eeaN eh Way Se N Tie fo! ita) JIE OSES GS “ws bit ce Sain t pa Ye 5 : s iia oa ra a : i jhe a ae ~ ae 8 SC One fase "SMITHSONIAN INSTTTUTION ty Renee. 2 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MusEuRE. OO Bulletin 66 ue BY een W. DWIGHT PIERCE es . Of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture f WASHINGTON : _ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ight ets te > agealrane 1909 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Builetin 66 A. MONOGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE TWISTED WINGED INSECTS COMPRISING THE ORDER STREPSIPTERA KIRBY BY W. DWIGHT PIERCE Of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU : IssuED DrEcEMBER 6, 1909. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Bulletin and the Proceedings. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more or less extensive works intended to illustrate the collections of the U. S. National Museum and, with the exception noted below, is issued separately. These bulletins are monographic in scope and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological and botanical groups, faunas and floras, bibliographies of eminent natural- ists, reports of expeditions, etc. They are usually of octavo size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indis- pensable. This work forms No. 66 of the Bulletin series. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botan- ical collections of the Museum, have been published as bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended as a medium of publication of brief original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, and setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. A volume is issued annually, or oftener, for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and in view of the impor- tance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. RicHarp RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In Charge of the United States National Museum. Wasuineton, U.S. A., October 30, 1909. Tit < a Ae oF , ai he} - ‘ ; P tin wnepe aM Le a7 in eke} he Ne Nat eg : . wh — aa . ‘ ' ‘ , be | , : 7 ‘ yy ’ . ’ * . mn » 5 Z by ae: i, 1 ’ ~~" v 22.) .2-05.5--%---- . Loss of vitality by host -: . Acceleration or retardation of development........-.......-- ; Alkeration of seneral features =<... 28025. gn eS sk <2 es Hyon yimy due bostylopizaiion.°.52.--252222ses.----.4----2 Prine: Tosti ceri WreAtine oo. . Ts oe al aeeiats eo eee ~~ Loe conl mo Ore W LO Ps — = (qe) 4 re) aa 2 ° B ° =e oO 4 ct (q°) tat i=) is) ad oa) fae) m4 | i) a, a =a = 9 o) = qe} a] a eetA WHEN moOrMmAl MIMetlOnA: 25.2202. So lease sl P22. oe} 9. Hitects subsequent to exit of male:_2..22l2.22:-2.-2.----.- 3. Effects of various host conditions upon the parasites............-.-- 4. Biology of the host as influencing the biology of the parasite......- 1. Biology of the host ..... 2. Social economy of hosts irolopy of the patasite..............<..... MOrbigatiONR. 2s s-5 32 eb fee set 31S TET, Re cel Oe Se Aa eee Larviparous reproduction.........--- MPrsmaorontoris. i... 2282552222025 20 PMMPOTCALOM... <2 55 2.5 0 cilo os + eet Rpealomical taGben-. 255 SD Petrertea HETNCLUTC.. 5) soc = ce sG sie. - % miLMentary Sysiem.... 22. 5.---+--- +. PreEVv Oi AVBUCI Jo. 2 50 22 St Dir eherl. AYBLCIO 52 acess 2. 22 oe 2 Reproductive system..........-.:---- Peretermalstrichire ~<.224- 22-.,../-------5 Gwe giy ue a2 ras bets Ae Rete Table of superfamilies and families beod OMaMiAlese. ee ee el Bis Wailble of penera-.22-.2..2.222255 Artificial key to genera based on wing venation..................--- Memulessas sts see eee a. ae Sh hE Table of superfamilies, families: and genera based on females.......-- Table for separation of genera of the Triungulinids...............----- Correlation of host and parasite classifications......-.-...---------------- Check list of the Strepsiptera of the world VIII Page Descriptions of Strepsiptera: 22.5 o-s-e= = eee eee ae et ee a Sein 22 82 Family Mengeide. . . ...2522.22 beeper eases des ee eR eee See eee ee 84 Genus Mengeéa. 2 2223. 5 Beene ee es ae ps ea nk se 84 bertianiag ec. eee Se eae ee PS)! = 84 Genus Trioxocera......--.. nie ee oe le Sh Stee eo a ee 86 MCXICADA : 08 ee, ee nS 86 Family Myrmecolacides 22.22 52-222... epee eae ee a 87 Genus Myrmecolax. +. :..2¢t cb ee eee a ol 88 mietiert, uc sth Ss caesar ee 88 Genus Ceenocholax: . >. .%.t20 eee ee eee ee 88 PD VOSE. oS thie a eee en ane a. Be 89 Family Stylopidgese: 21 422 2-4 2 P= Dees a ne ee 90 . Genus ‘Stylopsi cst e2cc25 2.2 Sheer eae eee ee » Dia ee 90 Meltbie.. 0. ind) ee SE ee ee ee eee er 94 Celta poo bo. ee SE A ee ae ee See eer 95 ehildwentc: 2.0). 22 ech Bee ee 96 SPeueli 52.6 ke... Ree lo ee eae 96 aberriMiace.. cael cbs ks a heat oe eee ree ee CAL. 97 ThiNyathel. eres Sean a eae ALi Sa ote 97 adivarianissc) sO) eee se el Ce. eae o7 bipumetiizecs. 2222 oc oats ee eee ee aoe eee 98 bruneris Scoble Cea oe ee oe ee 98 califomires... 25 sO ree oe ce ee aa ee 99 Cltytonize sacs us ee CL Re 99 COROIRS C0 aI ee A oe Oe a ee 100 Crawiordls: 1s. 02s. eget. See eA 100 GRESSONIT 9 328 2s uc L Gee cee id bec ee 102 domaniquel 2 LoS 2.8 A: oe eee ee 102 preenicheni 5... 5 2c. 3 2eeak So Reece Ret eee eee 103 hortfordenusis aii put to de eee ca we ee 103 hippetes. 5 sc 2 ae = oa eit wen oe sk Cen 103 IOMACTER i ae 2 et SUES oe ee ee Hee ee ee 104 multiplicatse 22: 2 Sheet es ee 104 NASON. .2 a Os poe Ca ee ee 104 NAssONOWe =) aseeks eee eel ee ee 105 nitbecules. -- 4. oiro. tae eG a ett eee ee 105 packardi. uct Sees eke ee bee ee ae ee 105 polemoniic soe. oe Se a ee ee 106 salietflonig. 220.) 3.52 ess Be ee ee ee nee 106 polidanlee 2) testy Sate eee lane. ees Sees 107 SPATsipl lose s..5..) cal tecs Oe eee ee ee ee 108 subcandidis.:2 2 s2cn= ft yet oo eee eee eee 108 SWEDE esl id ice ae ee ote eel ee 108 WENUELCOSR 0 cho rect, ie nO noe ey Oo ee ee 109 VICINGS . 22 sjbs tases Net ee oe So eee 110 Vvierechi v2 oi oe beet ae a Rees 110 oklahomeé. oy. soe 2c (ee ee Se 110 Genus. Parastylops. 25.5252 . 9B. be ee Paul flagellatus@. foc). eae eee ee vate Genus Halictostylops-<: 228 2. eee ot Tee nc 112 BPCHCH ot uci. SoBe SAY ae cee a soar ee erty ence ogee 112 family Hylechthride. =o 2.00 es se es ke ee es ee 113 Genus Hylechthrus..2 2.2.32 = 24. 2 eee eee ae ane ee 113 PUI eo ios pees oa oe ee ee ene ee ee 114 CUETO US oe Se coe crear Ste ea rae Ser Ae oe ea 115 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SiG DOLEM 20550 oaks a See 5 i cere 115 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX = Page. UB INNOE ee ATE Go ee eg 2 eons Sle a wien tin, ays So eee dfcinic moma ede dtheeise aad 115 Speman ok OTOH NEE. See. Wana tna i Sowieoa ena en | 3males....-.| 2 males_-...- 5 males. MOUnTLISSEIMeN Te eae Nee ee a RE oto oe ee ee | 2females....) 1 male.......| 1 male, 2 females. Bifth sepmentiieas: = so: eee yee eae BP ere pee | 6 females....| 1 female....- 7 females. Probably the most interesting feature is the hibernation of wasps containing male exuvia. At the same place on December 31 Mr. J. C. Crawford took one female containing a male exuvium. At Plummers Island, Maryland, February 24, 1903, Mr. W. V. Warner collected a female bearing a male exuvium. This is un- doubted hibernation with the empty case. At the same place in December, 1906, Mr. H. S. Barber collected 35 hibernating wasps. These were killed January 3, 1907, and 2 were found parasitized by a single female each. The wasps were all females. In November, 1907, Mr. McAtee also collected 10 unparasitized male wasps, 89 unpar- asitized females, and 6 parasitized females, containing 3 male and 12 female parasites. At the same place on November 9, 1907, Prof. W. P. Hay collected 54 wasps, of which 4 contained 6 parasites in all. POLISTES GALLICUS Linnaeus. Rosenhauer (1842) records from 77 wasps 81 male parasites and 44 female parasites; 56 wasps contained males and 32 contained females; 45 wasps contained males only, 21 contained females only, while 11 contained both sexes. Siebold (1843) questions whether Rosenhauer knew the sex of these parasites. POLISTES, new species, near MINOR. At Victoria, Texas, September 25, 1906, Mr. J. C. Crawford col- lected four nests in one tree. Two nests were entirely unparasitized. In one nest 25 female wasps were unparasitized and one male con- tained a male puparium. The fourth nest contained 133 female and — 52 male wasps unparasitized; and 2 females and 3 male wasps para- sitized, REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCEHE. 21 At Dallas, Texas, October 11, 1906, Mr. R. A. Cushman and the writer collected two nests. In the first 13 male and 4 female wasps were unparasitized and 1 male was parasitized, while in the second the 9 males and 1 female were all unparasitized. POLISTES METRICUS Say. Austin (1882) at Readville, Massachusetts, on August 20, 1879, took Polistes metricus parasitized as follows: 14 male wasps taken, 2 parasitized. 36 female wasps taken, 7 parasitized. 1 female wasp contained 7 male parasites. 1 female wasp contained 2 male parasites. 1 female wasp contained 1 male parasite. 1 female wasp contained 1 female parasite. According to note 3513, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, a specimen of this wasp bearing 8 fully grown females was taken September 4, 1884, near Washington, D.C. Other wasps taken on the same date bore empty puparia. POLISTES PALLIPES Lepeletier. At Marion, Massachusetts, on September 2 and 12, 1902, Mr. Fred. C. Bowditch took 10 Polistes pallipes parasitized by Acroschismus bowditchi Pierce. Five adult males were bred, and these have been studied by the author. In the 4 male wasps are 16 male pupe. In the 6 female wasps are 4 female parasites, 1 male pupa, and 9 empty puparia; that is, each male averaged 4 parasites and each female 2.33 parasites. The parasites were in the proportion of 26 males to 4 females, or only 13.3 per cent females. The highest number of parasites to an individual was 10, all pupz, in a male wasp. The record of parasitism was thus: 2 female wasps with 1 male, 1 female= 4 parasites. 1 female wasp with 1 male, 2 female= 3 parasites. 1 male, 2 female wasps with 1 male only = 3 parasites. 1 male wasp with 2 male = 2 parasites. 1 male wasp with 3 male = 3 parasites. 1 female wasp with 5 male = 5 parasites. 1 male wasp with 10 male =10 parasites. 4 male, 6 female wasps with 30 parasites. The location of the parasites was as follows: Location. Dorsal. Ventral. Total. | MECONGSOPINGM Ie 4205/2 o 552 aes e seni eel SAMAlG os ak eee ath See e ees os os 3 male. PE INGeSGPINEM Sectoc at oe to ane eee re th het malein. os see eo ee 5'male._.... 12 male. MouMth SEpInent= Wes sce ee aeee sas oss 6 male, 2 female. -_...-. 2 male.....- 8 male, 2 female. MifiHeBCPIMIGUL jero cminni oa ve teee eter see te 4s 1 male, 2 female......- 1male...... 2 male, 2 female. Sew SPAN OM ees Se oo a Se eee dhnivelle Ss = eeeseeeree ve cae ote 1 xnale. 84359—Bull. 66—09——3 29 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. At Cincinnati, Ohio, Mr. Charles Dury took 15 Polistes pallipes parasitized by Acroschismus bowditch.. Four adult males were bred, and these have been studied by the author. In the 4 male wasps were 12 male parasites and 1 female parasite. In the 10 female wasps were 23 male parasites and 1 female parasite. In the remaining mutilated specimen was 1 male parasite. Each male, therefore, averaged 3.25 parasites, and each female 2.4 parasites. The parasites were in the proportion of 36 males to 2 females, or only 5.2 per cent females. The highest num- ber of parasites to an individual was 9, all pup, in a female wasp. The wasp was so feeble it could hardly move. The record of parasitism was thus: Male Male pupe. exuvia. Parasites. June 15, 1900: 1 female wasp with 2 = July 3, 1901: 1 female wasp with 4 =4 Aug. 24, 1905: 2 female waspswith 1 a Aug. 24, 1905: 1 female wasp with 2 =. Aug. 24, 1905: 1 female wasp with 9 = 9 Aug. 25, 1905: 1 female wasp with lfemale = 1 Aug. 25, 1905: 1 female wasp with 1 == J Sept. 13, 1900: 1 male wasp with 4 = 4 Sept. 16, 1905: 1 ? wasp with 1 male =] Sept. 16, 1905: 1 male wasp with 1 male = i Sept. 16, 1905: 1 male wasp with 1 male lfemale = 2 Sept. 16, 1905: 1 male wasp with lmale 5 = 6 Sept. 22, 1905: 1 female wasp with 1 =o Sept. 27, 1900: 1 female wasp with 2 = 2 4 males, 10 females,1? wasp with 19, 4 males,13 2 females =38 The location of the parasites was as follows: Location. Dorsal. Ventral. Total. Second: sepment 222 senor eee ee ees | 3 MalGs= sane e ete see eee | Sees oe ees 3 male. Phird segmentiy sesso. pee eee Pe eee 17 male, 1 female...... | Diwwale soos a5 19 male, 1 female OTInEn Seem er poee es sas eee ey farec¥e Stee) se eaten ee ot | imalesecet 10 male. Fifth SOREN TSS nC Le ates) be ease ee oe ly male, 1 female..._..- | Savalas! eee | 4 male, 1 female. POLISTES RUBIGINOSUS Lepeletier. A nest of Polistes rubiginosus was collected by Mr. Bishopp and Mr. Jones at Rosser, Texas, September 23, 1905, containing 377 cells; 171 wasps were procured, 137 being males and 34 females. Not one was parasitized. The same gentlemen at Mineola, Texas, July 19, 1906, examined 21 specimens taken at a nest and none were parasitized. POLISTES TEXANUS Cresson. Skinner (1903 a) cites the capture of two nests of this species at Pecos, Texas, on September 25, 1901, by Mr. A. E. Brown, from which 144 wasps were obtained, 34 being parasitized. ms REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. bbs POLISTES VARIATUS Cresson. On October 18, 1903, Mr. Crawford took at West Point, Nebraska, 200 wasps of this species, all unstylopized, of which only 2 were males. NECTARINA LECHEGUANA Latreille. In December, 1905, Mr. A. C. Morgan took a nest of Nectarina lecheguana at Hidalgo, Texas, and from this nest Mr. Crawford examined about 2,500 wasps for parasitism without finding a single case. Du Buysson (1905 a) states that he has never met a case of stylopization in Nectarina. PROSOPIS, species. Saunders (1852) took 22 specimens of Prosopis, in which he found 32 male and 17 female parasites; 14 bees contained male parasites and 8 contained female parasites. No bee was found containing both sexes. ANDRENA CRAWFORDI Viereck. Between April 26, 1906, and May 23, 1906, at Dallas, Texas, a large number of this species of bee were collected by Messrs. Crawford, Bishopp, Jones, Pratt, and the writer from the flowers of Sttilias carohmiana, Serinea oppositifolia, Lindheimera texana, and Engel- manna pinnatifida. Following is a table of the captures for the entire period. All parasites were beneath the fourth segment. 151 male bees; 120 unparasitized, 31 parasitized. 115 female bees; 54 unparasitized, 61 parasitized. 266 bees; 174 unparasitized, 92 parasitized. 56.7 per cent of the bees were males, 43.3 per cent females. 33.6 per cent of the parasitized bees were males, 66.4 per cent females. 79.4 per cent of the male bees, unparasitized; 20.6 per cent parasitized. 46.9 per cent of the female bees, unparasitized; 53.1 per cent parasitized. 65.4 per cent of all the bees unparasitized; 34.6 per cent parasitized. The following table gives more specifically the extent of parasitism, bringing out the percentage of sexes of the parasites and their relation to each other: 1 female bee with 3 female parasites= 3 parasites= 3 females. lmale, 6 female bees with 2 female parasites=14 parasites= 14 females. 23 males, 17 female bees with 1 female parasite =40 parasites= 40 females. 7 males, 37 female bees with 1 male parasite =44 parasites=44 males. 31 males, 61 female bees with 101 parasites=44 maies, 57 females. 43.5 per cent of all parasites were males. 56.5 per cent of all parasites were females. ANDRENA LAPPONICA Zetterstadt. Theobald (1892) gives a few imperfect records of his observations in this species. The collecting was done at St. Leonards-on-Sea, England. In 1887, 105 bees out of 180 taken were parasitized=52.7 per cent: In 1888, 54 bees out of 60 taken were parasitized=90.0 per cent. 24 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following table is based on the collection of 1888: 2 female bees with 3 parasites each= 6 parasites. 3 male, 6 female bees with 2 parasites each=18 parasites. 18 male, 25 female bees with 1 parasite each=43 parasites. 21 male, 33 female bees with 67 parasites. ANDRENA NIGROZENEA Kirby. Theobald (1892) also gives similar data concerning this species, but does not state the source of his material. He found 1 male, 3 female bees with 3 parasites each=12 parasites. 5 male, 3 female bees with 2 parasites each=16 parasites. 12 male, 16 female bees with 1 parasite each=28 parasites. 18 male, 22 female=40 bees with 56 parasites. ANDRENA OVINA Klug (PRATENSIS Nylander). Friese (1883) made numerous records on the parasitism of Andrena pratensis. His records tabulated are as follows: Parasites. October 9: 2female bees with 1 male = 2 males = December 11: lmale bee with 1 male = 1 male = i December 11: lmale bee with 1 female = 1 female = 1 December 14: 2 female bees with 1 male = 2 males = December 14: 2 male bees with 2 males = 4 males = 4 December 14: 1 female, 1 male bee with 1 female = 2 females= 2 December 14: 1 female bee with1 male, 1 female = 1 male, 1 female = 2 February 26: 2female, 3 male bees with 1 male = 5 males = 5 5 female, 5 male bees with 1 female = 10 females=10 lfemale, 2 male bees with 2 females= 6 females= 6 2 female bees with 1 male, 1 female = 2 males, 2 females= 4 1 female bee with 2 males, 1 female = 2 males, 1 female = 3 17 female, 15 male=32 bees with 19 males, 23 females=42 In other words, the 15 male bees contained 19 parasites and the 17 female bees contained 23 parasites; 6 male and 6 female bees con- tained males only, 9 males and 7 female bees contained females only, while 4 female bees contained both sexes. ANDRENA TIBIALIS (ATRICEPS) Kirby. Enock (1875) on April 5 and 6 took, on Hampstead Heath, England, 45 stylopized and 27 unstylopized specimens of Andrena tibialis (atriceps). His records tabulated are as follows: 1 male bee with 3 females= 3 females= 3 parasites. 1 male bee with 1 male, 2females= 1 male, 2 females=. 3 parasites. 1 male bee with 1 male, 1 female = I male, 1 female = 2 parasites. 1 female, 6 male bees with 2 females= 14 females=14 parasites. 2 male bees with 2 males, = 4 males = 4 parasites. 6 female, 14 male bees with 1 female = 20 females=20 parasites. 1 female, 12 male bees with 1 male =13 males =13 parasites. 8 female, 37 male=45 bees with 19 males, 40 females=59 parasites. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. rhe TETIGONIA, species. Perkins (1905) cites a pair in copula taken in Hawaii, of which the male bore 2 male pup and 2 females, and the female bore 3 or 4 parasites. The foregoing data may be summarized as follows: Sex of hosts. Polistes annularis (Pierce, October), 1,553 wasps; 84.4 per cent males, 15.6 per cent females. Polistes annularis (Barber, December), 35 wasps; 100 per cent females. Polistes annularis (McAtee, November), 105 wasps, 9.5 per cent males, 90.5 per cent females. Polistes, new species (Crawford, September), 216 wasps; 26 per cent males, 74 per cent females. . Polistes, new species (Cushman, October), 28 wasps; 82.2 per cent males, 17.8 per cent females. _ Polistes metricus (Austin), 50 wasps; 28 per cent males, 72 per cent females. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce), 266 bees; 56.7 per cent males, 43.3 per cent females. Sex of parasitized hosts. Polistes annularis (Pierce, October), 266 parasitized; 97.3 per cent males, 2.7 per cent females. , Polistes annularis (Hooker, December), 6 parasitized; 100 per cent females. Polistes annularis (McAtee, November), 6 parasitized; 100 per cent females. Polistes, new species (Crawford, September), 6 parasitized; 66.6 per cent males, 33.4 per cent females. Polistes pallipes (Bowditch), 10 parasitized; 40 per cent males, 60 per cent females. Polistes pallipes (Dury), 14 parasitized; 28.5 per cent males, 71.5 per cent females. Polistes metricus (Austin), 9 parasitized; 22.2 per cent males, 77.8 per cent females. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce), 92 parasitized; 33.6 per cent males, 66.4 per cent females. Andrena lapponica (Theobald), 54 parasitized; 38.8 per cent males, 61.2 per cent females. Andrena nigroxnea (Theobald), 40 parasitized; 45 per cent males, 55 per cent females. Andrena pratensis (Kriese), 32 parasitized; 46.8 per cent males, 53.2 per cent females. Andrena tibialis (Enock), 45 parasitized; 82.2 per cent males, 17.8 per cent females: Parasitism of male hosts. Polistes annularis (Pierce), 1,311 males; 19.7 per cent parasitized. Polistes, new species (Crawford), 56 males; 7.1 per cent parasitized. Polistes, new species (Cushman), 23 males; 4.3 per cent parasitized. Polistes metricus (Austin), 14 males; 14.2 per cent parasitized. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce) 151 males; 20.6 per cent parasitized. Parasitism of female hosts. Polistes annularis (Pierce), 242 females; 2.8 per cent parasitized. Polistes annularis (Barber), 35 females; 5.7 per cent parasitized. Polistes annularis (McAtee), 95 females; 6.3 per cent parasitized. Polistes, new species (Crawford), 160 females; 1.2 per cent parasitized. Polistes metricus (Austin), 36 females; 19.4 per cent parasitized. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce), 115 females; 53.1 per cent parasitized. 26 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Percentage of parasitism according to species. Polistes annularis (Pierce), 1,553 wasps; 17.2 per cent parasitized. Polistes annularis (Hay), 54 wasps; 7.4 per cent parasitized. Polistes annularis (Barber), 35 wasps; 5.7 per cent parasitized. Polistes annularis (McAtee), 105 wasps; 5.7 per cent parasitized. Polistes new species (Crawford), 216 wasps; 2.7 per cent parasitized. Polistes, new species (Cushman), 28 wasps; 3.5 per cent parasitized. Polistes metricus (Austin), 50 wasps; 18 per cent parasitized.” Polistes tecanus (Skinner), 144 wasps; 23.6 per cent parasitized. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce), 266 bees; 34.6 per cent parasitized. Andrena lapponica (Theobald, 1887), 180 bees; 52.7 per cent parasitized. Andrena lapponica (Theobald, 1888), 60 bees; 90 per cent parasitized. Sex of parasites. Polistes annularis (Pierce, October), 470 parasites; 65.1 per cent males, 34.9 per cent females. Polistes annularis (Hooker, December), 17 parasites; 47 per cent males, 53 per cent . females. ; Polistes annularis (McAtee, November); 20 per cent males, 80 per cent females. Polistes annularis (Brues, July), 94 parasites; 96.7 per cent males, 3.3 per cent females. Polistes annularis (Brues, October), 125 parasites; 64.8 per cent males, 35.2 per cent females. Polistes gallicus (Rosenhauer), 125 parasites; 64.8 per cent males, 35.2 per cent females. Polistes pallipes (Bowditch, September), 30 parasites; 86.6 per cent males, 13.4 per cent females. Polistes pallipes (Dury), 38 parasites; 94.7 per cent males, 5.3 per cent females. — Prosopis, species (Saunders), 49 parasites; 65.3 per cent males, 34.7 per cent females. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce, May), 101 parasites; 43.5 per cent males, 56.5 per cent females. Andrena pratensis (Friese), 42 parasites; 45.2 per cent males, 54.8 per cent females. Andrena tibialis (Enock, April), 59 parasites; 32.2 per cent males, 67.8 per cent females. Maximum parasitism per individual. Polistes annularis (Pierce), 1 male wasp with 15 male parasites. Polistes annularis (Hooker), 1 male wasp with 3 male, 3 female parasites. Polistes annularis (Brues), 1 wasp larva with 31 larval parasites. Polistes metricus (Austin), 1 female wasp with 7 male parasites. Polistes pallipes (Bowditch), 1 male wasp with 10 male parasites. Polistes pallipes (Dury), 1 female wasp with 9 male parasites. Andrena crawfordi (Pierce), 1 female bee with 3 female parasites. Andrena lapponica (Theobald), 2 female bees with 3 parasites each. Andrena nigroaenea (Theobald), 3 female, 1 male bee with 3 parasites each. Andrena pratensis (Friese), 1 female bee with 2 male, 1 female parasite. Andrena tibialis (Enock), 1 male bee with 3 female parasites. Andrena tibialis (Enock), 1 male bee with 1 male, 2 female parasites. male leafhopper with 2 male, 2 female parasites. T fe . . P ki ? 1 1 { F ; etigonia, species (Perkins), 1 pair female leafhopper with 3 or 4 parasites. In studying these figures, which are gathered under various condi- tions and by different observers, there are certain conclusions which may be drawn with safety. 1. A large series of observations is always necessary in order to draw valid conclusions. Previous statements that wasps could not REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 27 live many days after the exit of the male are now disproven by the hibernation records on Polistes annularis. 2. In most cases the largest percentage of parasitized hosts are females. Only a small percentage of the males of any species have been found parasitized. Parasitism of females sometimes becomes very high—53.1 per cent. The highest percentage of parasitism recorded is 90 per cent for Andrena lapponica. Next to this must come Andrena crawfordi. Of 145 bees taken between April 26, 1906, and May 2, 1906, 81, or 55 per cent, were parasitized, and of the 65 females, 57, or 87 per cent, were parasitized, while only 24, or 30 per cent of the 80 males were affected. The percentage in Andrena lapponica for 1887 is also worthy of note—52.7 per cent of 180 bees. 3. In the majority of cases there are a great many more male than female parasites. The only two exceptions—A. pratensis and A. tubialis—were winter and early spring records. 4. Male parasites were found in all parts of the hosts’ abdomen except the ultimate or genital segments. Female parasites seldom occur before the fourth segment, although they are sometimes . found in the third. The third segment is the normal location of the males, and the fifth the normal location of the females. A parasite will find exit any place around the periphery of a segment where it can get sufficient room. According to Perkins (1905) this does not hold in the case of Homopterous hosts. 5. Both sexes of parasites are often found together in the same individual. 6. A host will nourish as many parasites as can find room in its body. The largest number of larval parasites found in a host is 31, while the largest number of male pup found exserted from the body of a host is 15. The host in this case (P. annularis) lived several days; it was taken with the nest or may have hatched after the nest was captured. Mr. Bowditch took a male P. pallipes in the field, bearing 10 male pupx, and Mr. Dury took a female bearing 9 pupe, which was so feeble that it could hardly move around. The latter also took a wasp in the field from which 5 males had emerged. 2. EFFECTS OF PARASITISM ON THE HOST. 1. Extermination of race or species. Although the parasite lives within the body of the host without actu- ally destroying any of its organs, the latter is extremely disabled by the extraction of its body juices through the absorptive power of the para- site. The result is that the host dies without. being able to reproduce. When conditions are such that the parasites can not readily be transferred from race to race of hosts, or are by conditions con- centrated against the individuals or colonies in a limited locality 28 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the possibility is that the race of host and parasites both will become exterminated, the former for the lack of ability to reproduce, the second because of the extermination of their means of livelihood. Theobald (1892) cites the case of Andrena lapponica, at St. Leonards- on-Sea. The bees were found in four localities, but extremely local in 1886. In 1887 he took 180 specimens of which 105 were sty- lopized. In 1888 they were much scarcer, although the climatic conditions were much the same, and the colonies undisturbed; of 60 specimens taken, 54 were badly attacked. In 1889 a few were taken, and in 1890 they had entirely gone. Although the evidence in this case is strongly in favor of the supposition that the stylops was the cause of the extinction of the colony, it must not be over- looked that perhaps Mr. Theobald and other zealous collectors also contributed greatly to the same end. Only one other definite record of excessive parasitism is on record—that of Polistes texanus collected at Pecos, Texas, by A. E. Brown on September 25, 1901 (Skinner, 1903, a, 6), m which 23 per cent of the wasps were parasitized. Only 17 per cent of the Polistes annularis studied by the author was parasitized. The very recent study of Andrena crawfordi, however, has added another important instance under this heading. The extent of parasitism in this species has been cited in the conclusions just preceding and need not be further considered at this point. It is of course undeniable that certain influences act upon each other in such a manner as to prevent the extermination of a species under ordinary circumstances. In order to explain this fact Marchal (1897 a) imagines a line or curve of numerical evolution for each species of insect. As the curve of the parasite increases it interferes with the corresponding curve of the host, causing a disturbance of the numerical equilibrium of the latter and consequently upsets the equilibrium of the parasite. Unless some external cause stops the downward curve of the two species by partially arresting the develop- ment of the parasite, the two species become extinct. In a state of nature this downward curve may be either checked or not, and hence the rising and falling curves will continue until there cease to be the proper external factors for retarding the downward curve. In other words Marchal wishes to show that the various organisms of nature are mutually dependent and that extraordimary circumstances will cause the extinction of numerous forms by removing some of the elements which naturally operate with or against each other. 2. Loss of vitality by host. It is of course naturally to be expected, at least in cases where several parasites have attacked one individual, that the host should be greatly enfeebled. Hubbard (1892) in writing of Polistes (amer- REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 29 icanus) crinitus, says these wasps, which are active and belligerent, when overburdened with parasites ‘‘were lacking in vitality, and appeared to be on the sick list, as they rarely left the shelter of the nest.’”’ Brues (1903) states that the infested Polistes annularis are not as active as normal individuals but are often seen feeding at flowers. Mr. Dury on August 24, 1905, took a female Polistes pallipes so laden with parasites that it could hardly move. It contained 9 male pupe. Although these observations show a great loss of vitality, it must not be supposed that death occurs quickly in all cases. There are two periods in the biology of the parasites which are particularly erievous to the hosts. One is the period of hatching, when the triungulinids are crawling all over the body of the maternal host; and the other is the period of activity of the male, striving to release itself from its enshrouding envelopes. On a preceding page it has been shown that individuals of Polistes annularis lived between thirteen and sixteen days after the exit of males from their bodies and also were found hibernating thus. Brues (1905) found seven P. annularis in the field with empty puparia. Mr. Dury has kept P. pallipes as long as twenty-one days after the emergence of the parasites. On July 19, 1906 Messrs. Bishopp and Jones took a Polistes rubiginosus with six empty puparia. It is well known that bees usually travel great distances in search of the flowers they are accustomed to visit, the localities convenient for nesting seldom being in close proximity to the flowers. Hence it may be seen that the bees bearing parasites must often have considerable vitality remaining in order to visit the flowers, for in going to and from the flowers they must at one time or the other fly in the face of the wind. When heavily laden with a parasite this would be a rather difficult undertaking. It may be possible that parasitized bees do not return to the vicinity of the nests at night, but remain near the flowers. All parasitized bees taken in North America up to the present time and known to the author have been taken at flowers. In the study of the parasitism of Andrena crawfordi, Mr. Crawford and the writer have made very close observations on all points possible. A diligent search for the nests of this species was made without avail. During April and May this bee is the most common species of the Andrenine bees and the flowers it frequents are the predominant flowers at Dallas, Tex. In past studies it has been found by them that dominant bees generally nest in communities or semi-communities—that is, that the nests are close enough together to be remarked. So far, in spite of very frequent excursions with this object in view no such conditions could be found. The effort was made to ascertain the direction of flight, but this led to nothing. 30 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Two focal points were found around which the highest percentages of parasitism were noted; beyond this no more has yet been worked out. The dominant flower is Sitilias caroliniana; it is everywhere. It opens about 7 a. m., and closes shortly after 9 a. m.; hence the col- lecting was all done between these hours. The flowers open in all kinds of weather and the bees visit them notwithstanding; on clear, sunny days they are very alert and fly easily, being disturbed by the slightest shadow, while on cloudy days they may be approached easily, and on damp, misty, or rainy days they rise with difficulty and fly slowly. It was always noticed that parasitized bees, especially those which had contained males, did not start easily, and were of a heavier flight, as though burdened and unbalanced. 5. Acceleration or retardation of development. Whether the presence of the parasite actually influences the time of development of the host is as yet a matter of some conjecture. Saunders (1850), with regard to Prosopis rubicola bred in 1847, records “those bees which produced parasites being always observed in the imago state before others not parasitically affected,” and in an un- published notation opposite this remark Saunders has added: “In- stance of this precocity exhibited also in the first reared in 1851. Ex- ceptional, however.” The writer has observed, as recorded under the examinations of parasitized Polistes annularis, that the immature wasp larve which remained longest in the nest were unparasitized. These young were probably immune because no female parasite taken showed a suffi- cient development of eggs to have produced triungulinids in time to attack them. Bee In the case of Andrena crawfordi the evidence points decidedly toward acceleration. The first flowers of Sitilias carolimana appeared about April 24; Serinia oppositifolia had been in flower a week longer. On April 26 the first Andrena were taken. On this and the two fol- lowing days 74 bees were collected and 59 or 79 per cent were infested; 68 per cent of the parasites were males, and in only three cases were these stillin the pupa state. After April 28 the per cent of parasitism rapidly decreased. : 4. Alteration of general features. Perez has contributed several very valuable articles on the effects of parasitism in Andrena and the author has established the ground- work of the following paragraphs on his work (Perez, 1886). A few observations by Mr. Crawford have been kept separate and inserted after section 5 (p. 34). a. Abdomen.—In Andrena trimmerana the abdomen becomes sen- sibly shortened and inflated, and more or less globulose. The atten- REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. Sp uation of the posterior segments becomes diminished and the terminal segments of the female become more pointed than normally. The teguments of the abdomen contract irregularly and often fold in dry- ing after death, and assume a scarious appearance (Perez, 1886). On July 3, 1906, at Dallas, Tex., Mr. W. A. Hooker collected a male Leionotus annulatus Say (fig. 1), at Helenwum tenurfolium, containing one female Leionotorenos hookeri Pierce. It seems that in pushing itself out between the segments the parasite completely split the dorsal tergites of segments three, four, and five, and split segment two half- way to the base. The parasite was located behind segment three. This is the first case known to the author of an actual injury to the body of the host. The accident and subsequent recovery of the host is in itself re- markable, but the most curious part relates to the reparation of the wounded parts. The broken surface of segment two fused solidly to segment three and a portion of segment four, the line of fusion being shown by the difference in the puncturation. The right broken edge of segment three, continuing the fusion with segment two, fused solidly to the left broken edge of segment four, leaving a loose unconnected flap of segment three above. Thus the parasite’s cephalo- thorax protrudes under the ledge formed by fusion of segments three and four and overlaps the right broken piece of the latter segment. Only a small piece of segment five is to be found. The right flap of the terminal segment is greatly developed in comparison to the left. As a consequence fie.1.