CYsyyyw#-; ty, Za, isa ; Yj Z tes ty Z Ye Lig a YH YH; tyyyy#-. Lp Z Z Z Yy ii CHEE g G HHppywyw@— Hu#@= Z Y Z g So fy 4 YW CHEE: ZY Z tity ty ttjjyj Yn; Z Z tty Cn. Cue LEE. tris; g Hy tHHyywv—@—™”™ typ tj ty Z Hyg SL Z ty g Z Z Z Z tYtyjug: CELA =e a, eg wee ==" : oa, a ote oN aan * we _ oe et a en U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, FRONTISPIECE IMMANUEL MOSES CASANOWICZ BORN, JULY 25, 1853. DIED, SEPTEMBER 26, 1927 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ButueTin 148 COLLECTIONS OF OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BY IMMANUEL MOSES CASANOWICZ Assistant Curator, Division of Old World Archeology United States National Museum UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1929 Se ee a Ne en For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. sae tts eee fh = Price 90 cents ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasion- ally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, cata- logues of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but quarto size has been adopted in few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. The present work forms No. 148 of the Bulletin series. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Wasuinecton, D. C., December 2, 1929. re NOTE At the time of his death on September 26, 1927, Dr. Immanuel Moses Casanowicz had completed the work herewith, embodying the results of his study of religions comprehending the historic cults of the world. Doctor Casanowicz, on account of his education and native ability, was singularly equipped to follow out this line of research. Born in Russia in 1853, he was set apart by his parents to be the scholar of the family and received as a youth what was considered essential instruction. In quest of a wider field, he traveled to Switzerland, and in Basel, Switzerland, completed the course in the Evangelische Predigerschule where he became a teacher. Coming to the United States, he taught in the German Theological School in Bloomfield, N. J. Entering Johns Hopkins University for higher studies, he received a Ph.D. in 1892. In that year he became identified with the newly founded division of oriental studies in the United States National Museum. The plan of the division was outlined by Dr. Paul Haupt, and the division was under the direct supervision of Dr. Cyrus Adler. For a number of years Doctor Casanowicz assisted in the work of this division until 1906, when he was appointed assistant curator of Old World arche- ology, which place he held until his death. His portrait most appropriately forms the frontispiece of this volume. It , 7 . gl CH aS sisedh 4g 7 wile tats «ina an ge i dt: dn 1 en Pose. ti At Fa F Weelee in 7 Mihi Fe Prt) if ors 3 a | | ‘ iets ’ ite j 4 phe i * & tin FAG 7 pik) : on Ore Ye . Aiea! hk heat cant Se ghee oT ne ad nak ie 8 fief 118) Cia ke PB oa oe oe 4 . . j 6h Pe 3 : cada wt. a tet 2 ot oy eo isrst) eee oy anne ' less NIE 4 Seah n , ats i ok eee 7 yr a ‘ - . : } ® rs t , ¢ oo + 1% . ‘ 1.3% starrer, WS ¢a “A ahs 4 ; : : i ; tue { ' f ite ‘a re ie ich ait iti A ia . ; eT 4 aces Si eer BylttsouS Oh ar anON tad ain rs p s a on Taustt iste se tal a) abaeite ak ‘4 4 eh PAYG 5 7 yod (y ori). The three letters thus exhibited on the outside of the tefillin constitute the Hebrew name of God “vw Shaddai, rendered by the English versions, ‘‘Almighty.’”’ The materials used in making the tefillin must come from a clean animal, and the extracts from the Pen- tateuch are written in the same manner as the Torah Scroll. In “laying the tefiilin” (hanohath tefillin), that of the arm is put on first. The box is fastened on the naked left arm above the elbow, and the strap is wound seven times around below the elbow. Then that of the head is put on so that the box comes to rest on the forehead below the hair and between the eyes, the knot being at the nape of the neck, while the ends of the strap pass over the shoulders and hang down on either side. Next, the end of the strap of the tefilla of the arm is wound thrice around the middle finger and around the hand. Each of these performances is accompanied by appropriate benedictions and the recitation of passages from the Scriptures. In taking off the tefillin that of the head is removed first, then that of the arm. The traps are folded around the boxes, and the ¢tefillin are reverently puts into a bag, which is sometimes included in another, so that the sacred objects may be more carefully protected. Philadelphia. (Plate 2, (lower), Cat. No. 130276, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. 13. Phylacieries—Palestine. (Cat. No. 216159, U.S.N.M.) Be- quest of S. S. Howland. 14. Phylacteries—Tunis, North Africa. (Cat. No. 216686, U.S.N.M.) 15. Phylacteries—Zurich, Switzerland. (Cat. No. 329452, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. Paulus Dworkowicz. 16. Prayers and benedictions recited in putiing on the phylacteries.— Stamped on yellow silk. Made in Jerusalem. Measurements, 9 by 13 inches. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 154445, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Dr. Aaron Friedenwald. 17. Prayer shawl (tallith)—Made of white silk with blue stripes on the borders. The tallith is a rectangular piece of cloth, made of wool or silk, worn by male adults, (among the Sefardim, or the observers of the Portuguese rite, also by small boys), at the morning services and when performing certain religious functions. To each of the four corners of the tallith are attached the cicith or fringes, consisting of four threads (usually woolen), run through an eyelet near the corner and then doubled and knotted in a certain manner so that eight threads are allowed to hang down as a fringe. It is, besides, usually bordered with bluish-black stripes and adorned with a silk ribbon or silver- corded lace called “crown” (‘atarah), on the top. The tallith is loosely thrown over all the other garments, sometimes passing across the top of the. head and flowing down over the upper part of each 8 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM arm and over the back, sometimes wrapped around the neck. The obligation to wear a garment with fringes is derived from Numbers xv, 38, as follows: ‘‘That they make them fringes in the borders of their garments thoughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of each border a cord of blue. And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the command- ments of the Lord, and do them; and that ye go not about after your own heart and your own eyes”; and Deuteronomy xxii, 12: “Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four borders of thy vesture, where- with thou covered thyself.’ Besides the tallith, which is worn at stated seasons, the Jews wear at present under the upper garments during the entire day a garment with fringes, called the ‘small tallith’’ (tallith katan), or the “‘four corners” (arba kanfoth). It consists of a piece of rectangular cloth of any material, but usually of wool, about 3 feet long and 1 foot wide, with fringes fastened to the four corners in the same manner as to the tallith, with an aperture in the center sufficient to let it pass over the head, so that part falls in front and part behind. This small tallith is assumed to have originat- ed in the times of persecution, when the Jews had to refrain from exhibiting the garment with fringes and could only in this manner comply with the commandment to wear fringes. Length, 6 feet, 6 inches; width, 2 feet. New York. (Cat. No. 30296, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Hon. N. Taylor Phillips. 18-19. Prayer shawl and phylactery.—This prayer shawl, which is cut into two pieces, and the phylactery were secured by John Gold- haar, field secretary of the Jewish Welfare Board, from the Synagogue of Rheims, France, after the invasion of the German Army. Rheims, France. (Cat. Nos. 310078-079, U.S.N.M.) Gift of the Jewish Wel- fare Board, United States Army and Navy. 20. Arba Kanfoth (four-cornered garment).—Made of wool. (See under No. 16.) Measurements, 3 feet by 17 inches. (Cat. No. 154578, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of Simon Dalsheimer. 21. Fringes (cicith) —Made of woolen threads. (See under No. 16.) Tiberias, Palestine. (Cat. No. 154457, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. B. F. Ulman. 3. OBJECTS USED ON FESTIVALS SABBATH The Jews, like other oriental peoples, compute the day from sunset to sunset. The Sabbath, therefore, begins at sunset on Friday and terminates at sunset on Saturday. It is inaugurated in the home by blessing and lighting of the candles by the mistress of the house, and in the synagogue by a special service. On returning from the service, and before the evening meal, the head of the house fills a cup with wine, raises it in his right hand, and recites OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 9 Genesis ii, 1-3, which relate the origin of the Sabbath, and pronounces a benediction over the wine, to God, who “has sanctified the Sab- bath.” For this reason the ceremony is called kiddush, that is, sanctification. He then drinks from the cup and hands it to the other persons at the table to partake of. Where no wine or other liquor is available, the kiddush is pronounced over two loaves of bread, which are laid on the table in memory, it is assumed, of the two portions of manna that were gathered in the wilderness on Fridays. (Exodus xvi, 22.) The loaves are then cut up by the head of the house, the pieces dipped in salt and distributed among the members of the family. 22. Sabbath lamp.—Used by the German Jews in their houses. It was manufactured in the eighteenth century in Fellheim, Germany. Height, 18 inches. (Plate 3 (upper), fig. 1, Cat. No. 1380294, U.S.N.M.) 23. Brass hanging candlestick —Made in the eighteenth century in Fellheim, Germany. Height, 20 inches. (Cat. No. 130298, U.S.N.M.) 24. Kiddush cloth—Made of red silk. Stamped with representa- tion of the temple and other buildings in Jerusalem, and the bene- dictions recited on Sabbath. Used to cover the loaves of bread on the table (see No. 22.) Jerusalem, Palestine. (Cat. No. 154418, U.S.N.M.) HABDALAH The Sabbath is inaugurated at the home by a benediction over a cup of wine (see above) and is terminated in alike manner. In addition to the cup a wax candle and a box containing some spices are used. The head of the house takes the cup in his right hand and the spice box in his left, while the candle is usually held by a child, and, after reciting several passages of the Sériptures, pronounces a blessing over the wine, then over the spices, smelling them and passing them to the others present, then over the light, closing with thanksgiving to God for the distinction He made between Sabbath and workdays, between things sacred and profane, etc. The cup is then passed around among the members of the family and the candle extinguished with drops of wine from the cup. This ceremony is called habdalah, that is, separa- tion or division, because it divides or separates the Sabbath from the other days of the week. The spices may be simply an emblem of the enjoyment to be derived from the work of the six days of the week, and the light is, according to the Talmud, the first product of human ingenuity and labor. 25. Silver spice bor.—Made in form of a tower resting on a base. Supposed to have been manufactured in Laupheim, Germany, about 1740. Height, 8 inches. (Plate 3 (lower), fig. 4, Cat. No. 130297, U.S.N.M.) 61551—29 2 10 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 26. Silver spice bor.—Made in form of barrel. Height, 1% inches. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 317318, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Henry Franc. NEW MOON 27. Tablet in gilded frame.—Inscribed in gold letters on a blue ground with the Hebrew words, ‘‘New moon.” In the Pentateuch the new moon festival is enumerated among those which were observed by additional sacrifices, Numbers xxviii, 11-15, and whose appear- ance was heralded by the sounding of trumpets, Numbers x, 10. The day is referred to as a sacred one also in I Samuel xx, 5-18; I Kings iv, 23; Isaiah i, 13, 14; lxvi, 23; Ezekiel xlvi, 1, 3; Hosea ii, 13; Amos viii, 5. Some modern Jews observe the new-moon day by reciting, in the open air and facing the moon, special prayers, which devotion is called ‘“‘Blessing of the moon’ (birkath ha. hodesh) and abstaining from unnecessary work. Dimensions, 11 by 6 inches. (Cat. No. 1429, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. PASSOVER The feast of Passover is celebrated in commemoration of the deliv- erance of Israel from the bondage of Egypt, as related in the first chapters of the book of Exodus. It begins on the evening of the 14th of Nisan (March-April) and continues, with the Jews who live in Palestine, for seven days, with those in other places for eight days. It is the first of the three pilgrimage festivals (shalosh regalim) the others being the feast of the weeks, or Shabuoth, occurring seven weeks after Passover, at the close of the spring harvest, now chiefly observed in commemoration of the giving of the Torah, and the feast of Taber- nacles or booths, Sukkoth. Passover thus begins the ecclesiastical year. (Exodus xii, 2; Leviticus xiii, 5; Deuteronomy xvi, 16.) OBSERVANCE OF THE PASSOVER IN THE JEWISH HOME In ancient times the celebration of Passover*centered around the paschal lamb. As it could not be slaughtered outside of the sanc- tuary (Deuteronomy xvi, 2) its use ceased with the destruction of the temple, and the eating of unleavened bread, or maccoth, is now the principal feature of the Passover feast. The eating or even the keeping of anything leavened or fermented (hametz), is strictly prohibited (Exodus xxii, 7; Deuteronomy xvi, 3), hence the Passover is also called the “‘feast of unleavened bread” (Exodus xxiii, 15). On the eve preceding Passover the ceremony of ‘searching for leaven’’ (bedigath hamez) takes place. The head of the house, furnished with a wax taper, a wooden spoon, and a feather brush, goes over the whole house and gathers all suspicious crumbs into the spoon. These are burned on the morning of the 14th of Nisan in the courtyard (b:’ ur hametz), both ceremonies being accompanied by benedictions. In the evening the feast begins with a service in OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL PE the synagogue. In the home the evening meal is of the nature of a commemorative service, called seder—order, arrangement, or pro- gram. At the head of the table are cushioned chairs or lounges for the master and mistress of the house to recline on, as was done and is still customary in the Orient among the high and free-born. ‘On the table are the articles emblematic of the events commemorated. ‘These are: Three maccoth, or cakes of unleavened bread, baked in the shape of large, thin, round crackers, the ‘bread of affliction’? (Deu- teronomy xvi, 3), a piece of roasted meat, usually the bone of a ‘lamb, representing the Passover lamb; bitter herbs, usually horse radish (maror), in commemoration of the ‘‘embittering of life,” which Israel suffered in Egyptian servitude (Exodus i, 14); a roasted egg, in memory of the festal sacrifice (hagigah) offered in the temple; a compound of almond, apples, and sirup, which has the color of brick clay (Aaroseth), in commemoration of the labor of brick- making the Israelites performed in Egypt (Exodus i, 14 and v, 7 and following), and into which the bitter herbs are dipped before they are partaken of; green herbs—parsley or lettuce (karpas)—as the “food of poverty;” a cup of salt water, in which the green herbs are dipped to represent the hyssop dipped in the blood of the paschal lamb (Exodus xu, 22). There are, besides, wine in cups or glasses for each at the table, as everyone assisting at the celebration is supposed to partake of four cups of wine. An extra cup stands ready filled during the seder for the prophet Elijah should he come in an unbidden guest to honor the feast and as protector of the house- hold whenever the door is opened on that night. The service begins with kiddush, as on Sabbath and other festivals. (See above on p. 9.) The family then sits down and the hagadah, that is, narration, consisting of an account of the sufferings of Israel at the hands of the Egyptians and their miraculous deliverance by God, accompanied by psalms and hymns, is recited. At appropriate passages of the hagadah the articles mentioned above are partaken of, symbolical ceremonies performed, and the evening meal is eaten. 28. Liturgy of the Passover meal, hagadah.