SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Butwetin 186

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND

BY

H. G. DEIGNAN

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1945

ren ee Od ed eee ye
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. = Price $1.25

ADVERTISEMENT

The scientific publications of the National Museum include two —
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a
medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec-
tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts
in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new
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The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, con-
tains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoologi-
cal groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in
several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of
type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar
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under the heading Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since
1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of
the Museum.

The present work forms No. 186 of the Bulletin series.

ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

CONTENTS

Page

Ornithological exploration of northern Thailand_-_-__---_---_---------- 1
Perea NPT) Lap res Se ee ee ap a a lel 13
AU Tec ua Wf 0a eens ei he he an ne er eg ee a a ee et 16
Herne chs tree es ete eres Salven Laramie 2 a ee EN os Se cs ee en ee 17
EOE CUE SCR BONIS Bere ete een a a ere a a ae ee 18
IE Sys TCT ee ear AER = De eh Bees PRY ae ae wee, oye RIA ra Ate nb RL ere 19
HUIS TOS tare ces es eters feed meg T eos Ne er Oe ee ay teen Ree 20
SSaricnrres Finan ee a te ene ner i REY CS Rt OT ees a ee ee eee 20
NICE se ans Warr Nap ts Se Bus agape ene Satna eal Noy eakleyes vipat anid aa 22
[Riss (ewan te «Setar ek eet ee Rew Ee Le Fe POT Ce eee eer ean 22

SHI RARTa SA Payee erat Com RR SS FS Se ee a ee eae eet 24

ane aE yh Gy Ramet ete on NOE ER 22, Se Shel ea at ee Ge eee 24
Pee ietiehyy Hetipaat ORGS t)e cat eit 2 awe SEY ee acy ee eee 26
ATO Labedelist OfiDInds= sett os ote me 2 a eS Sy OE Se ee ee eee il
MraCre Pa rtieiiOLMes esate ees Sot ee San i eee = 28
Paraiby-Podicipitidacsc2 2s 22 Su WE ae Se ae wee eS 28

MIP EETECICCH TIE OTINGS ee et nt APU RE SUI eet a ee area eae lo 29
Rumily PelecaniGae= 0.55.75 as a Wao et ee nee 29

Hannly bialaerocoracidne: 2.0. Se i Ce oe hte 30

UBbetrnaliyy Aura ata or chang Sh Po Bet BA eh 2 tas ice 31
Ordera@rcomulLOrmeskicewe tes Ss Elster A Ea LS Se pee ote ee uo 32

IB arses yop Aneel eves sey ep cote Sh) SS rte ct cee 32

bam Crconiidae as? os Ay Slice Ls oo Me ee eee se 44
PaniibytureskiOnnijiiese. 5). 140 So. Sey See ene a oe oes 47
OrderyAmserifOLmeg ye cet We tree aed ea ry ene eke Penis wees eee Hee ed 47
URUATT TUS ala COSY TT 1245p nd lle ah op fs anced yeh dls ah Le nie pe 47
OrndersialconiiOrmes ae tee ees eee Ok oe ee Rie pene ae a 56
Parlyr Acenbridaees (see nc See Riu) SOE he tebe Se 56

Rarity ce eri cigiiee 5 Sey Oy Se Se ee ie eee es 80

anil yen alconidae rete =e ay aes be, Jeet sige eee eee ee 81

rer GauilOrmesss | (sss Se ee yore oe Bie ere tee i 86
Pamiyehasianidaes 6 022 Se erie Ro Ste ete Se ene re 86
OrdersGruitOrmest ts sees Sere ea aE ey Se eas ae ots eee 100
Biitiye D UPAIC Lae? 225 oo 2 Pree Vat 6 Pe ee ee ee ae 100

Rvctdaly Grane es tte Or ent toe Or a eee eee ete as 102

Pasi yp Seales et ee is 28 28 ie Sr eae oe Pee ee 103

Pansy Hehormitmasess eo. f ctts Coe Uee Se as ee 111

Ord GriO MATHOTIOTINE SS. tt oN on eee ee ae Saat 112
Bannlyy J eens es Seer Sa 8k rt nat On eA ee ane ee = 112

IB sree yECOs bret Ulcer eee ets te eg OS) Se ee ees na 114

Panis C baTadridagess set ns" SON Peo See eee ee ee eee 115

Hara y i ScCOlOpaAciddkess «eas as ees 2 EN ee ee ces 122

BAILY TRCCUTVITOSLEIONG 5 fe a Sta eee See ia ae 128

Pee eiayl yaks UL PNT see ae 8 eee Pree Re ey eee eer a 129

Pani hr GC lareO Ones fk a ane SRS Ins OE Ne ee See ee ie 130

TED Tau htgnd yo (3 625 5 ple Ell tlle cde Be Ateenleneck Dire! baad Ad aed opel pire aap 132
SirocrreciciaCisorimes ses | sets eins ya vision Bee ont e | ee eee at 134
Ty HERI LtACINAG ee a as er ee A OR ee oe ae ae 134

Iv BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Annotated list of birds—Continued.
Order: Columbiformes 2 2-22 Se Sei see eee eee ee ee ee
Family ‘Columbidae.+ 4 eek Sea fae ee ee tee
Order:Cuculiformeste cess 2 52 fea ee ee eres SO Lae
Biarnihy’: Cure mie es thas ot Pee ge gi eee
Order Strigiformes.! o22 6 yup eh te ae ah Sea ee a
Family Tytonidaei es. Ue BC eee bes ee ee
Marmiliy; Strigidae tes os 2c Se ce Pk A ne Se ee a
Order Caprimuloiformess2e= 8a yes hes re ee ne ee
Ramtily (POGarpidac S525: sve lee oe ee 2 lee ee ie ek
amily: Caprimulpidae. | Js nds) ooo. lk Se. ee ee ae ee
Orderi@haeturiformes 402 os. Se, ee eee
Hanatbya © baeturid se me: i ee, ee oh a fy Dea ee Sis AU oie
amily nemiprocniddes 22200 is tue ae ae ee See
Order vbTaponiformes == 52 ora 4s She ee Lien ety. ras See
Family Trogonidae
Order: Coracitormes ya.) = ere eek ee eet OU Nie ee oy SANE es sats aera ees Pea
Family Alcedinidae
Family Meropidae
Family Coraciidae
Family Wpupidae 2 if fue i ps media 53 2 os eet
Family Bucerotidae_____-___-_- Peto kL RUNG ah Be eBags Ea
Order Piciformes xe jie. Sg Sas LS ree er ee ane
Eamily Capitonidae: 2. 202 2250 eye ae pe ee ee
amily (Picida@ss Sic. Si. saps L ae i 2 ee lier aie See ean Se ea
Order’ Passeriformes 1222-2622 ee ee Bey IRD
Namily;Funylaimidae 02 208 eo ee oy oy ape eee ed oe
Bamily Pittidae> 20 22-5 = aes se Lk Blo aed Oe Se ea
Bamily Alaudidaen co ete Pe ho pe eal uh aphasia ten
Bammabye Ebina Gina el aes = Se tee Oe ie be pare ya Lk ee ae espe
Family Campephagidae
Family Dicruridae
Family Oriolidae
Pamiily: (@orvade yo rile a0 fin Us Sie Se Nee Bia 2 ene a ene ge
KanmilyParadoxornithidae 0. a) a2 oilaiee), 2 Spee Peds elon ae
Hamilyiearidae:) 28274. 2 as Eel Teen pee L Aiea th ea
AB Sapa yy Sit he eal eg BAN 8 WR FA lg a accent
Bamily ‘Certhidae. 2... edie ee ee a ieee
Family Pyecnonotidae
Family Timaliidae
Bamily ‘Cimelidaeiyi a. ps sul sie eS Te a a
Family Turdidae_--_-_----_-- Wedel auth eg pth ties babel Ak po 2
Family Muscicapidae
amily Sylviidae. <2 e sieht he ee ee ere Be lees
Family Motacillidae
Family Artamidae
Bamily dWaniidae: 25:2 tence ei oe ee ieee ae
Pamuly Sturmidse..2 oo ee ees eed ee A a ee eg
Bamuily Neetarimidae so isc 2 es 2 eae eae es ae
Family Dieaeidee. 2). 2 ee ed eae 2 Sah Se eae hee ee gd
Family Zosteropidae
Bam tly: Plo cei aes fs) ose 0 Citra, ee tec a a ml ee eg
Family Fringillidae

Page
140
140
157
MVE
171
171
173
183
183
184
188
188
192
193
193

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES
1. Bingham’s white-headed ashy bulbul (Microscelis thompsoni)_-.. Frontispiece
Following page
BaNone oa pond. near Chiqng Mar 0220 2 2 eee ea eee 10
SeeICee OSs eMOLE herrea sym Glee ee ee nee ee 10
Hm OMATACLETISUIC DIRGsNaAbibatses ee eee wee eee ee eee 10
PEO HATAGtETIStICADITG MA DICALSi ene = eee aie ee es ed eee 10
6. The peak Doi Chiang Dao, a remarkable geological formation______--- 26
faOharactenisticnbindunabitatsom saan ile pee eee BES See ee 26
RPROTCN ihe DES ONO MON SULRED enh oil, NL os a eel) a 26
Om@haractenstic bird Nabitatse c= on hee eg een a ee eee 26
MAPS
Page
1. Relationship of northern Thailand to neighboring regions__--____-. --- 14
ze Drainage systems Of northern ‘Thailand -<—---_....-22-2s---.-2==-=-- 15
Baiaunaleareas of noruhern shailandsss 229s. ee ee 21
4. Western Thailand, the Thai portion of the Indo-Burmese Province of
tHe indo-© binese:pubrermione. 12> Sti od sae eee ee US 23

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U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 186 PLATE 1

emer Se,

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BINGHAM'S WHITE-HEADED ASHY BULBUL (MICROSCELIS THOMPSON).

An endemic species of northern Thailand and the Southern Shan States.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND

[AN ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF CHIANG RAI PROVINCE AND THOSE
PARTS OF THE PROVINCES OF MAE HONG SON, CHIANG MAI,
LAMPHUN, LAMPANG, PHRAE, AND NAN LYING NORTH OF LATI-
TUDE 17°47’ N.]

By H. G. DEIGNAN

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF NORTHERN THAILAND

Tue story of ornithological exploration of the area discussed in
these pages opens in 1859, when Sir Roperr HermMANN ScHOMBURGK
(1804-1865), during his tenure of office as H. B. M. Consul at Bang-
kok, undertook a long and arduous journey to visit the Lao cities on
the Mae Ping. Leaving Bangkok on December 12, he arrived at
Rahaeng, the southernmost of the Lao settlements, on January 9, 1860.
At this point sending his boats back to Bangkok, he continued the
journey on elephants, reaching Chiang Mai, via Lamphun, on Febru-
ary 11. After a short stay here he made his way to Moulmein in
Burma by the trade route that passed from Chiang Mai through
Muang Hot and Mae Sariang.

Sir Robert published in The Ibis for 1864 (pp. 246-268) a paper
entitled “Cursory Notes on Some of the Birds of Siam.” Although
most of his observations concern birds at Bangkok, a number of forms
are stated to have been seen during the trip up-country, and two
(Streptopelia orientalis and Kittacincla malabarica) are definitely
mentioned as occurring at Chiang Mai. No northern specimens are
known to have been included in Schomburgk’s small collection of Thai
birds, which was sent to John Gould, from whose possession it passed
into that of the British Museum.

No student of birds visited northern Thailand again until 1912.
Count Nits Cart Gustar Frersen GYLDENSTOLPE (1886- ) arrived
at Bangkok in November, 1911, as a member of the delegation repre-
senting the Court of Sweden at the Coronation of H. S. M. King
Maha Vajiravudh (Rama VI). With the ceremonies completed, he
spent the latter half of December collecting in the neighborhood of
Bangkok and the period from January 5 to 21, 1912, in the vicinity of
Khorat on the eastern plateau. On January 25 he left Khorat by rail

1

2 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

for the North. The collecting localities and dates that concern us
here are as follows:

January 27-29, 1912, Khao Phlung.

January 31, 1912, Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai.
February 1-5, 1912, Den Chai.

February 6-7, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
February 8-9, 1912, Den Chai.

February 10, 1912, Den Chai, Mae Raem.
February 11, 1912, Den Chai, Ban Huai Hom.
February 12-13, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
February 14-15, 1912, Den Chai.

February 16-20, 1912, Pak Pan.

February 21, 1912, Pak Pan, Den Chai.
February 22-25, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
February 26, 1912, Mae Yom river near Phrae.
February 27, 1912, Mae Yom river near Phrae, Mae Raem.
February 28-29, 1912, Phrae.

March 1-3, 1912, Phrae.

March 7-11, 1912, Mae Raem.

March 18, 1912, Pak Pan.

March 19-28, 1912, “Vang Nun.”

March 25-26, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.

Departing from Ban Huai Hom on March 27, Gyldenstolpe visited
Tha Lo near Phitsanulok and then went on to southeastern Thailand
and the shores of the Inner Gulf of Siam. On May 9 he left Thai-
land for Europe, taking with him his collections to be deposited in
the Royal Natural History Museum in Stockholm.

In mid-February 1914, Gyldenstolpe arrived at Bangkok to under-
take his second and more important expedition to Thailand. After
a stay of some weeks in the capital, he made the two-day trip to the
railhead of the Northern Line at Pak Mae Ta, reaching this point on
March 11. After a few days he removed to Pha Kho, the residence
of a divisional engineer, where he spent almost a month. On April 18
he set out for Khun Tan, the residence of the engineer Kisenhofer
(discussed in the following pages), who was in charge of construction
of the Khun Tan tunnel. With Khun Tan as his headquarters, he
worked out in all directions until the middle of June, at which time
he moved on to Chiang Mai to make arrangements for a trip to the
more northern districts. On June 21 he left Chiang Mai for Doi Pha
Sakaeng, where he passed several weeks at a forest bungalow of the
Borneo Company Limited. Near the end of July he made a difficult
crossing of the mountains to Chiang Rai; the conditions of travel in
the rains and an outbreak of anthrax among his pack ponies caused
great hardship to the party. Spending a week at Chiang Rai, he left
on August 8 to travel by boat down the Mae Kok to Chiang Saen Kao;
thence, after a week, he returned on foot to Chiang Rai. During his
absence the rest of his ponies had succumbed to disease, and it was

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 3

not until August 18 that he was able to set out, accompanied by 48
bearers, for Chiang Mai, via Wiang Pa Pao. Almost exhausted, he
reached his destination on August 26 and rested there until September
2. He next returned to Khun Tan where he was to work until about
the 25th. Then going back to Chiang Mai he engaged boats to trans-
port him down the Mae Ping to Pak Nam Pho and, on October 2, set
off for Central Thailand and the upper part of the Malay Peninsula.

The valuable collections that resulted from the expedition were de-
posited in the museum at Stockholm.

Gyldenstolpe’s northern collecting localities and dates during this
journey are as follows:

March 11-13, 1914, Pak Mae Ta.
March 14-381, 1914, Pha Kho.

April 1-8, 1914, Pha Kho.

April 9-11, 1914, Pha Kho, Pha Hing.
April 18-18, 1914, Pha Kho.

April 22-24, 1914, Sop Tui.

April 28-80, 1914, Khun Tan.

May 1-31, 1914, Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu, Pang Hua Phong.
June 2-8, 1914, Khun Tan,

June 24, 1914, Ban Mae Na.

June 28-29, 1914, Doi Pha Sakaeng.
July 3, 1914, Nong Bia.

July 5, 1914, Hua Muang.

July 9-12, 1914, Doi Pha Sakaeng.
July 13, 1914, “Doi Vieng Par’.

July 14-23, 1914, Doi Pha Sakaeng.
July 27, 1914, ‘““Meh Nja Min.”

July 28, 1914, Near Chiang Rai.
August 1-7, 1914, Chiang Rai, Nong Mae Rua.
August 8, 1914, Nong Mae Rua.
August 9-10, 1914, Chiang Saen.
August 15-16, 1914, Chiang Rai,
August 22, 1914, Mae Chedi.

August 24, 1914, Pang Kia.

August 25, 1914, Pong Pa O.
September 5-25, 1914, Khun Tan.

At the time of Gyldenstolpe’s expedition of 1912, the Northern Line
of the Royal State Railways extended no farther than Mae Phuak.
The German divisional engineer in charge of construction, Emin
EtsENHOFER, had his bungalow at Ban Huai Hom, and Gyldenstolpe
stayed with him during the month of February, working out in all
directions from that locality. Eisenhofer had already, as early as
1910, began to collect bird skins, sending specimens, with no more data
than “Siam” and the year, to the museum at Munich. Evidently as
a result of Gyldenstolpe’s visit, he became much more active as a col-
lector and began, at least on occasion, to write full information on
his labels; the earliest of such specimens date from February 7, 1912.

“ BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In 1913 he sent to the Provinzial-Museum (now the Landesmuseum)
at Hannover a sizable collection; this material was handed over to
Gyldenstolpe for identification, but no list seems ever to have been
published. In 1939 I anes 966 specimens in Hannover, all of
which probably came from the North; among them were 6 presented
by the Munich museum (perhaps the entire lot sent there by Eisen-
hofer) and 15 from “Siam” (3 with the dates December 12, 17, and
24, 1912) accredited to Brircxr, who was probably an associate of
Eisenhofer. The latter continued to collect sporadically, in the
North until June 1918, and later in southwestern Thailand; his
ornithological career came to an end in 1917 as a result of the Thai
declaration of war upon Germany. Gyldenstolpe, during his expe-
dition of 1914-15, published a briefly annotated lst of Eisenhofer’s
northern specimens, as of that date, in the Journal of the Natural
History Society of Siam, vol. 1, 1915, pp. 163-172, 229-236. Some
years later Eisenhofer “presented his private collection of 1450 birds
to the [Royal Natural History] Museum [at Stockholm], but because
he was a German citizen the collection was sequestered by the Siamese
authorities, and the Museum in 1920, had to pay a comparatively
high price to redeem its own property” (cf. Lonnberg, Auk, 1926,
p. 444).

A study of the labels of Kisenhofer’s specimens, both in Stockholm
and in Hannover, shows his northern collecting localities and dates to
have been as follows:

February 7, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
February 8, 1912, Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai.
February 9, 1912, Den Chai.

February 10, 1912, Den Chai, Mae Phuak.
February 11-13, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
February 14, 1912, Den Chai.

February 16-20, 1912, Pak Pan.

February 22-24, 1912, Ban Huai Hom.
April 20-22, 1912, Pang Puai.

April 23-30, 1912, Pha Hing.

May 1-12, 1912, Pha Hing.

May 20-31, 1912, Huai Pu.

June 2-5, 1912, Huai Pu.

June 23-27, 1912, Huai San.

May 25, 1918, Khun Tan.

June 1-11, 1918, Khun Tan.

(Sir) Waurer James Frankuin Wiiiamson (1867— ), al-
though he never made a personal visit to the North, sent an Asiatic col-
lector of birds to these provinces in at least two different years. No
complete report on Sir Walter’s large Thai collection has yet been
published, but a few of his more unusual northern specimens have
been noticed in the Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 5

These scattered records show that the collector visited the Muang
Song forest in April 1916; Doi Nga Chang (Doi Khun Tan) in Feb-
ruary 1917; Chiang Mai in June 1917; and Muang Wang in Septem-
ber, October, and November 1917. Doubtless many other northern
localities are represented in the collection, which, in 1939, was stored
at the British Museum (Natural History) and will probably eventu-
ally be incorporated into the museum’s series. One of Sir Walter’s
specimens was taken October 4, 1915, at Mae Mo by E. W. Trorrer.

Kenneru G. GaAtrpNer collected on Doi Suthep, March 31, 1919,
the first Thai specimen of Syrmaticus humiae burmannicus and, later
in the same year, published the record in the Journal of the Natural
History Society of Siam.

The American ichthyologist HueuH McCormick Smirxu (1865-1941)
went to Thailand in 1923 as adviser in fisheries to the Siamese Govern-
ment. Smith’s investigations took him, during the subsequent 11
years, to every part of the Kingdom, and he was accompanied on
these excursions by the Dyak collector Layane Gapp1, who made ex-
tensive collections of birds and other animals for the United States
National Museum. The following résumé of Smith’s collecting locali-
ties in the northern provinces has been compiled from his field
catalogs:

November 15-17, 1928, Lampang.
November 19-23, 1928, Khun Tan.
November 24-27, 1928, Chiang Mai.
November 29-80, 1928, Chom Thong.
December 1, 1928, Ban Mae Klang.
December 2-9, 1£28, Doi Ang Ka.
December 10, 1928, Chom Thong.
December 13-15, 1928, Doi Suthep.
October 16-28, 1929, Khun Tan.
April 10-11, 1930, Phrae.

April 13-16, 1930, Nan.

April 18—23, 1980, Ban Nam Khian.
April 26-28, 1930, Phrae.

August 23-31, 1930, Khun Tan.
September 1-10, 1930, Khun Tan.
November 2—22, 1930, Doi Langka.
April 22-30, 1931, Doi Langka.
May 1-6, 1931, Doi Langka.
January 28-81, 1932, Chiang Dao.
February 1, 1£82, Chiang Dao.
February 3, 1932, Doi Suthep.
February 4, 1932, Chiang Mai.
February 6-8, 1932, Mae Khan.
February 13-29, 1932, Khun Tan.
March 1-4, 1982, Khun Tan.
December 20, 1982, San Pa Yang.
December 21, 1932, Sop Phung.

6 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

December 22, 1932, Sop Phung, “Ban Phradieng”’.

December 23, 1982, “Ban Phradieng,” “Ban Ta Pai,’ Huai Lak.
December 24, 1932, Huai Mae Lao, Huai Mae Sae.

December 25, 1932, “Doi Kiew Koh Ma,” Doi Buak Hua Chang, Doi Pata.
December 26, 1932, Tin Doi Pata, Muang Pai.

December 27-28, 1932, Muang Pai.

December 29, 1232, Muang Pai, Doi Musoe, Doi Pa Mai Daeng.
December 30, 1932, Doi Mana, Doi Kiu Wai.

December 31, 1982, Um Mong valley, Mae Lang valley.

January 1, 1938, Mae Lang valley, Doi Kiu Chong.

January 2, 1933, Mae Suya valley, Huai Salop.

January 3, 1933, Huai Salop, Mae Hong Son.

January 4-10, 1932, Mae Hong Son.

January 11, 1938, Burmese reach of the Mae Pai.

January 12-18, 1983, Burmese bank of the Salwin.

January 14, 1933, “Hang Nor Wu”.

January 15, 1933, “Hang Tum Kai”.

January 16-18, 1933, Thattafang.

January 19, 1988, Mae Kong Ka valley.

January 20, 1933, Mae Kong Ka valley, Song Khwae valley, Mae Sariang.
January 21-23, 1938, Mae Sariang.

January 25-26, 1933, Mae Kong Ka valley.

May 9-18, 1933, Khun Tan.

August 1-6, 1984, Doi Pha Cho [=Doi Langka].

August 12-31, 1934, Doi Hua Mot.

September 1-6, 1984, Doi Hua Mot.

The Swiss-American Baron RopotpHe Meyer pr SCHAUENSEE
(1901— ), collecting in the interests of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, made his initial visit to Thailand in the hot
season of 1928; between March 9 and 19 inclusive he made a small col-
lection of birds in the vicinity of Chiang Mai and on Doi Suthep to
4,500 feet.

Returning in the following winter, he worked again chiefly on
Doi Suthep and the Chiang Mai plain but in January made a short
trip into Chiang Rai Frovince, traveling by motorcar from Lampang
as far as Chiang Saen Kao and the Shan border. His collecting locali-
ties during this second expedition are as follows:

December 4-31, 1928, Chiang Mai and Doi Suthep.
January 1-2, 1929, Chiang Mai.

January 3, 1929, Chiang Mai to Lampang (train).
January 4, 1929, Pang La.

January 5-7, 1929, Chiang Rai.

January 8, 1929, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen.
January 9-13, 1929, Chiang Saen Kao.

January 14, 1929, Chiang Saen, Mae Sai.

January 15, 1929, Mae Chai, Phayao, “Pa Tai”.
January 16, 1929, Lampang to Ciang Mai (train).
January 17-20, 1929, Chiang Mai, Mae Rim, Doi Suthep.

At the close of 1932 de Schauensee revisited northern Thailand,
where, assisted by four Asiatic collectors, he brought together exten-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 7

sive series of birds and other animals, again for the Academy of
Natural Sciences. With the exception of a week spent in the Southern
Shan State of Kengtung, three months were devoted to collecting in
the provinces of Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Chiang Rai, as follows:

December 9, 1932, Chiang Mai.

December 10-12, 1932, Doi Suthep.

December 18, 1932, Chiang Mai.

December 14, 1932, Mae Taeng, Chiang Dao.
December 16-18, 1932, Chiang Mai.

December 19, 1932, Mae Taeng.

December 20, 1932, Chiang Mai.

December 21-29, 1932, Doi Suthep.

December 31, 19382, Chiang Mai.

January 1-8, 1933, Khun Tan, Doi Suthep.

January 4-5, 1933, Doi Suthep.

January 7-8, 1938, Chiang Dao.

January 9, 1933, Ridge south of Doi Chiang Dao.
January 10, 1933, Ridge opposite Doi Chiang Dao.
January 11-22, 1933, Doi Chiang Dao.

January 23, 1933, Chiang Dao.

January 24-26, 1933, Chiang Mai.

January 27, 1933, “Tung Sio”.

January 28, 1933, ‘‘Tung Sio,” Chiang Mai.
January 29, 1938, Chiang Mai.

January 30, 1933, Chiang Mai, Mae Rim.

January 31, 19338, Chiang Mai.

February 1, 1933, Chiang Mai.

February 2-7, 1933, Doi Suthep.

February 10, 1938, 55 km. northeast of Lampang.
February 11-18, 1933, Chiang Saen Kao.

February 14-20, 1938, Kengtung State (extra-limital).
February 21-23, 1933, Chiang Rai.

February 25-28, 1938, Doi Suthep.

March 1-8, 1933, Doi Suthep.

During the years 1933-1938, northern Thailand was visited at least
three times by Asiatic collectors in de Schauensee’s employ. The first
of these brief trips was made by Y. Sran, a well-known taxidermist
of Bangkok, who took birds on Doi Suthep from July 4 to 23, 1933.
In March and April 1935, Layane Gappr went to Kengtung State and
collected a limited number of specimens in the Ban Chong hills, the
low mountains that are visible to the north from the Chiang Rai-
Chiang Saen highway. In January and February 1938, Lucas Ban
made an interesting collection on the ornithologically unknown
mountain Doi Pha Hom Pok.

The present writer resided at Chiang Mai as a master at the Prince
Royal’s College from November 21, 1928, to the end of March 1932.
During this period no birds at all were collected before the middle of
September 1930; thereafter a small collection was made in the interest
of the Princeton Museum of Zoology, the specimens coming almost

8 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

without exception from Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Doi Ang Ka, and
Doi Chiang Dao.