—Distortep aBpomEN oF Bietne-stranae. fusion the color pattern.is 11ONOsUs ANNUEATUS CONTAIN: ING LEIONOTOXENOS HOOKERI. ereatly jumbled. With the inconsiderable amount of literature at hand, the writer can find only one reference to reparation of chitin. Packard (1898, 30) writes: ‘“‘The reparative nature of chitin is seen in the fact that Ver- hoeff finds that a wound on an adult Carabus, and presumably on other insects, is speedily closed, not merely by a clot of blood but by a new growth of chitin.” This case is remarkable in that the insect recovered from wounds inflicted from within by the struggles of a parasite very nearly filling its abdomen, and inflicted at the time of metamorphosis while the body was still tender. There is no evidence whatever of parasitism causing a loss of vitality in this specimen. It is an interesting case in that it ably illustrates the power of chitin to fuse and protect the body in case of accident. 32 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. b. Head.—In Andrena trimmerana the head of the stylopized individuals is usually smaller than that of normal individuals. This condition is due to the turning of the nutritive elements to the abdomen where they are needed by the parasite (Perez, 1886). c. Color—Dr. W. M. Wheeler has found that parasitized Polistes metricus are much altered in coloration and has in preparation a series of notes on these color changes. Prosopis gibba occasionally exhibits irregular rufous patches on the abdomens of affected in- dividuals (Saunders, 1850). Prosopis rubicola exhibits color change regularly. ‘‘The nymphs of those Hylaei which are likely to pro- duce the pale-colored specimens (fH. versicolor), which prove, as anticipated, to be only a variety of the H. rubicola consequent upon parasitic absorption, may usually be identified within one or two days of their final metamorphosis by assuming a yellow tinge, and may be set apart as certain to produce male parasites’’ (Saunders, 1852). d. Villosity.—According to Perez the villosity of the abdomen of a stylopized Andrena is much more dense, especially on the last seg- ments and its coloration is altered. In general the stylopized bee has the hairs of the last segments, more abundant, longer, more silky, both on the marginal fringes and the disk of the segments, and the color becomes lighter reddish or golden. As examples Perez (1886) cites Andrena piceicornis (stylopized) isolita Dufour, and A. labialis (stylopized) separata Smith. Note Mr. Crawford’s ob- servations on Andrena crawfordi beyond (p. 34). The villosity of the thorax in species having scaly, short, ap- pressed hairs covering the tegument may be altered by the elon- gation and redressing of the scaly hairs and giving them more of the appearance of ordinary hairs. As example Perez cites Andrena aenewentris Moraw. e. Punctuation.—The punctuation becomes finer, more super- ficial and closer, as for instance Andrena trimmerana Kirby, Andrena fulvescens Smith. Note the contrary observation by Mr. Crawford on Andrena crawfordi (p. 34). 5. Alteration of external sexual characters. Secondary sexual characters——a. Color of clypeus.—In the genus Andrena the color of the clypeus in many species is used to distin- guish the two sexes, the males having a yellow or white clypeus while the females have the same black. It was found by Perez (1886) that when these species are parasitized the color of the clypeus tends toward the normal coloration in the opposite sex. To — exemplify this point he cites the following species: A. (variabils) jfimbriata Brullé, A. leucolippa Perez, and A. labialis Kirby. Certain REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCHE. So species were found to vary more readily on certain parts of the face than on other parts. Thus A. decipiens Schenck has the clypeus more frequently colored than the cheeks, and A. (schencki) labiata Schenck has the color more persistent on the cheeks than on the clypeus. Chitty (1902) found a specimen of A. chrysosceles Kirby, in which the clypeus lacked its usual conspicuous white color. In all females of A. bipunctata Cresson seen by the author there have been noticed the presence of yellow markings on the clypeus, which should not normally occur. One female had five yellow spots irregu- larly placed, while two others had a solid irregular blotch of yellow. One female of A. cressona which normally has the clypeus black in that sex had yellow markings. b. The fovea (striga frontalis), which in certain species is charac- teristic of the female only, is found to some extent in the stylopized male and suffers diminution in the stylopized female. Perez cites as examples A. trommerana Kirby and A. nigroaenea Kirby. c. The anal fimbria of the stylopized female sometimes entirely - disappears, or the length and number of hairs is considerably reduced. On the other hand in the male the fifth and sixth segments of stylo- pized individuals sometimes become clad with long hairs so that the _ individual may be mistaken for a female. As exemplary of this change Perez cites Andrena nigroeaenea Kirby. d. In the antenne the relative lengths of the second and third joints of the funicle in the stylopized bee tend toward the characters of the opposite sex. This change is very clearly shown in Andrena trimmerana Kirby by Perez’s figures (1886). e. Organs of work tend to assume the form found in the other sex. The female tibia becomes slender, and less enlarged outwardly; the hairs diminish in development and number; the tibial brush dis- appears. The coxal and metathoracic scopa (howppes) suffer a diminution in number, size, and curve of hairs. The female metatarsal brushes become diminished by the lessening of the strength and num- ber of hairs and the enlargement of the joint is diminished. The males on the contrary sometimes show an enlargement of this joint and a marked developement of the brush, as for instance A. trim- merana Kirby (Perez, 1886). Mr. Crawford also noticed in several stylopized Andrena in the writer’s collection, a diminution in the size of the tibiz, but as no normal specimens were procurable at the time more definite data can not be given at this writing. Note his statement concerning Andrena crawfordi (p. 34). Primary sexual characters.—a. Ovipositor.—In stylopized females the ovipositor becomes shortened. Perez records a female A. af- zeliella convexiuscula with this organ shortened one-third. 34 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. b. In stylopized male bees the copulatory apparatus becomes diminished in length, width, and curvature. c. Stylopized leafhoppers can hardly be determined on account of alterations of the genitalia according to Prof. E. D. Ball. That parasitism does not entirely prohibit copulation is evidenced by several records. Mr. Dury took a female Leionotus foraminatus Saussure, containing a female parasite in the third segment, while in copulation on August 10, 1901, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Perkins (1891) showed that males containing female stylops were ‘‘apparently capable of reproduction.’ He also cites (1905) Piffard as collecting a stylopized male bee copulating, but probably the most conclusive record of all is that of a male Tetigona, “bearing two great male puparia and two mature female parasites, which was in copula with a female carrying three or four parasites.” On April 27, 1906, Mr. Crawford took a male and female Andrena crawford: in copula, each of which bore an empty male puparium. On April 28 he took a pair in which the male was unparasitized and the | female bore two female parasites. On April 30 the author took a pair. in which the male bore a female parasite and the female was unparasitized. Owing to Mr. Crawford’s knowledge of the available characters in Apoidea, the writer has submitted all of his parasitized material to him for examination. The results of Mr. Crawford’s observations upon Andrena crawfordi are given below, and the writer feels it incum- bent upon him to acknowledge the services of Mr. Crawford in this respect and upon this point. 1. Puncturation of abdomen less strong, punctures finer and sparser; especially noted on second segment. 2. In females with male parasites the basal joint of the hind tarsi is narrower, approaching the shape of the corresponding joint of the male tarsi; this joint not noticeably narrowed in female with female parasites. 3. Scopa of parasitized female thinner, plumosity shorter, not so silky. 4. Out of 6 males with male parasites 2 show the second transverse cubital gone in both wings; 1 has stubs at each end, however, in right wing; 1 has the first transverse cubital slightly interrupted in both wings. Out of about 110 nonparasitized males none show any variation. 5. Out of 38 females with male parasites 1 has the left wing with 3 submarginals, the right wing with 2 submarginals; 1 has 2 sub- marginals in both ties but right wing with a stub of the nervure; 1 has first transverse cubital of the left wing one-half gone; 45 non- parasitized females show no variation. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 30 None of the other salient alterations found by Perez could be ex- pected in this species because of the close resemblance of the two sexes. Andrena crawfordi is a very generalized bee. The left wing of the only parasitized specimen of Andrena advarians in the writer’s collection has a spurious nervure in the third discoidal cell. Whether due to parasitism or not, such an aberration is of interest. The results of wing examination in Andrena crawfordi would lend credence to the assumption that parasitism does affect the tracheation of the wings. A larger series is necessary to prove this point. Mr. Crawford has furnished the following list of Andrena which are known to lack the second transverse cubital vein at times. It would be interesting to know whether parasitism was invariably the cause. Andrena arabis Robertson. crawfordi Viereck.—A known stylopized species. geranit Robertson. 5 illinoiensis Robertson.—A known stylopized species. platyparia Robertson. Opandrena bipunctata Cresson.—A known stylopized species. personata Robertson. robertsonit Dalla Torre.—A known stylopized species. Pterandrena asteris Robertson. kriguana Robertson. _ solidaginis Robertson.—A known stylopized species. Trachandrena clayton Robertson.—A known stylopized species. forbesia Robertson. hippotes Robertson.—A known stylopized species. 6. Synonymy due to stylopization. Stylopization may so change a species that it can not be identified unless one understands the direction of the changes under such con- ditions. A stylopized male or female is a male recovering the char- acters of the female, or a female borrowing the attributes of the male (Perez, 1886). Notable examples of forms based on stylopized individuals are: Andrena afzeliella (stylopized) convexiuscula Kirby. Andrena nigroenea (stylopized) aprilina Smith. Andrena, sp.? (stylopized) picicrus Schenck. Andrena solidula (stylopized) junonia Viereck. Andrena subtilis (stylopized) angustitarsata Viereck. Andrena tibialis (stylopized) mouffetella Kirby. Andrena trimmerana (stylopized) picicornis Kirby. Andrena trimmerana (stylopized) picipes Kirby. Prosopis rubicola (stylopized) versicolor Saunders. It is very probable that most of the complicated synonomy in Andrena in Europe is due to stylopization. 36 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Two of the above instances are on the initiative of the writer with the support of Mr. Viereck, the describer. The latter stated (Viereck, 1904, 222) concerning his Andrena junonia— This may be solidula altered by Stylops. ; The species were separated thus: Face with ochreous hairs; first recurrent nervure received beyond the middle of the second submarginal cell; pleura with pale pubescence—solidula. Face with ochreous hairs; first recurrent nervure received before the middle of the second submarginal cell; pleura with pale pubescence—junonia. Both junonia and solidula are parasitized by Stylops solidule. Andrena angustitarsata was described thus: ? 9mm. Pubescence ochreous; fovea ochreous. This is a stylopized specimen and may be an aborted A. subtilis, the abortion due to the presence of the stylops. The species is separated from subtilis as follows: 2 Metatarsus of posterior legs one-half as wide as the tibize at apex; inclosure smooth; abdomen indistinctly fasciate—angustitarsata. Metatarsus of posterior legs more than one-half as wide as the tibiz at apex; inclosure smooth; abdomen fasciate; clypeus indistinctly punctured, dull, pubescence sparse— subtilis (Viereck, 1904-1906). Several interesting points in nomenclature have been worked out, among which probably the most interesting is as follows: Andrena convexiuscula and Andrena afzeliella were both described by Kirby on the same page, the former being placed first. Smith (1855, 103) found that convexiuscula was a form entirely due to par- asitism and only existed as parasitized individuals, which according to Perez (1886) are usually unable to reproduce. Perez found that afzeliella is the normal, unparasitized form of the same species, although certain unmodified individuals were found parasitized. He therefore wrote the species Andrena afzeliella convexiuscula Kirby (Perez, 1886). Dalla Torre (1896), following a strict interpretation of the rules of priority, wrote the species Andrena convexiuscula (stylop.) afzeliella Kirby in which he incorrectly stated the case. Alfken on the other hand in 1899 reversed the matter and restored Perez’s manner of naming it. In order to be certain on this matter the writer placed the question before Dr. C. W. Stiles, who decided that the first decision, that of Perez, should stand. In the list of hosts in the genus Andrena several forms of nomen- ae will be noted: . ““Andrena bicolor Fabr. form gwynana, K. (estival),” indicating me the two generations of this species are OSL aE and have ee different names. 2. “Andrena afzeliella K.,” indicating a typical species. “Andrena afzeliella K. (stylop.) convextuscula K.,” indicating a form due entirely to stylopization. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 37 4. “Andrena afzeliella fuscata K.,”’ indicating a normal variation. 5. ‘‘Andrena tibialis K. (atriceps K.),’ indicating a synonym which has been used in the literature on the subject. 7. Injury to internal organs. a. Alimentary system.—Newport (1851) found in Andrena trim- merana Kirby the intestine of a parasitized bee to be almost entirely empty and thrust out of its usual position. b. Nervous system.—The same entomologist found the ganglia of the abdominal portion of the nervous cord to have been atrophied and smaller than usual. c. Respiratory system.—Newport likewise found the organs of res- piration to be small and imperfectly developed, and retaining more the tracheal condition of the bee larva than that of the adult msect, the vesicles being few and imperfect. d. Secretion.—Newport found the secretory tubes and poison glands reduced. Saunders (1850) writes as follows of Prosopis rubicola Saunders: Having noticed two pup exhibiting on the right side only, the dark markings which usually precede the development of the bee, I found, on their pupa-pellicles being discarded the next day, that strepsipterous parasites ready to burst forth, had become conspicuously prominent on the opposite side, where their hitherto concealed presence would seem to have had the effect of exhausting the ordinary secretions within. e. Reproduction.—As a result of stylopization an arrest to the de- velopment occurs, effecting an atrophy of the ovary. In stylopized females the largest eggs are smaller than their vitellogenous cells, but the contents of the cells are unchanged. A parasitized female with pollen on its brush showed the external signs of parasitism and likewise had the eggs very far from development. Perez found such conditions in Andrena flesse Panzer, A. labialis Kirby, A. decipiens Smith, A. ranunculi Perez. 8. Effects upon normal functions. Perez has pointed out that before afemale becomes conscious of its functional duties, incident to the development of eggs, it will not perform any of its usual functions, and that in cases where the devel- opment of the ovary is arrested there is seldom any attempt to carry pollen, or build, or furnish nests. The case of the bee just cited may possibly be an exception, but the writer finds that a great many of the females of Andrena crawfordi which are parasitized have consid- erable pollen on their legs: 84359—Bull. 66—09——-4 88 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 9. Effects subsequent to exit of male. The exit of the male does not necessarily premise death to the host, as has been shown in a previous paragraph. There are, however, external conditions which take advantage of the cavity left by the male and cause death. Brues (1903) believes that a drying of the viscera is incident to the escape of the male because of the admission of air through the often broken pupal envelope. Perkins (1905) asserts that the leafhoppers generally die within a few hours or days after the exit of the male parasite and attributes this to drying and the access of light. He holds that insects parasitized by males are weaker than those containing females,so they are probably even more sus- ceptible on this account. An after effect recorded only by Perkins is that of fungus attack, regarding which he says: Again in the case of leaf-hoppers, at least at certain seasons, no sooner does the male parasite emerge than a fungous disease at once starts its attack in the opening thus made, the results of which are absolutely deadly. Sometimes, but much more rarely, one will find the fungus has developed at the point of protrusion of the female parasites. This fungus disease seems to be a constant’ concomitant of stylopid attack on leaf- - hoppers, both in America, Australia, and Fiji. The records under Polistes annularis indicate a strong possibility that some wasps from which a male parasite has escaped can success- fully pass through hibernation. 5. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HOST CONDITIONS UPON THE PARASITES. This section is somewhat difficult of treatment, as but few instances can be found upon which to base the discussion. 1. The parasites are dependent upon light in effecting their freedom. Saunders (1850) writes: So long as the Hylxi remained in the dark the parasites, deprived of those external influences which under ordinary circumstances would serve to stimulate their dor- mant energies, made no attempt to abandon their pupa tenements; as an incentive to which light appears to be absolutely essential in.order that their perceptions may be awakened to an intuitive consciousness of the bees having quitted their cells. 2. The death of the host does not occasion the death of a male parasite in the pupa stage. Saunders (1852) found an Hylechthrus alive five days after the death of the bee. Regarding this record a manuscript note by him in the author’s personal copy reads: Produced in 1851 from a dead Hylzus on placing merely in the window, under the influence of a strong light, but without additional warmth from the sun. Mr. Dury hatched a male Ophthalmochlus duryi from Priononyx atrata on August 19, at Cincinnati, Ohio, three days after the death of the host. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 39 3. The enmity of ferocious hosts may result in the death of some males, as is evidenced by Hubbard’s records of Polistes (americanus) crimitus. 4. An accidental event was noted by Mr. Dury of a male breaking its pupa-case and emerging into the body cavity of the host, where it died. 5. Fungus attack, in the case of Homoptera, following the exit of a male parasite means death to the remaining parasites. 6. Perez noted a case of the exclusion of a parasite, which had forced its cephalothorax through the pellicle of the pupa at the time of transformation. 7. The sex of the host in a measure determines the mortality of the parasites. In the case of Polistes at least the males do not hibernate, while a fair per cent of the females do. By a glance at the paragraphs on extent of parasitism it will be noted that in the autumn the greatest per cent of the parasites were found in the male hosts and that not more than 1 per cent of the female parasites could be expected to exist through the winter, as only such hosts as contained females alone can as a rule stand the rigor of the winter season. (See Polistes annularis on pp. 17-20.) 4, BIOLOGY OF THE HOST AS INFLUENCING THE BIOLOGY OF THE PARASITE. 1. Biology of the host. a. In order to invite attack the host must be in the larval state as demonstrated by Saunders (1852) with Polistes larve. b. The development of host and parasite is generally parallel, the exsertion of the puparium of the parasite occurring very shortly after maturity, and being followed in a few days by the exit of the adult. This point will be discussed more fully under the biology of the male parasite. In Homoptera, however, the reverse may often occur. Perkins (1905) writes: In the case of the Halictophaginee we found only mature leaf-hoppers to contain mature female parasites and puparia, but in the case of Hlenchus tenuicornis the nymph or adult delphacids will alike produce mature parasites of either sex. 2. Social economy of hosts. The economy of the parasites is directly related to the economy of the hosts. It issomewhat remarkable that among the latter are found very nearly all of the important conditions of social economy known among insects. As the general subject falls under several distinct heads, the exact bearing on the present problem may be better shown by so dividing the discussion. a. Interrelationship of hosts.—Gregarious insects—Very little is known of the parasitism in the Grylotalpide and Scutellaride, but 40 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. our knowledge of the elenchid and halictophagid parasites of the Homoptera is constantly on the increase, thanks to the zeal of Mr. Koebele and Mr. Perkins. The Homoptera may very truly be said to be gregarious, for, to quote Osborn and Ball (1897), there are ‘‘numer- ous species of Jasside which swarm, often by millions to the acre, upon various species of grass.”’ Under such conditions the minute tri- ungulinids swarming over the grass should have little difficulty in reaching a host, and males should have but a slight distance to travel in order to find a female. Solitary insects.—Under this grouping fall all of the Sphecoidea, the Eumenide, and all of the Apoidea except Halictus, which are listed as hosts. The Sphecoidea include ground dwellers and mud daubers, among which the bembecids often dwell in large communities. The writer has observed only two such communities at Lincoln, Nebraska; but Hartman (1905) writes: Microbembex and Bembex are both common in the sandy woods, where they often form large mixed colonies, building their nests side by side in great numbers. When a novice first comes upon one of these populous colonies on mid-day, when business is at its height, he is bewildered by the great number of wasps engaged in the general hub- bub around the many holes that riddle the ground. The Sphecide are not communal, being somewhat averse to socia- bility. Hartman (1905) recalls a fierce combat of two Ammophila which happened to dig their nests near each other. The nests of Sphea (Ammophila), Chlorion (Sphex) and Priononyx are dug in the — ground, the parents being very particular as to the location. But one egg is laid in a hole. Sceliphron (Pelopeus) is a mud dauber and builds several cells adjacent to each other. The Eumedide are solitary workers, constructing a series of loose cells at the base of grass clumps, constructing tubes in holes in wood, in stems of plants, or cementing neat little pots on twigs. Among the Apoidea a great diversity of nesting habit occurs. As far as the writer knows, Panurginus, though dwelling in the ground, (Pierce, 1904) is not communal in habit. Halictoides, Andrena, and Halictus are ground dwellers. Mr. Crawford has found large numbers of Andrena pulchella and Halictoides marginatus dwelling in one com- munity at Lincoln, Nebraska. Halictus is also found often in com- munities. Prosopis nests in galls and constructs galleries in briars. Among these solitary insects may be noted two conditions—those that are strictly solitary and those that are semisocial, and live in communities. It may be surmised without much doubt that under the latter condition it is easier for male parasites to find females, since the hosts are generally in swarms. Likewise triungulinids from feeble hosts can more readily reach new hosts in acommunity than where the hosts are widely separated. Halictus is really semi- social, as several females use the same hole. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 41 Social insects —The remainder of the vespoid hosts fall under this category. They build large nests and observe a division of labor. Triungulinids may with ease pass from their maternal host to the cell of a new larva. Fertilization of the parasites probably takes place among the swarm at the nest. Here also fall the formicid hosts, which practice division of labor in subterranean nests. Since little is known of the parasitism of ants, the discussion can go no farther. b. Food habits of adult hosts.—S permophagous insects.—Among the seed-eating insects may be noted only the ants. As the transfer of the triungulinids probably occurs on the ground or in the nests no signifi- cance is noticed in the food habit. Predaceous insects.—The ants belong also under the head of pre- daceous insects. Here also may be classed all of the Sphecoidea and the Eumenide. These wasps are all philotropic and will be more fully discussed under that heading. Herbiworous «nsects—This group includes the Gryllotalpide, Scutellaride, and Homoptera. Apropos of the Homoptera, Osborn and Ball (1897) write: The species of Jasside have, as arule, a decided limitation as to food plant, usually holding closely to one species of plant, almost invariably limited to one plant for breed- ing, but feeding more indiscriminately in mature stages. - This statement may be applied to most, if not all, of the homop- terous hosts thus far recorded. It may be readily seen that where an insect is confined to certain definite food plants the transfer of triun- eulinids can be much more easily accomplished than where the hosts are indiscriminate feeders. Philotropic insects —The majority of the hosts known are flower frequenters, and as such are classed as oligotropic when visiting a single species, genus, or family of flowers, and polytropic when visitmg many genera or families of flowers. It is very reasonable to infer that the most ordinary method of transfer of triungulinids takes place at flowers, because of the analogous forms of strepsipterous and rhipi- phorid triungulinids. Most of the wasps are flower visitors, because they may quench their thirst in the nectarine liquids. They are con- sequently polytropic; but the bees are more highly developed and often specially adapted for particular flowers, hence many of them are oligotropic. In this connection the following table may be introduced, giving the range, season, and flower records of the most important hosts of Stylops in North America. The list’ is compiled from the writings of Charles Robertson, Sigmund Graenicher, T. D. A. Cocker- ell, and Henry L. Viereck, and from records of J. C. Crawford, and host records in possession of the writer, referred to at numerous places in the text. The species are arranged according to season. 42 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus Andrena sg. Arie. Genus Stylops. Range. Season. Flowers. hartfordensis Cock- | hartfordensis | Wisconsin, Con-| Mar. 27 to | Angelica, Symphoricarpos, erell. Pierce. necticut,Georgia.| June 2. | Taraxacum, Thaspiwm, Vagnera, Viburnum. illinoiensis Robert- | brumeri Pierce ...-. Washington, Ne-} Apr. 2 to | Amelanchier, Erigenia, Ge- son. braska, Wiscon- May 7. ranium, Salix, Stellaria. sin, Illinois. vicina Smith....... vicine Pierce...... British Columbia, | Apr. 15 to | Caltha, Erythronium, Pru- Washington, June 18. nus, Ribes, Rosa, Saliz, Oregon, New Sanguinaria. Mexico, Wiscon- sin, Massachu- setts, Connecti- cut, New Hamp- shire, Canada. polemonii Robert- | polemonii | Colorado, Illinois..| Apr. 20 to | Polemonium. son. é | Apr. 28 nivalis Smith.....-. graenicheri Pierce..| Wisconsin, Hud- | May 9 to] Cornus, Geranium, Her- son Bay. June 27 acleum, Ribes, Rubus, Thaspium, Vagnera. corni Robertson..-..| cornii Pierce.......| Illinois, Wiscon- | May 27 to} Angelica, Cornus, Rhus, sin. July 9 Rubus, Rosa, Sanicula, Viburnum. multiplicata| multiplicate# | Wisconsin........ May 29 to| Ceanothus, Cornus, Rhus, Cockerell. Pierce. July 30 Spiraea, Symphoricarpos, . Thaspium, Veronica. nubecula Smith. ...| nubeculx# Pierce..-.| Colorado, Ne- | July 26 to Oct. | Aster, Solidago. braska, Illinois, 9. sg. Pterandrena sol- idaginis Robert- son. crawfordi Viereck. sg- Opandrena bi- punctata Cresson. cressonii Robertson. ' robertsonii Dalle Torre. sg. Ptilandrena eri- geniz Robertson. sg. Trachandrena claytoniz Robert- son. New York, New Hampshire, Nova Scotia. Nebraska, Illinois, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania. MOxAss oid iseuces swenki Pierce..... crawfordi Pierce... bipunctate Pierce..| Nebraska, Texas, Wisconsin, Illi- nois, Indiana, New York, Ala- bama. cressoni Pierce.....| Vancouver, Brit- ish Columbia, Oregon, Wis- consin, Illinois, Maine. robertsoni Pierce... .| Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio. claytoniz Pierce. -.-| Illinois, Wisconsin, Georgia. Aug. 22 to Oct. | Aster, Boltonia, Poligonum, THE Apr. 26 to May 23. Apr. 5 to June iW fs Apr. 5 to July 5. Acer, Solidago. Sitilias, Serinea, Lindheim- era, Engelmannia. Amelanchier, Angelica, Claytonia, Cornus, Cra- tzgus, Erigenia, Prunus, Saliz, Staphylea, Stella- ria, Symphoricarpos, Vi- burnum, Zanthorylum. Amelanchier, Clay- tonia, Cornus, Geranium, Heracleum, Hydrophyl- lum, Pastinaca, Pimpi- nella, Polytenia, Prunus, Salix, Sanicula, Stellaria, Vagnera, Zanthorylum, Zizia. June 26toJuly| Ceanothus, Krigia, Rhus. 16. Illinois, Wisconsin.| Mar. 26 to May 14. Mar. 21 to June 4. Amelanchier, Claytonia, Erigenia, Hydro- phyllum. Antennaria, Cercis, Claytonia, Herac- leum, Salix, Zizia. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 438 Genus Andrena sg. Airenn: Genus Stylops. Range. Season. Flowers. salicifloris Cockerell.| salicifloris Pierce . .| Vancouver, Brit- Apr. 4to June | Ribes, Salix. | ish Columbia, 3. Washington. hippotes Robertson.| hippotes Pierce..... Washington, Ore- | Apr.21toJune| Angelica, Celastrus, Saliz, gon, Wisconsin, 26. Spirxa, Prunus, Vibur- Illinois, Ohio. num. Since Andrena crawfordi is a new species, and the material belonging to Mr. Crawford and the author is typical, it may be of interest to introduce the records taken to date. Sitilias caroliniana is the typical flower. During 1905 none were collected on anything else. During 1906 104 male bees and 100 female bees were taken at this flower; 9 male bees and 9 female bees were taken at Serinea oppositifolia; 34 male bees and 5 parasitized female bees were taken at Lindheimera texana, 3 male bees at Engelmanma pinnatfida, and 1 male at a species of Aplopappus. A few characteristics have been provisionally set down for the divisions of the old genus Andrena, some of which may be of interest. Ptilandrena is supposed to be generally oligotropic and vernal; Opan- drena and Trachandrena are vernal; Andrena is vernal with the exception of A. nubecula; Pterandrena is autumnal with a few excep- tions. Pterandrena and Opandrena are characterized by yellow face markings in the males, and hence here are to be found those species which will show color variation on the clypeus of parasitized indi- viduals. By vernal is meant that the bees finish their flight before July 30. c. Food habits of vmmature hosts.—The manner of feeding the young or of starting them into life has a very direct bearing on the economy of the parasites. For purposes of convenience this subject is divided into three groups. Autophagous larve.—Those larve which are entirely self-feeding and not dependent upon the parent for more than the deposition of the egg in a proper place may be known as autophagous (from aJzé¢ = self + days = to feed). The homopterous, heteropterous, and orthopterous hosts are all autophagous, and furthermore are open-air feeders, thus enabling the triungulinids to attack them at any time during their larval period. Chilophagous larvex.—Those young which feed upon stored up or foraged provisions are here designated as chilophagous (from yzdo¢ = forage + days = to feed). Under this group may be placed the Sphecoidea with the exception of some Bembecide, and the Apoidea. All hosts which store food for their young, that is trophapothetic insects (from teod7 = food + dzddeocec = storing), which seal the 44 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. nests up as soon as sufficient food is stored for the nourishment of the larva, belong under this grouping. It is needless to say that in such cases there is but the brief period of about a day during which the triungulinids may reach their prospective hosts, and that they must in some cases wait several days for the host larva to leave the egg stage. When the hosts are predaceous the chances are that they seldom visit flowers during the nest building period, and it may be necessary for a triungulinid to remain for days on a flower or on a secondary host while it awaits an adventitious moment for furthering its search of a permanent host. When the hosts are pollen-gatherers it is probable that multitudes of triangulinids may be swarming over the nest builders awaiting an opportunity to settle in newly made nests. Heterophagous larve.—Those young which require to be fed by - others have been called heterophagous (from ¢reo0c = another + days = to feed). Under this grouping belong the Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Bembex and Monedula in the Bembecide. Concern- ing these latter genera, Hartman (1905, 25) writes that ‘‘ Microbem- bex, contenting herself with any insect she finds, has an advantage over Bembex, her nearest relative, and Monedula, both of which feed their larve from day to day.’”? Peckham and Peckham in ‘‘The Soli- tary Wasps,’ page 67, corroborate this statement, but Hartman shows (1905) that Bembex belfragei after storing the hole closes it up. As these larve are accessible to triungulinids throughout this period of their existence it is reasonable to expect that parasitism among them should reach a very high percentage. d. Life cycle of hosts —Homoptera.—Concerning the leaf hoppers, Osborn and Ball (1897, 613) state that: There is a wide difference in life histories, some having one brood, the majority of the grassfeeding species two, and still others three in a season, and the successive stages occurring at widely different times. Except in the case of adult hibernation the ordinary life of a brood of adults does not exceed two months, and for the individuals of a brood rarely over one. The males appear a week or ten days before the females and disappear as much earlier. In general one brood of adults will have disappeared before the larvee of the next have matured, so that individuals collected at any time may be referred with assur- ance to a particular brood. This summary is very useful, as it indicates in a few words the exigencies of parasitic life among the Elenchide and Halictopha- gide. There must be one to several broods of parasites, according to the number in the host species. It is probable that adult fer- tilized females hibernate in adult hosts. The period between broods must be bridged by the triungulinids in waiting unless an alternation of hosts takes place. Systematic studies'do not at present support the theory of alternation of hosts. The epoch of parturition must be rapid. © REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 45 The other prominent conditions of host biology may be best glanced over by quoting four paragraphs from Saunders (1850), in which he discusses the bearing on the parasites. Polistes.— It is well known that among wasps neuters alone are produced up to a certain period, upon which the duty subsequently devolves of preparing the cells set apart for females; and the Xenos being essentially dependent upon the hibernation of the latter the female parasite of the preceding year must either await the occasion when the cells of the female wasps are so prepared for the reception of ova, or otherwise, transmitting her posterity to these females through the intermedium of neuters in the first instance, the Xenos would thus prove to be double-brooded. The statistics previously quoted concerning parasitism of Polistes annularis would amply bear out this conclusion, or rather that there is almost continuous breeding of the parasites throughout the summer. Under the peculiar embryogenous and metamorphotic conditions affecting the con- tinuations of the species it is manifest that these parasites could not perpetuate their existence in company with the social Vespidve unless the epoch of parturition were thus protracted until the following year, so as to enable them to transfer their hexapod progeny to the succeeding colony of wasps. This conclusion is proven by the breeding of male parasites from Polistes annularis in October and the fact that all of the fall female parasites were but just mature and that the eggs had just begun to form. Male parasites are probably rarely carried through the winter on account of the unusual debilitating influences felt by the hosts bearing them. Andrena.— In the case of Stylops, * * * the necessity exists for the rapid development of the ova, the Andrenz enjoying but a limited term of existence at large, and it being therefore essential that within the brief period of a few weeks the female para- site should fulfill the part assigned her and the young hexapods be ready to occupy their appointed stations in the larva cells of the bee, soon about to be closed. In the case of Andrena hibernation is probably mainly in the im- mature stage in both host and parasite. Proso pis.