—In Hebrew and Span- ish, with maps and illustrations. Printed in London, 5573 A.M., (=1813 A.D.). During the semiritual meal of the Passover feast, called seder, the hagadah, that is, narration, consisting of an account of the sufferings of Israel at the hands of the Egyptians and their miraculous deliverance by God, is recited, accompanied with psalms and hymns. London, England. (Cat. No. 217678, U.S.N.M.) 29. Passover cloth—Made of white silk, in Jerusalem. Stamped with the principal prayers recited at the Passover meal, or seder, and illuminated with representations of the Temple Mount and other buildings of the city of Jerusalem; as also with the cities of Jericho and Shechem; with the candlestick (menorah); and the tables 12 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM of the law (Decalogue). Measurements, 18 by 18 inches. (Cat No. 155263, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Moses A. Dropsie. 30. Brass plate used at the Passover meal.—Adorned with animal figures and flowers and containing an Arabic inscription in Hebrew characters. Made in Constantinople. Diameter, 26 inches. (Plate 4 (upper), Cat. No. 130291, U.S.N.M.) 31. Pewter Passover plate—Made in Tetennausen, Germany. Diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 130299, U.S.N.M.) 32. Passover tray.—Made of tin. Engraved on the rim with the 16 words containing the program of the ceremonies performed during: the seder, and the name Gitl. Inside are the words: Priest, Levite and Israelite, and the names: Abraham, Bela, Juda, son of Solomon, Solomon Leb, Hannah Engelmayer, Baltimore, and various orna- ments, as the ‘‘Shield of David,” circles and vases. Dating probably from the seventeenth century. Diameter, 13% inches. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 326825, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Miss L. Lieberman. 33. Omer tablet—Manuscript in gilded frame. The harvest season was formally opened with a ceremony of waving a sheaf of barley in the sanctuary on the second day of the Passover feast, which began on the 15th of Nisan (March-April). Before this ceremony took place the harvesting of grain was forbidden: “And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor fresh ears, until this selfsame day, until ye have brought the oblation of your God.” (Leviticus xxiii, 14). From that day seven weeks, or 49 days, were counted (Leviticus xxiii, 15; Deuteronomy xvi, 9) to the feast of Pentecost; hence its Hebrew name Hag ha-Shabuoth ‘‘feast of Weeks,”’ and the usual English name “Pentecost,” which is derived from the Greek mevrexoorh pentekoste, meaning the fiftieth day. It is also called ‘‘feast of harvest’? (Exodus xxiii, 16), because the grain har- vest then approaches its close, and ‘‘day of first fruits’? (Numbers xxvill, 26; Exodus xxxiv, 22), because two loaves of bread from the new wheat were offered on that feast. With the destruction of the temple the ceremony of waving the sheaf in the sanctuary necessarily fell away, but the counting is still observed and the prayers contained in the tablet form part of the liturgy during the time from Passover to Pentecost. This tablet is used in the synagogue for reckoning the period between Passover and Pentecost. The tablet is in Hebrew. It contains the words: “Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and com- manded us to count the Omer.”’ Then follows the count (in Hebrew), and below it the words: ‘‘May the Lord restore the worship of the temple speedily in our days,” and Psalm lxvii. The letters H. S. § Leviticus xxiii, 17. Since the dispersion Pentecost has been connected by tradition with the day on which the law (Torah), was given on Mount Sinai, and the festival is called hag mattan torah, the feast of giving the law. e OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL io and D on the left mean, respectively, Omer (written Homer by the Spanish Jews); week (Sabbath); and day. The figures on the right indicate that it is the forty-seventh day of Omer, that is, six weeks and five days. Measurements, height, 2 feet 6 inches; width, 2 feet. (Plate 4 (lower), Cat. No. 154404, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. NEW YEAR (ROSH HA-SHANAH); THE PENITENTIAL SEASON 34. Ram’s horn (shofar).—In ancient times the horn or shofar was used, according to the Pentateuch, for the announcement of the new moon and solemn festivals (Numbers x, 10; Psalms Ixxxi, 4), for the proclamation of the year of release (Sabbatical year) (Leviticus xxv, 9), and above all for military purposes, like the modern bugle, to give the signal for going out to battle, for the announcement of a victory, and for a recall of the troops (Numbers x, 1-9). It was also used as a musical instrument in religious procession. (II Samuel vi, 15; Psalms xlvili, 6.) At present the shofar is especially employed during the peni- tential season, which begins with the 1st of the month Ellul (August— September), and culminates on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), on the 10th of Tishri (September—October). During the month of Ellul the shofar is sounded three times at the close of the morning serv- ice each day, with the exception of the Sabbaths, in some congrega- tions and in others at the evening service. On the Ist of Tishri, the beginning of the civil year (Rosh ha-shana), one of the most solemn of the Jewish holy days, and the ‘‘memorial of blowing of trumpets” (Leviticus xxv, 24; Numbers xxix, 1), 30 blasts, among the Sefardim 72, are sounded on the shofar in the middle of the morning service, after the reading of the day’s lesson from the Torah, and before the ‘‘additional service” (musaf). On Atonement Day the shofar is sounded once, among the Sefardim four times, at the close of the concluding service (ne’ilah), and on the seventh day of Tabernacles (Hoshanna Rabba), it is sounded at each of the seven circuits. The shofar is usually made of aram’s horn, but the goat’s horn is also employed.’ Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 95142, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Cyrus Adler. 35. Manuscript written on vellum.—Measurements, 14 by 9% inches. Mystical interpretation of the significance of the blowing of the shofar. Tunis, North Africa. (Cat. No. 217695, U.'S.N.M.) THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES, OR BOOTHS (SUKKOTH) The feast of Tabernacles takes place on the 15th of Tishri (Septem- ber—October), and continues, according to Leviticus xxxill, 39-43, seven days, with an eighth day for the conclusion of the feast, to which is added the feast of the ‘‘Rejoicing of the law,” thus extending it to nine days. Itis celebrated in remembrance of the wandering of the 7 Compare Cyrus Adler, The Shofar, Its Use and Origin. Proceedings, U.S. National Museum, vol. 16, pp. 287-301; Report, U. S. National Museum, 1892, pp. 437-450. 14 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Israelites through the desert, where they dwelt in booths or tents. (Leviticus xxiii, 43.) In ancient times the feast was coincident with the harvest season and was a feast of thanksgiving. (Leviticus xxiii, 39; Exodus xxxiv, 22.) It was one of the most important and joyous: of the three pilgrimage festivals. The most characteristic feature of the celebration of this feast is the dwelling in booths or tents, whence is derived its Hebrew name, Sukkoth, or, more fully, hag ha-sukkoth, the feast of booths. The booth has three sides of wood, usually boards or planks, while the fourth side, on which is the entrance, is hung with a curtain. It must be erected in the open air and covered with green branches and leaves, affording protection against the sun by day, but permitting a small portion of the sky to be seen and the stars to show at night. Inside it is usually adorned with draperies and garlands. Being the ‘‘dwelling place’? (Leviticus xxiii, 42), during the festival, the meals are taken in the booth, and especially pious people even. sleep in it. Sick and feeble people, however, are exempt from the obligation of ‘‘dwelling in tents,’ and the precept is generally sus- pended in inclement weather. Another of the important ceremonies connected with the observ- ance of the Feast of Tabernacles is the use of palm branches (/ulab), bound up with myrtle and willow branches, and a kind of citron (ethrog). 36. Fourteen tablets used for the decoration of the booth.—(Cat. Nos. 217679-685, U.S.N.M.) 37. Lulab and ethrog—The lulab and ethrog, the former being the shoot of the palm bound up with myrtle and willow branches, the lat- ter the fruit of the citron tree (a variety of the Citrus medica), are used. by the Jews at the Feast of Tabernacles (15-22 of Tishri=September- October), in pursuance of Leviticus xxiii, 40: ‘‘ And ye shall take unto you, on the first day, the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook, and ye shall rejoice before the Lord, your God, seven days.”’ At certain stages of the lit- urgy the lulab and ethrog, the former being held in the right hand, the latter in the left, are waved up and down and to all points of the com- pass, in acknowledgment of God’s sovereignty over nature. After the additional service (musaf), each day a processional circuit (hak- kafah), is made with the lulab and ethrog around the reading desk (as was done in the temple around the altar), on which the Torah scroll is held in an upright position, while reciting the prayers, beginning and closing with the invocation ‘‘Hosanna.”’ On the seventh day seven such processions take place, and willow branches are beaten on the benches, and this day is therefore called Hoshanna Rabba, the day of the great Hosanna. Philadelphia, Pa. (Cat. No. 154448, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 15 THE FEAST OF HANUKAH (DEDICATION) The feast of dedication or Hanukah (the latest addition to the cycle of Jewish festivals) is celebrated for eight days, beginning with the 25th of Kislew (December-January), in commemoration of the purification of the temple and the restoration of the service after the deliverance of Jerusalem from the oppressions of Antiochus Epiphanes, King of Syria, by the Maccabees in 164 B. C. The institution of this festival is related in I Maccabees iv, 47-59. In the New Testa- ment (John x, 22) it is mentioned under the name of éyxaina (enkainia), ‘“‘dedication.’”’ The principal feature in the observance of this festival is the lighting of lights in the synagogue, as well as in private houses, whence it is also called the ‘‘feast of lights.” (Com- pare Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 7, 7.) On the first night one light is lighted, on the second two, and so on to the eighth. The lights are set in a place where people on the street may see them, in the window or by the door. They are considered sacred, and must not be employed for any ordinary purpose. For this reason a “servant light’’(shammash) is placed next to them, which is used in lighting them. Rabbinical tradition accounts for this feature of the feast by the story that when the priests entered the sanctuary after the Syrians had been driven out, to light the perpetual lamp, they found a vial of sacred oil unpoliuted, which, under ordinary circumstances, was only sufficient for one night, but by a miracle lasted for eight nights, until new oil could be prepared for the lamps of the candlestick. When possible lamps burning olive oil are to be used, though fre- quently candles made of pure beeswax are employed. In the syna- gogues there is usually for this purpose a lamp made after the form of the candlestick (menorah) of the tabernacle and temple, as described in Exodus xxv, 31-140. 38. Hanukah lamp—Brass. Height, 6% inches; width, 8% inches. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 311979, U.'S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 39. Hanukah lamp—Copper. Probably of Dutch origin. Length, 10% inches; width, 2% inches. (Plate 3 (upper), fig. 2, Cat. No. 130295, U.S.N.M.) THE FEAST OF ESTHER (PURIM) Five of the shorter books of the Bible—Canticles, Ruth, Ecclesi- astes, Lamentations, and Esther—are called the “Five Rolls” (hamesh megilloth), and are read on special] occasions during the serv- ice in the synagogue, namely, Canticles on Passover, Ruth on Pente- cost or Feast of Weeks, Ecclesiastes on Tabernacles, Lamentations on the 9th of Ab, and Esther on the Feast of Purim. ‘The first three are read privately by each member from his own copy during a pause in the public service (between the first part of the liturgy and the reading of the Torah). The Lamentations are chanted by the leader and 16 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM members of the congregation, each reading a chapter during the serv- ices of the 9th of Ab (August) in commemoration of the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem. Still more ceremony is attached to the reading of the Book of Esther, which takes place during the services of the Feast of Purim, and is celebrated on the 15th of Adar (March- April) to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews of Persia from the machinations of Haman. For this purpose a parchment scrolJ, written in the same manner as the Pentateuch (see the Torah Scroll, p. 4) is used. The reading takes place from the same desk as that of the Torah, and is preceded and followed by a benediction. At cer- tain passages the congregation joins in, reciting them before the public reader. The Book of Esther is therefore known as the roll (megillah). Another feature of the Feast of Esther or Purim is the presenting of gifts to friends and the poor. 40. Manuscript of the Book of Esther —Inserted into a case of olive wood carved with a representation of the temple. Made in Jerusa- lem. Height,8inches. (Cat. No. 134763,U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. 41. Roll of the Book of Hsther—Manuscript written on leather. Height, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 158466, U.S.N.M.) 42. Roll of the Book of Esther —Manuscript written on parchment. Height, 5inches. Zurich, Switzerland. (Cat. No. 329453, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. Paulus Dworkowicz. 43. Benedictions Recited at the Reading of the Megillah—Manu- cript written on leather. Measurements, 7% by 5 inches. (Cat. No. 158464, U.S.N.M.) 44, Metal marker for Purim charity —Inscribed in Hebrew: ‘‘ Money for Purim.”’ 5% inches by 2% inches. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 314493, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of Henry Hartogensis. 45. Metal marker for Purim charity.—Inscribed in Hebrew: ‘Half of ashekel.”” 5% inches by 2% inches. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 314494, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Henry Hartogensis. LITURGICAL BOOKS 46. Prayer Book (Siddur—order).—Hebrew with German trans- lation on lower part of the page. Containing the services for week- day, Sabbath, new moon, and the festivals. Bound in morocco, gold-tooled, with gilt edges. The title-page is wanting. Washing- ton, D. C. (Cat. No. 288291, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 47. Prayer book.—Hebrew with English translation on the opposite page. Containing the prayers as in the preceding. With prayers, hymns, and meditations for special days and events, in English, at the close. Arranged by the Rev. Drs. Benjamin Szold and M. Jastrow. Published in Philadelphia in 1885. Bound in morocco, OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 17 tooled. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 288292, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 48. Prayer book for devout Jewish women.—Hebrew with German translation as in No. 46. At the close are devotions for special days, composed by Rabbi Dr. W. Schlesinger. Opposite the title- page is a picture of Eli and Hannah with the verse, in Hebrew: ‘“‘Go in peace, and the God of Israel grant thee thy petition.” (I Samuel i, 17). Printed in Sulzbach, Germany, 1843. Bound in half leather. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 288293, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 49. Prayer book.—Containing the prayers as in the preceding in Hebrew. At the close are special devotions for women in Yiddish. Bound in half leather. Printed in Furth, Germany. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 288294, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 50. Prayer book.—In Hebrew. Printed in Rodelheim, Germany, 5622 A. M. = 1682 A. D. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 288295, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 51. Prayers for the feasts (Machzor)—The machzor, ‘cycle,’ contains the old parts of service, the lessons of the Scriptures, and the liturgical poetry (piyutim) for all the festivals. Five volumes, quarto. Bound in half leather. Printed in Sulzbach, Germany, 5562 A. M. = 1802 A. D. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 282296, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 52. Prayers for women.—In Yiddish. Furth, 1846. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 288297, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charles Block. 