Returning to his former position on April 20, 1935, and with finan-
cial assistance from the United States National Museum, he collected
extensively throughout the northern provinces (and elsewhere) until
April 15, 1937, sending all zoological material to the Museum at
Washington. During this time he had the full-time assistance of the
Chinese collector CHartes Tan (known also as L. K. A. Crartzs).
The northern collecting localities and dates of the two are shown in

the following schedules:
DEIGNAN

April 19-30, 1985, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Sop Khap.

May 1-31, 1985, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

June 1-80, 1935, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

July 1-81, 1985, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Chom Thong, Mae Rim, Doi Mon
Khwam Long.

August 1-28, 1985, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Chiang Dao.

August 30, 1935, Chom Thong, Mae Klang.

August 31, 1935, Mae Klang, Doi Ang Ka.

September 1-10, 1985, Doi Ang Ka.

September 11, 1985, Chom Thong.

September 12-28, 1985, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

October 1-31, 1935, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, San Sai Luang, Chiang
Dao.

November 1-30, 1935, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Doi Kham, Chom Thong.

December 1-18, 1935, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Mae Dok Daeng Nai.

December 19, 1935, Chom Thong, Nong Khiat.

December 20, 1935, Sop Huai Khieo, Huai Muang.

December 21, 1935, Tha Nong Luang.

December 22, 1935, Wang Lung.

December 23, 1935, Ban Aen, Ban Noi, Mut Ka,

January 1-31, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Sam Kamphaeng.

February 1-29, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Ban Pong, San Sai Luang.

March 1-25, 1986, Chiang Mai, Pa Muat, Mae Dok Daeng Nai, Doi Kham,
Chiang Dao.

March 29, 1936, Nan.

March 380, 1936, Nan, Huai Som Poi, Pha Tup.

March 31, 1936, San Pa Haeng, Wang Mo, Pha Khwang.

April 1, 1936, Pha Khwang, Wang Pa, Pang Kho, Ton Hang.

April 2, 1986, Pua, Pong Sanuk, Na Ko.

April 3, 1936, Ban Don.

April 4-17, 1936, Phu Kha.

April 18, 1986, Phu Kha, Din Tok.

April 19, 1986, Pua, Na Ko.

April 20, 1936, Pua, Ban Khana.

April 21, 1936, Ban Khana, Nam O, Bu, Lae.

April 22, 1936, Thung Ao, Ban Sala, Nam Sun, Ngop.

April 23, 1986, Ngop.

April 24, 1986, Ngop, Doi Lom, Don Chai.

April 25, 1936, Don Chai, Ban Lap, Din Tok, Doi Up Fa.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 9

April 26, 1936, Nam Puat.

April 27, 1936, Nam Puat, Ban Tham, Ban Pao.

April 28, 1936, Ban Sathan, Ban Mai, Hua Muang.

April 29, 1936, Na Ban, Doi Chang Kong, Ban Sa.

May 1, 1936, Rong Chiang Laeng, Salaeng, Ngao.

May 2, 1936, Mai Tong Hong.

May 3, 1936, Mae Tak, Savannas of the Nam Ing.

May 4, 1936, Tong Yang, Pong Fa.

May 5, 1986, Hong Khaeo, Ton Yang.

May 6-8, 1936, Chiang Rai.

May 92-10, 1986, Mae Chai.

May 12, 1936, Chiang Mai.

May 18, 1936, Khun Tan.

May 15-31, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

June 1-30, 1936, Chiang Mai, Pa Muat, Mae Cho, Ban Chang, Nong Phung.
July 1-31, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Ban Pong.

August 1-31, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

September 1-38, 1986, Chiang Mai.

September 7, 1986, Pa Lao.

September 8-9, 1986, Sa-iap.

September 10, 1936, Mae Ten, Ban Mang.

September 11, 1986, Bo Thong, Tha Fa.

September 12, 1936, Tha Fa, Muang Pong.

September 13, 1936, Muang Pong.

September 14, 1986, Hat Faen, 62 km. east of Phayao.
September 15, 1936, 62 km. east of Phayao, 50 km. east of Phayao, Ban Pin.
September 16, 1986, Mae Ka Huai Khian.

September 18-31, 1936, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep.

October 1-31, 1986, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Pa Muat.
November 1-80, 1986, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Pa Muat.
December 1-15, 1936, Chiang Mai, Choeng Doi, Doi Suthep.
December 16, 1986, Ping Kong.

December 19, 1986, Huai Chang Tai.

December 20, 19386, Pang Makham Phong, San Pa Pao, Huai Tak, Hong Tan.
December 21, 1936, San Sai Mun, Mae Sun.

December 22, 1936, Ton Phung, Mae Mao.

December 28, 1936, Muang Sum, Headwaters of Mae Mao.
December 24, 1936, Headwaters of Mae Mao, Nong Thong, Muang Sum.
December 25-26, 1986, Muang Sum.

December 27, 1986, Muang Sum, Hua Fai, Mae Mao, Mae Chai Tai, Mon Pin.
December 29, 1936, Ban Ai, Hong Tan, Pang Makham Phong.
December 30, 1936, Pang Makham Phong.

January 1-831, 1937, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Pa Muat.
February 1-28, 1937, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Mae Rim.
March 1-8, 1937, Chiang Mai.

March 16-17, 1937, Mountain south of Doi Chiang Dao.
March 18-20, 1987, Doi Chiang Dao.

March 21, 1937, Doi Chiang Dao, Muang Chiang Dao.

March 22-24, 1937, Doi Suthep.

March 28, 1937, Huai Ki, Pai Ton, Huai Som.

March 29, 1987, Huai Som.

March 30, 1937, Huai Som, Thap Man, Pha Lai, San Tha.

10

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

March 31, 1937, San Tha.

April 1, 1987, San Tha, Ban Oi, Kiu Nak.

April 2, 1987, Na Noi.

April 3, 1987, Na Noi, Bo Kaeo.

April 4, 19387, Bo Kaeo, Huai Oi.

April 5, 1937, Huai Oi, Pak Li.

April 6-7, 1987, Pak Li.

April 8, 1937, Ban Hua Oi, Hat Sam Khwae, Hat La, Huai Pa Khan.
April 12-15, 1987, Chiang Mai.

CHARLES

July 20, 1935, Doi Dok Daeng.

July 21, 1935, Between Doi Dok Daeng and Wiang Pa Pao.

July 22-31, 1935, Wiang Pa Pao, Pang Ai, Doi Khrang.

August 1-4, 1985, Wiang Pa Pao, Doi Khrang.

August 5, 1935, Tha Ko.

August 6, 1935, Mae Suai.

August 7, 1935, Chiang Rai.

October 21-80, 1935, Doi Suthep.

November 1-13, 1935, Chom Thong, Nong Khiat.

November 22-30, 1935, Samoeng, Doi Samoeng.

December 2, 1935, Between Samoeng and Mae Rim.

December 7-17, 1935, Doi Suthep.

January 7, 1936, Chom Thong.

January 8, 1936, Mae Soi, Pa Pua.

January 9-18, 1936, Sop Mae Chaem, Thung Som Poi, Chom Thong.

January 19, 1936, Mae Soi.

January 26-31, 19386, Doi Suthep.

February 1-10, 1936, Doi Suthep.

February 19-28, 1986, Sala Mae Tha.

May 24-31, 1936, Tha Wang Luang, Na Noi, San Tha, Phu Chae, Doi San
Huai Wai.

June 1—21, 1936, Doi San Huai Wai, Doi Ta Kong, Na Noi, Doi San Ho,

Doi San Pa Bong, Huai Nam Lom, San Tha, Phu Het, Huai Thae, Huai
Som.

June 22-23, 1936, Huai Ki.

July 2, 1936, Chiang Dao.

July 8, 1986, Huai Chang Tai, Tao Phun, Fang.
July 5-25, 1936, Fang.

August 15-31, 1936, Mae Mo.

September 1-2, 1936, Mae Mo.

September 26, 1936, Thung Ma Num, Doi Phrabat.
September 28, 1936, Huai Pa Phai.

September 29, 1936, Doi Khang Ma, Doi Pha Lat.
September 30, 1936, Bo Luang, Doi Mae Thian.
October 1, 1936, Bo Sali, Mae Wen, Huai Mae Lit.
October 4, 1936, Huai Mae Ka Nai, Mae Ho, Doi Lak Saen, Doi Mae Lai.
Ogtober 5, 1936, Doi Mae Lai.

October 6-8, 1936, Mae Sariang.

October 9-10, 1986, Mae Kong Ka valley.

October 11-16, 1936, Thattafang.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUELETING(86 (PLATE 2

mit”

= ents =

NONG HO, A POND NEAR CHIANG MAI.

A, Looking toward the west during the rains (September); at places such as this the little
grebe is common. B, Looking toward the east in the cold weather (December); wagtails
and pipits abound at this season along the shore. C, Pa daeng at the edge of the nong.
home of Crypsirina vagabunda and Dissemurus paradiseus.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 186 PLATE 3

"2

RICEFIELDS.

\, Setting out the young plants; at this season almost no birds are seen in the fields. B,
Standing rice, haunt of bitterns, rails, and prinias. C, Stubble, with garden bamboo to
the right, pa daeng to the left; at such places munias glean i in flocks of hundreds.

U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 186 PLATE 4

CHARACTERISTIC BIRD HABITATS.

\, Marshy areas in fields after harvest attract wagtails, pipits, herons, and rails. B, Teak
logs at edge of mixed-deciduous forest; white-crested laughing thrushes and racquet-
tailed drongos occur along the tracks. C, Northern rivers fow for most of their courses
between precipitous banks; the shrub growing in midstream is takrai nam (Homonota
riparia); at such places the black-capped kingfisher may be seen.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 186 PLATE 5

CHARACTERISTIC BIRD HABITATS.

A, Groves of mai kwao (Butea frondosa) hold a special attraction for Dryobates m. longipennts
and Sturnus malabaricus. B, Flocks of Nettapus and Dendrocygna rest upon pools of
open water in drying marshes. C, Jacanas and crakes hide among the leaves of the
sacred lotus.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 11

October 17-23, 1936, Mae Kong Ka valley, Doi Mae Kong Ka.
October 24-31, 1936, Mae Sariang, Nong Mae La.
November 1, 1936, Mae Sariang.

November 3, 1936, Bo Sali.

November 4, 1986, Doi Mae Thian.

November 19-30, 19386, Doi Chiang Dao.

December 1—9, 19386, Doi Chiang Dao.

December 28, 1936, Mae Sao, Pa Bong.

December 29, 1936, Tha Ton, San Pa Khoi.
December 30, 1936, Pang Thoem, Wiang Khae, Pong Nam Ron.
January 1-2, 1937, Doi Mae Chan, Huai Mae Chan.
January 3, 1937, Huai Mae Chan, Pang Khwai, Pong Peng.
January 4-5, 1937, Huai Mae Chan.

January 8-19, 1937, Chiang Saen Kao.

January 20, 1987, Chiang Saen Kao, Mae Sai.
January 21, 1937, Mae Sai.

January 24, 1987, Nong Bua.

January 25-28, 1937, Chiang Rai.

January 30, 1987, Phayao.

February 9, 1987, Chom Thong.

February 10-138, 1937, Mae Klang.

February 21, 1987, Mae Wan.

February 22, 19387, Mae Dok Daeng Nai.
February 25, 1987, San Pa Sak.

February 26, 1937, Na Noi.

February 27, 1937, Pang An.

February 28, 1987, Doi Nang Kaeo.

March 1-2, 1937, Doi Nang Kaeo.

March 3—4, 1937, Doi Langka.

March 5, 1987, Pak Tang Huai Mo.

March 6, 1987, San Pa Sak.

A collection of birds at Cornell University, presented by Luang
Sri Vissaxicn (1902- ), includes 9 or 10 from northern localities:
Chiang Mai, Mae Klang, Lampang, Phayao, and Nan. Their dates
run through 1928, 1929, and 1930, and it is not possible to work out
from them the collector’s routes. The two skins from Nan (March
21 and 27, 1930) are very probably from the collection made there by
Alexander, inasmuch as it is known that Vijjakich was not at Nan
during the period of Alexander’s stay.

(Epwarp) Gorpon ALEXANDER (1901- ), who was at the time
visiting professor of biology at Chulalongkon University, made a
brief visit to the North in 1980, in the course of which he collected 32
bird skins, about 25 of which are now at Princeton University, while
the remainder are probably at Chulalongkon University. His collect-
ing localities are:

February 21-22, 1930, Chiang Rai.
February 23, 1930, Chiang Saen Kao.

February 24, 1930, Chiang Rai.
March 21-29, 1930, Nan.

283136—45——2

12 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cart JoHAN (Ove Monster) Aacaasrp (1882- ), a longtime
Danish resident of Thailand, made two trips to the North to collect
chiefly birds and mammals: The first, to Chiang Mai and Doi Suthep,
in February and March 1931; the second, to Doi Ang Ka, about one
year later. The nearly 400 bird skins obtained on Doi Suthep were
discussed by Chasen and Boden Kloss in 1932 (Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 231-248), but nothing was ever pub-
lished concerning the fruits of the Ang Ka expedition, among which
is the only specimen of Cinclus yet taken in the Kingdom, Aagaard’s
specimens are widely scattered among the museums of the world, but
his most important finds remained in his private collection, which
eventually came into possession of Chulalongkon University in
Bangkok.

In 1937, at the Raffles Museum in Singapore, I examined a small
collection of bird skins, from the vicinity of Chiang Mai and Chiang
Dao, that had been sent for purchase by one Nai Karo (1906 ?— )s
a resident of Ban Den, an out-village of Chiang Mai. The birds seen
had been taken in 1936 and 1987, and it is probable that later sendings
arrived at Singapore. Among them were several forms not pre-
viously recorded from the district, mention of which is made at
the proper places in my text.

The Asiatic Primate Expedition spent the period between February
16 and April 30, 1937, in the province of Chiang Mai, and one of the
party, J. A. Griswop, Jr., with the assistance of Asiatic collectors,
during that time took more than 1,000 specimens of birds that were
later to be deposited in Cambridge at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. A report on a part of this material was brought out by
J. C. Greenway, Jr., in 1940 (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 87, No. 3,
pp. 167-194). The pertinent collecting localities and dates are as
follows:

February 16-26, 1937, Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao, Doi Saket.
February 26—April 27, 1987, Doi Ang Ka.

April 8-23, 1937, Doi Nang Kaeo.

April 26-28, 1937, Chiang Dao.

April 29, 1937, Chiang Mai.

In March and April 1938, the Swedish Film Industry Expedition,
under the leadership of Dr. P. Frsos, a Hungarian, engaged Deignan’s
old collector, Charles Tan, to make a collection of bird skins for the
Royal Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Some 90 skins were
taken, among them two specimens of the short-eared owl, which had
not previously been known from our area. The whole collection seems
to have come from Chiang Mai Province; the pertinent localities and
dates are as follows:

March 12-14, 1938, Chiang Mai.
March 17, 1938, Chiang Mai, Huai Chang.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 13

March 18, 1938, Huai Chang.
March 20, 1938, Doi Suthep.

March 23, 1938, Huai Mae Ta Man.
March 24, 1938, Huai Mae Ta Man, Muang Koet.
March 25-26, 1938, Huai Mae Ta Man.
March 27, 1938, Mae Taeng.

March 28, 1938, Chiang Mai.

April 14, 1938, Chiang Mai.

April 5-8, 1988, Doi Suthep.

April 10-11, 1988, Chiang Mai.

April 14-19, 1988, Doi Chiang Dao.

Between November 1938 and March 1939, the VIIe Expédition
Ornithologique en Indochine Francaise, under the leadership of JEAN
(—Bapriste THeoporE ALEXANDRE) DeELAcour (1890- ), accom-
panied by James Cowan Greenway, Jr. (1903- ), visited the
western parts of Haut-Laos and traveled along the left bank of the
Mae Khong opposite Chiang Rai Province. While at no time did
the party collect in Thai territory, yet several unusual birds were
added to the northern Thai list by their having been discovered on
the bars and islands of the river between the two countries; these
forms are noted in their proper places in my text.

GEOGRAPHY

Northern Thailand, as it is to be understood in the following pages,
embraces all pre-war Thailand north of a somewhat arbitrary line
drawn due east and west at about latitude 17° 47’ N., at the point
where the Mae. Yuam enters the Mae Moei (Thaungyin) just south
of the latter’s confluence with the Salwin. (Map 1.) This area then
includes the whole of Chiang Rai Province and large parts of the
provinces of Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang,
Phrae, and Nan. Owing to the absence of natural boundaries be-
tween Chiang Mai and Lamphun, the latter is consistently treated as
simply a part of Chiang Mai and will never be mentioned again in
this study. The area covered is something considerably under 35,000
square miles and thus smaller than the State of Maine; its population
is perhaps 1,500,000 and very unequally distributed.

At latitude 20° N., where the great rivers Salwin and Mae Khong
part company to make room on the map for Thailand, the main ridge
of mountains between them broadens and, with the name Daen Lao,
becomes the greater part of the boundary between Thailand and the
Shan States of Burma. The Daen Lao at the same time divides into
a number of roughly parallel ranges running in general from north-
northeast to south-southwest. The westernmost, called the Thanon
Thong Chai, continues southward under various names, at last to
form the backbone of the Malay Peninsula. The next to the east, the
Khun Tan range, is followed by the Western and Eastern Phi Pan

14 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Nam ranges, and these by the Phetchabun mountains, which, in this
region, are the boundary hills between Thailand and the territories
of the French. ;

Between each couple of these north-south ranges lies the valley of
a river that finally, after dropping through a constricted gorge to
the great plain of Central Thailand, unites its waters with those of
its sister streams and others to form the Mae Nam Chao Phaya, the
chief river of the Kingdom. The river flowing between the Thanon

Map 1.—Relationship of northern Thailand to neighboring regions:

1. Northern Thailand. 7. Bas-Laos.

2. Pegu. 8. Tongking.

3. Karen-ni. 9, Annam.

4. Kengtung. 10. Cambodia.

5. Haut-Laos. 11. Cochin-China.

6. Moyen-Laos 12. Tenasserim.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 15

Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges is the Mae Ping; the one between
the Khun Tan and Western Phi Pan Nam hills, the Mae Wang; the
one between the two ranges of the Phi Pan Nam, the Mae Yom; the
last one to the east, the Mae Nan. These four must be understood to
belong to a single drainage system, quite unrelated to the systems of
the Salwin and the Mae Khong. (Map 2.)

Map 2.—Drainage systems of northern Thailand:

1. Mae Khong. 4, Mae Wang.
2. Salwin. 5. Mae Yom.
3. Mae Ping. 6. Mae Nan.

The watersheds of the six main rivers of Northern Thailand are
almost exactly equivalent to the six principal political divisions so
far as they lie within our limits; so close is this correspondence that,
throughout this study, I have found it convenient to treat Mae Hong

16 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Son Province as identical with the Salwin drainage, Chiang Mai
Province as equal to that of the Mae Ping, Lampang Province as
equal to that of the Mae Wang, Phrae Province as equal to that of
the Mae Yom, Nan Province as equal to that of Mae Nan, and Chiang
Rai Province as equivalent to all northern territory drained by the
Mae Khong.

Northern Thailand may be looked upon as essentially a plateau,
somewhat tilted, so that it is higher to north and west than to south
and east; while the level of the alluvial plain at Chiang Rai Town is
about 1,200 feet, that at Chiang Mai is about 1,000, and that at Nan
only 656 feet. From this plateau, however, arises so great a confusion
of hills and mountains that only in Chiang Rai Province (itself an
embouchure of the Mae Khong) and elsewhere at occasional embou-
chures, great or small, along the major streams do we find any sizable
areas of level land. For most of their courses, the streams flow be-
tween precipitous banks and rapids are of frequent occurrence; the
population, dependent upon lands suitable for riziculture, is largely
concentrated upon the comparatively limited area composed of allu-
vial plain and walled in by hills.

MOUNTAINS

The mountains of northern Thailand, whether of limestone or gran-
ite, are notable for the steep pitch of their slopes and the usual ab-
sence of a belt of foothills between them and the plains at their bases.
In ascending or descending them, the zonal distribution of plants and
animals is thus strongly marked, and without loss of time several
biotas may be visited within a single day.

Our knowledge of the avifauna of the northern hills has necessarily
been gained chiefly by sampling, and inasmuch as scarcely a known
peak has failed to produce forms apparently absent from its nearest
neighbors it is evident that the mountain birds of our area cannot
be considered understood until every peak rising above 3,000 feet
has been carefully worked. Those mountains from which virtually
our entire information has been derived are the following:

1. Doi Pha Hom Pok, 7,532 feet, highest peak of the Daen Lao
range, situated astride the Thai-Shan frontier about 48 miles west-
northwest of Chiang Rai; it is the only known Thai locality for Bam-
busicola, Dryobates cathpharius, Garrulax merulinus, and other forms
common to the northward.

2. Doi Chiang Dao, 7,160 feet, second highest peak of the Thanon
Thong Chai range, situated about 40 miles north by west of Chiang
Mai; it is a solid block of limestone rising from a base elevation of
only 1,312 feet.

3. Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, a classical collecting ground of the Tha-
non Thong Chai range, situated just west of Chiang Mai.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND eZ

4. Doi Ang Ka (Doi Inthanon), 8,400 feet, highest peak of the
Thanon Thong Chai range, situated about 35 miles west-southwest of
Chiang Mai; it is the only known Thai locality for Siva strigula, and
Aethopyga nipalensis angkanensis is probably endemic at its summit.

5. Doi Langka (Doi Pha Cho), 6,601 feet, highest mountain of the
Khun Tan range, situated about 32 miles east-northeast of Chiang Mai.

6. Doi Hua Mot, 6,047 feet, situated just northwest by north of Doi
Langka and forming part of the same complex.

7. Doi Saket (Doi Lan), 5,958 feet, situated just southwest by south
of Doi Langka and forming part of the same complex.

8. Doi Khun Tan (Doi Nga Chang), 4,422 feet, a classical collecting
ground, situated about 29 miles southeast by south of Chiang Mai.

9. Khao Phlung, a low mountain at the southern extremity of the
Eastern Phi Pan Nam range, situated about 20 miles south-southwest
of Muang Fhrae.

10. Phu Kha, 5,577 feet, mountain of the Phetchabun range, situ-
ated about 28 miles northeast of Muang Nan; it is the only known
Thai locality for numerous montane forms common to the eastward.

CLIMATE

Northern Thailand is subject to the typical monsoonal climate of
southeastern Asia, by which the prevailing winds, from October to
May, blow from the northeast and, during the rest of the year, from
the southwest. There are three distinct seasons—the cold weather,
the rains, and the hot weather. The first extends, at Chiang Mai,
from the middle of November to the middle of March; the third
from about the middle of March to the onset of the rains in May; the
rains cover the remaining months.

Meteorological observations made by Dr. A. F. G. Kerr at Chiang
Mai during the years 1909-1915 show the extreme minimum tempera-
ture of the air in the shade to have been 41.3° F. (February 8, 1911)
and the extreme maximum to have been 109.8° F. (April 1913). Of-
ficial observations made at the same place from 1927 to 1929 give the
former measurement as 48.56° F. (December 13, 1927), the latter as
103.60° F. (April 23, 1927). Official observations made there in the
years 1931-1932 give the mean minimum as 47.50° F. (December 16
and 17, 1932), the mean maximum as 104.90° F. (April 18, 1931).

The following remarks are taken from the valuable contribution by
Kerr (Journ. Siam Soc., vol. 17, pt. 1, 1923, pp. 26-27) :

The summit of Doi Sutep is 4500 feet (1350 metres) above the level of Chieng-
mai and is, naturally, very considerably cooler.

The first meteorological observations taken on the top of Doi Sutep to be
published were those of Dr. C. C. Hosseus who made temperature records there
for 4 days in the first half of December 1904. These observations, together with
others made by Dr. Hosseus elsewhere in Siam, were the subject of a paper by
Dr. Gerbing, “Das Klima von Siam und die Ergebnisse der yon Dr. Hosseus

18 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

angesteliten meteorologischen Beobachtungen” published in Petermann’s Geo-
graphische Mitteilung, 1°09, No. 6. Dr. Hosseus gives an extract relating to Doi
Sutep from this paper in his book, “Durch Kénig Tschulalongkorns Reich.” The
following is a summary of this extract.

Temperatures were taken simultaneously in Chiengmai and on the top of Doi
Sutep from 2 P. M. on December 10th, till 7 A. M. on December 14th. When
these temperatures are tabulated it is seen the mean decrease in temperature
between Chiengmai and the top of Doi Sutep for the four days is at 7 A. M. 2.45°
C (4.4° F), at 2 P. M. 18.3° C (23.90° EF) and at 9 P. M. 6.2° © (11.2° F). This
gives a mean fall for each 100 metres altitude of 0.533° C, which accords with the
value for decrease of temperature with height found in mountains elsewhere,
namely 0.56° C for every 100 metres (about 1° F to 300 feet). The difference in
temperature at night is not so great owing to the heavy cold collecting in the
valley.

Taking it for granted that December is the coolest month in Chiengmai and
April the hottest it may be assumed that the mean temperature on the top of
Doi Sutep for December will be 12.2° C (54° F) and for April 22.3° C (72.1° F).
May, which falls in the rains when the decrease of temperature with height is
less, Will have the same mean temperature as April.

Combining all the results it may be predicted that the Winter months on the
top of Doi Sutep will have a temperature resembling that of our [German]
Spring months, though night frosts are hardly to be expected. The hottest
months, April and May, on the other hand will have a mean temperature which
we rarely reach in the [German] Summer months.

Since the above paper was written a good many temperature records have
been made on the top of Doi Sutep and these bear out, in the main, the predic-
tions of Dr. Gerbing. It may be mentioned here that night frosts are not un-
known in N. Siam, and at lower altitudes than the top of Doi Sutep. I myself
experienced a frost one night in a small valley on the Baw Sali plateau in Jan-
uary 1904, the altitude being about 3,000 feet. I believe these frosts occur in
valleys at fairly high altitudes and sufficiently enclosed to act as pockets for cold
air. Such a valley, however, is not to be found on Doi Sutep, whose slopes are
steep, So night frosts there are improbable.

Rain may fall in any month of the year in our provinces, but when
it does so outside the limits of the rainy season it usually falls
only as showers, though occasionally in the dry season there may
be two or three days of continuous rain. Kerr’s observations from
1909 to 1915 gave the mean annual rainfall at Chiang Mai as 42.629
inches; official measurements there from 1927 to 1929 gave 43.358
inches; on the other hand, the Meteorological Bureau recorded there
only 17.350 inches in 1931 and 36.920 inches in 1982.