— A corresponding urgency is imposed upon these parasites on Hylexus, although the larva state of the latter continuing throughout the winter and spring involves the necessity of a suitable conformity of habit in the parasite. BIOLOGY OF THE PARASITE. FERTILIZATION. The differentiation of sexes in this order renders the subject of biology one of great interest. The helpless female must lie motionless in the body of its host with only the cephalothorax protruding and await the coming of the active, nervous male. That the female must be fereliced can hardly be doubted, and yet the nature of the act and the fact itself has been but slightly proven. 46 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Saunders (1850) states that the presence of eggs has never ‘‘been detected in any vermiform strepsipterous insect obtained from a bee or wasp not taken at large.’ In 1852 Saunders records having placed a Prosopis rubicola Saunders bearing a female which had just trans- formed with a male Hylechthrus rubi Saunders on June 25, and that the male took no notice of the female. On the 26th the experiment was tried with other males without result. On the 27th it was placed with a male which had just quitted its pupa case, the latter imme- diately settling ‘‘upon the abdomen of the bee, quivering his expanded wings, while recurving the abdomen considerably in the direction of his secluded partner, and returning on several occasions to repeat the process.”” Sagemehl (1882) took a male stylops in copulation on Andrena parvula Kirby. When Mr. Crawford collected the unique male of Crawfordia pul- vinipes Pierce he did so by accident. He had just bottled a Panur- ginus which was new to him, and on looking at it in the tube he noticed a commotion on the abdomen. The male parasite was attached to the female in the bee’s body. It was in an erect position, with the head pointing forward. This would indicate that the abdomen was. doubled forward. Fertilization was probably effected by the release of the semina in the brood chamber or in the alimentary canal. The most recent work on the subject has added an interesting observation on this point. Muir, in speaking of the activity of males of Elenchoides perkinsi Pierce (Elenchus tenuicornis Muir not Kirby), writes: If the hopper bears a mature female parasite, the male settles about half an inch away and crawls toward the hopper, vibrating its wings al] the time. This generally disturbs the hopper and it moves off, the Llenchus following till it gets a chance to spring upon its back and attach itself to the female. This action disturbs the hopper and it flicks its abdomen to shake off the parasite. * * * I have never seen the male Elenchus retain its hold of the female for more than six seconds; generally it is attached only two or three seconds. I am unable to say if fecundation takes place during this time, or exactly how copulation takes place; evidently the tip of the abdomen is inserted into the brood chamber. OOGENESIS. This subject has been handled very ably and to considerable length by Brues (1903), and it is therefore only necessary to quote his summary : Qogenesis is peculiar and does not resemble that of other insects. Very small larvee show strings of spherical primitive eggs on each side of the gut. These grow and later break up, giving rise to eggs, each of which consists of a mass of nurse cells bearing a polar cap of cells derived from a primitive egg attached toit. Yolk is formed from the contents of each egg, and when ripe the eggs are scattered about all through the body cavity and lie embedded in the fat body. Maturation seems to occur through the fusion of the second polar body with the pronucleus of the egg. All of the cleav- age cells when formed go to make up the blastoderm, which does not cover the whole REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 47 egg at first and later draws up to one pole to give rise to the rudiment of the germ- band by a rearrangement and multiplication of its cells. Older embryos are of the usual generalized type, although on account of their length they are curled up in the egg in a peculiar manner. The foregoing is the oogenesis of Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce (peckit Brues). Whether this process is the same throughout the order will probably remain for some time a matter for conjecture. LARVIPAROUS REPRODUCTION. There is no possibility of oviposition in this order. The period of parturition is passed in the body of the parent, and the young hexapods reach the open air by passing from the body cavity of the parent into a canal formed between the parent’s skin and its uncast pupal skin, and thence through a slit opening on the ventral or uppermost side of the cephalothorax, between the head and thorax. The young swarm over the parent’s body in immense numbers. Newport (1851) computes that more than 7,000 triungulinids were produced by one female Stylops aterrima Newport in Andrena trim- merana Kirby. The writer (1904) counted 2,252 young of Stylops swenki Pierce (Xenos? species) from Andrena solidaginis Robertson, omitting all consideration of multitudes of undeveloped eggs. These young reach a new host in one way or another, already described, and immediately commence the attack. Saunders (1852) found that Xenos larve became completely buried in the body of Polistes in three hours, and the next day were completely out of sight. METAMORPHOSIS. The discussion of this subject must be confined almost exclusively to Xenos vesparum. After the triungulinid has entered its host it commences a development which involves some of the most inter- esting phenomena known among insects. The campodeoid hexapod grows so rapidly that it soon loses all semblance to its former self and the body grows out of all proportions to the legs. From this point in the biology of these larvae Nassonow (1892 ¢) must receive all of the credit, and reference to his plates will be of much value. The second instar is devoid of legs and scarabzidoid in form. In the first part of this instar the head, three segments of the thorax, and ten segments of the abdomen are distinct and ventrally flattened, the abdominal segments being shorter than the thoracic (Nassonow, 1892 e, pl. 1, fig. 5). During the latter portion of the instar the body becomes cylindrical, and the abdominal segments become as long as the thoracic (Nassonow, 1892 e, pl. 1, fig. 6). From this point the development of the male and female is radically different, and it will be best therefore to compare them in parallel columns. 48 Male. The third instar shows a partial fusion of the first two thoracic segments with the head still separate. Last abdominal segment fused with the preceding, the segment appearing longer and posteriorly narrowed (fig. 13). In the fourth instar the anterior end of the head is more pointed, and the eye- spots are smaller; the segments of the thorax are fused; and the rudiments of the legs become more distinct (fig. 14). In the fifth instar the head and thorax fuse into acone-like cephalothorax, with a distinct ring suture (fig. 15). In the sixth instar the cephalothorax is more differentiated from the abdomen. The anal pore on the tenth and the geni- tal pore on the ninth segments are both distinct (figs. 16, 17). The seventh instar is passed within the skin of the sixth and is really a pupa. The appendages become strongly developed. During this stage the puparium is pushed outwards (figs. 18, 19)., The second or real pupa forms within the skin of the seventh instar. It is essentially similar to the Hymenopterous pupee (fig. 22). The adult male breaks forth from the two pupal skins and thrusts off the cap, or operculum, of the puparium, which was the head of the sixth instar. BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Female. The third instar shows a partial fusion of the first two thoracic segments, with the head still separate. Last abdominal segment fused with the preceding, the segment thus appearing obtuse (fig. 7). In the fourth instar the anterior end of the head is more pointed, the head is shorter, with the eye-spots at the posterior edge; the thorax is differentiated from the abdomen and the segments are fused (fig. 8). In the fifth instar the head fuses with the thorax forming the cephalothorax, but with the suture discernible (fig. 9). In the sixth instar the eyes are not per- ceptible; the cephalothorax is markedly differentiated from the abdomen, flat- tened dorsally, and somewhat widened; the sutures between the segments com- pletely disappear (fig. 10). In the seventh instar the cephalothorax is strongly flattened dorsally, depressed and chitinized. The cephalothorax is exserted at this time (figs. 11, 12). The adult female is closely inclosed by the integument of the preceding instar. ! ALIMENTATION. In various places mention has been made that alimentation is probably by osmosis. All evidence points toward this conclusion, as the internal organs of the host are not injured in any way except by crowding and exhaustion of the juices. or may not play some part in the function. The mouth parts may Osmosis probably occurs equally through all portions of the skin. An important observation by Westwood (1840) calls for more extensive studies in the future. He noticed a cord attaching the base of the abdomen to the integuments of the host and suggested that this was a tube through which food was taken by the parasite. The writer has segs noticed some kind of an attachment in specimens extracted by him. The female of Halictoxenos crawfordt has a long tube evidently arising from the base of the abdomen. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 49 This same tube is evident in other specimens also. In Xenide the attachment seems to be more general and to extend some distance around the base of the abdomen. No definite conclusions may be drawn at this time. BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Although the complete biology of no species besides Xenos ves- parum Nassonow, not Rossi, has been worked out, there are numerous notes which contribute greatly to the biology of the various species. These will be given by species. MYRMECOLAX NIETNERI Westwood. Westwood (1858) quotes John Nietner concerning this species as follows: The only individual hitherto met with was taken by me at an elevation of 3,880 feet in the hills of Ramboddo, Ceylon, in the act of issuing from the abdomen of a neuter of a species of ant, which had ascended a tuft of grass on an extensive pattena, or meadow, the parasite making its exit back to back from the ant. The capture was effected on the rainy afternoon of the 29th April last (1858). This being about the change of the monsoon and the beginning of continued wet weather, I consider the individual taken a late one, feeling certain that so tender an insect could, as a tule, not well make its appearance during a wet and clammy season, but rather during the preceding four months, which are dry and hot. STYLOPS ATERRIMA Friese, not Newport. Friese records this species from Andrena ovina. On December 11 at 6 p. m. a male hatched and was still alive at 8 a. m. on December 14, although dead at noon of this day, thus giving a minimum length of life of 62 hours (Friese, 1883). On February 26, 1882, at Mersebureg, Germany, he took males flying about the Andrena holes between 12 and 12.30 at noon, with the temperature 8° to 9° R. (50° to 52° F.). Concerning this record he says: Die Thiere schwirrten mit der ihnen eigenen flatternden Bewegung an dem gegen kalte Winde geschiitzten Abhange der Andrena-Kolonie in langsamen Fluge hin und her, ohne dass es bei der kurzen Zeit ihres Vorhandenseins zu entdecken war, was ihr Vorhaben war, wenn es sich auch leicht vermuthen liess. STYLOPS CRAWFORDI Pierce. Triungulinids of this species were not taken. Although no adult males were found, male exuvie were taken frequently between April 26, 1906, and May 1, 1906. Male pupz were taken April 27, and 28, 1906, and from one of the two taken on the latter date an adult male was extracted. 50 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The chronology of the collecting of this species is as follows: | : Bese | ened Gal pereereieeles Parasites. nas Date. Male, ‘nate Male. ae aide: fits fies exuviee, nate Total.| Male, cate 1906- | TETAS, = Se nee Oe 0 5 0 rE eee Se 3 3 6} 50 50 Aprilay eee 8 5) 8 5 37 100 1 7| 0: o eu) eaiog 0 Agri ie ee 19'10°86| 12 |-.-34 63 94 2 29| 16) 47) es eais April 30:55. 05h 25 15 BN es 0 26 Ue Se ices Saal 4 4 0 100 May it cose se 20} 12) 4] 9 20 a eee ae 2| 17| 30°) donee keg ete se ee a 18 4 il lene! itt) Breeton rhe 5 5 0} 100 Way Beek opted: 32| 5 4 1 Bil ATs one et eS Os 6 6| o| 100 Way eee ooeeee: 18 if 2 0 rt (10 eae SP ec 2 2 2 0} 100 My erecta eect 1 12 0 0 0 0 pee Cee Seren Cones Cece Eno eoe May 0 bs wee ae Oe es 1 2 9 it he PORE pie a eS 3| . 3°) oneetan May 1: iy nce are 4 1 0 0 0 Oc dle el May.22'5. scecceacr 3 3 0 | 0 0 Oi) oceeewoules cele Seve ee ee Se er Mayes. oa eee Dil eit Oh il 0) By Sele A ASR ee 1 1 0} 100 i STYLOPS DOMINIQUEI Pierce. Dominique records an Andrena flesse at Nantes, France, in April which contained four specimens of this species (Dominique, 1891). STYLOPS MELITTZ Kirby (Champion). Between April 24 and May 5, 1900, and on May 7, 8, 12, and 13, 1899, between 7.30 and 9.30 a. m., in his garden at Woking, England, Champion took males of this species all flying in the hot sun. ‘‘Its white wings and sooty black body, as well as its peculiar rapid hover- ing flight, make it a conspicuous object”? (Champion, 1899, 1900). STYLOPS MELITT# Kirby (Chitty). On May 2, 1900, at Faversham, England, Chitty took a male in his garden (Champion, 1900). About 10 a.m., May 21, 1902, he collected another, and records having found a bee with male exuvium in March. Concerning the flight he says: ‘‘My specimen rose and fell up and down the hedge, its wings never ceasing to vibrate until it was bot- tled.”’ STYLOPS PACKARDI Pierce. On April 29, 1864, at Salem, Massachusetts, Packard took a male flying briskly in company with a stylopized Andrena placida Smith at the flowers of Mezercon. STYLOPS SPENCII Pickering. After keeping specimens of Andrena tibialis (atriceps) for twenty days in a breeding cage Smith (1875) found one that contained a male Stylops which shortly afterwards emerged. Enock (1875) collected REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 51 14 males and 1 female bee at Hampstead Heath, England, on April 6, containing in all 17 male Stylops. The captures were made between 9.40 a.m.and 12.20 p.m. The wind was southwest, the day warm; the sun was out between 10 and 11.30. He gives us the following very interesting note on flight: At a little before half-past 11 I saw something flying in a very peculiar manner over a broom-brush. I captured it with my net. It proved to be a male of Stylops. I think I should know a Stylops on the wing the moment I saw it. Its flight is different to anything else I have ever seen—a very peculiar, unsteady flight, something like an Ephemera, what I should call an uncomfortable flight, up and down, this way and that way, in fact at all angles, not keeping in one direction more than a few inches, perhaps for about 6 or 7. STYLOPS VICINZ Pierce. On June 18 Packard (1864) took at Salem, Massachusetts, a stylop- ized Andrena vicina Smith, from which triungulinids were issuing to the number of 300, according to his estimate. ‘‘In their movements these infinitesimal larvee were very active as they scrambled over the surface of the body of the parent, holding their caudal setz nearly erect.” STYLOPS, species. Smith (1874) recommended searching for stylopized bees between the hours of 9 and 12 in the morning, as according to his experiences the stylops always emerged from the body of the bee on the day on which the latter first quitted its nest, should the day be bright and sunny, and he also mentioned the fact of his never having captured a bee which had a male stylops remaining in its abdomen at a later hour than 12 m. He had himself bred stylops five or six times and had never done so later than the month of April, always having cap- tured the attacked or infested bees early in the day. Saunders (1874) remarked that he had once found a number of bees in the afternoon at dusk, some of which contained male stylops, but that on that oc- casion the morning had been wet and dull, and therefore the bees had probably only just made their appearance. Friese (1906) records capturing male stylops on the wing at Strass- burg, Germany, April, 1888; Bozen, Germany, July 8, 1896; and three individuals at Schwerin, Germany, on May 4, 1885. Thwaites (1841) says: On May 6, ’38, caught a Stylops flying, and on the Tuesday following saw at least twenty flying about in a garden at Kingdown near Bristol, but so high from the ground that.I could capture only about half a dozen. Since that time they have become gradually more scarce, and to-day, May 12, I have not been able to see one. He says further: The little animals are graceful in their flight, taking long sweeps, as if carried along by a gentle breeze, and occasionally hovering at a few inches above the ground. Their term of life seems to be very short, none of those I have captured living above five hours. be BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HYLECHTHRUS RUBI Saunders. Concerning this species Saunders(1852) contributes a very valuable description of the exsertion of the head of the male from Prosopis rubicola versicolor: I have not unfrequently been enabled to detect the eye shades of the parasite before the Hylxus nymph has discarded its pellicle, working to and fro beneath the dorsal tegument; although more conspicuous when the bee first attains the imago form, the head of the parasite being then seen turning from side to side, and steadily pressing all the while upon the rostrum, as the axis about which it revolves, in the ratio of one-eighth of a circle, for the purpose of introducing this between the abdominal folds. Thus when one eye shade advances the other recedes, both being carried deeper below, when the great strain appears to operate upon the upheld rostrum. As soon as the lodgment is effected, this is gradually pushed forward by a continuation of the same process, until sufficiently advanced, the entire operation occupying from one hour in some ‘cases, to two hours in others, and immediately following the ultimate transformation of the bee in its then moist state; after which the parasite remains perfectly motionless. I have sometimes seen parasites thus engaged simultaneously within the same //ylxus; and should the attempt not prove successful, the locality is changed for the segmental division next in succession; or, if foiled again here, the parasite sometimes remounts to the preceding one. These efforts have been con- tinued for upward of an hour after a newly developed imago Hylxus, within which the eyeshades were discerned, had been emersed in spirits, until at length the parasite appeared to have attained the extreme verge of the segmental threshold ere its career was finally arrested. At the moment of protrusion the male head is white except the eye shades, but in a few hours the puparium assumes a light castane- ‘ous hue. The ordinary period for quitting the pupa-case would appear to be the eighth day after the first protrusion. After the first burst, produced apparently by the parasite pressing forcibly against the operculum, the head and shoulders being instantaneously protruded on this falling off, a slight effort suffices to liberate the pseudelytra and first pair of legs; when all these organs idly beating the air and agitating incessantly, much exertion is made to effect a passage for the second pair of legs, where the principal detention occurs; after which a few jerks up and down speedily serve to release the metathorax and abdomen; the imago forthwith winging its flight toward the light. Saunders never succeeded in keeping the males alive beyond the day of exit and rarely more than two or three hours. However, during this brief life they may exert great strength, for one male was seen to draw around the body of its dead host and two other males which later came out. HYLECHTHRUS QUERCUS Saunders. In an unpublished manuscript Saunders estimates the term of gestation at from three to four weeks. He found triungulinids on June 3. HYLECHTHRUS SIEBOLDII Saunders. Saunders records triungulinids on July 5, REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 53 HYLECHTHRUS, species. The males emerged from the pupa case with the dorsal side up. The puparium is oriented in the same manner (S. 8. Saunders, 1852). ACROSCHISMUS BOWDITCHI Pierce. Mr. Dury raised a male from a male host in capitivity ten days on September 16, 1905, at 7 a. m., and on September 22, 1905, one emerged from a male host which had been in captivity two weeks. His records show that 2 males emerged prior to August 24, 4 prior to September 13, 5 prior to September 16, 3 on September 16, 1 on September 22, 2 prior to September 27. He also took 2 male pupx on June 15, and 4 on July 3. ACROSCHISMUS PALLIDUS Brues. The time required for males to reach maturity after the wasp emerged varied from about ten to seventeen days, the pupa cases not being protruded between the abdominal segments until several days after the latter left its pupal cell. Brues (1903) bred 24 males in May. Data were also gathered by the writer concerning the stage of development of this species. On September 23, 241 parasitized wasps were killed by an overdose of anesthetics in collecting the nests. These wasps had 338 parasites, of which 26 had emerged, 76 females were mature, 188 males were in the pupal stage, 40 female larvee and 8 male larve were in the bodies of the hosts. On October 9, 16 dead male parasites and 10 alive males were found in the breeding cage; 9 parasitized wasps were dead, from which 3 males had emerged, and in which were 10 adult females and 25 male pupe. On October 10, 1 male matured; on October 12, 1 male; October 13,3 males. On this last date 5 wasps were dead, from which 8 male parasites had emerged, and in which were 2 adult females and 1 male pupa. On October 14, 3 males matured. On October 16, 2 wasps were dead, from which 3 male parasites had emerged, and in which was 1 female adult. Of the wasps kept alive since September 23, 34 male parasites have emerged, and yet on October 16 all of the wasps which have died have had but 19 empty puparia. On October 27 a final count was made of the dead and alive wasps. Eighteen wasps were dead, from which 21 male parasites had emerged, and which contained 23 adult females and 2 male pupex; 11 para- sitized wasps were still alive, from which 5 male parasites had emerged, and in which were 10 adult females. These wasps lived at least a 84359—Bull. 66—09——5 54 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. week longer (but were not carefully observed). From five, it appears that the male parasites had been out thirteen or fourteen days. A summary now shows that since September 23, 34 parasites emerged, and yet the wasps contained 43 empty puparia, which indicates that the wasps containing 4 of these empty puparia lived thus from before September 23 until about October 9, while those containing the remaining five died between October 9 and October 13, thus showing a possibility of living over sixteen days with an empty puparium in the abdomen. Brues (1905, 293) comments on the remarkable fact that 7 wasps were captured in the field with empty puparia. These data given above should dispel any further doubts as to the ability of the wasps to live after the exit of the parasites. An examination of 2 wasp larve on September 28 showed no par- asites; in 10 wasp pupe but 1 female parasite was found; in 10 teneral adults 2 female parasites were found. It would seem that the parasitized wasps had developed most rapidly, or that the period of triungulinid activity ceased before the last eggs were deposited. An attempt to hatch male parasites from dead wasps failed. Cae 35 aston toa an a 8. Hylechthrus Saunders. 5. Family Xentip# Semenov. Maxillee simple, two-jointed. Scutellum of metathorax pedunculate anteriorly, postlumbium short and trans- verse; cedeagus inflated at basal angle ...............--.....- Xenine Pierce. Scutellum of metathorax not pedunculate anteriorly; postlumbium more than half as long as wide; cedeagus not conspicuously inflated at basal angle. Halictoxenine Pierce. Maxille three-jointea, apparently. Scutellum of metathorax pedunculate anteriorly; postlumbium short and trans- verse (if Westwood saw the mouth parts wrongly this group must become a part RENE PRC TRUER) so lain ann se Me ye emt ns ee Re aie Homilopine Pierce. Scutellum of metathorax not pedunculate anteriorly; postlumbium more than half as long as wide; cedeagus beginning as a narrow tube, then greatly inflated, bent at right angles and produced as a very slender process; (in previous pub- lications the writer interpreted the mouth parts incorrectly to include a third 1h ees | SoS OC aap MIRE een Ma ea, A ge raa el he RE eh Crawfordinx Pierce. Subfamily Xeninz Pierce. Wings having eight primary veins. Wings with two distal detached veins between the radius and medius, and one detached vein between the medius and cubitus; postlumbium very short, transverse and not differing in consistency from the scutellum or postscutellum. 19. Eupathocera Pierce. Wings with two distal detached veins between the radius and medius. Antenne foliaceous, bluntly rounded at tips of ramze (cedeagus not bounded at base by two apical lobes, simple, sinuate, reflexed). Palpi with basal joint short, robust, second elongate, subcylindrical, de- flexed; cedeagus longitudinally ridged...... 13. Pseudoxenos Saunders. Palpi with basal joint crassate, arcuate, second cylindrical, deflexed. 16. Paraxenos Saunders. Antenne tapering to tips of ramee, short, hardly longer than head is wide, ramz equal, deflexed, compressed somewhat ensiform; cedeagus arising between two reflexed lobes, broad at base, strongly reflexed toward apex, DPN ME erga niga i aoa ds os win wise spe anes o> e 9. Xenos Rossi, fie BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Wings having seven primary veins, third anal missing. Wings with one distal detached vein between radius and medius, and one between medius and cubitus; cedeagus considerably dilated at base, arising between two retléxed lobes?) 0. 2..225-ce22 eo eee nen eee 10. Acroschismus Pierce. (Edeacus cleft at apex 2-222 ete eae ee 11. Schistosiphon Pierce. Wings with two distal detached veins between radius and medius, and one between medius and cubitus.......-..----------- 18. Ophthalmochlus Pierce. 12. Vespexenos, new genus. 14. Leionotoxenos, new genus. 17. Sceliphronechthrus, new genus. 15. Monobiaphila, new genus. Males unknowit.2i3< Set beta se: EE Pc ee Subfamily Homilopine Pierce. Genitalia consisting merely of a two-jointed plate-like exserted appendage (ninth and tenth segments), cedeagus not visible (according to Templeton). 20. Homilops Pierce. Subfamily Crawfordinze Pierce. (&deagus not reflexed, nor bounded at base by lobes, very narrow at base, vesiculate and bent at middle, tenuate and very acute at apex; wings having six primary veins from base, second anal appearing as a branch of the first anal. 23. Crawfordia Pierce. Subfamily Halictoxenine Pierce. Maxillee with first joint longer than the second; cedeagus strongly arcuate beneath CH Mii re Ks Ac Yssraatlce, © shea ee ee nee eRe rake ef o un a Me rE 4 21. Halictoxenos Pierce. Maxille with first joint shorter than the second; wdeagus not strongly arcuate beneath at middle; wings with two detached branches of radius, and two of medius between the radius and medius................ 22. Apractelytra Pierce. 6. Family HaticropHacip# Pierce. Prothorax band-like, not interrupted. Prothorax simple, not arched forward; wings having seven primary veins from base, with two distal detached veins between the radius and medius, cubitus lacking. Medius simplét2.scc.cacce tee a ee ee eee 25. Pentacladocera Pierce. Medius broken, or with detached vein commencing just before the apex on its Amal Side os otic heme Oe ee 24. Halictophagus Dale. Prothorax and mesothorax arched forward, fitting into excavation of head; wings having seven primary veins from base, the radius meeting the costal margin, a detached branch of medius immediately below that vein, medius with a branch in front and one behind, both as a rule detached but arising close to the medius. (Edeagus large at base, acute and greatly reflexed at apex; antennze with the third joint very short and flat; maxille with first joint very slender and over half as lone asthe second.220222- 222 eee =e 26. Pentoxocera Pierce. (ideagus more slender, but with reflexed apex proportionately shorter and less acute than in preceding genus; antennze with the third joint cylin- drical and as long as the preceding; maxillz with first joint very short and stout, and only about one-third as long as the second; radius and medius basally united for a short distance........----- 29. Neocholax, new genus. Prothorax represented by a pronotal and prosternal disc placed in the excavation of the head and mesonotum; wings having six primary veins from base, with one distal detached vein between the radius and medius and with the medius branched above and below, the branches slightly separated from the main vein, cubitus and third anal vers lacking’ 5.09. = 2c opera tay oe ee ee eee 30. Anthericomma Pierce. ee Agalliaphagus Pierce. les unl WHS SS Fa as ee ee A 3 Ma TE Te ere eat 28. Megalechthrus Perkins, REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 73 7. Family Droxocertips Pierce. Seek OCU cree eee sees sce ek seo Jesseee eset oe he 31. Dioxocera Pierce. 8. Family ELencuip Pierce. Mouth parts consisting of mandibles and two-jointed maxille. Species large; first antennal joint elongate, second very short and transverse; frontal process not prominent; oral cavity broad, semicircular. 36. Deinelenchus Perkins. Species small; first two antennal joints subequal; frontal process prominent; oral cavity triangular; wings having five primary veins from base, with one distal detached vein between the radius and medius, and two brief basal veins rep- resenting the cubitus and first anal......... yee . 32. Elenchus Curtis. Mouth parts consisting of mandibles and two- jointed maxille, bearing on the first joint an elongate, knobbed, linear, chitinous filament; species small: oral cavity triangular; wings as in the ‘preceding, but without traces at base of cubitus and Renee S| OEE Se AE Oh ate a eee, SE OU S 2 34. Mecynocera Pierce. 37. Colacina Westwood. PES MIRULETIOMNTL. hy oy occ sce se. cus eo. oes tne 33. Elenchoides, new genus. 35. Pentagrammaphila, new genus. Artificial key to genera based on wing venation. 1. Eight primary veins from base (costa, subcosta, radius, medius, cubitus, three anal). (The costa is always a very short, inconspicuous vein at the base and is merged with the subcosta). a. One distal detached vein between the subcosta and radius; first and second imavevelnc: apically: waihed,. 222 20s..2 2s sa. er Yen SESS es Mengea Grote. b. Two detached branches -of radius and two of medius between radius and RRR DIS Pk SO eS es occas wet wah Apractelytra Pierce. Xenos Rossi. c. One detached branch of radius and one of medius] Pseudoxenos Saunders. between radius and medius. 52-2... ...-22----+-00 oH oon 2. Tribe PSEUDOXENINI Pierce. Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders, 1872. 1. schawmii Saunders, 1872 (type); Corcyra. 2. klugii Saunders, 1852; Epirus. 3. corcyricus Saunders, 1872; Corcyra. 4. heydenii Saunders, 1852; Epirus, Corcyra. Genus Leionotoxenos Pierce. 1. jonesi Pierce; Louisiana. 2. lowisiane Pierce; Louisiana. 3. hookert Pierce; Texas. Genus Monobiaphila Pierce. 1. bishoppi Pierce (type); Texas. 3. Tribe PARAXENINI Pierce. Genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872. 1. erberi Saunders, 1872 (type); Corcyra. 4. Tribe OPHTHALMOCHLINI Pierce. Genus Sceliphronechthrus Pierce. 1. fasciati Pierce (type); Santo Domingo. Genus O phthalmochlus Pierce, 1908. 1. duryi Pierce, 1908 (type); Ohio. Genus Eupathocera Pierce, 1908. 1. lugubris Pierce, 1908 (type); Ohio. 2. pruinose Pierce; Colorado. 3. sphecidarum Dufour, 1837; Europe. (?) 4. sieboldit Saunders, 1872; Germany. . REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 2. Subfamily Homitorin# Pierce, 1908. 20. Genus Homilops Pierce, 1908. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3l. 1. westwoodii Templeton, 1838 (type); Brazil. 2. bishoppi Pierce; Texas. 3. ashmeadi Pierce; Santo Domingo. 4. abbotti Pierce; Siam. 3. Subfamily HaLicroxENIN™® Pierce, 1908. Genus Halictoxenos Pierce, 1908. Subgenus Halictoxenos Pierce. 1. jonesi Pierce, 1908 (type); Louisiana. . crawford Pierce; Nebraska. . grenichert Pierce; Wisconsin. . versati Pierce; Wisconsin. . zephyri Pierce; Wisconsin. 6. sparsi Pierce; Oklahoma. Subgenus Halictophilus Pierce. © 7. manile Pierce; Philippines. 8. robbii Pierce; Philippines. Genus A practelytra Pierce, 1908. 1. schwarzi Pierce, 1908 (type); District of Columbia. Or Be CO bo 4, Subfamily Crawrorpin Pierce, 1908. Genus Crawfordia Pierce, 1908. 1. pulvinipes Pierce, 1904 (type); Nebraska. 2. cockerelli Pierce; New Mexico. III. Superfamily HALICTOPHAGOIDEA Pierce, 1908. 6. Family HALICTOPHAGID.E Pierce, 1908. Genus Halictophagus Dale, 1832. 1. curtisii Dale, 1832 (type); England. 5. Genus Pentacladocera Pierce, 1908. 1. schwarzii Perkins, 1905 (type); New South Wales. Genus Pentoxocera Pierce, 1908 (Bruesia Perkins, 1905). 1. australensis Perkins, 1905 (type); Queensland. (?) 2. phzxodes Perkins, 1905; Queensland. (?) 3. stenodes Perkins, 1905: Queensland. (?) 4. schwarzi Pierce; Guatemala. Genus Agalliaphagus Pierce, 1908. 1. americanus Perkins, 1905 (type); Ohio. Genus Megalechthrus Perkins, 1905. 1. tryoni Perkins, 1905 (ype); Queensland. Genus Neocholax Pierce. 1. jacobsoni Meijere, 1908 (agen Java. Genus Anthericomma Pierce, 1908. 1. barberi Pierce, 1908 (type); New Mexico. 7. Family Dioxocerip# Pierce, 1908. Genus Dioxocera Pierce, 1908. 1. insularum Pierce (type); West Indies, 82 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IV. Superfamily ELENCHOIDEA Pierce, 1908. 8. Family ELencuip# Pierce, 1908. 32. Genus Elenchus Curtis, 1831. 1. walkeri Curtis, 1829 (type); Great Britain. 2. tenuicornis Kirby, 1815; England. 3. templetonii Westwood, 1835; Mauritius. 33. Genus Elenchoides Pierce. 1. perkinsi Pierce (type); Fiji. 34. Genus Mecynocera Pierce, 1908. 1. kebelei Pierce, 1908 (type); Ohio. 35. Genus Pentagrammaphila Pierce. 1. uhleri Pierce (type); Dacota. 36. Genus Deinelenchus Perkins, 1905. 1. australensis Perkins, 1905 (type); Queensland. - 37. Genus Colacina Westwood, 1877. 1. insidiator Westwood, 1877 (type); Borneo. DESCRIPTIONS OF STREPSIPTERA. STREPSIPTERA KIRBY REDESCRIBED. Kirsy, 1813; Kiua, 1814; Germar, 1817; MacLeay, 1821; Horven, 1828; Stepx- ENS, 1829; PickERING, 1835; WEsTWoop, 1835; TempLEeToN, 1838; WEestwoop, 1840; SrEBoLD, 1843; Newport, 1845, 1847; Hoeven, 1850; SaunpErRs, 1850; Newrort, 1851; SteBoup, 1853; SAUNDERS, 1853; Joty, 1858; Westwoop, 1861; ScHaum, 1864; MAKLIN, 1867; BLANCHARD, 1868; Kraatz, 1870; SteBoip, 1870; MULLER, 1872; Rivey, 1873; Westwoop, 1877; Carus, 1879-1899; BranpT, 1879, 1882; FriEsE, 1883; Harris, 1884; Koper, 1884-86; MijtiEr, 1887; Ciaus, 1888; Mayer, 1888-1894; Nassonow, 1892, 1893; MeINERT, 1896; JANET, 1897; Nassonow, 1897; SHarp, 1899, 1900-1905; Buysson, 1903; Hotmeren, 1903; HanpiirscH, 1903, 1904; BorrNER, 1904; CLARK, 1904; HenNEGuy, 1904; Kiapauex, 1904; Sarptey, 1904; Prerce, 1908. Name derived from ozpéde (ozpépac) to twist, +ztepév, a wing=twisted wings. SYNONYMY. Xenos, 1749 (a genus next to Ichneumon), Ross1, 1790, 1793. Phthiromyx, 1807 (Tribe III, Diptera), LarrerLue, 1807. Stylopidx, 1813 (a family in Coleoptera, Heteromera); StepHENS, 1829; WEsTWooD, 1839; ScHaum, 1862; CrotcH, 1863; Datias, 1867, 1868; PackarD, 1870, 1872; SHARP, 1871; SAuNDERS, 1871; Rye, 1871-1879; EBELL, 1872; SAuNDERs, 1877; AUSTIN, 1882; LeConre and Horn, 1883; W. I’. Kirsy, 1883-84; HensHaw, 1885; J. B. Smira, 1885; ScuppER, 1885, 1886; SHARP, 1887-1894; ScuppER, 1890; J. B. Smirx, 1890; ScHwarz, 1891; Date, 1892; Comstock, 1895; J. B. Smiru, 1899; Dury, 1902; GreEn, 1902; Brus, 1903; Prerce, 1904; Brus, 1905; Perxins, 1905; Friese, 1906; Dury, 1906. (Kirsy, 1813, used ‘‘Stylopidae” as the base family of Strepsiptera.) Rhipidoptera, 1816 (a family in Diptera), Lamarck, 1816, 1835; MENGE, 1866. Rhipiptera, 1817 (an order), LaTREILLE, 1817; GuUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1829-1838; LATREILLE, 1836; ErtcHson, 1841; LatTrreLur, 1845; Duvau, 1857; LABOULBENE, 1876; AcLoQuE, 1897. ; Rhiphiptera, 1817 (a mistake for Rhipiptera), Lracu, 1817, 1819. Strepsiptera, 1827 (a family, Neuroptera Trichoptera), GEGENBAUR, 1827. Stylopide, 1840 (a family, Neuroptera, between Forficulide and Phryganeidz), © SHUCKARD, 1840. Stylopites, 1847 (a tribe, Coleoptera), Newman, 1845, 1847, 1850; Smiru, 1850; ScHaum, 1852. Stylopides, 1859 (a family, Coleoptera), LacorDarRE, 1859, REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA— PIERCE, 83 Strepsiptera, 1883 (a family, Coleoptera, Heteromera), SHarp, 1881; Karscu, 1883; SHARP, 1895-1898; Semuitz, 1903-1905. Strepsiptera, 1885 (a family, Coleoptera, Malacodermata), BRAUER, 1885. Stylopinx, 1900 (a subfamily, Coleoptera, Melandryidz), LamEERE, 1900. Xenidx, 1902 (a family, Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea, near Rhipidophoridz), Sx- MENOV, 1902; JAcoBson, 1904. CHARACTERIZATION. An order of hypermetamorphic endoparasitic insects with highly specialized reduction of certain functional organs, great specialization of other functional organs, and with dissimilar sexes. Male.