4. OBJECTS FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS AND INCIDENTS OF LIFE 53. Silver cup and knife used at the rite of circumcision.—The rite of circumcision (milah) is practiced in pursuance of Genesis xvii, 10-12: ‘‘This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; every male among you’shall be circum- cised. And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of a covenant betwixt me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generation.” Circumcision is accordingly per- formed on the eighth day after the child’s birth. But in case of sick or weak children it is postponed until they are strong enough to undergo the operation. The performance of the rite of circum- cision is accompanied by the recital of prayers and benedictions and is combined with the naming of the child. (Compare Luke #59; hi, 21) Circumcision was common in Egypt as early as the fourth dynasty. (Compare Herodotus ii, 36, 37, 104; Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt, ch. XV.) At the present day it prevails among the Kaffirs and some negro tribes of Africa, in parts of Australia, in many of the South 18 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Sea Islands, and it is said to be practiced by the Abyssinian Chris- tians as a national custom. Early Spanish travelers found it to be prevalent in the West Indies, Mexico, and among tribes in South America. It is a common rite among Mohammedans everywhere. Philadelphia, Pa. (Plate 3 (lower), figs. 1-38, Cat. No. 154436, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mayer Sulzberger. 54. Liturgy of the rites of circumcision and redemption of the first born.—Manuscript, written on parchment. Dated, 1840. The re- demption of the first born (pidyon ha-ben) is observed in com- pliance with Exodus xiii, 2, 12-15, compare Numbers xvui, 15, according to which the first born was considered as particularly belonging to God because when the Lord slew the first born in the land of Egypt He spared the first born of the Israelites. The rite takes place on the thirty-first day after the child’s birth, and consists, in accordance with Numbers xviii, 16, in the parents giving a sum to the value of 5 shekels (about $2.50) to a priest, that is, a descend- ant of Aaron. If either of the parents belongs to the family of Aaron, or to the tribe of Levi, the child need not be redeemed. The law applies only to the first born of the mother, but not of the father. The ceremony is accompanied by prayers and benedictions and, like circumcision, is the occasion of a festival. (Cat. No. 156047, U.S.N.M.) 55. Wrapper used on the occasion of carrying a child to the syna- gogue-—Made of linen. When a child is old enough to be carried to the synagogue, the father takes it to the reader’s desk and presents a roll with which to bind up the scroll of the law. On this roll is embroidered: ‘“‘David, son of Judah, born in good luck on the 8rd of Jyar (April-May) 5598 (1838). May God help me to bring him up to the study of the law, to marriage, and to good works. Amen. Selah. And this is the law which Moses put before the children of Israel.”’ Length, 11 feet 3 inches; width, 7% inches. Philadelphia, Pa. (Cat. No. 154447, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. 56. Marriage contract (kethubah)—Manuscript written on parch- ment, illuminated. Marriage is usually preceded by an engagement or betrothal, on which occasion it is customary among some Jews to draw up a formal writ of agreement between the bride and groom, whence the ceremony is called tenaim, ‘articles of agreement,” which set forth the stipulations preliminary to the agreement to marry. The marriage ceremony takes place under a canopy (huppah) of silk or velvet about 2 yards square, supported by four poles. The bride and bridegroom are led under it by their parents and friends. The rabbi, or anyone competent to perform the ceremony, takes a cup of wine, and after pronouncing an appropriate blessing, gives it to the bride and bridegroom to taste. The bridegroom then places a ring on the finger of the bride with the words: ‘Behold, thou art wedded to me by this ring, according to the law of Moses and Israel.’’ This act, OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 19 which is called sanctification or consecration (kiddushin), in itself makes the marriage valid. Then the marriage contract isread. This is written in an Aramaic dialect after an established form usually beginning with the words: ‘“‘Under good auspices, and with good luck to bridegroom and bride, ‘Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth favor of the Lord.’”’ Itsays that the bridegroom agrees to take the bride as his lawful wife, and that he will keep, maintain, honor, and cherish her, etc., and also specifies the sum he settles upon her in case of his death. The minimum of the dowry is fixed by the law to be 200 zuz (about $30) for a virgin and 100 (about $15) for a widow or divorced woman. ‘To this is usually added what the bride has received from her parents and what the husband settles on her voluntarily, all of which she gets in case of the death of the husband, or of divorce. After that the bridegroom crushes an empty glass with his foot in remembrance of the destruction of Jerusalem. (Compare Psalms exxxvii, 5.) The rabbi, or whosoever performs the ceremony, takes - another cup of wine, pronounces over it seven benedictions, and hands it again to the bride and bridegroom, who taste it, and the ceremony is then concluded. The contract is dated Rome, in the year of creation 5576 (1816). The contracting parties are Elijah Saki and Masal-Tob (Fortune), of Castlenuovo. The witnesses to the contract are Joshua Gerson Ashkenazi and Michael Hayim Megula. The margin is decorated with various symbolical figures, and con- tains the liturgy of the wedding ceremony and passages from the Bible and the Talmud referring to marriage and married life, artistically intertwined in garlands. Above, in the center, are probably the arms of the bridegroom; to the right a boy standing on a wheel pouring out the horn of plenty, with the motto: ‘‘All depends on merit and good luck”’; to the left a female figure with tambourines, and the words: ‘‘Peace and welcome to those nigh and far.’’ Below, to the right, is a female figure holding two burning hearts linked together by a chain, with the adage: ‘‘A well-mated couple is chosen by God”’ (marriages are made in heaven); to the left another female figure holding a tambourine and a flower, with a quotation from Isaiah xxxii, 8. The representation atethe bottom, of Elijah ascending to heaven in a fiery chariot, his mantle falling on his disciple and successor Elisha (compare II Kings ii, 11-13) was probably suggested by the name of the bridegroom. Measurements, 30 by 19 inches. (Plate 5, Cat. No. 154633, U.S.N.M.) 57. Marriage contract—Manuscript, written on parchment and illuminated. Dated Rome, 5590 A. M. (1830 A. D.). The contract- ing parties are Mahalalel of Susa and Virtuosa Binah. The witnesses are Joshua Gerson Ashkenazi and Moses Milano. The margin is 20 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM decorated with floral designs and figures. To the right is a female figure holding a crown and an olive branch; to the left is that of Jus- tice with scales and sword; while below an old man points the young wanderer on the pathway of life heavenward. Measurements, 32) by 21% inches. (Cat. No. 154630, U.S. N.M.) 58. Marriage contract——Manuscript, written on parchment and illuminated. Dated Rome, 5597 A. M. (1837 A.D.). The contract- ing parties are Aaron Marcus and Quintiliana of Capua. The wit- nesses are Joshua Gerson Ashkenazi and Raphael Johannan Ephraim Casnulu. The margin is ornamented with floral designs and figures. Above is the representation of a young couple bound together by a ribbon wound around their necks, from which a heart is suspended. At the bottom is the figure of the high priest in full robes, probable suggested by the name of the bridegroom, Aaron. Measurements, 34 by 20% inches. (Cat. No. 154631, U.S.N.M.) 59. Marriage contract—Manuscript, written on parchment and illuminated. Dated Rome, 5512 A. M., (1751 A. D.). The con- tracting parties are Macliah de Castro and Rebekah Tarmi. The witnesses are Mahalalel Modilitani and Hezekiah Amrin. The mar- gin is decorated with floral designs and Biblical passages referring to marriage and married life. Measurements, 33% by 20% inches. Cat. No. 154632, U.S.N.M.) 60. Document of betrothal (tenaim) and marriage contract (kethu- bah).—Manuscript, written on parchment and illuminated. Dated Livorno, (Leghorn, Italy); 5479 A. M. (1719 A. D.). The con- tracting parties are David, son of Abraham Rodriguez Miranda, and Dona Esther, daughter of Moses Franco. The decoration is in form of a fagade of a Greek temple, the columns upholding the coats of arms of the bridegroom and bride, which are flanked on either side by angelic figures blowing trumpets. The documents—the kethubah to the right and the tenaim to the left—are framed by a curtain which is raised by two Cupids on either side. On the bases of the columns are inscribed, in allusion to the names of the bridgroom and bride, the passage: ‘‘And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways, and the Lord was with him” (I Samuel xviii, 14), and, ‘‘And Esther obtained favor in the sight of all of them that looked upon her”’ (Esther ii, 15). Measurements, 37 by 24 inches. (Cate No. 216162, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of S. S. Howland. 61. Marriage contract—Manuscript written on parchment. The contracting parties are Yomtob, son of Nathan, and Yutle, daughter of Naphtali. Dated Baltimore 5600 A. M.—1840 A. D. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 326826, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Miss L. Lieberman. 62. Marriage contract—Manuscript written on parchment. The contracting parties are David, son of Moses, and Bele, daughter of Hirsh. Dated Baltimore, 5600 A. M.—1840 A. D. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 326827, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of Miss L. Lieberman. OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL Zt 63. Burial prayers—Manuscript written on parchment. The prayers,which are recited at the cemetery at the open grave, are expressive of submission to God’s will and include the kaddish or “holy,” that is, a doxology, acknowledging God’s holiness and great- ness. The kaddish is repeated at every service during the first year of mourning and on the anniversaries of the death. It is believed by many Jews that the recital of the kaddish benefits the deceased. Measurements, 2 feet 2 imches by 9 inches. (Cat. No. 158354, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. 5. MISCELLANEOUS 64. Costume of a rabbi in Mohammedan countries.—Consisting of trousers, inner robe of striped silk reaching below the knees and held by a girdle round the waist, outer coat of cloth, with short, ample sleeves, shawl, shoes with goloshes, and headgear of red felt, around which a piece of gray silk is twisted like a turban. When the Jews first settled in Mohammedan countries they were compelled by a decree to wear a dress different from that of the Mohammedans. At present the decree has been suspended, but many of the Jews con- tinue to wear a distinctive costume. It is chiefly marked in the color of the turban. That of the Mohammedans is of white muslin or cashmere, while the Jews wear black, blue, gray, or light-brown turbans and generally dull-colored dresses. (Cat. No. 154761, U.S.N.M.) 65. Knife with its sheath, used for slaughtering of animals—The killing of animals, that is, mammals and birds, for food is performed by cutting through the windpipe and gullet, with a perfectly sharp and smooth knife called halaf by a swift motion forward and backward across the throat of the animal. The act of slaughtering is called shehitah, and the person performing it is called shohet. He must be qualified by knowledge and skill. The knife must be thoroughly examined by him before and after the killing, and if it be found to have a notch (pegimah) the animal killed with it is ritually unfit for food (terefah). The shehitah is followed by the bedikah, that is, examination, first of the throat of the animal to ascertain whether the windpipe and gullet are cut through according to the requirements of the law; then of the various vital organs, especially the lungs. If they are found to be in any way tainted with disease the animal is unfit to be eaten. The act of slaughtering is accompanied by benedictions. . Length, 25 inches. (Plate 3 (upper), fig. 3, Cat. No. 154619, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. ‘ 66. Jewish butcher stamp.—Made of wood with the word Kosher in Hebrew in relief. Used to designate meat as ritually fit for food. (Cat. No. 5491, U.S.N.M.) 67. Mizrah.—lIlluminated and framed. The illumination consists of the figures of Moses and Aaron, a king and a queen and horns of ae BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM plenty. Inscribed with the Decalogue, other passages of the Bible, and prayers, and in minute Hebrew script, forming part of the figures, with the book of Genesis. Designed and executed by A. Pike, father of the donor, in 1862. Mizrah, that is, east, properly the place of the rising sun, is used to designate an ornamental picture, hung on the eastern wall of a house or in front of the praying desk in the syna- gogue, to indicate the direction of the face when at prayer, so as to be turned toward Jerusalem. The custom of facing east while at prayer, observed by the Jews living west of Palestine, is already mentioned, Daniel vi, 11. Compare I Kings vin, 38. East of Jeru- salem the west direction would be chosen; north of Jerusalem the south. Height, 343; inches; width, 25% inches. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 314398, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Simon Kann. 68. Mizrah—Manuscript written on paper, iluminated and framed. Above, the Decalogue surmounted by the ‘Shield of David,” (magen David); below, the 7-armed candlestick, (menorah), between columns which are surmounted by rosettes. The illumina- tion was hand-drawn in ink by Aaron Pasmanik in 1876. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 31449, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Henry S. Hartogensis. 69. Mizrah—Manuscript written on paper, iluminated and framed. The illumination represents King David holding a harp within a columned facade, formed in microscopic Hebrew script of the fifth book of the Psalter, (Psalms evii to cl). Made by Hilel Braver- man. Height, 14 inches; width, 11% inches. Baltimore, Md. (Cat. No. 31491, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of Henry 8S. Hartogensis. 70. Mizrah.—Manuscript on cardboard. Illuminated in the same manner as No. 67. Designed and executed by the same artist. Height, 25% inches; width, 9% inches. Baltimore, Md. (Cat No. 154417, U.'S.N.M.) Gift of Dr. A. Friedenwald. 71. Mezuzah—Manuscript written on parchment. The mezuzah consists of the passages Deuteronomy vi, 4-9, and xi, 13-21, written on parchment in the same manner as the Torah scroll and the phylac- teries, and inserted in a wooden or metal case or glass tube. On the outer side is written the Hebrew name of God, Shaddai, ‘‘ Almighty,’’ and a small opening is left in the case opposite this word. The case is fastened in a slanting position to the right-hand side of the doorpost, (hence its name, mezuzah, which means ‘‘doorpost’’), in compliance with the words: ‘And thou shalt write them (the words of the Lord), on the doorposts of thy house and within the gates.”’ (Deuteronomy vi, 9; x1, 20.) Pious Jews touch and kiss the mezuzah as they pass through the door. In the Orient the entire Decalogue inclosed in a tin case is sometimes nailed to the doorway. Some people attribute a protective power, expecially in warding off evil spirits, to the mezuzah. The custom has been widely adopted by other peoples of the East particularly by Mohammedans, who write passages from the Koran OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 23 over the doors and windows of their homes. Philadelphia, Pa. (Cat. No. 154446, U.S.N.M.) Gift of David Sulzberger. 72. Mezuzah—Manuscript written on parchment. Palestine. (Cat. No. 216161, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of 8S. S. Howland. 73. Mezuzah.—Manuscript written on parchment. Inserted into a tincase. Height, 3 inches. Washington, D.C. (Cat. No. 158353, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Miss Ottenberg. 74. Mezuzah.—Maunuscript written on parchment. Zurich, Swit- zerland. (Cat. No. 329454, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. Paulus Dwor- kowicz. 75. Ode of a siyum.