BREEDING SEASONS

It is probable that there is no time of the year when some species
of bird is not breeding within our provinces; it may be added, how-
ever, that I have no record for any species’ breeding in the month
of October, and only the barn owl has been found breeding in Novem-
ber; this latter month therefore may perhaps be considered the first
of the annual cycle. The number of forms known to be breeding
increases thereafter month by month, reaches a high point in April

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 19

and May, falls off in June, and then begins to rise again to another
high point in September (when many waterfowl are nesting).

The great majority of species have a definite nesting season of
fairly short duration, but some others have a very protracted one,
with certain individuals breeding in the hot weather and others
during the rains.

Comparatively few birds’ nests have ever been found within our
area; my information has been gained almost wholly from a study
of gonadial condition and the collection of young birds.

MIGRATION

Hosts of migratory birds from more northern latitudes find in
Thailand during even the cold weather the abundance of vegetable
and insect life required by their economy; as a result, birds are more
numerous, both in species and individuals, during the winter months
than at any other season.

The earliest arrivals among these visitors appear late in August
und early in September, and the latest stayers leave toward the end
of May, but the great migratory waves, bringing most of the winter-
ing species, appear in October and leave in March (before the indi-
viduals have assumed the nuptial plumage or have begun to sing).
The provenience of our visitors cannot yet be told with any cer-
tainty, but a study of subspecific differences indicates that one large
group is formed of species that breed in the mountains of north-
western Yunnan and southwestern Szechwan, while another more
probably comes from notheastern China, Korea, Manchuria, and
southeastern Siberia.

A form that winters on the mountains is not likely to occur also
on the plains and the reverse is equally true. In certain cases, how-
ever, such as the tree pipit, birds racially indistinguishable occur
commonly in both environments, and the two populations have dif-
ferent dates of arrival and departure. In all such cases we find that
we are dealing with a form of extensive breeding range, and it is
logical to assume that we are concerned with wintering populations
that have come from distinct portions of that range by different
routes.

In addition to normal north-south migration, we have indications
of other kinds of movements among our native birds. These are:

1. The appearance of a few species, such as Merops s. philippinus,
from farther south, apparently to breed in our provinces, since they
are seen there only in summer.

2. The arrival of summer (rains) visitors to breed on marshes
that have been dry during the cold and hot seasons; this type of
migration is shown by many herons and rails.

20 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

3. The appearance in September, presumably from the more south-
ern parts of Thailand, of immature green herons and night herons;
these birds are present only for a short period before again
disappearing.

4. The descent of individuals of numerous species in greater or
smaller numbers from the mountains to the adjacent plains during
the cold weather.

5. The extensive wanderings of parrots, hornbills, bulbuls, and
other frugivores in accordance with the ripening of fruits and the
flowering of ornithophilous trees.

FAUNISTICS

Following Boden Kloss’s zoogeographical divisions for Thailand
(Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 1, 1915, pp. 250-251, map), it has
been generally accepted that all Thai territory north of an east-west
line at latitude 17°47’ N. belonged to a single faunal area, named by
Kloss “Northern Siam.” Kloss’s decision was based almost entirely
upon the material brought together by Gyldenstolpe during his first
visit to the North; a glance at his itinerary will show that the entire
collection was made in the lower parts of Phrae Province and was
naturally wholly homogeneous.

My own researches have shown clearly that within Kloss’s “North-
ern Siam” we are concerned with no less than three distinct, although
related, faunas. The first of these is restricted to the territory watered
by the Mae Khong and its tributaries (Chiang Rai Province) ; the
second, to the systems of the Salwin and the Mae Ping (Mae Hong
Son and Chiang Mai Provinces) ; the third, to the provinces drained
by the Mae Wang, the Mae Yom, and the Mae Nan (Lampang, Phrae,
and Nan). (Map 3.)

NORTH

The province of Chiang Rai, most northern of all Thailand, hes
completely in the basin of the Mae Khong and is nothing more nor
less than a purselike extension of the river valley, clearly and com-
pletely demarcated from its more southern sister-provinces by forest-
clad ranges that probably at no point are lower than 3,000 to 3,500
feet.

The greater part of the province consists of great marshes and
savannas, the characteristic inhabitants of which are birds, chiefly
aquatic forms, that have reached their present home by way of the
river from districts farther south and east and which, since the stream
here leaves Thai territory temporarily, appear again in Thailand
only much farther south. Among them may be mentioned Pelecanus

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 21

roseus, Dissoura e. episcopus, Xenorhynchus a. asiaticus, Leptoptilos
dubius, Pseudibis p. davisoni, and Ploceus m. pequensis. All are com-
mon and widely distributed on the Chiang Rai marshes but are quite
unknown from other northern provinces, entry to which has been
denied from the north by Chiang Rai’s barrier wall of mountains,
from the south by the narrow gorges through which all rivers of the
Chao Phaya system flow between the northern plateau and Thailand’s
central plain.

Map 3.—Fanual areas of northern Thailand:

1. Northern division.
2. Western division.
3. Eastern division

22 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Chiang Rai also possesses a small number of forms that have pre-
sumably evolved in this part of the Indo-Chinese* peninsula and find
within that province their entire 7ai range; some of them are Aegi-
thina t. styani and Garrulax m. schauenseei.

WEST

The two provinces that together form the western division of our
area are almost entirely mountainous, but along the rivers are em-
bouchures of greater or lesser width upon which lowland birds find a
congenial home. The mountains, with bases at 1,000 feet, reach at
some points to more than 8,000 feet; it is then not surprising that the
division possesses an avifauna of remarkable richness.

The majority of lowland birds are not racially separable from those
of Pegu. The montane fauna is almost identical with that first made
known by Davison and Hume from Mount Muleyit; indeed, Muleyit
is but the southernmost peak of the range, which is called by the Thai
the Thanon Thong Chai and which, except for Muleyit itself, runs
wholly through Thai territory.

It is my opinion that Kloss should have continued his line between
“Western Siam” and “Central Siam” north along the line of the Khun
Tan range, calling the whole narrow strip along the Burmo-Thai
frontier “Western Siam.” (Map 4.) Western Thailand itself would
then require a further division into northern and southern portions
with the line of separation running between the southernmost peak of
the Thanon Thong Chai and the northernmost of the Tanao Si range
(just southeast of Muleyit). The fauna of these hilly districts from
Muleyit north as far as Doi Chiang Dao is quite uniform; on Doi Pha
Hom Pok (and probably other peaks of the Daen Lao) we find a new
fauna belonging rather to the Shan States and Yunnan, but since these
mountains are on the frontier and are little known I am not yet willing
to treat them separately from my western division.

EAST

The three provinces that I combine into an eastern division are for
the most part hilly but without peaks of sufficient elevation to support
a montane fauna except in the northeastern corner of Nan; the avi-
fauna is therefore necessarily less rich than the one just discussed.
Within its limitations, however, it differs strikingly from that of the
western division by completely lacking many characteristic Indo-
Burmese species, by the possession of many characteristic Indo-
Chinese species, and by the fact that, in such species as range con-
tinuously from eastern Burma to Laos and are represented in the two

1T have consistently used the name Indo-China for the entire peninsula, the name In-
dochine for those territories governed by the French.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND

countries by distinct forms, we find here the Lao race.

is illustrated by the following list:

Sphenurus apicauda
Harpactes erythrocephalus
Picus chorolophus

Picus flavinucha
Crypsirina vagabunda
Paradoxornis gularis
Pteruthius erythropterus
Siva castaniceps
Pomatorhinus schisticeps
Napothera epilepidota
Aethopyga siparaja

W
apicauda
erythrocephalus
burmae
lylei
kinneari
transfluvialis
aeralatus
striata
rippont
bakert
seheriae

23
The last point

EB
laotianus
annamensis
laotianus
archon
sakeratensis
laotiana
YUNNANENSIS
torqueola
humilis
laotiana
cara

Map 4.—Western Thailand, the Thai portion of the Indo-Burmese Province of the
Indo-Chinese Subregion:
1. Northwestern Thailand.
2. Southwestern Thailand.

24 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The dividing line between the two areas is the Khun Tan chain,
which in one case may be inhabited by a western race, in another by
an eastern race, and thus cannot be said definitely to belong to either
division ; however, since many eastern species not found at all farther
west extend their range to the western foot of these mountains (cf.
Cyanops faiostricta), they have perhaps a stronger claim to be in-
cluded with the eastern provinces.

The importance of the Khun Tan range as a zoogeographical boun-
dary between the Indo-Burmese and Indo-Chinese Provinces of the
Indo-Chinese Subregion is highlighted by the interesting fact that
in lowland species, distinct races of which occur right to its eastern
and western bases, we find no sign of intergradation between one form
and the other; in short, an observer stationed at the crest of the divide
looks down to one side or the other upon territory inhabited by abso-
lutely typical individuals of whatever race. It is evident then that
neither division has been populated from the other, and since the Khun
Tan hills, for the most part of low elevation, would seem to offer no
important barrier to spread of populations, we must assume that these
cognate forms have, long after their ancestors left the mutual home-
land, here come face to face from diverse directions and found further
advance on the part of either precluded by prior occupation of its
ecological niche across the range.

SUMMARY

Northern Thailand may be separated into three faunal areas. The
majority of forms are common to all three and others are shared by
any two, but each has species and subspecies, whether resident or
migratory, peculiar to itself.

The northern division has not only birds to be expected at its more
northern latitude but also a strong southern element that has traveled
up the valley of the Mae Khong.

The western division has a characteristically Indo-Burmese fauna.

The eastern division has a characteristically Indo-Chinese fauna.

The Khun Tan mountain range is the natural boundary in this part
of Thailand between the Indo-Burmese and Indo-Chinese Provinces.

VEGETATION

The whole of our area lies well within the Tropics and is densely
clothed with vegetation to the summits: of the highest mountains.
The various types of forest and other growth referred to throughout
this study are the following:

1. Pa daeng (“red jungle”), an association covering perhaps half of
the forested portions of all Thailand north of the Isthmus of Kra. It

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 25

is a deciduous open forest of small or medium-sized trees (the domi-
nant species being Shorea obtusa and Pentacme siamensis of the family
Dipterocarpaceae), with an abundant herbaceous undergrowth,
chiefly of grasses. It is usually found at elevations below 2,500 feet
on rather poor lateritic, sandy, or rocky soils. Its avifauna is limited;
characteristic forms are Picus erythropygius, Cyanops lineata, and
Garrulax monileger.

2. Mixed-deciduous, an association highly developed at low eleva-
tions in the larger valleys of our provinces, replacing pa daeng where
the soil is richer and moister. It possesses many valuable timber
trees, for the most part deciduous in hot weather; among them are the
teak (Zectona), redwood (Xylia), pradu (Pterocarpus), and mango
(Mangifera). Characteristic species of the not extensive avifauna are
Dissemurus paradiseus and Garrulax leucolophus.

3. Evergreen, a forest that fits the popular conception of a tropical
jungle. It contains an astonishing variety of lofty trees, often in-
terspersed with palms, and all are bound together with rattans and
other lianas. In certain parts of Nan and Chiang Rai Provinces such
growth occurs in extensive stands at the lowest elevations; where water
is plentiful it is the normal forest on the mountains above 8,500 feet
in all the northern districts. Its avifauna is one of almost incredible
richness, and scarcely a nonaquatic family fails to be represented
therein.

4, Open hill-forest, an association composed almost wholly of var-
ious species of chestnuts and oaks with an undergrowth of grasses,
mainly lalang (Jmperata). It is restricted to dry mountain slopes at
elevations above 3,500 feet. A characteristic bird of the limited fauna
is Prinia atrogularis.

5. Pine forest, chiefly of Pinus merkusii but with some P. khasya;
it grows on the mountains of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan
ranges on dry slopes above 3,500 feet but, along the Daen Lao range,
at lower elevations. ‘The trees are widely spaced and have an under-
growth of lalang. Characteristic forms of its avifauna are such
boreal types as Mycerobas melanozanthos and Parus major.

6. Bamboo brakes, which, in one species or another, cover large
areas of all our provinces at any elevation. Between the dense clumps
there is heavy shade and, as a result, virtually no undergrowth. Char-
acteristic birds are Gecinulus viridis and Sasia ochracea.

The writer has frequently used the word haz. This refers to a tract
cleared from the forest for cultivation and later, after a harvest or
two, to be abandoned; in time it becomes a tangled mass of Hupator-
tum, Rubus, Imperata, and other weedy growth.

In many districts it is customary for the people to facilitate travel
through the more arid types of forests by setting fire to the under-

26 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

erowth after cessation of the rains; such incendiarism may result in
damage to the vegetation of a wide area. Many birds collected in
winter have the light portions of the plumage more or less discolored
by contacts with charred wood and leaves, a fact that must always
be taken into account by the taxonomist.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It would be difficult indeed to give fair credit to the numerous in-
dividuals who have aided me during the more than 15 years that have
passed since I first began the study of Thai ornithology. Perhaps
first credit is due Charles H. Rogers, curator of the Princeton Museum
of Zoology, to whom I am indebted for financial assistance in the
earliest period of my collecting, and to the authorities of the United
States National Museum for similar subvention during the years
1935-1937. For the gift of specimens, many of great importance, my
thanks are due almost countless friends in Thailand, both Thai and
European; among them I recall at once Hilda Cuniff Pontius, S. T.
Queripel, W. Leigh Williams, C. J. Aagaard, T. W. Bevan, A. R.
Buchanan, and the teachers and students of the Prince Royal’s College.
For encouragement and moral assistance in my work I am indebted
to the late Dr. A. F. G. Kerr and other members of the Thailand Re-
search Society (Siam Society) ; to the members of the Siam Mission
of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. (who ever received me
hospitably in my travels throughout the Kingdom) ; and particularly
to Dr. and Mrs. William Harris of Chiang Mai, from whom I received
every opportunity to carry on my favorite studies.

Special mention must be made of the faithful and cheerful services
rendered me by my collector, L. K. A. Charles (Charlie Tan), his
assistant, Nai Wan, and our cook-boy, Nai Sang.

For the opportunity to visit the museums of Europe and there to
examine Thai materials, I am indebted to the American Association
of Museums for a grant-in-aid and to the trustees of the Walter Rath-
bone Bacon Traveling Scholarship for a similar grant. To my wife,
Stella Leche Deignan, I am indebted not only for encouragement in my
work but also for many hours spent in painstaking copying of data
from the registers of the museums visited.

Ornithological material has been courteously placed at my disposal |
by the authorities of the following institutions: |

—

. Princeton Museum of Zoology, Princeton, N. J.

. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

. American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill.

Cl wm Ge bo

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 186 PLATE 6

THE PEAK DOI CHIANG DAO, A REMARKABLE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION

A, This massive block of limestone rises more than 6,000 feet above the plain; at its summit
grow representatives of such temperate genera as Primula, Gentiana, Androsace, Coton
easter, and Delphinium; the type of Garrulax e. schistaceus was taken at the top of the
peak farthest to the left. B, A hill village situated in a haz; the blooming plant in the
foreground is ya muang wai (Eupatorium odoratum), a native of Brazil; this clump is the
type locality of Potamorhinus e. celatus. C, View from the ridge west of the same village;
in these pines were found Parus major and Siphia s. aestigma.

BULEERIN: 186 REATE 7

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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‘SIVLISGVH GYHIG DILSIMSLOVYVHD

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND D7.

6. Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
7. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
8. British Museum (Natural History), London.
9. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
10. Zoologisches Museum der Universitit, Berlin.
11. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
12. Landesmuseum, Hannover.
13. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
14. Raffles Museum, Singapore.

Among the many ornithologists who have given me especial aid
and advice must be mentioned Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Dr. Herbert
Friedmann, and the late J. H. Riley, my colleagues at the United
States National Museum; Rodolphe M. de Schauensee, of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, who relinquished in my favor
his prior claim to the investigation of northern Thai ornithology
and has ever been most generous in sharing with me his discoveries ;
Dr. Ernst Mayr, of the American Museum of Natural History; Jean
Delacour, of the New York Zoological Society, whose knowledge of
Indo-Chinese birds is unexcelled; F. N. Chasen, of the Raffles Mu-
seum; Charles H. Rogers, of the Princeton Museum of Zoology;
James C. Greenway, Jr., and James L, Peters, of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology; the late Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, who was my host for a
memorable ornithological weekend at his home in England; Sir
Walter J. F. Williamson, C. M. G., of London; Count Nils Gylden-
stolpe of the Riksmuseum at Stockholm; Dr. Erwin Stresemann, the
renowned authority on birds at the University of Berlin.

The photographs used on plate 8 were purchased from Tanaka,
a commercial photographer; the one used for plate 8, C, was taken
by Kenneth E. Wells; for all others I owe thanks to David H.
Dickason.

Finally, my gratitude is due those who have given me clerical help,
especially Miss Hilda Schmaltz of the division of birds, United States
National Museum, who has handled the trying tasks involved in
preparing the final draft of my work.

ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS

The order of families followed in subsequent pages is almost iden-
tical with that proposed by Wetmore; the order of genera is based
largely upon my personal views but, in some families, also those of
Mayr and Delacour. Throughout I have been governed by conser-
vatism in the use of generic names, by liberalism in the recognition of
subspecies.

In certain cases I have been compelled to adopt the concept of the
superspecies. Inasmuch as, under the rules of the International Code

583136—45. 3

28 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

which has been used, no provision is made for proper nomenclatorial
representation of this concept, I have everywhere used as specific
name that of the earliest described section of the group; thus, con-
sidering Sitta ewropaea and Sitta castanea joint members of a super-
species, I have placed all races of the latter under the name ewropaea.

Order PODICIPITIFORMES
Family PODICIPITIDAE

PODICEPS RUFICOLLIS POGGEI (Reichenow)
CHINESE LITTLE GREBE

Colymbus nigricans poggei REICHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., vol. 50, 1902, p. 125
(Chihli Province, China).

Podiceps ruficollis capensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 588 (Chiang Mai).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 174 (Chiang Mai).

Poliocephalus rujicollis capensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 72 (Chiang Mai).

This species is a locally common resident in the northern provinces
but may be absent from some districts during the months of drought.

The grebe is a shy and wary little bird, haunting small lakes and
large ponds where open water is bounded by dense stands of rushes
and sedges and where aquatic plants grow so thickly beneath the
surface that passage is impossible for man or boat. At such places
it may often be found in numbers, swimming about in pairs or small
parties. At the least alarm it moves rapidly toward the nearest reeds,
sinks out of sight, or scuds away over the water before diving head-
long. A shot is sufficient to cause every grebe within hearing to van-
ish, after which heads cautiously reappear at quite different places
or the birds come up behind the vegetation and are not seen again.
Owing to its short wings and weak feet, the grebe can arise from
water only after running across the surface, and on land it is helpless.
A female collected by me at Chiang Mai in December 1931 had
alighted upon a pool so small that it was unable to escape and was
easily captured by hand.

Of the breeding season in our area nothing definite is known, but
in the neighborhood of Chiang Mai birds in nuptial plumage may
be seen from August to March, and during these months the love song
of the species is heard frequently from the reed beds.

A female in breeding dress had the irides yellow; the maxilla black,
with a small light-brown mark at the middle on each side, the extreme

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 29

tip pale gray; the mandible black, mottled toward the base with hight
brown, beneath light green, the extreme tip pale gray; the rictus
light yellow; the outer side of the tarsi black, the inner side olive
mottled with black; the toes black, with olive lobes; the soles black;
the claws horny black, tipped horny white.

The grebe is a swimming bird (smaller than any Thai duck) which
is apparently tailless and has a pointed bill. In nuptial dress it
has the entire upperparts dark brown; a conspicuous white area in the
outspread wing; the chin blackish; the throat and foreneck rufous;
the remaining underparts silvery white, more or less mixed, espe-
cially on the sides of the body, with dark brown. In the nonbreeding
season the rufous disappears from the neck.

Birds from our provinces agree perfectly with a topotype of
pogger.

Order PELECANIFORMES

Family PELECANIDAE
PELECANUS ROSEUS Gmelin
SPOTTED-BILLED PELICAN

[Pelecanus] roseus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 570 (Manila,

Luzén, P. I.).
Pelecanus philippensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 132 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 776 (“Northern Siam”’).

This species has been reported from our area only by Gyldenstolpe,
who says he found it several times during the summer of 1914 on the
lakelike swamps near Chiang Rai and Chiang Saen. Besides the two
specimens he lists from Chiang Rai, there is a third in the museum
at Stockholm, taken at Chiang Saen, August 10, 1914.

I have visited the same localities in May, shortly before the begin-
ning of the rains, when the lakes were greatly reduced in area, and
failed to see anything of these birds, which makes it seem probable
that the pelican is merely a seasonal visitor, arriving from farther
south by way of the Mae Khong valley. It is not likely to occur at
all in the other northern provinces.

The pelican is a huge, short-legged, large-billed swimming bird,
which can be confused with no other in northern Thailand. It has
the body plumage largely white; the primaries and primary coverts
blackish; the secondaries, scapulars, and tail silvery brown; the bill
filesh-colored on the basal half, otherwise orange, with a row of black-
ish spots on each side near the commissure.

30 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
PHALACROCORAX CARBO SINENSIS (Blumenbach)
CHINESE CORMORANT

Pelecanus sinensis BLUMENBACH, Abbildungen naturhistorischer Gegenstinde,
Heft 3, 1798, pl. 25 and text (China).

The Chinese cormorant is known from our area only along the Mae
Khong from Chiang Saen to Chiang Khong, where Delacour and
Greenway found it in small numbers (L’Oiseau et la Revue Frangaise
@Ornithologie, 1940, p. 25). It is not likely to occur on the smaller
rivers of the North.

From the little cormorant this species may always be known by its
much greater size. The adult is black and in nuptial plumage has
white filaments upon the head and neck and a broad patch of white on
each flank. The immature bird has the upperparts brown and the
underparts largely white.

PHALACROCORAX NIGER (Vieillot)
LITTLE CORMORANT

Hydrocoraxr niger VirILLor, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 8, 1817, p. 88
(Hast Indies=Bengal, apud Peters).

Phalacrocorar javanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1918, p. 71 (Mae Raem). ;

Phalacrocoraxz pygmaeus javanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 183 (‘Northern Siam”) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 775 (“Along the rivers
and creeks of northern Siam’’).

Phalacrocorag niger, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 72 (Chiang Mai).

All specimens of this bird are from the provinces of Chiang Mai
and Lampang, but it may be expected to occur at suitable places any-
where in our area at one season or another. At Chiang Mai it is a rare
visitor to the ponds and marshes from July to December, after which
month there is not enough water for its needs. During the cold
weather I have found it near Ban Tha Nong Luang and have collected
it on the Mae Klang, a mountain torrent, at the foot of Doi Ang Ka,
where it is seen regularly in winter.

The little cormorant is rather an inactive species, perching quietly,
often with outspread wings, upon snags or stakes that jut out of the
water. On the Mae Klang it occurred in small flocks, which rested on
rocks and boulders in the stream for some hundreds of feet up the
mountain slope. It swims low in the water and is an expert diver.

Cormorants are short-legged, long-necked waterfowl with a com-
paratively long, hooked bill. The adult of the present species has the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 31

plumage black, with silver-gray about the shoulders; in nonbreeding
dress it has a white patch on the upper throat at the base of the bill.
Immature birds have the plumage brown, with the underparts largely
white. From the Chinese cormorant this form may be known by its
lesser size and by the fact that it is the only species likely to be found
on small ponds and streams.

Family ANHINGIDAE
ANHINGA RUFA MELANOGASTER Pennant
INDIAN DARTER

Anhinga melanogaster PENNANT, Indian zoology, 1769, pp. 13-14, pl. 12 (Ceylon
and Java).

Plotus melanogaster, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
1338 (Nong Mae Rua, Mae Kok river) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 775 (“Throughout the
whole country”).

Anhinga melanogaster, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p.
132 (Ban Tha Nong Luang).

Although it has been recorded from but few localities, the darter
may be expected to occur in any of our provinces. Gyldenstolpe found
it very common at Mae Rua, a few miles southwest of Chiang Saen,
and saw it also along the Mae Kok and other rivers. I observed one
at Nong Luang, below Chom Thong, in December 1935, and collected
a female at Muang Ngop, on the upper Mae Nan, in April 1986.

The darter lives at marshes edged by trees or along rivers with for-
ested banks; at such places it may be found perched upon a snag or a
branch overhanging the water, often with its wings outspread in the
manner of a cormorant. It sometimes swims with the body sub-
merged and only the head and neck protruding from the water. In
flight it bears a marked resemblance to a cormorant but may always
be recognized by a peculiar kink near the middle of the neck.

A specimen taken by Gyldenstolpe had the irides brownish yellow ;
the bill yellowish green, with the culmen horn; the feet brownish
yellow.

The darter is similar to a cormorant but has a sharp, pointed bill
and a longer, more slender neck. Our species has the head and neck
light brown; the chin and throat and a streak from the eye down the
side of the upper neck, white; the body black, with the scapulars and
a conspicuous shoulder area silvery gray. The tail is comparatively
long and, in flight, is spread like a fan.

32 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Order CICONITFORMES
Family ARDEIDAE

ARDEA CINEREA RECTIROSTRIS Gould

EASTERN GRAY HERON

Ardea rectirostris Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1843, p. 22 (New South Wales,
error; Stone suggests ““=India?,” Austral Avian Rec., vol. 1, 1913, p. 142).

Ardea cinerea jouyi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 186
(Nong Mae Rua).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 586 (Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 279 (Chiang Mai).

Ardea cinerea rectirostris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 72 (Chiang Mai).

The status of this species is uncertain; it is probably chiefly a
winter visitor, but a few birds, perhaps sterile individuals, seem to
pass the summer in our region. I found it rather common at Chiang
Mai from October 19 (1931) to March 29 (1929) but have also seen
it there as early as September 23 (1936) and as late as May 26 (1930).
Gyldenstolpe took a specimen at Mae Rua, August 7, 1914. I have
collected it on the Salwin, at Thattafang, October 16, 1936, and on the
Mae Ping, just above Chom Thong, November 23, 1935. A bird in
the collection of Cornell University was taken by Vijjakich at
Lampang, in April 1929.

The gray heron is a solitary species, which may be seen at sloughs
in the ricefields, on the marshes, at the edge of woodland ponds, and
on the sandbars of the great rivers. Specimens whose stomachs I
examined had been feeding on fishes.

Members of the heron family may be recognized in flight at any
distance by the deliberate strokes of their broad wings, the long legs
extending behind beyond the tail, and by their carrying the head
drawn back and resting over the lower neck. The present species is
the largest of the northern herons and in the field appears generally
dark gray; it has the neck and underparts white with some black
markings and a long, black crest. of narrow feathers. Immature
birds, which are commoner than adults, are colored more brownish

gray.
ARDEA PURPUREA MANILENSIS Meyen

EASTERN PURILE HERON

Ardea purpurea var. manilensis Mryen, Observationes zoologicae in itinere
circum terram institutae, in Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-
Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, vol. 16, suppl. 1, 1834, pp. 102-103 (Mauila,
PT):

Pyrrherodias manillensis, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 186 (“Northern Siam’).

