélberti, or it is new, but as no intermedi- ate stages are available and the species of Pacific flyingfishes are so little known, definite assignment must await further study and revision. Order BERYCOMORPHIDA Family HOLOCENTRIDAE: Soldierfishes, or Squirrelfishes By Loren P. Woops KEY TO THE GENERA OF HOLOCENTRIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Angle of preopercle without heavy, long spine. 2a. Dorsal spines XII, the last about same length as preceding one, not part of soft dorsal fin; opercle with two slender spines; scales of body rough with long slender spines almost as long as exposed part of scale. Holotrachys Gtinther (p. 191) 2b. Dorsal spines X-I or XI-I, the last spine longer than preceding one, separated from it and closely adhered to first dorsal ray; opercle with a single short, flattened triangular spine, scales of body relatively smooth, Cheirspinesisho rts sew ee eee Myripristis Cuvier (p. 192) 1b. Angle of preopercle with long, heavy spine____ Holocentrus Scopoli (p. 208) Genus HOLOTRACHYS Giitnther Holotrachys GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols. 2-8, pts. 5-6, p. 93, 1874. (Genotype, Myripristis lima Valenciennes. ) HOLOTRACHYS LIMA (Valenciennes) PLATE 17, C Myripristis ima VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 498, 1831 (type locality, Mauritius). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 20 specimens, 53 to 112 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 78 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 45 to 98 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 65 to 79 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,14 to 16 (usually 15) ; anal 1V,10 or 11 (usually 11); pectoral ii,15 (rarely 13 or 14); pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; scales in lateral line 40 to 42, between lateral line and base of dorsal 414, between lateral line and origin of anal 914 or 1014; gillrakers on first arch 8 or 9+1+13 to 15=22 to 25. Depth of body 2.36 to 2.45, length of head 2.47 to 2.55, both in standard length (tip of snout to base of middle caudal rays) ; snout 5.5 to 6.0, eye 3.0 to 3.63, interorbital 6.0 to 7.0, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.15 to 3.82, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.2 to 5.25, length of pectoral fin 1.55 191 192 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 to 2.15, length of middle caudal rays 1.75 to 2.03, length of third dorsal spine 2.8 to 8.15, length of longest dorsal rays 2.21 to 2.88, length of longest anal spine 2.56 to 3.25; length of longest anal rays 2.3 to 2.38, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.43 to 2.05; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 42 to 46 degrees. Scales of sides extremely rough, with long, thin spines; prefrontals projecting beyond premaxillaries, premaxillaries notched with tip of mandible fitting its notch; mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary reach- ing posteriorly past hind margin of eye; preopercle lacking enlarged spine at angle, opercle with two short spines, subequal; dorsal spines short and heavy; third anal spine usually longest and strongest; soft dorsal and anal fins rounded, their middle rays longest; pectoral rounded; lobes of caudal broadly rounded, caudal not deeply forked. Color in alcohol.—Upper sides of head and body yellowish, whitish, or light orange-red; scales of back and upper sides of some specimens with very thin vertical submarginal dusky line just at base of spiny projections; scales below lateral line with bright red median spot, forming 7 or 8 faint lengthwise rows (not evident in some specimens) 5 all fins pale yellowish or white; spiny dorsal of young (53 mm.) with dusky streak on membranes from base to margin just before each spine. Color when alive.—Head, body, all fin rays deep, bright blood red; indistinct golden or coppery blotch just behind eye, in middle of opercle, and on scaly basal portion of pectoral; centers of scales below lateral line paler than back and head; darker narrow red lines between scale rows very distinct; spiny dorsal membrane same deep red as body, but membranes of soft dorsal, anal, and posterior half of caudal pale pinkish or white; iris orange-red. Genus MYRIPRISTIS Cuvier Myripristis Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 150, 1829. (Genotype, Myripristis jacobus Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) It is very likely that some of our species from Oceania are the same as those described by Cuvier and Valenciennes and by Sauvage, from Mauritius, but since their descriptions in many cases have omitted the essential characters and since we cannot examine their types, it is impossible for us to correlate our fish with their names. As pre- viously noted by Schultz (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 180, 1943), Jordan and Evermann, Jordan and Seale, Giinther, and others have failed completely to distinguish between the various species of this genus in the Hawaiian and Samoan Islands. We have carefully compared the types and paratypes of Jordan and Evermann and of Jordan and Seale with our large series from the Marshall Islands, and have drawn FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 193 the following conclusions: One paratype of Myripristis berndti Jor- dan and Evermann (U.S.N.M. No. 125645) is actually the same as M. argyromus Jordan and Evermann, as are the type and one para- type of M. symmetricus Jordan and Evermann, these latter being small specimens about half the size of the type of argyromus,; M. sanguineus Jordan and Seale is a synonym of J. pralinius Cuvier and Valenciennes; A/. sealec Jenkins is the young of W/. chryseres Jordan and Evermann. Although the species of this genus are very closely related, it has been possible to separate certain of them on the basis of the number of gill rakers (murdjan, chryseres), others by the number of dorsal and anal fin rays, and some by the number of lateral line scales; but always these characters have been found to overlap two or more species, so that they have had to be considered in combination with snout length, eye or interorbital width, body depth, or with some color character, particularly the degree and pattern of color on the opercular flap. The dusky or black markings on the rays of the median fins show so much variation within a species, even within a single lot, that it has not been considered useful as a taxonomic character unless combined with some meristic character. It is only by considering the characters in combi- nation that we have been able to separate the several species. We have also observed that specimens of Myripristis jacobus of the Atlantic have scales extending nearly to the tips of the rays on their soft dorsal and anal fins. None of the Pacific species examined by us have such scales, there being simply a row forming a narrow sheath along the base. On this basis it is likely that the Pacific species not. having scales should be separated as a subgenus. We have carefully compared the skeletons of J. jacobus and MU. murdjan but have failed to discover any differences of sufficient importance to consider making them two genera. The oldest generic name available for the Pacific species in which the dorsal and anal are not scaled is Rhamphoberyx Gill. Four lots of larvae just in the transition stage have not been assigned to any species. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MYRIPRISTIS OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS *@ 1a. Perforated scales in lateral line 27 to 33. 2a. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 27 to 30, with total number of gill rakers 42 to 48. 3a. Diameter of eye equal to or less than postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) ; length of head in greatest depth of body 1.31 to 1.36; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins pale 7@ Caution: It is necessary to use the combination of all characters given under any single heading because the counts and other characters used overlap in nearly all cases. 955292—53—vol. 1——-15 194 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 or slightly dusky, but without black markings on distal portion of any branched rays; scales of back with broad dark-brown margin, base with dark-brown line and vertical narrow pearl-white bar on scales; general appearance of back a dark-brown network with white openings; dorsal fin rays X—-I,15 or 16; anal IV,13; perforated scales in lateral line 27 to 29________ Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker 3b. Diameter of eye slightly greater than postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) ; length of head in greatest depth of body 1.15 to 1.22; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins colorless, with intense black spot or at least a trace of dusky color on distal portion of next few branched rays; scales of back with narrow marginal bands of pale pink, reddish, or light brown, scale bases pale reddish or yellowish, general appearance of back light reddish or straw colored; dorsal fin rays usually X-I,14 (rarely 13 or 15) ; anal IV,12 (rarely 11 or 13) ; perforated scales in lateral line usually 31 or 82 (rarely 29, 30, or 33)__-_ Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) 2b. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 23 to 26, with total number of gill rakers 37 to 41. 4a. Snout length equal to or greater than interorbital width; lower jaw strongly projecting beyond upper jaw in specimens 100 mm. or longer (even with upper jaw in specimens 100 mm. or shorter) ; opercular membrane broad, black, color ending abruptly at notch below opercular spine; anterior rays of dorsal and anal pale or dusky; dorsal fin rays X-I,14 or 15 (usually 14) ; anal IV,12 or 18 (usually 12) ; perforated lateral line scales 28 to 30. Myripristis berndti Jordan and Evermann 4b. Snout length less than interorbital width. 5a. Tips of caudal fin rays with broad black band, distal portion of anterior, dorsal, and anal fin rays with broad black spot; distal half or one-third of spiny dorsal membranes black, tip of snout very dark or black, tips of pelvics black in young but pale in adults; scales of back with narrow very dark brown or black margin, scale centers pale; dorsal rays X—I,14 or 15; anal IV,13; perforated scales in lateral line 28 or 29. Myripristis adustus Bleeker 5b. Tips of caudal fin rays without broad black band. 6a. Perforated scales in lateral line 28 to 31; opercular flap very dark brown or black; scales above lateral line with dark-brown margin and pale or golden centers, scales below lateral line with faint yellowish lines down centers and usually 5 or 6 broad dark lengthwise body lines where scale rows meet; dorsal fin rays X-I,14 or 15; anal IV,12 or 18. Myripristis bowditchae, new species 6b. Perforated scales in lateral line 32 to 36, usually 32 to 34; opercular flap colorless, pale dusky, or black; scales above lateral line with light-brown margins, pale centers, scales below lateral] line usually with indistinct yellow lengthwise bands following centers of scales, and light-gray lengthwise body lines where scale rows meet; dorsal rays X—I,14 or 15 (rarely 16); anal IV,12 (rarely 138). Myripristis argyromus Jordan and Hvermann FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 195 1b. Perforated scales in lateral line 32 to 41. 7a. Dark color of opercular membrane extending onto opercular bone and onto exposed portions of shoulder bones, giving appear- ance of broad rectangular bar (width of pupil) running from upper edge of gill opening and posttemporal bone into axil of pectoral; caudal peduncle dusky on dorsal and posterior por- tions; base of all caudal rays dark brown, dusky almost to tips, dorsal fin rays X-I,16 to 18; anal IV,15 or 16; perforated scales in lateral line 38 to 41. Myripristis multiradiatus Gtinther 7b. Dark color of opercular membrane not extending onto opercular bone. 8a. Opercular membrane dark brown or black above spine, color abruptly ending at opercular spine, or 1 mm. or less below spine, rest of opercular membrane pale; outermost branched caudal fin rays with narrow black line extending from near base to tip (this sometimes completely faded), rest of caudal rays pale; dorsal fin rays N—-I,14 to 16; anal IV,14 or 15; perforated scales in lateral line 36 to 388. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier 86. Dark color on opercular membrane not ending abruptly at opercular spine but fading gradually ventrally to lower margin of notch below opercular spine, or opercular mem- brane very pale. 9a. Gill rakers on first gill arch total 32 to 36 (10 to 124+1-+21 to 23); enlarged teeth of lower jaw almost in contact, separated by width of base of enlarged tooth patch or less; in adult specimens these tooth patches fitting into deep notch in upper jaw; pectoral axil light brown or colorless no definite spot in axil; dorsal fin rays X—I,14; anal IV,12 or 13; perforated scales in lateral line 34 to 387. Myripristis chryseres * Jordan and Evermann 9b. Gill rakers on first gill arch total 87 to 41 (12 to 1441-424 to 26) ; enlarged teeth of lower jaw separated by a dis- tance about twice that of diameter of tooth patch; in adult specimens enlarged teeth protruding, not fitting into deep notch in upper jaw; definite spot present in axil; dorsal fin rays X-I,14 or 15 (rarely 16); anal IV,12 (rarely 13); perforated scales in lateral line 82 to 36. Myripristis argyromus * Jordan and Hvermann MYRIPRISTIS MICROPHTHALMUS Bleeker Myripristis microphthatmus BLErKrER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 261, 1852 (type locality, Amboina). 27 We consider M. sealei Jenkins to be the young of this species, since types of both have similar kind of enlarged teeth on lower jaw and a lower number of gill rakers than counted in any other species. °8 Since scales of lateral line appeared to be the best character on which to divide the species in this key into two groups, and since argyomus fell across the line of separation, it was necessary to place this species in the key under both sections. 196 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 170 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 127 to 141 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 52 to 154 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X-I,15 or 16 (usually 15); anal IV,13; pectoral 11,13; pelvic 1,7, branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 27 to 29 (usually 28), between lateral line and base of dorsal 214, between lateral line and origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch 12 to 15 (usually 14) +1+27 to 29=42 to 45; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.1 to 2.33, head 2.6 to 3.12, both in standard length; snout 4.6 to 5.7, eye 1.96 to 2.51, interorbital space 3.5 to 4.05, post- orbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.57 to 3.03, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.05 to 4.25, length of pec- toral fin 1.27 to 1.42, length of lower caudal lobe 1.05 to 1.19, of upper caudal lobe 0.97 to 1.16, length of longest dorsal spine (fourth) 1.9 to 2.0, of longest dorsal ray 1.31 to 1.89, length of longest anal spine (fourth) 2.27 to 2.38, of longest anal ray 1.34 to 1.87, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.6 to 1.8; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 34 degrees. Dorsal spines long, slender, third anal spine strongest; pectoral fin extending to below ninth or tenth lateral line scale, maxillary with small rounded teeth near its lower posterior angle; opercle with three rows of scales, opercular spine broad, triangular, not strong. Color in alcohol_—Top of head and back light reddish brown, scales above lateral line and those in lateral line with broad dark- brown margin and dark reddish-brown base, median portion of scales with narrow vertical pearly white line; lower sides yellowish silver, with dark (sometime yellowish) margins of scales very faint but still evident. Upper and lower jaws dusky, cheeks silvery; opercular flap not black but dark brown or dark grayish, below spine paler, with dusky dots fading ventrally; pectoral axil dark brown or black; dorsal spines and basal portion of anterior rays dusky, anal fin paler but shghtly dusky on anterior rays, basal portion of outer caudal rays dusky, inner four rays and distal one-fourth of outer rays pale; upper ray of pectoral usually dusky, rest of rays pale, pelvics pale. Remarks.—This species has been considered a synonym of 1/. murd- jan by Weber and de Beaufort (The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, pp. 259-262, 1929) ; . microphthalmus is readily distinguished from mwrdjan by its coloration, particularly of the scales of the back and on the vertical fins. 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 murdjan microphthalmus 1. Caudal fin pale, 1. Outer caudal rays dusky on ba- sal three-fourths, 9. Anterior dorsal and anal soft 2. Anterior dorsal and anal soft rays pale basally dark dis- rays dark basally pale dis- tally, tally, 3. No brown streaks on base of 8. Brown streak present on base of scales above lateral line, scales above lateral line, 4, Body shape elongate. 4. Body short, oval. MYRIPRISTIS MURDJAN (Forskal) PLatr 17, D Sciaena murdjan ForsKAu, Descriptiones animalium .. ., pp. xii, 48, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 43 specimens, 53 to 177 mm., standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 22 specimens, 55 to 191 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 specimen, 115 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 72 and 129 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 140 and 142 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-I,14 (rarely 18 or 15); anal IV,12 (rarely 11 or 18); pectoral ii,18 (occasionally 14); pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 29 to 33 (usually 31 or 32), between lateral line and base of dorsal 214, between lateral line and origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch 14 to 17+1+27 to 830=48 to 48; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.45 to 2.85, length of head 2.78 to 3.0, both in stand- ard length; snout 4.71 to 5.8; eye 2.18 to 2.34, interorbital space 3.85 to 4.42, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.37 to 2.71, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.05 to 4.02, length of pectoral fin 1.24 to 1.45, length of lower caudal lobe 1.1 to 1.28, of upper caudal lobe 1.1 to 1.25, length of longest dorsal spine (third) 1.95 to 2.48, of longest dorsal ray 1.47 to 1.63, length of third anal spine 2.29 to 2.78, of longest anal ray 1.47 to 1.69, all in length of head; angle of profile of snout with lengthwise axis of body 29 to 40 degrees, profile convex. Second, third, and fourth dorsal spines about equal in length, long and slender; third and fourth anal spines about equal in length, third strongest; soft dorsal and anal fins somewhat falcate; caudal lobes rounded. Color in alcohol——Back and sides pale reddish yellow, sometimes whitish; scales above lateral line with pale or reddish centers and darker margins, scattered scales sometimes black, lower lip white along sides, cheeks dusky silver or reddish; opercular bone not especially FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 199 darker but opercular flap dusky, the dusky area fading ventrally be- fore reaching level of upper base of pectoral; pectoral axil completely dusky or silvery or black; anterior margin of soft dorsal and anal fin rays pale, then two or three rays black on distal half, basal portion and rest of fin pale; caudal usually completely pale but sometimes with dusky flecks on outer two or three rays forming faint streaks. Young (55 to 57 mm.) with same coloration as adults, except a small black spot distally on anterior four or five membranes of spiny dorsal, and tips of inner pelvic rays black. In our smallest specimen the entire spiny dorsal is dusky but color more intense on anterior mem- branes, and a black bar across base of caudal rays. Color when alive.—Head and back brick red, margins of scales dark and centers pale; sides pinkish with a tinge of yellow; sides of lower lip white, upper lip red; iris red but eyeball almost completely ringed with white; opercular membrane dark red (not purple or blackish) ; pectoral axil dark purplish red; dorsal spines reddish, membranes whitish or reddish on basal two-thirds, distal one-third dark brick red; soft dorsal and anal with two anterior rays white distally, next two or three rays deep blackish red; outer margin of pelvic spine white; unbranched caudal rays milk white, median caudal rays all dark brick red, outer two or three darker than median. Remarks.—As pointed out by Schultz (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 62, 1943), there is considerable misunderstanding concerning this species. We have placed here the specimens having a large number of gill rakers (see table 15) and exhibiting the dark bar on the distal portion of the soft dorsal and anal fins. MYRIPRISTIS BERNDTI Jordan and Evermann PLATE 18, A Myripristis berndti JORDAN and HVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 170, 1903 (type locality, Honolulu, Hawaii). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 18 stations, 43 specimens, 48 to 189 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 14 specimens, 76 to 140 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 91 to 164 mm. Guam: Albatross, 2 specimens, 161 and 188 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-I,14 or 15 (usually 14) ; anal IV,12 or 13 (usually 12); pectoral 11,18; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 28 to 30, between lateral line and base of dorsal 214, between lateral line and origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch 11 to 13 (usually 12) +1+23 to 26=35 to 39; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.45 to 2.57, head 2.68 to 2.83, both in standard length ; snout 4.5 to 5.52, eye 2.22 to 2.57, interorbital space 4.85 to 5.72, post- 200 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 orbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.6 to 2.86, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.37 to 3.87, length of pectoral fin 1.45 to 1.68, length of lower caudal lobe 1.14 to 1.3, of upper caudal lobe 1.15 to 1.27, length of longest dorsal spine (third) 2.16 to 2.83, of longest dorsal ray 1.64 to 1.84, length of longest anal spine (third) 2.48 to 2.9, of longest anal ray 1.61 to 1.82, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.47 to 1.92; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 35 degrees, profile slightly concave in interorbital area. Dorsal spines long, slender; third anal spine strongest; pectoral fin extending to below tenth lateral line scale, lower jaw equal to or slightly projecting beyond upper in specimens up to 100 mm., strongly projecting in larger specimens (175-180 mm.); opercular flap broad. Color in alcohol.—Tip of snout whitish, top of head yellowish, cheeks pink with silvery markings on scales; opercular flap black from upper edge to lower edge of notch below opercular spine, here intense black ends abruptly; below this, opercular flap light or dusky brown in some specimens; axil pectoral brown in upper half, sprinkled with silver in lower half; body light pink above lateral line, with scale margins slightly yellow and centers pale, below lateral line large specimens are white with silvery, brassy dots on scales, small speci- mens have margins of scales light brown with faint broad yellow lengthwise bands below lateral line; first unbranched ray of dorsal and anal and outer unbranched caudal rays pale or white; distal portions of first two or three branched dorsal and anal rays sometimes black; on basal portion of outer caudal rays usually light pink; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. Young with black markings on dorsal, anal, and on distal part of branched caudal rays; in postlarvae tips of pelvics black. Color when alive.—Tip of lower jaw deep brownish red, top of head red, sides of head yellowish pink, iris yellowish red; opercular flap intense purplish black from upper edge of gill opening down to lower margin of notch just below opercular spine, below this pink or red; scales on body above lateral line with red margins and yellow or white centers, below lateral line yellow with silvery white centers; spiny dorsal membrane pink basally, distal one-third bright yellow; anterior unbranched rays of soft dorsal and anal pure white distally, basal portion and first four or five branched rays deep blood red; caudal with outer unbranched rays pure white, rest of fin deep red with basal portion and outer branched rays darkest; pectoral red on upper part, pelvic spine and first ray white, next two rays deep red, inner rays white. FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—-WOODS 201 Remarks.—This species is characterized by having a proportionately longer snout, narrow, slightly concave interorbital, and lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. The amount of dusky or black colora- tion on the distal parts of the anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins of preserved specimens varies considerably, often being completely absent. MYRIPRISTIS ADUSTUS Bleeker Myripristis adustus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 108, 1853 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam: 1945, D. G. Frey, 1 specimen, 71 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-I, 15; and IV, 18; pectoral 11,14; pelvic I, 7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 28, between lateral line and base of dorsal 214, between lateral line and origin of anal 6; gill rakers on first arch 12+1+24=87; (addi- tional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.45, head 2.67, both in standard length; snout 5.94, eye 2.04, interorbital space 4.5, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.75, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.15, length of pectoral fin 1.53, length of lower caudal lobe 1.49, of upper caudal lobe 1.27, length of longest dorsal spine (third) 2.23, of longest dorsal ray 1.29, length of longest anal spine 2.9, of longest anal ray 1.35, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.78; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 32 degrees. Dorsal spines long, slender; maxillary without teeth near lower posterior angle in young, a few small denticulations in large speci- mens; pectoral fin extending to below the tenth or eleventh lateral line scale. Color in alcohol.—Tip of lower jaw and tip of snout black, top of head dark brown to black; scales above lateral line each with very dark brown or black marginal line, below lateral line black marking on scales faint, narrower, submarginal; opercular flap intense black just above and just below opercular spine, black coloration on opercular bone in region of spine; pectoral axil black; dorsal spines gray or light brown, membranes black on distal one-third, dusky on basal two-thirds, soft dorsal and anal fins dusky basally on anterior rays, distal tips of fins intense black, median portion of posterior rays white; caudal dusky basally and on outer rays, broad distal margin black, light submarginal area on median rays; spine, first branched ray, and tips of pelvics dusky or black in young (71 mm.), pale in large specimens; pectorals dusky basally, pale distally. 202 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 MYRIPRISTIS BOWDITCHAE, new species PLate 18, B Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140889, Bikini Atoll, lagoon reef halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 177 mm. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140840, same data as holotype, 4 speci- mens, 94 to 181 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140845, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel entrance, poison, diving and spear to depth to 20 feet, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 19 speci- mens, 126 to 166 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140853, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, lagoon reef, April 2, 1946, S-46-48, Schultz, 17 specimens, 58 to 149 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140852, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, east end, lagoon reef, May 14, 1946, S-46-128, Schultz, 1 specimen, 68 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140848, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, ocean reef, July 16, 1946, S-46-253, Herald, 1 specimen, 162 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140850, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, near northwest tip, ocean reef, Aug. 14, 1946, S-46-349, Herald, 1 specimen, 101 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140849, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, north end, ocean reef, Aug. 17, 1946, S-46- 383, Herald, 2 specimens, 75 and 99 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140851, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, 1 mile southeast, lagoon reef, poison and spear at depth of 30 to 45 feet, Aug. 9, 1946, S-46-390, Brock and Herald, 3 specimens, 156 to 162 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140841, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, lagoon reef, western end of sandspit, Aug. 18, 1947, S-46-533, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 77 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140854, Eni- wetok Atoll, Giriinien Island, ocean reef in surf, May 29, 1946, S-46- 187, Schultz, 7 specimens, 48 to 168 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140847, Rongelap Atoll, Eniaetok Island, north end, lagoon reef, July 20, 1946, S-46-267, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 111 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140846, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island near north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46-286 (293), Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 118 mm.; U. S. N. M. No. 140844, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, high tidal pool, April 24, 1946, S-46-118, Brock and Marr, 2 specimens, 49 and 69 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140848, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S46-237, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 87 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140842, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon, Aug. 14, 1947, S-1041, Schultz, Brock, and Donaldson, 1 specimen, 105 mm.; Likiep Atoll, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 72 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139829, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, November 25, 1945, D. G. Frey, 2 specimens, 41 and 46 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139823, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, November 26, 1945, D. G. Frey, 4 specimens, 39 to 63 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139819, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, Novem- ber 26, 1945, D. G. Frey, 1 specimen, 130 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139821, FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—-WOODS 203 Marianas Islands, Guam Island, November 26, 1945, D. G. Frey, 11 specimens, 49 to 72 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 143703, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, tidal pools near mouth of Ylig River, December 23, 1945, Frey and Gressitt, 6 specimens, 49 to 1138 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 143704, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, Tumon Bay, December 10, 1945, L. Gressitt, 2 specimens, 67 and 69 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 143705, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, Tumon Bay, Nov. 29, 1945, L. Gressitt, 8 speci- mens, 48 to 68 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 143706, Marianas Islands, Guam Island, Tumon Bay, Jan. 6, 1946, Gressitt and Ingram, 4 specimens, 41 to 64 mm.; Marianas Islands, Rota Island, Sosan Isthmus, Oct. 31, 1945, W. L. Necker, 1 specimen, 80 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements of holotype are given first, followed by the range of counts for paratypes in parentheses. Dorsal rays X-I,15 (14 or 15) ; anal IV,13 (12 or 13, usually 13) ; pectoral 11,13 (18 or 14, usually 18) ; pelvic 1,7 (1,7) ; branched caudal 9 (9) +8 (8) ; perforated scales in lateral line 31 (28 to 31, usually 29), between lateral line and base of dorsal 214 (214), between lateral line and origin of anal, 7 (7) ; gill rakers on first arch 13 (11 to 14) +1 (1) +25 (24 to 26) =39 (87 to 40) (additional counts in table 15). Measure- ments of the holotype and two paratypes, respectively, expressed in thousandths of standard length, follow: Standard length in mm. 176; 118; 68.4; depth of body 398; 414; 424; head 3475 359; 359; snout 70; (2; 64; eye 152; 166; 188; interorbital space 89; 76; 953; postorbital length of head 136; 128; 131; least depth of caudal peduncle 106; 98; 96; length of pectoral fin 256; 257; 249; length of longest dorsal spine 171; 183; 177; length of caudal peduncle 160; 173; 170. Depth of body 2.5 (2.18 to 2.56), head 2.9 (2.54 to 2.97), both in standard length; snout 4.9 (4.64 to 5.12), eye 2.33 (1.97 to 2.39), in- terorbital space 3.9 (3.8 to 4.39), postorbital part of head (hind mar- gin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.54 (2.70 to 2.87), least depth of caudal peduncle 3.26 (3.12 to 3.65), length of pectoral fin 1.34 (1.28 to 1.45), length of lower caudal lcbe (broken in type) (1.07 to 1.18), of upper caudal lobe (broken in type) (1.05 to 1.1), length of longest dorsal spine (third or fourth) 2.16 (1.95 to 2.85), length of longest dorsal ray 1.6 (1.27 to 1.57), length of longest anal spine (fourth) 2.52 (2.38 to 2.8), length of longest anal ray 1.6 (1.33 to 1.55), all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 (1.46 to 1.77) ; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body about 35 degrees, profile convex. Dorsal spines long, slender; pectoral fin extending to below elev- enth lateral line scale, lower jaw equal to upper; teeth in upper jaw short and conical, those in anterior part enlarged; in lower jaw, small round clusters of 5 or 6 short heavy teeth on each side of symphysis. 204. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol—Tip of snout light grayish to dark grayish brown; top of head reddish brown; cheeks silvery with many dusky flecks on scales; opercular flap black from upper edge of opercular opening to notch below opercular spine, below this dusky; pectoral axil entirely dusky or black in upper three-fourths or with a pale ex- tension along base of rays, dark area usually hidden when pectoral fin is laid flat but in some specimens it extends dorsally onto clavicle; scales above lateral line with dark brown margin and pale or golden centers, below lateral line dark scale margins obscured except along top and bottom of scales, forming 5 or 6 more or less distinct length- wise lines, bases of scales red, centers and midposterior margins light yellow forming indistinct yellow lines, dorsal spines dusky, mem- branes pale; soft dorsal and anal usually dusky on distal portion of anterior rays, but on some specimens one or the other of these fins or both entirely pale, dusky areas usually more extensive and distinct in small specimens (below 100 mm.) ; caudal fin dusky except tips of rays, in a few specimens almost black. One or two specimens with intensely black spots on tips of anal and on median caudal rays. Color when alive (not of type).—Tip of snout and top of head light coppery red; lips on sides of mouth dusky; iris bright copper color; cheeks silvery with dark-brown margins on scales; opercular mem- brane deep reddish brown to upper edge of pectoral axil; color ex- tending above pectoral axil onto posterior part of clavicle; scales of back and sides with dark margins, pale centers; spiny dorsal mem- brane pink basally, distal margin with triangular brick-red spot; soft dorsal and anal with anterior unbranched rays white, next five or six rays deep blood red from base to tip (these fins entirely colorless in preserved specimens) ; outer unbranched caudal rays white, outer branched rays deep blood red, median rays yellowish. Remarks.—This species is apparently most closely related to Myri- pristis argyromus Jordan and Evermann, from which it is distin- guished by a lower number of scales in the lateral line (28 to 81 in bowditchae and 32 to 36 in argyromus) and by the darker coloration of the scales and opercular membrane; from other members of the genus having 28 to 31 scales in the lateral line it is distinguished as follows: From I/. berndtz by having an interorbital distance broader than the length of snout; from I/. murdjan by having a lower number of gill rakers; from J/. adustus by not having a broad black band on the tips of the caudal fin rays; and from UM. macrolepis by lacking the row of teeth on the ramus, below the enlarged circular patch. Some specimens from Hawaii, called WM. murdjun by Jordan and Evermann, are apparently of this species. Named bowditchae after the U. S. Navy survey ship Bowditch. FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 205 MYRIPRISTIS ARGYROMUS Jordan and Evermann PLATE 18, C Nyripristis argyromus JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 172, 1908 (type locality, Hilo, Hawaii). Myripristis symmetricus JoRDAN and EverMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 173, 1903 (type locality, Honolulu and Hilo, Hawaii). Myripristis berndti JoRDAN and EvVERMANN (part), Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 170, 1903 (cotype U.S.N.M. No. 125645) (Honolulu, Hawaii). SPECIMENS STUDIED Hawaii, Hilo: 1901, Jordan and Evermann, holotype of argyromus, 198 mm.; 1901, Jordan and Evermann, holotype of M. symmetricus, 109 mm.; 1901, Jordan and HEvermann, cotype of M. symmetricus, 104 mm.; 1901, Jordan and Evermann, cotype of I. berndti, 138 mm. Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 52 specimens, 44 to 175 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 129 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 49 to 100 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 50 to 168 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 55 and 59 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-I,14 or 15 (rarely 16); anal IV,12 (rarely 13); pectoral 11,18 or 14; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 32 to 36, between lateral line and base of dorsal 214, between lateral line and origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch 12 to 14+1+24 to 27=87 to 41; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.42 to 2.57, head 2.81 to 3.1, both in standard length; snout 4.83 to 5.26, eye 2.22 to 2.37, interorbital space 3.8 to 4.15, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.44 to 2.82, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.11 to 3.33, length of pec- toral fin 1.25 to 1.37, length of lower caudal lobe 1.19, of upper caudal lobe 1.09, length of longest dorsal spine (third or fourth) 2.18 to 2.36, of longest dorsal ray 1.48, length of longest anal spine (third) 2.66 to 2.9, of longest anal ray 1.5, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.64 to 1.85; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body about 35 degrees, profile slightly convex. Dorsal spines long and slender; third anal spine strongest; pectoral fin extending to below tenth to twelfth lateral line scale; lower jaw equal to or slightly projecting beyond upper, opercular flap narrow, large specimens with 2 or 3 enlarged caninelike teeth on anterior parts of upper jaw, at tip of lower jaw two patches of teeth on each side of symphysis. Color in alcohol.—Tip of lower jaw dusky, lower lip white on sides, top of head pale pink or yellow, cheeks silvery, usually flecked with bronze; opercular flap typically dusky brown in region of spine, not black, color fading below notch of opercle; pectoral axil light brown 206 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 in upper half, lighter below, scales above lateral line with faint brown, narrow, vertical, submarginal bar, base of scales pale or pinkish, lower sides with five or six faint yellow lengthwise lines following middle of scales, dorsal spines dusky, membranes pale, soft rays usually entirely pale but sometimes with anterior rays dusky on distal portion ; outer unbranched caudal rays pale, outer branched rays dusky and bases of inner rays dusky. Color when alive.—Lips, snout, and upper parts of head red, eye white with coppery iris and purple bar extending from pupil dorsally, cheeks silvery ; narrow distal margin of opercular membrane dusky or black above opercular spine; pectoral axil brown in upper half, bright- red spot below; general body color bright pink or red, narrow darker red lines near margins of scales above lateral line, these lines faint on scales below lateral line, lower sides silvery with flecks of bronze; spiny dorsal membrane bright red distally, pink basally, anterior un- branched dorsal and anal rays white, next few rays red, posterior rays lighter; caudal fin deep blood red except on outer rays. Remarks.—We have had great difficulty in separating this species from those we have called M/Z. bowditchae. In general, M. argyromus has a paler opercular membrane and pectoral axil, fainter and nar- rower bars on scales and more perforated scales in the lateral line than I. bowditchae. A few specimens of the former with larger num- bers of scales (33 to 34), have the coloration of bowditchae, and one or two of the latter have the paler coloration of argyromus. In one lot, S-46-390, all of the 7 specimens are colored as in bowditchae but 4 have 33 or 34 scales while 3 have 28 or 29 scales. As can be seen in table 15 under these two species the counts overlap completely except in the number of lateral line scales, and there are probably specimens of both species represented under the wrong name. Our experience with other species of this genus indicates that the range of number of lateral line scales is usually only 4 but sometimes 5. The body proportions show an almost complete overlap when speci- mens of the same size are compared, and a careful search for other characters for separation has revealed none other than those mentioned above. MYRIPRISTIS MULTIRADIATUS Giinther Myripristis multiradiatus GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, p. 98, 1874 (type locality, Vavau, Tonga Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 36 specimens, 56 to 118 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 31 specimens, 95 to 1382 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 96 to 110 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-1,16 to 18; anal 1V,15 to 17 (usually 15); pectoral ii,13; pelvics I,7; branched caudal 9 + 8; perforated FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 207 scales in lateral line 38 to 41, between lateral line and base of dorsal 214 ; between lateral line and origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch i2 or 138 + 1 + 23 to 26 = 87 to 40; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.35 to 2.58, head 2.81 to 3.03, both in standard length; snout 4.92 to 5.91, eye 2.06 to 2.43, interorbital space 3.65 to 4.48, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.43 to 3.04, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.71 to 4.42, length of pectoral fin 1.25 to 1.42, length of lower caudal lobe 1.05 to 1.31, of upper caudal lobe 1.04 to 1.34, length of longest dorsal spine (second or third) 1.96 to 2.24, of longest dorsal ray 1.54 to 1.9, length of longest anal spine (fourth) 2.69 to 3.45, of longest anal ray 1.55 to 1.84, all in length of head; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 35 degrees, profile convex. Dorsal spines long, slender, flexible; third anal spine strongest. Color in alcohol.—Back and upper sides pale yellowish pink; scales in rows above lateral line with faint dusky margin, scale rows below Jateral line usually with five faint lengthwise yellow lines following middle of scales; belly silvery or white with varying amount of dusky puncticulations; dusky area on top of caudal peduncle, usually extend- ing onto base of caudal rays; posttemporal scale, posterior margin of opercle, and opercular flap brown, almost black, the black bar extend- ing ventrally to axil of pectoral, which is very dark in upper half, fad- ing in lower half; fins pale except for faint dusky lines on bases of dorsal and anal rays in some specimens; young (57 mm.) with tips of anterior dorsal and anal soft rays and tips of outer caudal rays black. E'cology.—This species is apparently an inhabitant of deeper waters (20 to 40 feet), usually being taken about large coral heads and only once on the intertidal zone of the reef. MYRIPRISTIS PRALINIUS Cuvier Myripristis pralinius Cuvirr, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 170, 1829 (type locality, Port Praslin, New Ireland). Myripristis sanguineus SEALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, p. 26, fig. 7, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). Myripristis sanguineus Scuuttz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 63, 1943 (Apia, Samoa, including type). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 34 specimens, 50 to 108 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 95 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen. 98 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X-I,14 to 16 (usually 15) ; anal IV,14 or 15 (usually 14); pectoral ii,13 (rarely 11,14); pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 36 to 38 (usually 37), between lateral line and base of dorsal 21%, between lateral line and 208 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 origin of anal 7; gill rakers on first arch, 11 to 14 (usually 12 or 13) +1+24 or 25=36 to 40; (additional counts in table 15). Depth of body 2.39 to 2.47, head 2.86 to 3.06, both in standard length ; snout 5.2 to 5.99, eye 2.01 to 2.2, interorbital space 3.59 to 3.91, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to tip of opercular spine) 2.77 to 2.99, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.44 to 3.65, length of pectoral fin 1.17 to 1.24, length of lower caudal lobe 1.01 to 1.15, of upper caudal lobe 1.03 to 1.12, length of longest dorsal spine (second, third, or fourth) 1.83 to 1.99, of longest dorsal ray 1.49 to 1.57, length of longest anal spine (fourth) 2.52 to 3.13, length of longest anal ray 1.46 to 1.72, all in length of head; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 35 degrees, snout profile convex. Dorsal spines long, slender; pectoral fin extending to below the four- teenth to sixteenth lateral line scale. Color in alcohol.—Head and body pale pink; back darker; lower sides with about five faint lengthwise orange or pink or silvery stripes, narrowing and fading posteriorly; posterior margin of upperpart of opercular bone pale, membrane intense black down to opercular spine or just below spine, rest of opercular membrane pale without dusky dots; upper third to half of pectoral axil brown, lower portion pale; first two or three rays of soft dorsal and anal fins black on distal margin (this coloration more evident in small specimens, only a trace in large) ; caudal pale except for first outer branched rays, which are black, sometimes outer unbranched rays slightly dusky, rest of caudal pale. Genus HOLOCENTRUS Scopoli Holocentrus Scopoli, Introductio ad historiam naturalem . . ., p. 449, 1777. (No type designated, but after Gronow’s Holocentrus mawilla). The genus Holocentrus may be divided into two subgenera. The first, #lammeo, includes sammara Forskal, /aevis Ginther, opercularis Valenciennes, and scythrops Jordan and Evermann, all of which have the last dorsal spine longer than the tenth and separated from it by a deep incision. The last dorsal spine closely adheres to the first soft dorsal ray and forms part of that fin. The rest of the species con- sidered here fall naturally into the subgenus Holocentrus, in which the eleventh dorsal spine is shorter than the tenth, and is separated from the first soft dorsal ray by a deep incision to the base of the rays. This latter group may eventually be subdivided on the basis of whether or not the otolith chamber is tubelike, with a posterior opening, as in H. ascenscionis Osbeck. Starks (Science, new ser., vol. 28, p. 614, 1908) established the genus Adioryx for H. suborbitalis Gill, because this species lacks the tubelike FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 209 prominence and posterior opening to the otolith chamber; an exam- ination of H. microstomus shows that it is like H. swborbitalis in this respect. Until all species of Holocentrus are examined for these char- acters we can hardly consider adopting the subdivision Adioryx. In- cluded in this genus are two specimens, one from Rota Island, the other from Eniwetok. Both are in the “Rhyncichthys” stage and have pointed overhanging snouts, black spiny dorsal, brown back, and sil- very sides and belly. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HOLOCENTRUS OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Dorsal spines X,I, eleventh dorsal spine slightly longer than tenth, last spine closely adhering to first soft dorsal ray and forming part of second dorsal fin, but spiny and soft dorsal fins not completely separated (subgenus Flammeo). 2a. Pectoral rays ii,12 ; intense black on spiny dorsal fin. 3a. Anal rays IV,8; dorsal rays X,I,i,11 perforated scales in lateral line 40 to 43; dorsal fin with a large black blotch between first to fourth spines; anterior edges of soft dorsal and soft anal black; upper and lower edges of caudal fin black; body with about 10 horizontal rows of close-set black spots ; cheeks usually with 5 or 6 rows of black spots. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal) 36, Anal rays IV,9 dorsal rays X,I,i,11 or 12 (rarely 11) ; perforated scales in lateral line 37 or 39; spinous dorsal with wide black band, tips of membranes white, basal third of membranes white, rest of fins plain. Holocentrus opercularis Valenciennes 2b. Pectoral rays ii,11; anal rays IV,8; dorsal rays X,1,i,10 or 11 (rarely 10) ; scales in lateral line 37 to 42; dorsal fin plain, no black mesial band or black blotch anteriorly ; anterior edges of soft dorsal and soft anal with- out or with only a trace of black pigment; upper and lower edges of caudal fin black; 10 or 11 horizontal rows of black spots on body; cheeks usually with 5 rows of black spots--Holocentrus laevis Giinther 1b. Dorsal spines XI (rarely X or XII), last spine shorter than tenth, separated from first soft dorsal ray by a deep incision. 4a. Perforated scales in lateral line 45 or fewer. 5a. Dorsal rays XI, i,12 (sometimes 13) ; anal rays IV,9. 6a. Perforated scales in lateral line 32 or 35, pectoral rays ii,12; anal rays IV,9; body with longitudinal stripes; anterior margin of soft dorsal and usually of soft anal black, upper and lower margins of caudal black; pectoral fin with outer soft ray black on its entire length; membranes between dorsal spines black basally and on distal portion__ Holocentrus praslin (Lacepéde) 6b. Perforated scales in lateral line 42 to 47. 7a. Pectoral rays ii,18; perforated scales in lateral line 43 to 47; body profusely speckled with brown or black pigment; back usually brown, lower sides silvery; dorsal spines mottled with brown, membranes between spines pale basally, a speckled brown oblong spot on median portion, anterior part of distal margin dusky; snout shorter than eye; maxillary shorter EH AIM eye TEN Hiss Holocentrus lacteoguttatus Cuvier 955292—53—vol. 1——16 210 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 7b. Pectoral rays ii,12; perforated scales in lateral line 42 ; maxillary usually slightly longer than eye, sometimes equals eye; body red, with 10 distinct lengthwise light lines following scale centers; fins all pale without any distinct pattern. Holocentrus tieroides Bleeker 56. Dorsal rays X1,i,13 or 14; anal rays IV,9 or 10; pectoral rays ii,12 or 18; perforated scales in lateral line 40 to 44; depth 2.5 to 2.7 in standard length; spiny dorsal fin high, spines almost as long as dorsal rays, head and body red, with usually indistinct length- wise lines; a distinct gray or brown spot on dorsal side of caudal peduncle just posterior to base of soft dorsal; spinous dorsal membranes pale in adults (112 mm. and over), dark spot basally between first and Second spines in specimens 66 to 111 mm.; dark spots between first and second and second and third spines in specimens 42 to 62 mm_______- Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) 4b. Perforated scales in lateral line 47 or more. 8a. Maxillary longer than eye, spiny dorsal fin low, its longest spine 2.8 to 3.2 in head; pectoral rays ii,12, perforated scales in lateral line 47 to 51; body with distinct broad lengthwise dark lines along centers of scales; spiny dorsal fin membranes usually with round white, opaque, or dusky spot on median portion of each, membranes often partly dusky or black in small specimens (48 to 58 mm.). Holocentrus tiere Cuvier and Valenciennes 8b. Maxillary equal to or shorter than eye, third dorsal spine 1.65 to 2.15 in head. 9a. Pectoral rays ii,12 or 13 (usually ii,18) ; perforated scales in lateral line 49 to 52; membranes of spiny dorsal fin mostly pale, a black blotch distally between first to third dorsal spines, then a light brown or gray blotch distally between each spine (stronger in young), with additional dusky spot basally; no black pigment on anal fin, axil of pectoral mostly pale. Holocentrus microstomus Gtinther 9b. Pectoral rays usually ii,12; perforated scales in lateral line 47 to 49; membranes of spiny dorsal fin mostly black, middle of fin with a white line, nearer base anteriorly, usually broken about middle, near distal portion pos- teriorly ; membrane of anal fin between third and fourth spines, and fourth spine and first soft ray, black; axil of pectoral fin black______ Holocentrus diadema Lacepéde HOLOCENTRUS SAMMARA (Forskal) PLATE 19, A Sciaena sammara ForsK&t, Descriptiones animalium ..., p. 1248, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). Holocentrus fuscostriatus SEALE, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 69, 1901 (type locality, Marianas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 14 stations, 82 specimens, 47 to 168 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 35 mm, FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 211 Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 10 specimens, 31.5 to 158 mm. (the 31.5-mm. speci- men is in the “Rhyncichthys” stage). Guam: 8 lots, 51 specimens, 35 to 152 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 2 specimens, 87 and 1383 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X,I, 1,11; anal IV,8; pectoral 11,11 or 12 (rarely 11) ; pelvic I,7; branched caudal 9+8; gill rakers on first arch 7+1+9 or 10=17 or 18; perforated scales in lateral line 40 to 48, be- tween lateral line and dorsal base 314, between lateral line and base of anal 7 or 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 8.1 to 3.5, length of head 2.6 to 2.85, both in standard length; snout 3.65 to 4.9, eye 2.35 to 3.0, interorbital space 3.9 to 4.65, postorbital part of head 3.55 to 4.4, length of upper jaw 2.25 to 2.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.75 to 4.45, length of fourth dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.15, of longest dorsal soft ray 1.6 to 1.9, length of third anal spine 1.3 to 1.8, length of pectoral fin 1.55 to 1.7, length of pelvic fin 1.45 to 1.65, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.05 to 2.45; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 36 to 48 degrees, profile convex. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper; interorbital area flat in small specimens (34 mm.), concave in those of 100 mm. and larger; upper jaw extending posteriorly as far as middle of eye; spine at angle of preopercle extending just to edge of opercular membrane or slightly beyond; last dorsal spine longer than tenth, close to first soft dorsal ray ; soft dorsal fin pointed ; caudal lobes rounded. Color in alcohol_—Ground color of head and body usually silvery white, this sometimes obscured by red coloration; tip of lower jaw black, top of snout and dorsal surface of head grayish brown; upper part of eye black; cheeks silvery, usually with 5 or 6 horizontal rows of spots (these may be faint or absent) ; back and sides above lateral line usually darker than lower sides, each scale of back and sides with a dark brown square spot in center, these spots forming about 10 length- wise rows, sometimes the center of these spots silvery with brown margins. Spinous dorsal fin with large black blotch of varying size on membranes between first 4 spines, membranes between other spines dusky medially, often a white spot basally and distal margin white, or these areas pale, anterior 2 or 3 rays of soft dorsal and anal fin and outer rays of caudal fin dusky, posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins and median rays of caudal pale or white; pectoral fin colorless. Color when alive-—Ground color of head and body silvery white or red, tips of lips of both jaws silvery, lips white or pale yellow, upper part of snout, head and opercle dark reddish brown; cheeks with black or brown spots; back and sides above lateral line green; spots forming rows along sides dark reddish brown; spot on anterior membranes of spinous dorsal dark purplish brown to intense black, rest of mem- U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 212 eee 6g) 1g OS | 6h | 8F Seer mee | Ole CIS EC= | eeaa| a1 | Seas ----|----|----]----] g |----|---- cae (See 1D e| a|De | e | eee | me apes OF | 6€ 8h | GF | IF 8 | LE OUI [81048] UI Sopeos pojesojIog SABI [810}09g shel [CUy ae sAvi [eSI0q Sooo Pee safiuids pe aa| rises =n Sere uysoid Biss |S FsRssses tz $ap101a1} Sa aoe §407jNf0970D) Sree are $110jnI1aa0 Bre eae $1090] So eee DIDULULDS seloedg snijuss0]o FT fo sarzads urpj}129 UO szunod fo uo1jNgGi4js1gG—‘9] AIAV], FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 213 branes coffee brown on median portion, white spot basally and distal margin white; anterior soft rays of dorsal and anal fins reddish brown rest of fin pale yellow; outer rays of caudal fin dark purplish brown, median rays bright yellow; pectoral fin red at base, rest of fin pale. HOLOCENTRUS OPERCULARIS Valenciennes PLATE 19, B Holocentrum operculare VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 501, 1881 (type locality, Carteret Harbor, New Ireland). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 23 specimens, 164 to 262 mm. standard length. Description—Dorsal rays X,I, 1,11 or 12 (usually 12); anal IV,9; pectoral ii,12; pelvic I,7; branched caudal 9+8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+11=18 or 19; perforated scales in lateral line 37 to 39 (usually 38), between lateral line and dorsal fin base, 314, between lateral line and anal fin base 714 or 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 3.05 to 3.25, length of head 2.55 to 2.75, both in stand- ard length; snout 3.05 to 3.6, eye 3.1 to 3.35, interorbital space 5.35 to 6.25, postorbital part of head 4.2 to 4.65, length of upper jaw 2.1 to 2.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.5 to 4.9, length of third dorsal spine 2.55 to 2.85, of longest dorsal soft rays 1.7 to 2.15, length of third anal spine 1.55 to 1.95, length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8, length of pelvic fin 1.7 to 1.9, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 39 to 41 degrees, profile straight or slightly convex. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper; interorbital area flat, with median groove; upper jaw extending posteriorly to below middle of eye; spine at angle of preopercle broad at base, flat, scarcely extending beyond opercular flap in some specimens, not reaching beyond flap in others; opercular spines about equal; last dorsal spine longer than tenth spine, close to first ray of soft dorsal. Color in alcohol——Ground color of head and body silvery; lips and snout pale, cheeks silvery, opercle coppery on middle portion; each scale of body with a large reddish-brown spot in its center, margins of scales silvery, scale spots above lateral line darker and more distinct than those below, fading on lower sides and belly; spiny dorsal mem- branes with large milk-white round spot at base, distal margin with triangular white wedge just behind each spine, middle portion broadly black, black extending to margin just in front of each spine; soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins all pale, caudal fin pale or with outer rays pale brown. Color when alive-—Head and body bright silvery, head suffused with red on upper parts, lips red near tips, opercle reddish brown, 214 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 throat and opercular membranes white; back light bluish; each scale with small brown spot in center, margins of scales light bluish, breast and belly silvery white; spiny dorsal fin membranes with dark-brown spot at base on anterior portion, large square white spot just distal to brown basal spot, one corner of white spot reaching to base, middle portion of fin broadly black, distal tip on anterior portion of each membrane with hyaline triangular spot; anterior one or two soft dorsal and soft anal rays bright red, rest of fin yellow; pectoral fin red at base, rest of fin faintly red along rays; pelvic spine red; outer caudal rays deep red to tips of lobes, median and distal portion of fin bright yellow. HOLOCENTRUS LAEVIS Giinther Holocentrum laeve GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 47, 1859 (type locality, Louisiade Archipelago; Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands; Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 8 specimens, 48 to 140 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 103 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 20 specimens, 80 to 185 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 7 specimens, 116 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 56 and 64 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 125 to 148 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,1,i,10 or 11; anal IV,8 pectoral 11,11; pelvic I,7; branched caudal 9+ 8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+9 or 10=16 to 18; perforated scales in lateral line 37 to 42, between lateral line and dorsal base 314, between lateral line and anal base 7 or 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 3.35 to 3.6, length of head 2.6 to 3.0, both in standard length; snout 4.15 to 4.35, eye 2.7 to 2.9, interorbital space 4.15 to 4.4, postorbital part of head 3.85 to 4.1, length of upper jaw 2.3 to 2.45, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.3, length of third dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.2, of longest dorsal soft rays 1.75 to 2.05, length of third anal spine 1.45 to 1.55, length of pectoral fin 1.65 to 1.7, length of pelvic fin 1.5 to 1.65, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.15 to 2.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 35 to 43 degrees, profile convex. Lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper; interorbital flat or slightly concave, upper jaw extending posteriorly to middle of eye or hind margin of pupil; spine at angle of preopercle flat, broad at base, tapering, reaching just to or slightly beyond margin of opercular flap ; last dorsal spine longer than tenth and close to first#soft dorsal ray; soft dorsal fin pointed, caudal lobes rounded. Color in alcohol.—Ground color of head and body silvery or white, sometimes a faint tinge of red on back or anterior part of body; tip of lower jaw and anterior part of upper jaw dusky; snout and interorbital FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 215 area grayish brown; cheeks with 7 horizontal rows of brown spots 1 to 4 spots to the row, a vertical row of brown spots just behind margin of preopercle, opercle dusky ventrally; back and sides above lateral line darker than sides below lateral line; sides with 10 lengthwise rows of brown spots, 1 spot in center of each scale; spiny dorsal membrane dusky, no black spot on anterior portion; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins pale or faintly dusky; outer rays of caudal fin dusky grayish brown; base of pectoral fin spotted or dusky, rest of fin pale. Remarks.—This species has sometimes been considered to be the same as H. sammara Forskal, or only a color variety of that species (see Weber and de Beaufort, The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archi- pelago, vol. 5, pp. 233-235, 1929). However, there are several struc- tural differences to separate the two, even though color is not con- sidered. H. laevis always has 11 branched pectoral rays, whereas of 27 specimens of 7. sammara counted, only 2 had 11 branched pectoral rays, the rest 12; “7. sammara has a longer snout; and /Z, laevis has weaker spines. HOLOCENTRUS PRASLIN (Lacepéde) Perca praslin LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 397, 418, 1802 (type locality, New Britain). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 6 lots, 70 specimens, 31 to 162 mm. in standard length. Rota Island: 2 lots, 4 specimens, 38 to 44 mm, Description—Dorsal rays X1,i,12 or 13 (usually 12); anal IV,9; pectoral 11,12; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+ 8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+9=16 or 17; perforated scales in lateral line 32 to 35, be- tween lateral line and base of dorsal fin 214, between lateral line and base of anal fin 7 or 714; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.75 to 2.85, length of head 2.5 to 2.85, both in stand- ard length; snout 4.9 to 10.2, eye 2.35 to 3.1; interorbital space 8.05 to 4.8, postorbital part of head 3.35 to 3.75, length of upper jaw 2.4 to 2.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 4.8, length of fourth dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.15, of longest soft dorsal ray 1.85 to 2.5, length of third anal spine 1.45 to 2.35, length of pectoral fin 1.8 to 1.55, length of pelvic fin 1.35 to 1.55, all in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.75 to 1.95; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 49 to 51 degrees, profile convex. Lower jaw not projecting beyond upper; interorbital area flat, with median groove; upper jaw extending posteriorly to below posterior margin of pupil; spine at angle of preopercle scarcely extending be- yond opercular flap in smallest specimens (31.4 and 39.5 mm.), extend- ing beyond for one-third of its length in largest specimens; upper opercular spine slightly longer and stronger than lower. 216 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Ground color light silvery gray to light pink or bright red with scale borders silvery ; upper lip black, lower lip dusky near tip, iris bright red, large black spot on upper part of orbit, cheeks silvery, top of snout and head dark brown; axil of pectoral fin intense black; each scale of back and sides with large pale spot in center (red in life) spots forming about six lengthwise pale broad lines, spaces between these pale lines dark brown to black; spiny dorsal fin mem- brane completely black or dusky in smallest specimens, in adults basal third of membrane pale or white, oblong black spot on posterior part of each membrane distally to margin; anterior ray of soft dorsal fin black, rest of fin pale; anal fin membranes black between second and third spines and between third spine and second soft ray, rest of fin pale; outer caudal rays black, median rays pale or slightly dusky; pelvic spine white, first (and sometimes tip of second) soft rays black, rest of fin light yellow; pectoral fin dusky on scaly sheath, rest of fin pale. Remarks.—We have examined numerous specimens of Holocentrus ruber Forskal, from New Guinea, Japan, Sumatra, and the Philippine Islands. Bleeker figures this species accurately in his Atlas, vol. 9, pl. 357, fig. 4, and describes it in Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 224, 1871. His figure shows no black on the membranes of the spiny dorsal fin, and has the distal third of all the pelvic fin rays black. The specimens described above from the Marianas Islands all differ from Bleeker’s figure of H. ruber in having the membranes of the dor- sal fin black on the distal portion and the entire length of the outer first soft ray of the pelvics black, agreeing with the figure and descrip- tion given by Jordan and Seale (Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 22, p. 225, fig. 26, 1906). HOLOCENTRUS LACTEOGUTTATUS Cuvier PLATE 21, B Holocentrum lacteo-guttatum CuviER, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire natu- relle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 214, 1829 (type locality, Mer des Indes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 20 stations, 119 specimens, 47 to 105 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 21 specimens, 49 to 101 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 11 specimens, 60 to 101 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 23 specimens, 49 to 938 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 40 to 82 mm. Guam: 7 lots, 124 specimens, 42 to 109 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 8 specimens, 50 to 98 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,1,12; anal IV, 9, pectoral 11,18; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+10 FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 217 or 11=17 to 19; perforated scales in lateral line 43 to 46 (usually 44), between lateral line and base of dorsal fin 314, between lateral line and base of anal fin 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.8 or 2.9, length of head 2.7 to 2.95, both in standard length; snout 4.65 to 5.4, eye 2.5 to 2.7, interorbital space 3.6 to 3.9, postorbital part of head 2.8 to 3.4, length of upper jaw 2.8 to 3.05, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.1, length of third dorsal spine 2.25 to 2.8, of longest dorsal ray 1.85 to 2.05, length of third anal spine 1.4 to 1.55, length of pectoral fin 1.35 to 1.4, length of pelvic fin 1.45 to 1.5, allin length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.9 to 2.25; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 49 to 51 degrees, profile convex, but tip of snout concave. Lower jaw not projecting beyond upper, interorbital area flat ; upper jaw extending posteriorly to below middle of eye; spine at angle of preopercle projecting beyond margin of opercular flap for one-fourth its length in small specimens, one-third in large specimens, two oper- cular spines short, about the same size. Color in alcohol——Ground color of cheeks, lower sides, and belly silvery white; lips pale; top of head, cheeks, and opercles profusely sprinkled with minute brown dots; back and upper sides, to middle of scale row below lateral line, light brown; some specimens with faint yellow or pink lengthwise lines following middle of scales on lower sides; back and sides with many minute, close-set brown dots, some larger and sometimes black on caudal peduncle, fewer on lower sides and belly; spiny dorsal fin mottled, with brown lines forming a net- work, or covered with close-set brown dots, membranes pale basally, speckled brown oblong spot on median portion, anterior part of distal margin dusky ; soft dorsal fin dusky basally, rest of fin pale; third anal spine sometimes with minute brown dots, rest of fin pale; caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins pale. Color when alive——Ground color of lower jaw, cheeks, opercles, sides, and belly silvery white, silvery area on back darker; tip of snout and top of head light brown with flush of pink; iris bright yellow; spinous dorsal fin membranes with broad brick-red band on distal margin, small oval or round white spot on each membrane just below red band, faint red spot on basal portion of each membrane; soft dorsal fin pink, anal fin with fourth spine and first soft ray pinkish orange; caudal fin with basal portion and outer rays pink, median rays yellow; pectoral and pelvic fins pale, colorless. HOLOCENTRUS TIEROIDES Bleeker Holocentrus tieroides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indié, vol. 5, p. 334, 1853 (type locality, Amboina). 218 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Marshall Islands: Jaluit Atoll, January 1900, Albatross, 1 specimen, 109 mm. ; Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area at depths from 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 113 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XI,i,12; anal IV, 9; pectoral 11,12; pelvic I,7; branched caudal 9+8; perforated scales in lateral line 42, be- tween lateral line and dorsal fin base 314, between lateral line and anal fin base 8; gill rakers in first arch 8+1+12=20; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.7 or 2.75, length of head 2.7 or 2.8, both in standard length; snout 3.7 to 3.9, eye 2.8 or 2.9, interorbital space 4.7 to 5.0, postorbital part of head 3.35 to 4.3, length of upper jaw 2.45 to 2.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.4 to 4.55, length of third dorsal spine 2.8 or 2.4, longest dorsal rays 1.6, length of third anal spine 1.5 or 1.6, length of pectoral fin 1.25, length of pelvic fin 1.3 or 1.4, length of preopercular spine 3.65 or 4.05, all in length of head; depth of cau- dal peduncle in its length 1.9 to 2.1; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 387 or 88 degrees, profile slightly convex. Lower jaw about even with upper; upper jaw extending posteriorly to below anterior margin of pupil, upper opercular spine larger than lower, one-fourth to one-half of preopercular spine extending beyond margin of opercular flap, soft anal rays longer than third anal spine. Color in alcohol.—Ground color light yellow or red, lips pale; scales of body each with whitish or light red spot in center forming about 10 lengthwise distinct light lines white in one specimen, light reddish in the other. All fins pale without any distinct pattern. Remarks.—The specimen from Bikini differs somewhat in colora- tion from that from Jaluit, as well as from numerous others from the Philippines, in having a lighter ground color and darker lengthwise lines along the centers of the scales. However, it agrees with H. tierotdes in fin ray counts and scale counts and differs in these respects from all other species of Holocentrus examined by us. HOLOCENTRUS SPINIFER (Forskal) PLATE 20, A Sciaena spinifera ForsKAuL, Descriptiones animalium .. . , pp. 12, 49, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Arabia). Holocentrus spinifer Ruppert (not Riippell, Atlas), Neue Wirbelthiere . Abyssinien gehorig, Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 97, pl. 25, fig. 1, 1835. Holocentrum binotatum Quoy and GaIMarb, Voyage de décourvertes de L’Astro- labe . .., vol. 3, p. 679, pl. 14, fig. 4, 1834 (type locality, New Guinea; Guam). Holocentrum unipunctatum GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, p. 95, pl. 65, fig. A, 1873 (type locality, Solomon and Tonga Islands). FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 219 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 36 specimens, 42 to 302 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 58 to 226 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 8 specimens, 67 to 264 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 102 to 266 mm. Guam: 10 lots, 68 specimens, 38 to 184 mm. Rota Island: 3 lots, 9 specimens, 86 to 97 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X1,i,13 or 14 (usually 14); anal IV,9 or 10 (usually 10) ; pectoral 11,12 or 185 pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+ 11 or 12=18 to 20; perforated scales in lateral line 40 to 44, between lateral line and base of dorsal fin 314, between lateral line and base of anal fin 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.5 to 2.7, length of head 2.6 or 2.7, both in standard length; snout 3.4 to 4.7, eye 2.75 to 3.85, interorbital space 5.75 to 8.55, postorbital part of head 3.35 to 4.55, length of upper jaw 2.5 to 2.65, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.25, length of third dorsal spine 2.05 to 2.35, of longest dorsal soft rays 1.85 to 1.95, length of third anal spine 1.65 to 2.0, length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5, length of pelvic fin 1.5, length of preopercular spine 3.75 to 4.7, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.75 to 1.95; angle of snout pro- file with lengthwise axis of body 36 to 41 degrees, profile convex in smallest specimens, slightly convex in those of medium size, straight in largest. Lower jaw not projecting beyond upper in specimens under 100 mm. standard length, projecting beyond upper in specimens over 100 mm.; upper jaw extending posteriorly to below middle of eye; upper opercular spine slightly longer than lower, preopercular spine extend- ing beyond margin of opercular flap in specimens of all sizes, shorter in small specimens, gradually increasing in length with increased size of fish. Color in alcohol.—In specimens 112 to 297 mm., head and body light reddish yellow, back darker, cheeks, breast, and lower sides silvery ; each scale margin with thin silvery line; center of each scale pale or red, forming lengthwise lines. Scales forming dorsal sheath silvery ; lips and fins uniformly pale; a white or silvery spot (usually distinct, but in some specimens not so evident) on tip of caudal peduncle just behind posterior base of soft dorsal fin. In specimens 66 to 111 mm. head and body brown or reddish brown, back darker, lips white, cheeks whitish, dusky brown, or red; breast, belly, and lower sides white; dorsal fin with small black spot near base of membrane between first and second spines; rest of fins pale or 220 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 faintly yellow; distinct dark brown spot on dorsal surface of caudal peduncle just behind posterior base of soft dorsal fin. In specimens 42 to 65 mm. head and body light grayish brown to dark reddish brown, lips and snout pale to slightly dusky; cheeks, breast, and lower sides usually dusky ; dorsal fin with two intense black spots near base of membrane between first and second spines, and be- tween second and third spines; membranes between other spines may be more or less dusky in smallest specimens (under 45 mm.). The patterns of these three size groups gradually merge with those of the next size group near the upper and lower limits given here. Color when alive—Head and body ranging from deep blood red, with very little silvery color, to light red with a great deal of silvery ; lips light pink, deep red spot just behind eye on upper part of pre- opercle, axil of pectoral fin also deep red; each scale on back and upper- sides with dark red spot in middle, margin of scales silvery; spiny dorsal fin membrane deep blood red, rest of fins reddish yellow or light yellow; barely visible silvery or pigmented spot on dorsal surface of caudal peduncle just behind posterior base of soft dorsal fin. Remarks.—After carefully studying several large series of speci- mens from both the Marshall and Marianas Islands (the type locality for H. binotatus) ranging in size from 42 to 297 mm., and after com- paring them with Riippell’s plate 25, figure 1, Giinther’s plate 65, figure A, and Quoy and Gaimard’s plate 14, figure 4, we have concluded that the color differences noted in the three nominal species H. bénotatus Quoy and Gaimard, H. unipunctatus Giinther, and 1. spinifer Forskal, as described and figured by Riippell, 1835, result from differences in age, as we have noted the pigment spots of the dorsal fins gradually diminishing with increase in size. The morphological characteristics of proportionate decrease in width of interorbital, change of dorsal profile from convex to straight, and increased proportionate length of preopercular spine are gradual with increased size in the series studied. No differences in fin ray or scale counts were noted (see table 17). TaBLE 17.—Fin ray and scale counts made on three size groups of Holocentrus spinifer Pectoral rays Size Dorsal rays | Analrays | (both sides | Scales in lateral line Nominal species range in counted) ma SSS ee ————— XI1Ji,13}i,14) IV} 9 | 10] ii | 12 | 13 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 SING fer awa N Ai een a eda D217 51 aaa es ene fee |e OW hab esealleede 1 3 2 (wnipunctatus) _--------------- 66-111 } 9) 1] 8) S}-2--| S$} 9] 1) 8 j_e2-}e--- 931) 83 4 (Ginotatus) eee eee 42-62 | 11 WW al) Eh ay) py asso Sb ae jeer bets 6 4 FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 221 HOLOCENTRUS TIERE Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 20, B Holocentrum tiere CUVIER and VALENCIENNES (on Lesson), Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 202, 1829 (type locality, Tahiti). Holocentrum tiere Lesson, Voyage autour du monde... sur la corvette . La Coquille ... : Zoologie, vol. 2, p. 221, pl. 25, fig. 1, 1830 (type locality, Tahiti). Holocentrum erythracum GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Mu- seum, vol. 1, p. 32, 1859 (type locality, Sea of San Christoval, Solomons) ; Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, p. 99, pl. 63, fig. B, 1874. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 35 specimens, 48 to 190 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 69 to 188 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 9 specimens, 51 to 186 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 105 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 48 mm., Frey. Description —Dorsal rays XI (rarely X), 1,18; anal 1V,9; pectoral 11,13; pelvic 1,7; gill rakers on first arch 7 to 9+1+13=21 to 28; per- forated scales in lateral line 47 to 51 (usually 48 or 49), between lateral line and base of dorsal fin 314, between lateral line and base of anal fin 8; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.7 or 2.8, length of head 2.65 to 2.8, both in standard length; snout 3.7 to 4.58, eye 2.75 to 3.45, interorbital space 4.2 to 5.85, postorbital part of head 3.35 to 3.95, length of upper jaw 2.2 to 2.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.9 to 4.45, length of third dorsal spine 2.8 to 3.2, of longest dorsal rays 1.8 to 2.05, length of third anal spine 1.7 to 2.05, length of pectoral fin 1.4 or 1.45, length of pelvic fin 1.6 or 1.65, length of preopercular spine 3.9 to 7.6, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.85 to 2.0; angle of snout pro- file with lengthwise axis of body in specimens of over 150 mm. 37 degrees, in specimens under 100 mm. 44 degrees or 45 degrees, proile smoothly convex and rounded in specimens of all ages. Lower jaw even with upper in large specimens, thai: than upper in small (48 to 50 mm.); upper jaw extending posteriorly to beneath middle of eye; upper opercular spine slightly larger than lower; pre- opercular spine proportionately shorter in small specimens, about half its length projecting beyond margin of opercular flap; soft dorsal falcate, its rays much longer than longest dorsal spines; soft anal rays longer than third anal spine in specimens over 79 mm. Color in alcohol.—Ground color of head and body light yellowish or reddish white; each scale with dark red or brown spot in its center, these spots forming 10 (usually quite distinct) lengthwise lines; scales forming sheath, usually dark reddish purple or brown, along base of spinous dorsal; snout and lips whitish ; cheeks white, silvery or dusky ; 222, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 all fins uniformly dusky in specimens over 150 mm., usually membranes of spinous dorsal each with a round white or dusky spot smaller than pupil in middle; in specimens measuring 48 to about 80 mm. dorsal spines slightly dusky, the membranes between first and third spines black; in specimens 48 to 58 mm. membranes with black line before each spine; rest of membrane more or less dusky, coloration in speci- mens about 80 mm. long persisting as round spot in median portion. Color when alive.—In specimens over 80 mm., ground color of head and body yellowish red to deep blood red, upper lip dark red, lower posterior edge of upper jaw white, lower lip red on median portion, inner lateral parts white; preopercular scales red with coppery colored margins, preopercular spine yellowish red; each scale of body with dark blue spot in its center, these spots forming indistinct dark length- wise lines; spines of dorsal deep red, membranes each with a rounded white spot on median portion, their anterior distal margins milk white, soft dorsal rays red, membranes pale, transparent; first three anal spines white, fourth spine and soft rays red, membranes pale; pectoral fin rays pale, membranes red; pelvic fin spine with white outer margin, rest of fin red; caudal fin deep red, narrow distal margin yellow. In a specimen about 69 mm., head and body deep red with numerous minute brown dots, the lengthwise lines following each scale row iri- descent purple; areas of lips and of anal and pelvic spines, that are white in adults, merely pale; dorsal spines red, membranes each with a round brown or black pigmented spot on its median portion, distal margin narrowly black, small pale submarginal area on anterior por- tion of each membrane; rest of fins red. Remarks.—Al]\ our specimens from the Marshall Islands except one have XI dorsal spines; this one has X. One of two examples from Johnston Island has XII dorsal spines. Giinther’s original descrip- tion of H. erythraeus states that “from Hol. tiere it may be distin- guished by XI dorsal spines,” and in his later description he says, in comparing H. tiere with H. erythraeus, that it has nearly the same body form, coloration, and particularly the low dorsal fin. He fur- ther states that the snout of ¢e7e is much shorter than in erythraeus. We have carefully measured the snout lengths of our two Johnston Island specimens and find the 220-mm. specimen (XI spines) has a snout length of 20.4 mm., and the 217-mm. specimen (XII spines) snout length 19.7. The coloration of our specimen with XII spines does not exhibit more than the normal variation found in those with XI spines. We can find no description of Z. tzere based on specimens with XII dorsal spines other than that of Lesson. Since we have found one specimen in the Marshall Islands with X dorsal spines, we are not surprised to find one with XII dorsal spines in the slightly colder water of FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 22> Johnston Island. Hence, we conclude that H. tiere was based on a specimen with a normal variation of one additional spine, and, after our careful study of about a hundred specimens from the tropical Pacific, that H. tiere and H. erythraeus are identical. HCLOCENTRUS MICROSTOMUS Giinther PLATE 21, A Holocentrum microstoma GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Mu- seum, vol. 1, p. 34, 1859 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 23 stations, 196 specimens, 54 to 143 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 59 to 114 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 28 specimens, 53 to 130 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 92 specimens, 52 to 113 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 51 to 55 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 16 specimens, 58 to 96 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 87 specimens, 50 to 186 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X1,1,12; anal IV,9; pectoral 11,12 or 138; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+ 8; gill rakers on first arch 6 or 7+1+12 or 13=19 to 21; perforated scales in lateral line 49 to 52, between lat- eral line and dorsal fin base 3, between lateral line and anal fin base 9; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 3.0 to 3.3, length of head 2.75 to 3.05, both in standard length; snout 4.05 to 4.95, eye 2.5 to 3.15, interorbital space 4.65 to 5.8, postorbital part of head 3.9 to 4.35, length of upper jaw 2.75 to 3.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.95 to 4.6, length of third dorsal spine 1.85 to 2.05, of longest dorsal soft rays 1.7 to 1.9, length of third anal spine 1.15 to 1.25, length of pectoral fin 1.85 to 1.45, length of pelvic fin 1.3 to 1.4, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.05 to 2.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 389 to 48 degrees, profile straight or slightly convex. Lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper, slightly shorter than upper in specimens of 65 mm. and less; interorbital flat or slightly concave; upper jaw extending to below anterior half of pupil; spine at angle of preopercle flat, broad at base, extending slightly beyond margin of opercular flap; upper opercular spine longer, stronger than lower. Color in alcohol—Ground color of head and body silvery reddisn brown or yellowish brown; body with about 11 white or yellow length- wise stripes, each stripe following center of scale row; in many speci- mens the third line from the dorsal is broader and very much whiter under the posterior half of the spinous dorsal fin than the rest of the lines; lips and snout light yellow, sometimes faintly dusky on dorsal portion, cheeks pale, silvery, sometimes dusky on upper posterior por- 224. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 tion; dorsal fin with membrane between distal two-thirds of first three spines black, most specimens with additional black or dusky coloration submarginally, some with dusky spots on membranes basally; most specimens with anterior rays of anal fin pale, but a few with some dusky coloration; a bright yellow spot often present on scaly sheath at base of anal fin; soft dorsal, caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins all pale; sometimes dorsal and ventral caudal base with small round yellow spots. Color when alive.—Ground color of head and body brick red with faint tinge of brown; lips and lower jaw light yellow; eye dark brown, with white margin; lower part of cheeks silvery white, posterior margin of preopercle forming white vertical bar; body with six or seven lengthwise white lines, narrower above lateral line than below, belly white; a large blackish blotch distally between first and third spiny dorsal rays, surrounded by deep red; distal tip of membranes white; broad submarginal blood-red band, basal portion suffused with red, median portion pale or white; soft dorsal fin with distal half red, basal half pale or yellowish; first three anal spines white, fourth spine and first one or two soft rays red, rest of fin pale or yellow; outer caudal rays deep red, median rays suffused with red or yellow; pec- toral fin and pelvic fins pale. HOLOCENTRUS DIADEMA Lacepéde PLATE 21, C Holocentrus diadema LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 335, 372, 1802; vol. 3, pl. 33, fig. 3, 1802 (‘‘manuscrits chinois”) (type locality, South Seas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 82 specimens, 61 to 110 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 10 specimens, 78 to 94 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 31 specimens, 64 to 100 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 21 specimens, 49 to 101 mm. Likiep Atoll; Univ. Washington, 15 specimens, 45 to 73 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,1,12 or 13; anal IV,9; pectoral 11,11 to 13, usually 11,12; pelvic 1,7; branched caudal 9+8; gill rakers on first arch 5 or 6+1+11 or 12=17 to 20; perforated scales in lateral line 48 or 49, between lateral line and dorsal fin base 8, between lateral line and anal fin base 8 or 814; (additional counts in table 16). Depth of body 2.95 to 8.05; length of head 2.85 to 3.1, both in stand- ard length; snout 4.3 to 5.1, eye 2.4 to 2.75, interorbital space 4.25 to 4.75, postorbital part of head 3.7 to 3.95, length of upper jaw 2.75 to 2.95, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.2 to 4.5, length of fourth dorsal spine 1.65 to 2.15, of longest dorsal soft rays 1.6 to 1.8, length of third anal spine 1.0 to 1.4, length of pectoral fin 1.25 to 1.35, length of pelvic FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE—WOODS 225 fin 1.1 to 1.25, all in length of head; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.9 to 2.8; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 50 degrees, profile slightly convex. Lower jaw not protruding beyond upper, interorbital flat or slightly concave; upper jaw extending to below anterior margin of pupil or to below middle of pupil; spine at angle of preopercle in large speci- mens extending beyond opercular flap for a third of its length in small specimens, reaching just beyond edge of opercular flap; upper opercular spine longer and stronger than lower. Color in alcohol.—Ground color whitish, or light orange to brownish red; lips pale; head silvery or brown; each scale with a white spot in its center, these spots forming 9 or 10 lengthwise white lines, each white line bordered above and below by a narrow dark-reddish-brown line; breast silvery or heavily sprinkled with dark reddish brown dots, sometimes these dots arranged in rows; pectoral axil dark reddish brown to almost black; dorsal fin spines pale, membranes black with lengthwise narrow white line on basal third in anterior half of fin, and on distal third in posterior half, usually these two lines separated in middle of fin by 2 or 8 completely black membranes, but in the smallest specimen (60.5 mm.) the white line is continuous; soft dorsal fin pale; anal fin membrane between third and fourth spines, fourth spine, and first soft ray, black or dusky, rest of fin pale; caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins pale. Color when alive.—Ground color deep blood red to light orange red ; lips red, snout red; white line extending from tip of snout, beneath eye to ventral margin of preopercle; throat white, breast pale; body with nine lengthwise dark-bordered white lines, the two above the lateral line very narrow, one running from below the tip of the pre- opercular spine beneath the pectoral insertion and above the anal fin base the widest; dorsal fin spines purple, membranes black, a white lengthwise line starting near base of first spine crossing membranes of first 6 spines, membrane between sixth and seventh spines completely black, a white submarginal line on membrane between seventh to eleventh spines; soft dorsal bright red on anterior and posterior rays, middle of fin paler; anal fin deep red or purplish black between third anal spine and first soft ray, rest of fin light red; pectoral fin pale; pelvic fin spine milk white, rest of fin ight red; outer caudal fin rays deep red, other rays light orange-red, membranes pale. 955292—538—vol. 117 Order ANACANTHIDA Family BREGMACEROTIDAE By Leonarp P. Scuutrz Munro (Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 37-53, figs. 1-10, 1950) revised the genus Bregmaceros, and by means of his keys and descriptions I have tentatively identified the Marshall Island specimens. Genus BREGMACEROS Thompson Bregmaceros THOMPSON, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 184, 1840. (Genotype, Breg- maceros mcclellandi Thompson.) BREGMACEROS MCCLELLANDI Thompson Bregmaceros mcclellandi THompson, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 184, text fig., 1840 (type locality, Ganges Delta). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 7 specimens, 13 to 46 mm. standard length Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 12 to 38 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 21 mm. Description—Dorsal rays I-48 to 45; anal 44 or 45; pectoral 15 to 17; pelvic 7; branched caudal 6+6. Body compressed, greatest depth 5.5 to 6.0, head 5.0 to 5.3, both in standard length; insertion of pelvic fins in front of a vertical line through pectoral insertion, about equidistant between rear of eye and posterior edge of head; all pelvic rays long, tips filamentous, longest ray about half of standard length; first dorsal consists of a single long filamentous spine, its insertion on top of head a little in front of a vertical line through pelvic insertion; distance from snout tip to second dorsal origin contained about 2.4 in standard length, second dorsal with elevated rays anteriorly and posteriorly, middle third with short rays; anal fin similar to second dorsal; origin of anal slightly behind a vertical line through origin of second dorsal; body covered with thin scales, head naked; lateral line along each side of midline of back, ending behind dorsal fin on upper edge of caudal peduncle; each side of midventral line of belly with a dermal fold ending at about end of first third of length of anal base; premaxillary 226 FAMILY AULOSTOMIDAE—SCHULTZ 227 protractile; one or two rows of short conical teeth in jaws; a few teeth on vomer and palatines; gill membranes joined with each other forward over isthmus with a free fold; gill rakers represented by very fine denticles. Color in alcohol.—Plain grayish, or with a dark pigmented area along back, including all of second dorsal fin except the short rays. Ecology.—This species was attracted to a light at night. It was not seen over the reefs. Order SYNGNATHIDA Suborder SYNGNATHINA Family AULOSTOMIDAE: Trumpetfishes By Lreonarp P. Scuutrz Genus AULOSTOMUS Lacepéde Aulostomus Lacrepkpr, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 356, 1803. (Genotype, Aulostomus chinensis Lacepéde=Fistularia chinensis Linnaeus.) AULOSTOMUS CHINENSIS (Linnaeus) PuiatTE 21, D Fistularia chinensis LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 515, 1766 (type locality, India). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 7 specimens, 181 to 368 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 233 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 4 specimens, 159 to 230 mm. Guam: Albatross, 1 specimen, 181 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X to XII-V, 23 to 24; anal iv or v, 24 to 96; pectoral xvii; pelvic 6; scales in a vertical row between spiny dorsal and pelvic insertion 20 above lateral line and 14 below. Head 2.9 to 8.1; pectoral insertion to pelvic insertion 3.6 to 3.9; pectoral insertion to dorsal origin 2.1 to 2.2; all in standard length. Snout 1.4 to 1.5; bony orbit 9.4 to 18.1; tip of snout to rear of maxil- lary 5.1 to 7.1; bony interorbital 13.4 to 16.4; all in length of head. Head and body notably compressed; snout long, tubular, with jaws at end; maxillaries about twice diameter of eye; pelvic insertions far behind head, much closer to dorsal and anal origins than to head; interorbital space flat; gill membranes free from isthmus, joined far forward; upper edge of gill opening above dorsal edge of pectoral base; origins of dorsal and of anal fins opposite each other; caudal fin rounded, without a filament; anus far in advance of anal origin, about opposite tips of pelvic fins; chin with a barbel. 228 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.——Ground color light brownish, sometimes with traces of alternating slightly dark and paler bars; more or less regu- larly a black bar across maxillary, sometimes one in front of eye, one at insertion of each pelvic fin; a dark streak along bases of dorsal and anal fins; usually a dark spot in upper and lower lobes of caudal fin; sometimes light silvery spots on sides of head and on body in region of dorsal and anal fins. Ecology.—This species was not commonly taken. The specimens collected came from the ocean reef or in the lagoon, where wave action was severe. Family FISTULARIIDAE: Cornetfishes By Lronarp P. ScHuirz Although two species in this family might be expected to occur in the northern Marshall Islands, only one was collected. Fistularia villosa Kliinzinger may be distinguished from F. petimba by the occurrence, on the former, of a single median row of narrow keeled scales in front of and behind both dorsal and anal fins, whereas in petemba the middorsal and midventral lines are naked. Genus FISTULARIA Linnaeus Fistularia LINNAEUs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 312, 1758. (Genotype, Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus. ) FISTULARIA PETIMBA Lacepéde Fistularia petimba Lacepips, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, pp. 349, 350, vol. 2, pl. 18, fig. 3, 1808 (type locality, New Britain ; Union Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 106 specimens, 117 to 1,000 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll : 3 stations, 11 specimens, 124 to 238 mm. Rongerik Atoll : 2 stations, 11 specimens, 115 to 222 mm. Rongelap Atoll : 3 stations, 4 specimens, 241 to 485 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 15 specimens, 137 to 680 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays xv to xvil, anal xv; pectoral xiii to Xvi; pelvic i, 5. Head 2.6 to 2.7; pectoral insertion to pelvic insertion 7.4 to 10.1; pectoral insertion to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.5; all in standard length. Snout 1.3 to 1.4; bony orbit 9.7 to 11.5; bony interorbital space 34 to 38; maxillaries 10.4 to 18; all in length of head. Head and body notably depressed; snout long, tubular, with jaws at end; maxillaries about equal to eye; pelvic insertions far behind head but notably a little more than a third closer to head than to dorsal origin; interorbital space concave; gill membranes free from FAMILY SOLENOSTOMIDAE—SCHULTZ 229 the isthmus, joined to it far forward; upper edge of gill opening opposite about fifth or sixth pectoral ray from the dorsal edge; origins of dorsal and anal fins opposite; caudal fin forked, with a long median filament of variable length, but usually longer than one-fourth the standard length; anus and eye diameter or less in front of anal fin origin. Color in alcohol.—Plain light brownish; tips of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins sometimes dusky. Silvery spots or blotches on cheeks, pectoral base, and around nasal openings. Ecology.—tThe cornetfish was an abundant species off the leeward side of the atolls and in the lagoon. It was seen swimming close to the surface almost daily. At night small ones from about 123 to 180 mm. in standard length were attracted to a light at night in considerable numbers. Remarks.—The small specimens from about 123 to 180 mm. in standard length are covered with tiny villous “scales,” which begin to disappear at about 180 to 200 mm. These “villi” occur in rows, or lines, running lengthwise. Suborder SYNGNATHINA Family SOLENOSTOMIDAE By Lronarp P. ScuHuttz Genus SOLENOSTOMUS Lacepéde Solenostomus LacrrEDrE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, pp. 360, 361, 1803. (Genotype, 8S. paradorus Lacepéde. ) SOLENOSTOMUS ARMATUS Weber PLATE 22, A Solenostomus armatus Wersrr, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 103, fig. 33c, 1913 (type locality, lat. 2°25’ S., long. 131°26’ E., in Arafura Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Off Bikini Atoll, lat. 11°30’ N., long. 165°11’ E., taken in an open plankton net lowered from surface to 175 fathoms and hauled open again to surface, August 6, 1946, M. Johnson, 1 specimen, 27.5 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays 5-19; anal 20, caudal 14; pectoral 26-28; pelvic 7-7; all rays flexible and unbranched except that second to sixth of pelvic fins are branched. Interorbital space concave, with 5 keeled plates between orbital plates and first dorsal origin; a spinelet on plate under first dorsal followed by 11 more spinelets along dorsal lateral row to origin of second dorsal, then 5 under second dorsal with 10 on caudal peduncle; 230 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 the median lateral row has 13 spinelets; the ventrolateral row similar to dorsolateral; middorsal line of head near nape with a spiny keel; a paired denticulate keel over orbits that meet on snout and continue forward as a low median denticulate keel; near where the two orbital ridges meet on snout a pair of spines occurs on each side; in front and behind orbit spiny points; under side of head with spiny points. Detailed measurements were made and these are recorded below in thousandths of the standard length. Tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening 430; snout 291; orbit 55; bony interorbital space 29; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 43; tip of snout to first dorsal origin 582, to second dorsal origin 775; to anal origin 775, to pec- toral insertion 462, to pelvic insertion 568; length of caudal peduncle 160; least depth of caudal fin 33; longest ray of dorsal fin 255, of caudal fin 473. Membrane of dorsal fin ends about halfway to distal tips, rays free and filamentous. Color in alcohol.——Whitish. Color when alive.—Transparent or nearly so. Ecology.—The specimen was taken in a plankton net and must have been living a pelagic existence. Remarks.—Our identification is uncertain, but because of the small size of the specimen we are not describing it as a new species, although it differs somewhat from armatus. Family SYNGNATHIDAE: Pipefishes By Earu Stannarp HERA ” The syngnathids collected in 1946 during Operation Crossroads (47 specimens representing 10 species and taken at 26 different sta- tions), one-half, or 5 of the species (3 of which are new) were taken only at depths below 15 feet. Of the rest 4 species were taken in the intertidal area at less than 10 feet, and one additional new species came from plankton hauls in the lagoon. This vertical habitat distri- bution is important. The demarkation area between the two habi- tats seems to lie between 10 and 15 feet, and none of the intertidal forms was ever found in deeper water, nor, with one exception, were any of the deep-water forms ever found at the surface. The excep- tion, Corythoichthys schultz, is attracted to lights, and two of the paratypes of the species were taken in this manner. As many new Indo-Pacific pipefishes have been described since the publication of Duncker’s revision (Mitteil. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 82, pp. 9-120, pl. 1, figs. 10, 1915), the following list presents the author’s opinion in regard to the new species (except Australian) that are Synonyms: Corythoichthys matternit Fowler 1918=Bombonia djarong (Riip- pell) 1840. Doryichthys philippinus Fowler 1918=Oostethus brachyurus (Bleeker) 1853. Leptonotus tristriatus Fowler 1922=status uncertain; type in very poor condition when examined by author in 1948; eyes and part of tail missing from specimen. Corythoichthys balli Fowler 1925=Syngnathus balli (Fowler). Ichthyocampus philippinus Fowler 1938=no change. Ichthyocampus edmondsoni Pietschmann 19830=Micrognathus ed- mondsoni (Pietschmann). Parabelonichthys kellerst Fowler 1948=Belonichthys fluviatilis (Peters) 1852. ®T wish to thank the following individuals for their help and cooperation in the preparation of this report: Dr. Wilbert M. Chapman, Research Director, Tuna Boat Association, San Diego, Calif., for the loan of the pipefishes collected by him in the tropical southwestern Pacific during World War II; officials of the U. 8. National Museum for opportunity to study the extensive collections in that institution ; Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, Curator of Fishes, John S. Lea, Editor, and Gladys O. Visel, Assistant Editor, U. S. National Museum, for considerable aid in fitting this manuscript into the style adopted for this report; A. C. Weed and Loren P. Woods for kindly permitting me to include a description of their new subspecies Doryrhamphus melanopleura cooki; the authorities of the following museums for opportunity to study their collections—Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (M.C.Z.) at Harvard University, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (U.M.M.Z.), Chicago Natural History Museum (C.N.H.M.), and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (A.N.S.P.). 231 232 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Syngnathus micronotopterus Fowler 1938=Micrognathus brevi- rostris (Riippell) 1840. Duncekerocampus pessuliferus Fowler 1938=no change. Corythoichthys serrulifer Fowler 1938=Corythoichthys flavo- fasciatus conspicillatus (Jenyns) 1842. Pristidoryrhamphus jacksoni Fowler 1944=Doryrhamphus negro- sensis Herre 1934. Yozua bicoarctata melanesiae Fowler 1945=Yozia bicoarctata (Bleeker) 1857. Bombonia luzonica Herre 1927=Bombonia djarong (Riuppell) 1840. Micrognathus magdamoit Herre 1932=Micrognathus dunckeri Chabanaud 1929. Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre 1984=no change. Micrognathus suvensis Herre 1985=Doryichthys suvensis Herre. Bombonia uxorius Herre 1985=Bombonia djarong (Riippell) 1840. Syngnathus marten Herre 1936=Syngnathus peckianus Storer (or S. fuscus Storer). S. peckianus is a common Atlantic American species. This specimen was undoubtedly described as new from Manila Bay as a result of having been placed in the wrong bottle after the San Francisco earthquake. Micrognathus dunckeri Chabanaud 1929=no change. Acanthognathus caulleryi Chabanaud 1929=Dunckerocampus caul- leryt caulleryt. The primary classification within the Syngnathidae is based upon the brood pouch of the male, which carries the incubating eggs. There are two principal subfamilies, the abdominal-pouch forms (Gastro- phorini) and the tail-pouch forms (Urophorini). These are divided into four subgroups based upon the method of attachment of the eggs: (1) Loosely attached but not isolated from one another; (2) eggs imbedded singly, isolated from each other by a spongy mass with no protecting plates or covering membranes; (3) eggs imbedded in a spongy matrix with lateral protecting plates or pouch folds or both; and (4) eggs completely covered by pouch folds fused in the center, leaving a single pouch opening just posterior to the anus. Among the abdominal pouch syngnathids there are representatives in the first three subgroups, but none in the last. Among the tail-pouch syng- nathids, there are representatives of the last three subgroups, but none in the first. The nomenclature used for the ridge systems in the key to genera is shown in figure 36. Special attention should be given to the lat- eral tail ridge, which is short and is a forward extension of the su- perior tail ridge. This lateral tail ridge is important in that its presence or absence is usually very significant in generic deter- mination, FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 233 LTRR LTAR D 1 1 ) .. STAR L . ITAR Mees eee ye LTRC A AF FTAR Ficure 36.—Diagram of the middle part of the body of a hypothetical syngnathid illus- trating the terms used in describing this family: (A) anus; (AF) anal fin; (D) discontinuous part of superior tail ridge; (FTAR) first tail ring; (ITAR) inferior tail ridge; (ITR) inferior trunk ridge; (MVR) midventral abdominal ridge; (LTAR) lateral tail ridge; (LTR) lateral trunk ridge; (LTRC) lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge; (LTRR) last trunk ring; (STAR) superior tail ridge; (STR) superior trunk ridge. KEY TO THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN PACIFIC GENERA OF SYNGNATHIDAB (HAWAII TO JAPAN, EXCEPT AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND) la. Dorsal, pectorals, and anal absent; rings 12 to 19+-37 to 43. Penetopteryx Lunel 1b. Dorsal and anal present; pectorals absent; dorsal 10 to 16; rings 15 to TE TSS} 1 0 ale ap mane Ee Nannocampus Gtinther 1c. Dorsal and pectorals present ; anal present or absent. 2a. Dorsal placed entirely upon tail, usually beginning about 6 to 8 rings behind anus; anal present or absent; dorsal 12 to 16; rings 8 to 10+-49 to 55. Urocampus Giinther 2b. Dorsal placed over or near the anal ring. 8a. Caudal fin absent. 4a. Tail prehensile. 5a. Head at right angles to the body; dorsal based raised. Hippocampus Rafinesque 50. Head slightly bent or in line with the body; dorsal base raised or not raised. 6a. Lateral trunk ridge absent; inferior trunk ridge continuous with superior tail ridge; eggs deposited on widely expanded ab- dominal surface ; brood-pouch protecting plates and folds absent; dorsal 37 to 50; rings 15 to 17+-40 to 50. Syngnathoides Bleeker 6b. Lateral trunk ridge present. 7a. Lateral tail ridge absent; brood pouch under tail and sealed except for small opening behind anus; dorsal base raised; dorsal 15 to 17; rings 12 to 18-++38 to 45__ Acentronura Kaup 7b. Lateral tail ridge present; dorsal base raised or not raised. 8a. Lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge; dorsal base raised; brood pouch under tail with eggs completely covered by brood pouch folds; dorsal 24 to 26; rings 19-+-44 COD See a ie Ra Sr NA A Haliichthys Gray 234 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 8b. Lateral trunk ridge continuous with superior tail ridge; dorsal base not raised; eggs exposed, attached to underside of tail; brood pouch folds and protecting plates absent ; dorsal 35 to 58; rings 22 to 26-+-50 to 58__ Solegnathus Swainson 4b. Tail not prehensile; dorsal 36 to 55; rings 16 to 20+68 to 89. Stigmatophora Kaup 36. Caudal fin present. 9a. Lateral and tail ridge absent; superior trunk and superior tail ridges continuous ; eggs under abdomen or tail. 10a. Trunk and tail rings about equal in number; dorsal placed mostly upon trunk; eggs attached to abdomen; protecting plates present but brood pouch folds absent; dorsal 21 to 35; rings 14 to 19-+-18 DAU Li aah aL AAU A SS Le a GB Choeroichthys Kaup 10b. Trunk rings usually equal to about one-half the number of tail rings; dorsal placed mostly upon tail; eggs attached to tail and covered by brood pouch folds with or without protecting plates; dorsal 18 to 27; rings 13 to 20+-27 to 47. Ichthyocampus Kaup (p. 236) 9b. Lateral tail ridge present; superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous; eggs under abdomen. lla. Lateral tail ridge extending forward over about 9 or 10 trunk rings; dorsal 64 to 70; rings 19+23 to 26. Belonichthys Peters 11d. Lateral tail ridge extending forward over maximum of 4 or 5 trunk rings, usually fewer. 12a. Trunk rings more numerous than tail rings; dorsal 17 to 29; rings 15 to 19+-11 to 17_____ Doryrhamphus Kaup (p. 244) 126. Trunk rings less numerous than tail rings. 13a. Head and body ringed with many distinct dark bars; eggs attached to abdomen without benefit of lateral protecting plates or pouch folds; dorsal 21 to 30; rings 15 to 17-+16 CoD enna Dunckerocampus Whitley (p. 249) 186. Head and body without many-barred ring pattern; eggs and brood pouch under abdomen or tail. 14a, Lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge. 15a. Dorsal base slightly or conspicuously raised; brood pouch under tail. 16a. Dorsal 19 to 22; rings 17 to 18+-33 to 36. Halicampus Kaup 16b. Dorsal 24 to 29; rings 17 to 24+-36 to 63. 17a. Snout short, about equal to one-third of head; median spiny snout crest present; dorsal 25 to 29; rings 21 to 23-++-44 to 50__ Trachyrhamphus Kaup 17b. Snout elongate, smooth, about equal to one-half of head ; no median snout crest; dorsal 24 to 29; rings 17 to 24+36 to 63____- Yozia Jordan and Snyder 15b. Dorsal base not raised; broad pouch under abdomen or under tail. 18a. Ridges of trunk and tail very smooth and usually difficult to distinguish. 19a. Dorsal 51 to 60; rings 16 to 18+-32 to 39; superior ridges of trunk and tail conspicuous; others very FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 235 inconspicuous; eggs attached under abdomen, pro- tected laterally by plates, but without pouch folds. Coelonotus Peters 19b. Dorsal 27 to 30; rings 12 to 14+-56 to 58; position of ridges usually extremely difficult to determine ; brood pouch position unknown. Siokunichthys, new genus (p. 254) 18b. Ridges of trunk and tail distinct. 20a. Dorsal 15 to 25; rings 13 to 21 (usually 13 to 17) +28 or 29; brood pouch under tail with eggs covered by brood pouch folds. Micrognathus Duncker (p. 256) 20b. Dorsal 24 to 66; rings 15 to 224-20 to 32; eggs attached to abdomen; protecting plates present but pouch folds absent. 21a. Snout long, 1.5 in head; eggs small with about 6 to 10 rows across width of pouch; anus gen- erally behind middle of length; dorsal 25 to 48; rings 19 to 22+20 to 27. Oostethus Hubbs 21b. Snout short, 2.0 or more times in head; eggs large with usually fewer than 6 rows across width of pouch; anus generally before middle of length; dorsal 24 to 66; rings 15 to 20+-24 toys oe ee Se ed heed Doryichthys Kaup 14b. Lateral trunk ridge deflected ventrally at anal ring, but not continuous with inferior tail ridge; brood pouch beneath tail with eggs covered by brood pouch folds; dorsal 23 to 31; rings 14 to 16+39 to 438. Bombonia Herre 14c. Lateral trunk ridge subcontinuous with lateral tail ridge not deflected ventrally at anal ring. 22a. Dorsal 47 to 68; rings 21 to 26-+-30 to 40; anus gener- ally posterior to middle of length; brood pouch under Er OY Kp a0 C29 weep ss I TN cl A aa Oostethus Hubbs 22b. Dorsal 21 to 45; rings 13 to 20+30 to 44; anus generally forward of middle of length; brood pouch under abdo- men or under tail. 23a. Brood pouch under abdomen; lateral protecting plates present, but pouch folds absent; dorsal 30 to 36; rings 15 to 20+31 to 37-_-__-__ Doryichthys Kaup 23b. Brood pouch under tail; protecting plates present or absent; pouch folds present; dorsal 21 to 45; rings 13 to 19+30 to 44. 24a. Brood pouch protecting plates absent; pouch folds incompletely covering eggs, usually only outermost row of eggs being covered by folds; eggs in 4 to 6 rows across pouch, 1 layer in depth; profile of head with abrupt rise in front of eyes; dorsal 22 to 35; rings 15 to 18+30 to 40. Corythoichthys Kaup (p. 265) 24b. Brood pouch protecting plates present with pouch folds completely covering eggs; dorsal profile of 236 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 snout and head with or without abrupt rise in front of eyes. 25a. Snout and head profile forming an angle in front of eyes; eggs in pouch usually arranged in 2 longitudinal rows (rarely with two additional rows squeezed ventrad to primary pair) ; dorsal 80 to 33; rings 14 to 15-++40 to 42. Bhanotia Hora 25b. Snout and head in line usually without angle in front of eyes; eggs in pouch usually arranged in 4 to 6 longitudinal rows and 2, rarely 3, layers in depth; dorsal 21 to 45; rings 18 to 19+-30 to ACNE ACERS Err Syngnathus Linnaeus (p. 278) Genus ICHTHYOCAMPUS Kaup Ichthyocampus Kaur, Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fishes in the collection of the British Museum, p. 29, 1856. (Genotype, Syngnathus carce Hamilton by Duncker, 1912). —DuUncKER, Jahrb. Wiss. Anstalt Hamburg, vol. 29, p. 234, 1912; vol. 32, p. 92, 1915. Festucaler WuHitTLEy, Australian Zool., vol. 6, pt. 4, p. 312, 1931. (Genotype, Syngnathus cinctus Ramsey, 1882.) Campichthys Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 6, pt. 4, p. 313, 1931. (Genotype, Ichthyocampus tryoni Ogilby, 1890.) Hippichthys Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 11, pt. 3, p. 268, 1948. (Genotype, H. heptagonus Bleeker=Syngnathus carce Hamilton.) Larvicampus WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 22, No. 1, p. 75, 1948. (Geno- type, Festucaler runa Whitley=Ichthyocampus filum Giinther.) Stipecampus Wait ey, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 22, No. 1, p. 75, 1948. (Geno- type, Ichthyocampus cristatus McCulloch and Waite.) This genus of tail-pouch pipefishes is characterized by absence of lateral tail ridge; superior trunk ridge and superior tail ridge con- tinuous; lateral trunk ridge either continuous with inferior tail ridge, or lateral trunk ridge ending free (sometimes deflected ventrally) , in which case inferior trunk and tail ridges are continuous; snout and head short, operculum usually higher than long, sometimes with small primary ridge; dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins present but usually small and weakly developed; anal fin present or absent; dorsal base usually not raised, usually placed upon 1 or 2 trunk rings, with remainder upon tail; brood-pouch folds completely covering incubat- ing eggs; pouch protecting plates present or absent. All the species of /chthyocampus are marine in habitat with the exception of J, carce, which occurs in brackish and fresh water. There is one species in the American Caribbean, and the remaining species are chiefly confined to the Indo-Australian area including Australia, New Zealand, the Central Pacific, and Hawaii. No species is known from the Pacific coast of North or South America. The genus Jchthyocampus is in need of revision, but such study must await the availability of more specimens of each species. A study of the data in table 18 indicates that Jchthyocampus cristatus FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 237 and J. scalaris and that J. townsendi and I. philippinus may be synonyms. I consider Jchthyocampus phylogenetically an offshoot of the evolu- tionary line that leads from certain pipefishes to the seahorses. Most of this evolutionary line is characterized by an everted brood pouch closure in which one flap of the brood pouch is turned back upon itself and the other flap overlaps it. Occasionally in the genus Ichthyo- campus this everted brood pouch closure is replaced by the more primitive overlapping type in which the under flap is not turned back upon itself. Probably an Jcehthyocampus-like pipefish has given rise to the pseudo-seahorse, Acentronura, and to the peculiar Uro- campus. Certain fairly distinct subgeneric trends in this genus have not been recognized here because of the lack of sufficient specimens for the proper study of this problem. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ICHTHYOCAMPUS OF THE PACIFIC (EXCLUDING AUSTRALIA) la. Anterior and posterior nostrils in separate lobes, separated by considerable distance; anal fin absent; 48 tail rings; dorsal insertion on third tail ring. Ichthyocampus davaoensis, new species 1b. Nostrils normal, not as in 1a; anal fin present; 27 to 37 tail rings; dorsal insertion anterior to anal fin. 2a. Dorsal fin covering 7 or 714 rings; dorsal base raised. Ichthyocampus bikiniensis, new species 2b. Dorsal fin covering 434 to 6 rings; dorsal base not raised. 8a. Lateral trunk ridge extending over 14 to 17 tail rings in both sexes. Ichthyocampus kampeni* Weber %Ichthyocampus kampeni Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 114, fig. 40, 1913 (lectotype designated below). Ichthyocampus belcheré Duncker, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamberg, vol. 82, p. 95, 1915 (in part).—Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 4, p. 93, fig. 38, 1922 (in part). Specimens studied include 7 from the Philippine Islands. A recent collection of pipe- fishes received from Jose Domantay, of Zamboanga, Minandao, Philippine Islands, has clarified the relationship of I. kampeni and belchert. To review the matter, it should be noted that Kaup (1856) described a new Ichthyocampus under the specific name of belcheri. This species was characterized by a lateral trunk ridge that extended over three tail rings. In 1913 Weber described I. kKampeni as a dimorphic species with the males having the lateral trunk ridge extending over 8 tail rings and the females having the ridge extending over 16 or 17 tail rings. Duncker in his revision (1915) considered kampent as a synonym of belcheri. Actually, two valid species were involved, neither of which was dimorphic. In other words Weber’s type series consisted of females of a previously unknown species having the lateral ridge covering 17 tail rings, but his males were of Kaup’s species belcheri. This is shown by the Zamboanga collection mentioned above, which contained males of both species. The type illustration that Weber used for kampent is actually a specimen of belcheri. This figure is reproduced in Weber and de Beaufort (op. cit., vol. 4, p. 91). Dr. de Beaufort (September 1949) has kindly reexamined the type series of Ichthyo- campus kampeni and selected the 56-mm. female from Atjatuning, New Guinea, as a typical specimen, which I herewith designate as a lectotype. As indicated in table 18 the meristic differences between Ichthyocampus kampeni and I. belchert are slight, but when compared the former is found to have a thicker trunk than I. belcherét. The difference in the length of the lateral trunk ridge is the chief character that distinguishes the two species. The presence of the brood-pouch protecting plates in the males of kampené and the absence of these plates in the males of belcheri is noteworthy. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ss. 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Lateral trunk ridge extending over 4 or fewer tail rings. 4a. Lateral trunk ridge extending to the third or fourth tail ring; snout 2:5 toys. O}ineher des Ichthyocampus belcheri™ Kaup 4b. Lateral trunk ridge extending only to last trunk ring; snout 2.0 to 2.5 in head. 5a. Tail rings 27; dorsal fin covering 124 or 2 trunk rings and 3 or 3% tailirin gs oes Ichthyocampus diacanthus Schultz 50. Tail rings 32 to 37; dorsal fin covering 1% or 1 trunk ring and 4 or 5 tail rings. 6a. Dorsal rays 18 or 19; tail rings 32 or 33; snout 2.4 to 2.55 in head. Ichthyocampus philippinus * Fowler 6b. Dorsal rays 20 to 22; tail rings 36 or 37; snout 2.0 to 2.4 in head. Ichthyocampus erythraeus * Gilbert BULBONARICUS new subgenus Genotype.—Ichthyocampus davaoensis, new species. This new monotypic subgenus is proposed because of the anatomical nature of the nostrils. The nostrils of the genotype are lobe-shaped, a unique character not found in other species referable to the genus Ichthyocampus. Anterior and posterior nostrils separated by considerable distance; both anterior nostrils in one distinct lobe just posterior to snout, both posterior nostrils in another distinct lobe just anterior to the eye; superior trunk and superior tail ridges continuous, inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges continuous; anal fin absent; dorsal insertion on third tail ring. 81 Ichthyocampus belchert Kaup, Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fishes in the collection of the British Museum, p. 30, 1856 (type locality, China). Ichthyocampus now Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36, p. 598, 1909 (type locality, Nafa, Okinawa, Luchu Islands, Japan, holotype U.S.N.M. No. 62945). Ichthyocampus kampent Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 114, fig. 40, 1913 (part only ; 4 of 5 types of kampent from Beo, Karakelang Islands, are actually belcheri). Specimens studied include the holotype of I. nox from Japan; six specimens from the Philippine Islands; one each from New Caledonia, Solomons Islands, and the Fiji Islands. This species is discussed under 3, a, in connection with I. kampent. STchthyocampus philippinus Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 48, 1938 (type locality, Tinakta Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippine Islands, lat. 5°12.66’ N., long. 119°55.16’ B.). Specimens studied include two specimens from the Philippine Islands. Ichthyocampus philippinus is distinguished from the other species of the genus that have the lateral trunk ridge ending at the anus by the number of dorsal rays and tail rings in combination with the snout-head proportion. This species is similar to J. totonsendi, of the Persian Gulf. When more material is available, the two species may prove to be the same. 33 Ichthyocampeés erythraeus Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 23, p. 238, 1903 (type locality, 23 to 24 fathoms, off south coast of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands). Specimens studied include one specimen (the holotype) from the Hawaiian Islands and three from Japan. The three specimens from Japan are so similar to the holotype that tentatively they are identified as J. erythraeus. However, since they differ slightly from the Hawaiian specimen the data on the specimens from the two localities are recorded separately in table 18. The Hawaiian and Japanese material differs most in the proportions of head in standard length and dorsal base in head. Part of this difference may be because of the size of the specimens, since the holotype is 51 mm., whereas the other specimens range from 62 to 79 mm. When more material is available, it may be possible to distinguish different subspecies in these two localities. 955292—53—vol. 1-18 242 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Named Bulbonaricus in reference to the bulblike lobes in which the nostrils are contained. ICHTHYOCAMPUS DAVAOENSIS, new species FIGURE 37 Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 112295, from the Philippine Islands, Mindanao, Gulf of Davao (lat. 6°44’ N., long. 125°46’ E.), surface plankton tow, February 26, 1948, by the Spencer F. Baird, 33 mm. standard length. Description—The measurements of the holotype are as follows: Total length 34.5 mm.; standard length 33 mm.; head 2.5 mm.; snout 0.8 mm.; dorsal fin base 4.2 mm.; trunk 6.5 mm.; tail, less caudal fin, 24 mm.; caudal 1.5 mm. Dorsal fin rays 25; pectoral 11; anal 0; caudal 10; dorsal covers 734 rings, beginning at anterior edge of third tail ring; trunk rings 16; tail rings 43; head 13.2 in standard length; snout 3.12, dorsal base 0.595 both in head; lateral trunk ridge ending free, without curvature, on first third of first tail ring; mouth superior ; head smooth, no indication of opercular or pectoral cover-plate ridges; nostrils contained in bulbous structure divided into an anterior lobe, just posterior to snout and a posterior lobe, just anterior to eye; a conspicuous bulge at anterior ventral end of trunk extending over first 8 rings; trunk and tail ridges distinct; scutella absent. Color in alcohol.—Uniformly light tan with a black pigment in the membranes between the rays of the caudal fin. Remarks.—I. davaoensis is distinguished from all other members of the genus by means of the peculiar bilobed nasal structure, the absence of the anal fin, and the increased number of tail rings. Named davacensis in reference to Davao Gulf, where the holotype was collected. ICHTHYOCAMPUS BIKINIENSIS, new species Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 140244, Bikini Lagoon, near middle, plankton net, vertical haul, from 60 feet to surface, May 1, 1946, S-46-153, Johnson, 1 specimen, 9.5 mm. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140243, Bikini Lagoon, 5 miles northwest of Enyu Island, plankton net at 6 feet, May 3, 1946, S-46-212, John- son, 1 specimen, 7.3 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements are recorded in table 18. Dorsal base raised; body extremely spinose; lateral tail ridge absent; lateral trunk ridge ending either free or becoming continuous with inferior tail ridge (ridges themselves do not show between the spi- nous projections) ; head at right angles to body axis. The following measurements (in mm.) were made on the holotype and paratype, re- spectively: Head to most posterior edge of cervical flexure 8.5, 6.5; anterior edge of head flexure to hypural vertebra 9.5, 7.3; head length 243 FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD SuIMeIq) ‘spurjsy ourddipyg ‘ovuepulyy ‘ (‘oavig ojqeg Aq JIND ovarq wos ‘(S6ZZT1 “ON “IN'N'S'D) s2tveds mau ‘sisusovavp sndwmvr0kyiyaq yo edAojop[—*/¢ FANOIY 244 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2.0, 2.0; snout length 0.9, 1.0; dorsal fin base 1.5, —; caudal fin length 1.0, —. Color in alcohol——Both specimens whitish, larger with 8 narrow dark pigment bars around tail, smaller with 7 bars, all bars nearly equally separated by pale interspaces. Remarks.—It is probable that when this species reaches the jJuve- nile and adult stages, the head straightens and becomes parallel with the body. Other syngnathids are known in which the newly hatched young has the head at an angle with the body but later becomes straightened. Named bzkiniensis in reference to Bikini Atoll. ICHTHYOCAMPUS DIACANTHUS Schultz Ichthyocampus diacanthus ScHULtTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 75, pl. 8, 1943 (type locality, Tutuila Island, Samoa; holotype examined, U.S.N.M. No. 116091). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Airy Island, lagoon reef, April 17, 1946, S-46-97, Schultz, female, 68 mm.; Eman Island, surf, reef, July 19, 1947, S-46—441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, female, 87.5 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements are shown in table 18. Lateral trunk ridge ending free on last trunk ring or on first tail ring; dermal cirri present on head. Color in alcohol.—Background color whitish to light brown. Spots and indefinite bars may be present. Airy Island specimen differs from holotype by having a diffuse blackishly pigmented area on un- derside of head; Eman Island specimen has indistinct narrow dark brown bars, one-half ring in width, on the third, seventh, and twelfth trunk rings and on the first, sixth, tenth, fifteenth, nineteenth, and twenty-fifth tail rings; between each of these dark pigment rings usually an undeveloped color bar represented only by a dark-brown spot dorsally and another ventrolaterally ; last three tail rings whitish on holotype. Remarks.—Distinguished from all central Pacific species in the genus by the low tail ring counts. Genus DORYRHAMPHUS Kaup Doryrhamphus Kaup, Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fishes in the collection of the British Museum, p. 585, 1856. (Genotype, Doryrhamphus eacisus Kaup.) Pristidoryrhamphus Fowtre, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 96, p. 158, figs. 8, 9, 1944. (Genotype, Pristidoryrhamphus jacksoni Fowler = D. negrosensis Herre.) These spinose abdominal-pouch pipefishes, consisting of 3 species and 6 forms restricted to the Indo-Pacific regions, are characterized FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 245 by having lateral trunk ridges continuous with inferior tail ridges, superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous; inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges discontinuous; brood-pouch folds present but protecting plates absent; eggs large, socketed in abdominal matrix of male; trunk rings more numerous than tail rings (like Dunckero- campus), the first trunk ring is nearly twice as long as any of the re- maining trunk rings, but it should be counted only as a single ring) ; dorsal base not raised and placed mostly upon trunk; dorsal rays 17 to 29, pectoral 17 to 23; trunk rings 15 to 19, tail rings 11 to 17. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DORYRHAMPHUS 1a. Trunk rings 15; tail rings 14; dorsal rays 17 to 19; dorsal fin covers 2 or 3 trunk rings, 2 tail rings; pectoral rays 17 to 20. Doryrhamphus negrosensis ™ Herre 1b. Trunk rings 16; tail rings 11 or 12; dorsal rays 19 to 21; dorsal fin covers 4 or 5 trunk rings, 2 tail rings; pectoral rays 20. Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup® 1c. Trunk rings 16 to 19, usually 17 or 18; tail rings 14 to 17, usually 14 to 16; dorsal rays 22 to 29; dorsal fin covers 3 to 5 trunk rings, 3 or 4 tail rings; pectoral rays 19 to 23_____-~_ Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Bleeker) 2a. Trunk rings usually 18, rarely 19. 