—Written on parchment and richly illuminated. With the orthodox Jews the study of the Bible, and especially of the Pentateuch or Thorah, is considered a religious duty as well as a means of culture. As soon, therefore, as the young scholar has mastered the elements of Hebrew he studies in school the Pentateuch with some standard commentaries. His first reading through of the whole Pentateuch is sometimes the occasion of a family festival, called siyum, that is, completion. The young student recites passages from the Pentateuch, or makes a short speech, and receives presents from rela- tives and friends. This also takes place sometimes after the finishing of a tract of the Talmud. This ode by an unknown poet celebrates such a siyum of a young student of a prominent family in Rome, named Isaac Berachjah, son of Mordechai Raphael. After an intro- ductory historical note the ode relates the merits and virtues of the family of the student, and extols the advantages of the study of the sacred law of God. The singing of the ode was distributed to differ- ent voices, which are marked at the various stanzas. The margin contains, besides the arms of the family and some symbolical figures, the last parashah or periscope, which is read in the synagogue on the last Sabbath of the year, Deuteronomy xxxili-xxxiv (the blessing of Moses and the record of his death). Height 23!; inches; width, 18 inches. Rome, Italy. (Plate 6, Cat. No. 154637, U.S.N.M.) 76. Delegate’s card of the First Zionists’ Congress—Engraved with the Shield of David, symbolical figures, and the words in Hebrew: “Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion!”’ (Psalm xiv, 7.) ‘‘Zionism”’ is the name given to the movement among the Jews which aims at establishing for their people a publicly and legally secured home in Palestine. It was organized and held its first con- gress in 1897, in Basel, Switzerland. Measurements, 5 inches by 3% inches. (Cat. No. 158458, U.S.N.M.) Basel, Switzerland. 77. Delegate’s card of the Second Zionists’ Congress —Engraved with the Shield of David, symbolical figures, and the words in Hebrew: “Behold, I will take the children of Israel from among the nations, and bring them into theirownland.” (Ezekiel xxxvii, 21.) Measure- 24 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ments, 54% by 5% inches. Basel, Switzerland. (Cat. No. 158459, U.S.N.M.) 78-80. Badges of the Second Zionists’ Congress.—Consisting of metal pins made in form of the Shield of David. Basel, Switzerland. (Cat. No. 158461-158463, U.S.N.M.) II COLLECTION OF OBJECTS OF CHRISTIAN CEREMONIAL The collection comprises church furnitures, appurtenances of public worship, and objects used in individual devotions and on special occasions, and is obviously confined to the illustration of the ceremo- nies and usages of the ritual branches of Christendom—that is, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Churches. Of the former the collection is quite representative; of the Eastern Churches there is a small collection of the Greek Orthodox Church, mostly of the Russian division of that denomination, and of the Armenian Church. The description is accordingly divided into: (1) Ceremonial objects of the Roman Catholic Church; (2) of the Greek Orthodox Church; and (3) of the Armenian Church. 1. CEREMONIAL OBJECTS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH PARAPHERNALIA OF THE CHURCH SERVICES SERVICE OF THE MASS The service of the mass is, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, a perpetual repetition of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. The bread and wine are, by the words of consecration pronounced by the priest, changed into the real body and blood of Christ (trans- substantiation), and Christ thus offers himself each time anew through the priest, his representative on earth, and is partaken of in the communion. The liturgy of the mass consists of extracts from the Scriptures and prayers, some of which are according to the season or the purpose for which the mass is offered, and is, in the larger portion of the Roman Catholic Church, in the Latin language. The requisites for the celebration of mass are: An altar, of which at least the part of the table upon which the chalice and paten rest during the service must be of stone, in which relics of the martyrs are inclosed (see Revelations vi, 9), and must be consecrated by a bishop. The altar is covered with three linen cloths (symbolizing the linen cloths in which Christ’s body was shrouded, as the altar represents his tomb), blessed by a bishop, or by a priest empowered by him. Midway of the altar and fixed to its base is the tabernacle, a small chest, more or less decorated, which holds the consecrated hosts in their repositories, the cibory and pyx, for the communion of the laymen and for the sick, and a light is always kept burning in OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 25 front of it. Upon the altar is a crucifix. Two candles are lighted during a low mass, which is one recited by the priest without chant, and six during a high mass, which is one accompanied by music and incense and attended by a deacon and subdeacon. The sacred vessels used in the service of the mass are the chalice, in which the wine, mixed with water, is consecrated, and the paten, a small plate upon which the host, in form of a cake of unleavened wheat bread, about 2 inches in diameter, rests during a portion of the mass. The appurtenances of the chalice and paten are the corporal, a square piece of cloth, upon which the host and chalice are placed, and which when not in use is held in the burse, a case covered with the same material as the priest’s vestments; the puri- ficator, a piece of linen used for wiping out the chalice; the pall, a stiff piece of linen, about 5 inches square, used to cover the chalice; and the veil, a square piece of the same material as the priest’s vestments, with which the chalice is covered before offertory and after communion. Mass may be celebrated only in the morning, and the celebrant must be fasting. 1. High altar—Made of wood and constructed in a combination of Gothic, Renaissance, and Rococo styles, and probably dates from the seventeenth century. It is adorned with two oil paintings. The lower represents the assumption of Mary into heaven. Mary, in a blue cloak with yellow borders, is ascending to heaven surrounded by fluttering cherubs, while underneath the apostles with uplifted faces and raised hands are gazing after her. The Assumption of the Virgin is the principal feast celebrated in her honor, and is observed on August 15. The upper painting represents John the Evangelist in a red cloak holding the chalice of the Lord’s Supper. Height, 15 feet; width, 7 feet 3 inches. Hildesheim, Germany. (Cat. No. 2077 43, U. S, N.M.) 2. Altar—Made of wood and adorned w ith an oil painting repre- senting the Holy Family—that is, Joseph, Mary, and the Infant Jesus. Probably dating from the seventeenth century. Height, 7 feet 2% inches; width, 4 feet 2% inches. Hildesheim, Germany. (Cat. No. 207744, U.S.N.M.) 3. Altar cloth—Made of linen, with lace borders and embroidered edges. Length, 62 inches; width, 29 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179015, U.S.N.M.) 4. Fragments of gilded carvings of an altar—tIncluding six oval panel paintings, measuring each 10 by 8% inches, representing the Virgin Mary, the Archangel Gabriel, and the four Evangelists. Italy. (Cat. No. 179013, U.S.N.M.) 5. Piece of carving—Wood, gilt. Under a canopy are two cherubs, between them is a cross in openwork. Underneath the cross is another 61531—_29-——3 26 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM pair of cherubs, probably part of an altar. Height, 11 inches; width, 7 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311833, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 6. Angel or cherub.—Standing on a pyramidal base, which rests on lions’ claws. Wood, carved, stuccoed and gilded. Height, 13 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179051, U.S.N.M.) 7. Pair of candlesticks —Brass, repoussé work. Probably used for the large Easter candles. Height, 48 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311501, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 8. Bronze candlestick —With a point on top upon which to stick the candle. Height, 13 inches. Italy. (Plate 7 (upper), fig. 1, Cat. No. 152230, U.S.N.M.) 9. Bishop’s candlestick—Made of white metal. Used to light the bishop while reciting the prayers of thanksgiving after mass. Height, 2¥% inches; length, 10% inches. Italy. (Plate 7 (upper), fig. 2, Cat. No. 179034, U.S.N.M.) 10. Pair of candlesticks —Made of wood, carved andgilded. Height, 12%inches. Spain. (Plate7 (upper), fig.3, Cat. No.178863, U.S.N.M.) 11-12. Altar lamps.—Made of white metal in chased work. In front of the tabernacle of the altar in which a consecrated host is pre- served a lamp filled with olive oil is always kept burning. It is usually suspended by a chain from the ceiling of the church in front of the tabernacle. Italy. (Plate 7 (lower), figs. 1 and 4, Cat. Nos. 179022— 023, U.S.N.M.) 13. Large altar lamp.—Made of brass, hammered work. Diameter of bowl, 10% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179024, U.S.N.M.) 14. Large altar lamp.—Made of white metal, repoussé work. Diameter, 12 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 199026, U.S.N.M.) 15-16. Small altar lamps—Made of white metal. Italy. (Cat. No. 179023, U.S.N.M.) 17. Altar lamp.—Made of brass. Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 167082, U.S.N.M.) 18. Small lamp.—Made of brass, with loops for suspension. Height, 8%4 inches; diameters, 2% and 2% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152235, U.S.N.M.) 19-20. Censers or thuribles—Made of white metal, openwork. The censer consists of a cup or bowl, which is provided with a mov- able pan for holding ignited charcoal, upon which the incense is put, a lid or covering and four chains about 3 feet in length, three of which unite the bowl to a circular disk, while the fourth is used for raising the lid to which one end of it is attached, the other passing through a hole in the disk and terminating in a ring. Incense is used at a solemn high mass, at vespers, benediction, at the obsequies of the dead, and at-certain other ceremonies and blessings. The custom of burning incense in religious ceremonies is widespread. Besides the OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 27 fragrance, it is a symbol of prayer. (See Psalms cxli, 2; Revelation v, 8; viii, 3.) Italy. (Plate 7 (lower), figs. 2 and 3, Cat. Nos. 152233 and 179022, U.S.N.M.) 21. Censer—Made of white metal. Italy. (Cat. No. 179023, U.S.N.M.) 22. Censer.—Made of brass. Italy. (Cat. No. 179023. U.S.N.M.) 23. Oenser.—Made of brass, openwork. Italy. (Cat. No. 179025, U.S.N.M.) 24-25. Incense boat.—Made of white metal, repoussé work. Before putting the incense from the boat, or nave, into the censer, the priest makes the sign of the cross and pronounces a blessing over it. Italy. (Plate 8 (upper), figs. 1 and 4, Cat. Nos. 179021-2, U.S.N.M.) 26. Incense boat.—Made of white metal, chased and repoussé work. Height, 4% inches; length, 6% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152234, U.S.N.M.) 27. Incense boat.—Silver. Height, 3 inches; length, 5% inches; width, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311832, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 28. Incense boat.—Repoussé work. Height, 6 inches; length, 7 inches; width, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311836, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 29-30. Holy water vessel and sprinkler—The vessel is of white metal with fluted sides in repoussé work. The sprinkler is of brass. On Sunday, at the beginning of high mass, the priest sprinkles the people with water, into which salt has been thrown and over which various prayers and benedictions have been pronounced, reciting Psalm li, 9. The rite is therefore called Asperges, from the first word of the verse in Latin. It is symbolical of the purification of the soul, and it is also believed to be a means of grace, in virtue of the prayers and blessings pronounced over the water by the priest. Height, 5 inches; diameters, 54 and 3 inches. Italy. (Plate8 (upper), figs. 2 and 3, Cat. No. 152228, U.S.N.M.) 31-32. Ohalice and paten—Made of silver, gilded. The chalice is in Renaissance style and is adorned with floral,designs in chased work. The chalice, or at least its cup, in which the wine is consecrated, and the paten, upon which the host is placed, must be either of gold or of silver gilded. They are consecrated with prayer and anointing with the holy chrism, and after that must not be touched by a lay- man. Height of the chalice, 8% inches; diameters, 5% and 3% inches; diameter of the paten, 6% inches. Italy. (Plate 8 (lower), figs. 1 and 3, Cat. Nos. 179016-017, U.S.N.M.) 33. Pair of cruets with tray—Made of glass. The stoppers of the cruets are in the form of across. Used for holding, respectively, the wine and water for the Eucharist. Montclair, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 239069. U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. Joseph Mend. 28 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 34. Pair of cruets with tray—The same as the preceding number. Ridgewood, N. J. (Cat. No. 329094, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. P. .T. Carew. 35. Cibory—Made of silver, gilded, in form of a chalice, only wider and shallower in the cup, with a conical cover, surmounted by a cross. In the cibory are reserved the smaller hosts for the ordinary communicants and the sick. It is kept covered with a silken veil in the tabernacle of the altar. Height, 7 inches; diameters, 24% and 2% inches. Italy. (Plate 9 (left), fig. 1, Cat. No. 152227, U.S.N.M.) 36. Cibory—Brass gilt. Surmounted by a cross. In the center of the stem is a globe with six projecting bosses. The base is adorned with floral designs in hammered-out granules. Height, 9 inches; diameter, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311822 U.'S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 37. Pyx—Made of white metal in the same shape as the cibory, only smaller. Used for carrying the sacrament to the sick. Height, 3% inches; diameters, 15% and 1% inches. Italy. (Plate 9 (left), fig. 4, Cat. No. 179030, U.S.N.M.) 38. Brass vase—Made in form of an amphora with a conical cover. Probably used for holding the holy chrism, which is consecrated by the bishop on Thursday of the Holy Week (‘‘Maundy Thursday’’) and is used in the rites of baptism, confirmation, ordination, and coronation; in the consecration of churches, altar stones, chalices, and in blessing the baptismal water. The chrism of the Roman Catholic Church consists of a mixture of oil and balsam. The chrism of the Eastern Church contains, besides oil and balsam, 55 other ingredients, among which are red wine, orange and rose water, mastic various gums, nuts, pepper, flowers, and ginger, and certain chemists of Constantinople are officially appointed to prepare it.2 Height, 8% inches; diameter, 3 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179020, U.S.N.M.) 39. Silver cup and spoon.—Probably used for handing out the holy chrism. Height of the cup, 3 inches; diameter, 114 inches. Seville, Spain. (Plate 9 (left), figs. 5 and 6, Cat. No. 167049, U.S.N.M.) ALTAR LINEN TEXTILES 40-41. Three corporals—Made of linen, with lace borders and an embroidered cross in the center. Upon the corporal the host and chalice are placed during celebration of the mass. Dimensions, 11% by 9 inches tol7 by14 inches. Italy. (Cat. No.179002, U.S.N.M.) 42-43. Two burses.—Of green silk, with cross and borders of yellow silk and gold brocade. The burse is used to hold the corporal when not in use. Dimensions, 8% and 9% inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179002, U.S.N.M.) 8 See Adrian Fortescue, The Eastern Orthodox Church, London, 1916, p. 425. OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 29 44. Burse—Of yellow silk brocade with green border. Dimen- sions, 8 inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179003, U.S. N. M.) 45. Burse-—Of black brocade, with cross and borders of white brocade. Dimensions, 8 inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179004, U.S.N.M ) 46. Pall—Made of linen, with a gold fringe, embroidered in silver and gold, with figures of chalice, host, burning hearts, and the instru- ments of the crucifixion. Used to cover the chalice. Dimensions, 5 inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 152232, U.S.N.M.) 47. Pall—Made of linen, with lace fringe and red cross in the center. Italy. (Cat. No. 179005, U.S.N.M.) 48-52. Five puricators—Made of linen, with lace borders and embroidered cross in the center. Used for wiping out the chalice after the communion. Dimensions, 5 to 6% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179007, U.S.N.M.) 53. Veil.