Ardea purpurea manillensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381.
p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND oo

The paucity of records for the purple heron is no doubt due to the
absence of observers from its haunts during the rainy season. Gylden-
stolpe considered it fairly common on “the swamps of northern Siam”
(presumably Chiang Rai Province), sometimes in the ricefields, but
usually in swamps overgrown with reeds. I found it only in very small
numbers on the large marshes south of Chiang Mai from September
5 to November 12. On the lake at Phayao, August 24, 1929, I flushed
a single bird from a stand of tall reeds.

It is a much wilder bird than the gray heron and is not likely to be
seen near human habitations.

The purple heron is second in size only to the preceding species, from
which it may be readily distinguished by its having the head, neck,
and underparts largely rufous or buff; adults have the back and wings
gray, but immature specimens have the feathers of these parts
broadly margined with rufous.

BUTORIDES STRIATUS AMURENSIS von Schrenck

AMuUR GREEN HERON

[Ardea (Butorides) veriscens] var. amurensis VON SCHRENCK, Reise and Forschun-
gen in Amur-lande, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1860, p. 441 (Amurland).

The Amur green heron occurs in North Thailand as an uncommon
winter visitor. I have three specimens that may be attributed to this
northern form: An immature female from the foot of Doi Mae Kong
Ka, October 10, 1936, an adult female from Ban Muang Sum, De-
cember 27, 1936; and an adult male from the Mae Klang Waterfall,
February 11,1937. The flattened wing of each of these birds measures
about 198 mm.

All my examples were taken at mountain torrents, in wild and un-
inhabited country.

The Amur green heron can be distinguished from the other races
occurring in our area only by its wing length, which ranges from 195

to 215 mm.
BUTORIDES STRIATUS ACTOPHILUS Oberholser

SouTtH CHINA GREEN HERON

Butorides javanicus actophilus OBERHOLSER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No.
7, 1912, p. 1 (North Pagi Island, off the western coast of Sumatra).

Butorides javanica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 137
(Tha Chomphu).

Butorides striatus javanica [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 769 (“Northern
districts”).

Gyldenstolpe reported seeing three green herons along the Mae
Tha, near Tha Champhu, one of which, in fully adult plumage, was
collected, May 4, 1914. Since the wing of this specimen measured 186
mm., it must be attributed to this race. I place here also two unsexed,

34 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

undated skins taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan, which are in the
museum at Stockholm and which have wings of 185 and 186 mm.
While no other examples have been collected in our area, I believe
this heron is a rather rare resident in the northern provinces. I have
more than once, during the summer months, seen green herons, which
probably belonged to this race, along quiet jungle streams, but did not
then realize the importance of taking a specimen.
Gyldenstolpe records that his bird had the irides yellow, the maxilla
black, the mandible yellowish green, the feet and toes yellowish brown.
The South China green heron, like the preceding form, is distinguish- .
able only by its wing length, which ranges from 180 to 195 mm.
Mayr suggests (Emu, vol. 43, 1948, pp. 11-12) that the Chinese forms
of the green heron never reach Sumatra in winter and that the name
actophilus must be synonymized with that of some race resident in the
Malaysian islands. If his view be correct, the bird here discussed will
be known as Butorides striatus connectens Stresemann (Orn. Monatsb.,
vol. 38, 1980, pp. 48-49).

BUTORIDES STRIATUS JAVANICUS (Horsfield)

JAVANESE GREEN HERON

Ardea Javanica HorsFietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1821, p. 190
(Java).

Butorides striatus javanicus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 587 (Chiang Mai).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

This form of the green heron appears in small numbers in the
northern provinces at the end of the rains, apparently as a result
of a northward movement after breeding in more southern districts.
A similar phenomenon has been observed in numerous species of
herons in other parts of the world.

At Chiang Mai it is found along the river and occasionally at
sloughs in the ricefields, from September 20 to October 16; an
exceptionally late bird was taken by de Schauensee, January 2, 1929.
I have one specimen which was collected at Thattafang, October 11,
1936. All northern examples which I have examined have been
birds of the year; their wing length varied from 174 to 180 mm.

This seems to be the only green heron likely to occur in settled
districts and along the large rivers. On the Mae Ping I used to
find it settled quietly on rocks and snags under the shelter of the
high banks, where. it was difficult to observe except from a boat.
When disturbed, it utters a loud squawk and flaps slowly and low over
the water to a similar hiding place farther along the stream.

Immature specimens taken by me had the irides yellow; the eye-
lids greenish yellow; the lores yellow-green; the maxilla black, with

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 35

a greenish-yellow patch under each nostril; the mandible yellowish
green, with the upper half black at the base; the feet and toes greenish
yellow; the soles yellow; the claws horn.

This is a small, squat heron, which sits with its head drawn in
so that it seems to have no neck. It has the crown and a long crest
black; the neck and underparts gray; the upperparts chiefly a bronzed
green, which may look bluish in the field. Immature specimens ap-
pear largely brownish gray. The wing length of the present sub-
species ranges from 165 to 180 mm.

ARDEOLA BACCHUS (Bonaparte)

CHINESE POND HERON

B[uphus] bacchus Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 2, 1855, p. 127
(Malay Peninsula).

Ardeola grayii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 769 (“Throughout the whole
country”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 578
(Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 587 (Mae Rim).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

Ardeola bacchus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 738
(Den Chai); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236 (listed) ; Kungl.
Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 188 (Pha Kho); Ibis, 1920, p. 769
(“Northern Siam’’).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
178 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

This is one of the commonest and most familiar of northern birds,
occurring anywhere in the lowlands at some time of the year: on
the ricefields or the marshes, along streams both large and small,
in roadside ditches, at wet places in the deciduous forests, and even
for some distance up the mountain slopes along the wider torrents.
In addition to the localities listed above, there are definite records
for Khun Tan (six specimens without data in Stockholm, taken by
Eisenhofer) ; for Wiang Pa Pao, where I saw it in April, 1929; for
Phayao, where I observed it, August 28, 1929; and for Ban Pak Li,
a village on the Nan river, where I took a specimen, April 7, 1937.

The seasonal movements of this bird require further study. At
Chiang Mai, where alone continuous observations have been made
over a period of years, the species is rare or absent from March to
August, the very time when water is most plentiful and other herons
are most numerous. Since these are the months when it wears full
nuptial plumage, it is clear that it goes elsewhere, perhaps farther
north, to breed. All my specimens had the gonads inactive, with
the sole exception of a female, taken April 9, which had the ovaries
slightly enlarged.

Examples collected by me had the irides deep golden-yellow; the
eyelids edged bright yellow; the orbital skin and lores yellow-green,
sometimes with a blackish mark in front of the eye; the culmen and

36 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

a diagonal line from its base to the corner of the mouth black; the
maxilla yellow, tipped black; the mandible with the basal half bluish
green, the rest yellow, except for a black patch on each side near the
tip; the tarsi bright yellow-green, more yellow behind; the toes bright
yellow-green; the soles bright yellow; the claws horny brown, tinged
olive or yellowish at the tips.

The pond heron is the well-known brown bird with streaked head
and neck that roosts on the bamboos or sits hunched up at the margin
of some wet place, often invisible until it startles the observer by
flying up with a squawk and a flashing of pure white wings. In
nuptial plumage, which will be less often seen, it has the head and
neck dark chestnut, the back covered with dark slaty-blue plumes.

Despite numerous reports of Ardeola grayii in North Thailand,
the actual occurrence of this species must be held very doubtful.
Upon examining the specimens upon which the records have been
based, I have discovered that they are, without exception, birds in
nonbreeding dress, and I have found no satisfactory criteria that
serve to distinguish between grayii and bacchus in this plumage.
Moreover, every specimen in full or partial nuptial plumage is ob-
viously bacchus. My own records for gray were based upon a mis-
understanding of what constitutes the breeding dress and are hereby

withdrawn.
BUBULCUS IBIS COROMANDUS (Boddaert)

EASTERN CATTLE EGRET

Cancroma Coromanda BoppsrErt, Table des planches eluminéez d’histoire natur-
elle, 1788, p. 54 (Coromandel, er D’Aubenton, pl. 910).

Bubulcus coromandus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 189 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 769 (“Throughout the whole country”).

Bubulcus ibis coromandus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc, Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

The cattle egret is common and generally distributed throughout the
northern lowlands, but appears to be only a winter visitor. At Chiang
Mai it arrives in numbers about August 9 and finally disappears
about April 12. Gyldenstolpe collected a specimen at Chiang Rai,
August 15, 1914; I saw flocks at Phayao, August 28, 1929, and took an
example at Ban Mae Mo, August 22, 1936. Our birds may come in
from southern China, as true migrants, but more probably reach our
districts as northward wanderers from southern Thailand, where this
species is known to breed in many localities. The specimen from Mae
Mo isa male in worn nuptial plumage, and many birds in nuptial dress
may be seen in March, but the great majority will be in the pure white
nonbreeding plumage.

The cattle egret has habits that make it less dependent upon the
presence of water than any other of our herons, and it does not usually

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 37

like to get more than its toes wet. At the edge of the marshes and in
damp pastures, where the buffaloes are turned out to graze, flocks of
these beautiful birds may be seen, stalking about among the cattle and
frequently resting upon their backs in pursuit of insects frightened up
by the herd. A specimen taken at Chiang Mai had the stomach dis-
tended with grasshoppers.

The irides are light yellow; the orbital region olive-green; the lores
pale dull orange; the bill yellow, with the extreme tip and basal half
of the culmen horny; the feet, toes, and claws black; the soles dull
olive-green.

In nuptial plumage this species is unmistakable, having the head,
neck, and long dorsal plumes orange-buff and the remainder of the
plumage pure white. In nonbreeding dress the whole bird is white
and is then likely to be confused with other, similar species. From the
large and intermediate egrets it may be known by its lesser size, thicker
neck, and shorter bill; from the little egret by the different colors of
bill and feet.

EGRETTA ALBA MODESTA (J. E. Gray)
INDIAN LARGE EGRET

Ardea modesta, J. E. Gray, Zoological miscellany, 1831, pp. 19-20 (India).

Herodias alba, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 1387
(“Northern Siam’).

Herodias alba modesta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 168 (“Throughout Siam’).

Egretta alba modesta, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 173
(Chiang Mai).

Casmerodius albus modestus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

Although this egret is probably common and generally distributed
throughout the northern provinces, the only specimen known from our
area is a male in nonbreeding plumage collected by me at Ban Hat
Sam Khwae, on the Nan river, April 8, 1837.

At Chiang Mai a bird that was either this species or the interme-
diate egret was found every month in the year but was rather rare dur-
ing the driest period. In the rainy season, however, it became very
common, and hundreds could be seen at once on the large marshes
between Chiang Mai and Lamphun.

In nuptial plumage this largest of the white herons wears long, fila-
mentous dorsal plumes, which extend some inches beyond the tail; it
has the bill, feet, and toes black. In nonbreeding dress the plumes
are shed and the bill becomes yellow; in this plumage it can be dis-
tinguished from the intermediate egret only by shooting and measur-
ing the specimen. Z. a. modesta has the wing length over 350 mm.
and the length of tarsus over 160; /’. 2. intermedia has the wing under
350 mm. and the tarsus under 150.

38 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
EGRETTA GARZETTA GARZETTA (Linnaeus)

INDIAN LITTLE EGRET

[Ardea] Garzetta LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 237 (“in
Oriente,” ex Brisson).

Egretta garzetta garzetta, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

This is a common bird at Chiang Mai and probably is equally so
in other districts. The only specimen known from the North is a
female in nuptial plumage collected by me at Chiang Mai, May 24,
1935. The ovaries were not enlarged.

Like the large egret, this species becomes rare or absent during the
season of drought and returns in great numbers during the rains. It
is then generally distributed over the countryside, occurring not only
on the marshes but also in the ricefields and even along the irrigation
canals beside the highways.

My specimen had the irides yellow; the eyelids yellowish green,
edged bright yellow; the lores yellowish green; the bill black, with the
basal half of the mandible plumbeous-white; the feet black; the toes
greenish yellow; the soles yellow; the claws yellowish horn.

The little egret, in nuptial livery, wears a white crest, breast plumes,
and dorsal plumes extending beyond the tail, all of which are lost after
the breeding season. It is the smallest of the pure white herons and
is easily recognized by its blackish bill and its greenish-yellow toes
(which are conspicuous when it takes to flight).

EGRETTA INTERMEDIA INTERMEDIA (Wagler)
INDIAN INTERMEDIATE EGRET

A[rdea] intermedia WaActeER, Isis, 1829, p. 659 (Java).

Egretta intermedia intermedia, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 587 (Chiang Saen).

Mesophoyx intermedia intermedia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 73 (Chiang Mai).

The intermediate egret may be common throughout our area, but
there are few definite records. De Schauensee took a specimen at
Chiang Saen, January 10, 1929; I collected a male at Chiang Mai,
October 17, 1931, and another male, in full nuptial plumage, at Chiang
Rai, January 27, 1937.

The Chiang Mai specimen had the irides light yellow; the orbital
region and lores bright yellow; the bill yellow, with maxilla tipped
horny brown; the feet, toes, and claws black.

This species, in nuptial dress, wears ornamental plumes upon the
upper breast, as well as long dorsal plumes. In the nonbreeding
season the aigrettes are lost, and it becomes indistinguishable in life
from the Jarge egret.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 39

NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX (Linnaeus)
EURASIAN NIGHT HERON

[Ardea] Nycticorar LinNAEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, pp. 142-143
(“in Europa australi’).

Nycticoraz nycticorax nycticorax, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 74 (Chiang Mai).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 279 (Chiang Mai).

The status of this bird is uncertain; at Chiang Mai it appears to be
an uncommon winter visitor from late in August to the beginning of
February, but the only other northern locality where it has been found
is Ban Hat La, on the Nan river, where I took an adult pair, April 8,
1937. Chiang Mai specimens are usually immature and may be wan-
derers from breeding localities farther south.

The night heron is almost completely nocturnal, spending the day-
light hours concealed at the heart of some dense clump of giant bam-
boo and venturing forth at dusk to feed along the river or at marshy
spots in the ricefields. I frequently saw it over the Mae Ping at Chi-
ang Mai, flapping heavily through the gathering darkness, and often
heard its loud squawk falling from the sky, even above the streets of
the town.

An immature female from Chiang Mai had the irides golden-
orange; the orbital skin and lores green; the maxilla black with a
green streak along the side; the mandible green, tipped blackish; the
rictus greenish yellow; the feet and toes green, bright yellow behind
the upper tarsal joint; the soles bright yellow; the claws horny brown,
with apical half black. Adults differ chiefly in having the irides blood
red.

The head of this species seems to be disproportionately large, and
the neck is short and thick. Old birds have the crown, nuchal crest,
and back black, with a greenish gloss; the wings and tail gray; the
underparts gray or white; sometimes two or three long, narrow, white
feathers in the crest. Immature examples are quite different in ap-
pearance: above they are brown streaked with whitish (on the wings
the streaks are enlarged to conspicuous spots) and below whitish
streaked with brown.

GORSACHIUS MELANOLOPHUS MELANOLOPHUS (Raffles)
SUMATRAN BLACK-CRESTED TIGER BITTERN

Ardea melanolopha RAFFLES, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1822, p. 326 (Su-
matra; type locality restricted to Benkulan, by Kinnear and Robinson, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1927, p. 130).

Gorsachius melanolophus, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 41
(Phrae).—GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 768 (‘Northern Siam’’).

The tiger bittern seems to be a bird of extreme rarity in the north-
ern provinces, and Williamson’s specimen, a female collected at Phrae

40 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

in May, 1916, constitutes the sole record. If the species is really a
resident of the North, rather than a mere straggler, it should be ex-
pected to occur in Nan Province also. :

This is a nocturnal species that lives in dense evergreen forest. In
coloration it looks something like a huge cinnamon bittern (Jxobry-
chus cinnamomeus). It has a long black crest; the upperparts cin-
namon, vermiculated everywhere with wavy, black bars; the tail and
a large area near the tip of the wing black; the underparts rufous,
mottled with black and buff.

IXOBRYCHUS SINENSIS SINENSIS (Gmelin)
CHINESE YELLOW BITTERN

[Ardea] Sinensis Gmetin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, pp. 642-648 (China,
ex Latham).

Ardetta sinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 139
(Chiang Rai).

Izobrychus sinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 769 (“Throughout Siam’).

lxobrychus sinensis sinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 74 (Chiang Mai).

The yellow bittern appears in numbers during the rains and is prob-
ably found at that season throughout the northern provinces. I con-
sidered it common on the large marshes between Chiang Mai and
Lamphun, but rare in the ricefields, from June 28 to October 18. Gyl-
denstolpe found it not uncommon in August in the neighborhood of
Chiang Rai. It occurs sporadically during the cold weather at suit-
ably wet places, for an immature specimen was brought to me at Chi-
ang Mai, January 17, 1936, and I myself saw two or three at a small
marsh near the town between January 30 and February 11, 1936. I
have also taken an immature bird at Ban Pa Som, on the Nan river
just south of our limits, April 9, 1937.

This tiny heron is said to be largely nocturnal in habits, but I found
it active enough during the dark, cloudy days of the rainy season and
easy to flush by walking along the elevated bunds which border the
marshes. It hides among the sedges and, when not actually in mo-
tion, is extraordinarily well concealed among the lanceolate leaves.
It may try to escape observation by climbing quietly away through
the reeds or may fly a short distance across the marsh to vanish again
into thick cover.

Gyldenstolpe noted that his specimens had the irides yellow; the bill
yellowish green, with culmen brown; the feet and toes yellowish
green.

The cinnamon bittern will be found at the same places as the present
species, but there is no need to confuse them, for the latter wholly
lacks the cinnamon hue. The adult has the top of the head black;

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 41

the upperparts light vinaceous-brown; the tail black; the under-
parts pale buff; the wing coverts buff and the apical half of the wing
black. The immature is streaked above and below with rufous and
buff, but, like the adult, is recognizable by the distinctive wing pattern.

IXOBRYCHUS EURHYTHMUS (Swinhoe)
Von SCHRENCK’S BITTERN

Ardetta eurhythma SwinuHok, Ibis, 1878, p. 74, pl. 2 (Amoy and Shanghai, China).
Tzobrychus eurhythmus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
169 (Ban Mai Tong Hong).

Von Schrenck’s bittern is a species that breeds in Japan and north-
ern China and winters in the Malay Peninsula and the Malaysian
islands; its main migration route is coastal. The only specimen known
from the interior of Thailand is a female taken by me, May 2, 1936,
near Ban Mai Tong Hong, a village near Muang Thoeng. Whether
this unexpected occurrence signifies that the species regularly migrates
in small numbers up the valley of the Mae Khong, or whether my
bird was merely a straggler, cannot yet be decided.

The specimen was collected beside what seemed to be an abandoned
gem pit in the midst of an extensive mixed-deciduous forest—a highly
improbable place for a member of this genus.

The male is entirely dark chestnut above and buff below. The wing
pattern is like that of sénensis, but the apical half of the wing is dark
gray rather than black and the inner primaries and outer secondaries
are narrowly tipped with white. The female has the upperparts dark
chestnut, conspicuously spotted with white on back and wings, and the
underparts buff, streaked with blackish.

IXOBRYCHUS CINNAMOMEUS (Gmelin)
CINNAMON BITTERN

[Ardea] cinnamomea GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, pp. 648-644
(China).

Ardetia cinnamomea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236
(Khun Tan) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 1389 (Chiang Rai).

Izobrychus cinnamomeus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 173 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 74 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai this heron appears about the middle of January
and thereafter is common (even abundant during the rains) until
about October 23. Gyldenstolpe found it very common about Chiang
Rai in August 1914, and I saw many at Phayao between August 24
and 28, 1929. An undated specimen in Stockholm was collected by
Kisenhofer at Khun Tan. I have taken it at Ban Pang Ai, July 23,
1935; at Ban Huai Som, March 29, 1937; at Doi Ta Kong, June 1,

42 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1936. Although the bird is evidently common in all our provinces
at some time during the year, there is still no record for its presence
in November and December anywhere in the North.

The cinnamon bittern is found not only on the larger marshes, but
everywhere in the paddy-fields and even at the tiniest pools after the
countryside begins to dry up. At Chiang Mai I have frequently
seen it flying low over the city streets.

While it has not yet been found breeding in our area, I have no
doubt that it nests with us during the summer months. I took a male
with the testes enlarged May 5, and specimens with the gonads greatly
enlarged were collected on May 21 and 31, June 28, and July 2 and 3.

I witnessed a courtship performance May 30, 1930: the male flew
slowly before the female with slow, stiff wing beats, calling ekh—ek—
ck, then perched at the top of a low tree and sang gook-gook-gook-
gook-gook-gook-gook-gook, with each of the first five notes louder
than the one before it, and the last three pitched three or four tones
lower.

My birds had the irides golden-yellow; the eyelids, orbital region,
and lores light green or greenish yellow; the culmen black (some-
times horny brown at the base), the rest of the maxilla horny brown,
the commissure edged bright yellow; the mandible yellow, the com-
missure edged horny brown; the tibiae and tarsi light green, bright
yellow behind; the toes light green; the soles bright yellow; the
claws horny brown or greenish horn.

The adult male is entirely cinnamon-colored, paler below and
usually with a blackish mesial stripe from the base of the bill to the
upper abdomen; there is a streak of pure white at each side of the
throat. Adult females and immature birds have the upperparts dark
brown, with many obsolescent buffy bars and spots and the under-
parts buffy, everywhere heavily streaked with blackish. Any exam-
ple of this species may readily be known by its having the apical
half of the wing cinnamon, not black or dark gray.

DUPETOR FLAVICOLLIS FLAVICOLLIS (Latham)
INDIAN BLACK BITTERN

[Ardea] flavicollis LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 2, 1790, p. 701 (India).

Dupetor flavicollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
73 (Ban Huai Hom).

Dupetor flavicollis flavicollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 769 (‘Several parts of
the country”).—Drtanan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 173
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 74 (Chiang Mai).

During my first stay in Thailand, 1929-1982, I considered the black
bittern not uncommon on the marshes between Chiang Mai and
Lamphun, from July 26 (1930) to September 19 (1931); during my

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 43

second visit, 1935-1937, I never once recorded it. A specimen taken
near Chiang Mai, November 24, 1931, was probably a late straggler.
The only other northern locality from which the species is known
is Ban Huai Hom, where Gyldenstolpe collected a male beside a
small pool, March 25, 1912.

This bittern has nocturnal habits and, during the day, conceals
itself in dense growths of reeds, unless the sky be dark and clouded.
I usually saw it when it flew across the marsh after being frightened
by the report of a gun, or when I waded waist-deep in water through
the thick vegetation. One of my specimens had a fish, 414 inches long,
in its stomach. No Chiang Mai bird showed evidence of breeding.

A male from Chiang Mai had the irides red-brown; the eyelids
plumbeous; the orbital skin and lores pinkish brown; the rictus and
skin of the throat rose; the bill purplish brown, darker on the culmen,
lighter on the underside of the mandible, and whitish toward the tip;
the feet and toes dark brown; the claws black. An adult female
differed chiefly in having the irides golden-yellow, while an immature
female had them golden-yellow, mottled with dull brown.

Adults have the upperparts entirely slaty black with a bluish sheen ;
the sides of the neck bright buff; the foreneck and breast streaked
slaty black, chestnut, and white. Immature birds have the upperparts
dark brown, with light rufous edgings to the feathers. The bluish
cast of the upperparts of old birds is very evident in the field.

BOTAURUS STELLARIS STELLARIS (Linnaeus)
EURASIAN GREAT BITTERN

[Ardea] stellaris LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144 (Europe;
type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Botaurus stellaris stellaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 174 (Chiang Mai).

Botaurus stellaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 74
(Chiang Mai).

The great bittern is a rare, but doubtless regular, winter visitor
to North Thailand. I collected one, February 14, 1931, at a small
marsh near Chiang Mai, and at a similar place nearby saw another
on several occasions between January 14 and February 14, 19386. The
only other northern record is based upon a bird taken by me at Ban
Mae Sai, near Chiang Saen, January 21, 1987.

These birds were found only by chance when frightened from the
heavy stands of rushes in which they were hiding. The Chiang Mai
specimen had the remains of fish in its stomach.

A female had the irides yellow; the orbital skin mixed olive-green
and lavender; the lores dark brown; the culmen dark brown, becom-

583136—45—_4

44 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ing blackish at the tip; the bill otherwise dull olive-green; the feet
and toes green; the soles yellowish; the claws horn brown.

This heron has the whole crown and nape, and a line from the
gape below each cheek, black; the upperparts bright buff, heavily
streaked and barred with rufous and black; the underparts bright
buff, streaked with dark rufous; the apical half of the outspread wing
pinkish rufous, barred with black.

Botaurus stellaris orientalis Buturlin is considered unrecognizable
by Hartert and Peters. A pair of topotypes of this race in Washing-
ton are strikingly larger and darker than all specimens from other
localities I have examined; it would seem either that the bird of
northeastern Asia is indeed separable, or, if it be identical with
Swedish specimens (which I have not seen), that a smaller, more
southern race must be recognized.

Family CICONIIDAE

ANASTOMUS OSCITANS (Boddaert)
ASIATIC OPENBILL

Ardea oscitans Bopparrt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 55 (Pondicherry, ex D’Aubenton, pl. 932).

Anastomus oscitans, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 74 (Chiang Mai).

On the marshes south of Chiang Mai the openbill occurs in flocks
from early in September to the beginning of November, and at Chiang
Mai I saw a solitary bird above the town, June 10, 1930. On Decem-
ber 19, 1935, a small flock was found roosting in the dead top of an
enormous tree along the river just south of Chom Thong, and from
this group a male in nonbreeding plumage was collected. Otherwise
the species is not recorded from North Thailand, although I have no
doubt that it is widely distributed during the rains, especially in
Chiang Rai Province.

I found it a very shy bird and was never able to approach within
gunshot of the feeding flocks. Much of its time seems to be spent
soaring in circles high in the air. The example from Chom Thong
had been feeding on a species of snail.

This is the only stork likely to be seen in the North outside of
Chiang Rai Province. It differs from all other Thai birds in having
an Open space in the middle between the two parts of the bill. In
nuptial dress it has the scapulars, tail, and apical half of the wing
black, glossed with green and purple; the rest of the plumage pure
white. Nonbreeding dress differs in having the white replaced by
soft gray.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 45
DISSOURA EPISCOPUS EPISCOPUS (Boddaert)

INDIAN WHITE-NECKED STORK

Ardea Episcopus Bopparrt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 54 (Coromandel coast, ea D’Aubenton, pl. 906).

Dissoura episcopa episcopa, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 279 (Chiang Saen).