—Elytrophorous, winged, ephemeral, aerial. Head and tho- racic segments united by elastic commissures. Head transverse, with eyes stalked and composed of regularly placed separated hexag- onal ommatidia. Mouthparts specialized, rudimentary, vestigial, or lacking. Labrum and labium absent; pharynx presenting a great exposed surface which is folded crater-like and contracts into a small tube distant from the appendages; mandibles and maxille arising beneath the genz near their base; maxille more or less reduced. Antenne sensitive, with one or more joints laterally produced. Thorax with principal parts capable of independent movement. Prothorax much reduced; mesothorax reduced; metathorax greatly elongated, occupying at least one-half the length of the body and apically covering the base of the abdomen. Front coxal cavities open behind; tarsi with each joint pulvilliform below (except in Mengeide and Myrmecolacide); tarsal claws present in only the Mengeide. The legs are unfit for use except in adhering to the body of the female’s host during copulation, which is the only function of the males. Halteres, or balancers, attached very low on the meso- pleure and not serving as a protection to the wings, deformed and greatly reduced. The mesostigmata are frequently protected -by a lobe-like process beneath the base of each elytron. Wings folded longitudinally; veining simple, radial. Genitalia with cedeagus ex- posed, arising at tip of ninth segment; ninth segment ventrally much surpassing tenth, at the tip of which is the anus. Female.—Larviform, apodous, permanently endoparasitic, inclosed by the persistent skin of the pupa. Pupa larviform, apodous. Head and thorax adnate, forming an acariform chitinized disk, separated by a constriction from the sac-like abdomen. This disk, the cephalothorax, protrudes from between the abdominal segments of the host, with the oral or ventral surface upwards. Mouth parts vestigial. Eyes lacking. Thorax separated ventrally from head by opening of brood canal, an intermembranal conduit between pupal and adult skins leading from the genital apertures on the second to fifth segments anteriad to this ventral slit. 84 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Reproduction prolific, larviparous. Development endoparasitic and highly hypermetamorphic. Alimentation probably osmotic. Hosts various, hexapodal. First larve, or triungulinids, campodei- form hexapods. Parasitic stages apodous. Male pupal case, with cephalothorax protruded from the abdomen of the host, is merely the last larval skin with cap-like lid, or cephalotheca. The pupa is similar to those of the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and lies free in its case. Superfamily MENGEOIDEA Pierce, 1908. Based on the family Mengeide. Characterized by having the tarsi five-jpinted, and with two tarsal claws. 1. Family MENGEIDZ Pierce, 1908. Based on the genus Mengea Grote (1886), which is fossil in amber. Antenne seven-jointed, third and fourth joints laterally produced. The family contains two genera: 1. Mengea Grote (1886). Fossil in amber. 2. Trioxocera Pierce, host genus unknown. Mexico. 1. Genus MENGEA Grote (1886). Trixna MENGE 1866 (preoccupied. ) Type-species.— Mengea tertiaria Menge (1866). Wings having eight primary veins from base, with one distal unat- tached vein between the subcosta and radius, and with the first and second anal veins apically united. 1. MENGEA TERTIARIA Menge (1866). Triena tertiaria MENGE, 1866. Mengea tertiaria GRoTE, 1886.—Pierce, 1908. This species is fossil in amber, belonging to the Tertiary age, and occurring in Germany (pl. 1, fig. 1). The following is a translation in part of Menge’s original descrip- tion of this species: Male.—Length 3 mm., breadth between tips of expanded wings 7mm. Color of body golden brown, wings whitish. Head convex, twice as wide as long. Vertex at apex broadly emarginate, promi- nent laminate. Mandibles short, three edged, apically acute. Maxil- le short, obtuse, bearing on the side a knife-like, single-jointed, pubescent palpus, which is about three times as long as the maxilla proper. Labial palpi absent. Surface very finely granulate, with scattered darker punctures. Eyes hemispherical, prominent, but not petiolate, with about forty separated ommatidia, each with a hemi- spherical cornea, and arranged in regular lines. Antenne seven- jointed, first joint short, cylindrical; second top-shaped, as long as REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 85 first; third long, on inner side produced in a flabellum almost twice as long as the joint itself; fourth joint also laterally produced, but with flabellum shorter; fifth and sixth joints top-shaped, of equal length with first and second; seventh joint cylindrical, obtuse at apex, almost as long as sixth and seventh together. The entire antenne are very finely pubescent. Head separated from thorax by narrow commissure. Prothorax becoming broader behind; meso- thorax somewhat broader and longer, with a sharply outlined scu- tellum; metathorax a little longer, narrowed behind into a long shield-like postscutellum,which reaches to the middle of the abdomen. Klytra reduced to short lobes. Hind wings subtriangular, almost as long as wide, with eight (costa and subcosta united) straight radial veins, and no cross-veins, but with several short longitudinal detached veins. Legs eight-jointed, the trochanters long and strong, some- what curved, reversed top-shaped; femora twice as long, somewhat arcuate, cylindrical; tibiz scarcely half as long as femora, reversed top-shaped; tarsi with first joint thickest, fifth longest, first reversed top-shaped, the following subcylindrical, the last joint bearing two lancet-shaped, three-angled, straight claws, without pulvillus; legs very finely pubescent. Abdomen ten segmented.¢ @ Male.—Linge des Leibes3mm. Breite beiausgespannten Fligeln7 mm. Jetzige Farbe des Leibes gelblichbraun, die der Fliigel weisslich. Kopf rundlich, doppelt so breit wie lang. Oberlippe, wie es scheint, ein breites am Vorderende abgerundetes Blattchen. Oberkiefer zwei kurze, dreieckige, spitze etwas vorstehende Zangen. Unterkiefer (maxillz) kurz, dreieckig, stumpf. An der Seite derselben zwei messer- formige eingliedige fein behaarte Taster (palpus, or second joint of maxilla), etwa dreimal so lang als die Unterkiefer. Die Unterlippe so viel zu ersehen ist, dreilappig, ohne Taster, wenn nicht die beiden Seitenteile als solche anzusehen sind; der mittlere Teil durch eine schwache Furche in zwei Teile geteilt. inter derselben ein drei- eckiges Kinn, bedeutend lang und breit. * * * Die Oberfliche ist sehr fein gekér- nelt und mit einzelnen dunklern Punkten iiberstreut. * * * Augen halbkugel- formig, zu beiden Seiten stark vorgequollen, jedoch nicht gestielt, aus etwa vierzig, von einander getrennten Auglein bestehend, jedes Auglein mit halbkegelférmiger Horn- haut, die in der Mitte kreisférmig eingedriickt erscheint, bedeckt. * * * Fiihler siebengliedrig, das erste Glied kurz, cylindrisch; das zweite kreiselférmig, eben so lang; das dritte linglich dreieckig, nach der Innenseite in einen cylindrischen, am Ende kegelférmigen, Seitenast verlingert, der fast doppelt so lang ist, wie das Glied selbst; das vierte Glied eben so gestaltet, der Seitenast jedoch etwas kiirzer; das fiinfte and sechste Glied kreiselférmig, mit dem ersten und zweiten fast von gleicher linge; das siebente Glied cylindrisch, stumpf zugespitzt, fast so lang wie dassechste und siebente zusammen. Das dritte und vierte Glied bildet mit den drei letzten vereint eine dreieckige Gabel. Alle Glieder sind mit feinen Hiirchen besetzt. Der Kopf ist von der Brust durch einen schmiilern Hals getrennt. Der Prothorax nach hinten sich verbreiternd, der Mesothorax etwas breiter und linger, oben mit einem stark ausgeschnittenen Schildchen bedeckt, der Metathorax wenig linger, sich nach hinten verschmiilernd, oben in einen linglichen schildartigen Fortsatz auslaufend, der beinah bis zur Mitte des Hinterleibs reicht. Vorderfliigel auf zwei kurze linienférmige Stummel reducirt, die an der untern Seite rinnenférmig sind und am Ende durch Umschlagung des Randes eine léffelartige 84359—Bull, 66—09——7 86 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. TRIOXOCERA, new genus. Type of genus.— Trioxocera mexicana, new species. Name derived from zpa (three) + 6f0¢ (branch) + x«épac (horn) = three- branched antenne. Wings having seven primary veins from base, with one distal unattached vein beyond the tip of the radius, one long unattached vein beginning above and very near the medius, medius with two branches on the costal side; cubitus and second anal very heavy, first anal light, third anal lacking. 7 1. TRIOXOCERA MEXICANA, new species. Described from two specimens collected by Dr. A. Fenyes at Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (fig. 3, nos. 1, 2; pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, 4). Male.—Length 1.7 mm.; wing expanse 3.7,mm.; brown; lighter, yellowish below; wings clouded, veins dark and distinct. Head transverse; eyes prominent, normal; antenne seven-jointed, first two joints transverse cup-shaped receiving the following joint, third even shorter cupped, inferiorly extended in a long flattened sensitive flabellum which points outward and lies closely under the following joint, extending almost as far and reaching beyond the base of the seventh joint; fourth joint similarly produced, the flabellum reaching almost to the middle of the seventh; fifth joint elongate becoming flattened like the flabelli, considerably longer than the two following; sixth joint about one-third the length of the fifth; seventh one-half longer than the sixth. The mouth parts can not be studied in the specimens at hand. Wings with seven primary veins from base; the first two (costa + subcosta) strong, united, bracing the margin to its middle; parallel with this and very close to it is the third (radius) which is much lighter and not as long as the first, about opposite the tip of the sub- costa a short wavy vein appears which is evidently an interrupted Vertiefung bilden. Doch sind die beiden Randadern (Costa u. Subcosta) angedeutet. Hinterfliigel dreieckig, fastsolang wie breit; * * * derganze Fliigel stralenformig mit sieben ziemlich geraden Lingsadern durchzogen, ohne alle Queradern, aber mit vielen unregelmissigen Querfalten und einigen Liingsfalten versehen. * * * Fiisse achtgliedrig, die Hiiften (coxa) ziemlich lang und stark, etwas gekrimmt umgekehrt kegelformig; die Schenkel (femur) doppelt so lang, etwas gebogen, cylin- drisch, die Schienen (tibia) kaum halb so lang, umgekehrt kegelformig. Von den Tarsengliedern ist das erste Glied das dickste, das fiinfte das langste, das erste umgekehrt kegelférmig, die folgenden sich allmiélich der Cylinderform annahrend; am Ende des letzten Gliedes zwei lanzettfoérmig dreieckige, gerad ausgestreckte Krallen, ohne Haftpolster. Die ganzen Fiisse unbewehrt und nur mit feinen kurzen Harchen bekleidet. Der Hinterleib neungliedrig, in der Mitte wenig breiter alsam Grunde, am Ende sich allmilig zuspitzend, von oben etwas flach gedriickt, die Ringe an den Seiten — ; mit etwas flach gedriickt, die Ringe an den Seiten mit etwas vorstehenden Ecken. Die Oberfliche ist fein gekérnelt. Die fein behaarte stumpfe Spitze scheint das vorste- - hende Copulationsorgan zu sein. (Menge, 1866,) q REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 87 continuation of the radius; the fourth primary (medius) arises contiguous to the second but rapidly diverges; between the bases of these two veins is a short darkened area, about the middle this vein sends off above a short slightly diverging branch indicated by an infuscation, beyond this and between the main vein and its branch is another infuscated branch which extends parallel and very close to the main vein to the outer margin of the wing; above all of these branches is an unattached infuscated vein beginning above the origin of the second branch and but a little distance from the main vein and extending to the outer margin of the wing; the fifth primary (cubitus) diverges from the medius at the same angle as the radius does from the medius; the sixth primary (first anal) is halfway between the cubitus and second anal and very strong; the seventh primary (second anal) diverges from the cubitus at the same angle as exists between the medius and cubitus, and extends to the margin. Anterior and median cox transverse; trochanters arising at the sides, as long as the femora, or tibiz; posterior coxe prominent, cylindrical, cupped; trochanters flared at apex, not as long as femora; tarsi five-jointed, first joint two-thirds as long as tibia, second almost half as long as first, third slightly shorter, fourth bilobed, fifth slender almost as long as the third, and armed with two long slender claws. (deagus long and slender, gently sinuate, acute at tip but not abruptly angulate near tip. Type.—Cat. No. 10080, U.S.N.M. Superfamily XENOIDEA Pierce, 1908. Hymenopterobize (part) SAUNDERS, 1872. Stylopine PERKINS, 1905. Ty pe-family.—Xenide Semenoy. Tarsi four-jointed. The superfamily includes four families, all parasites of Hymen- optera. 2. Myrmecolacide Pierce, parasitic on Formicoidea. 3. Stylopide Kirby, parasitic on Apoidea. 4. Hylechthridz Pierce, parasitic on Apoidea. 5. Xenidz Semenov, parasitic on Apoidea, Vespoidea, Sphecoidea. 2. Family MYRMECOLACIDZ) Pierce, 1908. Hymenopterobizx (part) SAUNDERS, 1872. Myrmecolacides SAUNDERS, 1872. Type-genus.— Myrmecolax Westwood (1858). Antenne seven-jointed, third joint laterally produced, fourth short, others elongate; tarsi four-jointed. The family includes Myrmecolax Westwood, parasitic on an un- known ant from Asia, and Caenocholax Pierce with unknown host from Mexico. 88 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3. Genus MYRMECOLAX Westwood (1858). Myrmecolax SAUNDERS, 1872. Type of genus.— Mr ee metnert Westwood (1858). Name derived from pjoynf§ (an ant) + xddaé (parasite), meaning an ant parasite. The genus is parasitic upon ants and at present is resend to Southern Asia. It is separated from Czxnocholax by the characters of the wing venation and by the extraordinary tenth abdominal segment of the latter. Wings having eight primary veins from base, the medius curved upward and branched at right angles. 1. MYRMECOLAX NIETNERI Westwood (1858). Myrmecolax nietneri SAUNDERS, 1872.—PrerceE, 1908. The host is an undetermined formicid, collected at Ramboddo, Ceylon, by Herr Nietner on April 29 (pl. 1, figs. 5, 6). Westwood’s description is as follows: Male.—The eyes are large, the interstices being conically elevated; the front of the head, is produced into two rounded lobes. The antennz partake of the character of those of Elenchus, the first and second joints being very short, the third also very short but having its under apical angle produced into a long slender branch, of which the extremity had been injured; the three terminal joints are much longer and more slender than those of the genus Stylops; these joints are also more curved, and with the extremities dilated. In certain positions the third joint appears to be followed by a distinct but very short joint. The mandibles are long, very slender and curved, acute at the tips, whilst the maxil- lary palpi are long and compressed, with the first joint very short and the second long, occupying nearly the whole of the organ. The thorax does not appear to offer any inaterial difference from that of the already described genera; the prothorax is narrow and ring-shaped, as is also the mesothorax, having the pseudelytra affixed at the posterior angles; the latter are clavate at the tips. The wings are traversed by four strong black veins, radiating from the base of the wing, exclusive of the costal portion; the second (medius or fourth primary) of these veins is curved at its extremity. The legs are very short, and the basal joint of the tarsus in one foot was observed to have its lower angle produced. (Westwood, 1858.) 4. CA NOCHOLAX, new genus. Name derived from xazvé¢ (strange, unusual, new) + 76Aaé (para- site); meaning an interesting new parasite. Tarsi four-jointed, the first large and not closely united to the following; antenne with first two joimts short cylindrical, third laterally produced into a long flabellum, fourth transverse cylindrical, fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate flattened; wings with only six primary veins, with a short detached vein just below the apex of the radius, with the medius short and continued by a long detached vein commencing behind it and shortly before its apex, cubitus and third anal lacking. The genus is based on Cexnocholax fenyesi from Mexico, REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 89 1. CH NOCHOLAX FENYESI, new species. Described from four males collected by Dr. A. Fenyes, at Cordoba, Mexico, May 21, 1908 (fig. 3, nos. 3, 4; pl. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Male.—Length 1-1.5 mm., wing expanse 3.25-3.5 mm. Dark brown, wings slightly infuscated, veins strong. Head transverse, considerably wider than thorax, eyes very large, faceted. Occiput prominent bearing the antenne on each side. Antenne seven- jointed; the first two joints transverse, cylindrical, cupped; third joint transverse, cupped, but produced outwardly beneath in a long flabellum, which is almost as long as the metathorax; fourth joint transverse, cylindrical; fifth elongate five-sixths as long as the width of the head; sixth seven-tenths as long as the fifth and slightly surpassed by the flabellum of the third; seventh four-fifths as long as the fifth. Face almost as wide at the thorax; mandibles arising at posterior corners of face at edge of eyes, chitinous, elongate, slender, and acute, almost as long as the sixth joint of the antenne; maxille arising just behind the mandibles on the posterior margin of the oc- ciput, the maxilla proper being a large globular fleshy organ, very sensitive, and bearing on the outer side about the middle a long slender palpus, almost twice as long as the mandibles and nearly as slender; oral orifice at a considerable distance from the bases of the appendages; occiput merely a narrow basal band. Thorax asin other genera, except that the scuti are united for some little distance in the middle behind the prescutum; balancers long. Wings with six primary veins; the first two consisting of the very short basal costa and the subcosta reaching the middle of the anterior margin; the third (radius) lies very close to the subcosta, runs parallel to it and considerably beyond and becomes thickened toward its apex; below the apex of the radius and close to it is a short, thickened unat- tached branch; the fourth primary (medius) is united to the radius at its base, but diverges rapidly, and only extends one-third of the distance to the margin; immediately below the medius and beginning about its middle is an unattached vein which runs parallel to the medius to its apex and thence straight onward to the outer margin; the fifth primary (first anal) diverges from the medius at almost twice the angle between radius and medius; the sixth primary (second anal) is shorter and united with the preceding for a little distance at its base. Front and middle coxe transverse; trochanters arising at the sides and longer than the femora; tibize: about as long as the femora; tarsi short, hardly more than half as long as the tibie, with the first joint cylindrical and as long as the three following, these three joints with pubescent pad beneath as in other genera. Posterior cox prominent, cylindrical; trochanters short. Tenth dorsal segment of abdomen a large, broad, almost circular plate, wider than the preced- ing segments and completely covering the ninth ventral. Ninth 90 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ventral elongate, overhung by the much larger tenth dorsal, with the cedeagus arising from its tip. Cideagus chitinous, concave on the inner margin for two-thirds of the distance to the apex, then abruptly turned outward, making a very sharp process below; on the outer edge acutely curved outward opposite the inferior process and meeting the inner margin to form a very acute apex. Named in honor of its collector, Dr. A. Fenyes, of Pasadena, Cal. Type.—Cat. No. 10081, U.S.N.M. 3. Family STYLOPIDZ Kirby, 1813, redefined. Strepsiptera or Stylopide HOEVEN, 1850 (part). Hymenopteroiz (part) SAUNDERS, 1872. Stylopides SAUNDERS, 1872. Type-genus.—Stylops Kirby (1802). Antenne six-jointed, third laterally produced; tarsi four-jointed. This family includes three genera, parasites of Andrenide. 5. Stylops Kirby (1802), parasitic on Andrena; Europe, America. 6. Parastylops Meijere (1909); Java. 7. Halictostylops, new genus, parasitic on Halictus; Europe. The location of the third genus is uncertain, as no male has ever been seen; but since the female of Halictostylops spencii Nassonow resembles a Stylops female it is placed here. The genus may subse- quently be found to fall near Halictoxenos in Xenide. 5. Genus STYLOPS Kirby (1802). Stylops Kirpy, 1813.—Curtis, 1828.—Horven, 1850.—SauNDERS, 1872.— Pierce, 1908. Type of genus.—Stylops melitte Kirby (1802). Name derived from otddoc (pillar) + a¢ (eye), =stalked eye. Parasitic on the genus Andrena. Curtis described this genus as follows: Male.—Antennz inserted between the eyes near the crown of the head, mem- branous, perforated or punctured, composed of six joints, the basal one somewhat cup-shaped; second very short, transverse; third produced on the internal side into a dilated hollow lobe extending beyond the fifth joint; fourth large subclavate; fifth smaller subovate; sixth as long, ovate and compressed. Labrum wanting. Pharynx visible. Mandibles arising between the eyes, very remote, at their base conniving, long, slender, lanceolate and horny. Maxillee large and robust, membranous, indis- tinctly pubescent, biarticulate. Prothorax and mesothorax very short rings, not so broad as head. Tarsi four-jointed, each with pulvillus, basal joint largest, terminal smallest and notched at tip (Curtis, 1828). Female.—Cephalothorax rather abruptly narrowed behind stig- matal angle, subtriangular to ovate, more or Jess obtuse or truncate in front. Stigmata often prominent. Mouth ventral with mandibles on each side, rather broad and obtuse. Abdomen with five median genital canals on second to sixth segments (Nassonow, 1893 a). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 9] Triungulimd. Body oblong, slightly narrowing posteriad. Tenth segment medianly cleft, forming two tubercles, each bearing a long stylet (Nassonow, 1893 a). 2. . childreni Gray (Griffith, 1832), parasitic on A. viclima Smith; The genus contains the following species: ie melitte Kirby (1802), parasitic on Andrena nigro-enea Kirby; England, Germany, Hungary. dali Curtis (1828), parasitic on A. labialis Kirby; England. Nova Scotia. . spencii Pickering (1835), parasitic on A. tibialis Kirby; England, Germany. . aterrvma Newport (1847), parasitic on A. trimmerana Kirby; England. P hawites Saunders (1872), paeiie on A. afzeliella Kirby; Eng- land, France, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary. peariens Piet. parasitic on A. : ee Viereck; British Columbia. . bipunctate Pierce, parasitic on A. bipunctata Cresson; Nebraska Wisconsin, Indiana, Alabama. . bruneri Pierce, parasitic on A. illinoiensis Robertson; Nebraska, Illinois. . californica Pierce, parasitic on A. subtilis Smith; Southern Cali- fornia. . claytoniz Pierce, parasitic on A. claytonie Robertson; Georgia, Tllinois. . cornii Pierce, parasitic on A. commoda Smith; Wisconsin. . crawford: Pierce, parasitic on A. crawfordi Viereck; Texas. . cressont Pierce, parasitic on A. cressoni Robertson; Maine. . dominiquei Pierce, parasitic on A. flesse Panzer; France. . grenichert Pierce, parasitic on A. nivalis Smith; Wisconsin. . hartfordensis Pierce, parasitic on A. hartfordensis Cockerell; Georgia. . hippotes Pierce, parasitic on A. hippotes Robertson; Ohio. . imitatrix Pierce, parasitic on A. imitatriz Cresson; Texas. . multiplicate Pierce, parasitic on A. multiplicata Cockerell; Wis- consin. . nasoni Pierce, parasitic on A. nasoni Robertson; Pennsylvania. 22. nassonowi Pierce, parasitic on A. carbonaria Linnzeus; Germany, Egypt. . nubecule Pierce, parasitic on A. nubecula Smith; Colorado. . packardi Pierce, parasitic on A. placida Smith; Mies ote tte. . polemonii Baeeee parasitic on A. polemonii Robertson; Colorado. . salicifloris Pierce, parasitic on A. salicifloris Cockerell; Wash- ington. . solidulz Pierce, parasitic on A. solidula Viereck; Washington. 92 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 28. sparsipilose Pierce, parasitic on A. sparsipilosa Viereck; Maine. 29. subcandide Pierce, parasitic on A. subcandida; Southern Cali- fornia. 30. swenki Pierce, parasitic on A. solidaginis Robertson; Nebraska, Pennsylvania. 31. ventricose Pierce, parasitic on A. ventricosa Dours; Hungary. 32. vicine Pierce, parasitic on A. vicina Smith; New Hampshire, Connecticut, Canada, Massachusetts. 33. vierecki Pierce, parasitic on A. terana profunda Viereck; Texas. 34. oklahome Pierce, parasitic on A. flavoclypeata miserabilis Cresson ; Oklahoma. The following names have been used in Stylops and are now synonyms: dahl Friese (1906) =daliz Curtis (1828), Pierce. haworthi Stephens (1829) =melitte Kirby (1802), Saunders, 1872. kirbu Leach (1814) =melittx Kirby (1802), Saunders, 1872. trimmerana Smith (1857) =aterrema Newport (1847), Saunders, 1872. As the writer has seen none of the species hitherto described in the genus, a table may be given here based on the illustrations of such species. The only available character in the illustrations is the antenna. Hereafter species should also be separated by the shape of the odeagus and length of maxillary joints, as well as relative lengths of antennal joints. The thorax and wing venation may also present good characters. Partial key of males. 1. Fourth joint of antennz subequal to or greater than the following two together... 2. Fourth joint not as great as the sum of the two following..................--- 5. 2. Fourth joint about twice as great as the two following together, third not reaching sixth laterally! sc ts 2 Seek Se ES a ee melitte Kirby. Fourth joint hardly greater than sum of two following -.............---------- 3. 3: Third joint laterally reaching beyond base of sixth, fifth and sixth subequal “ (Smith’s 1857 and Griffith’s 1832 figures disagree).........- childreni. Gray. Third joint laterally not reaching sixth. 222.52. 52 42-- 2222-2 ae] ee 4, 4, Fifth joint slightly longer than the sixth.................-.- spencii Templeton. Sixth joint acuminate, longer than fitth-222422 422 =5-- ee ee dominiquei Pierce. 5. Fourth and fifth joints subequal, shorter than sixth..........-- aterruma Newport. Fourth joint longer than fifth or sixth, sixth longer than fifth....dalii Curtis. Fourth joint about twice as long as fifth, sixth longer than fifth... .crawfordi Pierce. Key to females. In the genus Stylops the mandibles of the females show fewer points of difference than in the xenid genera, so the best key for differentiation of the species described herein will be one based on - the comparative measurements of the various dimensions of the cephalothorax. In order to accurately study the females of the REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. ; 93 Strepsiptera, the cephalothorax should be mounted on a slide in balsam. Good mounts can be obtained from dried specimens by running up through water, alcohol, xylol, and cedar oil to balsam. The measurements are with a Bausch and Lomb stand, tube length 160, eyepiece 1, objective 4, with eyepiece micrometer; 1 space = 01062 mm. As the comparative dimensions are the sought-for characters, other microscopes will be just as available. The actual size of each species may be found with its description. The following measurements were taken: The length is the dis- » tance from the base of the flattened cephalothorax to the apex of the same; the distance from spiracle to apex is measured from the apical edge of the spiracle; the breadth between the mandibles is the shortest distance between the same; the breadth of the head is meas- ured from the posterior lateral angles of the head, which in most species is indicated by a slight convex or concave angle, and by the lateral extension of the ventral slit which represents the base of the head; the breadth of the cephajothorax at the spiracles is measured between the outermost points of the spiracles; the greatest breadth of the cephalothorax is generally equal to the preceding, although it sometimes occurs behind the spiracles. 1 2 3 4, 5 6 cope Length. pur ponnees Breadth Beeeeue Greatest 0 apex. ee head. spiracles. breadth. NOTE Dole AICTE CECE SOA Ee | 130.0 90.0 18.0 66. 0 119.0 119.0 a LS ee J 119.0 85. 0 15.0 69. 0 115.0 115.0 TSS Fah ey naa eee | 1370 78.0 14.0 57.0 105.0 105.0 BMD CE eet as oe SS tn SS sc eG e wien sos | 106. 0 76.0 16.0 61.0 107.0 107.0 RPTICLET Chee car Sk ys eee oa Saints s.oeis Sai 104. 0 76.0 14.5 63.0 119.0 119.0 (i TEL INR Se Se eR Ree | 98. 0 69.0 15.0 59.0 107.0 107.0 AU LTE RS ee ee ee See IS Siler ee eee ee 96.0 69.0 14.0 61.0 98. 0 98. 0 MUDOTILNS aera aan ees see sec name san 89.5 64. 5 15.0 52.0 91.0 91.0 CME CiLat aetna ee aaa. aia owes 84.0 60.0 12.0 58. 0 91.0 91.0 OHO LTET Ta 8 Ae Ss Se RN On Se 84.0 54.0 11.0 49.0 84.0 84.0 CLANCY 00s, RE aoe ee a ee eM ee 83. 0 56. 0 12.0 46.5 86.0 86.0 TP LR NY VURAL TE ieee Se AS ee 82.0 56. 0 12.0 49.0 85. 5 85. 5 TRUE C UU metate tA na iain mt oe Sn am fe REE Spe 79. 5 56. 5 12.0 48.0 89.0 89.0 GUILOTE ES oh 3 a SER SAIN GROTTO eee 79.5 51.5 10.0 45.0 77.0 77.0 UPR POLES Aree Rts 2222 Bet ae EO 79.0 50.0 1235 50.0 78.5 78. 5 TCU Sine eS a ee eae ee ae 78.0 55. 0 14.5 57.0 91.0 91.0 Jae Ge oe Bes OS ae ee ee ae 78.0 54.0 12.0 50.0 81.0 81.0 (EY STATA LT E72 = Se Se, Se ee FS 73.5 51.5 11.0 43.0 71.0 73.0 SUOCOMUMIE omnes eee eens hoe cars os < REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 125 of A. hubbardi. The writer was, however, unable to detect the mesostigmatal lobes described for that species, but thinks they are present. Genitalia similar with the exception that the oedeagus is more abruptly curved, is obliquely depressed to the second turn, and thence is much narrowed and very acute to the apex. Female—Length of cephalothorax’ 1.41-1.48 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.40-1.61 mm., breadth at base of head 1.12-1.29 mm., distance between mandibles at base 0.28-0.32 mm. Cephalothorax light brown with very little color variation; as broad or broader than long, laterally convex to spiracles, thence straight to point opposite base of mandibles, apically very convex; spiracles not laterally promi- nent; mandibles distant from lateral margins of head, quadrate; inner angle armed with a large outward curving tooth. Type.—Cat. No. 9826, U.S.N.M.; Hubbard and Schwarz collection. 3. ACROSCHISMUS NIGRESCENS Brues (1903). Xenos nigrescens BRuEsS, 1903, 1905. Acroschismus nigrescens PiERcE, 1908. Host.—Polistes rubiginosus Lepeletier; Austin, Texas (males, fe- male). P. rubiginosus and P. annularis (2) (males, females); Paris, Texas (Brues, 1905). The original description by Brues is as follows: Male.—Length 4.5 mm. Black above, abdomen often gray at base, head above piceous, antennze dark cinereous. Mandibles black at base, lighter at tips. Palpi cinereous, indistinctly two-jointed, the second joint one-half as long as, and connate with, the first ventrally, where no suture is visible; above it appears indistinctly constricted off from the first. Prothorax black or piceous above, somewhat lighter on the sides; elytra cinereous. Dorsum of thorax fuscopiceous, lighter on the sides and at tip of post-scutellum. Abdomen usually black, sometimes gray at base and with two indistinct longitudinal dark bands. Wings delicate, pale hyaline, much as in (X.) pallidus except that the subcostal nervure (=third, or radial) is interrupted near the middle (node) as in X. peckii (=Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce); all the pos- terior veins nearly obsolete. Body below in great part piceous, abdomen black or gray below. Legs cinereous, darker above on femora, tibiz, and tarsi. Female.—Length 9-10 mm. Exposed surface of head (=cephalothorax) black on posterior two-thirds, orange on anterior one-third, the line dividing the two colors straight transverse. Anterior half of thorax (=basal segments of abdomen) yellow, its lateral wrinkles ferruginous. Dorsal (sic, =ventral morphologically, although uppermost) stripe of abdomen (=area of brood canal) brownish, nearly half as wide as the body, at base narrowed and faded out posteriorly. Genital pores on median line near posterior margin, distinct. Described from one female and four male specimens, collected and bred at Austin, Texas, during October, 1901 (Brues, 1903): Triungulinid: Length 0.28 mm. Oval, head obtusely rounded, anteriorly. Head and thorax together slightly longer than the abdomen. Head a little less than half as long as the thorax, almost semicircular when seen from above, being truncate be- hind. Eyes large, strongly pigmented. Oral opening large, almost contiguous with the eyes below; mouth parts consisting apparently of a short proboscis-like organ. with chitinous sides. No antenne or other tactile organs to be seen. Thorax one and one-half times as long as wide, consisting of three nearly equal transverse seg- 126 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ments. Each segment below bears a pair of very small and delicate legs. The coxze are all greatly swollen and globose, those of each side contiguous with one another and the pairs only moderately separated along the median line. Each coxa is hol- lowed out below and the trochanter sunk within it. Femora slender, enlarged some- what at base, bearing a spine apically. Tibize slender, of equal width, the hind ones with a preapical spine. Tarsi greatly reduced, those of the four anterior legs scarcely distinguishable from the tips of the tibiee furnished with a pulvilliform appendage, the posterior pair elongated, with a styliform appendagé. Abdomen consisting of nine short, transverse segments and an elongated tenth segment which encloses the extrusible tip of the abdomen (eleventh segment?). The dorsal sclerites reach far down on the sides, as do also those of the thorax, making the underside of the body somewhat concave. Tip bearing two approximated bristles, each as long as the abdo- men, in addition to a much shorter one at each lateral angle of the last segment (Brues, 1905). Brues’s figure of the triungulinid is evidently in error, as it is given fourteen abdominal segments. Female.—The following description is drawn from the type speci- mens: Length of cephalothorax 1.49 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.27 mm., breadth at base of head 0.97 mm., distance between mandibles at base 0.28 mm. Cephalothorax light brownish, darker on basal two- thirds except on center of disc; deeply emarginate at base, oblique, convex to point opposite base of mandibles, apex very convex; spiracles not laterally prominent; mandibles distant from lateral margins of head, oblique, oblong, with outward curved tooth on inner angle and outer angle prominent rounded. 4. ACROSCHISMUS PALLIDUS Brues (1903). Xenos pallidus Bruxs, 1903, 1905. Acroschismus pallidus Pierce, 1908. Host.—Polistes annularis Linneus; Austin, Texas (Brues, 1903); Paris, Texas (Brues, 1905). Brues originally described this species as follows: Male.—Length 2.25 mm. Head and thorax above fuscous, below, very pale luteous, antenne with the first two joints luteous, the rami of the fourth joint (third and fourth joints) yellowish gray, their spots pale. Eyes black, their hemispherical facets of the usual size. Mandibles pale luteous, white at tip. Palpi white, distinctly two-jointed, the first joint nearly twice as long as the second and obliquely truncate at apex; second joint oval. Prothorax and mesothorax fuscous; elytra pale, grayish at tip. Dorsal sclerites of the metathorax shaped as in X. peckii (=Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce); fuscous, darker on the post-scutellum. Legs pale luteous, tarsi slightly gray- ish above near tips. Wings pale hyaline, the nervures very delicate and not pig- mented along their edges. The costal margin darkened for nearly its entire length. Abdomen finely transversely wrinkled on the dorsal surface; grayish yellow, blackened above, especially posteriorly. Ventral plates honey yellow, hypopygium (ninth segment) yellow except the dorsal piece (tenth segment), which is grayish. Described from 24 male specimens, all bred from individuals of | Polistes annularis Linneus, at Austin, Texas, during May (Brues, 1903). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 127 Female-—The following description is drawn from the typical material: Length of cephalothorax 1.47 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.30 mm., breadth at base of head 0.94 mm., distance between mandibles at base 0.28 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown except in front of line between posterior lateral corners of head, which portion is much lighter; considerably longer than broad, very slightly constricted at base, convex from base to spiracles, thence oblique and almost straight to base of head, thence unevenly sinuate; apex truncate, sinuate; spiracles not laterally prominent; mandibles distant from lateral margins of head, oblique, oblong, with outward curved tooth on, inner margin. ACROSCHISMUS PALLIDUS TEXENSIS, new variety. Material collected at Rosser, Texas, in August, 1905, by F. C. Bishopp and C. R. Jones from Polistes annularis has been called Acroschismus pallidus by the writer, but a careful comparison of the descriptions of A. pallidus and A. nigrescens indicates a varietal tendency; hence the convenience name texensis (fig. 3, nos. 9, 10; pl. Meus. 1,5, 9; pl. 8, figs. 2, 3: pl..9 figs. 5,-6). Male.