—Of black brocade, with white borders and white cross in the center. The veil is used to cover the chalice before the offer- tory and after communion. Dimensions, 18% inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179004, U.S.N.M.) 54. Veil-——Of black brocade, with borders of yellow silk. Dimen- sions, 22% inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179004, U.S.N.M.) 55. Veil—Of purple silk, with borders of gold appliqué work and a cross within a circle of the same stuff. Dimensions, 22 inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179005, U.S.N.M.) 56. Veil—Of reticellar work in pale blue and white. In the center, IHS, which is the abbreviation of the Latin words Jesus hominum salvator (Jesus Saviour of Mankind), within a circle of rays, while the edges are adorned with floral designs. Dimensions, 24 inches square. Italy. (Cat. No. 179006, U.S.N.M.) 57. Laver—Made of brass, semicircular so as to be fastened to the wall with a crane at the bottom. Before vesting for the celebration of the mass the celebrant washes his hands in the sacristy to typify purity of heart and outer reverence for the sacred presence. During the mass he washes his hands after the offertory and communion at the altar. Height, 19 inches; width, 12% mches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179027, U.S.N.M.) / VESTMENTS OF THE MASS It is assumed by many authorities that the ecclesiastical vestments were evolved by a natural process from the ordinary costume of a Roman citizen of the first or second century of the Christian era. The vestments used in the celebration of the mass are: (1) The cassock, a close-fitting robe reaching to the heels and but- toned all the way down in the front. It is the distinctive dress of clerics worn by them in their homes and at all sacred functions, and, in Catholic countries at all times. The cassock of secular priests is 30 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM black; of bishops and archbishops, purple or violet; of cardinals, red ; of the pope, white. (2) The amice or amict (from the Latin amacire, to cover, to clothe), also called humeral (from the Latin humerus, shoulder), a piece of linen, about 3 feet long by 2 feet wide, with a cross embroidered in the middle of the upper edge, which the celebrant rests for a moment on his head, kissing the cross, and then spreads it over his shoulders with a prayer, binding it around the shoulders by means of strings at the upper corners of the cloth. (3) The alb, a loosely fitting shirt-like robe of white linen (hence its name, from the Latin albus, white), reaching from head to foot. It is sometimes adorned with a border of lace or embroidery. It typifies the purity of life. (4) The girdle, or cincture, a linen cord, the two ends of which ter- minate in large tassels, with which the priest binds the alb. It sym- bolizes continence and self-restraint. (5) The maniple, astrip of cloth about 2-feet long, embroidered with three crosses, one in the middle and one at each of the extremities. It is worn on the left wrist, to which it is attached by a pin or string, hanging equally on both sides. It was originally a handkerchief or towel, and gradually developed into an ornamental and symbolical liturgical vestment. It signifies the rope with which Christ was bound and the tears of penitence to be wiped off. (6) The stole (also called orarium), a long band of cloth, put around the neck and crossed on the breast being held in this position by the girdle. It is also worn at the performance of any rite, as ministering the sacraments or blessing persons and things. It is the symbol of spiritual power and jurisdiction. It was perhaps developed from the scarf used to protect the neck. (7) The chasuble (from Latin casula, the diminutive of casa, hut, because like a little house it covered the whole body). It is the outer or upper vestment which is last assumed. It is elliptical in cut, open on both sides and at the top, and as it is passed over the head to rest on the shoulders it reaches to the knees in front and a few inches lower behind. The material (gold cloth, brocade, silk, wool, linen), and color of the chasuble, stole, and maniple, as also of the veil and burse, must be the same. The color of these vestments varies ac- cording to the season or the occasion of the mass. White or gold cloth is employed on the joyous feasts of Christ and Mary; red is used on Pentecost, in masses of the Holy Ghost, and of the apostles and martyrs; green is the color of the season, when there is no special feast; violet is used during Advent and Lent and on all penitential occasions; and black is used in masses of the dead and on Good Friday. (8) The biretta, a stiff square cap with three or four prominences or projecting corners rising from its crown, and sometimes with a tassel OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 31 in the middle where the corners meet. It is worn by the celebrant when he approaches the altar to say mass, and is, like the cassock, worn by the secular clergy generally. The dalmatic (from Dalmatia, where the garment originated) is the distinctive vestment of the deacon when he assists at high mass, the service of benediction, and at processions. It resembles the chasuble, only it is not rounded at the extremities, but straight, and has wide sleeves and marked with two stripes. It has to conform in color to the vestments of the celebrant. The stole is worn by the deacon over the left shoulder and joined on the right side. The tunic, which is the vestment of the subdeacon, does not differ much in form from the dalmatic. Vestments of a mass celebrated by a bishop (pontifical mass).—The bishop, possessing the plentitude of priesthood, wears, when cele- brating a pontifical mass, the vestments of all the ranks of the min- istry. Peculiar to him are the rochet, a closely fitting garment of linen with sleeves, which he wears over the cassock, gloves, sandals, and the miter, a kind of a folding cap. It consists of two like parts, each stiffened by a lining and rising to a peak. These are sewn to- gether on the sides, but are united above by a piece of material that ean be folded together. Two lappets with fringes hang down from the back. According to the style, there is distinguished the Gothic miter, with straight lines and sharp point, and the Italian miter, with greater height and curved lines. The bishop also wears a pectoral cross, and a pontifical ring, and carries the crozier or pastoral staff, the symbol of authority and jurisdiction. 58. Priests’ mass vestments—Consisting of cassock, amice, alb, cincture, maniple, stole, chasuble, and biretta. The maniple, stole, and chasuble are made of red silk with floral designs in silver appliqué, and come from Italy; the cassock is a gift of the Rev. John Fenlon, St. Austens, Brookland, D. C.; the amice, alb, which is adorned with a border of embroidered floral designs, the cincture and biretta of velvet, are the gifts of the Rev. Joseph Mendl, Montclair, N. J. (Plate 10, Cat. Nos. 178996 and 230966-—068, U.S.N.M.) 59. Priests’ mass vestments.—Consisting of alb, maniple, stole, chasuble, and biretta. The maniple, stole, and chasuble, of flowered croisson silk in white and light green, come from Italy, the alb, of linen with lace border, and biretta, of velvet, are the gifts of the Rev. P. T. Carew, Ridgewood, N. J. (Plate 10, Cat. Nos. 178997 and 239090-093, U.S. N. M.) 60. Maniple of white croisson silk—Kmbroidered in silk. Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U. S. N. M.) 61. Maniple of purple croisson silk brocade.—Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.) 62. Maniple of white satin brocade——With borders and crosses in silver and gold appliqué. Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.) oe BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 63. Maniple of croisson silk brocade—With borders and crosses in yellow silk brocade. Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.) 64. Maniple of green silk and silver brocade.—Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.) 65. Maniple of white croisson silk brocade—With borders and crosses in gold lace. Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.) 66. Maniple of red satin—With crosses of yellow silk bordered with gold thread and the ends of the bars of the crosses terminating in fleurs-de-lis. Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.) 67. Maniple of Rosa silk brocade.—With borders and crosses in yellow silk brocade. Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.) 68. Maniple of black silk brocade-——With borders and crosses in silver lace. Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.) 69. Maniple of black silk brocade—With crosses in yellow silk brocade, and yellow silk fringes. Italy. Cat. No. 179001, U.S.N.M.) 70. Maniple of black velvet—With borders and crosses of yellow silk bordered with red silk. The four ends of the crosses terminate in fleurs-de-lis. Italy. (Cat. No. 179001, U.S.N.M.) 71. Philippine dalmatic—Made of purple velvet, with rosettes and other floral designs in gold appliqué, in form of a wide, loose robe with an opening at the top for passing of the head. The usual form of the dalmatic resembles that of the chasuble, only it is not rounded at the extremities but straight. Philippine Islands. (Plate 9 (right), Cat. No. 213406, U.S.N.M.) 72. Bishop’s miter—Made of white silk, embroidered in gold and set with stones. Dimensions, 16% by 13% inches. Italy. (Plate 11 (upper), fig. 1, Cat. No. 179032, U.S.N.M.) 73. Bishop’s crozier—Made of white metal. The crozier is the pastoral staff of the bishop, symbolizing his authority and jurisdic- tion. It is of metal, hollow, usually highly ornamented, with a hook or curve on the upper end. An archbishop’s staff is surmounted by a cross or crucifix; that of a patriarch bears a cross with two trans- verse bars; and that of the pope bears a cross with three transverse bars. Height, 6 feet 3 inches. Italy. (Plate 11 (upper), fig. 2, Cat. No. 179031, U.S.N.M.) 74. Pectoral cross—Made of silver, gilded. Height, 9 inches. Italy. (Plate 11 (upper), fig. 3, Cat. No. 179033, U.S.N.M.) 75. Mozzetta (from Italian mozzo, Latin, mutilus, mutilated, cur- tailed).—A short, cape-shaped vestment of scarlet silk, open in front, which can, however, be buttoned over the breast, covering the shoulder, with a little hood behind. It is worn by the Pope, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and others who do so by custom or papal privilege. Italy. (Cat. No. 211699, U.S.N.M.) 76. Altar bell—Made of brass. At various parts of the mass, especially during consecration and elevation of the host and chalice, OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 33 a small bell is rung to attract the attention and excite the devotion of those present. Height, 5% inches; diameter, 2% inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 178862, U.S.N.M.) 77. Silver bell—Adorned with three Greek crosses within ovals in chased work. Height, 1% inches; diameter, 1% inches. Seville, Spain. (Cat. No. 167045, U.S.N.M.) 78. Wooden clapper—During holy week, when music and joyous sounds are excluded from the church, a wooden clapper or rattle is used in place of a metal bell, to give the various signals to the con- eregation. Measurements, 12 by 14 inches. (Cat. No. 179054, U.S.N.M.) 79. Clapper.—Wood inlaid. Used during Holy Week in place of bell. Height, 114% inches. Probably Spain. (Cat. No. 311830, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 80. Osculatory—aA bronze plaque made in form of a facade of the Italian Renaissance style, with the representation of the Ecce Homo, (Christ holding a scepter—compare Matthew xxvii, 29), and the word lerosolyma (Jerusalem); in the gable, a cherub, and below, a floral design; with a handle on the back. The osculatory is an instru- ment whereby the ‘‘kiss of peace” is given at a certain stage of the celebration of the mass. Hence its name, from the Latin osculum, kiss; it is also called pax, peace. In the primitive church the usage was for the “holy kiss” to be given by the members of the congre- gation promiscuously to one another. In the twelfth or thirteenth century, for reasons of convenience, a substitute for the actual kiss was introduced in the shape of a tablet, bearing the image of Christ, or Mary, or of a saint, or of the crucifixion, and fitted with a handle, which after being kissed by the celebrating priest, was passed to those who were to receive the kiss of peace. It is rarely used at present. Height, 5% inches; width, 34% inches. Italy. (Plate 12 (upper), fig. a, Cat. No. 179045, U.S.N.M.) 81. Osculatory.—Gilt bronze plaque in form of a fagade of the Italian Renaissance style, flanked by caryatids with a handle behind. In the gable, God the Father giving the blessing; in the center, the descent from the cross, with the Mater Dolorosa above it; below, a cherub. Height, 6% inches; width, 4% inches. Italy. (Plate 12, (upper), fig. b, Cat. No. 179046, U.S.N.M.) 82. Osculatory—tIvory. Hemicircular. Carved in the shape of the facade of a church, with a female saint in the center. Height, 5% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311827, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth 8. Stevens. 83. Hourglass—An hourglass was formerly kept on the pulpit to regulate the duration of thesermon. Height, 6% inches; diameter, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152250, U.S.N.M.) 34 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 84-85. Vase and tray—Made of white metal. Chased and repoussé work. Used for ablution by the bishop before and after celebration of mass. Height of vase, 8 inches; diameters, 3 and 2% inches; diameters of the tray, 12% and 9% inches. Italy. (Plate 9 (left), figs. 2 and 3, Cat. No. 152228, U.S.N.M.) SERVICE OF BENEDICTION The service of Benediction, or as it is more fully called, Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, is an afternoon or evening devotion. Its main feature is the exposing of the Eucharist (the consecrated host), upon the altar in an ostensory, which is surrounded with lights, in- censed, and adored. After the singing of certain hymns and litanies the celebrant, clad in a cope and his shoulders enveloped in a humeral veil, in which he wraps his hands, takes the ostensory and makes with it the sign of the cross in silence over the kneeling congregation. 86-87. Cope, veil, and stole-——The cope is of yellow croisson silk, the veil of white and blue silk. The cope is a wide garment, reaching nearly to the feet, open in front and fastened by a clasp, with a semi- circular cape at the back. Italy.. (Plate 11 (lower), Cat. No. 152226, and 179008-9, U.S.N.M.) 88. Ostensory (from Latin ostendere, to show, to expose, also called monstrance, from Latin monstrare, to show).—This consists of a disk encompassed with sunbeams and surmounted by a cross, set upon & long stem, which rests on a base like a chalice. In the center is in- serted a lunette, a circular crystal case in which the host is placed for exposition. The base and stem are of brass; the upper part is of silver, gilded. Height, 20% inches; diameter, 10 and 4%, inches. Italy. (Plate 8 (lower), fig. 2, Cat. No. 179018, U.S.N.M.) 89. Prece of carved wory—Cut in form resembling a heart. In open work are the letters J H S (Jesus hominum Salvator), sur- mounted by a cross. Above are perforations arranged to represent acrown. Around the edge are incised diagonal or zigzag lines. Per- haps used as an ecclesiastical badge. Dimensions, 4% by 4 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 292307, U.S.N.M.) 90. Triptych.