The white-necked stork has reached northern Thailand from the
South by way of the Mae Khong basin, and, while it is widely dis-
tributed over the plains of Chiang Rai, it has been prevented by the
surrounding mountain barriers from extending its range into the
other provinces. A specimen was taken by de Schauensee at Chiang
Saen in February 1933, and another by me at Muang Fang in July
1936. I also saw this bird north of Wiang Pa Pao in April 1929, on
the plains between Muang Thoeng and Chiang Rai in May 1936, and
on the marsh at Mae Chai during the same month.

It is normally a solitary bird, but where conditions are satisfactory
many individuals may be seen at once. It is conspicuous at the mar-
gins of the large “pong” and may also be found in the ricefields after
the harvest, especially at marshy spots. During the heat of the day
it spends much of its time roosting in neighboring trees. When
alarmed it may fly directly out of sight but quite often rises into the
air and, beyond gunshot, begins to sail in wide circles overhead,
gradually ascending with scarcely a visible motion of the wings until
lost to the eye in the brilliant sunshine.

This stork is not likely to be confused with any other species. It
has the crown and whole body black; the neck (covered with short,
woolly feathers), tail, and lower abdomen white.

CICONIA NIGRA (Linnaeus)
BLACK STORK

[Ardea] nigra LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 142 (“in Europa
boreali” ; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Peters).

The status of this stork is uncertain; it is perhaps a regular winter
vistor to the Mae Khong basin. It was discovered by Delacour and
Greenway on the Mae Khong during the winter of 1938-39; they
reported (L’Oiseau et la Revue Frangaise d’Ornithologie, 1940, p. 26)
seeing a flock of 17 on a large sandbank in the river about 20 km.
below Ban Huai Sai, Laos, December 27, and finding them again at
the same spot, January 20. In addition, a solitary bird was observed
along the river between Ban Nam Khuang and Huai Sai, January 19.
Otherwise there are no records for this species in the Indo-Chinese
countries.

46 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This large stork has the lower breast, abdomen, and under tail
coverts white; the rest of the plumage black (glossed with purple
and green) ; the bill and feet bright red.

XENORHYNCHUS ASIATICUS ASIATICUS (Latham)
INDIAN BLACK-NECKED STORK

[Mycteria] asiatica LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 2, 1790, p. 670 (India).
Xenorhynchus asiaticus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 140 (Chiang Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 766 (“On the swamps of northern Siam”).
This strikingly marked stork, like Dissowra, occurs only in Chiang
Rai Province, where, while not numerous, it seems to be widely dis-
tributed. Gyldenstolpe found a few near Chiang Saen in August 1914.
In May 1936 I saw it at Mae Chai and on the plains between Muang
Thoeng and Chiang Rai, near the Nam Ing. Delacour and Greenway
reported it on the Mae Khong about 20 km. below Ban Huai Sai, Jan-
uary 20, 1939. No specimen has yet been taken anywhere in our area.
The black-necked stork can be identified as far as it can be seen. It
has the head and neck black, glossed with greenish blue; the scapulars,
inner secondaries, greater and median wing coverts black, glossed with
bronze-green ; the rest of the plumage white. A bird seen flying over-
head will show a broad black band diagonally across the wing. The
long bill is black, with the lower edge of the mandible curved upward,
and the feet are bright red.

LEPTOPTILOS DUBIUS (Gmelin)
LARGER ADJUTANT

[Ardea] dubia Guertin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 624 (India).
Leptoptilus dubius, GYLDENSTOPLE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 140
(Chiang Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 766 (“Throughout the whole country”).

The only specimen from our area was taken by Gyldenstolpe at
Chiang Saen, August 10,1914. I saw a pair at the Mae Chai marsh in
May 1986. It is a form that occurs only in Chiang Rai Province,
where Gyldenstolpe considered it rather common, but it is so extremely
wary that it is rarely possible to get within gunshot of it.

This is a gigantic stork with large, massive bill and a gular pouch,
which can be inflated like a child’s balloon. The head and neck are
naked except for a few scattered black feathers on the nape and nu-
merous thin, curly, hairlike feathers; the skin of the head is pinkish
brown, that of the neck and pouch yellow or pinkish yellow. The
bird has a ruff of white feathers around the base of the neck; the
underparts white; the upperparts wholly black; the inner secondaries
and greater wing coverts gray during the nuptial season (then form-
ing a broad and conspicuous wing band).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 47

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
PSEUDIBIS PAPILLOSA DAVISONI (Hume)
DAVISON’S BLACK IBIS

Geronticus Davisoni Hur, Stray Feathers, vol. 3, 1875, p. 300 (“on the banks
of the Pakchan Estuary in the extreme south of the Tenasserim Provinces’).

The black ibis is confined to Chiang Rai Province, and the only
northern specimen yet known is a male collected by me at Chiang Saen
Kao, January 12, 1937. This was one of a flock of five or six birds that
occurred upon a large sandbar in the Mae Khong. They were ex-
ceedingly wild, and it was possible to take an example only by stalking
them from a boat at nightfall.

Ibises in general may be known from herons by their long, sickle-
shaped bill. The present species has the head naked, black in color
except for a pale blue area on the nape; the plumage black, glossed
purple and green, with the exception of a white patch on the inner
lesser wing coverts; the feet red.

Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE

DENDROCYGNA JAVANICA (Horsfield)
JAVANESE WHISTLING TEAL

Anas Javanica HorsFtetp, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 13, 1821, pp. 199-200
Java).

Pere javanica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 185 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 773 (‘Throughout the whole country’) .—
DrIeNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 174 (Chiang Mai) ;
1936, pp. 74, 131-132 (Chiang Mai, Ban Nong Khiat, Ban Tha Nong Luang),

The whistling teal is by far the commonest and best known of Thai
ducks and is present throughout the year in all our provinces. During
the rains it abounds everywhere, on the marshes and at pools in the
ricefields; in the dry months it congregates, often in vast numbers, at
woodland ponds and in the swamps. Gyldenstolpe found it abun-
dant at Chiang Rai in August 1914; I considered it abundant at Chiang

Mai from June 28 (1930) to September 19 (1931) and locally common

during the rest of the year. I saw it in numbers at Phayao in August

1929 and at Muang Fang in July 1936. It was locally common at

Chom Thong in January 1936. In December 1935 I observed a flock

of about 100 at Nong Khiat and over 1,000 at Nong Luang. The

“millions of ducks” reported to occur in winter in Chiang Rai Province

are largely of this species.

48 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A bird shot at Muang Fang, July 5, and another taken at Chiang
Mai, August 14, were carrying oviduct eggs ready to be laid.

This duck has a characteristic appearance in flight, which assists in
identification: against the sky it seems to be black, and the out-
stretched neck is depressed to form an angle with the plane of the back.
Its call is a shrill whistle, which may be heard while the bird is flying or
perched in a tree.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the eyelids plumbeous,
edged yellow; the maxilla slaty, bluish toward the base, with the nail
blackish, and the commissure edged fleshy ; the mandible below bluish
fleshy, tipped and edged with dark slate; the interior of the mouth
white; the feet and toes plumbeous-gray, with the webs darker; the
claws slaty black, lighter at the base.

The whistling teal has the head brown with a dark cap; the back
dark brown, the feathers margined with rufous; the rump black; the
upper tail coverts dark rufous; the tail black; the underparts un-
marked rufous; the wings black with a large chestnut area at the
shoulder; the underwing solid black.

SARKIDIORNIS MELANOTOS (Pennant)

INDIAN Coms Duck

Anser melanotos PENNANT, Indian zoology, 1769, pp. 12-18, pl. 11 (Ceylon).
Sarcidiornis melanolota, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,

p. 184 (“Northern Siam’’).
Sarkidiornis melanotus melanotus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 772 (““Somewhere

in northern Siam”).
Sarcidiornis melanota, RitEY, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 39 (“Nan River,
near Kampang, northern Siam’—Mae Wang river, near Lampang).

Gyldenstolpe saw specimens of this duck in the garden of H. H.
Chao Kaeo Nawarat na Chiang Mai and was told that they had been
captured somewhere in “Upper Siam, probably at the neighbourhood
of Muang Pra Yao.” As recently as 1937, I myself saw descendants of
these birds in the aviary of the late Chao.

Riley recorded a specimen as taken by Dr. Hugh M. Smith at the
“Nan River, near Kampang, northern Siam.” This is incorrect!
The bird, a female, was killed by W. Leigh Williams, Esq., on the Mae
Wang, near Lampang, March 21, 1928, and was presented to Dr.
Smith by E. Chapple, Esq. It is the ae wild-taken example I have
seen from North Thailand.

While I have never observed this duck, I have no doubt that it is
widely distributed in our provinces. It is well known to the northern
people everywhere as pet hong (“swan duck”). A man who lived be-
side a marsh between Chiang Mai and Lamphun told me that he had
once shot one there, and it was reported to occur at times on a large

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 49

woodland pond near Ban Pa Muat, some miles north of San Sai
Luang. At a swamp near Ban Nong Khiat people said that it bred
commonly during the rains, but when I visited this place no ducks of
any kind were seen, owing to the presence of fishermen in some num-
bers. Finally, at Phayao I was informed that it is often found on the
lake there.

This is one of the largest of Thai ducks. The male has the head
and neck white, thickly spotted with black (glossed purple and green) ;
the lower neck, all around, and the entire underparts white; the lower
back gray; the remaining upperparts black, beautifully glossed with
bronze, purple, and green; an erect fleshy growth at the base of the
bill, which becomes greatly swollen in the breeding season. The fe-
male differs in having the black parts much less glossed and in lacking
the “comb.” Birds of both sexes have a spur at the bend of the wing.

ASARCORNIS SCUTULATA (S. Miiller)
WHITE-WINGED Woop Duck

Anas scutulata S. Mutter, Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis
der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen ... Land- en Volkenkunde
[=vol. 1], 1839-1844 [=1842], p. 159, footnote (Java).

I met with a flock of five or six of these ducks at about 5,000 feet
on Doi Ang Ka during the first week of September 1935. I had
been alone to the summit of the mountain, had lost the trail for hours,
and finally was hurrying, drenched to the skin and bleeding from
hundreds of leech-bites, along a small brook through a stand of dense
evergreen, hoping to arrive at camp before the path was obliterated
by darkness. Suddenly, with loud cries, one of these gooselike birds
arose from my very feet, quickly followed by others. I was too
startled to alm my gun and within seconds they were lost to sight in
the gloom among the trees.

Inquiry of the local White Karens revealed that they knew a large
duck that lived in the forest, but they felt that its rarity and the ir-
regularity of its appearances would not justify making a special
search for it. I never met with it again in northern Thailand.

That a bird of this sort should be found at so high an altitude
seems remarkable, but it is not more so than the discovery of Rallina
eurizonoides nigrolineata in 1931 at virtually the same spot.

The present species is about equal to the comb duck in size. It
has the head and upper neck white, thickly spotted with black; the
upperparts brown, glossed with green; the underside of the lower
neck black and the remaining underparts chestnut-brown; the wing
with an extensive area of pure white at the shoulder and a large
speculum of blue-gray bordered above by a broad black band.

50 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CASARCA FERRUGINEA (Pallas)

RuppDY SHELDRAKE

Anas (ferruginea) Paulas, in Vroeg’s Beredeneerde catalogus, Adumbratiun-
culae, 1764, pp. 5-6 (no locality given=Tartary, ew “Tartarysche Gans”
and “Anser Tataricus ferrugineus” in Catalogus, p. 25).

Casarca ferruginea, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 182
(“Opposite the village of Ban En”).

A ruddy sheldrake was seen by me, December 23, 1935, on a lagoon
just behind the left bank of the Mae Ping, opposite Ban Aen, a
village between Chom Thong and Mut Ka. The bird flew out onto
an enormous expanse of exposed sand and could not be approached
within gunshot.

This species normally occurs on broad streams with wide stretches
of sand and may be expected to be found sooner or later along any
of the major northern rivers.

The sheldrake is about the size of the comb duck. The male has
the top of the head buff; the neck, back, scapulars, and entire under-
parts bright orange-brown; the tail and upper tail coverts black;
the speculum of the wing glossy purplish green; a large white area
at the shoulder, above and below, and the remainder of the wing
black. The female is similar, but has the head and neck paler, almost
buffy white.

ANAS POECILORHYNCHA HARINGTONI (Oates)

BURMESE SPOT-BILLED DUCK
Polionetta haringitoni Oates, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 17, No. 3, 1907,
pp. 558-559 (Shan States).
Anas poecilorhyncha haringtoni, Drignan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 169 (Mae Chai).

The spotbill is thus far known only from Chiang Rai Province,
where it seems to be rather common during the cold weather and
quite possibly throughout the year. I saw at least 50 on the marsh
at Mae Chai, May 9 and 10, 1936; a specimen was taken at Chiang
Saen Kao, January 17, 1937, another at Ban Mae Sai, January 20,
and numerous others were observed at the two latter localities.

This duck occurred in small flocks upon open pools surrounded
by tall rushes. It was very wild and, owing to the noise made in
breaking through the stiff vegetation, one could only with great diffi-
culty approach within gunshot range of it. It behaved exactly like
a mallard and uttered the same loud quack when startled.

The bill is black with a broad band of orange-yellow just behind
the tip; the feet are coral-red. The red spot at the base of the bill

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 51

on each side, from which this duck derives its name, is obsolescent
or absent in the present subspecies.

The spotbill is about the size of a small mallard, and the sexes
are alike in plumage. It has the upperparts generally dark brown,
each feather edged with light gray-brown; the tail black; the under-
parts buffy white, spotted profusely everywhere (except on the neck)
with dark brown; the speculum of the wing glossy green, edged in-
wardly by a narrow black bar followed by a rather broader bar of
white; the underwing with a large area of pure white at the base.

ANAS QUERQUEDULA Linnaeus
EURASIAN GARGANEY

[Anas] Querquedula LinNArus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126
(“in Europae aquis dulcibus”; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud
Hartert).

Querquedula querquedula, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 75
(Chiang Mai).

This teal occurs regularly at Chiang Mai in small numbers between
October 24 (1931) and February 20 (1936), and I have specimens
from there and from Lamphun. It will without doubt be found
eventually in all our provinces.

It settles even at quite small marshes, where the water may be
completely hidden by floating plants. In such places it remains
motionless and invisible until one is almost upon it, when the flock
will burst into the air at great speed. It is one of the fastest fliers
among the ducks.

My examples had the irides bright brown; the maxilla slaty, be-
coming plumbeous-blue on the basal half; the mandible violet, tipped
brownish slate; the rictus and edges of the commissure plumbeous-
blue; the interior of the mouth bluish white; the feet and toes plum-
beous-blue, with the webs slaty; the claws horny slate.

The old male has the crown and nape glossy black, bordered by a
broad white stripe above the eye; the neck and sides of the head choco-
late, narrowly streaked everywhere with white; the upperparts black-
ish brown, each feather margined with pale brown; the chin black;
the entire breast light brown, thickly marked with wavy blackish
bars; the abdomen white; the speculum glossy green, edged above and
below by white bars; a large shoulder patch blue-gray. The female
lacks the broad superciliary stripe and the conspicuous markings of
the breast; she has the blue-gray of the shoulder duller in color and
the speculum almost unglossed. Immature males, which are common
in Thailand, resemble the female but have brighter colors on the
wing.

52 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ANAS CRECCA CRECCA Linnaeus

EURASIAN GREEN-WINGED TEAL

[Anas] Crecca LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. i 1758, pp. 126-127 (“in
Europae aquis dulcibus”; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).
Nettion crecca, Rogers and DrIeNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934, p. 92
(Chiang Mai) ; Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).
The greenwing is an uncommon winter visitor, known only from
Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces, but is probably generally, if
locally, distributed in the North. I have found it at Chiang Mai from
December to February and have specimens from Chiang Saen Kao,
taken January 14 and 19, 1937.

It occurs at the same places as the garganey and sometimes at pools
in open, swampy woods; I have seen as many as 100 individuals
in a single flock. The flight of this species is extremely swift.

A female had the irides brown; the maxilla slaty, flecked with
black, the tip and edges of the commissure black; the mandible light
brown, tipped darker; the feet and toes gray with a brownish tinge;
the webs dark gray; the claws dark brown.

The drake has the head and neck chestnut, with a broad band of
glossy green running back from the eye; the upperparts finely ver-
miculated black and white; the underparts white, with black spots
on the breast and black vermiculations on the sides of the body; the
wings gray, with a speculum, partly black and partly glossy green,
edged above with a white bar. The female differs in having the entire
upperparts brown, each feather edged with rufous-buff; the under-
parts white, with obsolescent spots on the breast.

ANAS ACUTA Linnaeus
PINTAIL

[Anas] acuta Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126 (“in
Europae maritimis”; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).
Dafila aquta [sic], Gy~pensToLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.

135 (Phayao) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 774 (Phayao).
Dafila acuta acuta, DeIcNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 174
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).

The pintail is probably present in greater numbers than any other
species of northern duck that reaches Thailand in the cold weather.
I found it uncommon but regularly present at Chiang Mai from
October to late in February, chiefly on the large marshes, but some-
times at quite small pocls among the ricefields and on woodland
ponds. I have seen as many as 50 birds in a single flock over the
marshes between Chiang Mai and Lamphun.

Two females had the irides dark brown; the maxilla plumbeous,
with the culmen, edges of commissure, and corners of mouth slaty;
the mandible slaty, tinged fleshy at the base; the interior of the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 53

mouth plumbeous; the feet and toes plumbeous-gray, darker at the
joints; the webs and claws slaty.

The pintail may be known in flight at a great distance by its rakish
build, its slender neck, and, in the case of the full-plumaged male, by
the greatly elongated, pointed tail feathers (but such males seem to
occur with us only rarely).

The drake has the whole head umber-brown; the upper side of the
neck, the upperparts, and the sides of the body gray, finely vermicu-
lated with blackish; the underparts white, the white of the under-
neck extending as a white stripe into the brown on each side of the
head; the under tail coverts black; the long, pointed scapulars brown-
ish gray with wide, black shaft streaks; the speculum glossy bronze-
green, edged above with a dull rufous stripe and below by a white
one. The duck has the upperparts generally dark brown, barred
and speckled with white; the underparts buffy white, barred and
streaked everywhere with brown.

ANAS PENELOPE Linnaeus

EURASIAN WIGEON

[Anas] Penelope LINNAEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126 (“in
Europae maritimis et paludibus”; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud
Hartert).

Three or four examples of this distinctively marked species were
seen by me with a flock of Anas acuta, at a woodland pond near Ban
Pa Muat (north of San Sai Luang), November 23, 1936, but I was
unable to take a specimen. The wigeon may occur in winter any-
where in our provinces in the same localities as the pintail.

The drake has the crown buff, the rest of the head and neck chest-
nut, the throat more or less marked with black; the upperparts finely
vermiculated black and white (gray in the field) ; the breast vina-
ceous-pink; the under tail coverts black; the remaining underparts
pure white; a large shoulder patch pure white; the speculum metallic
green, edged above and below with black; the underwing gray. The
duck has the plumage generally dark brown, the feathers edged with
rufous, gray, and buffy white; the breast and abdomen white; a dull
brown speculum, edged above by buffy white.

NETTAPUS COROMANDELIANUS COROMANDELIANUS (Gmelin)
INDIAN COTTON TEAL

[Anas] coromandeliana GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, pp. 522-525
(Coromandel, India).

Nettopus coromandelianus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 185 (Chiang Rai); Ibis, 1920, p. 773 (“Throughout the whole
country”).

54 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Nettapus coromandelianus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 587 (about 19 miles south of Chiang Rai).—DerIcNaAn, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 174 (Chiang Mai).

Cheniscus coromandelianus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
pp. 74, 181 (Chiang Mai, Ban Nong Khiat).

The cotton teal, or pygmy goose, is common and generally distrib-
uted, particularly during the rains, on marshes, large or small, on
ponds, and even in ditches beside public roads. Gyldenstolpe found
it common at Chiang Rai in August 1914. At Chiang Mai I consid-
ered it common from June 1 (1929) to October 3 (1935) and rare
during the cold weather. I recorded it at Phayao, August 24, 1929,
and took specimens at Chom Thong, November 18, 1935, and at Ban
Mae Sariang, October 8, 1936. In Stockholm there is an undated
specimen collected by EKisenhofer at Khun Tan.

I usually found this tiny duck in pairs but sometimes also in flocks
of a dozen or so. On the marshes it was often completely concealed
by the vegetation and seen only when startled from one’s very feet,
when it would fly rapidly away, looking exactly like a gigantic bee.
It rides high in the water and is capable of diving well.

The adult male has the crown brown, the rest of the head and neck
white; at the base of the neck a complete collar, black glossed with
green; the underparts, and a collar on the hindneck below the black
collar, white; the under tail coverts black; the upperparts black,
glossed purple and green; the wing dark glossy green, with a broad
white band across it near the tip, above and below. The female and
immature male have a dark brown bar through the eye and a white
eyebrow ; the upperparts dark brown; the underparts brownish white,
with more or less indistinct wavy bars of dark brown on the breast
and lower neck.

AYTHYA FERINA (Linnaeus)
WHITE-BACKED POCHARD

[Anas] ferina LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126 (“in Huropae
maritimis” ; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

I saw a male example of the white*backed pochard at Nong Khiat,
south of Chom Thong, November 28, 1931, in company with Aythya
baeri. I was unable to take the specimen but have no hesitation in add-
ing this easily identified form to our list.

The adult male has the whole head and neck bright rufous; the
upper breast and upper back black; the upper and under tail coverts
black; the remainder of both upperparts and underparts pale gray,
finely vermiculated with black. The adult female has the head, neck,
upper breast, and upper back dull brown, more blackish on the crown
and whitish on the throat and lower side of upper neck; the upper-
parts grayish brown, more or less vermiculated with pale gray; the
underparts dull brownish gray.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 55

In the field the drake is recognizable at a glance by its bright
reddish head and neck and its apparently white back.

AYTHYA BAERI (Radde)
EASTERN WHITE-EYED POCHARD

Anas (Fuligula) Baeri RapbE, Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Siberien, vol. 2, 1863, pp.
376-378, pl. 15 (Middle Amur, southeastern Siberia).

Nyroca baeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, pp. 75, 131
(Chiang Mai, Ban Nong Khiat).

The eastern white-eyed pochard occurs regularly in winter, at least
in Chiang Mai Province, but always in small numbers. I found it
comparatively common only at the woodland pond at Ban Pa Muat
(north of San Sai Luang), where it was present throughout the cold
weather of 1936-37, in company with other ducks. I have speci-
mens taken at Chiang Mai, March 3 and November 23, 1936, and one
taken at Ban Nong Khiat, below Chom Thong, December 19, 1935.

A female had the irides dark brown; the bill slaty; the feet and
toes plumbeous, the joints slaty; the claws slate. An immature male
had the irides pale gray; the feet plumbeous, with the webs and joints
black.

I have never seen an adult male baert in Thailand. If such a bird
should be shot, it may be recognized by its having the head and neck
greenish black, changing gradually to a ring of unglossed black at
the base of the neck; a rather large, well-marked white chin spot; the
breast and upper belly dark rufous and the remaining underparts
white; the upperparts blackish brown; a broad white wing band and
a brownish-white area near the tip of the opened wing; the underwing
largely white.

Females and young males have a white chin, an indistinct patch of
dark rufous on the sides of the head at the base of the bill, and the rest
of the head and neck blackish brown, almost black on top of the head;
the upperparts blackish brown; the breast and upper belly dull ru-
fous (adults) or dark brown (immatures), somewhat mottled with
blackish, whitish, or light brown; the remaining underparts light
brown or sullied white; the wing like that of the adult male, but the
light area near the tip less whitish, more brownish.

AYTHYA NYROCA (Giildenstidt)
WESTERN WHITE-EYED POCHARD

Anas nyroca GULpEeNsTADT, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imper. Petropol., vol. 14, pt. 1,
1769, pp. 403-408 (“in regionibus Tanaicensibus inter gradum 54 et 55 lati-
tudinis”’).

Nyroca nyroca nyroca, Rocers and DrIeNaNn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934,
p. 91 (Chiang Mai).

Nyroca nyroca, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 75 (Chiang
Mai).

56 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A young male was shot at Chiang Mai, November 22, 1931, by W.
Leigh Williams, Esq., who kindly presented me the skin. Since north-
western Thailand is at the periphery of the known winter range of this
duck, it may be expected to occur only rarely within our limits.

This specimen had the irides gray; the maxilla slate-blue, with tip
and culmen black; the mandible fleshy, with tip and edges of com-
missure mottled blackish ; the feet dark slaty; the toes plumbeous; the
webs dark slaty; the claws black.

The adult male has a well-marked white chin spot, the whole head
and neck otherwise dark rufous, concolorous with the breast, but with
a tendency toward a blackish ring around the base of the neck; other
parts as in baeri.

The female and immature male are rather difficult to distinguish
from baeri, and it is probably not possible in the field. I have com-
pared six such skins of nyroca with four of baeri, and found these
differences:

1. A. baeri has the head and neck blackish brown, almost black on
the crown, and with an indistinct area of dark rufous on the sides of
the head at the base of the bill. MW. nyroca has the head and neck
uniformly dull rufous.

2. A. baeri has a rather large, well-marked white chin spot. J.
nyroca has the whole chin and throat whitish, maculated with dull
rufous (3 specimens), wholly dull rufous (1 specimen), or dull rufous
with a few whitish feathers at the extreme point of the chin (2
specimens).

3. A. baeriisa rather larger bird in all its parts (wing length 186-196
mm.) and has a somewhat broader bill. The wing length of V. nyroca
is 171-184mm. But in identifying these birds, size should be employed
only in combination with other characters.

Any pochard taken in Thailand should have the head and wing,
even if not the whole skin, preserved for critical examination, since
a number of species, not yet recorded at all from the Kingdom, are
to be expected in winter.

Order FALCONIFORMES
Family ACCIPITRIDAE

ELANUS CAERULEUS VOCIFERUS (Latham)
INDIAN BLACK-WINGED KITE

[Falco] vociferus LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 46 (India; type
locality restricted to Coromandel Coast, ex Sonnerat, apud Hartert).

Elanus caeruleus vociferus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935,
p. 64 (Chom Thong).

I have only twice seen this beautiful little kite in North Thailand:
once at Phayao, August 24, 1929, and once along the highway about

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 57

2 km. north of Chom Thong, September 11, 1935; in neither case was
TI able to take the specimen. Since the species is rather common on the
plains to the south of our area and, furthermore, is known to make
occasional irruptions into territory where it has not been seen before,
it is likely to occur at some time anywhere in the northern lowlands,
except in heavily forested districts.

The Chom Thong bird was in a tract from which the jungle had
only recently been cleared and where there were still numerous dead
trees, upon which it perched. At Phayao I found it among low
second-growth trees, at the edge of the taller forest. The latter bird
was observed to hover in a curious manner, with the wings pointed
almost straight upward and the tail depressed.

This kite has the irides (in adults) deep red; the bill black; the cere
and rictus yellow; the feet and toes yellow; the claws black.