—Size: texensis, specimens measure respectively 2.6, 2.8, 2.8, Ptese Oyo, 3, O.),. 322,932) 3:38, 3.4,; 3,5: mm.; 1. e.,.2.6-3.5.mm-.; pallidus, 2.25-2.75 mm. (Brues) ; nigrescens, 4.5 mm. (Brues). Anten- ne: texensis, first joints pale, third and fourth darker; pallidus, first. joints pale, third and fourth darker (Brues) ; nigrescens, dark cinereous (Brues). Mandibles: texensis, entirely pale yellow; pallidus, pale luteous to white (Brues) ; nigrescens, black to lighter (Brues). Maxille: texensis, distinctly jointed, pale; pallidus, distinctly jointed, pale (Brues); nigrescens, indistinctly jointed, cinereous (Brues). Wing nervures pale, weak; texensis, radius (‘‘subcosta” Brues) inter- rupted at node; pallidus, radius not interrupted (Brues) ; nigrescens, radius interrupted at node (Brues). The following accurate measurements were taken by microscope and may best be considered from the comparative standpoint. A Bausch and Lomb instrument, with two-thirds objective and 2-inch eyepiece, tube length 160, is the standard. The figures given below are in spaces which measure 0.0157 mm. The same scale is used later for other species. Antenne: Length=55; fourth segment=48; greatest breadth= 6.5. Head: Distance between outer basal corners of antenns =17; between inner front edges of eyes =27; between inner hind edges of eyes =42; breadth of head =54. Mouth parts: Mandible=22; maxilla=10; distance to base of palpus or second joint =6; palpus=6. 128 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Prothorax: Length=10; breadth = 28. Mesothorax: Length = 10; least breadth = 24; greatest breadth =39. Balancer, or elytron: Length =34. Metathorax: Length =110.5; prescutum plus scutellum = 54; post- lumbium = 13; postscutellum = 43.5; greatest breadth = 47. Abdomen: Length tenth segment = 18; length cedeagus = 20. Anterior leg: Trochanter=29; femur=35; tibia=36; tarsus=29. Median leg: Trochanter=25; femur=35; tibia=34; tarsus=29. Posterior leg: Trochanter=14; femur=38; tibia=30; tarsus=29. In addition to these measurements actual measurements by a cruder method were taken, as follows: Length of body =3.3 mm. Length of head and thorax =2.1 mm. Breadth of head =0.8 mm. Length of wing on costal margin = 1.9 mm; on anal margin = 2.2 mm. Type.—Cat. No. 10114, U.S.N.M. 5. ACROSCHISMUS PECOSENSIS, new species. Xenos nigrescens, determinations in collection of Amer. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia. Host.—Polistes texanus Cresson: Pecos, Texas, February 27, September 30; Austin, Texas; Victoria, Texas. Polistes rubiginosus « Lepeletier: Waco, Texas, August 29; F.‘C. Bishopp, collector (pl. 7, fie 6,17, 23 ph Sy hire. ta pL Ae tes Po, Male.—Length, 3.8 mm. Color, brown; antenne, light brown; mandibles brown at base, yellow at tip; eyes black; wings with costal margin brown; legs lighter, yellowish; cedeagus clear yellow. Antenne as long as breadth of head, very sensitive, pubescent, first jomt con- cave for reception of second. Maxille yellowish, pubescent, nar- rowed to one-half original diameter beyond middle, apically rounded; palpus arising at the apical one-third and somewhat surpassing the apical lobe of the maxilla. Mandibles ensiform, over twice the length of the maxille. Mesostigmatal lobe present. C£{deagus reflexed, angled at thickest point above, apex turned at an obtuse angle above. It differs from that of A. pallidus in that the latter is rounded at the thickest point, and has the apex turned at an acute angle above. The following accurate measurements were taken on the same scale as in A. pallidus texensis, one space =0.0157 mm. Antenne: Leneth=67; fourth segment=60; greatest breadth =7. Head: Distance between outer basal corners of antennze =25; between inner front edges of eyes =32; between inner hind edges of eyes =46; breadth of head =65. | Mouth parts: Mandibles=26; maxilla=12; distance to base of palpus or second joint =8; palpus =4. Prothorax: Length =12; breadth =30. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 129 Mesothorax: Length=10; least breadth =25; greatest breadth = 38(?). Balancer, or elytron: Length =39. Meskathorier: Length =122; prescutum plus scutellum=56; post- lumbium =8; RUR een ita 56. greatest breadth =53. Abdomen: Length tenth segment =15; length cedeagus = 18. Anterior leg: Trochanter =30; femur = 30 (7?) ; tibia =45; tarsus =35. Median ee Trochanter =32; femur =33; tibia =36; tarsus =31. Posterior leg: ‘Trochanter=15; femur=39; tibia=29; tarsus =31. In addition the following measurements were taken by cruder methods: Length of body =3.8 mm. Length of head and thorax = 2.4 mm. Breadth of head =1 mm. Length of wing on costal margin=2.6 mm; on anal margin =2.8 mm. Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.57-1.77 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.67-1.71 mm., breadth at base of head 1.35-1.36 mm., distance between mandibles at base 0.28-0.35 mm. Cephalothorax light brown with a broad dark-brown band at base; broader than long; margin convex from base to apex, slightly depressed or concave in front of mandibles; spiracles not laterally prominent; mandibles distant from lateral margins of head, deeply bilobed at apex, the inner lobe acute, the outer obtuse. The larger measurements are from a specimen from Polistes r ae NOSUS bean at Waco, Texas, and which may belong to a distinct species. The species is variable, as shown by specimens in the same lot, and may even include A. maximus, since the ratios for this species are included in each case within the range of A. pecosensis. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 10120, U.S.N.M.; and in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 6. ACROSCHISMUS WHEELERI Pierce (1908). Xenos peckii Brugs, 1903. Host.—Polistes metricus Say, Colebrook, Connecticut, August; Washington, D. C., September 6, 7 (U. S. D. A. 3513°) (pl. 5, fies: 8,9, 12, 13; pl. 9, fig. 10). The following description is from Brues: Male.—Length, 3-4.5 mm. Dark fuscous, abdomen usually lighter and pale at apex. Mandibles black at base, pale at tips, antenne yellowish gray, the rami of third joint about one and one-third as long as the width of the head. Head fuscous. Palpi indistinctly two-jointed, the second joint only one-half as long as the first and not separated from it ventrally, so that the palpus appears to be obliquely cleft, the first joint being obliquely truncate at apex. Dorsum of thorax varying from fuscous to piceous, darkest medially, elytra gray. Abdomen usually yellowish gray above, 130 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. often darker; ventral surface honey yellow; sexual organs pale yellow. Wings stout, subhyaline, the veins very strong and dark, the wing being fuscous along the margins ‘of the veins, so that they appear rather wide capital. Subcostal (radial) nervure interrupted slightly before the middle; costal margin infuscated on basal two-thirds. Legs grayish luteous, darkened on upper side of femora and tibize and especially so on the tarsi. Female.—Length 6.25-9 mm. Head (cephalothorax) above orange, irregularly blackened on posterior half. The black portion emarginate in front at the middle and not extending so far forward on the sides, so that the black extends forward as a. projection on each side of the middle. Anterior half of thorax (abdomen) fuscous or piceous, with black wrinkles on the sides. Dorsal abdominal stripe usually quite dark in front and fading out posteriorly, sometimes obsolete. Genital pores distinctly visible externally. About a dozen males, numerous male pup and over 80 females collected by Dr. W. M. Wheeler at Colebrook, Connecticut, during the month of August (Brues, 1903). 7. ACROSCHISMUS BOWDITCHI, new species. Xenos peckii Bowvrren, 1903. Acroschismus bowditcht Prnrce (Dury, 1906). Host.—Polistes pallipes Lepeletier, Marion, Massachusetts, Sep- tember 2-12, 1902, (Fred C. Bowditch, collector); Cincinnati, Ohio, June 15-September 22, (Charles Dury, Miss Annette F. Braun, col- lectors) (pl. 7, figs. 2, 6, 11; pl. 9, fig. 1). Male.—Length 3.25 mm. Antenne light brown; mandibles brown; eyes black; wings with costal margin brown; legs lighter; cedeagus clear yellowish. Antenne longer than breadth of head, very sensitive, pubescent. Maxille light brown, pubescent. Man- dibles ensiform, curved near base, longer than maxille. Mesostig- matal lobe present. Cideagus reflexed, broadly rounded at thickest point above, apex turned almost at a right angle. Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.03 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.40 mm., breadth at base of head 1.12 mm., distance between man- dibles at base 0.29 mm. Cephalothorax light brown with a dark- brown band at base; slightly broader than long; margin very convex from base to spiracles, almost straight thence to point opposite base of mandibles, apically broadly convex-angulate; spiracles not laterally prominent; mandibles distant from lateral margins of head, oblong- quadrate, with large outward curved tooth on inner angles. Type.—Cat. No. 10117, U.S.N.M. Named in honor of Mr. Fred C. Bowditch, who collected the types, in return for his courtesies in assisting the writer with material. 8. ACROSCHISMUS HUNTERI, new species. Host.—Polistes, new species, near minor Beauvais; Victoria, Texas, September 25, 1906, J. C. Crawford, collector; June 27, 1906, C. R. - Jones, collector (pl. 7, fig. 10; pl. 9, fig. 4). Male.—Length 4 mm. The color may not be satisfactorily described, as the specimen was extracted from its puparium. Anten- ‘ REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 131 nex slightly longer than the breadth of the head, very sensitive, basally arising under a projecting flap, the first, second, and third joints concave for reception of following joint, but first not concealing second, basal joints lighter than rami, and not sensitive. Maxille bent at base thence cylindrical, pubescent, obliquely truncate at apex; palpus arising from center of truncation, elliptical, pubescent, almost one-half the length of the maxilla, and about one-half as thick in diameter. Mandibles ensiform, strongly curved throughout, with tip slightly recurved, surpassing the maxillz and palpus by the lengths of the palpus. Mesostigmatal lobe present. (Cideagus reflexed, broadly rounded at thickest point above, apex turned almost at a right angle. The following measurements were taken by microscope and may be considered in the same light as those preceding. A Bausch and Lomb instrument, with two-thirds objective, 2-inch eye-piece, tube length 160, is the standard used. The figures given below are in spaces which measure 0.0157 mm. | Antenne: Length =60; fourth segment =53; greatest breadth =7. Head: Distance between outer bases of antenne =22; between inner front edges of eyes =33; between inner hind edges of eyes =45; breadth of head =57. Mouth parts: Mandibles=22.5; maxilla=11; distance to base of palpus or second joint =10; palpus=4. Prothorax: Length =9; breadth =22. ' Mesothorax: Length = 10; least breadth =22; greatest breadth =30. Balancer or elytron: Length =48.5. Metathorax: Length =105.5; prescutum plus scutellum =50; post- lumbium = 11.5; postscutellum =44; greatest breadth =43. Abdomen: Length tenth segment =18; length aedeagus =20. Anterior leg: Trochanter = 20; femur =29; tibia =33; tarsus =30. Median leg: Trochanter =26; femur =34; tibia =30; tarsus =28. Posterior leg: Trochanter = 16; femur =30 (remainder could not be measured). Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.29 mm., breadth at spiracles 1,21 mm., breadth at base of head 0.96 mm., distance between mandi- bles at base 0.22 mm. Cephalothorax light brown with a dark band covering the basal two-thirds; slightly longer than broad; not greatly constricted at base, margin slightly convex to apical trunca- tion, apex slightly sinuate convex; spiracles dorsal, not reaching lateral edges; mandibles large quadrate with a large outward curved tooth near inner angle on apical side. Type.—Cat. No. 10115, U.S.N.M. Named in honor of W. D. Hunter, the writer’s immediate superior, who has greatly encouraged and aided the present work. ba BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. g. ACROSCHISMUS TEXANI, new species. Host.—Polistes teranus Cresson, July 25, 1906, Victoria, Texas (pl. 9, fie. 9): Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.59 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.56 mm., breadth at base of head 1.06 mm., distance between man- dibles at base 0.27 mm. Cephalothorax brown, lighter toward apex; slightly longer than broad; constricted at base, margin convex to apex with slight sinuations in front of mandibles and at side of head; spiracles dorsal, not reaching lateral edges; mandibles large quadrate with large tooth on inner apical angle. Type.—Cat. No. 10121, U.S.N.M. 10. ACROSCHISMUS RUBIGINOSI, new species. Host.—Polistes rubiginosus Lepeletier; Logansport, Louisiana, June 6, 1906; W. D. Pierce, collector (pl. 9, fig. 11). Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.67 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.59 mm., breadth at base of head 1.17 mm., distance between man- dibles 0.30mm. Cephalothorax dark brown to line between posterior angles of head, thence much lighter; slightly longer than broad; con- stricted at base, margin oblique with emarginations in front of spira- cles, and at base of head, between which it is slightly convex; apl- cally sinuate truncate; spiracles dorsal; mandibles subquadrate, api- cally strongly emarginate between outward curving tooth on inner angle and rounded lobe of outer angle. Type.—Cat. No. 10119, U.S.N.M. ir. ACROSCHISMUS MAXIMUS, new species. Host.—Polistes rubiginosus Lepeletier, Texas (pl. 9, fig. 8). Female.—Length of cephalothorax 1.71 mm., breadth at spiracles 1.10 mm., breadth at base of head 1.48 mm., distance between man- dibles 0.32 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, lighter at apex and in large median emargination of the dark pigment; considerably longer than broad; constricted at base, margin somewhat concave from widest point to base of head, thence very convex to apex, rounding emarginate in front of mandibles, spiracles dorsal; mandibles consid- erably wider at base than at apex, apically emarginate between large tooth on inner angle and the large blunt outer angle. Type.—Cat. No. 10118, U.S.N.M. 11. Genus SCHISTOSIPHON Pierce (1968.) Type of genus.—Schistosiphon peckii Kirby (1813). Name derived from cycorbc =cleft + o¢fwv =siphon =cleft siphon, referring to the apical cleavage of the cedeagus. This genus lies between the typical European Xenos and the typical American REVISION OF STREPSIPIERA—PIERCE. 133 Acroschismus, differing from the former in wing venation and from the latter in genitalia. The antenne taper as in Xenos. The cede- agus is not bounded at its base by reflexed lobes, is basally bisulcate and apically cleft. The wings have seven primary veins from the base, with one unattached distal vein between the radius and medius and one between the medius and cubitus. The genus is parasitic upon Polistes and is confined to North America. fea pi with first jomtlonmer tian second....5...:...2---.--522-.2. 2)... peckit Kirby. 1. SCHISTOSIPHON PECKII Kirby (1813). Xenos vespx Peck in correspondence. Xenos peckii Kirsy, 1813. Schistosiphon peckii PrprceE, 1908. Host.—Polistes fuscatus Fabricius; near Cambridge, Massachusetts (pl. 5, figs. 5, 6). The original description by Kirby is essentially as follows: Male.—Dark fuscous, antenne with rami subterete, dilutely albo- punctate, anus pallid, legs yellowish, tarsi fuscous. Length 14 line (0.15 inch); breadth of head at eyes, 0.04 inch, length of antennz 0.045 inch. Body dark fuscous, minutely pubescent, velvety. Head between antenne longitudinally elevated and almost carinate. Maxille longer than their palpi, fuscous, minutely white pubescent, subdiaphanous. Thorax with postscutellum longitudinally and transversely canaliculate; postlhumbium pale. Wings whitish cine- reous; margin thickened, veins black. Legs cinereous or dusky; tarsi darker. Abdomen more obscure than the rest of the body; anus pale rufescent.¢ 12. VESPAZXENOS, new genus. Name derived from Vespa (the host genus) + Xenos (the original genus of wasp parasites), meaning a xenid parasite of Vespa. Type of genus.— Vespaexenos crabronis, new species. @ Male.—X. nigro-fuscus, antennis; ramis semiteretibus dilutioribus albo puncta- tis, ano pallido, pedibus luridis; tarsis fuscis. Long. corp. 14 lin. (Professor Peck’s measurements of fresh specimens: Length of body 0.15 inch, breadth of head at eyes 0.04 inch, length of antennz 0.045 inch.) Corpus nigro-fuscum, ex pube brevissima et nisi sub lente forti omnino inconspicua opacum et quasi velutinum. Caput inter antennas longitudinaliter elevatum et feré carinatum. Palpi articulo primo secundo longiori. Antennae capite longiores; ramis magis diluté fuscis, subdiaphanis, punctis minutissimis albis, et, uti suspicor, hexagonis, nisi sub lente forti vix conspicuis irroratis. Truncus. Thorax posticé in medio obtusangulus. Scutellum longitudi- naliter et late canaliculatum. Postlumbium pallidum. Alae cinereo-albidae; mar- gine crassiori, nervisque nigris. Pedes cinerei vel potits luridi; tarsis nigricantibus. Abdomen reliquo corpore magis obscurum; ano pallide rufescentil (Kirby, 1813). 84359—Bull. 66—09——10 134 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The genus is restricted to parasites of Vespa and is at present confined to Asia. Male.—At present unsatisfactorily described. Female.—Typically xenine, but larger than any other known genus. Most nearly approaching the shape of Acroschismus. Triungulinid in general similar to that of Acroschismus. 1. VESPZEXENOS CRABRONIS, new species. Host.— Vespa crabro Linneus; Japan. Female.—Length of cephalothorax 3.15 mm., greatest breadth 2.95 mm., breadth at spiracles 2.73 mm., breadth at base of head 2.35 mm., distance between mandibles 0.63 mm. Cephalothorax rounded, constricted at base, widest point just behind spiracles, spiracles dorso-lateral, not visible from ventral side, large convex; margin deeply constricted in front of spiracles, then abruptly enlarg- ing, from thence broadly convex to apex; mandibles very large, quadrate, deeply emarginate at apex, apical angles large, obtuse. Type.—Cat. No. 12667, U.S.N.M. 2. VESPZEXENOS MOUTONI Buysson (1903). Xenos moutoni Buysson, 1903, 1904. Host (typical).— Vespa mandarina Smith; also recorded on Vespa magnifica Smith, Vespa nigrans Buysson; China (Yun-nam, Tsé-kou, Ngan-hoei, Yng-chan). Female.—Length 17 mm.; length of abdomen 6 mm. Cephalo- thorax yellowish, bordered with brown, extremity with a little sub- triangular plaque, emarginate at apex; base of cephalothorax having on each side a little whitish spiracle surrounded with brown; abdo- men 9 segmented, the first narrowed into the form of a collar, the last very large; a large yellowish band more chitinous, running the entire length of the dorsum, represents the ventral brood canal. 3. VESPZXENOS BUYSSONI, new species. Xenos moutoni R. pu Buysson, 1906. The following description is taken from the account furnished by Buysson in 1906. Host.—Vespa ducalis Smith; Hué, Annam; collected by E. Fleu- tiaux, 1905, in Museum of Paris. Male.—Similar to Xenos vesparum Rossi, from which it is dis- tinguished by its larger size, its smooth, brilliant body, without velvety pubescence; by the much longer prescutum, which is about twice as long as the width of its base, and finally by the more elongate scutellum, with its less arcuate sides. Length 5 mm. (‘‘Ecusson” “3 REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. i559 . has been translated as prescutum, and ‘‘segment mediaire”’ as b) fo) scutellum, but this may be entirely wrong.) 2. PSEUDOXENINI, new tribe. Pseudoxenides SAUNDERS, 1872. Type genus.—Pseudoxenos Saunders (1872). Parasitic on Eumenide. The tribe includes three genera: 13. Pseudoxenos Saunders (1872), parasitic on Odynerus (sens lat.) ; Europe. 14. Leionotoxenos Pierce, parasitic on Leionotus; America. 15. Monobiaphila Pierce, parasitic on Monobia; America. The author has used a grouping into tribes of those genera para- sitic on hosts of the same family, believing that as soon as sufficient material is at hand this grouping will be justified. For this reason the tribe is limited to the eumenid parasites. 13. Genus PSEUDOXENOS Saunders (1872). Name derived from ¢ yaa: ; « y sie ; U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETININOL Ge. MAR WAiNan SZ BY A ILIPPINGYS, heey! Ys ase : Vs p ly * | an , = - - n VenezuELA RS pos } r COLOMELA wu OTRO || eo ; f : tC i " s - Pawns é Oi . ay 3 40° so* CJ 7 60" (AFTER WALLACE 1876) 100" a0° ‘80° Oo ‘on ; 7 SSS e | : a ‘ t t = Y ean? “aged a Sy Paved 8 — Vi lis! / SROWARDS SOF DOS EB REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 173 Table of the Distribution of Stylopized Genera. Nearctic. | Neotropical.| Palzerctic. | Ethiopian. Oriental. Australian. Genus. 2 Gryllotalpa........- ead) bos) Gace |sSellsisc| Eel ac eel eee! see aac ees| Ue Sol Secl eee bm aissel ea. Pps reel eee os2 TELIGONAG 2 ows = 2 me Sa Ect boss esclbeclead ese tseileoar||ee Sse ecllsosbes|bas bed poole er|Aes Bri|-) eal Re Diedrocephala....-. Sp ad odes onsee ~oc|| A GaS See SeS Ebel nc eel oo Rael ee bea lessee a te esa oe AX erophl@a ......-.. aadpad Steeles] pee eel as OU ete rae eared acre eres| Seel| =| om oll ctl mooted Stay rane Ean el ee So Deltocephalus.....-. See ae cle os oes Seater leer Bese e erst es erated eloreiell e's] © niet sail wee lee aint BA JO, ee secede scli6ce) Sec} iscliee$ Soql-eSa|ecolsedleselecol ese sca eer! Beal Real Beh Re. AEP Megamelanus...--. Bee eS es Sl ee ee ee Sasheens|se sleee| cecil ss ee Saale a Liburnia.......-.-- Spal bee fate) eos eee ees bac Bee | ral ee) een hee Bele rae late fewa|aoe| ate ele |= Sa[ae co) |) Lellore Eumenes.....------ aleeotlena|ee alee al eealmees le scale ateemtees eo weleel ool sacle | cee 4 er ea Rygchium.....-.--- alpecleealeeel eae IO eel Re Epler Sie abe acs Bead se tery aa ey ae ee, AS eo Sell ere ee eae | eral cen ye a ee ee ee nies | Seesteetal= cols ot scmlaae [ates Ae ee Odynerus.....-.---- ae eae fae | ane 1 es) Sel ate els eee et a ed Ss ees ba be sleeels Hoplomerus...-..--- BA eal eee eee ac PAA Bea) Sa Pepe sel sacle Aaa) A Selcee bee) hod heroes Sse Bo Seca Psiloglossa.....:.--|--- all aretateraialfetare LW Bee BES ete ee Gat 26S EES EE Sea Be See) Beal Mee ees) ee - Lh. ee aA Meee (oc Bee Dateaeltiss|ecen a stiesellose all Seatre om) ete ene ea eel ase launteeey see Belonogaster......-. Se] Sel Sct Bee leon ashes ees leas 2 el see Bs ee Bee cel ee) ne cl Sees ey [ere (oe (ey bee NOL TS eS Rote Ae ae bl Ssclesacfincclsse Bes se ea eee pon) oa les ta ea ee 11 tee |S a Be Sceliphron......-.-- Sy ey |e aS a BS Uc eee Fees ty LE) Del | Ce an te Od sol fee Proterosphexr .....-. erate natel| Ol wets tee 1) Pe Pe oe Sal oc ery fame (eed Oe sete (ee eee el Lg Kees Sallam a aa WSOROMNWs. oo 23522 3 Eta eee ca | teal liars IME Rl Se Sema sco bSalgeclicaclecal ae 30a |ecleleaelSed|anel ane |en sl ecslere Stizomoyhus....-.--- Ree ae ee een ee 5 ste | ata | Sine Sepa selbedices|e6s)Sac) ee yeae oe Bar| er eel fl ea elgs Bembecinus.......- ere (ree eee ese [erm Bee sel Bae Boe) | ec ace bs be ese eee Ge Gee) ee Bas Ges Gee Boe ae PEFOBO DIS Ae ose oe =k mrleae| oes sales Bre eel eee Li Ran Bee tere ae elect «al ssi Be A Pid ee) ee oe ee Mahictus. 522.2252 Fae feel Oxlleteepaere BA Bos eee Wy Saeleer an |tee|scelces |= 2|e= ON eiaa lees eere|eaeleacles « Panurginus........ Se I RA [gts BN eae Rea al ae Se BES Sec ber 65-1 AE Bsa Red Cee eee Fe A cals oe les |Saales alee Hatictoides.- 23.222 Poeeclasesfaselenesare |e set 0 ae a ee il ee ee een eee | Cera femeo. claee Meliturga.......... BSH | senate telsiaiel ae al ereetctes oP cs Bers ero (Sega ieee eee (ee a bate (ce (eter ae’ (re ka 174 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. APPENDICES. PARASITISM. Certain characteristics or laws of parasitism may be framed as a general summary of the results found in the article. I. The fact that a certain peculiarity is possessed by two insects in varying degrees does not indicate close relationship. (1) The abortion, or loss of wings, occurs in Coleoptera, Diptera, Strepsiptera, Dermaptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenop- tera. (2) The wingless female occurs in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Strep- siptera, Hymenoptera, and Homoptera. (3) The “‘raspberry”’ eye occurs in Diptera (Pupipara), Strepsip- tera, and Thysanoptera. (4) Hypermetamorphosis occurs in Serene Neuroptera, Hy- menoptera, and Strepsiptera. (5) Larviparous reproduction occurs in . Homoptera, Strepsiptera, and Diptera. (6) Flabellate antennz occur in Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, and Hymenoptera. II. Two lines of descent may arise from greatly variant sources and through the assumption of similar habits of life develop organs closely approximating each other. Or two different combinations of causes may exert influences inducing an approximation of resultant organs. (1) The Meloide, Rhipiphoride, and Strepsiptera have the first larval stages clad ! (2) The antenne of the Rhipiphoride are flabellate, as they are also in male Strepsiptera. (3) The mouth parts of the Rhipiphoride and Strepsiptera are atrophied. The peculiar rhipiphorid Rhyzostylops vnquirendus Sil- vestri may be referred to-in this connection. III. Parasitism is an acquired habit; an adaptation—hence a specialization. In the specialized adaptation to a parasitic life cer- tain organs become unnecessary and are changed to accomplish new functions or become aborted or lost. Certain other organs at the same time have an increase of function or assume duties entirely new, and consequently through selection and modification induced by changed functions become very different from the type organs. (1) In the Strepsiptera the first change noted is the loss of legs and eyes by the larva, and the ultimate recovery of these organs by the male, but the final loss of them by the female. (2) The reduction of the male front wings to clubs is accompanied by the assumption of the function of sound making. (3) The female’s permanence in one position has brought about the complete reduction of all appendages except the mandibles REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 175 which are used in pushing out the cephalothorax, and perhaps aid in the act of copulation. The necessity of being inconspicuous on the host’s body, or rather the necessity of preventing a drying up of the host’s interior, has reduced the cephalothorax to a flattened disk which hardly raises the abdominal plates of the host. IV. A parasite may by constant reduction of parts become exceed- ingly simple in structure; in other words, generalized. This is, how- ever, generalization by reversion, and is by no means indicative of primitiveness. V. Hypermetamorphosis is the extreme of known specialization in development of insects. (1) The appearance of the hexapod larva resembling the most primitive of adult insects, followed by successive stages representing various types of larve, then succeeded by an internally formed pupa, which remains inclosed in its larval skin, and finally the resultant highly specialized male, seems to carry the insect through all of the evolutionary stages experienced in the production of specialized insects. In fact, hypermetamorphosis rehearses the stages of evolution. VI. Larviparous reproduction is a modification of biology due to specialization of activities. (1) The female strepsipteran never leaves its host, and therefore oviposition is impossible. VII. The differing habits of the hosts have given rise to the isola- tion of species of parasites, and their dependence upon a single species of host for nourishment is the result of specialization to meet the requirements of life in that host. VIII. A single host may in different localities have different species of parasites in the same genus or group. HABITS OF LARVZ OF INSECTS. The following generalized table is planned to show the progres- sion of dependence in insect larve, leading to parasitism. It is, in fact, designed mainly to show that the nature of the parasitism by the Strepsiptera is different from that of any other group of insect. Leading examples only are given. (Acarina are included for com- parative purposes.) a. Eggs deposited: Gi Dne Clo, placed PROMISCUOUS Y aterm coe ork aia oe Soe ne oS il. ab. The egg placed regularly away from larval food...........-......----.-- 3. dc. ine.epo placed in ‘or on the larval todas... 2 oe oie oan oe Stans sai 2 4. VANE SUREREG LS eRe gilt pe HE Spam ptcs Cid oy.” 2a ea ne ig ae pe 4b. b. Eggs not deposited: ba. Larvee issuing in presence of food— (Sarcophagidee)!. 0k... 22s se 82 Se 0. 2, A aa le ope 4b, 4c. (Avolanialige lee ae Micah Bre eer ae ithe eee Stn 9 5 MEN SS mt Se SE Aa. (TE NET ESS aR aR ee ne eo) ne Gee a eee 176 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Larve issuing away from food— (Strepsiptera) - 356.30. 2 eens fee ee \ 3h (Tachinidse),. 72.2 .¢3 4 eee a ce ; be. Larvee nourished by parent and issuing ready for pupation; adults parasitic on warm-blooded animals: Pupipara. bd. Offspring issuing as adults; adults parasitic on insects: Pediculoides. . Larve omnivorous, predaceous, and scavengers (precocious), as, for example, Blat- toidea, Mantoidea, etc. (aa). Larvee feeding on decaying matter, scavengers (aa)........---------------/---2. . Adults not parasitic: Dermestide, other Coleoptera, Diptera (1b). Adults parasitic on warm-blooded animals: Suctoria (16). . Larve generally vegetation feeders; eggs laid in ground (precocious), as, for exam- ple, Acridoidea (ab). Larve after first stage parasitic and reliant upon carriers or search to find hosts: Meloidz, Rhipiphoridz (ab)... -- 2.022202 ees ee ee 4. Strepsiptera (00). 2 oes coe sabi oe Cees cee ae er 4, Txodoidea: (ab)... 22.5. 22k nsec coos ete tine 2 sein Fe eg ee ea 4, Tachinide (ab; bb)... 2220255 kOe hemlet 2th eh er 4, 4, Larvee phytophagous (ac, ba) 5200205 2 ot 2-8 ee eee Os wee Oe 5. Larvee zoophagous (dc; ba, 3b). =. 2.2 -t2s2-56 Ls 2s acess ene ee ie 1: 12. Larve scavengers: Sarcophagidee (ba). . Larve capable of finding food after immediately sunounaine supply is exhausted (precocious): Homoptera, including some Aphididee (ba), Chrysomelide, Lepi- doptera, Tenthredinide, Phylonomus (4a). Larvee dependent upon immediate surroundings for food supply: Rhynchophora, Bruchide, etc. (4a). Larvee dependent upon other insects (4a, ba)........-.------------+-++--+++----- 6. . Larvee dependent upon insects of their own species for nourishment (altricious): Isoptera, Formicoidea, Vespoidea, Apoidea (5c). Larvee dependent upon insects of other species for attention: Aphididee (ba), Coccidze, Aleurodid (5c) (frequently attended or distributed by ants). . Larve dependent upon insects of their own species for stored food: Sphecoidea, Bembecide (45). Larve receiving their food at the expense of warm-blooded animals (46).....- 8. Larve receiving their food at the expense of other insects (4b, 3b)..........--- 9. . Larve externally parasitic upon warm-blooded animals: Ixodoidea, Mallophaga, Parasitica (7b). Larve internally parasitic in warm-blooded animals: Oestridz (7b). . Larve feeding upon food stored for other insects (commensals) (7c): termitophila, myrmecophila. Larvee feeding upon other insetts (7¢)..-..6 =. -- 22-62 sue a 2 = 10. . Larve feeding externally upon host (ectozoic) (9b)....-.--.-..--------------- 11. Larvee feeding internally upon host (endozoic) (9b)......-.------------------ is Larvee compelled to seek or be carried to host: Rhipiphoridz, Meloidz (10a, 36). Larvee hatching in reach of host: Ichneumonidea, Chalcidoidea (10a). Pupation outside of dead host: Sarcophagidee (62), Ichneumonoidea, Chalcidoidea (106). Pupation within the skin of dead host: Tachinidz, Ichneumonidz (100). Pupation within host, female never leaving host, which matures and does not die until the progeny of the parasite are distributed: Strepsiptera (106, bd). Although this table makes no attempt to comprehend all the vari-_ ous types of metamorphosis in insects, it is believed that it shows satisfactorily that the Strepsiptera represent the nearest approach to true permanent parasitism that is to be found in insects. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 177 HOST LIST. ORTHOPTERA:. Superfamily GRYLLOIDEA. Family GRYLLOTALPIDA. Gryllotalpa Latreille. species, Vituland, East Africa (Voeltzkow, 1880, pp. 441-5). HOMOPTERA. The classification follows Kirkaldy.¢ Superfamily CICADOIDEA. Family TETIGONIIDA=JASSOIDEA Authors. Tribe TETIGONIINI. Tetigonia Geoffroy ( Tettigonia Authors). albida, Australia, Pentoxocera, species (Perkins, 1905). parthaon Kirkaldy, Cairns, Queensland, (male, female); Pentoz- ocera (Bruesia) australensis Perkins (Perkins, 1905, 1906). Oncometopia Stal. lateralis Fabricius, N braless Arizona (A. Koebele), (male) (Per- kins, 1907). Diedrocephala Spinola. sanguinolenta Coquibar, Cacao, Finca Trece Aguas, near Senaju, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, March (Schwarz and Barber); (pu- parium) Pentoxocera schwarzi Pierce. Tribe PENTHIMIINI. Xerophloea Germar. viridis Fabricius, St. Vincent, West Indies; Grand Ance (South End); Fort St. George, Grenada, West Indies (H. H. Smith), (puparia, females); Dioxocera insularum Pierce. Tribe PHRYNOMORPHINI. Deltocephalus Burmeister. ?species, Australia (Perkins, 1906). Eutettizx Van Duzee. species, Australia (Perkins, 1906). Hecalus Stal. immaculatus Kirkaldy, Cairns, Queensland; (female) Pentozo- cera (Bruesia) phxodes Perkins (Perkins, 1905, 1906). a Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s Experiment Station, 1907. 178 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tribe CEPHALELINI. Paradorydium Kirkaldy. menalus Kirkaldy, Cairns, Queensland; Pentoxocera (Bruesia) stenodes Perkins (Perkins, 1905, 1906). Tribe ATHYSANINI. Phlepsvus Fieber. species, Australia (Perkins, 1905). Tribe EURYMELINI=BYTHOSCOPIDZ Authors. Agallia Curtis. quadrinotata, Columbus, Ohio; Agalliaphagus (Halictophagus?) americanus Perkins (Parkins: 1905). ‘species, Mittatong, New South Wales; Pentacladocera (aha phagus?) schwarzv Perkins (Perkins, 1905). Ceratagallia Kirkaldy. bigelovie Baker, Nogales, Arizona (A. Koebele), (Perkins, 1907). species, Australia (Perkins, 1905). Superfamily FULGOROIDEA. Family ASTRACIDE. Perkinsiella Kirkaldy. vitiensis Kirkaldy, Fiji; Elenchoides perkinsi Pierce (Elenchus tenuicornis Muir), (Muir, 1906, p. 6). species, Fiji, Elenchus %, species (Peraas, 1905, p. 93). Megamelanus Ball. species, Bay Ridge, Maryland, September 1 (Otto Heidemann). Stobera Stal. species, Nogales, Arizona (A. Koebele), (Perkins, 1907). Taburmea Stal. breewpennis Boheman, Horsens, Denmark, September 25 Gemieaie 3 Ruderhegen, Denmark, March 9 (puparium); Elenchus, spe- cies (Meinert, 1896 6). campestris Van Duzee, Columbus, Ohio, August 11 (males), August 17 (female); Mecynocera koebeler Pierce. (collectaan U.S. National Museum). lutulenta Van Duzee. 1. Columbus, Ohio, August 11 (male); Mecynocera koebeler Pierce (tenwicornis Perkins), (Perkins, 1905; collection U.S. National Museum). 2. Alameda, California (Perkins, 1905). species, Surbiton, England, August 20 (male); Hlenchus tenui- cornis Kirby, (E. Saunders, 1892 a). species, Queensland ; (Elenchiue tenuncorms Perkins) , (Pea 19O5) see, species, Bay Ridge, Maryland, September 1 (Otto Heidemann). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 179 Pentagramma Van Duzee. . vittatifrons Uhler, “Dacota” (Rothauer), (females); Pentagram- maphila uhleri Pierce (collection P. R. Uhler, U. S. National Museum). Hadeodelphax Kirkaldy. species, Australia (?) (Elenchus tenuicornis Perkins), (Perkins, 1906). Aloha, Kirkaldy. ipomoex Kirkaldy, Mount Tantalus (1,300 feet), Hawaii (W. M. Giffard); (Elenchus tenuicornis Muir) ?, (Muir, 1906, p. 6). Family ISSIDA. Subfamily FURY BRACHYIN 42. Platybrachys Stal. species, Cairns, Queensland; Deinelenchus australensis Perkins (Perkins, 1905). ? species, Cairns, Queensland; Megalechthrus tryoni Perkins (Per- kins). Family POEKILLOPTERIDZ. Subfamily TROPIDUCHIN 2%. Tribe TROPIDUCHINI. Epora Walker subtilis Walker, Sarawak (puparium); Colacina insidiator West- wood (Westwood, 1877). Location doubtful. species, Semarang, Java, June, July (E. Jacobson), (male, fe- male); Neocholax jacobsoni Meijere (Meijere, 1908). species, Honolulu, Hawaii; Elenchus species (Perkins, 1906, in letter). HETEROPTERA: Family PENTATOMIDZ. Subfamily SCUTEHLLARIN ZA. Chrysocoris Hahn. (Callidea Burmeister). grandis baro Fabricius, East Asia (female), (Sharp, 1899, p. 303; Perkins, 1905). HYMENOPTERA. Superfamily FORMICOIDEA. Family FORMICID. , species, Ramboddo, Ceylon, April 29; Myrmecolax metnert Westwood (Westwood, 1861). 180 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Superfamily VESPOIDEA. Family MASARIDZ. Paragia Shuckard. decipiens Shuckard, Australia (exuvium), (Smith, 1867). tricolor Smith, Australia (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). Family EUMENIDA. Eumenes Latreille. | fenestralis Saussure, (female), (L. von Heyden, 1867). mazillosa DeGeer (tinctor Christ) (female), (L. von Heyden, 1867). petiolata Fabricius, India (female, exuvium), (Smith, 1859). pomiformis Fabricius, Nicaea (puparium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). tinctor Christ =maaillosa DeGeer. Rygchium Spinola (Rhynchium Billberg). flavomarginatum Smith, Brazil (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). Monohia Saussure. quadridens Linneus, Wolfe City, Texas, May 31 (female); Orange, Louisiana, August 23 (females), (F. C. Bishopp); Monobiaphila bishoppi Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). Odynerus Latreille. chloroticus, Spinola, (female), (L. von Heyden, 1867). deflendus Saunders, Epirus; Corcyra (male); Pseudoxenos hey- denw Saunders (S. 8. Saunders, 1853). species, Brazil (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). Ancistrocerus Wesmael (Odynerus Latreille, part). campestris Saussure, Missouri (C. V. Riley), (exuvium), collec- tion U. S. National Museum). parietum Linnzus, Corcyra (male); Pseudoxenos schawmi Saun- ders (S. S. Saunders, 1872). Leionotus Saussure (Odynerus Latreille, part). annulatus Say, Dallas, Texas, July 31, on Heleniwm tenurfolium (W. A. Hooker), (female), (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). colon Cresson, Mound, Louisiana, May 12 (C. R. Jones), (female) ; Leionotoxenos jonesi Pierce (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). foraminatus Saussure,. Cincinnati, Ohio, August 10 (female), (Dury, 1902; collection C. Dury). pertinax Saussure, National Park, Wyoming, July 31 (male), (collection U. S. National Museum). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 181 vagans Saussure, Mound, Louisiana, May 12 (C. R. Jones), (fe- male); Leionotozenos lowisianae Pierce (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). verus Cresson, Dallas, Texas, July 21, on Helenium tenuifolium (W. A. Hooker), (female); Leionotorenos hookeri Pierce (collec- tion U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). Triungulinids of this parasite were found on an Agapostemon tecanus taken at the same flower species. Hoplomerus Westwood (Odynerus Latreille, part). levipes Shuckard, Epirus (male); Pseudoxenos klugii Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1872). spinipes Linneus, Corcyra (males); Pseudoxenos? (Paraxenos) corcyricus Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1872). Psiloglossa Saunders. odyneroides Saunders, Epirus (exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). Family VESPIDA. Vespa Linnzeus. concolor Kirby (exuvium), (Kirby, 1813). crabro Linnzus, Japan (female); Vespxxenos crabronis Pierce (C. F. Baker collection, U. S. National Museum). ducalis Smith, Hué, Annam (male); Vespxxrenos buyssoni Pierce (Buysson, 1906). lama Buysson, Sikkim, India; altitude 12,500 feet (female) (Buysson, 1905). magnifica Smith, Yun-nam and Tsé-kou, China (females); Ves- pxxenos (Xenos) moutoni Buysson, 1903). mandarina Smith, Ngan-hoei and Yng-chan, China (females) ; Vespexenos (Xenos) moutoni Buysson (Buysson, 1903). nigra Buysson, Yun-nam and Tsé-kou, China (females); Ves- pxexenos (Xenos) moutonit Buysson (Buysson, 1903). vulgaris Linneus, Stuttgart, Germany (female), (Roser, 1836). Polistes Latreille. americanus Fabricius =crinitus Felt. . annularis Linneus. 1. Austin, Texas, May (males); Acroschismus (Xenos) pal- lidus Brues, 1903). 2. Paris, Texas, July—October (males, females); Acro- schismus (Xenos) pallidus Brues; A. (X) nigrescens Brues (Brues, 1905). 3. Paxton (Shelby County), Texas, August 9 (W. D. Pierce), (female). 4. Rosser, Texas, September, October (F. C. Bishopp, C. R. Jones), (males, females); Acroschismus pallidus Brues (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 84359—Bull. 66—09-——13 182 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5. Agricultural College, Mississippi (female), (from collec- tion Mississippi Agricultural College). 6. Bennington, Indian Territory, August 28 (J. C. Crawford), (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). . Victoria, Texas, July 16 (W. E. Hinds), (females), (col- lection U.S. National Museum). 8. Texas (Belfrage), (puparia), (collection U. S. National Museum). 9. Plummer’s Island, Maryland, November, 1907 (female, puparia); W. P. Hay, W. L. McAtee, collectors; Acroschismus pallidus Brues. aurifer Saussure. 1. Washington State (exuvium); California (puparium), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). 2. Folsom, California, July 10, 12 (exuvia), (collection U. S. National Museum). © bellicosus? Cresson, Natchitoches, Louisiana, September 15 (fe- male); (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). canadensis Linnzus. 1. Texas (exuvium), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). 2. Mound, Louisiana, August 20 (F. C. Bishopp), (exuvium), (collection U. 8. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). carnifec Fabricius, Mexico (puparium, exuvium), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). crinitus Felton (americanus Fabricius). 1. North America (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). 2. Crescent City, Florida (H. G. Hubbard), (males, females) ; Acroschismus hubbardi Pierce (Hubbard, 1892; collec- tion U. S. National Museum). diadema Latreille = gallicus Linneus. flavus Cresson, Colorado (puparium), (collection U. S. National Museum). fuscatus Fabricius, Newbury, Massachusetts (male) ; chistes ey (Xenos) peckit Kirby (Kirby, 1813). gallicus Linnzeus. 1. France; Italy (male); Xenos vesparum Rossi (Rossi, 1790, 1793). 2. Geneva, Switzerland (male); Xenos juriner Saunders (Jurine, 1818). 3. Cairo, Egypt (males, females); Xenos vesparum Rossi (Nasconow, 1893 a). 4. Europe (Rouget, 1873), Rosenhauer, 1842. 5. (diadema Latreille), (Rouget, 1873). ~J REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 183 6. (diadema Latreille), Innsbruck, Austria, October 28 (Karl Hofeneder). hebreus Fabricius, Northwest India (female), (Horne, 1871). imstabilis Saussure. 1. Brazil (female, exuvium), (Smith, 1859). This Polistes is either crinitus Fabricius or fuscatus Fabricius. 2. New Orleans, Louisiana, July (exuvium), (collection U.S. National Museum). lineatus Fabricius, Cuba (Palmer and Riley), (puparium, exu- vium), (collection U.S. National Museum). marginalis Fabricius. 1. Boma, Ethiopia (Schulz, 1905). 2. ape Fabricius, Northwest India (female), (Horne, 1871). metricus Say. 1. Colebrook, Connecticut, August (W. M. Wheeler), (males, females); Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce (Xenos peckii Brues), (Brues, 1903). 2. Washington, District of Columbia, September 6 (males) ; Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). 3. Ithaca, New York, August, September (authority, F. C. Chittenden). 4. Detroit, Michigan (males, females); Acroschismus bruesi Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). 5. Readville, Massachusetts (males, females), (Austin, 1882). 6. Chicopee, Massachusetts (F. Knab), (exuvia). navajoe Cresson, Metacomba Key, Florida, March, 1898 (Collins and Pollard), (exuvium), (collection U. S. National Museum). pallipes Lepeletier. 1. Marion, Massachusetts, September 2-12; Acroschismus bowditcht Pierce (Bowditch, 1902; collection F. C. Bowditch). 2. Cincinnati, Ohio, June 15 (puparia); July 3 (puparia) ; August 24, 25 (exuvia, puparia, female; September 13 (exuvia) ; September 16 (males, females) ; September 22 (male); Acroschismus bowditchi Pierce (Dury, 1902, 1906; collections C. Dury, Annette F. Braun, Cincin- nati, Ohio). perplecus Cresson, Texas (exuvium), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). rubiginosus Lepeletier. 1. Austin, Texas (male); Acroschismus (Xenos) nigrescens Brues (Brues, 1903, 1905). 184 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. Round Mountain, Texas (exuvia, female), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). 3. Logansport, Louisiana, June 6 (W. D. Pierce), (puparium, females); Acroschismus rubiginosi Pierce (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 4. New Boston, Texas, September 26 (F. C. Bishopp), (exuvia, puparia), (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 5. Henrietta, Texas, October 5 (J. C. Crawford), (exuvium). 6. Mineola, Texas, July 19 (Bishopp and Jones), (exuvia), (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 7. Waco, Texas, August 29 (F. C. Bishopp), (female, ; exuvia); Acroschismus jpecosensis Pierce (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 8. Onaga, Kansas (Crevecoeur), (exuvium). 9. Texas, Acroschismus maximus Pierce. stigma Fabricius =marginalis stigma Fabricius. texanus Cresson. 1. Austin, Texas (exuvia), (Brues, 1903). 2. Victoria, Texas, July 7 (C. M. Walker), (puparia); (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 3. Pecos, Texas, February 27 (puparia, males); September 25 (females); September 30 (males), (A. E. Brown) ; Acroschismus pecosensis Pierce (Skinner, 1903, a, b; collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). 4. Victoria, Texas, July 25 (C. R. Jones), (female, exuvium) ; Acroschismus texani Pierce (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). 5. New Mexico (C. F. Baker; collection U. S. National Museum). variatus Cresson. 1. Connecticut, Xenos peckia Brues (Brues, 1903). 2. Washington, District of Columbia (puparia), (authority F. C. Chittenden). species, Caffraria (male), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). species, Hat Creek (Sioux County), Nebraska, August (female, exuvia); Xenos bruneri Pierce (from collection University of Nebraska). species, Virginia (male), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). species, Victoria, Texas, June 27 (females), (C. R. Jones); September 25 (females, puparia), (J. C. Crawford) ; Acroschismus hunteri Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investiga- — tion). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 185 Polybia Lepeletier. sericea Olivier, Brazil (female), (Smith, 1859). Belonogaster Saussure. grisea Fabricius. 1. Africa (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). 2. (rufipennis De Geer), Africa (female, exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). quncea Fabricius, Tripoli (female), (Smith, 1859). rufipennis De Geer = grisea Fabricius. Icaria Saussure. ferruginea Fabricius, Northwest India (female), (Horne, 1871). Superfamily SPHECOIDEA. Family SPHECIDA. Sceliphron Klug (Pelopxus Latreille). chilensis Spinola = Chlorion spinole Smith. deformis Smith, Shanghai, China (female), (Smith, 1859). fasciatum Lepeletier. 1. Chili (exuvium) (S. S. Saunders, 1872). 2. Santo Domingo (female); Sceliphronechthrus fasciati Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). flavo-fasciatum Smith, Celebes (exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). intrudens Smith, Celebes (female), (Smith, 1859). laboriosus Smith, Aru Island (female), (Smith, 1859). tibialis Fabricius (Sphex tibialis Fabricius), North America (exuvia), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). species, Australia (Perkins, 1905, 91). Proterosphex Fernald (Sphex Authors). Synonymy according to Fernald (Proceedings U.S. National Museum, No. 1487). aurifluus Perty=ichneumoneus Linnzus. aurocapilla Templeton =ichneumoneus auriflwus Perty. caliginosus Erichson, Boqueti, Chiriqui, Panama (2,500 feet altitude), (Rosenberg), (exuvia), (C. F. Baker, collection U. S. National Museum). flavipes Smith = flavitarsis Fernald. flavitarsis Fernald (flavipes Smith), Georgia (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). ichneumoneus Linneus. 1. North America (males); new species larger by one-half than Xenos pecki (L. von Heyden, 1867). 2. Cincinnati, Ohio, June 18 (female, puparia), (Dury, 1902; collection C. Dury, Cincinnati). 186 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3. aurifluus Perty (aurocapilla Templeton), Brazil (male); Homilops (Parazenos) westwoodi Templeton (Templeton 1838). 4. Waco Texas, August 29 (F. C. Bishopp), (females, exuvia); Homilops bishoppi Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). pennsylvanicus Linneus, det. Ashmead, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 12 (Annette F. Braun), (female, exuvium). pernanus (?) Kohl, Santo Domingo (females, exuvium) ; Homilops ashmeadi Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). petiolata Smith = [sodontia costipennis Spinola. tibialis Fabricius =Sceliphron tibialis Fabricius. new species (female, exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). species, Trong, Lower Siam (Dr. W. L. Abbot), (exuvia, female) ; Homilops abbotti Pierce (collection U.S. National Museum). Isodontia Patton. costipennis Spinola (petiolata Smith), Brazil (female), (Smith, 1859). Chlorion Latreille. spinole Smith (Pelopzus chiliensis Spinola), Chili (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). Parasphex Smith. albisecta Lepeletier, Epirus (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). fervens Fabricius = viduatus Christ. viduatus Christ (fervens Fabricius), India (female), (S. S. Saun- ders, 1872). Priononyx Dahlbom. atrata Lepeletier, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 17 (female); August 16, (male); August 19 (male); September 21 (puparium, female); Ophthalmochlus duryi Pierce (Dury, 1902; collections C. Dury, Annette F. Braun, Cincinnati, Ohio). chiliensis Lepeletier, Chili (E. C. Reed), (male, exuvia); (C. F. Baker, collection U. S. National Museum.) Spher Linneus (Ammophila, Authors). atrvupes Smith, India (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). capensis Lepeletier =tydei Guillon. extremitatus Cresson, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 6 (female); August 30 (females, male); Eupathocera lugubris (2) Pierce (Dury, 1902; collection C. Dury). pers aene Lepeletier, Gambia (Crue) (Smith, 1859). fragilis Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 3 (male); October 2 (exuvium) ; Pune hooe Pierce (collection C. Dury). holosericea Fabricius, Sicily (females, exuvium), (Smith, 1859). intercepta Lepeletier, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 25 (exuvium), (collection C. Dury). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 187 procera Dahlbom (gryphus Smith, det. Dury), Cincinnati, Ohio, September (authority C. Dury). pruinosa Cresson, Canyon City, Colorado, August; Denver, Colo- rado (J. S. Hunter), (female), Hupathocera pruinose Pierce. sdbulosa Linneus, France, Germany (female); Hupathocera? (Paraxenos) sphecidarum Dufour (Dufour, 1837; Siebold, 1839). tyder Guillon (capensis Lepeletier), Tunis (exuvium), (Smith, 1859). varipes Cresson, Beulah, New Mexico, August 11 (exuvium), (Viereck, 1903; collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences). species, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (male), (S. Grzenicher in letter). Miscus Jurine. campestris Latreille, Germany, FEwpathocera (?) (Parazenos) steboldu Saunders (Siebold, 1839). Family STIZID. Stizomorphus Costa. species (Perez, 1886). species, Australia (Perkins, 1905, 91). Family BEMBECID. Bembecinus Costa. peregrinus Smith, Coreyra; Paraxenos erbert Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1872). Bembex Fabricius. species, Australia (Perkins, 1905, p. 91; 1906 in letter): Superfamily APOIDEA. Family PROSOPID. Prosopis Fabricius. bipunctata Fabricius, England (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). gibba Saunders, Epirus (male, female); Hylechthrus quercus Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1850). rubicola Saunders. 1. Epirus (male, female); Hylechthrus rubi Saunders; Hy- lechthrus rubi pustulatus Saunders (S. 8S. Saunders, 1850). 2. (stylop) versicolor Saunders, Epirus (males); Hylechthrus rubt Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1850). signata Panzer =bipunctata Fabricius. variegata Saunders, Epirus (female, exuvium); Hylechthrus — gsteboldu Saunders (S. S. Saunders, 1853). 188 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family ANDRENIDA, Authors. Subfamily HALICTIN 4. Halictus Latreille. zratus Kirby, England (female), (Curtis, 1832). Curtis aseribed Halictophagus curtis Dale to this host because he found it flying in the same locality as a parasitized bee. albipennis Robertson (Chloralictus), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 4 (S. Grenicher), (females); Halictorenos grenichert Pierce. 2albipes Kirby. 1. England (Perkins, 1892). 2. (obovatus Kirby), England (S. 8. Saunders, 1872). brunert Crawford (Chloralictus), West Point, Nebraska, June 10 (female); Halictoxenos crawfordi Pierce (from collection J. C. Crawford). calceatus Scopoli (cylindricus Fabricius), England (Perkins, 1892). cylindricus Fabricius = calceatus Scopoli. longulus Smith, England (female), (Smith, 1859). manile Rerrecad Manila, Philippine Islands (Robt. Brown), (female); Halictoxenos shanilee Pierce (collection U.S. National Museum). minutissimus Kirby, England (Perkins, 1892). minutus (Schrank) Lepeletier, England (female); Halictostylops (Halictophagus) spenciti Nassonow (Smith, 1859; Nassonow, 1893 a, b). morio Fabricius, England (Perkins, 1892). nitidiusculus Kirby, England (female), (Smith, 1859). obovatus Kirby =albipes Kirby. quadrinotatus Kirby, England (female), (S. 5S. Saunders, 1872). robb Ashmead, Manila, Philippine Islands (female) ; Halictoxenos robbw Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). rubicundus Christ, England (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). sparsus Robertson (Chloralictus), Ardmore, Oklahoma, March 12 (F. C. Bishopp), (female); Halictoxenos sparsi Pierce. tumulorum Linneus, England (female), (Perkins, 1892). versatus Robertson (Chloralictus), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sep- tember 1, 10, 22 (S. Greenicher), (females); Halictoxenos versati Pierce. zanthopus Kirby, England (Perkins, 1905, 92). zephyrus Smith (Chloralictus), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Santen 12 (S. Grenicher), (female); Halictoamnos zephyrr Piece species, Selma, Alabama, October (W. H. Patton), (exuvium), (collection Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.) REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 189 species (Chloralictus), Logansport, Louisiana, June 7 (W. D. Pierce), (male); Mound, Louisiana, May 12 (C. R. Jones), (puparium); Halictoxenos jonesi Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). Subfamily ANDRENIN 2. Andrena Fabricius. The synonymy of species is according to Dalla Torre (1895), which brings the synonymy later than the ‘Cata- logus.”’ advarians Viereck (types), Vancouver, British Columbia, March 26, April 5 (females); Stylops advarians Pierce. enewentris Morawitz (Perez, 1886). afzeliella Kirby. 1. (First generation) England, France (females), (Pickering, 1835; Smith, 1875; Perez, 1886; Alfken,1899). 2. albofasciata Thomson (second generation), (Perez). 3. (stylopized) converiuscula Kirby, England (male, female) ; Stylops thwaitei Saunders (Thwaites, 1841; Smith, 1875; Alfken, 1899). 4. (stylopized) converiuscula Kirby, Mecklenburg, Sachsen, and Elsass, Germany; Switzerland; Hungary (Friese, 1893). 5. fuscata Kirby, England (female), (Smith, 1859). albicrus Kirby. 1. Strandmellen Nordsjaelland, Denmark (male); (Stylops mellite Meinert), (Meinert 1896 6). 2. Hungary (Friese, 1893). 3. (barbilabris Kirby), England (male, female); Stylops dalit Curtis (Curtis, 1832). albofasciata Thomson = afzeliella albofasciata Thomson. albopunctata Rossi (funebris Panzer), (Perez, 1886). angustitarsata Viereck = subtilis Smith (stylopized) angustitarsata Viereck. aprilina Smith = nigroxnea (stylopized) aprilina Smith. atriceps Kirby =tibialis Kirby. austriaca Panzer. 1. Fiume, Hungary (Friese, 1893). 2. (rose Panzer), Epirus (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872; Perez, 1886). barbilabris Kirby =albicrus Kirby. biareolina Perez = Biareolina neglecta Dufour. bicolor Fabricius =gwynana bicolor Fabricius (vernal). bimaculata Kirby. 1. (conjuncta Smith), (Smith; Perez, 1886.) 2. decorata Smith, Bozen, Germany (Friese, 1906). 190 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3. decorata Smith (magrettiana Schmiedeknecht), Lugens, Switzerland (Friese, 1893). bipunctata Cresson (Opandrena). 1. Sioux County, Nebraska, May (L. Bruner), (female); Sty- lops bipunctate Pierce (collection University of Nebraska). 2. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 8, 17, (females); Stylops bipunctate Pierce (collection S. Graenicher). 3. Park County, Wisconsin (C. F. Baker), (female); Indiana (C. F. Baker), (female); Alabama (C. F. Baker), (female) ; Stylops bipunctatx Pierce. braunsiana Friese, Hungary (Friese, 1893), Peste (Nassonow, 1893 a). bucephala Stephens. 1. (Perez, 1886.) 2. Hungary (Friese, 1893). carbonara Fabricius. 1. Egypt (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). 2. Ribben, Kreis Sensburg, East een May 30 (Dr. P Speiser in letter). 3. (pilipes Rossi), Stylops nassonowi Fierce (melitte Nas- sonow), (Nassonow, 1893 a; Perez, 1886). 4. (pilipes Rossi), Schwerin and Zerbst, Germany (Friese, 1893). chalybea Perez =suerinensis Friese. chrysosceles Kirby (Smith; Perez, 1886; Schmiedeknecht, 1884; Chitty, 1902). cineraria Linneus (Sagemehl, 1882). cingulata Fabricius (Perez, 1886). clarkella Kirby (Smith; Perez, 1886). claytoniz Robertson (Trachandrena). 1. Thomasville, Georgia, March 21 (M. Hebard), (female), fee eal claytome Pierce. . Carlinville, Illinois (Robertson, reat ee ieee =prozima Kirby. combinata Christ, Fiume, Hungary; Straussburg, Cee (Friese, 1893; Pevee 1886). commoda Sith (cornit Robertson), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, ‘Tas 2,17 (female); Stylops corn Pierce (college aan S. Graenicher). congerens (Schmiedeknecht) Nassonow =congruens Schmiede- knecht. congruens Schmiedeknecht (congerens Nassonow), Fiume, Hun- gary (Friese, 1893; Nassonow, 1893 a). conjuncta Smith =bimaculata Kirby. conveaiuscula Kirby =afzeliella (stylopized) convexiuscula Kirby. cornt Robertson = commoda Smith. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 191 crawfordi Viereck (Pterandrena), Dallas, Texas, April 26-May 24 (Crawford, Pierce, Bishopp), (puparia, exuvia, females) Stylops crawfordi Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). cressont Robertson (Opandrena), Waldoboro, Maine, June 16 (H. L. Viereck), (female); Stylops cressoni Pierce. curvungula Thomson (squamigera Schenck), (Perez, 1886). deciprens Schenck (Perez, 1886). decorata Smith = bimaculata Kirby decorata Smith. denticulata Kirby (listerella Kirby), Osnabruck, a Aicaniaa (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). desponsa ae Nova Scotia (male, female); Stylops childreni Gray (Smith, 1853). dilecta Mocsary = ephippium Spinola. distinguenda Schenck, Agram, Hungary (Friese, 1893;. Perez, 1896). dubitata Schenck, Thuringen; Hungary (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). ephippium Spinola (dilecta Mocsary), Hungary (Friese, 1893). erigenve Robertson (Ptilandrena), Carlinville, Illinois (Robert- son, 1891). extricata Smith (Perez, 1886). ferox Smith (Chitty, 1902). fimbriata Brullé =variabilis Smith. flavipes Panzer (fulvicrus Kirby). 1. England (female), (Pickering, 1835; Perez, 1886). 2. Sarepta, Russia (Friese, 1893). | flavoclypesta miserabilis Cresson; Ardmore, Oklahoma, March 12, 1907 (F. C. Bishopp), (female); Stylops oklahoma Pierce (col- lection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). flesse Panzer, Fiume, Hungary; Stylops dominiquei Pierce (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886; Dominique, 1891). florea Fabricius (Perez, 1886). fucata Smith, Mecklenburg, Germany (Friese, 1893); Varnam- yunda ?, March 28—May 5 (Nassonow, 1893 a). fulva era 1. England (female), (Perkins, 1892; Perez, 1886). 2. Fiume, Hungary; Berne, Seritzecland (tenn, 1893). fulvescens Smith =humilis Tenet fulvicrus Kirby =flavipes Panzer. Sunebris Panzer =albopunctata Rossi. fuscata Kirby =afzeliella fuscata Kirby. Juscipes Kirby (pubescens Fabricius), England (female), (Picker- ing, 1835; Perez, 1886). gallica Perez (Perez, 1886). 192 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gaschett Perez (Perez, 1886). gwynana Kirby. 1. (estwal) England (female), (Pickering, 1835; Smith, 1859). 2. (estwal), Mecklenburg and Strassburg, Germany (Friese, 1893). 3. bicolor Fabricius (vernal), England (female), (Smith, 1859; Perez 1886). hartfordensis Cockerell, Thomasville, Georgia, March 27 (M. Hebard), (female); Stylops hartfordensis Pierce. helvola Linneus =varians helvola Linneus. hippotes Robertson (Trachandrena), Columbus, Ohio, April 21 (female); Stylops hippotes Pierce. humilis Imhof (fulvescens Smith), Strassburg, Germany (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). allinorvensis Robertson. 1. Lincoln, Nebraska, April (females); Sioux County, Ne- braska, May(female); Stylops bruneri Pierce (collection University of Nebraska). 2. Carlinville, Illinois (Robertson, 1891). amitatrix Cresson (Trachandrena). 1. Round Mountain, Texas (female); Stylops «wmitatrix Pierce. 2. Ardmore, Oklahoma, March 12 (F.C. Bishopp), (females) ; Stylops vmitatrix Pierce (collection U. S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). insolita Dufour = variabilis Smith. junonia Viereck = solidula (stylopized) junonia Viereck. korleviciana Friese, Fiume, Hungary (Friese, 1893). labialis Kirby, England (male, female); Stylops dali Curtis (Curtis, 1832; Smith, 1875; Perez, 1886). labiata Schenck = schenckw Morawitz. lapponica Zetterstedt, England (female), (Theobald, 1892). latuimbria Perez = niveata Friese. leucolippa Perez (Perez, 1886). lichtenstevnit Schmiedeknecht (Perez, 1886). listerella Kirby =denticulata Kirby. livens Perez (Perez, 1886). maggretiana Schmiedeknecht = bimaculata decorata Smith. minutula Kirby = parvula minutula Kirby (vernal). mitis (Perez) Schmiedeknecht, Agram, Hungary (Friese, 1893). morio Brullé, Hungary (Friese, 1893). mouffetella Kirby = tibialis (stylopized) mouffetella Kirby. multiplicata Cockerell, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 30, June 9 (females); Stylops multiplicate Pierce (collection S. Graen-— icher). REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 193 nana Kirby, England (female), (Perkins, 1892). nasont Robertson (metatype), Ashbourne, Pennsylvania, April 19 (H. L. Viereck), (female); Stylops nasoni Pierce (from collec- tion H. L. Viereck). neglecta Dufour (Biareolina) = Biareolina neglecta Dufour. nigroaenea Kirby. 1. England (male, female); Stylops melitte Kirby (Kirby, 1802; Perez, 1886). 2. Mecklenburg and Strassburg, Germany; Thiiringia; Hungary (Friese, 1893). 3. (stylopized) aprilina Smith, England (females, exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872; Smith). nigrosericea Dours, Hungary (Friese, 1893). nitida Kirby. 1. England (female), (Smith, 1859; Perez, 1886). 2. Strassburg, Germany; Thiirmgia; Hungary (Friese, 1893). nitidvuscula Schenck (Perez, 1886). nivalis Smith, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 11 (female); Stylops gremcherr Pierce (collection S. Graenicher). niweata Friese (latifimbria Perez), (Perez, 1886). nubecula Smith, Twin Mountain, New Hampshire (W. F. Fiske), (exuvium); Colorado (female); Stylops nubecule Pierce. nycthemera Imhof, Strassburg, Germany (Friese, 1893, 1906). ovina Klug (pratensis Nylander), Merseburg and Wessenfels, Ger- many (males, females); Stylops aterrimus Friese (Sagemehl, 1882; Friese, 1883, 1893; Nassonow, 1893 a). panurgina Destefani (Perez, 1886). parviceps Kriechbaumer, Fiume, Hungary (Friese, 1893). parvula Kirby. 1. England (female), (Pickering, 1835; Smith, 1859; Sage- mehl, 1882; Perez, 1886). 2. Gissen (Nassonow, 1893 a). 3. minutula Kirby, Germany, ‘‘everywhere”’ (Friese, 1893). 4. minutula Kirby, England (female), (Perkins, 1892). prceccorms Dours = variabilis Smith. prercornis Kirby =trimmerana (stylopized) picicornis Kirby. picicrus Schenck (albofasciata Perez), (Schenck; Perez, 1886). prcvpes Kirby =trimmerana (stylopized) picipes Kirby. pilipes Rossi=carbonaria Linnzeus. placida Smith, Salem, Massachusetts, April 29 (male, female); Stylops packardi Pierce (childreni Packard), (Packard, 1864, 1872). 194 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. polemonit Robertson, Colorado (C. F. Baker) (female); Stylops polemonw Pierce. precoxz Scopoli. 1. England (female), (Perkins, 1892). 2. Schwerin, Germany; Hungary (Friese, 1893). pratensis Nylander= ovina Klug. prozvma Kirby. 1. Fiume, Hungary (Friese, 1893). 2. (collinsonana Kirby), England (female), (Pickering, 1835) pubescens Fabricius = fuscipes Kirby. ranunculi Schmiedeknecht (Perez, 1886). robertson Dalla Torre (Opandrena). 1. Columbus, Ohio (female). 2. Polk County, Wisconsin (C. F. Baker), (female). rosae Panzer = austriaca Panzer. rufitarsis Zetterstedt, England (female), (Shuckard, 1866). rufohispida Dours, “ Balearen”’ and Elche, Spain (Friese, 1893). rufula Schmiedeknecht, Agram, Hungary (Friese, 1893). salicifloris Cockerell (Trachandrena). 1. Washington State (female); Stylops salicifloris Pierce. 2. var., Seattle, Washington (female). schencki Morawitz (labiata Schenck), Thuringia, Germany; Hun- gary (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). scita Eversmann, Hungary (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). separata Smith (labialis separata Perez), England (female), (Smith, 1847). sericata Imhof (vetula Ibepeletient); Agram, Hungary (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). aman Smith, Florida (female, exuvium), (Smith, 1859). sitiliz Viereck, Dallas, Texas, May 7 (exuvium), (J. C. Crawford), (collection U.S. Cotton Boll Weevil Investigation). solidaginis Robertson (Pterandrena). 1. Lincoln, Nebraska, August 8, 18, 30; September (L. Bruner, M. H. Swenk, W. D. Pierce), (females); Stylops swenki Pierce (Pierce, 1904). 2. Collingdale (Delaware County), Pennsylvania, August 31. solidula Viereck. 1. Pullman, Washington (C. V. Piper), (female); Stylops solidule Pierce. 2. (stylopized) 7unonia Viereck, Pullman, Washington (C. V. Piper), (female); Stylops solidulz Pierce. sparsipilosa Viereck (paratype), Waldoboro, Maine, July 12 (females); Stylops sparsipilose Pierce. squamigera Schenck = curvungula Thomson. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 195 subcandida Viereck, Southern California (females). subtilis Smith. 1. Southern California (females); Stylops californica Pierce (from collection University of Nebraska). 2. (stylopized) angustitarsata Viereck, Washington (female). suerinensis Friese (chalybea Perez), Budapest, Hungary (Friese, 1893; Perez, 1886). taraxaci Giraud (Perez, 1886). tecana profunda Viereck MS. (Trachandrena), Fedor, Texas, March 18 (G. Birkman), (female); Stylops vierecki Pierce. thoracica Fabricius, Epirus (female), (S.S. Saunders, 1872; Perez, 1886). tibialis Kirby. 1. England (male, female) ; Stylops spencu Pickering (melittz Nassonow), (Pickering, 1835; Nassonow, 1893 a). 2. Strassburg, Germany (Friese, 1893; Nassonow, 1893 a). 3. (stylopized) mouffetella Kirby, England (female), (Pick- ering, 1835). 4. (atriceps Kirby), England (female), (Smith, 1875; Enock, 1875; Perkins, 1892). trummerana Kirby. 1. England (male); Stylops aterrima Newport (eae. 1847; Perez, 1886). a. (stylopized) ice Kirby, England (female), (Pick- ering, 1835). 3. (stylopized) picipes Kirby, England (female, exuvium), (S. S. Saunders, 1872). truncatilabris Morawitz, Budapest, Hungary (Friese, 1893). variabilis Smith. 1. (fimbriata Brullé), Epirus (female), (S. S. Saunders, 1872; Perez, 1886). 2. (prcerccorns Dours (stylopized) imsolita Dufour), (Perez, 1886). varvans Rossi. 1. England (female), (Pickering, 1835; Smith, 1859; Perez, 1886). 2. Rostock and Strassburg, Germany; Hungary (Friese, 1893); Strassburg (Nassonow, 1893 a). 3. helvola Linneus, Rostock and Strassburg, Germany ' (Friese, 1893). ventricosa Dours. 1. (Female), Stylops ventricose Pierce (melitte Nassonow), (Nassonow, 1893 a). 2. Fiume, Hungary (Friese, 1893). vetula Lepeletier—sericata Imhof. ~ 196 BULLETIN: 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. vicina Smith. 1. Salem, Massachusetts, June 18 (female); Stylops vicinze Pierce (Stylops childrent Packard) (Packard, 1864). 2. Canada, New Hampshire (females) Stylops vicine Pierce. victema (2) Smith, Nova Scotia (male); Stylops childrent Gray (Latreille, 1845; Smith, 1853). wilkella Kirby=xanthura Kirby. zanthura Kirby. 1. England (female), (Pickering, 1835; Smith, 1859; Perez, 1886). 2. Kamionken, Kreis Sensburg, East Prussia, June 14 (female), (Dr. P. Speiser in letter). 3. Bremen, Germany, April 25 (male, female), (Alfken, 1899). 4. (wilkella Kirby), England (female), (Perkins, 1892; Chitty, 1902). species, Canada (female), (C. F. Baker). species, Nevada (female). species, Southern California (female). species (Trachandrena), Nevada (females). species, Colorado (female), (collection U. S. National Museum). Family PANURGID&. Panurginus Nylander. ornatipes Cresson (boylei Cockerell), Las Vegas, New Mexico, August 3 (W. Porter), (female); Crawfordia cockerelli Pierce (collection U. S. National Museum). new species, West Point, Nebraska, August 10 (male, female); Crawfordia pulvinipes Pierce (Pierce, 1904). Halictoides Nylander. species, Innsbruck, Germany (female), (Friese, 1906). Biareolina Dufour. neglecta Dufour (Andrena biareolina Perez), (Perez, 1886). Family ANTHOPHORID. Meliturga Latrielle. species, Hungary (female), (Friese, 1893, 1906). GLOSSARY OF TERMS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK. A, Atdeagus.—See CEdeagus. Anal lobes.—A pair of reflexed lobes at the apex of the ninth or last ventral segment of the male. Analogue.—Used in this paper only with reference to parts of the puparium. Antennal analogue.—See Analogue. Antennal flabellations.—The lobes of the third and succeeding joints of the male antenne. Anus.—The pore at the tip of the tenth abdominal seement. Appendiculate tarsi.—Tarsi in which there seems to be a pulvilliform appendage to each joint. Autophagus.—Applied to self-feeding larve. B. Balancers.—Another term for the elytra, or pseudelytra. Brood canal.—A passage formed between the encased female and its persistent pupal skin, on the ventral side, leading from the genital apertures to the slit between the head and prothorax, on the cephalothorax; it serves as the exit canal for the newly hatched triungulinids. Buccal cavity.—The mouth opening. C. Campodeoid larva.—The triungulinid, or free living hexapod; so called because of its general habitus; this is the first larval stage of the hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type. Carabidoid larva.—The second larva of hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type; so called because of the resemblance to carabid larve in that the legs are still available for use. Cephalic ganglion.—The supracesophageal ganglion, or brain. Cephalotheca.—The head cap of the puparium. Cephalothorax.—The exposed flattened disk of the adult female; it is composed of the adnate parts of the head and thorax. Chilophagous.—Applied to larve which feed upon stored up or foraged provisions. Coarctate larva.—Generally the fifth instar of hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type; this stage is semiquiescent, and is in Meloide also known as the pseudopupa. Colony.—A comprehensive term to indicate all forms of social intercourse found amongst insects; for definitions of specific kinds of colonies see Community, | Hill, Hive, Nest. Community.—A colony of insects living in close contiguity to each other, but in sep- arate holes, and those of the same species entirely independent of each other; all, however, being dependent upon certain local conditions; the colony may contain numerous solitary dwellers, social colonies, and parasites (Pierce, 1904, p. 181). E. _ Ectoparasite.—A parasite which lives only on the exterior of its host. Elytra.—See Pseudelytra. 84359—Bull. 66—09——_14 197 198 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Encased female.—The adult female, which is always encased within its pupal skin. Endoparasite.—A parasite which lives at some time during its biology in the interior of its host. Epicranium.—The dorsal part of the head bearing the eyes, ventrally fused with the genze with which it limits the buccal cavity. Epimeron.—Used by Audouin for Scutum. Exuvium.—The pupal skin after the exit of the male. Ee Female.—See Encased female. Femoralia.—Pleural segments on each side of the male postscutellum. Flabellate—Referring to the antennz with lateral prolongations of the joints. Foreign host.—The host of another parasite and not of the species in question. Free larva.—The Triungulinid or Campodeoid larva. G. Genx.—The plates at the sides of the eyes beneath, under which the mandibles and maxillee arise. Genital apertures.—The unpaired median ventral openings from the female body cay- ity into the brood canal. Genital pore.—In the male, the pore at or near the tip of the cedeagus through which the penis may be exserted. Jel Heterophagous.—Applied to larvze which have to be fed by others. Hexapod.—A term incorrectly used to designate the triungulinid; as it is generally used for all insects, it should be discarded in this sense. Hill.—A colony of fossorial insects in which division of labor is practiced, as, for instance, ants and termites. Hive.—A social colony of Hymenoptera constructing the nest of wax. Host.—That insect which directly or indirectly furthers the life of the parasite. See Foreign host, Maternal host, Permanent host, Temporary host. Host plant.—A plant habituated by a certain species of insect. Hypermetamor phosis.—A complete metamorphosis in which the larva or pupa assumes very different aspects in different instars. Hypopygium.—A term used by authors in referring to the ninth abdominal segment of the males. P Instar.—Any successive stage in the metamorphosis, limited by two successive molts. Interlumbium.—Used by Saunders for Scutellum. L. Labium.—The labium is absent, although the embryo discloses the corresponding lobe. Labrum.—The labrum is absent; even in the embryo it is not represented by a lobe. Larve.—See Campodeoid, Carabidoid, Coarctate, Free, Parasitic, Scarabzidoid, Second, Third, Triungulinid. . Larviparous reproduction.—The production of living young from the body of the parent. Lumbi.—The side pieces composing the scutum. M. Mandibles.—The ensiform chitinous appendages arising under the genz. Mandibular analogue.—See Analogue. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 199 Maternal host.—The adult insect sheltering the mature female; used in distinguishing between the host at the time of birth of the triungulinid and the larva which it is about to attack and make its permanent host. Maxillx.