—Made in Gothic style, of wood, painted and gilded. On the upper tier is represented Christ seated in the center, the right hand raised in blessing, the left holding the Gospels, with angels’ heads at his feet, and Mary and the angel of annunciation on the sides. On the lower tier, in the center, is represented Mary holding the Infant Jesus, attended by angels on either hand; while the two side panels are occupied by St. Peter with the keys and St. Paul with the sword, respectively, each holding the Gospel book. Height, 29 inches; width, 20% inches. Italy. (Plate 12 (lower), Cat. No. 179038, U.S.N.M.) OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 35 91. TriptychM ade of wood carved, painted, and gilded. Repre- senting, in relief, the Crucifixion. The shrine was used by mission- aries on their journeys. Height, 17 inches; 27% inches. Madrid, Spain. (Plate 13 (upper), Cat. No. 178761, U.S.N.M.) 92. Triptych—Wood stuccoed and gilt. In the center, above God, the Father blessing; below, the scourging of Jesus, (Matthew xxvii, 26). On the left side, St. Sebastian, who was martyred under the emperor Diocletian; on the right side, a saint worshipping. Height, 10% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311821, U.'S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 93. Holy water fountain—Made of white metal embossed with a monogram and a crown. A vessel containing water mixed with salt and blessed by a priest is placed at the entrance of churches and houses. Catholics, on entering a church or a house, usually dip the fingers into the vessel and make the sign of the cross. Height, 11 inches; width, 5% inches. Italy. (Plate 13 (lower), fig. 1, Cat. No. 152237, U.S.N.M.) 94. Holy water fountain——Made of porcelain. In the center is painted a cross and 1 HS, (Jesus hominum Salvator—Jesus Saviour of Mankind). Height, 16% inches; width, 7% inches. Italy. (Plate 13 (lower), fig. 2, Cat. No. 152239, U.S.N.M.) 95. Holy water fountain—Made of white metal. Embossed with the figure of Mary. Height, 9% inches; width, 7 inches. Italy. (Plate 13 (lower), fig. 3, Cat. No. 152238, U.S.N.M.) 96. Holy water fountain—Made of brass. The upper part is carved to represent the Crucifixion. Height, 7% inches; width, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152236, U.S.N.M.) 97. Holy water fountain—Made of brass. Height, 19 inches; width, 12% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 197027, U.S.N.M.) 98. Holy water fountain—Made of porcelain. Height, 9 inches; width, 5 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152240, U.S.N.M.) 99. Holy water fountain —Made of porcelain. Height, 10% inches; width, 7% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152241, U.S.N.M.) 100. Holy water vessel—Pewter. The back is formed by the figures of the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist, the latter holding a crucifix, and Mary Magdalene, kneeling and weeping. Height, 8 inches. Germany (?). (Cat. No. 311837, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 101. Alms box.—Rectangular iron box with a slit on top. Dimen- sions, 5% by 4% by 1% inches. Italy. (Cat. No.179040,U.S.N.M.) 102. Brass basin.—Adorned with a figure, which is seemingly a combination of rosette and a star, in repoussé work. Probably used for receiving offerings. Diameter, 17% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179028, U.S.N.M.) 36 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 103. Brass basin.—With an inscription in Gothic (?) characters and a wheel-shaped figure in repoussé and chased work. Diameter, 16% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179029, U.S.N.M.) LITURGICAL WORKS 104. Missal, (missale), on wooden stand.—Contains all the liturgy required for the celebration of the mass throughout the year. It is printed in Latin in red and black letters. The black letters consti- tute the text of the missal, and the red its rubrics or directions in performing the various actions of the mass. Height, 12 inches; width, 8% inches. Italy. (Plate 14, Cat. No. 179011, U.S.N.M.) 105. Altar cards.—Printed on cardboard and set in carved, gilded frames. Three cards, which contain certain portions of the mass liturgy, for the reading of which it is not convenient to look into the missal, are placed on the altar in an upright position, for the greater convenience of the priest. Height, 16! and 12 inches; width, 17% and 10% inches. Italy. (Plate 15, Cat. No. 179014, U.S.N.M.) 106. Manuscript of two parchment leaves of a missal_—With illumi- nated initials. Dimensions, 20 by 14 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179012, U.S.N.M.) 107. Canon of the mass (Canon Missae).—Containing that part of the mass which is permanent and unchanging in its prayers and ceremonies, hence the name, “‘canon’’—that is, rule, or fixed stand- ard. Printed in red and black characters at Venice in 1624. The title-page is adorned with vignettes depicting the Acts of the Apostles, while two full-page illustrations represent the Last: Supper of Christ with the Apostles, and the Trinity, and celebration of the Eucharist, respectively. Bound in red Russian leather, gold-tooled with the archepiscopal arms of Venice. Height, 14% inches; width, 10 inches. Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 214725, U.S.N.M:) 108. Antiphonary (Antiphonarium abbreviatum; videlicet dominicale ei festwwum).—Contains hymns and psalms which are chanted alter- nately by two choirs. Printed in Latin in red and black letters at Venice in 1547. Bound in sheepskin. Height, 14 inches; width, 9% inches. Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 288986, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Miss Louise Salter Codwise. 109. Pontificale Romanum.—With wooden stand. The pontifical contains the ritual for the performance of rites and functions reserved for a bishop, such as the consecration of churches, altars, and sacred vessels; the administration of the sacraments of confirmation and ordination, as fixed by Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605). Printed in Latin in red and black characters at Antwerp, Belgium, in 1707. Bound in leather and covered with red velvet. With gilt and tooled edges. Height, 6% inches; width, 4 inches. Atrato River, Colom- bia, South America. (Cat. No. 286447, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Col. David duBose Gaillard. OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 37 OBJECTS OF VENERATION AND DEVOTION CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES The cross essentially consists of an upright and a transverse piece placed upon one another in various forms; a crucifix is a cross with a figure fixed on it. The cross was a common instrument of capital punishment among the ancients. It was also and is still a most common religious symbol of pre-Christian and non-Christian reli- gions, and, like the triangle and other geometric figures, it is some- times merely ornamental in origin with no symbolic significance. In Christianity, on account of the death of Christ upon the cross, it became the principal symbol of faith and emblem of salvation. There are four principal types of the cross: 1. The Tau cross, (crux commissa), from its form of the Greek Tau T, also called St. Anthony’s cross, after the legend that St. Anthony (about 251-356) exterminated the idols of Egypt with such a cross; it is the earliest form of the cross. 2. The equilateral or Greek cross, where two equal arms cross one another at right angles in the middle. 3. St. Andrew’s cross (crux decussata) when two shafts of equal length are crossed diagonally in the middle, <, so called because the Apostle St. Andrew is supposed to have been martyred upon such a cross. 4. The Latin cross (crux immissa, or capitata) in which the upright is longer than the transverse beam and is crossed by it near the top, oF: It is the form supposed to have been used in the crucifixion of Christ. A variety of this cross is the Lorraine or Jerusalem cross, with two transverse bars, the upper one shorter than the lower +=, so-called, because Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, when chosen by the Crusaders as the first king of Jerusalem (1699), adopted this cross. It is also called the cardinal cross, because it is one of the distinctive insignia of cardinals and archbishops. 110. Processional cross —Made of bronze. With trefoil ends (cross botone). From the four angles of the junction of the two beams issue rays. Above is a tablet with the title: J N RJ, the initials of Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum (Jesus of Nazaretin, King of the Jews), the inscription Pilate is recorded to have placed upon the eross of Christ (John xix, 19-20). With a socket for inserting a pole. Church processions are always headed by a cross fastened on a pole. Height, 33 inches. From a church of Santo Domingo, Valley of Mexico. (Plate 16, Cat. No. 158316, U.S.N.M.) 111. Processional (?) cross—Made of bronze, richly adorned in chased and hammered work. At the ends are medallions repre- senting, respectively: On top, God the Father holding in the left hand a cross and with the right giving the blessing; to the right, Mary; to the left, probably John the Baptist; and below, John the Evangelist, holding the cup of the Eucharist. The figure of Christ 38 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM was broken away. With a tang for inserting into a shaft. Height, 12 inches. Italy. (Plate 17, Cat. No. 152231, U.S.N.M.) 112. Ivory cross with appurtenances of the Passion.—The cross proper rises from a post which is set into a base. Both the post and the base have on their sides a sort of railing in openwork. The base rests upon a plinth and this again is placed on a platform. At the corners of the base are twisted columns and on top of the corners of the base as well as of the plinth and platform are carved vases. The front and back are adorned with rosettes and clusters of grapes. The whole stands on rounded feet. The objects connected with the Passion represented on this cross are, beginning at the top, a pelican. From the habit of this bird of storing food in the large pouch attached to its lower mandible for the purpose of feeding its young, which it does by pressing the pouch against the breast, arose the belief that it opened its breast with its bill to feed its young with its own blood—a belief which seemed to derive support from the red at the end of the bill, and thus the pelican became a symbol of Christ’s love for his church. Underneath is the tablet inscribed with the title, J N R J—Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews— John xix, 19-20). Upon the transverse beam are, at the right end (of the plate) a winged sphinx, at the left a winged, horned griffin. To the right of the vertical beam a hand, and to its left a vase. These, with the bundle or tuft fastened to a staff seen next to the sphinx, may either refer to the episode of the alabaster vase with precious ointment which Mary of Bethany poured upon the feet of Jesus and dried them with her hair, shortly before the Passion (John xu, 3), or to that of the washing of the feet of the disciples by Jesus (John xii, 4-5); while next to the griffin is the lance with which Jesus’ side was pierced (Matthew xxvii, 49). On the front of the transverse beam is in the center the crown of thorns (Matthew xxvii, 28), and to its sides the hammer and tongs, respectively, and a nail at either side of them. Beneath the transverse beam are, in suc- cession, the seamless coat of Jesus and the dice which the soldiers used in casting lots for it (John xix, 23-24); two swords (Luke xxii, 38 and 50); the lantern which the officials used in their search for Jesus (John xviii, 3); and the handkerchief, or sudarium of Veronica. This refers to the story that when Jesus passed her door, bearing his cross, Veronica, touched with compassion, wiped the drops of agony from his face, and the features of Jesus were imprinted upon the cloth. According to another account Veronica was the woman who was healed by touching Christ’s robe (Matthew ix, 20-21). Desiring a portrait of him, St. Luke thrice painted it. Then Jesus said to her, “Unless I aid you, Luke’s art is in vain, for my face is only known to him who sent me.” Afterwards, being at her house, he asked for OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 39 water to wash his face, and returned to her the napkin with the por- trait. Five cities claim the possession of the genuine sudarium of Veronica—Turin in Italy, Toulouse, Besangon, and Campiegne in France, and Sorlat in Spain (?). Veronica herself is honored by a shrine at the right hand of the high altar of St. Peter’s in Rome, and her festival is observed on the 4th of February. Farther down, a cherub; skull and crossbones, emblematic of Christ’s triumph over death and the grave, or it may be intended to indicate Golgotha, the place of skulls (Matthew xxvii, 33). It is also explained as the skull of Adam, according to the tradition that the cross was placed on the resting place of the first father of mankind. Upon a sort of platform underneath is placed the cock of St. Peter (Matthew xxvi, 34 and 74). From the platform rise on staffs to the right the cup of vinegar and to the left the sponge which was dipped into it and reached up to Jesus on the cross (Matthew xxvii, 48). Diagonally placed are the ladder for mounting up to the cross, and the pillar, with the rope wound around it, with which Jesus was bound to the pillar to be scourged (Matthew xxvii, 26). Lastly, the vase and basin which rest on the base may either be intended for the vessels which Jesus used in washing the feet of the disciples (John xii, 4-5), or for those in which the spices were brought to the grave to anoint the body of Jesus (John xix, 39; also Mark xvi, 1). Height, 18% inches. From the old Mission Church at Jemez, N. Mex. (Cat, No. 211877, U.S.N.M.) 113. Wooden cross.—Inlaid with straw to represent the instru- ments of the Passion. Height, 21 inches. From an old Spanish church in Caborca, Sonora, Mex. (Cat. No. 179041, U.S.N.M.) 114. Wooden cross.—Inlaid with straw in a lozenge pattern. Height, 21 inches. From an old Spanish church in Caborca, Sonora, Mex. (Cat. No. 179042, U.S.N.M.) 115. Wooden crucifix—With the figure of Christ in mother-of- pearl. Height, 3% inches. Palestine. (Cat. No. 74617, U.S.N.M.) 116. Lorraine crucifix—Made of silver, openwork. Pendant. Height, 3% inches. Nurnberg, Germany. (Cat. No. 286813, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Miss Julia Halsted Chadwick. 117. Glass cross—Consisting of cut crystals fixed to a frame of brass rods. Pendant. Height, 3% inches. Probably from Italy. (Cat. No. 262158, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Mrs. G. Brown Goode. 118. Wooden crucifix—Inlaid with pieces of looking-glass. The figures is of white metal and fastened to a chased metal plate. The four ends are likewise encased in metal, terminating in trefoils (cross botone). Pendant. Height, 5% inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 286814, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Miss Julia Halsted Chadwick. 119. Pectoral cross:—Made of brass, gilded. Hollow and chased work. Height, 4 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179117, U.S.N.M.) 40 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 120. Lorraine cross —Made of brass, hammered work. Engraved on one side, ‘‘San Antoni ora pro me”’ (St. Anthony, pray for me); on the other, ‘‘San Cornelia ora pro me” (St. Cornelia, pray for me). Height, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179118, U.S.N.M.) 121. Silver crucificz—With bosses on the beams, the title: J N RJ, a 4-leaved halo, and skull and crossbones. Height, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311840, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 122. Crucifix.—The cross is of wood, the figure of lead. Height, 16 inches. Germany. (Cat. No. 316266, U.S.N.M.) Gift of A. Heitmuller. 123. Brass crucifix—Round the brow of Christ is the crown of thorns. Over it the inscription: “J N RJ” on a scroll. Below, skull and crossbones. Height, 4 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 316481, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Miss Ume Tsuda. 124. Crucifiz—Old ivory. Height, 6 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311828, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 125. Crucifiz——Brass. Above, God the Father, holding world orb and cross. Underneath, title: J N RJ (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) and dove (symbol of the Holy Ghost); on ends of transverse bar, Mary and John the Evangelist; below, praying figure. It is perhaps a processional cross. Height, 14% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311829, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 126. Crucifix—Wood, with figurine of brass, gilt. Underneath, skull and crossbones. Height, 10 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311838, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 127. Silver crucifir—With bosses on the beams and ring for sus- pension. Height, 3% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311839, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth 8S. Stevens. 128. Implements of the passion.—Inclosed in a wooden box. On the bottom of the box are carved the words: ‘‘Anoni Raut,’’ and on the lid: “A. R.,”’ probably the name of the original owner. Inside the lid is carved on top a monk kneeling before the Infant Jesus, who is standing on a pedestal; below, Jesus in Gethsemane (Matthew xxvi, 36). Height, 4% inches; width, 2 inches. Italy (?). Cat. No. 311884, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. RELICS AND RELIQUARIES Relics are the remains of departed saints. They include (1) the bodies or parts of the bodies of the venerated persons; (2) objects used by them or connected with their death, such as clothes, vest- ments, rosaries, the nails, lance, spear, or fragments of the true cross of Christ, the girdle, veil of Mary, etc.; and (3) objects connected with their tomb or hallowed by contact with their bodies. Relics are often carried in solemn procession, and pilgrimages are made to the churches or monasteries in which they are preserved. No church OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 4] building can be consecrated unless it contains relics. Reliquaries are repositories of relics and are usually made of precious metals and adorned with jewels, in form of a box, casket, or shrine. The ven- eration of relics dates back to the early centuries of Christianity; in the fourth century it was already widely spread. 