3a. Dorsal rays 23 to 26; usually 24 or 25; tail rings usually 15, occasionally 14 or 16____ Doryrhamphus melanopleura melanopleura (Bleeker) 3b. Dorsal rays 26 to 29, usually 28 or 29; tail rings 16, occasionally 17. Doryrhamphus melanopleura cooki Weed and Woods, new subspecies 2b. Trunk rings usually 17, rarely 16 to 18; dorsal fin rays 22 to 26; tail rings 14 or 15____ Doryrhamphus melanopleura pleurotaenia (Giinther)* % Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre, Notes on fishes in the zoological museum of Stanford University, p. 28, 1934, privately printed (type locality, Dumaguete, Philippine Islands). Doryrhamphus melanopleura Herre, Mid-Pacific Mag., April-June 1935, p. 164 (Pelew). Pristidoryrhamphus jacksonit Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 96, p. 158, figs. 8, 9, 1944 (type locality, New Hebrides). Doryrhamphus negrosensis seems to be the Philippine representative of the widespread D. melanopleura. Pristidoryhamphus jacksoni, described by Fowler from the New Hebrides, is synonymous with negrosensis. There is one difference that should be mentioned, i. e., the pectoral-ray count is given as 10 (which probably is an error) for jacksoni, in contrast with the normal 17 to 20 rays for negrosensis. 35 Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fishes in the collection of the British Museum, p. 54, 1856 (type locality, Massaua, Red Sea).—Diincker, Jahrb. Wiss. Anstalt Hamburg, vol. 32, p. 62, 1915. Doryrhamphus excisus is more closely related to D. negrosensis than to D. melanopleura. According to Diincker, D. excisus is the smallest known member of the family Syngnathidae, the males becoming sexually mature at 23 to 27 mm. However, a 24.5-mm. male of D. melanopleura, from Socorro Island, Mexico, had eggs in its pouch. %6 Doryichthys pleurotaenia Glinther, Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 62, pl. 26, fig. d, 1880 (type locality, Hawaii). Specimens studied include 17 specimens from Oahu, Hawalian Islands; 3 from the Solomons Islands; and i from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands. The holotype of Microphis eatensus Snyder, 1911, U.S.N.M. No. 68226, and 2 paratypes, S.N.H.M. No. 21418, from Naha, Okinawa, are referred to this subspecies as a synonym. 246 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 DORYRHAMPHUS MELANOPLEURA MELANOPLEURA (Bleeker) Syngnathus melanopleura BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr, Nederl.-Indié, vol. 15, p. 464, 1858 (type locality, Cocos Island). Doryrhamphus californiensis Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 284, 1863 (type locality, Cape San Lucas, Baja California). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 12 specimens, 28 to 53 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 29 to 50 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 31 to 39.5 mm. In addition, 9 specimens from the eastern Pacific, from Sonora, Mexico to Port Utria, Colombia, and the Galdpagos Islands, were examined. Four speci- mens, 2 from Honolulu, Oahu, and 2 from Tutuila Island, Samoa, are referred to this subspecies with uncertainty. Description.—Dorsal fin rays 23 to 26 (usually 24 or 25) ; pectoral 19 to 23 (usually 20 or 21); anal 4; caudal 10; dorsal covering 3 to 5 trunk rings (usually 4) and 21% to 4 tail rings (usually 3) ; trunk rings 18 or 19 (usually 18); tail rings 14 to 16 (usually 15); head 3.8 to 4.8 in standard length; snout 2.0 to 2.4, dorsal fin base 1.5 to 1.9, both in head; maximum size 56 mm. (male) ; smallest sexually mature male, 48 mm. Three snout ridges, a median ridge, heavily serrated, and one ser- rated ridge on each side of the median ridge (there seems to be no definite pattern to these serrations although they tend to be similar in specimens from the same population) ; top of head almost flat, nuchal and prenuchal ridges hardly evident; along upper part of opercle a single complete horizontal ridge, beneath this usually 3 distinct ridges radiating lateroventrally from its anterior edge, on each side of these may be indistinct tertiary ridges; trunk and tail ridges considerably raised, each ring having a posteriorly directed spine at junction of individual ring with dorsal, ventral, and lateral ridges; lateral tail ridge extends forward over 3 or 4 trunk rings; all fins of normal length except caudal, which is quite long, its length usually slightly more than that of snout. Color in alcohol_—Background color light tan, a wide black band extends from tip of snout laterally along side of snout through eye and along side of trunk above lateral trunk ridge; most of tail usually blackish ; dorsal, pectoral, and anal fins clear; caudal fin densely pig- mented, blackish. Remarks.—The variation shown in table 19 and the key to the 3 subspecies of Doryrhamphus melanopleura indicate the basis for their separation. The definite break between the group having 17 and that having 18 or 19 trunk rings seems important, and since the peculiar distributional patterns of each of these two groups are not typical of 247 FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD (°4x9} 00g) + °-Amfoy ug 8 W0JJ poz[Nser OABY ABUT JO ‘10119 UI oq ABUT 4UNOD SIG ¢ *9d4} JO UOTJAIIOSOp [BUISIIO WOT] Pops0del BIB 1 pres oes See Sacre | hare peal (eae st = ee | ead rangers [ot § Fogger |e meal | eee [ees ile ch aT z Tossa spesomes tenes" 1-"""" NT 993 “48 ‘Spusls] nAWNAY ‘emenlyO SS a | OC ea ia (eee in| ier I ania T Sage geet ace lias aag: | mere SqC EE TOES Sea lae Totes eperresersescoes-""8 68 4Rl ‘SpuB[S] WOULO[Og 5o8 CG Bor ee! 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 true subspecies, I believe that it will eventually be possible to demon- strate that these groups represent distinct species. The over-all distribution of this species provides an interesting enigma, for melanopleura has never been collected in the Philippines. This is quite remarkable when it is considered that the species occurs in Japan and in the areas south, east, and west of the Philippines. The east-west range is from the Pacific coast of North and South America to Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Perhaps with more mate- rial the distribution of the melanoplewra complex will form a more . logical pattern than it does at present. D.m. pleurotaenia is usually more slender than D. m. melanopleura, otherwise the two subspecies are similar except in meristic characters. Table 19 demonstrates that specimens from 3 of the 4 localities grouped under plewrotaenta have the mode of the trunk-ring counts at 17. The fourth locality, Okinawa, has trunk-ring counts that seem to be intermediate between plewrotaenia and the 18 mode trunk-ring counts of melanopleura. It should also be pointed out that although 2 of the Okinawa specimens (types of Microphis extensus Snyder) — have dorsal fin counts of 22 and 23, the third has a count of 18. Whether this last specimen (28 mm. @ ) is aberrant can be determined only by examination of a considerable series of Okinawa specimens. When such material is available, it may then be necessary to remove these specimens from the synonymy of pleurotaenia. However, it seems best to assign them tentatively to that subspecies. Two specimens of D. m. pleurotaenia, from Socorro Island, in the Revillagigedo group off the west coast of Mexico, should be mentioned (S.N.H.M. No. 36442). They represent the most eastward extension of range of the 17 trunk-ring plewrotaenta. Socorro Island is approx- imately 275 miles from Cape San Lucas, Baja California, and 350 miles from the nearest point on the west coast of Mexico. Both of these latter localities are within the range of the subspecies melano- pleura. The Socorro specimens are noteworthy because of their small size. The female is 31 mm. in standard length and the male, 94.5 mm., with 15 eggs in its brood pouch, is one of the smallest male pipefishes known to be sexually mature. According to Duncker (1915, p. 62) Doryrhamphus excisus males are sexually mature at 23 to 27 mm. One male (D. m. pleurotaenia), 56 mm. long, from Oahu had the brood pouch extremely crowded with 137 eyed eggs averaging 1.2 mm. in diameter. The brood-pouch folds were so distended that they scarcely met at the midline. Three rows of eggs occurred on each side of the pouch. The first eggs were placed on the second trunk ring and the last eggs on the penultimate trunk ring. FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—-HERALD 249 DORYRHAMPHUS MELANOPLEURA COOKI Weed and Woods, new subspecies Doryrhamphus melanopleura ScHuttz, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 73 (in part only), 1943. Holotype—C.N.H.M. No. 16220, Cook Archipelago, Aitutaki Island, 1930, Philip M. Chancellor, Field Expedition, 1 male, 51 mm. Paratypes.—C.N.H.M. No. 16221, same data as holotype, 1 female, 47.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 116089, Samoa, Tau Island, reef at Siulagi Point, June 27, 1939, Schultz, 2 males, 45.5 and 46 mm. and 1 female, 47 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays 26 to 29; pectoral 20 to 22; anal 4; caudal 10; dorsal fin covers 4 trunk rings and 31% to 4 tail rings; trunk rings 18; tail rings 16 or 17, usually 16; head 4.7 to 4.9 in standard length; snout 2.10 to 2.16, dorsal base 1.29 to 1.86, both in head. Lateral tail ridge extends forward over 3 or 4 trunk rings. Remarks.—Messrs. Weed and Woods have the complete description of this subspecies in manuscript form. They have kindly allowed me to publish a preliminary diagnosis. Briefly cooki may be character- ized as a slender subspecies of the melanopleura complex, principally with 18 trunk rings and a high dorsal-fin count (see table 19). Two specimens from Tutuila Island, Samoa (U.S.N.M. Nos. 84164 and 116090) have been referred questionably to the subspecies melano- pleura. The former was collected in 1921 and the latter in 1939. Both agree in their characters and are sufficiently different in meristic counts that they should not be assigned to cooki. A full understand- ing of the relationship of these two specimens to the typical cooki from nearby Tau Island must await the collection of more material. Named cookz in reference to Cook Archipelago. Genus DUNCKEROCAMPUS Whitley Acanthognathus DuncKER, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 29, 1911, p. 228, 1912. (Genotype, Syngnathus dactyliophorus Bleeker.) Dunckerocampus WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 19, p. 67, 1983. (Acan- thognathus of Duncker preoccupied by Acanthognathus Mayr, 1887.) This genus of abdominal-pouch pipefishes is characterized by having the eggs embedded in a gelatinous matrix, but without brood-pouch folds or protective plates; lateral trunk ridge continuous with in- ferior tail ridge, superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous, inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges discontinuous, these ridges extending posteriorly as sharp spines at the juncture of each ring; dorsal fin over anus, with base mostly upon tail; snout very long, between 1.4 and 1.85 in head; head and trunk longer than tail; trunk rings 15 to 17; tail rings 16 to 21; dorsal fin rays 21 to 30, pectoral 19 to 22, anal 4, caudal 10; caudal fin extremely long; head, trunk, and tail banded with vertical pigment rings. 250 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 There has been confusion in regard to the method of counting the trunk rings in the genera Dunckerocampus and Doryrhamphus, both of which has a first trunk ring, i. e., the ring bearing the pectoral fins nearly twice as long as any of the other trunk rings. Despite its size this ring should be counted as a single and not as a double ring. When counted as one ring, the number of trunk rings in Dunckero- campus dactyliophorus, for example, becomes constant at 16. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DUNCKEROCAMPUS 1a. Dorsal rays 30; dorsal fin covers 3 trunk rings, 4 tail rings; trunk rings 17; dorsal fin base 2.58 in head____ Dunckerocampus pessuliferus * Fowler 1b. Dorsal rays 21 to 25; dorsal fin covers % to 2 trunk rings, 3 to 4 tail rings; trunk rings 15 or 16, usually 16. 2a. Opercle barred with 2 vertical pigment rings (posterior one may be incomplete). 3a. Tail rings 19______ Dunckerocampus caulleryi caulleryi * Chabanaud 3b. Tail rings 16 or 17. Dunckerocampus caulleryi chapmani, new subspecies 26. Opercle barred with 1 or 4 or 5 vertical pigment rings. 4a. Opercle with 1 vertical crossbar. Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker) 4b. Opercle with 4 or 5 parallel vertical crossbars, pectoral ring with 7 to 9 crossbars, remaining trunk rings with 1 or 2 vertical crossbars Caches ae wk aioe Dunckerocampus multiannulatus * (Regan) DUNCKEROCAMPUS CAULLERYI CHAPMANI, new subspecies Holotype-—C.A.S. No. 19942, New Caledonia, Noumea, Ducos Peninsula, on rocky ledge, April 6, 1944, Chapman, Cheyne, and Smith, female, 78.2 mm. Paratypes.—S.N.H.M. No. 16118, New Caledonia, Noumea, Anse Vata, October 7, 1949, Ida Catala-Stucki, female, 82 mm., and male, 78 mm. Description.—Counts and proportional measurements are given in table 20. 37 Dunckerocampus pessuliferus Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 41, fig. 13, 1938 (type locality, Sulade Island, Philippine Islands). The holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 93501, the only known specimen, was examined. It will be noted that some of the counts given in table 20 for this species are much different from those given in the original description. 38 Acanthognathus caulleryi Chabanaud, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 54, p. 166, fig. 1, 1929 (type locality, Amboina). Professor Bertin, of the Paris Museum, kindly examined the holotype of caulleryi and found that the original tail-ring count of 19 is correct. It differs from the other species in the genus by the presence of the double color bars around the opercle and from chapmani by the difference in the tail-ring count. 39 Doryichthys multiannulatus Regan, Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 11, p. 413, pl. 18, fig. 3, 1903 (type locality, Mauritius). Acanthognathus multiannulatus Duncker, Jahrb. Wiss. Anstalt Hamburg, vol. 32, p. 42, 1915 (Mauritius). Dunckerocampus multiannulatus is closely related to D. dactyliophorus, but differs in the color pattern. 251 FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD “(ST6I ‘'3f0 ‘do) Jeyound Woy ee ¢ “UWOI}AIJOSEp [BUISIIO WIOIJ pop10d01 BIBC 1 i pepe Sa P 8 AE eae €L"F 01 OFS 68h 01 OFS Boe eee €8 I 03 68°T SFT 03 2h 'T Sere sane £9 °F 01 CLF I‘ 01 69° G 10% KE 03 $48 Hyp 04 348 p09 E+T € 0} S~+1 09% | 09E+1 039% 61 0g IZ 03 61 91 91 OT Or O1 Or ¥ P P 2 04 0% IZ 01 61 TZ 01 61 &% 10 2 2 10 12 GZ 04 &% snyneyy Spuvjs] [[eys Spuv[s] Wou0[Og -IeJ UIOWION | pus ourddiyiqd g §N}DINUWUD yn“ snioydonhpoop *q g FI '§ 03 8F°% 29 I 01 19 'T 80'F 01 99g %g 03¢ b 04 %Ets 01 T LT 10 OT QT 10 GT 01 7 2S 10 1% GZ 10 F elmopyeg MON ‘eouInoN tupwmdnyd th1a7jnv9 "Gq euloquly 1 thsaqjnvs th1aqjnvo ‘Gq sourddriqd ‘pug[s] ops[ng snsafignssad °q Sone Se ae ar See ae a ee So ee ea ae a peoy ul ynoug Se Ste caper Se oe eae OS ee EO eS ee U1SUe| pAvpueys Ul pee BS oS ee Seer ge eg Ses Se ee ere ge S3Ul1 [BS1Op [830], ep Sle ne ea en pe ae ee {le} pus Yun.14 uo UOTTSOd [vs10q SSUTI[IG,L ano nr nnn n enn nano 22 nooo 22 oon 2-2 2-2 2-2-2 === -- s3uld YUN, Sihiettishtheetthtt eee sfvi[epneg ren nnn nnn ener nnn nn nnn nnn nnn nn nee nn ne enn- on - shel [euy ao 22 oon o no 2 2-22-22 2-22 22-222 2 22 = 22-2 2-22 - === = == - =e s£V1 [810300 wre nnn nn nnn nn enn nnn nnn nnn oo oo = === ---- sfel [es10g s10joBIByO sndurvooleyound snwab ay} 07 paisafas saivads snoripa UO SJUamaINsDaU JDUCYLOdOLd PUD SJUNOD U1D}4929—'0% AIAV, 252 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 A very minute serrated ridge on top of snout; preorbital ridges reach from in front of nostrils posteriorly over top of eye, whence they are further extended as short postorbital ridges; opercular keel near dorsal edge of operculum, extends over its entire length; nuchal and prenuchal head crests only faintly visible; pectoral cover plate with two horizontal ridges, one dorsad and one ventrad on plate; heavy posteriorly directed spines on individual rings of trunk and tail at junctures of the superior, lateral, and inferior ridges; lateral trunk and inferior tail ridges continuous; superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous, as are inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges. Color in alcohol.—Background color whitish with dark bars on the body; 514 bars on snout in front of eyes, one vertical bar through eye, two on opercle, one at anterior edge and in nearly the same position as on D. dactyliophorus, posterior one incomplete in holotype, extending dorsad only to the upper edge of the opercle (in paratypes it extends over top of head), a single bar on pectoral ring; from pectoral fin to anus 9 pigment rings on female holotype and para- type, 11 on male paratype between pectoral color bar and anus, then 1 anal color bar followed by 10 tail color bars, a total of 17 or 18 postpectoral color bars on females, 22 on male. Color when alive—Mrs. Ida Catala-Stucki studied the two para- types as they swam in her aquarium shortly after collection and noted that the tail coloration was extremely conspicuous, with the center of the caudal fin a bright yellow surrounded by a circle of orange and the edge of the fin banded with dark pigment. After death the yellow and orange disappeared. Remarks.—Dunckerocampus caulleryi chapmani is disinguished from the other species in the genus by the presence of the two color bars about the opercle. From D. c. caulleryi it differs in the tail-ring count. In March 1950, Professor Bertin, of the Paris Museum, kindly examined the holotype of caulleryi and found that the original count of 19 tail rings is correct. In other genera of pipefishes the differ- ence of only 2 tail-ring counts (16 or 17 as compared with 19) would not be worthy of subspecific recognition. But in Dunckerocampus this difference is significant, and I am convinced that when more material is available chapmanz will be accorded the status of a full species. Named chapmamni, in honor of Dr. Wilbert M. Chapman, Research Director, American Tunaboat Association, San Diego, Calif. DUNCKEROCAMPUS DACTYLIOPHORUS (Bleeker) PLATE 22, B Syngnathus dactyliophorus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 506, 1853 (type locality, Onrust Island, Batavia, Java). FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—-HERALD 253 Acanthognathus dactyliophorus DuNCKER, Jahrb. Wiss. Anstalt Hamburg, vol. 82, p. 41, pl. 1, 1915.—WeEsER and pE BEAvUForT, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 4, p. 42, fig. 20, 1922. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, at 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-808, Brock and Herald, 3 females, 121 to 139 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Kiesiechi Island, lagoon, depth, 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46—-285, Brock and Herald, 1 female, 56.5 mm. In addition the following specimens were studied: 5 from the Philippines, 1 from Celebes, and 2 from the Solomon Islands. Description.—Counts and proportional measurements are given in tables 20 and 21. Brood pouch of mature males usually covers one less than number of trunk rings; under microscope, median snout ridge very slightly developed, chiefly on anterior half of snout; median head ridges en- tirely lacking as are supraopercular and postocular ridges; orbit com- pletely surrounded by extended and serrated orbital ridge; two small nasal ridges extend from internasal area to interorbital area; some specimens with small basal opercular keel, but usually lacking; pec- toral plate without ridges. TaBLE 21.—Counts made on Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus from three island groups Characters counted Locality Trunk rings Tail rings Dorsal rays 15 16 17 19 Mrarshaliss 202i ieee | ee es 4s | isa | A ae Were Philippines and Solomons-_-_-__-_|------ fe eee 2 Entire body extremely roughened and covered with numerous mi- nute, closely spaced, conelike projections; along ridges these take form of serrations; first trunk ring, or pectoral ring, extremely long, nearly twice length of second trunk ring; each ridge of trunk and tail ends in a large posteriorly directed spine; this may be preceded by a small spine just anterior to it; fins all of moderate length except caudal, which is exceptionally long; for example, specimens of the follow- ing standard lengths have tails as indicated: 88 mm., caudal 10 mm.; 123 mm., 9 mm.; 144.5 mm., 12.5 mm.; 159 mm., 12 mm. Color in alcohol.—Tip of snout usually dark, but may show this pigment only dorsally; blackish bars include usually 4 or 5 on snout, more often 5; 1 around head at interorbital area (in some specimens not too evident on ventral surface), 1 on opercle, 1 prepectoral, 8 to 10 from pectoral to and including anal ring, and 9 to 13 on tail rings. 254 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 IT suspect that the trunk-color character may be sexually dimorphic, with the males having 8 or 9 rings and the females 10 rings. How- ever, more material will be required to fully determine this point. Color when alive-—Background color whitish, rings bright ver- milion (after death fading slowly so that in 3 months red becomes blackish) ; caudal fin partly bright vermilion, as is probably dorsal; pectorals colorless; color description based on Kodachrome picture made of 129.5-mm. female. Ecology.—The Bikini collections, as well as the Philippine mate- rial, indicate that in northern latitudes Dunckerocampus dactylio- phorus is a subtidal and deeper water species. The Bikini specimen, taken at Kieschiechi Island, was found at the base of an overhanging coral head in 20 feet of water; the Arji Island specimens were taken at a depth of 30 feet ; and the two specimens from the Solomons Islands were taken at shallow-reef stations. Although the data are far from adequate, there may be a possibility of a north-south depth gradient. Remarks.—The data in table 21 indicate little locality variation in trunk or tail-ring counts but that there is a marked variation in dorsal-ray counts. When more material becomes available it is pos- sible that the central Pacific forms may prove worthy of subspecific recognition. SIOKUNICHTHYS, new genus Genotype.—Siokunichthys herret, new species. Surfaces of head and body smooth; trunk and tail ridges rounded and nearly impossible to observe; under reflected light vestige of lat- eral trunk ridge bends ventrad at anal ring and is continuous with inferior tail ridge, superior trunk and superior tail ridges continuous; dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins present, anal absent, dorsal placed entirely upon tail beginning at anterior edge of third or fourth ring after anus and containing 27 to 30 rays; trunk rings few (12 to 14), tail rings many (56 to 58). Males unknown. Named Siokunichthys in reference to Siokun Bay, where it was first collected by the author. SIOKUNICHTHYS HERREI, new species FIGURE 38 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 112296, Philippine Islands, Mindanao, northwest Zamboanga Peninsula, north end of Siokun Bay (lat. 7°43.4’ N., long. 122°04.7’ E.), light at night, 20 fathoms anchorage, February 18, 1948, Herald, 73.5 mm. standard length. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No: 112297, with same data as holotype, 1 specimen, 72.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112297, Philippines, southwest cor- ner of Panay Island, Visayas (lat. 10°28.5’ N., long, 121°54.3’ E.), 255 FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—-HERALD (oavig o[qeg Aq Sulmesq) ‘spuvysy ourddijiyg ‘ovuepury] wory (967711 “ON “INN'S') seeds mau “tassay skyzyorunyorg yo adfy0[0FJ—g¢ aUunory 256 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 light at night, 12 fathoms anchorage, April 3, 1948, Kauffman, 2 spec- imens, 69.5 and 72 mm.; C.A.S. No. 5910, Fiji, Suva, April 20, 1933, Crocker Expedition, 7 specimens, 69 to 78.5 mm. Description—Dorsal rays 27 to 30; pectoral 12; anal 0; caudal 10; dorsal fin covers 614 to 8 rings beginning at anterior edge of third or fourth tail ring; trunk rings 12 to 14; tail rings 56 to 58; head 11.8 to 14.4 in standard length; snout 2.0 to 2.5, dorsal base 0.63 to 0.79, both in head; males and position of brood pouch unknown. The only ridge on the entire body is a small internasal elevation. On the Philippine specimens the lateral trunk ridge is so indistinct that it is nearly impossible to determine its exact position. The para- types from Fiji, perhaps because of a longer period of preservation, have the lateral trunk ridge faintly visible; thus its connection with the inferior tail ridge may be determined. The opercle is long, nar- row, and without striations. The pectoral and caudal fins are very small but the dorsal rays are long. Scutella are present but are slender and indistinct. Color in alcohol.—The color of preserved specimens is a uniform light tan. (From my field notes there is apparently little change from this color in that of the living fish.) Remarks.—Named herrei in honor of Dr. Albert W. Herre, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle. Genus MICROGNATHUS Duncker Micrognathus DuNCKER, Mitth. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 29, p. 228, 1912. (Genotype, Syngnathus brevirostris Riippell 1840.) Anarchopterus Husss, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 320, 1935. (Genotype, Siphostoma crinigerum Bean and Dressel.) Simosyngnathus Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 92, p. 12, 1940. (Genotype, Siphostoma crinigerum Bean and Dressel.) The genus Aicrognathus is intermediate in the evolutionary scale which leads from the Syngnathus-like pipefishes to the Hippocampus- like seahorses. The majority of the pipefishes of this evolutionary line are characterized by the everted brood-pouch closure. This genus of tail-pouch pipefishes is further characterized by having lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge; superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous; inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges discontinuous; dorsal fin base usually not raised; dorsal fin mostly on tail with rays few in number, 15 to 25; anal present or absent; brood pouch closure usually everted (free end of one pouch flap turns back upon itself, and free end of the opposite pouch flap extends over turned back section); brood-pouch protecting plates slightly developed. As considered herein, it is composed of 10 species representing 2 subgenera. Three of the species are limited to the FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 257 Atlantic American region, and the other 7 to the Indo-Pacific. Of this latter group, 2 are described as new. The most obvious distinction within the genus Micrognathus is that of the absence of the anal fin shown by the two species M/. (Anarchop- terus) crinigerus (Bean and Dressel) and Uf. (Anarchopterus) crini- tus (Jenyns) both of the Atlantic American coasts. These two species are similar in appearance and closely related to M. (Micrognathus) brevirostris, which has the anal fin and is found from Madagascar to the central Pacific. Two additional relationships should be noted. One of these is the almost identical color bars shown by the Pacific M/. nitidus and the Atlantic I. vittatus (Kaup) (for illustrations see the original deserip- tion of Doryichthys elegans Steindachner, 1901, as compared with that of Corythoichthys ensenadae Sylvester, 1918). No other species in the genus is known to show this type of coloration. The other rela- tionship of interest is that shown by the dorsal fin base of M. duncker2, for in this species there is a very slight indication of a raised dorsal base. This fits neatly into line with my concept of the phylogenetic position of Micrognathus. 'The last-named species would be the most advanced of the genus and closest in the evoluntionary sequence to those species that gave rise to the Hippocampus-type of syngathid. The snout crests of the Indo-Pacific Micrognathus are so distinctive that figure 39 could almost be used to the exclusion of other characters in specific identifications. Each species shows a certain amount of variation in this character, but in all specimens examined the funda- mental pattern has always been apparent. In Micrognathus brevi- rostris the snout is always smooth. J/. nitidus has one to three spines along the center snout ridge, and M. dunckeri has a single crest, which may be more or less rounded on the edges. UU. brachyrhinus has the single spine and If. edmondsoni the single indentation. M. mataafae and dM. brocki both conform to the same pattern, each having three snout crests, the anterior one platelike, the second and third heavily toothed. In some specimens of YU. mataafae the second and third crests may be so close together as to appear as a single crest, but careful examination, often requiring a microscope, will show the line of de- marcation between them. Gilbert P. Whitley has kindly furnished a sketch of a specimen of UM. mataafae from Malekula, New Hebrides, which has an atypical snout ridge. KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND TO THE INDO-PACIFIC SPECIES OF MICROGNATHUS la. Anal fin absent ; body ridges rounded and indistinct. Subgenus Anarchopterus Hubbs 1b. Anal fin present; body ridges usually not rounded, and usually very dis- (BT ea IE a Ah Subgenus Micrognathus Duncker 955292—53—-vol. 1_—_19 258 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2a. Trunk rings 19 to 21; dorsal fin rays 23 to 25; anterior supraorbital ridge confluent with median snout ridge. Micrognathus brachyrhinus, new species 2b. Trunk rings 13 to 17; dorsal fin rays 17 to 23; anterior supraorbital ridge not confluent with median snout ridge. 3a. Tail rings 28 to 36. 4a. Trunk rings 13 or 14. 5a. Dorsal snout ridge with 1 to 3 conical spines; trunk and tail seg- ments with deeply cut indentations between each ring; head 8.0 to 9.5 in standard length; tail rings 29 to 32. Micrognathus nitidus “ (Giinther) 5b. Dorsal snout ridge composed of a single high plate; trunk and tail without deeply cut indentations between rings; head 11.4 to 14.9 in standard length; tail rings 34 to 36. Micrognathus dunckeri“* Chabanaud 4b. Trunk rings 15 to 17. 6a. Tail rings 28 to 32; head about 8.0 in standard length; dorsal base about 1.4 in head; dorsal snout ridge smooth. Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell) 6b. Tail rings 34 or 35; head 11.6 to 12.8 in standard length; dorsal base 0.83 to 0.97 in head; dorsal snout ridge heavily toothed before eyes____ Micrognathus mataafae (Jordan and Seale) 3b. Tail rings 37 or 38. Ta. Body ridges accentuated with pronounced tendency toward ser- ration; median snout ridge with 3 broad extensions, the second 14 higher than first, third 4% higher than second; pectoral rays 138________ Micrognathus brocki, new species 7b. Body ridges rounded, no tendency toward serration; median snout ridge slightly developed, indentation in center; pec- toral rays 10__ Micrognathus edmondsoni * (Pietschmann) 40 Syngnathus nitidus Giinther, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol 1, pt. 2, p. 103, 1873 (type locality, Bowen, Queensland, Australia). Doryichthys elegans Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. nat. Ges., vol. 25, p. 459, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1901 (type locality, Ternate). Halicampus elegans Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 4, p. 104 (after Steindachner). ; Specimens studied include two females from the Philippine Islands. The one to three tubercles on the dorsal surface of the snout, together with the indentations between the rings and the color pattern, all serve to separate M. nitidus from the other six species in the genus in the Pacific area. (See fig. 39, c.) 41 Micrognathus dunckeri Chabanaud, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 54, p. 167, figs. 2, 3, 1929 (type locality, Amboina). Micrognathus magdamot Herre, Copeia, No. 3, p. 141, 1932 (type locality, Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippine Islands). Specimens studied include one from the Solomon Islands, four from the Philippines, and one from Waigiu. Micrognathus dunckeri is unique among the species within the genus in the possession of the rectangular snout flange; consequently this character provides the quickest means of specific identification. (See fig. 39, d.) “2 Ichthyocampus edmondsoni Pietschmann, Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bull. 73, p. 24, 1930 (type locality, Waikiki Reef, Honolulu, holotype, Bishop Museum No. 3467). Specimens studied include two from Oahu, one of them the holotype. Micrognathus edmondsoni is similar to M. brocki in some of its meristic characters. A most useful criterion for separation is that the latter species is extremely spinose, with many crenulations along the head and body ridges, whereas the former has entirely smooth ridges. (See fig. 39, b.) FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 259 D 2mm E gum Ficure 39.—Heads of certain species of Micrognathus from the tropical Indo-Pacific: a, M. brevirostris (Ruppell); b, M. edmondsoni (Pietschmann), holotype; c, M, nitidus (Gunther); d, M. dunckeri Chabanaud; e, M. mataafae (Jordan and Seale), holotype; f, M. brachyrhinus, new species, holotype; g, M. brocki, new species, holotype. (Sketches by Olivia Herald.) 260 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 MICROGNATHUS BREVIROSTRIS (Riippell) Faure 39, a Syngnathus brevirostris Riprrtt, Neue Wirbelthiere . .. Abyssinien gehoérig Meers, p. 144, 1840 (type locality, Massaua, Red Sea). Syngnathus sundaicus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch., vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (type locality, ‘““Anjer,” west Java). Syngnathus andersomii BLEEKER, Nat Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 15, p. 465, 1858 (type locality, ‘“Nova Selma,” Cocos Islands). Syngnathus tetrophthalmus BikeEKER, Nat. Tijdschr Nederl.-Indié, vol. 15, p. 467, 1858 (type locality, ‘““Nova Selma,” Cocos Islands). Corythroichthys tanakae Jorpan and Starks, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 696, 1906 (type locality, Tanegashima, Japan). Corythoichthys spinicaudatus Oaitpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 16, 1908 (type locality, Cape York, Queensland, Australia). Syngnathus micronotopterus Fow.er, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 42, fig. 14, 1938 (type locality, Canino Island, Luzon, Philippine Islands, holo- type U.S.N.M. No. 94082; paratypes 94083 to 94087, 99007). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Bikini Island, ocean reef, August 16, 1947, S-42-565, Bayer, 1 male, 25 mm., 1 female, 26 mm. Saipan: Northwest coast, June 1945, Ducoff, 1 female, 24 mm.; north end, west lagoon, September 3, 1945, Marshall, 1 female, 51 mm. Guam: July 2, 1923, Hornbostel, 1 female, 38 mm. Additional specimens studied: 9 from Singapore; 84 from Japan, including the types of M. tanakae; 3 from Okinawa; 3 from the Solomon Islands; a para- type of M. micronotopterus from the Celebes; 1 from Java; 8 from the Philip- pines, including the remaining types of M. micronotopterus; 1 from the New Hebrides; 21 from New Caledonia; 1 from Suva, Fiji; and 1 from Tongatabu. Description.—Counts and measurements are recorded in table 22. Brood-pouch protective plates slightly developed; nasal crest en- tirely smooth; largest known specimens 75 mm.; smallest reproduc- tive male 25mm. Dermal appendages often present. Color in alcohol_—Color invariably brown. Remarks.—This species, which occurs from West Africa to the Fiji and Tonga Islands and from Japan to Australia, is distinguished from all other members of the genus by the smooth snout crest as well as by the combination of trunk and tail rings. Because of its wide distribution the species has been described as new on at least six dif- ferent occasions, the last of which was as Syngnathus micronotopterus Fowler (1938). As indicated, the types of this synonym were ex- amined in the U. S. National Museum collections. The two specimens collected during the 1947 resurvey represent a considerable range extension, for this is the first time that the species has been taken in the tropical north-central Pacific. Most important, however, is the small size of the two specimens (male, 25 mm., with eggs in pouch, and a female, 26 mm.). 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NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 MICROGNATHUS BRACHYRHINUS, new species Figure 39, f Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 118082, Hawaiian Islands, south coast of Oahu, plankton net at 75 fathoms, April 1, 1902, Albatross station 3825 (a juvenile specimen, 31 mm. standard length). Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 137269, San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island, Philippine Islands, April 21, 1908, Albatross (a juvenile specimen 22 mm. standard length). Description—Counts and measurements are given in table 22. Other measurements in millimeters for the holotype and paratype are, respectively : Total length 32.0, 31.0; standard length 31.0, 22.0; snout 1.1, 1.2; head 3.5, 3.8; dorsal fin base 3.6, 3.6. Head smooth, rounded, with nuchal and posterior supraorbital crests faintly visible; opercular ridge visible over 34 of length of opercle; anterior supraorbital ridges extend forward, meeting over nostrils, to form a single ridge, which is depressed but immediately rises to form a sharp elevation just posterior to mouth; mouth ex- tremely superior, angle being approximately 10 degrees from vertical ; pectoral cover plate smooth; trunk and tail ridges distinct but rounded, ridges separating individual rings well developed, lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge, superior trunk ridge discontinuous with superior tail ridge; superior trunk ridge slightly raised in area of dorsal fin so that dorsal base is in bottom of V-shaped trough; scutella present but very indistinct; snout thick, equal in depth to 34 of greatest depth of the head; all fins very short, with pec- toral, dorsal, and caudal rays being equal in length to width of 114 trunk rings, anal length equal to width of 1 ring. Color in alcohol.—Uniformly light brown, no distinctive marks of any kind. Remarks.—This species is distinct from all other members of the genus by reason of the greater number of trunk rings and by the number of rings covered by the dorsal fin. Named brachyrhinus in reference to the impressive thickness of the snout in relation to the head. MICROGNATHUS MATAAFAE (Jordan and Seale) FIGURE 39, € Corythoichthys mataafae JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 213, 1906 (type locality, Upolu Island, Samoa; holotype U.S.N.M. No. 51724). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel entrance, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr. 1 male, 127 mm., and 1 female, 129 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Coral head at northwest end of Rongelap Island, depth 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46-286, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 female, 96 mm. FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 263 Additional specimens studied: Three from Samoa, including the holotype of M. mataafae ; and one from the New Hebrides Islands. Description.—Counts and proportional measurements are recorded in table 22. In holotype eggs arranged in a single layer across pouch, in 4 rows of approximately 30 eggs each; brood-pouch protecting plates weakly developed; snout crests in 3 sections, first near tip of snout, low, short and usually unserrated, next two higher, heavily toothed, and usually separated by a more or less indistinct indenta- tion; cirri usually present on head and body; largest known speci- men 129 mm. female. Remarks.—The three snout crests in combination with the count of trunk and tail rings serve to distinguish Micrognathus mataafae from other members of the genus. Data on an Australian Museum specimen from the New Hebrides, with a drawing, were kindly for- warded to me by Gilbert P. Whitley. One other specimen from this same locality (Australian Museum 1A.778x5, 104 mm., female) has the counts and characters of M. mataafae but is atypical in the arrangement of snout crests, these being more typical of WM. nitidus. In addition M. mataafae has been reported from Timor and Saloma- kiee Island. MICROGNATHUS BROCKI, new species FIGureEs 39, g; 40 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140235, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, in lagoon, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 female, 110.5 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements are recorded in table 22. Nearly ail ridges of head, trunk, and tail sharply accentuated, su- perior trunk and superior tail ridges markedly so, median snout ridge with three distinct sections, each serrated, first just posterior to snout, low, with 10 serrations, second much higher, with 6 definite teeth, third just in front of nostril, 3 times as high as first, with 3 well-developed teeth; lateral snout ridge extremely well-developed, in form of a sharp spinelike tooth located on each side dorsolaterally at about center of snout ; supraorbital ridges represented by no more than serrated tufts over each eye; the supraopercular ridge restricted to well-developed flange extending outwardly over each opercle; oper- cular ridge not greatly developed, extends posteriorly for only about one-fourth length of opercle; frontal and prenuchal ridges accen- tuated, nuchal slight; area of external opening of gill cavity extended in a short bony crest; pectoral cover plate smooth. On posterior half of each ring along superior ridges of trunk and tail a series of serra- tions, 4 to 6 on each trunk ring, 3 or 4 on each tail ring; median trunk ridge and inferior trunk and tail ridges lack these serrations; lateral ridge continuous with the inferior tail ridge; superion trunk and su- S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 U. 264 CMY “WW euny Aq Surmesq) TIRRAS Beteiiet atone “(SEZOFIT “ON “IW'N'S'() seteds mou ‘142029 snyqwusosupy jo adAjojoH— ‘OF TANI FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 265 perior tail ridges discontinuous; inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges discontinuous; scutella small, indistinct, equal in width to approximately 14 to 14 widest trunk rings; cirri present only on head, a large unbranched cirrus above and beneath each eye, another large one on frontal crest, and a small one on prenuchal crest. Color in alcohol_—Background color whitish gray; ground color of trunk rings 6 through 14 light reddish brown; anterior part of ventral body surface beneath pectoral fins and second and third trunk rings mottled blackish, some blackish mottlings on head, one quite distinct area between eye and opercle and directly in line with opercular crest, another extending forward from eye onto underside of snout; pigment strikingly absent from area beneath dorsolateral snout spines, so that ventral surface of snout appears to have a light color bar connecting lateral snout spines. Remarks.—The count of the trunk and tail rings in combination with the long snout serves to distinguish MW. brocki from other Pacific species of the genus. Although some of the counts of this species are similar to those of M. edmondsoni, the relatively smooth head and body of the latter species distinguish it from the former. Named b7ocki, in honor of Vernon E. Brock, Director of the Divi- sion of Fish and Game, Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii. Genus CORYTHOICHTHYS Kaup Corythoichthys Kaup, Arch. Naturg., vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 231, 1853. (Genotype, Syngnathus fasciatus Gray by Whitley, 1948.)—DuncKeEr, Jahrb. Wiss. An- stalt Hamburg, vol. 29, p. 232, 1912; vol. 32, p. 72, 1915.—Heratp, Allan Hancock Pacific Exped., Univ. Southern California, vol. 9, No. 3, p. 52, 1940.— WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 11, pt. 3, p. 268, 1948. Corythroichthys JonpAN and EvERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, p. 761 (typo- graphical error), 1896.—JorpDAN, Copeia, No. 106, p. 34 (emendation), 1922. Bhanotichthys Parr, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 3, No. 4 p. 27, 19380. (Genotype, Syngnathus fasciatus Gray.) Tail-pouch pipefishes without pouch protecting plates (Pacific area) or with protecting plates (Atlantic American area) ; brood-pouch folds short so that it is usually agape when pouch is filled; eggs in single layer, 3 to 7 rows in width; dorsal profile of head rising sharply from snout; eyes usually large and prominent, ridges of head and body sharp, distinct, and usually crenulated, opercular ridge usually com- plete; superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous; inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges continuous; lateral trunk ridge sub- continuous with lateral tail ridge at area of anus; dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins present; dorsal base placed mostly upon tail. Among 8 species, 6 are in the Indo-Pacific area and 2 in the Atlantic American area. Whitley states that the genotype of Corythoichthys must rest either upon C. fasciatus (Gray) or C. brevirostris (Riippell), an opinion 266 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 based on Kaup 1853 rather than Kaup 1856 (the latter has been re- ferred to by most authors). Since brevirostris belongs in Mierog- nathus, Whitley designated the type of Corythoichthys as C. fasciatus (Gray). Corythoichthys crenulatus (Weber) is tentatively referred to C. 2. intestinalis as a synonym. In his revision Duncker (1915) placed crenulatus as a synonym of fasciatus (= nnn nn Uy [BsJOp Jo eseq ZUOTe sZUTI Jo JEqUINN PIOST €% 03 6T FS 03 F8'T SOT 02 8° €2°T 03 ST OFT 03 SOT Oe OF ESOT sien | meres er ee a ee ee Y43ue] peey Uy eseq UY [esiOp Jo qIZUNT 1720708 | BTOVLT LL’T 93 69°T PZ 03 STS €% 03 STS 82°S 03 86°T C5 GsO3 Onl | Re ea cag gee ee ee q4Zue] pesy Uy ynouUs Jo yIZue'T ¥'6 07 L'8 G9 03 69 G0°L 03 0°9 O'OT 03.28 G28 03 OL L°6 03 GL 6101: Oylst | ee reer a pe ea eee tae q}Su9] plepueys Ul peey Jo yIZue'T &T 0} IT &1 €T 03 IT QTROT Gi ce | Str erin 8T 03 €T SS THOG 6 Tee es eee we eal eee eae sZUl1 Yonod Jo Jequinu Uy esuEy Sop}iqoH BOUIN) MON opled opped One ‘ yopla 898 Pow AMON 09 SupULo(oS jerueD Teyme9 GOT Ve ISG Hie: | serach oe ees TOPNGI1SIp [eorqdeig0ep SnqoIpIdsUod | snzorosvfoanyf taypm 81jDU17897U8 snjzoadtsb1u 873011990 1zq7nYos ee || s1ejovleyO snqorspfoanyl 8190U1}897Ut a Ee — eee eee ----| 3 | gz |----|---- CC a ae ee ee Pp \\9 369) [e252 occ oes aca |iacce eoce Tad se ess |e | Be | So | a ee | ee ae ese eee snpoadssbyus FOSS |}S89C]1SSSSOSOG | OR50|1 5555 ||2055 I I Zz Qe | ees ses | OTS eas | aoe | Sees Eas | Sees | Seme|E0 as bs mar ea ean an el ep. 17 | eer a ee eee eID III SD eT) Z ¥ I I pe SNe | Sari | cea Mearns | cae |e cae Seat Far 2) Lge aan Pema Feces al eet foes eG) ¢c See | Se om ie | aS | Ns | eee gee eee eae ee er eee ee API YOR, € TEE SITS VS es | | ee | cs | ne | i | ees | es | ces G6 |}Shi/E |b JT 11] €)]2 )% | T Te es rae |e | ee | ae ee eee 8nqopjio7dsuoa Sece| S| eee rece eee i elem ee | ce | ec [memset sme mm | ee |e me esas ee ae | ee |e eee eM ED OAT, “snzorasafoanyy aee5|>-S5 fee Tee | 6 Tea | 0 Te eee eee | ete |r| a Cea Like ee es | ee |e | (LOK (ROL ene) ¥.--| eres | nei a (fee fea eee ee ge me tere SoSH ase Teese tices | 090s | OC Of sme | es [nes cee [Teel SOT" or 2 cr eon | cs [mmc | Gee Tes Tes Oe | Dota | el ce | eee mee mere OF] UU IIC IES s1pDUs78970} Ov | 68 | 8 | LE | 9E | SE | FE} EE | ZE | TE | OF | SI | AT | OT | ST | Se | FE | SE | Ze | TE | OF | 6 | 82 | Le | 92 | GS | FE | E@ | ZG satvedsqns pus sejvedg SZUlI UNI} SZU}I [13 JO JOQUINN jo JoquUnN sAGi [BSIOP JO JOqUINN, sAqIqoIOy}AIOD fo sarvadsqns pun sarvads ay) 10f paps0va4 DIOP 1aYj0 puD sJuNDD—EZ ATAV], 269 FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD *"7) Jo adAjojoy ‘¢ q (Tay “IN awry Aq sdurmerq) = “[Jory TUPI woz “(QEZOFT “ON “W'N'S') seeds mou “snqed14diu eSpue]ST UOUWO[OS ‘purys] PplOo[y Wort ‘(6ZO0Z “ON “S°V'D) satseds mou ‘sngn77290 skyjyrt0yjh407-) Jo odAJojoY ‘v—*|[ Pp TANI oe a ED SYNE SPH AT SLs Popa oee eh © kestealesten Se eee eee Pao rom 270 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dorsal fin covers first 4 or 5 tail rings (beginning either at anterior edge or center of first ring) ; trunk rings 16; tail rings 30 to 33; head 5.9 to 6.5 in standard length; snout 1.7 to 1.9, dorsal base 1.9 to 2.3, both in head; brood pouch extends over first 12 or 13 tail rings, pro- tecting plates absent, folds fairly wide, eggs one layer deep, arranged in 3 to 6 rows across pouch. Head and body ridges typical of Corythoichthys. Snout with slight median ridge beginning at about its center and extending posteriorly to interorbital area; anterior supraorbital ridge absent; posterior supraorbital ridge extends posteriorly 14 to 34 diameter of eye; median head crest much elevated, divided into three distinct frontal, prenuchal, and nuchal ridges; supraopercular ridges absent; opercular ridge extends completely across opercle; pectoral cover plate ridges absent; superior trunk and superior tail ridges with a slight indentation between individual rings, but lateral and inferior ridges without marked indentations. Color in alcohol.—The most striking coloration is the metameric arrangement of the irregular ocelli covering the trunk and especially the tail, except the ventral surfaces; usually several ocelli occur between each ring, one near the inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges, one near the superior trunk and superior tail ridges, another at the middle of the middorsal surface of each ring, two rows of ocelli along both sides of the trunk, and a single row along the side of the tail. Near the head irregular ocelli elongate to form nearly parallel paired lines. They are not in the form of reticulations and do not anastomose as in Corythoichthys intestinalis. One pair of lines ex- tends from beneath the eye backward to a patch of color on the under- side of the first three or four trunk rings. A set of paired lines reaches from the lower posterior portion of the eye to the inferior trunk ridge, where they become ocellar in form. A set of parallel lines extends from the upper posterior border of the eye over the upper part of the opercle, downward to become the ocellar series on the area between the lateral and ventral trunk ridges. Another set of parallel lines extends from near the dorsal margin of the eye posteriorly over the top of the opercle and becomes the longitudinal ocellar series on the trunk between the lateral and superior trunk ridges. A set of parallel lines extends from the extreme top of the eye to the superior ridges, becoming ocelli on the trunk and abdomen. Paired lines in the interorbital area give rise posteriorly to the ocelli in the center of the dorsal surface of each trunk and tail ring. A few ocelli may appear on the snout in four or five vertical series. Ocelli cover the brood pouch folds. The only pigmentation that appears on the ventral surface of the trunk or tail is that occurring on the undersurface of the first three FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 271 or four trunk rings. This is usually very distinct on both sexes, and is blackest from the second to the fourth rings. On one of the types the black ventral area was broken into three patches by lighter areas between the rings. Named ocedlatus in reference to the ocellate spots. CORYTHOICHTHYS SCHULTZI, new species FIGURE 42 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140233, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 40 feet, 100 yards off shore, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 1 male, 122 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140234, 1 male 114.5 mm. and 3 females 85, 91, and 94 mm., with same data as holotype; U.S.N.M. No. 140241, Rongelap lagoon, 14 mile off Rongelap Island, surface light at night, July 22-25, 1946, S-46-259, Herald, 1 female 81 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140240, Rongelap Atoll, Kieschiechi Island, north end, lagoon, depth 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46-285, Brock and Herald, 1 female 111 mm. ; uncataloged, Bikini Atoll, lagoon, light at night, July 15, 1947, S-46- 402 Myers, Schultz, and O. Smith, 1 female 88.2 mm. Description.—Certain counts and measurements are recorded in table 23. Dorsal rays 28 or 29; pectoral 14 to 16, usually 16; anal 3; caudal 10; dorsal fin covers first 5 to 514 tail rings (in the 91-mm. female paratype dorsal started 14 ring behind anus) ; trunk rings 16; tail rings 35 to 38; head 6.03 to 7.05 in standard length; snout 1.59 to 1.77, dorsal 1.84 to 2.24, both in head; brood pouch begins on second ring behind anus, extends over 12 or 13 rings, folds extremely short, covering only outermost egg sockets, protecting plates absent, egg sockets begin on second ring behind anus and extend over 10 or 11 rings, eggs arranged in 3 to 5 rows across pouch, each row approxi- mately 22 eggs long. Head and body ridges moderately accentuated, with minute serra- tions visible only under fairly high magnification; median snout ridge begins at middle of snout, extends posteriorly to interorbital area; two small nasal ridges extend from nostrils to interorbital area; anterior supraorbital ridges entirely absent ; posterior supraorbital ridges quite distinct but short, extend posteriorly only about as far as a vertical line through the beginning of the opercular ridge, which is complete over the entire length of the opercle; frontal, prenuchal, and nuchal crests the most developed body ridges, nuchal quite long, extends posteriorly to beyond base of pectoral; supraopercular ridge present in posterior position, small median ridge on pectoral cover plate; all other head ridges absent; trunk and tail ridges separated at juncture of each ring by an identation with its apex directed anteriorly, so that posterior U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 272 (‘JAY ‘WW ewry Aq 3uimeiq) ory mI wos (EEZOPT “ON “IN'N’S'A) seeds mou “ezaynyas skysyr10yih4oD jo edMO[OH{— 7p AUNTY FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 273 edge of each ring gives appearance of being equipped with a small spine; lateral ridge system typical of the genus Corythoichthys, lateral trunk ridge discontinuous with the lateral tail ridge, inferior trunk and inferior tail ridges continuous, superior trunk and superior tail ridges discontinuous; scutella quite small, equal in width to approxi- mately 14 to 4 widest trunk rings; fins of moderate length; cirri ab- sent on all specimens examined. Color in alcohol.—Pigment spots usually on side of snout; in some specimens, especially males, these coalesce into a blackish bar, just be- fore eye, that may extend backward through eye and continue from posterior edge of orbit as a ventrally deflected band passing over opercle to initial point of inferior trunk ridge; two other more or less distinct bands on head, one, which may have an unpigmented center so that it appears as paired lines, extends from supraorbital area to upper part of pectoral cover plate; the other extends from suborbital area ventrally toward ventral surface of pectoral ring, where it usually unites with its fellow from the opposite side of the head; underside of pectoral ring may have some light pigment, as may underside of sec- ond and third trunk rings (in one specimen pigment on second and third rings appears as round dots about one-half width of ring in diameter) ; coloration of trunk and tail appears to be dominantly that of a series of wide diffuse dark rings about 6 or 7 on trunk and 16 to 18 on tail. The ventral surfaces of trunk and tail lack pigmentation behind first three trunk rings. The brood-pouch folds are covered with a number of elongate ocelli. Remarks.—The ocelli on the breod pouch of this species are similar to those of Corythoichthys ocellatus. The resemblance is so marked that I am led to suspect that the two species are northern and southern representatives of a more widely distributed common ancestral form. Named schultz? in honor of Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, curator of fishes, U. S. National Museum. CORYTHOICHTHYS FLAVOFASCIATUS CONSPICILLATUS (Jenyns) FIGURE 43 Syngnathus conspicillatus JeENyNS, The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Fish, p. 147, pl. 27, fig. 4, 1842 (type locality, Tahiti; holotype in British Museum No. 1917.7.14.27). Corythroichthys sealei JORDAN and STARKS, in Jordan and Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 218, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa; 2 types, U.S.N.M. No. 51722). Corythoichthys serrulifer FowuEer, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 2, p. 136, 1938 (type locality, Papeete). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 57 to 79 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 93 and 99 mm. 955292—53—vol. 1—_—20 274 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 81 to 96 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 2 specimens, 75 and 76 mm. In addition, specimens examined include 1 from the Phoenix Islands and 34 from the Society Islands. Description.—Certain counts and measurements are recorded in table 28. Dorsal rays 28 to 35, usually 31 to 33; pectoral 13 to 15, usually 14 or 15; anal 3; caudal 10; dorsal fin covers first 6 or 7 tail rings, usually 614, sometimes also last trunk ring; trunk rings 15 to 17, usually 16; tail rings 36 to 40, usually 38 or 39; head 8.7 to 10.0 in standard length; snout 2.15 to 2.4, dorsal base 0.80 to 1.05, both in head; brood pouch extends over 13 to 16 tail rings, often beginning on second. Color in alcohol.—Males with brilliant cobalt blue area about anus, turning black usually after 30 to 50 years in preservative. The anal spots of Corythoichthys f. conspicillatus serve to demonstrate its close relationship to C. ¢ntestinalis. The males of both species have three spots, one that surrounds the anus and the other two posterolaterally of the anus, one on each side. In both species these posterolateral Figure 43.—Corythoichthys flavofasciatus conspicillatus (Jenyns). (Drawing by Olivia Herald.) spots are bright yellow in life, but fade rapidly after death. In C. intestinalis the color about the anus is yellow, but in C. f. conspicillatus this perianal region is bright cobalt blue. This blue is one of the few pigments other than black or brown known to remain for any length of time in fishes preserved in alcohol. ‘The females of C. intestinalis lack the perianal spot, but have the two posterolateral spots. It is not known whether the females of C. f. conspicillatus have the two postero- lateral yellow spots. Remarks.—In the areas where both C. flavofasciatus and C. intesti- nalis occur, it is possible that they may be confused. However, the arrangement of the lines on the head is a ready means of distinguish- ing the two species. Figures 43 and 44 demonstrate the conspicuous paired opercular lines of flavofasciatus as compared with the numerous lines of éntestinalis. Since our 57-mm. specimen of this species resembles closely Fowler’s illustration of conspicillatus, and in addition counts and measure- ments are the same, I refer serrulifer to the synonymy of conspicil- latus. FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 275 The largest known specimen, 120 mm. total length, was reported by Duncker. The smallest male with eggs in its pouch is 78 mm. Most noteworthy is the break in distribution between the two sub- species of Corythoichthys flavofasciatus, with C. f. flavofasciatus no closer to C. f. conspicillatus than 6,000 miles away in the Red Sea. If the species had been represented in the intermediate region, it should have appeared among some of the collections examined. CORYTHOICHTHYS NIGRIPECTUS, new species FicureE 41, 0 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140230, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, 100 yards offshore, lagoon, depth 25 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S46—308, Brock and Herald, 1 male 87 mm., with eggs in its pouch. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140231, with same data as holotype, 6 specimens, 4 males 89, 95.5, 86, and 83.5 mm. and 2 females 75 and 86 mm. Description.—Certain counts and measurements are recorded in table 23. Dorsal rays 28 to 30; pectoral 13 to 16; anal 3; caudal 10; dorsal covers first 514 or 6 tail rings (beginning either at front edge or center of first ring) ; trunk rings 16; tail rings 38 or 39 (holotype has only 35 rings, but the 8 caudal fin rays indicate regeneration) ; head 8.7 to 9.4 in standard length; snout 2.0 to 2.11, dorsal base 1.2 to 1.4, both in head; brood pouch of holotype covering 13 rings, with eggs to end of tenth ring (95.5 mm. male has immature pouch, covering 11 rings and with only 3 eggs in it), protecting plates absent, closure by brood-pouch folds much greater in holotype than in any other Pacific member of Corythoichthys (folds lack only 144 mm. of closing at an- terior and posterior ends of pouch and 134 mm. in center), eggs ar- ranged one layer in depth with eyes of embryos turned toward dorsal) section of male, as is characteristic of genus. Slight, smooth ridge on posterior half of snout, anterior supra- orbital ridge absent, posterior supraorbital ridge extends caudally only a very short distance, three head ridges (prefrontal, frontal, and nuchal), distinct membranous connections between the sections very flexible, so that head can be bent downward at a marked angle; opercular ridge complete, a small supraopercular ridge present, pec- toral cover plate without definite ridges; superior trunk and superior tail ridges slightly serrated (under microscopic examination) with marked indentations between each ring but the lateral and ventral ridges not accentuated thus; lateral trunk ridge subcontinuous in anal area, with lateral tail ridge. Color in alcohol——Background color very light tan; only outstand- ing color characteristic a blackish pigmented area on underside of the 276 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 first 3 or 4 trunk rings; in holotype this ends laterally in an abrupt but irregular line just dorsal and parallel to the ventral trunk ridge; in two paratypes it is in form of a narrow V with its open part directed caudally; in another specimen, a paratype, it is a series of three in- distinct circular blotches, one laterally on each side of ventral surface of second, third, and fourth trunk ring; in still another, it is a series of very indistinct diffuse darkish bars around body, 5 on trunk and 4 or more on tail; in one paratype this area absent. Remarks.—Normally it is considered poor policy to designate a specimen with a regenerated tail as a holotype. However, the mag- nificent clutch of eggs and the development of the brood pouch in U.S.N.M. No. 140230 and the lack of such in the other members of the type series seemed in this case to constitute sufficient reason for the selection. Named nigripectus in reference to the blackish pigmentation ap- pearing on the ventral surface of the anterior trunk rings. CORYTHOICHTHYS INTESTINALIS WAITEI (Jordan and Seale) ?Syngnathus haematopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.—Indié, vol. 2, p. 151, 1851 (type locality, Banda). ?Ichthyocampus papuensis SAUVAGE, Bull. Soe. Philom., ser. 7, vol. 3, p. 228, 1880 (type locality, Dorey, New Guinea). Corythroichthys waitet JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fish., vol. 25, 1905, p. 212, 1906 (type locality, Samoa; types, U.S.N.M. No. 51723). SPECIMENS EXAMINED Marshall Islands: Jaluit Atoll, 2 lots, 2 specimens, 129 and 140 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 2 specimens, 125 and 156 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 47 mm. In addition the following specimens were studied: 8 from Samoa, 1 from Pelew Island, 23 from the Caroline Islands, 25 from the Solomon Islands, 3 from the New Hebrides Islands, 58 from New Caledonia at Noumea, and 4 from Suva, Fiji Islands. Description—Certain counts and measurements are recorded in table 23. Dorsal rays 27 to 31, usually 28 to 30; pectoral 14 to 17, usually 15 or 16; anal 3 or 4; caudal 10; trunk rings 16 or 17, usually 16; tail rings 34 to 36; dorsal fin covers 0 to 14 trunk rings and 514 to 6 tail rings; head 7.1 to 9.7 in standard length; snout 1.98 to 2.28, dor- sal base 1.05 to 1.40, both in head; brood pouch covers 18 to 18 rings, eggs arranged in rows one layer deep, up to 12 rows wide, and up to 40 rows long, folds cover only outer first or second rows on each side, eggs up to 34 mm. in diameter, first eggs of pouch usually on second tail ring. Dorsal ridges of head and body sharply accentuated, lateral and inferior ridges less distinct; median snout ridge small, beginning at FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE—HERALD 277 Ficure 44.—Corythoichthys intestinalis intestinalis (Ramsey). (Drawing by Pablo Bravo.) middle of snout and extending posteriorly to interorbital area; two small nasal ridges extend from nostrils to interorbital area; anterior supraorbital ridges entirely lacking; posterior supraorbital crest well defined, extends posteriorly to a vertical passing through first one- fourth of opercle; a single supraopercular ridge present; opercular ridge extends from three-fourths to full length of opercle; frontal, prenuchal, and nuchal crests raised and conspicuously evident; pec- toral cover-plate ridges absent; superior ridges of trunk and of tail concave between individual rings, giving these surfaces a scalloped appearance. Color in alcohol.—Most obvious marking consists of blackish pig- ment bars, 2 to 4 rings in width and 4 to 6 on trunk, 7 to 11 on tail, composed of small lines forming a reticulated chainlike pattern, these most apparent on lateral surfaces, less apparent on dorsal surface, usually absent on ventral surface. Color when alive.—No observations are available on the color of waitet in jife. Remarks.—The subspecies waite¢ has been found in the central Pa- cific from the Samoan and Fiji Islands northwest through the Caro- line and Marianas Islands. It has been taken at Jaluit in the south- ern Marshall Islands but not in the northern Marshall Islands. It occurs in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, and from Mr. Whit- ley’s unpublished data (table 24) occurs in southern New Guinea (Port Moresby, 3 specimens), Queensland (Port Douglass, 3 speci- mens), and along the Great Barrier Reef (Maori Reef, 1 specimen). Duncker and Mohr (Zool. Mus. Hamburg Mitteil., vol. 41, p. 108, 1925) reported on 179 specimens from New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago and from Fredrich Wilhelm Harbor in New Guinea; 109 of these had 16 or fewer trunk rings, 70 had 17 or more trunk rings. The majority of the 109 are probably waztez whereas the 70 are intestinalis (see table 24 and figure 44). The largest specimen known is a male of 156 mm., whereas the smallest sexually mature male is 87 mm. 278 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 TaBLE 24.—The number of trunk rings recorded for the subspecies of Corythoichthys intestinalis Number of trunk rings Authority who Subspecies and localities ———_ | recorded the Te fats ieee counts ! i. intestinalis: Dukeofevorkslsland 2 oe ee a eee lee 4 40 |_-__-. Whitley. Solomons, Bougainville Island_--._-_-----_----------------]------ 2 ay fi) ne Whitley. Solomons Guadal cama see ee Ue Ue aU eeu en eee | eta tea eco be Ue oe Whitley. New ‘Hebrides si). nh 2 pS ie Se SES SAE A Na 2 17 1} Whitley. Australia; Queensland, Cairns reef___._..------------------|------|------ PF See, Whitley. i. intestinalis mixed with waitei: Bismarck Archipelago and 41 105 66 4} Duncker and New Guinea. Mohr (1925). i. wattei: New Guinea, Port Moresby-___----------------------|------ Ril Peytetey ees seed Whitley. i. waitei?: Australia, Queensland, Batt reef, Port Douglas_-_-_---------|------ 2 Miah) yee esas Whitley. Australia, Queensland, Maori reef, Great Barrier reef___---]------ Mth] ee eaeeser 8 a ae Whitley. 1 Counts by Whitley kindly supplied in a letter. Genus SYNGNATHUS Linnaeus Syngnathus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 336, 1758. (Genotype, 8S. acus Linnaeus. ) SYNGNATHUS MAXWEBERI Whitley Syngnathus punctatus WEBER, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 118, fig. 39, 1913 (type locality, Sumbawa, 36 meters, on sand and coral bottom).—WEBER and DE BEaAvFortT, The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 4, p. 86, fig. 36, 1922. Syngnathus marweberi WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 29, p. 66, 19383 (new name for S. punctatus Weber, preoccupied by S. punctatus Rafinesque, 1810). SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140242, Bikini lagoon, eastern end, coral heads at depths of 20 to 25 feet, March 26, 1946, S-46-42, Brock and Schultz, female, 73 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays 25; pectoral 16-16; anal 3; caudal 10; dorsal fin covers 1 trunk ring and 5 tail rings; trunk rings 15; tail rings 32; head 10.7 mm.; snout 6.0 mm.; dorsal fin base 7.7 mm.; head 6.82 in standard length; snout 1.78, dorsal base 1.36, both in head ; otherwise quite similar to the type description of S. punctatus Weber. Color in alcohol.—Over-all color light brown with only two out- standing blackish markings, the first a pair of sharply defined small rhomboids beneath cover plate of each pectoral fin base, and the second a series of narrow pigmented bars, located on fourth, eighth, and twelfth trunk rings and on second, seventh, and eleventh tail rings, these extending from dorsal surface of ring to part way down side. femarks.—The specimen from Bikini, the second one known, was taken, as was the holotype, in waters too deep for ordinary reef col- lecting; this suggests a habitat below the intertidal zone. Order PERCOMORPHIDA Suborder SPHYRAENINA Family SPHYRAENIDAE: Barracudas By Lronarp P. ScHULTz No revision of the fishes of this family was found in the literature, and in order to identify the barracudas from the northern Marshall Tslands and Guam it was necessary to make up a key to the species of Sphyraena. Since specimens of many of the forms described were not available, I am not certain that the tentative key will work for the barracudas of the world. It should be used with caution. The length of the head has been measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior fleshy edge of the operculum, and the diameter of the eye between the edges of the adiposelike lid. Genus SPHYRAENA Walbaum Sphyraena WALBAUM, Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium: Ichthyologiae, pp. 94, 584, 1792.—BtocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 109, 1801. (Genotype, Hsoxv sphyraena Linnaeus.) Agrioposphyraena Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, p. 749, 1903. (Genotype, Hsox barracuda Walbaum.) Australuzza WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 11, No. 2, p. 186, 1947. (Genotype, Sphyraena novaehollandiae Giinther.) In the following key we have not been able to place S. dentatus Saville-Kent, 1893; S. branneri Ribeiro, 1915; S. penguis Giinther, 1874; and S. putnamiae Jordan and Seale, 1905. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPHYRAENA, TOGETHER WITH PROBABLE SYNONYMS la. Posterior lower margin of preopercle rounded, the lower angle not produced. 2a. Pores in lateral line from dorsal edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin %6 to 85; maxillary reaches to between vertical lines through rear nos- tril (young) to posterior edge of pupil (large adults) ; two flat opercular spines ; no elongate gill raker on first gill arch; teeth on dentary vertical ; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes near tips of appressed pectorals and behind or through rear of base of pelvics; pelvic insertion under a point one-half to two-thirds length of pectoral from its base; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 3.5 to 5.0 in length of head; central areas of dorsals, anal, pelvic, and some- times caudal fins dusky; first rays of depressed soft dorsal and anal fins reaching past tip of last rays in young, equal in halfgrown, and shorter than last ray in large adults. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) 279 280 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2b. Pores in lateral line more than 100. 3a. Middle to posterior teeth on dentary notably directed posteriorly or slanting posteriorly, anterior edge notably longer than posterior edge ; vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through or a little behind base of pelvics; last ray of soft dorsal and of anal elongate, extending notably behind first rays when fins are depressed; no elongate gill raker on first gill arch. 4a. (See also 4b and 4c.) Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes a little behind or through tips of pectorals and notably behind base of pelvies; pelvics inserted under a point from two-thirds to three- fourths length of pectoral from its base. 5a. Lower half of first gill arch with small but distinctly projecting setae or small spiny points, these contrasting sharply with the rough condition of upper half of the arch; pores in lateral line 110 to 124; opercular margin with only lower spine pointed ; eye 1.5 to 2.2 in postorbital length of head; last soft ray of both dorsal and of anal fins contained fewer than 114 times in base of that fin; dark blotch in axil of pectoral; tip of lower jaw with prominent and projecting fleshy tip. Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes 50. Lower half of first gill arch without projecting spinules, rough to touch like upper half of arch; tip of lower jaw a little enlarged, without free fleshy tip. 6a. Pores in lateral line about 122 to 1380; opercular margin with two spiny points, the upper one rather broad, however; last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins contained 2 times in base of that fin; eye 1.8 (young) to 5.7 (adults) in postorbital length ofiheadsvausauEs Sphyraena jello * Cuvier and Valenciennes 6b. Pores in lateral line 110 to 122; only lower opercular spine pointed ; eye 2.2 to 2.3 in postorbital length of head; no black blotch in axil of pectoral and no bars on sides. Sphyraena guachancho * Cuvier and Valenciennes 4b. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes notably in front of tips of pectorals and through rear of base of pelvics or behind it. 7a. Pores in lateral line about 128; no elongate gill raker; opercle with one weak spine___-__~-~_ Sphyraena altipinnis “ Ogilby 7b. Pores in lateral line 108 to 122; interorbital space convex or flattish ; dark bars on sides. Sphyraena ensis “ Jordan and Gilbert 48 Sphyraena jello Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 349, 1829 (on Russell, pl. 174, from Vizagapatam). “6 Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 342, 1829 (Cuba). Probable synonym: S. guntheri Haly, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 270, 1875 (Col6n, Panama). 4% Sphyraena altipinnis Ogilby, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 23, p. 8, 1910 (Aru Islands, northern Australia) 43 Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 2, p. 106, 1882 (Mazatlan, Mexico). FAMILY SPHYRAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 281 4c. Vertical line through dorsal origin passes a little in front of tips of pectorals and in front of pelvic insertion; pores in lateral line About) L202eb Mew itamatiee oe uo Sphyraena acutipinnis ” Day 3b. Teeth on dentary directed vertically. 8a. All fins black; pores in lateral line 122 to 145; maxillary reaches to under front of eye to under pupil. 9a. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes just behind tip of pectoral and behind base of pelvics (based on pl. 18, fig. 1, Temminck and Schlegel). Sphyraena nigripinnis © Temminck and Schlegel 9b. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes in front of tips of pectoral and just behind base of pelvics; last ray of anal white, sharply contrasting with black part of anal fin. Sphyraena genie Kltinzinger 8b. At least pectoral and pelvic fins not black, others may be dusky; maxillary usually not reaching quite to eye. 10a. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes in front of or through tips of pectorals and a little behind pelvic base; pores in lateral line about 105 (based on pl. 25, fig. 2, of Rtippell). Sphyraena agam™ Riippell 10d. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes notably behind tips of pectorals; pores in lateral line 110 to 170. 11a. Single elongate gill raker at angle of first gill arch; pores in lateral line about 125 to 185. 12a. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes in front of pelvic insertion-_____________ Sphyraena waitii™” Ogilby 126. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through base of pelvics; sides usually with two yellowish or golden stripes when alive______--____ Sphyraena helleri Jenkins 11b. No elongate gill raker at angle of first gill arch. 13a. Pores in lateral line 115 to 129; eye 1.6 to 2.0 in post- orbital length of head ; greatest depth 1.8 to 2.1 in distance between dorsal origins and 7 to 84 in standard length. Sphyraena picudilla * Poey 136. Pores in lateral line 125 to 170. 14a. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through pelvie insertion, or in front of it; vertical scale rows above lateral line 142 (in one count) ; greatest depth of body about equal to postorbital length of head, and 49, Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, The fishes of India ..., vol. 2, p. 342, pl. 79 fig. 1, 1878 (Sind, India). ‘Probable synonyms: S. africana Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909 (South Africa), and 8. natalensis Von Bonde, 1923 (Natal coast). 5 Sphyraena nigripinnis Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, p. 34, pl. 138, fig. 1, 1843 (Japan). 51 Sphyraena agam Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere . . . Abyssinien gehérig. Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 99, pl. 25, fig. 2, 1835 (Red Sea) (not 8S. agam Kliinzinger, Die Fische des rothen Meeres, pt. 1, pp. 128-129, 1884 (Red Sea) ). Probable synonym: NS. affinis Riippell, 1835. 52 Sphyraena waitii Ogilby, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, pt. 1, p. 29, 1908 (Port Jackson district of New South Wales). 58 Sphyraena picudilla Poey, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba . vol. 2, p. 162, 1861 (Habana, Cuba). 282 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 71% to 9 in standard length, and 2.1 to 2.5 in distance between dorsal origins; eye 2.2 (in young) to 2.7 (in half grown) in postorbital length of head. Sphyraena sphyraena™ (Linnaeus) 14h. Vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through base of pelvics. 15a. Vertical seale rows above lateral line, before spiny dorsal, nearly twice as numerous as scales in lateral line, the latter numbering about 165 to 170; greatest depth about 9 in standard length. Sphyraena argentea © Girard 15b. Vertical scale rows approximately equal in number to those in lateral line, throughout its length. 16a. Pores in lateral line 145 to 150. Sphyraena idiastes © Heller and Snodgrass 16b. Pores in lateral line 125 to 138. 17a. Distance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin about 2.1 to 2.2 in head; eye 2.5 in postorbital length of head; seales about 125 to 135. Sphyraena borealis ™ DeKay 17b. Distance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin about 1.4 to 1.9 in head; eye 2.2 in postorbital length of head, scales about 135 to 188. Sphyraena novaehollandiae ™ Giinther 1b. The posterior margin at lower angle of preoperculum is produced, forming a somewhat projecting membranous lobe; posterior margin of opercle membranous, without spines. 18a. Pores in lateral line 110 to 130; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through pelvic insertion, or just in front of it and a little behind tips of pectorals; a single elongate gill raker at angle of first gill arch, none in front of it_.__. Sphyraena japonica *® Cuvier and Valenciennes 186. Pores in lateral line 76 to 90; usually two bronze or golden streaks on sides, one along lateral line and another below it; two elongate gill rakers on first gill arch, one at angle and one (rarely two) a little in front of it, on lower limb of arch. 19a. Line through first dorsal origin passes a little behind tips of pectorals ; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 3.6 % Hsox sphyraena Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 313, 1758 (Mediterranean Sea). Probable synonyms: Hsox spet Haitiy, 1787; S. vulgaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 (Mediterranean); 8S. viridensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 (Cape Verde Islands). 55 Sphyraena argentea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, p. 144, 1854 (San Diego, Calif.). Synonym: SV. lucasana Gill, 1863 (Cape San Lucas). 56 Sphyraena idiastes Heller and Snodgrass, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 5, p. 190, pl. 2, 1908 (Galapagos Islands). 57 Sphyraena borealis DeKay, Zoology of New York, or the New York fauna, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 39, pl. 60, 1842 (New York). 6% Sphyraena novae-hollandiae Giinther, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 335, 1860 (‘“‘New Holland,’’ Hobsons Bay, Port Phillip). 5° Sphyraena japonica Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 354, 1829 (Japan). FAMILY SPHYRAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 283 to 5.2, and between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin 2.2 to 3.0, both in head; eye 1.8 (young) to 2.4 (half grown) in postorbital part of head. Sphyraena chinensis © Lacepéde 19d. Line through first dorsal origin passes a little in front of or through tips of pectorals; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 6 or 7, and between vertical lines through pectoral inser- tions and first dorsal origin 3.6 to 3.9, both in head. Sphyraena chrysotaenia “ Kltinzinger SPHYRAENA BARRACUDA (Walbaum) PLATE 23, A Esoz barracuda WatBauM, Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium: Ichthyologiae, vol. 3, p. 94, 1792 (type locality, West Indies). Sphyraena sphyraena var. picuda BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyologiae, p. 110, pl. 29, 1801 (type locality, southern America, West Indies). Sphyraena becuna LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 325, pl. 9, fig. 3, 1803 (type locality, Martinique). Sphyraena snodgrassi JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 438, fig. 50, 1903 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands, holotype U.S.N.M. No. 49693). Sphyraena akerstromi WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 131-133, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1947 (type locality, Lowendal Island, western Australia, female only, 1,445 mm.). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 765 and 820 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 1,240 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 535 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 208 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V-I,i,8; anal 1,i,7; pectoral 11,11 or 12; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal rays 8+7; pores in lateral line about 78 to 81; no elongate gill raker on first gill arch. Body fusiform, greatest depth 514 to 7; head 3.2 to 3.4; snout to first dorsal origin 2.38; distance between dorsal origins 3.6; all in the standard length. Snout 2.2; eye 6.0 to 9.0; least width of bony interorbital space 3.6 to 6.4; postorbital length of head 2.5 to 2.6; length of maxillaries 1.8 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.3 to 4.5; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 4.3 to 4.4; all in the length of the head. Eye in postorbital length of 6 Sphyraena chinensis Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 324, pl. 10, fig. 2, 1803=NS. obtusata Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 (Pondicherry). Probable synonyms: VS. flavicauda Riippell, 1835 (Red Sea); S. grandisquamis Stein- dachner, 1866 (New South Wales) ; 8S. lineata Stead, 1908 (New South Wales) ; S. strenua De Vis, 1883 (Queensland) ; S. commersonii Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, on Lacepéde, 1803, pl. 8, fig. 3; S. brachygnathus Bleeker, 1854 (Batavia) ; 8S. langsar Bleeker, 1854 (Batavia). 618. chrysotaenia Kliinzinger 1884, Die Fische des rothen Meeres, pt. 1, pp. 128-129 pl. 9, fig. 3, 1884 (Red Sea). Synonym: S. aureofiamma Seale, 1909 (Philippines). 284. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 head 2.8 to 3.7. Distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins in postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.8. Distance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin 1.5 to 2.0 in greatest depth. Interorbital space slightly concave in young and flattish in large adults; maxillary reaches to front of eye in young, and to rear edge of pupil in adults; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes near tips of pectorals and notably behind base of pelvics, the latter inserted under from half to two-thirds the way out pectoral fin from its base; teeth in lower jaw vertical; lower jaw projecting, but with- out an elongate fleshy tip. Color in alcohol.—Bluish black to brownish above, paler to whitish ventrally; central area of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dusky, with distal tips of dorsal and anal sometimes paler; adults usually with several black scales or patches of black scales irregularly placed on sides; under side of head white; sides above lateral line with about 20 or 21 dark bars or blotches. Color when alive.—Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal purplish black; tips of dorsal and anal whitish; spiny dorsal dusky to pale brownish; upperpart of pectoral fin purplish black, lower rays white; dorsal blackish, pale ventrally. Remarks.—Tentatively we are identifying this Indo-Pacific form with S. barracuda of the West Indian region. However, a very care- ful comparison is needed between the populations in the two oceans. This barracuda was taken by trolling in the lagoon, in the passes, and off the atoll reefs. SPHYRAENA FORSTERI Cuvier and Valenciennes Sphyraena forstert CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 353, 1829 (type locality, Otaiti). Sphyraena toxewma Fow er, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol 12, p. 502, 1904 (type locality, Padang, Sumatra), SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 16 specimens, 422 to 605 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays V-I,i,8; anal 11,i,7 or 8; pectoral 11,12 or 18; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal fin rays 8+7; pores in lateral line 111 to 122; no elongate gill raker at angle of first gill arch. Body fusiform, its greatest depth 7.0 to 7.2; head 3.0 to 3.4; snout to first dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.4; distance between dorsal origins 3.3 to 3.4; all in the standard length. Snout 2.1 to 2.2; eye 5.8 to 6.2; least width of bony interobital space 5.3 to 6.2; postorbital length of head 2.8 to 3.0; length of maxillaries 2.1 to 2.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.8 to 5.1; distance between vertical lines through insertions FAMILY SPHYRAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 285 of paired fins 3.3 to 3.4; all in length of head. Eye in postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1. Distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins in postorbital length of head 1.3 to 1.4. Dis- tance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin 1.2 to 1.3 in greatest depth. The middle area of interorbital space flat to a little concave; maxil- lary reaches to between nostrils but not quite to eye; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through tips or a little behind tips of pectoral, and notably behind pelvic base, pelvic fin inserted at a point posterior to pectoral base by from two-thirds to three-quarters the length of pectoral fin; teeth in lower jaw slanting posteriorly; pro- jecting lower jaw with an elongate pointed fleshy tip; opercle with only the lower spine pointed; preopercle rounded; last ray of soft dorsal and of anal greatly elongate, so that first rays do not reach tips of last rays when dorsal fin is depressed. Color in alcohol.—Back blackish, undersides whitish to silvery; axil of pectoral fin blackish on base of fin and on body; soft dorsal and anal blackish with tips of rays white; caudal dusky. Ecology.—These voracious barracuda occur mostly along the ocean side of the reefs and in the passes, but some are caught in the lagoon. Remarks.—The identification of species of barracuda by means of the old descriptions is a very uncertain procedure. This is true of forstert. My understanding of this species is based on that of Bleeker and of Weber and de Beaufort (The Fishes of the Indo-Aus- tralian Archipelago, vol. 4, p. 223, 1922), as diagnosed in the key. SPHYRAENA QENIE Klinzinger Sphyraena qenie Kitnzincer, Synopsis der Fische des rothen Meeres, vol. 1, p. 823, 1870 (type locality, Red Sea) =S. kenie Kltinzinger (new name), Die Fische des rothen Meeres, pt. 1, p. 129, pl. 9, fig. 2, 2a, 1884 (Red Sea). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Ruji Island, July 25, 1947, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 816 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays V-1,i,8; anal I1,i,7; pectoral 11,13-11,13 ; pelvics 1,5; no elongate gill raker on first gill arch; pores in lateral line to base of caudal fin 125. Body elongate, greatest depth 7.1; head 3.6; snout to first dorsal origin 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 3.2; all in the standard length. Snout 2.2; eye 7.6; least width of bony interorbital space 4.2; postorbital length of head 2.4; length of maxillaries 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.2; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 4.1; all in the length of the head. Eye in post- orbital length of head 3.1. Distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins in postorbital length of head 1.7. Distance be- 286 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 tween vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin 1.4 in greatest depth. Interorbital space slightly concave, nearly flattish, maxillary reaches to a vertical line through front of eye; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes in front of tips of pectorals and only a trifle be- hind base of pelvics; pelvic fin inserted under pectoral fin and posterior to its base by about two-thirds the length of pectoral fin; teeth in lower jaw vertical or nearly so; lower jaw projecting but without an elon- gate fleshy tip. No gill rakers, first gill arch rough only. Color in alcohol.—Dorsally black, ventral side light brown; sides with about 22 or 23 vertical blackish bars that extend to lower sides, these dark bars about as wide as paler interspaces; both dorsal] fins black; anal fin black except that last 2 rays are white, contrasting sharply with black part of fin; pectoral fins dusky to brownish on outer side, black on inner side; distal half of pelvics blackish, basal half light brownish; caudal fin blackish, especially the middle rays; oral membrane of mouth blackish, tongue brownish; peritoneum white. Remarks—Table 25 gives a comparison between the figures of S. nigripinnis Temminck and Schlegel, S. genie Kliinzinger, and the Bikini specimen. The chief difference is the larger size of the eye fig- ured by Kliinzinger for genie and slight differences in the position of the first dorsal in reference to pectoral and pelvic fins. The Bikini specimen has a black anal fin with the last two elongate rays white, sharply contrasting with the black, but Kliinzinger’s figure does not show this character. Without any specimen of S. gente from the Red Sea for comparison I hesitate to name this specimen as new. TABLE 25.—Comparison of two species of Sphyraena with black fins nigripinnis genie Characters Temminck alee and Schlegel | KlUnzinger | Bikini pl. 13, fig. 1 | Dé: % B8- In standard length: Greatest depth eee eee noes aly sa ee Oe 7.4 7.6 7.1 Headilength esses be ea te sn 4.5 3.7 3.6 Snout to first dorsal origin-____-...__-..____-_-_-_-------------- 2.9 217 2.7 Distance between dorsal origins.-...-_.._-._-------------------- 2.9 3.4 3.2 In length of head: Srout: seer SE NL Seen ee ae IS Lec = beth ce 2.7 2.2 2.2 yes ee als Se SE BERS SUA SL Aes 9.5 5.7 7.6 Postorbital length of head__--__._.____-__-_------.--_------------ 2.0 2.8 2.4 Snout tip to rear edge of maxillary__._____--__--_--------------- 2.5 2.0 2.1 Least depth of caudal peduncle_____--____-_-------_---_-------- 4.5 4.0 4.2 Distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins_ 3.8 5.7 4.1 Eye in postorbital length of head_____.-_------------------------- 4.8 2.1 3.1 Distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins, in postorbital length of head _.__...__...---_-------------------- 1.9 2.1 1.7 Distance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin into greatest depth__.__...-._._--_------..--.-_-- 1.3 1.7 1.4 FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 287 SPHYRAENA HELLERI Jenkins Sphyraena hellerit JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 19 (1899), p. 387, fig. 1, 1901 (type locality, Honolulu). SPECIMENS STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, 44 miles south of Rigili Island, light at night, May 25, 1946, S-46-184, Schultz and Cali, 3 specimens, 43 to 103 mm. Rongerik Atoll: trolling, August 22, 1947, S-46-568, Marr. 2 specimens, 410 to 450 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V-I,1,8; anal I1,i,7; pectoral 11,11 or 12; pelvic 1,5; pores in lateral line about 130 to 182, scales from spiny dor- sal base to lateral line 15, from lateral line to pelvic insertion 17; a single elongate gill raker at angle of first gill arch; Body fusiform, greatest depth 8.5 to 9.0; head 2.9 to 3.2; snout to first dorsal origin 2.2; distance between dorsal origins 3.5 to 3.7; all in standard length. Snout 2.2 to 2.3; eye 5.0 to 5.8; least width of bony interorbital space 7.0 to 7.8; postorbital length of head 2.6 to 2.7; length of maxillaries 2.7 to 2.9; least depth of caudal penducle 6.2 to 6.5; distance between vertical lines through insertions of paired fins 2.3 to 2.9; all in length of head; eye in postorbital length of head 1.8 to 2.2. Distance between vertical lines through paired fins into postorbital length of head 0.8 to 1.0 (in young). Distance between vertical lines through pectoral insertion and first dorsal origin 0.7 to 0.8 in greatest depth. Interorbital space convex at sides, and flattish medially; maxillary does not quite reach to nostrils; a vertical line through first dorsal origin passes far behind tip of pectorals and through rear of base of pelvics; the latter inserted notably behind pectoral fin tips; teeth in lower jaw vertical; tip of chin produced as an elongate fleshy lobe. Color in alcohol—Back blackish, below lateral line whitish or silvery, a trace of a dark streak along lateral line. The small speci- mens are somewhat barred on the back. Color when alive.—Sides with two orange-yellow or golden streaks. Ecology.—This species was taken on the leeward side of the atoll reefs, by trolling and with a light at night. Remarks—Although this species resembles Sphyraena chryso- taenia Kliinzinger in coloration, it is different, as indicated in the key. Family ATHERINIDAE: Silversides By Leronarp P. Scuutrz Recently I revised the genera of Atherinidae (Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, pp. 1-48, figs. 1-9, pls. 1, 2, 1948), except those with elongate first dorsal fins or with flexible first dorsal spines. That NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ss. 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U. 290 “[[eqsieyl “g “N “Iq Jo Asajzinod yZno1q} UAnesny, Ystj4Ig Ut sedAé4 wI0IJ popz0deI BICC ¢ “9INYBIOIT] 9 ULOIJ Pops0001 BICC 1 xX 1d G 16 i Seale F i 0Z | 61 | 8T i Se ee ca |e LI | OT | ST [es1opeid uwelpeyyy LY ">, snypauy (piemisy pue Lond stsuarhipa=) sinbuid eee | pea aa levee (Ere tice geal caeer ee i ae | eC d| ee all Wee = ae ee eae et Spe pe ee oe 182LL0UL lay WNsDjNsSUt ULNLDINGUL WNLDINGUL Tig | esi Pret | ame | eel ee | eo lac op ca bea el rea | ree nig ingen eso Speers 1fiqtbo pases | ese fate Forde | pees | i Coen Ogu eG ol [aaa Wetec lomo eel CRED ae. eee ee eas gee a ae Gee sisuaqyoDipua SSNSIUDL ----|----}----]----]--~-|----]----]----|----|-------------------------------------------- ypyesof sseataasetasaa| @ |g fea--)s=--f-=--|- =~ - | --- 2-2 en nn oa sidajowasd ae eee FAA BSI io 12) IESE al Gees Soa SSD Ietse aaa eo eee Ses SSS SB SBE ORCC NE EE IPSS RSet ss 7s tS Sete i me | pc |e cd es | eer pee ices ene ea oe eee $18U99DQD]DQ (ee eit (ee (ari fi Iie sts lei (S| (ete Ieee ete ee eee jsauuaiouazDa ot | gl ge [occ drr cpr orn prec o fene | eeefeeeeecccccccceeee pnn]Da0 (Pe | a ee Fee | ee eee oes ipLvmpoom See letee lanes eeee ae BP 2E ROR a 22S) 955 |[908c | [S25 etd See Sere 222996 6 ae R Se SSO OSSCOT REET) “DOUDTIY se se | le 189ULDQ eae | sales ae eat | acca | [ca ee reek aa cg ae eNO IND] eae leaa| see ----|----]----|----]----|----]---- Spam sees | ese se see ec ee a ee DyLsIn ----|----]----|----]----]----|----]----]----]----]----]----]------------------------------------------- aDGnNsNS} rane el eee ee Sr | a | ae | ee ae Djajpund ipursaywodheyA 22=-|--==]----|----}----|----]----)----|----]----|----|----|--------------2---------------- NYAIUIWULA? DULLAYINUAIS EP Na a Pe Ve Fr ee aaa 1 DSOpj1a sace||sese||S5e5||Socel|asec|eoae S889|[5055|| S73) [2e ae] |Soae| sans | Sooesasssoscobh sas bonassa cre SSS Rosessam 1 1Y9077naDUL @) {ae [P832| eee |e assess esas [Sse oscl See eam cl aac oacrececscrEa aa ReHb a aaecanarice snatozosydn snusfya 535 4| [Sees sess e=-|----|----)--- |e ==-]=-2-) == BSH |ORCS| [HORSE OOS OSSC CSC STS RAC Ier ESAS EEO dadsp snus hija t |oo--|--=- 3886) [2< 95/2026] [S06—| aise Sse SS fae S| 920 || SSSI OSGRS SATS SIRE ICSI ROOTES OS thasf snwunja ----|----|----]----|----|---~]----]----]----]----|----]----|------------------------------------- snufiza srw hija Suolayy cy | Ih | OF | 68 | BE} LE | 9E | GE} FE | EE] GE] TE uy [epneo Jo oseqprul 0} suluedo [Is adpe Joddq. so1iseds pues snuas) seas Jo JequnN penurjyu0j—ovpiuneyyy fo sarzads pun vsauab snoiiva Uo apout sjun0j—‘9Z% ATAV J, FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 291 study revealed a great confusion in regard to the species of silversides in the tropical Pacific. During the examination of the Crossroads collections, it was necessary to make counts (table 26) and measure- ments on material from the vast Indo-Pacific area. This work indi- cated a great variety of species and subspecies, some of which appear to be restricted to certain of the island groups, whereas others are widely distributed. I believe that it is necessary to point out that Weber and de Beau- fort’s treatment of the Atherinidae in volume 4 of the “The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago” is inadequate because for the kinds of silversides represented by such names in that work as Pranesus endrachtensis, Allanetta forskali, and P. duodectmailis, five or six valid species undoubtedly exist in the area treated. Since the branched caudal fin rays are 8+7 and the pelvic rays I,5 for all species in this family, these counts are omitted in the descrip- tions. KEY TO GENERA OF ATHERINIDAE FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Spinules in more or less parallel rows on head, especially under and in front of eye; premaxillary and dentary with shagreenlike denticles covering OucenD Subba Ces= ae Ve we eee Atherion Jordon and Starks (p. 292) 1b. No spinules on head. 2a. Ascending median premaxillary process long, slender, notably longer than diameter of pupil, equal to or almost equal to diameter of eye, reaching considerably into the interorbital space; side of premaxillary with first lateral process slender, its length notably greater than width of its base; rami of mandibles elevated posteriorly ; premaxillary dentition not re- flected as shagreen on outer face of that bone; anus a little behind tips of pelvic fins, and under first dorsal origin; a characteristic crescent- shaped blackish spot always present in front of orbit on level of pupil. Stenatherina Schultz (p. 297) 2b. Ascending median premaxillary process short, about equal to diameter of pupil or to 34 eye diameter, or scarcely extending into the interorbital space; first lateral process, if present, with its base wider than its height; no crescent-shaped blackish spot in front of eye. 8a. Posteriorly the rami of mandibles are distinctly elevated at rear of toothed area. 4a. Posterior margin of anterior bony edge of preopercle truncate, with- out concavity, a short but distinct lateral process on premaxillary ; anus between pelvics___________________ Taeniomembras * Ogilby 4b. Posterior margin of anterior bony edge of prepercle with a concavity near its lower corner. 5a. Anus in front of, or opposite, tips of pelvic fins, usually in front of a vertical line through first dorsal origin. Allanetta Whitley (p. 298) 5b. Anus behind tips of pelvic fins and under base of spiny dorsal fin. Hypoatherina Schultz (p. 303) 3b. Rami of mandibles not elevated, anus in front of tips of pelvic fins; bases of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins naked____ Pranesus Whitley (p. 306) ® This genus is found in Australia. 292 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus ATHERION Jordan and Starks Atherion JorDAN and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 203, 1901. (Geno- type, Atherion elymus Jordan and Starks.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ATHERION la. Scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 47; median predorsal scales 20 to 22 (Lord Howe Island). Atherion maccullochi Jordan and Hubbs 1b. Scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 41 to 44; median predorsal scales 16 to 18 (see table 26 for counts). 2a. Second dorsal with 1,i,9 to 11 rays; anal I,i,11 to 18; pectoral I,i,11 or 12; scale rows 44 (New Guinea and New Pommern Island). Atherion villosa (Duncker and Mohr) 2b. Second dorsal rays I,i,7 to 9; pectoral rays I,i,9 to 11; scale rows 40 to 44. 3a. Second dorsal rays I,i,9; anal I,i,15; pectoral J,i,10 or 11; scale rows usually 43 (Japan)____ Atherion elymus elymus Jordan and Starks 3b. Second dorsal rays I,i,7 to 9; anal I,i,12 to 14; pectoral I,i,10 or 11; seale rows usually 43 or 44 (Marianas Islands). Atherion elymus freyi, new subspecies 8c. Second dorsal rays I,i,7 or 8; anal J,i,12 or 13; pectoral rays J,i,10 or 11; seale rows 43 or 44 (northern Marshall Islands). Atherion elymus asper, new subspecies 38d. Second dorsal rays I,i,7 to 9; anal I,i,12 to 14; pectoral rays 1,i,9 or 10, rarely 11; scale rows 41 or 42 (Philippines). Atherion elymus aphrozoicus, new subspecies ATHERION ELYMUS FREYI, new subspecies Ficure 45 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 134083, 29.3 mm. in standard length, Ma- rianas Islands, Guam, Oca Point, November 24, 1945, D. G. Frey. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 124100, Guam, Amantes Point, June 11, 1945, L. P. McElroy, 8 specimens, 20 to 29 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 124250, Guam, Tumon Bay, November 10, 1945, J. L. Gressitt, 2 specimens, 24 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 124263, Guam, Point Oca, June 20, 1945, J. L. Gres- sitt, 1 specimen, 32 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 124128, Guam, Ylig Point, June 94, 1945, D. H. Johnson, 13 specimens, 18 to 31 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 124198, Guam, Ylig Point, November 26, 1945, L. L. Gressitt, 1 speci- men, 28 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 123954, Guam, Oca Point, June 26, 1945, McElroy and Markley, 3 specimens, 32 to 36 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139866, November 24, 1945, D. G. Frey, 24 specimens, 17 to 30 mm., taken with the holotype; U.S.N.M. No. 189864, Guam, November 25, 1945, D. G. Frey, 1 specimen, 23 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139865, Guam, November 25, 1945, D. G. Frey, 57 specimens, 22 to 834 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 123864, Marianas Islands, Saipan, June 1945, T. D. White and F. B. Shroyer, 4 specimens, 32 to 36 mm. Description.—Counts made on the holotype are: Dorsal rays IV- 11,8; anal 1,1,18; pectoral i,10-1,10; scale rows from upper edge FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 293 of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 44, from first dorsal origin to midventral line 12; median predorsal scales 18; scales in zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 12. Additional counts are re- corded in table 26. Precision measurements were made on the holotype and one para- type and these data are recorded in thousandths of the standard length in table 27. Depth 6.8 to 7.0; head 3.8 to 4.1; snout to first dorsal origin 1.8 to 1.9, to center of anus 1.7 to 1.8, to anal origin 1.6; all in standard length. Snout 3.8 to 4.2; eye 2.8 to 3.0; tip of snout to rear of maxil- lary 3.7 to 4.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 3.7; postorbital Ficure 45.—Holotype of Atherion elymus freyi, new subspecies (U.S.N.M. No. 134083) from Guam. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) length of head 2.8 to 2.4; distance between dorsal origins 1.5; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; interorbital space 3.0 to 3.1; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 3.0. Premaxillary with front margin concave; teeth minute, premaxil- lary, dentary, snout, and head generally covered by rows of denticles that appear similar to shagreen; vomer with a few teeth, palatines toothless; air bladder and body cavity ending bluntly in front of anal origin, and not extending into the haemal arches; anterior bony edge of preopercle truncate, without a concavity, posterior bony edge of preopercle with a concave notch; gill rakers moderately long and slender, a little shorter than diameter of pupil; maxillary short, not reaching to a vertical line through front of orbit, upper and lower jaws restricted at sides by a membrane between them and attached far for- ward near front of dentary; scales on opercle and in front of base of pectoral greatly enlarged; anus a little closer to anal origin than to tips of pelvics, notably in advance of anal origin; anus slightly be- hind a vertical line through first dorsal origin or under it; anal fin origin far in advance of second dorsal origin, about under tips of depressed dorsal spines; posterior edges of scales smooth, not crenulate; ascending premaxillary process very short and broad based, premaxil- lary only a little protractile. Color in alcohol_—Each scale pocket above lateral band with a few black dots, or black spots, lateral band widest above anal fin base, 294 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 about equal to diameter of pupil, thence narrower on caudal peduncle, widening again on caudal fin base; ventral side of body with black to silvery pigment from anus posteriorly; a line of dark pigment at upper edge of opercle; side of dentary blackish; premaxillary, front of snout, dorsal surface of head and dorsal surface of eye blackish; inner side of operculum blackish; peritoneum blackish. Ecology.—This species apparently occurs on Guam in the tidal pools exposed to the surf, since Professor Frey’s notes state, “Fish collected in very small rocky tide pools. . . . This coast is normally beaten by high waves. Shelf to edge of coral reef is quite narrow.” Remarks—Unfortunately we do not have available the several large series of Atherion, both from Bikini and from Japan, needed to obtain enough counts to give a clear picture of the variation in the number of fin rays in each of these localities. We believe that the population of Atherion from the Marianas at Guam and Saipan, with its usual number of I,1,8 dorsal and I,i,13 or 14 anal rays, averaging one or two fewer than at Japan, justifies the naming of this race as a new sub- species. The difference in number of fin rays, recorded in table 26, forms the chief basis on which all three subspecies are separated. A. maccullocht Jordan and Hubbs differs in having 47 vertical scale rows. Atherion villosa (Duncker and Mohr) differs from this new subspecies in having 1,i,9 to 11 second dorsal rays and I,i,11 or 12 pectoral rays instead of J,i,7 to 9 and 1,i,10 or 11, respectively. Doubt must be cast on my identification of the single specimen from Saipan referred to Atherton elymus. It may be an extreme variation of Atherton elymus freyi in the direction of elymus elymus. I can- not make satisfactory comparison since all the paratypes of the latter available to me have been dried and the color pattern has disappeared. Named freyi in honor of the collector, Dr. David G. Frey of the University of North Carolina. ATHERION ELYMUS ASPER, new subspecies Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140330, 37.0 mm. standard length, from Bikini Atoll, Bokon Island, ocean reef, at edge of channel, April 15, 1946, S-46-94, Schultz and Brock. Paratypes-—U.SN.M. No. 140331, taken with the holotype, 37.2 mm. standard length. U.S.N.M. No. 140476, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, surf, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 4 specimens, 35 to 40 mm. Description—Counts made on the holotype are recorded first, fol- lowed by those for a paratype. Dorsal rays V-Li,? and IV-I,1,7; anal I,1,13 and 11,12; pectoral i,10-1,10 and i,10-1,10; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midcaudal fin base 44 and 48, from first dorsal origin to midventral line 12 and 12; median predorsal scales FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 295 17 and 18, scales in zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 12 and 12. (See table 26 for additional counts.) Precision measurements made on the holotype and one paratype are recorded in table 27 in thousandths of the standard length. Since we find no significant differences in shape, size, or proportions of head, body, and fins, the proportions for A. e. freyz apply to this subspecies. Color in alcohol.—Only the three rows of scale pockets on back with black spots, the scale row just above lateral band unpigmented, lateral band widest over rear of anal fin base, about equal to diameter of pupil, then narrower on caudal peduncle, expanding again on base of caudal fin as in freyz,; ventral side of body with a row on each side of anal base and from anus to base of caudal fin; the line of black pigment at upper edge of opercle in freyi is lacking in asper,; side of dentary blackish; premaxillary, front of snout, dorsal surface pos- teriorly and between eyes, and dorsal surface of eyes blackish; inner side of operculum blackish; peritoneum blackish. Ecology.—This species was captured at the outer edge of the reef where the surf breaks at high tide. Remarks.—A new name was given to the population of Atherion at Bikini Atoll on the basis of slight differences in color pattern and the lower average number of dorsal fin rays, usually 11,7 in asper and 1,i,8 in freyz, and the lower average number of anal fin rays, 1,i,12 or 13 in asper and usually 1,i,13 or 14 in freyi. We are fully aware of the overlapping of these characters and that we have but six speci- mens from Bikini. However, because latitudinal variation from Japan, the Bonin, Marianas, and northern Marshall Islands is estab- lished in the key and in table 26, we think the naming of subspecies of Atherion is justified, since it expresses our concept of the geographical change of Atherion from Japan to Bikini and the Philippines. A. maccullocht Jordan and Hubbs differs from this new subspecies in having 47 instead of 43 or 44 vertical scale rows from the head to the midbase of the caudal fin. Atherion villosa (Duncker and Mohr) differs in having I,1,9 to I,i,11 rays in the second dorsal fin instead of 11,7, and also in having I,i,11 or 12 pectoral rays instead of I,1,10. Named asper in reference to the shagreenlike denticles. ATHERION ELYMUS APHROZOICUS, new subspecies Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 148305, 31 mm. in standard length, Tara Island, Philippines, December 15, 1908, Albatross. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. 140303, collected with the holotype and bear- ing same locality data, 14 specimens, 25.5 to 33 mm. Description.—Certain measurements made on the holotype are re- corded in table 27, and counts on the paratypes in table 26. 296 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 TABLE 27.—Mcasurements made on certain subspecies of Atherion elymus ez- pressed in thousandths of the standard length ae A, elymus freyi A, elymus asper Characters Pie erent! Seelven nue eeeee ne al [EE ee Ee Holotype | Paratype] Holotype] Holotype] Paratype Total length in millimeters_.--._.__.------_.---_-_|____-_-___-- 34. 5 36.1 45.3 45.0 Standard length in millimeters_-__________________ 31 28.3 29.3 37.2 37.0 Ten gthvofiherd sete veces ee A Eee. See et 252 258 259 253 249 Greatest depth of body_-__.__.__-.__-____________- 152 170 157 129 143 Dengthvof-snouteet 2222 Be ee 8 es eee 58 60 61 62 59 Diameterjororbitsss ee eee 94 92 96 89 95 Postorbital length of head________________________- 110 110 106 105 100 Least bony interorbital width-___________________- 90 92 85 89 81 Length of caudal peduncle_____________________-___ 203 193 205 207 192 - Least depth of caudal peduncle____________________ 71 64 68 65 57 Greatest width of head____..-._______-_-____-_______ 126 124 126 121 127 Pelvic insertions to anal origin_____________________ 219 258 259 218 257 Snout tip to first dorsal origin. ____________________ 548 565 560 538 571 Snout tip to second dorsal origin___________________ 716 742 718 715 738 Snout tip to anal origin___________________________- 597 658 636 613 653 Snout tip to pectoral insertion____________________- 223 258 256 242 265 Snout tip to pelvic insertion__.._____._____________ 368 410 395 382 403 First dorsal origin to second dorsal origin__________ 161 187 167 175 173 Length of longest ray of first dorsal fin_____________ 110 67 51 75 62 Length of longest ray of second dorsal fin__________ 113 106 96 94 105 Length of longest ray of anal fin_-__________________]______-____- 124 126 121 124 Length of longest ray of pectoral fin_______________ 168 166 181 180 176 Length of longest ray of pelvic fin_______________-- 129 120 109 121 124 Length of depressed first dorsal fin_______________- 110 81 68 77 73 Length of depressed second dorsal] fin______________ 178 163 171 161 151 Length of depressed anal fin-_____._.___-__________ 235 233 253 220 219 Length of anal base__.__.._.---_--.---------___-__- 190 180 194 178 170 Length of soft dorsal base__-.---_..---.-_---_-_-_-- 129 99 126 113 111 Length of pelviciscale-=-2-2 3222 25222220 2l2. ee es os 46 ig el eee as ee 38 Since we find no significant differences in shape, size, or proportions of head and body, those proportions recorded for A e. freyt apply to this subspecies, except for the length of the spiny dorsal fin, which is longer in aphrozoicus than in the other subspecies, and is contained from 2.5 to 2.9 times in head, whereas in elymus, frey, and asper it is contained 3 or more times. Color in alcohol—Dorsal rows of scales have blackish pigment spots, row above lateral band has 2 or 38 black pigment cells on each scale; dorsal base of pectoral with a black spot, a little black pigment in upper rays of pectoral; gill cover, gill membranes, and isthmus silvery, upper part of snout brownish; sides of mandible brownish or silvery. E’cology.—This subspecies apparently, as in the case of other mem- bers of the genus, lives in the surf around rocky pools at the outer edge of the reef. Females have enlarged eggs indicating that Atherion combines a group of small species. FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 297 Remarks.—A. elymus aphrozoicus differs from the other species and subspecies of Atherion in having 41 or 42 scales, whereas all the others have 43 to 47, and only rarely 42; the spiny dorsal fin is a little longer, being contained in the head from 2.5 to 2.9 times, whereas in the other species it is contained more than 3 times. Named aphrozoicus in reference to its habit of living in the ocean surf. Genus STENATHERINA Schultz Stenatherina ScuHutrz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, pp. 7, 20, figs. 1a, 2b, 8b, 1948. (Genotype, Atherina temminckii Bleeker. ) STENATHERINA TEMMINCKII (Bleeker) Atherina temminckti BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 5, p. 506, 1853 (type locality, Sumatra). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 32 specimens, 24 to 87 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 33 to 35 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 76 to 86 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 32 specimens, 48 to 89 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 49 to 75 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V to VII-I,1,7 to 9, usually VI-1,i,8; anal 1,1,10 or 11, occasionally 11; pectoral I,1,17 or 18, usually I,i,17; vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 46 or 47; scales from first dorsal origin to midline of belly 6; median predorsal scales 19 to 21; scales in zigzag row around caudal peduncle 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 5+1+20 to 22; vertebrae in two counts 24 and 21. (Additional counts are given in table 26.) Depth 6.5 to 7; head 3.7 to 4; snout to first dorsal origin 1.8 to 1.9, to center of anus 1.8 to 1.9, to anal origin 1.4; all in standard length; snout 3.6 to 3.8; eye 2.6 to 2.9; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 3.2 to 3.4; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.2 to 4.7; postorbital length of head 2.5 to 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 1.4 to 1.5; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 2.0 to 2.2; interorbital space 3.2 to 3.3; all in length of head; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 3.2 to 3.5. Premaxillary a little convex; teeth villiform in a narrow band on premaxillary and dentary, those on vomer arranged in a T-shaped pattern, and on palatines in a narrow band; air bladder and body cavity ending bluntly in front of anal origin and not entering the haemal arches; anterior bony edge of preopercle with a distinct con- cavity above lower corner; gill rakers long, slender, nearly equal to diameter of pupil; maxillary reaches to a vertical line through front of orbit; scales on opercle and in front of base of pectoral fin greatly 298 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 enlarged; anus behind tips of pelvics, and under or nearly under first dorsal origin; anal fin origin notably in front of a vertical line through second dorsal origin, behind tips of depressed first dorsal spines; posterior edges of scales smooth, not crenulate; ascending premaxillary processes long, slender, extending well into the interorbital space, and excessively protractile. Color in alcohol_—Each scale pocket above lateral band posteriorly outlined with black pigment or silvery coloration; lateral band dis- tinct, its greatest width over anal fin base, narrowing on caudal peduncle to two-thirds its greatest width, thence extending on caudal fin base as two pointed areas separated by a pale interspace, that on dorsal lobe more intense, narrower, and a little longer than that on ventral half of caudal fin; base of soft rays of pectoral, anal, and dorsal black; just in front of upper edge of pectoral fin base a per- sistent triangular black spot; another elongate one occurs on upper edge of opercle, opercle dusky; persistent black blotch in front of eye; snout and lips blackish; supraorbital area blackish; inside of oper- culum blackish; peritoneum dusky to blackish. Ecology.—This is a common species in lagoon waters and one of the largest species of silversides encountered in the northern Marshall Islands. At night large schools gathered around the light but were just too deep to permit catching with nets. Stragglers occurred on the reefs but typically stayed in or over the deeper waters of the lagoon. Remarks.—This species ranges widely in the tropical western Pacific. Atherina brachyptera Bleeker apparently is a synonym of this species. Genus ALLANETTA Whitley Allanetta WHITLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 68, p. 1385, 1948. (Genotype, Atherina mugiloides McCulloch, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 24, p. 47, fig. 1, from Cape York, 1912—Atherinichthys punctatus de Vis, 1885.) KEY TO CERTAIN SPECIES OF TROPICAL PACIFIC ALLANETTA RELATED TO THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ATHERINDAE ; la. Greatest depth of body 5 to 6%4 in standard length. 2a. Posterior margins of scales distinctly crenulate. 3a. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 45 to 48; greatest width of lateral band 1.7 to 2.0 in postorbital length of head (Japan and China coast) ----________ Allanetta bleekeri (Gtinther) 3b. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 42 to 44; greatest width of lateral band 2.1 to 2.4 in postorbital length of head (tropical Indo-Pacific) __-________ Allanetta valenciennesi (Bleeker) 2b. Posterior margins of scales smooth, not crenulate. 4a. Greatest width of lateral band 2.1 to 2.4 in postorbital length of head; anal rays I,i,11 or 12; pectoral usually I,i,13 or 14 (Riukiu Islands). Allanetta woodwardi (Jordan and Starks) FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 299 4b. Greatest width of lateral band 2.5 to 3.2 in postorbital length of head; anal rays IJ,i,9 or 10; pectoral usually 1,i,15 or 16 (tropical western MEPL a OY) jase RE eye ee ge ES ee ie Allanetta ovalaua (Herre) 4c. Greatest width of lateral band 2.5 in postorbital length of head; anal rays I,i,11 or 12; pectoral usually 1,1,15 or 16 (Western Indian (OXoete Wit) ped ees Lene TE Res ae Rae Nd Allanetta forskali (Ruppell) 1b. Greatest depth of body 414 to 444 in standard length. 5a. Anal rays 1,i,11 or 12; posterior margins of scales smooth, not ecren- ulate ; greatest width of lateral band 2.1 to 2.8 in postorbital length of head (Philippines) __-______ Allanetta balabacensis (Seale) 5b. Anal rays 1,i,7 to 9. 6a. Posterior margins of scales smooth, not crenulate; anal rays usually 1,i1,9, occasionally 8 or 10; second dorsal usually I,i,9; greatest width of lateral band 2.5 to 3.2 in postorbital length Obie ai Bases ee Ee Allanetta regina (Seale) 6b. Posterior margins of scales crenulate; anal rays I,i,7 or 8, occasion- ally 1,i,9; second dorsal I,i,6 or 7; greatest width of lateral band 2.9 to 8.2 in postorbital length of head. Allanetta crenolepis, new species ALLANETTA OCVALAUA (Herre) Atherina ovalaua Herge, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 18, No. 12, p. 401, 1935 (type locality, Fiji Islands, 8 paratypes examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 66 to 77 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 48 specimens, 15 to 53 mm. Arhno Atoll: Albatross, 3 specimens, 34 to 36 mm. Likiep Atoll: Albatross, 1 specimen, 32 mm.; Univ. Washington, 3 specimens, 40 to 60 mm. Guam: Albatross, 1 specimen, 56 mm. Description.—The following description is based on the Rongelap specimens (additional counts are given in table 26): Dorsal rays usually VI or VII-1,i,8; anal 1,1,9 or 10; pectoral I,i,15 or 16; vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 49 or 43; scales from first dorsal origin to midline of belly 614; median predorsal scales 16; scales in zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 4 to 6+1+18 to 23. Depth 534 to 6; head 314 to 334; snout to first dorsal origin 1.9; snout to center of anus 1.9; snout to anal origin 1.4 to 1.5; all in standard length. Snout about 4; eye 3.5 to 3.6; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0; postorbital length of head 2.6 to 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 1.4 to 1.5; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; interorbital space 3.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.5 to 2.8. Greatest width of lateral band 2.5 to 3.2 in postorbital length of head. 300 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Premaxillary with front margin a little convex; teeth minute, in a narrow band on premaxillary, dentary, and palatine, in a patch on the vomer; air bladder and body cavity ending bluntly in front of anal origin; anterior bony edge of preopercle with a concavity near lower posterior corner; gill rakers long, slender, longest about equal to diameter of pupil; maxillary reaching past a vertical line through front of orbit; anus between tips of depressed pelvics, and under or a little in front of first dorsal origin; a vertical line through anal fin origin passes through third median dorsal scale in front of second dorsal fin; posterior margins of scales smooth, not crenulate; ascend- ing median processes of premaxillary moderately long but not notably entering interorbital space. Color in alcohol.—Dorsal rows of scales with broad blackish pos- terior margins; bases of dorsal fins darkly pigmented; opercle, dorsal surface of orbit, tip of snout, and side of dentary blackish; base of pectoral fin rays blackish, but fin itself unpigmented. Ecology.—This species was attracted to a light at night in the lagoon. It was not found over the reefs, at least during the day. ALLANETTA REGINA (Seale) Atherina regina SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, p. 496, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1909 (type locality, Culion and Busuanga Islands, Philippines). Neotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 186806, 67.5 mm., Marinduque, Santa Cruz Island, Philippines, April 24, 1908, Adbatross. With the neotype were 30 other specimens, 32 to 68 mm., U.S.N.M. No. 112752, bearing the same data. Since it appears certain that the fish types at Manila were destroyed during World War II, I am setting up this neotype in order to fix the species A. regina (Seale) so that it may be distinguished by ichthyologists in the future without the confusion that has previously existed. The selection of a neotype was undertaken only after a great amount of detailed work had been done on the species of Atherinidae of the tropical Pacific region. Description.—Counts and measurements are recorded in tables 26 and 28. Depth 41% to 4.9; head 3.4 to 3.5; snout to first dorsal origin 1.8 to 1.9; to center of anus 1.9 to 2.1; to anal origin 1.4 to 1.53 all in standard length. Snout 4.1 to 4.2; eye 2.3 to 2.4; tip of snout to rear of maxil- lary 2.6; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 4.0; postorbital length of head 2.4 to 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 1.4 to 1.5; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; interorbital space 2.5 to 2.8; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.3 to2.4. Greatest width of lateral band in postorbital length of head 2.5 to 3.2. FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 301 TABLE 28.—Counts and measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, on certain species of Allanetta and Hypoatherina A. crenolepis A. regina H. barnesi Character Wie Shall) Wotss Or Holo- | Para- | N. M.| N. M. Fane Holo- | Para- type type No. No. g type type 136806 | 112752 | Of type [sone | | a) J | |] ee Total length in millimeters___---------------- 62.5 i SER Ht eta 62 50. 5 Standard length in millimeters_--------_----- 50. 5 54.5 67.5 58 69 52 41.5 InenetnvotneaGd = 22 fe see ee 291 290 296 300 290 246 241 Greatest depth of body__--------------------- 226 229 193 198 193 169 152 Wenopmronmsno utes ss ee ee eee eee eae 75 81 89 BAe eet 62 63 Diameter of orbit---------------------------- 127 130 120 126 112 88 89 Postorbital length of head___----------------- 109 106 118 112 110 100 96 Least width of bony interorbital_---_---___-- 125 128 99 TOD cnet 77 75 Length of caudal peduncle_--_-------.-------- 206 180 187 191 203 202 207 Least depth of caudal peduncle____----------- 77 70 76 79 80 62 63 Greatest width of head________--------------- 170 171 156 GO) |lesessee— 115 116 Pelvic insertion to anal origin ----------_----- 307 294 323 324 326 283 277 Snout tip to first dorsal origin__-_.-.------_--- 564 570 560 526 529 530 514 Snout tip to second dorsal origin ---_---___--- 739 752 755 724 735 692 708 Snout tip to anal origin_____-___---_---------- 723 706 734 718 742 648 665 Snout tip to pectoral insertion __-_-------_---- 270 273 274 279 284 248 250 Snout tip to pelvic insertion____-------------- 432 426 410 422 419 387 402 First dorsal origin to second dorsal origin___-_- 168 191 195 181 203 164 173 Length of longest ray of first dorsal_______-__- 1104 lec 130 128 116 94 89 Length of longest ray of second dorsal__-_---_- PSS Pry | eerste Soya | seen 141 96 89 Length of longest ray of anal fin_______.-_-__- aay os 4 Vk Se 135 148 139 112 108 Length of longest ray of pectoral fin_________- 266 266 192 207 210 133 137 Length of longest ray of pelvic fin_-__________- 167 167 138 153 167 104 108 Length of depressed first dorsal___-.---_------ 122 118 135 126 5|easeee 104 84 Length of depressed second dorsal__---------- 7 Sty all eee 145 Bee Sill see ae ea 150 169 Length of depressed anal] fin__-_--_-_-----_---- Te i) ne 145 NG) ||S55 038 196 205 Length of anal fin base_-_-------------_------ 116 116 113 121 110 156 154 Length of soft dorsal fin base_---------------- 102 97 98 95 110 112 123 DOTSaliraySeeee eee ee ee TIL eee si eee V-I,i,7 | IV-I, | VII-I, | V-I,i,8 |-.------] V-J,i,9} V-I,i,9 i,7 i,8 PA DOr ay Soeew nee Sebo re oe 1,i,8 1,i,9 1,i,9 bose eens Teint T,i,12 Pectoralirayss- = 2e os eee eee one I,i,14-, |1,i,14-J, |1,i,15-I, |1,i,15-I, |-------- 1,i,18-I, | 1,i,13-I, i,14 i,15 i,15 i,15 i,13 i,13 Median predorsal seales_____.---_----------_- 15 15 16 1 Gig ete 18 18 Scale rows from gill opening to base of caudal Via Ses a ae 2 ge ee ean one AR 5 eg 37 36 39 39) |Sastenes 43 44 Premaxillary with front margin a little convex; teeth minute on dentary, vomer, and premaxillary, those on latter reflected as sha- green on outer surface of that bone; no teeth on palatines; air bladder and body cavity ending bluntly in front of anal fin origin; bony edge of preopercle with concavity near lower posterior corner; gill rakers long, slender, about equal to diameter of pupil; mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching to a vertical line through front of orbit; posterior margins of all scales smooth, not with crenulate edges; anus between depressed pelvic fins and opposite beginning of last third of fin length, a vertical line through the anus passes through second or third median predorsal scale; a vertical line through anal fin origin passes through second median dorsal scale in front of second dorsal fin; ascending 302 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 median premaxillary process short and broad, not reaching to inter- orbital space. Color in alcohol.—Posterior margins of dorsal rows of scales, sides of dentary, snout, upper surface of eye, dorsal part of gill cover with dark pigmentation; gill membranes and isthmus silvery; a row of black specks on scales along lateral band and two shorter rows below this one. ALLANETTA CRENOLEPIS, new species Ficure 46 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 143304, Philippine Islands, Tara Island, December 15, 1908, Albatross, 50.5 mm. in standard length. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 186803, 67 specimens, 34 to 57.8 mm. in standard length, taken with the holotype and bearing the same locality data; U.S.N.M. No. 188065, Philippine Islands, Papatog Island, Tawi Tawi, February 23, 1908, Albatross, 11 specimens, 33.5 to 54.5 mm. Description —Counts and measurements made on the holotype and a paratype are recorded in table 28, and additional counts are recorded in table 26. Depth 4.2 to 4.5; head 3.3 to 3.5; snout to first dorsal origin 1.8, to center of anus 1.7 to 1.8, to anal origin 1.4 to 1.5, all in standard length. Snout 4.2 to 4.3; eye 2.3; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.8 to 2.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.7 to 3.9; postorbital length of head 2.6 to 2.7; distance between dorsal origins 1.6; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.2; interorbital space 2.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.3 to 2.5. Premaxillary with front a little convex; teeth minute on dentary and premaxillary, those on latter reflected as shagreen along nar- row outer edge of that bone; no teeth on palatines; vomer with a few minute teeth; air bladder and body cavity ending abruptly in front of anal fin origin; bony edge of preopercle with a concavity near lower posterior corner; gill rakers long, slender, a little shorter than pupil diameter; mouth oblique, maxillary reaches to a vertical line through front of orbit; all scales crenulate, enlarged scales on opercu- lum and around base of pectoral fin strongly so; anus between de- pressed pelvic fins and opposite beginning of last third of fin length, a vertical line through anus passes a trifle in front of first dorsal origin, and closer to caudal base than snout tip; anal fin origin about under second or third scale in front of second dorsal origin; ascend- ing median process of premaxillary short, broad based, not entering interorbital space. There are 12 scales in a zigzag row around caudal peduncle and 614 from first dorsal origin to midventral line. Color in alcohol.——Dorsal rows of scales with darkish pigment on margins, two rows of dark specks below lateral band; greatest width FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 303 of silvery lateral band 2.8 to 3.2 in postorbital length of head. Snout, dentary, and dorsal surface of eye with heavy dark pigmentation; opercle silvery, and upper part of gill cover with dark pigment. Remarks.—This new species of Allanetta differs from all other robust species referred to the genus in having all the scales with strongly crenulate posterior edges. A. crenolepis, with I,i,7 or 8 anal rays, has fewer than any other species in the genus AJlanetta so far observed. Named crenolepis in reference to the crenulate scales. Ficure 46.—Holotype of Allanetta crenolepis, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 143304), from Tara Island, Philippine Islands. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) Genus HYPOATHERINA Schultz Hypoatherina Scuurrz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, pp. 8, 23, fig. 3c, 1948. (Genotype, Atherina uisila Jordan and Seale.) In my revision of the Atherine fishes (loc. cit., p. 23) I referred A. gobio Kiiinzinger to this genus but upon further study I find that it appears to belong to Allanetta. Hypoatherina is very close to Allanetta, and these two genera may need to be combined after more species have been studied; in general, members of the genus have slen- der spines, with the anus notably behind the tips of the pelvic fins. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYPOATHERINA la. Pectoral fin rays I,i,12 to 14; gill rakers 3 to 5+-1-++15 to 17; dorsal rays V to VII-1,i,7 to 9; anal rays usually I,i,12 or 18, rarely I,i,11; scales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 43 or 44; median predorsal seales 16 to 18; greatest width of lateral band 1.2 to 1.6 in postorbital length Of Nea ds eee oath ea Hypoatherina barnesi, new species 1b. Pectoral fin rays 1,i,15 to 18; gill rakers 5 to 7+1-+20 to 23; greatest width of lateral band 1.7 to 2.8 in postorbital length of head. 2a. Seales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 46 to 48; median predorsal scales 18 to 20; pectoral rays I1,i,16 to18 (Japan). Hypoatherina tsurugae (Jordan and Starks) 2b. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 41 to 45. 304. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 3a. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 41 or 42; median predorsal scales 16 or 17 (From the Philippines. ) Hypoatherina panatela (Jordan and Richardson) 3b. Scales from upper edge of gill opening to caudal fin base 43 to 45 (see table 28 for counts) ___________ Hypoatherina lacunosa®™ (Forster) and Hypoatherina uisila (Jordan and Seale) HYPOATHERINA BARNESI, new species FIGURE 47 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 140470, 52 mm. in standard length, Rongelap Atoll, 14 mile off Rongelap Island in lagoon, surface light at night, July 17 to 27, 1946, S-46-259, Herald. Paratypes.—_U.S.N.M. No. 140459, Bikini Atoll, Bowditch anchor- age off Bikini Island, surface light at night, March 30, 1946, S-46-46, Schultz and Brock, 33 specimens, 20 to 41 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140460, Bikini Atoll, Boro channel, surface light at night, April 6-7, 1946, S46-53, Schultz and Brock, 2 specimens, 24 and 31 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140464, Bikini Atoll, Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, April 23, 1946, S-46-111, 103 specimens, 21 to 42 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140465, Bikini Atoll, lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, light at night, April 24-26, 1946, S-46-112, -114, and -116, 220 specimens, 17 to 43 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140463, Bikini Atoll, Boku Pass, in channel, light at night, July 8, 1946, S-46-245, Herald, 13 specimens, 20 to 36 mm. ; U.S.N.M. No. 140461, Bikini Atoll, lagoon, 8 miles northwest of Enyu Island, July 11, 1946, S-46-249, 2 specimens, 37 and 39 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140462, Bikini Atoll, off Yuro Island, light at night, July 12, 1946, S-46-250, 14 specimens, 21 to 37 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140469, Rongelap Atoll, one half mile off Rongelap Island, surface light at night, July 17 to 27, 1946, S-46-259, Herald, 18 specimens, 24 to 54 mm. taken with holotype; U.S.N.M. No. 140467, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, light at night, July 30, S-46-303, Herald, 2 specimens, 15 and 19 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140468, Rongelap Atoll, Lomuilal Island, lagoon, light at night, July 31, 1946, S-46-305, Herald, 18 specimens, 20 to 48 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140466, Rongelap Atoll, Naen Island, light at night, July 29, 1946, S-46-301, Herald, 107 specimens, 13 to 27 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140458, Eniwetok Atoll, Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, May 23, 1946, S-46-182, Schultz, one specimen, 23 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140457, Rongerik Atoll, off Eniwetok Island, June 28, 1946, S-46-242, Schultz and Herald, 200 specimens, 22 to 46 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 65749, Marshall Islands, Wotje Atoll, Albatross, 16 specimens, 18 to 50 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. % Ogilby (Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 1, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 2, 1912) restricted Atherina lacunosa Forster (in Bloch and Schneider, Systema ichthylogiae, p. 112, 1801) to 2 speci- mens from Moreton Bay, Queensland. This leaves no doubt as to the identity of lacunosa and my definition herein presented is based on 3 specimens, U.S.N.M. No. 132607 from Queensland. Atherina uisola from Samoa may not be distinct from lacunosa. I have not thoroughly investigated that problem. FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 305 140471, Bikini Atoll, lagoon 14 mile off Bikini Island, surface light at night, July 15, 1947, S-46-402, Myers, Schultz, and O. Smith, 5 specimens, 25 to 47 mm. Description—Measurements made on the holotype and one para- type are recorded in table 28. Additional counts are presented in table 26. Depth 534 to 7; head 334 to 414; snout to first dorsal origin 1.9 to 2.0, to center of anus 1.8 to 1.9, to anal origin 1.7 to 1.8; all in standard length. Snout 3.7 to 3.8; eye 2.5 to 2.8; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 3.0 to 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 3.8; postorbital length of head 2.4 to 2.5; distance between dorsal origins 1.4 to 1.5; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; interorbital space 1.8 to 3.0; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.8 to 3.0. Greatest depth of lateral band in postorbital length of head 1.2 to 1.6. Premaxillary with front margin a little convex; minute teeth on dentary and premaxillary, scarcely reflected on outer surface of latter Ficure 47.—Holotype of Hypoatherina barnesi, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140470), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) bone; vomer with one or two very minute teeth; palatines toothless; air bladder ending bluntly in front of anal fin origin; bony edge of preopercle with concavity near lower posterior corner; gill rakers on first arch, long, slender, about equal to diameter of pupil; mouth mod- erately oblique, maxillary reaching to a vertical line through front of orbit; posterior margins of scales smooth, not crenulate; anus behind tips of pelvic fins, under base of spiny dorsal fin; anal fin origin under third or fourth median dorsal scale in front of second dorsal fin; ascending median premaxillary process moderately long but not reaching to interorbital space. Color in alcohol.—Posterior margins of scale pockets of dorsal scale rows with a series of blackish pigment cells; bases of pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins with black pigment; side of mandible black and tip of snout blackish; inside of opercle blackish; peritoneum dusky to blackish. Lateral band widest opposite anus to anal fin base, con- stricted a little on caudal peduncle, then wider on base of caudal fin, where it ends. 955292—53—vol. 122 306 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—This new species was one of the most abundant silver- sides in the lagoon and was attracted to the light at night. It oc- curred in schools during the daytime and often jumped as a unit, or nearly so, when pursued by predatory fishes. This is a small species, females with mature eggs occurring at lengths of about 40 to 44 mm. in standard length. Remarks —Hypoatherina barnesi may be distinguished from all other species referred to the genus Hypeatherina in having 12 to 14 branched pectoral fin rays instead of 15 to 18 as do the other species. Named barnesi in honor of Dr. Clifford A. Barnes, project officer of the U.S.S. Bowditch during Operations Crossroads in 1946. Genus PRANESUS Whitley Pranesus WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 9, 1930. (Genotype, P. ogilbyi Whitley, based on Ogilby’s figure (Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, p. 88, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1912) of Altherina pinguis (not of Lacepéde), from Moreton Bay, Queensland. )—ScHULTz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 98, pp. 8, 23, figs. 2e, 3e, 1948. KEY TO CERTAIN SPECIES OF PRANESUS FROM THE WESTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC RELATED TO MARSHALL ISLAND ATHERINIDAE la. Lateral band narrow (measured above anal fin origin), its width 2.5 tu 3.2 times in postorbital part of head. 2a. Dorsal rays IV or V-1,i,6 or 7; anal 1,i,9 or 10 (usually 10) ; scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 35 to 37; gill rakers on lower part of first arch 19 or 20; median predorsal scales 16 or 17; depth 4 to 4% in standard length. Pranesus endrachtensis “ (Quoy and Gaimara) 6 Since there was Jack of agreement on the characters for the type of Atherina endrachtensis Quoy and Gaimard, I wrote to Dr. Bertin, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and received a reply from Rolande Esteve stating that the type No. A.4385 has the following characters: Mandible without raised rami, posterior edge of preopercle with notch; ascending median premaxillary process short, blunt and broad based; greatest depth of body 4.6 in standard length; width of lateral band 2.5 into postorbital length of head; anus in advance of first dorsal origin and in advance of tips of pelvic fins. The following counts were made: dorsal rays V—1,i,7; anal I,i,9; pectoral J,i,15; gill rakers on first arch 5+-1+19; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 37 ; and 16 median predorsal scales. Atherina lineatus Glinther is a distinct species with fewer scales (31 or 32) as recorded from the types in the British Museum in a letter from Dr. N. B. Marshall. In addition Dr. Marshall kindly supplied the following data: Rami of mandibles without elevation ; median ascending premaxillary processes short, blunt and broad based; greatest depth of body 4.2 and 4.8, head 3.5 and 3.6, both in standard length; greatest width of lateral band 1.8 and 1.6 in postorbital length of head; dorsal rays IV—I,i,7 and IV-I,i,7; anal I,i,10 and I,i,10; pectoral 1,i1,13 and J,i,15; gill rakers 6+1-+21 and 5+1-+21; scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 31 and 32; median predorsal scales 17 and 17. For another distinct species referrable to Pranesus, Rolande Esteve informs me that the type, No. A4882, of Atherina duodecimalis Cuvier .nd Valenciennes, from Ceylon, has the following characters: Rami of mandibles without elevation; median ascending premaxil- lary process short, blunt, and broad based; greatest depth of body 3.5, and head 3.5, both in standard length; greatest width of lateral band 2.2 in postorbital length of head; dorsal rays V—I,i,8 ; anal I,i,7 ; pectoral J,i,12; gill rakers 5+1-+20; seales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 31; median predorsal scales 17; anus in front of a vertical line through first dorsal origin, and in front of tips of pelvic fins, FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 307 2b. Dorsal rays V to VII-I,i,7 or 8; anal I,i,11 to 14; median predorsal scales 17 or 18; depth 4% to 544; scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 41 to 44; gill rakers on lower part of arch 22 to 26. Pranesus ogilbyi (Whitley) 10. Lateral band broad (measured above anal fin origin), its greatest width 1.3 to 2.0 times in postorbital length of head. 8a. Anal rays I,i,14 to 17; scales 45 to 47; predorsal scales 19 to 21. 4a. Gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch 20 to 22; branched rays of second dorsal 9 to 11 and branched anal rays 14 to 16. Pranesus insularum insularum (Jordan and Evermann) 4b. Gill rakers 18 to 20; branched rays of second dorsal 9 and of anal 15 RO yie bf fy Bn SA IO CE Pranesus insularum whitei, new subspecies 8b. Anal rays I,i,11 to 14 (rarely I1,i,15)_-__. Pranesus pinguis (Lacepéde) Ficure 48.—Holotype of Pranesus insularum whitei, new subspecies (U.S.N.M. No. 143506), from Saipan. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) PRANESUS INSULARUM WHITEI, new subspecies Figure 48 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 143306, 63 mm. in standard length from Saipan, June 1945, collected by Brig. Gen. T. D. White and Lt. F. B. Shroyer. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 143307, 4 specimens 43 to 49 mm. taken along with the holotype and bearing same data. Description—Counts and measurements made on the holotype and one paratype are recorded in table 29. Additional counts are given in table 26. Depth 4.7 to 5.1; head 3.7 to 3.9; snout to first dorsal origin 1.7 to 1.8, to center of anus 2.0, to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7; all in standard length. Snout 3.8 to 3.9; eye 2.6 to 2.7; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.2 to 2.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 to 3.2; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.4; distance between dorsal origins 1.5 to 1.6; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.5; interorbital space 2.6 to 2.75 all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.1. Premaxillary with front margin nearly straight; teeth minute on dentary, vomer, and palatines, on premaxillary reflected as shagreen 308 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 on outer surface; air bladder and body cavity ending bluntly in front of anal origin; bony edge of preopercle with concavity near lower posterior corner; gill rakers long and slender, the longest nearly equal to diameter of pupil; maxillary long, reaching nearly to a vertical line through front margin of pupil; enlarged scales on opercle and around base of pectoral fin; anus between tips of pelvic fins, and nearly equi- distant between tip of snout and caudal fin base; a vertical line through anus passes through fourth predorsal scale; anal fin origin about under tip of depressed spiny dorsal fin; posterior margins of scales smooth not crenulate; ascending premaxillary process short, broad, not reach- ing into interorbital space. There are 12 scales in a zigzag row around caudal peduncle and 61% scales from base of spiny dorsal fin to mid- ventral line. TaBLE 29.—Counts and measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, on Pranesus insularum whitei and P. insularum insularum insularum whitei Character Citi ae iar als. Total length in millimeters____----------------- Cis Wee eS Bae Be 58. 5 77 Standard length in millimeters___-_-__--------- 63.7 82 46.7 63 Renethiothesd=:t=2 226 ee 264 254 265 265 Greatest depth of body______------------------- 180 199 210 194 Lenethot snout ee 71 67 64 72 Diameter oforbit_----------------------------= 91 95 103 100 Postorbital length of head____------------------ 105 101 111 108 Least width of bony interorbital space__________ 91 85 94 94 Length of caudal peduncle_____----------------- 180 174 188 175 Least depth of caudal pedunele______-__-______- 71 73 86 76 Greatest width of head__..__.-___-------------- 129 130 133 132 Pelvic insertion to anal origin_-__----_____-____ 295 284 242 256 Snout tip to first dorsal origin______------------ 528 543 567 548 Snout tip to second dorsal origin------_------_- 700 707 717 701 Snout tip to anal origin___-_.___-_----_--------- 666 662 636 660 Snout tip to pectoral insertion__-_-------------- 251 254 268 262 Snout tip to pelvic insertion__._---------------- 399 390 407 383 First dorsal origin to second dorsal origin ______- 173 158 150 154 Length of longest ray of first dorsal______-_--__- 94 101 96 100 Length of longest ray of second dorsal_-_-------- 126 122 118 119 Length of longest ray of anal fin-_-___-_----__-- 146 140 124 127 Length of longest ray of pectoral fin____-.-_-__- 196 196 167 180 Length of longest ray of pelvic fin_-_____----__-- 140 132 118 121 Length of depressed first dorsal___.__-.--------- 104 100 101 103 Length of depressed second dorsal___----------- 174 175 188 170 Length of depressed anal] fin____________-_--_--- 235 240 266 238 Length of anal fin base________---__-_----------- 179 180 193 177 Length of soft dorsal fin base____-_-_-__-_--_--_ 123 122 124 113 Length of pelvic scale_______-_-- of Slevin as 5S eee ieee eres [keeles a ae 56 Morsalirayssee ys. See CS eae Ee eee V-I,i,9 V-1,i,9 V-1,i,9 V-1,i,9 PANTY VNTR Ss aes Ss le Ree J,i,14 J,i,14 J,i,15 T,i,15 PP OCtOralira VS ae ee un ese 1,i,14-I,i,14 | 1,i,14-1,i,15 | 1,i,14-I,i,15 | 1,i,14-1,i,15 Median predorsal seales___-__-.---------------- 20 20 21 21 Scale rows from gill opening to base of caudal fin_ 46 46 46 47 Gill rakers on first gill arch_.____.____-__.---__- 6+1+-20 6+1421 5+1-++19 6+1+20 FAMILY ATHERINIDAE—SCHULTZ 309 Color in alcohol.—Margins and centers of scales with brown pig- mentation above lateral band; pectoral fin dusky throughout its length; upper surface of head and sides of mandible with brown pig- mentation; caudal dusky; peritoneum blackish. Remarks.—This new subspecies appears to be nearest P. insularum insularum, of the Hawaiian Islands. It differs from P. 7. insularum in averaging about one or two fewer gill rakers on the lower arch and about one fewer branched soft dorsal rays, about one more scale in the lateral line. P. 2. whitec may be distinguished from other members of the genus by the key on page 307. Named whitez in honor of Brig. Gen. T. D. White, USA, one of its collectors. PRANESUS PINGUIS (Lacepéde) Atherina pinguis LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 373, pl. 372, fig. 1, 1803 (type locality, Mauritius).—KLUNZINGER, Die Fische des rothen Meeres, pt. 1, p. 180, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1884 (Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Chilton anchorage off Bikini Island, lagoon, light at night, July 15, 1947, S—46-402, Myers, Schultz, and O. Smith, 1 specimen, 46 mm.; Lagoon reef, halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S46-442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 55 mm. Guam: Ladrone Island, Albatross, 1900, 6 specimens, 31 to 48 mm.; Bijia Point, 1945, 1 specimen, 48 mm., McElroy and Markley. In addition to the above listed specimens I have examined others from Zanzi- bar, Tuamotou Islands, Queensland, Fiji, Phoenix Islands, and the Philippines and have found some significant variations in counts, indicating that pinguis will need to be broken up into various subspecies and races. Most of these forms have names already available, but the working out of this problem is beyond the scope of this report. Description.—Dorsal rays V to VII-I,i, 7 to 9 usually 11,8; anal 11,12 or 18; pectoral usually I,1,14 or 15; vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin usually 42 to 44; scales from first dorsal origin to midline of belly 614; median predorsal scales about 18; zigzag scales around caudal peduncle 12; gill rakers on first gill arch usually 4 to 6+1+18 to 21. (Additional counts are given in table 26.) These measurements were made on U.S.N.M. No. 124030: Depth 5 to 514; head 334 ; snout to first dorsal origin 1.9, to center of anus 2.0, to anal origin 1.6; all in standard length. Snout 3.5; eye 2.8; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.5; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.5; postorbital length of head 2.5; distance between dorsal origins 1.6; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.5; interorbital space 2.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.5. Greatest width of lateral band in postorbital length of head 1.7. Premaxillary slightly convex, with a narrow band of shagreenlike teeth reflected on outer surface; narrow band of minute teeth on 310 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dentary, vomer, and palatines; anterior bony edge of preopercle with a distinct concavity above lower corner, gill rakers long and slender, about equal to diameter of pupil; maxillary reaches a little past a vertical line through front of orbit; anus between tips of pelvic fins; vertical line through anus passes through fourth scale in front of first dorsal origin; anal fin origin under fourth scale in front of second dorsal origin; posterior margins of scales smooth, not denticulate; ascending premaxillary process short, broad based, not entering inter- erbital space; dentary without elevation posteriorly on each ramus. Color in alcohol.—Each scale above lateral band with brownish pig- ment; black pigment at bases of rays of pectorals, anal and dorsal fins; side of dentary and anterior side of maxillary with dark brown pig- ment; a streak of black pigment at dorsal side of gill cover. Distal third of pectoral fins dusky to blackish. Remarks.—This species ranges widely in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. The identity of Atherina vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard has been un- certain for over acentury. Recently I wrote to Dr. Bertin, Curator of the Muséum National d’Historie Naturelle at Paris, for data on the type of A. vaigiensis. Rolande Esteve examined the type (specimen No. 6397) and stated that the mandibles lack the elevated rami, the preopercle has the notch in posterior lower corner, the median ascend- ing premaxillary process is short, blunt, and broad based, the greatest width of the lateral band is contained 1.7 times in postorbital length of head; anus is in advance of first dorsal origin and in front of tips of pelvics. The following counts were made—dorsal rays V-I,i,9; anal 11,13; pectoral 1,1,13 [possibly a ray or two is lacking or was not counted, as this count is low]; gill rakers on first gill arch 5+1+19; scales from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 43; median predorsal scales 17. These counts correspond with those made for specimens of pinguis from the Indian and tropical Pacific Oceans (see table 26). It is my opinion that silversides centering around pinguzs will form several subspecies more or less confined to large island groups in the Pacific. As this bulletin goes to press Nichols (Marine Life, Occas. Pap., vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 55-57, fig., 1951) described Hepsetia pinguis mineri from Pago Pago, Samoa. Family MUGILIDAE: Mullets By Lronarp P. Scnurtz In my revision of the genera of mullets (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 96, pp. 377-395, 1946) I attempted to define 13 genera and pointed out that those species centering around Afugil and Chelon needed FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 311 further investigation. Chelon especially is a “catch-all” genus and needs further refinement. I did not list all the species referable to each genus because to do so would have first required an examination of the types of these species in the various museums of the world, owing to inadequate descriptions and figures. “In the United States National Museum collections I examined more than three dozen species and my conclusions were based on those as a background. These included practically all the species of the New World and of the Indo-Pacific region, along with species from Africa, Australia, East Asia, and Europe. Dr. J. L. B. Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 11, vol. 14, No. 120, pp. 833-843, 1947) published a generic revision of the mugilid fishes of South Africa. He did not recognize the genus Chelon Rose, which is listed by Neave (Nomenclator zoologicus, vol. 1, p. 683, 1989) and which I believe is a valid name. In its place he used Leza without comment. Again I have examined the genotypes of Chelon and of Liza Jordan and Swain and I find Mugil chelo Cuvier and Valenci- ennes and Mugil capito Cuvier, to be very closely related. Smith proposed the genus Strializa and named Mugil canaliculatus Smith as its genotype. I have compared two of Smith’s paratypes in the U. S. National Museum with specimens of chelo and capito, and have found them to agree in each character listed by Smith for his genus except with respect to the occurrence of numerous fine grooves on the exposed area of the dorsal scales. This latter character I consider of specific significance only. Thus I assign both Zzza and Strializa to the synonymy of Chelon. In his revision Smith also recognized EHllochelon Whitley, with Mugil vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard as its genotype, and charac- terized this genus “mainly by the broad head, truncate caudal and dark fins.” M. vaigiensis is very close to (’. chelo; both lack the adipose eyelids; both have the maxillary curved downward with its rear tip exposed when mouth is closed; and both have minute teeth embedded in the upper lip (those on vaigzensis are obvious if the lip is dried a little). I do not believe that the rather low number of scale rows, 26 to 28, is of generic significance, since those on various species referable to Chelon vary from that number to as many as 50 without any clearly defined group of species having a constant number. Coloration in the mullets in my opinion is of specific sig- nificance only. Therefore I again refer Ellechelon to the synonymy of Chelon. This leaves one additional genus, Valamugil Smith, with Mugil seheli Forskal 1775 as the genotype. I have examined a series of Mugil sehelt Forskal from the Philippine Islands. This species dif- 312 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 fers from C. chelo and C. capito only in degree of development of the mouth parts. The maxillary, though distinctly bent downward in seheli, is not so angular as to expose its posterior tip. The fine setiform teeth are embedded in the upper lip and can be found by drying or by dissection. Mugil seheli Forskal agrees with chelo and capito in regard to the absence of adipose eyelids, thin lower lip, lips without papillae, concave front margin of preorbital, dorsal origin over front part of anal base, among other characters. Again I must refer Valamugil Smith to the synonymy of Chelon. Dr. Smith’s idea of breaking up the genus Chelon as defined by me in 1946 has my approval. I believe that a few of the species falling in that group should be removed and recognized generically if they show outstanding deviation and no intermediate species occur, for example Crenimugil and Heteromugil. It is my opinion that the adipose eyelid is not a specially significant generic character alone and probably was given too much significance in my key. For ex- ample, in Afugil it is useful along with other characters, but its “absence” in Chelon is one of degree. On C. chelo it is absent but on C. engeli (Bleeker) of the Indo-Pacific the adipose eyelid is partly developed, covering as much as one-third of the iris. Thus the adi- pose eyelid in Chelon looses much of its significance because the amount of its development varies considerably. However, if a species shows outstanding development of the mouth parts or other characters that do not overlap those of other species, in my opinion that species deserves to be recognized by a generic name. Such recognition should be given to Mugil labeo Cuvier and to Mugil labiosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. I referred Oedalechilus Fowler to the synonymy of Chelon Rose in my revision. This problem has been investigated further and I herewith recognize the genus Oedalechilus. Genus OF DALECHILUS Fowler Oedalechilus Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, p. 748, 1908. (Genotype, Mugil labeo Cuvier.) The following diagnosis is based largely on U.S.N.M. No. 124480, a specimen from Venezia, Italy. Both lips have extremely fine plicae or fringes along their edges, the lower lip is folded downward, not projecting as a thin edge horizontally forward; the upper lip is very broad, over half diameter of eye; below the symphyseal knob at tip of lower jaw is a V-shaped notch; scales cycloid, perorbital with a con- cave notch in its front margin to accommodate corner of lips; pre- maxillary and maxillary bent downward at an angle, with tip of latter exposed when mouth is closed; nostrils on level of upper edge FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 313 of orbit, close together, the anterior a trifle closer to posterior than anterior is from groove behind upper lip, no adipose eyelid; upper lip several times wider than distance between nostrils; posterior edge of preorbital wider than distance between nostrils; margin of lower jaw angular; gill membranes extending far forward, not broadly con- nected across isthmus. This genus with the lower lip folded downward would fall under section 5a of my key (op. cit., p. 379) ; thence under a new section, 6c. These corrections, along with the proposal of a new genus for Mugil labiosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, are presented in the following key: KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUGILIDAE COLLECTED IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS, AND TO THOSE RELATED TO CHELON la. Lower lip thick edged, not directed forward horizontally but folded or di- rected downward so that lower lip fits more or less snugly behind upper lip when mouth is closed; margin of lower jaw angular. 2a. Lower lip bearing setiform teeth externally on edges, these arranged in a narrow or wide band. 3a. Both lips with broad edges bearing externally a band of minute teeth in several close-set rows, most teeth having bifid tips; lower lip directed but not folded downward and without free inner edge; teeth minute, slender, with bifid tips, arranged in numerous close-set rows on upper pharyngeals; nostrils very close together ; no adipose eyelid ; rear end of preorbital bone several times wider than space between nostrils; seales ctenoid (marine, in Pacific ocean of tropical New World). Chaenomugil Gill 3b. Both lips with narrow edges bearing externally a narrow band of seti- form teeth in 2 or 3 rows; lower lip folded downward and largely free along its inner edge. 4a. Margin of lips of both jaws with characteristic 3-pointed setiform teeth set in 2 or 8 rows; adipose eyelid obsolete or undeveloped ; nostrils moderately separated, much closer together than anterior is from edge of snout, lip excluded; maxillary not reaching past rear edge of preorbital bone; scales cycloid (marine, Oceania). Weomyxus Steindachner (p. 315) 4b. Margins of both lips with a uniserial row (occasionally a few in an outer or second row) of setiform teeth with unbranched curved tips ; adipose eyelid well developed (except nearly absent in young) in adults, reaching almost to pupil; nostrils about as far apart as anterior is from edge of snout, lip excluded; scales cycloid (marine, Galdipagoselslands) ses eee “enomugil Schultz 2b. Lower lip bearing several rows of fleshy papillae, both externally and in- ternally, with their tips crenulate, becoming more so in adults a foot long or longer ; upper lip very broad, bearing papillae, the crenulate edge continuous around rictus; lower lip also crenulate; nostrils close to- gether, anterior one as close to premaxillary groove as to posterior nostril; front edge of preorbital with an angular or concave notch; pre- maxillary and maxillary bent downward posteriorly, but tip of maxillary not exposed as in Chelon; adipose eyelid undeveloped or absent; scales eycloid (marine, Oceania and Indian Ocean). Crenimugil Schultz (p. 317) 314 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2c. Upper lip very broad, edge thick, bearing numerous extremely fine plicae or a fringe; lower lip turned downward, also fringed; nostrils close together, anterior one about as close to premaxillary groove as to pos- terior nostril ; front edge of preorbital with a coneave notch ; premaxillary and maxillary bent downward, posterior tip of maxillary exposed when mouth is closed; adipose eyelid absent; scales cycloid (marine, tropical HUPOpeaAn (Seas?) 22s ee ae Oedalechiius Fowler (p. 312) 1b. Lower lip with a thin edge, directed horizontally forward or nearly so, not folded downward and not bearing teeth externally on lips, although fine teeth may occur along edge of lip; upper lip with a band of teeth or with a uniserial row of setiform, or ciliform, or small incisorlike teeth, some- times more or less firmly set. 5a. Distance between nostrils wide, equal to or greater than width of upper lip; anterior and posterior nostrils widely separated, farther apart than anterior nostril is from groove that separates upper lip from rest of snout; posterior edge of preorbital narrower than distance between nostrils, its posterior tip scarcely or not reaching past front of eye; maxillary and premaxillary not hooked down- ward, maxillary not notably exposed, both in line with front edge of preorbital; adipose eyelid well developed, reaching to or nearly to pupil except on young (50 mm. in standard length or shorter), in which case posterior edge of preorbital narrower than space between nostrils; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales cycloid (marine, along coasts of Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, West Indies, Oceania to Red Sea, islands of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in temperate and tropical waters). Mugil Linnaeus 5b. Distance between nostrils narrow, equal to or narrower than upper lip; anterior nostril much closer to posterior nostril than anterior is from groove that separates upper lip from rest of snout; width of posterior edge of preorbital wider than distance between nostrils. No adipose eyelid, or at most one, covering less than half the iris. 6a. Upper lip with simple unfolded edges, no folds or lobe at corner of mouth. Ta. Teeth setiform or ciliform, in upper lip with simple undivided tips. Sa. Teeth numerous in upper jaw in a single row, with simple tips rather coarse and incisorlike, firmly set, not ciliform, and not forming part of upper lip, but exposed; anterior edge of preorbital straight or nearly so; maxillary nearly straight, not notably exposed or hooked downward over premaxillary, and not extending past rear edge of preorbital bone; premaxillary with its anterior margin evenly curved, nondentate posterior part in line with toothed portion, not at sharp angle to it; narrow band of teeth on vomer and palatines; scales cycloid (marine and fresh waters, Aus- tralian region and tropical western Pacific). Myxus Giinther 8b. Teeth in upper jaw ciliform, flexible, extremely fine and numerous, forming part of upper lip. FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 315 9a. Anterior edge of preorbital concave or angular; maxillary with its posterior part notably exposed, sharply curved downward over posterior part of premaxillary and extend- ing below precrbital a distance greater than width be- tween nostrils; premaxillary with its front margin sharply angular, nondentate posterior portion hooked backward and downward almost at right angles to toothed portion; villiform patches of teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; scales cycloid (marine, trop- ical and temperate Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans of Old World, not yet found in New World). Chelon Rose (p. 318) 9b. Anterior margin of preorbital evenly curved or nearly straight; maxillary with its posterior part somewhat ex- posed but in line with posterior part of premaxillary and not curved downward, but ending about opposite posterior edge of preorbital; premaxillary with its front margin evenly curved; a narrow band of villiform teeth present on vomer and palatines ; scales ctenoid (fresh waters, pos- sibly brackish too, Australia, Burma, and South Africa). Trachystoma Ogilby %b. Teeth in upper lip setiform, rather firmly set, with trifid or bifid tips; teeth in lower jaw ciliform and embedded more or less in thin-edged lower lip; anterior edge of preorbital concave; maxillary with its posterior part notably exposed, sharply curved downward over posterior part of premaxillary and extending below preorbital a distance greater than width be- tween nostrils; premaxillary with its front margin sharply angular, nondentate posterior portion hooked backward and downward at a sharp angle; villiform patches of teeth on vomer and palatines; scales cycloid (marine, South Africa). Heteromugil Schultz 6b. Upper lip with 2 paired lobes ventral to edge, 4 more at corner of mouth on each side, 2 large and 2 small, all these lobes fleshy and distinct; lower lip at symphysis with a broad V-shaped edentulous notch, each side of which lower lip with a lobe similar to those of upper lip; edges of lips and lobes with fine papillae, each supplied with one or two rows of minute curved fine setiform teeth; front edge of preorbital with a deep notch into which the lobes of the lip at corner of mouth fit, when mouth is closed (marine, tropical western Pacific). Plicomugil, new genus (p. 320) Genus NEOMYXUS Steindachner Neomyrus STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wein, vol. 78, p. 348, 1878. (Geno- type, Myxus (Neomyzus) sclateri Steindachner. ) NEOMYXUS CHAPTALII (Eydoux and Souleyet) Prater 24, A, B Mugil chaptalii Hypoux and SOULEYET, Voyage autour de monde ... sur la corvette La Boniio, vol. 1, p. 171, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1841 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). 316 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 17 stations, 249 specimens, 25 to 215 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 18 specimens, 38 to 238 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 61 specimens, 27 to 143 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 48 specimens, 34 to 215 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 4 specimens, 23 to 27 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 431 specimens, 25 to 32 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IV-ii,8; anal III,10; pectoral 11,13 or 14 (usually 11,14) pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 6+6; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 45 to 48; scales in a row from anal origin to base of second dorsal fin 12 or 13; gill rakers on first gill arch (apparently increasing in number with age) about 35 to 63+ 49 to 66=85 to 129 or more. Greatest depth of body (opposite base of spiny dorsal fin) 4.0 to 4.1, head 3.6 to 3.8, both in standard length; pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3 in head; pelvic fins not quite reaching halfway to anal origin on adults; second dorsal origin over middle third of anal fin base; posterior margins of soft dorsal and anal fins concave, except on young; caudal fin with posterior margin deeply concave; first dorsal spine longest, when depressed reaching a trifle past second spine; first anal spine short, third longest; pelvic spine length three-fourths that of longest soft ray; scales cycloid; basal one-half to two-thirds of pectoral and pelvic fins scaled; basal two-thirds to four-fifths of caudal, soft dorsal, and anal fins scaled; accessary pelvic scale 2.2 to 2.8 in longest pelvic ray; upper lip thick, broad, bearing along its edge numerous trifid setiform teeth arranged in 2 or 3 rows; lower lip folded downward with 2 or 3 rows of trifid setiform teeth; premaxillary protractile; preorbital with anterior edge nearly straight and posterior edge nearly truncate. Color in alcohol.——Dusky dorsally, nearly white ventrally; fins all a little dusky, except pelvies, which are whitish; upper edge of pre- orbital with a little dark pigment; peritoneum black. Color when alive—Plain grayish dorsally, silvery on sides, white below; base of pectoral fin at its dorsal edge with a bright yellow spot. Eeology.—This mullet was the most abundant species in the lagoon and along the ocean reefs; at night it came inshore at the surface in water only 2 inches deep, where it was caught with a dipnet and a light. Sometimes it could be followed out over deep water with the light. If disturbed, Veomyxus chaptalii would suddenly leap a few yards and disappear in a splash of water. When close in to shore it was most frequently found along sandy stretches of the beach or where the reef was not rugged and channeled. FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 317 Remarks.—N. chaptalii may be recognized by its trifid setiform teeth in 2 or 8 rows on the lips of both jaws, with lower lip folded downward. Genus CRENIMUGIL Schultz Crenimugil Scuuxrtz, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., vol. 96, p. 387, 1946. (Genotype, Mugil crenilabis Forskal.) CRENIMUGIL CRENILABIS (Férskal) Mugil crenilabis FORSKAL, Descriptiones animalium .. ., pp. xiv, 73, 1775 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 538 specimens, 76 to 300 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 16 specimens, 122 to 155 mm. Guam: 6 lots, 19 specimens, 28 to 49 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IV-1,i,/; anal I11,9; pectoral 11,15 or 16; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 6+6; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 37 to 39; scales in a row from anal fin origin to base of second dorsal 10 or 11; gill rakers very numerous, in- creasing in number with increase in size. Greatest depth of body (opposite base of spiny dorsal fin) 3.5 to 3.6, head 3.7 to 4.0, both in standard Jength; pectoral fin 1.1 in head; pelvic fins reaching nearly to or halfway to anal origin; second dorsal origin over rear of first third of anal fin base; posterior margins of soft dorsal and of anal fins concave; caudal fin deeply forked; first dorsal spine same length as second ; first anal spine short, third longest ; pelvic spine reaches out two-thirds length of longest pelvic ray; scales cycloid; basal three-fourths to four-fifths of all fins scaled, except spiny dorsal fin, which is naked; accessory pelvic scale 1.5 to 2.0 in longest pelvic ray; upper lip thick, broad, blunt anteriorly, edged with numerous rows of papillae; lower lip edge finely folded, continu- ous around corner of mouth with upper lip; front edge of preorbital angular, posterior edge truncate; eye without adipose eyelid; lips without teeth; posterior tip of maxillary not exposed. Color in alcohol.—Dusky to blackish dorsally, silvery on sides and whitish below; upper edge of base of pectoral fin with a black spot; all fins dusky ; peritoneum black. Ecology.—The halfgrown specimens all were taken from high tidal pools or ponds over the reefs; the largest specimen, however, was speared by Vernon Brock in a surge channel on the ocean side of the reef of Erik Island. Remarks.—Characteristic of this mullet are the papillae on the outer surface of the upper lip and the folded edge of the lower lip, features that make it unlike any other species of Mugilidae yet found. 318 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus CHELON RéGse Chelon Roser, Petri Artedi Angermannia-Sueci synonymia nominum piscium .. ., ed. 2, p. 118, 1793. (Genotype, Mugil chelo Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) Ozymugil WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 11, pt. 3, p. 271, fig. 7, 1948. (Genotype, Mugil acutus Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) KEY TO SPECIES OF CHELON COLLECTED IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Dorsal posterior part of pectoral fin black; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 26 to 28. Chelon vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) 1b. Pectoral fin not blackish; scale rows 30 to 33______ Chelon engeli (Bleeker) CHELON VAIGIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard) PLATES 23, B; 24, C Mugil vaigiensis Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne, ... , Poissons, Zool., p. 337, pl. 59, fig. 2, 1825 (type locality, Waigiou). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 18 specimens, 53 to 125 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 236 mm. Guam : 5 lots, 61 specimens, 13 to 111 mm. Description —Dorsal rays IV-1,i,6 or 7; anal III,8; pectoral 11,14, pelvic I, 5; branched caudal 6+6; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 26 to 28; scales in a row from anal origin to base of second dorsal fin 9. Greatest depth of body (opposite base of spiny dorsal fin) 3.4 to 4.2, head 3.8 to 3.6, both in standard length; pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.4 in head; pelvic fins reaching from one-half to two-thirds way to anal fin origin; second dorsal fin origin over rear half of anal base; posterior margins of soft dorsal and anal fins concave, that of caudal slightly concave; first and second dorsal spines of about same length; pelvic spine length two-thirds to three-fourths that of longest pelvic ray; scales cycloid; basal three-fourths to four-fifths of all fins scaled, except spiny dorsal, which is naked; accessory pelvic scale 2.3 to 3.0 in longest pelvic ray; upper lip moderately thick, smooth edged, no papillae or plicae, lower lip thin edged, smooth, without papillae or plicae, not folded down- ward; anterior edge of preorbital angular, posterior edge truncate; eye without adipose eyelid; posterior tip of maxillary a little exposed when mouth is closed. Color in alcohol.—Dusky to blackish dorsally, belly whitish; center of each row of scales darkish, resulting in about six lengthwise dusky streaks, these lacking on small specimens; upper half of pectoral fin blackish, increasing to cover all but posterior margin on large adults FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 319 (200 mm. or longer in standard length) ; both dorsal fins black in young; all fins, except pectoral, dusky in adults. Color when ative —Back greenish black, sides silvery, belly white; upper half to four-fifths of pectoral black, lower part yellowish orange; lips and cheek tinted with orange; caudal fin yellowish. Ecology—tThe young of this species, often found in tidal pools at low tide, were not encountered in the northern Marshall Islands. It was not often seen at Bikini. Remarks.—This species may be recognized at a glance by the black pectoral fins. It differs from C. engeli in having 26 to 28 scales in- stead of 30 to 33. CHELON ENGELI (Bleeker) Mugil engeli BueexKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 15, p. 385; 1858; vol. 16, p. 277, 1858-59 (type locality Batavia, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 16 specimens, 81 to 169 mm. Guam: 5 lots, 100 specimens, 23 to 103 mm. Description—Dorsal rays IV-I,i,7; anal I1I,9; pectoral ii,14; pel- vic 1,5; branched caudal 6+6; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 30 to 33; scales from anal origin to base of second dorsal fin 10. Greatest depth (opposite base of spiny dorsal) 3.2 to 3.5, head 3.5 to 4.0, both in standard length; pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2 in head; pelvic fins reaching 14 to 24 the way to anal origin; second dorsal origin over front third of base of anal fin; posterior margins of soit dorsal and of anal fins concave, that of caudal moderately concave; first two dorsal spines about equal; pelvic spine 24 to 34 length of longest pelvic ray; scales cycloid; basal 14 to % of all fins scaled, except spiny dorsal, which is naked; pelvic scale 2.2 in longest pelvic ray; upper lip moderately narrow, its width about equal to distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings; upper lip profile continuous with that of lower jaw when closed, or nearly so; lips smooth, with- out papillae, plicae, or teeth; lower lip thin-edged, extending hori- zontally forward; anterior edge of preorbital concave or angular, its posterior edge rounded in young, becoming truncate in adults; eye with a moderately developed adipose eyelid; posterior tip of maxillary not exposed when mouth is closed; origin of spiny dorsal equidistant between base of caudal and tip of snout, or slightly closer to base of caudal. Color in alcohol.—Dusky dorsally, sides silvery, under sides white fins all light dusky; peritoneum black. Remarks—This species, with III, 9 and rays and 30 to 33 scale rows, has a pectoral fin a little shorter than the head. In the roof of 320 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 the mouth of specimens 100 mm. in standard length and longer is a pair of blackish fleshy lobes, each of which is free anteriorly, just behind upper lip, and which do not join across the middle line of the mouth; also, arising on the tip of the lobe near the midline, is a small lobular projection attached to the midline of the premaxillary. The signifi- cance of these is not known. PLICOMUGIL, new genus Genotype.—Mugil labiosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. This new genus is a Chelon with characteristically folded and lobed lips, as illustrated in the figure and description of P. labiosus. It may be separated from all related genera by the key on page 315. Named Plicomugil in reference to the folded lips. ; OO : eens = Ay LLL RES Ficure 49.—Plicomugil labiosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) PLICOMUGIL LABIOSUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Figures 49, 50 Mugil labiosus CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. II, p. 125, 1836 (type locality, Red Sea). Mugil joloensis Satz, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, p. 500, 1909 (type locality, Jolo, Jolo Island, Philippine Islands).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 54, p. 421, 1934. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Romuk Island, lagoon reef, April 2, 1946, S-46—48, Schultz, 1 specimen, 115 mm. standard length; Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S—46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 150 mm. Bikini or Rongelap or Kwajalein Atolls: August 17 to September 28, 1946, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 175 mm. In addition, specimens from the Red Sea and Philippine Islands have been examined. Description.—Dorsal rays IV-1,6; IV-i,7; IV-11,6; anal III,9; T11,9; 11,9; pectoral 11,14-11,15; 11,14-11,14; 11,14-11,14; pelvic 1,5; 1,53 1,5; branched caudal 6+6; 6+6; 6+6; scale rows from upper edge FAMILY MUGILIDAE—SCHULTZ 321 of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 35 ; 34; 34; scales in a row from anal origin to base of second dorsal fin 10; 11; 11; gill rakers on first gill arch 18 + 35 = 53 and 18 + 389 = 57. Precision measurements were made and these are recorded in table 30 in thousandths of the standard length for the two Bikini specimens. Greatest depth of body at origin of spiny dorsal fin, 3.3 to 3.5; head 3.9 to 4.2, both in standard length; pectoral fin a little longer than head, pelvic fins reaching just a trifle over halfway to anal origin; second dorsal origin over rear of base of anal fin; posterior margins of second dorsal and of anal concave, outer lobe longer than inner one; Ficure 50.—Plicomugil labiosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), from Bikini Atoll, front view showing mouth parts. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) caudal fin with posterior margin concave; first dorsal spine longest, when depressed reaching just past tips of other three spines; first anal spine short, third spine notably longest; pelvic spine reaching out about two-thirds the length of longest soft pelvic ray; scales cycloid; basal half of pectoral and pelvic fins covered with small scales, basal three-fourths of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins scaled; acces- sory pelvic scale contained 2.5 times in longest pelvic ray; upper lip thick, broad, its width over half eye diameter, edge with papillae each having two minute teeth; ventrally to edge of upper lip two paired lobes, median lobe broadest and separated from upper lip, outer lobe small and connected to outer corner of upper lip; corner of mouth with four paired lobes, upper one narrow, second broad, third narrow, and fourth (or ventral one) broad; each of these lobes or folds of lips joined posteriorly, but upper one less so; lower lip at center or symphysis with a broad V-shaped edentulus, or angularly concave area, without papillae or fine teeth, the lip somewhat folded down or thickened; outer half of lower lip with a lobe similar to that on upper 955292—53—vol. 123 322 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 lip; lobes on both upper and lower lips supplied with papillae, each with a minute curved tooth; gill rakers rather long and numerous; adipose eyelid lacking; preorbital deeply notched; maxillary sharply curved downward and with its posterior part notably exposed; lips at corner of mouth fitting snugly into the deep notch of preorbital ; pre- maxillary protactile; nasal openings close together ; posterior edge of preorbital a little rounded; small patches of teeth on vomer and palatines. TaBLE 30.—Measurements made on species of Plicomugil expressed in thousandths of the standard length joloensis Characters labiosus Bikini Atoll | 7egtyPs No. 137047 Standard length in millimeters_....------.-.---------------------- 115 150 51.5 head Vernet i a Ae Ss ES Se) EN rn aa casters 246 240 291 Syo ab era ot aa a SES URE Pere en 77 76 72 Diameter of eye-_--_-- Be Fat ag i Ea ane re eg eg 76 57 93 Interorbitalispace ssa sree les a ee RON ese 2 ee ee 120 117 130 Widthiofupper liptes.222 oo eeu e a ee eee aes Eee ees 35 33 23 Greatest;depth) ofibod ye sea ae ee ee 300 297 311 Least depth of caudal peduncle_____------------------------------ 129 130 128 length ofcaudalipeduncle: 222s ee ee eee 201 203 198 Snout/tipitol first: dorsalionigin= = =2 eee eee 561 550 563 Snout tip to second dorsal origin____------------------------------ 790 794 784 Snoutitipstoranaloni gin eee eee eee 715 713 732 Hongest pectoraliray2222 32-222 sass eee eee eee cee 257 248 270 Tongest;pelviciraye sass ee Ee es nee ee 169 169 181 ONES tONMITStGOLSANS TORIC sees ee ee ee 150 145 184 Mongest Second dorsal ayes ee ee eee 146 147 179 Thongestianal Tay 2222s seco) Ses ae Nee eae e eM one es 177 173 195 Mongesticaudalirayeecs st he a ee ee ee ame ea eee ecm aise 267 322 Shortestiormidcaudaliray2 2225 s2ae seers eae eee aes 204 213 233 1 Since the holotype was destroyed, I herewith select U.S.N.M. No. 137047 as the neotype of Mugil joloensis Seale. This lot came from Port Caltom, Philippines. Additional specimens are U.S.N.M. No. 154084. Color in aicohol——Brownish above, whitish below, pectoral fin at upper edge of its base with a small black spot; anterior two-thirds of dorsal surface of pectoral fins blackish, rear third white; median fins dusky with rear margins a little paler; peritoneum black. Remarks.—The specimens from the Marshall and Philippine Islands have ITI,9 anal rays and the two that I have seen from the Red Sea have III,8 and III,9 anal rays. I have compared the Marshall Island specimens with A/ugil joloensis Seale from the Philippines and Mugil labiosus Cuvier and Valenciennes from the Red Sea, and cannot find any characters that definitely separate them. Therefore I conclude that joloensis is a synonym of labiosus. The gill rakers appear to increase in number with increased age, varying from 164-29 to 18+89 or more. FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE—SCHULTZ 323 Suborder POLYNEMINA Family POLYNEMIDAE: Threadfins By Leonarp P. Scuuttz Genus POLYDACTYLUS Lacepéde Polydactylus Laceripr, Histoire Naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 419, 1808. (Genotype, Polydactylus plumierii Laceptde=Polynemus virginicus Lin- naeus.) POLYDACTYLUS SEXFILIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Polynemus sexjilis Cuvirr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 515, 1831 (type locality, Isle de France). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 85 specimens, 51 to 77 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 66 to 69 mm. Rongelap Atoll; 1 station, 1 specimen, 68 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 39 mm. Description —Dorsal rays VII-1,18; anal ITI,11; pectoral 14 to 17-6; pelvic 1,5; gill rakers 11 to 18+1+ 15 to 17; scales rows 61 to 63, above lateral line to second dorsal origin 9, below to anal origin 11 or 12. In 92 counts there were 6 free pectoral rays without any variation in number. | Greatest depth 3.4 to 3.6, head 3.0 to 3.3, both in standard length; eye 3.8 to 4.0, snout 4.1 to 5.5, tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 1.6 to 1.7, interorbital space 3.0 to 4.0, all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.8 in its length. Greatest depth at origin of first dorsal, the latter a little behind a vertical line through pectoral base; a vertical line through soft dorsal origin passes a little in front of anal origin; pelvic insertion equidis- tant between anal origin and pupil or closer to latter; anus opposite or slightly in advance of tips of pelvics; free pectoral rays reaching to or a little past tips of pelvic fins; lateral line running a straight course from upper edge of gill opening to midside of caudal peduncle; scales ctenoid; maxillary naked; gill membranes free from isthmus, joined far forward; teeth villiform, in a band on jaw and palatines, in a patch on vomer; eye enclosed in an adipose sheath. Color in alcohol—tLarge adults very light brownish, with fins a little dusky. Smaller specimens (less than 100 mm. in standard length) strikingly marked, as follows: Three broad dark bars, one on head ending behind jaws, second from between dorsals to pelvics (these two separated by wedge-shaped silver area behind head), third on caudal peduncle; first dorsal blackish; second dorsal and anal blackish basally, with broad white margin; caudal fin white basally, distal two- thirds blackish; a white spot at origins of both dorsal fins. 324 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—This threadfin was not taken over the reefs but did occur in schools in the lagoon, and sometimes along sandy shores that were nearly free of coral heads. Infrequently, small ones were attracted to a light at night. Suborder PERCOMORPHINA: Perches and Basses Family KUHLIDAE By Leronarp P. ScHuLTz Genus KUHLIA Gill Kuhlia Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 48. (Genotype, Perca ciliata Cuvier.) (Duies Cuvier is restricted to the Serranidae because Jordan and Gilbert, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 542, 1882, restricted the genus by designating the genotype Dules auriga Cuvier and Valenciennes, and not as designated by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 510, and U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 165, 1930, to Centropomus rupestris Lacepéde). Various counts for central Pacific species of Awhlia are recorded in table 31. HKuhlia sandvicensis appears to be restricted to the Hawaiian Islands and the records for 1. sandvicensis by Schultz (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 180, p. 101, 1948) for the Phoenix and Samoan Islands appear to be those of EH. marginata. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF KUHLIA FROM THE CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC 1a. Seale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 40 to 44; dorsal rays X,10 or 11. 2a. Anal rays III,10 ; gill rakers on first gill arch 7 to 9+1-+16 to 19; about one-fourth of tips of upper and lower lobes of caudal fin whitish, upper and lower margins white; outer middle third of upper and lower caudal lobes with a large black blotch; just beyond tip of lateral line and on middle caudal fin rays a black spot, more evident in young and half grown than in large adults; anterior tip of soft dorsal fin white; dorsal part of soft dorsal pale, distally blackish (Indo-Pacific). Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepéde) 2b. Anal rays III,11 or 12, usually 12; gill rakers 9 or 10+1-+-22 to 25; caudal fin plain pale, without large black blotches in the lobes, posterior margin blackish (Samoan Islands) _____1—---_--____-_- Kuhlia salelea Schultz 1b. Seale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 50 to 55. 3a. Caudal fin with five black bars, a median one and two oblique ones in each lobe, areas between black bars white or colorless; soft anal fin with dark pigment, none on rays; tip of chin and snout blackish; peritoneum black. Dorsal rays X,9 to 11; anal III,10 or 11; pectoral ii,11 or 12, usually 12; gill rakers usually 10-+1+-238 or 24 (tropical Indo-Pacific) 2 Kuhlia taeniura (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3b. Caudal fin not colored as in 8a. 4a. Posterior margin of caudal fin blackish, a wide pale band bordering it anteriorly ; top of head mottled with black and yellow, especially between eyes. FAMILY KUHLIDAE—SCHULTZ 325 5a. Pectoral rays ii,11 or 12; dorsal X,11; anal 111,11, rarely III,12; (Indo-Pacific)____ Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 56. Pectoral rays ii,13, rarely ii,12 or ii,14; dorsal X,11 or 12; anal TII,11 (Hawaiian Islands)_ Kuhlia sandvicensis (Steindachner) 4b. Caudal fin with outer third of upper and lower lobes blackish, this area narrowing into a wide band at tips of midcaudal fin rays; central portion of upper and lower halves of caudal fin with a large blackish blotch, bordered by pale area; sometimes area between central dark spots whitish, especially on young, darker on adults; tip of chin black; pectoral rays usually ii,12, rarely ii,18; dorsal X,11 or 12; anal III,12 (Phoenix Islands)______________ Kuhlia petiti Schultz TABLE 31.—Certain counts recorded for species of Kuhlia from the Central Pacific area Number of fin rays Species Dorsal Anal Pectoral xX | 9 | 10) 11 | 12] TIT] 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 J ii,11 | 11,12 | 11,13 | ii,14 tuentura (Marshall Islands) __-__-_-- AN a Gs ar eye Te | ees eee IE Gal seal hiek pore Ma TTC ees yar ane rupestris (Marianas Islands) _----__-- OF | Eee eee ii OP ites Call est NAS) (a es 6 OP eee Bees marginata: (Marshall Islands) ----_----__-- 1) ese loee ol), 20) al WO ess esss|| HO al Bais yi ee esl ae (Johnston Island) -------------- Co ee ee | PD eal 1) Ie = Pe eae 2 Selec see | eae sundvicensis (Oahu Island)_-_-______- OP Se Ih AE Gs 9 |___ Coal (ol ee 1 15 1 salelea (Samoan Islands)_______-___- 2 eee ape en Pr 4 | ere at ene 2 2 2 Dp ee EE es: petiti (Phoenix Islands) -------_-.--- U | SScISSSaH G24] 23) Tale Sca|fessalp (2 laesee 6 iP |e | KUHLIA RUPESTRIS (Lacepéde) Centropomus rupestris LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 252, 273, 1802 (type locality, Isle dela Réunion). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: Merizo River, % mile above mouth, November 29, 1945, Frey, 95 specimens, 18 to 245 mm. in standard length. Rota: rock pool at mouth of stream, November 14, 1945, Frey, 8 specimens, 17 to 29 mm. Saipan: Talofofo River, Cloud, 1 specimen, 157 mm. Description —Dorsal rays X,11; anal J11,10; pectoral ii,11 or 12; pelvic always 1,5; scales from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 40 to 42, above lateral line to spiny dorsal base 5, from lateral line to anal fin origin 8; about 11 predorsal median scales and about 24 in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle; gill rakers on first gill arch 7 to 9+1+16 to 19. Body somewhat compressed, its greatest depth 2.5 to 2.6, head 2.7 to 3.0, length of pectoral fin 4.6 to 5.2; all in standard length. Snout 3.9 to 4.1; eye 3.2 to 4.6; postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.1; length of anal fin base 1.4; length of pectoral fin 1.8 to 1.9; length of maxil- lary 2.2 to 2.3; least width of interorbital space 3.4 to 3.0; all in length 326 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 1.3 to 1.4; length of caudal peduncle in length of base of anal fin 1.3 to 1.4. Orbit 1.5 to 1.9 in postorbital length of head. Lower opercular spine longest and strongest; teeth in villiform band on jaws, vomer, and palatines; maxillary reaches to a point under center of pupil in small adults, to rear margin of pupil, or a trifle beyond, in large adults; pectoral fin reaches to eighth or ninth row of scales behind cleithrum; caudal fin emarginate in young, scarcely so in adults, shortest middle rays 1.2 to 1.4 in longest ones, lobes rounded; dorsal origin a trifle behind a vertical line through pelvic insertions; pelvics not reaching to anus. Color in alcohol—Background color grayish, margins of scales blackish, forming a spotted pattern; caudal fin with the posterior third of upper and lower lobes blackish, with the outer tips of these rays pale or whitish, less so in large adults, basal part of fin dusky; distal part of rays of dorsal dusky; anal fin pale except for a few darker blotches sometimes present basally; a blackish area above orbit; peritoneum silvery, with numerous black spots. In the young shorter than 30 mm. the dark color on the fins is intensely black, with an additional black area just behind midbase of caudal fin. Ecology.—This species enters fresh-water streams, and occurs in the sea. KUHLIA TAENIURA (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Dules taeniurus CUvIrrk and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, D. 114, 1829 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 104 specimens, 17 to 159 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 23 specimens, 79 to 121 mm. Rongelap Atoll; 4 stations, 47 specimens, 16 to 142 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 17 specimens, 17 to 51 mm. Agrihan Atoll: 1 lot, 13 specimens, 18 to 28 mm. Ahrno Atoll: Albatross, 5 specimens, 22 to 62 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 6 specimens, 21 to 64 mm. Guam: 1 specimen, 23 mm. Deseription.—Dorsal rays X,9 to 11, usually 10 or 11; anal ITI,10 or 11, usually 11; pectoral rays ii,11 or 12; pelvics always I,5; scales from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin usually 58 or 54, with 6 scales from lateral line to spiny dorsal fin base, exclusive of scaly sheath, and 10 below lateral line to anal origin; median predorsal scales about 11 or 12; about 24 scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle; gill rakers on first gill arch about 10+1+23 or 24. FAMILY KUHLIDAE—SCHULTZ 327 Body somewhat compressed; greatest depth 2.6 to 2.8, head 3.1 to 3.3, length of pectoral fin 4.7 to 5.0, all in the standard length. Snout 4.0 to 4.2; eye 2.8 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.5; length of anal fin base 1.4; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.6; length of maxil- lary 2.5 to 2.8; least width of interorbital space 3.2 to 3.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 1.7 to 1.9; length of caudal peduncle in length of base of anal fin 1.0 to 1.1. Orbit 1.1 to 1.2 in postorbital length of head. Lower opercular spine longest and strongest, villiform band of teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; maxillary not quite reaching to a vertical line through front of pupil; pectoral fin reaches to twelfth or thirteenth scale behind cleithrum; caudal fin deeply forked, shortest middle rays 1.8 to 2.0 in longest rays; lobes pointed posteriorly ; dorsal origin a little behind a vertical line through insertion of last, or inner, pelvic ray; pelvics not quite reaching to anus. Color in alcohol—Brownish to blackish dorsally, paler ventrally ; back sometimes with a few wavy brown streaks, dorsal surface some- times with interconnecting dark wavy streaks; caudal fin with 5 dark bars, a central one and two oblique ones in each lobe; soft dorsal dis- tally with a black streak edged with white; spiny dorsal dusky, darker edged distally; anal fin rays with blackish pigment in basal 34; tip of snout and of lower jaw blackish ; peritoneum black. Ecology.—This widely distributed species is common on the reefs in the higher pools that are left at low tide, in which the young con- gregate. At night young X. tentwra are attracted to a light. Some of these were taken at a considerable distance from the reefs, in sit- uations where the current would carry them far from the reefs out to sea. Undoubtedly the more or less pelagic nature of the immature has been a major factor in the wide distribution of this species. KUHLIA MARGINATA (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Dules marginatus CuvirrR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 116, pl. 52, 1829 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll; 5 stations, 19 specimens, 17 to 150 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 42 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 26 to 55 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays, X,11; anal 111,11, rarely I11,12; pectoral 13,11 or 12; pelvic I,5; scales from upper edge of gill opening to mid- base of caudal fin usually 51 or 52, from lateral line to spiny dorsal base 6, from lateral line to anal origin 12, predorsal scales about 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 9 to 12+1+ 24 to 28. 328 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Body compressed; greatest depth 2.5 to 2.6, head 3.0 to 3.5, length of pectoral fin 4.6 to 4.7, all in the standard length. Snout 3.7 to 4.0; eye 2.8 to 3.1; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.4; length of anal fin base 1.2 to 1.8; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; length of maxillary 2.83 to 2.4; least width of interorbital space 3.2 to 3.6; all in the length of the head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 1.6 to 1.7; length of caudal peduncle in length of base of anal fin 1.2 to 1.3. Orbit 1.1 to 1.2 in postorbital length of head. Lower opercular spine only a little longer and stronger than upper one; villiform band of teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; maxillary not quite or reaching a vertical line through front of pupil; pectoral fin reaches to the thirteenth to fifteenth rows of scales behind cleithrum; caudal fin deeply forked, lobes pointed posteriorly, the shortest middle rays twice in longest caudal rays; dorsal origin about over pelvic insertions; pelvics reaching to or not quite to anus. Color in alcohol—Background color grayish, darker above, paler below; caudal fin dusky, margined with blackish posteriorly; distal part of dorsal fin dusky; sometimes the rays of anal fin have black pigment; in young about 40 to 50 mm. in standard length there may be an area with dark pigment about haliiway out the upper and lower caudal fin rays. Peritoneum is profusely black pigmented. Ecology.—Specimens of lengths up to about 55 mm. were taken in high tidal pools onthe reef. Larger specimens came from deeper water. Family SERRANIDAE: Groupers, Sea Basses By Leronarp P. Scuuurz My study of this remarkable group of fishes has revealed several surprises. I have based my conclusiens on large series of specimens from nearly all the large island groups of the tropical Indo-Pacific oceans and I believe that the resulting opinions should carry considerable weight in untangling some of the commoner species of groupers of that vast region. I have concluded that the color pattern of the groupers is of the utmost importance in distinguishing the various species, but that not too much value should be placed on the presence or absence of the dark vertical bands; these appear to vary in intensity with age, more or less disappearing in adults of certain species. The dark blotches along the back, as well as the distribution of black spots elsewhere on the head and body, are very important characters. Since the pelvic rays are normally 1,5 and the branched caudal rays 8+7, these counts are omitted in the descriptions. The species usually referred to the #pinephelus merra and EL’. hexagonatus complex have FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 329 received very careful attention and my studies have clearly shown several species to exist, some of which are new. KEY TO THE SERRANIDAE FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND MARIANAS ISLANDS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM la. Opercular membrane notably with free area dorsally, not fused along the dorsal edge of operculum; scales ctenoid, not deeply embedded in the thickish skin. 2a. Sealy membrane or dermal process at dorsal edge of pectoral base con- necting with body; supplementary maxillary bone present; dorsal fin single, sometimes a little emarginate near last dorsal spine but never deeply notched to base. 8a. Dorsal spines XI, rarely X or XII, vomerine teeth in a A-shaped narrow band. 4a. Palatine teeth present; anal rays III,8, very rarely III,9, or III,7; no canines on sides of mandible besides the usual ones near symphysis. 5a. Interorbital space notably convex; soft dorsal rays notably shorter than longest dorsal spine; middle opercular spine equidistant be- tween upper and lower ones; no distinct dark blotches along base of dorsal fin or on caudal peduncle. 6a. Two rows of teeth on middle of sides of dentary in adult; longest gill raker on first gill arch longer than gill filaments, greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0 in standard length and 1.1 in head; pectoral 1.7 in head; background color brownish with numerous roundish black spots on head, body, and fins; maxillary groove not dark edged__________ Epinephelus medurensis (Gtinther) (p. 334) 60. Three rows of teeth on middle of sides of dentary in adult; longest gill raker on first gill arch about equal to length of gill filaments ; greatest depth 2.4 in standard length and 0.8 to 0.9 in head; pectoral 2.0 to 2.1 in head; background color light tan, lighter ventrally ; head, body, and fins profusely covered with tiny dark brown spots, then with much larger, scattered, irregularly shaped blackish spots; maxillary groove dark edged dorsally. Epinephelus kohleri, new species (p. 336) 5b. Interorbital space flattish or nearly so, sometimes slightly concave or Slightly convex. 7a. Background color brownish, with more or less evident vertical bars, and everywhere, except on lower sides and on underside of head, profusely covered with small whitish spots ; pectoral plain dusky with white spots basally; pelvics blackish distally ; max- illary groove black; median fins submarginally with blackish, but edged with white line; usual dark blotches along back lack- ing except as part of vertical dark bars; middle opercular spine notably closer to lower than upper one; 2 or 3 rows of teeth on middle of sides of dentary. Epinephelus summana (Forskél) (p. 338) 7b. Background color brownish or pale, overlaid with darker brown spots. 8a. No prominent black blotch or black saddlelike spot on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; if body is brown spotted or black spotted, these may occur on caudal peduncle but are not notably intensified as a black blotch there; 8 or more rows of teeth at middle of side of dentary on adults. 330 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 9a. Body and head profusely covered with tiny black spots, except on ventral side of belly and chest, and only a few on under- side of head; soft dorsal and caudal fins with pale spots; paired fins plain dusky ; all fins broadly white edged; verti- cal bars sometimes faintly developed as are the usual dark dorsal blotches along base of dorsal fin; black blotch on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle slightly evident; soft dorsal rays longer than longest dorsal spines; middle opercular spine equidistant between upper and lower ones; greatest depth 2.9 to 3.4 in standard length and 1.3 in head ; pectoral 1.7 to 1.9 in head_ Epinephelus socialis (Giinther) (p. 339) 9b. Color pattern not as above. 10a. No dark blotch along base of dorsal fin; longest gill raker equal to or longer than gill filaments ; middle opercular spine equidistant between upper and lower ones. lia. Background color plain light brownish, without round dark spots; sometimes a color phase oceurs in the young in which vertical bars show in combination with large white or silvery blotches; a black ring posteriorly around eye; tips of spiny dorsal rays black, a black line with short side branchings along base of dorsal fin; soft dorsal rays longer than longest dorsal spine; great- est depth 2.8 to 3.2 in standard length and 1.3 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle about 2.0 in snout tip to rear of maxillary; pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8 in head; longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.1 in postorbital length of head______ Epinephelus emoryi, new species (p. 340) 11b. Color pattern largely of brown spots; greatest depth 3.2 to 3.4 in standard length and 1.3 to 1.4 in head; longest dorsal spine 1.5 to 1.9 in head. 12a. Background color light grayish to whitish, with large, round, more or less hexagonal, dark-brown to blackish spots everywhere on fins, head, and body, those ventrally more widely spaced ; paired fins spotted all the way to their tips, pectorals without white edge; (spots orange-brown in life) ; pectoral 1.5 to 1.7 in head; third or fourth dorsal spine longest; soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines. Epinepheius merra Bloch (p. 343) 120. Background color light yellowish tan or light grayish, everywhere with scattered roundish, brown or black- ish spots; pectoral with or without black spots basally, plain dusky distally with posterior margin broadly white edged as is caudal fin; body on ventral side unspotted except in young; pelvics dusky, white edged; pectoral 1.7 to 2.0 in head; soft dorsal rays equal in length to longest or fifth or sixth dorsal spine. Epinephelus macrospilos (Bleeker) (p. 344) 10b. From 1 to 4 black blotehes or spots along base of dorsal fin and usually extending a short way up on dorsal fin; longest gill raker on first arch equal to or shorter than gill filaments; greatest depth 3.0 to 3.6 in standard length. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 331 13a. Background color light gray to light brownish with numerous scattered dark-brown or blackish spots on body, head, and median fins; base of pectoral brown spotted, distal three-fourths plain brownish, seldom with spots discernible except in young, but underside of pectoral spotted to its distal edge except for narrow white margin; a single black dorsal blotch below bases of dorsal spines VIII and IX and on basal part of membranes between these spines; rarely is the pig- mentation intensified to indicate dark vertical bars; dark spots on live fish are brick red to brownish red and pectoral is yellowish or olive; least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.3; greatest depth 1.4 to 1.6 and pectoral 1.9 to 2.5, both in head; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 3.2 times in post- orbital length of head; middle opercular spine a little closer to lower than to upper one. Epinephelus elongatus, new species (p. 345) 13b. Background color light gray or tan, with hexagonal brown spots on sides and back, gradually becoming on lower sides and ventrally roundish brown spots widely separated, as contrasted with the hexagonal ones, which are separated by white lines; no tiny triangular white specks between brown spots; paired fins brown spotted, those on pectoral usually forming bars; a large black blotch below bases of dorsal spines VIII to XI, and on basal half or three-fourths of membranes be- tween these spines; no other distinct black blotches along bases of dorsal fin ; posterior margins of pectoral, caudal, soft dorsal, and soft anal fins white edged; least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4, pectoral 1.7 to 1.8, both in head; longest dorsal spine 1.5 to 1.8 in postorbital length of head; middle opercular spine equidistant or nearly so between upper and lower ones. Epinephelus melanostigma, new species (p. 348) 8b. A distinct black spot, blotch, or black saddlelike spot on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle. 14a. Teeth at middle of side of dentary in two rows in adults; none of the dark spots hexagonal, instead dark spots are rounded. 15a. Background color light gray or light brownish or brownish, with about 7 irregular dark-brown bars on sides, the last of which is a characteristically shaped black saddle on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; lower sides and ventrally, profusely covered with small dark-brown spots, soft dorsal and caudal fin with light spots (yellowish in life) ; some- times there is a color phase in which the head is barred and the bars dorsally are composed of small brown spots; the usual dark blotches along base of dorsal fin are absent except as represented by the vertical brown bars; soft dorsal rays usually 14, sometimes 15; middle opereu- lar spine slightly closer to lower than to upper one; 332 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 opercular flap broadly rounded dorsally, not tapering to a symmetrical point. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forskal) (p. 351) 156. Background color light gray to tan with seattered, small, roundish, dark-brown or blackish spots more or less in rows on head, body, dorsal, and caudal fins, and on anal and pectoral fins in young ; pelvies, pectoral, and anal fins dusky ; all fins white edged; a single black blotch at base of VIII to XI dorsal spines, and one on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; soft dorsal rays usually 16 or 17 ; middle opereular spine equidistant or a little closer to upper than lower spine. Epinephelus spilotus, new species (p. 352) 140. Teeth in 3 or more rows at middle of side of dentary; dark spots hexagonal at least dorsally, middle opercular spine equidistant between upper and lower ones. 16a. Background color whitish to light tan, everywhere covered with distinct hexagonal brown spots, separated by a nar- row white line, angles between brown spots with tiny white to silvery triangular specks; the dark spots may be darkened opposite the 4 or more blackish dorsal blotches to form more or less evident dark bars; all dorsal dark blotches of about equal intensity; pectoral fins plain light tan or dusky or with indistinct markings even on young; on the young and halfgrown the dark spots on fins have pale centers; (dark spots reddish brown in life). Epinephelus hexagonatus) (Bloch and Schneider) (p. 355) 166. Background color light gray to tan with hexagonal brown- ish spots on sides, more uniform dorsally where they are separated by a narrow white line, ventrally these spots become roundish and more widely spaced; no triangular white specks between dark spots; no pale centers to dark spots; the most characteristic color mark consists of scattered but numerous small black or brown spots on dorsal surface of snout, interorbital space, and on sides of head below eye. Epinephelus spilotoceps, new species (p. 357) 4b. Palatine teeth absent; anal rays usually III,9; occasionally ITI,8; dorsal rays XI,14 or 15 usually 15; background color brownish, darker dorsally, sides and back with numerous pale spots, which sometimes have brownish centers; they are close together on head, less so on body; median soft fins and ventral and posterior part of body with small dark-brown spots, rather sparsely spaced; on half- grown and young specimens, usually 2 or 3 pale streaks (white in life) along sides; (reddish brown in life, with bright orange or brownish-red spots, the latter becoming pale in alcohol). Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) (p. 360) 8b. Dorsal spines VIII or IX; palatine teeth present; vomerine teeth in a A-shaped band. 17a. Sides of mandible with strong canines. 18a. Dorsal rays IX,14 occasionally 13; anal spines strong, rays III,8; one or two fixed curved canines on sides of mandible; vertical scale rows above lateral line about 125 to 145; caudal fin deeply FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 333 concave with dorsal and ventral lobes greatly elongate; back- ground color light brownish to grayish (orange in life) every- where spotted with numerous small pale spots (red or pink in life, those on back margined with purple or blue line); undersides Gatrlered elatt keee ere oes tae Variola louti (Forskal) (p. 361) 18b. Dorsal rays VIII,11; anal spines weak, flexible, rays I1I,8; caudal fin truncate or a little concave (body usually blue spotted in life, these becoming brownish or pale in alcohol). 19a. Caudal fin truncate, with dorsal and ventral tips or corners of fin rounded; in life diameter of many of the black-edged blue spots on middle of sides equal to the paler space between them ; usually 1 or 2 pairs of strong canines on middle of sides of lower jaw; background color in life light brown or dusky. Plectropomus truncatus Fowler (p. 363) 19b. Caudal fin slightly concave, with dorsal and ventral corners pointed ; in life diameter of many of the black-edged blue spots on middle of sides contained 2 or 3 or more times in the pale space between them; usually 3 or 4 pairs of strong canines on middle of sides of lower jaw ; background color in life bright orange or reddish. Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepéde) (p. 364) 17b. Sides of mandible without canines; dorsal spines IX, rarely X; anal spines strong, not flexible, I1I,9; all fins rounded or nearly so posteriorly. 20a. Dorsal rays IX,14; 1 or 2 black spots or blotches on dorsal side of caudal peduncle, the spot just behind dorsal base most intense black, both spots surrounded by white; an oblique black streak on upper lobe of caudal fin bordered dorsally by a white streak, then dorsal edge dusky ; head and body sometimes with numerous pale spots (bright red in life) ; background color brownish (orange or red in life)_._._ Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepéde) (p. 365) 206. Dorsal rays [X,15 or 16; color patterns not as above. 21a. Background color dark brownish or purplish black, speckled everywhere with scattered small pale spots (dazzling bright blue in life), these on all fins; posterior edges of soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal fins white edged (yellowish in life) ; some specimens have from 5 to 7 broad dark vertical bands. Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider (p. 367) 216. Coloration not as above. 22a. A pair of oblique white streaks on dusky caudal fin do not quite meet posteriorly ; background color dark brown to light brown, posteriorly much darker than anterior half; small specimens may have fins blackish posteriorly; a black blotch on upper part of operculum on its posterior flap; head, body, and fins may be speckled with small white spots (orange in life) ; opposite each small canine on each side of symphysis of lower jaw a blackish spot on lip. Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch and Schneider) (p. 368) 22b. No white oblique streaks on caudal fin; background color light brown; head, body, and median fins covered with small brown spots; breast and belly unspotted ; soft dorsal and anal edged with dusky____ Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskaél) (p. 369) 334 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 2b. No scaly membrane at dorsal edge of pectoral fin base. 28a. Two dorsal fins, first spiny, second of one spine followed by soft rays; usually 5 to 7 rows of seales cross the back, separating the first and second dorsal fins; supplemental maxillary bone present. 24a. Dorsal rays VIII-1,ii,8 ; anal 11,8; fins naked ; vomerine patch of teeth rounded to a little angular in shape but not A-shaped; sixth to eighth (counting down from dorsal edge) pectoral rays longest ; edge of preopercle strongly serrate; scale rows about 85 to 88; coloration plain dark brown to blackish; fin rays dark brown, sharply con- trasting with clear membranes. Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean (p. 370) 240. Dorsal spines fewer than VIII-I; anal III,8. 25a. Dorsal rays VI-I,i,11; anal III,8; scales about 45 to 48; predorsal scales 10 to 13 to occiput ; vomerine patch of teeth A-shaped, or at least with a concave notch posteriorly ; fourth pectoral ray from dorsal edge longest ; preopercular edge finely serrate. Ypsigramma, new genus (p. 872) 250. Dorsal rays IV-I,9; anal 11,8; pectoral 17, with sixth to eighth from dorsal edge longest; scales about 80, pores in lateral line 46; vomer with a curved band of minute teeth, rear ones longest ; preopercular edge serrate; opercular edge serrate. Rainfordia ™ McCulloch 230. A single dorsal fin, spiny part continuous with soft dorsal; spines fewer than X; last few short spines may have a sheath of scales along sides but no scaled area completely separating spines and soft rays. 26a. Dorsal spines VIII, soft rays 11 to 14____ Chorististium Gill (p. 372) 266. Dorsal spines IX, soft rays 12 to 14______ Liopropoma Gill (p. 373) 23c. A single dorsal fin with X,14 rays; supplemental maxillary bone absent, preopercular edge serrate; teeth nondepressible ; interorbital convex ; postorbital length of head, about 2.2 in head; anal IJI,8; 47 to 50 pores in lateral line and 65 to 71 vertical rows of scales above lateral line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin; gill rakers long, slender about 7 or 8+1-+18 or 19 on first gill arch. Anthias heraldi, new species (p. 381) ib. Opercular membrane at dorsal edge of opercle joined posteriorly to the supracleithrum ; no scaly membrane at dorsal edge of pectoral; scales very small, eyeloid, deeply embedded in the skin; maxillary with supplemental bone; tongue smooth; dorsal spines II or IiI, or VI to VIII; anal spines Opor TA ory DRS o we hr ae Grammistinae (p. 384) Subfamily SERRANINAE Genus EPINEPHELUS Bloch Epinephelus BiocH, Naturgeschichte der ausiindischen Fische, vol. 7, p. 11, 1793. (Genotype, Epinephelus marginalis Bloch=Perca fasciatus Forskal.) Among the postlarval and very young serranids occur 11 lots from the northern Marshali Islands, totaling 25 specimens, measuring between 23 and 32 mm., that I am unable to identify with certainty. EPINEPHELUS MEDURENSIS (Giinther) Serranus medurensis GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee, Journ. Mus. Godeifroy, pt. 1, p. 8, pl. 9, fig. A, 1873 (type locality, Meduro Island, Marshall Islands). 6 Rainfordia McCulloch, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 14, No. 2, p. 119, 1928, FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 335 SPECIMENS STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Off Eniwetok Island, lagoon, May 20, 1946, S-46-154, Welsh and Schaefer, 1 specimen, 315 mm.; Aaraanbiru Island, ocean reef, June 3, 1946, S-46-198, Schultz, 1 specimen, 320 mm. In addition we have a single small specimen, 51 mm. in standard length, with convex interorbital space, brown spotted, that we refer to this species with un- certainty. It was taken by J. R. Simon at Eniwetok Atoll, June 16, 1945, from the lagoon reef. Description.—Precision measurements were made on the two large specimens recorded above and these data are expressed in thousandths of thestandard length. Standard length 320mm. and 315mm. Great- est depth 347 and 349; head 393 and 390; snout 101 and 102; bony interorbital space 47 and 44; eye 61 and 60; postorbital length of head 238 and 232; least width of preorbital 42 and 44; length of maxillaries 178 and 172; least depth of caudal peduncle 125 and 114; length of caudal peduncle 200 and 205; length of first dorsal spine 63 and 57, third 150 and 168, last 109 and 117, longest (fourth or fifth) 172 and 181; length of first anal spine 38 and 35, second 78 and 76, third 94 and 89; length of longest soft dorsal ray 184 and 146, pectoral 295 and 219, pelvic 213 and 194, caudal 233 and 238. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays X1,16 and X1,16; anal ITI,8 and III,8; pectoral i11,17-11,17 and 11,17-11,16; nearly vertical scale rows above lateral line 117 and 125; scales in a row from anal or- igin to lateral line 30 and 33, from lateral line to soft dorsal base 13 and 13; gill rakers on first gill arch 9+14+16 and 8+1+15. Greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0; head 2.6 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 4.3 to 4.53 all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.1; length of pectoral fin 1.7; snout 3.9 to 4.0; postorbital length of head 1.7; eye 6.1 to 6.5; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 3.3; allin the length of head. Interorbital (fleshy) space notably convex, about 0.9 to 1.0 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.7 to 1.8; teeth on dentary in two rows at middle of side, those on pre- maxillary in a villiform band; a pair or two of short canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; teeth on palatines in a narrow band, those on vomer in a A-shaped narrow band; preopercular edge rounded, but with usual shallow concavity and finely serrate; greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal fin; posterior margins of all fins except caudal rounded, the caudal fin truncate with very slightly con- vex posterior margin; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, 1.8 in post- orbital length of head; longest soft dorsal rays notably shorter than dorsal spines; second anal spine a little stronger than others, not reaching to tip of third when depressed; gi!! rakers notably elongate, heavy, longer than gill filaments; maxillary scaled; middle preopercu- lar spine about equidistant between upper and lower; a vertical line through rear of eye passes through rear edge of maxillary. 336 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Background color brown with numerous blackish spots on head, body, and fins; no dorsal blackish blotches; a very faint slightly paler blotch through last dorsal spines and on adjoining part of back. Remarks.—Although several authors have referred medurensis to the synonymy of #. maculatus (Bloch) or to that of EZ. fario, I am of the opinion that medurensis is distinct. It may be recognized by the dark brown ground color with numerous blackish spots, the absence of white margins or edges on any fins, the presence of black spots on all fins, the long gill rakers (longer than filaments), fourth and fifth dorsal spines that are notably longer than the longest soft dorsal rays, the strongly convex interorbital space, a middle opercular spine longer than but equidistant from the upper and lower ones, and the absence of a black streak on the maxillary groove. EPINEPHELUS KOHLERI, new species WIeurRE 51 Serranus jflavocaeruleus (non Laceptde) H. Hiyama, Report on the poisonous fishes of the South Seas, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 49, 1948 (Marshall Islands). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141922, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Passage, depth 60 feet, hook and line, July 20, 1946, S 46-276, Kohler, standard length 405 mm., total length 475 mm. (when alive, standard length was 420 mm.). Paratype.—Bikini Atoll, lagoon, 1 mile off Bikini Island, July 22, 1947, Univ. Washington, standard length 323 mm. Description—The following measurements, expressed in thou- sandths of the standard length, are recorded first for the holotype, then for the paratype. Standard length 405 and 323 mm. Greatest depth 462 and 430; head 418 and 411; snout 122 and 118; bony interorbital space 68 and 84; eye 65 and —; postorbital length of head 241 and 238; least width of preorbital 52 and 46; length from snout tip to rear edge of maxillary 198 and 198; least depth caudal peduncle 128 and 127; length caudal peduncle 206 and 217; length of first dorsal spine 70 and 62, third 166 and 161, last 111 and 124, longest 177 (fourth) and 161 (third) ; length of first anal spine 41 and 40, second 73 and 77, third 98 and 99; length of longest soft dorsal ray 163 and 145, pectoral 212 and 189, pelvic 198 and 201, caudal 204 and 288. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays XI,17 and X1I,17; anal III,8 and III,8; pectoral 11,17-11,18 and 11,17-11,17. Vertical scale rows above lateral line about 188 and 137; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line about 38 and 41, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 16 and 18; gill rakers on first gill arch 10 or 11+1+16 and 10+1+15. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 337 Greatest depth 2.4 and 2.4; head 2.6 and 2.5; length of pectoral fin 5.0 and 5.8; all in standard length. Greatest depth 0.8 and 0.9; pec- toral 2.0 and 2.1; snout 3.4 and 3.5; postorbital length of head 1.7 and 1.7; eye 6.3 and 6.8; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.0 and 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 and 3.1; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in distance from snout tip to rear of max- illary 1.7 and 1.6. Fleshy interorbital space strongly convex, 0.8 and 0.7 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.6 and 1.7. Teeth on dentary in 2 rows posteriorly, 3 at middle of side, and sev- eral anteriorly; maxillary teeth in a villiform band, jaw teeth depress- ible, a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, a similar A-shaped Ficure 51.—Holotype of Epinephelus kohleri, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141922), from Rongerik Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) band on vomer; a pair or two of small canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; middle opercular spine farther back than upper and low- er, about equidistant between them; preopercular edge somewhat truncate, with the usual shallow concavity, finely serrate; greatest depth of body opposite front of spiny dorsal; posterior margins of all fins rounded except caudal, which is slightly concave; third or fourth dorsal spines longest, contained about 1.6 or 1.7 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays notably shorter than longest dorsal spines; second anal spines strongest, notably not reaching to tip of third when depressed; gill rakers moderately long, the longest at the angle, about equal to length of gill filaments; a vertical line through rear of orbit passes near posterior tip of maxillary; angle of snout profile same as that from orbits to dorsal origin. Color in alcohol_—Background color light brownish or tan, pale ventrally; body, head, and fins profusely covered with very small dark brown or black spots; larger blackish blotches are scattered on body, head, and fins; median fins white edged, the spots occur all 955292—53—vol. 1—_—24 338 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 the way to edges of median fins; pectoral fin with basal two-thirds spotted, distal third plain tan, underside of pectoral spotted all way to rear tip; pelvics with small spots and two or three black streaks on inner side, outer side indistinctly spotted, rear edge pale; under- side of head and breast scarcely spotted; a dusky streak on preorbital groove dorsally; maxillary and premaxillary with black spots; no blackish blotches along back or on caudal peduncle as is usual in cer- tain species of Z'pinephelus. Remarks.—This unusual grouper differs from all other species in the genus L'pinephelus in its deep body, 2.4 in standard length and 2.7 in total length, the greatest depth being greater than the length of head; the gill rakers are as long as the gill filaments and the soft dorsal rays are shorter than the longest dorsal spines, except on #. flavo- caeruleus (Lacepéde). The color pattern is quite characteristic, pro- fusely covered with tiny black spots, and with larger scattered black blotches. In Bleeker (Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlan- daises, vol. 7, pl. 333, fig. 2, 1864) is an illustration of /. hoedti Bleeker that is undoubtedly the same species as LZ’. flavocaeruleus (Lacepéde) as figured by Boulenger (Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, ed. 2, vol. 4, pp. 198-199, pl. 4, fig. A, 1895). This new species differs from all of the “varieties” of flavocaeruleus described by Bou- lenger in having the body spotted with dark blotches in addition to the tiny dark specks. Named koh/eri in honor of the collecter, Thomas Kohler, one of the commercial fishermen at Bikini during 1946. EPINEPHELUS SUMMANA (Forsk‘l) Perca summana For8xAt, Descriptiones animalium ..., pp. xi, 42, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atcll: Namu Island, lagoon reef, depth 30 to 45 feet, August 9, 1946, S—46-390, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 196 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: Tufa Island, in lagoon, depth 28 feet, July 29, 1946, S-46-300, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 198 mm. Description —Dorsal rays X1,15; anal III,8; pectoral ii,15 or ii,16; oblique scale rows 102 to 107; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 30 to 32, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 11 or 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 9 or 10+1+17 or 18. Greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0; head 2.5; length of pectoral fin 3.4 to 4.0; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.2 to 1.8; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; snout about 4.7; postorbital length of head 1.7; eye 4.8 to 5.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 3.7; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space flattish, contained 1.4 io 1.5 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 339 in its length 1.3 to 1.4; teeth on dentary at middle of sides in 2 or 3 rows, those on premaxillary in a villiform band; a narrow band on palatines, and on vomer a A-shaped narrow band; usual pair or two of short canines on each side of symphysis in each jaw; propercular edge rounded, with usual shallow concavity, finely serrate; greatest depth opposite dorsal origin; posterior margins of all fins rounded; third or fourth dorsal spine longest, 1.6 to 1.9 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strongest, reaching to tip of third when depressed; gill rakers short, thick, not so leng as gill filaments; maxillary naked; middle opercular spine longest, notably closer to lower than to upper one; vertical line through rear of eye passes through rear tip of maxillary. Color in alcohol.—Background color brownish, with about 6 more or less distinct vertical bars; body profusely covered with white or pale spots, or oblong white spots, more or less forming lengthwise rows on body, these white spots also occur on dorsal, anal, and caudal fins; pectoral fin dusky, sometimes with tiny white specks or spots on inner side; pelvics blackish distally, dusky basally; head dorsally with white spots, body laterally and ventrally unspotted; a large black streak in maxillary groove; the usual dark blotches along base of dorsal fin and on caudal peduncle not clearly developed, except as forming part of the vertical bars when present; all fins narrowly edged with white. Ecology—tThis species was taken only in the deeper waters of the lagoon and was not seen over the shallower waters of the reef. Remarks.—This grouper may be recognized by the profusion of white spots on the median fins and body, in combination with a naked maxillary, black maxillary groove, blackish pelvics distally, and the unspotted sides and ventral part of the head. EPINEPHELUS SGCIALIS (Giinther) Serranus socialis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. B, 1873 (type locality, Paumotu, Kingsmill, Hervey, and Samoan Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 11 specimens, 21 to 315 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 385 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 47 and 205 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 60 to 218 mm. Deseription.—Dorsal rays X1,15; anal I11,8; pectoral ii,17 or ii,18; oblique scale rows above lateral line 106 to 114; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 25 or 26, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 11 or 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 9 or 10+1+17 or 18. Greatest depth 2.9 to 3.4; head 2.4 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 4.2 to 4.7; allin standard length. Greatest depth 1.3; length of pectoral 340 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 fin 1.7 to 1.9; snout 4.0 to 4.2; postorbital length of head 1.7, eye 4.5 to 6.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.0 to 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 3.8, all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space flattish, contained about 0.8 to 1.7 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.6 in its length; teeth on middle of side of dentary in three or more rows in young and adults, those on premaxillary in a villiform band, inner row of jaw teeth longest, depressible, a narrow band of teeth on palatines, those on vomer similar but in a A-shaped band; a pair or two of short canines each side of symphysis of each jaw; preopercular edge rounded, with usual shallow concavity, finely serrate; greatest depth opposite dorsal origin; posterior margins of all fins rounded, that of caudal less so in large adults; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, 1.8 to 2.5 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strong- est, reaching or not quite reaching to tip of third when depressed; gill rakers short, thick, shorter than gill filaments; maxillary scaled; middle opercular spine longest, about equidistant between upper and lower ones; a vertical line through rear of eye passes a little in front of posterior tip of maxillary. Color in alcohol—Background color light grayish tan, or light brownish, profusely spotted with small dark-brown or blackish spots, on head and body except ventrally; fins mostly dusky, brownish, or blackish, all with broad white edge posteriorly, contrasting sharply with blackish submarginally ; pectoral spotted or barred basally, plain dusky distally; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with pale or whitish spots; four dusky or brownish blotches along base of dorsal fin and dusky blotch on dorsal part of caudal peduncle; maxillary groove below eye with a brown or blackish streak; a characteristic black line along base of dorsal fin with black lines branching up between the rays a short distance; tips of dorsal spines blackish. Ecology.—tThis reef-inhabiting species was taken around coral heads, but it never occurred in abundance. Usually only one or two were collected during several hours’ work on the reefs. Remarks.—This grouper may be best recognized by the numerous small brown or black spots everywhere on the body and head, except ventrally, and on the fins; by the broad white edges on the fins, set off by blackish submarginal areas; and by the brown or black line along the base of the dorsal fin, with short side lines of black or brown branching from it. EPINEPHELUS EMORY], new species FIGURE 52 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141929, Bikini Atoll, lagoon coral head, depth 30 to 45 feet, lat. 11°33’13’’ N., long. 165°28’39’’ K., July 18, FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 341 1946, S-46-252, Brock, Emory, and Kohler, 235 mm. standard length (when alive, 250 mm.), 291 mm. total length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 139695, Marianas Islands, Rota Island, November 15, 1945, D. G. Frey, 6 specimens, 168 to 203 mm. Description.—The following precision measurements, expressed in thousands of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype and one paratype, respectively. Standard length 235 and 171 mmm. Greatest depth 345 and 322; head 430 and 413; snout 102 and 94; bony interorbital space 40 and 38; eye 81 and 91; postorbital length of head 260 and 228; least width of preorbitals 37 and 33; length of maxillaries (tip of snout to rear of maxillary) 196 and 193; least depth of caudal peduncle 98 and 100; length of caudal peduncle 187 and 181. Length of first dorsal spine 43 and 56; third (longest) 126 and 134; last 118 Figure 52.—Holotype of Epinephelus emoryi, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141929), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) and 108. Length of first anal spine 60 and 61; second 100 and 123; third 106 and 185. Longest soft dorsal ray 153 and 152; pectoral 247 and 248; pelvic 173 and 175; caudal 223 and 222. The following counts were made: dorsal rays X1,16; anal IIL,8; pectoral 11,17 or 11,18; vertical scale rows counted above lateral line 111 to 125; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line about 27 or 28, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 11 or 12; gill rakers on first gill arch 7+1+15 or 16. Greatest depth 2.8 to 3.2; head 2.3 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 3.9 to 4.1; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; snout 4.2 to 4.8; postorbital length of head 1.7; eye 4.2 to 5.8; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.0; fleshy interorbital space flattish, contained 1.3 to 1.5 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.7 to 1.8; teeth on dentary at middle of sides in 3 or more rows; maxillary teeth in a villiform band; jaw teeth depressible; inner row with longest teeth; a band 342 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 of teeth on palatine, a similar A-shaped band on vomer; a pair or two of short canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; middle opercular spine farthest back, equidistant between upper and lower opercular spines; preopercular edge rounded, finely serrate, with usual shallow concavity; greatest depth opposite dorsal origin; posterior margin of fins rounded, that of caudal only slightly rounded or truncate; third dorsal spine, rarely fourth, longest, contained about 2.0 to 2.1 in posterbital length of head; soft dorsal rays longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strongest, not quite reaching tip of third when depressed; gill rakers moderately long, longest at angle of first arch longer than gill filaments; a vertical line through rear of orbit passes through rear edge of maxillary. Color in alcohol-—Background color plain light brownish, darker dorsally, belly whitish; center of each scale brownish, margined with white; 8 or 4 slightly dark brown blotches along midlengthwise axis of body; fins slightly dusky ; anal margin white, submarginally dusky ; black ring on posterior half of eye; membranes near tips of spiny dorsal rays black; a black streak or line along base of dorsal fin with short side lines branching from it onto basal part of membranes of spiny dorsal fin; base of pectoral dusky; color phases of vertical bars and large white blotches also occur in this species. Ecology.—This new species occurred in deep water in the lagoon at Bikini and was not seen in shallow water on the reefs. Reemarks.—E pinephelus emoryi is closely related to H. fasciatus (Forskal) from the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. I have com- pared /. emoryz with 2 specimens of fasciatus from the Red Sea, 3 from the Philippines, 1 from Japan, 2 from the Marquesas Islands, and 1 from an unknown locality. #. emoryi has a black streak along base of dorsal fin with short side branches extending into the mem- branes at the base of the spiny dorsal fin, and the black margin of eye occurs only posteriorly, whereas in fasciatus there is no black streak along the base of the dorsal fin and the eye is margined with black except anteriorly. I have made several counts and have found the number of vertical scale rows above the lateral line between the upper edge of the gill opening and the midhase of the caudal fins to be for emory? 111 to 127 scales and for fasciatus 98 to 114. These counts include a few specimens, from an unknown locality, that appear to be closely related to the new species, but are not considered as paratypes, even though they have a black line at base of dorsal fin. I believe they represent another population intermediate between emoryi and fasciatus (see pl. 30, C). Named emoryi in honor of K. O. Emory, who participated in the oceanographic work at Bikini during 1946. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 343 EPINEPHELUS MERRA Blech PLATE 25, A Epinephelus merra BriocH, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, vol. 7, pt. 10, p. 17, pl. 329, 17938 (type locality, Japan Sea). Serranus hexagonatus GUNTHER (Fische der Stidsee), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pl. 7, fig. A, 1873. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 24 stations, 325 specimens, 30 to 172 mm. standard length. Eniewetok Atoll: 7 stations, 57 specimens, 34 to 159 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 114 specimens, 32 to 154 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 11 stations, 354 specimens, 38 to 193 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 37 specimens, 38 to 119 mm. Guam: 12 lots, 79 specimens, 28 to 210 mm. Rota: 3 lots, 3 specimens, 32 to 142 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,15 to 17; anal IIT,8; pectoral usually 11,16; oblique scale rows above lateral line about 100 to 110, scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line about 24 to 27, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 9 or 10. Greatest depth 3.2 to 3.4; head 2.4 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 3.6 to 4.2; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; length of pectoral fin 1.5 to 1.7; snout 4.5 to 4.9; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; eye 4.0 to 5.2; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.8 to 4.2; all in length of head. Inter- orbital (fleshy) space flattish, sometimes slightly concave, contained 1.8 to 2.3 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle its length 1.6 to 1.8; teeth on dentary and on premaxillary in a villiform band with inner rows longest and depressible (in young dentary has but 2 rows of teeth) ; a pair of short canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; teeth on palatines, in a narrow band, those on vomer in a A-shaped nar- row band; preopercular edge finely serrate, greatest depth of body opposite front of base of spiny dorsal; posterior marigns of all fins rounded; third or fourth dorsal spine longest, 1.5 to 1.8 in postorbital length of head ; soft dorsal rays longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strongest, when depressed reaching about opposite tip of third spine. Color in alcohol.—Background color light grayish to whitish, with large, round to more or less hexagonal dark brown to blackish spots everywhere on fins, head, and body, those on belly and ventrally on sides more widely spaced than dorsally; spots on fins usually notably smaller than on body; paired fins black or brown spotted all the way to their tip, pectorals without a white edge; soft dorsal, soft anal and caudal fins sometimes with a narrow white margin, especially anal and lower rear edge of caudal fin; membrane behind tip of each 344 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dorsal spine with a small white-edged black spot that is constant on smallest to largest specimens examined. Color when alive-—Background color white below, very light yel- lowish above, dark spots orange-brown; pectoral fin light yellowish ; iris brown. - Ecology.—This sea bass was one of the most abundant species on the reefs, occurring in the higher pools on the reefs as well as in the deeper lagoon waters. Wherever there was a place to hide among the crevices and in the corals, #’. merra was likely to be found. Remarks.—E. merra lacks the usual dark blotches along the base of the dorsal fin and on the upper edge of the caudal peduncle, and the pectoral fin has very distinct dark or black spots all the way to its edge. I wish to correct my wrong interpretation of this species in U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 107, 19483. ‘The specimens U.S.N.M. Nos. 115378 to 115382 and 115386 there identified as /’. hexagonatus are iE. merra. EPINEPHELUS MACROSPILOS (Bleeker) PLate 25, B Serranus macrospilos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 9, p. 499, 1855 (type locality, Batjan). Epinephelus macrospilus BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises, vol. 7, p. 52, pl. 290, fig. 2, 1873-76 (Java; Celebes; Batjan; Solor). Serranus howlandi GUNTHER (Fische der Stidsee), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, p. 8, pl. 9, fig. B, 1873 (type locality, Howland Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 21 specimens, 104 to 320 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 69 to 280 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 206 and 227 mm. Eniwetok Atoll; 2 stations, 2 specimens, 49 and 270 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 87 to 198 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,16; anal III,8; pectorals ii,17 or 11,18; gill rakers on first gill arch 8+1+14 or 15; scale rows above lateral line about 100 to 110, scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line about 26, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 11 or 12. Greatest depth 3.3 to 3.4; head 2.5 to 2.6; length of pectoral fin 4.1 to 4.8; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 2.0; snout 4.4 to 5.1; postorbital length of head 1.6; eye 4.5 to 6.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.0 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.7 to 3.8; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.6 to 1.8. Inter- orbital space (fleshy) concave, 1.0 to 1.8 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.6 to 1.9 in its length; teeth on dentary at middle of sides in two or three rows on young but in a band in largest specimens; FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 345 one or two pairs of canines on each side of symphysis in each Jaw ; teeth on palatines in a narrow band, those on vomer similar, in a A-shaped band; middle opercular spine equidistant between upper and lower ones; preopercular edge notably convex, finely serrate; greatest depth of body opposite origin of dorsal fin; posterior margins of all fins rounded; fifth or sixth dorsal spines longest, about 1.5 to 1.9 in post- orbital length of head and a little longer than last spine; soft dorsal rays about same length as longest dorsal spine; second anal spine strongest, when depressed not quite reaching to tip of third; gill rakers short, thick; maxillary reaches to or a little past a vertical line through rear of eye; angle of profile of snout about 30 degrees steeper than that of head from behind orbits to dorsal fin origin. Color in alcohol——Background color very light yellowish tan or light grayish white, everywhere with scattered brown or blackish spots; pectoral fin with or without black spots basally, plain dusky distally with posterior margin usually white edged, as is caudal fin; ventrally usually unspotted, except in young; pelvics dusky, white edged ; no black blotches along base of dorsal fin or on caudal peduncle. Color when alive—Background white or yellowish white; dark spots dark brown; pectoral dusky brown; posterior edges of fins white. Ecology.—Although this grouper was sometimes taken in the deeper channels of the reefs, it was more often taken on the shallower parts of the reefs. Its habitat like that of other groupers is around coral heads and ledges. Remarks.—This species, among the brown-spotted epinephelids, lacks the dark blotches along the base of the dorsal fin. It has a rela- tively short maxillary compared with /. elongatus. E. macrospilos lacks dark spots on the outer surface of the pectoral fin but they are evident on the underside; the pectoral is dusky, with a white edge. I believe that Bleeker correctly separated E. corallicola from i. macrospilos, as illustrated (Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Ori- entales Néerlandaises . . ., vol. 7, 1873-76, pl. 308, fig. 1). 2. al- tivelioides, a synonym of EF. corallicola, shows a spotted pectoral. #. megachir Richardson is a closely related species but has XI,17 dorsal rays whereas Z’. macrospilos usually has X1,16 rays. EPINEPHELUS ELONGATUS, new species Ficure 538; PLATE 25, C ? Serranus malabaricus (non Bloch and Schneider) Day, Fishes of India, vol. 1, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1876 (one specimen from Calcutta). Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 141844, Eniwetok Atoll, Giriinien Island, ocean reef, May 29, 1946, S-46-187, Schultz, standard length 310 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141838, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, March 16, 1946, S+46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 305 346 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141932, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, March 19, 1946, S46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 275 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141839, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, March 22, 1946, S-46-15, Schultz and Brock, 2 specimens, 41 and 244 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141840, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, April 2, 1946, S-46-48, Schultz, 5 specimens, 96 to 252 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141931, Bikini Atoll, Airy Island, April 16, 1946, S-46-96, Schultz, 1 specimen, 355 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141841, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, May 14, 1946, S-46-128, Schultz, 1 speci- men, 161 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141930, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, August 6, 1946, S-46-325, Brock and Kohler, 1 specimen, 295 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141842, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, August 18, 1946, S—46-333, Herald, 2 specimens, 215 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141848, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 2 specimens 80 to 109 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141836, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 1 speci- men, 335 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141837, Bikini Atoll, lagoon reef half- way between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 2 specimens, 50 and 165 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141847, Rongelap Atoll, Tufa Island, July 18, 1946, S-46-260, Herald and Brock, 2 specimens, 200 and 260 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141848, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, July 31, 1946, S-46-804, Herald, 1 specimen, 48 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141852, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, April 24, 1946, S-46-118, Brock and Marr, 1 specimen, 180 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141851, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, June 27, 1946, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 2 specimens, 49 and 167 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141845, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, May 28, 1946, S-46-186, Schultz, 1 specimen, 98 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141846, Eni- wetok Atoll, Teiteiripucchi Island, June 1, 1946, S—46-197, Schultz, 1 specimen, 180 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141850, Kwajalein Atoll, Enny- labegan Island, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Herald, 6 specimens, 73 to 152 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 139694, Guam, 1945, Frey, 2 specimens, 175 and 225 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141853, Phoenix Islands, Hull Island, reef, July 12-15, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 72 mm; U.S.N.M. No. 141854, Phoenix Islands, Canton Island, April 25-28, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 160 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141856, Phoenix Islands, Hull Island, channel, July 8-12, 1939, Schultz, 2 specimens, 30 to 71 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141855, Samoan group, Swains Island, reef, May 3-9, 1939, Schultz, 7 specimens, 67 to 158 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 115371, Samoan group, Tutuila Island, June 2, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 137 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 115384, Samoan group, Tutuila Island, reef at Alofau, June 3, 1939, Schultz, 2 specimens, 101 to 121 mm. Description—The following measurements, expressed in thou- sandths of the standard length, were made on the holotype and one FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 347 paratype, respectively. Standard lengths in mm. 310 and 166. Greatest depth 329 and 274; head 452 and 432; snout 105 and 96; bony interorbital space 47 and 33; eye 67 and 73; postorbital length of head 287 and 268; least width of preorbital 29 and 27; length from tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 225 and 222; least depth of caudal peduncle 110 and 103; length of caudal peduncle 181 and 190; length of first dorsal spines 39 and 57; third 87 and 115; last 87 and 103 ; longest (fifth or sixth) 97 and 117. Length of first anal spine 32 Ficure 53.—Holotype of Epinephelus elongatus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141844), from Eniwetok Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) and 54; second 71 and 111; third 77 and 108. Longest soft dorsal ray 132 and 145; pectoral 181 and 223; pelvic 148 and 163; caudal 192 and 229. The following counts are recorded for the holotype and a para- type, respectively : Dorsal rays X1,15 and X1,14; anal ITI,8 and IT18; pectoral 1i,17-11,18 and 11,18-11,18; vertical scale rows above lateral line 103 and 101; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 28 or 29 and 25; from lateral line to base of soft dorsal fin 11 and 11; gill rakers on first gill arch (counting all rudiments) 9 + 1+ 17 and9 + 1+ 19. Dorsal rays usually X1,15, seldom X1,14; anal rays ITJ,8; ; pector al rays usually 1,18, seldom ii, 17; gill rakers 9+1+16 to 19. Greatest depth 3.1 to 3.6; head 2.2 to 2.4; length of pectoral fin 4.5 to 5.3; all in standard ng Greatest fen 1.4 to 1.6; length of pectoral fin 1.9 to 2.5; snout 4.2 to 5.0; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; eye 4.8 to 7.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.3. Interorbital space (fleshy) flattish to a little concave, contained about 1.1 to 2.0 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.6 to 1.7; teeth on dentary at middle of sides in 8 or more rows, even on young; a pair or two of short canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; teeth on palatines in a narrow band, those on vomer in a narrow A-shaped band; middle opercular spine equidistant or a little closer to lower than upper spine; preopercular edge notably convex, 348 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 finely serrate; greatest depth of body opposite origin of spiny dorsal; posterior margins of all fins rounded; fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest, about same length as last one, contained about 2.2 to 3.2 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays longer than dorsal spines; second anal spines strongest, when depressed about same length as third; gill rakers short, thick; maxillary reaches notably behind a vertical line through rear of eye; angle of profile of snout 10° to 15° steeper than that of head from behind orbits to dorsal fin origin. Color in alcohol.—Background color light gray to very light brown- ish with numerous scattered dark-brown or blackish spots on body, head, and median fins; pectoral fin with a few brown spots on outer surface of base, the distal three-fourths plain dusky brown, seldom with spots clearly evident, except in young; under surface of pectoral with blackish or dark-brown spots all the way to edge of fin; pelvics spotted, outer rays blackish with white edge distally; a black dorsal blotch below bases of and on basal part of membranes of dorsal spines VIII-XTI. Pigmentation rarely intensified to the point of forming dark bars on sides of body ; membranes at tips of dorsal spines blackish. Color when alive.—Background color very slightly light brownish to pale yellowish white, the dark spots brick red to brownish red; edges of median fins white; pectoral yellowish to olive, with distal edge white. Ecology.—This brown-spotted grouper was a common species in the lagoon and in the deeper channels at low tide on the shallow reefs. Remarks.—This new species differs from its two closest relatives, FE. tauvina (Forskaél) and £. fario (Thunberg), in having long jaws. The least depth of caudal peduncle is contained from 1.9 to 2.3 in dis- tance from the tip of the snout to the rear edge of the maxillary, whereas in ¢tawvina and fario it is contained fewer than 1.9. Certain definite color characteristics distinguish this new species from its close relatives: A black blotch occurs at base of rear of the dorsal spines; the distal three-fourths of the outer surface of the pectoral fin is unspotted in adults but spotted in young, whereas the under surface of the pectoral is spotted all over. This new species is more fully separated in the key (p. 331) from other related species of E'pinephelus. It was named elongatus in reference to its elongate body form and its elongate maxillary. EPINEPHELUS MELANOSTIGMA, new species HIGurRE 54 Serranus merra var. stellans (non Bloch and Schneider) Fow.er, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 272, fig. 17, 1930 (Philippines). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 115375, Samoan group Swains Island, reef, May 3-9, 1939, Schultz, 176 mm. standard length. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 349 Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 148966, collected with holotype and bear- ing same data, 18 specimens, 54 to 166 mm. standard length; U.S.N.M. No. 115876, Hull Island, channel, 18 specimens, 45 to 120 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 115374, Canton Island, 4 specimens, 108 to 153 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 148965, Hull Island, reef, July 12-15, 1939, Schultz, 5 specimens, 38 to 43 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 148967, Rose Island, reef, June 11-14, 1939, Schultz, 2 specimens, 40 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 148968, Tutuila Island, reef at Alofau, June 3, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 100 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 115385, Tutuila Island, June 5, 1939, Schultz, 6 specimens, 84 to 181 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141868, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 69 mm. (this specimen is referred to this species with some uncertainty, and is not a paratype). Deseription—The following measurements expressed in thou- sandths of the standard length were made on the holotype and one S SS ay Ficure 54.—Holotype of Epinephelus melanostigma, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 115375), from Swains Island, Samoan group. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) paratype, respectively. Standard lengths in mm. 176 and 115. Great- est depth 293 and 291; head 410 and 431; snout 87 and 85; interorbital space 51 and 49; eye 74 and 85; postorbital length of head 261 and 267; least width of preorbital 28 and 26; length from tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 187 and 198; least depth of caudal peduncle 119 and 106; length of caudal peduncle 176 and 191; length of first dorsal spines 63 and 61; third 125 and 143; last 125 and 139; longest (fifth) 145 and 157. Length of first anal spine 66 and 80; second 117 and 145; third 119 and 141. Longest soft dorsal ray 170 and 178; pectoral 221 and 257; pelvic 191 and 191; caudal 233 and 248. The following counts were recorded for the holotype and the para- type, respectively. Dorsal rays XI,15 and X1I,15; anal III,8 and III,8; pectoral i1,17-11,17 and ii,17-1117; vertical scale rows above lateral line 94 and 92; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 24 and 23; scales from lateral line to base of soft dorsal fin 10 and 9; 350 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 gill rakers in first gill arch (counting all rudiments) 8+1+17 and Siam lleim ike Greatest depth 3.0 to 3.4; head 2.4 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 4.2 to 4.8; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; snout 4.7 to 5.0; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; eye 4.5 to 5.6; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 3.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.6 to 1.7. Interorbital space (fleshy) fiattish to slightly concave, about 1.2 to 2.0 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 to 1.6; teeth on middle of side of dentary in three or more rows, even on the young; a pair or two of short canines each side of symphysis in each jaw; teeth on palatines in a narrow band, those on vomer in a narrow A-shaped band; preopercular edge notably convex, finely serrated ; greatest depth of body opposite origin of spiny dorsal; posterior mar- gins of all fins rounded; fifth or sixth dorsal spine longest, slightly longer than last spine, contained about 1.5 to 1.8 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strongest, equal to or a little shorter than third when depressed; gill rakers short, thick, longest at angle about equal to gill filaments; maxillary reaches a little beyond a vertical line through rear of eye; angle or profile of snout 10 degrees steeper than that of head from behind orbits to dorsal fin origin. Color in alcohol.—Background color light gray or tan with hexag- onal brown spots on sides and on back gradually becoming roundish brown spots on lower sides and ventrally, these widely separated as contrasted with the hexagonal ones, which are separated by a narrow whitish line, no triangular tiny white specks anywhere; pectoral, pel- vic, and anal fins brown spotted; dorsal and caudal fins spotted with hexagonal brown spots, under side of pectoral brown spotted, brown spots on pectoral usually more or less arranged to form transverse rows; a large black blotch at bases of eighth to eleventh dorsal spines extending on back and on fin from half to three-fourths the way out to tips of spines; no other black blotches along base of dorsal fin or on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; posterior margins of pectoral, caudal, soft dorsal, and anal fins white edged; membranes at tips of dorsal spines dusky, then white tipped. Remarks.—This new species differs from its close relatives by having these characters in combination: A single blackish blotch at the base of the dorsal fin; hexagonal brown blotches separated by white lines dorsally, these becoming round brown spots ventrally; and 90 to 95 vertical scale rows above the lateral line. The key (p. 331) separates melanostigma from related species of E'pinephelus. The description of Serranus stellans Richardson (non Bloch and Schneider) (Ann. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 351 Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 23, 1842) , from Melville Island, clearly places that species as a synonym of L'pinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch and Schneider). Named melanostigma in reference to the single black spot at the base of the dorsal fin. EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS (Forskal) PuLaTE 26, A Perca summana fusco-guitata ForskAL, Descriptiones animalium ..., pp, 11, 42,1775 (type locality, Suerens, Djedda). Serranus fuscoguttatus RUPPELL, Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika. Fische des rothen Meers, p. 108, pl. 27, fig. 2, 1828 (Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 8 specimens, 117 to 360 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 202 to 320 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 295 to 365 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 280 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XI,14 or 15; anal L118; pectoral 11,15 or 11,16; oblique scale rows above lateral line about 96 to 105, scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 24 to 27, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 10 or 11; gill rakers on first gill arch 9+1+15 or 16. Greatest depth 3.1 to 3.2; head 2.4 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 4.2 to 4.5; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; snout 4.0 to 4.6; postorbital length of head 1.6; eye 5.2 to 6.1; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 3.8; all in length of head. Interorbital (fleshy) space flattish to slightly convex, contained 1.0 to 1.4 in eye; least depth caudal peduncle 1.8 to 1.4 in its length; teeth on middle of side of dentary in 2 rows in young and adults, those in premaxillary in a villiform band, inner row longest; a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, those on vomer similar but in A-shaped band; one or two pairs of short ca- nines each side of symphysis of each jaw; preopercular edge rounded, with slight concavity, finely serrate; greatest depth of body at dorsal fin origin; posterior margins of all fins rounded, caudal fin less rounded in large adults; fourth dorsal spine longest, 1.7 to 2.2 in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine strongest, not quite reaching tip of third when de- pressed ; gill rakers short, thick, shorter than gill filaments; maxillary scaled; middle preopercular spine closer to lower one (if lower one is developed) than to upper; a vertical line through rear of eye passes notably in front of posterior tip of maxillary. Color in alcohol—Background color light gray or light brownish to brownish; a large black saddle on upper half of caudal peduncle, but no distinctly isolated dark blotches along back, these replaced by 352 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 seven irregular dark brown bars, three in front of dorsal fin, two under spiny dorsal, and two under soft dorsal, the last four bars extending more or less part way out on dorsal fin; lower sides and ventral part of head and body profusely covered with small dark-brown spots, these also occurring on anal, pelvic, and pectoral fins, being arranged to form a barred pattern on distal half of pectoral; soft dorsal and caudal with light spots; fins generally dusky to brownish, the pelvics more or less blackish distally; snout at maxillary groove with a black spot on each side of midline and another black blotch or spot under nostrils. One specimen from station S—46-383, Bikini Atoll, 117 mm., has on the dorsal] part of head a color pattern of broken bars, with dark brown spots in these bars, the under side of head being barred. With only a few specimens of this color phase I am unable to decide at this time if two species are currently passing under the name fuscogut- tatus. This problem needs further study. Color when alive——In a discarded specimen, 20 inches long, from Romuk Island, the background color was olive-yellow on sides, darker dorsally; soft median fins were orange-brown, distally with large round olive-yellow blotches; pectoral fin orange; dentary with orange on sides. Ecology—tThis brown grouper was caught on hook and line very frequently in the lagoons of the various atolls, and specimens as much as two feet in total length were not uncommon at depths of 100 feet, although no specimen that long was preserved. On the shallower parts of the reef it was an uncommon species, but at depths of 20 feet and more it occurred around coral heads. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by the following com- bination of characters: A large black saddle on the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle; five to seven distinct dark-brown bars on the upper sides, the lower sides and ventral part of the body being profusely covered with small dark-brown spots; pale spots on the soft dorsal and caudal fins; and only two rows of teeth on the middle of the side of the dentary. EPINEPHELUS SPILOTUS, new species Fieure 55 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141895, Eniwetok Atoll, Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, 1946, S-46-195, Schultz, standard length 191 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141896, collected with holotype and bear- ing same data, 2 specimens, 51 and 61 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 150001, Saipan, lagoon west of Susupe, April 24, 1949, H. S. Ladd, 4 speci- mens, 80 to 170 mm.; Likiep Atoll, Likiep Island, August 22, 1949, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 295 mm. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 353 Description.—Precision measurements were made on the holotype and paratypes and these data, expressed in thousandths of the stand- ard length, are recorded in table 32. The following counts were made on the holotype and paratypes, re- pectively: dorsal rays X1,16; XI,17; X1,17; X1,16; X1,16; XI,17; XI,17; X1,16; anal rays III,8 in all paratypes; pectoral 11,16-11,17 ; i1,16-11,17 ; i1,17-11,16; 11,15; 11,16; 11,16; 11,16; 11,17-11,17; vertical scale rows above lateral line 100; 97; 95; 91; 95; 96; 90; 102; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 24; 26; 24; 25; 26; 24; 25; from lat- eral line to soft dorsal 11; 12; 12; 11; 11; 18; gill rakers on first gill arch 8+1+16; 8+14+16; 8+1+15; 8+14+15; 8+1+16; 8+1+16; 8+1+16; 8+14+14. Greatest depth 2.9 to 3.0; head 2.3 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 3.8 to 4.3; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; pectoral 1.6 Figure 55.—Holotype of Epinephelus spilotus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141895), from Eniwetok Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) to 1.9; snout 5.1 to 5.7; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; eye 4.2 to 5.1; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.8 to 4.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.7 to 1.8. Interorbital (fleshy) space flattish to slightly concave, about 1.3 to 1.7 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 1.8 in its length; teeth on middle of side of dentary in two rows in young and two rows in the holotype; a pair or two of short canines on each side of symphysis in each jaw; teeth on palatines in a narrow band, those on vomer in a narrow A-shaped band; preopercular edge notably convex, finely serrated; greatest depth of body opposite origin of spiny dorsal; posterior mar- gins of all fins rounded; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, slightly longer than last dorsal spine and contained about 1.7 to 1.8 times in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays longer than dorsal spines; second anal spine equal to or shorter than third, when depressed; 955292—53—vol. 125 354 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 TaBLE 32.—Measurements made on certain species of Epinephelus, recorded in thousandths of the standard length spilotus fario Characters Eniwetok U.S.N.M. No. 64627, Japan Holotype | Paratype Standard length in millimeters.._..___..._.---------------------.- 191 61 178 Greatest depth of body: 2. 2222 s2y. ie All el ee 335 320 360 Hengthiof heads 3222 22 hee a eee ce ae ose eae 414 418 388 Meneth of/snouty: 22h ey Ee es aE oe ee coe = 79 77 82 ‘Bony; interorbital spaces 2. s- sa. = ee ee ee ee ee 42 38 37 Diam eterioleyenss es ee an) ee ee oe 84 98 61 Postorbitalilengthiofhead ass ee ee eee 257 254 245 Teast preorbital-width-- 22-22-22)! 4.2 a et 31 20 31 Tip of snout to rear of maxillary_._--.____-__-_-------------------- 191 189 181 Least depth of caudal peduncle_________-_-__-_----------------- ey 115 107 121 Length of caudal peduncle__.__-___..-__-.-.----__---------------- 191 189 194 Length of fin rays: irstidorsalispine 222 =) 35222 eh ee 60 74 65 ‘Third dorsalispine sss 2S ae Ee ee Se ee 136 152 133 Wastidorsalispime sie oe Seeley 25 SOC o> ‘S: > 33 ss <3 = re 3: oe 5 Poses Pp” S2 Seca S: eS s es oe e3 ras 3 S: 33 BS > \=s: Res <> SS = : Be Bs BS = 3 a Se <> 55 Say So = iS eens = 8 eat Sx Figure 58.—Holotype of Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean. (Drawing by H. W. Fowler.) of soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins rounded, those of caudal and pelvics truncate; about fifth to seventh pectoral ray from dorsal edge longest; second branched pelvic ray longest; first dorsal spine from one-half to one-third length of second, the third or fourth longest; anal spines weak, second longest; about nine rows of scales between anus and anal origin; lateral line arched, the highest part of arch below rear of base of spiny dorsal or a little behind tip of pectorals; lateral line descends to midside of caudal peduncle; greatest depth opposite spiny dorsal base; longest gill raker longer than gill filaments. Color in alcohol.—Dark brown or blackish; a white blotch on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle just behind base of soft dorsal fin; soft rays of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal fins dark brown or blackish, the membranes between them clear and colorless; spiny dorsal with a large ocellate dark brown blotch; pelvic fin with blackish spot on rays about two-thirds way out, tip of pelvic fin blackish; tip of chin and tip of premaxillary blackish or dark brownish; operculum a little speckled with black dots. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by its combination of a strongly serrate preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle; its divided 372 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dorsal fin; its angular patch of villiform teeth on the vomer; its dark brown coloration; and its very dark fin rays that contrast sharply with the clear fin membranes. YPSIGRAMMA, new genus Genotype.—Y psigramma lineata, new species. This interesting new genus of rare little fishes occurs in the tropical Pacific. As herein understood Ypsigramma may be briefly defined as fol- lows: Spiny dorsal and second dorsal fins separated by a few rows of scales; second or third branched pectoral ray, counting down from dorsal edge, longest; teeth villiform, in a broad band on jaws, in nar- row band on palatines and on vomer; posterior and anterior nostrils widely separated, anterior one in short tube; basal half or more of all soft median fins scaled; pelvics scaled halfway out and pectorals only basally ; maxillary scaled and with a small supplemental bone; lateral line arched high over pectoral fin; preopercular edge partly serrate; opercle with 3 spines, sometimes upper and lower ones not very well developed; anal rays III,8; pectoral rays 11,12 to 14; scales in about 45 to 48 rows; gill membranes free forward to under eye, without broad free fold across isthmus; scales ctenoid. Table 33 records measurements made on various species of Y psigramma. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIOPROPOMA, CHORISTISTIUM, AND YPSIGRAMMA la. Spiny dorsal fin continuous with soft dorsal by a ridge of scales along sides of connecting dorsal spines; no scaled area separating spiny and soft dorsal rays; 414 to 514 scales in a row from lateral line to base of last dorsal spine; 16 to 21 predorsal scales to occiput. 2a. Dorsal spines VIII (Chorististium Gill). 3a. Anal rays IIJ,10; dorsal rays VIII,14; pectoral ii,14 (Japan). Chorististium japonicum (Déderlein, in Steindachner and Déderlein) 3b. Anal rays III,9; dorsal rays VIII,183; pectoral ii,18; pores in lateral line 48 or 49 (Hawaiian Islands). Chorististium aurora (Jordan and Evermann) 8c. Anal rays III,8. 4a. Pores in lateral line 48 to 47. 5a. Soft dorsal rays 12; pectoral ii,11; pores in lateral line 43 (Ber- muda) _—____ Chorististium mowbrayi (Woods and Kanazawa) 5b. Soft dorsal rays ™ 11 in paratype; pectoral ii,12; pores in lateral line 46 or 47; predorsal scales 19 to 21 to occiput (Philippines; plate 32; B) 222222 - Chorististium swalesi Fowler and Bean % The soft dorsal fin has its rays partly regenerated from an injury and a few rays are lacking on holotype. FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 373 4b. Pores in lateral line 49 to 70. 6a. Pores in lateral line 49 to 55. 7a. Pectoral rays ii,13 or 14; soft dorsal rays 12; pores in lateral line 49 to 52 (Reunion Island and Mauritius). Chorististium lunulata “ Guichenot 7b. Pectoral rays i,183; soft dorsal rays 13; pores in lateral line about 54 or 55 (Panama). Chorististium longilepis (Garman) 7c. Pectoral rays ii,11; soft dorsal rays 12; pores in lateral line 50 to 52; each side with 5 or 6 lengthwise brown streaks; tips of posterior lobes of median fins with black spots (Cuba). Chorististium rubre (Poey) 6b. Pores in lateral line 67 to 70; soft dorsal rays 12; pectoral ii,13 (Japan). Chorististium maculata (Déderlein in Steindachner and Déderlein) 2b. Dorsal spines IX (Liopropoma Gill=Bathyanthias Gtinther). 8a. Dorsal rays IX,12, pores in lateral line 45 (Cuba). Liopropoma aberrans (Poey) 8b. Dorsal rays [X,14; pores in lateral line 58 (Pernambuco, Brazil). Liopropoma roseus (Giinther) 1b. Spiny dorsal and soft dorsal fins completely separated by a scaled area of 5 to 7 rows across the back; 3 or 4 Seales in a row from lateral line to origin of second dorsal; gill rakers 5 to 7+1-++11 to 13 on first gill arch; predorsal scales 10 to 13 to occiput; dorsal rays VI-I,i,11; anal III,8 (Ypsigramma, new genus). 9a. Coloration plain pale, no stripes or dark pigment marks on sides or on fins; pectoral rays ii,14-ii1,14; greatest width of maxillary 2 in length of second dosal spine________-________ Ypsigramma pallida (Fowler) 96. Coloration of alternating dark and pale streaks, or of dark wavy lines on sides. 10a. Sides of body with 7 or 8 distinct, nearly straight, lengthwise, dark brown streaks, a short lengthwise dark brown streak on pectoral fin base. lia. Five brown streaks on each side of caudal peduncle; 4 scales between lateral line and second dorsal origin; predorsal scales to occiput SUH (Op Wa ee Sa a ES ey eee Ypsigramma lineata, new species 116. Four brown streaks on each side of caudal peduncle; 3 scales between lateral line and second dorsal origin; predorsal scales to occiput 10. Ypsigramma susumi (Jordan and Seale) 10b. Sides of body with brown pigment specks, a few arranged in irregular lines on middle of side; an oblique short dark brown streak on pectoral base; predorsal scales to occiput 13. Ypsigramma brocki, new species YPSIGRAMMA PALLIDA (Fowler) Chorististiwm pallidum Fow.rr, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 2, pp. 199-280, fig. 20, 1988 (type locality, Christmas Island). % Glaucosoma semtlunifera Steindacher, in Bliss, Trans. Roy. Soc. Mauritius, new ser., vol. 13, p. 47, 1883 (Mauritius) is the same species as Grystes lunulatus Guichenot (Faunae ichthyologique, p. C—4, 1863; type locality, Reunion Island). Awulacocephalus temminckii Temminck and Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, p. 15, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1844; type locality, Japan) probably belongs with this group of genera, too. 374. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 55 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VI-I,i,11; anal ITI,8; pectoral 11,14— ii,14; scale rows above lateral line 46, scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 18, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 6; predorsal scales 12 to occiput; 4 scales between lateral line and origin of second dorsal; 32 or 83 scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle; 4 rows of scales on opercle; 6 or 7 scales between dorsal fins; gill rakers 6+1+12 on first gill arch. Counts are given in table 34. Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 33. TaBLE 33.—Measurements made on certain species of Ypsigramma expressed in thousandths of the standard length brocki, lineata, new species new susumi swalesi pallida species Characters A 0 EG Holo. | Para- | Para- | Holo- | yojo. Philippine Islands type, type, type, Bap | Ronee: | Php. | Ronse: | shea | soto | Pare | p Pp type | type Standard length in milli- meters2- 2270 b= Sere eee 65 63 66. 7 40. 2 65 47.6 44,5 54 Greatest depth of body-_----- 294 302 295 306 286 336 310 296 Length of head. ------------- 369 386 376 423 399 399 427 407 Length of snout.------------ 86 84 88 82 89 82 92 89 Interorbital space__...------- 71 68 75 62 77 63 65 69 Diameter of eye-__----------- 89 89 79 102 89 90 90 96 Postorbital length of head --- 209 213 214 229 231 221 236 220 Least preorbital width-__-_-._- 8 6 uf 7 8 10 9 7 Length of maxillaries_--_-_---- 168 168 163 179 171 170 173 176 Least depth of caudal pe- duncle:= -<2::42-52--sie-2: 140 148 151 139 149 156 146 157 Length of caudal peduncle--- 222 224 217 209 215 208 191 230 Length of longest fin ray: Dorsal spine (third) - ---- 135 135 138 132 154 139 146 130 Soft dorsal__......------- 166 164 165 182 VRQ) jecet see 191 172 Anal spine (second) - ---- 108 111 114 112 119 149 168 117 Softianales=s2.-sses 165 175 173 189 179 189 211 187 Pectoral_---------------- 246 254 252 271 269 293 305 259 Pelvic: - 223. vases ese 188 210 180 204 222 218 213 185 Caudal {22a eee 200 203 205 231 211 221 202 204 Greatest depth 3.8, head 2.5, pectoral fin 3.8, all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.4, pectoral 1.4, snout 5.0, postorbital length of head 1.9, eye 4.0, snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6, all in length of head. Interorbital space flattish, 1.3 to 1.4 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.3 in its length; teeth in a villiform band in jaws, and in palatines and vomer; preopercular FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 375 edge rough, the membranous edge extending beyond bony part, with crenulate edge; scales ctenoid, occurring on body, on bases of fins, and halfway or more out on all soft median fins; operculum, maxillary dentary, cheeks, suborbitals and preorbitals, and interorbital space scaled ; lower jaw projects a little beyond tip of upper jaw; lips thick; premaxillary protractile; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal fins rounded; caudal fin truncate posteriorly; pectoral and pelvic fins pointed, second or third branched pectoral ray from dorsal edge long- est; second branched pelvic ray longest; first dorsal spine very short, third longest; second anal spine strongest and longest, reaching not- ably beyond third when depressed; 3 or 4 rows of scales between anus and anal origin; lateral line arched high over pectoral fin, reaching its greatest height opposite sixth dorsal spine then descending to midside of caudal peduncle; longest gill raker about equal to length of gill filaments. Color in alcohol.—Plain pale, without any pigment spots. Color when alive——Probably red. Remarks.—Fowler gives only V dorsal spines. I believe that he did not see the very small first one, since it could be overlooked in an exam- ination using only a hand lens. Otherwise my specimen agrees very well with his description and diagrammatic figure. Now known from Christmas Island and Bikini Atoll. YPSIGRAMMA LINEATA, new species FIGURE 59 Chorististium susumi (in part) Fow1er and Bran, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 185, 1930 (Philippines). Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 141872, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 65 mm. standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141873, taken with holotype and _bear- ing same data, 1 specimen, 63 mm. standard length; U.S.N.M. No. 142311, Bikini Atoll, Yuro Island, July 18, 1946, S-46-251, Herald, 1 specimen, 50 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141874, Baganga Bay, eastern Min- danao, Philippine Islands, May 18, 1908, Albatross, 1 specimen, 66.7 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141875, Paluan Bay, Mindoro Island, December 11, 1908, Albatross, 1 specimen, 36.5 mm., in bad condition (no counts were made). Description.—The following counts were made, respectively, on the types listed above. Dorsal rays VI-J,1,11; VI-1,i,11; VI-Lj,11; VI-L,i,11 ; anal ITT,8; T11,8; I11,8; 111.8; pectoral i1,13-ii,18 ; 11,13- —; 11,138—-11,13; 11,18-11,13; vertical scale rows above lateral line 46; 47; 45; 46; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 11; 11; 11; 12; NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ss. 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WA} IA soloeds pus snuep sel [810}00g shel [euy SABI [BSIOG 378 FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 7; 7; 6; 6; predorsal scales to occiput 12; 12; 13; 12; scales between lateral line and second dorsal origin 4; 4; 4; 4; scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 32; 32; —; 32; opercle with 4 rows of scales; scales between dorsal fins 6; 6; —; 6; gill rakers on first gill arches 611718; 5+1+12; 6+1+13; 6+1+12. Counts are given in table 34. Precision measurements were made and these are recorded in table 33. Greatest depth 3.3 to 3.5; head 2.7 to 2.8; pectoral fin 3.8 to 4.0; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.2 to 1.3; pectoral 1.3 to 1.5; snout 4.2 to 4.3; postorbital length of head 1.7 to 1.85 eye 4.2 to 4.5; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.6; all in length of head. Interorbital space flattish, 1.0 to 1.2 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 in its length; teeth in a villi- form band on jaws, palatines, and vomer; preopercular edge finely denticulate dorsally, covered ventrally with a membrane with crenu- late edge; scales ctenoid, occurring on body, on bases of fins, and halfway or more out on all soft fins except pectorals; operculum, maxillary, dentary, cheeks, suborbitals, preorbitals, and interorbital space scaled; lower jaw projects a little beyond tip of upper; lips thick; premaxillary protractile; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal rounded, that of caudal truncate; pectoral and pelvic fins pointed, second or third branched pectoral ray from dorsal edge longest ; second branched pelvic ray longest; first dorsal spine very short, third spine longest; second anal spine longest, strongest, projecting past third when depressed; about four rows of scales between anus and anal origin; lateral line arched high over pectoral fin, reaching its greatest height opposite rear of base of spiny dorsal fin, then descending to midside of caudal peduncle; longest gill raker longer than gill fila- ments. Color in alcohol_——Background color light brownish, with eight narrow lengthwise dark-brown streaks on sides; first above arch of lateral line ending at rear of soft dorsal fin base; second along arch of lateral line running along dorsal side of caudal peduncle; next three beginning behind eye and running above pectoral base to base of caudal fin; sixth, a lengthwise streak on base of pectoral fin, reappearing be- hind base of pectoral, thence continuing along lower ventral side of caudal peduncle; seventh beginning at lower edge of eye and continu- ing along ventral edge of pectoral base to rear of base of anal fin; eighth, and most ventral, beginning halfway between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins and extending to front of base of anal fin; a dark streak (sometimes two) barely discernible on snout, in front of eye; fins plain FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 379 pale, except caudal, which is slightly dusky; eye narrowly margined with a black line, mostly anteriorly. Remarks.—This species is most closely related to Y. suswmé (Jordan and Seale), from the Samoan Islands. Y. lineata differs from Y. susumi in color pattern. In susumz the second and third brown streaks join at a point opposite the rear of the soft dorsal base and con- tinue as a single dark streak on the dorsal side of the caudal peduncle, and the lower two join opposite the anal origin, to continue as a broad streak along the anal fin base; in /zneata all these dark streaks remain separate. From the other species of Ypsigramma, lineata may be separated by means of the key. Named /éneata in reference to the lengthwise dark streaks. Figure 59.—Holotype of Ypsigramma lineata, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141872), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) YPSIGRAMMA BROCKI, new species FIGurE 60 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 141876, Rongelap Atoll, Kieshiechi Is- land, lagoon coral head, depth 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46-285, Brock and Herald, standard length 40.2 mm. . Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 154675, Gilbert Islands, Onotoa Atoll, near edge of ocean reef, leeward side, depth 5 to 8 feet, August 1, 1951, Randall, 1 specimen, 56.5 mm. Description—The following counts were made: Dorsal rays VI-Li,11; anal II1,8; pectoral 11,12-i1,13; vertical scale rows above lateral line 48 and 46; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 11 and 12, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 7 and 6; predorsal scales 13 to occiput; 4 scales between lateral line and second dorsal origin; 32 scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal pe- duncle; opercle with 4 rows of scales; scales between dorsal fins 5 or 6; gill rakers on first arch 7+1+18. Additional counts recorded in table 34, 380 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Precision measurements were made and these are recorded in table 33. Greatest depth 3.3 or 3.4; head 2.5; pectoral fin 3.7; all in total length. Greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; pectoral 1.4; snout 4.5 to 4.9; post- orbital length of head 1.8; eye 3.8 to 4.0; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8; all in length of head. Interorbital space flattish, 1.5 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.4 in its length; teeth in a villiform band on jaw, palatines, and vomer ; preopercular edge finely denticulate dorsally, with a membranous ex- tension beyond bony edge ventrally ; scales ctenoid, occurring on body, bases of fins, and more than halfway out on caudal, pelvics, soft dorsal, and soft anal fins; operculum, maxillary, dentary, cheeks, suborbitals and preorbitals, and interorbital space scaled ; lips thick; premaxillary protractile; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal fins rounded, that of caudal truncate; pelvic and pectoral fins pointed, second or third x) Pesce a SSK ) Se SSSR Ficure 60.—Holotype of Ypsigramma brocki, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141876), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) branched ray of pectoral longest (counting down from dorsal edge), second branched ray of pelvics longest; first dorsal spine very short, third spine longest; second anal spine strongest, when depressed reaching to tip of third but not beyond; 4 or 5 rows of scales between anus and anal origin; lateral line arched high over pectoral fin, great- est height opposite rear of base of spiny dorsal, then descending to midside of caudal peduncle; longest gill raker a little longer than gill filaments. Color in alcohol.—Background color light tan, sides of body and head speckled with small brownish spots, arranged in three irregular rows behind eye, and one or two above and behind pectoral fin; eye narrowly margined with black line except dorsally; an oblique short brown bar on base of pectoral fin; fins all plain white or pale. Color when alive—The following color description was recorded from a Kodachrome picture taken by John Randall, University of Hawaii: Body and head light grey with wavy brown streaks or lines FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 381 on sides, three of which extend forward to rear of eye; median and paired fins pinkish; snout pinkish; iris yellowish. Remarks.—This new species resembles Y. susumi, but differs in having more predorsal scales. In regard to coloration it is character- ized by brown specks more or less arranged in wavy streaks on upper and lower sides of body. The middle 2 or 3 streaks begin behind eye and continue to above anal fin whereas in susumé all of the streaks en the sides are straight and even all the way to the caudal fin. It may be distinguished from other species in the genus by means of the key. Named in honor of Vernon Brock. Subfamily ANTHIINAE Genus ANTHIAS Bloch Anthias Biocu, Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische, vol. 6, pt. 9, p. 97, 1792. (Genotype, Labrus anthias Linnaeus.) ANTHIAS HERALDI, new species FIGURE 61 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 141963, Kwajalein Atoll, lagoon reef, Ennylabegan Island, September 1, 1946, S-46-397, Herald, 33.8 mm. standard length and total length 42.5 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 141964, taken with holotype and bearing same data; 2 specimens, standard length 31 and 33.5 mm., total lengths 39 and 42.2 mm. Precision measurements were made and these data, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype and two paratypes, respectively. Standard length 33.8; 31; 33.5 mm. Greatest depth 348; 351; 310; head 348; 3513; 352; snout 95; 100; 96; interorbital space (fleshy) 77; 77; 84; eye 98; 97; 101; postorbital length of head 151; 142; 148; least width of preorbital 12; 13; 15; length of maxillaries 133; 142; 131; least depth of caudal peduncle 115; 118; 107; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 222; 213; 209; length of longest dorsal spine (third) 180; 190; 182; longest soft dorsal ray 118; 186; 119; longest anal spine (second) 154; 161; 155; longest soft anal ray 121; 1382; 128; longest pectoral ray 198; 207; 191; and longest caudal ray 251; 265 ; 287. The following counts were made, respectively; dorsal rays X,14; X,14; X14; anal I1I,8; I11,8; IL1,8; pectoral 1,16; 1,16; 1,16; vertical scale rows above lateral line 70; 65; 71; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 16; 17; 17; from lateral line to rear base of soft dorsal 5; 5; 5; from lateral line to base of first soft dorsal ray 8; 8; 382 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 8, and to base of first dorsal spine 8; 8; 8; scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 25 ; 26; 26; pores in lateral line 50; 47; 50; gill rakers on first gill arch 8+1+18, 7+1+19; 8+1+19. Greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0; head 2.9; length of pectoral fin 4.4 to 4.8; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.0 to 1.1; pectoral 1.5 to 1.7; snout 3.5 to 3.6; postorbital length of head 2.2 to 2.3; eye 3.2 to 3.3; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.3 to 2.4; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in snout tip to rear of maxillary 1.2; fleshy interorbital space rounded, convex, 1.0 to 1.1 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 1.8 in distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin; teeth on dentary in two or three rows forward, in a single row on sides posteriorly; teeth on premaxillary in two or three rows forward, in a single row on sides, about three caninelike teeth on premaxillary on each side of symphysis; a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, those on vomer similar but in a A-shaped band; a single short opercular spine; preopercular edge finely serrate, truncate, the posterior lower corner a little produced, with a moderately strong spine, several smaller spines on ventral edge of preopercle, none antrorse; greatest depth of body opposite front of spiny dorsal; caudal fin with shallowly forked posterior margin; third dorsal spine longest, only a little longer than second, contained 0.8 to 0.9 times in postorbital length of head; longest soft dorsal rays shorter than longest dorsal spine; second anal spine much stronger and a little longer than third, its length when depressed equal to or a little longer than postorbital length of head; third or fourth branched pectoral rays, from dorsal edge, longest; gill rakers, long, slender, longer than gill filaments; a vertical line through front of orbit passes just in front of rear tip of maxillary; scales small, ctenoid, occurring on body but not on fins, except basal third of caudal; scales forward to occiput, dorsal surface of head naked; cheeks and operculum scaled; pelvic fins attached to belly by a mem- brane; tongue with minute teeth. Color in alcohol.—Plain pale except a dusky area on side of caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin, and extending dorsally somewhat on caudal peduncle; membrane between first three dorsal spines blackish. Remarks—I have searched the literature for a species allied to Anthias that might be close to this new species but have found none. The following species differ from A. heraldi in having X,16 or more soft rays in the dorsal fin: Franzia affinis Tanaka, F’. nobilis (Franz), F’. pectoralis Tanaka, F. ruber Tanaka, F’. ardens Jordan and Thomp- son, Anthias huchtit Bleeker, A. mooreanus Herre, A. pulchra Doder- lien, A. elongatus Franz, A. squamipinnis Peters, A. gibbosus Kliin- zinger, A. taentatus Kliinzinger, A. mortont Macleay, A. pulchellus FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 383 Waite, A. fuscipinnis Jenkins, A. margaritaceus Hilgendorf, Pseudan- thias hypselosoma Bleeker, P. venator Snyder, P. cichlops Bleeker, P. manadensis Bleeker, P. lepidolepis Bleeker, P. chirospilus Bleeker, P. pleurotaenia Bleeker, Sphenanthias dorianus Borodin, and Sacura pulchra (Doderlein). Species with fewer soft dorsal rays than A. heraldi are: Pseudanthias taira Schmidt, with X,11 to 13, and Novanthias accraensis (Norman), with X,12; both of these species have III,6 or 7 anal rays instead of ITI,8. A. heraldi, with 47 to 50 pores in the lateral line, differs strikingly from the following species: Anthias albofasciatus Fowler and Bean, fe See y A S Bee Cee ae ee EER DE Af i 4 es: rae ae 55%, ie es Ay 744 US pi Ficure 61.—Holotype of Anthias heraldi, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141963), from Kwa- jalein Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) A. unimaculatus Tanaka, Zalanthias azwmanus Jordan and Richard- son, Z'osana niwae Smith and Pope, all of which have 38 or fewer pores. Planctanthias preopercularis Fowler, from the Natal coast, differs in having X,15 or 16 dorsal, I1I,7 anal, and 22 pectoral rays; whereas A. heraldi has X,14 dorsal, I11,8 anal and 17 pectoral rays. Entoan- thias pascalus Jordan and Tanaka has X,15 dorsal, I1I,6 or 7 anal, and 18 pectoral rays, and 10+ 23 gill rakers; whereas A. heraldi has X,14 dorsal, III,8 anal, and 17 pectoral rays, and 7 or 8+1+18 or 19 gill rakers on the first arch. Naurua waitet Whitley and Colefax has X,15 dorsal rays, [11,7 anal, 22 pectoral, 72 pores in lateral line, and greatest depth 4.6 in standard length; whereas the new species has X,14 dorsal rays, III,8 anal, 17 pectoral, 47 to 50 pores in the lateral line, and greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0. Anthias gordensis Wade and Holanthias sechurae Barton, both with X,15 dorsal, I11,7 anal, and 26 or 27 gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch, are unlike A. heraldi. Although Odontanthias elizabethae Fowler has X,14 dorsal rays it has ITI,7 anal rays, and only 40 or 41 pores in the lateral line; whereas A. heraldi has IT1,8 anal rays and 47 to 50 pores. In addition, O. elizabethae has 3 opercular spines, whereas the new species has but one. 384. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Searching through the literature I was unable to find any named species referable to the Anthiinae with X,14 dorsal rays, III,8 anal, 17 pectoral rays, 47 to 50 pores in the lateral line, 7 or 8+1+18 or 19 gill rakers, and 65 to 71 vertical scale rows along the lateral line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin; thus I concluded that it was necessary to name this new species, in spite of the great confusion of species often referred to the ill-defined genus Anthias. Named heraldi in honor of the collector, Dr. Earl S. Herald, who was at Bikini in 1946. Subfamily GRAMMISTINAE This subfamily is herein recognized as a matter of convenience, because it represents a natural group of closely related genera from among a large group of diverse genera usually referred to the Epinephelinae. These genera have the following characters: Oblong body covered with very small, embedded, cycloid scales; gill membranes joined far back at dorsal edge of opercle to supracleithrum; lateral line single; maxillary exposed, with supplemental bone; tongue smooth; no scaly process at base of pelvics; scaly membrane at dorsal edge of pectoral base not developed; anal spines 0 to II or III, sometimes embedded. KEY TO THE GENERA OF GRAMMISTINAE 1a. Dorsal spines II or III, short, more or less embedded (dissection needed for counting) ; anal spines lacking; preopercular spines 3 or 4; dorsal rays II or III,21 to 27; anal rays 14 to 18; pectoral rays (total) 14 to 17; vertical fins fleshy, tissue between rays spongy near their bases; these fins with embedded scales about three-quarters to four-fifths their length; chin without dermal appendage____-—- Rypticus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1b. Dorsal spines VI to VIII. 2a. Chin with a dermal appendage, sometimes small. 3a. Preopercle with 3 to 5 spines on its posterior edge; tip of chin with large dermal appendage having fringed edges; dorsal rays VII or VITI,12 or 13; anal III,8, spines short but strong. Pogonoperca Giinther 3b. Preopercle with 1 to 3 small spines on its posterior edge; tip of chin with a very small dermal appendage; dorsal rays VII,13 to 15; anal II,9, the spines embedded, visible by dissection; pectoral rays about UG by (anise mahi Nahe EG ioe Ban Grammistes Bloch and Schneider (p. 384) 2b. No dermal appendage at tip of chin; precpercular edge without or with a single blunt spine; dorsal rays VII,12; anal III,9, the spines short but strong; pectoral rays about i,13____ Grammistops, new genus (p. 386) Genus GRAMMISTES Bloch and Schneider Grammistes BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 182, 1801. (Geno- type, Grammistes orientalis Bloch and Schneider=Perca seaz-lineata Thiinberg. ) FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 385 GRAMMISTES SEXLINEATUS (Thiinberg) PLATE 32, A Perca sezlineata THUNBERG, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., vol. 18, p. 142, pl. 5, 1792 (type locality, Hast Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 12 specimens, 23 to 79 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 8 specimens, 33 to 73 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 37 to 53 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 11 to 66 min. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 84 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 11 specimens, 24 to 107 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VII-18 or 14; anal I1,9; pectoral i,17; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 8+-7. Greatest depth 2.5 to 2.7; head 2.5 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 4.2 to 4.8; all in standard length. Greatest depth 0.9 to 1.0; pectoral fin 1.6 to 1.8; snout 4.3 to 5.0; postorbital length of head 1.7; eye 3.8 to 4.9; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.7; all in length of head. Interorbital space slightly convex, 1.2 to 2.5 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.0 to 1.1 in its length; teeth on dentary and premaxillary in a villiform band, inner rows of teeth longest, depressible; villiform teeth in a narrow band on palatines, and on vomer in a A-shaped band; no canine teeth; great- est depth of body under spiny dorsal fins; all fins bluntly rounded; third dorsal spine longest, 1.6 to 1.7 in postorbital length of head; spiny dorsal separated from soft dorsal; rays of soft dorsal notably longer than dorsal spines; anal spines very short, mostly embedded; preopercular edge with two or three spines. Color in aicohol.—Tip of snout with a distinct black spot; back- ground color dark brown or blackish. A specimen 10.5 mm. in stand- ard length has 2 rows of large white spots, upper row of 5 spots along back and lower row on lower part of side with 5 spots, one spot each on head in each row; fins white except for spiny dorsal, which is brown basally. At 27 mm. there are 3 white streaks or bands. At 50 mm. there are 4 paired lateral white streaks, the fourth appearing along base of spiny dorsal fin above the broad one along upper side; a median fifth white streak along midventral line of abdomen, and a sixth median one in front of dorsal fins. At 57 mm. there are 6 paired lateral white streaks and 2 median ones. At 107 mm. there are 11 or 12 paired lateral white streaks, some incomplete, and often one or more may be lacking on one side; fins dusky, with white posterior margins. Color when alive-—Background color black or dark brown; pale streaks light yellowish. 955292—53—vol. 1——27 386 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Ecology.—This small, strikingly colored species was seen around coral heads and in surge channels, usually alone or in groups of two or three. It appeared as if suspended in the water, moving back and forth with the surge of the water near the corals, but it would dart into crevices if disturbed. GRAMMISTOPS, new genus Genotype.—Grammistops ocellatus, new species. Body oblong, covered with small, oblong, cycloid scales, embedded in the skin, fins mostly naked except base of caudal fin; lateral line single, supplemental maxillary bone present; preopercular edge with- out or with one blunt spine; opercle with 3 spines; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, and A-shaped on vomer; gill membranes separate, free from isthmus; dorsally the opercular membrane is attached posteriorly to the supracleithrum ; no scaly process at base of pelvics and no scaly membrane at dorsal edge of pectoral as in E’pi- nephelus; no dermal flap on tip of chin, maxillary naked; dorsal divided to base; gill rakers moderately long; other characters are those of the new species. Named Grammistops in reference to its relationships with Gvam- mistes. GRAMMISTOPS OCELLATUS, new species FIGURE 62 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 141871, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Herald and Brock, standard length 85.5 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VII,12; anal III,9; pectoral 1,13-1,13; vertical scale rows along lateral line 90, vertical rows from upper edge of opercular opening to midbase of caudal fin 82; scales in a row from anal origin to lateral line 22 or 23, from lateral line to base of soft dorsal 15 or 16; gill rakers about 6 or 7+1+12 or 18 on first gill arch. The following precision measurements were made on the holotype and are recorded in thousandths of the standard length, which is 85.5 mm: Greatest depth 298; head 386; snout 78; interorbital space 29; eye 85; postorbital length of head 228; least width of preorbital 19; length of maxillaries 175; least depth of caudal peduncle 140; length of caudal peduncle 182; longest dorsal spine (second) 111; longest soft dorsal ray 163; longest anal spine (second) 47; longest soft anal ray 158; pectoral 236; soft pelvic 175; caudal 257. Greatest depth 3.4; head 2.6; pectoral 4.1; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.3; pectoral 1.5; snout 4.9; postorbital length of head 1.6; eye 4.7; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6; all in length of head. Interorbital space a little FAMILY SERRANIDAE—SCHULTZ 387 convex, about 2.1 in eye, naked, as is dorsal surface of head; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.3 in its length; teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on palatines and vomer, the latter A-shaped; no teeth on tongue; bony edge of preopercle smooth, except for a blunt spine on the right side, absent on the left; no spines on interopercles or subopercle; opercle with three spines, middle one farther back and a little closer to upper than lower one; scales cycloid, small, mostly embedded in the skin and present on body, sides of head, and base of caudal fin, but absent on dorsal surface of head, and on orbitals; mouth, underside of head, dorsal, anal, pelvic, and base of pectoral fins scaly ; no scaly membrane at upper edge of pectoral base; lips thick, lower jaw projecting and entering profile; premaxillary protractile; posterior or distal edges Ficure 62.—Holotype of Grammistops ocellatus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141871), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) of all fins rounded ; middle rays of pectoral fin longest ; second branched pelvic ray longest; first dorsal spine two-thirds length of second or longest spine; dorsal fin notched to base between last dorsal spine, which is very short, and first soft dorsal ray; anal spines short but strong, second heaviest; about five or six rows of scales between anus and anal origin; lateral line single, a little arched over pectoral fin, highest part of arch opposite about base of second or third dorsal spine, then lateral line follows a course along midside of caudal peduncle; greatest depth opposite dorsal origin; gill rakers longer than gill filaments. Color in aleohol.—Background color plain dark brown posteriorly, becoming lighter brown forward, and head tan or yellowish; a large ocellate spot on opercle; anterior side of eye margined with a blackish line; each side of symphysis of lower jaw with a dusky spot; Color when alive.—Unknown, except the head, which is lighter than the rest of the body and still retains a little of the yellowish colora- tion. Kemarks.—This unusual species represents the fourth genus re- ferable to the serranid subfamily Grammistinae. It differs from the others in lacking scales on base of saft dorsal and anal fins and in 388 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 other characters as given in the key to the genera (p. 384). A char- acteristic possessed by no other species in the subfamily is the sharp contrast between the dark soft rays of all fins and the clear membranes between the rays. Named ocellatus in reference to the large ocellate black spot on opercle. Family PSHEUDOCHROMIDAE By Lxronarp P. ScHuLtTz Under this family I am uniting those aberrent serranidlike genera usually placed in the families Pseudochromidae, Acanthoclinidae, Plesiopidae, and Pseudoplesiopidae as recognized by various authors who have published on the tropical Pacific fauna. The members of this group are small reef fishes with oblong, com- pressed bodies covered with ctenoid or cycloid scales; lateral lines one to three or none, often a dorsal lateral line interrupted opposite base of dorsal fin and beginning again along midaxis of caudal pe- duncle, sometimes three lateral lines extending entire length of body; pelvics under pectoral bases or a little in advance of pectoral base, with 1,2 to 5 rays; teeth on jaws usually with a villiform inner band, sometimes bordered outside with short canine teeth; teeth on vomer, those on palatines present or absent; premaxillary protractile; dorsal fin elongate, of spines and soft rays, or the spines may be reduced to simple flexible rays; anal spines 0 toXIV and dorsal spines 0 to XXV; anal fin base much shorter than dorsal; anus close to and in front of anal origin; branchiostegals six; gill membranes extending far for- ward where they join to form a moderately wide to narrow free fold across isthmus, or broadly joined across isthmus with a broad free fold; pseudobranchiae present; gill rakers short, not very numerous; fourth gill free; various counts made on the genera and species of this family are recorded in tables 35, 36, and 87; additional characters of the genera will be found in the following key: KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF PSEUDOCHROMIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Dorsal spines fewer than XV; anal spines fewer than V. 2a. Dorsal and anal spines stiff or pungent, sometimes very small and slender ; anal with III spines; palatine teeth present. 3a. Pelvic fin rays, I,5, reaching from one-third to one-half the way to the anal fin origin, but not to the anus; pectoral rays i,15 to 18. 4a. Dorsal spines III, slender; maxillary reaching only to under front of eye; no spine on rear margin of preopercle; two lateral lines present (Pseudochromis Riippell). FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 389 5a. Background color plain brownish, no white dots on scales or any place on body; adult males with a white or pale streak along dorsal lateral line usually ending opposite about halfway along base of dorsal fin ; dorsal rays I11,22; gillrakers 3 to5+-1-+9 or 10; scales 35 or 86__. Pseudechromis tapeinosoma Bleeker (p. 390) 5b. Background color plain brownish with a white dot in center of nearly every scale (these spots may be very faint), and sometimes the dorsal fin has traces of minute whitish specks; dorsal rays Ii1,25 or 26; gill rakers 4+-1-+-10 or 11; scales 40 to 43. Pseudochromis aurea marshallensis, new subspecies (p. 392) 4b. Dorsal spines VII (rarely VIII), stiff; maxillary reaches past a ver- tical line through rear edge of orbit; a strong spine on rear mar- gin of preopercle. 6a. An enlarged pair of pores in interorbital space and several smaller pores around edge of orbit; only dorsal lateral line present; dorsal rays usually VII,19 to 22; anal 111,15 to 18; scales 50 to 54; gill rakers 6+-1+10 or 11; background color light brown with a reticulated pattern of dark-brown bands; opercular spot blackish or dark brown. Pseudogramma polyacantha (Bleeker) (p. 395) 6b. No pore in the interorbital space and no series of pores around edge of orbit; dorsal and peduncular lateral lines present; dorsal rays VII,23 or 24; anal I11,19 to 21; scales 59 to 71; gill rakers 5 or 6-+-1+10 or 11; background color light brown, with numerous scattered dark brown blotches or spots on body and head; no opercular spot; chin usually dark brown. Aporops bilinearis Schultz (p. 396) 3b. Pelvic fin rays 1,4, reaching anal fin origin; dorsal rays XI or XIUI,7, rarely 8; anal III,8; pectoral rays i,20 to 22; scales 27 or 28; gill rakers 3 to 6+1-++6 to 12; color blackish to brownish (purplish black when alive), with tips of dorsal spines white; distal margin of pectoral pale, basal four-fifths brownish; opercular spot blackish; each scale usually dark brown posteriorly, giving the appearance of dark spots; when fish is alive each scale with a light-biue center, and opercular spot rich purple_____-__--___ Plesiops nigricans (Rtippell) (p. 399) Plesiops melas Bleeker (p. 402) 26. Dorsal and anal rays all soft and flexible, nonpungent, the first several simple, the last several branched; pelvics long, reaching to anus or anal fin origin; palatine teeth present or absent, if present usually reduced to a small patch; maxillary reaches only to front of eye; a pair of enlarged pores in interorbital space and a series of numerous smaller pores around margin of orbit; no spine on preopercle (Pseudoplesiops Bleeker). 7a. Dorsal rays 22; anal 13; pelvics 1,3; scales 29 to 31; color plain light brown, margins of dorsal and anal fins pale; sides of body with a few indistinct pale streaks or lines; no lateral lines present; palatine teeth absent; intermandibular space without a projecting keel; no black opercular spot. Pseudoplesiops rosae Schultz (p. 401) 7b. Dorsal rays 24 to 28; anal rays 15 to 18; scales 35 to 39. 8a. Pelvic rays 1,38; dorsal and peduncular lateral lines present ; teeth on palatines; color plain brownish. Pseudoplesiops annae (Weber) 390 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 8b. Pelvie rays 1,4; orbits with a narrow black ring. 9a. Dorsal lateral line present, peduncular one absent; pala- tine teeth present; intermandibular space without a projecting fleshy keel; no black opercular spot. Pseudoplesiops typus Bleeker 9b. No lateral lines present. 10a. Intermandibular space with a strongly projecting fleshy keel; no palatine teeth; black ocellate spot on opercle. Pseudoplesiops revellei, new species (p. 404) 10b. No fleshy keel in intermandibular space; palatine teeth present in a very small patch; no black opercular spot. Pseudoplesiops sargenti, new species (p. 405) 1b. Dorsal rays XIX to XX,4 or 5; anal VIII to X,4 or 5; pelvies 1,2; scales 28 to 30; opercle with 2 pungent spines; a single dorsal lateral line with 9 to 13 pores, pectoral rays ii,14 to ii,16; color blackish-brown with tips of median fin rays and pelvics white; a white spot on pectoral base. Acanthoplesiops hiatti, new species (p. 407) Genus PSEUDOCHROMIS Riippeil Pseudochromis RtpretL, Neue Wirbelthiere ... Abyssinien gehorig. Fische der rothen Meeres, 1835, p. 8. (Genotype, Pseudochromvis olivaceus Rtippell.) PSEUDOCHROMIS TAPEINCSOMA Bleeker Pseudochromis tapeinosoma BuEEkKeEkR, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 115, 1853 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 30 specimens, 15 to 42 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 20 to 41 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 27 to 39 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 23 to 35 mm. Rota Island: 1 station, 1 specimen, 38 mm. Guam : 4 lots, 15 specimens, 25 to 42 mm. Description—Dorsal rays II1,22; anal I1I,13; pectoral 1,17 or 18; pelvic I,5 branched caudal 8+7; scale rows from beginning of lateral line to caudal fin base 35 or 36; scales in a row from anal origin up- ward and forward to dorsal base 14; gill rakers on first gill arch 3 to5+1+9 or 10; (additional counts in table 35). Head 2.8 to 3.3; greatest depth 3.5 to 3.7; snout to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7; length of pelvic fins 4.4 to 5.3; all in standard length. Snout 4.5 to 5; eye 3.0 to 3.4; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.8 to 3.4; fleshy interorbital space 6.5 to 7.0; postorbital length of head 1.9; longest ray of pectoral fin 1.5; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.0; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1. Scales ctenoid, occurring on head, body, and two-thirds of the way out caudal fin rays, but absent on rays of other fins; snout and jaws naked; three rows of scales on cheek; premaxillary teeth anteriorly in a villiform band and with five canines on outside, sides 391 FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ “X Ue Aq pozeorpuy ol’ 01N4BIOFT] OY} WOT 10 seIN3y oy} Woy pops0deI syUNOD 1 6ITE | ZZ ‘E | 12 ‘t | 02 ‘FE | OL ‘E | STF SACI [810499 q LT ce) a oh i 8 a al ee oa ae (oh 5 I goa Care DUOSsOUutedD} “gq (0) ge ee SPR PS | Port eno lee | SRS ae es SISUA]IDYSLDUL DALND *qy Ba hit a ee ee eel | el eee XG Sis eee DALND DILND SiULOLyIOpNasSy gp | ees tec |e et | eee TZ [777777 8tunauiqig sdosod py Sasa cee ie S| = Sane nei SG a Cor Go| DYRUDIDAjod DULUDbOpNasgy oem | See || ema CONG eCOis| oa 0 erent aa seen 7 OUL eT. ee | ome | es les 9¢ OG po punatsb1u sdoisaty cI | FI Sf | GI Tt | OL 6 8 | III shel [CUy 9% | SZ | FB | ES | 2 TZ | 02 | 61 | 8T LT 9T ST SABI [BSIOP JOY Las &T cr IT Or BR OOP ORIG IRIS O ROSSI OO S112 E60 1909) OCC COSCO OCS IOR OOOO SDI *q iat | stat a | ae | ce dn (| ge = See | pe oe eee eee sunrs61u sdo1sajq 4 \ITX|IX| KX | XI} IIIA /ITA| IA] A | AT] IIT sourds [esioq sojoedsqns pue sejoedg a a ee es ee oe i I ee eee sepluoioopnoesg fo savveds snoiiva uo appw syun0g—'ce aI1aV, 392 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 with an inner row of minute teeth and an outer row of strong canine- like teeth; dentary with a villiform band of teeth anteriorly becom- ing a single row laterally, and with about four canines on outer side of villiform band; sometimes a canine tooth occurs at the point on side of dentary where teeth change to a single row; short conical teeth on vomer and palatines; pectoral and median fins rounded, pelvics pointed, the second and third rays longest; greatest depth of body at dorsal origin; maxillary reaches a trifle past a vertical line through front of eye; gill membranes joined at an acute angle, moderately far forward and forming a broad free fold across isthmus; inter- orbital space with a row of minute pores around orbits but no pore enlarged; pelvic fins reach a little over halfway to anus; pectoral fins without free silky rays; no spine on posterior margin of preopercle; dorsal lateral line ending a few scale rows in front of rear of base of dorsal fin, beginning again on midaxis of caudal peduncle; pelvics in- serted under pectoral fin base; dorsal and anal spines not pungent, but flexible; gill rakers short and thick; anterior nostril tubular, separated from posterior by a dermal isthmus; dorsal edge of opercle without traces of serrations; premaxillary protractile; dentary pro- jects a little in front of tip of snout. Color in alcohol.—Background color plain brownish, fins plain dusky, usually paler than body. Adult males are blackish, including dorsal and caudal fins, the latter with dorsal and ventral edges white, posteriorly margined by a narrow white line; a white or pale streak occurs along the dorsal lateral line, usually ending about halfway along the length of dorsal fin base. Color when alive-——Adult males dark purplish black posteriorly, brownish, tinged with orange anteriorly ; center of scales with a bluish dot posteriorly. Ecology.—This is a very common species among growths of coral and algae in the surf and in the lagoon and ocean reefs. Remarks.—This widely distributed species was beautifully figured by McCulloch (Report on Some Fishes Obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour .. ., vol. 5, pt. 4, pl. 51, 1926). PSEUDCCHROMIS AUREA MARSHALLENSIS, new subspecies FIGURE 63 Holotype.—U.8S.N.M. No. 140629, a specimen 48 mm. in standard length from Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, lagoon coral head, depth 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46-286, Brock, Herald, and Kohler. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140631, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, la- goon, channel reef, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 43 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140632, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, ocean reef, March 22, 1946, S-46-15, Schultz and Brock, 3 specimens, FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 393 32 to 40 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140633, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, ocean reef, April 1, 1946, S-46-47, Schultz, 1 specimen, 37 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140634, Bikini Atoll, Yuro Island, ocean reef, July 13, 1946, S—46-251, Herald, 3 specimens, 42 to 47 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142278, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 30 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140635, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 2 specimens, 33 to 47 mm.; U.S.N.M. 140636, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 6 specimens 13 to 42 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141731, Rongelap Atoll, Mellu Island, June 19, S-46-220, Schultz and Herald, 1 speci- men, 38.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140630, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, lagoon coral head, depth 18 feet, July 25, 1946, S-46-286, Brock, Ficure 63.—Holotype of Pseudochromis aurea marshallensis, new subspecies (U.S.N.M. No. 140629), from Rongelap Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) Herald, and Kohler, 18 specimens, 15 to 44 mm. taken along with the holotype; U.S.N.M. 140627, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, ocean reef at boat passage, July 31, 1946, S-46-304, Herald, 5 specimens, 27 to 44 mm.; U.S.N.M. 140628, Rongelap Atoll, Lomuilal Island, lagoon reef, August 1, 1946, S-46-306, 3 specimens, 24 to 42 mm.; U.S.N.M. 140626, Rongelap Atoll, Naen Island, lagoon reef, July 30, 1946, S-46-302, Herald, 2 specimens, 19 and 41.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. 140640, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, April 24, 1946, S46-113, Brock and Marr, 3 specimens 37 to 44 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140639, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S46-237, Schultz and Herald, 21 specimens, 19 to 46 mm.; U.S.N.M. 140638, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, June 28, 1946, S-46-238, Schultz and Herald, 7 specimens, 23 to 41 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140637, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, August 14, 1947, S-1041, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson, 4 specimens, 38 to 41 mm. Description—Dorsal rays IJ1,25 or 26; anal TII,13 or 14; pectoral 1,16 or 17; pelvic always 1,5; branched caudal 8+7; scale rows from beginning of lateral line to caudal fin base 40 to 48; scales in an 394 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 oblique row from anal origin forward to lateral line 11 or 12, above lateral line 2; gill rakers on first gill arch 4+1+10 or 11; (additional counts in table 35.) Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and one para- type, and these data are recorded in thousandths of the standard length, first for the holotype then the paratype. Standard lengths 43 and 34 mm. Head 312 and 341; greatest depth of body 293 and 283; length of snout 65 and 78; diameter of eye 81 and 97; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 107 and 109; postorbital length of head 177 and 177; snout tip to dorsal origin 353 and 377; snout tip to anal origin 626 and 671; anal origin to middle of base of caudal fin 414 and 374; least depth of caudal peduncle 153 and 147; length of caudal peduncle (base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin) 163 and 162; longest ray of pectoral 214 and 209, pelvic 205 and 194, caudal 251 and 238, soft dorsal 163 and 159, anal 151 and 147; length of second anal spine 65 and 74, of third anal spine 72 and 68; length of third dorsal spine 81 and 76; scales ctenoid, edges finely denticulate, occurring on body, head, basal half of caudal fin, but lacking on bases of other fins; snout and jaws naked; four rows of scales on cheek; premaxillary teeth in a villiform band, narrowing posteriorly, and with 4 (usually) canines anteriorly on outer edge of villiform teeth; dentary with a villiform band of teeth anteriorly, becoming a single row laterally, and with two canines on outside of villiform band an- teriorly, a single row of teeth on vomer, and a patch of villiform teeth on palatines; median fins and pectoral fin rounded posteriorly, pelvic fins pointed, the second soft ray longest; greatest depth of body at dorsal origin; maxillary reaches past a vertical line through front of eye but not quite to one through front of pupil; gill membranes joined at an acute angle moderately far forward and forming a broad free fold across isthmus; interorbital space with a row of minute pores around edge of orbit but no enlarged pore; pelvic fins reach a little over halfway to anus; no free, silky, pectoral fin rays; no spine on posterior margin of preopercle; dorsal lateral line ending under two- thirds the way along dorsal fin base and continued again on median axis of caudal peduncle with about 24 to 26 pores in dorsal lateral line and 8 or 9 in peduncular one; pelvic fins inserted under base of pectoral fins; third dorsal spine contained about two times in longest soft dorsal ray, first three rays of both dorsal and anal fins repre- sented by stiff spines; second anal spine thick and stronger than others, but not projecting quite so far as third anal spine; gill rakers short and thick; anterior nostril a short tube, separated from posterior one by a dermal isthmus; dorsal edge of opercle sometimes with traces of minute serrations; premaxillaries protractile; lower jaw projecting a little in front of tip of snout. FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 395 Color in alcohol——Background color plain brownish with all fins light dusky; nearly every scale with a light or whitish dot in center; sometimes the dorsal fin has traces of minute whitish specks but the anal and other fins plain light dusky; in some specimens the caudal fin is nearly whitish. Color when alive.—Anterior part of body, including head, chrome- yellowish, grading into the purplish posterior half of body and fins; pale spots on scales grayish pink. Eeology.—This fish was taken from coral heads and crevices in the reef to a depth of 18 feet. It was encountered both on the ocean and lagoon sides of the atoll reef. Remarks.—This subspecies was described as new because the Mar- shall Island specimens do not exactly fit the description of Pseudo- chromis aurea Seale (Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. 4, p. 528, 1909), type locality, Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago, P. I. P. aurea marshallensis differs from P. a. aurea in having one or two fewer gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch and in averag- ing one fewer dorsal and anal soft rays. Named after the island group in which it was collected. Genus PSEUDOGRAMMA Bleeker Pseudogramma BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, vol. 15, p. 24, 1875. (Geno- type, Pseudochromis polyacanthus Bleeker.) PSEUDOGRAMMA POLYACANTHA (Bieeker) Pseudochromis polyacanthus BLEEcKERr, Nat. Tidschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 10, p. 375, 1856 (type locality, Ternate). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll; 22 stations, 166 specimens, 13 to 59 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 11 stations, 133 specimens, 18 to 62 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 16 to 49 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 11 specimens, 21 to 61 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 39 to 49 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 41 to 63 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VII (rarely VIII), 19 to 22; anal [11,15 to 18; pectoral 1,16 or 17; branched caudal 8+7; pelvic 1,5; gill rakers on first gill arch 6+1+10 or 113 scales from beginning of lateral line to midbase of caudal fin about 50 to 54; scales in an oblique row from anal origin anterodorsally to dorsal fin base about 26 to 29; (additional counts in table 35). Head 2.4 to 2.7; greatest depth 3.3 to 3.5; snout to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7; length of pelvics 7.0 to 7.5; all in standard length. Snout 5.3 to 5.6; eye 4.0 to 4.6; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary, 2.0 to 2.1; fleshy interorbital space 10 to 14; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.7; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.5 to 1.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3.4; longest dorsal spine (sixth) 3.5 to 5.8; all 396 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.2. Scales ctenoid, very numerous and becoming much smaller on dorsal part of head ; maxillaries and snout naked ; scales covering from a third to a half of basal part of median fins and about a third of the pectoral and pelvic fins; villiform band of teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; caudal, anal, and dorsal fins rounded posteriorly, other fins pointed; greatest depth of body near origin of dorsal fin; maxil- lary reaches notably past a vertical line through rear of orbit; gill membranes free from isthmus, extending far forward, but with a narrow fold across isthmus; interorbital space with a pair of en- larged pores; second and third pelvic rays longest, but not reaching halfway to anus; none of lower pectoral fin rays with free silkylike tips; upperpart of preopercle with a short, strong spine, directed obliquely downward; dorsal lateral line ending a little in front of rear base of soft dorsal fin; no lateral line on caudal peduncle; pelvic {ins inserted opposite front of pectoral base; third dorsal spine about 114 in longest soft dorsal ray; gill rakers short, thick; anterior nostril tubular, the posterior one next to anterlor margin of eye, both sep- arated by a wide dermal isthmus; premaxillaries protractile; second anal spine longer than third. Color in alcohol.—Background color light brown, with a reticulated dark-brown pattern of bands; opercular spot dark brown or blackish; sometimes a pale streak extends from ventral part of eye posteriorly across preopercle, most evident in the smaller specimens; anterior margin of eye bordered by a dark brown line; the 16-mm. specimen lacked the opercular spot. Ecology.—This species was everywhere abundant on the lagoon and ocean reef in shallow water, as well as in moderate depths of the lagoon. Remarks.—Counts and measurements made on specimens from Johnston Island, and from the Phoenix, Samoan, and Philippine Is- lands, indicate no significant races or populations differing from those of the northern Marshall Islands. Schultz (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 114-115, 1943) restricted the name P. polyacanthus (Bleeker) to the species described herein and discussed the problem of related genera and species. Genus APCROPS Schultz Aporops ScHuttz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 112, 1943. (Genotype, Apo- rops bilinearis Schultz.) APOROPS BILINEARIS Schultz FIcure 64 Aporops bilinearis ScHuLTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 112, fig. 9, 1943 (type locality, Hull Island, Phoenix group). FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 397 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 36 specimens, 28 to 90 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 5 specimens, 31 to 49 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 44 mm. Deseription.—Dorsal rays V1I,23 or 24; anal III,19 to 21; pectoral 1,15 to 17; branched caudal 8+-7; pelvic 1,5; gill rakers on first gill arch 5 or 6+1+10 or 11; scales from beginning of lateral line to mid- base of caudal fin about 59 to 71; scales from anal origin obliquely upward and forward to dorsal fin base about 80 to 82; (additional counts in table 35). Head (tip of snout to rear of opercular flap) 2.6 to 2.7; greatest depth 8.1 to 3.6; snout to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7; length of pelvics 7.9 to 8.1; all in standard length. Snout 5.2 to 5.8; eye 4.5 to 5.25 tip of Ficure 64.—Holotype of Aporops dilinearis Schultz (U.S.N.M. No. 115336), from Hull Island, Phoenix group. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; fleshy interorbital space 18 to 15; postorbital length of head 1.6; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.6; longest dorsal spine (third to fifth) 5.2 to 5.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1. Scales ctenoid, very numer- ous, and becoming much smaller on dorsal part of head; maxillaries, snout, and lips of lower jaw naked; scales covering from half to about a third of basal part of all fins; a villiform band of teeth on premaxillaries, dentary, vomer, and palatines; posteriorly the margins of all fins are rounded; greatest depth at origin of spiny dorsal fin; maxillary reaches notably past a vertical line through rear of orbit; gill membranes attached far forward, free from isthmus, but a narrow free fold crosses isthmus far forward; no enlarged pore in the inter- orbital space; second pelvic ray longest; tip of lower pectoral rays not free and hairlike or silky; upper posterior corner of preopercle with a short stout spine directed posterodorsally ; dorsal lateral line extends to a point about opposite middle of length of anal fin base; lateral line on midaxis of caudal peduncle begins over anal origin; 398 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 pelvic fins inserted under front part of pectoral fin bony base; third dorsal spine contained about twice in longest soft dorsal ray; gill rakers short, broad, thick; anterior nostril tubular, separated by a wide dermal isthmus from posterior pore next to margin of eye; pre- maxillaries protractile; second anal spine longer than third, a mem- brane closing the space along dorsal edge of operculum. Color in alcohol.—Background light brown, with numerous scat- tered dark-brown blotches on body and head; no dark opercular spot; basal part of median fins darker than pale distal portions; anterior margin of eye with a dark brown line; chin usually dark brown. E'cology.—A porops bilinearis occurs among corals in areas where the wave action is strong. Remarks.—There does not appear to be any significant difference between the Marshall Island specimens and those from the Phoenix Islands. Genus PLESIOPS Oken Plesiops OKEN, Isis, App. p. 1182a, 1817. (Genotype, Plesiops nigricans (Riippell), designated by Bleeker.) (Reference copied.) The following characters are the same for both species of Plestops from the Marshalls and Marianas. Scales ctenoid along middle of sides, more so posteriorly, smooth elsewhere; opercle with 2 rows of scales, preopercle with 5 rows, head otherwise naked; teeth in a villiform band on both jaws, vomer, and palatines; pectoral and caudal fin rounded, other fins pointed posteri- orly; greatest depth of body near front of spiny dorsal fin; maxillary reaches to or past a vertical line through rear of orbit; gill membranes free from isthmus, and joined to it far forward; no enlarged pore in interorbital space; second pelvic soft ray longest, reaching past anal origin; no spine on preopercle or opercle; two lateral lines, dorsal one extending to base of last dorsal soft ray, posterior one beginning along midaxis of body; pelvic fin inserted opposite front of pectoral fin bony base; third dorsal spine contained 2 or 3 times in longest soft dorsal ray; gill rakers short, thick; anterior nostril tubular, posterior one a pore behind anterior one and close to edge of eye; premaxillaries protractile. Although I follow Weber and de Beaufort in recognizing nigricans and melas, it is obvious after examining several hundred specimens in our collections that the genus Plesiops is in need of revision. Time does not permit me to make further investigations now, but the true nigricans may be restricted to a species having no black opercular spot and coming from the western Indian Ocean. It will be observed that my counts of soft rays in both anal and dorsal fins are one less than those given by Weber and de Beaufort. I have assumed that FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 399 they counted the last soft ray, split to the single base, as two rays, whereas I count them as one ray. The two species of Plestops found in this region may be distinguished by the key. la. Dorsal spines XII; opercle usually with a blackish ocellate spot; no pale streak on dorsal fin; lower rays of pectoral fin double-branched and distinctly separated at half their length____ Plesiops nigricans (Rtippell) 1b. Dorsal spines XI; no black spot on opercle; tips of dorsal spines white or orange, middle of fin below white tips with a narrow bright blue line or streak, at least on adult males; lower rays of pectoral not double branched, except possibly near tips, and not separated as above. Plesiops melas Bleeker PLESIOPS NIGRICANS (Riippell) PLATE 33, A Pharopieryz nigricans RUPPELL, Atlas zu der Reise im Noérdlichen Afrika, Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1828 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 6 specimens, 40 to 109 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 38 to 88 mm. Guam: 5 lots, 17 specimens, 11 to 111 mm. Saipan ;: 2 lots, 8 specimens, 22 to 58 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 16 to 94 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,7; anal I1I,8; pectoral 1,20 to 22; branched caudal rays 8 or 9+7 or 8; pelvics, 1,4; gillrakers on first gill arch 5 or 6+1+10 to 12; scales from upper edge of gill opening at start of lateral line to midbase of caudal fin 25 to 28; scales in an oblique row from anal origin anterodorsally to dorsal fin base 11 to 13; (additional counts in table 35). Head 2.4 to 2.8; greatest depth 2.9 to 3.2; snout to anal origin 1.7; length of pelvics 2.5 to 2.8; all in standard length. Snout 4.6 to 5.0; eye 3.2 to 4.5; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.0 to 2.15 fleshy interorbital space 6.3 to 7.1; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.8; longest dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1. Posterior lateral line beginning a little in front of a vertical line through anal fin origin, with about 13 to 16 pores, not including the two on base of caudal fin; lowermost 7 or 8 pectoral rays double- branched with exserted tips free. Color in alcohol.—Brownish or blackish, with tips of dorsal spines white, without a white submarginal streak at lower edge of pale tips of dorsal spines as in melas; opercular spot blackish; distal margin of pectoral pale, basal four-fifths brownish; fins generally dark brownish on young; sometimes about 5 or 6 vertical dark brown bars are present, alternating with paler interspaces, 400 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color when alive-—Tip of pectoral yellow; on center of each scale a light blue spot, forming bars; dark bars on body brownish black; opercular spot dark purplish blue, margined with brownish orange. PLESIOPS MELAS Bleeker Plesiops melas Bieeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 22, p. 9, 1849 (type locality, Bali). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 30 specimens, 10 to 48 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 10 stations, 82 specimens, 10 to 47 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 10 to 51 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 34 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 15 specimens, 9 to 52 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 21 specimens, 9 to 47 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 12 specimens, 9 to 23 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X17, rarely XI,8; anal I11,8; pectoral or 11, 19 to 22; branched caudal rays 8 or 9+7 or 8; pelvics I,4; gill rakers on first gill arch 83+1+7 to 9; scales from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 25 to 27; scales in an oblique row from anal origin anterodorsally to dorsal fin base about 11; posterior lateral line with about 9 to 12 pores, not including scales on caudal fin base; (additional counts in table 35). Head 2.3 to 2.5; greatest depth 3.2 to 3.5; snout to anal origin 1.7; length of pelvics 2.0 to 2.5; all in standard length. Snout 5.5 to 6.0; eye 3.1 to 4.2; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; fleshy interorbital space 7 to 9; postorbital length of head 1.7; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 1.7 to 2.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 to 3.0; longest dorsal spine 1.8 to 1.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.2. Posterior lateral line beginning a little behind a vertical line through anal fin origin, with 9 to 12 pores, not including those on base of caudal fin; lower pectoral rays not notably double-branched except possibly near their tips. Color in alcohol.—Brownish to blackish, with distal edge of dorsal fin white, below which, at least on adult males, is a pale streak that continues from spiny dorsal to outer edge of soft dorsal; pectoral fin pale, except basal fifth brownish; center of each scale brownish. Color when alive—Tips of membranes of spiny dorsal bright orange; basal part of dorsal fin separated from orange tips by a narrow bright blue line that is continuous on outer edge of soft dorsal rays; body bluish black; pectoral translucent but distally orange; iris orange; caudal margined with orange posteriorly. Ecology—This gorgeously colored fish appears to prefer the rugged condition of the ocean reef or the lagoon where wave action is strong. be FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 401 Genus PSEUDOPLESIOPS Bleeker Pseudoplesiops BLEEKER, Nat. Tidjschr. Neder].-Indié, vol. 15, p. 215, 1858. (Geno- type, Pseudoplesiops typus Bleeker.) Nematochromis WEBER, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, Fische, p. 264, 1913. (Geno- type, Nematochromis annae Weber). The species referable to the genus Pseudoplesiops need much clari- fication, but they seem sufficiently similar in regard to certain char- acters to indicate that the five species, typus Bleeker, annae (Weber), rosae Schultz, and the two new ones, revellez and sargenti, belong to- gether. This is done on the basis of an absence of spines in the median fins, with the first several rays of the dorsal and anal fins simple or unbranched; the reduced number of soft rays in the pelvics (1,4 or Ficure 65.—Holotype of Pseudoplesiops rosae Schultz (U.S.N.M. No. 116178), from Rose Island, Samoan group. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) 1,3) and their great elongation (reaching past the anus or anal origin) ; the usual occurrence of cycloid scales, although a few speci- mens may have ctenii along the upper part of the back; a ring or series of pores around the edge of the orbit, with an enlarged pore in the interorbital space; and three or four rows of scales on the cheeks. The presence or absence of lateral lines is variable and the reduced denti- tion on the palatines, in which teeth may be present in certain species and absent in others, suggests characters of less significance generi- cally. Other characters common to this genus are the few short gill rakers; similarity of dentition on jaws; gill membranes that extend far forward, where they join each other and form a narrow fold across the isthmus. PSEUDOPLESIOPS ROSAE Schultz FIGURE 65 Pseudoplesiops rosae ScHULTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 117, fig. 11, 1943 (type locality, Rose Island of Samoan group). 955292—53—vol. 1-28 NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 s. U. 402 “x UB £q poiwoIpUy oe 0.1N}8I0}T] EM} WIOIJ 10 edA4 oY} JO SoINZY ULI, PopsOdeI S}TMOD 1 Fee | ed | ee Se FR RS ea Ea a Fe ape fase SDs [= ss me a. Ses Pes te fe em Ng a | oS S| Se SNe NSs | ONGs aie eS ES | ee |e eee ee Sa ee ee IDL = ale Se Py fae ce ea Se |S a ae oe ee cee cae mea oe (cll ea Rc ce re eS ese Te ea (UO [ena lsaee =e tees le oecal ere le aeG kes | = [ce eel ele Ie Ip Sl |e ee So ee ee ietzpas pee | Ue eee eC | eles eel eecliee ee | OD | Oe ae Salve eo = lees Co leyC Bolas anal eee we ee ee ere ae Huabsve ee (oe le al ale wel wel Te ool estoeel eles | irmee| Olt [eeen| | SE oe a SSS ee cole sis 08 [er es i ame a ay eee REO 6¢ | se | 2¢ | 9¢ | se | pe] ee | ze} Te | of | 62 | SE | 2L | OT] HT) ST] ST} LT | OT | ST | FL | St | 82 | 22 | 9% | 8B | Fe | &% | ce uy [Spnvo Jo oseq 04 shel SAI 3uyuodo jp Jo espa soddn woy sejeog yerojoog | ofatog sXe [Buv JO JoquINU [sjO,| SABI [SOP Jo JequINu [e}0,L, a ee eee ee Se sdotsojdopnoesg fo se12ads sno1iva uo appw sjun0j—'9g AISV J, FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 403 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 7 specimens, 19 to 23 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 22 and 23 mm. Description—Dorsal rays 22 (including simple and branched) ; anal 13 (simple and branched) ; pelvic 1,8; pectoral 16 or 17 (simple and branched) ; branched caudal probably 7+7; scales from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 29 to 31; scales from anal origin to dorsal fin base 10; gill rakers on first arch about 83+1+9; (addi- tional counts in table 36). Head 2.8 to 3.0; greatest depth 3.6 to 3.9; snout to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7; length of pelvic fins 3.0; all in standard length. Snout 5.5 to 6.0; eye 3.1 to 3.2; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 3.0 to 3.1; fleshy interorbital space 7 to 8; postorbital length of head 1.8 to 1.9; longest ray of pectoral fin 1.8 to 1.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 9.2 to 2.8, all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.9 to 1.0. Scales ctenoid, occurring on head and body, and not over a fifth the way out the caudal fin; scales lacking on bases of other fins and on snout and jaws; two rows of scales on cheek; oper- culum scaled but this not shown in drawing of holotype as published ; premaxillary teeth in a villiform band anteriorly, becoming narrower laterally and about one row, at front of premaxillary on each side four short canine teeth; dentary similar, but laterally the teeth are in a single row; teeth present on vomer, in a single row, absent on pala- tines; fins rounded except pelvics; the latter with three soft rays, the second longest; greatest depth at front of dorsal fin; maxillary reaches to under pupil; gill membranes joined at an acute angle for- ward, forming a narrow free fold across isthmus; interorbital space with an enlarged pair of pores; pelvic fins with second soft ray elon- gate, reaching to anus or to anal fin origin; pectoral fins without silky rays; no spine on preopercular margin; no lateral lines evident; pel- vics inserted under pectoral fin base; all rays of dorsal and of anal fins flexible, no pungent spines; gill rakers short; anterior nostril tubular, separated from posterior one by a wide dermal isthmus; no serration on opercle; a series of pores around orbit; premaxillary protractile; tip of dentary slightly projecting beyond tip of snout. Color in alcohol.—P lain light brown on body and head; area behind orbit sometimes with blackish pigment; margins of dorsal and of anal fins pale, rest of fins light brownish; sides of body with a few indistinct pale streaks or lines formed by brown pigmented areas on the scales. Ecology.—This species appears to prefer those reefs next to mod- erately deep water where currents or the wave actions are strong. 404. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PSEUDOPLESIOPS REVELLEI, new species FIGURE 66 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140696, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, west- ern end at channel and lagoon reef, July 17, 1947, S-46-405, Schultz, Brock, Hiatt, and Myers, standard length 30.5 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140695, Bikini Atoll, northwest side Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 32 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, August 5, 1947, Univ. Washington collection, 2 specimens, 28 and 29 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements are recorded first for the holotype, then a paratype. Dorsal rays xxii,6 (tips of rays broken in paratype but total 28); anal xii,5; xii,6; pectoral i1,14- —; and 11,15-11,14; pelvic always 1,4; scale rows from upper edge of gill open- ing to midbase of caudal fin 36 and 35; scales from anal origin to base of dorsal in a forward ascending row 18 and 13; gill rakers on first gill arch of paratype 2 + 1 + 8 (additional counts in table 36). Detailed measurements of the holotype and a paratype are re- corded, respectively, in thousandths of the standard length. Stand- ard length 30.5 and 32 mm. Head 315 and 303; greatest depth of body 248 and 256; length of snout 59 and 65; diameter of eye 88 and 88; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 102 and 106; fleshy interorbital space 23 and 31; post- orbital length of head 174 and 166; snout tip to dorsal origin 308 and 291; snout tip to anal origin 584 and 578; anal origin to middle of caudal fin base 456 and 456; least depth of caudal peduncle 134 and 131; length of caudal peduncle 115 and 117; longest ray of pectoral fin 193 and 188, pelvic 285 and 285, of caudal 236 and —, of soft dorsal 213 and 169, of soft anal 197 and 200. Scales both ctenoid and cycloid on body; about 4 rows of scales on the cheeks; upper surface of head, snout, and jaws naked; scales lacking on bases of all fins except about 4 rows on caudal; both jaws with two or three pairs of canine teeth anteriorly, inside of which occurs a band of villiform teeth; laterally jaws have a single row of enlarged conical teeth; teeth on vomer, none on palatines; caudal and pectoral fins rounded; pos- terior ends of soft dorsal and anal fins pointed; second soft ray of pelvics greatly produced, reaching anal fin origin; greatest depth of body opposite middle of length of pectoral fins; maxillary reaches nearly to a vertical line through middle of pupil; gill membranes joined moderately far forward with a wide free fold across isthmus; forward along midventral line of intermandibular space a thin fleshy plicate keel with somewhat crenulated edge; interorbital space with a pair of pores, about 11 others around eye, and others on dentary and on sides of head posteriorly; pelvic fins elongate; second soft ray elon- gate, reaching anal fin origin; pelvics inserted a little in advance of pectoral base; no spine on preopercular margin; no lateral lines pres- FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 405 ent; gill rakers short; anterior nostril a short tube, separated from posterior one by a dermal isthmus; no serrations on operculum; pre- maxillaries protractile; lower jaw same length as upper, not projecting. Color in alcohol.—Head, body, and fins light brown; upper part of opercle with a black ocellate spot; tip of fleshy keel under lower jaw with margins blackish; orbit posteriorly with a narrow blackish line. Ecology.—tThis species was taken only from the lagoon reefs. Remarks.—From al! other species of pseudochromids Pseudo- plesiops revellet may be distinguished by the lack of spines in the median fins combined with the fleshy keel on the under side of the lower jaw, and from all other species referred to Pseudoplesiops by the possession of a black spot on the operculum. Named revellez in Ficure 66.—Holotype of Pseudoplesiops revellei, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140696), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) honor of Commander Roger Revelle, U. S. N. R., who was in charge of oceanographic studies during Operation Crossroads and the Bikini Scientific Resurvey; PSEUDOPLESIOPS SARGENTI, new species FIGURE 67 Pseudoplesiops typus (not of Bleeker) Fow ser, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 11, p. 42, 1931 (all Philippine specimens). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140683, a specimen 40.3 mm. in standard length, from Bikini Atoll, coral heads eastern end of lagoon, depth 20 to 25 feet, March 26, 1946, S-46-42, Brock and Schultz. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. 140684, Rongelap Atoll, Tufa Island, depth 28 feet, July 28, 1946, S-46-800, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 45.5 mm; Likiep Atoll, Likiep Island, August 20, 1949, Univ. Washington, 1specimen,37mm. The following paratypes are all from the Philip- pine Islands, collected by the Aldatross: U.S.N.M. No. 146515, Cara- caran Bay, Batan Island, June 8, 1909; U.S.N.M. No. 146516, En- deavor Straits, December 23, 1908; U.S.N.M. No. 146517, Port Matalvi, Luzon Island, November 23, 1908; U.S.N.M. No. 146518, Rasa Island, April 1, 1909; U.S.N.M. No. 146519, Port Palapag, Samar, June 23, 1909; U.S.N.M. No. 146520, Biri Channel, June 1, 1909; U.S.N.M. No. 146521, Romblon reef, Romblon Island, March 25, 1908. - 406 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Description.—Detailed counts and measurements were recorded for the holotype and the paratype, respectively, from Rongelap Atoll. Dorsal rays xvii,9 and xiii,13; anal x,f and vi,l1 (there is con- siderable variation in number of unbranched and branched rays in the dorsal and anal fins making it more important to list total number of rays) ; pectoral 1i1,16-11,16 and total rays 18-18 in paratype (tips broken off) ; pelvic 1,4-1,4 and I,4-I,4; branched caudal 8+7; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal 38 and 37; scales in a forward ascending row from anal origin to dorsal base 16 and 17; gill rakers on first gill arch 83+1+10 and 3+1+93; (additional counts in table 36). The following detailed measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, which is 40.3 and 45.5 mm. Head 352 and 356; greatest depth of body 330 and 317; length of snout 74 and 83; diameter of eye 97 and 97; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 117 and 132; fleshy interorbital space 41 and 42; postorbital length of head 186 and 191; snout tip to dorsal origin 367 and 358; snout tip to anal origin 616 and 622; anal origin to midbase of caudal fin 416 and 426; least depth of caudal peduncle 161 and 156; length of caudal peduncle 104 and 112; longest ray of pectoral fin 253 and 242, of pel- vie — and 363, of caudal 273 and 281, of soft dorsal 233 and 226, of anal 211 and 216. Head 2.8 to 2.9; greatest depth 2.9 to 3.2; snout to anal origin 1.7; length of pelvic fins 2.7 to 3.0; all in standard length. Snout 4.1 to 4.2; eye 3.3 to 3.5; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.7 to 3.0; fleshy interorbital space 8 to 11; postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.0; longest ray of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.6 to 0.7. Scales cycloid, on head and body, lacking on fins except on base of caudal; scales lacking on snout, in- terorbital space, and jaws; 3 or 4 rows of scales on cheek; 8 pairs of canines at front of premaxillary, then inside a wide band or patch of villiform teeth, becoming a narrow band laterally and bordered ex- ternally by a single row of enlarged conical teeth; lower jaw similar; villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; caudal and pectoral fins rounded posteriorly; dorsal, anal, and pelvics posteriorly pointed; last rays of dorsal and anal fins longest ; second soft pelvic ray longest, reaching past anal origin; greatest depth of body somewhat behind dorsal origin; maxillary reaches a trifle past a vertical line through front of pupil; gill membranes joined forward at an acute angle and forming a narrow fold across isthmus; interorbital space with an enlarged pair of pores and a series of pores around margin of orbit; pectoral fins without silky rays; no spine on preopercular margin; no lateral lines; pelvics inserted a little in advance of base of pectorals; all rays of dorsal and of anal fins flexible except possibly the first dorsal ray, which appears to be a rudimentary spine in certain speci- FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 407 mens; gill rakers short; anterior nostril tubular, separated from posterior one by a wide dermal isthmus; no serrations on opercle; premaxillary protractile; tip of dentary not projecting, or projecting only a trifle, beyond tip of snout. Color in alcohol_—Plain light brown with the fins a little darker brown; a ring of dark pigment around eye. Ecology.—This species was taken only among coral heads at depths of 20 to 28 feet in the northern Marshall Islands. It did not occur in shallow water on the reefs. Remarks.—This new species was described because Bleeker’s figures of Pseudoplesiops typus show a distinct dorsal lateral line, as does that Ficure 67.—Holotype of Pseudoplesiops sargenti, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140683), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Dorothea B. Schultz.) of Weber and de Beaufort (The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, p. 380, 1929). The latter authors state they have examined one of Bleeker’s types of P. typus, and in the generic and specific description the dorsal lateral line is mentioned. Since none of our specimens has a lateral line it is necessary to give this species a name. P. sargentz may be separated from the other mem- bers of the genus by means of the key. Named sargentt in honor of Lt. Comdr. Marsden C. Sargent, U.S.N.R., in charge of biological work on the U.S. 8S. Bowditch. Genus ACANTHOPLESIOPS Regan Acanthoplesiops Rrecan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 266, 1912 (geno- type, Acanithoclinus indicus Day); Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 12, p. 114, 1913 (key to genera). ACANTHOPLESIOPS HIATTI, new species FIGURE 68 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140758, standard length 16.8 mm., from Rongerik Atoll, Eniwetok Island, ocean reef in surf, June 29, 1946, S—-46-241, Schultz and Herald. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 408 “9INICIOIIT GY} WOT PopAooel BAVP SOPBOIPU XK 1 Sao slay cer lees S| cee St Ste | a ae cea | Spe | es | eg | LE | ee SS Se Se Soca et a gs pest geared er I STE TIES ea say ses enw pOReDy suo hsajdauopg OO [sees sages |r a es x Dr Gae| PR Ea GRE ee [os a 7S] tes es Re een [= eee ae x ECA | See ete | Sere on | ag |p| ae | Perea bee ee A BS SALT TET as 4 x SECS |e re Oe a ee ee ee | eo em ame 3 a ee Ul Ce, Ge eee Vena ne eee Pomc oe cha Hes. Ces an | “771 -snphjoppisponb ISnUIooYyJUDIy seer 9 9 T z 9 eae IE eee | Ras | ee ees eres EG € Sea lats g TPN 8 [ar ae ne OEE meetin fi G 9 SO PES Sle gee eUy ea | eee Eee XG | aie | SKC | cee | Pees | eae [Ie Sat et (pe Xe (Goran cede ier | eee SIC OK Sie nee ete | eae | ORONO T | eee S| Jee = cee Rees SILO UG isdowsajdoyjzunoy 61 8T Lt OT S b | AIX | WX | xX | 1X x XI |IIA| 9 g b JAXX /AIXX |TIXX|TXX) XX | XX | XIX |TIAX BE eS ge an a | ee ee a es ee sotoads pus BleUaf) SABI [8109007 Se reniod soulds [cuy shel [BSIOp WJOS soulds [vsi0og uolssIoydouojeg pup ‘snulpoyjuvoy ‘sdorsejdoyjuBoy visuab ay} ut saroads sof paps00a4 syUuN0Q—' Je AIAV J, FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ 409 Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140757, collected with the holotype and bearing same data, 8 specimens, 13 to 20.6 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140753, Bikini Atoll, Boro Island, reef next to Boro channel, April 6, 1946, S-46-52, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 14 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140754, Bikini Atoll, Airy Island, ocean reef in surf, April 16, 1946, S-46-96, Schultz, 1 specimen, 20 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140755, Bikini Atoll, ocean reef, on northwest side Oruk Island, August 16, 1946, S—46-382, Herald, 1 specimen, 15.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140756, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, ocean reef and in surf, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 10 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 141370, Rongelap Atoll, Arbor Island, ocean reef, June 16, 1946, S-46-213, Schultz, 1 specimen, 16 mm. Description.—Detailed counts and measurements are recorded, first for the holotype then for one paratype, as follows: Dorsal rays Ficure 68.—Holotype of Acanthoplesiops hiatti, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140758), from Rongerik Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) XIX,4 and XIX,5; anal [X,4 and VIII,5; pectoral ii,16-11,16 and 1,16-11,16; pelvic I,2-I,2 and I,2-1,2; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 29 and 28; scales in forward ascending row from anal origin to dorsal fin base 10 or 11 and 10; dorsal lateral line with 9 to 11 and 11 or 12 pores, with one or two skipped on each side; in another paratype the gill rakers numbered 2+1+6; (for additional counts see table 37). The following meas- urements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, which is, respectively, 16.8 and 20.6 mm. Head 321 and 325; greatest depth of body 226 and 252; length of snout 65 and 58; diameter of eye 77 and 78; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 149 and 131; fleshy inter- orbital space 36 and 34; postorbital length of head 179 and 184; snout tip to dorsal origin 816 and 306; snout tip to anal origin 613 and 665; anal origin to midbase of caudal fin 393 and 330; least depth of caudal peduncle 118 and 121; length of caudal peduncle 95 and 97; longest ray of pectoral fin 167 and 151, of pelvic fins 268 and 248, of 410 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 caudal 244 and 248; longest soft dorsal ray 167 and 175, anal ray 167 and 204; longest dorsal spine 149 and 160, anal spine 161 and 155. Scales finely ctenoid, on cheeks, opercle, and on body, but lacking on fins; dorsal and ventral parts of head naked, breast naked; teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, on vomer, and on palatines, but no canines or enlarged conical teeth present; pectoral and caudal fins rounded posteriorly; soft dorsal and anal somewhat pointed posteriorly ; few last dorsal and anal spines longest; inner half of first soft pelvic ray longest, reaching not quite to anus; greatest depth of body opposite tips of pectoral fin rays; maxillary reaches to a vertical line through rear of pupil; gill membranes joined over isth- mus, forming a broad free fold across it; interorbital space flattish, with an enlarged pair of pores, and several other pores around margin of orbit; anterior nasal opening with a very short tube, posterior one next to orbit, separated from anterior pore by a narrow dermal isth- mus; pectoral fin rays not silky; two opercular spines; no preoper- cular spine; a short dorsal lateral line ending under middle of length of spiny dorsal fin; pelvics inserted a little in front of pectoral fin base; the first XVIII to XX rays of dorsal stiff spines, the last 4 or 5 rays branched soft rays; anal similar but with VIII or IX spines; gill rakers short, not numerous; premaxillary protractile; the as- cending median processes reach into interorbital space; tip of lower jaw projecting, the fleshy tips forming an acute angular point; the 20.6-mm. paratype, a female with 2 or 3 dozen eggs measuring about 0.7 mm. in diameter. Color in alcohol.—General background dark brown to blackish; all median fin rays with tips white, basally brownish black; pelvic fin rays blackish brown with tips white; pectoral fins plain pale; base of pectoral fin with a white spot; a pale band from dorsal surface of snout along dorsal surface of head to dorsal fin origin widest be- hind orbital region. Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from related genera and species with XVIII to XXV dorsal spines and VIII to XV anal spines by the following key: ia. Three lateral lines on the sides; opercle without pungent spines. 2a. Dorsal rays XVIII,6; anal X,5; palatines toothless. Belonepterygion ® McCulloch 6 Genus Belonepterygion McCulloch, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 51, 1915. (Geno- type Acanthoclinus fasciolatus Ogilby.) Ernogrammoides Chen and Liang, Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 1, 1948. (Genotype, H. fasciatus Chen and Liang.) Belonepterygion fasciolatum (Ogilby) Acanthoclinus fasciolatus Ogilby, Mem. Australian Mus., No. 2, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1889, (type locality, Lord Howe Island). Acanthoclinus litoreus Waite, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 184, 1904 (type lo- eality, Lord Howe Island; color description).—McCulloch, Proc. Linn. Soc. New FAMILY PSEUDOCHROMIDAE—SCHULTZ All 2b. Dorsal rays XX to XXV,4; anal rays IX to XIV,4; palatines with or with- Ours \allibiiyan (Wasa ee Acanthoclinus “° Jenyns 1b. One lateral line present, incomplete, close to base of spiny dorsal fin, or lateral line may be absent; two pungent opercular spines; palatine teeth present; dorsal rays XVIII to XXI,4 or 5; anal rays VIII to X,4 or 5. Acanthoplesiops Regan 3a. Scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 40; lateral line absent; dorsal XXI,4; anal X,4; scales cycloid. Acanthoplesiops indicus ” (Day) 36. Seale rows 28 to 30; dorsal lateral line present with 9 to 18 pores; dorsal rays XIX to XX,4 or 5; anal VIII or IX,4 or 5. Acanthoplesiops hiatti, new species South Wales, vol. 35, pt. 2, p. 431, 1915 (Great Barrier Reef, Queensland) .—Ogilby, Mem. Queensland, Mus., vol. 2, p. 92, 1913 (Moreton Bay). Belonepterygion fasciolatum McCulloch, Mem. Queensiand Mus., vol. 3, p. 51, 1915 (New Zealand; comparison of species) ; Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 5, p. 166, 1929 (Lord Howe Island). Ernogrammoides fasciatus Chen and Liang, Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 1, 1948 (type locality, Keelung). 6 Genus Acanthoclinus Jenyns, The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fish, p. 91, 1842. (Genotype, Acanthoclinus fuscus Jenyns.)—Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, p. 372, 1929 (discussion of genera). Acanthoclinus quadridactylus (Forster) Blennius quadridactylus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 177, 1801 (type locality, New Zealand). Acanthoclinus fuscus Jenyns, The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fish, p. 91, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1842 (type locality, New Zealand) .—Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amster- dam, vol. 2, p. 12, 1855 (Van Diemenland). Acanthoclinus littoreus Giinther, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 8, p. 298, 1861 (New Zealand).—Hutton, Fishes of New Zealand, p. 34, 1872.—Regan, British Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition, 1910, Zool., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 17, 1914 (New Zealand).—Oliver, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 54, p. 510, pl. 42, 1923 (reference copied from Griffin). Acanthoclinus taumaka Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 11, p. 293, 1879 (reference copied from Griffin). Acanthoclinus quadridactylus Phillips, Marine Dept. New Zealand Fisheries Bull. No. 1, p. 49, 1927. Acanthoclinus trilineatus Griffin Acanthoclinus trilineatus Griffin, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 63, p. 332, pl. 34, 1938 (type locality, New Zealand). ?Clinus littoreus (non Forster) Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 389, 1836 (New Zealand). E 7% Acanthoclinus indicus Day, The fishes of India, Suppl., p. 798, fig. 1, 1888 (type locality, Colombo; The fauna of British India, vol. 2, p. 325, fig. 105, 1889 (Madras, India). Family APOGONIDAE: Cardinal Fishes By Ernest A. LAcHNER The characters distinguishing this family have been reviewed and more or less broadly considered by Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, pp. 275-276, 1929) and by Fowler and Bean (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 2, 1980). The most recent review of the genera was presented by Schultz (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 88, pp. 403-423, 1940). Certain genera are only tentatively recognized here, since the phy- letic lines are not satisfactorily understood. Certain characters re- quire additional investigation and evaluation in order to establish their stability and position in the scale of organization. The charac- ters of various complex and doubtful genera are evaluated in the dis- cussions that follow the genera in the text. In view of the restricted occurrence of some characters, it may be convenient in the future to recognize from 3 to 5 subfamilies. If this is undertaken, the following characters are considered important: The presence or absence of canine teeth in the jaws; the anterior position of the vent in the genera Acropoma and Desmoaméa in con- trast with its more posterior position in all other genera; the presence or absence of a preopercular spine and membranous flap (present only in Gymnapogon) ; and the presence or absence of a silvery, ventral gland (present only in Siphamia). The Apogonidae, or cardinal fishes, are chiefly small species found in the tropical and subtropical waters of both hemispheres. The tropical Indo-Pacific, with its exceptionally rich fish fauna, has a large population of many of the species. These fishes are chiefly shallow-water, marine forms, but some are found in brackish and fresh water. They are abundant in coral reef areas, and there their exotic colors often blend with those of the environment. The habit of the males of carrying the eggs in the mouth cavity has been ob- served in some of the species by several authors and appears to be characteristic rather than unusual in this family. The compactly grouped eggs apparently cause the head of the male to become swollen or distorted. In those forms that mature at a small size, such as the species of Siphamia, the males have noticeably larger and deeper heads than the females. Of 15 species taken in the Marshall Islands, representing the genera 4 pogon, Archamia, Paramia, Cheilodipterops, 412 FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 413 Cheilodipterus, and Siphamia, only the males were found exercising oral incubation. The method of counting and recording the number of gill rakers described in the introductory pages of this bulletin was modified for the genera Siphamia, Apogon, and Archamia. Since the species of Siphamia are small (adult specimens studied usually ranged in length between 20 and 30 mm.), it is necessary to remove the arch and make the count under a microscope. The last raker on the lower limb of most of the species of Stphamza studied was a tiny, specklike rudi- ment, and often was not found. It could have been cut off or damaged beyond recognition, although great care was taken in dissecting this limb. The upper limb could be easily dissected and the rudiments could always be counted. For these reasons the developed-raker count only is included in the descriptions of the species of Siphamia, but in table 38 it was found useful to include the rudiments in the raker counts for the upper limb. In the genera Apogon and Archamia it is important to tabulate separately the number of rudiments and the number of developed rakers. The raker counts for these genera are recorded in the following order: For the upper limb the number of rudiments precedes the number of developed rakers and is sep- arated from it by a comma; for the lower limb the rudiment count follows the developed-raker count. Between these is given the raker at the angle, preceded and followed by a plus sign (2,4+1+15,3, or, in terms of total rakers, 6+1+18). A raker was considered de- veloped when its length exceeded the diameter of its base. In most species this distinction could be readily made by superficial examina- tion. In Apogon exostigma and closely related forms occasionally two rudiments were found grown together. These united rudiments were counted as one. Gill raker counts for the genus Apogon are recorded in table 39. KEY TO THE GENERA OF APOGONIDAE FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. No canine teeth in jaws; villiform teeth present and may have round or pointlike tips. 2a. A silvery gland present, extending as a hollow canal from beneath tongue to abdomen, passing on each side of vent and anal fin, and nearly reach- ing caudal fin on lower part of peduncle_____ Siphamia Weber (p. 414) 2b. No gland as above. 3a. Anal rays II,8 to I1,18; dorsal rays VI-I,9 or 1,10, or VII or VIII-1,9; vomer with arrangement of villiform teeth ranging from a single row in some species to a broad patch in others; anterior margin of pre- opercle smooth or serrated; posterior margin of preopercle smooth or serrated ; total number of gill rakers range from 14 to 30; lateral line complete or incomplete; caudal fin forked, emarginate, or rounded. Apogon Lacepéde (p. 429) 3b. Anal rays II,12 to 11,18; dorsal rays VI-I,9; vomer with villiform teeth arranged in a single row; anterior margin of preopercle smooth; 414. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 posterior margin of preopercle serrated; total number of gill rakers range from 19 to 23; lateral line complete; caudal find emarginate to moderately forked, never rounded__________ Archamia Gill (p. 476) 16. Canine teeth present in jaws. 4a. Body with scales; minute sensorylike papillae on head or body almost always absent; no preopercular spine or preopercular membranous flap; maximum size large, most mature specimens over 70 mm. in standard length; body with horizontal stripes, usually intensely developed. 5a. Tip of lower jaw on each side of symphysis with 1 or 2 enlarged canine teeth in addition to 2 to 6 canines on each side of jaw; band of villiform teeth in lower jaw present or absent. 6a. Villiform teeth in lower jaw in a band, replaced by the canines at each side of symphysis; anterior third of each side of upper jaw with a narrow patch of villiform teeth interrupted by 2 to 4 enlarged canines, posterior two-thirds with a broad patch of villiform teeth__._._________ Cheilodipterops Schultz (p. 479) 6b. No band of villiform teeth in lower jaw; anterior third of each side of upper jaw without narrow patch of villiform teeth, posterior two-thirds as above. Cheilodipterus Lacepéde (p. 481) 5b. Tip of lower jaw without enlarged canines but with 2 to 6 canines on each side of jaw; a band of villiform teeth extends from symphysis posteriorly on each side of jaw, interrupted by the en- larzedicaninegi eh see eae eae Paramia Bleeker (p. 488) 4b. Body scaleless; minute papillae present on head or body (except one species) in a network or linear arrangement; a preopercular spine and thin, transparent preopercular membranous flap present (ex- cept one species) ; maximum size probably small, known only by a few specimens of each species, all under 35 mm. in standard length; body without horizontal stripes_____ Gymnapogon Regan (p. 490) Genus SIPHAMIA Weber Siphamia WEBER, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, No. 2, p. 168, 1909. (Genotype, Siphamia tubifer Weber.) Examination of collections in the U. S. National Museum revealed 5 new species. The 13 species now recognized are known only from the Indo-Pacific region. There is no evidence at present to suggest that any species of Siphamia occupies a wide geographical range such as is known for certain other members of the family. Considerable endemism is suspected, at least between island groups. Of the 13 species, 4 are known only from the East Indies, 5 from the Philippines, 3 from the Australian faunal area, and 1 from the Marshall Islands. Table 38 shows the small length attained at maturity, and the differences in length exhibited by species from the Philippine and Marshall Islands. It also shows that sexual dimorphism is developed in varying amounts with different characters. 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 tions being most pronounced in S. elongata, n. sp. The swollen head of the males in all species may be entirely associated with buccal incu- bation. ‘This pronounced dimorphism has not been observed in the larger species of the family. Frequency distributions of the more significant meristic and propor- tional characters of species from the Philippine and Marshall Islands are also illustrated by the table. Of these, the number of pectoral fin rays is most important, the 6 species being divisible, more or less, into low, medium, and high categories. Gill raker counts are of interest in illustrating the tendency for some species to develop an extra raker on the upper or lower limb. Extremes are attained in other charac- ters by certain species, such as the size of eye in relation to head depth in S. @rgentea. ‘These characters aid in segregating nearly all specimens. The lower count of the spinous dorsal (VI), the higher (10) or lower (7 or 8) number of soft dorsal rays, and the more elongate and slender bodies are the salient characters that distinguish the Aus- tralian species of this genus (cuneiceps, woodi, roseigaster) and make them a group wholly distinct from those of the East Indies, the Philippines, and the Marshall Islands. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SIPHAMIA la. Dorsal rays VI-I,7; V1I-1,8; or VI-1,10. 2a. Soft dorsal rays 1,7 or 8; anal II,8. 3a. Snout long and pointed, 3 times in head; 6 long gill rakers on lower limb of first arch; eye shorter than snout in adults; body with three faint horizontal stripes; middle stripe widest and most evident. Siphamia cuneiceps ” Whitley 3b. Snout conical, over 4 times in head; 14 slender gill rakers on lower limb of first arch; eye longer than snout in adults; body profusely speckied withedark dots=2 2020 Siphamia woodi™ (McCulloch) 2b. Soft dorsal fin rays 1,10; anal 11,10. Siphamia roseigaster “ (Ramsey and Ogilby) 1b. Dorsal rays VII-1,9. 4a, Anal rays I1,9; pectoral rays 15; caudal fin truncate; fourth dorsal spine longest; color brownish above to silvery laterally ; size larger, type apparently a male with buccal ova, about 50 mm. in standard lenpthe si ese: Ce cod baa Be Siphamia argyrogaster™ (Weber) 4b. Anal rays I1,8; pectoral rays 10 to 16; caudal fin emarginate to mod- erately forked; third or fourth dorsal spine longest; size smaller, less than 50 mm. in standard length. 1 Siphamia cuneiceps Whitley, Australian Zool., vol. 10, p. 29, fig. 20, 1941. (Specimens not available for study.) @ Adenapogon woodi McCulloch, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 13, No. 4, p. 134, pl. 21, fig. 3, 1921. “3 Apogon roseigaster Ramsey and Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 1101, 1886. %4 Apogon argyrogaster Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, p. 159, 1909. FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 417 5a. Body silvery to light tan, lacking horizontal stripes and spotting; pectoral fin rays range from 10 to 13. 6a. Second spine of spinous dorsal about three-fourths to four-fifths length of third spine; pectoral rays range from 10 to 12. Siphamia elongata, new species 60. Second spine of spinous dorsal one-half length of third spine, or less ; pectoral rays range from 12 to 13. 7a. Lateral line incomplete on caudal peduncle; pectorals with 13 rays; body silvery on belly to yellowish laterally and dorsally ; free edge of preopercle slants ventrocaudally; mouth very oblique, angle between line along upper jaw and horizontal through middle of eye and midbase of caudal fin about 48 degrees; caudal emarginate, lobes rounded; fourth dorsal spine longest___._________-__- Siphamia fistulosa * (Weber) 7b. Lateral line complete; pectorals with 12 rays; body silvery below to yellowish above with faint body mottling or bands; free edge of preopercle slants ventrocaudally; mouth moderately oblique, angle between line along upper jaw and horizontal through middle of eye and midbase of caudal fin about 35 degrees ; caudal fin deeply incised with pointed lobes; third dorsal spine apparently equal to fourth spine. Siphamia tubulata ® (Weber) 7c. Lateral line complete; pectorals with 18 rays; body silvery on belly, varying to yellow-brown on dorsal side; no evidence of mottling or banding; some faint dark spots present at origin of spinous dorsal and at origin and posterior base of soft dorsal; free edge of preopercle nearly vertical or slants Slightly ventroanteriorly ; mouth oblique, angle between line along upper jaw and horizontal through middle of eye and midbase of caudal fin ranging from 42 to 48 degrees; caudal fin emarginate; third dorsal spine slightly longer than fourth Spineza!_ dtc hirlind = asrnucsts Siphamia argentea, new species 5b. Body with one to three tan to dusky horizontal stripes, with or with- out black spotting on body and head, or if stripes are absent, body and head copperish; pectoral fin rays 13 to 16. 8a. Body and head deep bronze to copperish; sometimes a faint cop- perish horizontal median stripe is present, passing through eye, and bordered above and below by silvery bands; median copper stripe on body at a point just beyond head wider than silvery band bordering it dorsally; no spotting on snout; body some- times with diffuse pepperlike pigmentation but no black spot- ting; no black pigmentation on body at base of spinous and soft dorsal; stripe on middorsal side absent. 9a. Second spine of spinous dorsal about two-thirds length of third spine; rays and membranes of spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, and anal fins uniformly clear to light brown; pectoral rays % Foa fistulosa Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, p. 162, 1909. (Specimens not available for study.) % Apnogon tubulatus Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, p. 160, 1909. 955292—53—vol. 1—_—_29 418 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 14; anal rays II,8 to 9; body less deep, about 2.6 in standard length... ..82.28-AP cone png Siphamia tubifer™ (Weber) 9b. Second spine of spinous dorsal one-half length of third spine; basal portion of dorsal spines dark brown with small fine dusky spots; basal portion of soft rays of dorsal and anal fins with dark brown coloration, the membrane light brown; pectoral fin rays 14 to 16, average 15; anal rays II,8; body deeper, 1.9 to 2.5, average 2.2, in standard length. Siphamia cuprea, new species 8b. Body and head silvery to light dusky brown; horizontal stripes on body well developed, most evident stripe passes through middle of eye and midside of body, this stripe usually narrower than silvery stripe bordering it dorsally. 10a. Median stripe on body dusky; black pigmentation surrounding base of spinous and soft dorsal; pectoral rays range from 13 to 15, average 14; developed gill rakers on lower limb range from 7 to 9, average 7.7; fins transparent to whitish. Siphamia fuscolineata, new species 100. Median stripe on body brown to tan; no black pigmentation surrounding base of dorsal fin, this area silvery to light brown; pectoral rays range from 15 to 16, average 15.2; de- veloped gill rakers on lower limb range from 6 to 8, average 7; fins with pepperlike spots, especially dorsals; spinous dor- sal light brown; all fins never whitish to transparent. lia. Snout with black spots (easily seen with unaided eye), body with pronounced black spotting in more or less regular horizontal rows, sometimes not well developed in adult females; contour of snout more conical, upper jaw more horizontal, angle between line along upper jaw and line through middle of eye to midbase of caudal fin ranges from 82 to 45 degrees; stripes on body dusky brown, more diffuse in larger specimens; body depth less, males 38 to 42, average about 39, in percent of standard length; females 36 to 40, average about 38; head depth at occiput less in percent of standard length, males 30 to 36, average 34, females 32. Siphamia versicolor ” (Smith and Radcliffe) 11b. Snout and body with minute, scattered, blackish pepperlike spots (barely visible with unaided eye) ; contour of snout less conical, more bluntly rounded, upper jaw more oblique, angle between line along upper jaw and line through middle of eye to midbase of caudal fin ranges from 50 to 55 de- grees; stripes on body tan to light brown, sharply defined ; body depth greater, males 40 to 48, average 43, in percent of standard length, females 40 to 42, average 41; head depth at occiput greater in percent of standard length, males 36 to 38, average 37.5, females 34 to 36, average 35. Siphamia ovalis, new species % Siphamia tubifer Weber, Notes Lyden Mus., vol. 31, p. 168, 1909. (Specimens not available for study.) 7% Amia versicolor Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 257, fig. 3, 1911 (type locality, Canmahala Bay, Luzon). ‘The original description chiefly concerns the holotype, and the discussion on the variability of color and form of the body involves data from specimens representing more than one species (see fig. 69). FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 419 Ficure 69.—Holotype of Siphamia versicolor (Smith and Radcliffe) (U.S.N.M. No. 68401), from Masbate Island, P. I. SIPHAMIA ELONGATA, new species Ficure 70 Amia versicolor SMitH and Ravbcrir¥e, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, pp. 257-259, fig. 3, 1911 (in part). Siphamia versicolor FowLeR and BEAN, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, pp. 142— 144, 1930 (in part). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 112045, Canmahala Bay, between Burias and Luzon, March 11, 1909, Albatross, 1 female, 36 mm. standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 112099, from same collection and bear- ing same data as holotype, 32 specimens, 16 to 36 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 112096, Jolo Light, S. 17° E., 5.5 miles (6°09’ N., 120°58’ EK.) Sulu Archipelago, February 15, 1908, Albatross Station 5151, 1 specimen, 24 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 112097, Jolo Light, S. 50° W., 3.4 miles Ficure 70.—Holotype of Siphamia elongata, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 112045), from Canmahala Bay, between Burias and Luzon Islands, P.I. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) 4?0 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 (6°05’50’" N., 121°02’15’" KE.) Sulu Archipelago, February 15, 1908, Albatross Station 5142, 1 specimen, 32 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 112095, Sibutu Island (S. E.), N. 88° E., 8 miles (4°32715” N., 119°29’45’" BK.) Sulu Archipelago, February 27, 1908, Albatross Station 5169, 1 specimen, 24mm. U.S.N.M. No. 112098, Tagola Light, S. 83° W., 10.5 miles (8°45’30’" N., 123°33’45’’ KE.) Mindanao Sea, August 9, 1909, Albatross Station 5517, 1 specimen, 31 mm. Description—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Counts are recorded for the holotype, followed in parentheses by the range of data from seven paratypes. Measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype, followed in parentheses by data, respectively, from three paratypes (a female, 31 mm. in standard length, a female, 26.5 mm., and a male, 26.5mm.). When data for the paratypes are identical with that of the holotype, but one number is given. Dorsal rays VII-I,9; anal rays I1,8; pectoral rays 11; vertical scale rows 23 (22 to 23) ; scale rows above lateral line 2, below lateral line 6 (5 to 6). Greatest body depth 320 (306, 320, 377) ; head length 361 (370, 377, 435); head depth at occiput 250 (275, 283, 340); length of caudal peduncle 222 (242, 226, 296) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 125 (129, 113, 113) ; length of longest pectoral ray (about 194) ; length of third spine of spinous dorsal 167 (—, 151, 169) ; length of second spine of anal 111 (—, 118, 182); diameter of eye 111 (118, 113, 132) ; length of upper jaw 208 (210, 226, 246) ; length of snout 83 (97, 94, 113) ; least width of bony interorbital 97 (97, 94, 132) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 404 (370, 396, 452) ; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 638 (646, 642, 642); tip of snout to insertion of pectoral fins 377 (356, 858, 435) ; tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fins 376 (356, 377, 416); tip of snout to center of anus (580, 584, 641) ; developed gill rakers 1+1+7 (1+1+6, or 1+1+7). First spine of spinous dorsal about one-fourth to one-third length of second spine, second about three-fourths to four-fifths as long as third; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; posterior margin of preoperculum serrated; scales ctenoid; ctenii usually in a single row on posterior edge of scale, sometimes with an incomplete row before posterior edge, near median portion of scale; genital papillae short and pointed; upper jaw reaches or passes just beyond vertical drawn through middle of eye; angle between line along upper jaw and horizontal through midbase of caudal fin and center of eye about 28 to 40 degrees; snout short, rounded in males, somewhat pointed in females; longest gill raker about 1.8 to 2 times longer than longest filaments, 1.7 to 2.2 in eye; rakers long and slender, tapering FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 421 nearly to a pointed tip; peritoneum silvery with black pigment spots; operculum with one spine; lateral line complete. Body somewhat compressed laterally, greatest body depth more than 2 times greatest width; sexual dimorphism pronounced with re- spect to size; females exceed males in length (5 largest females aver- age 33.6 mm., 13 mature females range from 24.5 to 35.5 mm., 5 larg- est males average 25.9, 15 mature males—8 with eggs in mouth cav- ity—range from 23.5 to 27 mm.); females with body less deep (7 largest females average 318 in standard length, range 294 to 343, 6 largest males average 360, range 333 to 378) ; least width of bony interorbital narrower in females (7 females average 109 in stand- ard length, range 97 to 118, 6 males average 131, range 111 to 143) ; least depth of caudal peduncle greater in females (7 females average 134, range 125 to 143 in standard length, average 416, range 376 to 454 in body depth; 6 males average 127, range 113 to 144 in standard length, average 353, range 300 to 400 in body depth). Color in alcohol——Body and head brownish above, becoming silvery to brown laterally; cheeks and opercles silvery; silvery gland extending from area beneath tongue onto belly, dividing before vent, and passing to ventrolateral portion of caudal peduncle; some small, diffuse, scattered brownish pigment spots over gland; slight traces of perhaps vertical banding (silvery to brown) in males; a diffuse light- brown bar near base of pelvic fins; other fins transparent ; some black- ish pigmentation just at dorsal edge of silvery gland on caudal pe- duncle; a dark diffuse brownish blotch at origin and posterior bases of spinous and soft dorsal fins; a diffuse brownish nearly vertical bar below eye. Remarks—Named elongata because of its comparatively slender body. SIPHAMIA ARGENTEA, new species FIGURE 71 Amia versicolor SMITH and RaDctirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, pp. 257-259, fig. 3, 1911 (in part). Siphamia versicolor Fowier and BEAN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 100, vol. 10, pp. 142- 144, 1930 (in part). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 112042, Balabac Light, S. 61° W., 16.6 miles (8°08’10”’ N., 117°19’15’”’ E.), North Balabac Strait, Philip- pine Islands, January 5, 1909, Albatross Station 5356, 1 specimen, 41.5 mm. standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 112088, Jolo Light, E. 2.6 miles (6° 03’45’” N., 120°57’ E.) vicinity of Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, March 5, 1908, Albatross Station 5174, 3 specimens, 32 to 43.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112089, Jolo Light, S. 61° E., 1.3 miles (6°06’ N., 120°58’50’’ E.) 422 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 vicinity of Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, February 14, 1908, Albatross Sta- tion 5137, 2 specimens, 20.5 and 28 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112087, Jolo Light, S. 16° E., 0.85 mile (6°04’30”" N., 120°59’30”’ KE.) vicinity of Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, February 15, 1908, Albatross Station 5145, 1 specimen, 34.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112090, Antonia Island (S.) N., 43° W., 3.7 miles (11°30'40’’ N., 123°23’20’’ E.) off eastern Panay Island, March 27, 1908, Albatross Station 5182, 1 specimen, 25.5 mm. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Counts and measurements are recorded for the holotype, followed in Ficure 71.—Holotype of Siphamia argentea, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 112042), from North Balabac Strait, P. I. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) parentheses by data from three paratypes (U.S.N.M. No. 112088), their standard length ranging from 32 to 43.5 mm. Measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length. The range of counts for the paratypes are given, but if identical with that of the holotype, but one number is recorded. Dorsal rays VII-I,9; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays 13; vertical scale rows about 23; scale rows above lateral line 2, below lateral line 5 (5 to 6). Greatest body depth 422 (391 to 406) ; head length 422 (402 to 454) ; head depth at occiput 338 (321 to 345) ; length of caudal peduncle 229 (230 to 234) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 132 (104 to 125) ; length of longest pectoral ray 241 (188 to 217) ; length of third spine of spinous dorsal 180 (172 to 189) ; length of second spine of anal 108 (103 to 125) ; diameter of eye 120 (108 to 125) ; length of upper jaw 253 (206 to 235) ; length of snout 108 (92 to 121) ; least width of bony interorbital 108 (104 to 125) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 485 (434 to 452) ; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 676 (666 to 705) ; tip of snout to insertion of pectoral fins 885 (379 to 483) ; tip of snout to insertion of FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 423 pelvic fins 410 (391 to 428) ; tip of snout to anal opening 614 (599 to 610) ; developed gill rakers (1+1+7 or1+1+8). First spine of spinous dorsal about one-third length of second spine, second almost one-half as long as third; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; posterior margin of preoperculum serrated; scales ctenoid, usually a single row of ctenii at posterior margin of scale; ctenii fairly well developed and comparatively strong, on some scales developed only on posterior margin near midpart of scale; genital papilla short and conical, less than one-fourth length of first spine of anal fin; upper jaw reaches vertical drawn through middle of eye; angle between line along upper jaw and horizontal through midbase of caudal fin and center of eye, about 42 to 48 degrees; snout short; body compressed laterally; lateral line complete; longest gill rakers about 1.9 to 2 times longer than longest filaments, 1.5 to 1.9 in eye, with denticulations on the inner edge; gill rakers, long, slender, tapering from base to tip; peritoneum silvery, with small black pig- ment spots; operculum with one spine; eye in depth of head at occiput 2.8 to 3.1; largest female 43.5 mm., largest male 32 mm. Color in alcohol-——Body and head of uniform light brown above, becoming more silvery and iridescent laterally; cheeks and opercles silvery to light tan; prominent silvery gland under tongue, on breast and belly, dividing before vent and extending on ventrolateral part of caudal peduncle; pigmentation on gland light brown, irregularly arranged on belly and tending to form somewhat parallel lines on caudal peduncle, directed toward midventral region. A little dark- brown pigmentation on body at origin of spinous dorsal, at origin of soft dorsal, and at posterior base of soft dorsal. Remarks.—Named argentea in reference to the silvery lateral body color. SIPHAMIA CUPREA, new species Figure 72 Amia versicolor SMITH and RapciirFe, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, pp. 257-259, fig. 3, 1911 (in part). Siphamia versicolor FowLer and BEAN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, pp. 142— 144, 1980 (in part). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 112048, Philippine Islands, Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island, April 18, 1908, Albatross, male specimen, 23.5 mm. in standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 112094, from same collection and bearing same data as holotype, 34 specimens, 16 to 29 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112098, Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo, February 18, 1908, Albatross, 2 specimens, 27 and 28 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112091, Jolo Light, S. 19° E., 2.5 miles (6°06’ N., 120°58’50”" E.) February 14, 1908, Albatross sta- 424 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 tion 5138, 2 specimens, 24 and 27 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112092, Usada Island, south end, vicinity of Jolo, March 5, 1908, Albatross, 2 speci- mens, 24 and 28 mm. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Counts are recorded for the holotype, followed in parentheses by the range of data from five paratypes. Measurements, expressed in thou- sandths of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype, followed in parentheses by the range of data from 15 paratypes, 9 males 20 to Ficure 72.—Holotype of Siphamia cuprea, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 112043), from Masbate Island, P. I. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) 27.5 mm. in standard length and 6 females 21 mm. to 29 mm., with or without sexes separated. Dorsal rays VII-I,9 (VII-1,9) ; anal rays II,8 (11,8) ; pectoral rays 14 (14 to 15) ; vertical scale rows 24 (21 to 23) ; scale rows above lateral line 2 (2), below lateral line 6 (6). Greatest body depth 426 (males, 400 to 459; females 390 to 420) ; head length 532 (489 to 521; 406 to 442) ; head depth at occiput 383 (355 to 383; 333 to 372) ; length of caudal peduncle 213 (180 to 208; 185 to 241); least depth of caudal peduncle 128 (106 to 146; 111 to 130) ; length of longest pectoral ray about 256 (—) ; length of third spine of spinous dorsal 192 (both sexes, 167 to 224) ; length of second spine of anal fin 106 (both sexes, 60 to 95) ; diameter of eye 149 (145 to 170; 180 to 167) ; length of upper jaw 276 (236 to 318; 238 to 255) ; length of snout 128 (77 to 120; 92 to 103) ; least width of bony inter- orbital 106 (both sexes, 93 to 120) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 468 (442 to 540; 440 to 483); tip of snout to origin of anal fin 690 (both sexes, 690 to 720) ; tip of snout to insertion of pectoral fins 468 (379 to 521) ; tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fins 467 (357 to 458) ; developed gillrakers (1+1+7). FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 425 First spine of spinous dorsal about one-fifth length of second spine, second about two-fifths to one-half length of third; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; posterior margin of preoperculum serrated; scales ctenoid; ctenii usually in a single row at posterior margin of scale, absent on many scales; genital papillae small and pointed; upper jaw reaches or passes just beyond vertical drawn through middle of eye; angle between line along upper jaw and hori- zontal through middle of eye and midbase of caudal fin about 28 to 45 degrees; lateral contour of snout rounded; longest gill raker 1.7 to 2 times longer than longest filament, about 2 in eye; rakers slender and taper toward tip; inner edge of raker with small denticulations ; peritoneum silvery, densely brownish spotted; operculum with one spine; lateral line complete. Color in alcohol.