—The second pair of organs of the mouth. Maxillary analogue.—See Analogue. Mesostigmatal lobe.—A lobate organ, arising from the mesopleure and protecting the mesostigmatal pore. Metapleura.—A narrow side piece bordering the scutum and behind the wings. Molt.—The perfect or imperfect casting of the skin, or the complete separation but persistence of an immature skin. See Female, Persistent larval skins, Persistent pupa, Puparium. The molt is the act which separates the instars and stages. N. Nest.—The habitat of paper making, social Hymenoptera. Ninth abdominal segment.—That elongate terminal segment of the male abdomen apically bearing the genital armature and basally overhung by the tenth seg- ment. See Hypopygium, Gdeagus. 0. Occiput.—The narrow ventral band at the base of the head and limiting the buccal cavity. (Edeagus.—The tubelike sheath of the penis, arising at the apex of the ninth or termi- nal segment of the abdomen. See Paramera, Penis. Oligotropic.—Refers to insects which visit a single species or genus of flowers, or sometimes to those which are confined to a single family of flowers. Ommatidium.—a single facet of the eye, each being separated by a ciliate wall. Osmosis surface—Any surface of the body through which vigorous osmotic ingestion takes place. Osmotic ingestion.—Obtaining food or nourishment through portions of the body at the expense of the vital organs of the host. P. Pzxdogenesis.—The production of young by immature parents. Palpus, maxillary.—The second joint of the second pair of organs of the mouth. Paramera.—The sheaths of the penis, together forming the cedeagus. In Strepsiptera they are fused throughout. Parapleura.—A narrow side piece to which the wing is attached; it lies below the metapleura. Parasitic larve.—All instars of the larval period after the entrance into the permanent host. Penis.—A very slender tube contained within the cedeagus and which may be exserted through a pore in the latter. Permanent host—The host which harbors the strepsipteran from triungulinid until maturity. Persistent larval skins.—The unshed larval skins which conceal the male pupa and form the pupa case or puparium. Persistent pupa.—The stage of female maturity in which the adult remains hidden by its pupal skin until death. Pharynx.—This organ, as the writer interprets it, is composed not only of the lining of the narrow opening near the front of the buccal cavity, but of the entire lining of the cavity, bounded by epicranium, genz, and occiput. The lining of the pharynx is soft and evidently sensitive and forms, as it were, a broad surface, elevated crater-like in the middle and there constricted into a narrow tube. The clypeus, if present, is fused, and the labrum and labium are absent. 200 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Philotropic.—Refers to flower-loving insects. Podal analogue.—See Analogue. Podex.—The term used by Kirby for the tenth abdominal segment. Polytropic.—Refers to indiscriminate flower-visitors. Postlumbium.—A narrow transverse band behind the scutellum of the male (=Scu- tellum Audouin). Postscutellum.—The terminal portion of the metanotum (—Proscutellum Saunders). Prescutum—The anterior segment of the metanotum (—Scutellwm Saunders). Prepupa.=A true pupal stage formed immediately within the puparium. Proscutellum.—Used by Saunders for Postscutellum. Pseudelytra.—The appendages corresponding to the elytra of beetles. Pseudopupa.—See Coarctate larva. Pulvilliform tarsi.—Tarsi having each joint padded with a bladder-like pulvillus beneath. Pupa.—The true stage of preparation for maturity; typical only in male Strepsiptera where it is found incased by uncast larval skins. See Prepwpa and Second pupa, the two pupal instars. Puparium.—The incasement formed by the last unshed larval skins, which contains the male pupal instars. The empty puparium is the Exuviwm. The head cap is the Cephalotheca. R. Race.—Conspecific insects of a particular strain, lineage, or progeny—a colony among social insects. Rhipidopterous.—A term referring to the Strepsiptera. Rhipipter, rhipipteran, rhipipterous.—Terms referring to the Strepsiptera. Rudimentary.—Referring to organs newly appearing in a group and as yet undeveloped, or to the imaginal buds, or to organs which have reverted to a more primitive form. 8. Scapular.—A very small piece in front of the wing. Scarabxidoid larva.—The third instar of hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type; considered as the middle stage of the second larva; characterized by the resemblance to scarabeeid larvee. Scutellum.—l. The second segment of the metanotum, immediately behind the prescutum (=Scutwm Audouin, Interlumbium Saunders). 2. This term was used for Prescutum by Saunders, for Postlumbium by Audouin, and for Postscutellum by Kirby. ; Scutum.—The pleural segment at each side of the preescutum (=Epimeron Audouin). See Lumbi. The term Scutwm was used by Audouin for Scutellum. © Second larva.—The period of parasitism preceding the pseudopupa in hypermeta- morphic larve of the meloid type; comprises the carabidoid, scarabzidoid, and ultimate stages or the second to fourth instars. Second pupa.—The second true pupal stage, formed within the prepupa. Spermophagous.—Refers to seed-eating insects. Spiracles.—In the female these are the prominent eye-like projections at the back of the cephalothorax. See Mesostigmatal lobe. Strepsipter, strepsipteran, strepsipteral, strepsipterous—Referring to the Strepsiptera. Style-——The term used by Kirby for the Gdeagus; he supposed that all the winged specimens he had seen were females. Stylopization.—The parasitism of an insect by a strepsipteran. Stylops, stylopized, stylopid—Referring to the Strepsiptera. Subesophageal ganglion.—See Thoracic ganglion. Supraesophageal ganglion.—See Cephalic ganglion. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 201 is Tenixform.—Ribbon-like, referring to male antennal flabellations. Tarsal appendages.—See Appendiculate tarsi. Temporary host.—Any insect which may become the agency of transfer of the tri- ungulinid; the function of the temporary host commences at the flower or other point of transfer and ceases when the triungulinid is passed on to another host (temporary or permanent), or to another flower. Tenth abdominal segment.—That flap-like segment of the abdomen overhanging the tip of the cedeagus and the cavity of the ninth segment; it is usually much sur- passed ventrally by the ninth segment. Apically it bears the anus. Tessellated—Applied by Templeton to the hexagonal checker-board appearance of the antenne. ; Tessera.—The hexagonal areas of the antennz (of Templeton). Third larva.—The sixth and last larval instar of hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type; characterized by its activity from the coarctate larva. Thoracic ganglion.—The nervous mass located in the thorax. Transfer.—The act or acts involved in transplanting the triungulinid from its maternal host to its permanent host. Transfer plants ——Plants which are the passive agencies in the transfer of the triun- gulinids from host to host. Triungulin.—Hexapod larvee of the hypermetamorphic beetles, having three clawed tarsi (Meloidz). Triungulinid (proposed by Doctor Chobaut instead of ‘‘triunguloid,’’ 1906).—Hexapod larve of hypermetamorphic insects with or without tarsal claws, having also sucker-like pulvilli tipping the tarsi (Rhipiphoridx; Strepsiptera). Triunguloid (proposed by the writer in 1904).—See Triungulinid. Trophapothetic.—Refers to insects which store food for their young. U. Ultimate stage of second larva.—The fourth instar of hypermetamorphic insects of the meloid type. P; Ventral ganglion.—The nervous mass located in the abdomen. Ventral slit.—A slit-like opening on the venter of the cephalothorax at the base of the head; the exit of the brood canal. Vestigial.—Used in contrast to rudimentary; referring to organs which have lost all function, as the vestigial mouthparts of the female. BIBLIOGRAPHY. [An asterisk (*) indicates references to Strepsiptera consulted. A dagger (+) indicates references on other subjects consulted. ] AcLoquE, ALEXANDRE— *1897. Rhipiptéres, Faune de France, vol. 3, p. 34. AprLtunGe, Nixouar Nrxotovicn (Reviewer)— *1906. No. 779. Perkins, R. C. L. Leafhoppers and their natural enemies, Zool. Zentralblatt, vol. 13, pp. 721-723. ALFKEN, J. DiepRicH— *1899. Anthrenaafzeliella Kirby und Verwandte, Ent. Nach., vol. 25, pp. 102-106. 71905. Die Gruppe der Andrena afzeliella K., Zeitschr. f. Hymen. und Dipt., vol. 5, pp. 89-91. Austin, E. P.— *1882. Collecting Stylopid, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 12-13. BarBER, HERBERT SPENCER— *1905. Personal correspondence. BENEDEN, PIERRE JOSEPH VAN— *1876. Animal parasites and messmates, pp. 255-258. BLANCHARD, CHARLES EMILE— *1868. Les Strepsiptéres, Metamorphoses des Insectes, chap. xv, pp. 632-634. BoERNER, CARL— *1904. Zur Systematik der Hexapoden (Strepsiptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 27, pp. 511-533. May. BowopitcH, FREDERICK C.— *1903. Collection Notes (Coleoptera)—1902, Ent. News, vol. 14, p. 46. February. *1905. Personal correspondence. Branpt, Epuarp— 1879. Uber das Nervensystem der Fiicherfliigler (Strepsiptera), Horee Soc. Ent. Ross. (for 1878), vol. 14, pp. xmm—xIv. *Separatabdruck in German and Russian, 8 pp. _ 1882. Reviewed in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5 ser., vol. 9, pp. 456, 457. *1882. Reviewed in Zool. Rec., vol. 19, p. 94. 1882. Abstract in Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. Lond., 2 ser. vol. 2, pp. 499-500. 1882. (Notes on the Strepsiptera and Andrenidz), Troudy Ent. Ross., vol. 13, pp. Vv, vi. BRAUER, FRIEDRICH— +1882. Uber das segment médiaire Latreilles’, Sitz. ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 85, pp. 218-244, 3 pls. (Structure of thorax.) *1883. Uber einige schmarotzende und parasitische insecten, Schr. ver. z. Verbr. Nat. Kenttn. Wien, vol. 23, pp. 411-414. *1885. Systematischzoologische studies, Sitz. ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 91, pp. 335, 377, 378. (Strepsiptera an aberrant branch of Malacodermata (Coleoptera). ) 1893. Zur kenntniss der reifung des parthenogenetisch sich entwickelnden eies von Artemia salina, Arch. f. Mikr. Anat. und Entwickl., vol. 5, p. 43. 203 204 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bruets, CHARLES THomMAs— *1903. A contribution to our knowledge of the Stylopide, Zool. Jahrb., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 241-270. *1903. Reprint in Contr. Zool. Lab. University of Texas, No. 34. *1905. Notes on the life history of the Stylopide, Biol. Bull. vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 290-295. April. *1904-6. Personal correspondence. Buysson, RoBERT DU— . *1903. Note pour servir 4 l’histoire des Strepsipteres, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 174. *1904. Monographie des Guépes, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., vol. 73, pp. 522, 526. *1905 a. Monographie des Nectarinia, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., vol. 74, p. 545. *1905 b. Monographie des Guépes, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., vol. 74, p. 580. *1906. Sur le Xenos moutoni, Rev. Ent. Caen, vol. 25, p. 11. Carus, Jutius Victor (Bibliographer)— *1879. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 2, p. 560. *1882. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 5, pp. 370, 621. *1883. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 6, p. 386. *1885. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 8, p. 618. *1887. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 10, p. 105. *1888. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 11, p. 37. *1889. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 12, pp. 182, 472. *1892. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 15, p. 231. *1894¢a, Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 16, pp. 68, 256. *1894b. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 17, pp. 200, 530. *1895. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 18, p. 335. *1899. Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., Register, p. 458. *1897. Strepsiptera (grouped with Neuroptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 20, Bibl. Zool., p. vii. *1897-1904. Strepsiptera (grouped with Neuroptera), Zool. Anz., vols. 20-25. Carus and ENGELMANN (Bibliographers)— *1861. Strepsiptera, Bibliotheca Zoologica, vol. 1, p. 691. CentuRY DicrioNARY— *1897. Numerous definitions. CHAMPION, GEORGE CHAMPION— 1899. Stylops melitte Kirby, at Woking, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 35, p. 144. *1900. Stylops melitte Kirby, at Woking, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 36, p. 134. Cuitty, ARTHUR JOHN— *1902. Andrena ferox Smith, and other Aculeate Hymenoptera, and Stylops mellittze Kirby, in East Kent, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 37, pp. 182-183. Ciark, Husert Lyman (Editor)— *1904. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), New International Encyc., vol. 16, p. 264. CLaus, CARL FREDERICH WILHELM— 1888. (Classification, Strepsiptera, Order 6.) Ciaus, CaRL FREDERICH WILHELM, and ADAM SEDGWICK, — *1884. Elementary Text-book of Zoology (Order 4, Strepsiptera), vol. enc 565-566. Comstock, Joun HENRY.— *1905. Stylopidz, Manual for the Study of Insects, pp. 589-590. CRAWFORD, JAMES CHAMBERLAIN— *1902-6. Personal correspondence, conversaticns, etc. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 205 CrotcHu, GEORGE RospertT— *1863. Catal. Brit. Coleop. Cantabrigiz. Curtis, Joun— *1828. Stylops Dalii, British Entomology, vol. 5, p. 226. 1829. A Guide to an arrangement of British Insects, p. 452. *1831. Elenchus Walkeri, British Entomology, vol. 8, p. 385. *1832. Halictophagus Curtisii Dale, British Entomology, p. 433. Cuvier, JEAN L&éopotp Niconas Friépiric— See E. Griffith, 1832. See F. E. Guerin-Méneville, 1829-38. See P. A. Latreille, 1817, 1836, 1845. Dae, CHARLES WILLIAM— *1892. Stylopide (Captures), Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 28, p. 50. Dae, JAMES CHARLES— *1838-9. Notes, Naturalist, London, vol. 4, p. 492. Daas, Witt1am SweeETLAND (Bibliographer)— *1867. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 3, p. 359. *1868. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 4, pp. 271-272. See H. R. Schaum, 1865. Datta Torre, Kart WinHeELM von— 1894 (Source of host synonomy in present article); Catalogus Hymenopterorum, vol. 9, Vespidz (Diploptera). 7*1895. Synonomymischer Katalog der europsischen Sammelbienen, Ent. Nachr., vol. 21, pp. 41-49. *1896 (Records of variation due to stylopization; also source of host synonomy in present article). Catalogus Hymenopterorum, vol. 10. Apidee (Antho- phila), pp. 134, 141, 156, 157. 71897 (Source of host synonomy in present article). Catalogus Hymenopterorum, vol. 8, Fossores (Sphegidz). DomIniQuE, J.— *1891. A propos d’une Andréne quadristylopisée, Bull. Soc. d. Sci. Nat. Ouest Fr., vol. 1, pp. 229-234, pl. 9. Dovetas, Joun Witi1aM (Editor) — *1877. A species of Stylopidz fossil in amber (notice of Menge’s Trizna), Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 14, pp. 18-19. Durour, LEon— *1837. Recherches sur quelques Entozoaires et larves parasites des Ins. Orthop. et Hymen, Annales de Sci. Nat. (2), Zool., vol. 7, pp. 18-19; pl. 1, fig. 16. Dury, CHARLES— *1902. A revised list of the Coleoptera observed near Cincinnati, Ohio, with notes on localities, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pt. 3, pp. 180, 181. *1906 a. How to collect Stylopidx, Ohio N aturalist, vol. 6, p. 443, January. *1906 6. Ecological notes on some Coleoptera of the Cincinnati region (Acros- chismus), Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 255, March. *1906 c. Additions to the List of Cincinnati Coleoptera (Stylopide), Journ. Cin- cinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 260, March. *1905-6. Personal correspondence. 206 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dusmet y ALonso, Jos—E Maria— *Vespidos, Eumenidos y Masaridos de Espafia (note on Xenos, p. 185; Synonomy, nomenclature of host species), Mem. Soc. Esp. de Hist. Nat., vol. 2, pp. 119-225. Du VAL, CAMILLE JACQUELIN— *1857-9. Ordre des Rhipiptéres, Genera des Coléoptéres d’ Europe, vol. 1, p. exc, pl. 3 (Intr.). Eaton, ALFRED EpwIn— *1892. Notes on Elenchus tenuicornis, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 27, pp. 250-253. EBELL, ADRIAN J.— *1872. (Stylopide) Structure and Classification of Insects, pp. 36, 47, 66. Enock, FREDERICK— *1875. Captures of aioe Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 12, pp. 37, 38. ENTEMAN, WILHELMINE MARIE— *1899. The unpaired ectodermal structures of the Antennata, Zool. Bull., vol. 5, pt. 2, pp. 275-282 (on the morphology of the female brood funnel). EricHson, WILHELM FERDINAND— *1841. Rhipiptera, Ber. iiber wiss. Leist. im Geb. der Ent., 1839, pp. 69-73. Fenyes, A.— *1901. Note on parasitism of Polistes sp., Ent. News, vol. 12, p. 90. FEUERSTACKE, R.— *1896. Schmarotzende Kiferlarven bei den Erdbienen, Illustr. Wochenschr. Ent., vol. 1, p. 370. : FisHer, H.— *1886. Genus Stylops, Korr. Blatt. Entom. Ver. Halle, vol. 1, pp. 13, 27, 29, 45-46. Fousom, Justin Watson— *1906. Entomology, with special reference to its Biological and Economic aspects (reference to hypermetamorphosis of Stylops), pp. 174-176. Fow.er, Wiit1am W.— 1887. Coleop. Brit. Isl., vol. 5, p. 457. Friese, Hernrica— *1883. Zur lebensweise der Strepsiptera, Ent. Nachr., vol. 9, pp. 64-67. *1893. Beitrige zur Biologie der solitiren Blumenvespen (Apidz), Zool. Jahresb., vol. 5, pp. 781, 786, 795-797, 817. 1905. Bienen Europa, vol. 6. *1906. Uber die systematische Stellung der Strepsiptera, Zool. Anz., vol. 29, pp. 737-740, February. *1905-6. Personal correspondence. GANGLBAUER, LuDwie— *1903. Die neueren Classificationen der Koleopteren nach Sharp, Lameere, und Kolbe (excludes Strepsiptera from Coleoptera), Mimchener Koleop- terologische Zeitschrift, vol. 1, pp. 272, 274, 275, 306. GERMAR, ERNEST FRIEDRICH— *1817. Strepsiptera, eine neue ordnung der insecten, Mag. der Ent., vol. 2, pp. 290-299. *1818a. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebrés, par Mr. le Chevalier de Lamarck, Mag. der Ent., vol. 3, pp. 356, 359. *1818b. The Zoological Vee oa by Wallies Elford Leach, Mag. der Ent., vol. 3, p. 385. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——-PIERCE. 207 GERSTACKER, CARL EpuaRD ADOLPH— *1863. Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 2, p. 78. Girt, THEODORE NicHoLas— *1906. Remarks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, p. 44. GRAENICHER, SIGMUND— +1905. The relations of the Andrenine bees to the entomophilous flora of Mil- waukee County (contains items of interest in the biology of several Strepsipterous hosts), Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 15, pp. 89-97. *1905. Personal correspondence. GREEN, Epwarp ErRNEST— *1902. A stylopid attracted by light, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 37, p. 219. GrirritH, Epwarp— *1832. Stylops childreni Gray, The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization by the Baron Cuvier. Insects, vol. 2, p. 683; pl. 59. See also Westwood, 1840, p. 288. Grote, Auaustus RapcLirrFE— *1886. (Changes Trizna Menge preoccupied, to Mengea n. nom.), Can. Ent., vol 17, p. 100. GUNTHER, A. (Editor)— *1901. (Definitions the same as in Century Dictionary), Internat. Encyclopxdic Dictionary, pp. 3460, 3884, 4560. GuERIN, Fretrx Epovarp, and Acute Remy, PERCHERON— *1838. Xenos, Genera des Insectes, 5° Liv., n°. 9. GUERIN-MENEVILLE, FELIx Epouarp— *1829-38. Onzieéme Ordre—Les Rhipiptéres, Iconographie du Régne Animal de G. Cuvier, vol. 3, Insectes, pp. 530-531. Hanp.urrscH, ANTON— *1903. Zur Phylogenie der Hexapoden (Strepsiptera), Sitz. ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., vol. 112, pp. 717-738, December. *1904. Zur Systematik der Hexapoden (Order Strepsiptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 27, pp. 733-59, July. Review, Entomologist, vol. 38, p. 257. Harris, THADDEUS WILLIAM— - i *1884. A Treatise on some of the Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Flint. ed.), (Strepsiptera), pp. 18-19. HarTMAN, CARL— 71905. Observations on the habits of some solitary wasps of Texas, Bull. Univ. Texas, p. 65, July. HEILPpRIN, ANGELO— 71886. The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals. HenneEcuy, Louis Ferrx— *1904. (Strepsiptera) Les Insects: Morphologie—Reproduction—Embryogenie, pp. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 34, 45, 48, 146, 154, 172, 194, 196, 201, 203, 208, 258, 259, 286, 460, 541, 542. HeNsHAW, SAMUEL— *1885. Stylopidze, Check List of Coleoptera of N. A., Philadelphia, p. 132. 208 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HerrerRA, ALFoNso L.— *1899. Generalides acerca de los insectos, E] Progreso de Mexico, vol. 6, p. 684, August (Strepsiptera an order). HerypeEn, CARL HEINRICH GEORGES VON— ; *1836. Notes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 1, p. lxxiv. HeypeEn, Lucas von— *1867. Exotische Xenos-arten, Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. 2, p. 398. Heymons, RicHarp (Reviewer)— *1905. No. 580. Brues, Charles Thomas. A contribution to our knowledge of the Stylopide, Zool. Zentralblatt, vol. 12, pp. 543-545. HoEvEN, JANUS VAN DER— 1828. Handboeck der Dierkunde, vol. 1, Heft. 2. *1850. Handbuch der Zoologie, Leipzig, Leopold Voss, vol. 1, pp. 297-299 (Ordo V, Strepsiptera s. Rhipiptera). Horrer, EpUARD— *1889. Naturhistorische Miscellanea (Xenos), Jahresber. d. steiermirk Landes Oberrealschule in Graz, vol. 38, pp. 11-27. HOLMGREN, Nius— *1903. Uber vivipare Insecten (Strepsiptera), Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 19, pp. 458, 459. Horn, GEorcE HenRY— +1883. Corphyra Say (Illustrations of cedegus in this genus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 305, pl. 9. Horne, CHARLES— *1871. Notes on the habits of some hymenopterous insects from the northwest provinces of India, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. 7, pp. 170, 171, 172. Husparp, Henry GUERNSEY— *1892. The life history of Xenos, Can. Ent., vol. 24, pp. 257-261. Hyatt, AupHEvs, and J. M. ARms— *1890. Stylopide, Insecta, pp. 161-163. JACOBSON, GEORGE— *1904. Kparxiit o6sopp KaaccuuKaniit xecTKoKpBiasix' (Coleoptera), Revue Russe d’ Entomologie, vol. 4, pp. 268-288 (Places Xenidz in Tene- brionoidea). *1906. Review; G. Jacobson: Kurze iibersicht der Koleopteren-Classificationen, Miinch. Koleop. Zeitsch., vol. 3, p. 82. JANET, CHARLES— *1897. Rapports des Animaux Myrheebpiles avec les Fourmis (Strepsiptera), Etudes sur les Fourmis, les Guepes, et Abeilles, Limoges, vol. 14, p. 21. Joty, NicoLnas— *1858. Sur l’hypermétamorphoses des Strepsiptéres et des Oestrides, Comptes Rendues, vol. 46, pt. 20, pp. 942-944. 1858. Review, L’Institute, vol. 26, No. 1273, p. 177. JorpaNn, Davip Starr, and Vernon Lyman KELLoGG— *1907. Evolution and Animal Life, p. 360. Contains an inaccurate statement concerning the method of attack by stylopide. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 209 JURINE, Lovuis— *1818. Observations sur le Xenos vesparum (placed between Hymenoptera and Diptera), Mem. d. Reale Acad. d. Scienze d. Torono, vol. 23, pp. 50-62, pide *1832, Review. Uber Xenos vesparum Rossi, Isis, pp. 761-764 Karscu, ANTON— *1883. XII, Strepsiptera Ky., Kolbenfliigler, Die Insectenvelt, p. 113 Kirsy, WiLLIAM— *1802. Stylops, Monographia Apum Angliz, vol. 2, pp. 112-113 1806. Sowerby’s British Miscellany, vol. 9, pp. 93-95, pl. 45. *1813. Strepsiptera, a new order of insects, Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., vol. 11, pp 86-122, pls. 8, 9. 1815 Review, Bull. Soc. Philom., pp. 62-64 *1817 Review, Germar’s Mag. der Ent., vol. 2, pp. 290-299 1818 Review, Isis, vol. 6, pp. 1016-1018 *1815. Addendum to the Strepsiptera (Stylops tenuicornis), Trans. Linn. Soc Lond., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 233-234. Krrpy, WILLIAM, and WILLIAM SPENCE— *1843. An introduction to Entomology, vol. 1, p. 229, pl. 2 Kirsy, Witu1am Forse tt (Bibliographer)— *1883. Stylopidze, Zool. Rec., vol. 19, Ins., p. 94 *1884. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 20, Ins., p. 94. Kirpy, WittiAM ForsELL— *1892. Text Book of Entomology, pp. 56, 695, 696. KLApALeK, Franz— *1904a. Uber die Gonopoden der Insekten und die Bedeutung derselben fiir die Systematik (Strepsiptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 27, pp. 449-453, April. *1904b. Noch einige Bemerkungen iiber die Gonopoden der Insekten (Strep- siptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 28, pp. 255-259, November. Kuve, JoHANN CuristorH FrRreEpRICH— 1814. Nachricht von einem neuen Schmarotzerinsect auf einer Andrena (Strep- sipteron auf A. ovina), Mag. der. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 6, pp. 266-270. 1818 Review, Isis, vol. 9, p. 1467 Kose, Hermann Juuius (Bibliographer).— *1884. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1883, pt. 2, p. 150 *1885. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1884, pt. 2, p. 205 *1886. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1885, pt. 2, p. 191. Kose, HERMANN JuLIUS— 71901. Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen an Koleopteren nebst Grundlagen zu einem System und zur Systematik derselben (excludes Strepsiptera from Coleoptera), Archiv. fiir Naturg., pp. 89-150 KRAATz, Gustav— *1870. Uber peedogenesis der Strepsiptera, Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. 14, p. 48 LABOULBENE, ALEXANDRE— 1876. Rhipipiptéres, Dechambre’s Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales (Paris). LACORDAIRE, JEAN THEODORE— *1859. Gen. Coleop., vol. 2, pp. 634-641. 210 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LAMARCK, JEAN Baptiste PrrRRE ANTOINE DE MONET DE— *1816. Les Rhipidoptéres, Animaux sans Vertebres, vol. 3, pp. 348-352. *1835. Les Rhipidoptéres, Animaux sans Vertebres, 2d ed., vol. 4, p. 18. LAMEERE, AUGUST— *1900. Notes pour la classification des Coléoptéres (makes Stylopinz a subfamily of Melandryide), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 44, pp. 370, 377. Lane, ARNOLD— 71889. (Classification does not consider Strepsiptera an order.) LATREILLE, PIERRE ANDRE— *1809. (Placed Stylops in Diptera, Tribe III, Phthiromyze) ener Crust. et Insect., vol. 4, p. 388. 1817. Ripe Cuvier’s Régne Animal. Insectes. Review Germar’s Mag. der Ent., vol. 3, pp. 356, 359. *1836. Order XI, Rhipiptera, Cuvier’s The Animal Kingdom (translated into English), vol. 4, pp. 310-312. *1845. Le Onziéme Ordre des Insectes, celui des Rhipiptéres (Rhipiptera), Cuv- ier’s Le Regne Animal, Insectes, vol. 2, pp. 290-295; plates 11, 159. Leacu, Wrm11am ELrorp— *1817. On the Rhipiptera of Latreille (Rhiphiptera), (describes Xenos kirbyi), Zoological Misc., vol. 3, p. 135. *Review, Germar’s Mag. der Ent., vol. 3, p. 377. 1819. Sur les Rhiphipteres de Latreille, ordre des Insectes nommés Strépsiptéres par Kirby (Stylops Kirbyi), Journ. de Physique, vol. 88, pp. 176-177. LEeContTE, JoHN LAWRENCE— *1864. (A note defending the position of Stylopidz in Coleoptera against Gers- tiicker’s assertions to the contrary) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 49. LEContTE, JoHN LAWRENCE, and Greorce Henry Horn— *1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of N. A.: Stylopide Kirby, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., no. 507, pp. 425-426. LICHTENSTEIN, JULES (WILHELM AUGUSTE JULES)— *1875. Larves de Xenos, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5ser., vol. 5, Bull., p. 158, also p. ev. Low, Franz— 11876. Zur Biologie und Characteristik der Psylloden (note structure of genitalia), Verhandl. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ges., vol. 26, pls. 1, 2. LuBBOCEK, JOHN— *1874. On the origin and metamorphoses of insects (Strepsiptera), pp. 3, 5, 6, 15,16. Lurz, U. G— *1905. Aus der Heimat—Die Immenbreme (Xenos Peckii), Zeitschr. des Deutsch. Lehrer Ver. f. Naturkunde, Stuttgard, p. 154, November. hice WILLIAM SHARP— *1821. Strepsiptera (between Coleoptera and Hymenoptera), Horze Entomologice, London, vol. 1, p. 425. MAKuIN, FrreEpRIcH WILHELM— *1867. Om Strepsiptera och deras férekommande i Finland (On the Strepsiptera and their occurrence in Finland), Oefvers. af Finska Vetensk. Soc. Foérhandl., vol. 8, pp. 84-92. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. Al es MarcHat, Paut— 71897 4. L’equilibre numerique des espéces et ses relations avec les parasites chez les insectes, Comptes Rend. Soc. de Biol. Paris, 10th ser., vol. 4, pp. 129-130. 71897 6. La castration nutriciale chez les Hyménopterés sociaux, Comptes Rend. Soc. de Biol., Paris, 10th ser., vol. 4, pp. 556-557. MARSHALL, WILLIAM— *1896. Uber schmarotzende Insekten larven, Die Natur, vol. 45, p. 329, July Mayer, Paut (Bibliographer)— *1888. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1887, Ins., p. 46. *1890. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1888, Ins., p. 59. *1893. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1892, Ins., p. 77. *1894. Strepsiptera, Zool. Jahresb., 1893, Ins., p. 75. MeEWERE, J. C. H. p—e— *1908. Zwei neue Strepsipteren aus Java, Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol. 51, pp. 185-191, pl. 6, December. MEINERT, Fr. Vito. AUG— *1896 a. Contributions 4 l’histoire naturelle des Strepsipterés, Overs. over det K. Danske Videnk. Selsk Forh., pp. 67-76. 1896. Summary, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. Lond., p. 404. 1896. Review, Illustr. Wochenschr. Entom., Ist ser., vol. 1, p. 164. *1896 6. Bidrag til Strepsipterernes Bygning, Ent. Meddel., vol. 4, pp. 148-182. Summary, Zool. Zentralblatt, p. 468. Mencet, ANTON— *1866 a. Uber ein Rhipidopteron und einige andere im Bernstein eingeschlossene tiere, Schriften der Naturf. Gesellsch. in Danzig, 2 ser., vol. 1, pp. iii-iv. Separate: Uber ein Rhipidopteron und einige Helminthen im Bernstein, Danzig, 8 pp. MULuerR, Jutrus— *1872. Terminologia Entomologica, Briinn (Strepsiptera). MULLER, WitHELM— *1887. Die Ficherfliigler, Strepsiptera, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 44, pp. 150-160. Murr, F.— *1906. Notes on some Fijian insects, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Ass’n., bull. 2. Nassonow, NicHoias Victror— 1892 a. Xenos rossii, seine anatomie und entwicklungsgeschichte (Russian), Bull. Univ. Warsaw. 1892 b. Position des Strepsipteres dans le systéme selon les données du deve- loppement postembryonal et de l’anatomie (Russian), Bull. Univ. Warsaw. *1892 c. Xenos Rossii and its position in the system of the group Strepsiptera, Warsaw University News, 1892, no. 1 (January 31), pp. 1-16; 1892, no. 2 (February 29), pp. 17-32; 1892, no. 3 (March 30), pp. 33-38, plates. *1892 d. Development of Xenos rossii (systematic position of the group), Cong. Zool., vol. 1, pp. 174-184. *1892 e. On the metamorphosis of the Strepsiptera, Warsaw University News, 1892, no. 4 (September 30), pp. 1-36, plates. . *1893. Reprint, Ent. Untersuch., pp. 39-74. *Translation unpublished in Library U. S. Bureau Entomology. 212 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nassonow, NicHontas Victror—Continued. *1893 a. On the morphology of Stylops melittae, Warsaw University News, 1893, no. 8 (November 30), pp. 1-16; 1893, no. 9 (December 31), pp. 17-30, plates. *1893. Reprint, Ent. Untersuch., pp. 75-92. *1894. Review, Zur Morphology von Stylops melitte, Zool. Zentralblatt., vol. 1, pp. 766-767. 1895. Abstract, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. Lond., p. 170. *1893 b. Contribution to the knowledge of Halictophagus curtisii Dale (an extract from the preceding article), Ent. Untersuch., pp. 93-97. (In the origi- nal it is given Halictophagus spencii.) 1894. Review, Bemerkung iiber Halictophagus curtisii Dale, Zool. Zentralblatt., vol. 1, pp. 767-768. *1893 c. Summary (extract from 1893 a), Ent. Untersuch., pp. 99-100. *1897. Notes sur les Strepsiptéres, Zool. Anz., vol. 20, pp. 65-66. 1897. Review, Zool. Zentralblatt., vol. 4, pp. 640-641. Nawa, YAsSusHI— 1906. The Insect World, Gifu, Japan, September 15. NEEDHAM, JAMES GEORGE— *1892. A probable new type of hypametamorphosis, Psyche, vol. 9, p. 375. Newman, Epwarp— *1845. Economy of the stylopites, minute parasites on bees, Zoologist, vol. 3, p. 949. *1847. Affinities of the stylopites, an essay, I, Zoologist, vol. 5, pp. 1792-1804. *1850. Affinities of the stylopites, an essay, II, Zoologist, vol. 8, pp. 2684-2695. *1864. Natural situation of Stylops among insects, Entomologist, vol. 2, pp. 231-232. NEwrortT, GEORGE— *1845. On the metamorphosis of the Strepsiptera by Dr. Siebold of Erlangen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 15, p. 293. *1847. The history and general anatomy of Meloé and its affinities, compared with those of the Strepsiptera and Anoplura, with reference to the connexion which exists between struction, function, and instinct, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 1, pp. 317-320, 368-370. 1848. Review, Isis, vol. 7, pp. 545-551. *1851. The natural history, anatomy and development of Meloé, second memoir, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 20, pt. 2, pp. 321-357. OssBorN, HERBERT, and Ermer Darwin Batt— +1897. Studies of the life histories of grass feeding Jasside, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., bull. 34, pp. 612-640. PackarD, ALPHEUS SPRING— *1864 a. The bumble bees of New England and their parasites, Proc. Essex Inst., vol. 5, p. 4. *1864 6b. Notes on Stylops childreni, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol.3, pp. 44-55. *1872. Guide to the Study of Insects, pp. 127, 481-484, pls. 2,3. Reprint, 1889. *1883. Third Report U. 8S. Ent. Com., 1880-2, pp. 294, 303. *1898. Text Book of Entomology, pp. 124, 486, 695-696. PEREZ, JEAN— v 1879. Des effets du parasitisme des Stylops sur les Apiaires du genre Andrena, Rev. Internat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 281. 1880. Sur les effets du parasitisme des Stylops chez les Apiaires du genre Andrena, Mem. Soc. Bordeaux, 2d ser. vol. 5, pp. 3, 42. *1886. Des effets du parasitisme de Stylops sur les Apiaires du genre Andrena, Act. Soc. Linn, Bordeaux, vol. 40, pp. 21-60, 4 REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA——PIERCE. 213 Perkins, Ropert ©. L.— *1892. Stylopized bees, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 28, pp. 1-4. *1905. Leaf hoppers and their natural enemies. III. Stylopide, Rept. Exp. Sta. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Ass’n., bull. 1, pt. 3, Honolulu, August 8. *1906 a. Leaf hoppers and their natural enemies, Rept. Exp. Sta. Elsen, Sugar Planters’ Ass’n., bull. 1, intr., pp. iv, xxvi, xxviii. *1906 b. Leaf hoppers and ee HE, Seeman (mention of work in introducing Elenchus), Hawaiian Planters’ Monthly, vol. 25, p.139, April; p. 194, May. : *1907. Parasites of leaf hoppers, 4th Rept. Exp. Sta. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Ass’n., pp. 58, 59. PERRIER, EpMoND— 1894. See Acloque, A. Faune de France. Vol. 2. 1896. ‘Avec une préface par Edmond Perrier, Coléoptéres.”’ Pickering, W. B.— *1835. Observations on the economy of Strepsiptera, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 1, pp. 163-168, pl. 17. Pierce, Witt1am DwicHtT— *1904. Some hypermetamophic beetles and their hymenorpterous hosts, Univer- sity Studies, Nebraska, pp. 153-190. *1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 9, pp. 75-85. *1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 66. Ratu, OTTo vom— *1888. Uber die Hautsinnesorgane der Insecten (Strepsiptera), Zeit. Wiss. Yool., vol. 46, p. 426. RiLey, CHARLES VALENTINE— . *1873. Strepsiptera, Noxious Insects, Missouri Report, vol. 5, p. 15. *1893. Parasitism in insects, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 2, p. 35. RosBeERTSON, CHARLES— *1891. Descriptions of new species of North American Bees, Trans. Amer., Ent. Soc., vol. 18, pp. 52, 54, 59. RosENHAUER, WILLIAM GoTTLOB— *1842. Entomologische Mittheilung, Ent. Zeit., vol. 3, pp. 53-57. Rossi, PetErR— *1790. Fauna Etrusca, Mant. App., p. 114, plate (the page reference could not be corroborated). *1793. Observations sur un nouveau genre d’insecte voisin des Ichneumons, Bull. Soc. Philom., I, p. 49. : RotTHNey, GEORGE ALEXANDER JaMES— *1866. Stylops emerging five months after the death of the bee, Entomologist, vol. 3, p. 262; Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 3, p. 235. Rovucet, AuGcuste— 1873. Sur les Coléoptéres parasites des Vespides, Mém. Acad. d. Sci., Arts et Belles-Lettres, Dijon, 3d ser., vol. 1, pp. 265-276. 84359—Bull. 66—09——15 214 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rye, Epwarp CaLtpweE .t (Bibliographer)— *1871. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol.7,p.300. (‘‘The Stylopidz are noticed among the Coleoptera against the Recorder’s, convictions.’’) *1873. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 8, p. 294. *1874. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 9, pp. 283-284. *1875. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 10, p. 293. *1876. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 11, p. 304. *1877. Stylopidz, Zool. Rec., vol. 12, p. 345. *1878. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 13, Ins., p. 73. *1879. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 14, Ins., 67. SAGEMEHL, M.