It is a small, graceful hawk with pure-white underparts; the
posterior lores and a line over the eye black; the forehead white,
shading into the blue-gray of the upperparts; a large black shoulder
patch and the wings blackish toward the tip; the central tail feathers
pale gray, the outer ones white; the basal half of the underwing pure
white, the rest dark gray. ‘The wing is pointed and very long, when
folded extending beyond the tip of the tail.

Recent authors have been inclined to merge the race vociferus with
caeruleus of Africa. The latter is supposed to have a blue-gray wash
on the breast, rarely seen in the Asiatic birds, and to be slightly darker
above. The presence or absence of the blue-gray wash seems to be
a very inconstant character, but I find that the two forms are easily
separable by the difference in the tone of gray of the upperparts, a
distinction that is especially well marked on the head.

AVICEDA LEUPHOTES (Dumont)
BLACK-CRESTED BAZA

Falco leuphotes DuMoNT, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 16, 1820, p. 217 (Pondicherry).

Baza lophotes, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 130 (Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong,
Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 750 (“Throughout the whole country”).

Baza euphotes [sic], pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 576 (Doi Suthep).

Aviceda leuphotes, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 75
(Doi Suthep).

The baza is well distributed in the provinces of Chiang Mai,
Lampang, and Phrae, at least in the hilly districts, and should be
watched for in the remaining northern provinces. Gyldenstolpe found
it not uncommon at Pha Kho in March and at Khun Tan in June.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm one bird taken at Huai Pu, May 28,
1912; one taken at Khun Tan, June 8, 1913; and no less than 18 others,
including a juvenile, with no data but Khun Tan. On the lower

58 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

slopes of Doi Suthep, de Schauensee took a specimen, March 12, 1928,
and I saw four, March 20, 1936. I have found it near Ban Pong, a
village at the southern foot of Doi Suthep, February 15, 1936; in the
deciduous jungle near Ban Choeng Doi in March; and between Ban
Choeng Doi and Wiang Pa Pao in April, 1929. During the latter half
of August, 1936, I collected six specimens at Mae Mo and there
observed many others. Finally, I have often seen this species from
the train while passing through the hill-forests between Chiang Mai
and Uttaradit.

There is a strong likelihood that this hawk is migratory. Chasen
has remarked (Birds of the Malay Peninsula, vol. 4, 1989, p. 47) that
all specimens he has seen from the Peninsula have been collected from
November to March. With us, it has so far been recorded only from
February to August. The presence of the species on Doi Suthep only
in March implies that it has arrived from. elsewhere and then moves on.

The baza is found both in the evergreen and in the deciduous forest,
but never at really high elevations. When not breeding, it is usually
seen in parties of from 3 to 5 individuals, but sometimes the small
groups band together into loose flocks of as many as 20 birds. It is
more active at dusk and during the heat of the day perches quietly
in the top of a high tree, where it would be overlooked if it did not
periodically fly out after passing insects. Sometimes it is very tame,
at others exceedingly wild and difficult to approach. When alarmed
it utters a soft, tremulous scream and begins to soar in small circles
above the treetops. The long crest is held vertically when the bird is
at rest. In flight it flaps frequently and looks exactly like a small
black and white crow.

The crest and upperparts are black, the feathers of the back with
white bases which show through in places; the scapulars are black
and chestnut, with white bases which show as large white patches;
the throat is black; a broad white band across the breast is succeeded
by another broad band of mixed black and chestnut; the sides of the
body are buffy, barred with chestnut; the center of the abdomen and
the under tail coverts are black; the wings are black, with a large
area of white, mixed with chestnut, near the end of the secondaries;
the axillaries are black and the rest of the underwing is gray, darker
toward the tip.

PERNIS PTILORHYNCUS RUFICOLLIS Lesson
INDIAN HONEY BUZZARD

Pernis ruficollis Lesson, Traité d’Ornithologie, livr. 1, 1830, p. 77 (‘‘Patrie in-
connue’”’=Bengal, fide Kirke Swann).

Pernis apivorus ruficollis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).

Pernis apivorus orientalis [partim], DeEIGNaN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 59

With this migratory form I place three specimens from Chiang Mai:
An adult female and an immature of the same sex, respectively taken
October 19 and 20, 1935, and an adult male collected May 12, 1936.

The two October examples are molting both remiges and rectrices.
The third specimen, shot at a surprisingly late date, had the gonads
quite inactive and doubtless represents a delayed north-bound migrant.

The adult female had the irides red-orange; the cere and maxilla
black; the mandible slaty black, plumbeous at the base; the rictus pale
_ yellow; the feet and toes yellow; the claws horny slate. The immature
differed only in having the irides olive-yellow.

A general description of the plumages of this species will be found
under the following race. P. p. rujicollis is distinguishable from
gurney? only by its greater size.

Stresemann, in his revision of the genus Pernis (Archiv fiir Natur-
geschichte, 1940, pp. 187-193), states that ruficollis has the “tail-wing
index” (length of tail multiplied by 100 and divided by length of
wing) usually under 65 mm.; the “wing-tip” (distance from tip of
longest secondary to tip of longest primary) usually under 110 mm.;
the wing length from 392 to 460 mm. My adult male has the “index”
61 mm., the “wing-tip” 106 mm., the wing length 446 mm.; the adult
and immature females respectively have the “index” 61 and 58 mm.,
the “wing-tip” 78 and 97 mm., the wing length 423 and 444 mm.
Owing to the fact that both females are molting the quills of wings and
tail, their measurements are misleadingly short, yet great enough to
place them under this name without question.

PERNIS PTILORHYNCUS GURNEYI Stresemann
BURMESE HONEY BUZZARD

Pernis ptilorhynchus gurneyi STRESEMANN, Arch. fiir Naturg., new ser. Abt. B,
vol. 9, No. 2, 1940, pp. 168-170 (Lamaing, near Mandalay, Burma).

Pernis apivorus rujicollis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1986, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).

Pernis apivorus orientalis [partim], DrIaNAn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 75 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai I obtained specimens of this small subspecies Octo-
ber 1 and December 138, 19385; February 25, 1936; January 20, Febru-
ary 4 and 6, 1987. Others reached me from Ban San Kamphaeng,
January 4, 1936, and Doi Suthep (8,500 feet), December 16, 1935.
With P. p. gurneyi may be placed also an undated adult male in
Stockholm, taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan; this is the bird dis-
cussed by Lonnberg (Ibis, 1924, p. 321). Finally, I have seen in
Hannover an unsexed example, collected by Eisenhofer in “Siam,”
March 9, 1911, which probably is of this race and may well have come
from some northern locality.

583136—45——_5

60 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Most of the honey buzzards in my collection were shot in village gar-
dens by the indignant owners of hives of bees. Some examples had the
stomach filled with honey, bees, and their larvae. Since honey was to
be found easily only near human habitation and since these large birds
were very tame and rather sluggish, they were readily killed. On
November 1, 1935, I saw six at one time soaring lazily above Chiang
Mai, and during that winter I frequently observed them perched upon
low trees beside the highways and close to houses.

An adult male of October 1 is molting both remiges and rectrices;
another of February 6, the remiges; a subadult female of February 25,
the rectrices. Stresemann has suggested that gurneyi may breed in
Thailand, but I took only winter birds with inactive gonads and Riley’s
specimen of May 4 from Pak Chong may have been a migrant (as is my
example of ruficollis of even later date).

An adult male had the irides deep orange; the cere black above, olive-
green at the sides; the maxilla black, olive-green on the sides at the
base; the mandible slaty at the tip, then plumbeous, with the extreme
base yellow-green; the rictus pale yellow ; the feet and toes yellow; the
claws horny slate.

Hawks of this genus may always be known in the hand by their hav-
ing the lores and sides of the head closely covered with small, scalelike
feathers, instead of the usual bristles and naked skin. In plumage the
individual variation is so great that the species may be described as
polymorphic. It usually has the upperparts dark brown; the head
more or less whitish, owing to the white bases of the feathers showing
through; the lores and sides of the head some shade of gray; the un-
derwing whitish, with broad, irregular bars of blackish; the upper sur-
face of the tail barred blackish brown and light brown or whitish, the
dark and light bands of subequal breadth (adults) or the dark bars
much narrower than the pale ones, the latter crossed by numerous
narrow medium brown bands (immatures) ; the lower surface of the
tail similarly but rather less distinctly marked ; the underparts various,
light brown with narrow black streaks, white barred everywhere with
brown, white, or buffy marked with black or brown drops, plain dark
brown, or any combination of these colors and markings; the throat
usually of some light color, often set off by black borders and a black
mesial streak.

According to Stresemann’s diagnosis (loc. cit.), this form agrees
with ruficollis in having the “tail-wing index” usually under 65 mm.
and the “wing-tip” usually under 110 mm., but differs in its shorter
wing length (from 363 to 400 mm.). Of three nonmolting specimens

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 61

before me, two immature females have the “index” 66 and 63 mm., the
“Wwing-tip” 83 and 85 mm., the wing length 399 and 390 mm.; an imma-
ture male, the “index” 67 mm., the “wing-tip” 62 mm., the wing length
345 mm. Of my three examples in molt, of which the measurements
are necessarily somewhat inexact, the two adult males have the “index”
66 and 65 mm., the “wing-tip” 70 and 85 mm., the wing length 382
and 381 mm.; the subadult female, the “index” 62 mm., the “wing-tip”
77 mm., the wing length 390 mm.

MILVUS MIGRANS LINEATUS (J. E. Gray)
BLACK-EARED KITE

Haliaetus lineatus J. BH. Gray, in Hardwicke, Illustrations of Indian zoology, vol.
1, pt. 8, 1830-1832 [== 1881], pl. 18 (China).

Milwus migrans lineatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166
(Chiang Mai.)

Milvus lineatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 75 (Chiang
Mai).

This kite is a well-known winter visitor, which occurs chiefly along
the larger rivers; at Chiang Mai it was common from October 20 (1931)
to March 21 (1929). My specimens were collected at Chiang Mai,
November 16, 1931, and at Doi Mae Kong Ka, October 23, 19386.

The black-eared kite is a familiar sight at Chiang Mai, over the river
and above the city streets. It seems to spend most of its waking hours
in the air, where it is able to soar for long periods with only slight
movements of the wings and turning of the forked tail to one side or
the other.

One of my specimens, a female, had the irides bright brown; the orbi-
tal skin plumbeous-blue; the bill black, plumbeous-blue at the base; the
cere pale yellow; the feet and toes grayish yellow; the claws black.

The stomach of this bird contained small lizards, but much of its
food must consist of offal gathered from the surface of the water.

This is a large, long-winged hawk, with a distinctly forked tail,
the central tail feathers being from an inch to an inch and a half
shorter than the outermost. Adults are generally very dark brown,
with a large, noticeable white patch near the middle of the under-
wing. Immature birds have the plumage dark brown with whitish
streaks on the head, upper back, and underparts, whitish spots on
the shoulders, whitish tips to the feathers of the lower back and
tail, and the underwing marked as in the adult. The ear coverts are
not really black but are blackish brown, rather darker than the
neighboring areas.

62 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

HALIASTUR INDUS INDUS (Beddaert)
INDIAN BRAHMINY KITE

Falco Indus Bopparrt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 25 (Pondicherry, ea D’Aubenton, pl. 416, and Buffon, vol. 1, p. 490).

Haliastur indus, GYLDENSTOPLE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 128
(Nong Mae Rua).

Haliastur indus indus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 747 (‘‘Northern Siam’’).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 578 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1934, p. 270 (Chiang Mai).—DerIcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 76 (Chiang Mai).

The Brahminy kite is very common, especially along the larger
rivers and on the great marshes, and is a familiar bird in towns and
villages. At Chiang Mai it was present throughout the year except
during the month of April, when it was rare or absent. In January
1936 I took specimens at Chiang Mai, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, and
Ban Thung Som Poi. Gyldenstolpe collected one in August near
Chiang Saen, and I recorded it at Phayao in August 1929.

This kite is always to be seen from the bridges at Chiang Mai, in
winter accompanied by J/ilvus, with which it shares the refuse float-
ing down the river. A common call, sometimes uttered while circling
high in the air, is a shrill chee—ddddd. At nightfall it repairs to
some solitary tree in the ricefields and roosts together with others
of its kind. I knew such a tree near the river below Chiang Mai
which was used by the kites at least for several years.

Gyldenstolpe’s specimen from Mae Rua had the irides brownish
yellow ; the bill yellowish green ; the feet yellow.

The Brahminy kite has the wing and tail rounded. When adult,
it has the plumage bright red-brown, with the head, neck, upper
back, and forehalf of the underparts white (with blackish shaft
streaks) and the apical half of the wing black. The immature bird
has the head, neck, and underparts dull light brown, redder on the
lower abdomen; the apical half of the wing blackish; the rest of the
plumage dark brown.

The only northern specimens extant are from Chiang Mai and
Chiang Rai Provinces, and these are quite typical indus, agreeing
parfectly with specimens from India in the heavy streaking of the
head and underparts.

ACCIPITER GENTILIS KHAMENSIS (Bianchi)
TIBETAN GOSHAWK

Astur palumbarius khamensis BIaNcut, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 16, 1906, pp.
70-71 (“in terra Kham dicta, Tibet, merid.-orient.”; type from “basin of the
headwaters of Mekong, Lun-tok-ndo, north of Chamdo, southeastern Tibet,”
fide Sushkin, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 39, 1928, p. 27; locality
further limited to the Re-tschu river, apud Kirke Swann).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 63

Accipiter gentilis schvedowi, Rogers and Detcnan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Chiang Mai=Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 76 (Chiang Mai=Doi Suthep, ?Doi Chiang Dao).

This fine hawk is definitely known as a Thai bird only by a single
immature male, which came into my possession on November 29,
1931; it had been shot a day or two before by a Lao watchman at the
bungalow of H. B. M. Consulate, on Doi Suthep at about 3,500 feet.
The skin is now deposited in the collection of the Princeton Museum
of Zoology. The species may be less rare than is indicated by the
paucity of records: I believe that I saw a pair on Doi Chiang Dao
in December 1931, and on several occasions in winter, over the top-
most ridge of Doi Suthep, I have observed birds that may well have
been of this form.

Adults are dark slaty above, with white bases of the feathers
showing through on the nape; they have black ear coverts and a white
eyebrow; the rounded tail narrowly white-tipped and crossed by
indistinct blackish bars; the underparts white, closely barred every-
where with narrow blackish bands. Immature birds are brown
above, with the tail narrowly white-tipped and narrowly barred light
and dark; below buffy white, heavily streaked with brown.

This genus is recognizable among hawks by its relatively short,
rounded wing and long tail. The present form differs from its
Thai congeners by its great size and the lack of a definite mesial line
on the throat, but, because of the variation in size and color among
individuals of all these species, no record for this bird should be held
valid without a specimen.

In default of suitable comparative material and with only one
immature bird from Thailand, the true subspecific identity of my
specimen must remain in doubt. A. g. khamensis, the supposed breed-
ing form of southeastern Tibet and Szechwan, is, if separable from
schvedowi, the race most likely, on a basis of analogies, to occur in
winter among the mountains of northwestern Thailand.

ACCIPITER BADIUS POLIOPSIS (Hume)
BURMESE SHIKRA

Micronisus poliopsis HUME, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, p. 8325 (northern Pegu;
type locality restricted to Thayetmyo, ex Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 3,
1875, p. 24).

Astur poliopsis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 63
(Pak Pan).

Astur badius poliopsis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(Khun Tan); Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 124 (Khun Tan,
Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Pak Ta); Ibis, 1920, p. 747 (‘Throughout
Siam”).—bDE SCHAUENSEE, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 579
(Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Chiang Mai).

64 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Accipiter gularis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 125.
(Pha Kho, Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 746 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan).

Astur trivirgatus indicus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 270 (Chiang Mai).

Accipiter badius klossi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1984, p. 270 (Chiang Mai).

Accipiter trivirgatus indicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 76 (Chiang Mai).

Accipter badius poliopsis, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 76 (Chiang Mai).—Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 46 (Chiang
Dao).

Accipter gularis nisoides, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 175 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Accipiter virgatus nisoides, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 76 (Doi Suthep).

The shikra is a very common permanent resident throughout north-
ern Thailand. In the vicinity of Chiang Mai it occurred everywhere
on the plain and ascended Doi Suthep, along the trails and in the more
open forest, to 3,500 feet. A specimen in Hannover was taken by
Hisenhofer at Pha Hing. The same collector sent to Stockholm one
example from Huai Pu, and no less than 19 from Khun Tan. I took
it at Chom Thong, Ban Nong Khiat, Ban Tha Nong Luang, Chiang
Saen Kao, Ban Noi, Ban San Sai Mun, Ban Mae Dok Daeng Nai,
Chiang Mai, and Doi Suthep and have seen it in Nan Province.

This is a fearless little hawk, more often observed in the neighbor-
hood of human habitation than in wilder areas. One frequently seen
in my compound at Chiang Mai used to conceal itself in the crown
of a coconut palm, whence it would dash out after some unsuspecting
myna; a great chase would then take place, the pursuer and pursued
wheeling and dodging among the trees until the starling at last
found shelter in the dense heart of a palm or fell victim to the bandit.
One of my specimens, a large female, was shot while in the act of
tearing to pieces a dove (Streptopelia c. tigrina), and de Schauensee
(1929) took examples that had fed, one on a small bird, another on
a small rodent; most stomachs examined, however, have contained
insects, frogs, and lizards. A bird observed in northern Nan Province
was beating the edge of an extensive grass fire, catching grasshoppers
and other insects as they tried to escape the flames.

Apparently no birds in actual breeding condition have been taken
in our area. Eisenhofer took juveniles at Huai Pu, June 4, 1912, and
at Khun Tan, June 6, 1918, while Gyldenstolpe took similar examples
at Pang Hua Phong, May 26 and 27, 1914. A number of my speci-
mens had paired ovaries.

An adult male, taken by me on August 15, retains a few traces of
the brown subadult plumage on the head and back. The third pri-
mary on each side has been molted and the new feather is still in
sheath.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 65

Adult males have the irides orange or orange-red; the bill black,
plumbeous or slaty blue at the base; the cere green, or yellow with
yellow-green at the sides; the feet and toes yellow; the claws black.
Adult females differ only in having the irides golden-yellow. Imma-
ture birds are like the adults, but have the irides light yellow.

Adults have the upperparts from brownish slate to blue-gray,
depending upon the age of the specimen; the visible portion of the
rounded tail crossed by four black bands, rather indistinct in older
birds; the throat white with a more or less distinct gray mesial stripe;
the under tail coverts white; the remaining underparts closely barred
everywhere pinkish rufous and white. Immature birds have the
upperparts dark brown, with the white bases of the feathers showing
through on head and nape; the throat white with a dark brown mesial
stripe; the remaining underparts white, heavily marked with streaks
and drops of rufous and dark brown. The fourth primary is longest,
the third subequal.

My synonymy of this bird is based upon personal examination of
all the specimens from our area in the museums of Europe and
America.

The alleged characters of klossz, described by Kirke Swann from
South Annam, are not constant even in a topotypical series. The
name Astur bifasciatus of Peale cannot be used for the Indo-Chinese
race, as has been done by Chasen (Birds of Malay Peninsula, vol.
4, 1939, p. 25). I have examined the type specimen in the U. 8. Na-
tional Museum and find it to be an immature female of Accipiter
virgatus gularis Temminck and Schlegel.

ACCIPITER SOLOENSIS (Horsfield)

HORSFIELD’S SPARROW HAWK

Falco Soloensis Hors¥Fietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 13, 1821, p. 137 (Java).
Accipiter soloensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
125 (Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 746 (Pha Kho).

Horsfield’s sparrow hawk is likely to occur in winter anywhere in
our provinces, but so far there are only three definite records:
Gyldenstolpe took a female at Pha Kho, April 14, 1914; I collected an
adult female at Ban Huai Mae Lit, October 1, 1936, and an adult male
at Ban Huai Ki, March 28, 1937.

Gyldenstolpe has recorded that his bird was found perched upon a
clump of bamboo near the banks of an almost dry creek. My speci-
men from Huai Ki was on a dead tree beside a small stream at the
edge of light evergreen forest. The species seems to occur only in
wild, uninhabited places.

The male had the irides dark brown; the bill black, plumbeous at
the rictus; the cere orange; the feet and toes orange-yellow; the

>

66 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

claws black. Gyldenstolpe’s female had the irides yellow and the bill
horn.

Adults have the upperparts dark slate, the scapulars with large
white spots; the rounded tail with four obsolescent dark bands, the
central feathers often immaculate; the throat white or rufous-white,
each feather with a narrow dark gray shaft streak; the under tail
coverts white; the remaining underparts varying, according to age
of specimen, from pinkish rufous with indistinct, narrow buffy bars
to immaculate vinaceous-pink; the under wing coverts white, washed
with buff. Immature birds have the crown brownish slate; the
remaining upperparts dark brown; the exposed portion of the tail
with four indistinct dark bars; the throat white, with a narrow dark
brown mesial line; the remaining underparts white, boldly marked
on the breast with rufous-brown streaks and drops, which change
to bars on the abdomen. The third primary is longest, the fourth
subequal.

ACCIPITER TRIVIRGATUS INDICUS (Hodgson)
NORTHERN CRESTED GOSHAWK

[Astur] Indicus PARBATTIAH [—Hopcson], Bengal Sporting Mag., new ser., vol.
8, 1836, p. 177 (Nepal).

Lophospizias trivirgatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
234 (listed).

Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 124 (Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 747 (“Northern .. . Siam”).

Lophospizias trivirgatus rufitinctus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 578 (Chiang Saen).

Lophospiza indica, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 48 (Khun Tan, Doi
Langka).

This large accipitrine is not common but seems to be generally dis-
tributed in the northern provinces throughout the year. A female
in the Stockholm Museum, taken by Hisenhofer at Khun Tan in
1914, is probably the bird listed by Gyldenstolpe in 1915; a specimen
in Hannover was taken by the same collector at Pha Hing, May 4,
1912. I obtained a male about 6 km. south of Muang Chiang Dao,
August 17, 1935.

Gyldenstolpe has observed that the species seems to avoid evergreen
jungles and the lower valleys with their dense vegetation, and it was
met with only in the deciduous forest or in thin tree jungle. My own
experience has been precisely the same. The stomach of my specimen
contained small frogs.

The bird had the irides golden-orange; the orbital region and lores
greenish yellow; the cere and rictus yellow; the maxilla black; the
mandible plumbeous, tipped black; the feet and toes bright yellow;
the claws black.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 67

Adults have the crown and short nuchal crest brownish black; the
upperparts dark brown; the exposed portion of the rounded tail
crossed by four blackish bars; the throat white with a broad black-
ish mesial streak; the remaining underparts white, with broad
rufous-brown streaks on the breast, rufous-brown bars elsewhere.
Immatures have the feathers of the head and nape edged pale rufous;
the underparts buffy white, with a blackish mesial stripe on the throat,
broad blackish streaks on the breast, and similar streaks of brown on
the sides of the body; the thighs thickly barred brown and buffy. The
fourth primary is longest, the fifth subequal.

ACCIPITER VIRGATUS AFFINIS Hodgson
NEPALESE BESRA

[Accipiter] affinis ParpaTTtiAd [—Hopason], Bengal Sporting Mag., new ser.
vol. 8, 1836, p. 179 (Nepal).

I have twice taken this bird at Chiang Mai: an immature male,
November 25, 1935, and an adult male, February 29, 1936. It is
probably only a winter visitor.

The immature specimen had the irides deep yellow; the eyelids yel-
low; the cere, lores, and rictus olive-green; the bill black, plumbeous
at the base; the tarsi dull olive in front, bright yellow behind; the toes
bright yellow; the claws black. The adult had the irides orange, but
I have no record of the colors of other soft parts.

The adult male has the upperparts dark slate; the exposed portion
of the square-tipped tail with four broad blackish bands, the basal
sometimes concealed by the coverts; the throat white, with a broad
blackish mesial stripe; the upper breast pale rufous, barred with white
in the center; the remaining underparts white, with fairly broad
pale rufous bars; the under tail coverts white. The adult female dif-
fers in having the upperparts dark brown, blackish on the head and
nape. Immatures have the upperparts dark brown with four broad
blackish bands across the tail; the throat white, with a broad black-
ish mesial stripe; the remaining underparts boldly streaked black
and dull rufous on the breast, barred dull rufous on the abdomen.
The fourth and fifth primaries are longest and equal.

ACCIPITER VIRGATUS GULARIS (Temminck and Schlegel)
JAPANESE BESRA

Astur (Nisus) gularis TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
1850 [=1844], pp. 5-6, col. pl. 2 (Japan).

Accipiter virgatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(listed).

Accipiter virgatus virgatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 746 (Khun Tan).

68 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The specimen upon which Gyldenstolpe’s record is based is in Stock-
holm; it is an adult male, taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan in 1914.
The only other example known from our area is an adult male, col-
lected for de Schauensee at Chiang Saen Kao, April 20, 1935, and now
deposited in Philadelphia.

Adult males have the upperparts dark slate, almost black, with four
blackish bands across the exposed portion of the square-tipped tail;
the throat white, with a mere hairstreak of blackish down the center ;
the remaining underparts white, with ill-defined pale rufous barring
everywhere. Adult females have the upperparts blackish brown; the
mesial stripe of the throat broader than in the male; the remaining
underparts barred distinctly everywhere with white and dull brown-
ish rufous. Immature specimens are colored like the corresponding
age of soldensis, but are distinguishable by their longer, slenderer tarsi
and toes, and the different wing formula. The fourth primary is long-
est, then come the third and the fifth.

BUTASTUR INDICUS (Gmelin)
GRAY-FACED BUZZARD EAGLE

[Falco] indicus GmMrtin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 264 (Java, ex
Latham).

Butastur indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 748 (Khun Tan).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1929, p. 578 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 270 (Chiang Mai).—DrIcNnan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 76
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

This buzzard eagle, which breeds in Japan and northern China, is a
regular but rather uncommon winter visitor to the plains and foot-
hills of northern Thailand. A specimen in Hannover was taken by
Kisenhofer at Pha Hing, April 26, 1912; I believe that Gyldenstolpe’s
record for Khun Tan (1920) refers to the same specimen and that the
locality is erroneous as published. De Schauensee’s birds from Chi-
ang Mai and Doi Suthep (1,500 feet) were taken December 26, 1928,
and January 25 and 29, 1933. I collected an adult female about 21
km. west of Ban Mae Rim, December 2, 1935, and an immature male
at Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), April 2, 1937.

This is a tame and somewhat sluggish species. The Mae Rim bird
was shot from a low tree at a clearing beside a jungle road; the Na
Noi specimen was perched upon a bush growing in a dry and fallow
ricefield. De Schauensee found his birds in dry deciduous forest at
the base of Doi Suthep. The Na Noi specimen had a large centi-
pede in its stomach.