—Head and body copperish brown. Some speci- mens have two faint silvery copper stripes on body, separated by a copperish median stripe, its width equal to diameter of pupil; opercles, cheeks, and snout copperish; chin light copper with a few diffuse dusky brown spots; gland silvery copper with border on body edged in copperish to red; fine, dusky-brown, irregular striae on gland directed toward midbelly line; membrane of spinous and soft dorsal transparent to light brown, rays and spines brown; spines of spinous dorsal with some small darker brown spots; pectorals transparent ; membranes of pelvic, anal, and caudal fins transparent to whitish, the rays transparent to light brown; base of caudal with two light brown, more or less round spots, just above and below midbase of fin. Remarks.—The sexual dimorphism (females attain the larger size) may be significant. The four largest males average 25.5 mm., four largest females average 27 mm. Named cuprea in reference to its copperish brown color. SIPHAMIA FUSCGLINEATA, new species Figure 73 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 142231, Bikini Lagoon, 4 miles south of Bikini Island, April 25, 1946, S-46-115, Morrison and Ladd, 1 speci- men, 22 mm. in standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 142281, from same collection and bear- ing same data as holotype, 37 specimens, 13 to 28 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142982, Bikini Island, 4 miles south of west end, April 25, 1946, Mor- rison, 16 specimens, 13 to 29 mm. Description.—Based on the holotypes and paratypes listed above. Counts and measurements are recorded for the holotype followed by data in parentheses for three paratypes from the same locality as the holotype; a juvenile, 15.5 mm.; a male, 22.5 mm.; and a female, 27 mm. ‘Measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length. . 426 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 The range of counts for the paratypes is given, and if identical with holotype, but one number is recorded. Specific data for each speci- men, in the size sequence presented above, is recorded for the measure- ments. Dorsal rays VII-I,9; anal rays 11,8; pectoral rays 14 (13 to 15); vertical scale rows (about 23) ; scale rows above lateral line (2). Greatest body depth 410 (887, 377, 340) ; head length 500 (450, 467, 447) ; head depth at occiput 386 (854, 377, 297) ; length of caudal pe- duncle 227 (257, 222, 222); least depth of caudal peduncle 113 (129, 111, 111) ; length of longest pectoral ray 208 (—, 178, 167) ; length of longest (third) spine in spinous dorsal 208 (161, —, 185); length of second spine of anal 114 (—, 88, 111); diameter of eye 159 (161, 155, 129) ; length of upper jaw 297 (225, 244, 222); length of snout 136 (100, 111, 111) ; least width of bony interorbital 91 (97, 88, 93) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 524 (450, 444, 446) ; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 704 (710, 690, 666) ; tip of snout to inser- tion of pectoral fins 454 (387, 400, 370) ; tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fins 476 (420, 444, 406) ; tip of snout to anal opening 658 (645, 645, 628) ; developed gill rakers1 +1+8(1+1+ 8). Fins frayed at edges, their contours not determinable; first spine of spiny dorsal about one-fifth length of second spine; second spine of spiny dorsal about one-half as long as third spine; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; posterior margin of preoperculum serrated; scales ctenoid, apparently in a single row at posterior mar- gin of scale; ctenii often absent (probably due to erosion or friction; these specimens lack scales over most of the body) ; genital papillae conical, tapering to a point, about one-third length of first spine of anal fin; upper jaw touches or passes just beyond vertical drawn through middle of eye; angle between line along upper jaw and hori- zontal through midbase of caudal fin and center of eye about 40 to 50 degrees; snout short; body laterally compressed; lateral] line ap- parently complete; longest gill rakers about 2 to 2.2 times longer than longest filaments, 1.8 to 2 in eye, with fairly prominent denticulations on the inner edge; gill rakers slender, taper considerably from base to tip; tips of rakers nearly pointed; peritoneum silvery with black pigment spots; operculum with one spine; females probably exceed males in size, largest female (gravid), 3 specimens, 26 to 28 mm.; males, 8 specimens, with eggs in mouth cavity, 21 to 22 mm. Color in alcohol.—Body light brownish over a silvery background; silvery gland beneath tongue, on breast, dividing before vent and ex- tending on lower portion of caudal peduncle; gland with numerous blackish small lines directed toward a line along midbelly region; a prominent brown median stripe; its width about 214 to 234 in eye, extending from near tip of snout through middle of eye and to mid- base of caudal fin; a fainter and narrower brown stripe, variable in FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 427 width and intensity, sometimes almost absent, located dorsolaterally, beginning just above eye and extending to rear base of soft dorsal fin; a third stripe, almost as wide as median stripe, blackish brown, extend- ing from head, below eye, on lower cheeks and opercles through bases of pectorals and on body bordering edge of silvery gland, becoming obscure as body narrows in the caudal peduncle area, variable in size, sometimes faintly developed or absent; chin and branchiostegals vary from transparent white to scattered brownish black; characteristic Neer Ke AP Decco : Ze LISS SSSSSLESE Ficure 73.—Holotype of Siphamia fuscolineata, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 142231), from Bikini lagoon. (Drawing by Aime M., Awl.) blackish pigmentation surrounding dorsal fin, sometimes passing on dorsal portion of caudal peduncle; a concentration of blackish pig- mentation at edge of silvery gland on body and caudal peduncle; base of pelvics blackish; some blackish pigment spots before vent, sur- rounding vent and at base of anal fin; all fins translucent white. Ecology.—tThis species was not seen in the shallow reef waters of the tidal zone but was taken in the lagoon in deep water among corals by means of a small dredge. Remarks.—The name fuscolineata refers to the dark brown stripes on the body. SIPHAMIA OVALIS, new species FIGURE 74 Amia versicolor SMITH and RapciiFFeE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, pp. 257-259 fig. 3, 1911 (in part). Siphamia versicolor FowLeR and BEAN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, pp. 142-144, 1930 (in part). Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 112044, Philippine Islands, Bubuan Island, Mindoro Sea (6°08’45’’ N., 121°03’ E.), February 14, 1908, Albatross, 1 specimen, 28 mm. in standard length. 428 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 112101, from same collection as holotype and bearing same data, 3 specimens, 23.5 to 28 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112100, Sirun Island, N. 39° E., 2.40 miles (5°33’ N., 120°42/10” E.) Sulu Archipelago, Albatross, station 5149, February 18, 1908, 2 speci- mens, 29 and 30.5 mm. in length. Description—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype, followed by the range of data for the para- types, in parentheses. Counts are similarly recorded. Dorsal rays VII-1,9 (VII-L,9) ; anal rays IJ,8 (11,8) ; pectoral rays 15 (15); vertical scale rows 23 (23); scale rows above lateral line 2 (2), below lateral line 6? (62). Greatest body depth 483 (405 to 446) ; head length 483 (463 to 464) ; head depth at occiput 394 (370 to 394); length of caudal peduncle 215 (192 to 232); least depth of caudal peduncle 125 (125 to 180) ; length of longest pectoral ray 2382 (222 to 234); length of longest (third) spine in spinous dorsal 161 (148 to 192); length of second spine in anal fin 89 (108 to 111) ; diameter of eye 143 (148 to 149) ; Jength of upper jaw 250 (250 to 259); length of snout 161 (161 to 170) ; least width of bony interorbital 107 (93 to 107) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 446 (462 to 481) ; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 77 (69 to 72); tip of snout to insertion of pectoral fins 446 (425 to 463) ; tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fins 463 (406 to 446) ; tip of snout to anal opening 69 (61 to 68); developed gill rakers ease (LL) Fins frayed at edges, their exact contours and size not determin- able; first spine of spiny dorsal one-fifth length of second spine; sec- ond about one-half as long as third; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; posterior margin of preoperculum serrated; scales ctenoid, ctenii in a single row at posterior margin of scale; absent on many scales; genital papillae elongate and pointed, about two-thirds as long as first spine of spiny dorsal; upper jaw touches vertical drawn through middle of eye; angle between line along upper jaw and hori- zontal through midbase of caudal and center of eye 50 to 55 degrees; snout rounded; head and body deep; body slab sided, oval; lateral line complete; longest gill rakers about 1.2 to 1.5 times longer than longest filaments, 2.5 in eye, with tiny denticulations on the inner edge, tapering only shghtly from base to tips, tips blunt and rounded; peritoneum silvery with black pigment spots; operculum with one spine. Color in alcohol——Head and body with a silvery cast; silvery gland with brownish striations almost perpendicular to line along midventral area; dorsal portion of head and body light brown; three FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 429 narrow, brown, lateral stripes on head and body; median body stripe just behind head only half as wide as silvery bands bordering it; dorsolateral stripe begins on snout, passing over eye and extending dorsolaterally to area of last ray of dorsal fin, where it joins stripe from opposite side to form a dorsal caudal peduncle stripe, and ending at first procurrent caudal ray; middle stripe begins on snout, passing through middle of eye, on cheeks and opercles, extending medially Ficure 74.—Holotype of Siphamia ovalis, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 112044), from Bubuan Island, P. I. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) to base of caudal fin; ventrolateral stripe begins on snout about middle of maxillary, extends over lower cheeks and opercles bordering upper edge of ventral gland, becoming narrow and indistinct on caudal peduncle; head and body pigmented with tiny, fine black flecks; some black pigmentation before, around, and behind vent; anterior portion of spiny dorsal brownish; some black pepperlike spots on pelvics; other fins transparent. Remarks——Named in reference to the deep, oval-shaped body. Genus APOGON Lacepéde Apogon LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 411, 1802. (Genotype, Apogon ruber Lacepéde.) Papillapogon SmiruH, The sea fishes of southern Africa, p. 209, 1949. (Genotype, Apogon auritus Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) Apogonichthyoides SmItH. The sea fishes of southern Africa, p. 209, 1949. (Genotype, Amia uninotata Smith and Radcliffe.) For a list of synonyms for Apogon see Schultz (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 88, pp. 409-412, 1940). To these must be added two genera described by Smith since that paper was published. The concept of S. 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SOT] FOT| SOT] SOT! $6 | e6 | FT | SF | G8] Sa | ob] Ze | ot quil{ 1aM0T qui 1oddq SJUSWMIPNA ‘sIayeI QUIT] JaMO'T Si9ye1 ‘S}USMIpNI quit Jedd gq soloedg S1OYVI [B10 1 SIOHVI pedolaaep pue s}uoWIpN Jo uolyeUIquI0D savaads pajpjas fizasoja puv snyerosey uos0ody ur yoio 7706 ysuf ay) fo squr) samo) pun saddn uo siayo.s 116 padojaaap pun fiupjuawripna fo saquinu 70}0] pun uo1ngrysip fouanba1y— Qp DIAV J, S| | | a | aa Sa | UU ea | eer) (ear ¥ z T FER DAG PEASE FAS ESSE RAMS REST E OS TE SE Tee ET eS BOI PO SSIUF LIED Sa ages || Sexseneie | Spo || ese || ae co bam a eae ||" lees Seat 6 § T Sigs ee i 8 I Se ae ea | caer ew € g G LE-9E | SE-PE | EE-ZE | TE-O€ | 62-8Z gjounped [epnevo jo yjdop yseoy ur 4ods [epnes jo JoeJeuIvIP 4Se}velH qidnd ur 4ods ,epneo JO 1oJOMVIP 4Se}eaLH, U}S00[ Prepueys Jo Jueo1ed ul yydep Apog SPUDIST 7]DYSLD [AT Son eer Sees. se ae, Se ge ae Sata 1aphus Sa Sear oe eS ae Bane ee te el ae tee | 1aphius Rie Bs eo, Es a ee ince setoedg S19}OULI][TUr UT y} Sue] prwpueys ulayjou ay) wouf uosody fo savzeds om} fo sabuns az1s aay] Ut Jods yopnvd fo sajampip pun yidap fipog fo suoyngrysip fauenbe.qg— |p ATAV J, FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 457 Greatest body depth 334 (mean 354, range 338 to 374) ; length of head 393 (3895, 387 to 407) ; head depth at occiput 266 (285, 268 to 296) ; length of caudal peduncle 266 (288, 278 to 301) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 156 (154, 148 to 161); length of longest pectoral ray 252 (251, 238 to 260) ; length of third spine of spinous dorsal 214 (186, 185 to 190); length of second spine of anal 117 (124, 120 to 129) ; diameter of eye 126 (128, 120 to 125) ; length of upper jaw 204 (208, 208 to 218) ; length of snout 106 (107, 100 to 120) ; least width of bony interorbital 83 (86, 83 to 89) ; tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal fin 390 (400, 390 to 425) ; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 610 (623, A Ss Ficure 78.—Holotype of Apogon menesemops, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 142232), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) 610 to 633) ; tip of snout to insertion of pectoral fins 378 (3884, 368 to 405) ; tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fins 379 (395, 380 to 435) ; tip of snout to anal opening 550 (562, 540 to 575) ; gill rakers 6+1+17 (5 or6+1+16 or 17), total 22 to 24. First spine of spinous dorsal about one-third length of second spine, second spine almost one-half length of third; jaws and vomer with small villiform teeth, none on palatines; both margins of preopercle serrated; serrations stronger and larger on anterior edge of pre- opercle; some serrations on lower edge of orbit; ctenoid scales with about 12 to 21 radii; fine ctenii limited to about 10 rows on posterior margin of scale; upper jaw reaches vertical through posterior margin of pupil; body slab sided; mouth terminal; lateral line complete; peritoneum silvery; operculum with one flat spine; gill rakers slender, longest raker about 1.2 times longest filament, about 2.2 to 2.7 in diameter of eye; no apparent sexual dimorphism in size, color, or body form; largest male 115 mm. in standard length, largest female 113 mm. Color in alcohol_—Body light tan to light brown above, grading to a silvery tan to dark tan on belly; head dusky tan; some silvery blue iridescence laterally on body, on belly, and on parts of head, especially 458 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 the opercle; a blackish, broad, diffuse stripe from tip of snout to eye, its width about one-half diameter of pupil of eye, barely discernible or obsolete on head behind eye; a very narrow broken light-brown streak on midside of head on two specimens, obscure on caudal peduncle. Characteristic of this species is the color pattern of the fins, particu- larly the caudal. Lobes of the caudal fin from tips of outer three rays (two are branched) to area almost to scaly basal portion of fin dense black, with heavy black pigmentation on third to fifth rays about mid- way between fork of caudal fin and last scales on fin; this blackish pattern does not form vertical bar on caudal fin; caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin with a diffuse, irregular brownish band, bordered posteriorly by a light-tan bar just beyond last scale row; soft dorsal and anal with a large black bar, its width about one-half diameter of pupil of eye, parallel to base and about 114 that of bar from base of fins, slightly farther from soft dorsal base than anal base, and extend- ing entire length of fins; remainder of dorsal and anal fins nearly transparent; all of membrane between first and second dorsal spine black, upper two-thirds of membrane between second and third spine blackish, and upper one-third of membrane between third and fourth spine blackish; remainder of spinous dorsal transparent; pectorals transparent; pelvics transparent except tips of outer two rays. Color in life-——From Kodachrome transparency of a paratype 101 mm. in standard length: Body dark brown above midbody line; belly silvery to dusky tan; free edges of many scales above lateral line light colored; top of head, snout, and chin dark brown; slivery to brown behind eye on opercular area; some yellow in iris; pupil black; bar before eye on snout blackish; pectoral fin hight pink; black bar of anal fin bordered above and below with milky white, remainder of fin trans- parent; black marking of soft dorsal bordered behind by white, and remainder of fin transparent; portion of fin between bar and base of spinous dorsal whitish, remainder of fin transparent; a black band encircling caudal peduncle at base of caudal; outer developed rays of caudal edged with some white; tips of rays and membranes of caudal blackish, remainder of caudal colored as described above. Remarks.—This species is closely related to A. menesemus Jenkins (Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 448, fig. 19, 1904). It por- trays another example in the family where the differentiation has apparently been limited to the modification of an outstanding color mark. Meristic counts, measurements, and general color pattern agree closely with A. menesemus. Differentiation of the color pattern of the caudal fin has occurred. In A. menesemus the dense black mark- ings of the caudal fin just posterior to the last scales unite to form a sharp vertical bar or arc with the markings of the outer lobe. FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 459 Apogon menesemus is represented in the U. S. National Museum by 10 collections from Johnston Island and the Hawaiian Islands. No accounts in the literature suggest its occurrence elsewhere in the Indo- Pacific region. Nearly all these specimens have dusky, irregular markings in about four horizontal rows on body. Named menesemops in view of its great similarity to A. menesemus. A B Ficure 79.—Color mark below eye in certain species of Apogon: a, A. savayensis Gunther; b, A. nubilus Garman. (Sketches by author.) APOGON NUBILUS Garman FicuRe 79, 0; PLATE 35, C Apogon nubilus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 39, pp. 229-230, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1903 (type locality, Suva, Fiji Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 86 specimens, 13 to 72 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 177 specimens, 9 to 73 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 34 specimens, 16 to 66 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 9 specimens, 14 to 79 mm. Guam: 5 lots, 82 specimens, 25 to 72 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 61 to 63 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements were taken from 4 speci- mens 33 to 67 mm. in standard length, unless indicated otherwise. Dorsal rays VII-I,9; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays (19 specimens) 1,9,11; (8 specimens) 11,10,1; vertical scale rows 24 to 26; scale rows above lateral line 2; scale rows below lateral line 6. Body depth 2.4 to 2.5, head length 2.2 to 2.5, head depth 3.1 to 3.3, caudal peduncle length 3.9 to 4.0, longest pectoral ray 3.5 to 4.0, all in standard length; diameter of eye 2.4 to 2.8, length of upper jaw 2.0 to 2.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.7, length of snout 4.1 to 5.0, least width of bony interorbital 4.0 to 4.1, all in length of head; eye in snout 0.4 to 0.5; spinous dorsal about one-half as high as soft 460 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dorsal; third spine of spinous dorsal longest, 2.2 to 2.8 in length of head; second spine slightly less than one-half length of third spine; first spine small, about one-fifth length of second; gill rakers 1 to 3, 5 to 7+1+16 to 19, total 25 to 28; rakers long and slender, finely denticulated on inner surface; longest raker about 2 to 2.3 times longest filament, 2 in eye; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth. Depressed spinous dorsal touches soft dorsal; pelvic fins reach vent but not anal origin; posterior margin of preopercle serrated; upper jaw just reaches vertical drawn through middle of eye; lateral line complete; ctenoid scales with 10 to 14 radii. Color in alcohol.—Body and head vary from dusky to silvery to dark brown; some specimens with six to eight vertical silvery bars separated by wider dusky vertical bars; dark mark extending from be- low eye to angle of preopercle elongate and narrow, about same width below eye as at angle of the preopercle; a diffuse dark spot at base of caudal fin just above lateral line in adults, never well developed over dorsal part of caudal peduncle to form a saddle; sometimes only faintly visible or obsolete; caudal spot diffuse in young and juveniles, located more nearly on central part of caudal base than in the adults; upper portion of membrane of spinous dorsal blackish, more so be- tween third and fifth spines; remainder of spinous dorsal and other fins light dusky to clear. Color in life.—F rom Kodachrome transparency, body laterally dark purple with irregular vertical silvery stripes; belly dusky to silvery, with some purple; head deep purple; pectoral fin transparent and colorless; membrane between third and fifth spine of spiny dorsal light bluish, remainder dusky to light brown; soft dorsal and anal fins transparent to ight brown, darker brown near bases; anal light brown to transparent. APOGON SAVAYENSIS Giinther Figure 79, a@; PLATE 36 Apogon savayensis GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 656 (type locality, Savay, Samoa and Manado, Celebes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 21 specimens, 17 to 73 mm. standard length. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 19 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 59 specimens, 13 to 61 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 27 to 33 mm. Description.Statistics refer to counts and measurements of three specimens, 44 to 57 mm. in standard length, unless stated otherwise. Dorsal rays (8 specimens) VII-I,9; anal rays (8 specimens) II,8; FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 461 pectoral rays (7 specimens) 11,9,11; vertical scale rows 28 to 24; scale rows above lateral line 2; scale rows below lateral line 6. Body depth 2.5 to 2.6, head length 2.3, head depth 2.9 to 3.0, length of caudal peduncle 3.7 to 4.0, longest pectoral ray 3.5 to 3.7, all in standard length; diameter of eye 2.4 to 2.6, length of upper jaw 2.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.8, length of snout 4.8 to 5.1, least width of bony interorbital 3.7 to 4.7, all in length of head; eye in snout 0.4 to 0.5; fourth spine of spinous dorsal longest, about 2.4 in length of head, slightly smaller than third spine; third spine about 2 times greater than second; gill rakers 3,5 to 0,7+1+17 to 20, total 26 to 29; rakers slender, longest raker twice length of longest filament, 2 to 2.2 times in eye; jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth. Depressed spinous dorsal reaches origin of soft dorsal; pelvic fins usually reach vent but not origin of anal fin; posterior margin of pre- opercle serrated; upper jaw passes vertical drawn through middle of eye; lateral line complete; ctenoid scales with 12 to 16 radii. Color in alcohol_—Body and head light to darkish tan, head more dusky; body sometimes with about six vertical narrow silvery bars laterally, separated by wider dusky bands; these vertical bands often irregular tending to be completely obscure; three characteristic mark- ings are (1) a large triangular or wedge-shaped dark-brown mark extending from below the eye to angle of anterior margin of pre- operculum; (2) a dark-brown saddle at base of caudal fin, not extend- ing below lateral line in adults (in young and juveniles this saddle is almost a complete band that nearly encircles the caudal peduncle) ; and (38) a conspicuous dark brown streak in the outer two branched caudal rays; outermost unbranched caudal ray usually clear or white, contrasting with dark brown streak; pectoral, pelvic, soft dorsal, and anal fins clear to slightly dusky; anterior and outer portion of spinous dorsal blackish, remainder of fin dusky to clear; caudal, other than dark brown streak, light dusky to clear. Remarks.—The relationships of this species with other closely related forms, as Apogon bandanensis Bleeker and Apogon nubilus Garman, have recently been discussed by Lachner (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 101, pp. 598-604, 1951). (See plate 38, B.) APOGON NOVEMFASCIATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 37, B Apogon novemfasciatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des pois- sons, vol. 2, p. 154, 1828 (type localities, Timor and Guam). Apogon novemfasciata ScHULTZ, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 95, 1943 (in part). Apogon fasciatus Giinther (in part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, p. 19, taf. 20, fig. B (not A), 1873. 462 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 130 specimens, 17 to 73 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 18 specimens, 23 to 67 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 16 specimens, 17 to 66 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 13 specimens, 17 to 69 mm. Guam: 6 lots, 46 specimens, 18 to 62 mm. Rota: 3 lots, 10 specimens, 14 to 62 mm. Description—Counts and measurements from four specimens, 49 to 74 mm. in standard length: Dorsal rays VII-I,9; anal rays II,8; pectoral rays 14; vertical scale rows 24 to 25; scale rows above lateral line 2; scale rows below lateral line 6. Body depth 2.8 to 3.0, body width 6.1 to 6.8, head length 2.6 to 2.7, head depth 3.4 to 3.6, length of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 3.8, longest pec- toral ray 4.0 to 4.1, all in standard length; diameter of eye 2.9 to 3.0, leneth of upper jaw 2.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.3, length of snout 4.0, least width of bony interorbital 5.3 to 6.0, all in length of head; eye in snout 0.7 to 0.8; soft dorsal slightly higher than spinous dorsal; third spine of spinous dorsal longest, about 1.9 in length of head; second spine of anal about 3.0 in length of head; gill rakers, 19 specimens, 2 or 3, 3 or 2+1+10 to 13, 2 or 3; total 19 to 22; longest raker about 1.4 times longest filament; jaws, vomer, and pal- atines with small villiform teeth. Pelvic fins reach or pass vent, longer in males, sometimes reaching origin of anal; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrated ; lateral line complete; ctenoid scales with 14 to 18 radii. Color in alcohol.—Body and head light tan; chin to belly dusky to brown; head and body with five characteristic, wide, dark-brown stripes; dorsal stripe begins behind midinterorbital region and ex- tends almost to first procurrent rays of caudal fin, dividing at origin of spinous dorsal, and uniting at end of base of soft dorsal, where it passes on dorsal side of caudal peduncle in linear arranged spots; dorsolateral stripe begins at tip of snout, passing dorsal edge of eye and extending posteriorly to area just beyond upper portion of mid- base of caudal fin, where it proceeds at an angle in a straight line to- ward fork of caudal; a medium stripe passes from tip of snout through middle of eye and onto body and central part of caudal fin to fork; a ventrolateral stripe extends from snout beneath eye, through pectoral base and onto lower part of caudal peduncle where it proceeds at an angle inward at area of procurrent caudal rays, toward fork, uniting just before fork with median and dorsolateral stripes; a diffuse ventral stripe passes from tip of lower jaw to angle of jaw and through bases of pelvics, uniting before anal base, sometimes incompletely de- veloped; spinous dorsal trasparent; soft dorsal with a dark brown bar, nearly parallel to base and touching anterior base of fin, remain- der of fin transparent; pectoral fin transparent, its base dark brown, FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 463 forming a distinct spot; pelvics transparent; anal with blackish brown bar nearly parallel and touching anterior base, sometimes so diffuse as to be barely discernible; caudal transparent other than character- istic uniting of three body stripes just before fork, described above. Remarks——The dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and midbody stripes form a W-shaped marking on the caudal fin that chiefly distinguishes this species from several closely related forms. The great similarity of the five species (see table 40) related to Apogon fasciatus in meristic counts, measurements, and color pat- tern has led to considerable differences of opinion and decisions by many authors on what may be considered valid species. Radcliffe’s key characters (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 246, 1911), size of eye and body depth, do not hold for these species. With the abundance of specimens on hand for study of this group, I find no evidence to treat them as subspecies, as was done by McCul- loch (Report on Some Fishes Obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour, vol. 3, p. 115, 1915). Three species were found in the Marshall Islands and the distinguishing color patterns of the caudal fins showed no intergradations; this also holds true for at least five species known from the Philippine Islands. McCulloch states, “Radcliffe has drawn up a key in which structural differences between the several forms are noted, but I find these unreliable and variable with growth.” J agree with these remarks in regard to such characters as size of eye and body depth. However, I find no variation in the dorsal count of VI-1,9 and the anal count of II,9 for specimens of A. compressus from the Philip- pines and East Indies, and I do not associate this species with the fasciatus group. Apogon cooki Macleay (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 344, 1881) is considered in the synonymy of A. fasciatus. It is un- fortunate but I can reach no decision on the status of Apogon en- dekataenia Bleeker (Nat. Tidschr. Neder1.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 499, 1852). Bleeker’s description is not sufficiently complete to segregate any one species in this group, and the location of the type is not known. His figure of this species (Atlas Ichthyclogique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises . . ., vol. 7, p. 85, pl. (82) 810, fig. 2, 1873-76) does not con- form in color pattern with any of our specimens from the East Indies and the Philippine Islands. The figure is in disagreement with the species of this group in the key in having: Six narrow horizontal body stripes rather than five; two stripes passing through the pectoral base on the upper and lower portion, rather than one through the middle of the base; two dorsolateral stripes between the middorsal and midbody stripe through middle of eye rather than one stripe; and no narrow black to dark brown bar near and almost parallel with the base of the anal fin. 464. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Among other species the following are undoubtedly closely related to the fasciatus group: Apogon holotaenia Regan (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, p. 319, 1905), A. melanotaenia Regan (ibid., p. 820), and Lovamia saipanensis Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 63, figs., 5-6, 1945). The species of this group can be properly understood only when sufficient collections are avail- able for critical study from the geographic ranges of all the species and when existing types can be compared. The counts and proportional measurements show little or no differences in the species I had avail- able for study. The main differentiation is in the color pattern of the body, especially the development of the horizontal dark stripes and color pattern of the caudal fin. As may be seen from table 40, signifi- cant differences were found in the total number of gill rakers among six species and in the number and ratio of developed and rudimentary gill rakers on each limb. The diagnostic characters distinguishing the more closely related species of the fasciatus group occurring in the islands of Oceania and the Philippines are given in the key (p. 488). APOGON ROBUSTUS (Smith and Radcliffe) Figure 80 Amia robusta SMITH and Rapciirre, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 254, fig. 2, 1911 (type locality, Jolo Reefs). Anvia fasciata stevensi McCuLLocH, Report on some fishes obtained by the F. I. S. Hndeavour, vol. 3, p. 118, pl. 16, fig. 2, 1915. Amia novemfasciata (in part) JorDAN and SEALz, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 242, fig. 37, 1906. Apogon endekataenia (in part) WrEBrER and DE BEaurort, Fishes of the Indo- Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, p. 806, 1929. Apogon novemfasciata (in part) ScHuLtz, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 95, 1948. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 59 specimens, 19 to 72 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 5 specimens, 54 to 70 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 20 specimens, 22 to 66 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 14 specimens, 29 to 71 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 21 specimens, 15 to 74 mm. Guam: 5 lots, 89 specimens, 21 to 85 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 5 specimens, 39 to 66 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements from four specimens 44 to 63 mm. in standard length unless designated otherwise: Dorsal rays VII-1,9; anal rays 11,8; pectoral rays 14, vertical scale rows 23 to 24; scale rows above lateral line 2; scale rows below lateral line 6. Body depth 2.5 to 3.1, body width 4.9 to 6.8, head length 2.5 to 2.8, head depth 3.2 to 3.4, length of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.8, longest pectoral rays 3.8 to 4.1, all in standard length; diameter of eye 2.7 to 3.1, length of upper jaw 2.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.6, length of snout 4.0 to 4.2, least width of bony interorbital 4.5 to 5.3, all FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 465 in length of head; eye in snout 0.6 to 0.8; soft dorsal only slightly higher than spinous dorsal; third spine of spinous dorsal longest, about twice length of second spine, 2.0 in length of head; second anal spine 2.7 to 3.2 in head; gill rakers (84 specimens) 3 or 4, 2+1+9 or 10, 3 or 4; total 17 to 20; longest rakers about 2.3 in diameter of eye; longest filament two-thirds longest raker; jaws, vomer, and palatines with small villiform teeth. Pelvic fins reach base of anal in some specimens; anterior margin of preopercle smooth, posterior margin finely serrated; lateral line com- plete ; ctenoid scales with 9 to 16 radii. Color in aleohol.—Body and head light tan, sometimes darker tan; chin and belly dusky to silver; five horizontal dusky brown stripes Se VATE Pad a SS = Figure 80.—Holotype of Apogon robustus (Smith and Radcliffe) (U.S.N.M. No. 68400), Jolo Island, P. I. extend from head to caudal peduncle or caudal fin; dorsal, dorso- lateral, and midbody stripes well developed and usually not faded; ventrolateral and ventral (belly) stripes faint, sometimes obscure; dorsal stripe begins at about the region of the midhead, between the eyes, and extends to base of spinous dorsal, dividing and passing around base of dorsal, uniting at end of soft dorsal and extending from dorsal side of caudal peduncle to tips of outer rays on lobes of caudal fin; dorsolateral stripe extends from snout, over eye on body just above lateral line to upper portion of caudal peduncle and ending on the lower fourth of the base of the rays of the caudal fin; median stripe passes from tip of snout through middle of eye and on midbody to midbase of caudal fin, where it is enlarged, forming an elongate, diffuse spot; horizontal diameter more than twice the vertical diameter and horizontal diameter about 1.2 to 1.5 in eye; a streak passes from spot to fork of caudal fin; caudal spot variable in its development from faintly pigmented to densely pigmented, and vary- A466 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ing from rectangularly to elongate oval; occasionally not discernible from stripe; ventrolateral stripe extends from side of snout, below eye, through pectoral base and onto body and lower portion of caudal pe- duncle, passing onto caudal fin, as does dorsolateral stripe; a brown to dark-brown spot on edge of opercle adjacent to pectoral base, usually darker than stripe passing through this area; ventral or belly stripe begins at tip of lower jaw, passes between pectoral and pelvic bases on each side, to base of anal, unites and ends at base of last anal ray; spinous dorsal fin dusky, blackish at tips of membranes; soft dorsal with a black bar near base and almost parallel with base; anterior and widest portion of bar of soft dorsal about one-third as high as longest rays and nearly twice as wide in males as in females, remainder of fin transparent; pectorals transparent; pelvics with tips blackish; anal with a narrow black bar at base; caudal with outer rays edged in black and a blackish streak from spot at midbase of fin to fork; short postocular bar or stripe from upper part of eye posteriorly to end of head between the dorsolateral and midbody stripe, generally present, conspicuous to faint, sometimes obliterated. APOGON NIGROFASCIATUS, new species FIGurRE 81; PLATE 37, C, D Amia aroubiensis JorpAN and SEatz, Bull. U. §. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 241, fig. 35, 1906. Apogon aroubiensis Scuutz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 95, 1943. Holotype.—aA female specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 142230, Bikini Atoll, Yuro Island, ocean reef, July 18, 1946, S-46-251, Herald, 61 mm. standard length. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 142285, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, reef at entrance just inside lagoon, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 9 specimens, 49 to 65 mm. in standard length; U.S.N.M. No. 142286, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, west end, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 51 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142289, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, April 3, 1946, S-46-50, Schultz, 1 specimen, 67 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142287, Bikini Atoll, Airy Island, ocean reef in surf, April 16, 1946, S-46-96, Schultz, 1 speci- men, 66 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142298, Bikini Atoll, lagoon side, Airy Island, April 17, 1946, S—46-97, Schultz, 8 specimens, 40 to 62 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142295, same data as for holotype, 5 speci- mens, 37 to 62 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142296, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, ocean reef, July 16, 1946, S-46-253, Herald, 7 specimens, 24 to 58 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142288, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon side, August 7, 1946, S—46-308, Brock, and Herald, 1 specimen, 47 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142297, Bikini Atoll, N.W. section Reer Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 1946, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 6 specimens, 26 to 62 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142294, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, outer reef, FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 467 August 15, 1946, S-46-361, Herald, 2 specimens, 21 and 58 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142290, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, ocean surf and reef, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 73 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142293, Bikini Atoll, shallow tidal pond be- tween Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S46—422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 7 specimens, 23 to 68 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142292, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1947, S-46-508, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 19 specimens, 21 to 70 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 142291, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef and surf, Ls, a ay oes SIO] OULI[[IM Ul YISUST Plepueyg oped soulddiiqg | veg puvluy eCity | ‘sesuejed | — ‘aeder SLEZIT ON FOFZFI “ON Sen) 3216) : . ISEZIL PUB SOFZET Sauer COFZFT POFGPT “0. 68IZ0I ‘ON Te EEN ‘SON ‘T'N'S'f sedAjeaeg | JY reue: ‘ON W'N'S'A sedaqeieg | JN eu a a ao 3) ot edAyeieg ed Ayeleg 10408184 17719. LapuDa snuiddiryd snaiuodnl ppnno1q100 16 snjopidsoin yj6ua) psopunys ay) fo sy;punsnoy? ur passaidza ‘uosodeuwAy fo sawads fo sjuawmainspayy— FP TIAV I, FAMILY APOGONIDAE—LACHNER 497 Color in alcohol.—Head and body light tan; two black half-circle marks at end of caudal peduncle on base of caudal fin in smaller speci- mens, these united into a B-shaped mark in the larger specimens; remainder of caudal and other fins transparent; tip of snout, chin, and occiput with scattered melanophores. Remarks.—Named urospilotus, in reference to the spots at the end of the caudal peduncle. GYMNAPOGON GRACILICAUDA, new species Figure 84 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 112378, Bikini Atoll, northern Marshall Islands, Arji Island, deep poison, 20-40 feet, 100 yards off shore in lagoon, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, collected by Herald and Brock, a specimen 33.5 mm. in standard length. Paratypes—The following paratypes were all taken from the northern Marshall Islands, U.S.N.M. No. 142408, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Ficure 84.—Holotype of Gymnapogon gracilicauda, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 112378), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) Island, reef at entrance just inside lagoon, March 16, 1946, S—46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 2 specimens, 13.5 and 20.5 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112379, Bikini Atoll, lagoon side Airy Island, April 17, 1946, S-46-97, Schultz, 1 specimen, 18 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112380, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, lagoon reef, August 6, 1946, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 17 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 112381, Rongerik Atoll, Latoback Island, lagoon reef, August 14, 1947, Brock, Schultz, and Donaldson, 1 specimen, 19 mm. Description.—This description is based on the holotype and para- types listed above. The counts are recorded for the holotype followed in parentheses by the number of paratypes examined and the range of counts: Dorsal rays VI-L,8 (5: VI-L8); anal rays II,8 (5: 11,8) ; pectoral rays 16 (2:15) ; pelvic rays 1,5 (5:1,5) ; branched caudal rays 8, 7 (2:8, 7); gill rakers, including rudiments, 83+1+7 (1:3+1+7). (For other counts see table 42.) Measurements, expressed in thou- 955292—53—vol. 134 498 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 sands of the standard length, are given for the holotype and two para- types in table 44. Head and body without scales; upper jaw long, passes vertical through posterior margin of eye; no evidence of lateral line; two weak spines on operculum; dorsal portion of head from snout to oc- ciput with minute papillae arranged, more or less, in a squarish net- work, some arranged linearly along lower jaw, a few on cheeks and opercles, none observed on body (the number, arrangement, and dis- tribution of papillae on head and body cannot be worked out, for the larger specimens are not in good condition, and many papillae un- doubtedly have been eroded away). Small, pointed, villiform teeth in upper jaw, in two rows posteriorly, widening into a broader band anteriorly about symphysis, one to three enlarged canines directed inwardly on each side of symphysis; lower jaw with several irregular rows of pointed villiform teeth pos- teriorly, forming a wider patch anteriorly, canines of lower jaw ar- ranged in about 10 to 12 pairs extending along posterior two-thirds, a smaller canine on each side of symphysis directed inwardly ; vomer V-shaped, with a row of about 20 pointed villiform teeth; pointed villiform teeth on palatines in single row. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light tan, fins transparent; 6 scattered melanophores on cheek of holotype; smallest specimen (13.5 mm.) with 11 enlarged scattered melanophores at base of caudal fin; all other specimens show no pigmentation. Remarks—This species is characterized externally by its slender, elongate caudal peduncle (hence the name gracilicauda) , and the rela- tively large, long, fan-shaped caudal fin, with a series of about eight simple, procurrent rays above and below. G. gracilicauda appears to differ from the other species of this genus in having (1) the teeth on each side of the symphysis of the upper and lower jaw directed inwardly, rather than erect, (2) a higher number of teeth in the lower jaw, (3) many pointed villiform teeth on the vomer rather than a few (1 to 4) caninoid teeth, and (4) no preopercu- lar spine and flap (because the specimens examined were in very poor condition, no evidence of these structures was seen; better material is needed for absolute certainty). ‘These characters combined would certainly denote that gracilicauda is generically distinct, but I prefer to place it tentatively in Gymnapogon until more specimens are taken. Otherwise it is remarkably similar to certain other genera of the Apogonidae, with the exception of the presence of the papillae. The absence of papillae in vanderbiltt may be regarded as a specific dif- ference. According to Isaac Ginsburg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, who has studied the Gobiidae extensively, the degree of develop- ment of papillae may differ greatly, only a few developing on certain species. Family PRIACANTHIDAE: Big Eyes By Lronarp P. ScHULTz Genus PRIACANTHUS Oken Priacanthus OKeEN, Isis, 1817, p. 1183. (Genotype, Anthias macrophthalmus Bloch.) (Reference copied.) KEY TO THE PRIACANTHIDS TAKEN IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Greatest depth of body more than 2 in standard length; scales more than 60 from head to caudal fin base. ; 2a. Dorsal rays X,14; anal III,15 (rarely 14), usually a black spot on inner side of base of pelvic fins; caudal fin with concave posterior margin. Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal) 2b. Dorsal rays X,13; anal III,14; no dark spots on pelvic fins; dorsal, anal, and caudal with small blackish specks; caudal fin with truncate or a little rounded posterior margins__ Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde) 1b. Greatest depth of body less than 2 in standard length; scales fewer than 60 from head to caudal fin base___-_-_---------- Pseudopriacanthus Bleeker PRIACANTHUS HAMRUR (Forskal) Sciaena hamrur ForsKAt, Descriptiones animalium, ... , pp. xi, 45, 1775 (type locality, Red Sea). Priacanthus hamrur BuEEKer, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néer- landaises .. ., vol. 17, p. 118, 1873-76; vol. 8, pl. 358 fig. 3, 1876-77 (Java, Sumatra; Batu; Celebes; Sangi; Ternata; Batjan; Buro; Amboina). Priacanthus helvolus JorpDAN, EVERMANN, and TanaAkA, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 16, No. 20, p. 664, pl. 23, fig. 2, 1927 (type locality, Honolulu). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: Rongelap Island, lagoon, depth 42 feet, hook and line, July 21, 1946, S-46-280, Kohler, 2 specimens, 204 and 230 mm.; Rongelap Island, lagoon, depth 60 feet, hook and line, July 25, 1946, S-46-331, Kohler, 3 speci- mens, 197 to 208 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: south of Rigili Island, May 25, 1946, S-46-184, Schultz and Cali, 1 specimen, 35 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,14; anal III,15 (rarely 14); pectoral rays 11,16 or 17; gill rakers 4 to 6+1+16 to 19; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening below lateral line to midcaudal fin base 81 to 90. For detailed counts, see table 45. Depth 2.9 to 3.0; head 2.8 to 3.2; longest pelvic ray 3.8 to 4.05 all in standard length. Depth 0.9 to 1.0; eye 2.2 to 2.5; longest pelvic ray 1.25 to 1.3; snout 3.0 to 3.1; interorbital width 3.9 to 4.1; all in length of head. Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with small 499 S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 U. 500 Saige ea anos Wie aaa | Crise | rexel Eee aes [ee cape ae |e ee Ieee aie Taree ol eS Sm T 57 I T I Sep ea (=| E Peieges | een Sal ae a Re es LL UE) ceo | caress | ei | aan | certo | ec chee | Sec | eect [cee ge | oe ero [eer ll ican (a caren iin mee | ee See a ee I I T G Fa eel fa § Wate Saree ment wake oon emia ted ALLY Tea ete | Oe alee Dee Oa ee |e ale Se ale cae Ee Fs ee eee | Oe ge eee |opee he] ee Os | eee IB else ies EES [cc Soe ee memes aa eres pyaaut €6T TOL | GIT | ZIT SIT §IT Til 60E | 201 cor 801 TOT 66 26 c6 €6 16 68 28 ¢8 €8 18 0} 0} 04 0} 04 04 0} 0} 03 0} 07 03 03 01 0} 0} 04 0} 0} 0} 0} 0} (aq OCI | SIL | 9IT PIL | GIT OIT | 80E | 90T FOL | SOT 00T 86 96 ¥6 66 06 88 98 ¥8 68 08 so1oedg Uy [BPNvd JO esBqPIUI 0} PVIY WOT] SMOI E[BOg aoc [obo eo fencer fone gz ip |e [le fr--l9 fe fle |e ta tomb er [et femoccl ot | at ccc emgnanan Seren |S oo oe | eeeee |= asa = Zz T re I 9 Sealy Z g pecans 9 ES SALINE I Z L sees aL, ee ERT ¢ ¢ I Tes | eae | See Sez seats |e L Z z Ressa| Pes 7 eal erases | [Paces 9 T 1 (he = ||Seae ised eran ene ee me EY moog ae oaoqy so10edg SABI [810200 shel [SUy SABI [eS1OGd Yore [13 4s1y WO sIOyVI [TH snyjyusoeiig fo saveds urnj109 40f pap.ovas szunoa fo uorngrsjsip fouanbety—‘ cy AAV J, FAMILY PRIACANTHIDAE—SCHULTZ 501 ctenoid scales that do not extend on the fin rays except basally on caudal fin; lateral line high on side, arched opposite pectoral fin, then continuing along upper side, descending to midside of caudal peduncle at rear edge of scaled area; eye large, nearly equal to length of pectoral fin; two nasal openings, first with raised rim, second close behind, in an elongate slit; lower posterior angle of preopercle with a very short, flat spine; teeth on palatines villiform and on vomer in a V-shaped pattern ; teeth on lower jaw in a single row laterally, becoming a band anteriorly; those on upper jaw in a band; all teeth on jaws small, conical; pelvic fins reach a trifle past anal origin; caudal fin with concave posterior margin. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish above, a little paler ventrally; membranes of pelvics dusky, usually a dark blotch on inside of pelvic fin basally ; outer part of soft dorsal and of anal fins dusky. Ecology.—This species was taken only by hook and line in deep water in the lagoon. Remarks.—I have studied a series of meeki from the Hawaiian Islands and find it differs from hamrur of the Indo-Pacific oceans as follows: 1a. Gill rakers on first gill arch 4 to 6+1-+-16 to 19; pectoral fin rays ii,16 or 17; scale rows from upper edge of opercular opening counted below lateral line, to midbase of caudal fin 81 to 90, greatest depth 2.9 to 3.0 in standard TS 01h Re EA i A RN Oe Priacanthus hamrur (Forskél) 1b. Gill rakers on first gill arch 5 to 7+1-+-20 to 23; pectoral fin rays ii,17 or 18, scale rows from upper edge of opercular opening counted below lateral line, to midbase of caudal fin 110 to 123, greatest depth 2.4 to 2.8 in standard TCS ah EE NB Fs DS MLE poh ea Priacanthus meeki Jenkins PRICANTHUS CRUENTATUS (Lacepéde) PLATE 44, A Labrus cruentatus LacrerkpeE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 452, 522, 1800 (type locality, Martinique). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 8 specimens, 67 to 148 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 66 to 100 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 77 mm. Guam: Albatross, 1 specimen, 180 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,13; anal I1I,14; pectoral 11,15 to 17; gill rakers on first gill arch 4 or 5+1+16 to 18; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening below lateral line to midcaudal fin base 88 to 96. For detailed counts see table 45. Depth 2.4 to 2.6; head 2.9 to 3.2; longest pelvic ray 4.0 to 4.3; all in standard length. Depth 0.8 to 0.9; eye 2.2 to 2.6; longest pelvic ray 1.4 to 1.5; snout 3.2 to 3.3; interorbital width 3.2 to 3.5; all in length of head. 502 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with ctenoid scales, but not on fin ray, except at base of caudal fin; lateral line following a dorsal course to end of scaled area of caudal fin base, but descend- ing to midside of caudal peduncle; eye larger, about 1.2 in length of pectoral fin; two nasal openings, close together, first with raised rim, second close behind, in an elongate slit; lower rear angle of preopercle with a somewhat projecting flat spine; narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines and in a V-shaped pattern on vomer; teeth on jaws short, small, conical, in one row on sides of dentary, becoming a band anteriorly; premaxillary teeth similar, in a narrow band laterally, wider at symphysis; pelvic fins reach a little past anal origin; caudal fin a little rounded or nearly truncate in adults. Color in alcohol.—Light gray or white; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins usually with scattered blackish specks; occasionally a specimen is marked with large dusky blotches as follows: There are seven dark saddles on back and upper sides that extend a little below the lateral line; these are about as wide as the pale interspaces, the latter having fainter, shorter, and narrower dusky saddles in their centers; lower sides with several scattered dark blotches about size of pupil; fins all dusky to blackish, except pelvic spines are white. Color when alive.—Body and head mostly very light purplish pink; basal part of membranes of soft dorsal and soft anal fins bright with red spots; basal half of caudal fin membranes bright red; dorsal spines pinkish or red; pectoral pale pink, its base dark red; sides and under- sides of head touched with reddish; iris bright red. Ecology.—This species was taken only where deep water prevailed along the reefs. It was never seen in the shallow water over the reefs at low tide. Family CORYPHAENIDAE: Dolphins By Lxronarp P. Scuurtz Genus CORYPHAENA Linnaeus Coryphaena LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 261, 1758. (Genotype, C. hippurus Linnaeus. ) CORYPHAENA HIPPURUS Linnaeus Coryphaena hippurus LINNArus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 261, 1758 (type locality, open seas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon and channels, April 1-24, 1946, S-46-72, crew of Bowditch and Schultz, 2 specimens, 760 and 770 mm. to base of caudal fin. Description.—Dorsal rays 64; anal 28; pectoral ii1,18; pelvics 1,5; gill rakers 1+1+9. Depth 4.8 to 4.9; head 4.5 to 4.6; length of pectoral FAMILY CORYPHAENIDAE—SCHULTZ 503 fin 6.5 to 6.7; length of base of anal fin 2.4; snout tip to dorsal origin 8.0 to 8.4; allinstandard length. Eye 6.0 to 6.5; snout 2.9 to 3.0; snout tip to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; postorbital length 2.0; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0; longest dorsal ray 1.3, anal 2.8, pelvic 1.3; all in the length of head. Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth near rear of head, then gradually tapering to caudal peduncle; skin with minute scales; jaws strong, broad, with small conical teeth in a broad patch anteriorly, be- coming a single row on sides, posteriorly ; vomer, palatines, and tongue with a patch of small teeth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then running a straight course along midaxis of body to base of caudal fin; dorsal origin over eye, from which point fin extends nearly to base of caudal fin; anal origin about equidistant between snout tip and base of tail fin; maxillary reaches to under rear half of eye; preopercular mar- gin truncate; pelvics inserted under base of pectorals and reaching past tips of pectoral fins. Color in alcohol.—Blackish blue dorsally, silvery ventrally; lower sides with numerous, small, black spots; paired fins black on dorsal side, white to dusky on ventral sides. Family CARANGIDAE: Jacks By Loren P. Woops Many of the species of this family have circumtropical ranges, the representatives in various places showing only slight differences from those in a different ocean or the opposite side of the world. This situation with respect to many of the species, particularly of the genus Caranz, has been observed and discussed by Nichols in various papers from 1920 to the present. In our studies we have, when possible, com- pared northern Marshall Islands specimens with those of the Red Sea, Hawaii, Panama, and the Atlantic Ocean to try to determine the differ- ences between populations. Most of the distinguishable populations appear to have broad areas of intergradation. Because of this we have preferred to recognize the distinguishable populations as subspecies of widely ranging species and to consider Pacific species the same as Atlantic where no morphological differences were noted. Since the pelvic rays are always 1,5, and the branched caudal rays 8+7, these counts are omitted in the descriptions. KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF CARANGIDAE IN THE REGION OF THE NORTH- ERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Dorsal and anal fins followed by a single finlet. 2a. Lateral line with about 28 to 32 scutes on straight portion; soft dorsal and anal fins about the same length; dorsal rays about VIII-I,30 to 32-1; anal about II-I,29-1. Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck and Schlegel) (p. 505) 2b. Lateral line without scutes on straight portion; anal fin much shorter than soft dorsal ; dorsal rays VI-I,23 to 25-2 ; anal 0 or I-I,17-2. Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 507) 1b. Dorsal and anal fins not followed by finlets. 3a. Shoulder girdle deeply furrowed, with fleshy projection above it; dorsal rays VIII-I,25 to 27; anal II-I,20 to 22. Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (p. 508) 3b. Shoulder girdle without furrow or fleshy projection. 4a. Lateral line without scutes on straight portion; teeth on both jaws multiserial in bands. 5a. Seales normal, small, rounded; depth of body 2.0 to 2.6; dorsal rays VI-I,22 to 25; anal II-I,21 to 23. Trachinotus bailloni (Lacepéde) (p. 509) 5b. Scales small, lanceolate or needle shaped, somewhat embedded; depth of body 3.2 to 4.2, dorsal rays VI or VII-I,19 or 20 (each of the first VI or VII spines separate, not connected by membrane) ; anal II-I,17 OG SEs yea Scomberoides sancti-petri (Cuvier) (p. 511) 504 FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 505 40. Lateral line with scutes on straight portion. 6a. Teeth inband on upper jaw, lower jaw teeth larger, caninelike, usually in single row, if more than one row outer teeth longer; breast entirely scaled or naked with median patch just anterior to insertion of pelvic fins; soft dorsal rays never more than 24. 7a. Breast completely scaled. 8a. 88 to 44 scutes and scales as counted along straight portion of lateral line; dorsal rays VIII-I,21 to 23 (usually 22); anal II-1,18 to 20 (usually 19) ; gill rakers 8+-1+18 or 19; depth of body 2.39 to 2.93__-___- Caranx melampygus Cuvier (p. 512) 8b. 26 to 34 scutes and scales on straight portion of lateral line. 9a. Depth of body 2.3 to 2.7; dorsal rays VIII-I,21 or 22; anal II-1,17 to 20 (usually 18 or 19) ; gill rakers 7+1-+-19 or 20; scutes 29 to 88__-_----_----- Caranx lugubris Poey (p. 514) 9b. Depth of body 2.9 to 8.8; dorsal rays VIII-I,19 or 20; anal II-I,15 or 16; gill rakers 7-+1-+-16; scutes 26 to 34. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard (p. 515) 7b. Breast naked except for small median patch of scales; dorsal rays VIII-I,21 or 22; anal II-I,18 or 19; gill rakers, 9+1-+18; scutes Sp ckee ke eat AG ae Cu Bd Caranx ignobilis (ForskAl) (p. 517) 6b. Teeth in bands on both jaws, those on outer portion of band scarcely larger than inner; breast completely naked in front of pelvic fins; soft dorsal rays 30 to 33. 10a. Depth of body 2.5 to 2.75; dorsal rays VII-I, or VIII-I,30 to 32; anal II-I,24 or 25; scutes 27 to 31; gill rakers 9 or 10+-1+21 or 22. Carangoides ferdau jordani Nichols (p. 518) 100. Depth of body 2.35; dorsal rays VII-I,33; anal II-I,27; scutes 29; gill rakers 7-+1-+17. Carangoides gilberti (Jordan and Seale) (p. 519) Genus DECAPTERUS Bleeker Decapterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 1, p. 352, 1851. (Geno- type, Carana kurra Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) DECAPTERUS MUROADSI (Temminck and Schlegel) Carang@ muroadsi TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, p. 108, pl. 58, fig. 1, 1844 (type locality, Japan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Western side of Atoll, August 1-5, 1947, S-46-507, Marr and Smith, 2 specimens, 200 and 205 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VIII-1,30 or 32-1; anal II-I,29-1; pectoral I,i,21 or 22; scutes in lateral line 28 to 32; gill rakers on first gill arch, 11+1+37 to 89, total 49 to 51. The following measurements and proportions are approximate (both specimens broken in two, ends partly digested) : Depth 4.43 to 4.46; head 3.9; both in standard length; snout 2.8; eye 3.5; length of upper jaw 2.92; interorbital width 3.5; postorbital length 2.28; length of pectoral fin 1.31, of pelvic 2.22; length of fourth dorsal spine 2.1; upper caudal lobe, 1.18, lower 1.2; all in length of head. 506 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Teeth of jaws exceedingly minute or absent, none noted on vomer (no backward median line of teeth) and palatines, a few very small teeth on tongue; adipose covering of eye well developed, only a slit open over pupil; maxillary not reaching anterior margin of orbit; scales on head extending forward to anterior margin of pupil. Color in alcohol.—Tip of snout, tip and sides of lower jaw dark brown; area around eye dark brown, cheek and lower limb of pre- opercle silvery ; dark spot on opercular membrane in notch of opercle; back and upper sides light grayish brown, lower sides, breast, and belly silvery yellowish-white; dorsal and anal fin rays dusky basally, membranes pale; caudal fin faintly yellowish, dusky; pelvics pale; pectorals dusky basally on inner side, a small though distinct black margin on upper edge of base of upper pectoral ray. E'cology.—These specimens were the only two taken in the northern Marshall Islands and both were regurgitated by a Gymmosarda nuda. Remarks.—I have compared these broken Marshall Islands speci- mens with some of similar size belonging to the species Decapterus muroadst (Temminck and Schlegel) from Japan and D. pinnulatus (Eydoux and Souleyet) from Hawaii (see table 46). Although I can detect no difference between muroadsi and pinnulatus in these old, soft, and faded specimens, the Marshall Islands specimens are not as slender as muroadst. They approach Caranx maruadst Temminck and Schlegel in having a more robust body, but differ in having fewer scutes in the straight portion of the lateral line (87 or 38 in maruadsz, 28 to 32 in the Marshall Islands specimens). Because of their poor condition, I hesitate to assign the specimens to any of the species dis- cussed above, except tentatively. Were they in perfect condition, and given the depth and lateral line count found for them, I should call them muroadst. TaBLE 46.—Data recorded for Pacific species of Decapterus Greatest depth Standard Species and localit of body in Number of length i Ene y Spal scutes | millimeters maruadsi: Japan? UESSN MEIN) 2260509 422 os eee ee 4.38 38 214 Hong Kong, China: U.S.N.M. No. 6425__---------- 4.07 37 165 Hawaiian Islands: U.S.N.M. No. 82823___---------- 4.85 37 167 muroadsi: Japan’; ULSsNeMEINO 9/1143 ee ee ee oe eee 5.08 32 213 Japan’ UES ANE ME NOs $8796 ss ores see eee eee 6.15 32 179 Bikini VAtoll:GS—16=507/eee pees oe eens Se Dea 4.6 32 209 BikinivAtoll:|S=46-=50 72a eee eee eee 4.43 28? 198 pinnulatus: Hawaiian Islands: U.S.N.M. No. 52666____--------- 5.12 32 220 Hawaiian Islands: U.S.N.M. No. 83127_____-------- Sea 5 yl Ss ee eee 265 Pacific Ocean: Hawaiian Islands?__--.._------------ Psa) be i epg ee ae 273 Mauritius: U.S.N.M. No. 61696_______------------- 5. 64 33 201.5 FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 507 Genus ELAGATIS Bennett Elagatis BENNETT, Narrative of a whaling voyage around the globe, vol. 2, p. 283, 1840. (Genotype, Seriola bipinnulata Quoy and Gaimard.) ELAGATIS BIPINNULATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) PrLatE 45, A Seriola bipinnulata Quoy and Garmarp, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne, . . . Zool., p. 363, pl. 61, fig. 3, 1825 (type locality, “Iles des Papous’”). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 410 to 670 mm. standard length. Northern Marshall Islands: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 610 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VI-I, 23 to 25-2; anal I or 0-I, 17-2; pectoral 1,i,16 to 18; gill rakers on first gill arch upper limb 10 or 11+ 1+26, total 37 or 38. Depth 4.38 to 5.44; head 3.90 to 4.15; both in standard length. Snout 2.51 to 2.63; eye 4.48 to 5.59; upper jaw 2.86 to 3.03; interorbital width 3.22 to 8.42; postorbital length 2.55 to 2.73; depth of caudal peduncle 4.86 to 6.27; length of caudal peduncle 2.17 to 2.26; length of pectoral fin 1.77 to 2.09, of pelvic fin 1.86 to 2.14; longest dorsal spine 4.57, anterior dorsal ray 2.45 to 2.64, anterior anal ray 3.63 to 4.13; length of upper caudal lobe 0.81 to 1.05, lower 0.89 to 1.02; all in length of head. Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.24 to 2.78; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 21 to 23 degrees. Teeth of jaws villiform, in bands; present on vomer, palatines, and tongue; scales on cheek, rest of head naked; nostrils very small; lower jaw projects beyond upper; dorsal and anal fins low, scarcely falcate anteriorly; shallow groove on dorsal and ventral surfaces of caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin. Caudal peduncle with low keel in large specimen. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back dark grayish brown; lips dusky; cheeks silvery, preopercular bones faintly pinkish; lower sides dirty yellowish, belly whitish yellow with faint silvery tinge; vertical fin dark gray, dorsal and anal rays with white tips, caudal rays light tipped, usually with yellow; pectoral dusky brown, indis- tinct yellow-white spot near base of lower rays; pelvic rays dusky to dark gray distally, pale whitish basally. The only remaining indica- tion of the lengthwise banding so distinct in fresh specimens is a nar- row black line along middle of posterior portion of sides following caudal peduncle keel. Genus TRACHUROPS Gill Trachurops Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 238. (Genotype, Scomber plumieri Bloch=Scomber crumenophthalmus Bloch.) 508 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 TRACHUROPS CRUMENOPHTHALMUS (Bloch) Scomber crumenophthalmus Biocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 7, pt. 10, p. 77, pl. 343, 1793 (type locality, Acara Bay, west Africa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 mile southwest of Boro Island, coughed up by ocean skipjack, August 1-5, 1947, S-46-507, Marr and O. Smith, 4 specimens, 45 to 59 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Lagoon, off southeast end of Eniwetok Island, Bowditch an- chorage, hook and line, May 20 to June 6, 1946, S-46-154, Welsh and Schaefer, 35 specimens, 194 to 233 mm. Guam: October 16, 1945, D. G. Frey, 3 specimens, 168 and 170 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VIII-I, 25 to 27 (usually 26) ; anal II-I, 20 to 22 (usually 22) ; pectoral I, i, 19 or 20; scales in lateral line 81 to 95, of these 28 to 37 modified into scutes; gill rakers on first gill arch 10+1+27 or 28, total 38 or 39. Depth 3.4 to 4.06; head 3.02 to 3.45; both in standard length. Snout 3.25 to 3.58; eye 2.83 to 3.24; upper jaw 2.12 to 2.38; least suborbital width 16.9 to 20.6; greatest preorbital width 4.28 to 4.72; interorbital width 3.89 to 4.01; postorbital length 2.95 to 3.46; length of pectoral fin 1.15 to 1.17; length of pelvic fins 2.04 to 2.28; length of third dorsal spine 2.16 to 2.78; length of upper caudal lobe 1.30 to 1.45, lower 1.33 to 1.55; allin length of head. Curved portion of lateral line in straight portion 0.94 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 21 to 25 degrees. Teeth uniseriate in both jaws; present on vomer, palatines, and tongue; posterior edge of maxillary concave; adipose covering of eye well developed, filling orbital area anterior to nostrils and covering posterior half of eye; pectoral girdle with deep notch; soft dorsal and anal fins only slightly elevated anteriorly, not falcate; lateral line with long, low, very slight arch anteriorly, arched portion about as long as straight portion, scutes weak. Color in alcohol.—Tip of snout and tip of lower jaw black, poste- rior part of lower lip dusky, cheeks silvery, opercular bone black along edge at notch and dorsally to edge of opercular opening; interorbital area, top of head, and back dark brownish or grayish, dark color extending ventrally on sides to about level of pectoral axil and straight portion of lateral line; axil dark grayish to blackish with some silver- white on lower half; spiny dorsal membranes dusky, blackish at tips, soft dorsal dusky anteriorly and on anterior portion of rays distally ; in larger specimens caudal with outer edges of outer rays blackish, a black submarginal band on posterior edge with tips of rays white, this dark band covering tips of rays in smaller specimens, in smallest specimens caudal pale; anal fin pale sometimes with dark dashes basally; pectorals and pelvics pale. FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 509 Genus TRACHINOTUS Lacepéde Trachinotus LacErEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 78, 1802. (Geno- type, Scomber falcatus Forskal.) TRACHINOTUS BAILLONI (Lacepéde) Caesiomorus bailloni Lacerine, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 93, pl. 3, 1802 (type locality not given). Trachynotus cuviert WAKryA, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 15, p. 220, 1924 (Misaki). Trachynotus quadripunctatus WAKIyA (not Rtippell), Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 15, pl. 34, fig. 2, 1924 (Kil). Trachynotus jordanit WAKIyA4, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 15, pl. 35, fig. 1, 1924 (type locality, Bonin Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Island: Off western end, lagoon side, April 29, 1946, S-46-119, Cali, 9 specimens, 38 to 129 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest Passage, leeward edge of reef, 4/5 mile south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 25, 1946, S—46-184, Schultz, 1 specimen, 18.6 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 1 mile off Rongelap Island, hook and line, June 16-28, 1946, S-46-222, crew of Bowditch, 1 specimen, 253 mm. Rongerik Atoll: Lagoon, off Latoback Island, hook and line at depth of 60 feet, June 28, 1946, S-46-239, crew of YMS 463, 2 specimens, 237 and 273 mm. Guam: Tumon Bay, June 27, 1945, Markley and McElroy, 1 specimen, 23.3 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VI-I,22 to 25; anal II-I,21 to 23; pectoral I,i,15 or 16; scale rows just below lateral line 89 to 97; gill rakers on first gill arch upper limb 8 or 9+1+15 or 16, total 24 to 26. Depth 2.19 to 2.54; head 3.16 to 4.07; both in standard length. Snout 3.66 to 4.0; eye 2.9 to 3.16; upper jaw 2.24 to 2.90; interorbital width 2.68 to 3.1; postorbital length 2.15 to 2.72; length of pectoral fin 1.25 to 2.35, of pelvic fin 1.89 to 3.59; longest dorsal ray 0.61 to 1.31, anal ray 0.54 to 1.31; length of upper caudal lobe 0.44 to 0.82, lower 0.47 to 0.79; all in length of head. Angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 24 to 38 degrees. Teeth on both jaws multiserial, in band of about four rows of small teeth, those of outer row scarcely larger than those of inner; teeth present on vomer and palatines but not on tongue; snout blunt, rounded; maxillary and premaxillary curved ; lower jaw not extending beyond upper; preorbital and suborbital narrow; strong antrorse dorsal spine (more or less embedded in large specimens) ; lobes of median fins proportionately much longer with increase of size, pelvics proportionately shorter; lateral line only slightly arched over pecto- rals; scales present on cheeks, rest of head naked. Color in alcohol.—Head and back light grayish tan in specimens up to 129 mm., silvery bluish black in specimens 237 mm. or larger; lips pale in small specimens, blackish in large; opercular membrane faintly dusky in most specimens, but 253-mm. specimen with distinct black 510 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 margin on opercular membrane at upper edge of membrane. Most striking feature of coloration (present in specimens above 70 mm., lacking in those 57 mm. and smaller) is presence of five more or less round black spots, largest about size of pupil, along sides just above and on lateral line; first and last sometimes very indistinct, second, third, and fourth largest and usually quite distinct (in young, the third, located between soft dorsal and anal origin, is largest and most distinct) ; there is some variation in the position and size of these spots; elongate lobes of dorsal and anal fins and outer rays of caudal fin black in all sizes, in largest specimens the black areas broader covering more of the fins; pectorals of young pale yellowish, of largest three specimens with upper rays black; pelvics pale in all sizes. Remarks.—I believe that Wakiya’s attempt to separate the species T. quadripunctatus Riippell, 7. cuwiert Wakiya, and 7. jordani Wakiya is based on nothing more than normal variation within this species, in view of (1) the variation in spots along the sides (the area of greatest development is somewhere about the middle, tapering off anteriorly and posteriorly); (2) the fact that the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins increase in length with size, while the paired fins apparently do not increase in the same proportion; and (3) the variation in nostril size in our series (the size of the posterior nostril varies in relation to that of the anterior, while one specimen with a much larger posterior nostril has the lower jaw slightly pro- truding). Genus SCOMBEROIDES Lacepéde Scomberoides LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 50, 1802. (Geno- type, Scomberoides commersonianus Laceptde, figure only=Scomber lysan ForskAl. ) Chorinemus CUVIFR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 8, p. 867, 1831. (Genotype, Scomberoides commersonianus Lacepéde.) Barnard (Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 562, 1925-27) has rejected the name Scomberozdes on the grounds “that the words in the caption of the figure were used in a popular sense, were not Latinized, and are not comparable with e. g. ‘Les Trachinotes,’ which latter term was used with definite generic conception.” Weber and de Beaufort, (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 275, 19381) have called attention to Barnard’s decision and have followed him. Smith (Copeia, 1932, p. 156) discussed these two names and concluded that Scomberoides as used by various authors based on Lacepéde “fully con- forms to modern nomenclatorial propriety.” Changing the name of a genus established and used for 75 years, on grounds such as those cited above, seems to be deliberately introducing confusion into the system of nomenclature. FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 511 SCOMBEROIDES SANCTI-PETRI (Cuvier) Chorinemus sancti-petri Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol 8, p. 379, pl. 236, 1831 (type locality, Malabar Coast). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon off Bikini Island to entrance at Enyu Island, hook and line, March 11 to 31, 1946, S-46-2, Brock, Marr, Schultz, and crew of Bowditch, 1 specimen, 555 mm.; Oruk Pass, dip net, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, Marr and Brock, 2 specimens, 27 and 27.5 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 14 mile from Rongelap Island, surface light at night, July 22-27, 1946, S-46-259, Herald, 2 specimens, 25 and 29.6 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VI-I or VII-I,19 or 20 (each of the first VI or VII spines are isolated) ; anal IJ-I,17 or 18; pectoral I,1,14; gill rakers on first gill arch 10+1+18, total 29. Depth 3.25 to 4.20; head 3.13 to 4.78; both in standard length. Snout 3.07 to 8.52; eye 2.66 to 4.64; upper jaw 1.88 to 1.94; interorbital width 3.26 to 3.63; postorbital length 2.27 to 2.42; length of pectoral fin 1.66 to 1.82, of pelvic fin 1.78 to 1.92; length of fifth dorsal spine 2.42 to 7.6; length of upper caudal lobe 1.3 to 0.92, lower 1.26 to 1.33; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.40 to 4.94; length of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.96; all in length of head. Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 to 2.06; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 26 or 27 degrees. Teeth in jaws in bands, small, sharp-pointed, slender, slightly curved; teeth present on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; vomerine patch with oval posterior extension; maxilla extending to or just beyond posterior margin of eye; well-developed supplemental maxillary present; scales lanceolate, about six or seven times longer than broad; no scales on head. Youne.—Dorsal spines of small specimens (25 to 29.6 mm.) pro- portionately much longer than those of large specimens; young with two divergent spines at angle of preopercle, not present in adults; maxilla in young reaching midway between posterior margin of pupil and hind margin of eye; scales apparently not developed on specimens under 30 mm. Color in alcohol—Avvur: Tip of lower jaw and median portion of upper lip blackish; upper parts of snout, head, and back grayish brown; lower sides, breast, and belly yellowish; several small round dots, smaller than pupil, on anterior sides about midway between lateral line and dorsal margin, indistinct gray blotches more or less in row just above lateral line, a large stee!-blue oval spot on shoulder, nearly filling space between pectoral axil and upper edge of gili opening, a series of about 10 dark blotches fairly distinct, becoming smaller posteriorly, on sides just below lateral line; soft dorsal fin 512 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 with large black spot covering anterior rays except basally, where there is an orange line, rest of rays merely dusky; anal fin with black blotches between second and third rays and between third and fourth rays; middle caudal rays with broad, pale yellowish band distally; pelvics colorless; pectorals pale, dusky, with clear pale margin. Youne: Tip of snout dusky, some small round pigment dots on lips and head; back light reddish brown to dark grayish brown, a double row of small round spots only slightly smaller than pupil on sides above lateral line; membrane of spiny dorsal blackish; soft dorsal and anal fins pale anteriorly but membranes black posteriorly ; rest of fins pale hyaline. Genus CARANX Lacepéde Caranz LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 57, 1802. (Geno- type, Scomber carangus Bloch=Carang hippos Linnaeus, as restricted by Bleeker, the first reviser.) CARANX MELAMPYGUS Cuvier Pate 45, B Caranz melampygus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 9, p. 116, 1833 (type locality, Waigiu, Rawak, Buru, Vanicolo, Mauritius). Caran stellatus Hypoux and SouLeyEtT, Voyage autour du monde... sur la corvette La Bonite, Zoology, vol. 1, p. 167, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1841 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 29 specimens, 70 to 203 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 198 to 247 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 80 to 439 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 7 specimens, 77 to 645 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 78 to 84 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 217 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VIII-I,21 to 23 (usually 22) ; anal I1-1,18 to 20 (usually 19); pectoral 1,1,17 to 20; scales in straight part of lateral line 40 to 44 (rarely 38 or 39), of these 30 to 36 developed into scutes; gill rakers on first gill arch upper limb 8=1+-18 or 19. Depth 2.89 to 2.93; head 2.89 to 3.46; both in standard length. Snout 2.85 to 3.47; eye 3.31 to 7.44; length of premaxillary 2.27 to 2.58; least suborbital width (measured vertically from lower margin orbit) 4.9 to 8.85; greatest preorbital width 3.31 to 4.90; interorbital width 8.31 to 3.83; postorbital length 2.54 to 2.93; length of pectoral fin 0.85 to 1.0, of pelvic 2.29 to 2.96; longest dorsal spine (third) 2.2 to 4.0; longest dorsal ray 1.34 to 1.92, anal ray 1.60 to 2.25; upper caudal lobe 1.02 to 1.18, lower 1.05 to 1.08; all in length of head. Arched portion of lateral line in straight portion 1.04 to 1.53; angle FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 513 of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 44 to 50 degrees, profile convex. Teeth of jaws biserial in upper jaw, outer teeth enlarged, conical, slightly curved, widely spaced, inner row of small teeth directed in- ward, forming narrow band, lower jaw teeth in single row, all en- larged, conical; vomer, palatines, and tongue with teeth; cheeks and upper part of opercles scaled, rest of head naked; adipose covering of eye slightly developed on anterior portion of eye, posteriorly its width about half or a little more than half diameter of eye; breast com- pletely scaled, lateral line with 4 to 10 scales in straight portion, not modified into scutes; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins elongate, somewhat falcate; caudal fin lobes pointed; pelvics short extending just beyond anal opening; pectorals long falcate. Color in alcohol.—Smallest specimens (under 80 mm.) with backs brown, sides and belly silvery, trace of blackish on anterior dorsal rays, usually none or very little on anal (one specimen of 77 mm., taken at night, had on its back 7 broad black bands, of which only the posterior two extended below midline of sides, these very faint ventrally) ; speci- mens 90 to 198 mm. usually silvery; only specimens above 180 mm. occasionally with a few scattered small brown spots on upper sides and back; snout dusky, midline of back light brown; anterior lobe of soft dorsal pale or dusky; anterior lobe of anal usually black, though in smaller specimens merely black tipped; posterior margin of caudal dusky or with broad black margin, pelvics dusky tipped; above 200 mm., an increasing amount of dark spotting generally, back becoming brown, an increasing amount of black pigment in vertical and paired fins; at 400 mm. coloration is dark brown on upper sides, middle of back and base of dorsal and anal fins very dark brown (blue in life), lower sides bronze; numerous dark reddish-brown spots scattered all over head and body, thickest on uppersides and back; dorsal and anal fins very dark brown to black, tips of rays white; caudal with posterior three-fourths dark brown to black; pelvics streaked and spotted with black; pectorals brown basally, dusky distally. Remarks.—The number of fin rays, scales, and gill rakers are the same in C. melampygus Cuvier and C. stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet. The proportions noted in these forms are the same except for the usual variation because of size. The only difference noted is in color, and the series of specimens contains individuals that completely bridge the gap in color difference. This series, plus a few specimens from various other parts of the Pacific (Cocos Island; Costa Rica; and the Marquesas, Society, Cook, and Solomon Islands), give a fairly com- plete size range from 70 to 280 mm. and from 4389 to 645 mm. On the basis of careful examination and comparison of color and pattern on 955292—53—vol. 135 514 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 specimens of various sizes I have found that the silvery, immaculate, C. melampygus changes into the dark-colored, spotted C. stellatus. The critical size range in which this color change takes place is be- tween 180 and 280 mm. No specimens under 180 mm. that I have examined possess the dark spots on dorsal and anal fins found on specimens larger than 187 mm. At 187 mm. a few spots are present, all fins are darker than in the smaller specimens, as are the midline of the back and the base of the dorsal fin. Two specimens, both 198 mm., are good intermediates in coloration, one being light, as in smaller specimens, though with a few scattered spots, the other light brown with more and larger body spots and darker fins. From 203 to 280 mm. a gradual darkening and in- creased spotting occurs on the body; spots appear on the head and on the midline of the back; a distinct brown stripe develops that divides and widens along the base of the dorsal fin; another occurs on the anal fin base; and all fins, particularly the median fins, darken until the coloration assumed by 280-mm. specimens is unmistakably that of C. stellatus, though somewhat lighter. In view of this gradual color change that accompanies an increase in size, I have no hesitation in combining the two species melampygus and stedlatus under the older name melampygus. CARANX LUGUBRIS Poey PLATE 46, A Caranz lugubris Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, vol. 2, p. 222, 1861 (type locality, Cuba). Scomber ascensionis BLtocH and SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 33, 1801 (not of Osbeck). Carangz ascensionis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 9, p. 102, 1883. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 9 specimens, 383 to 535 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 348 and 440 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VITI-I,21 or 22; anal II-I,17 to 20 (usually 18 or 19) ; pectoral I,1,18 to 20 (usually 19) ; scutes 29 to 33 (scutes occupy entire straight portion of lateral line); gill rakers on first gill arch 7+1+19 or 20, total 27 or 28 (in two specimens). Depth 2.30 to 2.65; head 3.42 to 3.66; both in distance from tip of snout to tip of last scute; snout 2.73 to 2.97; eye 4.12 to 4.70; upper jaw 2.38 to 2.54, least suborbital width 5.06 to 5.90; greatest preorbital width 3.84 to 4.12; least interorbital width 3.33 to 3.79; postorbital length 2.51 to 2.58; length of pectoral fin 0.56 to 0.79, of pelvic fin 2.09 to 2.39, length of third dorsal spine 2.85 to 3.65; length of anterior dorsal rays 0.69 to 0.83, anterior anal rays 0.89 to 1.20; length of upper FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 515 caudal lobe 0.99 to 1.12, lower 0.99 to 1.09; all in length of head. Curved part of lateral line in straight part 1.36 to 1.70; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 51 to 56 degrees, concave anterior to eye. Teeth of jaws uniserial, strong, conical, widely spaced, somewhat caninelike on each side of symphysis but not enlarged; vomer, pala- tines, and tongue with teeth; nuchal ridge, interorbital space, snout, lower jaw, and posterior margins of opercles naked; breast fully sealed; anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins elongate; pectorals long, faleate; scutes occupying entire straight portion of lateral line. Color in alcohol_—Body light to dark grayish brown, naked portions of head very dark brown or black; soft dorsal and anal fins and pos- terior margin of caudal black, anterior edges of caudal yellowish brown; pelvics black; pectoral black basally, median portion grayish, tips of rays yellowish; axil of pectoral very dark brown or black; scutes black, median raised portion gray. Remarks.—These Marshall Islands specimens have been compared with a large specimen (635 mm.) from Bermuda, and the only dif- ference noted is the greater length of the anterior dorsal and anal fin rays of the former. As these rays apparently are shorter in larger specimens this difference does not seem very important. J. T. Nichols, Curator of Fishes, American Museum of Natural History, has informed me in a letter that “there are two specimens of this species in the American Museum of Natural History, one 420 mm. from S. Trinidad islet, So. Atlantic; one of 340 mm. from Tuamotus . . . the former has blunt dorsal and anal lobes and pectoral fins, the latter elongate and pointed lobes and pectorals, the former head and eye are also appreciably larger.” This is essentially the same as my findings and I am considering them to be the same in both oceans. Giinther (Fische der Siidsee, vol. 4, p. 182, 1876) com- pared a specimen from the Kingsmill Islands (Gilberts) 13 inches long and found it agreed in every respect with a specimen from St. Helena. Nichols also states, “Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 925) synonomize C. ascensionis Bloch and Schneider and ascensionis Cuvier and Valenciennes (neither of Osbeck) with dugubris Poey, and consider ascensionis Osbeck certainly different though otherwise un- identifiable. Hence they refer one circumtropical form to lugubris.” I agree with the above quoted authors and follow them in calling the National Museum specimens lugubris. CARANX SEXFASCIATUS Quoy and Gaimard Caran seafasciatus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne, . . . Zool., p. 358, pl. 65, fig. 4, 1825 (type locality, Tles des Papous). 516 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Namu Island, lagoon reef, April 3, 1946, S-46-50, Schultz, 2 specimens, 327 and 331 mm.; off Bikini Island, lagoon, light at night, July 27, 1949, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 45 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays VIII-I,19 or 20; anal II-1,15 or 16; pectoral I,i,18 or 19; scales in straight portion of lateral line 27 to 34, of these 26 to 31 are scutes; gill rakers on first gill arch 7+1+16, total 24. Depth 2.99 to 3.27; head 3.38 to 3.52, both in standard length. Snout 3.82 to 3.96, eye 3.86 to 4.08, upper jaw 2.08 to 2.14, suborbital width 7.86 to 9.4, greatest preorbital width 6.18 to 6.27, least interorbital width 3.51 to 4.08, preorbital length 2.40 to 2.69; length of pectoral fin 0.85 to 0.98, of pelvic fin 2.09 to 2.46; longest dorsal spine (third) 2.64 to 3.48; longest dorsal ray 1.47 or 1.48, anal ray 1.53; length upper caudal lobe 1.12 to 1.37, lower 1.17; all in length of head. Curved portion of lateral line in straight portion 1.87 to 1.41; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 49 or 50 degrees. Teeth of upper jaw biserial, an outer row of slender caninelike teeth widely spaced, an inner narrow band of small teeth, teeth in lower jaw uniserial, close together, size not uniform; vomer, palatines, and tongue toothed ; eye large, adipose covering developed on posterior part of eye, not covering pupil, extending behind rim of orbit a dis- tance of about half diameter of eye; upper jaw extending to below posterior rim of orbit; breast completely scaled; dorsal and anal fins elevated and falcate anteriorly; pectorals long and falcate. Color in alcohol.—Back grayish silvery, greenish along middle of sides, lower sides silvery yellowish white; scutes blackish along median ridge; snout dusky grayish, a round black spot slightly smaller than pupil at upper edge of gill opening; elevated portion of soft dorsal dusky yellowish basally, blackish distally, rest of fin dusky with in- distinct dark margin; caudal yellowish brown basally, a distinct broad black band along posterior margin, anal fin paler than dorsal, elevated portion dusky tipped, rest of fin slightly dusky; pelvics whitish; pectoral axil blackish, dusky coloring on upper dorsal rays, pale ventrally and distally. The 45-mm. specimen has 6 vertical dark bars a little wider than pale interspaces, first over rear of head, last on caudal peduncle. Remarks.—Nichols (Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 998, 1938) discusses the various races of Caranx sexfasciatus, pointing out that C. s. elecate Jordan and Evermann is the best marked of these races in the Pacific, being distinguished by fewer scutes (25 to 29, average 26.2) and a more slender body (3.4). One of our specimens from the Marshall Islands falls into this elecate group with only 26 scutes, while the FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 517 other two have 31 scutes. A specimen from the Hawaiian Island has 35 scutes and a depth of 2.8 in standard length. CARANX IGNOBILIS (Forskal) Scomber ignobilis ForsKAL, Descriptiones animalium ... pp. 12, 55, 1775 (type locality, Djidda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rota: 1 specimen, 540 mm., November 15, 1945, Frey. Guam: 2 specimens, 50 and 135 mm., October 16, 1945, Frey. Description.—Dorsal rays VIII-1,21 or 22; anal II-I,18 or 19; pectoral I,1,17 to 19; scales on straight portion of lateral line 35 to 37 (all scutes) ; gill rakers on first gill arch 8 or 9+1+18, total 27 or 28. Depth 2.47 to 3.28; head 2.07 to 3.62; both in standard length. Snout 3.17 to 3.38; eye 3.66 to 5.82; upper Jaw 2.19 to 2.54; least sub- orbital width 5.36 to 8.15, greatest preorbital width 4.14 to 5.0; width interorbital 3.73 to 3.79; postorbital length 2.50 to 2.64; length of pectoral fin 0.83 to 0.92; length of third dorsal spine 2.64 to 2.66; length of anterior dorsal rays 1.39 to 1.40; length of anal lobe 1.55 to 1.66; all in length of head. Curved portion of lateral line in straight portion 1.02 to 1.15; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 51 degrees. Teeth of jaws in two rows; teeth in outer row enlarged, widely spaced, conical; those in inner row minute, closely set; no canines developed in outer row; teeth present on vomer, palatines, and tongue; lower and upper jaw equal in length, neither especially protruding; maxillary reaches to middle or to posterior edge of pupil; head longer than deep; cheeks and postorbital area scaled, rest of head naked; breast naked except for round patch of scales about size of pupil located just anterior to pelvic bases; scutes cover entire straight por- tion of lateral line; dorsal and anal fins with elevated falcate lobes anteriorly; pectoral fin longer than head, strongly curved. Color in alcohol.—General head and body color pale golden yellow, upper sides and back with numerous small black or brown dots, some on opercular and parietal regions of head; dorsal fin lobe dusky on its distal portion, rest of this fin and other fins pale; no distinct opercular spot, the membrane being pale above the opercular notch. Remarks.—One of these is an unusually large specimen of this species and does not agree with other representatives in depth, being much more slender than the smaller ones, or in the eye, being rela- tively smaller (eye 4.2 in head in 226 mm. specimen, and 3.66 in 1385 mm. specimen). 518 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus CARANGOIDES Bleeker Carangoides BiEErKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 1, p. 352, 1851. (Geno- type, Caranz praeustus Bennett.) CARANGOIDES FERDAU JORDANI Nichols PLATE 46, B Scomber ferdau ForsKAu, Descriptiones animalium ... , p. 55, 1775 (type lo- cality, Djidda, Red Sea). Carangoides jordani Nicuots, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 50, p. 2, 1922 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 255 to 275 mm. standard length. HBniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 290 and 291 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 183 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 175 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays VII- or VIII-1,30 to 32; anal TI-I,24 or 25; pectoral I,1,21 to 23; keeled scutes on straight portion of lateral line 27 to 81; gill rakers on first gill arch 9 or 10+1+21 or 22, total 31 to 33. Depth 2.5 to 2.75; head 3.27 to 3.46; both in standard length. Snout 2.78 to 2.91; eye 3.82 to 4.4; upper jaw 2.29 to 2.46; least suborbital width 7.93 to 8.7; greatest preorbital width 3.63 to 3.94, interorbital width 3.03 to 3.28; postorbital length 2.86 to 3.24; length of pectoral fin 0.77 to 0.85, of pelvic 2.21 to 2.42; length of third dorsal spine 4.05 to 5.5; length of anterior dorsal rays 0.81 to 1.38, anterior anal rays 1.31 to 1.53; length of upper caudal lobe 1.15, lower 0.93 to 1.08; all in length of head. Straight portion of lateral line in curved portion 1.25 to 1.44; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 42 to 50 degrees. Teeth in bands in both jaws, outer row slightly larger, teeth in inner row very small embedded; teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Breast naked in front of pelvic fins, naked patch about width of pelvic bases, widening anteriorly but not extending up sides of breast to pectoral base as described in C. gymnostethodes Bleeker ; anterior dor- sal and anal fins elevated, falcate; scutes developed on posterior part of lateral line. Color in alcohol.—Naked portions of snout, interorbital, nape, and midline of back blackish brown; cheeks and sides of head silvery yel- lowish, a dark spot, sometimes indistinct, at notch of opercle; back reddish brown, sides and belly silvery yellow, naked spot on breast silvery white; anterior dorsal and anal fin rays dark brown to black; caudal yellow brown, its posterior margin with narrow black band; pectoral pale yellowish, pelvic rays dusky distally, their membranes pale. FAMILY CARANGIDAE—WOODS 519 Remarks.—The number of fin rays on specimens of Carangoides ferdau from the northern Marshall Islands agrees with that of speci- mens from Hawaii. We have examined specimens from the Gulf of Aden and find the dorsal rays to be 24 to 28 and the anal rays 22. Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 228, 1931) give 29 or 30 dorsal rays and 24 to 26 anal. In this respect the Kast Indian representatives appear to be intermediate. Further, we note that our Marshall Islands specimens are slightly deeper in body and have proportionately longer anterior dorsal rays, these being 1.02 to 1.72 in depth of body. CARANGOIDES GILBERTI (Jordan and Seale) Carang gilberti JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, p. 234, fig. 29, (1905) 1906 (type locality, Pago Pago, Tutuila, Samoa). Carangz ferdu ScHvuttz, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 87, 1943 (not Forskél) (including type of Carang gilberti). SPECIMEN STUDIED Rongerik Atoll: Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, 1946, S-46—237, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 276 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VII-I,33; anal II-1,27 (first two spines embedded), pectoral 11,21; scutes in lateral line 29; gill rakers on first gill arch, 7+1+17, total 25. Depth 2.35; head 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.16; eye 8.52; upper jaw 2.5; least suborbital width 8.7; greatest preorbital width 3.85; interorbital width 2.89; postorbital length 2.88; length of pectoral fin 0.64, of pelvic 2.18; length of third dorsal spine 5.4; length of anterior dorsal rays 1.37, anterior anal rays 1.38; (both caudal lobes broken); all in length of head. Straight portion of lateral line in curved portion 1.41; angle of upper profile with length- wise axis of body 50 degrees. Teeth in bands in both jaws, all teeth small, those of outer row slightly larger than inner; teeth present also on vomer, palatines, and tongue; naked area in front of pelvic fins, broadening anteriorly ; sides of breast between pectoral base and just above lower edge scaled ; dorsal and anal fins elevated anteriorly, falcate but not filamentous; scutes well developed only on posterior half of straight part of lateral line. Color in alecohol.—Tip of snout, interorbital area, scaleless portion of nape and midline of back dark gray; preorbitals and cheek silvery, whitish, no opercular spot, membrane dusky at upper edge of gill opening, exposed portion of maxillary grayish brown, back silvery blue, middle of sides yellowish white, lower sides and belly dirty brownish white; naked portion of breast silvery white; dorsal rays with dusky submarginal line, tips of rays white; anal find darker than 520 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 dorsal, grayish black, tips of rays white; caudal dirty yellowish white basally, with an indistinct dusky marginal band; pectoral dusky basally, rest of fin pale; pelvics pale basally, dusky distally. Remarks.—This species has been synonymized with C. ferdau For- skal by Fowler (Fishes of Oceania, p. 150, 1928), from which it is certainly distinct. We have compared this specimen with several from the Gulf of Aden and find it to be much deeper bodied, and to have more dorsal and anal rays and fewer gill rakers. Furthermore, this specimen differs from C. ferdau jordani in having a deeper body and fewer gill rakers, but the type of (. gilberti has only one more dorsal and anal ray than noted on any specimen of C. f. jordant. Carana laticaudis Alleyne and Macleay (Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales vol. 1, p. 825, pl. 10, fig. 2, 1877) as described and figured from Papua by McCulloch (Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 74, pl. 12, 1924) appears to be very closely related to, if not identical with, Carangoides gilberti. It differs only in having slightly deeper body (2.05), 8 fewer dorsal rays and in lacking the anterior falcate lobe of the dorsal fin. (. laticaudis has also been synonymized with C. ferdau by Fowler (loc. cit.). Family LUTJANIDAE: Snappers By Lzonarp P. Scuurtz When I had examined only a few genera of fishes related to the snappers the recognition of the various families and subfamilies as sometimes accepted in the literature seemed logical. But as the num- ber of genera studied increased, and the field broadened to various regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, the definitions of the families and subfamilies overlapped so much that I concluded that the genera usually placed in the Lutjanidae, Pomadasyidae, Haemulidae, Sparidae, Teraponidae, Lethrinidae, Emmelichthy- idae ** and others need a careful revision and new diagnoses. I am not the first to cast doubt on the separation of the percomorph fishes of this relationship into several families. Weber and de Beau- fort have included under the Lutjanidae the subfamilies Lutjaninae, Nemipierinae, Pomadasyinae, and Lethrininae. Jordan and Thomp- son included under the Lutjanidae the subfamilies Glaucosomatinae, Doderleiniinae, Lutjaninae, Apriorinae, Etolinae, and Aphareinae. The combination of these doubtfully recognized subfamilies under one family, in view of their great variability and overlapping of generic characters, appears to be a sound procedure. For example, the presence of scales on the cheeks in most of the genera referable to the Lutjanidae, and their absence on the cheek in Lethrinus is not enough of a difference, in my opinion, to justify the recognition of even a subfamily. Likewise, the presence or absence of molar teeth has been used as the basis for recognizing families or subfamilies in this relationship. However, I have observed that the young of Mono- taxis do not have molar teeth; instead they have short, heavy, and conical teeth that develop into molars as the adult stage is reached. To render the key more practical, I have omitted the subfamilies belonging to the Lutjanidae and have prepared a key to the genera and species. Since the pelvic rays are always 1,5 and the branched caudal rays §+%, these counts are omitted in the descriptions. The frequency distributions of other counts are shown in tables 46, 47, and 48. KEY TO THE LUTJANIDAE AND RELATED GENERA AND SPECIES FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Cheeks with 3 or more rows of scales. 2a. Preopercular edge hard, bony, never membranous; preopercular edge, pre- orbital edge, or both, serrated; or subocular with a posteriorly directed spine. 16 Schultz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 35, pp. 132-136, 1945. 521 522 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 3a. Preorbital naked, the scales of cheek not extending anteriorly beyond a vertical line through rear of maxillary. 4a. Subocular with a distinct spine below eye, directed posteriorly, usually with a few smaller points ventrally ; no canines. Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) (p. 527). 46. No subocular spine. 5a. Preorbital serrated; lower opercular spine strong, upper minute; postcleithral with spiny projections numbering 5 or 6 points; jaws with small canines; dorsal fin deeply emarginate; caudal fin emarginate; first four dorsal spines graduated__ Terapon Cuvier 5b. Preorbital smooth, without serrae; maxillary naked, partly shielded by preorbital. 6a. Dorsal spines X, palatine teeth present; mouth with a pair or two of short, conical, caninelike teeth near front; preopercle often with a characteristic notch, into which fits a knoblike projection of the preopercle. 7a. Gill rakers on first arch slender, few to moderately numerous, not fine and leaflike; lengthwise rows of scales above lateral line obliquely ascending toward middorsal line; vomerine patch of teeth A-shaped; anal rays III,8. 8a. Lengthwise rows of scales below lateral line obliquely ascend- ing to lengthwise axis of body; dorsal rays X,13 to 15; soft dorsal rounded ; preopercular notch very deep, narrow ; profile of snout concave in adults; posterior part of caudal peduncle and base of caudal dark brown in young; caudal fin dark brownish in adults; sides sometimes along each row of scales a more or less distinct dark streak; pectorals grayish (in life light yellowish). Lutjanus gibbus (Forskal) (p. 529) 8b. Lengthwise rows of scales below lateral line parallel with lengthwise axis of body, or nearly so. 9a. Seales on head beginning above middle of orbit, or nearly so; supratemporal band of scales meeting on dorsal sur- face of head; dorsal rays usually X,15; 4 lengthwise light-blue bands on sides (brownish in preserved speci- mens), bordered above and below by a dark line; first band from interorbital space to middle of base of spiny dorsal, second from rear of orbit to base of soft dorsal, third from opercle to rear edge of base of soft dorsal; fourth from below eye on preorbital, thence just below opercular spine to below lateral line on caudal peduncle. Lutjanus kasmira (Forskal) (p. 530) 9b. Scales on head beginning behind a vertical line through rear of obits or nearly so, interorbital space naked. 10a. A large black blotch on sides located on lateral line and under front part of base of soft dorsal; dorsal rays X,13 (rarely 12 or 14); scales above lateral line to base of spiny dorsal 7 (614) ; pectoral rays ii,14. Lutjanus monostigmus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) (p. 531) 100. Sides without dark blotch. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 523 11a. Two large silvery white blotches on back, the one at rear of base of soft dorsal most conspicuous, the one under base of seventh dorsal spine smaller, sometimes wholly lacking on large adults; conspicuous black streaks on pelvics and anal fins, margined with white; black streaks on outer rays of each caudal fin lobe, margined with white; tip of chin and snout blackish; dorsal rays X,14, seldom X,13; pectoral rays ii,15; scales above lateral line to base of spiny dorsal 8 or 9. Lutjanus bohar (Forsk&l) (p. 5382) 116. No white blotches on back or on sides; caudal fin dusky to blackish, with a narrow white marginal band; marginal area of dorsal fin blackish; scales from lateral line to base of spiny dorsal 7 (6%); dorsal rays X,138 or 14; pectoral ii,13 or 14, Lutjanus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 582) 7b. Gill rakers leaflike, very long, extending into mouth cavity, resembling “whalebone,” very numerous, about 36 above and 68 to 75 below angle of first gill arch; anal rays III,10; dorsal X,13 ; pectoral ii,14 or 15; teeth on vomer in A-shaped patch; interorbital space naked__ Macolor niger (Forskal) (p. 533) 6b. Dorsal rays usually XIV,15 or 16; anal III,7; pectoral about ii,14; vertical scale rows above lateral line about 55 to 58; gill rakers short, about 8+-1-++17 ; no teeth on palatines or on vomer; dorsal spines strong, basally with a sheath of scales; bases of soft dorsal and of anal fins scaled ; color dark brown; pectoral white; in young caudal white distally and margins of soft dorsal and anal fins; chin with 2 pores near tip and with 4 more pores just behind front of lower lip. Plectorhinchus nigrus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) (p. 584) 3b. Preorbital scaled; mucus caverns along lower part of preopercle to den- tary, ending near tip of chin; chin usually with two pores. Pomadasys Lacepéde 2b. Preopercular edge not notably hard and bony, either stiff and rough (weakly serrated), or membranous; no spine below eye; preorbital edge smooth. 12a. Outer or lower edge of maxillary denticulate and naked; gill rakers short stubs or knobs, few in number; canines in both jaws; basal sheath of scales on dorsal and anal fins; last ray of dorsal and of anal fins, not elongated ; caudal fin deeply emarginate. 13a. No molar teeth at any size; vertical scale rows crossing lateral line (about 70 to 72). Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacepéde) (p. 535) 136. Molar teeth in both jaws in half-grown and adults but not developed in small young; vertical scale rows crossing lateral line about 45 EO A (ee ee Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) (p. 537) 120. Maxillary not denticulate, its outer or lower edge smooth; gill rakers slender, moderately numerous; last ray of dorsal and of anal fins elongated ; caudal fin deeply forked. 14a. Cheeks with about 7 or 8 rows of scales; lateral process on side of premaxillary represented by a low, broadly curved elevation; no scales on dorsal or anal fins; supratemporal band of scales not meeting its fellow on dorsal surface of head. 524 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 15a. Pectoral fin short, about equal to postorbital length of head; strong canine teeth in both Jaws; scale rows crossing lateral line about 46 to 50; pectoral usually ii,15 or 16. Aprion virescens Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 538) 15b. Pectoral fin contained 1.0 to 1.3 in head; villiform band of teeth in both jaws, no canines; scale rows crossing lateral line about 70 to 75; pectoral usually ii,14, occasionally ii,13. Aphareus furcatus (Lacepéde) (p. 539) 14b. Cheeks with about 4 rows of scales; pectoral fin more than half length of head, much longer than postorbital length of head. 16a. Premaxillary with a single process on the side in addition to the median ascending process; premaxillary teeth in two rows, the outer a single row of small conical teeth, the inner a narrow band or irregular row of very small villiform teeth; vomer with teeth; nasal openings closer together than posterior is from edge of orbit; dorsal fin covered with scales except distally (Caesio Bleeker). 17a. Each caudal lobe with a lengthwise blackish streak or band, that of upper lobe continuous with dark color of body; palatines toothless; dorsal rays X,15 or 16; anal rays III,12 or 18; pec- toral rays usually ii,19 or 20; depth about 3.2 or 3.3; supra- temporal band of scales across middorsal line of head separated a little at midline; symphyseal canines undeveloped. Caesio caerulaureus Lacepéde 17>. Each caudal lobe without a black band as above, instead plain in color or with tips of caudal lobes dusky; palatines generally with a few villiform teeth in a very narrow band or row; dorsal rays X,13 to 15; anal III,10 to 12; pectoral ii,15 to 19; a pair of small symphyseal caninoids usually developed on premaxil- lary. 18a. Supratemporal band of scales covering the middorsal line; dorsal fin edged with black; caudal fin tips not blackish ; base of pectoral fin usually dusky, axil blackish. Caesio cuning (Bloch) 17 Sparus cuning Bloch, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 5, p. 31, pl. 263, fig. 1, 1791 (type locality, East Indies). Caesio erythrogaster Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 442, pl. 166, 1830 (type locality, Java). The following description is included for purposes of comparison (see table 49 for counts). The proportional measurements were made on a 142-mm. specimen taken at Tulagi Island in the Solomons, February 1945: Length of head 3.3; depth 2.5; longest pectoral fin ray 3.3; length of anal fin base 4.2; length of dorsal fin base 1.9; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.8, to anal origin 1.6, to pelvic insertion 2.7; all in standard length. Orbit 3.3.; snout 3.9; length of maxillaries 3.1; fleshy interorbital space 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8; longest dorsal spine 2.3; length of last dorsal ray 4.6; postorbital length of head 2.0; all in length of head. This species is somewhat compressed, with a long pectoral fin equal to length of head and equal to distance from belly to lateral line; gill rakers long, slender; maxillary naked, only its dorsal edge slipping under preorbital; the supratemporal band of scales crosses middorsal line without interruption; premaxillary with only one lateral process in addi- tion to the ascending median processes, the latter reaching only to a vertical line through front of eye; premaxillary with an outer row of enlarged but small conical teeth, inside which is a narrow row of villiform teeth; in the adults of this species a pair of enlarged, short, conical teeth or canines occurs near symphysis. Vomer with a patch of villiform teeth, palatines probably each with a few fine teeth along its narrow edge. The color in alcohol is dusky dorsally, paler below; margin of dorsal fin edged with blackish ; axil of pectoral base black, anterior part of base dusky. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 525 18b. Supratemporal band of scales interrupted by tiny scales some- what embedded, at middorsal line; dorsal edged with black ; tip of each caudal lobe blackish; upper part of pectoral base dusky or blackish, axil blackish______ Caesio lunaris Cuvier 18c. Supratemporal band of scales interrupted by a naked area at middorsal line; no black edging on dorsal; caudal fin not tipped with black_____ Caesio xanthonotus Bleeker (p. 540) 160. Premaxillary with two processes on each side in addition to the median process; premaxillary teeth small, conical, in a single row; vomer and palatines toothless; nasal openings as far apart as posterior one is from edge of orbit or even farther apart. 19a. Dorsal fin with scales on membranes and on rays basally (Ptero- caesio Bleeker). 20a. Dorsal rays XI to XIIJI,18 to 22; anal III,13 or 14; pectoral i or ii,20 to 23; middle of each lobe of caudal fin with a lengthwise black streak; axil of pectoral base black, usually With upper edge of pectoral base black anteriorly; scales in lateral line about 73 to 78. Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier and Valenciennes) (p. 543) 20b. Dorsal rays X or XI,13 to 15; anal rays i1I,11 or 12. 21a. Dorsal rays XI,13 or 14; anal IIJ,12; pectoral rays i or ii,20 to 22; tips of each lobe of caudal fin blackish; scales above lateral line at dorsal origin 9, below it to anal origin 15 or 16; scales in lateral line 76 to 80; a slight trace of a pale streak on back along base of dorsal fin. Pterocaesio marri, new species (p. 545) 21b. Dorsal rays X,15, rarely X,14; anal rays III,11 or 12; pores in lateral line about 67 to 82. 22a. Pectoral rays ii,21; anal rays I1I,11; scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 9, below to anal origin 16; back plain dusky without pale streak; tips of each caudal lobe with a black blotch. Pterocaesio kohleri, new species (p. 547) 226. Pectoral rays ii,17 to 19; anal rays usually ITI,12 (occa- sionally III,11) ; pores in lateral line about 67 to 77. 23a. Scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 7, below it to anal origin 13 to 15 (usually 14); back plain dusky, without pale streaks_._ Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker) 236. Scales above lateral line 8, below it to anal origin 16 or 17; a pale streak below lateral line anteriorly, bordered above by a black line that crosses pale streak in front of caudal peduncle, above pectoral fin base this pale streak ag broad as orbit, on caudal peduncle narrower than pupil; another pale streak on back along base of dorsal fin. Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 23c. Scales above lateral line 9, below it 15 or 16; pores in lateral line about 73 to 78; upper sides of body with 2 narrow pale streaks on each side, the lower one a little below lateral line anteriorly, crossing it just in front of caudal peduncle, the upper one extending along Side of back 2 or 8 scale rows away from base of dorsal fin-_______ Pterocaesio diagramma (Bleeker) 526 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 196. Dorsal fin without scales; axil of pectoral black; caudal fin plain dusky ; dorsal rays IX or X,15, anal III,12, pectoral ii,18 or 19; scales in lateral line about 80 to 83; scales above lateral line at dorsal origin 7, below it to anal origin 13; gill rakers 6+-1-++25. Gymnocaesio gymnopterus (Bleeker) 1b. Cheeks naked. 24a. Between base of seventh dorsal spine and lateral line 4 to 414 scales. 25a. Posterior edge of maxillary reaching to a vertical line through front of eye or through posterior nostril in young; base of soft anal fin con- tained about 1.4 times in longest anal ray; head 2.5 to 2.6, depth 2.5 to 2.7, both in standard length; profile of snout forming an angle of 61 to 66 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw and an angle of 95 to 100 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker (p. 548) 256. Posterior edge of maxillary not reaching past a vertical line through anterior nasal opening in small ones or past posterior nasal opening in large adults; base of soft anal fin longer than longest soft anal ray. 26a. Nasal openings close together, the distance between anterior and posterior pores contained about 7 or 8 times in distance between the two posterior ones; posterior nasal opening a vertical slit, its long axis at an angle of about 65 degrees with lengthwise axis of body; interorbital convex but flattish; profile of snout forming an angle of 52 to 55 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 128 to 186 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil; color pattern reticulated ; dark brown _ bar below eye, another on preopercle and one on preorbital; head 2.8, depth 3.4, in standard length. Lethrinus semicinctus * Cuvier and Valenciennes 26b. Nasal openings separated by a dermal isthmus of moderate width, distance between anterior and posterior openings contained 3.0 to 4.5 times in distance between two posterior nasal openings; | posterior nasal pore rounded in shape, its longest axis parallel, or nearly so, to lengthwise axis of body; (second dorsal spine not longer than third as in L. nematacanthus Bleeker). 27a. Interorbital space slightly convex, with moderate swelling above the nasal openings; an oblong black blotch on sides from near tip of pectoral fin and extending obliquely upward and a little across lateral line, background coloration brownish; depth 3.0 to 3.2; pectoral 1.3 to 1.4 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.1; angle of snout profile with edge of upper jaw 47 degrees to 52 degrees; head in greatest depth of body 0.8 to 0.9. Lethrinus reticulatus Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 549) 27b. Interorbital space flattish medially, with scarcely any swelling above and in front of nasal openings; no black blotch as in reticulatus, but sides may have two or three dark blotches; background color in alcohol usually milky white; depth 3.1 to 3.8; pectoral 1.5 to 1.6 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.2; angle of snout profile with edge of upper jaw 52 to 56 degrees; head in greatest depth of body 0.7 to 0.8. Lethrinus variegatus Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 551) 48 See under L. variegatus (p. 551) for discussion of this species. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 527 27c. Interorbital space evenly convex, with the area over and in front of nasal openings enlarged and swollen; no black blotch as in reticulatus, sides with two or three dark blotches; dorsal fin dusky ; young with dark bar or blotch under eye and a trace of one on preorbital; head typically brownish as contrasted with lighter colored body; background color usually brownish; depth 3.2 to 3.5; pectoral 1.4 to 1.7 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.5 in its length; angle of snout profile with edge of upper jaw 51 to 58 degrees; head into greatest depth of body 0.7 to 0.8__ Lethrinus microdon Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 552) 24b. Between base of seventh dorsal spine and lateral line 5 to 5% scales. 28a. Head elongate pointed, about 2.4 to 2.8 in standard length; least depth of caudal peduncle in length of snout about 2.8; angle of snout profile with edge of upper jaw about 43 degrees; depth about 2.8 to 3.2 in standard length; body, head and all fins dark brown; scales usually with white centers; sometimes body with incomplete dark crossbands. Lethrinus miniatus (Forster) Bloch and Schneider (p. 553) 28b. Head not notably elongate and pointed, about 2.7 to 3.0 in standard length; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.2 to 1.5, in snout; angle of snout profile with lower edge of upper jaw 59 to 65 degrees; depth of body 2.6 to 2.8 in standard length. 29a. A large dark blotch just below lateral line opposite tip of pectoral fin; snout 2.1 to 2.4 in head; length of base of soft anal in longest anal ray about 0.8; profile of snout forms an angle of 104 to 110 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil___ Lethrinus rhodopterus Bleeker (p. 554) 286. No dark blotch opposite tip of pectoral fin; snout 1.8 to 2.1 in head; length of base of soft anal in longest anal ray about 1.0 to 1.1; profile of snout forms an angle of 103 to 115 degrees, with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil; soft dorsal and caudal fins with traces of dark bars; center of scales often with a pearly white spot. Lethrinus nebulosus (Forskaél) (p. 554) 29ce. No dark blotch opposite tip of pectoral fin; snout 1.9 to 2.0; length of base of soft anal in longest anal ray about 1.1; profile of snout forms an angle of 94 to 97 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil; traces of lengthwise streaks on sides of body. Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 556) Genus SCOLOPSIS Cuvier Scolopsis Cuvier, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1814, p. 90; Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 280, 1817. (Genotype Scolopsides kurite Cuvier=Anthias vosmeri Bloch, designated by Bleeker.) (Reference copied.) SCOLOPSIS CANCELLATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Scolopsides cancellatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 351, 1830 (type locality, Hawaii; Waigiou; Rawac; northeast New Guinea; Vanicolo; Ulea). 528 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 5 lots, 183 specimens, 38 to 103 mm. standard length. Description—Dorsal rays X,9; anal III,7; pectoral usually 11,14 (ii,18 to 15); gill rakers about 4+5; scales above lateral line to front of dorsal 314, below to anal region 12 to 14; usually about 43 pores in lateral line to base of caudal fin. TABLE 47.—Counts made on species of Monotaxis, Gnathodentex, and Scolopsis Dorsal rays Anal rays ———— SSS Pectoral rays Species Spines| Soft rays |} Spines Soft rays x 7 8 9 ii,12 | ii,13 } ii,14 | ii,15 M. grandoculis_.-_-_--------- $B [EEN TN Ret pel yt Re ere OU 8 15 | Sas See eee G. aureolineatus__.---------- Sh ESOS AS Ee Ome aeee [aaa Bi esas Pay Peete | BS S. cancellatus_-.------------- 3 Sa eeSe Ea oe 4 1 Head 2.8 to 3.2; depth 2.9 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 3.7 to 4.2; length of anal fin base 7.0 to 7.5, of dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.1; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.8, to anal origin 1.5 to 1.6, to pelvic insertions 2.4 to 2.5, all in standard length. Orbit 2.4 to 2.8; snout 3.5 to 3.6; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 3.2; fleshy interorbital space 3.0 to 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 to 2.9; longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.1; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 Posterior edge of preopercle serrated, bony ring around posterior part of orbit denticulate; a strong posteriorly projecting spine below eye with 1 to 4 shorter ones below, the number increasing with in- crease in size; teeth in both jaws fine, conical, numerous, in a band decreasing in width posteriorly ; vomer and palatines toothless; dorsal surface of head fully scaled as far forward as a vertical line through front of pupil but not to a point opposite nostrils; caudal fin deeply emarginate; dorsal and anal fins naked, only a sheath along their bases; pectorals and caudal fins scaly; gill rakers short, thickish. Color in alcohol.—Upper part of body and head with three brownish bands separated by three narrow white streaks; first white streak passes along middorsal line of head to dorsal origin; second passes from dorsal edge of orbit posteriorly above lateral line, ending near midbase of soft dorsal fin; third passes from rear of upper part of orbit to point below lateral line, then crosses it and becomes narrower as it more or less meets its fellow just behind base of soft dorsal; dark band below this third white streak ends on basal part of upper caudal fin rays; lower half of body and head white; dorsal surface of eye FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 529 blackish; snout blackish; lips white; all fins pale; a black blotch between first to third dorsal spines, basally. Genus LUTJANUS Bloch Lutjanus Buocu, Naturgeschichte der Auslindischen Fische, vol. 4, pt. 7, p. 105, 1790. (Genotype Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch.) LUTJANUS GIBBUS (Forskal) Sciaena gibba WorsKAt, Descriptiones animalium,..., p. xi, 46, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 215 to 315 mm. standard length. Description—Dorsal rays X,13 or 14; anal III,8; pectorals 11,15 in both fins; scales above lateral line to spiny dorsal 8, below to anal origin 15 to 17; gill rakers about 8 or 9+1+15 to 17. TABLE 48.—Counts made on certain species of Lutjanus and Macolor Dorsal rays Anal rays Pectoral rays Species Spines Soft rays Spines Soft rays x 12} 13 | 14} 15 Ill 7} 8] 9 KGS MN Gee ena noe ROE SSE SDS Cis (eta asl Ee 9 9 | Queena pees L. monostigmus..._---.--------- OC UU OO eee es As Wet Ut fa C0) 3 pe I a GS OO RGT Ee ee Pes Be Ss 5 1| 4 5 Lape Wa LR Sas 8 Ue L, vaigiensig._...--------------- 6 a 6 ti ees a OsDDUSe re Se ek 3 WA es le 4}. CTR) cag Pe dt ee MEINE ean oC UL Te 1 1 DOA Da Peeks PDI cea ae Head 2.4 to 2.5; depth 2.4 to 2.5; longest pectoral ray 3.0 to 3.3; length of anal fin base 6.2 to 6.5, of dorsal fin base 1.9 to 2.0; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.4, to pelvic insertion 2.2 to 2.4; all in standard length. Orbit 4.3 to 5.0; snout 2.3 to 2.5; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.7 to 2.8; fieshy interorbital space 4.2 to 4.5; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.7; longest dorsal spine 3.2 to 3.3; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.4; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.7 to 1.8. Preopercular notch narrow and deep, knob of interopercle long, fitting into the notch; vomerine patch of teeth broad A-shaped; scale rows above lateral line ascending obliquely toward middorsal line, those below lateral line also ascending and not parallel with axis of body ; caudal fin forked; interorbital area naked ; supratemporal band of scales not meeting its fellow at middorsal line; profile of head con- cave in adults. 955292—53—vol. 1-36 530 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color in alcohol.—Pale brownish above, somewhat milky white ventrally; along each row of scales a more or less distinct dark line or streak, contrasting with pale central area of scales to form alternat- ing dark and pale streaks; margin of dorsal white, with submarginal blackish band; anal fin similar but paler; caudal fin dark brownish posteriorly ; side of pectoral fin dusky to blackish and axil of pectoral grayish; pelvics a little dusky to lead colored. Color when alive—Pectorals light yellowish. Upper parts of head and body brownish. Ecology.—This species was taken only in moderately deep water. It did not occur over the shallow parts of the reefs. Remarks.—The concave profile of the head in adults and the ascend- ing scale rows below the lateral line are characteristic. LUTJANUS KASMIRA (Forskal) Sciaena kasmira ForskAu, Descriptiones animalium,.. ., pp. xi, 46, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 180 to 218 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 173 to 300 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 122 to 151 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 190 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,15; anal III,8; pectoral 11,14; gill rak- ers at first gill arch 7+1+14; scales above lateral line 8 or 9, below to anal origin 17 to 19; lateral line with about 47 to 49 pores. Head 2.5 to 2.7; depth 2.9 to 3.1; longest pectoral ray 3.7 to 3.8; length of anal fin base 7.0 to 7.7, of dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.1; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.5 to 2.6, to anal origin 1.3 to 1.4, to pelvic inser- tion 2.1 to 2.5; all in standard length. Orbit 3.5 to 4.0; snout 3.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.4 to 2.6; fleshy interorbital space 4.7 to 5.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.7 to 3.9; longest dorsal spine 2.6 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 2.2 to 2.3; all in head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.8 to 1.9. Preopercle with notch into which fits a knob of interopercle; vomer with a broad A-shaped patch of villiform teeth: scale rows above lateral line running obliquely to base of dorsal fin, those below lateral line nearly parallel to lengthwise axis of body; caudal fin emarginate. Color in alcohol——Body with four lengthwise pale streaks bordered above and below by a dark line, first beginning in interorbital space extending to midbase of spiny dorsal, second from upper rear edge of eye to midbase of soft dorsal fin, third from behind eye to rear edge of base of soft dorsal fin, fourth from lower edge of eye to caudal peduncle just below lateral line, but not extending onto caudal fin; margin of dorsal fin blackish; dorsal surface of head dusky. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 531 Color when alive.—Streaks light blue and bordered by a brownish line above and below; fins and body yellowish. Ecology.—This snapper is very abundant in deep water and was caught down to a depth of 100 feet on hook and line. Apparently one, at least, had been feeding on garbage from the ship as the stomach contained string beans. LUTJANUS MONOSTIGMUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Mesoprion monostigma CUvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des pois- sons, vol. 2, p. 446, 1828 (type locality, Seychelles). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 9 specimens, 59 to 327 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 108 to 320 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 92 to 145 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 57 to 69 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 25 to 70 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,13 (rarely 12 or 14) ; anal I11,8 rarely 7; pectoral ii,14; gill rakers 7+1+11 or 12; scales above lateral line 7 (614), below to anal fin 14 or 15; pores in lateral line about 47 or 48. Head 2.5 to 2.7; depth 2.8 to 3.2; longest pectoral ray 3.6 to 4.2; length of anal fin base 6.7 to 7.9, dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.1; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.2 to 2.8, to anal origin 1.4 to 1.6, to pelvic insertion 2.4 to 2.5; all in standard length. Orbit 3.5 to 4.2; snout 2.9 to 3.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.2 to 2.3; fleshy interorbital space 4.8 to 6.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.5; longest dorsal spine 2.9 to 3.1; postorbital length of head 2.1 to 2.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 to 1.8. Preopercle scarcely or not notched, at most only a shallow con- cavity; vomer with a broad A-shaped patch of villiform teeth; scale rows above lateral line running obliquely upward to base of dorsal fin, those scale rows below lateral line extending parallel to length- wise axis of body; caudal fin emarginate; supratemporal band of scales lacking, or nearly so, along dorsal surface of head; preorbital area naked. Color in alcohol.—Back brownish to blackish, lighter below, each scale with a pale center; a black blotch a little smaller than orbit at lateral line below base of soft dorsal fin, this spot becoming smaller on the large adults, occupying only 3 or 4 scales; peritoneum white. Color when alive—Fins yellowish to reddish; sides of body yellowish. Ecology.—This species was taken on the reef only where it had been trapped the night before in rather large tidal pools that were com- pletely isolated at low tide. During the day it occurred in the deeper waters of the lagoon. 532 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 LUTJANUS BOHAR (Forskél) Prats 44, B Sciaena bohar ForsKAL, Descriptiones animalium,..., pp. 46, xi, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 158 to 221 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 57 to 247 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 525 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,13 or 14, seldom 13; anal III,8 ; pectoral 11,15; gill rakers 8 or 9+1+16 or 17; scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 8 or 9, below to anal origin 15 or 16. Head 2.6 to 2.7; depth 2.6 to 2.8; longest pectoral ray 3.4 to 3.7; length of anal fin base 6.5 to 6.7, of dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.2; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.6, to anal origin 1.5, to pelvic insertions 2.4; all in standard length. Orbit 3.8 to 4.2; snout 2.7 to 3.1; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.1 to 2.2; fleshy interorbital space 3.9 to 4.