129. Silver reliquary—M ade in form of an ostensory, encompassed by sunbeams. Chased work. Behind the glass is seen a crosslet, supposed to be made from a particle of the true cross. By the “true cross’? is meant the actual original cross upon which Jesus was cruci- fied. It is believed by both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Church that the cross buried upon Golgotha was found in 326 A. D. by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, and the church commemorates this event by appointing May 3 (in the Eastern Church September 13), as the annual festival of the dis- covery of the cross (inventi crucis). Height, 8% inches. Seville, Spain. (Cat. No. 166987, U.S.N.M.) 130. Reliquary—Consisting of an oval metal frame. Behind the glass in front is a tiny cross set in a gilt frame of scroll design. An inscription reads, Lignum S S. crusis D. N. J. C. (wood of the most holy cross of our Lord Jesus Christ). On the back is the episcopal wax seal, attesting to the genuineness of the relic. Diameters, 1% by 1% inches. Probably from Italy. (Cat. No. 256893, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Mrs. G. Brown Goode. 131. Relic of St. Anne, mother of Mary.—In an oval case of white metal. On the back is in relief an effigy of Mary and the petition in French, ‘‘O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who take their refuge to thee.”” Diameters, 1 inch by % of an inch. Italy. (Cat. No. 179058, U.S.N.M.) 132. Relic of St. Peter—tIn an oval case of white metal, with the episcopal seal. Diameters, 14% by 1% meches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179061, U.S.N.M.) 133. Relics of St. Clement—Consisting of two molar teeth in a brass frame. St. Clement was the third Bishop of Rome toward the end of the first century. Diameters,1%by1inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179060, U.S.N.M.) 134. Relics of Christ, Mary, St. Joseph, St. Francis a Paula (1416- 1607); St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552); St. Theresa (1515-1582); and St. Aloysius Gonzaga (1568-1591)—In an oval brass case. Diameters, 3 by 2% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179062, U.S.N.M.) 135. Relic of St. Charles Borromeo (1588—1584).—In an oval case of white metal with the episcopal seal. St. Borromeo was Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan. Diameters, 1% by 1 inch. Italy. (Cat. No. 179059, U.S.N.M.) 61551—29—4 42 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 136. Silver reliquary—Oval containing relics of Mary, St. Joseph, St. John of the Cross (1542-1591), and St. Theresa, framed by a floral design in filigree work, studded with colored stones. With the epis- copal seal. Height, 3 inches; width, 2% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179037, U.S.N.M.) 137. Silver reliquary.—With miniature painting of Mary. Spanish workmanship. Brought to New Mexico in 1783 by Padre Sanchez. Diameters, 4 and 3 inches. Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 176080, U.S.N.M.) 138. Silver reliquary—With miniature paintings. Height, 2% inches; width, 2 inches. Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 178864, U.S.N.M.) 139. Reliquary.—Sealed medallion, set in a wreath of metal foil, inclosed in a pear-shaped wooden box. Containing a piece of bone of St. Joseph of Leonissa (Umbria, Italy), who lived 1556-1612. Italy. (Cat. No. 311835, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 140. Sacred heart—Model of a burning heart, made of brass. The adoration of and devotion to the sacred heart of Jesus, as a noble part of his person and a symbol of his love, became general and popu- lar in the Catholic Church through Margaret Marie Alacoque, a French nun of the Visitation Order, who lived in the seventeenth century. Since 1856 a yearly feast in honor of the sacred heart is celebrated on Friday after the feast of Corpus Christi. Height, 2% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179063, U.S.N.M.) 141. Sacred heart—Made of pale green silk, triangular and scal- lopped, embroidered with variegated silk. With eyes for buttons. 7 inches by 6 inches. Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 311436, U.S.N.M.) Presented by the executors from the estate of Mrs. Mary E. Pinchot. 142. Three silver perfume boxes.—Made in form of the Sacred Heart, surmounted by crown and cross. Height, 3 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311860-311862,U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S.Stevens. IMAGES The cult of images is practiced both in the Roman Catholic and in the Eastern Church. In the Roman Catholic Church both pictures and statues are used, while the Eastern Church forbids statues. The doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church concerning the veneration of images, as formulated by the Council of Trent (1563), is that the images of Christ, of the Virgin Mother of God, and of the saints are to be had and retained particularly in temples, and that honor and ven- eration are to be given them; not that any divinity or virtue is be- lieved to be in them on account of which they are to be worshiped, or anything is to be asked of them, but because the honor which is shown to them is referred to the prototypes which those images represent; in OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 43 such wise that by the images which we kiss, and before which we un- cover the head and kneel, we adore Christ and venerate the saints whose likenesses they bear. The cult paid to images is designated with the Greek word dulia (secondary veneration), in contradistinction from latria (supreme worship), which is allowed to be offered to God only. 143. Jesus in Gethsemane.—Representing Jesus kneeling with the cup in front of him. (Matthew xxvi, 36.) Carved in relief upon a piece of limestone from the river Jordan. Jerusalem, Palestine. (Cat. No. 76975, U.S.N.M.) 144. Wooden figure of Christ—The long curled locks are held by the crown of thorns of gilded brass; behind the head rises a cruciform halo of the same material; around the loins is a kind of apron, like- wise of gilded brass, with birds and floral designs in respoussé work, while under it is a loin cloth of blue satin. In the hands and feet, which latter are crossed over one another, are the holes of the nails, and on the left side of the chest is the hole caused by the spear (John xix, 34). The figure evidently was part of a crucifix. Height, 12 inches. Philippine Islands. (Plate 18, Cat. No. 213405, U.S.N.M.) 145. Wooden figure of Christ——Similar to the preceding one. The loin cloth consists of a piece of brocade, with gold appliqué. Height, 28 inches. Philippine Islands. (Cat. No. 213405, U.S.N.M.) 146. Cloak of figure-—Made of red satin, with the letters J H 8S (Jesus hominum Salvator—Jesus Savior of Mankind) and fleurs-de-lis in gold appliqué. Philippine Islands. (Cat. No. 213408, U.S.N.M.) 147. Statuette of Christ—Wood, painted and gilded. Height, 23% inches. Latin America. (Cat. No. 317693, U.S.N.M.) 148. Statuette of Christ——Wood, broken. Height, 6} inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311826, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 149. The Lord’s Supper.—Engraved on the shell of the pearl oyster. Measyrements, 6 by 6 inches. Bethlehem, Palestine. (Plate 19 (upper), fig. 1, Cat. No. 74542, U.S.N.M.) 150. The Ascension.—Engraved on the shell of the pearl oyster. Around the center representing the Ascension are 12 medallions, representing the apostles with their emblems, in the following order: 1, St. Peter with the keys; 2, St. Paul with the sword; 3, St. Matthew with the pick; 4, St. James the Lesser with the club; 5, St. John with the chalice; 6, St. James the Elder with the pilgrim’s staff; 7, St. Philip with the small cross; 8, St. Bartholomew with the book and knife; 9, St. Andrew with his cross (the crux decussata, see p. 37); 10, St. Thomas with the architect’s square; 11, St. Matthias with the ax; 12,St. Simon with thesaw. Measurements, 6 by 6 inches. Beth- lehem, Palestine. (Plate 19 (upper), fig. 2, Cat. No. 74541, U.S.N.M.) 151. Bust of Mary.—Made of terra cotta, painted and gilded. Mary, the mother of Christ, is venerated in the Catholic Church as 44 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM the most exalted of created beings. She is called the ‘“‘Blessed Virgin,” the “Holy Virgin,” ‘‘Our Lady” (Italian ‘‘Madonna”), and since the Council of Ephesus in 431 the designation ‘‘ Mother of God”’ is formally applied to her. While the veneration paid to other saints is termed dulia, she alone is entitled to hyperdulza, and her intercession is invoked more than that of all others. She is the patroness of many countries, cities, and societies. In ecclesiastical art she occupies a most important position, and all the chief events of her life have formed the subjects of artistic representation. Height, 12 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179049, U.S.N.M.) 152. “Virgin of the Pillar.’—Statuette made of brass, chiseled work, representing Mary standing upon a pillar, holding in her left arm the Infant Jesus, both crowned, with a halo of rays and stars. This is a model of a celebrated statue of that name (Neustra Senora del Pilar), at Saragossa in Spain. ‘Tradition asserts that the Virgin, standing upon a pillar, appeared to St. James (San Jago), the apostle and patron saint of Spain, when he was making a missionary pilgrim- age through Spain. Height, 7 inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 178866, U.S.N.M.) 153. Madonna of the Pillar—Statuette of silver. Height, 3% inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 311831, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 154. ‘‘ Virgin of the Pillar.” —Miniature statuette of silver, gilded. Height, 2% inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 178865, U.S.N.M.) 155. Statuette of Mary.—Called ‘‘ Virgin of Good Friday.’’ Made of brass, chiseled work. Height, 4% inches. Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 178867, U.S.N.M.) 156. Madonna, Crowned, vith Infani—Statuette of wood. Height, 12% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311824, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 157. Madonna unth the Infant Jesus.—Statuette of carved wood. Height, 6 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 329510, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Catherine Walden Myer. 158. Bust of Mary—Made of papier-maché, with a dome-shaped crown. Height, 10 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179052, U.S.N.M.) 159. “‘Pieta.”—Mary holding the body of Christ. Statuette of wood, painted. Height, 13 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179048, U.S.N.M.) 160. ‘‘Preta.”—The same as the preceding one. Height, 12 inches Italy. (Cat. No. 179048a, U.S.N.M.) 161. Crown.—Made of bronze, gilded, and adorned with colored stones. Dates from the seventeenth century. It decorated an image of Mary in the demolished church of St. Anna, the former nunnery, Zbraslovski Dom, in Prague, Bohemia. Height, 5 inches; diameter, 4 inches. Prague, Bohemia. (Cat. No. 154776, U.S.N.M.) OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 45 162. Porcelain plaque—Representing Mary in relief. Dated 1795. Height, 13 inches; width, 9% inches. Florence, Italy. (Cat. No. 214722, U.S.N.M.) 163. Porcelain plaque —Painted with three figures—Mary, crowned, and two women performing the devotion of the rosary before her. Dated from the seventeenth century. Height, 9% inches; width, 10% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152242, U.S.N.M.) 164. Silver medallion.—Representing, on one side, Mary with the Infant Jesus; on the other a burning heart pierced by a sword, alluding to Luke 11, 35. Set in silver filigree. Measurements, 1% by 1% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179056, U.S.N.M.) 165. Miniature of Mary—Painted on glass. Diameter, 2 and 1%inches. Spain. (Cat. No. 178859, U.S.N.M.) 166. Madonna.—Statuette of wood, painted and gilded. Height, 12inches. Latin America. (Cat. No. 317694, U.S.N.M.) 167. Saint Joseph and the Infant Jesus.—Statuette of plaster, painted and gilded. Height, 10 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 329509, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Catherine Walden Myer. 168. Two processional banners —Made of white metal. Embossed on one side with the figure of Mary, holding in the right hand a rosary, on the left arm the Infant Jesus; on the other side, with the figure of St. Dominic, to whom the introduction of the rosary in its present form is ascribed, holding a lily, which is his emblem. Prob- ably used at the feast of the rosary, which is celebrated on the first Sunday in October. Measurements, 10 by 7 inches. Italy. (Plate 19 (lower), Cat. No. 179070-071, U.S.N.M.) 169. Silver medallion.—Representing, on one side, St. Peter; on the other, St. Paul. Set in silver filigree. Diameter, 1% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179057, U.S.N.M.) 170. Mace of St. Sebastian—Made of white metal, terminating at the top in a statuette of the saint. St. Sebastian was, according to tradition, a Roman soldier and Christian martyr, having been shot to death about 288 A. D., by order of Diocletian. He is vener- ated in the Catholic Church as patron of sharpshooters and pro- tector from pestilence. He is usually represented as a fair youth bound to a pillar or tree and riddled with arrows. The mace was probably carried in procession on his festival, on January 20. Length, 2feetlinch. Italy. (Cat. No. 179068, U.S.N.M.) 171. St. Benedict.—Statuette of white metal. St. Benedict (about 480-543) was the founder of the Benedictine order, the first monastic order established in the Occident, and its organization became the model upon which all the monasteries of the Western Church were formed. Height, 4 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 329500 U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Catherine Walden Myer. 46 BULLETIN 148, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 172. St. Anthony of Padua, holding the Christchild.—Wood, carved and gilt. St. Anthony was a Franciscan monk and reputed miracle worker. Born 1195 at Lisbon, Portugal; died 1231 at Vercelli, Italy. He was canonized in 1232 and his day is June 13. He is especially invoked for the recovery of lost things. Height, 12% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 311825, U.S.N.M.) Bequest of Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens. 173. Porcelain plaque representing St. Anthony of Padua.—st. Anthony, born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1195; died near Padua, Italy, in 1231; was a Franciscan theologian and preacher to whom the per- formance of many miracles is attributed. He was canonized by Gregory IX in 1232, and his day in the Roman calendar is June 13. He is especially invoked for the recovery of things lost. Diameters, 14 by 8% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179035, U.S.N.M.) 174. Faience plaque of the Sodality of St. Anthony of Padua.— Dated 1620. " eS = tem aliquam I Er omnia ficcula fecu 1s a | : ao | f mire dignéris tt 1 Ex ee ae Q enum tur o Sed: libeva nos a ma-lox a ici Amen . 