My birds had the irides golden-yellow; the orbital skin pale yellow;
the bill black, yellow at the base; the cere and rictus yellow; the feet
and toes yellow; the claws black.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 69

Adults have the lores and a patch on each side of the forehead white;
the sides of the head brownish gray; the upperparts dark brown, the
feathers of the crown and upper back tipped and edged rufous, the up-
per tail coverts tipped white; the exposed portion of the tail crossed
by three black bars; the throat white, with a broad black mesial
stripe; the breast grayish rufous-brown with white spots; the under
tail coverts white; the remaining underparts barred white and gray-
ish rufous-brown. Immatures have the upperparts brown, washed
with rufous; the underparts white, on the breast streaked with rufous-
brown, on the abdomen barred with the same color; the other parts as
in the adults.

BUTASTUR LIVENTER (Temminck)
RUFOUS-WINGED BUZZARD EAGLE

Falco liventer TEMMINCK, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, livr.
74, 1827, pl. 488 (Celebes, Sumatra, Java, and India).

Butastur liventer, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 747 (Khun Tan).—pr ScHAvUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 578 (Chiang Saen).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 76 (Doi Suthep).

The rufous-winged buzzard eagle is a not uncommon permanent
resident of the deciduous forests of the plains and the lower hills (to
2,700 feet). A specimen in Stockholm was taken by Ejisenhofer at
Khun Tan and is probably the one mentioned by Gyldenstolpe. I have
observed the species near Wiang Pa Pao in April and have collected
it at Chiang Mai in September and January and at Ban Salaeng, May
1, 1936.

Near Chiang Mai, in March, I watched a pair that were doubtless
about to breed. They were in hot, leafless woods, and one pursued the
other from treetop to treetop, or followed it up into the air, where
they swooped and dived, both uttering a loud and continuous
squealing.

The stomach of one of my specimens was filled with crabs.

Owing to the coarse, hard leaves of the type of jungle inhabited by
these birds, the plumage becomes very worn and the color washed out.
My May specimen has the feathers very frayed. The bird of Septem-
ber 24 has the second primary on each side partly ensheathed and the
second rectrix from outside on each side not fully grown.

An adult male had the irides lemon-yellow; the orbital skin, lores,
and cere deep yellow; the basal half of the bill horny yellow, the rest
black; the feet and toes deep yellow; the claws black.

Mature birds in fresh plumage have the feathers of the head and
upper back light brownish gray with blackish shafts; the remaining
upperparts rufous with black shafts; the tail deep rufous with a
blackish subterminal band and about three narrow, incomplete bars
of black; the throat mixed white and gray; the breast light brownish

70 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

gray with dark shafts to the feathers, changing sometimes to indis-
tinct white and pale rufous barring on the abdomen; the remaining
underparts pure white; an indistinct pale rufous-gray area on the
shoulder; the primaries deep rufous, barred and broadly tipped with
black; the edge of the wing and the under wing coverts pure white.
A smallish hawk with gray head and breast, rufous wings and tail,
and most of the face and bill deep yellow, this species is unmistakable.

SPIZATEUS NIPALENSIS FOKIENSIS w. L. Sclater

CHINESE CRESTED HAWK EAGLE

Spizaetus nipalensis fokiensis W. L. Scuarer, Bull, Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 40, 1919,
p. 837 (Fubkien Province, South China).

Spizaetus limnaetus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Siam, 1915, p. 233
(listed).

Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaeetus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 743 (Khun Tan).

Spizaetus nipalensis fokiensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 270 (Doi Suthep).—Derenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl,
1936, p. 77 (Doi Suthep).

The status of this large hawk is uncertain. De Schauensee took a
female on Doi Suthep at 4,500 feet, February 27, 1933, and Eisenhofer
sent to Stockholm two skins without other data than Khun Tan;
otherwise there are no definite records. In the jungle on Doi Suthep
I frequently saw birds that may have been this form but was never
able to take specimens for verification.

An adult specimen from southeastern Thailand has the feathers
of the head pale brown, more pale rufous on the nape, with blackish
centers; the long, narrow crest feathers black with pale, narrow tips;
the upperparts dark brown; the tail crossed by four blackish bands;
the throat rufous-white, with a conspicuous black mesial stripe and
a black stripe at each side; the underparts fulvous-brown on the
breast, chocolate-brown on the abdomen and thighs, spotted with
black and white on the throat and breast, barred with white else-
where; most of the underwing boldly barred black and white, but a
large area about the center barred gray and white; the tarsi densely
feathered onto the base of the toes. Immature birds differ chiefly
in having the head, neck, and underparts fulvous-white.

I have examined the specimens in Stockholm upon which Gylden-
stolpe based his northern record for Spizaetus cirrhatus limmnaeetus
and have decided that they must be referred to the present form.
Both have much more highly developed crests and heavier, stronger
claws than émnaeetus.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND val

HIERAAETUS KIENERII FORMOSUS Stresemann
SOUTHERN RUFOUS-BELLIED HAWK EAGLE

Hieraaétus kieneri formosus STRESEMANN, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 32, 1924, pp. 108-
109 (North Celebes. )

Hieraaétus kienerii kienerii, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 76 (Doi Suthep).

The rufous-bellied eagle seems to be a bird of considerable rarity in
Thafland. I have three sight records for the species: One at 5,500
feet on Doi Suthep, February 1, 1936; one at 4,000 feet, February 6,
1937, on the same mountain; one in the foothills to the south of
Suthep, February 15, 1936. The only northern Thai specimen was
taken by the Asiatic Primate Expedition in 1987 on Doi Ang Ka;
the data for this bird have not yet been published.

The adult has the long, narrow crest feathers, the sides of the head,
and the entire upperparts black; the throat white, with a few black
streaks at each side; the remaining underparts bright rufous, with
black shaft streaks; the under wing coverts rufous; the rest of the
underwing barred blackish and gray, but a large area at the center
pale gray, the bars being obsolescent; the tarsi feathered. The im-
mature is quite different and entirely lacks rufous coloration.

All Thai birds probably belong to the southern race, formosus,
which is distinguished from the typical form (Himalayas) only by
smaller dimensions. Stresemann states that the wing length of
kieneri? varies from 356 (male) to 444 mm. (female); of formosus,
from 324 (male) to 382 mm. (female). James C. Greenway, Jr., of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has informed me in a letter that
the Ang Ka specimen is a female with a wing length of 369 mm.

AQUILA RAPAX VINDHIANA Franklin
INDIAN TAWNY EAGLE

Aquila Vindhiana FRANKLIN, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, 1880-1831
[=1831], p. 114 (Vindhya Hills, central India).

Aquila rapax vindhiana, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1829,
p. 577 (Chiang Mai).—Drtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 165 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 77 (Chiang Mai).

A female taken by de Schauensee at Chiang Mai, December 20,
1928, constitutes the only definite record for the tawny eagle in
Thailand.

This specimen had the apical half of the maxilla horny black, the
basal half olive-gray; the mandible olive-gray, tipped black; the cere
olive-yellow ; the toes yellow; the claws black.

72 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This is a very large species which exhibits great individual varia-
tion in coloration. An adult example in Washington has the general
plumage light brown; the primaries blackish; the blackish brown
secondaries and the greater wing coverts tipped fulvous-white, giving
the appearance of two narrow, light wing bars; the upper tail coverts
tipped fulvous-white; the tarsi feathered to the toes; the nostril
elliptical, higher than broad.

AQUILA CLANGA Pallas
GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE

Aquila Clanga PaLuas, Zoographia Rosso-asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, pp. 851-852 (Rus-
sia and Siberia to Kamchatka).

Aquila nipalensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
577 (Chiang Mai).

Aquila nipalensis nipalensis, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 165 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 77 (Chiang Mai).

A male taken by de Schauensee at Chiang Mai, December 20, 1928,
is the only definite record for our area.

This specimen had the irides brown, mixed with yellow; the apical
half of the maxilla black and the basal half gray-green; the cere
olive-yellow, brighter at the rictus; the claws black.

Adults are in general dark chocolate-brown. Immature birds dif-
fer in having the upper tail coverts mixed with brownish white; the
upper wing coverts with brownish white or light brown tips; the
ends of the secondaries mottled with light brown or brownish white,
which sometimes forms a broad wing bar; the underparts streaked
everywhere with light brown. The tarsi are feathered to the toes
and the nostril is round, as broad as high.

De Schauensee and I have reexamined together the specimen upon
which his record of A. nipalensis was based and agree that it must be
referred to clanga.

ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS (Temminck)
MALAYAN BLACK EAGLE

Falco malayensis “Reinw.” TemMinck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées
d’oiseaux, livr. 20, 1822, pl. 117 (“dans toutes les iles du grand archipel des
Indes . . . principalement 4 Java et 4 Sumatra’; type locality restricted
to Java, by Kirke Swann, Synopsis of the Accipitres, ed. 2, 1922, p. 115).

Ictinaétus malayensis perniger, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 175 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 270 (Doi Suthep). ;

Ictinaétus malayensis, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1936, p. 77
(Doi Suthep).

IT collected a male on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, June 13, 1931; de Schau-
ensee took a female at the same locality, February 20, 1933. I have
seen the species soaring over Doi Chiang Dao at 5,000 and 7,000 feet,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 73

and the members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition found it on Doi
Ang Ka. It is probably generally distributed over our provinces
wherever the mountains reach great elevations.

A family of these fine birds used to be a familiar sight at the sum-
mit of Suthep, swooping low over the bungalows and soaring grace-
fully out over the mountain slopes. In April 1931 a pair nested and
produced two young in a high tree just below and in sight of the
windows of one of the cabins. When I left Thailand in 1937 at
least two individuals were still in evidence in the neighborhood,
although the old nest had not been used again.

My specimen had the irides brown; the eyelids white; the lores
gray ; the cere and rictus yellow; the bill black, with a plumbeous zone
adjacent to the cere; the feet and toes yellow; the claws black.

This is a large blackish-brown eagle, with a noticeable whitish area
from the base of the bill to and around the eye. Immature birds are
colored a lighter brown.

ICTHYOPHAGA ICHTHYAETUS ICHTHYAETUS (Horsfield)
INDIAN GREATER FISHING EAGLE

Falco Ichthyaetus Horsrrevp, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1821, pp. 136-
187 (Java).

Polioaétus ichtyaétus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 123 (Nong Mae Rua).

Polioaétus ichthyaéius, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 750 (“Along the larger rivers
of northern Siam”).

The only specimen from our provinces is a male in Stockholm,
taken by Gyldenstolpe at Nong Mae Rua (near Chiang Saen Kao),
August 6, 1914. I used to see solitary individuals occasionally on the
large marshes between Chiang Mai and Lamphun, and recorded one
at Nong Khiat, November 29, 1931, and another at Mae Chai, May 9
and 10, 1986. Gyldenstolpe considered it to be fairly common at
suitable localities.

As Gyldenstolpe has observed (1916), this eagle “inhabits well
wooded tracts where large rivers and swamps abound.” At such places
it may often be seen quietly resting on the marsh, but it takes off with
slow, heavy flight long before one comes within gunshot range of it.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his bird had the irides yellowish white;
the bill horn color, plumbeous at the base; the feet and toes whitish
gray.

The adult of this huge species has the head and neck gray, more
brownish above; the upperparts dark brown; the tail white, with the
apical third black; the breast and upper abdomen brown; the remain-
ing underparts pure white. The immature has the white parts
mottled with brown.

74 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ICTHYOPHAGA NANA NANA (Blyth)
MALAYAN LESSER FISHING EAGLE

Icthyaetus nanus BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 202 (Malay
Peninsula; type locality restricted to Singapore, apud Stuart Baker).
Polioaétus humilis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234

(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 750 (Khun Tan).

The only definite record for northern Thailand is based upon a
female specimen taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan and now deposited
in the museum at Stockholm.

This is said to be a bird of forested waterways and not to occur
on marshes and ricefields as does the preceding species. Doubtless
it will be found to be not uncommon along our larger rivers.

It is a much smaller bird than the last and differs in color chiefly
by having the central rectrices. entirely brown and the lateral ones
mottled brown and white on the basal two-thirds (sometimes wholly
brown in very old specimens).

I have examined the skin in Stockholm and find that the flattened
wing measures 401 mm. (its arc, 392 mm.) ; so small a female clearly
belongs with the Malayan race.

SARCOGYPS CALVUS (Scopoli)
INDIAN KING VULTURE

Vultur (calvus) Scopout, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, pt. 2, 1786, p. 85
(Pondicherry, ev Sonnerat).

Otogyps calvus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 182
(“Northern Siam’”).—bDE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 576 (Den Chai).

Sarcogyps calvus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 164 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 77 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—vr SCHAUENSEE,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 269 (Khun Tan).

The king vulture is common everywhere in our provinces; it occurs
chiefly on the plains but may also be seen soaring above even the
highest peaks. It may be found feeding with Pseudogyps wherever
there is carrion, but always in comparatively small numbers.

At Chiang Mai this species repaired to the trees on the lower slopes
of Doi Suthep to roost; only occasionally were individuals observed to
pass the night in the trees of the town.

In spite of the commonness of this bird, I have only once found evi-
dence of its breeding : On Doi Suthep at 1,800 feet, May 31, 1980, I took
a fully grown immature that was perched beside a large nest of sticks
about 60 feet from the ground in a dipterocarp.

An adult female had the irides light yellow; the bill dark brown, the
mandible lighter ; the cere rose-pink ; the bare skin of the head and neck
mottled pink and white, with black macules; the wattles pink; the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 75

bare skin on the sides of the abdomen and inside the thighs livid white;
the feet and toes mottled pink and white; the soles light brown; the
claws black.

An immature specimen differed in having the irides dull brown; the
cere blue-gray ; the maxilla dark horn-brown; the mandible blue-gray,
horny at the tip; the naked skin of the head livid white; the feet and
toes livid white; the claws black.

This vulture has very broad wings and a comparatively short wedge-
shaped tail. The naked head and wattled neck, the feet, and a bare
area on the inner thigh are reddish and conspicuous in flight.

The adult is generally black, with a large chest patch of pure white
down, continued up the sides of the neck to meet a ruff of black feathers
on the back of the neck; it has a similar patch of white down along
either flank. The immature has the general plumage brown and the
head and neck covered with white down.

PSEUDOGYPS BENGALENSIS (Gmelin)
INDIAN WHITE-BACKED VULTURE

[Vultur] bengalensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, pp. 245-246
(Bengal).

Pseudogyps bengalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
131 (Chiang Mai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 743 (‘“‘Throughout the whole country” ).—pDE
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 576 (Den Chai).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 164 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 77 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The white-backed vulture is very common throughout our area, but,
unlike the preceding species, it has not been observed at high altitudes.
While the vultures are feeding they can be closely approached, and

the sight of a large number of these birds, together with a few king
vultures, devouring a dead cow or buffalo, is a familiar but wholly re-
pulsive one. The heavier and stronger Sarcogyps takes its fill first,
while the white backs wait respectfully; the leaving of the king is a
signal for the impatient hordes to crowd forward over the cadaver.
They are quarrelsome birds, and the beating of wings, the craning of
long snaky necks, the growling and hissing that take place, especially
when two individuals begin to devour a strip of entrals from the oppo-
site ends, are horrible beyond description. As the observer comes too
near, they spread the great wings and cover the ground with clumsy
leaps ; they seem incapable at any time of taking to the air without this
preliminary, and when gorged are highly unwilling, if not unable, to
leave the ground. After the feast has been devoured to the bones, the
banqueters stand torpidly about the remains or move off only to the
branches of the nearest trees, which they line while digestion takes
place.

583136—45—6

76 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The vultures are inactive on dark days and in the morning before the
warmth of the sun is felt, but at other times they are rarely out of
sight somewhere in the sky. At Chiang Mai the present species
roosted in some numbers in trees on the lower slopes of Suthep and,
in addition, had certain favorite tall trees in the city, where numbers
slept together.

The whiteback often breeds in the neighborhood of villages, if there
are trees sufficiently large. Gyldenstolpe reported seeing several nests
near Chiang Mai. I saw a bird on a nest along the Chiang Mai—-Ko
Klang road, March 8, 1937, and another brooding near Chiang Rai,
May 5, 1936.

A male from Chiang Mai had the irides yellowish brown; the eyelids
plumbeous-blue; the skin of the head dusky gray; the neck plumbeous,
mottled with dusky gray; the bill slaty, with the base of the culmen
olive-plumbeous; the cere black; the feet and toes black, the scutes
edged with gray; the claws black.

The adult has the upperparts brown, with lower back and rump
white; the primaries and tail blackish; a white ruff around the neck,
not connected across the chest ; the underparts light brown, with flanks
white. The immature has the upperparts dark brown; the underparts
dark brown with light brown shaft streaks; the ruff, flanks, and lower
back white, as in the adult; the under wing coverts pure white, form-
ing a large area conspicuous in flight; the head and neck covered with
white down.

CIRCUS MELANOLEUCOS (Pennant)
PIED HARRIER

Falco melanoleucos PENNANT, Indian zoology, 1769, p. 2, pl. 2 (Ceylon).

Circus melanoleucus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(listed) ; Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 128 (Khun Tan, Mae
Tha river, Nong Bia) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 748 (‘Northern Siam”).—pE ScHAUEN-
SEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 579 (Chiang Mai, Chiang
Saen, 30 km. north of Chiang Rai).—DrIcNANn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 77 (Chiang Mai).

The pied harrier is a common and widely distributed winter visitor
from October 4 (Chiang Mai) to April 15 (Chiang Dao). The latter
date is based upon a specimen in Stockholm taken by Dr. P. Fejos. I
have collected it at Chiang Mai, Chom Thong, Mae Sariang, and Ban
Mae Chai Tai and have observed it at numerous other lowland locali-
ties.

Of the three harriers now known from northern Thailand, only the
present species occurs in great numbers. It is to be seen flying low
over the ricefields and marshes, a graceful, long-winged, long-tailed
hawk, which systematically quarters the ground and occasionally
hovers at one spot, then dives to the kill. De Schauensee has recorded
that one of his specimens had a lizard in its stomach; stomachs I

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Te

examined usually contained frogs, but once a smal] snake and once
a munia (Lonchura sp.).

Specimens taken in Thailand show no gonadal activity. In at least
some cases, the female of this species has paired ovaries.

An immature male, taken at Chiang Mai, January 14, is acquiring
the central tail feathers of the adult; they are about four-fifths grown.
An adult female from Ban Mae Chai Tai, December 27, has also
molted the central rectrices: one of the new feathers is about four-
fifths grown, the other one-half.

T have noted that an adult male had the irides dark brown; the bill
brownish black; the feet and toes chrome-yellow. De Schauensee
records that an immature male had the irides light yellow; the cere
olive-yellow; the bill black, gray at the base; the rictus green above,
blue below; the interior of the mouth dark slaty blue; the feet and toes
bright yellow; the claws black.

The adult male is an unmistakable bird, with the head, throat,
breast, back, outer scapulars, quills, and median upper wing coverts
black; the rump and a large shoulder patch grayish white; the tail,
inner scapulars, and greater wing coverts silvery gray; the underparts
pure white; the under wing coverts white, the remaining underwing
black. The adult female has the upperparts brown, streaked on the
head and the coverts along the forearm with rufous and white; the
upper tail coverts white with rufous-brown markings along the shafts;
the tail crossed by about five darker brown bars; the underparts white,
heavily streaked with brown. Immature birds are dark brown above,
with the upper tail coverts white, marked with brown; dark brownish
rufous below.

CIRCUS AERUGINOSUS AERUGINOSUS (Linnaeus)
WESTERN MARSH HARRIER

[Falco] aeruginosus Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 91
(Europe; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Circus aeruginosus, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
579 (Chiang Mai).

Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 166 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 77 (Chiang Mai).

An undated female specimen in Stockholm was taken by Eisen-
hofer at Khun Tan; otherwise the only definite records for our area are
based upon a female collected by de Schauensee at Chiang Mai, De-
cember 25, 1928, and two specimens taken by me at the same locality,
December 5, 1931. The species is only a winter visitor to northern
Thailand, where it probably occurs in small numbers in all the
provinces.

My specimens, which I supposed to be immature Brahminy kites,
were taken on one of the large marshes south of Chiang Mai. The

78 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

stomach of one contained fishes; that of the other, fishes, a small
snake, and feathers of a grebe.

These birds had the irides brown; the orbital skin, lores, and eye-
lids plumbeous-blue; the maxilla black; the mandible black, with the
basal half plumbeous-blue; the rictus and interior of the mouth
plumbeous-blue; the cere yellow; the feet and toes yellow; the claws
black.

This is a large, heavy harrier, whose flight is much less buoyant
than that of melanoleucos. The adult male has the head, hindneck,
throat, breast, and coverts along the forearm light rufous to buffy
white, heavily streaked with black or dark brown; the remaining un-
derparts rufous with black shaft streaks; the back, scapulars, and most
wing coverts dark brown, edged rufous; the upper tail coverts mixed
white, gray, and rufous; the tail silvery gray; the primaries black;
the secondaries and greater wing coverts silvery gray, forming a broad
band across the wing; the basal half of the underwing pure white, the
rest black. The adult female has the head, hindneck, and upper back
dark brown, heavily streaked with white; the back, coverts, and scapu-
lars dark brown with rufous edgings; the upper tail coverts white,
with rufous spots or bars; the tail gray-brown, crossed by about five
more or less distinct dark bars; the underparts white, streaked every-
where with rufous, the streaks more brownish on the throat and breast.
Immatures are generally dark chocolate-brown above and below, some-
times dark rufous on the abdomen, with the throat, crown, and hind-
neck white to buffy, with or without blackish shaft streaks, but there
are many intermediate stages between the immature and adult
plumages.

SPILORNIS CHEELA BURMANICUS Kirke Swann
BURMESE SERPENT EAGLE

Spilornis cheela burmanicus KirKk SwAnn, A synoptical list of the Accipitres,
1920, p. 81 (Jobin, Thayetmyo, Pegu, Burma).

Spilornis cheela rutherfordi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 62 (Mae Yom river) ; 1916, p. 127 (Khun Tan); Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed).

Spilornis cheela burmanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1°20, p. 745 (‘Throughout the
country”) —GREENWAy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 194 (Chiang Mai).

Spilornis cheela ricketti, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 577 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Haematornis cheela ricketti, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 165 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Haematornis cheela burmanicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 78 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

From the plains to the mountain summits, the serpent eagle is a com-
mon permanent resident in forested districts throughout the northern

provinces. In Stockholm are eight adults and two juveniles, without
dates, all taken by Eisenhofer at: Khun Tan. I have collected this bird

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 79

at Chiang Mai, on Doi Suthep, along the Mae Sa river (about 15 km.
northwest of Chiang Mai), at Wiang Fa Pao, and at Muang Ngop and
have observed it at many other iocalities.

This magnificent eagle may be seen quietly perched in a tree at the
edge of a path or clearing in the jungle, but it spends much of its time
wheeling high in the air above the forest canopy, its presence made
known by a characteristic plaintive scream, which can be heard even
when the bird (or birds, for they are usually in pairs) is invisible in
the sky.

The stomach of one of my specimens, taken on Doi Suthep, con-
tained crabs and a small snake; the latter has been identified by Dr.
Doris M. Cochran, of the U. S. National Museum, as Simotes (Holar-
chus) violaceus.

A male taken by me at San Sai Luang, near Chiang Mai, February
27, had the gonads slightly enlarged.

Birds taken in July were found to be in molt. An adult of July 6
has the second primary largely ensheathed, one central rectrix half-
grown, the other somewhat shorter. An adult of July 27 has the first
primary only half-grown.

Adult examples had the irides golden-yellow; the lower eyelid
livid white, edged bright yellow; the upper eyelid, orbital region, lores,
rictus, and cere bright yellow; the bill plumbeous with the apical half
black; the feet and toes yellow; the claws black.

This is one of the most easily identifiable of our large hawks. When
a perching individual is alarmed, the crest is erected so as to frame
the face with a beautiful black and white ruff. From below, a flying
bird may be known at once by the broad whitish bar, edged by two
black bands, across the primaries, and by the broad whitish bar across
the middle of the blackish tail.

The adult has the crown and a full, rounded nuchal crest black,
with the basal half of each feather pure white, these bases showing
through in places when the crest is not raised; the upperparts dark
brown; the coverts along the forearm with small white spots, the
other coverts like the back; the visible portion of the tail feathers
black, with the base brown, a broad band across the center brownish
white, the extreme tip whitish; the throat and sides of the head gray-
ish brown; the remaining underparts brown, with blackish-bordered
white ocellations on the abdomen, changing to bars on the thighs
and under tail coverts; the primaries black, with a broad gray-brown
band near the end and two other gray-brown bands near the base,
these mottled with white on the inner web; the underwing broadly
barred black and white. The immature is quite different: it has the
feathers of the crown and crest fulvous-white with a blackish-brown
subapical bar; the upperparts brown, each feather brownish white at

80 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the base and narrowly tipped whitish; the tail with three compara-
tively narrow blackish bands and three light bands, mottled brown and
whitish; the underparts fulvous-white with narrow blackish-brown
shaft streaks on the breast and abdomen; the primaries with broad
gray-brown bars, separated by much narrower blackish-brown bands.

The wing lengths of three nonmolting adults are 428 mm. (male),
444 and 457 mm. (females). The largest female was taken June 15,
and must be considered an example of the resident form. Gylden-
stolpe has recorded (1916) a male from Khun Tan with a wing of
only 300 mm., but this must certainly be an error.

Family PANDIONIDAE

PANDION HALIAETUS HALIAETUS (Linnaeus;
EURASIAN OSPREY

[Falco] Haliaetus LINNAEvS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 91 (Europe,
type locality restricted to Sweden, apuwd Hartert).

Pandion haliaetus haliaetus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 164 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp. 78, 182 (Chiang Mai, Ban Mut Ka).

While the osprey is common enough on the great rivers of Central
Thailand, it seems to be quite rare in the northern provinces, although
it might occur occasionally almost anywhere along the major streams.
I saw an adult at a small pond near the Mae Ping at Chiang Mai
from, December 29, 1930, to January 2, 1931; another at the woodland
pond near Ban Pa Muat, November 23, 1936; a third at some extensive
cliffs on the left bank of the Mae Ping just north of Ban Mut Ka,
December 23, 1935. Delacour and Greenway found the species com-
mon along the Mae Khong, so it must occur at Chiang Khong and
Chiang Saen. The locality nearest our area where the bird has
actually been taken is Rahaeng; a specimen in Washington was col-
lected there by Gairdner, February 26, 1916.

The osprey is normally observed over bodies of water, for its diet
1s composed almost entirely of fish. When a fish is sighted from
above, the bird hovers at one point in the air, in the manner of a
kestrel, then plunges with closed wings upon its victim. The call,
which is uttered frequently, whether the bird is perched or in flight,
is a series of sharp, shrill whistles, rapidly given, such as I have heard
from no other Thai species.