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 to 3.2; longest dorsal spine 2.3 to 2.5; postorbital length of head 2.1 to 2.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.9 to 2.0. Preopercle with a moderate notch; vomer with a broad A-shaped patch of teeth ; scale rows above lateral line running obliquely upward to middorsal line, those below lateral line parallel to lengthwise axis of body; caudal fin emarginate; supratemporal band of scales not extending on dorsal surface of head; preorbital area naked; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fin scaly; preopercle serrate. Color in alcohol.—Dusky to blackish dorsally, pale to whitish ventrally; pectorals pale; pelvics and caudal fin edged with white, below which is a black streak, then rest of fin pale; anal spines white, membranes black, a black streak covering first few soft rays of anal fin, remainder of anal fin pale; spinous dorsal black, soft dorsal anteriorly blackish, posteriorly pale; above lateral line two white silvery spots, one below rear edge of base of soft dorsal fin, another smaller, less distinct, and often lacking in young specimens, under spiny dorsal; both may be lacking on very large specimens; tip of upper and lower jaws blackish. Color when alive.—Pale spots on back silvery white, disappearing in large adults; general color brownish, with reddish tinge, and yellow tinge on head and sides anteriorly. Ecology.—This species lived in the deeper waters of the lagoon and was not seen in the shallow waters of the reefs. LUTJANUS VAIGIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard) Diacope vaigiensis Quoy and GarmarpD, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes L’Uranie et La Physicienne, ... Zool., pt. 7, p. 807, 1824 (type locality, Waigiou). FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 533 SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 8 lots, 82 specimens, 23 to 248 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays X,13 or 14; anal III,8; pectoral rays 11,18 or 14, usually 14; gill rakers 6+1+10 to 12; scale rows above lateral line to dorsal base 7, below to anal origin 18 or 14; about 47 or 48 pores in lateral line. Head 2.5 to 2.6; depth 2.5 to 2.8; longest pectoral ray 3.8 to 3.43 length of anal fin base 6.7 to 7.4, of dorsal fin base 1.9; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.4, to anal origin 1.4 to 1.5, to pelvic insertion 2.4 to 2.6; all in standard length. Orbit 4.0 to 4.5; snout 2.8 to 3.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.5 to 2.7; fleshy interorbital space 4.7 to 4.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 to 3.4; longest dorsal spine 2.4 to 2.7; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4 to 1.6. Preopercle with a distinct notch into which fits a knob of the inter- opercle; vomer with a broad A-shaped patch of teeth; scale rows above lateral line ascending obliquely toward middorsal line, those below lateral line parallel with lengthwise axis of body, caudal fin emargin- nate; interorbital area naked, the supratemporal band of scales narrow but continuous across middorsal line. Color in alcohol.—Light brown to yellowish brown dorsally, white ventrally; each scale with a pale or silvery center, giving sides the appearance of having pale streaks; marginal area of dorsal fin black- ish, margin edged with a white line; caudal fin dusky to blackish, with a narrow white marginal band; pectoral, pelvics, and anal fins white. Color when alive—Pale areas on scales yellowish; fins mostly yellowish. Genus MACOLOR Bleeker Macolor BieeKErR, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo—Neerl., vol 8, p. 25, 1860. (Genotype, Macolor typus Bleeker=Diacope macolor Cuvier=Sciaena nigra Forskal.) (Reference copied.) MACOLOR NIGER (Forsk&l) PLATE 47 Sciaena nigra ForsKAu, Descriptiones animalium,..., pp. xi, 47, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140261. Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, lagoon reef at channel en- trance, poison to depth of 20 feet, March 16, 1946, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock, and Marr, 1 specimen, 410 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,18; anal II1,10; pectoral 11,14 or 15; about 50 pores in lateral line; scales above lateral line to front of dorsal 8 or 9, below to anal origin about 19 to 22; gill rakers on first gill arch 36+ 68 to 72. 534 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Head 2.5; depth 2.4; longest pectoral ray 2.8; length of anal fin base 6.0, of dorsal fin base 2.1; tip of snout to anal origin 2.2, to pelvic insertions 2.5; all in standard length. Longest gill raker 3.2; eye 5.0; snout 2.6; tip of snout to end of maxillary 2.2; fleshy interorbital space 2.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1; longest dorsal spine 2.8; post- orbital length of head 2.1; allin length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.6. Preopercle deeply notched, with a long bony projection of inter- opercle fitting into notch; posterior edge of preopercle above notch denticulate and ventral edge below notch denticulate; both jaws with short conical canines, inside of which occurs a band of villiform teeth, the conical teeth at front of lower jaw more or less directed forward, as are the two enlarged canines at front of upper jaw; canines at sides of jaw irregular in direction, a few more or less outward, or forward, especially those at posterior extremity; vomer and palatines with a narrow band of villiform teeth, those of vomer in a very broad A-shape; gill rakers on first gill arch long, slender, and fine, closely set (like those in the menhaden) ; about 7 rows of scales on cheeks; inter- orbital naked; supratemporal band of scales confined to an elongate patch at sides; scales above lateral line obliquely running to middorsal line, those below lateral line parallel to lengthwise axis of body; caudal fin emarginate; lips finely papillate. Color in alcohol.—Dark brownish or blackish on head, body, and all fins; centers of scales a little lighter than rest of body. Philippine specimens of Macolor macularies Fowler, when a foot in length or shorter, are variously blotched with large white spots and broad lengthwise bands. However, as they increase in size white markings become reduced and at sizes over a foot in length they become plain blackish. Color when alive.—Plain blackish. E’cology.—This specimen was poisoned at the channel entrance ad- jacent to deep water, and came up to the surface about 100 feet off the reef. This species, with its numerous fine gill rakers, is adapted to feed on planktonic organisms. Remarks.—I cannot agree with Weber and de Beaufort that this species should remain in the genus Zutjanus. If on the basis of no other character, the long leaflike gill rakers, numbering about 36+68 to 72, warrant the recognition of a separate genus. Genus PLECTORHINCHUS Lacepéde Plectorhinchus LAcEPEpDE Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 134, 1802. (Genotype, Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Lacepéde.) PLECTORHINCHUS NIGRUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Pristipoma nigrum CuvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 258, 1830 (type locality, Manila). FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 535 SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 42 to 56 mm., McElroy and Markley. Description—Dorsal rays XIV,15 or 16; anal ITI,7; pectoral ii,14; pores in lateral line about 51; vertical scale rows above lateral line 57 or 58; scales in a row from lateral line to dorsal origin 13, from anal origin to lateral line about 18 or 14; gill rakers about 8+1+4+17. Head 2.5; depth 2.0; longest pectoral ray 4.3; length of anal fin base 5.5, of dorsal fin base 1.5; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.2, to anal origin 1.4; to pelvic insertion 2.5; all in the standard length. Longest gill raker 33; eye 3.2; snout 3.0; length of maxillaries 3.1; fleshy inter- orbital space 4.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9; longest dorsal spine (fourth) 1.9; postorbital length of head 2.1; allin length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.3. Preopercle, without a notch, serrated along posterior and ventral edges; no canines in jaws; teeth on jaws short, conical, probably in one row or a narrow band; vomer, palatines, and tongue toothless; gill rakers very short, smooth; cheek with numerous rows of small scales; interorbital scaled to a line connecting across rear of nasal openings; scale rows above lateral line obliquely running to middorsal line, those below lateral line not quite parallel with lateral line, running a little dorsally to lateral line; caudal fin a little rounded; lips thick; profile of head steep. Color in alcohol_——Dark brown; pectoral white or pale; caudal white in young; margins of soft dorsal and anal fins white in young; pelvics dark brown or blackish; sometimes a dark band appears through soft dorsal and anal fins. Genus GNATHODENTEX Bleeker Gnathodentex BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 41, 1878. (Geno- type, Pentapus aurilineatus Bleeker.) GNATHODENTEX AUREOLINEATUS (Lacepéde) Sparus aureolineatus LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 42, 132, 1802 (no locality). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 180 specimens, 52 to 206 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 13 specimens, 114 to 141 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 11 specimens, 33 to 151 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 107 to 189 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X,10; anal ITI,9; pectoral 11,18; gill rakers 5+6 or 7; scale rows crossing lateral line 70 to 72, scales above lateral line to front of spiny dorsal 6 or 7, below lateral line to anal origin 16 or 17%. 536 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Length of head 2.9 to 3.1; depth about 2.8; longest pectoral ray 3.7 to 3.8; length of anal fin base 5.1 to 6.8; length of dorsal fin base 2.2 to 2.8; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.6 to 2.7, to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7, to ie insertion 2.6 to 2.7; all in standard length. Orbit 2.2 to 2.9; snout 2.7 to 3.2; length of spares: ies 3.3 to 3.6; aidechy, interorbital space 2.8 to 3.2; Teact depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 6 3.2; longest dorsal spine 2.3 to 2.7 ; postorbital length of head 2.8 to 3.1; Ail in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.1. Preopercular edge rough or finely denticulate, no notch as in Lutjanus; vomer and palatines toothless; both jaws with an outer row of conical canines and anteriorly inside this row a patch of villi- form teeth; at front of upper and lower jaws three pairs of enlarged canines; gill rakers small, knoblike; about five rows of scales on the cheeks; scale rows above lateral line parallel with it, those below lat- eral line parallel with lengthwise axis of body; lower edge of maxil- lary serrated as in Afonotazis, interorbital area naked; the supratem- poral band of scales restricted to sides of head, forming a patch, not meeting at dorsal midline; caudal fin forked; lips finely papillate. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish above, paler below, each scale with pale center, edges dark, giving the appearance of alternating pale and brown streaks, the lower ones wider than those above lateral line; a silvery blotch on back opposite posterior end of dorsal fin; all fins more or less dusky ; preorbital with a wide silvery stripe. Color when alive—Pale streaks golden yellow; caudal, anal, and soft dorsal reddish, with distal margin of dorsal reddish orange; pec- torals and pelvics yellowish orange; lips golden yellow; pale blotch opposite rear of dorsal fin yellowish; iris yellowish; sides below lat- eral line silvery. Ecology.—This species is more common in relatively deep water and did not occur in the shallow water over the reef at low tide; at night it would come into shallow water and was therefore trapped in a large pondlike tidal pool on Erik Island at Bikini. The typical habitat during the daytime was in moderately deep to deep water in the lagoon and in the surge channels along the outer edges of the reefs. Speci- mens were taken along ledges and from crevices at depths of 6 feet and deeper along the lagoon reefs. Remarks.—The denticulate edge of the maxillary appears to have been overlooked by Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Aus- tralian Archipelago, vol. 7, p. 8347-348, 1936). Genus MONOTAXIS Bennett Monotazvis BENNETT, Memoir of the life and public service of Sir Stamford Raffles, p. 688, 1830. (Genotype, Monotawis indica Bennett=Sciaena grandoculis Forskal.) FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 537 MONTAXIS GRANDOCULIS (Forskal) PLATE 48, A Sciaena grandoculis ForSKAL, Descriptiones animalium, ..., pp. xii, 53, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 12 specimens, 27 to 295 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 8 specimens, 38 to 148 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 6 specimens, 96 to 171 mm. For additional specimens, see Remarks. Description—Dorsal rays X,10; anal III,9; pectoral 11,125; gill rakers on first gill arch, 5+5 or 6; vertical scale rows crossing lateral line about 45 to 47, from lateral line to dorsal origin 5, below to anal crigin 13; about 45 to 47 pores in lateral line. Length of head 3.0 to 3.3; depth 2.5 to 2.8; longest pectoral fin ray 3.3 to 8.5; length of anal fin base 5.0 to 5.1; length of dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.1; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.4, to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7, to pelvic insertion 2.7 to 2.8; all in standard length. Orbit 2.6 to 3.1; snout 2.5 to 2.6; length of maxillaries 2.3 to 2.7; fleshy interorbital space 2.8 to 3.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.6; longest dorsal spine 2.1 to 2.2; postorbital length of head 2.4 to 2.8; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.8 to 1.9. Preopercular edge rough, sometimes finely denticulate, but not notably serrated, no notch as in Luéjanus: vomer and palatines tooth- less ; both jaws with a single row of molar teeth, numbering six or seven, the last three or four teeth very broad; anteriorly in both jaws an outer row of strong conical canines six in upper and four in lower jaw, inside of these, on each side of symphysis, scarcely or not separated at midline, a patch of villiform teeth; gill rakers small knobs; about five rows of scales on cheeks; scale rows above lateral line parallel with lateral line, those below lateral line parallel with lengthwise axis of body; lower edge of maxillary serrated as in Gnathodentex,; inter- orbital area naked; supratemporal band of scales not meeting at, mid- dorsal line; caudal fin forked; lips finely papillate; pectoral fin about equal to length of head. Color in alcohol.—Center of each scale pale, edge of scale brown- ish; back and upper sides reddish brown, lower parts pale or silvery ; two pale bands on back and sides, first near front of spiny dorsal fin, the second at rear of base of spiny dorsal fin, both of these pale bands sometimes difficult to discern; caudal fin dusky or with a dusky to dark streak submarginally along outer edge of each caudal fin lobe. Axil of pectoral base blackish; pelvics, soft dorsal, and anal fins dusky sometimes pale; pectoral fin pale. (See Remarks.) Color when alive.—Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins yellowish orange to reddish; pectorial and pelvics yellowish; occasionally a few scales 538 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 blackish on sides; area over and around eye yellowish to orange; gen- eral color above bluish gray, paler ventrally; centers of scales silvery. Ecology.—Monotaxis grandoculis is not found over the shallow reefs at low tide. It was taken along ledges close to deeper water. At depths of 10 feet or more in the lagoon it is a common species. Remarks.—A. 21-mm. specimen in the University of Washington collections was also examined. This and the 38-mm. specimen be- long to this species without doubt. On the latter there are four vertical pale bars, the first from occiput past rear of orbits, the second under front of spiny dorsal, the third at rear of spine and beginning of soft dorsal, the fourth just behind base of soft dorsal; body other- wise dusky; upper and lower submarginal edges of caudal fin with a dusky streak; the dusky spaces between the second and third nar- row pale bars and the third and fourth extend on dorsal fins to form a dusky to blackish blotch; the most remarkable character of this — small specimen is the lack of molar teeth in both jaws; the outer row of conical ones continues along the sides; in the 72-mm. specimen the molar teeth are small, appearing to have developed from this row of conical teeth. The 21-mm. specimen is plain whitish, with well- developed scales and a maxillary having well-developed dentae. In many respects Monotaais, except for the molar teeth of the adult, is similar to Gnathodentex. Similar characters include denticulate edge of maxillary, position of teeth in jaws, large orbit, nearly same numbers of fin rays, structure and number of gill rakers and their position on gill arches. Now, with the discovery of the change in form of teeth in Monotaais from the conical ones in the young to molar teeth in adults, the gap between the two genera is partially bridged. However, the two genera should remain distinct, in my opinion. Genus APRION Cuvier and Valenciennes Aprion CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 548, 1880. (Genotype, Aprion virescens Cuvier and Valenciennes.) APRION VIRESCENS Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 48, C Aprion virescens CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 544, pl. 168, 1830 (type locality, Seychelles). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon and Oruk Pass, July 18, 1947, Marr and Smith, 2 speci- mens, 440 and 455 mm. Northern Marshall Islands: 3 specimens, rescued from beach after the ship sank (see p. XxI), are in very bad condition; they measure 530 to 600 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IX or X,,9; anal III,8 or 9; pectoral 11,15 or 11,16; gill rakers on first arch 5+1+18 or 14; scale rows cross- FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 539 ing lateral line about 46 to 50, scales in a row above lateral line to soft dorsal origin 7, below in an oblique posteriorly extending row to anal origin 12 or 13. Length of head 3.4; depth 4.2 to 4.3; longest pectoral ray 8.5 to 8.7; length of anal fin base 7.0; length of dorsal fin base 2.2; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.9, to anal origin 1.7, to pelvic insertion 3.2; all in standard lengths. Eye 5.0 to 5.1; snout 2.3; length of maxillaries 2.3; fleshy interrorbital space 3.0 to 3.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0; longest dorsal spine 2.5 to 2.6; postorbital length of head 2.5; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 3.1 to 3.3. Preopercular edge smooth, stiff, without notch; vomer and pala- tines with very fine villiform teeth; both jaws with an outer row of low canine teeth and the usual pair of enlarged canines each side of the tip of both jaws, inside of outer row of canines at front of jaws a broad band of villiform teeth; gill rakers moderately slender; scale rows on cheek 7 or 8; scale rows above and below lateral line parallel with it and lengthwise axis of body; edges of maxillary smooth; supratemporal band of scales not meeting its fellow at middorsal line; caudal fin deeply forked; pectoral fin about equal to postorbital length of head. Color in alcohol.—Brownish above, lighter below. Ecology.—This species was an active game fish in the lagoon and passages, where it was taken by means of trolling. No specimen was seen or taken from the shallow waters of the reefs. Genus APHAREUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Aphareus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 485, 1830. (Genotype, Aphareus caerulescens Cuvier.) APHAREUS FURCATUS (Lacepéde) PLATE 48, B Labrus furcatus LAcePEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 429, 477, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1802 (type locality, The Great Ocean [Mauritius]). Aphareus maniilae Borodin, Bull. Vanderbilt Mar. Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 51, 1930 (type locality, Luzon, Manila, Philippines). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Ruji Pass, August 2, 1949, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 280 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,11; anal I11,8; pectoral 11,14—11,13; gill rakers on first arch 8+1+15; scale rows crossing lateral line 74, scales in a row above lateral line to soft dorsal origin 9, below in an oblique row to anal origin 18. Head 3.3; depth 3.7; longest pectoral ray 4.1; length of anal fin base 5.6; length of dorsal fin base 2.4; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.7, to 540 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 anal origin 1.6, to pelvic insertion 2.8; allin standard length. Eye 4.2, snout 3.0; length of maxillaries 1.8; fleshy interorbital space 3.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.3; longest dorsal spine 2.8; postorbital length of head 2.2 all in head length. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.3. Preopercular edge smooth, stiff, membranous, without notch; vomer and palatines edentulous; both jaws with a band of villiform teeth; gill rakers moderately slender; scale rows on cheek 8; scale rows above and below lateral line parallel with it and with lengthwise axis of body; edges of maxilliary smooth; supratemporal band of scales not meeting its fellow at middorsal line; caudal fin deeply forked; pectoral fin long, contained about 1.2 in head. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish, with naked areas of head dark brown; posterior margin of caudal fin pale. Remarks.—This species, in addition to the single specimen preserved, was recorded by photograph. It was frequently taken by trolling by the group of fishermen working under Brock and Marr, but when their ship sunk on the California coast all their specimens of this species were lost. The gill rakers on the first gill arch of Hawaiian specimens of this species have been counted with the following results: 7+1+15; +1416; 7+1417; 8+1+15; 8+1+16; 8+14+17 (2 specimens) ; and 9+1+17. I have not seen a specimen of A. rutilans, said by Fowler to have 16 to 19+382 to 34 gill rakers. Genus CAESIO Bleeker Caesio LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 85, 1802. (Genotype Caesio caerulaureus Lacepéde.) Odontonectes GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, voi. 1, p. 265, 1859. (Genotype, Caesio erythrogaster Cuvier and Valenciennes= Sparus cuning Bloch.) Fowler has referred Paracaesio Bleeker, with Caesto xanthurus Bleeker as its type, to this genus. I have not examined the species. CAESIO XANTHONOTUS Bleeker Caesio xanthonotus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 466, 1853 (type locality, Batavia). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140245, Bikini Atoll, Ruji Channel, surface trolling, April 6, 1946, S—46-90, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 212 mm. (regurgitated by the “dog-toothed tuna’); U.S.N.M. No. 140250, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, lagoon, diving at depth of 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 49 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X,15; anal I11,12; pectoral 11,19; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 69 FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ eUl] [v107e, MOLOT eul| [81038] oAOG VY se[eos JO JoquUINN Secon | borage ee eaten me Toe WLLDUL * I Reece (a Sara ere ee eae meee ne mc a 113]YOY “J Rey 4 ae pera ee ee 91th “dT ati OCIS Or rit SNaLNDINLa02 “OD e[suse MOO e[suB eA0g VY seroodg Wore {Sg WO SIeHe [[13 JO QUINN, eee SS50_0_0 0 _—0N00$(000000[—a{—\—“[—r>avw—vW'= 02 | 61 8I LT eps | (sees Vat 19 cients sot WE Tea | eee eae |r 61} % | 2 | 2 ES sale ae ----| 5 OT | ST} Wr) SABI [810900 J Bear ese Soe T leneclssosl t 2808 ||2OS6||O00q lso6d aad Samo scam! 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 and 73; scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 9, below to anal origin 17 or 18; gill rakers on first gill arch 8 to 10+1+25 or 26. Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are given in table 50. TaBLE 50.—Measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, for certain species of Caesio and Pterocaesio from the northern Marshall Islands Characters P. marri k spar P. tile C. zanthonotus Standard length in millimeters_-___----------- 87 84 193 126 110 212 49 Greatest depth of body---.------------------- 230 226 247 238 218 317 286 Mengthiothesdeasee sna eee aaea ae eee 293 291 280 275 273 292 343 Length of snout_-.--------------------------- 69 77 68 75 73 66 78 DiameterioLorbitessessss soe eee eae 90 95 78 82 77 77 108 Postorbital length of head-_.----------------- 144 137 140 119 127 148 163 Least width of fleshy interorbital space_--.___- 72 78 78 87 77 83 92 Distance from snout tip to rear of maxillary __ 102 107 98 98 96 92 118 Distance anterior nostril to tip of snout-_---_- 46 48 47 45 45 42 53 Distance posterior nostril to edge of orbit_____ 16 24 24 21 19 24 27 Distance between nostrils_---.-------------_- 20 22 16 21 20 19 18 Length of caudal peduncle-__---------------- 178 179 168 163 168 174 178 Least depth of caudal peduncle_.-_-___--_--_- 75 71 64 75 73 64 84 Pelvic insertion to anal origin. -_-.-_---------- 295 305 334 332 320 304 265 Anus (center) to anal origin. -------_--------- 55 60 72 53 51 68 59 Tip of snout to dorsal origin-.___------------- 361 373 366 Sie eee 343 374 Tip of snout to anal origin---._-__--.-_------- 638 635 670 667 647 650 624 Tip of snout to pectoral insertion--__-----.--- 282 286 267 276 273 281 335 Tip of snout to pelvic insertion_-.__---------- 350 342 347 355 336 367 396 Tip of snout to center of anus__-------------- 584 584 600 613 588 580 578 Longest gill raker_--------------------------- 35 49 36 37 30 34 41 Longest spine of dorsal fin---._--------------- 126 155 135 101 118 118 149 Longest spine of anal fin__-----------------_- 81 105 88 71 75 78 94 Length of pelvic spine------------------------ 92 105 104 100 103 109 120 Length of pectoral fin--_-_-.----------------- 201 203 228 217 209 325 215 Length of pelvic fin. ..----------------------- 144 157 140 158 161 153 180 Length of caudal fin--...--------------------- 241 250 244 238 245 311 298 Length of accessory pelvic appendage- - --__-- 64 65 72 72 Widleaeeses 53 Length of base of dorsal fin---_-.-.----------- 486 493 492 508 504 510 480 Length of base of anal fin-.-..._.------------- 203 197 193 222 209 220 223 Length of second dorsal spine. --------------- 107 116 99 111 118 97 129 Length of head 2.9 and 3.4; depth 3.4 to 3.5; length of longest pectoral fin ray 3.2 and 4.0; length of anal fin base 4.3 to 4.5; length of dorsal fin base 1.9 to 2.0; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.7 and 3.0, to anal origin 1.5 and 1.7, to pelvic insertion 2.5 and 2.7; all in stand- ard length. Orbit 2.8 and 3.7; snout 4.1 and 4.5; length of maxillaries 2.8 and 2.3; fleshy interorbital space 3.8 and 4.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.0; longest dorsal spine 2.0 and 2.3; length of last dorsal ray 5.8 to 6.5; postorbital length of head 2.0 and 2.3; all in length of head. This species less compressed than C. cwning; pectoral fin a little longer than head and slightly longer than greatest depth of body; gill rakers long and slender; maxillary naked, its dorsal edge slipping a little under preorbital; supratemporal band of scales notably in- FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 543 terrupted at middorsal line, naked area continuous with two pos- teriorly extending naked sheaths at rear of head; interorbital space strongly convex in larger specimens, nearly flat in small one; pre- maxillary with one lateral process in addition to median processes; these latter reaching to a vertical line at front of orbit; outer row of teeth enlarged, conical, with a narrow band of villiform teeth inside (in the larger specimen, a pair of slightly enlarged conical teeth oc- curs at symphysis of premaxillary); vomer with a few villiform teeth, but palatines probably lack teeth. Color in alcohol.—Blackish dorsally, white ventrally; axil of pec- toral base black, upper edge of pectoral base black but lower three- fourths or more of anterior side pale; tip of lower jaw dusky. Color when alive.—Caudal fin orange-yellowish; back and upper sides dark bluish purple. Remarks.—The tunas were feeding heavily on this species and other related forms of the Caesio group. The small specimen identified as this species may possibly belong to another, since its pectoral fin is shorter and the interorbital space is flatter. We are considering these characters juvenile in view of the lack of specimens of intermediate sizes. Genus PTEROCAESIO Bleeker Pterocaésio BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 153, 1875. (Geno- type, Caesio multiradiatus Steindachner=Caesio tile Cuvier and Val- enciennes. ) Liocaesio BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 153, 1876. (Geno- type, Caesio cylindricus Gtinther.) Clupeolabrus NicHoLs, Amer. Mus. Noy., No. 94, p. 2, 1928. (Genotype, Clupeota- brus dubius Nichols.) PTEROCAESIO TILE (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Caesio tile CUvirr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 428, 1830 (type locality, Caroline Archipelago). Clupeolabrus dubius NicHots, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 94, pp. 2-8, fig. 2, 1923 (type locality, Kamako, Mangareva Island, Tuamotu Archipelago). Dipterygonotus leucogrammicus ScHuttTz (in part), Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 35, No. 4, p. 136, 1945 (U.S.N.M. No. 56238 Bacon, Philippine Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 29 specimens, 67 to 159 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 110 and 126 mm. Description—The following counts are recorded: Dorsal rays XIT,22; XII,19; X1j17?; XII,18. Anal rays 11,14; 111,14; 111,13; III,18. Pectoral rays ii,21-i1,22; 11,21-11,21; 1,21-11,21. Scales 78, 77, 77, (7; above lateral line to dorsal origin 7, 7, 6, 6; below to anal origin 16, 16, 15,14. Zigzag scales around caudal peduncle 27, 26, —, 25. Gill 544 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 rakers on first gill arch 7+14+27; 8+14+27, 8+1+ 25, 7 or 8+ 14254, Precision measurements, expressed in thousandths of the standard length are given in table 50. The following proportions based on 110 and 126 mm. specimens. Length of head 8.6 to 3.8; depth 4.1 to 4.4; longest ray of pectoral fin ray 4.8 to 5.0; length of anal fin base 4.7 to 4.8; length of dorsal fin base 1.9 to 2.0; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.7 to 2.8, to anal origin 1.6 to 1.7, to pelvic insertion 3.0 to 3.1; all in standard length. Hye 3.4 to 3.7; snout 3.7 to 8.8; maxillaries 2.6 to 2.7; fleshy interorbital space 3.1 to 3.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 3.8; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.4; length of last dorsal ray 3.0 to 3.2, last anal ray 3.3 to 3.4; postorbital length of head 2.1 to 2.2; all in length of head. Body fusiform, greatest depth through base of spiny dorsal; head bluntly pointed, with a concave notch in tip of premaxillary, into which the tip of lower jaw fits; caudal peduncle slender, its least depth about 1.2 in fleshy interorbital space; dorsal and ventral pro- files about evenly curved; interorbital space convex; lateral line com- plete, following upper profile of body, then along middle of caudal peduncle; body covered with weakly ctenoid scales, these occurring on sides of head but lacking on lower part of preopercle, anterior halt of interorbital space, snout, gill membranes, and jaws; caudal fin scaled two-thirds of way out; accessory pelvic appendage or scale reaching a little over halfway out length of pelvic fins; base of pec- toral fins fully scaled and extending on rays a short distance; base of dorsal and of anal fins with a narrow, scaly sheath; origin of dor- sal fin a little behind a vertical line through pelvic insertions; pec- torals extending past tips of pelvics but not reaching point opposite anus; last rays of soft anal and of soft dorsal considerably elongate; tips of caudal fin lobes pointed, as are tips of pectoral fins; spiny dorsal without an emargination between spiny and soft parts; gill rakers slender, longest nearly two-thirds diameter of eye; teeth small, in a single row on premaxillaries, absent on vomer, palatines; lower jaw with a single row of teeth on sides, edentulous anteriorly; den- tary with elevated ramus at side or a raised thin crest; premaxillaries excessively protractile, ascending median processes reaching a little past a vertical line through front of pupil; preopercle with a thin membranous edge, the lower corner expanded, naked, forming a rounded lobe; opercle with a membranous edge and apparently with- out a spine; nostrils paired, separated by a wide dermal isthmus, dis- tance between them contained 4 to 4.5 in fleshy interorbital space and 1.7 times in distance between anterior nostril and edge of premaxillary groove; anus in front of anal origin a distance about equal to half of interorbital space, and far back of tips of pelvic fins. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 545 Color in alcohol.—Plain blackish above, white below; with a black streak in middle of each caudal lobe; rear of base of pectoral fin black, and this black on upper front edge, the lower two-thirds of pectoral fin pale; tip of lower jaw dusky. Color when alive-—Back dark blue to light blue; sides above lateral line light blue; undersides rose colored, this color caused by center of each scale being rose tinted, with margins white; a yellowish brown streak along lateral line anteriorly, then running a straight course to fuse with and continue as black streak in upper lobe of caudal fin; lower lobe with black streak; eye pinkish. Remarks.—1i note several differences between our specimens and Nichols’ figure of Clupeolabrus dubius, such as insertion of pelvics in relation to dorsal origin, depth of caudal peduncle, and course of lateral line. These differences may be due to inaccuracies in his drawing. Figure 85.—Holotype of Pterocaesio marri, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140248), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) PTEROCAESIO MARRI, new species FIGurE 8&5 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 140248, Bikini Atoll, 14 mile off Amen Island, in lagoon, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-307, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 87 mm. standard length. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140249, bearing same data as holotype, 2 specimens, 81 and 84 mm.; Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, August 4, 1946, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 85 mm. Description—The following counts were made, respectively, on the holotype and paratypes. Dorsal rays X1,13; X1,14; X1,14; X1,18. Anal rays I1T,12; I1I,12; 111,12; III,12. Pectoral rays 11,20-11,20 5 11,20-11,21 5 1,22-11,21; 1121-1121. Scale rows crossing lat- eral line 78, 80, 76, 78; scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 9, 9, 10, 9; below to anal origin 16, 15, 16, 16. Number of scales in a zigzag 955292-53—vol. 137 546 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 row around least depth of caudal peduncle 28, 30, 29, 29. Gill rakers on first gill arch 9+1+24; 8+1+26; 9+1+25; 8+1725. Certain measurements made on the holotype and one paratype are recorded in thousands of the standard length in table 50. The following proportions are based on the holotype and paratypes: Length of head 3.3; depth 4.4 to 4.5; longest pectoral fin ray 4.8 to 5.0; length of anal fin base 5.0 to 5.1; length of dorsal fin base 2.0 to 2.1; tip of snout to dorsal origin 2.6 to 2.7, to anal origin 1.7, to pelvic insertion 2.8 to 2.9; all in standard length. Orbit 3.0 to 3.1; snout 4.0; length of maxillaries 2.9 to 3.0; fleshy interorbital space 3.6 to 3.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.8 to 4.0; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.3; length of last dorsal ray 5.1 to 5.4, last anal ray 5.6 to 5.8; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Body fusiform, greatest depth through base of spiny dorsal fin; head bluntly pointed, with a slight concavity at tip of snout; caudal peduncle slender, dorsal and ventral profiles about evenly curved; interorbital space convex; lateral line complete, a little above midaxis of body anteriorly, but along it on caudal peduncle; body covered with weekly ctenoid scales, scarcely or not rough to the touch; scales absent on snout, around orbit, mouth, lower jaws, gill membranes, and lower part of preopercle; caudal fin scaled about two-thirds of the way out its length; basal parts of pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins scaled; origin of dorsal fin a trifle behind a vertical line through pelvic in- sertion; pectoral fins extend only a trifie past tips of pelvics; last rays of dorsal and anal fins not notably elongate; tips of caudal fin lobes pointed; pectoral fins pointed; margin of spiny dorsal without an emargination between spiny and soft parts; gill rakers slender; teeth small, conical, in a single row in both Jaws, none on vomer or on palatines; symphysis of premaxillary edentulous; dentary with ele- vated ramus at side; premaxillaries excessively protractile, the ascend- ing median processes reaching a little past front of orbits into interorbital space; preopercular edge membranous, expanded at lower corner to form a small lobe; opercular edge membranous, with one thin flat spine; nostrils separated with a wide dermal isthmus between each pair; anus in front of anal origin a distance equal to diameter of orbit; sides of premaxillaries with two short processes. Color im alcohol.—Dusky dorsally, whitish underneath; tips of each lobe of caudal fin with a black blotch; axil of pectoral base dusky, but anterior side of pectoral base pale; tip of lower jaw dusky; peritoneum white. Remarks.—A_ great school of this species was observed just off a 30-feet-deep area over deep water, but no specimens could be obtained. Named in honor of John C. Marr, of the Fish and Wildlife Service, who was in charge of the commercial fishing operations at Bikini. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 547 PTEROCAESIO KOHLERI, new species Figure 86 Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 140246, Bikini Atoll, in lagoon at lat. 11°33’18” N., long. 165°28’39’’ E., coral head at depth of 30 to 45 feet, July 13, 1946, S-46-252, Brock, Emory, and Kohler, only known specimen, 193 mm. in standard length. Description—Dorsal rays X,15; anal III,11; pectoral 11,21-i1,21; scale rows crossing lateral line 82, scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 9, below to anal origin 16; lateral line pores 74; scales in a zigzag row around least depth of caudal peduncle 29; gill rakers Sols 2¢. Certain measurements were made on the holotype and these are recorded in table 50 in thousandths of the standard length. Length of head 3.6; depth 3.9; length of anal fin base 4.1; length of dorsal fin base 2.0 or 2.1; tip of snout to anal origin 2.7, to pelvic Ficure 86.—Holotype of Pterocaesio kohleri, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140246), from Bikini Atoll. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) insertion 2.8; all in the standard length. Eye 3.9; snout 3.9; length of maxillaries 3.0; fleshy interorbital space 3.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.3; longest dorsal spine 2.3; length of last dorsal spine 4.6, of last and anal ray 5.2; postorbital length of head 2.0; all in length of head. Body fusiform, greatest depth through base of spiny dorsal; head bluntly pointed, with a slight concavity at tip of premaxillary; caudal peduncle slender; dorsal and ventral profiles evenly curved; inter- orbital space convex; lateral line complete, a little above lengthwise axis of body anteriorly, but along it on caudal peduncle; body covered with weakly ctenoid scales, smooth to the touch; snout, area around orbit, lower part of preopercle, lower and upper jaw, gill membranes, naked ; caudal fin scales between rays nearly to tips of lobes; accessory pelvic appendage about half length of pelvic fin; basal part of pectoral fin scaled; bases of dorsal and anal fins scaled, some scales on fin rays; origin of dorsal fin a trifle behind a vertical line through pelvic inser- tion; pectorals extending past tips of pelvics but not to point opposite 548 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 anus; last rays of dorsal and anal fins not notably elongate; tips of caudal lobes pointed, as are pectoral fins; margin of spiny dorsal with- out an emargination between spiny- and soft-rayed parts; gill rakers slender ; teeth very small, conical, in a single row in both jaws, absent on vomer and palatines; premaxillary edentulous at symphysis; dentary with elevated ramus; premaxillaries excessively protractile, ascending median processes reaching point opposite interorbital space ; lower posterior edge of preopercle thin, somewhat expanded, striated, naked; opercle with a membranous edge and a single thin spine; nostrils widely separated by a dermal isthmus; anus in front of anal origin a distance about equal to orbit; sides of premaxillary with two short processes in addition to the median ones; 6 pyloric caeca. Color in alcohol.—Dusky dorsally, whitish ventrally; tips of each caudal lobe with a distinct roundish black blotch; axil of pectoral black but pale on anterior part of base. Remarks.—None of this type of fish was ever seen over the shallow parts of the reefs, but in the lagoon in water 20 feet or more in depth great schools were seen. ‘They form a favorite food of the tuna fishes. The excessively protractile mouth and long gill rakers suggest a more or less semipelagic habitat. P. kohleri may be separated from other members of the genus by the key (p. 525). Named in honor of T. F. Kohler, of Honolulu, who helped collect fishes at Bikini. Genus LETHRINUS Cuvier Lethrinus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 184, 1829. (Genotype, Sparus choerorhynchus Bloch and Schneider) (reference copied). I have followed Weber and de Beaufort in regard to nomenclature, with the exception of revalidating the species Lethrinus semicinctus. This seemed best, in view of the confusion and uncertainty of iden- tifying a few closely related species. Since the fin rays are constant in number, dorsal X,9, anal III,8, pectorals 11,11, pelvics 1,5, branched caudal 8+7, they are not repeated in the description of each species. LETHRINUS KALLOPTERUS Bleeker Lethrinus kallopterus BiLeEKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., vol. 1, p. 47, 1856 (type locality, Manado, Celebes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 290 to 355 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 299 to 347 mm. Description.—Length of head 2.5 to 2.6; depth 2.5 to 2.7; both in standard length. Eye 4.0 to 4.7; snout 1.7 to 1.8; tip of snout to rear FAMILY LUTJANIDAE-—-SCHULTZ 549 of maxillary 1.9 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.8; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4 to 1.5, in length of snout 1.7 to 1.8; distance between edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nasal openings 3.7 to 4.0; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.1 to 1.2; length of soft anal fin base in longest soft anal ray 1.4; head length in predorsal length 1.2, in greatest depth of body 1 to 1.1. Profile of snut forms an angle of 61 to 66 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 95 to 100 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. Characteristic of this species are the following: Mouth long; body heavy; interorbital space convex; area over and in front of nostrils a little swollen, nostrils separated by moderately wide dermal isthmus, rounded posterior nasal opening with long axis parallel to lengthwise axis of body; 414 scales from base of seventh dorsal spine to lateral line; rear edge of maxillary extends to a point between vertical lines through front of eye and posterior nostril; profile of snout a little convex. Color in alcohol—WHead and body dark brown with centers of scales white; a few black scales scattered on sides of most specimens; dorsal and anal fins mottled or barred; pelvic fins dusky; pectorals plain pale. Color when alive—Fins orange; a few scales blackish, forming irregular scattered small blotches. E’cology.—This species was caught on hook and line more often than the number of preserved specimens indicates. It was a species commonly taken by fishermen on the Bowditch when the ship was at anchor in the lagoons. No specimen was seen in the intertidal zone of the reefs. LETHRINUS RETICULATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Lethrinus reticulatus CUvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 298, 1830 (type locality, New Guinea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Eastern end of lagoon, March 11 to 31, 1946, S-46-2, Brock, Marr, and Schultz, 8 specimens, 100 to 182 mm. Description—Length of head 2.7 to 2.9; depth 3.0 to 3.2, both in standard length. Eye 3.2 to 4.0; snout 1.8 to 2.0; length from tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.4 to 2.6; length of pectoral fin 1.8 to 1.4; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.1, in length of snout 1.9 to 2.0; distance between anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 3.1 to 3.2; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.3 to 1.4, 550 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 length of soft anal fin base in longest anal ray 0.7 to 0.8; length of head in predorsal length 1.2, in greatest depth of body 0.8 to 0.9. Profile of snout forms an angle of 47 to 51 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 106 to 110 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil of eye. This elongate species characterized by the following: Interorbital space slightly convex; moderate swelling above the nasal openings, each pair of nasal openings separated by wide dermal isthmus, pos- terior nasal pore rounded, its longest axis parallel to lengthwise axis of body; 414 scales from base of seventh dorsal spine to lateral line; rear edge of maxillary extends to vertical line through anterior nostril; profile of snout convex above eyes and nostrils, becoming straight or a trifle concave above upper lip in some examples. Color in alcohol——Body brownish, centers of scales white, except in certain areas groups of blackish scales form blotches that have a more or less reticulated pattern; head generally darker brown than body; each of the eight specimens collected at Bikini with a slightly oblique blotch behind head above pectoral base, a black elongate blotch beyond tip of pectoral fin, at lengthwise axis of body extending to lateral line, in front of this prominent blotch two smaller and less distinct blotches; the 100-mm. specimen in addition retains traces of two or three brownish bars on cheeks under eye and on preopercle; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins show traces of bars; pectorals plain light brown; pelvics dusky with traces of bars; a small but constant dark blotch just behind eye. The color pattern closely resembles that of L. moensi Herre and Montalban (Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, fig. 1, pl. 1, 1927). Ecology.—This species did not occur in the intertidal zone on the reef. It was taken in the lagoon, in water of 20 or more feet in depth, by hook and line from the Bowditch; bits of fish or meat scraps were used as bait. Remarks.—The identification of these specimens as reticulatus was done on the basis of the inclusion by Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, pp. 488-440, 1936) of examples with and without the oblong black blotch on the side. Also, the traces of two or three brown bars under the eye conform to the original description by Cuvier and Valenciennes. The identification of the elongate species of Lethrinus is very difficult and uncertain, not so much in distinguishing from each other the two species at hand, as in attaching the correct scientific name. One specimen under U.S.N.M. No. 132690, from the Philippines, has a color pattern identical with that of the Bikini specimens. I believe the elongate blackish blotch is characteristic of this species. I can find no intermediates. FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 551 LETHRINUS VARIEGATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Lethrinus variegatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 287, 1830 (type locality, Massuah ; Suez). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 4 specimens, 152 to 300 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 106 to 335 mm. Description—Length of head 2.8 to 3.1; depth 3.1 to 3.3; both in standard length. Eye 3.1 to 4.6; snout 1.7 to 2.1; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.5 to 2.8; length of pectoral fin 1.5 to 1.6; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0 to 2.2, in length of snout 1.8 to 2.2; distance between edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 4.0 to 4.5; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.3 to 1.5; length of soft anal fin base in longest soft anal ray 0.7 to 0.8; head length in predorsal length 1.1 to 1.4, in greatest depth of body 0.8 to 0.9. Profile of snout forms angle of 52 to 56 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 108 to 115 degrees with line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. This elongate species is characterized by the following: interorbital space flattish medially, scarcely any swelling above and in front of nasal openings, each pair of nasal openings separated by wide dermal isthmus, posterior nasal openings rounded, with long axis parallel with lengthwise axis of body; 414 scales above lateral line below base of seventh dorsal spine; rear edge of maxillary reaches a vertical line through anterior nostril; profile of snout a little convex in front of nasal openings, becoming a little concave anteriorly. Color in alcohol.—Body silvery or milky white tinged brownish, edges of scales slightly darker; body and head often with several blackened scales; upper rear edge of opercle with a small ocellate spot; young with more or less reticulated color pattern consisting of darkened scales and with three indistinct dark blotches on sides of body above pectoral fin; this color pattern is almost identical with that of Bleeker’s illustration (Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises . . ., vol. 9, pl. 328, fig. 3, 1877). Ecology.—This species prefers the deeper waters of the lagoon, all specimens being taken there, or along the deeper water close to the ledge of the reef. Remarks.—Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, p. 435, 1936) include three nominal species of Cuvier and Valenciennes, Lethrinus variegatus, L. elongatus, and L. semicinctus. The description by Cuvier and Valenciennes of variegatus states that the body has black spots on the sides. I believe that Bleeker’s plate 328, figure 3, represents the true variegatus and 552 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 I can find no reason to cast doubt on the six specimens recorded here as variegatus. Upon examining Albatross Philippine specimens under U.S.N.M. Nos. 188157 to 138162, reported upon by Fowler as L. variegatus, I noted the vertical slit of the posterior nasal opening. Searching through the literature, I find in Bleeker’s Atlas (pl. 317, fig. 1) a species named “L. variegatus” with the nostrils close together, a dark bar under the eye, and an elongate body, resembling the Philip- pine specimens. Since Cuvier and Valenciennes give a color descrip- tion that fits Bleeker’s figure 1, I have concluded that semzcinctus is a distinct species, but it is not currently recognized. My reasons for the revival of the name Lethrinus semicinctus Cuvier and Valenciennes are based on the nostrils and coloration. The shape of the posterior nostril is in the form of a nearly vertical slit close to the anterior nasal opening, whereas in wariegatus the posterior nasal opening is separated from the first by a wide isthmus and in addition the posterior nostril is rounded, and its long axis is parallel with the lengthwise axis of the fish. Other characters are given in the key. LETHRINUS MICRODON Cuvier and Valenciennes Lethrinus microdon CUvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 295, 1830 (type locality, Bourou). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 266 to 300 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 282 to 312 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 273 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 237 mm. Description—Length of head 2.7 to 3.0; depth 3.2 to 3.5; both in standard length; eye 3.4 to 4.7; snout 1.8 to 2.1; length from snout tip to rear of maxillaries 2.5 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.7; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.2 to 2.5, in length of snout 1.9 to 2.1; distance between edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 3.5 to 3.8; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.3 to 1.4; length of soft anal fin base in longest soft anal ray 0.5 to 1.7; head length in predorsal length 1.2 to 1.3, and in greatest depth of body 0.7 to 0.8. Profile of snout forms an angle of 51 to 58 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and one of 107 to 114 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. This elongate species characterized by the following: Interorbital space convex; area over and in front of nasal openings enlarged and convex, each pair of nasal openings separated by a moderately wide dermal isthmus, the posterior nasal opening rounded, with long axis FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 553 parallel to lengthwise axis of body; 414 scales above lateral line below base of seventh dorsal spine; rear edge of maxillary reaches to a verti- cal line through anterior nostril; the profile of snout usually convex, except sometimes just behind upper lip it is a trifle concave. Color in alcohol—Body light brownish, head dark brown; some- times scales with centers white, edges brown; in smaller specimen a dark brown blotch below eye and a trace of one on preorbital; dorsal fin dusky or brown; sides with a few more or less reticulated blotches or streaks, a dark blotch over pectoral, another near its tip, one or two smaller ones behind it, all these dark blotches below lateral line; scales on opercle usually with white centers contrasting with brown- ish head; pelvics dusky. Ecology.—This species prefers deeper lagoon waters. It was taken with baited hook and line at the Bowditch anchorages and did not occur on the shallow intertidal zone of the reefs. Remarks.—My identification of this series of specimens as microdon is based largely on the convex interorbital space and on the swollen area over and in front of the nasal openings, along with its slender body. Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, fig. 87, p. 487, 1936) unquestionably illustrate a specimen that resembles these specimens. LETHRINUS MINIATUS (Forster) Bloch and Schneider Sparus miniaitus (Forster) BiLoch and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 281, 1801 (type locality, Pacific Ocean). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, eastern end, hook and line, March 11 to 31, 1946, S-46-2, Brock, Marr, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 585 mm. Description.—Length of head 2.4; greatest depth of body 3.1; both in standard length. Eye 7.0; snout 1.7; snout tip to rear of maxillaries 9.7; length of pectoral fin 2.4; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.0, in length of snout 2.8; distance be- tween edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 3.7; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.7; length of soft anal fin base in longest soft anal ray 0.7; head length in predorsal length 1.1; in greatest depth of body 0.7. Profile of snout forms angle of 43 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 125 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. This species is characterized by: Head elongate, pointed; inter- orbital space convex, not notably swollen over nasal openings, nasal openings separated by a dermal isthmus, posterior nasal opening rounded, its long axis parallel to lengthwise axis of body; 5 to 514 554 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 scales from base of seventh dorsal spine to lateral line; rear edge of maxillary reaches to a vertical line slightly behind two-thirds dis- tance from snout tip to anterior nostril; profile of snout straight or nearly so. Color in alcohol.—Body, head, and all fins dark brown, scales with white centers. Remarks—This large specimen was taken off the Bowditch by baited hook and line in nearly a hundred feet of water. LETHRINUS RHODOPTERUS Bleeker Lethrinus rhodopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 65, 1852 (type locality, Singapore). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 4 lots, 12 specimens, 29 to 282 mm. standard length. Description.—Length of head 2.7 to 3.0; depth 2.6 to 2.8; both in standard length. Eye 38.0 to 3.6; snout 2.1 to 2.4; snout tip to rear of maxillaries 2.5 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in length 1.6 to 1.8 and in length of snout 1.2 to 1.5; distance between edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostril 5.3 to 6.0; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.1 to 1.3; length of soft anal fin base in longest soft anal ray 0.8; head length in predorsal length 1.2 to 1.8, in greatest depth of body 1.1. Profile of snout forms an angle of 59 to 65 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 104 to 110 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. Body moderately deep, interorbital space convex, area over nasal openings a little swollen and elevated; each pair of nasal openings separated by moderately wide dermal isthmus, posterior nasal open- ing rounded, its long axis parallel to lengthwise axis of body; typi- cally 5 to 514 scales between lateral line and base of seventh dorsal spine; rear edge of maxillary reaches to a vertical line through an- terior nostril; profile of snout convex, except that on some specimens it may be a little concave behind upper lip. Color in alcohol.—Silvery or milky white with a large darkish blotch below lateral line at tips of pectoral fins; operculum a little dusky ; spiny dorsal dusky, pelvics dusky, a little darkish pigment on base of pectoral in scaled area; a dark streak at dorsal part of orbit extending forward and behind orbit a short distance. LETHRINUS NEBULOSUS (Forskal) Sciaena nebulosus ForsKAx, Descriptiones animalium, ..., pp. xii, 52, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). FAMILY LUTJANIDAE—SCHULTZ 555 SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 8 lots, 42 specimens, 72 to 172 mm. Description—Length of head 2.8 to 2.9; depth 2.7 to 2.8, both in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 4.1; snout 1.8 to 2.1; length of max- illaries 2.6 to 2.7; length of pectoral fin 1.3; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5 to 1.7, in length of snout 1.3 to 1.4; distance between edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 3.8 to 4.8; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.3 to 1.4; length of base of soft anal fin in longest soft anal ray 1.0 to 1.1; head length in predorsal length 1.2, in greatest depth of body 1.1. Profile of snout forms an angle of 60 to 65 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 103 to 115 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. This species moderately elongate ; interorbital space convex, slightly swollen over nasal openings, latter separated by moderately wide dermal isthmus, the posterior nasal opening rounded, its long axis parallel to lengthwise axis of body; 5 to 514 scales from base of sev- enth dorsal spine to lateral line; rear edge of maxillary reaches to a vertical line through anterior nostril; profile of head a little convex over orbits, becoming nearly straight on snout. Color in alcohol.—Silvery to milky white with traces of darker re- ticulations on certain specimens, on most a trace of a dark blotch opposite middle of length of pectoral fin and below lateral line; soft dorsal and caudal with traces of darkish bars; center of scales with a pearly white spot. Remarks.—I have examined most of the lethrinid specimens closely related to this species that are in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, and find in them the same differences portrayed by Bleeker (Atlas Ichthyologique, vol. 8, pl. 335, fig. 5, 1877) for Lethrinus nebu- losus=L. opercularis. This figure is a fairly good representation of my specimens of nebulosus, as well as of those reported upon by me as L. ramak, from the Phoenix Islands (Schultz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 122, 1943) and by Jordan and Seale (Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25, p. 269, 1906), from the Samoan Islands (U.S.N.M. Nos. 115666 and 52439). ZL. ornatus (Bleeker, ibid., pl. 350, fig. 4) has a much steeper dorsal profile of the head and deeper body than nebulosus, leutjanus, and ramak. L.rhodopterus Bleeker is recognizable by the large black blotch opposite tips of pectorals. ZL. leutjanus (Bleeker, ibid., pl. 354, fig. 5) is a more slender species than ornatus or nebu- losus. ZL. ramak as described by Weber and de Beaufort (The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, p. 451, 1936) is not dis- tinguishable from nebulosus and leutjanus. I am unable to separate 556 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 an intermediate or third species of the general form of nebulosus and leutjanus. LETHRINUS ORNATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Lethrinus ornatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 310, 1830 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: Tumon Bay, January 8, 1946, Gressitt and Ingram, 2 specimens, 138 and 143 mm. Description —Length of head 2.8; depth 2.4 to 2.5; both in standard length. Eye 3.3 to 3.5; snout 1.9 to 2.0; length of maxillaries 2.3 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 1.2; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5, in length of snout 1.4; distance be- tween edges of anterior and posterior nostrils in projected distance between centers of posterior nostrils 3.5 to 4.5; length of maxillaries in length of snout 1.1 to 1.2; length of base of soft anal fin in longest soft anal ray 1.1; head length in predorsal length 1.3 to 1.4, in greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3. Profile of snout forms an angle of 70 to 75 degrees with that of lower edge of upper jaw, and 94 to 97 degrees with a line extending from upper edge of pectoral base through center of pupil. This species moderately robust; interorbital space convex, scarcely any swelling over region of nostrils, nasal openings separated by mod- erately wide dermal isthmus, posterior nasal openings oval with the long axis parallel with a line through dorsal edge of orbit and anterior nasal opening; five scales between base of seventh dorsal spine and lateral line; rear edge of maxillary reaches a vertical line through rear nostril; profile of head a little convex over orbits, becoming slightly concave behind tip of snout. Color in alcohol.—Light brownish with traces of reticulated marks on rear of body; traces of lengthwise streaks on body. Family LEIOGNATHIDAE: Silver Perch By Lronarp P. Scuurtz We are recognizing Gerridae and Leiognathidae as a single family. Our material of this group is scanty; therefore not too much reliance should be placed on our identifications. Although about 15 species referable to the genus Gerres have been reported from the Philippine Islands, only two species were taken in the northern Marshall Islands. These two may be separated by the following key: la. Scales 41 to 43, with 5 above lateral line and 9 below it; greatest depth 2.6 to 2.8 in standard length and 0.7 to 0.9 in head. Gerres argyreus (Bloch and Schneider) FAMILY LEIOGNATHIDAE—SCHULTZ 557 1b. Seales 48 to 47, with 6 or 7 above lateral line and 9 or 10 below it; greatest depth 2.8 to 3.1 in standard length and 0.9 to 1.1 in head. Gerres oblongus Cuvier and Valenciennes Genus GERRES Quecy and Gaimard Gerres Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage Uranie, Zool., p. 292, 1824. (Genotype, Gerres vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard). Leiognathus obscura Seale (Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 74. 1901) was described from Guam. It may be a synonym of L. equula (Forskal). GERRES ARGYREUS (Bloch and Schneider) Cichla argyrea BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyologiae, p. 344, 1801 (type locality, Tanna Island; Pacific Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, lagoon tidal pool, March 20, 1946, S—46—10, Schultz and Brock, 4 specimens, 71 to 138 mm. standard length. Saipan: June 1945, Schroyer and White, 5 specimens, 28 to 50 mm. Description—Dorsal rays [X,10; anal I1I,7; pectoral i,14 or i,15; pelvics 1,5; branched caudal fin rays 8+7; scales in lateral line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 41 to 48; scales be- tween dorsal origin and lateral line 5, from lateral line to anal origin 9; gill rakers 5 or 6+1+7. Head 3.0 to 3.5; depth 2.6 to 2.8; length of pectoral fin 3.2 to 3.8; length of longest dorsal spine 4.8 to 5.2; all in standard length. Postorbital length of head 2.3; eye 2.8 to 3.38; snout 3.0 to 3.2; length of mouth 2.7 to 2.8; interorbital space 2.7 to 3.1; depth of body 0.7 to 0.9; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.5. Length of accessory pelvic appendage in length of pelvic fin 1.4 in adults, 2 in young. Pectoral fin reaching to point opposite anus, the latter in front of anal origin a distance equal to length of mouth; 8 rows of scales on cheek, a fourth row of smaller scales near preopercular edge; premaxillary groove naked, the scales on top of head extending each side of groove nearly to nasal open- ings, the scales bordering this groove of notably smaller size than those posteriorly; second dorsal spine longest, about equal to third, last dorsal spine 1.5 in first soft dorsal ray; median fins with scaly bases, those of dorsal and anal forming a sheath into which rays are depressible; profile of mandibular part of head straight to a trifle concave; maxillary reaches to a vertical line through front of eye; teeth in a villiform band in both jaws; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; adipose eyelid developed around margin of 558 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 eye; fifth and sixth branched pectoral rays longest; pseudobranchiae small, not free; gill rakers short, thick; air bladder with a short hornlike projection each side of enlarged anal pterygiophores, ending opposite bases of anal spines. Color in alcohol.—A. little dusky dorsally, silvery on sides, whitish ventrally; margin of spiny dorsal dusky to blackish; peritoneum blackish. GERRES OBLONGUS Cuvier and Valenciennes FicureE 8&7 Gerres oblongus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 6, p. 479, 1880 (type locality, Ceylon). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 lots, 11 specimens (U.S.N.M. Nos. 123988 and 124041), 26 to 48 mm. standard length. Description—Dorsal IX,10; anal I1I,7, (1L,i,7 in one) ; pectoral 1,15 or 16; pelvics 1,5; branched caudal fin rays 8+7; scales from PU Oy \ Nae Soe a Figure 87.—Gerres oblongus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (Drawing by H. W. Fowler of a Philippine specimen.) upper edge of opercular opening 48 to 47, to caudal fin base; 6 or 7 scales from dorsal origin to lateral line and 9 or 10 from lateral line to anal origin; gill rakers about 5 to 7+1+7. Head 2.9 to 3.8; depth 2.8 to 3.1; length of pectoral fin 3.3 to 3.7; length of longest dorsal spine about 4.8 to 5.0; all in standard length. Postorbital length of head 2.5 to 2.7; eye 3.0 to 3.1; snout 2.8 to 3.3; length of mouth 2.7 to 2.8; interorbital space 3.2 to 3.8; greatest depth of body 0.9 to 1.1; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.6 to 2.3 in its length; length of accessory pelvic ap- pendage 1.4 to 2 in length of pelvic fin; pectoral fin reaching to anus or a little beyond, but not quite to opposite anal origin; anus about half length of maxillaries in front of anal origin; three rows of scales FAMILY PEMPHERIDAE—SCHULTZ 559 below eye, no row of scales on margin of preopercle; premaxillary eroove naked, bordered by smaller scales on sides and posteriorly; second and third dorsal spines nearly equal in length, second some- times a little longer than third; last dorsal spine about 1.5 to 1.8 in first soft dorsal ray; median fins with scaly bases, those of dorsal and anal have a sheath of scales into which fin rays may be depressed; profile of mandibular part of head slightly concave; maxillary reaches a trifle past a vertical line through front of eye; teeth in a villiform band in both jaws; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; adipose eyelid only slightly developed; middle pectoral rays longest; gill rakers short, thick; air bladder with a short hornlike projection on each side of anal pterygiophores, ending opposite bases of anal spines. Color in alcohol.—Youne: dorsal part of body with 5 to 7 obliquely slanting dusky bars; lower sides and belly silvery; peritoneum dusky. Avutts: Dorsal part of body slightly tinged with brownish, every- where with silver sheen; lower half milky white; no vertical bars. Family PEMPHERIDAE By Lxronarp P. ScHuutz KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE PEMPHERIDAE FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Lateral line extending to tips of middle caudal fin rays; scales mostly cycloid on sides, ctenoid dorsally behind dorsal fin and in front of anal fin; anal fin base about 14! in standard length; dorsal rays VI,9; anal III,38 to 42, gill rakers on first arch 7 to 9-+-1-+-19 to 21; pores in lateral line to base of caudal fin 62 to 68_________-_ Pempheris oualensis Cuvier and Valenciennes 1b. Lateral line not extending beyond basal third of length of caudal fin rays; scales etenoid ; anal fin base at least 3 in standard length. 22. Dorsal rays V,9; anal rays 1V,18; (Japan). Parapriacanthus ransonneti Steindachner 2b. Dorsal rays V,8 rarely V,7; anal rays III,17 to 20, usually III,18 or 19. Parapriacanthus beryciformes Franz Genus PEMPHERIS Cuvier Pempheris Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 195, 1829. (Genotype, Pempheris touea Cuvier=Sparus? compresus Shaw, designated by Jordan and Ever- mann, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, p. 128, 1917) (ref. copied). PEMPHERIS OUALENSIS Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 44, C Pempheris oualensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 299, 1831 (type locality, Oualan). Pempheris otaitensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 304, 1881. Pempheris taitensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, pl. 191, 1831. 560 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 1386 specimens, 9 to 178 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 7 specimens, 121 to 161 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 17 to 84 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 150 to 160 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V1,9 (11 specimens) ; anal I11,38 (2 speci- mens), III,39 (2 specimens), III,40 (2 specimens), I1I,41 (3 speci- mens), 111,42 (3 specimens) ; pectoral 11,15 or 16; pelvics 1,5; branched caudal fin rays 8+7; gill rakers on first gill arch 7+1+21 in one specimen, 8+1+19 in four, 8+1+21 in four, 9+1+20 in one; scales with pores in lateral line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 62 to 68, scales from lateral line to dorsal origin 6 to 8, from anal origin to lateral line 15 or 16. Greatest depth 2.2 to 2.4, head 3.2 to 3.5, length of pectoral fin 3.4 to 3.6, snout tip to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.6, length of anal base 1.8 to 1.9, all in the standard length. Greatest depth 0.6 to 0.7; pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2; postorbital length of head 2.2 to 2.3; snout 4.4 to 4.7; eye 2.1 to 2.7; interorbital 3.1 to 3.4; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 1.9 to 2.0; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.0 to 1.2 in its length; snout tip to dorsal origin in length of anal fin base 1.3 to 1.4; longest dorsal ray 1.7 to 1.9 in anal fin base. Greatest depth opposite dorsal fin base; dorsal profile of snout convex, behind orbits slightly convex, behind dorsal base straight or nearly so; inter- orbital space convex; second or third branched dorsal ray longest; usually second branched pectoral ray from dorsal edge longest; pos- terior margin of dorsal a little concave, of pectoral nearly straight, of caudal concave or forked; accessory scales of pelvic 214 in length of pelvic fin; gill membranes extending far forward, free from isthmus; preopercle with two or three short spines; usually more or less covered with scales; opercle without a spine; mouth oblique, lower jaw a little projecting; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, pala- tines and in a A-shaped band on vomer; teeth on premaxillary and dentary change into a broader band at maturity and are reflected or notably present externally when mouth is closed; scales occur on body, head, nearly to tips of anal rays, three-fourths way out caudal rays, scales increasingly very small along base of and on anal fin, absent on dorsal and paired fins; scales occur on maxillary but are absent on both lips; scales cycloid everywhere except above lateral line behind dorsal fin base, from in front of anal fin forward to isthmus on dentary, and on lower part of cheek; gill rakers long, slender; lateral line following contour of back and continuing to tips of middle caudal fin rays. Color in alcohol.—Dark brown to light brown, centers of scales somewhat silvery; pectoral base black, rays pale; distal half of pel- vics pale, basally somewhat dusky; outer margin of dorsal (first few FAMILY PEMPHERIDAE—SCHULTZ 561 rays) blackish; first rays of anal blackish or dusky; distal one-half to two-thirds of anal fin dusky to whitish; outer margins of caudal rays dusky to blackish; peritoneum dusky to black. Color when alive-—Dark brownish centers of scales pale or some- what silvery; dorsal and caudal fins reddish brown, pectoral tinged with pinkish; pectoral base black. Remarks.—The large series of this species has convinced me that the specimens I reported upon from the Phoenix and Samoan Is- lands (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 120, 1943) are the same species as that from the northern Marshall Islands, and I confirm Fowler’s opinion that otaitensis is a synonym of oualensis. The problem of the teeth occurring externally on the premaxillary and dentary hasbeen studied. I have examined 133 specimens between 9 and 133 mm. in standard length, which do not have the teeth de- veloped externally on the tip of the premaxillary or on the tip of the dentary. In two mature females (140 and 155 mm.) the teeth are a little developed; in a partly mature female (145 mm.) these teeth are moderately developed; in two mature females (151 and 157 mm.) and three mature males (161, 163, and 166 mm.) these teeth are strongly developed. In addition two other specimens (154 and 178 mm.) with viscera missing these external teeth are fully de- veloped. I conclude that the villiform band of teeth broadens with maturity and is reflected as shagreenlike teeth on the external forward edges of the premaxillary and dentary, and that this character is one of age and not one that can be used to distinguish species. Genus PARAPRIACANTHUS 1 Steindachner Parapriacanthus STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 61, p. 623, 1870. (Genotype, Parapriacanthus ransonneti Steindachner. ) PARAPRIACANTHUS BERYCIFORMES Franz Parapriacanthus beryciformes Franz, Abh. Bayer Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, suppl. 4, vol. 1, p. 83, pl. 6, fig. 46, 1910 (type locality, Yokohama). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, Bowditch anchorage, 3 miles off Enyu Island, light at night, July 11, 1946, S-46—249, Herald, 1 specimen, 56 mm. Rongerik Atoll: Off Eniwetak Island, light at night, June 28, 1946, S-46—242, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 51 mm. Rongelap Atoll: South Passage, light at night, May 16, 1946, Brock and Marr, 69 specimens, 43 to 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually V,8, rarely V,7; anal ITI,17 to 20, usually III,18 or 19; pectoral 11,14; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 8+7; gill rakers on first arch 5+1+18 to 15; scales in lateral line from upper edge of gill opening to midbase of caudal fin 70 to 78, 955292—53—vol. 1-38 562 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 in a row from dorsal origin to lateral line 6, from lateral line to anal origin 14. Greatest depth 2.9 to 3.0; head 2.8 to 2.9; length of pectoral fin 3.9 to 4.0; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.3; length of anal base 3.5 to 4.0; all in standard length. Greatest depth 1.0 to 1.3; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.5; snout 4.2 to 4.3; eye 2.6 to 2.8; interorbital 4.0 to 4.1; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 2.0; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.2 initslength. Snout tip to dorsal origin in length of anal base 0.6. Longest dorsal ray 1.3 in anal fin base. Greatest depth opposite dorsal origin; dorsal profile from snout tip to dorsal origin nearly straight, only a trifle convex, behind dorsal fins only slightly convex; interorbital space a little convex, but flattish near its middle; first branched dorsal ray longest; second branched pectoral ray longest; posterior margins of dorsal and pectoral fins straight or nearly so; caudal fin forked; accessory pelvic scale 3.0 to 3.5 in length of pelvic fin; gill membranes extending far forward, free from isthmus; preopercular edge without spines; opercle without a spine; mouth oblique, lower jaw a little projecting; teeth on pre- maxillary small, conical, in a narrow band anteriorly, becoming a single row posteriorly; those on dentary similar, in 2 rows on each side of symphysis, then a single row on sides; palatine teeth in a single row; vomer A-shaped, with teeth at posterior tips; scales ctenoid, on body and on head forward to middle of interorbital space; snout and lips naked; basal part of caudal fin scaled, other fins naked; a single row of scales on preorbital; maxillary scaled; lateral line following dorsal contour but not extending to tip of caudal fin rays; gill rakers long, slender. Color in alcohol.—Plain light tan, with scattered small, brownish pigment cells anteriorly; lips brownish anteriorly; just in front of point where gill membranes meet between mandibles, a black spot, then a streak of blackish pigment all along bases of branchiostegals, hidden by mandibular bones; a small dark blotch opposite rear edge of maxillary; tip of chin blackish; on some specimens tips of caudal lobes black pigmented; inside of mouth blackish; pectoral “shield” bril- hhantly silvery; area around anus and lower edge of belly silvery; operculum and cheek silvery; anterior part of isthmus silvery; base of caudal fin with an embedded vertical black line. Color when alive-—Translucent pinkish. Ecology.—This pelagic species was taken only at night when at- tracted to bright light. A number of females were taken containing mature eggs of rather large size. Some mature males were taken. Remarks.—These specimens are identified with P. beryciformes Franz on the basis of his figure, which shows V,8 dorsal rays and not FAMILY KYPHOSIDAE—SCHULTZ 563 V,v, as indicated in the text. Coloration and other features indicate that the National Museum specimens are that species. P. ransonneti Steindachner is very close, but that species has V,9 dorsal rays. The counts on three species of Parapriacanthus indicate the extent of fin ray variation in our specimens, TaBLE 51.—Counts on certain species of Parapriacanthus Anal fin rays Dorsal fin rays Species SSS oo es eee eae III} 17 | 18 | 19} 20 | 21 | 22} 23} Vj} VI} 7 8 9 P. beryciformes: Marshall Islands__..-..._..__-.__-____-__- GAH fre en be ntasy | etebe yo) Pesies ny Pace ele Mee 20 j----| 1] 19 |_--- NOKONAM Ase esse evn un SONG ea i eh as a a) ea ee ns) Nee eat 5 He pears P. ransonneti: Nagasaki....._.._...._-.-_--__- CY pe ae OP he ads ed A WI EEA Oi ee ead aed 2 P. dispar: Solomon Islands_-------.-_--._--- © Yr) | pe | PS Pe 1 a by eT fe ee 2 The counts of P. dispar (Herre) were made on two paratypes in the national collections. Dr. Herre referred this species to the genus Pempheris, but it belongs in the genus Parapriacanthus. Family KYPHOSIDAE: Pilotfishes By Lronarp P. ScHuttz Genus KYPHOSUS Lacepéde Kyphosus LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 114, 1802. (Geno- type, Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepéede=Xyster fuscus Lacepéde. ) KEY TO THE TWO SPECIES OF KYPHOSUS FOUND IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND IN GUAM la. Longest soft dorsal ray longer than longest dorsal spine; dorsal rays XI,12; anal III,11; greatest depth about 2.1 to 2.4 in standard length. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsk4l) 1b. Longest soft dorsal ray shorter than longest dorsal spine; dorsal rays XI,14; anal I1I,13; greatest depth about 2.5. Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) KYPHOSUS CINERASCENS (Forskal) Sciaena cinerascens ForskAt, Descriptiones animalium .. ., pp. xii, 53, 1875 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, March 11-31, 1946, S-46-2, Schultz, 1 specimen, 260 mm. standard length. Guam: 1945, Frey, 1 specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 124090, 185 mm.; June 14, 1945, McHlroy and Markley, 1 specimen, 88 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X1,12; anal III,11 pectoral ii,17; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 8+7; vertical scale rows from upper edge of 564 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 opercular opening to base of caudal fin along upper edge of lateral line 62 to 66, above lateral line to dorsal origin 10, below to anal origin 17 or 18; gill rakers 8+1+18 or 19. Greatest depth 2.1 to 2.4; head 3.2 to 3.5, length of pectoral fin 4.9 to 5.2; all in the standard length. Greatest depth 0.6 to 0.7; length of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.5; postorbital length of head 2.3; eye 3.1 to 3.5; snout 2.7 to 3.0; length of mouth from snout tip to end of maxillary 8.0 to 3.1; interorbital space 2.3 to 2.9; all in length of head. Longest soft dorsal ray 0.7 to 0.8 in longest dorsal spine. Third anal spine 2.0 to 2.8 in longest soft anal ray. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.3 to 1.4 in its length. Length of accessory pelvic scale 3 in pelvic fin length. Median fins with very small scales to tip of rays; similar small scales on basal four-fifths of pectoral and pelvic fins, but inner side of paired fins naked; maxillary with a patch of scales; snout, mandible, and narrow band below eye naked; gill membranes naked ; otherwise head and body covered with ctenoid scales; gill membranes united across isthmus with free fold; both jaws with a uniserial outer row of obtusely lanceolate incisors rising from a horizontal basal process, behind these a band of minute villiform teeth; similar villi- form teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; gill rakers on first gill arch, moderately long, slender; seventh and eighth dorsal spines long- est; third anal spine longest; third branched ray from dorsal edge of pectoral longest. Color in alcohol.——Background color brownish, center of scales whitish, giving the appearance of rows of pale spots along sides; peritoneum black. Ecology.—These fishes live along the reefs, where they feed on algae. KYPHOSUS VAIGIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard) Pimelepterus vaigiensis Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... exe- cuté sur les corvettes de 8S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne, .. ., Zool., p. 386, pl. 62, fig. 41, 1825 (type locality, Iles des Papous and Bony). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam: 1945, Frey, 1 specimen, 190 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,14; anal I11,13; pectoral 11,17; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 8+7; vertical scale rows above lateral line from upper edge of opercular opening to base of caudal fin 68 or 69, scales above lateral line to dorsal origin 10, below to anal origin 16 or 17; gill rakers on first gill arch 9+1+21. Greatest depth 2.5; head 3.5; length of pectoral fin 5.9; all in the standard length. Greatest depth 0.7; length of pectoral fin 1.7; post- orbital length of head 2.3; eye 3.8; snout 2.9 to 3.0; length of mouth from snout tip to end of maxillary 3.3; interorbital space 2.8; all in FAMILY KYPHOSIDAE—SCHULTZ 565 length of head. Longest soft dorsal ray 1.3 in longest dorsal spine. Third anal spine 2.0 in longest soft anal ray. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 in its length. Length of accessory pelvic scale 3.0 in pelvic fin length. Median fins with very small scales to tip of rays; similar small scales on basal 44 of pectoral and pelvic fins but lacking on inner sides of these paired fins; maxillary with patch of scales; snout, mandible, and narrow band below eye naked; gill membranes naked; otherwise head and body covered with ctenoid scales; gill membranes united across isthmus with free fold; both jaws with a uniserial outer row of obtusely lanceolate incisors arising from a horizontal basal process, behind them a band of minute villiform teeth; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; gill rakers on first arch moderately slender; third anal spine longest; seventh dorsal spine probably long- est; third branched ray from dorsal edge of pectoral longest. Color in aleohol.—Brownish, darker dorsally ; centers of scales with pale area, these appearing as rows of whitish spots; peritoneum black. Ecology.—A reef-inhabiting species living on algae. Remarks.—The identification of this species is somewhat doubtful, but it appears to be close to vaigiensis, except its depth is not quite as great as that figured by Quoy and Gaimard, and as described by Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, p. 227, 1936) and by Fowler (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 209, 1933). The kyphosids of the Indo-Pacific are in need of further careful study. Family CHAETODONTIDAE: Butterflyfishes Since the pelvic rays are always 1,5 and the branched caudal fin rays always 8+ 7, these are omitted in the description of each species. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF CHAETODONTIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Preoperculum serrated or not, but in adult no strong spine near lower angle; pelvicsiwithjaniaxillany: scalese 2 ase ae ewe es Chaetodontinae 1b. Preoperculum strongly armed, with a long spine at lower angle; pelvics with- OUbAn Tada y ASCal ee esse Ril ae ee yar ea eine cp sae ae ee Pomacanthinae Subfamily CHAETODONTINAE By Loren P. Woops KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAETODONTINAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Snout produced into a long narrow tube; length 2 or 8 times postorbital length of head; pectorals long, faleate; nearly 3 times postorbital part of head ; teeth minute; scale rows 69 to 76; body yellowish to bright golden with a large triangular brownish patch from origin of dorsal to just above base of pectoral, then forward through pupil of eye to tip of snout, most intense in front of eye; anal fin with an intense round black spot on last rays and narrow black submarginal line; dorsal XII or XIII,22 or 28; anal III,17 or 18________ Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) (p. 575) 1b. Snout not produced into a long narrow tube, but more or less conical, its length about equal to postorbital length of head; pectoral not falcate; scales 55 or fewer; teeth setiform or brushlike. 2a. Dorsal spines VI. Four vertical black bands: One narrower than eye, from nape through eye to isthmus joining its fellow; another begins in front of dorsal, passes across pectoral fin base to pelvic fin base; third one passes from second and third dorsal spines to front of anal fin; fourth from last dorsal spines to base of first soft rays of anal fin. Black ring around caudal peduncle; top of snout blackish; a black spot as large as eye in dorsal-anal transverse band; dorsal fin base blackish, sub- marginal black band posteriorly ; anal with dusky spot near its posterior base; pectoral, pelvics, and caudal pale, dorsal VI,28 to 30; anal III,19 to 20; scales 40 to 45____-________-_ Parachaetodon ocellatus (Bloch) 2b. Dorsal spines XI to XIV.” 3a. Fourth dorsal spine prolonged, at least longer than any others, and in some species filamentous; pelvics jet black. 18 Microcanthus strigatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) has been omitted from this key because Fraser-Brunner (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 12, pp. 462-468, 1946) says its anatomy is different from any chaetodont and that it belongs in the family Scorpidae. 566 SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 567 4a. Fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest but in adults shorter than head ; all spines rigid and pungent; ground color of body blackish with a pale transverse band from origin of dorsal across operculum to breast and a second pale band from fifth to eighth dorsal spines to top of caudal peduncle; head and nape black; triangular black band from last dorsal spines to base of last soft rays; anal black, its narrow posterior margin pale; pectoral and caudal dusky ; dorsal XI,22 or 23; anal III,17 or 18; scales 50 to 55. Heniochus varius (Cuvier) 46. Fourth dorsal spine prolonged longer than head in adults and in certain species flexible and produced into a filament. 5a. Two wide black transverse bands across body, one from front of spiny dorsal to pelvics and including them; the second from fifth to tenth spines downward and backward across lower anterior corner of caudal peduncle to posterior half of anal fin; a black band from supraorbital region to eye but not continued below it; upperpart of snout blackish; rest of head pale; pectoral fin base black but fin pale; caudal and soft dorsal pale; anal with anterior margin blackish; pectoral pale, base black; fourth spine produced, long, filamentous; dorsal XI or XII,24 to 27; anal III,16 to 19; scales 44 to 46__________ Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus) (p. 576) 56. Three black transverse bands across head and trunk. 6a. A wide black band beginning just before origin of dorsal, passing across pectoral fin base to pelvics, front edge passing from front of eye to insertion of pelvics; second band extending from prolonged and flexible fourth dorsal spine downward and back- ward to soft anal rays; third extending across base of soft dorsal to top of caudal peduncle; midline of snout and tip of upper lip blackish; lip of prolonged fourth dorsal spine white; dorsal XII,21 to 23; anal IIT.18 or 19; scales 49 to 55. Heniochus permutatus Cuvier (p. 576) 6b. A blackish band from origin of dorsal extending downward and covering front part of head, orbits, chin, and muzzle; lips and triangular patch in front of orbits white; a second transverse band extending from fifth to seventh dorsal spine and getting broader while descending to belly, reaching from origin of pelvics to vent; a third blackish band, narrower and less defined. extending from last dorsal spines to last anal rays; margin of anal fin including spines black; dorsal XTII,25 or 26; anal III,18 or 19; scales 51 to 58___ Heniochus monoceros Cuvier (p. 577) 30. None of dorsal spines prolonged, fourth and fifth not especially longer than other spines; no bony prominences on nape or over eyes. 7a. Anal spines IV (rarely V) ; dorsal and anal fins with middle rays pro- longed to form an acutely angulate fin; ground color on lower half of body lighter than upper; upper half of body with 2 oval white spots, one posterior to other; 18 to 20 transverse dark lines follow- ing scale rows, meeting in broad angle just below lateral line; posterior rays of soft dorsal (anal also in young specimens) with large crescent-shaped black blotch bordered anteriorly with white; base of caudal fin black (caudal peduncle also in young), a vertical white band bordered posteriorly by a black line crossing fin just behind middle, broad margin colorless; white-bordered black band, 568 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 nearly as wide as eye, passes from nape through eye to breast where it joins its fellow; dorsal XIV,15 to 17; anal IV,15 or 16; scales DBS AH0) PA es Megaprotedon strigangulus (Gmelin) (p. 578) 7b. Anal spines III (by exception IV) ; dorsal and anal fins with middle rays not especially prolonged, posterior margins of fins more or less evenly rounded. 8a. Pelvic fins black. 9a. Dorsal spines XII; a wide black band, bordered by yellow, passing from nape and interorbital through eye, narrower than eye at eye, broadening below eye to isthmus, thence backward including pelvic fins; broad pale band passes from origin of dorsal to black belly; posteriorly body blackish with 20 rows of light spots occupying center of scales; spots diminish in size and number of rows increases posteriorly ; margin of last rays of anal fin pale (red in life) ; caudal with two submarginal black bands, basal third black; dorsal XIJI,26 or 27; anal ITI,20 or 21; scales 41 to 48___ Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier (p. 579) $b. Dorsal spines XIII, ocular band, narrower than eye, passes from nape to breast, then to pelvics; pelvics black but spines pale; about 15 longitudinal rows of spots, brownish in color, rather diffuse anteriorly, distinct posteriorly; two faint vertical color bars, the first extending from lateral line just behind pectoral to pelvics, the second from eleventh to thirteenth dorsal spines to origin of anal; area between these faint bars lighter; margins of dorsal and anal fins pale with a narrow black sub- marginal line, caudal fin entirely pale; dorsal XIII,21 or 22; anal Ii1,18; scales 30 to 33__ Chaetodon kleinii Bloch (p. 580) 8b. Pelvic fins pale. 10a. Black ocular band continued onto isthmus or breast, forming dark patch there and often meeting the one from opposite side (in C. bennetti only one line barely extending onto side of breast). lia. Large round black spot sometimes with a white ring on upper center of body; caudal fin pale without distinct transverse lines or bands. 12a. Body with two diverging brownish (blue in life) curved bands descending from near top of gill opening, one passing across base of pectoral to origin of anal and the other behind pectoral to front third of anal fin; a similar but wider vertical diffuse band across caudal peduncle; large, black, white-bordered, round spot near middle of body crossed by lateral line at its upper margin; a white-bor- dered brown band runs from nape through eye to isthmus (this band narrower than eye) where more distinct edges of this band can be seen on isthmus and breast; all fins pale; dorsal XIII or XIV,17 or 18; anal III,14 to 16; scales 45 or 46; (see pl. 58, A) -_-___ Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier 12b. Body without two diverging brownish curved bands; large dark-brown or black spot, in upper center of body, through middle of which passes lateral line; caudal peduncle with a black ring; posterior margins of soft dorsal and anal fins with broad black submarginal band, narrowing anteriorly ; ocular band as broad as eye running from origin of dorsal SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 569 onto breast, where it joins its fellow from opposite side; dorsal XIII,21 to 23; anal III,18 or 19; scales 41 to 45. Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch (p. 581) 11b. No large black spot on upper center of body; caudal fin with one or two transverse blackish lines or bands. 18a. Two black lines or bands extending transversely across caudal fin. 14a. Black spot between pelvics; 6 curved black stripes on body, 2 or 3 more on head; the stripes around mouth and through eye bordered with white, other bands not white bordered; lower jaw black but lips pale; band through eye narrower than eye passing from nape to breast and ending in a large blackish patch; first black body band passing from origin of dorsal toward head but ending above head, dorsally this band uniting with another pos- teriorly near base of second and third dorsal spines and curving downward across preopercle, thence to just above base of pelvics, passing posteriorly near base of anal fin; next band beginning about tenth dorsal spine running forward along base of dorsal, curving downward below sixth dorsal spine across rear edge of opercle and base of pectoral, thence backward and acress caudal peduncle; an- other band runs from base of eleventh dorsal spine to axil of pectoral; band from base of twelfth dorsal spine cury- ing downward and backward, then forward to behind pec- toral fin; band originating on first soft dorsal rays curv- ing backward to base of last dorsal rays, thence forward to behind pectoral ; soft dorsal with black submarginal band ; anal with 2 black submarginal bands; caudal with 2 black transverse bands, 1 about middle, 1 submarginal; pectorals and pelvics pale; dorsal XII, 23 or 24; anal ITII,19 to 21; scales 50 to 55. Chaetodon meyeri Bloch and Schneider (p. 581) 14b. No black spot between pelviecs; about 6 broad yellowish bands extending obliquely backward and upward; chin black; a black ring around mouth; ocular band narrower than eye extending onto isthmus; narrow black line run- ning from lower edge of preopercle behind eye upward and backward along base of spiny dorsal, becoming a submarginal band on soft dorsal where it curves down- ward and joins fourth yellow band; two vertical black lines on opercle; caudal with narrow pale margin, a black submarginal band and a second broader transverse black band crossing about middle of fin; soft dorsal and anal margins black except on last rays; dorsal XII,25 to 27; anal ITI,20 to 22; scales 50 to 58. Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 582) 13b. A single black line or band across caudal fin. 15a. Upperpart of body brownish with a large pale spot in center of brownish area, a smaller pale spot (Sometimes lacking) posterior to first; caudal peduncle with larger black saddle above and a smaller one below (sometimes 570 U. &8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 meeting in young to form a ring) ; black blotch at base of spiny anal; about 16 rows of dark spots or lines on body, almost horizontal, radiate posteriorly and a little upward; ocular band without white margin ending in small spot on isthmus; caudal fin with narrow black transverse line about middle; dorsal XII,19 or 20; anal III,16 or 17; scales 35 to 40. Chaetodon melannotus Bloch and Schneider (p. 583) 15d. Body with 14 to 18 horizontal dark-brown or blackish lines beginning behind head; all dorsal ones ending at a white line at base of soft dorsal, ventral ones fading out pos- teriorly ; caudal peduncle with black blotch on top; ocular band bordered by white, ending in patch on isthmus; interorbital, snout, lips, and chin black, a narrow black line behind eye fading at base of spiny dorsal; broad black bar at base of soft dorsal, its anterior margin white ; anal with white-bordered black band at base, and broad gray submarginal band; wide white-bordered (yellow when alive), black transverse band on caudal fin about middle; dorsal XIII or XIV,19 to 23; anal III,19 or 20; scales 38 to 44. Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park (p. 584) 10b. Black ocular band not reaching isthmus or breast, always ending above or on branchiostegal membranes. 16a. Caudal peduncle black or with a black spot dorsally or ventrally or with a black ring or saddle; ” 17a. Posterodorsal part of body and dorsal fin with a broad black band extending from base of second dorsal spine obliquely across body and posterior part of anal fin a little behind tips of anal spines; margin of dorsal fin white, with a narrow black submarginal streak from tip of fourth dorsal spine to last dorsal soft ray; then below this on soft dorsal is a narrow white band somewhat broken or wavy; anal fin narrowly margined with white; background color of antero- ventral part of bedy pale or white, with center of each scale marked with a small brownish spot; several of these spots are especially intense brown behind and above axil of pectoral fin (see pl. 51, D)_-_ Chaetodon tinkeri™ Schultz 176. Color not as in 17a. 18a. One or two black lines or bands across caudal fin; posterior margin of fin always hyaline. 19a. Body with 6 to 16 vertical lines or bars; soft dorsal mar- gin pale without broad black band. 20a. Body with 6 vertical bars, the first originating under the fourth and fifth dorsal spines running downward just behind pectoral axil, fading just above belly; the second running from sixth and seventh dorsal spines behind pectoral fading on belly; the third from ninth to eleventh spines ending at anal base; 2 Young of O. ephippium have caudal peduncle black in specimens of 30 mm. and a small black spot thereon in 70-mm. specimens, caudal peduncle colorless in adults (see 160). 21 Chaetodon tinkeri Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 101, pp. 485-488, pl. 15, 1951 (Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands). SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 571 the fourth from the membrane of the twelfth dorsal spine to a point below horizontal axis of body; fifth and sixth bars narrower running from front of soft dorsal slightly backward and downward to anal base; area between these bars lighter with small brown spots in the center of each scale; band about as wide as pupil running from origin of dorsal through eye to lower edge of preopercle, this ocular band white bordered above the eye, pale in center and darker bordered below the eye; upper lip brown or black; caudal peduncle with a black ring; caudal fin with crescent-shaped black bar across the middle, broad margin pale; dorsal and anal fin bases thickly spotted with small brownish or blackish dots, margins pale, thin black submarginal line; dorsal XIII,25; anal III,19; scales 44 to 47 (See pl. 58, A). Chaetodon multicinctus Garrett 206. Body with 15 or 16 thin vertical lines. 21a. Body with a large black crescent-shaped patch from base of soft dorsal and last dorsal spines to pos- terior half of soft anal, gradually narrowing toward anal, this patch extended on base of caudal pe- duncle; ocular bands broader than eye, the two joined together across interorbital; margin of anal fin with diffuse blackish line, rest of fin pale; soft dorsal pale; margin of caudal hyaline with a black submarginal line; dorsal XII,24 to 27; anal III,20 or 21; scales 20 to 22. Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier 21b. Body with 2 wide vertical bands, one from tips of third to seventh dorsal spines to below lateral line or to below pectoral, the second from front of soft dorsal including the last dorsal spines to about lateral axis (in young to spiny part of anal) ; cau- dal peduncle with a blackish ring; ocular band slightly narrower than eye, white-margined; inter- orbital area pale; margin of anal fin pale, a thin black submarginal line and 2 diffuse lines on scaly part of anal; soft dorsal pale with 2 indistinct lines basally converging at their ends; margin of caudal hyaline with a black submarginal line; dorsal XII,23 to 27 ; anal III,19 to 22. Chaetodon falcula Bloch (p. 585) 190. Body without vertical lines, soft dorsal margin with broad black band. 22a. Ocular band broader than eye in the form of a broad saddle across interorbital, extending width of pupil behind the eye and ending at ventral edge of pre- opercle; dorsal and anal fins with broad black marginal band; dorsal with a broad black basal band, margined anteriorly with white extending from last dorsal spines, broadening ventrally and ending in a broad saddle on caudal peduncle; caudal with broad 572 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 hyaline margin and broad black submarginal band, a second faint diffuse band crossing caudal about mid- dle; broad yellow-margined black bar on body begin- ning at sixth or seventh dorsal spine, passing down- ward and forward, ending abruptly at gill opening (young specimens with black ocellated spot as large as eye on soft dorsal fin, caudal peduncle with black blotch on anterior part; shoulder patch not yet formed) ; body with 10 to 12 oblique brownish lines running backward and upward; dorsal XII,23 to 25; anal III,17 to 20; scales 34 to 40. Chaetodon lunula (Lacepéde) (p. 586) 22b. Ocular band running from origin of dorsal to ventral edge of preopercle, narrower than eye, above eye, and as broad as eye, below eye; anal fin with a pale mar- gin and a thin submarginal black line broadening posteriorly ; dorsal with a broad black marginal band, except on last rays, a broad black band starting on last dorsal spines across soft dorsal, forming a black ring around caudal peduncle and extending onto last 9 or 10 anal rays, narrower below caudal peduncle; caudal with hyaline margin and black submarginal band with a broad crescent-shaped band transversely across center of fin; body with 6 thin black lines running obliquely backward and upward from head; 11 or 12 similar black lines extending obliquely down- ward and backward fading on anal base; dorsal XIII,22 to 25; anal III,20 to 22; scales 30 to 35. Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus (p. 587) 18b. Caudal fin pale without black transverse lines or bands. 23a. Color pattern on body not consisting of several blackish lines or rows of spots on scales, but upperpart of body blackish, the dark color extending onto dorsal fin sheath and caudal peduncle; white spot (as large or larger than eye) beneath insertion of eighth to twelfth dorsal spines; a second white area on anterior third of soft dorsal base joins light color of lower half of body; ocular band with pale center, narrower than eye; dorsal and anal fin with very thin margin dusky, below this a broad band of white then a thin black line; caudal fin pale or rarely with very thin black submarginal line; dorsal XIV (rarely XV),21 or 22; anal III,17 or 18; seales 89 to 45. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray (p. 588) 23b. Color pattern on body consisting of several dark lines or narrow rows of spots. 24a. Ventral margin of anal fin with broad black or brown band; caudal peduncle pale; color pattern of about 18 lengthwise rows of small brown or blackish spots radiating posteriorly from head; ocular band dark brown, slightly wider than pupil, white bordered, running from origin of dorsal to lower edge of pre- opercle; ocular band continues as a marginal narrow SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 573 line on spinous dorsal and as a submarginal line on soft dorsal; caudal fin completely pale or white; dorsal XIV,20 to 22; anal III,15 to 17; scale rows 34 to 42______ Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier (p. 589) 246. Ventral margin of anal fin pale; caudal peduncle with a black band; color pattern of blue or dark spots on scales arranged in 10 or 11 distinct vertical or slightly inclined series, present only on anterior half of body and restricted to its upper part above a horizontal line through pectoral; a black band from nape and Supraorbital region through eye, widest above eye, below eye much narrower and ending above isthmus on branchiostegals; anal fin pale; soft dorsal with a thin black marginal line; caudal fin completely pale; dorsal XIII,22 or 23 ; anal III,18 to 20; scales 40 to 44. Chaetodon miliaris Quoy and Gaimard 16b. Caudal peduncle pale without large black spots or bands in adults. 25a. Caudal fin without jet black transverse band across middle. 26a. Either a large black round spot on soft dorsal or a large subovate black patch occupying entire posterior dorsal area of body; fourth to sixth dorsal rays produced and threadlike in adults, middle part black. 27a. A large subovate black patch on dorsal posterior part of body extending onto dorsal fin, bordered ventrally with a broad white band; below this 5 or 6 diffuse horizontal gray or purple stripes; ocular band reduced to wedge- shaped spot just above orbit; not evident below eye (except in young) ; anal pale except for dusky marginal line and faint narrow line across middle of fin; dorsal fin white along dorsal surface, posterior margin with tips dusky, then a broad white band, then a narrow black line separated from black body patch by a yellow band ; caudal peduncle pale in adults (young with black saddle gradually diminishing as adult coloration is assumed) ; caudal fin pale with thin black lines follow- ing rays; dorsal XIII,24 to 26; anal III,21 to 23; scales 34 to 38______ Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier (p. 590) 276. Soft dorsal with a large black oval to round spot (ringed with white in young) on sixth to thirteenth rays; body with five narrow gray stripes radiating upward and backward from head; at right angles to fifth line are 10 or 11 diagonal lines running downward and backward; ocular band narrow and faint above eye, broader than eye and jet black below eye (young have ocular band about as wide as eye from nape to lower edge of opercle) ; dorsal and posterior margins of dorsal fin jet black; anal fin with pale margin and narrow black sub- marginal line; caudal with 2 narrow faint submarginal lines; dorsal XIII (rarely XII),23 or 24; anal III,18 to 22; scales 29 to 36. Chaetodon auriga Forskal (p. 591) 574. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 26b. No large black round spot on soft dorsal; no large black patch occupying posterior dorsal area of body. 28a. Body with 13 or 14 more or less horizontal rows of small, round, brown dots extending onto base of soft dorsal but not onto anal; dorsal and anal fins with a black band at base, broadening posteriorly, and both fins with a thin submarginal black line; produced thread- like dorsal rays entirely white; ocular band extending from nape to branchiostegal membranes, narrower than eye above eye and broader than eye below eye; caudal fin pale with thin black lines following rays; dorsal XIII or XIV,21 to 25; anal III,20 to 22; scales 82 to 44. Chaetodon semeion Bleeker (p. 592) 286. Body with 4 to 10 narrow, chevron-shaped vertical bars, originating at base of dorsal inclined forward follow- ing scale rows, then inclined backward below midaxis of body, some of last 3 or 4 bands incomplete, reduced to spots ; posterior part of body pale; ocular band white bordered above eye and wider than pupil, narrower than pupil below eye, fading on lower edge of pre- opercle; soft dorsal fin rounded ; anal fin with first rays produced, making fin angulate; dorsal with narrow black submarginal line; anal fin with diffuse darkish area in anterior half, posterior margin pale with nar- row black submarginal line; caudal pale with faint black submarginal line; dorsal XIII (rarely XII) ,21 to 23; anal III,16 or 17. Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier (p. 593) 256. Caudal fin with a jet-black transverse band across middle. 29a. Center of ocular band pale white or yellow, bordered by dark lines; width of band equal to pupil. 30a. About 6 black bands inclined obliquely upward across body and ending in soft dorsal, except ventral one, which ends in front of base of last anal rays; these bands begin in middle of body and are preceded by rows of blackish spots; between broader bands narrow lines are often evident; a black patch in front of origin of dorsal usually not continuous with ocular band; ocu- lar band beginning about width of pupil above eye fad- ing on lower margin of preopercle; dorsal and anal fin dark basally with pale margin and black submarginal line ; caudal crossed about middle by black band; dorsal XITII,23; anal III,18; scales about 45. Chaetodon pelewensis Kner 306. Five or six vertical bands on upper posterior part of body, the first two very pale, the last very short; an- terior and lower part of body with horizontal or oblique rows of spots; no narrow lines between bands, which do not extend below a line through the pectoral axil and center of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle yel- low; diffuse black spot on nape at origin of dorsal fin; ocular band beginning a short distance above eye fading just above lower edge of preopercle; broad base of SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 575 dorsal fin dark gray ; margin pale; base of anal punctic- ulate, margin pale, black submarginal line; jet-black transverse bar across middle of caudal rays; dorsal XIII,22 to 25; anal III,17 or 18; scales 35 to 40. Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus Cuvier (p. 594) 29b. Center of ocular band dark, width about equal to eye; body pale with faint pigment near edges of scales giving appearance of faint cross-pattern of lines following rows of scales; soft dorsal fin with pale margin and black sub- marginal band beginning narrowly on last dorsal rays broadening on posterior part of fin; anal with pale margin and thin black submarginal line; broad, black, crescent- shaped transverse bar across middle of caudal fin; ocular band beginning on nape, narrower than eye, above eye, and as broad as eye, below eye, ending on lower edge of inter- opercle; narrowly bordered with white below eye; dorsal XIII,21; anal III,19; scales about 29. Chaetodon rafflesii Bennett Genus FORCIPIGER Jordan and McGregor Forcipiger JorpDAN and McGrecor, in Jordan and Evermann, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 2, p. 1671, 1898. (Genotype, Chelinon longirostris Cuvier and Valen- ciennes. ) FORCIPIGER LONGIROSTRIS (Broussonet) Piatt 49, A Chaetodon longirostris BROUSSONET, Ichthyologia, sistens piscium descriptiones et icones, p. 6, pl. 7, 1782 (type locality, unknown). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 6 specimens, 77 to 102 mm. standard length. Description—Dorsal rays XII,22 or 23; anal III,17 or 18, pectoral 11,14; scales 69 to 76 rows in lengthwise series, 14 or 15 from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 32 or 33 from origin of anal to lateral line. Depth 2.4, head 2.2 or 2.3, both in standard length; snout 1.6 to 1.8, eye 5.1 to 5.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.6 to 6.3, length of pectoral 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital part of head 4.6 to 6.0 (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening), lower lobe of caudal fin 2.0 to 2.4, upper lobe 1.7 to 1.9, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.1; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.0. Teeth very small and close-set; pectoral fin long and falcate; lateral line smoothly arched, highest under VIII to Xth dorsal spines, ex- tended onto caudal peduncle but not quite to end; snout produced and curved slightly upward; first and second outer rays on dorsal side of caudal peduncle produced and filamentous. Color in alcohol——Body bright golden to yellowish; a large tri- angular brown spot covering side of head from origin of dorsal to 576 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 just above base of pectoral, extending forward at level of middle of eye and continued before eye onto snout covering top to tip; dorsal fin golden at base, pale distally except dusky streaks following spines, soft dorsal with clear margin and thin black submarginal line; anal fin golden at base, pale distally, an intense black spot (not quite so large as eye) extending from rays 12 to 17 just below margin, an indistinct dusky submarginal line posteriorly; caudal fin with dark line across base, rest of fin with slightly dusky rays; pectoral fin clear except upper margin dusky; ventrals pale. Color in life-—Not greatly different from preserved specimens described above. Genus HENIOCHUS Cuvier Heniochus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 335, 1817. (Genotype, Chaetodon macrolepidotus Bloch.) HENIOCHUS ACUMINATUS (Linnaeus) Chaetodon acuminatus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 272, 1758 (type locality, Indies). Heniochus acuminatus Fow Ler, Bishop Mus. Mem., vol. 10, p. 258, 1928 (Ebon Island, Marshalls). This species is included on the basis of Fowler’s record of a specimen from Ebon Island. We have not seen a specimen from the Marshall Islands. HENIOCHUS PERMUTATUS Cuvier PLATE 49, B Heniochus permutatus Cuvirer, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 99, 1831 (on Bennett) (type locality, not given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 15 specimens, 69 to 116 mm. standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 104 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 76 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XI1I,21 or 22; anal II1,18; pectoral I,i,13 or 14; scales 49 to 55 in lengthwise series, 10 or 11 between dorsal fin origin and lateral line, 25 to 28 between lateral line and anal fin origin. Depth 1.4 or 1.5, head 2.8 to 3.1, both in standard length; snout 2.8 to 8.3, eye 2.8 or 2.9, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.2, length of pectoral fin 0.9, postorbital part of head 2.4 to 2.8, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2 or 1.3, upper lobe 1.1 or 1.2, all in length of head; inter- orbital in eye 1.1 or 1.2; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.3 to 1.5; angle of snout profile with axis of body 57 to 60 degrees. One or two small spines on interorbital margin above eye; fourth dorsal spine much longer than head, in 69-mm. specimen almost as SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 577 long as body, with a broad membrane on entire distal part; spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal. Color in alcohol.Head and body with three broad, chocolate brown, transverse bands, first from origin of dorsal fin through eye, across cheek and pectoral base to belly, including pelvic fin base and covering belly almost as far posteriorly as anal opening; second, from third to fifth dorsal spines obliquely to soft anal rays; third, less dis- tinct, covering scaly basal part of dorsal fin from tenth spine to pos- terior part of fin and extending across upper part of caudal fin base; area between bands pearly white; midline of snout and tip of upper lip blackish; dorsal fin from fourth to ninth spines, white distally ; posterior anal fin soft rays with white tips; pectoral fin pale; pelvic fins black; caudal fin pale. Color in life-——Not different from preserved specimens described above except lips bright golden yellow, and pectoral fin pale yellow along rays. E’cology——Yound in deeper waters and around coral heads; not usually seen or taken on shore reefs. HENIOCHUS MONOCEROS Cuvier Heniochus monoceros Cuvirr, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 100, 176, 1831 (type locality, Isle de France). SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140122, Eniwetok Atoll, Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, June 1, 1946, S-46-197, Schultz, 1 specimen, 97 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII, 25 or 26; anal III,18 or 19; pectoral T,i,16 ; scales about 51 in lengthwise series, 10 between dorsal fin origin and lateral line, 24 between lateral line and anal fin origin. Depth 1.4, head 2.7, both in standard length; snout 2.5, eye 3.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.0, postorbital part of head 2.5, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.05; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.4; angle of snout profile with axis of body 56 degrees. Fourth dorsal spine longer than head; a single small spine on upper rim of orbit; a median conical bony protuberance on nape nearer origin of dorsal fin than snout. Color in alcohol.—Head with light brown triangular spot from origin of dorsal to eye; bony protuberance black, interorbital black; top and sides of snout with black spots; a black line almost as wide as eye from eye meeting its fellow just posterior to chin; lips and chin white; two broad vertical brown bands crossing body, the first start- ing at the sixth and seventh dorsal spines through pectoral base, broadening ventrally and including pelvic fin base posteriorly to anus, 05529252 vol. 139 578 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 the second starting on ninth to twelfth dorsal spines, passing diago- nally through base of caudal peduncle to tips of last anal fin rays; space between brown bands pearly white; pectoral fins black at base, rest of fins white; pelvic fins entirely black; soft dorsal and caudal fins yellow on scaled base, white on unscaled portion; anal fin with hlack margin, pale basally on anterior part, black on posterior part. Genus MEGAPROTODON Guichenot Megaprotodon GuicuHENot, Rev. Zool., vol. 11, p. 12, 1848. (Genotype, Chaeto- don bifasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. ) MEGAPROTODON STRIGANGULUS (Gmelin) Chaetodon strigangulus GMELIN, Systema naturae, ed. 18, p. 1269, 1788 (on Broussonet) (type locality, not given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 28 and 92 mm., standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 40 to 68 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 5 specimens, 43 to 60 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV,15 to 17; anal IV,15 or 16; pectoral I,1,18 ; scales in lengthwise series 25 or 26. Depth 1.9, head 2.5 to 3.0, both in standard length; snout 2.8 to 3.0, eye 2.8 to 3.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.2, postorbital part of head 2.5 to 2.9, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.8, upper lobe 1.2, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.2 or 1.3; angle of snout profile with axis of body 36 to 48 degrees. Teeth massed in anterior part of jaws. Color in alcohol.—Ground color whitish on lower half of body, upper half darker; a dark-brown band, about as wide as eye, starting on nape anteriorly to origin of dorsal passing through eye and join- ing with its fellow at anterior part of isthmus, this band bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a narrow light line; lips pale; upper half of body with 2 oval white spots, one behind the other; body with 18 to 20 transverse dark lines following scale rows, meeting in a broad angle just below lateral line, these lines extending on base of dorsal fin but not on base of anal; spinous dorsal pale distally, pos- terior soft rays white tipped ; caudal black basally, then a pale vertical band (which becomes more and more narrow as fish assumes adult coloration) ; then a black line, tips of rays colorless; anal fin pale brown basally, then a thin black line distally following outline of fin. JUVENILE: The following coloration disappears at a length of about 65 to 72 mm. standard length: A broad crescent-shaped black band or bar across rear of soft dorsal and anal fins, with white border dorsally, broadest at length of 30 to 40 mm., gradually decreasing in SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 579 width and disappearing at a length of about 70 mm. At a length of about 50 mm. the pale or yellowish caudal fin begins to darken basally, and at a length of 70 mm. the basal three-fourths of caudal fin is black; pectoral and pelvic fins colorless. Genus CHAETODON Linnaeus Chaetodon LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 272, 1758. (Genotype, Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus. ) CHAETODON RETICULATUS Cuvier PLATE 50, B Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 32, pl. 171, 1831 (type locality, Tahiti, Ulea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 35 specimens, 40 to 112 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 97 to 102 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 92 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 84 mm. Description—Dorsal rays X1I,26 or 27; anal ITI,20 or 21; pectoral ray I,i,15 to 17; scale rows in lengthwise series from upper part of gill opening to base of caudal rays 41 to 43 in 4 counts. Depth 1.4 or 1.5, head 3.2 to 3.4, both in standard length; snout 2.8 to 3.0, eye 3.1 to 3.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.8, length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to posterior margin of opercular flap) 2.1 to 2.4, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.3 or 1.4, upper lobe 1.2 to 1.3, all in length of head; in- terorbital in eye 0.7 or 0.8; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.3 to 1.6; angle of snout profile with axis of body 55 to 60 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 92 to 100 degrees; line from middle of caudal peduncle to corner of mouth passes just above pectoral axis. Teeth very fine, numerous, flexible, and brushlike, lower teeth slightly hooked at tips; caudal fin convex. Color in alcohol.—A. broad black band, bordered on each side by yellow, passing from origin of dorsal and interorbital through eye, narrower than eye at eye, broadening below eye to isthmus, thence passing posteriorly on belly, including base of pelvic fins to anal fin; upper lip pale; area around mouth black; a light-gray area on inter- orbital about as wide as eye; a broad pale vertical band passes from dorsal fin just back of eye, including pectoral fin base to black belly band; posterior part of body black with yellowish white spots, that occupy center of each scale, arranged in horizontal rows; dorsal fin spines dirty white, scaled part light brown, soft rays with broad pale margin, then a narrow submarginal dark-brown line, then a sec- 580 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ond pale band; anal fin black on scaled part, then a light band, then a broad black band and a narrow pale margin; last anal rays with a broad pale margin (red in life) ; posterior part of caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin black, rest of caudal fin pale with 2 submarginal black bands; pectoral fin pale; pelvic fins black. Color when alive-——Pattern as described for preserved specimens; line bordering broad black head band bright yellow; upper lip yellow; opercle dark gray; anterior part of back light gray; space between insertion of pectoral fin and breast bright yellow; soft dorsal fin with a broad yellow submarginal band, about as wide as pupil; anal fin with margin of last 6 or 7 soft rays bright red; caudal fin with a yellow band between the two submarginal black bands. CHAETODON KLEINII Bloch Chaetodon kleinii BLocH, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, pt. 4, p. 7, pl. 218, fig. 2, 1790 (type locality, East Indies). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 65790, Jaluit Atoll, January 6 to February 4, 1900, Albatross, 5 specimens, 70 to 91 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII1I1,21 or 22; anal III,18; pectoral rays T,i,12 or 13; scales 33 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays (5 counts). Depth 1.5 or 1.6, head 3.4 or 3.5, both in standard length; snout 3.0 to 3.5, eye 2.8 to 3.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6 to 3.0; length of pectoral fin 1.0 or 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.1 or 3.2, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0; angle of snout profile 58 to 62 degrees, concave; caudal fin straight ; teeth setiform, nearly straight except curved at tip. Color in alcohol.—A black band starts on nape and passes through eye to breast, then to pelvics; pelvics black but spines pale; about 15 longitudinal rows of brownish spots, rather diffuse anteriorly, dis- tinct posteriorly; two faint vertical color bars, the first extending from lateral line just behind pectoral to pelvics, and the second from eleventh to thirteenth dorsal spines to origin of anal; area between these faint bars lighter, causing them to stand out clearer; pectoral fin pale; margins of soft anal and dorsal fins white, then a narrow submarginal black line about width of white margin; caudal fin pale; spiny dorsal pale; tip of snout black (copied from Schultz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1943, pp. 140-141, and checked with specimens). Remarks.—These specimens have apparently been dried or have been preserved in too strong a solution of alcohol, as they are badly shrunken and very stiff and brittle. Nearly all the color and pattern are gone. SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 581 CHAETODON UNIMACULATUS Bloch Pruate 51, B Chaetodon unimaculatus BLocH, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, pt. 8, p. 75, pl. 201, fig. 1, 1787 (type locality, Hast Indies). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 11 specimens, 60 to 103 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 40 and 51 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 44 and 53 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 53 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XITTI,?21 to 23; anal III,18 or 19; pectoral 1,i,18 or 14 (usually 14) ; scales in lengthwise series from upper end of gill opening to base of caudal rays 41 to 44. Depth 1.4 to 1.7, head 2.6 to 3.1, both in standard length; snout 2.6 to 3.2, eye 3.0 to 3.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.3, postorbital part of head 2.4 to 2.6, lower lobe of caudal 1.8 to 1.7; upper lobe 1.2 to 1.5, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 48 to 55 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 93 to 105 degrees; a line through the center of the caudal peduncle to angle of jaws passes well above axil of pectoral and along the lower rim of the orbit. Lateral line smoothly arched to center of black trunk spot, then straight following body outline and ending under insertion of last dorsal ray; teeth fine, blunt in adults, pointed and slightly hooked in young; caudal fin truncate. Color in alcohol.—Head with a dark-brown band as wide as eye from origin of dorsal fin through eye to breast, where it meets band from opposite side; top of snout and upper lip dusky; body yellow- ish white with about 10 indistinct diagonal dusky lines on anterior uppersides; a large dark-brown or black spot about twice diameter of eye located under insertion of eighth to thirteenth dorsal spines, often with broad, tapering, dusky streak running straight downward from its lower edge; dorsal and anal fin yellow with broad submarginal black band across straight posterior part continuous with black band of equal width on caudal peduncle; pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins pale yellowish white. CHAETODON MEYERI Bloch and Schneider Chaetodon meyeri BLocH and SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 223, (type locality, Moluecas).—AHt, Arch. naturg., vol. 89, p. 49, 1923 (Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands). This species is included on the basis of Ahl’s record from Jaluit Atoll. We have not seen a specimen from the Marshall Islands. 582 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 CHAETODON ORNATISSIMUS Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 52, A Chaetodon ornatissimus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des pois- sons, vol. 7, p. 22, 1831 (type locality, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 50 to 139 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,25 to 27; anal III,20 to 22; pec- toral I,i,14 or 15; scales 50 to 58 in lengthwise series from top of oper- cular opening to base of caudal fin ray. Depth 1.3 or 1.4, head 2.9 to 3.2, both in standard length; snout 3.0, eye 2.9 to 3.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6 to 3.0, length of pec- toral 1.0, postorbital part of head (from hind margin of eye to pos- terior edge of opercular flap) 2.1 to 2.8, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 51 to 58 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral (with eye at apex) 101 to 110 degrees. A line through center of caudal peduncle to angle of mouth passes about equal distance above axil of pectoral and below lower rim of orbit; teeth very long and fine, slightly bent at tips; lateral line al- most straight on anterior portion, bending under insertion of third to fifth soft rays in a 135-degree angle following outline of body, and ending under the twentieth dorsal ray; caudal fin slightly convex. Color in alcohol.—Six yellow bands lengthwise on body, slightly inclined dorsally extending from head to dorsal fin and onto caudal peduncle; ground color of body pale yellowish white; a line about as wide as pupil passing vertically through eye, this line broader on nape and isthmus where it joins one from opposite side; interorbital gray; a black ring encircling mouth; upper lip pale, lower lip black; a black line running upward from lower edge of preopercle along margin of scaly sheath of dorsal fin to hind margin, where it curves downward and joins a diagonal yellow band; a second vertical line across an- terior part of opercle, and a third short one along anterior part of soft opercular flap; soft dorsal fin with thin black margin, except on pos- terior part; anal fin with a black margin, except on posterior part, then a white band, then a broad black band, base of fin with yellow body band extending onto soft portion; caudal fin with white margin and submarginal black band, a second broad black band crosses caudal about middle of fin; pectoral and pelvic fins white. Color when alive-—Pattern as described for preserved specimens; diagonal body lines bright orange; ground color of head and nape yellow; black lines of head bordered by narrow lines of blue; breast SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 583 and belly yellow; spiny dorsal and scaled part of soft dorsal fin yellow, submarginal yellow band on soft dorsal fin, anal fin with spines yel- low, soft portion with yellow submarginal band, then a thin blue line, basad to this a black line and below that a broad brown band; caudal fin yellow except for two vertical black bands and white margin; pec- toral and pelvic fins yellow. CHAETODON MELANNOTUS Bloch and Schneider Pate 52, B Chaetodon melannotus BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 224, 1801 (type locality, Tranquebar). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Erik Island, western end, ocean reef, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 5 specimens, 88 to 106 mm. Guam: Tumon Bay, January 8, 1946, Gressitt and Ingram, 2 specimens, 52 and 56 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X1I,19 or 20; anal ITI,16 or 17; pectoral 1,i,13; scales 36 to 38 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.6 or 1.7, head 3.1 to 3.3, both in standard length; snout 3.0 to 3.2; eye 3.0 to 3.4, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 or 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.1 to 3.5, lower lobes of caudal fin 1.4 or 1.5, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; angle of snout profile with axis of body 46 to 50 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 133 to 1389 degrees; a line through center of caudal peduncle to corner of mouth passes well above axil of pectoral and through center of lower half of eye; caudal fin truncate to slightly convex; teeth long, round, curved over entire length, tapering to a fine sharp point. Color in alcohol.—Back dusky to dark brown, a large pale spot larger than eye on upper side beneath insertion of fifth to seventh spines; lower part of body lighter; breast, sides, and back with about 21 dark-brown oblique striations; caudal peduncle with a large black saddle over top and a smaller one over ventral surface; a more or less distinct black blotch at base of soft anal fin; head pale except for a narrow stripe (width of pupil) running from nape through eye and ending in a small disconnected spot on anterior part of breast; soft parts of dorsal and anal fins with pale margin, then a dark line fad- ing into a broad dusky area, bases yellow; caudal fin with posterior half pale, a black vertical line crossing fin halfway, base yellow; pectoral and pelvic fins pale (yellow in life). 584 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 CHAETODON TRIFASCIATUS Mungo Park PuateE 51, A Chaetodon trifasciatus Munco Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 3, p. 34, 1797 (type locality, Sumatra). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 34 specimens, 49 to 96 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 93 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 67 to 88 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 84 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 57 specimens, 31 to 75 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 19 specimens, 53 to 87 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIII or XIV,19 to 23; anal ITI,19 or 20; pectoral rays I,1,13 or 14; scales 38 to 44 rows in line between upper edge of gill opening and base of caudal rays. Depth 1.6 or 1.7, head 3.0 to 3.6, both in standard length; snout 3.2 to 3.5, eye 2.7 to 3.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 to 3.0, length of pectoral fin 1.0 or 1.1, postorbital part of head 2.8 to 3.3 (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening), lower lobe of caudal 1.4 to 1.7, upper lobe 1.1 to 1.4, all in length of head; inter- orbital in eye 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 46 to 52 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and in- sertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 121 to 127 degrees; a line through center of caudal peduncle to corner of mouth passes above axil of pectoral and across lower rim of orbit; caudal fin convex, rounded; teeth setiform, very fine. Color in alcohol.—Body with 14 to 18 dark-brown or blackish, nar- row, horizontal lines running from head to dorsal fin base on upper part, fading posteriorly below; interorbital, snout, lips, and chin black; a black band, bordered before and behind by a white line from nape to isthmus, passing through eye, this band a little broader than pupil; a second band running from lower margin of preopercle up- ward behind eye and curving posteriorly along base of dorsal; scaly sheath of spinous dorsal fin with 7 or 8 very fine, wavy horizontal black lines, soft dorsal with a broad black band bordered by white occupy- ing basal third and extending onto caudal peduncle, distally 2 broad yellow bands separated by a diffuse black line, tip of rays dusky; anal fin with a broad black band bordered by yellow on basal part, then a broad grayish black band, tips of rays white; caudal fin gray at base, crossed about middle by a broad black band bordered widely on each side by yellow, distal third pale; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. Color when alive-—Pattern as described above, except space between black parts of head including eye, except where crossed by black line, SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 585 bright yellow; anterior part of opercular flap orange, breast and belly yellow; base of pectoral and soft part of pelvics yellow; anal fin pink at base of spiny part. CHAETODON FALCULA Bloch PuatEe 53, B Chaetodon falcula BLocH, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, pt. 7, p. 102, pl. 325, fig. 2, 1793 (no locality).—SrAtr, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 8, p. 101, 1901 (Guam).—Aut, Arch. Naturg., vol. 89, p. 171, 1923 (Jaluit Atoll).—FowLer, Bishop Mus. Mem., vol. 10, p. 255, 1928 (Guam; Ebon Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boby Island, at north end, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 1 specimen, 19 mm. Guam: Tidal pools near mouth of Ylig River, December 23, 1945, Frey and Gressitt, 1 specimen, 49 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,23 or 24; anal II1,19; pectoral I,1,14; scales 31 to 33 rows in line from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays. Depth 1.63 to 1.73, head 2.2 to 2.52, both in standard length; snout 2.58 to 3.07, eye 2.78 to 3.382, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.74 to 3.07, length of pectoral fin 1.35 to 1.53, postorbital part of head 3.91 to 4.67, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.19 to 1.23; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 36 to 39 degrees, snout pro- file sigmoid; hind margins of dorsal and anal fins round; caudal con- vex and rounded. Color in alcohol.—Snout, chin, and interorbital white in small specimen, tip of snout with thin black line over dorsal surface in large; a faint white line extending from nostrils forward along sides of snout; ocular band slightly narrower than diameter of eye, run- ning from nape to lower margin of interopercle, bordered before and behind with narrow light line; body with 2 broad, dark-brown trans- verse bands, the first extending from tips of third to seventh dorsal spines downward to about on level with lower part of pectoral in- sertion, the second extending from near tips of membranes of last two dorsal spines and first four dorsal rays downward, fading ven- trally but visible to edge of margin of scaly sheath of anal; spaces between bars dusky brownish gray in small specimen and with 4 distinct narrow vertical lines in larger ; larger specimen has altogether 16 narrow vertical lines on body, these running from dorsal base to ventral margin and anal base, caudal peduncle completely black, pec- toral fins pale, pelvic fins with very narrow black streaks along inner margins of rays and membranes with minute black dots; caudal fin pale translucent on base, a thin black transverse line about middle, 586 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 rest of fin pale, soft dorsal with narrow dusky margin, broad pale submarginal band and basal portion dusky; soft anal with margin pale, margin of scaly sheath with narrow dusky line and basal portion pale. CHAETODON LUNULA (Lacepéde) PLatTe 54, A Pomacentrus lunula LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle de poissons, vol. 4, pp. 507, 511, 513, 1802 (on Commerson) (type locality not given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 24 specimens, 19 to 162 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll; 2 stations, 2 specimens, 19 and 111 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 126 and 166 mm. Guam: 9 lots, 48 specimens, 25 to 141 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 39 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,23 or 24; anal III,17 or 18; pectoral 1,1,15; scales 34 to 39 rows in a line from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays. Depth 1.5 to 1.8; head 2.2 to 3.2, both in standard length; snout 3.0 or 8.1; eye 2.3 to 3.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3.3; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.8, postorbital part of head 3.2 to 3.5 (from hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) ; lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4 or 1.5, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; inter- orbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 50 to 56 degrees; anterior profile concave in specimens 49 to 147 mm., straight in specimens 25 mm., convex in specimens 19 mm. (tholichthys stage) ; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 113 to 128 degrees; a line through the center of caudal peduncle to mouth passes over axil of pectoral and below lower rim of orbit in large specimens, across both in smaller; teeth long, slender, straight, bent at tip where they taper sharply to point; caudal fin slightly convex; suprascapular and humeral bony plates of tholichthys stage very well developed at 19 mm. but com- pletely lacking in specimen 25 mm. Color in alcohol—A broad black band from ventral edge of pre- opercle through eye across interorbital, wider than eye, at eye; snout pale; head behind black band white; a white-bordered black band running from insertion of dorsal fin along its base to sixth spine where it turns downward and forward, broadening below, ending abruptly at head and axil of pectoral; body with 10 to 12 more or less distinct oblique yellowish or brownish lines running backward and upward, fading on breast and at base of scaly sheath of soft dorsal; breast and belly white; dorsal and anal fins with a broad black margin and a pale proximal band about the same width; base of dorsal fin with a SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 587 white-bordered black streak starting at base of soft rays, thence backward, broadening and darkening to form a black saddle over caudal peduncle; caudal fin with pale margin, then a submarginal black band about equal in width to pale margin; about halfway from base to margin a series of 14 spots arranged to make a vertical band with a spot on membrane between each ray; base of caudal fin yellow; pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish white. Color when alive-—Pattern as described for preserved specimens; snout, breast, belly, and general ground color yellow; lines bordering black shoulder patch yellow, as are submarginal dorsal and anal fin bands; bases of caudal, anal, and pectoral fins yellow; pelvic fins entirely bright yellow; back and base of dorsal fin light yellowish brown. CHAETODON VAGABUNDUS Linnaeus PLATE 55, A Chaetodon vagabundus LinNaEvus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 276, 1758 (type locality, Indies). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam: 1945, Frey, 1 specimen, 58 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,24; anal ITI,20; pectoral 11,14; scales 35 rows in line from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays; gill rakers 15 on lower limb of first arch. Depth 1.57, head 2.86, both in standard length; snout 3.08, eye 2.94, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.08, length of pectoral fin 1.15, post- orbital part of head 4.0, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.23; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 degrees; snout profile concave just behind tip, then nearly straight to origin of dorsal fin; posterior margins of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins rounded. Color in alcohol.—Snout and interorbital areas dusky, black ocular band slightly narrower than eye, running from origin of dorsal to ventral edge of interoperculum; body ground color dusky yellowish brown; body with 6 narrow dark lines radiating posterodorsally from head, about 12 narrow dark lines perpendicular to sixth dorsal line, running posteroventrally to base of soft anal fin; posterior half of tips of membranes of spiny dorsal black, this black margin continuing on soft dorsal, broadening to angle then running off fin at about twentieth ray, below this a broad pale area then a broad black band as wide as ocular band running from anterior margin of soft dorsal transversely across caudal peduncle and onto posterior base of soft anal, a narrow pale line along its anterior edge; anal fin with narrow margin pale, then a narrow submarginal line, basal to this a broad pale area; caudal fin pale basally then a black crescent-shaped band, a narrow pale area distal to this crossing about halfway along fin, then 588 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 a narrow transverse dark line, broad margin (about one-third of fin) pale, hyaline; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. CHAETODON QUADRIMACULATUS Gray Piate 54, B Chaetodon quadrimaculatus GRAY, Zool. Misc., p. 33, 1833 (type locality, Sand- wich Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 6 specimens, 59 to 100 mm. total length. Hniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 74 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 54 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 88 and 92 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV (rarely XV),21 or 22; anal III,17 or 18; pectoral rays I,1,13 to 15 (usually 14) ; scales 39 to 45 rows in line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.5, head 2.95 to 3.4, both in standard length; snout 2.8 to 3.0, eye 3.0 to 3.1, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.0 or 1.1, postorbital part of head 3.0 to 3.5 (from hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening), lower lobe of caudal fin 1.3 or 1.4, upper lobe 1.2 to 1.4, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.0. Angle of snout profile with axis of body 53 to 60 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye, and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 116 to 123 degrees; a line through center of caudal peduncle to mouth passes above pectoral axil (by diameter of pupil) and slightly below lower rim of orbit; caudal fin convex; teeth setiform. Color in alcohol-——Upperpart of body blackish, the dark color ex- tending onto dorsal fin sheath; caudal peduncle black; a white spot, round in small specimens, oblong in larger ones, on back beneath insertion of eighth to twelfth dorsal spines, a second white oblong streak 7 scale rows behind the first, beginning below insertion of third soft dorsal ray and following outline of body downward and back- ward to blend into yellowish white of lower sides; lower sides yellow- ish white with obscure lengthwise rows of brown spots fading pos- teriorly; a broad white band as wide as eye running from insertion of dorsal downward behind eye and including posterior part of head; head with a black-bordered gray band about as wide as eye from nape to eye, below eye to interopercle band pale, black-bordered, and with a thin line of white before and behind; interorbital and snout pale with faint dusky brown on upper lip; breast white; soft dorsal fin with black tips anteriorly, pale posteriorly, below this a broad white band, then a submarginal black line with a faint gray band proximally; anal similarly colored except that base of anal is pale, while base of dorsal SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 589 is dark; caudal fin pale or with scarcely evident thin black submarginal line; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. Color when alive.—Snout, posterior part of head, breast, belly, and lower sides yellow; center of band through eye orange below eye; base of pectoral fin dark brown; dorsal fin brown at base, then a narrow band of white bordered distally by a thin black line, a broad yellow submarginal band and tips black; anal fin yellow at base, otherwise colored as dorsal; caudal fin bright yellow with narrow white margin; otherwise fish is colored as described in preserved specimen. CHAETODON CITRINELLUS Cuvier PLATE 51, C Chaetodon citrinellus (Broussonet) Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 27, 1831 (type locality, Guam; Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 18 stations, 51 specimens, 30 to 85 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 24 specimens, 26 to 86 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 12 specimens, 41 to 83 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 10 specimens, 65 to 81 mm. Guam: 7 lots, 26 specimens, 31 to 74 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 27 to 40 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV (rarely XV) ,20 or 21; anal ITI,15 or 16; pectoral I,1,13 or 14; scales 34 to 39 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.7 or 1.8, head 3.0 to 3.3, both in standard length; snout 2.9 or 38.0, eye 2.9 to 3.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 or 3.2, length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.2 to 3.5, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.3, upper lobe 1.2, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0 or 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 47 to 55 degrees, convex in tholichthys stage, straight in specimens 30 to 40 mm. and concave in large specimens; caudal fin convex; teeth setiform, curved at tip. Color in alcohol.—A. dark brown or black ocular band, slightly wider than pupil, white bordered above the eye, running from anterior inser- tion of dorsal to lower margin of interopercle; interorbital yellow, top of snout black, chin white; body with about 18 wavy rows of brown or blackish dots (smaller than pupil), blue in life, running upward and backward, fading on base of dorsal fin, smaller dorsally and pos- teriorly, lower four rows horizontal, base of dorsal and caudal peduncle with faint orange spots the size of brown scale spots; spinous dorsal with anterior margin of spines dusky, continued posteriorly on soft dorsal as a thin submarginal black line; narrow margin of soft dorsal white, base of dorsal yellow with indistinct yellowish-white flecks; anal fin with intense black broad band distally, then a yellow submarginal 590 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 band of about the same width, base of anal light dusky brown; caudal fin pale or white; pectoral pale; pelvics yellowish white with light brown flecks along rays. CHAETODON EPHIPPIUM Cuvier PLATE 56, A Chaetodon ephippium CUVIER, in CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 80, pl. 174, 1831 (type locality, Moluccas, Society Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 16 specimens, 114 to 169 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 69 to 149 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 28 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 30 specimens, 52 to 134 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIII,24; anal I11,21 to 23; pectoral J,1,14 or 15; scales 37 or 38 rows in lengthwise series from upper angle of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.6 to 1.8, head 2.6 to 3.3, both in standard length; snout 2.4 to 2.8, eye 2.8 to 4.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 or 3.1, length of pectoral fin 1.3 or 1.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.0 to 3.5, upper lobe of caudal fin 1.8, lower lobe 1.4, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.1; angle of snout profile 48 to 57 degrees, concave; caudal fin convexly rounded in 28-mm. specimen, straight in 69-mm. specimen, concave in largest specimen, 169 mm.; fourth and fifth dorsal rays produced and threadlike in specimens over 100 mm., produced rays wanting in 69-mm. specimen, about as long as width of eye in 114-mm. specimen, as long as base of soft dorsal in 169-mm. specimen; snout more pro- duced in adult than in juvenile specimens; teeth setiform, long, slender, bent at tips; lateral line smoothly arched to posterior base of dorsal fin. Color in alcohol——Ground color pale yellowish gray; lower sides with six or seven lengthwise stripes (not evident in all specimens), upper posterior part of back and basal part of spinous dorsal, be- ginning at eighth dorsal spine, with a large black patch, bordered ventrally with a wide white band ; caudal peduncle white on upper half, yellow on lower half; a thin black line descending diagonally from fourth dorsal spine toward pectoral axil, following a scale row ending at level of eye, a second straight black line just behind opercular open- ing from insertion of pectoral to midway to insertion of dorsal, a black spot above and below eye (remnants of ocular band), a silvery brown blotch below eye, extending forward along side of snout; spinous dorsal with spines white, membranes with a black line starting at base of second spine, gradually becoming more distal until it joins black blotch; soft dorsal with a broad pale margin, a narrow sub- marginal black line, then a yellow band slightly wider than pale SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 591 margin, extended rays white on top, black proximally below; anal fin with a thin, black margin, a black-edged yellow line extending along edge of scaly sheath; caudal pale with thin black lines follow- ing rays, pectoral and pelvic fins pale; young (28 mm.) with strong black ocular band slightly wider than pupil, reaching from insertion of dorsal to lower edge of interopercle; caudal peduncle entirely black; scaly sheath of anal dusky; in 69-mm. specimen ocular band narrower, fainter, shorter, extending from a point about width of eye above eye to lower edge of preopercle; caudal peduncle with black blotch on upper half only; scaly sheath of anal much lighter than in 28-mm. specimen. CHAETODON AURIGA Forskal PLaTE 56, B Chaetodon auriga ForsK&u, Descriptiones animalium, pp. XIII, 60, 1775 (type locality, Djidda, Lohaja, Arabia, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 33 specimens, 16 to 154 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 37 specimens, 18 to 155 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 140 to 143 mm. Rongelap Atoll; 3 stations, 3 specimens, 136 to 163 mm. Guam: 8 lots, 50 specimens, 32 to 132 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII (rarely XII) ,23 or 24; anal III,18 to 20; pectoral J,i,14 or 15; scales 29 to 36 in lengthwise series from top of opercular opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.5 to 1.8, head 2.4 to 3.1, both in standard length; snout 2.3 to 3.0, eye 2.8 to 3.9, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.4, length of pectoral 1.2 to 1.5, postorbital part of head (from hind margin of eye to posterior edge of opercular flap) 2.2 to 2.8, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4 to 1.6, upper lobe 1.3 to 1.5, all in length of head ; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 48 to 58 degrees; angle formed by corner of mouth, eye, and insertion of pectoral (with eye at apex) 118 to 130 degrees. A line through center of the caudal peduncle to angle of mouth passes above pectoral axil and along lower margin of orbit; hind margin of caudal fin truncate; in adults fifth and sixth dorsal rays greatly elongated and filamentous; at 69 mm. these dorsal rays are just beginning to elongate; at 79 mm. elongated dorsal rays equal diameter of pupil; at 85 mm. these rays have elongated to equal diameter of eye; lateral line smoothly arched ending under fifteenth or sixteenth dorsal rays; teeth long, slender, smoothly curved to pointed tip. Color in alcohol.—Ground color of head and body dirty grayish white flecked with light brown; a black band faint and narrow on nape, broadening below eye to wider than eye to ventral margin of opercle, where it meets its fellow; anterodorsal part of body with 5 592 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 oblique lines, broadening from head and bending posteriorly just below base of dorsal fin; at right angles to fifth line are 10 or 11 diagonal lines running posteroventrally, the uppermost 3 or 4 broader and not so distinct; dorsal fin with black margin, white submarginal area, filamentous dorsal rays with upper half black and lower half white; yellow at base; a large black oval to round spot on sixth to thirteenth dorsal rays, spot sometimes ocellated; anal fin with narrow white margin, a narrow submarginal black line, yellowish white basally; caudal fin pale yellow at base, margin pale, 2 black submarginal lines separated by a pale yellow vertical band as wide as diameter of pupil; pectoral and pelvic fins white. Young of 20 mm. have a large black spot at base of first dorsal rays; body stripes as adult but very thin and faint, ocular band uniform width, slightly narrower than diameter of eye, from origin of dorsal fin through eye to lower edge of opercle; caudal peduncle pale; at 40 mm. dorsal fin spot round located just below margin of fin; ocular band more intense below eye than above; anterior body stripes very distinct. Color when alive—Pattern as described for preserved specimens. Top of snout yellow; anterior margin of subocular band narrowly bordered with bluish white line; bases of vertical fins and caudal peduncle bright golden yellow; a pink vertical submarginal bar with tapering ends on caudal between pale margin and posterior black vertical line. CHAETODON SEMEION Bleeker Chaetodon semeion BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indié, vol. 8, p. 450, 1855 (type locality, Cocos-Keeling). SPECIMEN STUDIED Rongerik Atoll: Bock Island, ocean reef, high-tidal pool, April 24, 1946, S-46— 113, Brock and Marr, 1 specimen, 126 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIII,25; anal I11,21; pectoral I,1,14; scales 32 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.6, head 3.2, both in standard length; snout 2.9, eye 4.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0, length of pectoral 1.2, postorbital part of head (eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.1, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.3, upper lobe 1.1, all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular flap); interorbital in eye 0.9; angle of snout profile with axis of body 60 degrees; a line through the center of caudal peduncle to tip of snout passes about three-fourths of eye’s diameter above axil of pectoral and through center of eye; snout concave and turned up at end; caudal truncate, slightly concave; dorsal fin with first three soft rays elongated and threadlike. SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 593 Color in alcohol.—Ocular band dark brown, extending from origin of dorsal fin to lower margin of interopercle, joined with band on op- posite side across front of nape and interorbital extending onto top of snout; band broader than eye below eye; sides of snout, chin, pos- terior part of head and body yellowish white (orange in life) ; back and sides of body with small, round, brown dots in middle of each scale in 18 or 14 rows following scale rows, these dots extending onto base of soft dorsal fin but not onto base of anal or caudal peduncle; dorsal and anal fins with black band at base, broadening posteriorly, this band wider on dorsal than on anal fin; then a light area, broader on anal than dorsal; both fins with a thin submarginal black line on posterior part and a pale margin; extended rays of soft dorsal pale yellow; caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins yellowish white at base, clear white distally except caudal with very fine, lengthwise black lines, following upper border of rays in upper half of fin and lower border of rays in lower half. CHAETODON MERTENSII Cuvier PLATE 57, A Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 47 (on a figure by Mertens), 1831 (type locality unknown). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll; 3 stations, 6 specimens, 66 to 83 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll, 1 station, 2 specimens, 60 to 75 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII (rarely XII),21 to 23; anal IT1,16 or 17; pectoral I,i,18; scales 32 to 36 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.6 or 1.7, head 3.1 or 3.2, both in standard length; snout 2.7 to 2.9, eye 3.0 to 3.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 or 3.2, length of pectoral fin 1.1 or 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind mar- gin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.5 to 3.9, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.3 or 1.4, upper lobe 1.2 or 1.3, all in length of head; inter- orbital in eye 1.0 or 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 50 to 54 degrees, profile concave; caudal fin straight; teeth setiform, curved; a line through center of caudal peduncle to tip of snout passes well above axil of pectoral fin and across lower rim of orbit; posterior margin of dorsal fin rounded, that of anal fin angulate. Color in alcohol.—Ocular band dark brown, wider than pupil above eye and bordered with narrow white line, joining its fellow about midway between tip of snout and origin of dorsal fin, faint below eye, narrower than pupil, no white border, fading out at lower edge of preopercle; a large indistinct black nuchal blotch; anterior two- thirds of body with 6 or 7 very distinct, chevron-shaped, vertical 955292—53—vol. 140 594 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 bars, originating at base of dorsal, inclined slightly forward, follow- ing scale rows, until reaching a line from upper edge of gill opening to center of caudal peduncle, then directed backward, fading on belly and at base of anal fin; behind these bars scale spots arranged to make up 8 or 4 more indistinct, narrower bars; posterior one- fourth of body, including posterior bases of dorsal and anal fins and caudal peduncle yellow; dorsal fin with brown base anteriorly, yellow base posteriorly, soft dorsal with narrow, black, submarginal line and narrow, colorless margin; caudal fin pale at base, a broad pale margin, and a yellow band across center of fin, this band wider in middle; anal fin base brown anteriorly, yellow posteriorly, posterior part only with a very thin, submarginal, black line and pale margin; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. Remarks.—The specimens listed above have been compared with a specimen of Chaetodon chrysurus Desjardins from Mauritius (U.S. N.M. No. 48934). The only differences noticed are: In C. chrysurus the nuchal spot is very distinct, outlined in white and shaped like an inverted horseshoe; in (0. mertenszi the dark color on the nape does not have a regular form, is not outlined in white, and is usually quite indistinct; the chevron-shaped bars on the body are narrower and more numerous in chrysurus (6 complete and 8 incomplete or indis- tinct) ; in mertensiz they are broader and less numerous (4 complete and 6 incomplete or indistinct) ; the fin counts in chrysurus are within the range of those of mertensi?. Day (Fishes of India, p. 105, 1878- §8), Jordan and Seale (Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 341, 1906), and Weber and de Beaufort (The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 7, pp. 118-14, 1936), have all recognized these two species as different. CHAETODON PUNCTATO-FASCIATUS Cuvier PLATE 58, B Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 28, 1831 (type locality unknown). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 39 and 67 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 35 and 75 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 6 specimens, 35 to 72 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,22 to 25, usually 24; anal III,17 or 18; pectoral I,i,12 or 13; scales 35 to 40 in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.5 to 1.7, head 2.5 to 3.5 both in standard length; snout 2.4 to 3.0, eye 2.7 to 3.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.5, length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (from hind margin of eye to upper margin of gill opening) 3.1 to 3.4, lower lobe of caudal SUBFAMILY CHAETODONTINAE—WOODS 595 fin 1.4, upper lobe 1.2, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0 or 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 47 to 63 degrees; caudal fin very slightly convex, nearly straight; teeth hooked. Color in alcohol—Ocular band as wide as pupil, short, extending above eye a little farther than diameter of pupil and below eye to base of preopercle, where it fades; center of band pale, bordered by narrow black lines; a black spot on nape just below insertion of dorsal; tip of snout, interorbital, and sides of head above eye dusky; body with brown spots in wavy lengthwise rows, one under each scale; posterior part of back with 6 narrow vertical brown bands not so wide as pupil, originating at base of dorsal fin, these not extending beyond a line through axil of pectoral and center of caudal peduncle, fading out ventrally and anteriorly, first originating under sixth or seventh dorsal spine and barely evident, last originating under fifteenth dorsal ray and extending to top of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle entirely pale yellow; breast and belly white; dorsal fin dark grayish black at base, the color more intense distally with a thin dirty white line on its outer border, margin of fin white; anal fin pale at base with a black submarginal line and a white margin; caudal fin crossed about middle by a vertical, black, crescent-shaped bars; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. Color when alive—Ocular band yellow in center, black bordering lines very narrow; first dorsal spine bright yellow; space between vertical bars pale yellow with no brown spots showing between them; caudal peduncle bright yellow; margins of dorsal and anal fins pale yellow; otherwise color and pattern as described for preserved specimen. Remarks.—The fish described as Chaetodon multicinctus by Garrett (Proce. California Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 65, 1863), based on 2 specimens from Honolulu, and figured by Giinther (Fische der Siidsee, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, pl. 34, fig. B) is not the same species as our specimens from the Marshall Islands (see pl. 58, A). We have examined 4 specimens from Honolulu (U.S.N.M. Nos. 88199 and 55366) from 67 to 81 mm. and find them different from ours in several respects as shown in the key and in table 52. TABLE 52.—Counts made on Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus and C. multicinctus Scale rows from upper angle of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays Pectoral Dorsal rays Anal rays rays Species XIII | 22) 23) 24/25} TIT }17/18)19) 1} i |12)13)14)35/36]37/38/39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47 punctato-fasciatus_...--.---- 10) 1) 2} 6) 1 9} 4! 6}__]10}10} 2) 6)--] L}_-} 2} 2] 2) 2)__]__}-_]__]__}__]_- multicinctus .-..-.----------- 9)_-|._-] 1) 7} 9}_-] 3] 6) 9) 9)--] 5) 4)--]--]--]--}--]_--]_-]__}_-] 1} 2) 4 596 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 The most striking differences are in color pattern. In multicinctus the ocular band above the eye is dark in the center and extends, taper- ing, to, or almost to, the nuchal spot. In punctato-fasciatus the band is always pale in the center and terminates a very short distance above the eye. In multicintus the first vertical bar is under the third dorsal spine, the bars are as broad as two-thirds of the diameter of the eye, with the spaces between them as wide as the diameter of the eye, and they extend downward to below a line from the center of the caudal peduncle to the axil of the pectoral. In punctato-fasciatus the first three bars are very faint; the first originates under the sixth or seventh dorsal spine, the bars are no broader than the diameter of the pupil, the spaces between them no wider than the bars, and they do not extend below a line from the center of the caudal peduncle to the axil of the pectoral. The caudal peduncle is entirely pale (yellow) in punctato-fasciatus, while in multicinctus the caudal peduncle has a narrow brown band around its middle. The body spots are smaller, more numerous, and not so distinct in multicinctus. These two species have been mistakenly synonymized by Bleeker (Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises, vol. 9, p. 40, pl. 374, fig. 3, 1877) and by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pp. 369, 370, fig. 162, 1905). The statement of the latter that the Cuvier and Valenciennes specimen was prob- ably from the Hawaiian Islands has no justification. Gitinther in his discussion of Garrett’s figure (ibid., vol. 1, p. 44) says he believes Garrett’s figure represents not (’. punctato-fasciatus but a very closely related species. We have found no overlapping in the characters given. Our specimens verify Giinther’s opinion and we herewith resurrect the Hawaiian Island C. multicinctus. Subfamily POMACANTHINAE By Loren P. Woops and Leonarp P. ScHuitz KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POMACANTHINAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Scales in about 90 to 100 irregular rows crossing side of body; hind margin of preorbital not free ; young not colored as adults ; specimens 16 to 93 mm., with the following color pattern: general color blackish with a wide white ring just in front of caudal peduncle, usually with a white bar or dot in center; around this a pale semicircular line; 3 to 7 additional vertical semicircular lines, alternating wider and narrower ; caudal peduncle with 2 vertical lines; chin with white line in center; white lines in corner of mouth, across interorbital, behind eye and across opercle; body lines extending onto soft dorsal and anal fins, where they form a simple net- work; caudal fin dusky distally with a white-bordered wavy black line near its base; adults (over 200 mm.) with a black patch above pectoral that extends onto chest and throat, 15 to 23 narrow light bands on body running from black spot posteriorly including bases of soft dorsal and anal fins, nearly horizontal on lower part of body, inclined upward on upper sides; a dark stripe widening to width of eye running from angle of pre- opercle across eye and interopercle; dorsal XIV,19 to 21; anal III,18 or 19; scales 90 to 103___-__---_-_ Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch) (p. 599) 1b. Scales in about 50 rows or fewer on side of body ; lateral line terminating near end of soft dorsal. 2a. Interoperculum without spines,” posteriorly with a narrow branch reach- ing to suboperculum; preorbital convex, without spines, its hind margin not free, not serrated; interorbital width greater than eye; head and breast light brown; body with 7 or 8 black-bordered, white, nearly verti- cal bands; on head a narrow black-bordered blue band descending from near origin of dorsal around posterior margin of eye and extending for- ward below it; a second similar band descending from nape across oper- culum; faint median band on snout and curved one on interorbital; interorbital area black; soft dorsal fin black with a submarginal light line; soft anal with a pale margin and five or six alternting light and dark lines; caudal, pelvic, and pectoral fins pale; dorsal XIV,18; and III,17 or 18; scales 47 to 50. Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert) (p. 600) 2b. Interoperculum serrated or with spines posteriorly,” remote from sub- operculum; hind margin of preorbital free; serrated or with strong spines ; interorbital width equal to or less than eye. 38a. Body uniformly yellowish on adults (black spot near center of body on young of Centropyge flavissimus) ; no black spot on base of pectoral fin. 4a. Margin of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with a black marginal line; narrow dark ring surrounding eye; vertical black bar on hind margin of opercle (sometimes diffuse); chin and interopercles 22 After Fraser-Brunner, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1988, pt. 3, p. 548. 597 598 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 usually dusky; pectoral and pelvic fins pale; dorsal XIV,15 or 16; anal III, 16; scales 44 to 50. Centropyge flavissimus (Cuvier) (p. 601) 4b. Margin of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins lacking black marginal line; head mottled with dark brown, with wavy white lines between ; dark color most intense behind orbit, which lacks a dark ring; soft dorsal with two faint submarginal dark lines; anal fin with two fairly distinct submarginal lines; pectoral and pelvic fins pale; dorsal XV,15; anal ITI,17 ; scales 46 to 48. Centropy ge heraldi, new species (p. 602) 8b. Body not uniformly colored as in 3a. 5a. No black spot at base of pectoral and none basally on soft dorsal. 6a. Anterior part of body yellowish, sharply contrasting with blackish posterior part of body; change of color occurring from sixth and seventh dorsal spines to just in front of anus; anterior margin of black area thinly bordered with white; a large black - blotch on nape and interorbital running across anterior margin of profile from upper rim of each eye; soft dorsal and anal fins black ; caudal yellow; pectorals and pelvics pale; dorsal XIV,15, anal III,17; scales about 46; plate 55, C. Centropyge bicolor (Bloch) 6b. Anterior part of body paler than posterior part, pale coloration gradually changing to blackish posteriorly; posterior part of opercle blackish; pectoral and pelvics pale; submarginally the median fins have a black line, distally the edge of these fins is narrowly marked with a white line; dorsal XIV,16, anal III, 17; scales about 46 or 47_ Centropyge vrolikii Bleeker (p. 603) 6c. Color not as in 6a or 6D. Ta. Body with about 18 to 20 narrow transverse streaks of bluish black separated by narrow light interspaces; head and back above lateral line dark brownish black; breast and belly dark yellowish brown; dorsal and anal edged with blue; caudal fin with a broad blue, submarginal stripe; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pelvic fins blackish; pectoral pale; dorsal rays XIV,16 or 17; anal III,15 to 17; scales 40 to 45. Centropyge bispinosus (Giinther) (p. 604) 7b. Body with about 6 or 7 intensely black bars on sides separated by pale interspaces; posteriorly both soft dorsal and anal fins blackish; background color when alive flame scarlet; dorsal XIV,16 or 17; anal ITJ,16 to 18; scales 44 to 47. Centropyge flammeus, new species (p. 604) 5b. A large black spot on base of pectoral and another black spot about same size basally on soft dorsal; body otherwise pale; dorsal rays XIII,15; anal III,15; scales 44. Centropyge nigriocellus, new species (p. 607) Genus POMACANTHUS Lacepéde Pomacanthus LacrepipE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 517, 1802. (Genotype, Chaetodon arcuatus Linnaeus, as restricted by Cuvier.) SUBFAMILY POMACANTHINAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 599 POMACANTHUS IMPERATOR (Bloch) PLATE 59, B Chaetodon imperator BiocH, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen VWische, vol. 3, p. 51, pl. 174, 1787 (type locality, Japan). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 235 to 275 mm. standard length. Guam: 3 lots, 9 specimens, 16 to 93 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIV,19; anal III,18 or 19; pectoral I,i,16 to 18; scales about 90 to 108 rows in lengthwise series to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.7 or 1.8, head 2.5 to 4.0, both in standard length; snout 2.1 to 3.0, eye 2.5 to 4.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.4, length of pectoral 1.0 to 1.6, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.1 to 3.8, longest caudal ray 1.2 to 1.4, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.7 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 50 (in nicobariensis stage) to 55 (in adults) ; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fin rounded in nicobariensis stage, angulate in adults; teeth setiform, strong, in a single row; in- teropercle without spines; interorbital free only on anterior margin; soft dorsal rays rounded in specimens up to 94 mm., produced in speci- mens 235 to 275 mm. Color in alcohol—Avuuts: Head and nape dark grayish brown, a black stripe widening to width of eye running from angle of preopercle to eye and across interorbital; a large black patch as wide and as long as pectoral, above pectoral fin; breast and belly black; 22 or 23 narrow yellowish-white lines commencing at hind margin of scapular spot, running posteriorly and obliquely upward onto base of soft dorsal and caudal peduncle, nearly horizontal on lower sides; dorsal spines and their membranes pale on distal one-third, soft dorsal with pale margin (very narrow on posterior part) and a narrow black submarginal line; anal fin black with 3 or 4 faint blue lines following outline of fin; caudal fin yellow; pectoral fin black on basal two-thirds, distal one- third pale; pelvics with grayish-brown rays and darker membranes. Youne: Ground color brownish black; 3 to 7 vertical semicircular white lines on head and body; alternating lines wider and more dis- tinct; line on anterior part of caudal peduncle forming a complete circle with a small white spot in center; caudal peduncle with two vertical lines; lines forming a simple network on soft dorsal and anal fins, very narrow margin of these fins pale; spiny dorsal with distal portion pale; caudal fin base with white-bordered, black, wavy line, rays dusky, membranes pale; pectoral fin base black, rays dusky, membranes pale; pelvic fin dusky. 600 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Color when alive—Avuut: Pattern as described from preserved specimen; black ocular band bordered with blue; anterior margin of black scapular patch blue; body lines bright yellow; body ground color dark purple; ground color of head olive-brown; spiny dorsal and dorsal margin of extended soft rays white, lower part of extended rays yellow; posterior part of soft rays with narrow, black, submar- ginal line and broad yellow area proximally; caudal fin orange. Genus PYGOPLITES Fraser-Brunner Pygoplites FRASER-BRUNNER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1933, p. 587. (Genotype, Chaetodon diacanthus Boddaert.) PYGOPLITES DIACANTHUS (Boddaert) PLATE 55, B Chaetodon diacanthus BoDpAERT, Hpistola ... de Chaetodonte diacantho de- scripto, p. 19, 1772 (type locality, Amboina, Moluccas). (Reference copied.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 67 to 164 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV,18; anal III,17 or 18; pectoral J,i,15; scales 47 to 50 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.7 to 2.0, head 3.3 to 3.9, both in standard length; snout 2.2 to 3.0, eye 2.8 to 4.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.2, length of pectoral 1.0 to 1.4, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.0 to 3.4, longest caudal ray 1.0 to 1.1, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 47 to 55 degrees, convex in young, straight in 116-mm. specimen, slightly concave in largest specimen; caudal fin convex and rounded; teeth in a single row, strong; lateral line terminates near posterior base of dorsal fin; preocular with 2 or 3 small, blunt teeth on lower margin, not free on hind margin; in- teroperculum scaled, not toothed; angle of preopercle with a long, strong spine and 2 small spines anteriorly very close to inter- operculum. Color in alcohol_—Head and breast light brown; body with 7 or 8 black-bordered, white, nearly transverse bands, bent backward at top and bottom and extending onto spiny dorsal and anal fins; interorbital area black, bordered posteriorly by a narrow, black-margined, blue line which originates just anterior to insertion of dorsal fin, descend- ing to eye, curving around its posterior rim and extending forward below eye; a second black-margined, blue line descends from nape across hind margin of operculum; soft dorsal fin black with a sub- marginal light line; a faint blue band from anterior margin of eye across interorbital; snout with median light line; caudal fin yellow; SUBFAMILY POMACANTHINAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 601 anal fin with a pale margin and 5 or 6 alternating light and dark lines more or less following outline of fin; pectoral and pelvic fins pale; 67-mm. specimen with a black ocellus about size of pupil on soft dorsal near base. Color when alive.—Pattern as described for preserved specimens except area around mouth yellow; breast white; sides with 9 sets of vertical, white, black-bordered bars alternating with yellow, the black borders coming together at the top and bottom; margin of spiny dorsal and soft anal fins reddish orange; caudal and pelvic fins bright yellow; pectoral fin pale. Genus CENTROPYGE Kaup Centropyge Kaur, Arch. Naturg., vol. 26, pt. 1, p. 140, 1860. (Genotype, Centro- pyge tibicen Kaup.) CENTROPYGE FLAVISSIMUS (Cuvier) PLATE 57, B Holacanthus flavissimus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 197, 1831 (type locality, Ulia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 75 specimens, 42 to 85 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 9 specimens, 48 to 70 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 9 stations, 82 specimens, 25 to 67 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens 35 to 75 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 2 stations, 6 specimens, 19 to 73 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIV,15 or 16; anal IIJ,16; pectoral J,1,14 or 15; scales 44 to 50 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin rays. Depth 1.6 to 1.8, head 3.0 to 3.3, both in standard length; snout 2.6 to 3.7, eye 2.6 to 3.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.3, length of pectoral 1.0 or 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 3.4, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.1, upper lobe 1.1, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.1; angle of snout profile 45 to 57 degrees, convex; caudal fin convex, rounded; teeth setiform, long, flattened, tricuspid, the middle lobe much larger, the two lateral lobes very small; lateral line ending at posterior base of dorsal fin. Color in alcohol—Head and body uniform yellow or yellowish white, back slightly darker than belly; some specimens with margins of scales along sides dusky brown, centers pale, so as to appear finely cross-hatched ; a narrow dark ring surrounding orbit; a vertical black bar on hind margin of opercle, sometimes diffuse; chin and inter- opercles usually dusky; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins with a narrow, black, submarginal line, very narrow pale margin; pectoral and pelvic fins pale. 602 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Young males up to 35 mm. standard length, according to Fraser- Brunner (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 595, fig. 27, 1933), have a colora- tion similar to that of adults, except that a round ocellated spot, slightly larger than the eye, occurs on the middle of each side. One specimen aberrantly colored with a round, black spot about the size of pupil above and behind eye, a small black bar across occiput; three faint bars across chest; soft dorsal and anal dusky black on posterior part; distal two-thirds of caudal dusky black; specimen otherwise colored as typical flavisstmus. Color when alive.—Head and body brilliant chrome yellow; top of snout and head reddish orange; ocular ring, opercular bar, chin and interopercles grayish blue to deep blue; submarginal line on vertical fins deep blue to black; pectoral and pelvic fins yellow. Young with an ocellate blue spot on middle of side. CENTROPYGE HERALDI, new species PLATE 59, A Centropyge flavissimus Aoyacr (not Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes), Coral fishes, p. 187, pl. 26, fig. 1,1943 (Okinawa). Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 140093, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area at depths from 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, August 7, 1946, S-46-808, Brock and Herald, 72 mm. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 140094, same data as holotype, 18 speci- mens, 47 to 71 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140092, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, at north end, ocean reef, August 17, 1946, S-46-383, Herald, 1 speci- men, 74 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140096, Rongelap Atoll, Kabelle Island, north end, lagoon reef, June 20, 1946, S-46-231, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 77 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 140095, Rongelap Atoll, Tufa Island, lagoon coral heads at depth of 28 feet, poison and spear, July 28, 1946, S-46-300, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 56 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements of holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by counts and measurements of two para- types. All measurements expressed in thousandths of the standard length. Dorsal rays XV,15 (XV,15; XV,15) ; anal TI1,17 (111,17; 111,17) ; pectoral rays, I,i,15 (11,14; I,i,12) ; scales 46 (46, 48) rows in length- wise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 524 (554; 513); head 285 (309; 263); snout 101 (85; 92); eye 87 (117; 101) least depth of caudal peduncle 142 (149; 145) ; length of pectoral fin 264 (277; 258) ; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 97 (100; 105) ; length of longest caudal ray 250 (255; 250) ; interorbital 83 (95; 92). SUBFAMILY POMACANTHINAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 603 Angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 46 to 52 degrees, profile convex; angle formed by corner of mouth, center of eye and insertion of pectoral fin (with eye at apex) 88 to 97 degrees; teeth tricuspid with center cusp long, strong, and slightly bent; preopercle denticulate with a single long and strong spine at the angle; two small spines anterior along the lower limb of the preopercle; interoperculum small with 3 or 4 small spines directed posteriorly; preorbital free along its lower margin and for a small portion of its hind margin with 6 to 10 small straight spines; lateral line ends near posterior margin cf dorsal fin but scales along middle of caudal peduncle marked in center, although there is no apparent channel. Color in alcohol.—Body uniform pale yellowish white; back with faint dusky brown in some specimens; head mottled with dark brown, with wavy white lines or irregular spots; dark color most intense behind eye; lower lip dusky; dorsal fin pale, soft dorsal with two faint, submarginal, dark lines; caudal fin entirely pale; anal fin pale with a fairly distinct dark, submarginal line running from base of second spine to posterior angle of soft rays; a second line proximally, often very faint; pectoral and pelvic fins entirely pale. Remarks.—This species differs from all members of the genus Centropyge in regard to color pattern of the head and fins. It appears to be most closely related to C. flavissimus but does not have the thin, black, submarginal line around the vertical fins; soft rays of the dorsal and anal fins form a more acute angle, the body is also more slender. The greater number of dorsal spines (XV or XVI) separates heraldi from all species of the genus except C. flavicauda, bispinosus and now, from which it differs in coloration. Aoyagi has described and figured a specimen from Okinawa under the name C. flavissimus, which is certainly the same as our heraldi. He gave no fin ray counts, but his excellent black and white figure shows XVI dorsal spines, characteristic of heraldi, and two more than found in flavissimus. His description of coloration and the color pattern shown in his figure are very similar to those for our species. Named for Earl S. Herald, head of the Steinhardt Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. CENTROPYGE VROLIKII Bleeker Holacanthus vrolikii BLEEKER, Nat. Tiidschr. Ned. Ind. vol. 5, p. 339, 1853 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Arno Atoll: Ine Island, lagoon reef, 1950, Strasburg and Hiatt, 2 specimens, 43 to 46 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV,16; anal ITI,17; pectoral I,i,14 or 15; scales about 46 or 47. 604 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Depth 1.7 to 1.8, head 3.1 to 3.2, both in standard length; snout 2.8 to 3.0, eye 2.8 to 2.9, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.0, length of pectoral 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital length of head 2.2 to 2.3, all in length of head. Color in alcohol.—Light brown anteriorly, changing to dark brown or blackish posteriorly, especially caudal fin and posterior part of dorsal and anal fins blackish; median fins narrowly edged with white line, then submarginally a black line; rear part of opercle blackish. CENTROPYGE BISPINOSUS (Giinther) Holacanthus bispinosus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 2, pp. 48, 516, 1860 (type locality, Sea of Amboyna; Aneiteum.) SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area, at depths from 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV,16; anal III,17; pectoral I,1,14; scales 45 rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. Depth 1.7, head 3.4, both in standard length; snout 2.8, eye 2.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.0, length of pectoral fin 1.0, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6, longest caudal ray 1.0, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 50 degrees, profile convex; interorbital and snout flattened; edge of preopercle dentic- ulate, an enlarged spine at angle, a second spine (as long as diameter of pupil) anterior; interopercle with two small slender spines; pre- orbital with 3 or 4 spines along lower margin; lateral line ending at posterior base of dorsal fin. Color in alcohol.—Head and back (above lateral line) dark brown- ish black; breast and belly dark yellowish brown; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins black; sides of body with alternating scale rows dark and light so as to give the appearance of 20 or 21 light (more or less irregular ventrally) vertical lines; pectoral fin black at base, rest of fin pale; pelvics sooty black; no pattern or markings evident on head, back or vertical fins. CENTROPYGE FLAMMEUS, new species Figure 88 Holacanthus loriculus Fow Ler (not Gtinther), Fishes of Oceania, p. 262, 1928 (Johnston Island). Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 140521, Johnston Island reef along northern side of atoll, August 28-29, 1947, S—42-569, Schultz, Tuiasosopa, and Warner, 69 mm. SUBFAMILY POMACANTHINAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 605 Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 140522, same data as holotype, 5 speci- mens, 43.6 to 66.9 mm. Description —Counts and measurements of holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by range of counts and measurements of para- types (see table 53 for measurements expressed in thousandths of standard length). Dorsal rays XIV,17 (16 or 17) ; anal III,17 (16 to 18, usually 17) ; pectoral 1,i,14 (14 or 15) ; scales 45 (44 to 47) rows in line from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays. ~ SS S 5% Yi, Li ly LLY he Zo, tip bY VL Ficure 88.—Holotype of Centropyge flammeus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 140521), from Johnston Island. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) TaBLE 53.—Counts and measurements of Centropyge flammeus expressed in thousandths of the standard length Characters Holo- Para- Para- Para- Para- Para- type type type type type type Morsalrayss2—. hs. Se SE ce XIV,17 | XIV,17 | XIV,17 | XIV,17 | XIV,16| XIV,17 WAAAY Se ee sone oo ee eee eee III, 17 III, 17 III, i7 III, 18 TIT, 16 III, 17 Pectoraliraysso-c2c 2028) Sk Ge Ue ee See I, i, 14 1, i, 15 I,i,14 I, i, 14 I, i, 15 I, i, 15 Scalesrows sess 2 eee a ee ee Se ee 45 47 45 47 46 44 Standard length in millimeters_..__.._____ 69. 0 66.9 65. 6 65. 5 55.8 43.6 Depth of body2- 222-425 S22. 2-2-2 28- 588 550 578 534 538 528 ength.ofheads. 2624.25. 22222 4 eee 299 292 293 295 287 330 Length of snout_---_---_---._--------.-.- 86 85 84 86 81 85 Diameter of eye_--.-.-----------.-----.--- 97 96 98 93 105 106 Least depth of caudal peduncle_-_-_-.____- 136 144 145 141 134 138 Length of pectoral fin----.---------------- 300 302 299 278 295 317 Postorbital part of head-----_------------- 103 94 98 95 97 117 Interorbital space___----.----------------- 96 91 92 90 90 85 Angle of snout profile in degrees_......._-- 47 51 50 61 46 44 606 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Depth 1.85 (1.78 to 1.87), head 3.35 (3.03 to 3.49), both in standard length; snout 3.49 (3.42 to 3.89), diameter of eye 3.22 (2.76 to 3.16), least depth of caudal peduncle 2.19 (2.02 to 2.4), length of pectoral fin 1.0 (0.97 to 1.06), postorbital part of head 2.9 (2.82 to 3.11), all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.01 (1.03 to 1.21) ; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 (44 to 51) degrees; profile convex, preorbital with two small spines directed anteriorly on ante- rior margin, 3 or 4 spines, on ventral and posterior margins, slightly curved, directed ventrally and posteriorly; preoperculum serrated, one long spine at angle and one or two shorter spines below it; in holotype, interopercle with 3 spines, in paratypes, two to four spines; caudal fin convex and rounded, soft dorsal and anal fins pointed ; outer pelvic ray elongated and filamentous. Color in alcohol.—Lips pale; head reddish yellow, interorbital and nuchal areas mottled with brown, preopercular spine white, its upper margin with narrow bluish edge; opercular membrane black; body ground color yellowish red (flame scarlet in life), with about 6 or 7 vertical intensely black bars extending from base of dorsal almost to base of anal; the first bar located about diameter of eye behind upper edge of gill opening, about twice as wide as any of others, almond or crescent shaped; third and fourth bars very close to each other, may be partly joined, with upper and lower tips divided; sev- enth across base of caudal peduncle sometimes absent; usually ver- tical short black spots between the prominent bars; scaly sheaths of dorsal and anal usually spotted with large blackish spots; dorsal and anal fin margins black, the posterior parts of soft dorsal and anal black, the smallest specimen with a faint ocellus on dorsal, all with submarginal pale area; caudal fin pale with thin dusky streaks some- times present along rays; pectoral fin pale; pelvics pale basally, tips of rays dusky in large specimens, black in small. Remarks.—In coloration Centropyge flammeus is apparently most closely related to C. loriculus (Gitinther), from the Society Islands but is different from Joricudus in numerous characteristics, as follows: Character loriculus 53 flammeus Dorsal rayss*. 2 sa seo MPV 16% 152008 deen: XIV,16 or 17 (usually 17). Anal Tays ts ot See SG Eat Er (eae ag es III,16 to 18 (usually 17). Pectoraliraysi) so. ae eos bs I Bt SA He Ha J,i1,14 or 15. Seale rows22. 2a sas ot eas y/o sa, ae es, Se 44 to 47. Depth of body____-------- About 2:dvjeeeee tase 1.73 to 1.87. SMOUCH AM Hua MNES Le ZS oie Sie ives 2 ae aes 3.4 to 3.8 Length of pectoral fin____- DA | anes eae SOA a ein About 1.0. Angle of snout profile___-_- TAGE te Dae 44° to 51°. Hind margin of dorsal and Broadly rounded----- Sharply pointed. anal fins. 53 Taken from Giinther (Fische der Siidsee), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 5, pl. 40, fig. C, 1874. SUBFAMILY POMACANTHINAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 607 Character loriculus *8 flammeus Transverse black bars on 5, allabout same About 7, first much wider body. width. than the rest. Posterior margins of dorsal Sameasgroundcolor_. Intensely black. and anal fins. Opercular membrane-_-_---- Red when alive; pale Black. in alcohol. The scales of doriculus are much larger, the pectoral much shorter, and the body shape, particularly the dorsal profile, greatly different from flammeus. From all other known species of Centropyge, C. flammeus differs in coloration. We can find no justification for the inclusion by Frazer-Brunner (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1933, pp. 592, 593) of Centropyge loriculus (Giinther), and Centropyge potteri (Jordan and Metz), 1912, in the synonymy of Centropyge bisipinosus (Giinther). C. loriculus differs from bispinosus in coloration, shape of dorsal and anal fins, and in number of scales; potteri differs from bispinosus in having dorsal rays XIV,19 instead of XIV or XV,16 or 17, as well as in coloration. We have not seen the type of C. tutwilae Jordan and Jordan, 1922, though it apparently differs from bispinosus in coloration. Named flammeus in reference to the flaming scarlet coloration. CENTROPYGE NIGRIOCELLUS, new species FIauge 89 Holotype —U.S.N.M., No. 141312, Johnston Island, reef along north- ern side of atoll, Aug. 28-29, 1946, S-42-569, Schultz, Tuiasosopa, and Warner, 38.3 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,15; anal 111,15; pectoral 11,15; scales 44 rows from upper edge of opercular opening to base of caudal rays. The following measurements are expressed in thousandths of the standard length: Depth of body 506, length of head 305, length of snout 97, diameter of eye 112, interorbital width 76, postorbital length 94, least depth of caudal peduncle 139, length of pectoral fin 282, length of pelvic fin 368, length of thirteenth dorsal spine 167, length of mid- dle caudal rays 261, length of caudal peduncle 160. Angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 48 degrees. Body oblong; snout somewhat produced; two spines about as long as pupil on lower posterior edge of preorbital; preopercle strongly serrate on posterior margin, an enlarged spine at its lower angle with a Shorter spine below it; opercle with 2 flat triangular spines and broad membrane; a small patch of spines on lower edge of subopercle and interopercle with 3 spines; scales of body small, each with 10 or 12 88 Taken from Giinther (Fische der Siidsee), Journ. Mus. Godefiroy, pt. 5, pl. 40, fig. C, 1874. 608 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 spines on exposed portion; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last; dorsal, caudal, and anal outlines rounded, pelvics pointed, 2 outer soft rays produced and filamentous; pectorals rounded. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back light grayish brown; tip of snout dusky gray; chin, breast, belly, and lower sides pale yellow; a large intensely black spot about size of eye on base of pectoral fin Ficure 89.—Holotype of Centropyge nigriocellus, new species (U.S.N.M. No. 141312), from Johnston Island. (Drawing by Aime M. Awl.) and a second spot of similar size, outlined by a narrow white ring on base of posterior soft dorsal rays; dorsal, caudal, and anal light dusky brown; pelvics pale, white; pectorals pale, transparent, with a thin black line along upper edge of unbranched rays. Remarks.—This species is apparently most closely related to Cen- tropyge bispinosus (Giinther), C. multispinis Playfair, and C. fisherz Snyder, but it differs from these as well as from all other species of butterflyfishes in coloration and in the low number of dorsal and anal fin rays. Named nigriocellus in reference to the two black ocellate spots. Family PLATACIDAE By Loren P. Woops Genus PLATAX Cuvier Plata Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 334, 1817. (Genotype, Chaetodon teira Bloch. PLATAX ORBICULARIS (Forskal) Chactodon orbicularis ForsKAL, Descriptiones animalium, p. 59, 1775 (type locality, Jidda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: November 26, 1945, Frey, 3 specimens, 92 to 98 mm.; tidal pools near mouth of Ylig River, December 23, 1945, Frey and Gressitt, 11 specimens, 84 to 123 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V,35 to 39; anal III,25 to 28; pectoral J,i,15 or 16; pelvic I,5; branched caudal 8+7; scale rows in lengthwise series from upper edge of gill opening to end of lateral line approxi- mately 58 to 66; gill rakers on first arch 9+1+ 10; rakers short, fleshy, conical. Depth of body (base of third dorsal spine to origin soft anal) 0.89 to 0.91, head 2.8 to 3.0, both in standard length; snout 2.5 to 2.6, eye 2.42 to 3.0, interorbital 2.64 to 2.87, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.72 to 3.9, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.28 to 2.42, length of pectoral fin 1.26 to 1.35, upper caudal rays 0.91 to 0.95, lower caudal rays 0.93 to 0.97, all in Jength of head; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 67 degrees, convex in smallest specimen (84 mm.), straight in medium size specimen (97 mm.), and slightly concave in largest specimen (123 mm.) ; upper profile from origin of dorsal to interorbital area convex. Body deeper than long; mouth small, hind edge of maxillary reach- ing just past anterior rim of orbit; teeth long, slender, with three cusps, of which median one is longest and strongest; caudal peduncle deeper than long, its depth increasing with age; pectoral fins short, pelvics very long, outer ray longest, filamentous; dorsal and anal slightly falcate; caudal truncate. Color in alcohol—Ground color dark grayish brown to light sil- very; dark line about width of pupil running from nape through eye 955292—53—vol. 141 609 610 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 to anterior base of pelvics, fading ventrally, usually with narrow, wavy, broken, black lines more or less outlining ocular band, a second indistinct vertical black band slightly wider than diameter of eye running from base of spiny dorsal to across posterior part of opercle and pectoral base to base of pelvics, joining its fellow between pos- terior pelvic base and anus, this band more intense below pectoral base and wedge-shaped, sometimes with small black dots distributed along it; dorsal and anal fins grayish basally, distal two-thirds of anterior rays black, distal margin of rest of rays dusky; caudal dusky basally, median portion with broad pale or yellowish crescent, distal third dusky in adults, in young basal third dusky, distal two-thirds pale or yellowish; pectoral yellowish, rays dusky basally, pelvics blackish. Remarks.—Reported from Samoa as common by Jordan and Seale (Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 335, 1906). Family ZANCLIDAE By Loren P. Woops Genus ZANCLUS Cuvier Zanclus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 102, 1831. (Genotype, Chaetodon cornutus Linnaeus.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ZANCLUS FOUND IN THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Adult with two supraorbital horns (protuberances in young) ; no spine on anterior margin of preorbital above corner of mouth; white lines present on head between eyes, behind eye, across opercle and breast also along posterior part of second black body bar and anterior part of caudal lunate black bar; snout with black-edged saddle marking; posterior pale area of median fins with blackish edging; filamentous dorsal ray white; dorsal VII,40 to 43 ; anal II1,38 to 35______________ Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) 1b. No supraorbital horns but with a strong recurved spine on anterior margin of preorbital above corner of mouth; white lines barely evident below origin of dorsal fin, none between eyes or on body; snout without black- edged saddle mark; posterior pale area of median fins with edges pale; filamentous dorsal ray black ; dorsal VII,40; anal II1,32. Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus) ZANCLUS CORNUTUS (Linnaeus) Puate 50, A Chaetodon cornutus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 273, 1758 (type local- ity, Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 23 specimens, 64 to 138 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 69 and 106 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 138 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 62 and 77 mm. FAMILY ZANCLIDAE—WOODS 611 Description—Dorsal rays VI1,40 to 48; anal III,33 to 35; pectoral T,i,16 or 17; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; outer row of teeth about 12 to 17 in upper jaw, 10 to 16 in lower jaw. Depth 1.15 to 1.4, head 2.3; both in standard length; snout 1.5 or 1.6, eye 3.1 to 4.1, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 to 3.8, length of pectoral fin 1.4 or 1.5, postorbital part of head (eye to upper edge of gill opening) 7.2 to 7.9, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.5 or 1.6, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0 or 1.1; angle of snout profile with axis of body 44 to 47 degrees. First two dorsal spines short and strong; third spine greatly elon- gated and filamentous; supraocular horns evident in specimens of 64 mm. but not prominent in specimens under about 100 mm.; teeth long, fairly strong, and curved near tips, in inner row of 4 or 5 imbedded teeth with only points projecting. Color in alcohol.—Ground color light grayish yellow; top of snout and chin black; a black bordered dark saddle over the top of snout, sometimes with a white line along posterior edge; a broad black band below eye, bordered anteriorly by white, extending from origin of dorsal, including eye, broadening below to include pectoral base, sides of breast and pelvic fins; a thin white line (sometimes interrupted) passing from origin of dorsal along posterior edge of operculum, then continuing on breast to origin of pelvics; a second line anterior to this passing just behind eye on operculum to its lower margin; a third white line from upper rim of eye to midline of profile where it meets its fellow, and a fourth from anterior margin of eye passing just behind supraocular horn; another thin white line starts near insertion of pectoral and continues downward to anal opening; a second broad black vertical band begins on dorsal fin from second to about sixteenth soft ray, crosses body just anterior to caudal peduncle and extends onto elongated first 17 or 18 soft anal rays; a thin white line crosses body about its width in front of posterior edge of black band; caudal peduncle pale; spinous dorsal fin rays dusky at base, white distally, soft dorsal rays with narrow distal margin black from the seventh to thirtieth; anal fin rays tipped with white, black basally to the seven- teenth or eighteenth, the rest white basally, rays tipped with black except last 2 or 8; anterior basal portion of anal gray; caudal fin with a broad black crescent from tip of upper ray to tip of lowest branched ray; distal margin pale; a white line borders black lunate band of caudal anteriorly, extending diagonally to lower edge of fin and along outer unbranched ray; pectoral fin pale with a black line along upper marginal ray, black basally. Ecology.—The coral head area in the deeper water is the usual habitat of this fish in the lagoon. On the ocean reef it occurs in the surge channels and in deep pools along the outer edge at low tide. 612 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ZANCLUS CANESCENS (Linnaeus) PLATE 60 Chaetodon canescens LINNEAUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 272, 1758 (type locality, Indies). SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Boro Channel, surface light at night, April 6-7, 1946, S—46-53, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays VII,40; anal ITI,32; pectoral I,1,17; pel- vic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth about 19 in upper jaw and 15 in lower (outer rows). Depth 1.0, head 2.4, both in standard length; snout 1.7, eye 3.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.85, length of pectoral fin 1.1; post- orbital part of head 6.1, lower lobe of caudal 1.2, upper lobe 1.15, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 53 degrees. Third dorsal spine exceedingly long and filamentous, slightly over twice in standard length; supraocular spines completely lacking; small recurved spine present on anterior edge of preorbital bone above corner of mouth, an additional small part of anterior edge of pre- orbital elevated just anterior to spine and bearing 4 small protuberances. Color in alcohol.——Ground color yellowish; tip of snout black; chin dusky; faint dark band about as wide as eye, extending from origin of dorsal through eye onto breast; a silvery band just behind dark band extending across operculum broadening below pectoral; a second dark band extending from first dorsal rays downward, broadening below to include bases of 7th to 22nd anal rays and nearly to tips of first eight rays; broad black crescent covering basal three-fourths to two-thirds of caudal fin, distal portion of caudal pale; tips of posterior dorsal and anal rays white; pectoral dark at base, pale distally, pel- vies dusky, with pale margins; no white lines on head. Ecology —tThe only specimen taken was in the ocean at the entrance of Boro Channel, apparently pelagic, the unpigmented areas nearly translucent when alive. Remarks.—The two species Zanclus cornutus and Z. canescens have often been confused, with canescens reported as the young of cornutus. We have separated the two species on the basis of fin ray counts as given in table 54. Specimens of cornutus are reported to range in size from 47 to 200 mm., while canescens grows only to a length of 80 mm., according to Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australia» Archipelago, vol. 7, p. 175, 1936.) FAMILY ZANCLIDAE—WOODS 613 TaBLE 54.—Ray counts of Zanclus cornutus and Z. canescens Dorsal rays Anal rays Species CONTIUEUS Hee SE ME IE 7 8 2 2 lees 11 9 5 CUMESCEN Sees ee one es eee eee i Se ie Nees Star ve eeates hoe A [ees stable |Past tants eA Bins Meas Specimens of cornutus in the U.S. National Museum range from 53 to 138 mm., whereas the only two specimens of canescens are 51 and 63mm. The chief differences lie in the coloration and in certain anatomical characters noted in the key. The facts on which these two species are separated are not conclusive, however, because too few specimens of canescens are available for comparison. Serious doubt is cast on the importance or value of the presence or absence of the preorbital spine above the corner of the mouth, as this character is exceedingly variable in the closely related subfamily Pomacanthinae. Nor is color pattern sufficient ground for absolute separation, because the colors of the specimens of cornutus examined vary slightly and the difference in canescens may be owing to age, sexual dimorphism, or habitat. A study of canescens in an aquarium might reveal whether it loses its preorbital spine and thus transforms into cornutus. Family ACANTHURIDAE: Surgeonfishes By Lronarp P. Scuurtz and Loren P. Woops Several series of pelagic acanthurids were captured by the use of electric light at night. These were translucent and variously pig- mented, but all had the caudal peduncular spine discernible and the skin in the form of vertical striae. Giinther gave these postlarval surgeonfishes the generic name of Acronurus. We are calling the pelagic larvae of surgeonfishes before metamorphoses the acronurus stage. A study of our material indicates that this stage for each species ends at certain lengths, such as at 38 to 41 mm. for A. elongatus and at 21 to 24 mm. for A. triostegus. During the metamorphosis the convex contour of the snout may change to concave, scales form, the body and head become less deep, and the adult color pattern begins to form. No attempt was made to include the acronurus stages in in the key that follows because we did not capture the postlarvae for all of the species. KEY TO THE ACANTHURIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING AREAS la. Side of caudal peduncle armed with a single sharp, antrorse, erectile spine, fitting into a groove; this spine sometimes very small in specimens 30 mm. long and smaller. 2a. Teeth long, movable on pedicels, tips expanded and cuplike, denticulate on outer side, numbering about 11 to 26 in one side of both jaws, usually 15 to 26 in adults; dorsal rays usually VIII (rarely IX),26 to 30; anal IT1,25 to 27; pectoral I1,i,13 to 15; pelvic 1,5; ground color uniform dark brown to black; median fins blackish, pelvics blackish; pectorals pale, upper unbranched soft ray black; sides of body with numerous wavy darkish lines, blue when alive. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 620) 26. Teeth immovable, not on long pedicels, but with broad bases, both inner and outer margins of expanded tips denticulate, teeth on one side of both jaws fewer than 15; pelvic rays I,5. 8a. Dorsal spines usually VIII or IX. 4a. Sides of body (head and trunk) with 5 or 6 vertical narrow blackish lines or bars on a pale or light grayish background, this pale back- ground often tinged with dusky purplish; first blackish vertical bar from occiput or nape through eye, ending on lower edge of cheek, second from first dorsal spine through pectoral base, sometimes continuing a short distance below, third from sixth or seventh dorsal spine to above anus, fourth from fourth or fifth soft dorsal ray to front of anal fin, fifth from thirteenth or fourteenth soft dorsal ray to middle third of anal, and last on caudal peduncle, 614 FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 615 sometimes represented as a pair of dots; dorsal rays IX,22 to 25; anal III,19 to 22; pectoral I,i,13 or 14; teeth on one side of upper jaw 6 or 7, of lower jaw 7 to 9. Acanthurus triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus) (p. 624) 4b. Sides of body without 5 or 6 vertical narrow black lines as in 4a. 5a. A pale U-shaped bar or narrow ring ventrally at rear of mouth ex- tending on sides of mouth dorsally but not on snout; general ground color dark brown or black; profile of snout concave. 6a. Posterior fleshy margin of gill cover black, this color extending ventrally to meet its fellow on breast just behind chin; pelvic fins black; caudal fin forked, tips of rays pale; distal margin of soft rays of dorsal and anal fins without white line; nostrils pale; caudal spine black; a black spot at upper edge of gill open- ing; pectoral fins with basal third black, distal two-thirds pale; dorsal rays VIII (occasionally IX) ,26 to 29; anal III,25 or 26; pectoral I,i,14; teeth on one side of upper jaw 6 to 8, of lower jaw 9 or 10____-__ Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett (p. 626) 6b. Posterior fleshy margin of gill cover white or not darker than rest of operculum; outer margin of pelvic fins white; distal margin of soft rays of dorsal and anal fins with a white line; pectorals dusky basally; the rays blackish and membranes un- pigmented; anus pale. Ta. A pale blotch below eye, more or less distinct; upper posterior margin of opercle with a narrow pale band, not sharply con- trasting with black opercle; bases of soft dorsal and anal fins with a white line or streak anteriorly broadening into qa broad pale band posteriorly, including two-thirds to three- fourths of basal portion of fins; dorsal rays IX,28 to 31; anal III,27 or 28, pectoral 1,i.14 or 15; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 5 or 6. 8a. Caudal fin whitish, abruptly paler than caudal peduncle, distal margin pale or whitish, then a dusky band (yellowish when alive) of equal width submarginally; pale blotch below eye distinct; caudal spine pale, area around it brownish Oreblack ie awe Acanthurus aliala Lesson (p. 627) 8b. Caudal fin pale dusky, this color grading into the blackish basal part of caudal fin, caudal fin with pale band poste- riorly, becoming narrower on upper and lower lobes, then a diffuse brownish band, with a black line that follows basal contour of this band, no pale band basally; pale blotch below eye scarcely visible; caudal spine and small area around it pale__-__________ Acanthurus rackliffei Schultz 7b. No pale blotch below eye; fleshy margin of opercle with a dis- tinct white area sharply contrasting with black opercle; a narrow white streak at bases of soft rays of dorsal and anal fins; in adults an oval light area, red in life, around and in front of caudal spine, this color marking not appearing until a length of about 65 mm. is attained; margin of caudal fin pale, then a submarginal black line or narrow band that follows outline of edges of entire caudal fin, enclosing a central pale area, absent on specimens 70 mm. and shorter. Dorsal rays IX,30 to 34; anal III,26 to 30; pectoral I,i,14 or 15; teeth in one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 4 or 5. Acanthurus achilles Shaw (p. 629) 616 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 5b. No pale U-shaped ring around mouth. 9a. Lower portion of head and trunk abruptly pale below a lengthwise line through lower edge of pectoral base sharply contrasting with blackish pelvie and anal fins and upper sides and back; upper sides and back with about 11 sets of nearly longitudinal narrow bands, each set consisting of a blue line, bordered above and below by a narrow black band, these sets separated by a pale band (orange in life) ; dorsal rays I[X,27 to 29; anal III,26 to 27; pectoral J,i,14 or 15; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 6 or 7. Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) (p. 630) 9b. Color pattern not as in 9a. 10a. Ground color sepia brown with posterior half of body and me- dian fins spotted with white; four vertical pale bands (obscure in young) across body, first from nape through opercle to isth- mus, next from base of fifth dorsal spine to anal origin, third from base of fifth soft ray of dorsal to third soft anal ray, fourth from rear of soft dorsal to rear of soft anal fins, the posterior bands sometimes scarcely discernible; caudal fin abruptly pale basally, distal half dark, dorsal rays IX,26 to 28; anal IIT,23 to 26; pectoral I,i,14; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 4 to 7. Acanthurus guttatus Bloch (p. 631) 10b. Color pattern not as in A. guttatus; ground color brown or blackish without vertical pale bands. lia. A broad pale band behind eye, bordered with narrow black band extending to opposite tips of pectoral fins except in young this area may be dusky; basal three-fourths of pec- toral fin blackish, the distal one-fourth pale but with tips of rays somewhat pigmented; pelvics black; ground color of head, trunk, and median fins dark brown or black : caudal fin with a central pale area distally in posterior third of middle rays, with a submarginal black line, then margin pale; dorsal rays IX,23 or 25; anal III,22 or 24, pectoral J,i,14 or 16; teeth on one side of upper jaw 7 to 10, of lower jaw 8 to 10; profile of snout convex. Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch and Schneider (p. 632) 11b. No pale band just behind eye. 12a. Black band extends from behind eye posteriorly, ending opposite the middle of the length of pectoral fin on adults; black bar extends forward from caudal spine, tapering to a point, and ending from one-half to nine-tenths length of pectoral fin behind tip of that fin on adults; dorsal and anal fins dark brown, margined with a black line; distal margin of brown caudal fin margined with a narrow pale band; basal three-fourths of pectoral fin blackish, and distal one-fourth whitish, sharply contrasting with dark portion ; pelvics black ; profile of head convex ; dorsal rays VIII or IX,25 to 27 ; anal III,24 or 25; pectoral I,i,14 to 16; teeth on one side of upper jaw 8 or 9, of lower jaw 8 to 10. Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus) (p. 633) 12b. No black bar behind eye or in front of caudal spine. 18a. Profile of snout concave or straight in young; ground color brownish to purplish dark gray, often with numer- FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 617 ous dark bluish or purplish lengthwise lines, more obvious on pale specimens; dorsal and anal fins darker than body, each with a conspicuous black spot at base of last soft ray ; caudal spine blackish ; caudal peduncle sometimes abruptly paler than body or caudal fin; caudal fin with a pale marginal line posteriorly, wider in the young and more conspicuous; pectoral dusky but paler than body; dorsal rays IX,24 or 25; anal III,22 to 24; pectoral 1,i,14; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to7, of lower jaw 5 to 8. Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepéde) (p. 634) 130. Profile of snout and of head convex; no conspicuous black spots at base of last soft rays of dorsal and of anal fins; head with conspicuous to faint alternating wavy dark and pale streaks or lines, these scarcely dis- cernible on trunk; dorsal rays VIII or IX,25 to 27 (rarely VIII) ; anal III,23 to 25; pectoral I,i,13 to 16; teeth on one side of upper jaw 6 to 11, of lower jaw 6 to 13. 14a. A line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes one-half to two-thirds diameter of orbit above dorsal edge of pectoral fin base; angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, other to dorsal front edge of pectoral fin base, is 75 to 81 degrees; pectoral fin blackish ; teeth on one side of lower jaw 11 to 13. 15a. Caudal fin blackish; about 10 dark wavy lines on cheeks, 8 or 9 more on breast below pectoral fin base, and 10 to 12 above orbit to dorsal fin origin; least depth of caudal peduncle about 3 in head. Acanthurus bleekeri Giinther (p. 636) 15d. Caudal fin notably paler than dark brownish head, trunk, and fins; no wavy lines on head or trunk; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 in head. Acanthurus philippinus Herre (p. 637) 14b. A line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes over dorsal edge of pectoral fin base; angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, other to dorsal front edge of pectoral fin base, is 53 to 62 degrees; usually more than a dozen dark wavy lines across cheek and operculum. 16a. Posterior one-third of pectoral fin pale, the basal two-thirds brownish; upper or dorsal edge of gill opening not blackish but same color as body; base of caudal fin may or may not be abruptly paler than caudal peduncle; dorsal and anal fins usually with several lengthwise dark streaks but these absent in adults. Acanthurus fuliginosus Lesson (p. 637) 16b. Pectoral fin plain blackish or dark brownish; dorsal edge of gill opening blackish and sometimes as a 618 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 roundish black blotch; caudal, dorsal, anal fins plain blackish. Acanthurus mata Cuvier and Valenciennes (p. 639) 36. Dorsal spines IV or V. 17a. Ground color blackish or dark brown with five or six pale vertical bands and parallel faint blackish lines, first band from just in front of dorsal fin through rear of orbit to base of pelvics, second from base of spinous dorsal fin to just behind pectoral base thence to anal origin; third, fourth, and fifth from dorsal to anal; sixth from dorsal to just in front of caudal spine to anal base; dorsal and anal fins with transverse pale lines posteriorly; head anteriorly plain pale or with numerous small pale spots; dorsal rays IV,30 to 32; anal III,24 or 25; pectoral I,i,14; teeth on one side of upper jaw about 7, of lower jaw 8 to 10. Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch) (p. 640) 176. Ground color blackish or yellowish without transverse bands; when ground color is blackish, caudal spine is whitish, trunk with obscure wavy longitudinal bluish or grayish lines; pectoral plain pale, median fins blackish, sometimes a blue streak on side above pectoral fin; dorsal rays V,24 (rarely IV); anal III,19 or 20; pectoral 1,i,13; teeth in one side of upper jaw 7 or 8, of lower jaw 8 to 11. Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) (p. 641) 1b. Side of caudal peduncle armed with two immovable, keeled, bony bucklers or rigid spines, these often obscure in small specimens; dorsal spines V to VII. 18a. Caudal peduncle with two white areas (orange or yellow in life) around spines meeting their fellows below, but absent on specimens of 55 to 60 mm.; ground color blackish; lips pale (yellow in life) ; vertical pale bar at rear of mouth, curving to front of eye; margin of soft dorsal with white line, then a black submarginal line followed below by a white band, basal half of fin black; anal fin blackish with a marginal white line; rear margin of caudal fin white, rest of fin blackish; pectoral blackish except tips are paler; pelvics blackish; color of 55- to 60-mm. specimens about same as those over 100 mm. in length, except yellow mark from mouth to eye absent; no brown spots on sides of body as in young of Naso unicornis ; dorsal rays VI or V1I1,27 to 30; anal II,29 or 30; pelvic I,2 or 8; pectoral 1,i,14 or 15; teeth on one side of upper jaw 12 to 14, of lower jaw 8 to 14___ Naso lituratus Bloch and Schneider (p. 642) 18b. Caudal peduncle with only one or no white areas around spines; no pale streak from mouth to eye. 19a. Forehead convex but without horn or hump at any age. 20a. Forehead evenly rounded to origin of dorsal fin; interorbital convex; ground color of head and body uniform grayish brown, back darker than lower sides and belly ; upper lip black; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dark brown in adults, young with 2 or 3 lengthwise lighter streaks on soft dorsal and anal membranes; pectoral dusky brown with paler margin; pelvics dark brown distally, pale at base; dorsal V1,28 or 29; anal II,29 or 30; pectoral I,i,14; teeth on one side both Jaws 20M eaiirn mest es Teer Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker) (p. 644) 19b. Forehead with a hump or bony protuberance (in all except smallest specimens). 21a. Caudal spines and bucklers no darker than general ground color. 22a. Ground color plain grayish brown; lips pale, soft dorsal and anal fins with pure white margin and a black submarginal line, basal FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 619 parts of fins lighter; caudal fin with a broad white posterior margin, broader on outer rays, a black indefinite submarginal area, and basal part of fin grayish brown; a Single light ring around caudal peduncle may or may not be evident, when present located between caudal spines; dorsal rays V,28 or 29; anal II,27 to 29; pectoral J,i,15 or 16; teeth on one side of upper jaw 16 to 20, of lower jaw 14 to 17. Naso annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 644) 226. Ground color uniform brownish on back with very indistinct darker vertical lines posteriorly on sides, breast and belly lighter brown, gill flap white or cream colored, dorsal and anal fins dusky brown; base of caudal fin darker than general body color, with distal half to one-third of fin lighter; pectoral fin with pale margin; dorsal rays VI,27 to 29; anal I1,28 to 30; pectoral I,i,13 or 14; teeth on one side of upper jaw 16 to 20, of lower jaw 16 to 20. Naso brevirostris * (Valenciennes) (p. 645) 216. Caudal spines, bucklers, and narrow surrounding area black or at least darker than general ground color. 23a. Ground color plain pale gray to dark brownish gray, dorsal with a white marginal line, then a dark blue or blackish submarginal line, rest of fin light brown ; anal similar to dorsal, sometimes with 2 alternating light and dark lines; pectoral translucent, caudal fin dusky at base, distal half pale; lips pale; caudal spines, basal plates, and narrow surrounding area black; young specimens in acronurus stage grayish brown with 4 vertical rows of dark spots (about size of pupil) 3 or 4 spots per row; dorsal fin sometimes with black blotches, usually with only membranes of spinous dorsal dusky; rest of fins colorless; dorsal rays VI,28 to 30; anal II,27 to 30; pectoral I,i,15 or 16; teeth on one side of upper jaw 11 to 15, of lower jaw 7 to 14. Naso unicornis (Forskél) (p. 646) 236. Ground color rich light brown; head with dark line below eye extending and broadening to a bar the width of eye anterior to eye, and continuing forward along side of bony protuberance; cheeks with evenly spaced dark brown spots (blue in life) ; lips black; opercular flap and space just behind gill opening black; a black blotch before and behind pectoral fin; back with small seattered spots, those on sides lengthening into vertical lines; breast and belly with fine dark punctations smaller than those of back or cheeks; caudal spines and bucklers darker than general ground color (black in adults) but surrounding area not black; dorsal and anal fins dark brown; caudal fin very dark brown (vertical yellow submarginal bar in life) ; pectoral and pelvic fins dusky brown to black; bar before eye and blotch behind pectoral lacking in young; lines along sides not complete, although many spots elongate; dorsal fin with oblique darker streaks on mem- branes; anal fin with broken lengthwise lines ; caudal fin spotted at base ; dorsal rays V to VII,26 or 27 ; anal II,27 to 29; pectoral I,i,14 or 15; teeth on one side of upper jaw 14 to 32, of lower jaw 15 to 27. Naso vlamingi (Valenciennes) (p. 647) 23 The young specimen described by Schultz (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 160-161, 1943) in his key as Naso brevirostris we now identify as Naso vlamingi. 620 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Genus CTENOCHAETUS Gill Cienochaetus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 279, 1884. (Genotype, Acanthurus strigosus Bennett.) CTENOCHAETUS STRIATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) PLATES 61, A; 62, A, B Acanthurus striatus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde .. . executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne . .., Zool., vol. 2, p. 373, pl. 68, fig. 3, 1824 (type locality, Guam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 25 stations, 184 specimens, 32 to 177 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 8 specimens, 36 to 154 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 78 specimens, 52 to 163 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 24 specimens, 31 to 145 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 4 specimens, 128 to 150 mm. Guam; 4 lots, 208 specimens, 38 to 101 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 137 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually VIII,26 to 30; anal IIT,25 to 27; pectoral J,i,18 to 15; pelvic always 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; number of teeth in jaws increases with size (see table 55). TaBLe 55.—Number of teeth on each side of upper and lower jaws of, specimens of Ctenochaetus striatus of various standard lengths Number of teeth on each side Standard length in Upper jaw Lower jaw millimeters 11-12 | 13-14 | 15-16 | 17-18 | 19-20 | 21-22 | 23-24 | 13-14 | 15-16 | 17-18 | 19-20 | 21-22 | 23-24 | 25-26 41-50______.. 1 WU) Papas La LS ee SN a ae Se 1 || APSR eee Sere eter | eee 51-60__.____- 1 aM fe ed Dah ee eee Baal bs bas Ll ea a a8 ON SAE Sa ee ERS | Ee 61-70_______- 1 beget Co fe oe | ya at VE eee 3 5 el Peel Bf SL: L800 Re SON 1 DAA GaSe WE 3 ba PR | ee 1 pO ease eee el ee BLK—GO Fe ooo ea | eee sl eee 2 Ean) | |e Ae ey eared 2 Sh ere laces eee 91-100_____-_|_____- 1 1 3 1 hl ee he ed apes Fe Seen DALE AS oy 1 Bh i ee ee HOTS Oe ays ees Eee P12 [eye ba bl fee re | ese Seay say er a soe rs 3 ee a AEA DDO yo tes eae | Se hi esse 1 a | eye Tg | ee OS 1 1 {a eee PQDT SO Nes NL pe |e Ne 1 MD | zee | se | ee ea 1 1G eee ea 1 daa PN | Bo i ah rs Des ee Ne SES | a | SAO ahs | ey) ese ee hb fe et WAV SVG OE 2S AEN eS RS Sh | PEER 2 (iiss Wa ooh 2a ee Lee ee 2 1 Uo Ke eee dl Eee eee bers es oeeey pee 1 ee ber a ee Pe ap a ea | | (ae ee pt Sess SCT Ey (Ps Mal | es 1 Fee eget ee me 8 eg 1 a AF a [ee ee gH (eed TTL=180 2 25s Se ee A ees ee BO e ee Pp (eee Ree et be seg aegis | [eee ol Iga 1 1 Depth 1.9 to 2.2, head 2.6 to 3.4, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.8, eye 8.1 to 5.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 3.0, length of pectoral 0.9 to 1.05, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.5 to 6.0, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.7, upper lobe 0.7 to 0.8, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 621 of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.7 to 1.0; length of caudal spine in snout 2.0 to 3.0; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.8 to 0.95; angle of snout profile with axis of body 68 to 75 degrees (in 9 specimens). Body deep, compressed, with sides nearly straight; profile of snout evenly convex in large specimens, a little concave in those 46 to 50 mm.; soft dorsal and anal fins pointed posteriorly, the angles between the margins of these fins 60 to 90 degrees when fully distended; caudal fin lunate, with tips of upper and lower rays considerably elongated in large individuals; pelvics extending beyond the tip of the de- pressed second anal spine; bases of dorsal and anal fins sealed with the scales extending along the membranes between the soft rays; lower jaw shaped like a broad V, with teeth of lower jaw fitting behind those of upper; teeth long, slender, movable, expanded at tips with outer side crenulate and inner side smooth. Color in alcohol—Head and body uniform dark brown to black in most specimens; some lighter brown with darker brown wavy length- wise lines and with small lighter spots on forehead, nape, below eye, and behind opercular opening; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pelvic fins blackish; pectorals pale, with dusky rays and with upper unbranched ray black; lips black; area inside gums of lower jaw and lower velum black; caudal spine pale; fleshy sheath of caudal spine black edged but paler in groove; chin and breast of many specimens yellowish with narrow black V-shaped streak at the groove separating chin and isthmus; about 12 specimens listed herein had the soft rays of dorsal and anal fins black at base, then a lighter gray area distally with black margins; caudal base black then a gray band distally following outline of fin, tips of caudal rays black. Color when alive——Ground color black, with narrow bluish wavy lines on sides and with traces of orange in black ground color between the wavy blue lines; several bright orange specks below eye; fins all blackish except pectoral, which is tinged with translucent yellow, with outer ray black; axil of pectoral yellowish with blue specks. Ecology.—This is a common species in the shallow waters over the reefs both along the ocean side and in the lagoon, occurring down to depths of 40 feet or more. Remarks—Herre (Philadelphia Journ. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 437-41, pl. 18, fig. 2, pl. 15, figs. 2, 8, 1927) distinguishes two species, (. striatus and C. strigosus (Bennett). We have before us 7 specimens of the striped color pattern, 29 to 43 mm. in standard length, taken in various tropical Pacific localities that have the depth in length from 1.5 to 2.3. We have a specimen from Guam, 42 mm. long, that is changing from the striped phase to the nonstriped adult color pattern and its depth in length is 2.2; another specimen, 44 mm., has a faint trace of the striped U. S. 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 color phase, its depth is 1.8 in the standard length and further, this specimen has completed its metamorphosis from the acronurus stage, the snout having the concave profile, as does the 42 mm. specimen. Because of these “connecting links” between strzatus and the strigosus of Herre (not of Bennett), we conclude that the latter is a synonym of striatus. John E. Randall of the University of Hawaii has determined that C. strigosus (Bennett) is a distinct and valid species and that the figure by Hiyama (Report on the Poisonous Fishes of the South Seas, pl. 19, fig. 53, 1948) is an unnamed species of Ctenochaetus which Randall proposes to publish in the near future. It may be recognized when alive by the numerous small blue specks on the head and body. Genus ACANTHURUS Forskal Acanthurus ForSKAL, Descriptiones Animalium .. ., p. 59, 1775. (Genotoype Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus.) Certain counts have been made on various species of Acanthurus and these are recorded in table 56. ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS TRIOSTEGUS (Linnaeus) Ficure 90, 0, d, e; PLATES 63 A, B, C; 64 A, B, C Chaetodon triostegus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 274, 1758 (type locality, Indies). Teuthis troughtoni Wuitiry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 16, No. 4, p. 233, pl. 16, fig. 1, 1928 [figure 1 is coloration of breeding adult males] (type locality, Peu and Naunaha Island, Vanikoro; off North Queensland; New Guinea) ; Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 63, pts. 3-4, p. 294, fig. 3, 1938 (bibli- ography on Acronurus stage; Nauru, Gilbert Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 29 stations, 307 specimens, 22 to 147 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 34 specimens, 31 to 156 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 55 specimens, 22 to 152 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 13 specimens, 23 to 118 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 26 specimens, 23 to 180 mm. Jaluit Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 45 mm., Albatross. Guam: 11 lots, 253 specimens, 21 to 140 mm. Rota: 5 lots, 169 specimens, 21 to 109 mm. Saipan : 1 lot, 2 specimens, 32 to 37 mm. Description—Dorsal rays usually 1X22 to 24; anal II1,19 to 21; pectoral I,1,18, or 14; pelvic always I,5; branched caudal 7+-7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 7, of lower jaw 9 (based on 4 specimens). Depth 1.8 to 2.2, head 3.1 to 3.4, both in standard length; eye 3.2 to 4.2, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.0, length of pectoral 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.8 to 5, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.1 to 1.3, upper lobe FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 625 1.0 to 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.7 to 0.9; length of caudal spine 5.0 to 6.5, eye 2.0 to 3.0, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.7 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 60 to 65 degrees; profile of snout nearly straight in young, a little concave in adult. Color in alcohol.—Head and body grayish to light brownish, paler below, with 5 or 6 narrow transverse blackish streaks, the first from nape through eye, across cheek to isthmus; second from dorsal origin to base of pectoral; third from sixth or seventh dorsal spine nearly D E E %) e) \ Ficure 90.—Color patterns on and below pectoral fin base of Acanthurus triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus) and 4. sandvicensis Streets: a, Black streak on 4. sandvicensis; b, black spot on A. triostegus triostegus; c, two black spots on J. triostegus marquesensis Schultz and Woods; d, e, variation of color pattern in the form of short bar or elongate spot in some specimens of A. triosiegus triostegus from the Phoenix Islands; f, elongate streak occurring on juvenile specimens of A. triostegus marquesensis. (After Schultz and Woods.) to anus; fourth and fifth from soft dorsal fin nearly to base of soft anal; and last on caudal peduncle, usually incomplete, represented by a spot on dorsal and ventral sides, or a saddle, sometimes absent except for a small spot on dorsal surface only, never completely across side of caudal peduncle; median fins dusky, the anal with a narrow white margin. The 24-mm. specimen from Eniwetok Atoll, caught with a light at night, was still in its pelagic stage and lacked the dark vertical bars. The area over orbits is blackish and is continuous with a wide silvery band through eye, across cheek and gill cover to breast, as far back as anal fin origin; a vertical bar of black pigment occurs at base of caudal fin, tips of caudal fin rays slightly pigmented, otherwise the specimen is unpigmented. Other specimens herein recorded at 955292—53—vol. 1-42 626 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 lengths as short as 21 mm. had traces of the characteristic vertical dark bars. Color when alive-—Ground color olive tinged with grayish to light brownish; vertical stripes on body dark purple to blackish, in breed- ing males vertical stripes as wide as pupil, in females dark stripes narrower; margin of anal fin white; margins of pelvics white; median fins dusky; general coloration of breeding males much darker than females, sometimes almost blackish dorsally. Ecology.—This species is one of the more common surgeon fishes on the reefs; at low tide they congregate in great numbers in the shallow pools on the nearly drained flat reefs, grazing on the algae, and swimming with their backs exposed. They do not take alarm until they are approached within a few feet, at which moment they all break away, and the whole school appears to swim and turn in unison as the individuals dart from place to place attempting to hide in crevices and hollows far too small for them. Remarks.—Schultz and Woods (Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 38, pp. 248-251, fig. 1, 1948) worked out certain subspecies and species related to Acanthurus triostegus. They concluded, on the basis of meristic characters and color pattern, that A. triostegus triostegus occurred in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans (specimens studied were from Mauritius; Seychelles; Sumatra; New Guinea; Solomons; Philippines; Okinawa; Japan; Marianas; Marshalls; Samoan group; Phoenix group; Niuafu Island; Tahiti; Tuamotus; Mangareva; Takaroa; and eastern Pacific from Clarion, Clipperton, and Cocos Islands), whereas A. triostegus marquesensis Schultz and Woods occupied the Marquesas Islands. A. sandvicensis Streets is a distinct species and has been found in the Hawaiian Islands and at Johnston Island. Table 57 and figure 90, a, c, and f, illustrate the chief differ- ences that distinguish these species and subspecies. ACANTHURUS LEUCOSTERNON Bennett PLATE 61, B Acanthurus leucosternon BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, p. 183, 1832 (type locality, Ceylon). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral heads to depth of 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 5 specimens, 111 to 127 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VIII or IX, 26 to 29; anal III,25 or 26; pectoral 1,1,14; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 6 to 8, of lower jaw 7 to 10 (based on 5 specimens). FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 627 Depth 1.8 to 2.0, head 2.2 to 2.4, both in standard length; snout 1.4 to 1.5, eye 3.6 to 3.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6 to 2.8, length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.1 to 5.38, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.6 to 0.7, upper lobe 0.6 to 0.7, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital space in eye 0.8; length of caudal spine 2.3 to 2.8, eye 2.1 to 2.5, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.0 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 68 to 71 degrees; profile of snout concave. Color in alcohol.—Body chocolate brown, with median fins black - except that tips of rays of forked caudal fin are pale, forming a crescent-shaped marginal band, abruptly contrasting with black on rest of fin; pelvics black; pectorals with basal third blackish, distal two-thirds pale; pale ring or band around sides and lower parts of mouth, leaving lips and dorsal surface of snout black; nostrils pale; caudal spine black; base of pectoral black, especially axil; black spot at upper edge of gill opening continuous with black margin of gill cover and opercle, extending as wide band ventrally along gill mem- branes to meet its fellow on isthmus and breast just behind pale ring around mouth; probably a pale area on body behind head above pectoral fin base. Color when altve.—Recorded on a Kodachrome photograph, margin of caudal fin yellowish orange; pale area behind head just above pec- toral fin is red; general color of head, body and fins bluish black; ring around mouth white. Eeology.—This species was taken only in deep water in the lagoon. It was not seen in the shallow reef waters. ACANTHURUS ALIALA Lesson Piatre 65, A Acanthurus aliala Lesson, Voyage autour du monde... sur la corvette... La Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 150, 1880 (type locality, Oualan, Caroline Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 19 specimens, 77 to 147 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 specimen, 134 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 3 specimens, 56 to 147 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually [X,29 or 30; anal III,27 or 28; pectoral 1,1,14; pelvic always I,5; branched caudal usually 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 5 or 6. Depth 1.6 to 1.7, head 3.0, both in standard length; snout 1.4, eye 3.3 to 3.6, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.1, length of pectoral 628 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 0.9 to 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.0 to 5.6; lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2, upper lobe 0.9 to 1.1, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill open- ing) ; interorbital in eye 0.8; length of caudal spine 2.6 to 3.0, eye 2.4 to 2.8, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 78 to 80 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Head and body uniform black to dark brown; caudal spine pale; narrow pale U-shaped ring around mouth except across upper surface of snout; pale oblong area under orbit, extend- ing about half diameter of eye in front of lower part of eye; fleshy margin of operculum pale as far ventrally as opposite pectoral fin base; bases of both dorsal and anal fins with a narrow pale streak or white line anteriorly, this broadening to include about two-thirds of fin posteriorly; remainder of fins blackish anteriorly, fading pos- teriorly; distal margin of soft rays with a narrow whitish edge, then a very narrow black submarginal band; outer margin of pelvic fins pale; pectoral fins translucent distally, dusky basally; caudal fin abruptly pale at base of its rays, distal margin of fin pale or whitish, a dusky band (yellowish when alive) of equal width submarginally; rest of fin basally pale. A 90-mm. specimen, when held in certain angles, shows about 6 or 7 vertically alternating light and dark bars on sides that are almost obscure, but their presence is very important because we have a single specimen in the Kwajalein collection that shows similar but distinct vertical bars. This specimen is 56 mm. in standard length and is still in the postlarval or acronurus stage; these vertical bars appear to have slightly paler centers than their margins; pale area below eye and around mouth lacking; otherwise coloration similar to the 90 mm. specimen. Color when alive——Body blackish, caudal spine yellow; iris pale yellow ; spot below eye white; opercular margin pale yellow; U-shaped mouth band white; basal part of dorsal and anal fins yellow, and distal margins of soft rays of these fins bright blue; caudal fin whitish except orange submarginal transverse band; pectoral colorless; pel- vics black with outer margins blue. Ecology.—This uncommon species was found in the more abundant growths of corals where wave action was moderate to severe. Remarks.—This species, often reported upon as A. aliala Lesson, from the eastern Pacific and from the Galapagos Islands does not appear to differ from specimens in the central Pacific. The name glaucopareius Cuvier and Valenciennes (1835) (no such name in Bloch and Schneider) is a synonym of aliala. FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 629 ACANTHURUS ACHILLES Shaw PLATE 65, B Acanthurus achilles SHaw, General zoology, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 883, 1803 (no local- ity given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 88 specimens, 66 to 155 mm. standard length. HBniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 21 specimens, 56 to 150 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 specimens, 65 to 114 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 114 to 140 mm. Description—Dorsal rays [X,30 to 32; anal ITI,26 to 29; pectoral 1,i,14 or 15; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 4 or 5, rarely 4. Depth 1.7 or 1.8, head 2.9 to 3.2, both in standard length; snout 1.4 to 1.5, eye 8.2 to 4.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3.2, length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 6.2 to 6.6, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.9 to 1.0, upper lobe 0.7 to 0.9, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; length of caudal spine 2.8 to 2.9, eye 2.2 to 2.8, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.0 to 1.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 73 to 79 degrees; snout profile concave. Color in alcohol—Body and head black or dark brownish black with a large pale heart-shaped area posteriorly in front of and in- cluding the caudal spine; posterior margin of operculum just above pectoral fin base white, but not extending to upper edge of gill open- ing; a narrow pale streak along bases of soft rays of dorsal and of anal fins and outer edge of soft rays of these fins with very narrow pale margin, remainder of fins black; rays of pectorals black, mem- branes colorless; pelvics black, outer margins pale; caudal blackish basally, abruptly pale distally, but with a submarginal narrow black band all the way around caudal fin set off by the wide pale band distally; anus whitish; a 56-mm. specimen has the opercular flap white, and posterior margin of caudal slightly pale but no other pale areas are present. Color when alive.—Large caudal spot bright red; band at base of soft dorsal and anal fin rays red, margin of these fins with blue line; margin of caudal fin red and central area enclosed by black line red; color in fins not appearing until 60 to 65 mm. is reached; red caudal spot lacking on specimens 70 mm. and shorter. Ecology.—This species appears to prefer those reefs where the surf breaks and can be seen in fair abundance in the surge channel along the outer edge of the reef at low tide. 630 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 ACANTHURUS LINEATUS (Linnaeus) Chaetodon lineatus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 274, 1758 (type lo- cality, Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 101 mm. Hniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 128 mm. standard length. Guam: 3 lots, 6 specimens, 35 to 119 mm. Rota : 5 lots, 31 specimens, 30 to 183 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 1X,27 to 29; anal IIT,26 or 27; pectoral 11,14 or 15; pelvic always 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 6, of lower jaw 6 or 7 (in 6 specimens). Depth 2.1 to 2.2, head 3.5 to 3.7, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.7, eye 3.0 to 4.6, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 3.0, length of pectoral 0.95 to 1.0, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.0 to 5.1, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.5 to 1.1, upper lobe 0.5 to 1.1, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.7 to 1.2; length of caudal spine 1.5 to 2.0, eye 1.5 to 3.9, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.8 or 0.9; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 65 to 72 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Body of adults with 11 sets of narrow light and dark longitudinal bands, those of young 32 mm. long with 8, these narrowing anteriorly and extending onto head; each set consists of a narrow pale (blue when alive) band bordered on each side by a wider dark brown band; pale space between these sets of dark bands nearly equal to combined width of dark bands; 3 lower sets and 2 upper sets continuous to snout, where they bend and follow profile; ground color of cheeks and snout coppery red, breast and belly dirty yellowish white; at base of caudal fin a separate transverse blue band with dark borders, then posteriorly a vertical yellow area; rest of caudal fin dark brown with a prominent (in adults) to nearly obscure (in young) lighter crescent area midway between its base and margin distally; elongate outer caudal rays black and posterior margin with a black line; dorsal fin dark brown, bordered with a black line. Three of the sets of bands extend onto base of soft dorsal; anal fin basally light with a narrow black submarginal line and margin a white line; pec- toral dark at base with one set of body bands extending out the rays about a third their length, rays blackish with membranes translucent white; pelvics pale with outer margin black. Ecology.—This species is not common in the northern Marshalls; only one specimen was taken, on a reef in surf. Remarks.—There is an antrorse procumbent spine present just be- fore the dorsal fin that is quite evident in small specimens (35 to 67 FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 631 mm.) but dissection is required to expose it in larger specimens (156 to 183 mm.). The postlarval form of this fish changes to the adult color pattern at 80 to 31 mm. in standard length. With the change of colors the profile becomes straighter and snout longer. The profile change is probably brought about by descent of the two large upper median teeth. These teeth are formed in a specimen of 30 mm. but do not project beyond the gum line; in the 31-mm. specimen these teeth have descended, the lateral teeth are much larger, and the snout is longer with teeth projecting. ACANTHURUS GUTTATUS Bloch and Schneider PLATE 66, A Acanthurus guttatus BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 215, 1801 (type locality, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 19 specimens, 63 to 154 mm. standard length. Hniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 11 specimens, 90 to 170 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 65 to 144 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 33 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 43 mm. Rota : 2 lots, 2 specimens, 112 and 127 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 1X,26 to 28; anal I11,23 to 26; pectoral 1,1,14; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw, 4 to 6 (usually 5), of lower jaw, 4 to 7 (usually 6). Depth 1.5 to 1.8, head 2.7 to 3.0, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.8, eye 3.2 to 4.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 3.0, length of pectoral 0.9 to 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.9 to 6.2, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.9 to 1.1, upper lobe 0.95 to 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; length of caudal spine 5.1 to 11.0, eye 1.7 to 3.2, both in snout; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 64 (in 33-mm. specimen) to 73 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light grayish to sepia brown; 4 vertical pale bands, obscure in young; the first from nape, across opercular bone (not on flap) widening to include all of isthmus and breast anteriorly to pelvics, the second begins below base of fifth dorsal spine, passes under middle of pectoral fin, widening ventrally to in- clude anus and first anal spine, the third from base of fifth dorsal soft ray to base of third anal soft ray, the fourth from nineteenth dorsal ray to base of fourteenth and fifteenth anal rays. Body with nu- merous white round or oval spots over posterior half, the spotting extending onto the dorsal and anal fins; spots arranged in wavy longi- tudinal rows; largest spots smaller than pupil, many spots with a dark 632 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 border; spots are less numerous on small specimens 33 to 43 mm., and scarcely visible on the 33-mm. specimen. A chocolate brown stripe runs just back of opercular flap from level of eye to axis of pectoral; iris pale; dorsal and anal fins much darker at bases than body and distal third of soft rays black; caudal fin pale at base, distal half black; pectoral fin colorless except for dusky first ray; pelvics silvery- dusky with a black margin. Color when alive-—Recorded from a Kodachrome photograph: light rusty brown on head and body, yellowish tints on opercular flap, pectoral, and pelvic fins; spiny dorsal and base of anal yellow; a white stripe on posterior part of caudal peduncle; base of caudal fin yellow; no dark margins around spots. A painting from a living Philippine specimen has iris red and spots blue. E'cology.—This species was found to occur in areas on the reefs where the waves were active and the water surged in and out of channels. ACANTHURUS OLIVACEUS Bloch and Schneider PLATE 67 Acanthurus nigricans var. olivaceus BLocH and SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyolo- giae, pp. xxxviii, 214, 1801 (type locality, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 90 to 193 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll; 3 stations, 3 specimens, 29 to 210 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 140 mm. (coughed up partly digested by Gymnosarda nuda). Description.—Dorsal rays TX,23 to 253; anal III,22 to 24; pectoral J,i,14 to 16; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 7 to 10, of lower jaw 8 to 10. Depth 2.1 to 2.3, head 3.3 to 3.5, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.4, eye 4.0 to 4.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 to 2.9, length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.0 to 5.2, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.7 to 1.0, upper lobe 0.7 to 0.9, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.6 to 0.8; length of caudal spine 2.3 to 2.7, eye 2.9 to 3.8, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.7 to 0.8; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 70 to 72 degrees; profile of head and snout convex. Color in aleohol.—Body and head brown to dark brown or blackish ; median fins brown to blackish, sometimes a little paler basally; the caudal fin with a central pale area distally in posterior one-third of middle rays with a submarginal black line near tips of rays, then mar- gin pale; when dorsal and anal fins are somewhat pale their margins have 2 or 3 black lines; a broad pale band behind eye, bordered with FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 633 narrow black band, extending to opposite tips of pectoral fins; caudal spine black; basal three-fourths of pectoral fin blackish, distal one- fourth pale but with tips of rays somewhat pigmented; pelvics black. Specimens 44 to 78 mm. pale with only a trace of pale-centered dusky streak behind eye; edges of median fins and of pelvics black- lined; pectoral pale; peduncular spine a little dusky. Color when alive.—Pale band behind eye olive to orange, bordered by narrow purplish band; iris yellowish-orange; a narrow orange line or streak at base of soft rays of both dorsal and anal fins, sometimes head and body ground color pale, dirty yellow. Ecology.—This surgeon fish appears to prefer those sections of the reef where the wave action is severe and the water rather deep. It was not taken over the shallow parts of the reef. Remarks.—The single specimen in the acronurus stage (29 mm.) from Eniwetok Atoll has been identified with this species primarily on the basis of fin ray counts, pigmentation, and size as compared with other postlarval stages of the Acanthuridae. This specimen, translucent when alive, in alcohol is opaque and whitish, but with very fine black pigment cells all over its body and head giving it a slightly grayish appearance; all fins are pale, except that the distal margins of the dorsal and anal fins have a black line. We count dorsal rays TX,24; anal I1I,23; pectoral I,1,14 (on each side) ; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on both sides of upper jaw 7 and 8, of lower jaw 8 and 8. ACANTHURUS NIGRICANS (Linnaeus) PLATE 68 Chaetodon nigricans LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 274, 1758 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 177 to 201 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 194 and 202 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 186 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 specimens, 180 and 194 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 75 and 93 mm. Description—Dorsal rays VIII or TX,25 to 27, rarely VIII; anal 111,24 or 25; pectoral I,1,14 to 16; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 7 to 9, of lower jaw 7 to 11. Depth 2.0 to 2.2, head 3.4 to 3.5, all in standard length; snout 1.4 to 1.5, eye 3.9 to 4.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.6 to 2.8, length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.0 to 5.2, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.5 to 0.6, upper lobe 0.6 to 0.7, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.6 to 0.7; length of caudal spine 2.3 to 3.3, eye 2.5 to 3.0, both in snout; length of caudal 634 U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 peduncle in its depth 0.8; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 69 to 71 degrees; profile of head convex. Color in alcohol.—Body and head dark brown; a black bar extends from behind eye posteriorly, ending opposite midpoint of length of pectoral fin, width of this bar about two-thirds diameter of orbit; lengthwise black bar extends forward from caudal spine, tapering to a point and ending from one-half to nine-tenths length of pectoral fin behind tip of depressed pectoral fin; median fins dark brown, the dorsal and anal margined with a black line; posterior margin of lunate- shaped caudal fin margined with a narrow pale or white band; basal three-fourths of pectoral fin blackish, the distal quarter whitish, sharply contrasting with the black; pelvics black; sometimes base of caudal fin abruptly a little paler than caudal peduncle. On aspecimen 77 mm. in standard length the black bar behind the eye is scarcely visible, and the one in front of caudal spine is lacking, but spine black. Color when alive——Body, head, and fins dark brown, bars on sides black. Ecology.—This uncommon species appears to occur in deeper water of the lagoon and is seldom found in the shallow waters over the reefs or where the wave action is severe. ACANTHURUS ELONGATUS (Lacepéde) PLATES 62, C, D; 63, D; 64, D, EB Chaetodon clongatus LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 454— 473, fig., 1803 (type locality, The Great Ocean [Pacific?]). Acanthurus linecolatus VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10, p. 207, 1885 (type locality, Mer des Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 32 stations, 756 specimens, 26 to 186 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 10 stations, 189 specimens, 36 to 144 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 11 stations, 504 specimens, 38 to 110 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 5 stations, 106 specimens, 44 to 107 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 54 specimens, 36 to 137 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 62 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays 1X,24 or 25; anal II1,22 to 24; pectoral 1,1,14; pelvic always 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; upper teeth on one side of upper jaw 4 to 7, of lower jaw 5 to 8. Depth 1.8 to 2.8, head 3.1 to 3.4, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.7, eye 3.0 to 4.1, least depth of caudal peduncle 0.8 to 3.0, length of pectoral 0.9 to 1.9, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.3 to 6.0, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.0 to 1.1, upper lobe 0.8 to 0.95, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; length of caudal spine 2.0 to 8.0, eye 1.5 to 3.0, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 635 in its depth 0.8 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with axis of body 65 to 75 degrees; the profile of snout concave or straight in young. Upper caudal lobe usually longer than lower in small specimens; in those of over 100 mm. tips of both lobes blunter, caudal not so deeply lunate. Color in alcohol_—There is great variation in both color and pattern ranging from uniform black to very pale on head, body, and vertical fins; in pale specimens dark pigmentation occurs only around the edge of vertical fins, mouth, caudal spine, and the spots at posterior base of dorsal and anal. Usually head and breast lighter than body; body uniform chocolate brown; lips, caudal spine-sheath darker. Dorsal and anal fins black, often with 3 to 5 lengthwise stripes, light alternat- ing with dark, then more pronounced on posterior part of fin. Black spots at posterior bases of dorsal and anal fins variable in size; dorsal spot usually larger, anal spot sometimes almost obsolete, spots often bordered with light area. Caudal fin blackish, distal margin white, often with 3 thin vertical stripes; pectoral translucent, upper ray dusky ; pelvics with spine, first soft ray, and tips black or with whole fin darker distally. Some specimens with very pale head, light brown body and darker fine wavy lengthwise lines; posterior half of caudal peduncle abruptly lighter; white or red spots smaller than pupil occur over cheeks and breast; fin streaks of darker color from eye to mouth, and on body lengthwise lines more or less continuous or broken into rows of dots. Specimens that have just completed the acronurus stage still retain the 12 stripes with 2 or 3 dark bars on the fins. Color when alive——Body ground color grayish with a tinge of yellow and numerous close-set blue specks; about 6 narrow faint yellow wavy streaks extend from eye toward snout; head gray without yellow tinge; posterior margin of caudal white edged; spots at pos- terior bases of dorsal and anal fins purple, bordered with eer orange color. _ Ecology.—This is apparently the most abundant species of surgeon- fish on the reefs and occurs in almost every type of habitat in- vestigated. Remarks.—F ishes in the acronurus stage of A. elongatus between 26 and 41 mm. in standard length are translucent when alive but pale white with a pinkish tinge in alcohol. Preserved specimens have a wide silvery band from occiput through eye, across cheek and gill cover ventrally widening to include base of pectoral, posterior half of breast to anal fin origin; this band above eye is bluish-black; tips of caudal rays blackish, remainder of fin pale; base of caudal peduncie with vertical black bar including its dorsal surface; caudal spine with a little black pigment around it; dorsal and anal fins pale, with black 636 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 pigment cells at base of each ray; back along base of dorsal fin with some black pigment cells; tip of snout blackish. We identify these postlarval stages with elongatus mostly on the basis of fin ray counts, teeth, and through the elimination of other species which already have the adult color pattern at smaller sizes or at larger sizes. ACANTHURUS BLEEKERI Giinther Acanthurus dleekeri GiinrHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 835, 1861 (type locality, East Indian Archipelago). Harpurus gnophodes Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 12, pp. 544-545, pl. 22, upper figure, 1904 (type locality, Padang, Sumatra). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 139993, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, 4% mile north of western end at Able Buoy, top of coral head, depth 15 feet, July 26, 1946, S—46-295, Brock, 1 specimen, 273 mm. Description partially based on two other specimens, U.S.N.M. Nos. 57998 from the Philippines and 66053 from the Taumotu Islands. Description.