— 1882. Ein paar von Stylops sp.? in der begattung, Sitz. ber. Naturf. Ges. Dorpat, vol. 6, pt. 2, pp. 399-400. : SAUNDERS, Epwarp— *1888 a. Stylops melitte on the wing near Woking, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 25, p. 36. *1888 b. Andrena and Stylops, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 25, pp. 293-295. *1892 a. Elenchus tenuicornis K. parasitic on a Homopterous insect of the genus Liburnia, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 28, pp. 249-250. *1892 b. Elenchus tenuicornis Kirby and its host, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 28, p. 297. SAUNDERS, SIDNEY SMITH— *1850. Descriptions of two new strepsipterous insects, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 1, pp. 43,59. *1853. Notices on some new species of strepsipterous insects from Albania, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 2, pp. 125-145. *1864. Transformations of Hylechthrus rubi, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., vol. 2, Proc. p. 116. *1872. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentum, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiz, Rhipiphoridis, Meloidisque propinque, Monographia, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. pp. 1-48; Proc., 1871, pp. 32-33. *1875. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. xvii. *1877. On the adult larve of the Stylopidz and their puparia, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 195-197. ScHaum, Hermann RupDOLPH— *1851. Bericht iiber die Leistungen in der Entomologie, wihrend des Jahres 1850, Stylopites, Archiv. fiir Naturg., vol. 2, pp. 55-57. 1852. Catal. Coleop. Eur., ed. la., Berlin. t 1862. Reedited, Catal. Coleop. Eur., ed., 2a, Berlin. 1864. Die Stellung der Strepsipteren im Systeme, Archiv. fiir Naturg., vol. 30. *1865. Translation, On the systematic position of the Strepsiptera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 15, pp. 53-59. ScuM1eDEKNEcHT, H. L. Orro— *1882-4. Apide Europaez, vol. 1, pp. 421-424, 761. Scuutz, W. A.— *1905. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Hymenopteren-Fauna Afrikas, Hymenopteren- Studien, pp. 15, 16. ScHwarz, Evcens AmManpus— *1889. Reference to Maerkel, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 1, p. 238. *1891. (Comment as reported by secretary) Proc, Ent, Soc. Wash, vol. 2, p. 70. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. 915 ScuppEr, SAMUEL HusBarp— *1885. Systematic review of fossil myriapods, arachnoids and insects (Stylopide), Handbuch der Paleontologie, Leipzig. *1886. Systematic review of our present knowledge of fossil insects (Stylopide), U.S. Geol. Surv., bull. 31, p. 69. *1890. A classed and annotated bibliography of fossil insects, VIII, Cenozoic Coleoptera (Stylopidz), U. 8S. Geol. Surv., bull. 69, pp. 71-87. Seipuirz, GrorGe (Bibliographer)— *1903. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1902, sec. ae pts 1) pe 2a6; *1904. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1903, sec. 3, pt. 1, p. 243. *1905. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1904, sec. 3, pt.1, p. 285. SEMENOV, ANDREW— *1902. O sugax’p poga Rhipidius Thumb., Revue Russe d’Entomologie, vol, 2, pp. 258-262. Uses Xenidz for Strepsiptera. SHarP, Davin— 1871. Catal. Brit. Coleopt. (London). *1881. Insects (Strepsiptera-Coleoptera), Encyc. Britt., 9th ed.,vol. 13, pp. 148,149. *1899. Some points in the classification of Insecta Hexapoda (Strepsiptera), Proc. 4th Internat. Cong. Zool., p. 249. *1899. Strepsiptera, Cambridge Natural History, Insects, vol. 2, pp. 26, 298-303. Saarp, Davip (Bibliographer)— *1887. Stylopidz, Zool. Rec., vol. 23, Ins., pp. 54, 163. *1888. Stylopidz, Zool. Rec., vol. 24, Ins., pp. 149. *1890. Stylopidz, Zool. Rec., vol. 26, Ins., p. 147. *1892. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 28, Ins., p. 140. *1893. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 29, Ins, p. 142. *1894. Stylopide, Zool. Rec., vol. 30, Ins., p. 156. *1895. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Zool. Rec., vol. 31, Ins., p. 170. *1897. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Zool. Rec., vol. 33, Ins., p. 155. *1898. Strepsiptera (Coleoptera), Zool. Rec., vol. 34, Ins., p. 138. *1900. Strepsiptera, Zool. Rec., vol. 36, Ins., p. 139. *1904. Strepsiptera, Zool. Rec., vol. 40, Ins., p. 183. *1905. Stylopidz, Zool. Rec., vol. 41, Ins., p. 170. Surptey, ArtHur Evererr— *1904. The Orders of Insects (Strepsiptera), Zool. Anz., vol. 27, pp. 259-262, January. SHuckarD, Witt1am Enwarp— *1840. The Stylopidz (or Strepsiptera), (a subfamily between Forficulidee and Phryganidz in Neuroptera), Swainson’s History and Natural Arrange- ment of Insects, pp. 163, 351-353. *1866. British Bees, pp. 111-115, 195, 208, 219. SrzBoLtp, Cart THEopor Ernst von— *1840. Uber Xenos Sphecidarum und dessen Schmarotzer, Neueste Schrift. der Naturf. Gesellsch. in Danzig, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 72-87. *1843 a. Uber Strepsiptera, Archiv. fiir Naturg., vol. 9, pt. 1, pp. 137-162. *Review by Guerin-Menéville, Revue Zool., vol. 7, pp. 111-118. *1843 6. Zusetz zu dem Rosenhauer’schen aufsatze iiber Xenos rossii, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 4, pp. 113-114. *1853 a. Uberdie Strepsipteren oder Stylopiden, Jahresb. d. Schlesische Gesellsch. f. vaterland. Kultur, vol. 31, pp. 82-85. 1853. Review, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 2, pp. 124-126. *1853 6. Uber Strepsipteren oder Stylopiden, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 14, pp. 133-136. *1870. Uber paedogenesis der Strepsipteren, Zeit. f. wiss, Zool., vol. 20, pp. 243-247, 216 BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SILVEsTRI, Firrppo— +1907. Descrizione di un genere d’insetti apterigoti rappresentante di un novo ordine, Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agraria. Portici, vol. 1, pp. 296-311. SKINNER, Henry (editor)— *1903 a. (Editorial note on Xenos), Ent. News, vol. 14, p. 274, October. *1903 b. (Commentas reported by Secretary), Ent. News, vol. 14, p.338, December. SmitH, FrEeDERICK— *1845. Observations on Stylops Melitteze, Zoologist, vol. 3, p. 1092. *1847. Descriptions of British bees belonging to the genus Andrena, Zoologist, vol. 5, pp. 1922, 1928. *1850. Observations on the stylopites and their affinities, Zoologist, vol. 8, pp. 2826-2829. *1853. Cat. Hym. Ins. in Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 114. *1855. Cat. of Brit. Hym. in the Coll. of the Brit. Mus., I, Apidee-bees, pp. 75, 103, 114. 1872. Reedited. *1857. Observations on the difficulties attending the discrimination of the species of the genus Stytops, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 4, pp. 115-118, pl. 24. *1859. A contribution to the history of Stylops, with an enumeration of such species of exotic Hymenoptera as have been found to be attacked by those parasites, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 5, pp. 127-133. *1865. The Stylopidze Neuropterous, Entomologist, vol. 2, pp. 203-204. 1865. Review, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., vol. 2, p. 76. *1867. (Occurrence of Xenos (?) in Paragia decipiens Shuck. in So. Australia) 1867. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 1xxxviil. *1874. (Andrena tibialis parasitized) Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. ix. *1875. Captures of Stylops, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 12, p. 36. SmitH, JoHN BERNHARD— *1885. Stylopide, Ent. Amer., vol. 1, p. 38, May. *1886. Ants’ nests and their inhabitants, Amer. Nat., vol. 20, p. 686. *1890. Family Stylopide (Coleoptera), Cat. Insects Found in New Jersey, 2d Rept. State Geologist, p. 245. *1899. Stylopidz, Insects of New Jersey, 27th Ann. Rep. St. Bd. Agr., pp. 14, 338. *1906. Definitions, Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, pp. 30, 111, 117. SPEISER, PauL— *1906. Personal correspondence. STEPHENS, JAMES FRANCIS— *1829. Order VII, Strepsiptera, Syst. Catal. Brit. Ins., vol. 1, p. 403. Stites, CHARLES WARDELL— 71905. The international code of zoological nomenclature, U. 8S. Treas. Dept., Hyg. Lab., bull. 24, p. 48, September. The rules propounded in this reference serve as the guide for the nomenclature of this article. TASCHENBURG, ERNst LuDwic— *1879. (Neuroptera Stylopide) Einfiihrung in die Ins. Kunde, p. 190. *1892. Historische entwicklung der lehre von der parthenogenesis (Strepsip- teren), Abhandl. d. Naturf. Gesellsch. Halle, vol. 17, p. 406. TremMPLeTON, RopERT— : *1838. Description of a new strepsipterous insect, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 3, pp. 51-56. REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. a Ws THEOBALD, FREDERICK VINCENT— *1892. Stylopized bees, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 28, pp. 40-42. THWAITES, GEORGE Henry KENDRICK— *1841. Notes on a species of Stylops (Dalei), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 3, pp. 67-68; Proc., p. 6. , Titus, Epwarp SHARPE GAIGE— *1905. Personal correspondence. VieREcK, Henry LoRENz— *1903. A list of the insects of Beulah, New Mexico (Ammophila varipes Cr.), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 68. *1904. Synopsis of bees of Oregon, Washington, and Vancouver, Can. Ent., vol. 36, pp. 196, 222. *1905. Personal correspondence. VoELTzZKOW, ALFRED— 1880 (?). (Mention of stylopized Gryllotalpe from Vituland, East Africa) Das Ausland., vol. 28, pp. 441-445. VoRMANN, JoHAN ANTON BERNHARD— *1879. Uber Stylops melittze, Jahresb. Westfalischer Prov. Ver. Miinster, vol. 8, p22: WatiaceE, ALFRED RussEL— 11876. The Geographical Distribution of Animals. WEstwoop, JOHN OBADIAH— *1835a. Observations upon the Strepsiptera, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 1, pp. 169-172. *18356. Description of a new strepsipterous insect recently discovered in the island of Mauritius, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 1, pp. 173-174. *1839. Notice of a minute parasite inhabiting the larva of the Stylopide, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 2, pp. 184-188. *1840. Order Strepsiptera Kirby (places it between Hymenoptera and Lepidop- tera), Insects, II, p. 287; Introduction, vol. 1, pl. 1, fig. 6. *1861. On the occurrence of a strepsipterous insect parasitic in ants discovered in ‘Ceylon by Herr Nietner, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 2d ser., vol. 5, pp. 418-420. *1877. Notes upon strepsipterous insect parasitic upon an exotic species of Homoptera, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 185-187. *1877. (Notes on Saunders article 1877) Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 197-199. WHEELER, Wittiam Morton— 11893. The primitive number of malpighian vessels in insects, Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 457-460, 485-486, 497-498, 507-510, 539-541, 545-547, 561-564. Wittaczit, EManuEL— {Die Anatomie der Psylliden, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 42, p. 572, pl. 20. Fig. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate 1. Family MENGEIDAE (males). Beer jculeriarin aanenmane ts 2 foo SSS Fe) SMe OS ae ao emia oe Rios REECE IPC TINAN Te WARE Eose S00 oo 28 22 os MMM Le ticc cdo sete MUU OnOCen Mencia lnOLuxGOrsalevaewW= 2222 oeaes5.e. ) eee eee ke . Trioxocera mexicana, cedeagus, part lateral view.........-............- Family MyrMEcoLAcID# (males). - Myrmecolax nietnert,. wing (alter Saunders) =: 2.5: ..:2.s == S - 2's ee . Myrmecolax nietneri, antenna (after Westwood) ....................--- RAE IEOCHOLODSENUESh WING 2-8. a: Jimi cnet Vee RANI e. SU iain ws Glee pcuenociolax jenyest, thorax, dorsal View! -22-:- 5. 4--.---2---.---24-<8= 7 Cacnocholaxjenyest, ace, ventral View.2+. 3-5-5285. < 5%. -ss-05-05 . Caenocholax fenyesi, cedeagus, lateral view..................--------- . Caenocholax fenyesi, tenth abdominal segment, dorsal..............--- Drawings by the author. PLATE 2. Family SryLoprp# (males). . Parastylops flagellatus, wing (after Meijere)....................0..... . Parastylops flagellatus, antenna (after Meijere).....................-- . Parastylops flagellatus, metathorax, dorsal view (after Meijere)....... Pe mogemechitie, wine (ater Saunders)... 2-.-.i2sei-...- 22k... 2. 22s Nealops crawjord., thorax, dorsal wiews....222%- 200s so Poke ee . Stylops crawfordi, apex of abdomen, lateral view.............-------- morons solidnie, coedaus, Tateral view o.2-6/5s 2205 32 22282 88s . Stylops crawfordi, left mandible, lateral view....................-.--- . Stylops crawfordi, right mandible, ventral view..............-------- . Stylops crawfordi, left mandible, ventral view........-.......-------- Penaps.crawsordl,; maxilla, lateral view: ..122 6s soe see eee Se ALES S . Stylops crawfordi, front view of cephalotheca of puparium.-........... . Stylops solidule, front view of cephalotheca of puparium............- Drawings by the author. PLATE 3. Family StyLopip# (females). UM UOps Gavartens, COPNAlOLROLaX: 2322 fos ane ches o.oo ae oat ees nd en ELOpS URnert, Copal sthOPAS 52144 seer NS SR S72 Ae aes ois ss) S22 Be nOWLOps chaylonia, Copmalothorax of {)s Seok o.oo sct oc feces eke 2. MILHIO DR COT Nit, COPA lOUROLA® «5202 eee S ares yO ee eS ee 2 a eee ee MSolops cranjprdat, Cepnalobnorrx. s5..eesat ose eee eS OL ate . Stylops cressoni, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids ............. = PYLO DR OTLTNICHET, COP MOUNOFak as yay Sone Oe tee ssiyops horvjordensis,.cCephalobhorax: 1.02280 -= 4. oasis. ..~'s => sey =o an Se De Nops hip pOles;-CopnaloulOtae. <--a eee eee a ald eae ee oa PS AGLOpE ULI EE, COUNAIOUNONEE 52.522 aeue te SS bese sc. cas cws tees Se Atylopsmuliplieate, cepnalothorin ss: 280-25. eee sc... ten cae = ss os Illustrations from photomicrographs made by H.S. Barber and E. 8S. Tucker, and the author and retouched by the latter. 219 Page. 84 86 86 86 88 88 89 89 89 89 89 111 111 111 94 100 100 107 100 100 100 100 100 107 220 Fig. Fig. = FoOoweweOnN aor wohbd eH I i. SoD wm Oe w eee 0 be BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE 4. Family StyLopip# (females). Page . Stylops nasom, cephalothotax(2..%2-2 6.20 .. ores ee 104 . Stylops nubeculz, cephalothorax: -..2 ~~ -- -: 2-2 2a Sear es 105 . Stylops' oklahome, cephalothorax: ..<.2 202: 2.5): eee see 110 . Stylops polemonii, cephalothorax, full of triungulinids..............- 106. » Stylons salicifloris, cephalothorax: 5.020): Ae 2-2 ee 106 ) Stylops solidulz; cepbalothorax 2 220. = 3. 2s 4 Ge. - 22 107 . Stylops sparsipilose, cephalothorax.>.-.- 2222-02-55...) =) oe eee 108 . Stylops subcandidx, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids. .......- 108 . Stylops swenki, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids.............. 108 . Stylops vicinge cephalothorax... + 2/5...) 5 ses See e es te 110 . Siylops uierecki, -cephalothorax. <= 220.21 Jos ace tes cee eee ee ee 110 Illustrations from photomicrographs taken by H. 8. Barber and E. §. Tucker, and retouched by the author. PLATE 5. Family HyLecuTHrip& (males). Hylechthrus rubi, wing (after Saunders).-........02-5.---0+ts cope 114 . Hylechthrus rubi, mouth parts, front view (after Saunders)............ 114 Family XEN. (meles). . Xenos jurinei, mouth parts, front view (after Jurine)...........-..--. 118 . Aenos vesparum, wing (after Saunders)...........-.--..---+----.---. 117 . Schistosiphon peckii, thorax, abdomen and wing (after Kirby) -.....-. 133 . Schistosiphon peckii, genitalia (after Kirby).........-.......--.....-. 133 . Acroschismus bruesi, genitalia (lateral view)...--.---..-------------- 124 .. Acroschismus wheeleri, cédeapus: .\. 24)... 2.22 o on 2S ee es ee 129 Acroschismus wheeler, WIDE 25. Jue 155% oak See ee. eee ee 129 .. Acroschismus bruest, Wing. vac. a pecest ot ae eee 124 . Acroschismus bruest, mouthparts. $25 .). bs. 2p eee 124 > Acroschismus wheeler: mandibles alas) ea ees 129 Acroschismues wheeler, «masa ane. ea eee ne een ee 129 Drawings by the author. PuaTE 6. Family XENID# (males). -~Aecroschismus hubbardy, Tatesion----2 eo eee eee oe eee ee eee 122 » Acroschismus hubbardt, antenna®..6.2.: sae a oe eee cy, oD . Acroschismus hubbardi, elytron, from above ......------------------- 122 . Acroschismus hubbardi, stigmatal lobe, from below.-..........--------. 122 » Acroschismus hubbard: gprosternum 22a sop ee hae eee 122 . Acroschismus hubbardi, meso- and metasternum..--...-.....-------- 122 . Acroschismus hubbardi, head and thorax, dorsal...........-.---------- 122 . Acroschismus hubbardi, abdomen, lateral.......--.....----.---------- 122 . Acroschismus hupbardi, cedeaous2): 2/5 2e5 28 es. eee ere ee eee 122° . Acroschismus hubbardi, genitalia, lateral view. .-......---.----------- 122 . Acroschismus hubbardt, wines <. 22 4.2 eee ee eee ee 122 . Acroschismus hubbardi, nodal portion of wing...........-.-----.---. 122 Drawings by the author. re. I, Fig. 1. . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, pupa . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, pupa in puparium...........-..-------- . Acroschismus pecosensis, tibia and tarsus Fig. H oO bo jt fad — me wd . Acroschismus bowditchi, metathorax, to same scale as preceding . Acroschismus pecosensis, metathorax, to same scale as preceding . Xenos vesparum, metathorax, to same scale as preceding. (This illus- . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, face . Acroschismus bowditchi, face, to same scale as preceding . Acroschismus pecosensis, face, to same scale as preceding .......------- . Xenos vesparum, face, to same scale as preceding . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, genitalia . Acroschismus hunteri, genitalia . Acroschismus bowditchi, genitalia PACRURCHIAINGE NECORCNSTS, Mena? Jes Bee gets bl ee el bases MECOn GnvOriit. POMMAMN A acl: 2. aeono esse oes oo hetes ees ee . Acroschismus bowditchi, cephalothorax . Acroschismus hubbardi, cephalothorax . Acroschismus hunteri, cephalothorax . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, cephalothorax . Acroschismus pallidus texensis, larva, anterior portion . Acroschismus pecosensis, cephalothorax . Acroschismus maximus, cephalothorax . Acroschismus texani, cephalothorax . Acroschismus wheeleri, cephalothorax . Acroschismus rubiginosi, cephalothorax SeCMONA NT RwWNeH . Paraxenos erberi, wing (after Saunders) . Pseudoxenos schaumii, wing (after Saunders) . Apractelytra schwarzi, mouth parts, side view........-.-.--.----------- . Apractelytra schwarzi, metathorax, dorsal view...............-...-.--- REVISION OF STREPSIPTERA—PIERCE. a PLATE 7. Family XenID# (males). Acroschismus pallidus texensis, metathorax (the same dimensions apply Es Bo GUC Si Mee Sele oe ee TR Seiname Retr meee oes trates specimens sent the writer by Karl Hofeneder, of Innsbruck, Austria, which were bred from Polistes gallica diadema) Drawings by the author. PLATE 8. Family Xenrp# (males). Acroschismus pecosensis, antenna Illustrations from photomicrographs taken by Herbert 8. Barber and the author, and retouched by the latter. PLATE 9. Family XENn1p (females). WACTOSCHISINUS OFUESsl, COphalOthOorax= 252500 sees See oe wi Illustrations from photomicrographs made by E.S. Tucker and H.S. Bar- ber and the author, and retouched by the latter. Puate 10. Family XENID# (males). 221 Page. 127 130 128 Aly) 127 130 128 117 129 130 130 128 117 128 127 127 128 130 124 122 130 127 127 128 132 132 129 132 141 135 152 152 222 Fig. hie? ONoaoah DH DH (ee) 10. BULLETIN 66, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page . Apractelytra schwore, Wine 2252.22 sede none ee ee 152 . Apractelytra schwarzt, cod eagus. tos 53 oe sesso ne ie ae a2 . Ophthalmochlus duryi, a and 6, cedeagus, lateral and dorsal views.....- 142 . Ophthalmochlus duryi, metathorax, dorsal view........-..------------ 142 . Homilops westwoodi, metathorax, dorsal view (after Templeton). ....-.. 146 . Homilops westwoodi, mouth parts, ventral view (after Templeton). .-.- 146 . Eupathocera lugubris, metathorax, dorsal view .....--.--------------- 143 . Exypathocera lugubris, cedeagus...< 202. 225. a. 2. 4s ee on ee 143 > Ophthalmochlis duryz, mouth parts: o. 22 29.25 aes a eee 142 . Eupathocera lugubris, mouth parts. ----- ici? BLASTN, Oe Ae 143 Drawings by the author. Puate 11. Family Xenip# (females). . Monobiapiila bishoppr, cephalothorax -—- 25. 2222. nesses oo eee 139 . Leionotoxenos hookeri, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids. .....-- 139 Léeionotoxenos jonest, cephalothorax <<. 25-222 sec - eee = oa oe ee 138 Leionotoxenos louisiane, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids ..... - 138 . Sceliphronechthrus fasciati, cephalothorax .+. 2222-500... 03-2652 142 . Homilops bishoppi, cephalothorax-<2-2---.2-- 22 23 22.25 s2 ce See 146 . Eupathocera pruinosae; cepbalothorax’..-. 22. 225.2-0s-225- -< oe pe eee 143 Homilops ashmeadi, cephalothorax, containing triungulinids........... 146 Illustrations from photomicrographs by E. 8. Tucker and the author, and retouched by the latter. PuatE 12. Family Xenrp.1) (females). . Halictoxenos crawford, cephalothoram:. 2/22. 2.24240. .0 ce. ns eee 149 . Halictoxenos grenicheri, cephalothorax. .....- hieades See 150 . Halictozenos sparsi, cephalothorax::) 2252222. - 22 v2 se 22 = a eee 150 . Halictoxenos versati, cephalothorax. <2/00.5. 50.00. 2. 252 Sek eee 150 . Halictoxenos (Halictophilus) manilx, cephalothorax.......-.-..------- 151 . Halictoxenos (Halictophilus) robbii, cephalothorax............---------- 151 . \Crawfordia puloinipes, cephalothoraxe: 2225. - 22-553 Se eee eee 153 : Crawfordia cockerelli, cephalothorax.-- 32 32220)ten 2 a 155 Illustrations from photomicrographs made by E. 8. Tucker and H. 5S. Barber, and retouched by the author. PuateE 13. Family XeNrID# (males). . Halictoxenos jones, metathorax, dorsal view... 2. 222--222.2 2-424 149 .. Halacionenos jonest, 2 emitalliiajae see eee eee eae 149 . Halietoxenos jonesi: moUiB, Parts... -J22 4202-82 ee ee 149 » Crawfordia pulvuipes; Wile c a: cee soe Ane ee oe eee eer eae 153 . Crawfordia puluimipes, cae, mouth parts. 2 a. .)s8 22 sea ee 153 . Crawjordia puloinipes, meta hora xc co. e ose ose eee eee eee eee 153 . Crawfordia pulomipes, cenitalia? d. yee try a eee ee eee 153 Family HaLicToPHAGIDz. . Pentoxocera australensis, metathorax, dorsal view (from Perkins). ----- 158 . Pentoxocera australensis, wing (from Perkins).....-.-.-.-....--------- 158 Pentoxocera australensis, face (from Perkins)..-....---...------------ 158 Fig. Fig. Fig. Page 11. Pentoxocera australensis, tarsus (from Perkins)........................ 158 12. Pentoxocera australensis, genitalia (from Perkins)............--........ - 158 13. Pentacladocera schwarzti, face (from Perkins)......................... 157 14. Pentacladocera schwarzti, wing (from Perkins) ...................-----. 157 Drawings by the author. PLATE 14. Family HaticropHaqip® (males). 1. Neocholax jacobsoni, wing (after Meijere)..................-..--..-- 161 2. Neocholax jacobsoni, genitalia (after Meijere) ........................ 16%. 3. Neocholax jacobsoni, mandible (after Meijere)......................... 161 4. Neocholax jacobsoni, maxilla (after Meijere)........................-.. 161 5, Anthericomma barberi, head and thorax..............--.-.--.2.-..--. 162 6. Anthericomma barberi, face, prosternum and mesosternum............ 162 Meeeaanenerieonmmn burbert. Wine. 222. 26a eee ke 162 8. Anthericomma barberi, posterior tarsus.................---------.2020- 162 Family Dioxocer1p® (males). pe Mocorern insularum, ceplhalothees.- 2... 22280 3.22-022 Rake | Soe See Ae eee 40, 44, 173, 187 Jet) Guile Se Be oe Eee ee ee Ae oe 196 (biareolina Perez), (Andrena) ..........--.- 189 (bicolor Fabricius), (Andrena).......... 26, 189, 192 bigelovie Baker (Ceratagallia)................ 178 bimaculata Kirby (Andrena)................- 89 decorata (Andrena)...........- 189, 190, 191, 192 bipunctata Cresson (Andrena Opandrena).... 33, 35, 42,91, 98, 190 Malniciis GETOSODIS samsenet 22 Aec ees oe oe 187 bipunctate Pierce (Stylops).. 42,79, 91, 93,94, 98, 190 bishoppi Pierce (Homilops)..-....-. 81,145, 146, 186 (Monobiaphila)............ 80; 139, 140, 180 TBlattoidea (superfamily).............-..-. 11,176 226 Page EB OMONI see nce eee eee eee nee 42 PDODEIVILS) (EAD AALS) 2 eer eee eet 60 bowditchi Pierce (Acroschismus) -.-.---------- Uy 21, 22, 53, 80, 120, 121, 122, 130, 183 (boylei Cockerell), (Panurginus)...-...----- 155, 196 PB ravilides | (familys) see a eer eee 12 braunsiana Friese (Andrena)..-------------- 190 brevipennis Boheman (Liburnia)...--.--.---- 178 {pears GE) so. se 2 ada ek A see ene 176 bruesi Pierce (Acroschismus)....-..---------- 80, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 183 (CXONOS) 2 eee ee ee 124 (Bruesia) 234. sc2o- poeep eae oe Sea See 157 bruneri Crawford (Halictus Chloralictus). . --.- 147, 149, 188 Pierce (Stylops). ---.--- 42,79, 91,93, 94, 98, 192 bucephala Stephens (Andrena)...-.-.-------- 190 buyssoni Pierce (Vespzexenos) - - - - - 80, 134, 181,204 | (Bythoscopide) (family) ~...-..-------------- 178 Crnocholaxete foe. ce eee 71, 74, 76, 78, 87, 88 calceatus Scopoli (Halictus).-.-...------------ 188 | californica Pierce (Stylops)..--.....---------- 79, 91, 93,94, 99, 102, 106, 108, 195 caliginosus Erichson (Proterosphex).- - .------ 185 (Callidea) 25.32 feo poo a eatocaae nee 179 FC@althas see 2s eyes cae eee 42 campestris Saussure (Ancistrocerus)...------- 180 Van Duzes (bibunnia)s 95-202 5en- an ‘168,178 atreille@Miscus) Se) slo. sec ae- peace 144, 187 (Saussure), (Odynerus) ....-.----------- 180 ipopwespolotelehy = oo ee A See ee econ 14 canadensis Linnzeus (Polistes)..-.------------ 182 (capensis Lepeletier), (Sphex)-.-...--------- 186, 187 Cara DUS asaeete cas ante eee n-ne amos ere 31 carbonaria Fabricius (Andrena)..... 91, 105, 190, 193 tcarnaria (Sarcophaga)....------------------ 60 carnifex Fabricius (Polistes)-...-.--.--------- 182 *caroliniona (Sitilias)...:-------=-------- 23, 30, 43 HCeanopssacccassece Ske sne eee see memeeecins 42 *Gelastras ss Sas eh ees Heh ee ce meceen 43 FCOMONUS o2 os isce sees eee eee eee eee 115 Cephaletinii(imibe)saass-see-r=-seseee aoe 178 Ceratagallia a. 3355268 eee ewe ce ica ees 178 C2 O53 2 6) (oe ae Rr en St I oa se ah 42 +Chalcidoidea (superfamily). --....-.--------- 176 (chalybea Perez), (Andrena)......--------- 190, 195 childnent Gray (Sbylops) = o-c-+-o4-2ees-eeee= 79, 91, 92, 96, 191, 196, 207 (Packard)=Stylops packardi.... 96,105, 193, 212 SLO DS MCHC =e = tens 96, 110, 196, 212 (chiliensis Spinola), (Pelopzeus) ..-.-.-...---- 186 Lepeletier (Priononyx)...--.------------ 186 (chiliensis Spinola), (Sceliphron).......-.---- 185 FCHILONOMIUS << is 3 - -Jas sees eine ee eee 60 Chloralictus (subgenus).-.---.--------------- 148 CHIOFIOMS: <1 24 eee eee See 40, 173, 186 chloroticus Spinola (Odynerus).-...---------- 180 @hrysocorist: eo oc5 Se eae eee iesiee eae 173,179 {Chrysomelide (family) ....-..---.--------- 176 chrysosceles Kirby (Andrena).....-..------- 33, 190 Cicadoidea (superfamily).........-.-.------ 78,177 cineraria Linneeus (Andrena)........-.------ 190 cingulata Fabricius (Andrena)-.....-...------ 190 clarkella Kirby (Andrena)..-...-.------------ 190 Obani eo 1Soa oh saacsdescokecGEonsesdnsor 42 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Page. claytonie Robertson (Andrena ‘Trachan- drena)s 2.5 -use cae sceeeiemaee see 35, 41, 91, 99, 190 Pierce (Stylops)-----.--- 42,79, 91, 93, 94, 99, 190 +Coccidee (family) 2. =-22- asec. eee 176 cockerelli Pierce (Crawfordia)--...- 81, 153, 155, 196 Colacings: 5.2 255.2 2-s 5 eee eee 78, 82,165,170 Coleoptera (order), 22.22 -2- 4-2. oss eeeee 6,174, 176 (collinsonana Kirby), (Andrena) ...-...-.- 190, 194 colon Cresson (Leionotus).....-.------- 137, 138, 180 combinata Christ (Andrena)......-...----.-- 190 commoda Smith (Andrena)...-.-.--..- 42,91, 100, 190 concolor Kirby (Vespa)? 2.222225 see 181 (congerens Schmiedeknecht), (Andrena) ---.- 190 congruens Schmiedeknecht (Andrena)....-.. 190 (conjuncta Smith), (Andrena) ......--...-- 189, 190 (converiuscula Kirby), (Andrena). 53,35, 36, 189, 190 (corcyricus Saunders), (Paraxenos) ...-..-- 137, 181 (Pseudoxenos)£-: 25 2-chchee-e5 80, 137,181 (corni Robertson), (Andrena) ...--.---- 42,100, 196 | cornii Pierce (Stylops).----- 42,79, 91,93, 94, 100, 190 *ComusS, «.. 22.2 25.25. 2scia2 dose ee oe eee 42 fCorphyra. . 28h. - ee =o 67 +Corrodentia (order) 2.220 --c6~ lo. ene 6 costipennis Spinola (Isodontia)...........--- 186 crabro Linnzeus (Vespa)...-.-.--2-----s-<5 134,181 crabronis Pierce (Vespz#xenos). ---- 80,133, 134, 181 *Cratwpus, 222 s.- is. -0ss ss sb ake eee 42 crawfordi Viereck (Andrena Pterandrena).... 17, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 42, 43, 91, 100, 191 Pierce (Halictoxenos)- ----=2.2-c-4-senes 48, 81, 112, 147, 148, 149, 188 (Stylops) 2.3... see. -2- oe 23, 42, 49, 50, 67, 69, 79, 91,92, 93,94, 100, 101, 102,191 Crawfordia......-..- 67, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 152, 153 Crawfordine (subfamily)... 71,72, 76,77, 81,116, 152 cressoni Robertson (Andrena Opandrena).-. 33, 42,91, 102,191 Pierce (Stylops).....-- 42,79, 91,93, 94, 102,191 crinitus Felton (Polistes)..-..-.--- 29, 39, 120, 122, 182 curtisii Dale (Halictophagus).....- 81, 156, 188, 205 (Nassonow), (Halictophagus) ..-.-..-.-- 112, 212 curvungula Thomson (Andrena)..-..------ 191,194 7Cydnides (amily) 222 — ce eee 65 (cylindricus Fabricius), (Halictus) -.....-.---- 188 (dahlii Friese), (Stylops).-........-------- 79, 92,95 dalii Curtis (Stylops)... 79,91, 92, 95, 96, 189, 192, 205 CEbwaites), (Stylops))) > 2 s2ene— eee 97,217 dame (AuuiGanus) = <2 _s22 = eee eee 60 decipiens Schenck (Andrena)..---------- 33, 37,191 Shuckard (Paragia): 2-25-2255 eee ae 180 (decorata Smith), (Andrena).-.-..--.---- 189, 190, 191 deflendus Saunders (Odynerus)-..--------- 137, 180 deformis Smith (Sceliphron)..-.....-.------- 185 Deinelenchus....-.-.---.-- 17, 68, 73, 75, 78, 82, 165,170 Deltocephaluss a 52- eee 4 ae eee eee 173,177 denticulata Kirby (Andrena)....-.-.---.--- 191, 192 {Dermaptera (ONGen) =e emma. eeee ee eee 174 +Dermestide (family). -.-.....--------------- 176 desponsa Smith (Andrena)-.....------.------ - 191- (diadema Latreille), (Polistes)....--.------ 182, 183 Diedrocephala 3: 22-22 -e ae eee eee 173,177 . (dilecta Mocsary), (Andrena)-....----.------ 191 Dioxocera:..- __ 98 == -=-- e---- 73, 75, 76, 78, 81, 163 Dioxoceride (family)... .-.- 69, 70, 73, 76, 78, 81, 163 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC Page. MDI Tera (ONdGr) s- 2. ee cee 192 longulus Smith (Halictus)..............-..-. 188 louisiane Pierce (Leionotoxenos).. 80,137, 188,181 Thucanus? 6. hc... oa bee 60 (lugubris Pierce), (Acroschismus).........-..- 143 (Bupathocera)s- 2 g2-2-- seer 56, 80, 1438, 186 lutulenta Van Duzee (Liburnia)........--- 168, 178 fMachilis. 22022... oe cee eee 60 {Macrosiagon.. 52... Ute he eee 5,9 (maggretiana Schmiedeknecht), (Andrena). 190, 192 | magnifica Smith (Vespa)....--....-..--:-- 134, 181 | ¢Mallophaga (order)......-. ln ee 6, 176 TMalthodes:.2 5.020524 22-40 see eee 67 mandarina Smith (Vespa).......--..----.. 134, 181 manilez Pierce (Halictoxenos Halictophilus).. , 81, 147, 148, 151, 188 Ashmead (Halictus Evyleeus)....- 147, 151, 188 | {Mantoidea (superfamily)..........-...-.... 176 marginalis Fabricius (Polistes)......-...----- 183. marginatus Cresson (Halictoides).....-..--.- 40 moriime (Machilis)t ss. sasss22e- eases eee eee 60 Masaridse (family) ceo eee eee 12, 180 mazillosa DeGeer (Eumenes).....-.-..------ maximus Pierce (Acroschismus)......--.---- 80, 120, 121, 122, 124, 132, 184 {Mecoptera (order). 5.222230. 5-6 sees eae 6 Mecynocera.- 67,68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82, 165, 167, 168 Megalechthrus2:22 22-2 2.-e- 72, 75, 78, 81, 155, 160 |: Mepamelanus:! 22-1552 eee See teers 173, 178 (itelanoplitse seem sss nese oe ies ola a eee 60 melitize Karby, (Stylops) s-e se - sane aeaeee 8, 50, 60, 61, 63, 79, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 117, 193, 204, 216 (Meinert), (Stylops): <2 225-22 52222 2222.0 eo) (Nassonow), (=nassonow?)...------ 109, 195, 212 (Nassonow), (=spencii)....-.-..-.-- 96, 195,212 (Nassonow), (=ventricosz) .....-.- 109, 195, 212 (aterrima Friese), (Stylops).-..---------- Sil (dahlii Friese), (Stylops)....-.-..--.-.--- 95 (spencei Friese), (Stylops)...--.--------- 96 Meliturean ie tehasa= seer cee eee eee eee 173, 196 PMGlOG S/S se pee eisee ec eats cpa eee tenemos 9 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Page. qeloidw: (family):......-.--.2--..<-.--< 9, 12, 174,176 PRPROLOLONGIG 2.0 5.0 = jee meee ne ele esse 60 menalus Kirkaldy (Paradorydium).... 158, 159, 178 5, 70; 73, 76, 77, 78, 84, 207 63, 66, 69, 70, 76, 77,78, 84 Mengeoidea (Superfamily).....- 69, 70, 76, 77, 78, 85 metricus Say (Polistes). 21,25, 26, 32, 120, 124, 129, 183 mexicana Pierce (Trioxocera)........ 7,69, 78, 86, 87 BREA ZORRO. ou 3 22> Sab vee Ur une Reet 50 PRIBEODOUUIER. = vest ea oat we eee hese nies 40, 44 tminor Beauvais (Polistes).... 20, 21, 25,26, 120, 130 minutissimus Kirby (Halictus)....---------- 188 (minutula Kirby), (Andrena).......--.---- 192, 193 minutus Lepeletier (Halictus)......-.----- 112, 188 UUBICLIS. VR Se ea geese ep ser eee fear 173, 187 (miserabilis Cresson), (Andrena)...----- 92, 110, 191 mitis Schmiedeknecht (Andrena)..-......---- 192 MGHIE saree 22 2 cere ts ney eae ees Se 44 Wranobia ss ees tat ht ek ee 77, 185, 139, 173, 180 Monobiaphila......-....-- 72, 75, 76, 77, 80, 135, 139 goo Brule (Andreng).2:%.222-22.2.. eke ses 192 iW apKelIs (CH alichis)s: se... 25 ke eee 188 (mouffetella Kirby), (Andrena).....-...... 192, 195- moutoni Buysson (Vespzexenos)..----. 80, 134,181 @xXenos;— Vibuyssont)< 3-225.) 25 134, 204 TeNGMOS) = "Va MOWLOIl). «cme can santas 134 multiplicata Cockerell (Andrena)..... 42,91, 104, 193 multiplicate Pierce (Stylops).........--.---- 42, 79, 91, 93, 94, 104, 193 PAU VIGQULOSN car. he orcas: t Eee SRS BS 5,9,16 Myrmecolacid (family)... 66,69, 70, 71, 76,77, 78,87 | (Myrmecolacides), (tribe)................-.. 87 I aula ic] EO ee 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 87, 88 TUBAL DY (ATIGTENA) = 522s. f2b22 /teke 2 2 193 nasoni Robertson (Andrena)......-..-- 91, 104,193 Pierce (Stylops)....-.. 79,91, 93,94, 104, 105, 193 nassonowi Pierce (Stylops)......--- navajoe Cresson (Polistes)............:....--- 183 RN RaLIELO ee aE eS or eee ge eee 23, 204 (neglecta Dufour), (Andrena)..............-- 193 (Cleiisuc(e] bine) a pete eae aaa 189, 193, 196 Pi OnGROla kee Sas see eke 72, 78, 81, 155, 160 jyeNeuroptera (Order): . 2... 5.2.50... 052-202). 6,174 nietnert Westwood (Myrmecolax).-... 49,78, 88,179 migra Buysson (Vespa)..........---------- 134, 181 nigrescens Brues (Acroschismus)............- 80, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 181, 183 (ORENOS ees ees Se oes oe 125, 181, 183 nigroznea Kirby (Andrena).. 24, 25, 26,33, 91, 94, 193 aprilina Smith (Andrena).........- 35, 189, 193 nigrosericea Dours (Andrena)...........-.--. 193 muda Kirby (Andrena) -- 2...<.-.-42-25.2.- 193 nitidiuscula Schenek (Andrena).-...........-- 193 mitidiusculus Kirby (Halictus)-.........:...- 188 nivalis Smith (Andrena)............- 42,91, 103, 193 niveata Friese (Andrena)..-.......---.-..-- 192,193 nubecul1 Smith (Andrena)......-. 42,43, 91,105,193 | nubeculz Pierce (Stylops). 42,79, 91,93,94, 105,193 | nycthemera Imhof (Andrena)..............-- 193 (obovatus Kirby), (Halictus)................- 188 OmOrtata (OGL). cscs ne oon eens 6 odyneroides Saunders (Psiloglossa)........... 181 WRENS! sc 052th ees ke 77, 115, 135, 172, 173, 180 fF Oesuidae (amply)... 2. 2. 2: Late rere ook 176 oklahome Pierce (Stylops).-. 79,92,94, 110,111,191 WMCOMBtOPIA Aa 2.x Ss 52 eee ee eee anes 177 84359—Bull. 66—09——16 79,91, 105,190 | | Perkinsiella EE re ee pe eA a ae 229 Page. Opatidrena (subgenus). .........2....... 35, 43, 102 Ophthalmochlini (tribe)........ 77, 80,116, 141,145 Opthalmochlus.......-. 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 141, 142 *Oppositifolia(Serinea)-.--.2----2.--see = 78, 179 truncatilabris Morawitz (Andrena)........-.-- 195 tryoni Perkins (Megalechthrus). ....... 81, 160,179 tumulorum Linneus (Halictus)...........-... 188 Ede GuilloniGS PHO) esece eine) scenes =e s 22 187 uhleri Pierce (Pentagrammaphila) . ...- 82, 169,179 UI COLOM CARIOUS mcr tele ac. =. tye ea elem nie 115 vagans Saussure (Leionotus)..........- 137, 138, 181 ON bm Ilee se Miata Wile, c eid siuia’sce 6 qaiS6 er eed cic 42 282 Page. | variabilis Smith (Andrena).-..--- 32,191,192, 193, 195 varians Rossi (Andrena).-......-------------- 195 helvola Linnzeus (Andrena)....-----.-- 192,195 variatus Cresson (Polistes).........--------- 23, 184 variegata Saunders (Prosopis)......-------- 115, 187 varipes Cresson (Sphex)---...-..---2.-------- 187 ventricosa Dours (Andrena)...........-- 92,109, 195 ventricose Pierce (Stylops).--.-- 79,92, 109,110,195 # VGLoniCa ne sadeacwee est eto oe eee ee nee 42 versati Pierce (Ilalictoxenos)-.-.. 81, 147,148, 150, 188 versatus Robertson (Halictus Chloralictus)... 147, | 150, 188 (versicolor Saunders) (Hyleeus).----....--.-- 32,115 | (Prosopis) =< Ss eee 32, 35, 115 verus Cresson (Leionotus)..-.....-.-. 16, 137, 189, 181 WES pam Hoes Sores era 77, 116, 133, 134, 172, 173, 181 (vespz Peck) (CXenos): 22292 eae ones ee 117, 133 VESPRREWOSEL eto sons e 22 72, 75, 77, 80, 116, 183, 134 (vesparum Rossi) (Ichneumon).......-..---- 117 @unine)\@kenvs))/2 oat an eee eee eee 118 Ross} Gxends) is) 428s tases eee ee - 7,8, 47, 48, 49, 56, 60, 61, 63, 80, 116, 117, 118, 134, 135, 182 Vespids (family)::--.---2.-.----- 12, 45, 77, 116, 181 Vespoidea (superfamily)........-.--.- eae 12, 44,77, 87, 115, 116, 176, 180 (vetula Lepeletier) (Andrena).......-.-..-- 194,195 EV DUM aoe state cee eee eee. sane 42,43, 102 vicina Smith (Andrena)-......- 42,51, 92,96, 110, 196 vicinie Pierce (Stylops)= ossseeenssene ses sense 42, 51, 79, 92, 93, 94, 110, 196, 212 victima Smith (Andrena).............-..- 91, 96, 196 viduatus Christ (Parasphex)........-........ 186 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Page. vierecki Pierce (Stylops)...... 79, 92,93, 94, 110, 195. viridis Fabricius (Xerophloea)........- 163, 164, 177 vittensis Kirkaldy (Perkinsiella)........... 167, 178. vittatifrons Ubler (Pentagramma).......... 169,179: | ‘foulgdrts' (Melolontha):-- 8... 2 sae eee 60 Tannseus (Vespa) 2-2