1s q AN ITALIAN MISSAL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36 9€ H9Vd BAS AlW1d AO NOILYVNW1dxXa HOS AIVWLI] WOYA SAYVD YVL1V AO SAIYAS Gl ALW1d ‘871 NILAT1INA WNASNW IVWNOILVN °S “N U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE PRCCESSIONAL CROSS FROM MEXICO FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 37 16 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 17 PROCESSIONAL CROSS FROM ITALY FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 18 WOODEN FIGURE OF CHRIST FROM THE PHILIPPINES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 43 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 19 ENGRAVED SHELLS (UPPER); AND PROCESSIONAL BANNERS (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 43 AND 45 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 20 RELIGIOUS MEDALS FROM ITALY FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 50 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 21 ee -) ital ll i tee ae ag Ly Ca . & od 4 % BE “ a a £ “EL a) » ~~» id kt] — ~~ eerVeas a 2449955408 C2 Pe eae «eC ae ka a | S189 Fa 94a | hy adhd a mt ks Bolin tRibenhatig, Me ced ek 2 ro | ¢ fj q : sf 5 : ROSARY OF MOTHER-OF-PEARL (UPPER); AND ROMAN CATHOLIC ROSARIES (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 52, 53, AND 54 BULLETIN 148, PLATE 22 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM a | 93-3333390332-9-397 aod 33-3333 a, a ars. ee ig Oo =a bo! oe \ tll Scr cnowionccee 1 rene Ko ~eetancos: o332-5. a 93> asd ao” ROMAN CATHOLIC ROSARIES (UPPER); AND DISCIPLINARY GIRDLE AND SCOURGE (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 54, 55 AND 56 - S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 23 GOLD BROCADE PHAENOLION (UPPER); AND PASTORAL STAFFS (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 64 AND 69 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 24 HEADGEAR WORN BY PRIEST FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 65 AND 69 BULLETIN 148, PLATE 25 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM AND BRASS ICONS (LOWER) ICON OF MARY AND INFANT (UPPER); FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 65 AND 66 BULLETIN 148, PLATE 26 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BRASS TETRAPTYCH OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH Cno cYypDI AKIATIQAIL OAc pILATOC core pAcere R77 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 27 PARAPHERNALIA OF THE ARMENIAN CHURCH FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 69 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 28 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ARMENIAN CHURCH FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 69 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 29 aped oS 4 Phere MOSQUE LAMP (UPPER); AND MODEL OF A HINDU TEMPLE (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 79 AND 107 BULLETIN 148, PLATE 30 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SyA)\ 33} Ps a3 u «n wad cece. y » py ® Shee oe BRONZE BUDDHA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 126 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 31 TEAKWOOD BUDDHA FROM BURMA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 127 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 32 WOODEN BUDDHA FROM CEYLON FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 128 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 33 ALABASTER BUDDHA FROM LAOS, FURTHER INDIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 129 61551—29 iG U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 34 BRONZE BUDDHA FROM JAPAN OR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 130 ZEL 39vVd 33S 3L1V1d AO NOILVNV1IdxXS HOS (LH9IY) SOV] WOYA GNV ‘(YSLNEAS) WVIS WOXS ‘(145351) SOV] WOYA SVHOOGNG AZNOYG G€ ALV1d ‘871 NILAT1ING WNASNW IWNOILVN ‘'S “nN €El A9vd 3aS 3LV1d AO NOILYNV1dxS YO (LHSIYM) SATdIOSIG GNV “VWHOONG NAGOOM !(YS3LNAD) SVOVN GNV VHGGNgG NS3GOOM ANY AZNOYg ‘(1L4451) SSHGGOD HLYVvVa GNV SVHGGNG NAGOOM 9€ ALV 1d ‘8vl NILATING WOASNW IVNOILVYN “SN U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 37 WOODEN BUDDHA AND GARUDA FROM LAOS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 134 9€| B39vVd 3aS Alvid AO NOILYNVW1dxa YOd (LHDIYM) SOV WOYA VHGGNG 3ZNOY¥g :(YSLN]AD) YIVHD NO VHGONG AZNOYg -(15571) VALLVSIHGOG YO VWHaOGCNSE AZNOYG 8€ ALV 1d ‘8h! NILSATING WNASNW IYNOILVN SN ZEL 39vVd 3aS Blvd dO NOILYNW1dx3 HOS LHSIY) VYWYNG WOYS VHOOGNG Y3aLSvaVIy ‘(YSLNAD VHOONG YaLSvavity ‘$(15437) vwung Wous VHOONG 3a1syVvWwW 6€ ALV1d ‘8¥l| NILS1T1INEG WNASNW IVNOILVN °S ‘°N U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 40 BUDDHA FIGURINES ON CLAM SHELL FROM CHINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 142 Zyl 3A9vd ABS Alv1d AO NOILWNW1dxa YO VIGN| WOY4 ‘VNVAYIN ONIYSALN]A VHOONG Ysa1SvaVvlVv WN3SNW IAVNOILYN SN ly 3LV 1d ‘8¥l NILSAT1ING U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 42 WOODEN BUDDHA ENTERING NIRVANA, FROM LAOS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 142 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 43 CAST OF BUDDHA'S FOOT BRONZE HORNS OF BUDDHA (UPPER PRINT, FROM INDIA LOWER FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 44 WOODEN AMITABHA, FROM JAPAN FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 144 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 45 PORCELAIN KUAN-YIN FROM CHINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 145 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 46 WOODEN KUANNON FROM KOBE, JAPAN FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 145 9vl GNV Stl SAOVd 3353S 31lv1d JO NOILWNY1dxa yoOd 14) ANIMYHS NI NONNVN™M ANV ‘(YSLNAD) ILNVMM GOOMIVGONVS ‘({,437) NONNVNM GSGNVH-GNVYSNOHL AW1D (ET => Ly 3LV1d ‘8y1 NILST1NG WNS3ASNW AVNOILVN 'S “9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM : BULLETIN 148, PLATE 48 WOODEN BODHISATTVA (LEFT); BRONZE BODHISATTVA (RIGHT) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 147 6y ALV1d ‘87! NILATING OSL GNY 8¥l SS9Vd SAS 31lV1d AO NOILYNWIdxSa YOd (LHSIYM) LAMVWdN VHVW 3AO 3SYNSI NAGOOM ‘(1L337) ANIYHS NI OGNS4A WN3ASNW IWNOILVN ‘S “NM 18 29: 551 61 LGL 39Vd BBS AlWid AO NOILYNV1dxa YOS (LHDSIY) NNOMIVG NS3GOOM :(1437) NFOMOUNHMNA AZNOUG OS AlV1d ‘871 NILS11Na WNASNAW AVWNOILVYN 'S “N vS1 S39Vvd 35S 3ALV1d AO NOILVNW1dxXa YOd NvdvVf ‘OAMOL WOYSA SLVYVHYY NAGOOM 1G 3ALV1d ‘8¢1 NILAT1ING WOASNW WNOILVYN Sf cee ee ee een eee nen eee ee a ese ee eee eee ee eee, (LH9IM) SAGOYM AVINOWSYAD NI OILSVISS19909 LSIHGGNG NAGOOM :(14457) OILSVISATI9O90R LSIHGGNG ASANIHD NAGdOOM eS ALV1d ‘87! NiILATING WNASNW IWNOILVWN 'S “N 9SlL ONY SGI SS9Vd 35S 3LvW1d AO NOILYNY1dxa yoOH4 (LHSIY) LSa8il WOYS VHOGNG ANY !(YSaLNAD) LISALNO HLIM LS3AIYd LSIHGGN| !(1437) SS3Yqd IVINOW3SYSD NI LS3aIdd LSIHOQGNgG €S ALV1d ‘8rl NILSTINg WNASNW IVNOILYN ‘S ‘Nn U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 54 BRONZE VAJRA-DAGGER (LEFT); BRASS TIP OF MENDICANT’S STAFF (RIGHT) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 157 AND 158 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 55 CHERRYWOOD JAPANESE ROSARY, FROM JAPAN FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 163 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 56 BRONZE BEGGING BOWL (a); SHELL AND ALABASTER RICE SPOONS OF BUDDHIST MONKS (6 AND c) PLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 163 AND 164 BULLETIN 148, PLATE 57 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM MODEL OF A WOODEN PAGODA FROM JAPAN SEE PAGE 166 FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE 991 39vVd 35S S3Lv1d AO NOILYNY1dxa YOs (YSMO1) 3dOY YIVH NYWOH SAO NOILOES ‘(LHSIM YaddN) YIVH NYVWONH AO FQVW SSd0YN AO HdVYHSDOLOHd :(L4571 YaddN) IFPNYVMONOH S3AIdW3AL SHL AO NV1Id DNIMOHS LNIYd a. eG sp ad oes ie pas ss Bas Se eee | Hh oe tt A be SR eB Sear ia as hat a f ay wt ft ogy * ma ThE a ee Br OSES ARE SE * 8G ALV1d ‘8vl NILATINGA WOASNW IWNOILYN 'S ‘NM 191 39vd 3S 3ALV1d AO NOILYNY1dxa3 YoOs NVdvf WOYS STSGOW SOIN NS3G0COM WNSASNW WWNOILVN 'S ‘NM 6S 3L1V1d ‘871 NILAT1NG U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 60 OPEN TEMPLE LANTERNS (UPPER); CLOSED TEMPLE LANTERNS (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 167 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 61 PAIR OF TEMPLE LAMPS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 167 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 62 BRONZE CENSER (UPPER LEFT); BRONZE CANDLESTICK (UPPER) RIGHT), TEMPLE DRUMS (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 168 AND 172 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 63 wary fe ESS hia ; | | PEWTER CANDLESTICKS (UPPER LEFT AND RIGHT); PEWTER INCENSE BURNER (UPPER CENTER); PRAYER BANNERS (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 168 AND 170 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 64 WOODEN FISH, FRONT VIEW (UPPER); BACK VIEW (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 173 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 65 COPPER NINE-TONED BELL FROM CHINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 17 61551—29——_19 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 66 WOODEN TRIRATNA FROM LAOS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 173 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 67 WOODEN TRIRATNA FROM LAOS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 173 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 68 es oli eee 2 WOODEN DEMON-QUELLER FROM JAPAN FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 177 148, PLATE 69 BULLETIN U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM GEOMANTIC COMPASS FROM CHINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE.SEE PAGE 178 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 70 PORTRAIT OF ZOROASTER FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 182 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 71 FIRE LADLE (UPPER LEFT); FIRE URN (UPPER CENTER), FIRE TONGS (UPPER RIGHT): AND OFFERING TRAY (LOWER) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 190 AND 191 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PEATE 72 PARSEE GENTLEMAN, SHOWING COSTUME FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193 e6l 39Vd SSS ALlvV1d JO NOLLYWNVIdxa yO4 ILSOM GNVY VWYGNS AHL HLIM SAYNLILSAAN| AO ANOW3YSaD €Z 31LV1d ‘841 NILaWINa WNASNW ANOILYN “SA U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 74 PARSEE MOTHER AND CHILDREN, SHOWING COSTUMES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 194 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 148, PLATE 75 WA 7775" AOqWO Zz 2 7 SSW nn | ee TOWER OF SILENCE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 195 INDEX Page Puna er OdrOtevilee-s2t== -2- Sauer 183 BNIUAIRSDACIINONS (Ofewers aos ae Ses 25 Miltanicoverines, \@hinge s/s. 2 222 2 7 168 Ameshaspands, minister of Ormuzd________- 183 ArmitdbhanimagevOfas-2022 5) esee es To 143 Arehitecture, India, styles..--—.- == - 2-2 2 105-107 BEN PIOUS Ln Cia aaa ees ese 104 Armenian Church, buildings of______________ 69 ceremonial objects_______ 68 ORC OTSIO Meee ae es 68 Ascension, engraving on shell________________ 43 PSCOUICISI MITT Gitar sameeren = esa ees 110 PS CE NICS iit OCLEISiO 0s = ee a ee ee 111 Atharva-Veda, facsimile of____-.._.-________- 114 Avesta, sacred books, divisions of___________ 182 BellmCG hineses see w2U ree ee Pee oe bee 171 Un oO; Ihab ss ase | eee eee 109 Benediction: Service Ofss=— =.= = — 34 IBenzalbens image fess - ee 150 Bill eseAInim erie sees eee ae ee BishamonimareiOless es se ae ee BodinsatiwvasdlimagesiOl-—--2-s--e--_- Books, liturgical, Jewish : Brahma, member of Hindu triad______-______ 91 Brahmanism> account) ofs--_--=*=-2-22-_ == 90 Bnalmeanselmdines awe ale es eee ee 112 Badass desu==== s=== = eee se 125 bronze neure, Japamoo=---- 2-2 = 125 GOCtRINES Ole =e aaa a te 116-118 enteringoNinwan dense see se ee 142 foobprinitofeea a=" 22 Ss Se oe 143 LOUNAC CHE LO lees ae 115-116 IMA ces Un aeons See ae ee 127 Ceylons eee ne os eee 127-128 AOSS=. eee Be ee eae 129-141 Sy Ols Olea ee ee eee 7, Buddhism: divisiomsiof.22---- 222522 2-2 3_ WS-120 religious ceremonial_____-__...._.. 115 Saintsiand (priestss=-_------s-—_- 153-155 SD LCa CeO hee ee ee re 120-123 Buddhist images, Tibetan__-__-__---------- 147-148 Monk OLGInaAwoOM Oa —- = == === == 156 OWGH THO las a= eee 163 Pantheon; amapesss ee 123 SUA alleen see ean hea ee ES 59 Bitanlal tCuSuOMISs AanSeeS-==-— ase ee 193-195 DER VCENO Des See ee ae See See 21 COW. Cine ATSe@s oes ot Seon te 193 Candlestick. altar. -2-22--o4-+-__- ee ee 26 (GAS e min Cee ae SBS Ee 111 TTA SalI, eee eee ee ee 112 @ensersdeseniption ofs-- 2225 = == 26 Ua RE ees es et Pe 8 oe L = 109 AIAN) eNO at conte Sanaa ec Aen ee ees Ta 168 Page Chalice and paten__...._...___.. EL cae 27 Christian ceremonials, objects of__..._______- 24 @incuMICISiOMy belo see ee ee eee 17 Clothstfortalitar co. ec ae ets ee eee 28 Compass; geomantie: Chinas __.- 2-22 178 @onchishel Mindi een eee anne 108 Confession of faith, Zoroastrian______________ 191 Confucius bronze Stations se ee 180 (Onde SACre Geli Csi eete see ee eee e e 112 @osiimesioirab iat n= ee 21 @rescentS yin DO = = eat ee eee 89 @rosSNclassificationiotssas == === eee 37 DLOCESSLON al o-e= = eee ee ee eee 37 with signs of the Passion___--_______-_ 38-39 GroziorbiShOD Se 32 G@ymbalsh'@hinese— =. = Ga 17] ATK OKs a Ae ClO fee = ee ee a 150 ID enaonucue Lev rd sup) ucla 177 Dervish, dancing, costume of___-___._______- 83 Obj] ectsiuUse dsb Wee eee eee S4 OLGerSs\Olzaee see ee se eee See 83 DeviltdancerS@eylonmie ss ae ae eee 177-178 Divination slipstand) blOCKS2]s- = == see =e 178 DO) UTES He) a Sl ee a 172 of skulls) ahibetsees-e see eee 171 femiple eB Uae n e e 172 Palit. Japanese .- sean e eee 172 Hastern: © Munch art Ole a= se a ea 60 ISU Mag CLO fe eee eee ae eee 150 Bi Celesias tical ced ii COS a= =e 70 Eschatology, Zoroastrian, and Mohammedan — 188 Esther. feast Ole. ses =) ae =e = ee 15 Ethical system, lack of in Shinto_---_-__-__- 198 ACS TVS JONES Witne ca ee ee eeeree e 9 Fire ladle and tongs, Parsees_-..__---.----- 190 light; isymboliof Ormuzdess=s- sass Sh kele DUNUTCATLON ke ALSCCS Eee = see er 189 Uns: 7GROASUNIAN oie aoa ae ee 188 Bish ss yi bOlOlts ase ae See ee ot a 58 Plage eiMieccaspil primagesoansn ss a 82 Hountam:. wor NOlys walere== a=. eee 35 Moxa] egend MoU UO Re sea ee ee ee 202 BUuROKU Wt DOe ee Ola ee ee 151 Ganesa, £Oqiol wISGOM == sss o-ae eee Aes 95 Gangasnivengod sas. ane bees een ayes 101 GongyGhinese--..2S—. aes ee eo ee 171 Greek Catholic, monk, costume of____------- 65 priest, vestments of__------- 63-64 Greek Church, architecture of_---- Gee Ae 61 PYANCUeS Ole aoe o-oo eere eae 62 INISCOLY7 Olseee nese see 60-62 Hair rope offerings, Japan ------ 5 Se LOG Hanukah, feast of. .-..------- ine pes 15 HAN UMan OMCs POG ae ne a ee 102 206 INDEX Page Page Haoma (soma) plant, Parsees__..------------ 190 Orders religious) habitsiot@ecsses2 see 55 EGP ZoroaStnianess eee eae oe ee ee ae 17 OLmMuUz dy sbersians GOd = a= = === aaa 183 eresiterss bimto ene ee eee LOS “Osculatory2 ss. 2 22- = 2 ee ae a 33 Hindu family worship, utensils ----------_-- 109%! LOStenSOnyi ste a= = Sao ase ee ee 34 TeMPION. UASeS Olea ss == aeons 89-0] eibacoda,.G@limeste= as) aaa seo = ae eee 166 EhimduismesaccountOl-=s.- === eae eee 90 Wat @hanes Siam o= =e aaa see 164 ceremonial objects of__----------- Son mba rod as BUG GINS Gee ee ee 164 SACOG DOOKSI0 fae ea peere ee a 91 Pahlavinlitentures =.= 02 5 ses eee 183 Holivyawater vase; uibet-6-2- ess eo ae ee 169 Pantheon, shinto;Japane == =.= === eee 196 Wessels in Gia a ee eee ee 108 IRArSCesCOSUUIMM ClO fase reas =e ee ee 192 and! sprinkler=__2----2- -_- 27 Bersiavand india sea eee 180 iotelaiim acevo fie = Se eee 151 religious ceremonial of______________- 180 Teons:and crosses, Russian_-- =---====2=-===2=- 65-67 aLvatble WilelOl slivers ae 94 bmages-decneesiomte oa. Saas eer eee 42 Passover, ObSernviallce Ofean o22 eae 10 Imam, costtmejof Persians 22---- 22-2 "= == $2. Pentecost, explanationofo2 == === === aes 12 TMK Shee ee 83 Phylactery ss: acceso ee ee ee 6-7 Immortality; Zoroastnianet=: 9 2— eee ee USS) Rilorimace, niles ioles eae 80-81 Judgment of the wicked, Persia PS Shinto pane. sees 200 TUNTOINe AIMS CLO l= aes a eee ee 151 Pisa vcathedral ote: Sees 70 KigalbanateVieceaes sas eens sear eee eee 78 | Prayer book Japanese ==). 2 ee 171 Kealkemonos,eligious: 2222 2-2-2 ese 174 | shaw: st 2- see sok 255 22s ee ee 7-8 Kirin, Chinese mythical animal ____-_______- 168 | wheels nibetania= === =. eee 158-159 Kenifestfonslatrehtening t= se sae Se eeeee = Dies Priesthood aS hintos ssa a= aaee ee eee 199 Koran CeSCrip TODO fesse hee eae ae ees 73 AUTOS se 10 OLS eee a ee ee 46-50 INANUSCLID tS Ole 84-85 al Puninication nell giouS=— 5 = =2 == nn eee 193 ReiShna MCAT ahl OnMO levels Nia Ue: et 99-100 Rel] Cs tem eee ne eee oe ee 41 Kuannon, image of, Japame=2-- 9 = = =a ee 145 Religious collection, history of-----_________- 2 Kuanti, Chinese god of war----------------- 146 Reliquaries’ =. 28 2805-22 ee a ees 40-42 IRQUEO SN Galas bade Ne She = Se eee 104 a - a be ai => a i : | 207 Page Page eee gees Es TSS—185)5 |e VMiSHMa Ui tely LATS 0 lees seen ee 96-97 See a ss ow 107 INGATNa TION SOlee es ees See OO Peer ne See ee 4-5 member of Hindu triad_____________ 91-92 i Cerrone ee es at dene eS 2 345 Wiandsygohei,shintoess=sse. 0 sae alee eae 202 See a ee NS lise eLenuaidolwhodin + 2a. es ee a ee TG ee ee eee See ee 156) || ‘Zoroaster; legends of___ 9. 2 sass ee 181182 AVSISIS oo ae 113-114 ifevOESeS EOE Ray Ue ee 181 PPACCOUIN IO emer ae aoe sae nes Te 89 moralteachings/of-—=5. 5-22 2s 185 ewENOlyaAbesa t= bark use MET le 2 4 | Zoroastrian theology, the hereafter_________ 18€-188 stomamt Catholic: 2! 2) 1s 1 29-32) | Zoroastrianism, ethics of---.-.--_-___________ 185 O {HN UIN INU | 3 —— oes 2278 AN . \ \ \ \ \ SS . \ \ AX AK a \\ \ A \ A \ \ \ \\ ‘ A ‘ \ IQ ss — ess ~ _ — MAY \ \ \ AY \ \ \ \ \\ \ A « \ _ _ A AN ‘ NY Ys ee: NS ; AX WY \ \ AX WN A \\ \ AWN A WS NY YY ~~ \\\ \ WY XY \ << < Co AK SS A AN Sh S » Y NA AN UIA \ i. \ S MOY IK WA UY AA RG \\ \\ Qe A AX AA RMAAAAYH