—Dorsal rays TX,25 or 26; anal 111,23 or 24; pectoral 1,i,13 to 15; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 10 or 11, of lower jaw 11 to 18. Depth 2.4, head 4.0, both in standard length; snout 1.8, eye 4.7, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0, length of pectoral fin 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.0, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.8 and upper lobe 0.8, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 55 degrees; profile of snout convex. A line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes one-half to two-thirds diameter of orbit above pectoral fin base. Angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, the other to dorsal edge of front of base of pectoral fin, 79 to 81 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Brownish black with median fins plain blackish ; pelvics black; pectoral rays blackish, but the interradial membranes unpigmented; the area a little behind, below, and in front of eye pale brownish or a little lighter than remainder of head; head and body with wavy dark lines, most distinct on the head but fading out posteriorly on body; 10 dark lines (probably blue when fish are alive) from eye to lower edge of preopercle; 8 or 9 more dark lines from in front of pectoral fin base to breast, 2 or 3 in front of eye, 10 to 12 from dorsal edge of eye to dorsal fin origin; those dark lines behind head too indistinct to count; fleshy opercular margin black; none of the fins with pale edges. Remarks.—This species is characterized by the slender caudal pe- duncle, elongate body, depth about 2.2 in standard length, and by the FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 637 ventral position of the pelvic fin in reference to a line from mouth to caudal spine. ACANTHURUS PHILIPPINUS Herre Acanthurus philippinus HerReE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 34, No. 4, p. 434, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1927 (type locality, Calapan, Mindoro, Philippines). SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140054, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, southwest end, passage- way, coral head at depths of 10 to 60 feet, speared, July 23, 1946, S—-46~282, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 113 mm. Description—Dorsal rays IX,26; anal III,24; pectoral I,i,14— 11,14; pelvic 1,5; caudal 7+7; teeth on both sides of upper jaw 8 and 8, of lower jaw 12 and 11. Depth 2.2, head 4.0, both in standard length; snout 2.0, eye 3.6, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7, length of pectoral fin 0.9, post- orbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill open- ing) 3.7, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.7, upper lobe 0.6, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8; length of caudal spine 1.8, eye 1.7, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.8; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 73 degrees; profile of snout convex. A line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes about one- third to one-half diameter of orbit above pectoral fin base; angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, the other to dorsal edge of pectoral base, 75 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Head, trunk, pectorals, pelvics, dorsal, and anal fins plain dark brown; caudal fin notably paler than dark brown body, but tinged with light dusky; a trace of a blackish marginal line on edge of dorsal and anal fins; fleshy margin of gill cover black. Ecology—A great school of this species was observed swimming about the coral heads at depths of more than 10 feet, but cnly a single specimen could be speared. ACANTHURUS FULIGINOSUS Lesson Acanthurus fuliginosus LESSon, Voyage autour du monde... sur la corvette La Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 149, pl. 27, fig. 2, 1830 (type locality, Oualan, Caroline Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 5 lots, 12 specimens, 26 to 341 mm. standard length. Description partially based on U.S.N.M. Nos. 52735, from Hawaii, and 115161, from the Phoenix Islands. Description.—Dorsal rays VIII or IX,25 to 27 (rarely VIII); anal III,24 or 25; pectoral I,i,15 or 16; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; upper teeth on one side of jaw 6 to 8, on lower jaw 6 to 8. 638 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Depth 2.0 to 2.2, head 3.3 to 3.5, both in standard length; eye 4.2 to 5.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.7, length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.9 to 5.4, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.8 to 0.9, upper lobe 0.6 to 0.8, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.6 to 0.8; length of caudal spine 3.8, eye 3.0 to 4.0, both in snout; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 60 to 70 degrees. A line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes over dorsal edge of pectoral fin base. Angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, the other to dorsal edge of base of pectoral fin, 53 to 62 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Specimens 26 mm. and longer plain brownish with alternating pale and brownish narrow bands numbering 2 or 3 anteriorly, 5 posteriorly in both soft dorsal and soft anal fins; basal two-thirds to three-fourths of pectoral fins brownish, the distal one- third to one-quarter translucent; pectoral fin in specimens 26 to 40 mm. pale throughout and caudal fin in these specimens light brownish gray, abruptly paler than body; also in specimens 26 mm. there are only 3 lengthwise dark bands in dorsal and anal fins. In adults caudal fin abruptly paler than body, grading into dark brown distally; a pale streak (blue in life) at bases of dorsal and of anal fins. The basal part of pectoral fin is somewhat blackish at 50 mm. standard length. Remarks.—We have experienced genuine difficulty in distinguish- ing species of surgeonfishes closely related to A. fuliginosus. There have appeared during the past two centuries numerous figures and descriptions of species related to fudiginosus. The color patterns of these as described vary considerably. We think the chief causes of the confusion in recognizing these species are the result of (1) poorly preserved and faded specimens, (2) use of dried skins, and (3) the use of too few specimens for comparison. Among the specimens ref- erable to this complex relationship of species we are able to recognize two distinct kinds, both reaching a size of 400 to 500 mm. in standard length. The differences that distinguish between fuliginosus and mata are as follows: Character Suliginosus mata Pectoral) fins ees Posterior one-third pale, basal two- | Plain blackish or dark brownish. thirds dark. Dorsal edge gill opening___| Not blackish_-.-_-_____---_--_-_-____- Blackish and sometimes as a roundish black blotch. Caudal fin! eae Ps May or may not (in adults) have | Plain blackish. pale base. FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 639 These two forms, as alcoholic specimens, have in common a brown to blackish coloration without traces of blackish or pale margins to the median fins; area adjoining caudal spine blackish; a pale area in front and behind orbit ; cheek, operculum, and below pectoral fin base to breast and above eye to dorsal origin, with numerous alternating pale and dark lines or streaks, these scarcely discernible on large adults, more obvious on half grown and young. The fleshy margin of oper- culum is blackish on mata but blackish only dorsally on fuliginosus ; in fuliginosus there are 3 to 5 or 6 dark streaks in dorsal and anal fins, and the caudal may be spotted with dark pigment but both of these characters definitely fade out in some large adults, whereas in mata these fins are plain blackish or dark brown. The changes in the convexity and prominence of the snout in large fishes of the genus Acanthurus appear to be comparable with similar changes that occur in the growth of the horny to bony protuberance of the front part of the head in the genera Vaso and Prionurus Lacepéde. Thus, in certain species of Acanthurus, we conclude that considerable doubt must be cast on the use of the convexity or concavity of the head and snout profile in separating the larger specimens. ACANTHURUS MATA Cuvier and Valenciennes Acanthurus mata CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10, p. 202, 1835 (based on pl. 82, Chaetodon nigrofuscus Forskal? [not C. nigrofuscus Forskaél] of Patric Russell, Descriptions and figures of two hun- dred fishes, collected at Vizagapatam on the coast of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 64, 1803) .—Day, Fishes of India, vol. 1, p. 205, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1876 (Madras; addi- tional synonymy given). Acanthurus gahm (not gahhm of Forskél) Day, Fauna of British India, vol. 2, p. 141, 1889 (India). Hepatus mata Fow.er and Bean, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 8, p. 213, 1929 (Philippines). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140048, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, April 24, 1946, S—46-113, Brock and Marr, 1 specimen, 280 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 140044, Eniwetok Atoll, lagoon off Hniwetok Island, Bowditcn anchorage, hook and line, May 20 to June 6, 1946, S-46-154, Welsh and Schaefer, 1 specimen, 310 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IX,25 or 26; anal II1,24; pectoral 1,i,15 or 16; pelvic I,5; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on both sides of upper jaw 9 or 10, of lower jaw 9 or 10. Depth 1.9 to 2.1, head 3.5 to 3.7, both in standard length; eye 4.7 to 5.8, least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.6, length of pectoral 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.5 to 5.0, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.8, upper lobe 0.7 to 0.8, all in length of head (tip of snout to uper edges of gill opening) ; in- 640 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 terorbital in eye 0.5 to 0.6; length of caudal spine 2.3 to 3.0; eye 3.7 to 4.2, both in snout; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.6 to 0.8; angle of snout profile (profile nearly straight to a little convex) with axis of body 64 degrees; a line from center of caudal spine to rear corner of maxillary passes over dorsal edge of pectoral fin base. Angle between two lines radiating from center of eye, one to rear edge of maxillary, the other to dorsal edge of base of pectoral fin, 58 to 61 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Head and trunk blackish brown, all fins blackish ; cheek and operculum from eye to isthmus with or without about 16 or 17 alternating pale and dark streaks, others may occur on breast and above eye; alternating pale and darkish streaks usually occur on side of body ; area just behind eye with a light brownish rectangular blotch a little smaller than eye; elongate area in front of eye slightly pale; fleshy margin of operculum blackish from upper edge of gill opening to isthmus. Remarks.—In identifying our two specimens as A. mata we do so with some doubt, but conclude that this procedure is better than add- ing a new name to an already complex and ill-defined group of species. One thing clear to us is that these two specimens differ from the other species described herein and we can find no other named species that are figured that appear to be so close to our two specimens as mata. Because there never has been a revision of the Acanthuridae it seems best now to restrict A. mata Cuvier and Valenciennes to Day’s figure and description, which is accurate enough to make identification pos- sible. That figure agrees fairly well with our two specimens. We make this restriction in spite of the fact that Day later (1889) changed his mind and referred A. mata to the synonomy of A. gahhm Forskal, now considered as nigricans Linnaeus. Both these descriptions by Day are the same. We make our identifications of mata on the basis of color, fin ray counts, teeth, and the similarity of the shape of the body with that originally figured by Day. Russell’s plate 82 of A. mata is too diagrammatic to be of much value, yet his remarks that the head and parts of the body have blue lines, caudal spine in black sheath, and general color shining black are diagnostic. Genus ZEBRASOMA Swainson Zebrasoma Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes, amphib- ians, and reptiles, or monocardian animals, vol. 2, p. 256, 1839. (Genotype, Acanthurus velifer Bloch.) ZEBRASOMA VELIFERUM (Bloch) Acanthurus velifer BLocH, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, pt. 9, p. 106, pl. 427, fig. 1, 1795 (type locality, Seas of the Hast Indies). (Reference copied). FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 641 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations 2 specimens, 245 to 275 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 126 to 238 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 158 to 288 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IV,80 to 32; anal rays II1,24 or 25; pec- toral I,1,14; pelvics 1,5; branched caudal rays 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 7, of lower jaw 8 to 10. Depth 1.9 to 2.0, head 8.3 to 3.8, both in standard length; snout 1.5 to 1.6, eye 3.7 to 5, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.4, length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.1, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.0 to 5.9, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2, upper lobe 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.6 to 0.8; length of caudal spine in snout 3.1 to 3.2; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 1.4; angle of snout profile with axis of body about 70 degrees; profile strongly concave. Color in alcohol.Head, trunk, and all fins blackish or dark brown with 5 or 6 transverse pale bands and dark parallel lines; first band from just in front of dorsal fin through rear of orbit past front of pec- toral fin base to base of pelvics; second from below spinous dorsal fin, past rear of pectoral fin base to origin of anal fin; third, fourth, and fifth from dorsal fin to anal fin; sixth from dorsal, passing just in front of caudal spine to anal base; dorsal and anal fins posteriorly with transverse pale streaks, sometimes indistinct; head in front of orbits and breast pale or with numerous small pale spets. Color when alive.—The pale bands are yellowish. Remarks.—The present collections do not indicate the actual abundance of Zebrasoma veliferum on the reefs or in the lagoon. A large school of this species was observed on the reef on an incoming tide in water about one to two feet deep. They were swimming at times with their dorsal fins out of the water like a sail. The moment they were approached, the entire school hastily retreated into the surge channels in the surf and disappeared. ZEBRASOMA FLAVESCENS (Bennett) PLATE 66, B Acanthurus flavescens BENNETT, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 40, 1828 (type locality, Sandwich Islands). Zebrasoma agana Seale, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, p. 110, 1901 (type locality, Guam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 14 specimens, 28 to 103 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 64 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V (rarely IV), 24; anal III,19 or 20; pectoral 1,i,13; pelvic 1,5; branched caudal 7+7; upper teeth on one side of upper jaw 7 or 8, of lower jaw 8 to 11. 955292—53—vol. 1-48 642 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Depth 1.6 to 1.7, head 2.6 to 2.9, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.4, eye 2.9 to 4.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.8, length of pectoral fin 1.2, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 7.2 to 7.5, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.5 to 1.6 and upper lobe 1.5 to 1.6, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.2; length of caudal spine in snout 3.3 to 4.5; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.8 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body about 53 or 54 degrees, profile greatly concave (from front of orbit to tip of snout). Color in alcohol.—Ground color of head and trunk dark brown to blackish, fins plain blackish to dark brown, except that pectoral is translucent or pale with its upper edge black lined; caudal spine white; trunk with wavy lengthwise pale or grayish lines; soft rays of median fins narrowly margined with a white line. A short pale streak just above pectoral and extending behind it occurred in some extra- limital specimens, but was entirely lacking in those from Bikini and Rongelap Atolls. Youne (28 mm.) : Head and upper anterior part of body pale; lips blackish, body with about 9 transverse bars, consisting of 2 parallel narrow dark lines separated by a light line, bars extending from base of dorsal to base of anal, faint anteriorly, caudal peduncle dark brown, spine white, median fins dark brown, their posterior margins pale; pectoral fin pale; pelvics dusky. YELLOow PHASE: Head and body uniform pale yellow, median fins pale yellowish, the caudal with narrow black line on outer edge of upper and lower unbranched rays; upper edge of unbranched pectoral ray with narrow black line, rest of fin pale; pelvics pale. Only one example of the yellow phase was collected in the Marshall Islands. Color when alive.—Head and trunk chocolate brown or plain yellow- ish in yellow color phase; wavy lengthwise lines on trunk bluish and streak on side above pectoral blue; iris golden or yellowish. Remarks.—This species occurs in both the lagoon and over the ocean reefs where coral and algal growths are abundant. It is found in or close to deep water, and does not appear to venture into very shallow water. Genus NASO Lacepéde Naso LacePEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 105, 1802. (Genotype, Chaetodon fronticornis Linnaeus. ) NASO LITURATUS (Bloch and Schneider) PLATE 69 Acanthurus lituratus BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 216, 1801 (type locality, not given). Monoceros garreti Seale, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, p. 112, 1901 (type locality, Guam). FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 643 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 22 stations, 50 specimens, 68 to 255 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 22 specimens, 66 to 238 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 18 specimens, 65 to 250 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 140 to 165 mm. Northern Marshall Island: 1 lot, 9 specimens, 64 to 176 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 5 specimens, 70 and 114 mm. Description—Dorsal rays V1,28 to 30; anal I1,29 or 30; pectoral rays I,i,14 or 15 (usually 15) ; pelvic 1,2 or 3; branched caudal 7+7; upper teeth on one side of jaws 12 to 14, lower 8 to 14 (in 7 counts). Depth 1.9 to 2.4, head 3.1 to 3.7, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.6, eye 3.1 to 4.0, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.05 to 5.8, length of pectoral 1.4 to 1.6, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.1 to 5.9, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2 to 1.5, upper lobe 1.2 to 1.4, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.9 to 1.0; eye in snout 2.05 to 3.0; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.3 to 0.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 57 degrees; teeth bluntly rounded and close set; outer rays of caudal fin greatly elon- gated and threadlike in largest specimens. Color in alcohol.——Body and head uniform grayish brown to black; lips pale; vertical pale bar behind mouth extending along anterior cheek to ventral rim of orbit; nasal membranes white; preopercular margin pale; dorsal fin black at base then a broad white band, soft rays with a black submarginal line, distal tips of soft rays white and anal fin similar except that pale area is not so distinct; pectoral fins blackish with lighter posterior margin; pelvic fins dusky with black tips; caudal fin black basally with pale band along posterior margin; caudal penduncular spines white with bucklers and area surrounding spines pale. Youne (63 to 77 mm.) : Bar behind mouth and stripe curving to- ward eye lacking or barely evident; preopercular margin same color as rest of head; light area around caudal spines very small, may be scarcely lighter than rest of body ; pectoral fin entirely colorless, other- wise color as in adults. Color when alive-—Body ground color rich dark brown to dark purplish; lips orange; caudal spines, bucklers, and area surrounding them light orange to yellow, bar behind mouth and stripe running to eye orange to pale yellow; iris white; a greenish coppery blotch on interorbital; dorsal fin with pale blue or purple stripe at base; mem- branes of spiny dorsal black basally, diagonal white spots just below margin, margin light brown; soft dorsal with basal half black, then a broad white band distally; a thin, brown, submarginal line, tips of rays white. Anal fin brownish orange basally, then a thin submarginal black line and an equally wide white marginal line; 955292—53—vol. 1——-44 644 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 caudal fin colored as body at base, then a pale yellow mesial crescent and a marginal white band; pelvic fins light brown; pectoral fins same color as body at bases with margins white. Ecology.—Usually taken where the reef conditions were rugged and the wave action strong. NASO HEXACANTHUS (Bleeker) Priodon hexzacanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 8, p. 421, 1855 (type locality, Amboina). Callicanthus metoposophron JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 481, fig. 31, 1902 (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 50706, Honolulu). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140088, Bikini Atoll, Bikini lagoon, deep coral head at 30 to 45 feet, diving and spearing, July 13, 1946, S-46-252, Brock, Emory, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 359 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V1,28 or 29; anal II,29 or 30; pectoral I,i,14; pelvic 1,8; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of both upper and lower jaw about 20 (many are broken so it is not possible to count exactly). Depth 2.6 to 2.8, head 4.1 to 4.3, both in standard length; snout 1.7 or 1.8, eye 3.4 to 4.4, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.5 or 5.6, length of pectoral 1.4, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.1, lower lobe of caudal 1.1, upper lobe 1.05, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.7 to 0.95; eye in snout 1.9 to 2.6; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.3; angle of snout profile with axis of body 51 or 52 degrees; teeth small, slightly flattened, with minute serrations near tips; skin smooth and velvety to touch; interorbital convex. Color in alcohol.—Ground color of head and body uniform gray- brown, back darker than lower sides and belly; upper lip black; no markings on head or around opercle; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dark brown, dorsal and anal with obscure darker markings on mem- branes; pectoral fin brown with pale margin; pelvic fins dark brown distally, pale at base. NASO ANNULATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) Priodon annulatus QUoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne . . ., Zool., p. 3387, 1824 (type locality, Timor). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Namu Island, ocean reef, April 4, 1946, S-46-51, Schultz, 4 speci- mens, 153 to 201 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, 1946, S-46-195, Schultz, 1 specimen, 184 mm. Guam: Nov. 26, 1945, Frey, 1 specimen, 61 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V,28 or 29; anal I1,27 to 29; pectoral rays 1,1,15 or 16; pelvics 1,3; branched caudal rays 7+7; teeth on one side FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 645 of upper jaw 16 to 20 (usually 16 or 17), of lower jaw 14 to 17 (usually 16), (in 10 counts). Depth 2.3 to 2.5, head 3.6 to 3.7, both in standard length; snout 1.6 to 1.7, eye 2.95 to 3.3, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.7 to 6.0, length of pectoral 1.4 to 1.6, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.1 to 6.5, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2 to 1.3, upper lobe 1.1 to 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 1.0 to 1.1; eye in snout 1.9 to 2.0; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.3 to 0.4; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 58 to 60 degrees; teeth sharply pointed with edges finely serrate. Color in alcohol.—Body and head light grayish brown to dark grayish brown, upper part of body darker; lips pale, spiny dorsal fin with distal third of membranes black, basal two-thirds lighter; soft dersal fin pale basally with a submarginal black line and tips of rays white; anal fin colored as dorsal; caudal fin pale with submarginal black line and broad marginal white band about as wide as half diameter of pupil; pectoral fin dusky basally with a white margin almost as wide as that of the caudal; pelvic fin pale at base, rays white tipped, mesial area dusky; caudal peduncular spines and bucklers no darker than general ground work; 3 of 5 specimens with a white ring around caudal peduncle between caudal spines. NASO BREVIROSTRIS (Valenciennes) PLATE 70 Naseus brevirostris VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire natu- relle des poissons, vol. 10, p. 277, 1835 (type locality, Moluccas; fle de France; New Guinea). SPECIMENS STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140087, Bikini Atoll, Bikini lagoon, deep coral head at 30 to 45 feet, diving and spearing, July 13, 1946, S—46-252, Brock, Emory, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 169 mm. ' Description based in part on specimens U.S.N.M. Nos. 52668, from Hawaii, (196 mm.) and 71558, from Okinawa (157 mm.). Description.—Dorsal rays V1I,27 to 29; anal 11,28 to 30; pectoral J,i,13 or 14; pelvic 1,3; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 16 to 20, of lower jaw 16 to 20. Depth 2.4 to 2.7, head 4.0, both in standard length; snout 1.6 to 1.8, eye 3.1 to 3.4, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.1 to 6.2, length of pectoral fin 1.3 to 1.4, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 5.0 or 5.1, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.1 to 1.3, upper lobe 1.1 or 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.9 or 1.0; eye in snout 1.8 to 2.1; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.8; angle of snout profile with 646 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 axis of body 93 to 105 degrees. Teeth small, sharp pointed, finely serrated near tip; anterior margin of snout above lips almost vertical and straight to base of bony protuberance. Color in alcohol.—Ground color uniform dark brown on back, lighter below on breast and belly; gill flap white; dorsal and anal fins uniform dark brown; base of caudal fin darker than general body color with distal half to one-third of fin lighter; pectoral fin brown along rays, membranes white, margin of fin pale; pelvic fins light brown. NASO UNICORNIS (Forskal) PLATE 71 Chaetodon unicornis ForSKAL, Descriptiones animalium .. ., pp. xiii, 63, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 18 specimens, 58 to 192 mm. standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 15 specimens, 57 to 218 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 6 specimens, 57 to 143 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 139 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 56 to 107 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 3 specimens 55 to 400 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V1I,28 to 30; anal II,27 to 30; pectoral I,i,15 or 16 (usually 16) ; pelvic I,3; branched caudal 7+7; teeth on one side of upper Jaw 11 to 15, of lower jaw 7 to 14. Depth 1.8 to 2.3, head 3.1 to 3.5, both in standard length; snout 1.3 to 1.9, eye 2.9 to 4.6, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.8 to 6.5, length of pectora] fin 1.5 to 1.6, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 6.5 to 7.0, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.2 to 1.8, upper lobe 1.05 to 1.2, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.1; eye in snout 1.9 to 3.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 49 to 60 degrees; teeth sharply pointed with edges finely serrate; caudal spines smoothly rounded. Color in alcohol.—Head and body pale gray to dark brownish gray; head darker than body; lower sides and belly paler than upper parts of body; dorsal and anal fins pale, sometimes with alternating light and dark streaks, usually tips of rays white; pectoral translucent; pelvic fins with dusty tips, caudal fin dusky at base, pale distally; lips pale; plates of caudal spine and area surrounding plates black. Specimens 57 to 87 mm. in acronurus stage are grayish brown with 4. vertical rows of dark spots (about size of pupil) 3 or 4 spots per row; in larger of these specimens spots above midline indistinct, leaving only the ones along a line from eye to caudal bucklers; fins all color- less, except that membranes of spinous dorsal are dusky. FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE—SCHULTZ AND WOODS 647 Color when alive-—Head and body uniform pale olive green, lips pale; soft dorsal and anal fins sometimes with alternating lines of light and dark, otherwise plain tan, with tips of rays white, then a submarginal black streak; pectoral membranes dusky at base; pelvic fins dusky at tips, caudal fin dark basally with distal margin white, caudal spine black or blue. NASO VLAMINGI (Valenciennes) PLatTEe 72 Naseus vlamingi VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10, p. 293, 1835 (type locality, Moluccas). Naso coume (not of Lesson) Fow ter, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 8, p. 275, fig. 20, 1929 (Philippines). Naso brevirostris (not of Valenciennes) ScHULTz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 160-161, 1943 (key). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 131 and 404 mm. standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 120 and 369 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 339 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays V to VII (one specimen) ,26 or 27; anal II,27 to 29; pectoral I,i,14 or 15, pelvics 1,3; branched caudal rays (+7; upper teeth on one side of jaw 14 to 82, lower 15 to 27 (in 6 counts). Depth 2.1 to 2.8, head 3.7 to 4.5, both in standard length; snout 1.5 to 1.8, eye 3.0 to 4.4, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.8 to 6.0, length of pectoral 1.2 to 1.5, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 4.7 to 5.8, lower lobe of caudal 1.0 to 1.2, upper lobe 0.35 to 1.0, all in length of head (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening) ; interorbital in eye 0.8 to 1.0; eye in snout 1.9 to 2.9; length of caudal peduncle in its depth 0.3; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 55 to 95 degrees; teeth very small, pointed, finely serrate, serrations usually stronger on one side than on the other; in adults, upper and lower rays of caudal fin very long and threadlike, dorsal and anal fin rays much longer than in young. Color in alcohol—Head and body ground color light brown; head with dark brown line below eye broadening to a bar the width of eye just anterior to eye, continuing along side and anterior tip of bony protuberance on snout; cheeks with evenly spaced small round dark spots; lips black; opercular flap and space just behind opercular open- ing black; a black blotch before and behind pectoral fin; dorsal part of body with small scattered spots, the spots on sides lengthening into vertical, narrow, vermiculate lines; breast and belly with fine dark dots, smaller than those of back or cheeks; caudal spines and bucklers darker than general body color; dorsal and anal fins dark brown, 648 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 membranes lighter than rays; caudal fin very dark brown, almost black; pectoral fins black; pelvic fins light brown. Young specimens with same ground color, no bar before eye or blotch posterior to pectoral; lines along sides not complete, although most spots are elongate; dorsal fin with oblique darker streaks on membranes; anal fin with more or less broken lengthwise lines; caudal fin spotted at base, distal one-third paler, although rays are all dusky; pectoral and ventral fins dusky. Color when alive.—Ground color dark grayish brown; top of head and back darker than sides and belly; iris yellow; a dark blue line below eye extending forward along the bony protuberance of snout; cheeks and back with small evenly spaced blue spots (about half the size of pupil); lips pale; opercular flap darker brown than rest of head; dorsal and anal with membranes brown distally, bluish gray basally, rays dark brown; caudal fin dark brown at base, a broad vertical yellow submarginal bar about as wide as one-third of length of fin; pectoral brown, paler distally though not a distinct pale band; pelvics with light greenish brown membranes and dark brown rays. (Description from two colored drawings based on Philippine specimens. ) Family SIGANIDAE By Loren P. Woops The fishes of this family are unique in having two pelvic spines, an outer and an inner. These spines are grooved and serve as con- ductors of a very painful venom. The seven anal spines are also shallowly grooved as are the dorsal spines along the line of attachment of the fin membranes. Drs. W. M. Chapman and L. P. Schultz, both of whom have handled large numbers of siganids, report that the dorsal, anal, and pelvic spines carry a painful poison. The genus Zo Seale differs from Stganus only in the produced snout and constricted thorax. S. puellus (Schlegel) has an elongate body and slightly produced snout in large individuals, and hence helps to bridge the difference in shape between Zo and Siganus. Genus SIGANUS Forskal Siganus ForsKAt, Descriptiones animalium ..., pp. x, 25, 1775. (Genotype Scarus rivulatus Forskéal=Scarus siganus Forskal.) KEY TO SPECIES OF SIGANUS OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1a. Snout produced into a short tube; cheeks entirely scaly; interorbital flat; caudal fin slightly forked; top of head, top and sides of snout and chin black; cheeks and opercles light brown with small dark brown spots; throat brown with white spots; breast black from opercular opening and isthmus across base of pectoral to insertion of pelvics; upper pectoral spine and ray and outer pelvic spines black; body plain brown; pectoral 1 Ceri a Uf Ses TEEPE Re NE eG WSO Res age Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel and Miiller) 1b. Snout not produced into a short tube. 2a. Area between pubic bones naked. 38a. Cheeks without scales; depth of body 3.8 to 4.0 in standard length; top of head and back light brownish with tiny dark brown spots; cheeks, opercles, and sides of body silvery; spiny dorsal fin membranes each with large oval dusky spot mesially and small dusky spot distally; caudal with short, vertical, brown line at its base; caudal fin forked ; pectoral I1,i,16_____________ Siganus argenteus (Quoy and Gaimard) 8b. Cheeks with at least one or with numerous scales, sometimes more or less embedded and difficult to observe (drying usually causes the scales to become easily visible under magnification). 4a. Interorbital flat or slightly concave; caudal slightly forked, its lower lobe rounded; middle caudal ray in upper ray 1.2 to 1.5; body with wavy, narrow whitish (bluish when alive) lines about equal in width to brown interspaces, forming a reticulated pattern along back and running lengthwise on sides; caudal peduncle with 2 vertical thin white lines; base of caudal fin with a white vertical line and brown line distally, head plain grey or brownish; cheeks silvery; caudal fin slightly forked, its outer rays with 3 or 4 faint brown bars; pectoraleersld) ork Gms eee Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) 649 650 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 46. Interorbital convex. 5a. Caudal shallowly forked, its lobes angular, middle caudal rays in upper rays 1.55 to 1.97; body light brownish or grayish brown; a dark spot about size of eye present behind upper edge of gill open- ing (may be faint and indistinct in large specimens) ; scattered dark brown spots on back and sides, some specimens with small indistinct pale spots on dorsal half of sides; spiny dorsal and anal membranes pale with brownish spots, soft rays barred; dorsal and ventral edges of caudal fin barred, posterior margin of caudal blackish; pectoral I,i,18_______ Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn) 5b. Caudal deeply forked, tips of lobes pointed, middle caudal rays in upper rays 2.44 to 3.2; light bluish gray to dark brown network over head and body, spaces filled with small pale spots or dots; spots or dots larger than interspaces; membranes of spiny dorsal and anal fins clouded or sometimes with dusky blotches; outer caudal rays dark or faintly barred ; pectoral I,i,16. Siganus rostratus (Valenciennes) 26. Area between pubic bones densely scaled. 6a. Head and body completely covered with small pale spots; spots larger than interspaces ; spaces between spots dark purplish brown; fins dark- ish or dusky brown, pale spots on bases of median fins, sometimes reaching margin; a large black spot (about size of eye) usually present behind upper edge of gill opening; cheeks entirely scaled without any naked area on fleshy part between posterior tip of maxillary, eye, and preopercle ; caudal deeply forked, its lobes rounded, middle caudal rays in upper rays 1.79 to 2.28; pectoral I,i,12 to 15. Siganus punctatus (Bloch and Schneider) 6b. Top of head and snout with 9 or 10 transverse dark brown lines, cheeks sometimes with network of pale lines; dorsal half of body with 18 to 20 narrow dark vertical lines; sometimes centers of these lines pale and sometimes they are broken up anteriorly and ventrally into wavy lines; ventral half of body pale; median fins plain; cheeks with scales on lower posterior fleshy part only, upper anterior part naked, anterior border of scaly portion forming a diagonal line across cheek from about diameter of pupil behind maxillary to behind middle of eye; caudal fin slightly emarginate, tips of lobes angular, middle caudal rays into upper caudal rays 1.32 to 1.79; pectoral 1,i,14 or 15. Siganus doliatus (Valenciennes) SIGANUS VULPINUS (Schlegel and Miller) Amphacanthus vulpinus SCHLEGEL and MirtLer, Verh. Natuur. Gesch. Leiden, vol. 2, p. 12, 1839-44 (type locality, Molukka; Celebes). (Reference copied. ) SPECIMEN STUDIED U.S.N.M. No. 140314, Bikini Atoll, Bikini lagoon, submerged coral head, 4 miles southwest of Bikini Island, spearing, by breaking up coral heads, July 11, 1946, S-46-247, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 1 specimen, 153 mm., a female with nearly mature eggs. Description—Dorsal rays XIII,10; anal VII,9; pectoral I,1,14; pelvic I,3,I; branched caudal 8+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 14, of lower jaw 14; gill rakers on first arch 6+16; pyloric caeca 4. FAMILY SIGANIDAE—WOODS 651 Depth 2.3, head 3.2, both in standard length; snout 2.0, eye 4.1, least depth of caudal peduncle 5.0, length of pectoral 1.3, postorbital part of head 4.1, lower lobe of caudal fin 1.4, upper lobe 1.3, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 0.95; depth of cheek in its length 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.3; middle caudal rays in upper caudal rays 1.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 40 degrees, profile outline concave anterior to interorbital; interorbital flat; cheeks scaly; anterior nostril with short tube; gill rakers short, wedge-shaped; caudal fin slightly emarginate, lobes rounded; snout produced into a short tube. Color in alcohol.—Body uniform light brown; top of head, top and sides of snout black, the black area extending to origin of dorsal fin thence onto shoulder and downward to upper edge of gill opening and lower margin of eye; cheeks and opercle light brown sometimes with small dark brown spots on cheek; chin black; throat brown, spotted with white, a large dark brown patch extending from back of opercular opening, anterior to isthmus, across base of pectoral fin to insertion of pelvics; dorsal, anal and caudal fins light brown, outer margins lighter; pectoral rays dusky, membranes pale; upper spine and first ray intense black; pelvics with outer spine and first ray black; membranes dusky. SIGANUS ARGENTEUS (Quoy and Gaimard) Amphacanthus argenteus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne . . ., Zool., p. 368, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1824 (type locality, Guam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Bikini lagoon, east end at Bowditch anchorage, surface light at night, April 24, 1946, S-46-112, Schultz, 2 specimens, 40 and 41 mm. standard length; Orukuen Pass, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, Marr and Brock, 1 specimen, 42 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: Southwest passage, leeward side of reef, 2 miles south of Rigili Island, surface light at night, May 24, 1946, S-46-183, Schultz, 7 specimens, 47 to 50 mm.; south of Rigili Island, May 25, 1946, S-46-184, Schultz and Cali, 4 specimens, 45 to 50 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,10; anal VII,9; pectoral 1,1,16; pelvic 1,3,1; branched caudal 8+7; teeth on one side of upper Jaw 7 or 8, of lower jaw 7 or 8; gill rakers 4+17; pyloric caeca 6 (buds). Depth 3.8 to 4.0, head 3.7 or 3.8, both in standard length; snout 2.9 or 3.0, eye 4.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 6.0 to 6.38; length of pectoral 1.7 or 1.8, postorbital part of head 3.0 to 3.8, upper lobe of caudal peduncle 1.5, lower lobe 1.5, all in length of head; depth of cheek in its length 2.0; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 2.1; middle caudal rays in upper rays 2.0 or 2.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 30 degrees, profile outline straight to 652 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 slightly convex; interorbital slightly convex; anterior nostril usually lacking flap, when present flap is rudimentary; cheeks naked; gill rakers short, simple; caudal fin deeply forked, tips of lobes rounded. Color in alcohol.—Top of head and back light brownish with tiny dark brown dots; cheeks, opercles, and sides of body silvery; spiny dorsal fin membranes with oval dusky spot mesially and smaller simi- lar spot distally on each membrane; soft dorsal pale; caudal pale or with faint bars on outer rays, a short vertical dark line present at base of caudal; anal pale, sometimes faint bars on spiny part, pec- torals pale, translucent; pelvics pale or with one or two faint bars. Ecology.—These specimens were pelagic and came to a light at night; those dissected had the body cavity filled with a greatly en- larged fatty liver which crowded the other organs dorsally and to one side; this fatty liver may be of some use as a mechanism to assist in floating. Remarks.—The appearance, habits, small number of teeth, and ru- dimentary condition of pyloric caeca indicate that Siganus argenteus may be the young of some other species. It most nearly resembles Siganus rostratus but a careful comparison with a 51-mm. specimen of that species shows differences in coloration, and in the size of the eye. i SIGANUS SPINUS (Linnaeus) PLATE 73 Sparus spinus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 281, 1758 (type locality, Indies). Siganus spinus ScHULTzZ, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 137, 1943 (in part, U.S.N.M. No. 115212, incorrectly published as 115121, 20 specimens). Amphacanthus nebulosus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voyage autour du monde... executé sur les corvettes de S. M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne . . ., Zool., p. 369, 1825. Teuthis striolata HERRE and MoNTALBAN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 35, p. 177, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1928. SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 24 lots, 418 specimens, 31 to 176 mm. standard length. Saipan: 3 lots, 8 specimens, 34 to 66 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 122 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,10; anal VII,9; pectoral 11,15 or 16; pelvics 1,3,[; branched caudal 8+7; teeth on one side of upper jaw 18 or 14, of lower jaw 14 or 15; gill rakers on first gill arch 5+18 to 17; pyloric caeca 4 or 5. Depth 2.4 to 2.7, head 3.8 to 4.0, both in standard length; snout 2.7 to 2.9, eye 2.6 to 3.1, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.1 to 4.9, length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.4, postorbital part of head 2.9 to 3.9, upper lobe of caudal 1.1, lower lobe 1.2 or 1.3, all in length of head; inter- orbital in eye 1.1 to 1.2; depth of cheek in its length 1.2; depth of FAMILY SIGANIDAE—WOODS 653 caudal peduncle in its length 1.8 to 2.0; middle caudal rays in upper ray 1.2 to 1.5; angle of snout profile 32 to 35 degrees; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; anterior nostril with a flap; cheeks with a row of scales slightly wider than maxillary from maxillary almost to posterior rim of cheek, space above and below this oblong row naked; gill rakers short, wedge-shaped; caudal fin slightly forked in young, almost straight in adults. Color in alcohol.—Head plain gray or brownish with cheeks silvery ; interorbital space sometimes crossed by 2 or 8 thin, wavy light lines; lower part of head and breast usually silvery white in adults; body with irregular, wavy, narrow, whitish (bluish when alive) lines form- ing a reticulated pattern along back, more continuous along upper sides and running more or less lengthwise on lower sides; pale lines usually narrower than the brown spaces between, but on lower sides blue and brown lines are about equal in width (width of blue lines varies considerably on different parts of body and in different speci- mens) ; caudal peduncle with two thin, vertical white lines; mem- branes of spinous dorsal and anal fins clouded with brownish or black- ish, becoming more intense near outer region; soft dorsal and anal fins usually with 2 or 3 faint brown bars; caudal fin crossed vertically by 3 or 4 alternating light and dark brown curved lines, center part of these dark lines often obscure in adults but still evident on outer rays; a white vertical line usually evident at base of caudal fin with a brown vertical line of equal width just distal to it; pectoral fin pale; membrane of pelvics dusky. Remarks —Siganus nebulosus (Quoy and Gaimard) is believed to be a color phase of this species, as specimens agreeing with the color descriptions of nebulosus have the flat interorbital space, short rounded snout, same scale pattern on cheek, same number and shape of pyloric caeca, as well as the same type of caudal fin as described above for S. spinus. The proportions also are in agreement. Many of the young specimens listed above (up to 66 mm.) have a color pat- tern similar to that of nebulosus, with traces of thin wavy light lines appearing on back and lower sides. SIGANUS FUSCESCENS (Houttuyn) Centrogaster fuscescens Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 20, p. 333, 1782 (type locality, Japan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 1945, Frey, 7 specimens, 104 to 205 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIII,10; anal VII,9; pectoral I,1,18; pelvic 1,3,1; branched caudal 8+7; gill rakers on first gill arch 4 to 6+1+19 to 21=26 to 28. 654 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Depth 2.56 to 2.9, head 3.95 to 4.15, both in standard length; snout 2.48 to 2.58, eye 2.8 to 3.28, least depth of caudal peduncle 4.2 to 4.29; length of pectoral fin 1.25 to 1.34, postorbital part of head 3.8 to 4.12, lower lobe of caudal fin 0.99 to 1.0, upper lobe 0.92, all in length of head; interorbital in eye 1.0 to 1.28; eye in snout 1.1 to 1.82; depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.88 to 2.14; middle caudal rays in upper rays 1.55 to 1.97; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 to 50 degrees, snout profile convex; interorbital convex, cheeks with scales sparsely scattered over entire lower posterior half; caudal fin shallowly forked, tips of lobes angular. Color in alcohol—Head and body light brown, dorsal portion darker than lower sides; body with indistinct, small white spots, smaller than interspaces, dark brown irregular spots scattered over rest of body; a darkish spot almost as large as eye present behind upper edge of gill opening; spiny dorsal fin membranes with brownish spots, soft rays of dorsal and of anal fins barred; upper and lower margins of caudal fin barred, posterior margin narrowly black; pectorals pale; pelvic membrane dusky between outer spine and first ray, rest of fin pale. Remarks.—This species is rather difficult to distinguish and de- fine, and until the family Siganidae is adequately revised considerable doubt may be cast upon the identity of several species separated on the basis of color alone. It is possible to distinguish S. fuscescens (Houttuyn) and S. albopunctatus (Schlegel) by the presence of the small distinct white spots in the latter, but the number of gill rakers is the same (see table 58). Specimens of fuscescens from Guam have a slightly higher number of gill rakers than specimens from Japan and the China coast and examples from the Philippine Islands a still higher number. Perhaps those from the Philippines and Guam should be recognized as a distinct subspecies but sufficient specimens are not available from other parts of the range, such as S. oramin (Bloch and Schneider) described from Tranquebar, or S. margariti- ferus (Valenciennes), or S. canaliculatus Mungo Park, from the East Indies, to warrant this recognition. SIGANUS ROSTRATUS (Valenciennes) PLATE 74 Amphacanthus rostratus VALENCIENNES, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 10, p. 158, 1835 (type locality, Massuah, Red Sea). Siganus spinus Scuuttz (in part), U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 137, 1943 (Tutuila Island). Siganus oramin Fow er and BEAN (in part), U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 8, pp. 307-310, 1929. 655 FAMILY SIGANIDAE-—WOODS T [orocfereefooee] ooo] eee = ]eeee fee ee] ee -]---- fee fee--]---- sa | Pea |e | Pate |e [cee | Rms |Prioan| Feeg ea Ce Fas [ec [sect [seem rere] fea heer | Perec] rene | T Sas pen ace | Seale |e a | ees | Se T T T {Sees Ves meat cea mest eee ec bm a Ito Sage Pee] (ieee ee SSSI sec Ore |e em | Ra te fee a el a et dele [Nees eee a aay ee eee racer | eam Fea | ae? SG | eset a | a in| | nice | Se eee (petal ey ee [cel Sa PSSA Sel eos) See | aes eee ae (eee fee p rcee|reoefeee-|eee=feee-]-ee- fee e-]---- fee] eee pale eel Lees a lee al [esl bn el ee T Se S| [esis eon (easel pps babercaee | recip seme lh | I amet | esc | ac | neat (| eg | alee Cie | ree Gog | es = a | in| ce | ele T T (4 €€ | 2€ | TE | OF | 62 | 8% | 22 | 9% | G2 | FS | €% | 2 | Ge | Fo | G% | 2 | 1% | Of | GL | ST | LL | OT SOY [[I3 JO Joquinu [v40, Yo1e JaMO'T woN T gjsueyy Sees eet T Sie ae | Se eee aac. eee are eee ee A OOUNO Gf ro T I Sig tt | aise ene Sea cee es OS UO Fi Beare (6 T I pS oe See ae Up {12jo7dvyI “NV JO peay fo opis [eijueA “g $(JaAa]NOG pue xnopAy) 17H7doYI snxKmoaN ‘V BULLETIN 202, PLATE 24 NATIONAL MUSEUM U.S U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 25 A, Epinephelus merra Bloch; B, E. macrospilos (Bleeker) (upper part of tail with dark shadow); C, FE. elongatus, new species. BULLETIN 202, PLATE 26 U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM ‘Jou & UO peydeiz0j0yd SEM SNIDUOBDXAY “JT "|[OLW TULYIG WOIF YIOg f(Japlouysg pue YIO[_) Snjpuosnxay 7 xe] *([B3Ys10,J) snyoynsoasn{ snjaydaurd gy Vv > bo BULLETIN 202, PLATE 27 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SYLII]S OUYM dIOYM 93¥Is 1B [NPY ZuNOA ‘satoads ‘popry Apied oavy atues ‘g Susutioods UMOIS-f[eY “(SoUUsIOUa[eA PUR JoIAND) snstMUDs30INg Woposadkup “Y BULLETIN 202, PLATE 28 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘uoljde[[09 outrddrtyg SSOMDg|P HY} Worf Sulmerp yo ydessojoyd “g ‘][o1y turylg wor usudedg *y :([eys10,q) 1707 Vjo14y 4 ut sjods Jo ANIqQuIIE A U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 29 A, Plectropomus truncatus Fowler (the black on lower edge of caudal fin is a shadow); B, P. leopardus (Lacepéde); C, head of P. leopardus showing dentition. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 30 A, Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepéde) from Bikini Atoll; B, C. argus Bloch and Schneider from Bikini Atoll; C, Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal), photograph of drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection. U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 31 A, Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider; B, C. urodelus (Bloch and Schneider); C, C miniatus (Forskal); photographs of drawings from the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 32 A, Grammistes sexlineatus (Thinberg), from Bikini Atoll (dark edge of caudal fin is a shadow); B, Chortstistium swalesi Fowler and Bean, photograph of drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 33 A, Plesiops nigricans (Ruppell); B, Apogon snydert Jordan and Evermann; both from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 34 A, Apogon lateralis Valenciennes; B, A. leptacanthus Bleeker; photographs of color drawings from the Albatross Philippine collection. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 35 A, Apogon fasciatus (White), neotype, U.S.N.M. No. 59972, from New South Wales; B, A. fasciatus, U.S.N.M. No. 148623, from New South Wales, showing color pattern in detail; C, 4. nubilus Garman, from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 36 Apogon savayensis Gunther, from Bikini Atoll, showing transition of color marking on caudal peduncle in young to adult: A, Adult, 71 mm. in standard length; B, juvenile, 51, mm.; C, young, 34 mm. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 37 D A, Apogon compressus (Smith and Radcliffe) photograph of color drawing of paratype from the Albatross Philippine collection; B, 4. novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, photo- graph of drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection; C, A. nigrofasciatus, new species, female, paratype, from Bikini Atoll; D, same species, male, paratype, from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 38 A, Apogon aroubtensis Hombron and Jacquinot, Albatross linen tag No. 23976, Albatross Philippine collection; B, 4. bandanensis Bleeker, Albatross linen tag No. 23776, Albatross Philippine collection; C, 4. erdmani Lachner, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 147518, from the Red Sea. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 39 Cc A, Archamia lineolata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), photograph of color drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection; B, Paramia quinquelineata (Cuvier and Valenciennes) photograph of color drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection; C, Apogon tsostigma (Jordan and Seale), from Bikini Atoll. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 40 A, Archamia lineolata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), from Makyan Island, East Indies; B, fucata (Cantor), from Bikini Atoll; C, 4. buruensis (Bleeker), from Mindanao, P. I. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 41 A, Archamia xosterophera (Bleeker), specimen from the Albatross Philippine collection; B, A. biguttata Lachner, U.S.N.M. No. 56156, from Luzon, P. I.; C, 4. dispilus Lachner, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 112041, from Soo Wan Bay, Formosa. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 42 A, Cheilodipterops isostigma Schultz; B, Paramia quinquelineata (Cuvier and Valenciennes), from Bikini Atoll; C, P. bipunctata Lachner, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 147944, from the Persian Gulf. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 43 A, Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepéde), from Bikini Atoll; B, C. arabicus (Gmelin), from the Persian Gulf; C, C. /ineatus (Linnaeus), from the Red Sea. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 44 A, Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde); B, Lutjanus bohar (Forskal); C, Pempherts oualensis Cuvier and Valenciennes; all from Bikini Atoll. ‘These specimens were photographed on a net, which shows through their fins. BULLETIN 202, PLATE 45 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘TJOUY Wry Woy yIOq SuONeRIOCJOD I[Npe ‘IdtAND snsdquvjau xuvdvry ‘gq :(preulies pur AonQ)) Snppnuurdrg syosoiq ‘VW AR ES Cen. x i BULLETIN 202, PLATE 46 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘[[OVV TUnylg wor yoq fspoysINy 1uvpsol nopdaf saproduvsvry “gq tha0g Stuqn3n] xuvsvy ‘Wy PLA eR sy Be Ci U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 47 Macolor niger (Forskal), photographs of color drawings from the Albatross Philippine collection: A, Adult coloration; B, immature coloration. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 48 A, Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal); B, Aphareus furcatus (Lacepéde); C, Aprion virescens Cuvier and Valenciennes; all from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 49 A, Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet), photograph of color drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection; B, Heniochus permutatus Cuvier, from Bikini Atoll. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 50 A, Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus); B, Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier; both from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 5i A, Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park, from Bikini Atoll; B, C. unimaculatus Bloch, from "Bikini Atoll; C, C. citrinellus Cuvier, from Bikini Atoll; Dy C. tinker Schultz, from Oahu Island; photograph by Spencer Tinker, Waikiki Aquarium. BULLETIN 202, PLATE 52 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ° der vo a s (S) n . noms| go oO 1S} He} ov Bois) Ps oa S-3 = 2 S's ia SAG 4 OS) os aS} es e ¢ vw airs see og a0 oO & aie) = 8 es a5 Ga Bae! = EG Od Sua Se) aay, Sos Sh S & xg S50 Ss Sa Ss ~ %S 8 = S ? A U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 53 A, Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier; B, C. falcula Bloch; photographs of color drawings from the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 54 A, Chaetodon lunula (Lacepéde); B, C. quadrimaculatus Gray; both from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL, MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 55 A, Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus; B, Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert); C, Centropyge bicolor (Bloch); photographs of color drawings from the Albatross Philippine collection. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE A, Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier; B, C. auriga Forskal; both from Bikini Atoll. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 57 A, Chaetodon mertensti Cuvier; B, Centropyge flavissimus (Cuvier), U.S.N.M. No. 140105; both from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 58 A, Chaetodon multicinctus Garrett, from the Hawaiian Islands, U.S.N.M. No. 88199 B, C. punctato-fasciatus Cuvier, from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 59 A, Centropyge heraldi, new species, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 140093; B, Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch), photograph of color drawing from the Albatross Philippine collection, BULLETIN 202, PLATE 60 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “Y1Sus] prepuris ul WUT £9 “OLY LUNI WO S67OFI “ON “W'N'S'A) “(snavuury) suassauv snpouvz U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 61 B A, Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard), adult; B, Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett, adult; both from Bikini Atoll. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 62 A, B, Postacronurus stages of Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard), from northern Marshall Islands; C, postacronurus stage of Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepéde), U.S.N.M. No. 140029, from Eniwetok Atoll; D, immature adult of 4. elongatus (Lacepéde), U.S.N.M. No. 140021, from Bikini Atoll. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE A, Adult, Acanthurus triostegus triostegus (Linnaeus), from Bikini Atoll; B, C, acronurus stages of 4. triostegus triostegus, U.S.N.M. No. 139760, from Rota Island; D, acronurus stage of 4. elongatus (Lacepéde), from Bikini Atoll. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, CG. D, E, postacronurus stages of . } k Atoll. 1weto (Linnaeus), U.S.N.M. No. 139760, from Rota Island tostegus triostegus A. elongatus (Lacepéde), U.S.N.M. No. 140017, from En A, B, C, Very young stages of Acanthurus tr U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 65 A, Acanthurus aliala Lesson; B, A. achilles Shaw; both from Bikini Atoll. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 66 A, Acanthurus guttatus Bloch; B, Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett); both from Bikini Atoll. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Hire sheisees Bee BULLETIN 202, PLATE 67 10n. llect ippine co ili Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch, photograph of a color drawing from the Albatross Ph BULLETIN 202, PLATE 68 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘worse]}09 oulddryryg ssomvqp oy, wors Burmerp r0[09 v yo ydesojoyd ‘(snovuUury) Supr14siU snanyjuoop BULLETIN 202, PLATE 69 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “‘T[OUV tubylq wolf (Japrauyss pue yooTq) SNJDAN]IL] OSD AT BULLETIN 202, PLATE 70 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘uorqoa][09 outddiiyg ssouvqp ay} WO, ZUIMeIP IOTOS & Jo ydessojoyd ‘(sauUsIoUaTe A) s2475011004g OSD U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, PLATE 71 Juvenile stages of Naso unicornis (Forskal), U.S.N.M. No. 140061, from Kwajalein Atoll. BULLETIN 202, PLATE 72 U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM , “UOI}D9[[OD aulddiiyg ssouoqgp 241 WoOI, SUIMeVIp IO[OD v Jo ydeisoj0Yd “(souUaIoUaTe A) ULWYIA OSD NT BULLETIN 202, PLATE 73 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “spurs] ft J aya wos usuttoads e yo Zunuted v jo ydeisojoyd ‘(snavuury) snurds snunsig BULLETIN 202, PLATE 74 U.S, NATIONAL. MUSEUM eign JOLY llylg wo ‘(souuslouale A ) SNIDLISOL SNUDBIC INDEX A abbreviata, Moringua, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93 abbreviatus, Aphthalmichthys, 89 aberans, Liopropoma, 373, 377 Ablennes, 159, 161 hians, 161 Acanthapogon, 490, 491 vanderbilti, 490, 491 Acanthoclinus, 408, 411 fasciolatus, 410 fuscus, 411 indicus, 407, 411 litoreus, 410 littoreus, 411 quadridactylus, 408, 411 taumaka, 411 trilineatus, 408, 411 Acanthocybium solandri, 168 Acanthognathus, 249 eaulleryi, 232, 250 dactyliophorus, 253 multiannulatus, 250 Acanthoplesiops, 407, 408, 411 hiatti, 390, 407, 408, 409, 411 indicus, 408, 411 Acanthuridae, 614 Acanthurus, 622, 623, 624, 639 achilles, 615, 622, 628, 629 aliala, 615, 622, 623, 627 bleekeri, 617, 622, 623, 636 elongatus, 617, 622, 623, 6384 flavescens, 641 fuliginosus, 617, 622, 628, 637 gahhm, 639, 640 gahm, 639 glaucopareius, 628 guttatus, 616, 622, 628, 631 leucosternon, 615, 622, 623, 626 lineatus, 616, 622, 623, 630 lineolatus, 634 lituratus, 642 mata, 618, 622, 623, 639 nigricans, 616, 622, 623, 633, 640 nigricans olivaceus, 632 olivaceus, 616, 622, 628, 632 philippinus, 617, 622, 623, 6387 rackliffei, 615, 622, 623 Sandvicensis, 623, 625 striatus, 620, 624 strigosus, 620, 624 triostegus, 623, 626 triostegus marquesensis, 623, 625, 626 triostegus triostegus, 615, 622, 623, 624 velifer, 640 955292—vol. 1——50 accraensis, Novanthias, 383 | Acentronura, 233, 237 | Acrania, 1 | achilles, Acanthurus, 615, 622, 623, 629 | Acronurus, 614 | elongatus, 614 | triostegus, 614 | Acropoma, 412 | acuminatus, Chaetodon, 576 Heniochus, 567, 576 acus, Syngnathus, 278 acuta, Dussumieria, 23 Ophisoma, 85 acutipinnis, Sphyraena, 281 | acutirostris, Muraenichthys, 73 Hyporhamphus, 169, 170, 171, 174 Mugil, 318 acutus, Hemirhamphus, 174 Adenapogon woodi, 416 Adioryx, 208 adustus, Myripristis, 194, 197, 201, 204 affinis, Franzia, 382 Hemiramphus, 172 Hemirhamphus, 172 Sphyraena, 281 africana, Sphyraena, 281 agam, Sphyraena, 281 agana, Zebrasoma, 641 | agoo, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 186 Agrioposphyraena, 279 i Ahlia, 61, 68 akerstromi, Sphyraena, 283 ; albimaculatus, Cypselurus (Exonautes), 189 Prognichthys, 184, 185, 188, 189 albimarginata, Gymnothorax, 127 albimarginatus, Carcharhinus, 3, 11 albofasciatus, Anthias, 383 albomarginata, Amia, 441 albopunctatus, Siganus, 654, 655 alfreda, Daemomanta, 20 Deratoptera, 20 Manta, 20, 21 aliala, Acanthurus, 615, 622, 623, 627 Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 291, 298, 301, 303 balabacensis, 288, 289, 290, 299 bleekeri, 288, 289, 290, 298 crenolepis, 288, 289, 290, 299, 301, 302, 303 forskali, 288, 289, 290, 291, 299 ovalaua, 288, 289, 290, 299 regina, 288, 289, 290, 299, 300, 301 valenciennesi, 298 woodwardi, 288, 289, 290, 298 allardicei, Anarchias, 139, 148, 145 altipennis, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 187 Sphyraena, 280 Synodus, 82. 661 662 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 altivelioides, Epinephelus, 345 Anthias—Continued Amia albomarginata, 441 mooreanus, 382 angustata, 4389 mortoni, 382 aroubiensis, 466 pulchellus, 382 atrogaster, 441 pulchra, 382 bleekeri, 477 squamipinnis, 382 eardinalis, 447 taeniatus, 382 compressa, 435 unimaculatus, 383 diversa, 441 vosmeri, 527 exostigma, 452 anthias, Labrus, 381 fasciata stevensi, 464 Anthiinae, 381 fraenata, 453 antoncichi, Cypselurus, 179, 181, 184, — gilberti, 435 185, 186 hyalina, 442 Anyperodon, 360 hypselonota, 448 leucogrammicus, 332, 360 jenkinsi, 441 aoki, Muraenichthys, 76 koilomatodon, 4438 Aphareinae, 521 nigrocincta, 436 Aphareus, 539 novemfasciata, 464 caerulescens, 539 parvula, 435 furcatus, 524, 539 rhodoptera, 443 manillae, 539 robusta, 464 rutilans, 540 striata, 441 Aprion, 538 uninotatas, 429, 442 virescens, 524, 538 versicolor, 418, 419, 421, 423, 427 aphrozoicus, Atherion elymus, 288, 289, Amphacanthus argenteus, 651 290, 292, 295, 296 doliatus, 658 Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus, 89 nebulosus, 652 gangeticus, 89 punctatus, 657 javanicus, 90 rostratus, 654 macrocephalus, 92 vulpinus, 650 Apogon, 412, 413, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, amphomelaena, Rataboura, 93 459, 476 Anacanthida, 226 angustatus, 431, 432, 439, 440 Anarchias, 99, 139, 143 argenteus, 477 allardicei, 139, 148, 145 argyrogaster, 416 cantonensis, 139, 145, 146 aroubiensis, 481, 482, 440, 466, 469, concolor, 144 470 galapagensis, 139 auritus, 429, 482, 483, 442, 475, 476, knighti, 156 492 leucurus, 1389, 144, 145 bandanensis, 431, 483, 438, 461 Anarchopterus, 256, 257 bifasciatus, 444, 445 andersonii, Syngnathus, 260 blanchardi, 435 Anguilla, 44 bleekeri, 477 marmorata, 44 buruénsis, 476 anguilla, Muraena, 44 campbelli, 486 Anguillida, 43 compressus, 430, 434, 435, 463 Anguillidae, 438, 44 cooki, 463 angustata, Amia, 439 crassiceps, 448 angustatus, Apogon, 431, 432, 439, 440 cypselurus, 430, 436, 450 annae, Nematochromis, 401 diencaea, 436 Pseudoplesiops, 389, 401, 402 doederleini, 441 annona, Australaphia, 490, 491 doryssa, 446, 447 Gymnapogon, 493 endekataenia, 463, 464 annulata, Belone, 162 erdmani, 431, 488 annulatus, Naso, 619, 644 erythrinus, 430, 435, 446, 449 Priodon, 644 evermanni, 435 Anthias, 381, 384 exostigma, 413, 480, 437, 452, 455, albofasciatus, 383 456 elongatus, 382 fasciatus, 431, 432, 433, 439, 461, fuscipinnis, 383 463, 464 gibbosus, 382 fraenatus, 480, 437, 451 gordensis, 383 frenatus, 452, 454 heraldi, 334, 381, 383 frenatus yaeyamaensis, 454, 455 huchtii, 382 fucatus, 476, 477 macrophthalmus, 499 gilberti, 449 margaritaceus, 383 gracilis, 430, 449 INDEX Apogon—Continued graffei, 448 holotaenia, 464 hypselonotus, 448, 449 isostigma, 432, 483, 484, 442, 472, 475, 492 kiensis, 435 koilomatodon, 4438, 444, 445 kominatoensis, 447 lateralis, 430, 435, 446 leptacanthus, 430, 435, 448 lineolatus, 476, 477, 478 macropteroides, 477 macropterus, 477 maculiferus, 441 marmoratus, 432, 433, 442, 473, 476 melanotaenia, 464 menesemops, 431, 437, 455, 457 Ienesemus, 431, 487, 458, 459 mentalis, 480, 435, 436, 450 mydrus, 442 nigrofasciatus, 431, 432, 440, 466, 467, 470 notata, 478 novae-guineae, 431, 441, 470 novemfasciata, 461, 464 novemfasciatus, 431, 432, 439, 461 nubilus, 431, 488, 459, 461 ocellatus, 482, 441, 471 octospinus, 442 parvulus, 435 punctulatus, 476 rhodopterus, 442, 444, 445 robustus, 431, 482, 440, 464, 465 roseigaster, 416 ruber, 429 saipanensis, 439 savayensis, 431, 488, 459, 460 snyderi, 431, 433, 437, 453, 456 taeniatus, 445 trimaculatus, 480, 4384, 442 tubulatus, 417 unicolor, 434 variegatus, 432, 433, 442, 475 zeylonicus, 477 zosterophora, 476 Apogonichthyoides, 429 Apogonichthys gracilis, 449 mentalis, 4386 nafae, 441 polystigma, 476 waikiki, 441 Apogonidae, 412, 413, 479, 490, 491, 492 Aporops, 396 bilinearis, 389, 391, 396, 397 appendiculatus, Exocoetus, 179 apterus, Arenichthys, 70 Muraenichthys, 72 aquae-dulcis, Gymnothorax, 147 arabica, Perea, 483 Cheilodipterus, 482, 483 Archamia, 412, 413, 414, 476 biguttata, 477 bleekeri, 477 buruénsis, 476 dispilus, 477 663 Archamia—Continued fucata, 477 kagoshimana, 378 lineolata, 477, 478 zosterophora, 476 arcticus, Squalus, 6 arcuatus, Chaetodon, 598 ardens, Franzia, 382 Arenichthys, 70 apterus, 70 argentea, Siphamia, 415, 416, 417, 421, 422 Sphyraena, 282 argenteus, Amphacanthus, 651 Apogon, 477 Siganus, 649 argus, Cephalopholis, 333, 365, 367 argyrea, Cichla, 557 argyreus, Gerres, 556, 557 argyrogaster, Apogon, 416 Siphamia, 416 argyromus, Myripristis, 198, 194, 195, 197, 204, 205 argyrotaenia, Clupea, 26 Spratelloides, 23 argyrotaeniata, Spratelloides, 23, 24 Ariosoma, 85 obud, 85 armatus, Solenostomus, 229 arnatum, Trygon, 18 Arndha, 100 aroubiensis, Amia, 466 Apogon, 431, 432, 433, 440, 466, 469, 470 ascensionis, Caranx, 514, 515 Bs Holocentrus, 208 Scomber, 514 asper, Atherion elymus, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296 Asymmetron caudatum, 1 Asymmetrontidae, 1 Atherina brachyptera, 298 duodecimalis, 306 endrachtensis, 306 gobio, 303 lineatus, 306 mugiloides, 298 pinguis, 306, 309 regina, 300 temminckii, 297 uisila, 303 vaigiensis, 310 Atherinichthys punctatus, 298 Atherinidae, 287, 288, 291 Atherion, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297 elymus, 292, 294, 296 elymus aphrozoicus, 288, 289, 290, 292, 295, 296 elymus asper, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296 elymus elymus, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294 elymus freyi, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296 664 Atherion—Continued maccullochi, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 295 villosa, 288, 289, 290, 292, 295 Athlennes, 161 atra, Taeniura, 20 atrisignis, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 186 atrofasciatus, Spratelloides, 23, 24, 27 atrogaster, Amia, 441 atronasus, Kaupichthys, 64, 65, 68 Aulacocephalus temmincekii, 373 Aulostomidae, 227 Aulostomus, 227 chinensis, 227 aurea, Pseudochromis, 395 Pseudochromis aurea, 391, 395 aureoflamma, Sphyraena, 283 aureolineatus, Gnathodentex, 523, 528, 535 Sparus, 535 Pentapus, 535 auriga, Chaetodon, 573, 591 Dules, 324 auritus, Apogon, 429, 432, 442, 475, 476, 492 aurora, Chorististium, 372, 376, 377 Australaphia, 490 annona, 490, 491 australis, Muraenichthys, 70, 73 Australuzza, 279 azumanus, Zalanthias, 383 B bahiensis, Cypselurus, 180, 181 Hxocoetus, 179 bailloni, Caesiomorus, 509 Trachinotus, 504, 509 balabacensis, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 299 balearica, Muraena, 85 balfouri, Hemigaleus, 8, 9 balli, Corythoichthys, 231 Syngnathus, 231 bandanensis, Apogon, 431, 433, 438, 461 bannwarthi, Ichthyocampus, 239 barnesi, Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, 801, 303, 304, 305 barracuda, Hsox, 279, 283 barracuda, Sphyraena, 279, 283 Barracudas, 279 Basses, 324 sea, 328 Bathyanthias, 373 Bathymyrus, 61 bayeri, Gymnothorax, 110, 115, 124, 125 becuna, Sphyraena, 283 Belanoperca chabanaudi, 334 belcheri, Ichthyocampus, 237, 238, 241 Belone, 159, 160, 165 annulata, 162 gigantea, 162 hians, 161 persimilis, 160 platyura, 160 strongylura, 161 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 belone, Hsox, 160 Belonepterygion, 408, 410, 411 fasciolatum, 408, 410 Belonichthys, 234 fluviatilis, 231 Belonidae, 159 Belonoperea, 370 chabanaudi, 370, 371 bennetti, Chaetodon, 568 berndti, Myripristis, 198, 194, 197, 199, 204, 205 beryciformes, Parapriacanthus, 559, 561, 63 Berycomorphida, 191 Bhanotia, 236 Bhanotichthys, 265 bicoarctata, Yozia, 232 biecollaris, Muraenichthys, 71 bicolor, Centropyge, 598 Moringua, 87, 88, 94 bifasciatus, Apogon, 444, 445 Chaetodon, 578 Big eyes, 499 bigibbus, Kyphosus, 563 biguttata, Archamia, 477 bikiniensis, Gymnothorax, 109, 115, 116, 117 Ichthyocampus, 237, 238, 242 bilinearis, Aporops, 389, 391, 396, 397 binotatum, Holocentrum, 218 binotatus, Holocentrus, 220 Synodus, 31, 34, 35, 38 bipinnulata, Seriola, 507 bipinnulatus, Hlagatis, 504, 507 birostris, Manta, 22 bispinosus, Centropyge, 598, 603, 604, 607, 608 Holacanthus, 604 blanchardi, Apogon, 435 Kurandapogon, 4385 bleekeri, Acanthurus, 617, 622, 623, 636 Apogon, 477 Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 298 Amia, 477 Archamia, 477 Enchelynassa, 107 Blennius quadridactylus, 411 Bodianus maculatus, 363 bohar, Lutjanus, 523, 529, 582 Seciaena, 532 Bombonia, 235 djarong, 231, 232 luzonica, 232 uxorius, 232 Bony fishes, 23 borealis, Sphyraena, 282 bowditchae, Myripristis, 194, 197, 202, 206 brachychirus, Kaupichthys, 64, 67 brachygnathos, Myctophum, 43 Scopelus, 43 Sphyraena, 283 brachygrammus, Fowleria, 442 brachyrhinus, Micrognathus, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262 brachyptera, Atherina, 298 Parexocoetus, 184, 188 INDEX 665 Brachysomophis, 47, 49 caninus, Cheilodipterus, 482 crocodilinus, 49 cantonensis, Anarchias, 139, 145, 146 henshawi, 49 eantraini, Tylosurus, 161 horridus, 47 capistratus, Chaetodon, 579 sauropsis, 46, 47, 48 capito, Chelon, 312 brachyurus, Carcharhinus, 3, 12 Mugil, 311 Oostethus, 231 Carangidae, 504 Branchiostomida, 1 Carangoides, 518 brasiliensis, Hsox, 168 ferdau, 519, 520 Bregmaceros, 226 ferdau jordani, 505, 518, 520 meclellandi, 226 gilberti, 505, 519 Bregmacerotidae, 226 gymnostethodes, 518 breviceps, Muraenichthys, 73 jordani, 518 brevipinnis, Parexocoetus, 184 carangus, Scomber, 512 brevirostris, Corythoichthys, 265, 266 Caranx, 512 Micrognathus, 232, 257, 258, 259, ascensionis, 514, 515 260, 261, 266 ferdu, 519 Micrognathus (Micrognathus), 257 gilberti, 519 Naso, 619, 645 hippos, 512 Naseus, 645 ignobilis, 505, 517 Syngnathus, 256, 260 kurra, 505 brevoortii, Huleptorhamphus, 166 laticaudis, 520 brocki, Micrognathus, 257, 258, 259, 261, lugubris, 505, 514 2638, 264 maruadsi, 506 Taeniura, 18, 20 melampysgus, 505, 512 Ypsigramma, 378, 374, 376, 377, 379, muroadsi, 505 380 praeustus, 518 Bulbonaricus, 241 sexfasciatus, 505, 515 buroensis, Gymnothorax, 109, 115, 118, sexfasciatus elecate, 516 stellatus, 512, 518, 514 Muraena, 118 carce, Ichthyocampus, 236, 239 buruénsis, Apogon, 476 Syngnathus, 236 Archamia, 476 Carcharias melanopterus, 18, 15 (Prionodon) menisorrah, 15 Cc obesus, 5 Caecula. 49 pleurotaenia, 15 ecaerulaureus, Caesio, 524, 540, 541 (Prionodon) pleurotaenia, 13 Aphareus, 539 verus, 4 Caesio, 524, 540, 541, 542, 543 earcharias, Carcharodon, 2, 4 eaerulaureus, 524, 540, 541 Squalus, 4 cuning, 524, 541, 542 Carcharhinidae, 2, 6 cylindricus, 548 Carcharhinus, 2, 11 erythrogaster, 524, 540 albimarginatus, 3, 11 lunaris, 525, 541 brachyurus, 3, 12 tile, 543 melanopterus, 3, 13 xanthonotus, 525, 540, 541, 542 menisorrah, 3, 15 xanthurus, 540 Carcharodon, 4 Caesiomorus bailloni, 509 earcharias, 2, 4 cagayana, Moringua, 88 verus, 4 ealiforniensis, Doryrhamphus, 246 Cardinal fishes, 412 californicus, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 188 cardinalis, Amia, 447 Callechelys, 55 Carpet sharks, 4 guichenoti, 55 Cartilaginous fishes, 2 marmoratus, 47, 48, 56 Onn ORD 47, 48, 55, 57 Notasymmetron, 1 Callicanthus metoposophron, 644 caudimaculata, Strongylura, 161 callopterus, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 187 caulleryi, Acanthognathus, 232, 250 caudatum, Asymmetron, 1 campbelli, Apogon, 436 Dunckerocampus caulleryi, 232, 250, canaliculatus, Mugil, 311 251, 252 Siganus, 654 Centrogaster fuscescens, 653 cancellatus, Scolopsides, 527 Centropomus macrodon, 481, 484 Scolopsis, 522, 527, 528 rupestris, 324, 325 canescens, Chaetodon, 612 Centropyge, 601, 603 Zanclus, 610, 612, 613 bicolor, 598 canina, Enchelynassa, 45, 107 bispinosus, 598, 603, 604, 607, 608 Muraena, 107 fisheri, 608 666 Centropyge—Continued flammeus, 598, 604, 605 flavicauda, 603 flavissimus, 597, 598, 601, 602, 603 heraldi, 598, 602 loriculus, 606 multispinis, 608 nigriocellus, 598, 607 nox, 603 potteri, 607 tibicen, 601 tutuilae, 607 vrolikii, 598, 603 Cephalochordata, 1 Cephalopholis, 365 argus, 333, 365, 367 leopardus, 333, 365 miniatus, 333, 369 urodelus, 333, 366, 368 Cephalopterus manta, 20 chabanaudi, Belonoperca, 334, 370, 371 Chaenogaleus, 8 Chaenomugil, 313 Chaetodon acuminatus, 576 arcuatus, 598 auriga, 573, 591 bennetti, 568 bifasciatus, 578 canescens, 612 capistratus, 579 chrysurus, 594 citrinellus, 573, 589 cornutus, 610 diacanthus, 600 elongatus, 634 ephippium, 570, 573, 590 faleula, 571, 585 fronticornis, 642 imperator, 599 kleinii, 568, 580 lineatus, 630 lineolatus, 571 longirostris, 575 lunula, 572, 586 macrolepidotus, 576 melannotus, 570, 583 mertensii, 574, 593 meyeri, 569, 581 miliaris, 573 multicinetus, 571, 595, 596 nigricans, 633 nigrofuscus, 639 orbicularis, 609 ornatissimus, 569, 582 pelewensis, 574 punctata-fasciatus, 575, 594, 595, 596 quadrimaculatus, 572, 588 rafflesii, 575 reticulatus, 568, 579 semeion, 574, 592 strigangulus, 578 teira, 609 tinkeri, 570 trifasciatus, 570, 584 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Chaetodon—Continued triostegus, 624 unicornis, 646 unimaculatus, 569, 581 vagabundus, 572, 587 chaetodonoides, Plectorhinchus, 534 Chaetodontidae, 566 Chaetodontinae, 566 chancellori, Odontorhamphus, 174 chapmani, Dunckerocampus caulleryi, 250, 251 chaptalii, Mugil, 315 Neomyxus, 315 Cheilodipterinae, 491 Cheilodipterops, 412, 414, 479 isostigma, 479, 480 Cheilodipterus, 413, 414, 479, 481, 482, 486, 491 arabicus, 482, 483 caninus, 482 heptazona, 484 lineatus, 481, 482, 483, 484 macrodon, 482, 484 octovittatus, 481, 484 pseudosubulatus, 486, 488 quinquelineatus, 480, 488, 489 singapurensis, 482, 484, 487, 488 subulatus, 482, 484, 488 truneatus, 482, 484, 486 Chelmon longirostris, 575 chelo, Chelon, 312 Mugil, 311, 318 Chelon, 310, 311, 312, 315, 318 eapito, 312 chelo, 312 engeli, 312, 318, 319 vaigiensis, 318 Chilopogon, 177 Chilorhinus, 62, 63 suensonii, 62 chinensis, Aulostomus, 227 Fistularia, 227 Sphyraena, 283 chirospilus, Pseudanthias, 383 Chlevastes elaps, 53 Choeroichthys, 234 choerorhynchus, Sparus, 548 Chondrichthyes, 2 Chordata, 1 Chorinemus, 510 sancti-petri, 511 Chorististium, 334, 372, 376 aurora, 372, 276, 277 japonicum, 372, 376, 377 longilepis, 373, 376, 377 lunulata, 373, 376, 377 maculata, 373, 377 mowbrayi, 372, 376, 377 pallidum, 3738 rubre, 373, 376, 377 susumi, 375 swalesi, 372, 376, 377 Chrinorhinus, 61 INDEX chryseres, Myripristis, 193, 195, 197 chrysotaenia, Sphyraena, 283, 287 chrysozona, Pterocaesio, 525, 541 chrysurus, Chaetodon, 594 Cichla argyrea, 557 cichlops, Pseudanthis, 383 ciliata, Perea, 324 cinctus, Ichthyocampus, 240 Syngnathus, 236 cinerascens, Kyphosus, 563 Sciaena, 563 cirratus, Squalus, 4 Cirrhimuraena, 49 Cirricaecula, 49 johnsoni, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51 citrinellus, Chaetodon, 573, 589 Clinus littoreus, 411 Clupea argyrotaenia, 26 delicatula, 26 Clupeina, 23 Clupeolabrus, 543 dubius, 548, 545 cocosa, Echidna, 105 Coelonotus, 285 eolubrina, Muraena, 52 colubrinus, Myrichthys, 46, 48, 52 comatus, Cypselurus, 181 commersonianus, Scomberoides, 510 commersonii, Squalus, 11 compressa, Amia, 435 compressus, Apogon, 430, 484, 485, 463 compresus, Sparus, 559 concolor, Anarchias, 144 Uropterygius, 141, 145, 151 Conger, 83 cylindroideus, 68 noordzieki, 83, 84 uropterus, 69 Conger eels, 83 conger, Muraena, 83 Congermuraena, 85 Congrellus, 85 Congridae, 44, 61, 83 conspicillatus, Corythoichthys, 266, 273 Corythoichthys flavofasciatus, 232, 266, 268, 273, 274, 275 Syngnathus, 273 cookei, Muraenichthys, 72 cooki, Apogon, 463 Doryrhamphus melanopleura, 231, 247, 248 corallicola, Epinephelus, 345 Cornetfishes, 228 cornutus, Chaetodon, 610 Zanclus, 610, 612, 613 Coryphaena, 502 hippurus, 502 Coryphaenidae, 502 Corythoichthys, 235, 265, 266, 268, 270, 273, 275 balli, 231 brevirostris, 265, 266 conspicillatus, 266, 273 crenulatus, 266 ensenadae, 257 667 Corythoichthys—Continued fasciatus, 265, 266 flavofasciatus, 266, 267, 268, 274, 275 flavofasciatus conspicillatus, 232, 266, 268, 273, 274, 275 flavofasciatus flavofasciatus, 266, 268, 275 intestinalis, 266, 268, 270, 274, 278 intestinalis intestinalis, 266, 267, 268, 277, 278 intestinalis waitei, 267, 268, 276, 278 mataafae, 262 matterni, 231 nigripectus, 267, 268, 269, 275 ocellatus, 266, 267, 268, 269, 273 schultzi, 231, 266, 268, 271, 272 serrulifer, 232, 273, 274 spinicaudatus, 260 Corythroichthys, 265 elerae, 267 isigakius, 267 sealei, 273 tanakae, 260 waitei, 276 coume, Naso, 647 Craniata, 2 crassiceps, Apogon, 448 crenilabis, Crenimugil, 317 Mugil, 317 Crenimugil, 312, 313, 317 crenilabis, 317 crenolepis, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 299, 301, 302, 303 crenulatus, Corythoichthys, 266 Syngnathus, 267 crinigerum, Siphostoma, 256 erinigerus, Micrognathus pterus), 257 crinitus, Micrognathus (Anarchopter- us), 257 cristatus, Ichthyocampus, 236, 240 erocodilinus, Brachysomophis, 49 cruentatus, Labrus, 501 Priacanthus, 499, 500, 501 crumenophthalmus, Scomber, 507, 508 Trachurops, 504, 508 Crytophthalmus robustus, 86 Ctenochaetus, 620, 624 striatus, 614, 620 strigosus, 621 cuneiceps, Siphamia, 416 cuning, Caesio, 524, 541, 542 Sparus, 524, 540 cuprea, Siphamia, 415, 418, 423, 424 cuvier, Galeocerdo, 3, 6 Squalus, 6 cuvieri, Trachynotus, 509, 510 cyanopterus, Cypselurus, 181 eylindricus, Caesio, 543 cylindroideus, Conger, 68 Cypselurus, 177, 179, 182, 184, 185 agoo, 184, 185, 186 (Exonautes) albimaculatus, 189 altipennis, 184, 185, 187 antoncichi, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186 (Anarcho- 668 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Cypselurus—Continued atrisignis, 184, 185, 186 bahiensis, 180, 181 californicus, 184, 185, 188 callopterus, 184, 185, 187 comatus, 181 cyanopterus, 181 exsiliens, 181 gregori, 182 lineatus, 181 oligolepis, 187 opisthopus, 184, 185, 187 poecilopterus, 184, 185, 187 rubesecens, 189 simus, 182, 184, 185, 186 speculiger, 184, 185, 188, 189 spilonotopterus, 179, 182, 184, 185, 186 spilopterus, 184, 185, 186 suttoni, 184, 185, 187 unicolor, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186 cypselurus, Apogon, 480, 436, 450 Rhabdamia, 450 Cypsilurus, 179 D dactyliophorus, Acanthognathus, 253 Dunckerocampus, 250, 251, 252 Syngnathus, 249, 252 Daemomanta alfreda, 20 Dalophis marmorata, 56 rupelliae, 132 dammermani, Rhaphiobelone, 163, 164, 165 Daniehthys, 177 gilberti, 189 Dasyatidae, 4, 18 davaoensis, Ichthyocampus, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243 davisi, Rabula, 140, 151 Decapterus, 505, 506 maruadsi, 506 muroadsi, 504, 505, 506 pinnulatus, 506 Deratoptera alfreda, 20 delicatula, Clupea, 26 Kchidna, 100 delicatulus, Spratelloides, 23, 24, 26 dentatus, Garmanichthys, 70 Sphyraena, 279 Uropterygius, 141, 152, 153 Desmoamia, 412 Devil rays, 20 diacanthus, Chaetodon, 600 Ichthyocampus, 238, 241, 244 Pygoplites, 597, 600 Diacope macolor, 533 viagiensis, 532 diadema, Holocentrus, 210, 212, 224 diagramma, Pterocaesio, 525, 541 Diaphus, 43 schmidti, 43 diencaea, Apogon, 436 diodontus, Kaupichthys, 63, 64, 67, 68 Dipterygonotus leucogrammicus, 543 dispar, Parapriacanthus, 563 dispilus, Archamia, 477 diversa, Amia, 441 djarong, Bombonia, 231, 232 Doderleiniinae, 521 doederleini, Apogon, 441 Dogfishes, smooth, 5 doliatus, Amphacanthus, 658 Siganus, 650, 658 Dolphins, 502 dorianus, Sphenanthias, 383 dorsalis, Gymnothorax, 155 Uropterygius, 155 Doryichthys, 235 elegans, 257, 258 multiannulatus, 250 philippinus, 231 pleurotaenia, 245 suvensis, 232 Doryrhamphus, 234, 244, 245 californiensis, 246 excisus, 244, 245, 248 melanopleura, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 melanopleura cooki, 231, 247, 249 melanopleura melanopleura, 245, 246, 247 melanopleura pleurotaenia, 245, 247, 248 negrosensis, 232, 244, 245 doryssa, Apogon, 446, 447 dubius, Clupeolabrus, 5438, 545 Dules, 324 auriga, 324 marginatus, 327 taeniurus, 326 duneckeri, Micrognathus, 232, 257, 258. 259, 261 Dunckerocampus, 234, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252 caulleryi caulleryi, 232, 250, 251, 252 eaulleryi chapmani, 250, 251 dactyliophorus, 250, 251, 252 multiannulatus, 250, 251 pessuliferus, 232, 250, 251 duodecimalis, Atherina, 306 Pranesus, 291 dussumieri, Hemiramphus, 172 Hyporhamphus, 169, 170, 171, 172 Dussumieria, 23 acuta, 23 hasselti, 238, 25 Dussumieridae, 23 Dyssomidae, 61 E Echelidae, 44, 46, 60, 62 Echelus, 62 microchir, 69, 70 punctatus, 62 Echidna, 98, 100, 101, 105, 107, 121 cocosa, 105 delicatula, 100 leihala, 102 INDEX 669 Echidna—Continued Epinephelus—Continued leucotaenia, 100, 101, 105 fasciatus, 342 nebulosa, 100, 101, 104 flavocaeruleus, 338 obscura, 102 fuscoguttatus, 332, 351 polyzona, 100, 101, 102 hexagonatus, 328, 332, 344, 351, 355, psalion, 102 359 unicolor, 100, 101, 106, 122 hoedti, 338 uniformis, 73, 74 kohleri, 329, 336, 337 variegata, 100 macrospilos, 330, 344 vincta, 102 maculatus, 336 zebra, 100, 101, 102 marginalis, 334 zonata, 103 medurensis, 329, 334 zonophaea, 103 megachir, 345 edmondsoni, Ichthyocampus, 231, 258 melanostigma, 331, 348, 349 Micrognathus, 231, 257, 258, 259, merra, 328, 330, 343, 356 261, 265 socialis, 380, 339 Hels, 43, 44 spilotoceps, 332, 357, 358, 359 conger, 83 spilotus, 332, 352, 353, 354 fresh-water, 44 summana, 329, 338 moray, 98 tauvina, 348 snake, 45 urodelops, 366 worm, 60, 86 zanana, 365 egmontis, Myrophis, 68 equula, Leiognathus, 557 Hlagatis, 507 ercodes, Gymnothorax, 119, 120 bipinnulatus, 504, 507 erdmani, Apogon, 431, 4388 elaps, Chlevastes, 53 eritima, Rhinomuraena, 111, 127 Myrichthys, 46, 53, 55 Hrnogrammoides, 410 elecate, Caranx sexfasciatus, 516 fasciatus, 410 elegans, Doryichthys, 257, 258 erythraeum, Holocentrum, 221 Halicampus, 258 erythraeus, Holocentrus, 222, 223 elongatus, Anthias, 382 ichthyocampus, 238, 241 elerae, Corythroichthys, 267 erythrinus, Apogon, 480, 485, 446, 449 Muraenichthys, 72 erythrogaster, Caesio, 524, 540 elizabethae, Odontanthias, 383 erythrorinchus, Hemiramphus, 172 Ellochelon, 311 Hsox barracuda, 279, 283 elongata, Siphamia, 415, 416, 417, 419 belone, 160 elongatus, Acanthurus, 617, 622, 623, 634 brasiliensis, 168 Acronurus, 614 marginatus, 168 Chaetodon, 634 spet, 282 Hpinephelus, 331, 345, 346 sphyraena, 279, 282 Lethrinus, 551 synodus, 35 elymus, Atherion, 292, 294, 296 Htolinae, 521 Atherion elymus, 288, 289, 290, 292, |} Huleptorhamphus, 166 294 brevoortii, 166 Emmelichthyidae, 521 longirostris, 167 emoryi, Hpinephelus, 330, 340, 341 viridis, 166 Enchelynassa, 99, 107 eurostus, Gymnothorax, 119, 120 bleekeri, 107 evermanni, Apogon, 435 canina, 45, 107 Synodus, 31 endekataenia, Apogon, 463, 464 excisus, Doryrhamphus, 244, 245, 248 endrachtensis, Atherina, 306 Exxocoetidae, 175, 176, 184 Pranesus, 288, 289, 290, 291, 306 Exocoetina, 166 engeli, Chelon, 312, 318, 319 Hxocoetus, 177, 178 engelmani, Synodus, 32, 34, 41 appendiculatus, 179 engraulis, Scopelus, 43 ; bahiensis, 179 ensenadae, Corythoichthys, 257 gibbifrons, 189 ensis, Sphyraena, 280 mento, 177 Entoanthias pascalus, 383 spilonotopterus, 179 ephippium, Chaetodon, 570, 573, 590 unicolor, 183 Epinephelus, 334, 338, 348, 350, 354, 356, volitans, 178 386 Exonautes gilberti, 189, 190 altivelioides, 345 marginatus, 190 corallicola, 345 exostigma, Amia, 452 elongatus, 331, 345, 346 Apogon, 413, 480, 437, 452, 455, 456 emoryi, 330, 340, 341 exsiliens, Cypselurus, 181 fario, 336, 348, 354, 355 extensus, Microphis, 245, 248 670 EF falcatus, Scomber, 509 faleula, Chaetodon, 571, 585 fario, Epinephelus, 386, 348, 354, 355 fasciatus, Apogon, 431, 432, 433, 439, 461, 463, 464 Corythoichthys, 265, 266 Hpinephelus, 341 Hrnogrammoides, 410 Mullus, 439 Perea, 334 Syngnathus, 265, 267 fasciolatum, Belonepterygion, 408, 410 fasciolatus, Acanthoclinus, 410 ferdau, Carangoides, 519, 520 Scomber, 518 ferdu, Caranx, 519 ferruginea, Moringua, 92 ferrugineum, Ginglymostoma, 2, 4 Seyllium, 4 Festucalex, 236 runa, 236 fijiensis, Uropterygius, 140, 145 filum, Ichthyocampus, 236, 239 fimbriata, Muraena, 131 fimbriatus, Gymnothorax, 112, 127, 131 | fisheri, Centropyge, 608 Tistularia, 228 chinensis, 227 petimba, 228 tabacaria, 228 Fistulariidae, 228 fistulosa, Foa, 417 Siphamia, 417 Flammeo, 208 laevis, 208 opercularis, 208 sammara, 208 scythrops, 208 flammeus, Centropyge, 598, 604, 605 flavescens, Acanthurus, 641 Zebrasoma, 618, 641 flavicauda, Centropyge, 603 Sphyraena, 283 flavimarginata, Muraena, 130 flavimarginatus, Gymnothorax, 112, 127, 129, 130 flavissimus, Centropyge, 597, 598, 601, 602, 6038 Holacanthus, 601 flavocaeruleus, Epinephelus, 338 Serranus, 336 flavofasciatus, Corythoichthys, 266, 267, 268, 274, 275 Corythoichthys flavofasciatus, 266, 268, 275 Syngnathus, 266 floresiana, Moringua, 88 fluviatilis, Belonichthys, 231 Flyingfishes, 175, 176 fo, Foa, 442 Foa fistulosa, 417 fo, 442 vaiulae, 441 Fodiator, 176 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 | foraminosus, Henicichthys, 490, 491 | Forcipiger, 575 longirostris, 566, 575 forskali, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 291, 299 forsteri, Sphyraena, 280, 284 _ fosteri, Hemigaleops, 3, 8, 9, 10 | fowleri, Muraenichthys, 76 ' Fowleria brachygrammus, 442 fraenata, Amia, 453 ' fraenatus, Apogon, 4380, 437, 451 | Franzia affinis, 382 ardens, 382 nobilis, 382 pectoralis, 382 ruber, 382 frenatus, Apogon, 452, 454 Fresh-water eels, 44 freyi, Atherion elymus, 288, 289, 290, 292, 298, 295, 296 fronticornis, Chaetodon, 642 fryi, Hesperomyrus, 68 fucata, Archamia, 477 fucatus, Apogon, 476, 477 fuliginosus, Acanthurus, 617, 622, 623, 637 furcatus, Aphareus, 524, 539 Labrus, 539 fuscescens, Centrogaster, 653 Siganus, 650, 658, 655 fuscipinnis, Anthias, 383 fusco-guttata, Perca summana, 351 fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus, 332, 351 Serranus, 351 Uropterygius, 142, 156, 157 fuscolineata, Siphamia, 415, 418, 425, 427 fuscomaculata, Rabula, 139, 147 fuscostriatus, Holocentrus, 210 fuscus, Acanthoclinus, 411 Syngnathus, 232 Synodus, 31 Xyster, 563 G gahm, Acanthurus, 639 gahhm, Acanthurus, 639, 640 galapagensis, Anarchias, 139 galei, Ichthyocampus, 239 Galeina, 2 Galeocerdo, 6 cuvier, 3, 6 gangeticus, Aphthalmichthys, 89 Moringua, 89 Garmanichthys, 61, 70 dentatus, 70 garreti, Monoceros, 642 Gastrophorini, 282 Gerres, 556, 557 argyreus, 556, 557 oblongus, 557, 558 vaigiensis, 557 gibba, Sciaena, 529 gibbifrons, Exocoetus, 189 gibbosus, Anthias, 382 INDEX gibbus, Lutjanus, 522, 529 gigantea, Belone, 162 Strongylura, 162 gilberti, Amia, 435 Apogon, 449 Carangoides, 505, 519 Caranx, 519 Danichthys, 189 Exonautes, 189, 190 Prognichthys, 184, 185, 188 Ginglymostoma, 4 ferrugineum, 2, 4 glaucopareius, Acanthurus, 628 Glaucosoma semilunifera, 373 Glaucosomatinae, 521 Gnathodentex, 528, 535, 537, 538 aureolineatus, 528, 528, 535 Gnathostomata, 2 gnophodes, Harpurus, 636 Gobiidae, 490, 491 gobio, Atherina, 303 godeffroyi, Muraenichthys, 72 gordensis, Anthias, 383 gracilicauda, Gymnapogon, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497 Gymnothorax, 185 gracilicaudus, Gymnothorax, 1138, 127, 1385 gracilis, Apogon, 430, 449 Apogonichthys, 449 Saurida, 30, 32, 34 Saurus, 32 Spratelloides, 23 graeffei, Mionorus, 448 graffei, Apogon, 448 Grammistes, 384, 386 orientalis, 384 sexlineatus, 385 Grammistinae, 334, 384 Grammistops, 385 ocellatus, 386, 387 grandisquamis, Sphyraena, 283 grandoculis, Monotaxis, 523, 528, 5387 Sciaena, 536, 537 Gray sharks, 6, 18 gregori, Cypselurus, 182 Groupers, 328 gruveli, Paragaleus, 8 Grystes lunulatus, 3738 guachancho, Sphyraena, 280 guichenoti, Callechelys, 55 guntheri, Sphyraena, 280 guttatus, Acanthurus, 616, 622, 623, 631 Gymnapogon, 412, 414, 490, 491, 493, 495, 496, 498 annona, 493 gracilicauda, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497 japonicus, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496 philippinus, 492, 493, 495, 496 urospilotus, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496 vanderbilti, 492, 498, 495, 496, 498 Gymnapogonidae, 490, 491 Gymnocaesio, 541 gymnopterus, 526, 541 671 Gymnomuraena marmorata, 155 supraforata, 152 gymnopterus, Gymnocaesio, 526, 541 Muraenichthys, 70, 72 Gymnosarda nuda, 506 gymnostethodes, Carangoides, 518 Gymnothorax, 99, 108, 109, 115, 120, 121, 127 albimarginata, 127 aquae-dulcis, 147 bayeri, 110, 115, 124, 125 bikiniensis, 109, 115, 116, 117 buroensis, 109, 115, 118, 120 dorsalis, 155 ercodes, 119, 120 eurostus, 119, 120 favigineus isingteenus, 131 fimbriatus, 112, 127, 131 flavimarginatus, 112, 127, 129, 130 gracilicauda, 135 gracilicaudus, 113, 127, 1385 hepaticus, 111, 127 javanicus, 111, 127, 129 laysanus, 119, 120 leucostictus, 114 margaritophorus, 113, 127, 136 marquesensis, 119, 120 melatremus, 110, 115, 120, 121 meleagis, 109, 114, 115, 119, 120 moluccensis, 45, 109, 111, 113 monochrous, 111, 127, 128 monostigmus, 110, 126, 127 ocellatus, 108 octavianus, 117 petelli, 45, 112, 133 pictus, 110, 115, 123 pikei, 134 prosopeion, 121 pseudothyrsoideus, 111, 115 reticularis, 108, 109, 132 richardsoni, 110, 115, 122 rupelli, 45, 109, 112, 132 schismatorhynchus, 111, 116, 117, 124, 127 signifer, 134 thyrsoideus, 45, 110, 121 umbrosus, 117 undulatus, 118, 127, 137 vinolentus, 107 zebra, 100, 102 zonipectis, 112, 127, 134, 135 gymnotus, Muraenichthys, 68, 73, 76 H haematopterus, Syngnathus, 276 Haemulidae, 521 Halfbeaks, 166 Halicampus, 234 elegans, 258 Haliichthvs, 233 hamiltoni, Manta, 22 Hammerhead shark, 2 hamrur, Priacanthus, 499, 500, 501 Sciaena, 499 Harpurus gnophodes, 636 672 hasselti, Dussumieria, 23, 25 hattae, Muraenichthys, 72 helleri, Sphyraena, 281, 287 helvolus, Priacanthus, 499 Hemigaleops, 8 fosteri, 3, 8, 9, 10 Hemigaleus, 8, 9 balfouri, 8, 9 machlani, 8, 9 macrostoma, 8, 9, 10 microstoma, 8, 9, 10 pectoralis, 8 Hemiramphidae, 166 Hemiramphus, 166, 168 affinis, 172 dussumieri, 172 erythrorinchus, 172 longirostris, 167 macrorhynchus, 167 marginatus, 168 pacificus, 172, 175 viridis, 166 Hemirhamphus acutus, 174 affinis, 172 laticeps, 170 Henicichthyidae, 491 Henicichthys, 490, 491 foraminosus, 490, 491 philippinus, 491 Heniochus, 576 acuminatus, 567, 576 monoceros, 567, 577 permutatus, 567, 576 varius, 567 henshawi, Brachysomophis, 49 hepatica, Muraena, 127 hepaticus, Gymnothorax, 111, 127 Hepatus mata, 639 hepatus, Teuthis, 624 Hepsetia pinguis mineri, 310 heptagonus, Hippichthys, 236 heptazona, Cheilodipterus, 484 heraldi, Anthias, 334, 381, 383 Centropyge, 598, 602 herrei, Siokunichthys, 254, 255 Herrings, round, 23 Hesperomyrus, 61, 68 fryi, 68 heterognathus, Myrophis, 70 Heteromugil, 312, 315 Heteromyrus, 61 hexacanthus, Naso, 618, 644 Priodon, 644 hexagonatus, Mpinephalus, 328, 332, 344, 351, 355, 359 Holocentrus, 355 Serranus, 343, 355 hians, Ablennes, 161 Belone, 161 hiatti, Acanthoplesiops, 390, 407, 408, 409, 411 Hippichthys, 236 heptagonus, 236 Hippocampus, 2383, 256, 257 hippos, Caranx, 512 hippurus, Coryphaena, 502 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Hirundichthys, 177 hodgarti, Moringua, 86 hoedti, Epinephelus, 338 Holacanthus bispinosus, 604 flavissimus, 601 loriculus, 604 vrolikii, 603 Holanthias sechurae, 383 Holocentridae, 191 Holocentrum binotatum, 218 erythraeum, 221 lacteo-guttatum, 216 laeve, 214 microstoma, 223 operculare, 213 tiere, 221 unipunctatum, 218 Holocentrus, 191, 208, 209, 212, 218 ascenscionis, 208 binotatus, 220 diadema, 210, 212, 224 erythraeus, 222, 223 fuscostriatus, 210 hexagonatus, 355 lacteoguttatus, 209, 212, 216 laevis, 209, 212, 214 leopardus, 364 maxilla, 208 microstomus, 210, 212, 223 opercularis, 209, 212, 213 praslin, 209, 212, 215 ruber, 216 sammara, 209, 210, 212, 215 spinifer, 210, 212, 218, 220 suborbitalis, 208 tiere, 210, 212, 221 tieroides, 210, 212, 217 unipunctatus, 220 Holopterua, 68 plumbea, 68 holotaenia, Apogon, 464 Holotrachys, 191 lima, 191 horridus, Brachysomophis, 47 hoshinonis, Synodus, 31 howlandi, Serranus, 344 huchtii, Anthias, 382 huysmani, Sphagebranchus, 76 hyalina, Amia, 442 Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, 291, 301, 3038, 306 barnesi, 288, 289, 290, 301, 303, 304, 305 lacunosa, 288, 289, 290, 304 panatela, 288, 289, 290, 304 tsurugae, 288, 289, 290, 303 uisila, 288, 289, 290, 304 Hyporhamphus, 166, 169, 170, 175 acutus, 169, 170, 171, 174 dussumieri, 169, 170, 171, 172 laticeps, 169, 170, 171 tricuspidatus, 170 unifasciatus, 170 hypselonata, Amia, 448 hypselonotus, Apogon, 448, 449 hypselosoma, Pseudanthias, 383 INDEX I Ichthyocampus, 234, 236, 237, 238, 241 bannwarthi, 239 belcheri, 237, 238, 241 bikiniensis, 287, 288, 242 carce, 236, 239 cinctus, 240 cristatus, 236, 240 davaoensis, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243 diacanthus, 238, 241, 244 edmondsoni, 231, 258 erythraeus, 238, 241 filum, 236, 239 galei, 239 kampeni, 237, 238, 241 nox, 241 papuensis, 276 pawnei, 238 philippinus, 231, 237, 238, 241 pictus, 240 sealaris, 237, 240 townsendi, 237, 240, 241 tryoni, 236, 239 idiastes, Sphyraena, 282 ignobilis, Caranx, 505, 517 Seomber, 517 imperator, Chaetodon, 599 Pomacanthus, 597, 599 incisa, Strongylura, 162, 163 indica, Monotaxis, 536 indicus, Acanthoclinus, 407, 411 Acanthoplesiops, 408, 411 Synodus, 31, 38 Iniomina, 30 insuetus, Uropterygius, 140 insularum, Pranesus insularum, 288, 289, 290, 307, 308, 309 intestinalis, Corythoichthys, 266, 268, 270, 274, 278 Corythoichthys intestinalis, 267, 268, 277, 278 iredalei, Muraenichthys, 72 isigakius, Corythroichthys, 267 j isingteenus, Gymnothorax flavigineus, 131 266, Isopondylida, 23 isostigma, Apogon, 482, 483, 434, 442, 473, 475, 492 Cheilodipterops, 479, 480 Isuridae, 4 J Jacks, 504 jacksoni, Pristidoryrhamphus, 232, 244, 245 jacobus, Myripristis, 192, 193 japonica, Sphyraena, 282 japonicum, Chorististium, 372, 376, 377 japonicus, Gymnapogon, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496 Spratelloides, 23, 24 javanica, Moringua, 86, 87, 90, 91 javanicus, Aphthalmichthys, 90 Gymnothorax, 111, 127, 129 Muraena, 129 955292—vol. 1——-51 673 jello, Sphyraena, 280 jenkinsi, Amia, 441 johnsoni, Cirricaecula, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51 johnstonensis, Muraenichthys, 81, 82 Schultzidia, 71, 78, 82 joloensis, Mugil, 320, 322 jordani, Carangoides, 518 Carangoides ferdau, 505, 518, 520 Trachynotus, 509, 510 K kagoshimana, Archamia, 478 kaianus, Synodus, 30, 31 kallopterus, Lethrinus, 526, 548 kampeni, Ichthyocampus, 937, 238, 241 kasmira, Lutjanus, 522, 529, 530 Sciaena, 530 Kaupichthys, 62, 63, 64, 68 atronasus, 64, 65, 68 brachychirus, 64, 67 diodontus, 63, 64, 67, 68 kellersi, Par abelonichthys, 231 kiensis, Apogon, 435 kleinii, Chaetodon, 568, 580 knighti, Anarchias, 156 Uropterygius, 142 kohleri, Epinephelus, 329, 336, 337 Pterocaesio, 525, 541, 542, 547 koilomatodon, Amia, 443 Apogon, 443, 444, 445 kominatoensis, Apogon, 447 Kuhlia, 324, 325 Iarginata, 324, 325, 327 petiti, 325 rupestris, 324, 325 salelea, 324, 325 sandvicensis, 324, 325 taeniura, 324, 325, 326 Kuhlidae, 324 Kkurandapogon blanchardi, 435 kurite, Scolopsides, 527 kurra, Caranx, 505 Kyphosidae, 563 Kyphosus, 563 bigibbus, 563 cinerascens, 563 vaigiensis, 563, 564 L labeo, Mugil, 312 labialis, Leptenchelys, 71, 74, 80 Muraenichthys, 74, 80 labiosus, Mugil, 312, 318, 320, 322 Plicomugil, 320, 321 Labrus anthias, 381 cruentatus, 501 fureatus, 539 lacepedei, Leiuranus, 57 lacertinus, Synodus, 32 lacteo-guttatum, Holocentrum, 216 lacteoguttatus, Holocentrus, 209, 212, 216 lacunosa, Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, 304 674 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 laeve, Holocentrum, 214 lineatus, Acanthurus, 616, 622, 623, 630 laevis, Flammeo, 208 Atherina, 306 Holocentrus, 209, 212, 214 Chaetodon, 630 Lamnida, 2 Cheilodipterus, 481, 482, 483, 484 Lamnostoma, 49 Cypselurus, 181 Lancelets, 1 Pranesus, 288, 289, 290 langsar, Sphyraena, 283 lineolata, Archamia, 477, 478 Larvicampus, 236 lineolatus, Acanthurus, 634 latebrosa, Moringua, 89, 95, 96, 97 Apogon, 476, 477, 478 lateralis, Apogon, 430, 485, 446 Chaetodon, 571 laticaudata, Muraenichthys, 63, 73, 77 Liocaesio, 543 Myropterura, 70, 77 Liopropoma, 334, 372, 373, 376 laticaudis, Caranx, 520 aberrans, 373, 377 laticeps, Hemirhamphus, 170 roseus, 373, 377 Hyporhamphus, 169, 170, 171 literata, Lycodontis, 108 laysanus, Gymnothorax, 119, 120 litoreus, Acanthioclinus, 410 leihala, Echidna, 102 littoreus, Acanthoclinus, 411 Leiognathidae, 556 Clinus, 411 Leiognathus equula, 557 lituratus, Acanthurus, 642 obseura, 557 Naso, 618, 642 Leiuranus, 46, 57, 61 Liza, 311 lacepedei, 57 Lizardfishes, 30 semicinctus, 47, 48, 57 Lo, 649 leopardus, Cephalopholis, 333, 365 longicollis, Myrophis, 68 Holocentrus, 364 longilepis, Chorististium, 373, 376, 377 Plectropomus, 333, 364 longipinna, Variola, 361 lepidolepis, Pseudanthias, 383 longirostris, Chaetodon, 575 leptacanthus, Apogon, 430, 435, 448 Chelmon, 575 Leptenchelys, 61, 62, 71, 79 Huleptorhamphus, 167 labialis, 71, 74, 80 Forcipiger, 566, 575 pinnaceps, 46, 71, 78, 79 Hemiramphus, 167 vermiformis, 46, 61, 71, 78, 79 loriculus, Centropyge, 606 Leptonotus tristriatus, 231 Holacanthus, 604 Lethrinidae, 521 louti, Perea, 361 Lethrinus, 521, 548, 550 Variola, 333, 361 elongatus, 551 Lovamia saipanensis, 439 kallopterus, 526, 548 lueasana, Sphyraena, 282 leutjanus, 555, 556 lucioceps, Synodus, 32 microdon, 527, 552 lugubris, Caranx, 505, 514 miniatus, 527, 553 lumbricoidea, Moringua, 97 nebulosus, 527, 554 lunaris, Caesio, 525, 541 nematacanthus, 526 lunula, Chaetodon, 572, 586 opercularis, 555 Pomacentrus, 586 ornatus, 527, 555, 556 lunulata, Chorististium, 373, 376, 377 ramak, 555 lunulatus, Grystes, 373 reticulatus, 526, 549 - Lutjanidae, 521 rhodopterus, 527, 554, 555 Lutjaninae, 521 semicinctus, 526, 548, 551, 552 Lutjanus, 529, 534, 537 variegatus, 526, 551 bohar, 5238, 529, 532 Lethrininae, 521 gibbus, 522, 529 leucogrammicus, Anyperodon, 332, 360 kasmira, 522, 529, 530 Disterygonotus, 543 lutjanus, 529 Serranus, 360 monostigmus, 522, 529, 531 leucosternon, Acanthurus, 615, 622, 623, vaigiensis, 523, 529, 532 626 luzonica, Bombonia, 232 leucostictus, Gymnothorax, 114 Lycodontis, 108 leucotaenia, Echidna, 100, 101, 105 literata, 108 leucurus, Anarchias, 139, 144, 145 lymna, Taeniura, 20 leutjanus, Lethrinus, 555, 556 lysan, Scomber, 510 lima, Holotrachys, 191 M Myripristis, 191 linearis, Moringua, 89, 96, 97 maccullochi, Atherion, 288, 289, 290, 292, lineata, Perea, 482, 483 294, 295 Sphyraena, 283 Machaerenchelys, 57 Ypsigramma, 372, 378, 374, 375, 376, phoenixensis, 60 377, 379 vanderbilti, 57, 60 INDEX machlani, Hemigaleus, 8, 9 Mackerel sharks, 4 Macolor, 529, 533 macularies, 534 niger, 523, 529 typus, 533 macolor, Diacope, 5383 macrocephala, Moringua, 87, 88, 90, 92 macrocephalus, Aphthalmichthys, 92 Uropterygius, 140 macrochir, Moringua, 87, 88, 93 macrodon, Centropomus, 481, 484 Cheilodipterus, 482, 484 macrolepidotus, Chaetodon, 576 macrolepis, Myripristis, 204 macrophthalmus, Anthias, 499 Parabathymyrus, 68 macrops, Synodus, 31 macropteroides, Apogon, 477 macropterus, Apogon, 477 Muraenichthys, 63, 73, 80 macrorhynchus, Hemiramphus, 167 macrospilos, Epinephelus, 3380, 344 Serranus, 344 macrostoma, Hemigaleus, 8, 9, 10 macrostomus, Muraenichthys, 72 macularies, Macolor, 534 maculata, Chorististium, 373, 377 maculatus, Bodianus, 363 Hpinephelus, 336 maculiferus, Apogon, 441 maculosa, Muraena, 51 maculosus, Myrichthys, 46, 48, 51 magdamoi, Micrognathus, 232, 258 malabaricus, Serranus, 345 malabonensis, Muraenichthys, 72 malaita, Muraenichthys, 81 manadensis, Pseudanthias, 383 manillae, Aphareus, 539 Manta, 20, 22 alfreda, 20, 21 birostris, 22 hamiltoni, 22 manta, Cephalopterus, 20 marchenae, Synodus, 32 margaritaceus, Anthias, 383 margaritiferus, Siganus, 654 margaritophorus, Gymnothorax, 127, 136 marginalis, Hpinephelus, 334 marginata, Kuhlia, 324, 325, 327 marginatus, Dules, 327 Esox, 168 Exonautes, 190 Hemiramphus, 168 marmorata, Anguilla, 44 Dalophis, 56 Gymnomuraena, 155 marmoratus, Apogon, 432, 483, 442, 473, 476 113, Callechelys, 47, 48, 56 Uropterygius, 139, 142, 145, 155 marquesensis, Acanthurus triostegus, 623, 625, 626 Gymnothorax, 119, 120 675 marri, Pterocaesio, 525, 541, 542, 545 marshallensis, Pseudochromis aurea, 3889, 391, 392, 393 Rabula, 140, 149, 150 marteni, Syngnathus, 232 maruadsi, Decapterus, 506 Caranx, 506 mata, Acanthurus, 618, 622, 623, 639 Hepatus, 639 mataafae, Corythoichthys, 262 Micrognathus, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262 matterni, Corythoichthys, 231 maxilla, Holocentrus, 208 maxweberi, Syngnathus, 278 meclellandi, Bregmaceros, 226 medurensis, Epinephelus, 329, 334 Serranus, 334 meeki, Priacanthus, 500, 501 megachir, Hpinephelus, 345 Megaprotodon, 578 strigangulus, 568, 578 melampygus, Caranx, 505, 512 melanesiae, Yozia bicoarctata, 232 melannotus, Chaetodon, 570, 583 melanopleura, Doryrhamphus, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 Doryrhamphus melanopleura, 245, 246, 247 Syngnathus, 246 melanopterus, Carcharhinus, 3, 138 Carcharias, 13, 15 melanospila, Taeniura, 20 eee ae Epinephelus, 331, 348, 4, melanotaenia, Apogon, 464 Callechelys, 47, 48, 55, 57 melas, Plesiops, 389, 391, 399, 400 melatremus, Gymnothorax, 110, 115, 120, 121 meleagris, Gymnothorax, 109, 114, 115, 119, 120 Muraena, 114 menesemops, Apogon, 431, 437, 455, 457 menesemus, Apogon, 431, 437, 458, 459 menisorrah, Carcharhinus, 8, 15 Carcharias (Prionodon), 15_ mentalis, Apogon, 430, 435, 436, 450 Apogonichthys, 436 mento, Exocoetus, 177 Parexocoetus, 177, 188 Merinthichthys, 61 merra, Hpinephelus, 328, 330, 348, 356 mertensii, Chaetodon, 574, 593 Mesoprion monostigma, 531 metoposophron, Callicanthus, 644 meyeni, Taeniura, 20 meyeri, Chaetodon, 569, 581 Microcanthus strigatus, 566 microchir, Echelus, 69, 70 Moringua, 88, 91, 93 Myrophis, 70 Paramyrus, 69 microdon, Lethrinus, 527, 552 676 Micrognathus, 235, 256, 257, 259, 261 prachyrhinus, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262 brevirostris, 232, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 266 (Micrognathus) brevirostris, 257 brocki, 257, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264 (Anarchopterus) crinigerus, 257 (Anarchopterus) crinitus, 257 dunckeri, 232, 257, 258, 259, 261 edmondsoni, 231, 257, 258, 259, 261, 265 magdamoi, 232, 258 mataafae, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262 nitidus, 257, 258, 259, 261, 263 suvensis, 232 vittatus, 257 micronotopterus, Syngnathus, 232, 260 Microphis extensus, 245, 248 microphthalmus, Myripristis, 194, 195, 197, 198 micropterus, Muraena, 155 Uropterygius, 142, 145, 155 microstoma, Hemigaleus, 8, 9, 10 Holocentrum, 223 Holocentrus, 210, 212, 223 Muraenichthys, 72 miliaris, Chaetodon, 573 mineri, Hepsetia pinguis, 310 miniata, Perca, 369 miniatus, Lethrinus, 527, 553 Cephalopholis, 333, 369 Sparus, 553 Mionorus graeffei, 448 mydrus, 442 Mobulidae, 4, 20 moluccensis, Gymnothorox, 45, 109, 111, 113 Priodonophis, 113 Monoceros garreti, 642 monoceros, Heniochus, 567, 577 monochrous, Gymnothorax, 111, 127, 128 monostigma, Mesoprion, 531 Muraena, 126 monostigmus, Gymnothorax, 110, 126, 27 Lutjanus, 522, 529, 531 Monotaxis, 521, 528, 536, 538 grandoculis, 523, 528, 537 indica, 536 mooreanus, Anthias, 382 Moray eels, 98 Moringua, 86, 87, 90, 91 abbreviata, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93 bicolor, 87, 88, 94 cagayana, 88 ferruginea, 92 floresiana, 88 gangeticus, 89 hodgarti, 86 javanica, 86, 87, 90, 91 latebrosa, 89, 95, 96, 97 linearis, 89, 96, 97 lumbricoidea, 97 macrocephala, 87, 88, 90, 92 macrochir, 87, 88, 93 microchir, 88, 91, 93 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Moringua—Continued oculata, 88 penni, 89, 96, 97 raitaborua, 86, 88, 96 robusta, 88 Moringuidae, 44, 61, 86 morrisi, Pranesus, 288, 289, 290 mortoni, Anthias, 382 mowbrayi, Chorististium, 372, 376, 377 Mugil, 310, 312, 314 acutus, 318 eanaliculatus, 311 eapito, 311 chaptalii, 315 chelo, 311, 318 cerenilabis, 317 joloensis, 320, 322 labeo, 312 labiosus, 312, 313, 320, 322 seheli, 311, 312 vaigiensis, 311, 318 Mugilidae, 310, 313 mugiloides, Atherina, 298 Mullets, 310 Mullus fasciatus, 489 multiannulatus, Acanthognathus, 250 Doryichthys, 250 Dunckerocampus, 250, 251 multicinctus, Chaetodon, 571, 595, 596 multiradiatus, Myripristis, 195, 197, 206 multispinis, Centropyge, 608 Muraena anguilla, 44 balearica, 85 buroensis, 118 canina, 107 colubrina, 52 conger, 83 fimbriata, 131 flavimarginata, 130 hepatica, 127 javanicus, 129 maculosa, 51 meleagris, 114 micropterus, 155 monostigma, 126 myrus, 62 nebulosa, 104 petelli, 133 pfeifferi, 108 picta, 108, 123 polyzona, 102 raitaborua, 86, 88 richardsoni, 122 schismatorhynchus, 111 thyrsoidea, 121 viridipinna, 131 Muraenichthys, 61, 62, 70, 71 acutirostris, 73 aoki, 76 apterus, 72 australis, 70, 73 bicollaris, 71 breviceps, 73 cookei, 72 elerae, 72 fowleri, 76 INDEX Muraenichthys—Continued godeffroyi, 72 gymnopterus, 70, 72 gymnotus, 63, 73, 76 hattae, 72 iredalei, 72 johnstonensis, 81, 82 labialis, 74, 80 laticaudata, 63, 73, 77 macropterus, 63, 73, 80 macrostomus, 72 malabonensis, 72 malaita, 81 microstomus, 72 oliveri, 73 owstoni, 73 philippinensis, 71, 78 retropinnis, 81 schultzei, 68, 73, 75 sibogae, 72, 74 tasmaniensis, 72 thompsoni, 72 Muraenidae, 44, 61, 98 Muraenophis undulatus, 137 murdjan, Myripristis, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 204 Sciaena, 198 muroadsi, Caranx, 505 Decapterus, 504, 505, 506 Myctophidae, 43 Myctophum, 43 brachygnathos, 43 punctatum, 43 mydrus, Apogon, 442 Mionorus, 442 Myrichthys, 51 colubrinus, 46, 48, 52 elaps, 46, 53, 55 maculosus, 46, 48, 51 rupestris, 51 semicinetus, 47, 54 tigrinus, 51 Myripristis, 191, 192, 193, 197 adustus, 194, 197, 201, 204 argyromus, 193, 194, 195, 197, 204, 205 berndti, 198, 194, 197, 199, 204, 205 bowditchae, 194, 197, 202, 206 chryseres, 198, 195, 197 jacobus, 192, 193 lima, 191 macrolepis, 204 microphthalmus, 194, 195, 197, 198 multiradiatus, 195, 197, 206 murdjan, 198, 194, 196, 197, 198, 204 pralinius, 193, 195, 197, 207 Sanguineus, 193, 207 sealei, 193, 195 symmetricus, 193, 205 Myrophis, 61, 62, 68, 70 egmontis, 68 heterognathus, 70 longicollis, 68 microchir, 70 punctatus, 68 uropterus, 69, 70 677 Myropterura, 70 laticaudata, 70, 77 Myrus, 62 myrus, Muraena, 62 Myxus, 314 (Neomyxus) sclateri, 315 N nafae, Apogonichthys, 441 Nannocampus, 233 Naseus brevirostris, 645 vlamingi, 647 Naso, 642 annulatus, 619, 644 brevirostris, 619, 645 coume, 647 hexacanthus, 618, 644 lituratus, 618, 642 unicornis, 619, 646 vlamingi, 619, 647 natalensis, Sphyraena, 281 Naurua waitei, 383 Neamia octospina, 442 nebulosa, Hchidna, 100, 101, 104 Muraena, 104 nebulosus, Amphacanthus, 652 Lethrinus, 527, 554 Sciaena, 554 Siganus, 653 necturus, Uropterygius, 139, 142, 159 Needlefishes, 159 Negogaleus, 8 negrosensis, Doryrhamphus, 232, 244, 245 nematacanthus, Lethrinus, 526 Nematochromis, 401 annae, 401 Nemipterinae, 521 Neoconger, 61 Neomuraena, 108, 109 nigromarginata, 108 Neomyxus, 313, 315 chaptalii, 315 niger, Macolor, 523, 529 nigra, Sciaena, 533 nigricans, Acanthurus, 616, 622, 623, 633, 640 Chaetodon, 633 Pharopteryx, 399 Plesiops, 389, 391, 398, 399 nigriocellus, Centropyge, 598, 607 nigripectus, Corthoichthys, 267, 268, 269, 275 nigripinnis, Sphyraena, 281, 286 nigrocincta, Amia, 4386 nigrofasciatus, Apogon, 431, 432, 440, 466, 467, 470 nigrofuscus, Chaetodon, 639 nigromarginata, Neomuraena, 108 nigrum, Pristipoma, 534 nigrus, Plectorhinchus, 528, 534 nitidus, Micrognathus, 257, 258, 259, 261, 263 Syngnathus, 258 niwae, Tosana, 383 678 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 nobilis, Franzia, 382 noordzieki, Conger, 83, 84 Notasymmetron, 1 caudatum, 1 Novanthias accraensis, 383 notata, Apogon, 478 otaitensis, Pempheris, 559, 561 novae-guineae, Apogon, 431, 441, 470 oualensis, Pempheris, 559 novaehollandiae, Sphyraena, 279, 282 ovalaua, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 299 novemfasciata, Amia, 464 ovalis, Siphamia, 415, 418, 427, 429 Apogon, 461, 464 owstoni, Muraenichthys, 73 novemfasciatus, Apogon, 431, 432, 439, | Oxymugil, 318 461 Oxyporhamphidae, 176 nox, Centropyge, 603 Oxyporhamphus, 176 Ichthyocampus, 241 nubilus, Apogon, 431, 438, 459, 461 P nuda, Gymnosarda, 506 Orectolobidae, 4 orientalis, Grammistes, 384 ornatissimus, Chaetodon, 569, 582 ornatus, Lethrinus, 527, 555, 556 Osteichthyes, 23 pacificus, Hemiramphus, 172, 175 O pallida, Ypsigramma, 373, 374, 376, 377 pallidum, Chorististium, 373 obesus, Carcharias, 5 panatela, Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, Triaenodon, 2, 5 304 oblongus, Gerres, 557, 558 obscura, Echidna, 102 Leiognathus, 557 : obtusata, Sphyraena, 283 obud, Ariosoma, 85 Parabelonichthys kellersi, 231 ocellatus, Apogon, 432, 441, 471 Paracaesio, 540 Corythoichthys, 266, 267, 268, 269, | Parachaetodon ocellatus, 566 273 paradoxus, Solenostomus, 229 Grammistops, 386, 387 Paragaleus, 8 Gymnothorax, 108 gruveli, 8 Parachaetodon, 566 pectoralis, 8 octavianus, Gymnothorax, 117 Paramia, 412, 414, 479, 488 octolineata, Paramia, 484 octolineata, 484 octospina, Neamia, 442 quinquelineata, 481, 489 octospinus, Apogon, 442 Paramyrus, 68 octovittatus, Cheilodipterus, 481, 484 microchir, 69 oculata, Moringua, 88 Parapriacanthus, 561, 563 Odontanthias elizabethae, 383 beryciformes, 559, 561, 563 Odontonectes, 540 dispar, 563 Odontorhamphus, 175 ransonneti, 559, 561, 563 Papillapogon, 429 papuensis, Ichthyocampus, 276 Parabathymyrus, 68 macrophthalmus, 68 chancellori, 174 Oedalechilus, 312, 3138 ogilbyi, Pranesus, 288, 289, 290, 306, 307 oligolepis, Cypselurus, 187 olivaceus, Acanthurus, 616, 622, 623, 632 Acanthurus nigricans, 632 Pseudochromis, 390 oliveri, Muraenichthys, 73 Oostethus, 235 brachyurus, 231 operculare, Holocentrum, 213 opercularis, Flammeo, 208 Holocentrus, 209, 212, 213 Lethrinus, 555 Ophichthidae, 48, 45, 46, 61, 62 Ophichthys stypurus, 51 ophis, Ophisurus, 51 Ophisoma acuta, 85 Ophisurus fasciatus semicincta, 54 ophis, 51 semicinctus, 57 opisthopus, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 187 oramin, Siganus, 654, 657 orbicularis, Chaetodon, 609 Platax, 609 Parexocoetus, 176, 177, 184 brachypterus, 184, 188 brevipinnis, 184 mento, 177, 188 parvula, Amia, 4385 parvulus, Apogon, 485 pasealus, Entoanthias, 383 pawnei, Ichthyocampus, 238 peckianus, Syngnathus, 232 pectoralis, Franzia, 382 Hemigaleus, 8 Paragaleus, 8 pelewensis, Chaetodon, 574 Pempheridae, 559 Pempheris, 559, 563 otaitensis, 559, 561 oualensis, 559 taitensis, 559 touea, 559 Penetopteryx, 233 penni, Moringua, 89, 96, 97 Pentapus aurilineatus, 535 Perea arabica, 483 ciliata, 324 fasciatus, 334 ' INDEX Perca—Continued lineata, 482, 483 louti, 361 miniata, 369 praslin, 215 sex-lineata, 384, 385 summana, 338 summana fusco-guttata, 351 Percam urodetam, 368 Perch, silver, 556 Perches, 324 Perecomorphida, 279 Percomorphina, 324 permutatus, Heniochus, 567, 576 persimilis, Belone, 160 pessuliferus, Dunckerocampus, 232, 250, 251 petelli, Gymnothorax, 45, 112, 183 Muraena, 133 petimba, Fistularia, 228 petiti, Kuhlia, 325 pfeifferi, Muraena, 108 Pharopteryx nigricans, 599 philippinensis, Muraenichthys, 71, 78 philippinus, Acanthurus, 617, 622, 623, 637 Doryichthys, 231 Gymnapogon, 492, 493, 495, 496 Henicichthys, 491 Ichthyocampus, 231, 237, 238, 241 phoenixensis, Machaerenchelys, 60 picta, Muraena, 108, 123 pictus, Gymnothorax, 110, 115, 123 Tchthyocampus, 240 picuda, Sphyraena sphyraena, 2838 picudilla, Sphyraena, 281 pikei, Gymnothorax, 134 pinguis, Atherina, 306, 309 Pranesus, 288, 289, 290, 307, 309 pinnaceps, Leptenchelys, 46, 71, 78, 79 pinnulatus, Decapterus, 506 Pipefishes, 231, 237, 256 pisang, Pterocaesio, 525, 541 Planctanthias preopercularis, 383 Platacidae, 609 Platax, 609 orbicularis, 609 platyura, Belone, 160 Plectorhinchus, 534 chaetodonoides, 534 nigrus, 523, 534 Plectropomus, 363 leopardus, 333, 364 truncatus, 3338, 363 Plesiops, 398, 399 melas, 389, 391, 399, 400 nigricans, 389, 391, 398, 399 pleurotaenia, Carcharias, 15 Carcharias (Prionodon), 13 Doryichthys, 245 Doryrhamphus melanopleura, 245, 247, 248 Pseudanthias, 3838 Plicomugil, 315, 320, 322 labiosus, 320, 321 plumbea, Holopterua, 68 679 plumieri, Scomber, 507 plumierii, Polydactylus, 328 poecilopterus, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 187 Pogonoperea, 384 polyacantha, Pseudogramma, 389, 391, 395 polyacanthus, Pseudochromis, 395, 396 Polydactylus, 3238 plumierii, $238 sexfilis, 323 Polynemidae, 323 Polynemina, 323 Polynemus sexfilis, 323 virginicus, 323 polyspilus, Uropterygius, 141, 145 polystictus, Uropterygius, 141 polystigma, Apogonichthys, 476 polyzona, Echidna, 100, 101, 102 Muraena, 102 Pomacanthinae, 566, 597 Pomacanthus, 598 imperator, 597, 599 Pomacentrus lunula, 586 Pomadasyidae, 521 Pomadasyinae, 521 Pomadasys, 523 Pomatomidae, 491 potteri, Centropyge, 607 praeustus, Caranx, 518 pralinius, Myripristis, 193, 195, 197, 207 Pranesus, 288, 289, 290, 291, 306 duodecimalis, 291 endrachtensis, 288, 289, 290, 291, 306 insularum insularum, 288, 289, 290, 307, 308, 309 insularum whitei, 288, 289, 290, 307, 308 lineatus, 288, 289, 290 morrisi, 288, 289, 280 ogilbyi, 288, 289, 290, 306, 307 pinguis, 288, 289, 290, 307, 309 vaigiensis, 288, 289, 290 praslin, Holocentrus, 209, 212, 215 Perea, 215 preopercularis, Planctanthias, 383 Priacanthidae, 499 Priacanthus, 499, 500 cruentatus, 499, 500, 501 hamrur, 499, 500, 501 helvolus, 499 meeki, 500, 501 Priodon annulatus, 644 hexacanthus, 644 Priodonophis, 108, 109 moluccensis, 113 Pristidoryrhampus, 244 jacksoni, 2382, 244, 245 Pristipoma nigrum, 534 Prognichthys, 177, 184, 185, 189 albimaculatus, 184, 185, 188, 189 gilberti, 184, 185, 188 rufipinnis, 184, 185 sp., 190 prosopeion, Gymnothorax, 121 psalion, Echidna, 102 680 Pseudanthias chirospilus, 383 cichlops, 383 hypselosoma, 383 lepidolepis, 383 manadensis, 383 pleurotaenia, 383 taira, 383 venator, 383 Pseudochromidae, 388, 391 Pseudochromis, 388, 390, 391 aurea, 395 aurea aurea, 391, 395 aurea marshallensis, 389, 391, 392, 393 olivaceus, 390 polyacanthus, 395, 396 tapeinosoma, 389, 390, 391 Pseudogramma, 395 polyacantha, 389, 391, 395 Pseudoplesiops, 389, 401, 402, 405 annae, 389, 401, 402 revellei, 390, 401, 402, 404, 405 rosae, 389, 401, 402 sargenti, 390, 401, 402, 405, 407 typus, 390, 401, 402, 405, 407 Pseudopriacanthus, 499 pseudosubulatus, Cheilodipterus, 488 pseudothyrsoideus, Gymnothorax, 111, 115 486, Pterocaesio, 525, 541, 542, 543 chrysozona, 525, 541 diagramma, 525, 541 kohleri, 525, 541, 542, 547 marri, 925, 541, 542, 545 pisang, 525, 541 tile, 525, 541, 542, 543 puellus, Siganus, 649 pulchellus, Anthias, 382 pulchra, Anthias, 382 Sacura, 383 punctato-fasciatus, Chaetodon, 575, 594, 595, 596 punctatum, Myctophum, 43 punctatus, Amphacanthus, 657 Atherinichthys, 298 Echelus, 62 Myrophis, 68 Siganus, 650, 657 Syngnathus, 278 punctulatus, Apogon, 476 Pygoplites, 600 diacanthus, 597, 600 Q qenie, Sphyraena, 281, 285 quadridactylus, Acanthoclinus, 408, 411 Blennius, 411 quadrimaculatus, Chaetodon, 572, 588 quadripunctatus, Trachynotus, 509, 510 quaesita, Rhinomuraena, 99 quinquelineata, Paramia, 481, 489 quinquelineatus, Cheilodipterus, 481, 488, 489 480, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 R Rabula, 147 davisi, 140, 151 fuscomaculata, 139, 147 marshallensis, 140, 149, 150 rackliffei, Acanthurus, 615, 622, 623 rafflesii, Chaetodon, 575 Rainfordia, 334 raitaborua, Moringua, 86, 88, 96 Muraena, 86, 88 Rajica, 18 Rajida, 18 Rajina, 18 ramak, Lethrinus, 555 ransonneti, Parapriacanthus, 559, 561, 563 Rataboura, 86 amphomelaena, 93 Rays, 18 devil, 20 sting, 18 regina, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 299, 300, 301 Atherina, 300 reidi, Uropterygius, 142, 158 reticularis, Gymnothorax, 108, 109, 132 reticulatus, Chaetodon, 568, 579 Lethrinus, 526, 549 retropinnis, Muraenichthys, 81 Schultzidia, 71, 78, 81, 82, 88 revellei, Pseudoplesiops, 390, 401, 402, 404, 405 Rhabdamia cypselurus, 450 Rhamphoberyx, 193 Rhaphiobelone, 159, 163, 165 dammermani, 163, 164, 165 robusta, 164 Rhinomuraena, 98, 99 eritima, 111, 127 quaesita, 99 rhodoptera, Amia, 443 rhodopterus, Apogon, 442, 444, 445 Lethrinus, 527, 554, 555 richardsoni, Gymnothorax, 110, 115, 122 Muraena, 122 rivulatus, Scarus, 649 robusta, Amia, 464 Moringua, 88 Rhaphiobelone, 164 robustus, Apogon, 431, 432, 440, 464, 465 Cryptophthalmus, 86 Spratelloides, 24 rosae, Pseudoplesiops, 389, 401, 402 roseigaster, Apogon, 416 Siphamia, 416 roseus, Liopropoma, 373, 377 rostratus, Amphacanthus, 654 Siganus, 650, 652, 654 Round herrings, 23 ruber, Apogon, 429 Franzia, 382 Holocentrus, 216 rubescens, Cypselurus, 189 rubre, Chorististium, 373, 376, 377 rufipinnis, Prognichthys, 184, 185 INDEX runa, Festucalex, 236 rupelli, Gymnothorax, 45, 109, 112, 182 rupelliae, Dalophis, 1382 rupestris, Centropomus, 324, 325 Kuhlia, 324, 325 Myrichthys, 51 rutilans, Aphareus, 540 Rypticus, 384 Ss) Sacura pulchra, 383 sageneus, Synodus, 31 saipanensis, Apogon, 439 Lovamia, 439 salelea, Kuhlia, 324, 325 Salmo tumbil, 32 variegatus, 39 sammara, Flammeo, 208 Holocentrus, 209, 210, 212, 215 Sciaena, 210 sancti-petri, Chorinemus, 511 Scomberoides, 504, 511 sandvicensis, Acanthurus, 623, 625 Kuhlia, 324, 325 sanguineus, Myripristis, 193, 207 sargenti, Pseudoplesiops, 390, 401, 402, 405, 407 Saurida, 32 gracilis, 30, 32, 34 sauropsis, Brachysomophis, 46, 47, 48 Saurus gracilis, 32 savayensis, Apogon, 431, 438, 459, 460 sealaris, Ichthyocampus, 237, 240 Scarus rivulatus, 649 siganus, 649 schismatorhynehus, Gymnothorax, 111, 116, 117, 124, 127 Muraena, 111 schmidti, Diaphus, 43 schultzei, Muraenichthys, 63, 73, 75 schultzi, Corythoichthys, 231, 266, 268, 271, 272 Schultzidia, 62, 71, 81 johnstonensis, 71, 78, 82 retropinnis, 71, 78, 81, 82, 83 Sciaena bohar, 532 cinerascens, 563 gibba, 529 grandoculis, 5386, 537 hamrur, 499 kasmira, 530 murdjan, 198 nebulosus, 554 nigra, 533 sammara, 210 spinifera, 218 scituliceps, Synodus, 32 sclateri, Myxus (Neomyxus), 315 Scolecenchelys, 70 Scolopsides cancellatus, 527 kurite, 527 Scolopsis, 527, 528 cancellatus, 522, 527, 528 Scomber ascensionis, 514 carangus, 512 crumenophthalmus, 507, 508 681 Scomber—Continued faleatus, 509 ferdau, 518 ignobilis, 517 lysan, 510 plumieri, 507 Secomberesocina, 159 Scomberoides, 510 commersonianus, 510 sancti-petri, 504, 511 Scopelus brachygnathos, 43 engraulis, 43 Scorpidae, 566 Scuticaria unicolor, 140 Scyllium ferrugineum, 4 scythrops, Flammeo, 208 Seahorses, 237, 256 Sea basses, 328 sealei, Corythroichthys, 273 Myripristis, 193, 195 Uropterygius, 140 sechurae, Holanthias, 383 Synodus, 32 seheli, Mugil, 311, 312 Selachica, 2 Selachii, 2 semeion, Chaetodon, 574, 592 semicincta, Ophisurus fasciatus, 54 semicinctus, Leiuranus, 47, 48, 57 Lethrinus, 526, 548, 551, 552 Myrichthys, 47, 54 Ophisurus, 57 semilunifera, Glaucosoma, 373 Seriola bipinnulata, 507 Serranidae, 324, 328, 329 Serraninae, 334 Serranus flavocaeruleus, 336 fuscoguttatus, 351 hexagonatus, 343, 355 howlandi, 344 leucogrammicus, 360 macrospilos, 344 malabaricus, 345 medurensis, 334 merra stellans, 348 socialis, 339 stellans, 350, 355 urodelus, 368 serrulifer, Corythoichthys, 282, 273, 274 sexfasciatus, Caranx, 505, 515 sexfilis, Polydactylus, 323 Polynemus, 323 sex-lineata, Perea, 384, 385 sexlineatus, Grammistes, 385 Sharks, 2 carpet, 4 gray, 6, 18 hammerhead, 2 mackerel, 4 sibogae, Muraenichthys, 72, 74 Siderea, 108 Siganidae, 649 Siganus, 649 albopunctatus, 654, 655 argenteus, 649 canaliculatus, 654 682 Siganus—Continued doliatus, 650, 658 fuscescens, 650, 653, 655 margaritiferus, 654 nebulosus, 653 oramin, 654, 657 puellus, 649 punctatus, 650, 657 rostratus, 650, 652, 654 spinus, 649, 652, 654 vulpinus, 649, 650 siganus, Scarus, 649 signifer, Gymnothorax, 134 Silversides, 287, 310 similis, Synodus, 31 Simosyngnathus, 256 simus, Cypselurus, 182, 184, 185, 186 singapurensis, Cheilodipterus, 482, 484, 487, 488 Sinomyrus, 61 Siokunichthys, 235, 254 herrei, 254, 255 Siphamia, 412, 413, 415, 416 argentea, 415, 416, 417, 421, 422 argyrogaster, 416 cuneiceps, 416 cuprea, 415, 418, 423, 424 elongata, 415, 416, 417, 419 fistulosa, 417 fuscolineata, 415, 418, 425, 427 Ovalis, 415, 418, 427, 429 roseigaster, 416 tubifer, 414, 418 tubulata, 417 versicolor, 415, 418, 419, 421, 428, 427 woodi, 416 Siphostoma crinigerum, 256 Skates, 18 Smooth dogfishes, 5 Snake eels, 45 Snappers, 521 snodgrassi, Sphyraena, 283 snyderi, Apogon, 431, 483, 437, 453, 456 socialis, Hpinephelus, 330, 339 Serranus, 339 solandri, Acanthocybium, 168 Soldierfishes, 191 Solegnathus, 234 Solenostomidae, 229 Solenostomus, 229 armatus, 229 paradoxus, 229 Sparidae, 521 Sparus aureolineatus, 535 choerorhynchus, 548 compresus, 559 cuning, 524, 540 miniatus, 553 spinus, 652 speculiger, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 188, 189 spet, Hsox, 282 Sphagebranchus, 49 huysmani, 76 Spenanthias dorianus, 383 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Sphyraena, 279 acutipinnis, 281 affinis, 281 africana, 281 agam, 281 akerstromi, 283 altipinnis, 280 argentea, 282 aureoflamma, 283 barracuda, 279, 283 beeuna, 283 borealis, 282 brachygnathus, 283 chinensis, 283 chrysotaenia, 283, 287 dentatus, 279 ensis, 280 flavicauda, 283 forsteri, 280, 284 grandisquamis, 283 guachancho, 280 guntheri, 280 helleri, 281, 287 idiastes, 282 japonica, 282 jello, 280 langsar, 283 lineata, 283 lucasana, 282 natalensis, 281 nigripinnis, 281, 286 novaehollandiae, 279, 282 obtusata, 283 picudilla, 281 genie, 281, 285 snodgrassi, 283 sphyraena, 282 sphyraena picuda, 283 strenua, 283 toxeuma, 284 viridensis, 282 vulgaris, 282 waitii, 281 sphyraena, EHsox, 279, 282 Sphyraena, 282 Sphyraenidae, 279 Sphyraenina, 279 Sphyrna, 2 Squalus arcticus, 6 earcharias, 4 cirratus, 4 commersonii, 11 cuvier, 6 squamipinnis, Anthias, 382 Squirrelfishes, 191 spilonotopterus, Cypselurus, 179, 182, 184, 185, 186 Bxocoetus, 179 spilopterus, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 186 spilotoceps, Epinephelus, 332, 357, 358, 359 Spilotus, Epinephelus, 332, 352, 353, 354 spinicaudatus, Corythoichthys, 260 spinifer, Holocentrus, 210, 212, 218, 220 spinifera, Sciaena, 218 INDEX 683 spinus, Siganus, 649, 652, 654 Syngnathus—Continued Sparus, 652 conspicillatus, 273 Spratelloides, 23, 24, 26 crenulatus, 267 argyrotaenia, 23 dactyliophorus, 249, 252 argyrotaeniata, 23, 24 fasciatus, 265, 267 atrofasciatus, 23, 24, 27 flavofasciatus, 266 delicatulus, 23, 24, 26 fuscus, 232 gracilis, 23 haematopterus, 276 japonicus, 23, 24 marteni, 232 robustus, 24 maxweberi, 278 stellans, Serranus, 350, 355 melanopleura, 246 Serranus merra, 348 micronotopterus, 232, 260 stellatus, Caranx, 512, 513, 514 nitidus, 258 Stenatherina, 291, 297 peckianus, 232 temminckii, 288, 289, 290, 297 punctatus, 278 stevensi, Amia fasciata, 464 sundaicus, 260 Stigmatophora, 234 tetrophthalmus, 260 Sting rays, 18 Synodontidae, 30, 34 Stipecampus, 236 Synodus, 30, 35, 36, 38, 42 strenua, Sphyraena, 283 altipinnis, 32 Strializa, 311 binotatus, 31, 34, 35, 38 striata, Amia, 441 englemani, 32, 34, 41 striatus, Acanthurus, 620, 624 evermanni, 31 Ctenochaetus, 614, 620 fuscus, 31 strigangulus, Chaetodon, 578 hoshinonis, 31 Megaprotodon, 568, 578 indicus, 31, 38 strigatus, Microcanthus, 566 kaianus, 30, 31 strigosus, Acanthurus, 620, 624 lacertinus, 32 Ctenochaetus, 621 lucioceps, 32 striolata, Teuthis, 652 macrops, 31 Strongylura, 159, 161, 162 marchenae, 32 caudimaculata, 161 sageneus, 31 gigantea, 162 secituliceps, 32 incisa, 162, 163 sechurae, 32 strongylura, Belone, 161 similis, 31 stypurus, Ophichthys, 51 ulae, 30, 31, 34, 38 suborbitalis, Holocentrus, 208 variegatus, 30, 32, 34, 39, 42 subulatus, Cheilodipterus, 482, 484, 488 varius, 38 suensonii, Chilorhinus, 62 synodus, Hsox, 35 summana, Epinephelus, 329, 338 Perea, 338 T sundaicus, Syngnathus, 260 supraforata, Gymnomuraena, 152 tabaearia, Fistularia, 228 supraforatus, Uropterygius, 141, 152, 153 | taeniatus, Anthias, 382 Surgeonfishes, 614 Apogon, 445 susumi, Chorististium, 375 Taeniomembras, 291 Ypsigramma, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379, | Taeniura, 18 381 atra, 20 suttoni, Cypselurus, 184, 185, 187 brocki, 18, 20 suvensis, Doryichthys, 232 lymna, 20 Micrognathus, 232 melanospila, 20 swalesi, Chorististium, 372, 376, 377 meyeni, 20 Ypsigramma, 374 taeniura, Kuhlia, 324, 325, 326 symmetricus, Myripristis, 193, 205 taeniurus, Dules, 326 Suaemiee ra tee 159 taira, Pseudanthias, 383 yngnathida, J taitensis, Pempheris, 559 Syngnathidae, 231, 233 (diagram) tanakae, Gotseneaenctioe 260 Syngnathina, 229 Syngnathoides, 233 Syngnathus, 236, 278 acus, 278 andersonii, 260 tapeinosoma, Pseudochromis, 389, 390, 91 tasmaniensis, Muraenichthys, 72 taumaka, Acanthoclinus, 411 balli, 231 tauvina, Epinephelus, 348 brevirostris, 256, 260 teira, Chaetodon, 609 earee, 236 Teleosteica, 23 cinctus, 236 Teleostomi, 23 684 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 temminckii, Atherina, 297 Tylosurus, 161 Aulacocephalus, 373 eantraini, 161 Stenatherina, 288, 289, 290, 297 typus, Macolor, 533 Terapon, 522 Pseudoplesiops, 390, 401, 402, 405, Teraponidae, 521 407 tetrophthalmus, Syngnathus, 260 U Teuthis hepatus, 624 striolata, 652 uisila, Atherina, 303 troughtoni, 624 Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, 304 thompsoni, Muraenichthys, 72 ulae, Synodus, 30, 31, 34, 38 Threadfins, 323 umbrosus, Gymnothorax, 117 thyrsoidea, Muraena, 121 undulatus, Gymnothorax, 1138, 127, 187 thyrsoideus, Gymnothorax, 45, 110, 121 Muraenophis, 137 tibicen, Centropyge, 601 unicolor, Apogon, 434 tiere, Holocentrum, 221 Cypselurus, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186 Holocentrus, 210, 212, 221 Hehidna, 100, 101, 106, 122 tieroides, Holocentrus, 210, 212, 217 Hxocoetus, 183 tigrinus, Myrichthys, 51 Scuticaria, 140 Uropterygius, 140 unicornis, Chaetodon, 646 tile, Caesio, 543 Naso, 619, 646 Pterocaesio, 525, 541, 542, 543 unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus, 170 tinkeri, Chaetodon, 570 uniformis, Echidna, 73, 74 tinkhami, Uropterygius, 156 unimaculatus, Anthias, 3838 Tosana niwae, 383 Chaetodon, 569, 581 touea, Pempheris, 559 uninotata, Amia, 429, 442 townsendi, Ichthyocampus, 237, 240, 241 | unipunctatum, Holocentrum, 218 toxeuma, Sphyraena, 284 unipunctatus, Holocentrus, 220 Trachinotus, 509 Urocampus, 233, 137 bailloni, 504, 509 urodelops, Epinephelus, 366 Trachynotus cuvieri, 510 urodelus, Cephalopholis, 333, 366, 368 jordani, 510 Serranus, 368 quadripunctatus, 510 urodetam, Percam, 368 Trachurops, 507 Urophorini, 232 crumenophthalmus, 504, 508 uropterus, Conger, 69 cuvieri, 509 Myrophis, 69, 70 jordani, 509 Uropterygius, 99, 138, 149, 151 quadripunctatus, 509 concolor, 141, 145, 151 Trachyrhamphus, 234 dentatus, 141, 152, 153 Trachystoma, 315 dorsalis, 155 Triaenodon, 5 fijiensis, 140, 145 obesus, 2, 5 fuscoguttatus, 142, 156, 157 Triakidae, 2, 5 insuetus, 140 Trichodontidae, 491 knighti, 142 tricuspidatus, Hyporhamphus, 170 macrocephalus, 140 trifasciatus, Chaetodon, 570, 584 marmoratus, 139, 142, 145, 155 trilineatus, Acanthoclinus, 408, 411 micropterus, 142, 145, 155 trimaculatus, Apogon, 480, 434, 442 necturus, 139, 142, 159 triostegus, Acanthurus, 623, 626 polyspilus, 141, 145 Acanthurus triostegus, 615, 622, polystictus, 141 623, 624 reidi, 142, 158 Acronurus, 614 sealei, 140 Chaetodon, 624 supraforatus, 141, 152, 153 tristriatus, Leptonotus, 231 tinkhami, 156 troughtoni, Teuthis, 624 tigrinus, 140 Trumpetfishes, 227 xanthopterus, 142, 145, 154 truncatus, Cheilodipterus, 482, 484, 486 | urospilotus, Gymnapogon, 492, 493, 494, Plectropomus, 333, 363 495, 496 Trygon arnatum, 18 uxorius, Bombonia, 232 tryoni, Ichthyocampus, 236, 239 tsurugae, Hypoatherina, 288, 289, 290, Vv 303 tubifer, Siphamia, 414, 418 vagabundus, Chaetodon, 572, 587 tubulata, Siphamia, 417 vaigiensis, Atherina, 310 tubulatus, Apogon, 417 Chelon, 318 tumbil, Salmo, 32 Diacope, 532 tutuilae, Centropyge, 607 Gerres, 557 INDEX vaigiensis—Continued Kyphosus, 563, 564 Lutjanus, 523, 529, 5382 Mugil, 311, 318 Pranesus, 288, 289, 290 vaiulae, Foa, 441 Valamugil, 311, 312 valenciennesi, Allanetta, 298 vanderbilti, Acanthapogon, 490, 491 Gymnapogon, 492, 493, 495, 496, 498 Machaerenchelys, 57, 60 variegata, Echidna, 100 variegatus, Apogon, 432, 433, 442, 475 Lethrinus, 526, 551 Salmo, 39 Synodus, 30, 32, 34, 39, 42 Variola, 361 longipinna, 361 louti, 333, 361 varius, Heniochus, 567 Synodus, 38 velifer, Acanthurus, 640 veliferum, Zebrasoma, 618, 640 venator, Pseudanthias, 383 Verma, 61 vermiformis, Leptenchelys, 46, 61, 71, 78, 79 versicolor, Amia, 418, 419, 423, 427 Siphamia, 415, 418, 419, 421, 423, 427 verus, Carcharias, 4 Carcharodon, 4 villosa, Atherion, 288, 289, 290, 292, 295 vincta, Echidna, 102 vinolentus, Gymnothorax, 107 virescens, Aprion, 524, 538 virginicus, Polynemus, 323 viridensis, Sphyraena, 282 viridipinna, Muraena, 131 viridis, Euleptorhamphus, 166 Hemiramphus, 166 vittatus, Micrognathus, 257 vlamingi, Naseus, 647 Naso, 619, 647 volitans, Exocoetus, 178 vosmeri, Anthias, 527 vrolikii, Centropyge, 598, 603 Holacanthus, 603 vulgaris, Sphyraena, 282 vulpinus, Amphacanthus, 650 Siganus, 649, 650 WwW Wahoo, 168 waikiki, Apogonichthys, 441 685 waitei, Corythroichthys, 276 Corythoichthys intestinalis, 268, 276, 278 Naurua, 383 Sphyraena, 281 whitei, Pranesus insularum, 288, 289, 290, 307, 308 woodi, Adenapogon, 416 Siphamia, 416 woodwardi, Allanetta, 288, 289, 290, 298 Worm eels, 60, 86 x xanthonotus, Caesio, 525, 540, 541, 542 xanthopterus, Uropterygius, 142, 145, 154 xanthurus, Caesio, 540 Xenomugil, 313 Xyster fuscus, 563 267, XG yaeyamaensis, Apogon frenatus, 454, 455 Yozia, 234 bicoarctata, 282 bicoarctata melanesiae, 232 Ypsigramma, 334, 372, 374, 376, 379 brocki, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379, 380 lineata, 372, 378, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379 pallida, 373, 374, 376, 377 susumi, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379, 381 swalesi, 374 Z Zalanthias azumanus, 383 zanana, Epinephelus, 365 Zanclidae, 610 Zanclus, 610 canescens, 610, 612, 6138 cornutus, 610, 612, 613 zebra, Echidna, 100, 101, 102 Gymnothorax, 100, 102 Zebrasoma, 640 agana, 641 flavescens, 618, 641 veliferum, 618, 640 zeylonicus, Apogon, 477 zonata, Hehidna, 1038 zonipectis, Gymnothorax, 112, 127, 134, 135 zonophaea, Hchidna, 103 zosterophora, Apogon, 476 Archamia, 476 O 6 RNR | 8 et Deb » Een a | ‘ f by Wasa cries ‘ eet RAT SG iS rn ; f SEW eS tie i 3 SS e attic vd (TGF Wee A, Oly eae ite 5 Heo oo totes Seka ce ttn ht Soca ok Ce eno) oy pe +d ysis + = ek van LOGS OC x x te : My 5 ‘ r y Pine ¥ | i WE Nita , re tyes a Ae Fe Tet 4 Bee CATES ees aR ey ie eS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Quinn 3 9088 01421 2872 \\ VY UY A AW \\ \ \\\ \ SOY << \ RMQy