The adult has the head and neck white, broadly streaked on the
crown and nape with dark br own; a broad dark brown band from the |
eye down the side of the neck, joining with the dark brown of the |
upperparts; the lower plumage white, more or less heavily marked |
with brown on the breast; the under wing coverts mixed brown and |
white. The immature is similar, but has the feathers of the upper- |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 81

parts boldly edged whitish and the head and neck more heavily
marked with dark brown.

The osprey might be confused with the immature serpent eagle,
which is sometimes seen near water. The latter is crested, does not
hover, has a quite different call, and has the wing and tail broadly
and very conspicuously barred.

Family FALCONIDAE
FALCO PEREGRINUS HARTERTI Buturlin
SIBERIAN PEREGRINE

Falco peregrinus harterti BuTurLin, Psovafa i Ruzheinafa Okhota, vol. 13, 1907,
p. 100 (Lower Lena to Anadyr, common on the Kolyma).?

Falco peregrinus calidus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 576 (Chiang Rai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 165 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 78 (Chiang Mai).

The only specimen from within our limits was collected by de
Schauensee at Chiang Rai, January 6, 1929. I saw one near Chom
Thong, November 29, 1931. For Chaing Mai I have four sight
records: one, November 8, 1930; two flying steadily northward, March
7, 1981; one, October 24, 1936; one, November 5, 1936. Its status
seems to be that of a rather rare winter visitor along the valleys of the
larger rivers.

De Schauensee reports that his bird was taken near a house, from
which it had been stealing fowls. This specimen had the irides
brown; the orbital region and cere pale olive-yellow; the bill olive-
gray, tipped black; the feet and toes bright yellow, tinged greenish;
the claws black.

An adult male from Ban Wang Mo, near Rahaeng, has the upper-
parts generally bluish slate, the centers of the feathers darker, the
head more blackish, the lower back and upper tail coverts more bluish
with black bars; on the side of the head a black patch below the eye
and another similar patch from the nape, each extending into the
white of the throat; the underparts pale creamy white, with narrow
black shaft streaks on the breast, which change to spots on the ab-
domen, to bars on the flanks and thighs. An immature male from
Ban Wang Muang, near Rahaeng, has the upperparts dark brown;
the underparts buffy white, heavily streaked with dark brown.

Falcons may be distinguished from hawks by their long, pointed
wings and by their having a tooth at the edge of the maxilla just behind
the hooked tip. The present species is the largest falcon known to
occur in our area.

After Stegmann’s researches on the Asiatic peregrines (Journ. fiir
Orn., 1934, pp. 222-236), which indicate that a number of races must

? Original not seen; reference taken from Peters.

82 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

winter in India, it appears to be impossible to allocate Latham’s name
calidus. In default of suitable comparative material, I follow Fried-
mann (MS.) in employing the name harterti for Thai birds. An adult
male in Washington, taken by Oates near Pegu, February 2, 1877,
agrees perfectly with a similar specimen from Thailand.

A resident form of the peregrine, the shahin, /. p. peregrinator,
with ferruginous underparts, may be found eventually in the moun-
tains of western Thailand; it should be watched for especially in the
gorges of the Mae Ping.

FALCO SEVERUS SEVERUS Horsfield
RUFOUS-BELLIED HOBBY

Falco severus HorRsFIELD, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 13, 1821, p. 1385 (Java).

Falco severus severus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 165
(Doi Suthep); 1986, p. 78 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—pvE ScHAUENSEE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 269 (Chiang Mai).

This pretty hobby seems to be a rather rare permanent resident,
although perhaps restricted to the more western provinces. I saw
one at 1,800 feet on Doi Suthep, June 14, 1930; de Schauensee took a
male at Chiang Mai, December 23, 1932; I collected a subadult female
at Ko Klang, near Chiang Mai, October 14, 1935. The “small unidenti-
fied falcon sometimes seen in the summer months” at Chiang Mai,
which in 1936 I supposed to be a kestrel, probably belongs to the present
species.

The stomach of my specimen contained feathers of an unidentifiable
bird.

I have noted that it had the irides brown; the orbital region yellow;
the cere yellow; the maxilla slaty black; the mandible yellow-horn,
tipped slaty; the rictus yellowish flesh; the feet and toes deep yellow;
the claws black.

The adult has the crown, sides of the head, nape, and upper back
slaty black, changing to slaty blue on the remaining upperparts;
the throat and sides of the neck white, more or less washed with
rufous; the remaining underparts deep rufous. The immature differs
chiefly in having the underparts boldly streaked with black every-
where except on the throat and neck.

FALCO TINNUNCULUS TINNUNCULUS Linnaeus
EUROPEAN KESTREL

[Falco] Tinnunculus LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90 (Europe;
type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).
Two of my specimens, a male taken at Chom Thong, November 8,
1935, and a female shot at the roadside about 21 km. north of Chom
Thong, November 16, 1935, are distinguishable by their pale coloration

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 83

from all other Thai examples of this species I have seen, but they
cannot be separated from a series of European birds.

The comments and description given under the following race will
serve equally well for the present one, which differs only in its gen-
erally paler hues.

FALCO TINNUNCULUS INTERSTINCTUS McClelland
HIMALAYAN KESTREL

Falco interstinctus McCuLetLaANnp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839 [=1840], p. 154
(Assam).

Cerchneis tinnunculus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 165 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Cerchneis tinnunculus satwratus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia, 1934, p. 270 (Chiang Mai).
Falco tinnunculus saturatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 78 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The kestrel occurs uncommonly at Chiang Mai from October 13
(1931) to February 1 (1930), and I have seen two specimens from
there that belong to the present race: One (in the Princeton Museum
of Zoology) taken by S. T. Queripel in November 1931; one taken by
de Schauensee, January 25, 1933. I saw it on Doi Suthep at 3,300
feet, October 18, 1929, and on Doi Ang Ka at 4,500 feet in the latter
part of April 1931. Since it reaches the southernmost districts of
Thailand, we may expect to find it eventually anywhere in the north-
ern provinces.

This falcon is found only at places from which the forest has been
well cleared, such as the ricefields, where it perches on the scattered
bushes or upon the bunds. It has a characteristic method of hunting
from the air its prey of insects and small mammals, frequently halt-
ing its flight and hovering with the wings rapidly beaten and the tail
depressed and spread, then making a slanting stoop. When it re-
turns to a perch after flight its beats the tail violently up and down
several times. The usual call is a shrill killy-killy-killy.

The male has a blackish streak under the eye from the base of the
bill; the forehead creamy white; the crown, sides of the head, rump,
and upper tail coverts soft blue-gray; the tail blue-gray, with narrow
whitish tip and broad black subterminal band; the remaining upper-
parts light red-brown with black spots; the underparts vinaceous-
buff with black streaks on the breast, black spots on the abdomen. The
female has the upperparts light rufous, the head streaked, the rest
banded, with blackish; the underparts pale buffy, boldly streaked
with dark brown.

Of the eight Thai specimens of the kestrel I have examined, six
have proved to belong to the dark eastern race, and I assume that most

84 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of my sight records must apply to the same form. In addition to
the specimens listed above, I place here a bird taken by Abbott, in
Trang Province, two taken by H. M. Smith at Bangkok, and one
collected at Ko Lak by Gyldenstolpe, all of which have been recorded
in print as saturatus.

MICROHIERAX CAERULESCENS BURMANICUS Kirke Swann
BURMESE RED-LEGGED FALCONET

Microhierax caerulescens burmanicus KIRKE Swann, A synoptical list of the
Accipitres, 1920, p. 116 (Thayetmyo, Burma).

Microhierax eutolmus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 64 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed).

Microhierax caerulescens, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 180 (Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 749 (‘Throughout northern and north-western Siam’’).

Microhieraz caerulescens burmanicus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 576 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 577 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934,
p. 269 (Mae Taeng, Doi Suthep, Chiang Dao).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 165 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and BopEN
Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 233 (Doi Suthep).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 78 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep).—Rutey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 57 (Mae Khan, Mae
Hong Son, Doi Pata).

The diminutive falconet is a common permanent resident through-
out the North. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm no less than 40 speci-
mens from Khun Tan! I have taken it at Ban Mae Mo and Wiang
Pa Pao and have observed it at many other localities. On Doi Suthep
it occurred to the summit but was most numerous below the evergreen
forest belt.

It is a bird of jungle clearings and deciduous forest and may
often be seen upon a dead tree beside a highway or soaring in small
circles just above the treetops. Its usual prey is large insects, cap-
tured on the wing or by a pounce, but Gyldenstolpe saw one attack
and kill an oriole, a bird much larger than itself. Its call is a shrill
hee-hee-kee.

Its breeding season seems to be March and April, when it may be
seen going in and out of the deserted nest holes of the smaller
barbets and woodpeckers. These holes must be employed again
during the cold weather as sociable retreats, for de Schauensee at
Chiang Dao in January watched a number of individuals entering
and leaving such a hole.

Gyldenstolpe and de Schauensee note that their specimens had the
irides dark brown; the bill black, plumbeous at the base; the cere
horny gray; the feet and toes plumbeous.

This is one of the smallest raptorial birds in the world. The adult
has the forehead, supercilium, sides of the head, and a broad collar

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 85

over the upper back white; the remaining upperparts glossy black;
many white spots on the expanded wing and tail; a broad line
back from the eye black; the throat, thighs, and under tail coverts
ferruginous; the remaining underparts white, washed with ferrugi-
nous on the abdomen. The immature has the forehead and supercilium
pale ferruginous and the throat pure white.

NEOHIERAX INSIGNIS CINEREICEPS (Stuart Baker)
TENASSERIMESE WHITE-RUMPED FALCON

Polihierax insignis cinereiceps STUART BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926,
pp. 101-102 (Myawadi, Tenasserim).

Poliohieragr insignis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 181 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 749 (“Northern Siam’’).

Neohieraxy insignis cinereiceps, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 577 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 269 (Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 165 (Doi Suthep) ;
1936, p. 78 (Doi Suthep).—Rmexy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 58
(Doi Ang Ka).

The pretty white-rumped falcon is apparently restricted to the
dry lowland deciduous forests (pa daeng) of Mae Hong Son, Chiang
Mai, and Lampang Provinces, where it is locally fairly common.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm five specimens from Khun Tan; I col-
lected it at Ban Sop Mae Chaem, Chom Thong, Doi Pha Lat, Ban
Mae Mo, and about 27 km. north of Chiang Mai. I have found
it in some numbers in the neighborhood of Ban Mae Klang (at the
foot of Doi Ang Ka) and along the highway north of Chom Thong.
At Chiang Mai it appears uncommonly in winter at the base of Doi
Suthep, where I have seen it between October 23 (1930) and Jan-
uary 28 (1933).

This is one of the tamest of raptorial birds. I have often found
it perched on a low branch of a leafless tree or even upon a pile of
the material used to metal the roads and have thrown handfuls of
stones and gravel all around it without causing it to fly. From its
post of observation it makes swift dashes to the ground, where it
remains to eat its prey, which is usually grasshoppers. De Schau-
ensee took a bird whose stomach contained only charcoal; it may be
noted that charcoal kilns are numerous in the type of forest in which
it dwells. The flight of this falcon is dipping, like that of a wood-
pecker, and quite unlike that of other Thai species.

The feathers become very abraded from the coarse leaves of the
dry forest, and then the dark portions of the plumage become dis-
tinctly brownish. A specimen taken on December 2 has one fresh
black central rectrix in the otherwise brownish black tail.

My specimens had the irides brown; the orbital region, lores, and
cere yellow; the maxilla black, with the basal half yellow; the man-

86 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

dible yellow, with a blackish patch on each side near the tip; the
feet and toes yellow; the claws black.

This is a slender, graceful bird, with comparatively long legs and
tail. The adult male has the head and upper neck soft gray, streaked
with blackish; the back and exposed portions of the wings slaty gray ;
the rump and upper tail coverts pure white; the tail feathers black-
ish; the outspread wings and tail with many white spots; the entire
underparts immaculate white. The adult female differs in having the
head, nape, and upper back chestnut. The immature has the top of
the head colored like the back and a broad white collar across the
hindneck.

Order GALLIFORMES
Family PHASIANIDAE

FRANCOLINUS PINTADEANUS (Scopoli)
CHINESE FRANCOLIN

Tetrao (Pintadeanus) Scopout, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, pt. 2, 1786,
p. 93 (China, ex Sonnerat).

Francolinus chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 235
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 735 (“Throughout Siam”).

Francolinus pintadeanus phayrei, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 168 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 79 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 276
(Chiang Mai).

The francolin is seldom seen but seems to be fairly common in
suitable territory, at least in Chiang Mai Province, whence all the
northern specimens have come. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a male
from Khun Tan. I have taken it on Doi Ang Ka (Pha Mon) at about
5,000 feet, near Chom Thong, and at Chiang Mai. On Doi Suthep
it occurs up to 4,600 feet.

It is confined to the dry, deciduous jungle of the plains, to the open
hill-forest, and to those often extensive areas on the mountains
where the evergreen has been destroyed and supplanted by 'upa-
torium and lalang grass. In such places the guttural song kd-ka’—
ki-ki’-d may be heard on all sides, yet only rarely can the singers be
raised. The flesh is a favorite article of diet, and the birds are often
seen alive in the markets; such individuals are virtually always males
that have been ensnared by means of a male decoy. The decoy is kept,
when not at work, in a wicker cage suspended from a window, and the
song of such a bird is a familiar sound in almost every village, at
least in the breeding season. A specimen taken on May 7 was found
to have the gonads greatly enlarged.

Male examples, taken in May, had the irides bright brown; the
bill black; the eyelids dull olive-greenish; the feet and toes golden-
orange; the claws horny brown. An October female had the irides

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 87

bright brown; the eyelids plumbeous; the maxilla dark horn brown;
the mandible fleshy, more horny at the tip; the rictus fleshy; the feet
and toes deep yellow; the claws light horny brown.

The plumage of this species is somewhat variable, especially in
the extent of the different colors. The male may be described as
having the crown light brown, marked in the center with black; the
front, supercilium, and a line from the base of the bill below the
ear coverts black; the upper back black, spotted with white; the lower
back and tail narrowly barred black and white; the shoulder coverts
and scapulars chestnut, marked with black and white; the rest of the
wing black, with white spots and bars; the throat and ear coverts
pure white; the breast and upper abdomen black, closely covered with
roundish white spots; the lower abdomen plain buff; the under tail
coverts chestnut. The female is similar to the male, but is duller
everywhere, and has the underparts, excepting the white throat,
barred black and buffy white.

COTURNiIX COTURNIX JAPONICA Temminck and Schlegel
JAPANESE MIGRATORY QUAIL

Coturniz vulgaris japonica TEMMINICK and ScHLEGEL, in Siebold, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, 1849, p. 108, pl. 61 (Japan).

Coturnia coturniz japonica, DeIcNAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 79 (Chiang Mai).

The Japanese quail seems to be a species of extreme rarity in Thai-
land; the only northern example is a female taken by me at Chiang
Mai, October 31, 1985.

My bird was found on a patch of short grass surrounded by stand-
ing rice and, when started, flew off rapidly, to be dropped by a wing
shot. The stomach contained only seeds.

It had the irides bright brown; the bill horn-brown; the feet and
toes flesh ; the claws dark horn.

In the male of this quail, the feathers at the sides of the throat are
soft and rounded at the tip; in the female, they are somewhat elon-
gated, acute, and stiff.

The male has the upperparts mixed rufous, brown, and black, with
a narrow, longitudinal creamy streak bisecting the crown, and many
elongated, lanceolate creamy streaks elsewhere; the face and throat
vinaceous; the breast rufous-buff with whitish shaft streaks; the re-
maining underparts pale buff, with broad rufous streaks along the
flanks. The female has the upperparts as in the male; the under-
parts pale buff, the breast more deeply colored and spotted with
rufous and black.

In the field the Japanese quail might easily be mistaken for a hem}-
pode; in the hand it can be recognized by its flesh-colored feet and

88 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the presence of a hindtoe, as well as by the differences in color
pattern.
EXCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS CHINENSIS (Linnaeus)

CHINESE BLUE-BREASTED QUAIL

[Tetrao] chinensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 277 (“in
China, Philippinis”; type locality restricted to Nanking, China, er Edwards
apud Peters).

Excalfactoria chinensis chinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 168 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 78 (Chiang Mai).

While the blue-breasted quail is common enough in southern Thai-
land and is known to breed near Bangkok, in the North it seems to
occur only as a rare migrant. The sole specimen from our provinces
is a male taken by me at Chiang Mai, February 28, 1931.

This bird was collected among the stubbles of a fallow ricefield. It
flew up from my very feet, to drop again to the ground a short dis-
tance away.

It had the irides deep crimson; the bill plumbeous, with the culmen
and tip of the mandible blackish; the feet and toes bright yellow; the
claws horn.

The male of this species is so brightly colored that it need be con-
fused with no other small game bird in our area; it has the upper-
parts rufous-brown with black spots and narrow bars; the throat
black; the lower neck and a streak below the eye pure white; the breast
and flanks slaty blue; the remaining underparts deep chestnut. The
female has the upperparts similar to those of the male; the throat
buffy ; the remaining underparts vinaceous-buff, barred with blackish
on the breast and sides of the body.

The bright yellow feet will distinguish this quail from all similar
forms except the yellow-legged hemipode, which, however, has no

hindtoe.
ARBOROPHILA RUFOGULARIS TICKELLI (Hume)

TENASSERIMESE RUFOUS-THROATED HILL PARTRIDGE

A[rboricola] tickelli HumMr, in Hume and Marshall, The game birds of India,
Burmah, and Ceylon, vol. 2, 1879 [=1880], p. 78, footnote, col. pl. [11], fig.
of head (Mount Muleyit, Tenasserim).

Arboricola rufogularis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 575 (Doi Suthep).

Arborophila rufogularis rufogularis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 581 (Doi Suthep).

Arborophila rufogularis, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 168 (Doi Suthep).

Arborophila rufogularis tickelli, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 275 (Doi Suthep).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 79 (Doi Suthep).—Rtrey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 62 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 89

This partridge is very common in the evergreen forest above 4,500
feet in the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan chains, but its pos-
sible distribution within our area is pretty well limited to the moun-
tains named above.

On Doi Suthep, coveys of about a dozen individuals lived in ravines
and on the steepest slopes, where they could be heard clucking and
cheeping to one another as they scratched among the dead leaves, but
they could not be seen through the dense foliage. When flushed they
frequently took refuge high up in a tree and were well concealed by
the leaves. They seemed always to roost in a tree, the whole group
huddled together on the same branch.

Few melodies of the Thai mountains surpass the evening song of
the hill partridges. It is a sweet, clear, double whistle, repeated again
and again, each time on a higher note and with a briefer pause be-
tween the phrases. As one bird stops, another begins. The sound car-
ries for a great distance throagh the still air and may be heard from
all parts of the mountain at once.

In 1931 I attributed these lovely calls to the brown-breasted par-
tridge, but now believe that I was in error, unless, indeed, the song
is common to both species.

The nesting season in our hills is not certainly known, but specimens
with the spotted breast of young birds have been taken in June and
August.

De Schauensee states that adults had the irides dark brown; the
orbital region crimson; the bill black; the feet and toes crimson;
the claws deep flesh. I have recorded that an immature male had
the iridés gray-brown; the bill horny red, with the basal half
black; the orbital region, rictus, and interior of the mouth pink; the
feet and toes salmon-rose; the claws horny salmon.

The plumage of this species is rather variable in minor details. In
general, the adult has the upperparts olive-brown, with black spots
on the lower back, rump, and tail, chestnut and black markings on
the scapulars and some wing coverts; the throat and neck all around
orange-rufous with black spots, which are smaller on the throat, larger
on the collar; the breast and flanks deep gray, the belly paler, the con-
cealed sides of the body mixed with chestnut; the thighs and under
tail coverts olive-brown, more or less barred with black. Younger
specimens have buffy spots on the wings and the gray underparts
more brownish and spotted with buff and white.

ARBOROPHILA BRUNNEOPECTUS BRUNNEOPECTUS (Blyth)

TENASSERIMESE BROWN-BREASTED HILL PARTRIDGE

Arboricola brunneopectus “Tickell” BiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 24,
1855, p. 276 (“Mountainous interior of Tenasserim”).

90 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Arboricola brunneipectus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 156 (“Doi Vieng Par’”=Doi Chom Hot).

Arboricola brunneopectus brunneopectus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 785 (“Doi
Vieng Par’=Doi Chom Hot).

Arboricola brunneopectus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 575 (Doi Suthep).

Arborophila brunneopectus brunneopectus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 582 (Chiang Saen) ; 1984, p. 275 (Doi Suthep, Doi
Chiang Dao).—Drtcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 168
(Doi Suthep). —CHASEN and Kioss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932,
p. 232 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 79 (Doi Suthep).—RILey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 63 (Khun Tan,
Doi Hua Mot).

The brown-breasted partridge, like the rufous-throated, is a bird
of the evergreen and replaces the latter at lower elevations. On Doi
Suthep it is very common from 3,500 feet (below which elevation the
jungle is unsuitable) to 4,500 feet, where it meets rufogularis. On Doi
Chiang Dao, where the evergreen stops at about 4,500 feet, rufogularis
is unknown but brunneopectus is extremely common. On Doi Khun
Tan, the highest point of which is about 4,500 feet and where the ever-
green is restricted in area, only brunneopectus is known and then is not
numerous. De Schauensee’s record from Chiang Saen indicates that
the present species reaches the plains where there is suitable forest. On
Phu Kha it seemed to be the only partridge and was not common, but
the game birds of that mountain have been much persecuted by the
local tribes.

As might be expected from the summary of distribution, the habits
of this species seem to differ in no important way from those of its con-
gener. De Schauensee records (1929) that its “note is a musical three
note whistle repeated on a descending scale. The skin of the throat
is distended while the whistle is being delivered, plainly showing the
brick red color of the skin.”

De Schauensee states that a male had the irides sandy brown, with
a broad outer ring dark gray; the orbital region crimson; the skin of
the chin and throat, between the feathers, brick-red; the bill black; the
feet and toes deep flesh; the claws fleshy horn. A male taken by me
had the irides brown; the eyelids and orbital region crimson-lake; the
bill black; the skin of the chin and throat deep rose-red; a fleshy ring
around the vent rose-pink; the feet and toes old rose, tinged orange,
the tarsi golden-yellow behind; the claws horny orange.

This bird has the upperparts similar to those of the preceding form
but closely barred everywhere with black; the scattered feathers of the
throat and foreneck white or buffy white with black tips; the remain-
ing underparts bright buff, whitish on the belly and barred black and
white along the sides. The plumage shows considerable variation in
minor ways among different individuals.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Ol]

I am skeptical of the validity of henrici, which, fide Delacour, is
the subspecies of French Laos, and which has been reported by Dela-
cour and Greenway from a locality just across the Mae Khong from
Chiang Saen Kao. De Schauensee’s specimen from Chiang Saen is
typical brunneopectus, as is my bird from Phu Kha, where, judged
from analogous cases, a Lao race should occur if such be distinct
from the Tenasserimese. De Schauensee mentions (1934) that a skin
from French Laos “is very close to Siamese birds and differs only in
having the ground color of the chin and throat tinged with buff.”
Individuals with buff-tinged throats are common in western Thailand
in the same flocks as white-throated examples. Either henrici is not a
distinct form or the birds so named from western Laos are extremely
close to, or identical with, brunneopectus.

TROPICOPERDIX CHLOROPUS CHLOROPUS Blyth
TENASSERIMESE GREEN-LEGGED HILL PARTRIDGE

Tropicoperdiz chloropus “Tickell” BiytH, Journ. Asiat Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, 1859,
p. 415 (“Mountainous interior of the Tenasserim provinces’’).

Tropicoperdiz chloropus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138,
p. 67 (Ban Huai Hom, Khao Phlung) ; 1916, p. 156 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 285 (listed).

Arboricola chloropus chloropus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 735 (Ban Huai Hom,
Khao Phlung, Khun Tan).

Tropicoperdix chloropus olivacea, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 588 (Chiang Saen).—Rtey, U. S. Nat. Mus? Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 65 (Khun Tan, Mae Lang valley).

T'ropicoperdiz chloropus chloropus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1934, p. 276 (Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1986, p. 79 (Doi Suthep).

This partridge has been found in all our provinces; it is common in
the lowland evergreen forest of the more eastern districts but rather
rare in the western hills, where it must compete with the two species
of Arborophila. In Stockholm are five specimens collected by Eisen-
hofer at Khun Tan. From Doi Suthep it is known by only two
examples, one taken by me at 3,500 feet, the other by de Schauensee
at 4,500 feet. I have collected it also at Chiang Rai, Ban Huai Som,
and on Doi Chiang Dao.

The habits of the green-legged partridge, as I have observed them,
seem not to differ markedly from those of the other northern hill
partridges. The only indication we have of the breeding season is
the fact that my specimen from Doi Suthep, collected August 24,
1935, is a Juvenile.

De Schauensee records that adult specimens had the irides dark
brown; the basal half of the bill deep crimson, the apical half olive,
tipped yellow; the orbital region crimson; the feet, toes, and claws
dark olive or olive-yellow. My juvenile bird had the irides brown;

583136—45——7

92 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the eyelids edged brown; the orbital skin slaty; the maxilla blackish
at the base, greenish horn at the tip, otherwise blackish olive; the
mandible horny; the skin of the throat fleshy pink; the feet, toes, and
claws very pale green.

The adult has the upperparts olive-brown, all feathers except those
of the crown narrowly edged and barred with black; the throat with
black spots; a complete collar around the neck bright ferruginous
with black spots; a broad olive-brown band across the upper breast;
the remaining underparts bright ferruginous, much paler on the
abdomen and marked with black on the under tail coverts and the
sides of the body. The juvenile has the upperparts and wings dark
reddish brown, narrowly barred with black everywhere except on
the head; the throat and neck pale brown; the breast band and sides
of the body reddish brown, the feathers with white shafts and tips;
the upper abdomen pale buff with broad black streaks; the remaining
underparts whitish.

I agree with Riley and de Schauensee that all Thailand (north of
the Peninsula), from the borders of Karen-ni to the Cambodian
frontier, is inhabited by but one race of this species and that it agrees
well with Delacour’s olivacea, but am not convinced that olivacea is
separable from typical chloropus. The tone of brown of the upper-
parts and breast band varies among individuals and perhaps with
age of specimen; the ferruginous of the lower breast shows equal
variation. Certain skins from western Thailand could be called
olivacea, while others from extreme eastern districts are chloropus.

T. c. cognacqgi of Cochinchine is a well-marked form of the species.
The buff shaft streaks of the upperparts are not present in all in-
dividuals and appear also in some specimens of chloropus,; the real
characters are the darker brown of the upperparts and breast band
and the pale, washed-out collar.

BAMBUSICOLA FYTCHII FYTCHII Anderson
YUNNANESE BAMBOO PARTRIDGE

Bambusicola fytchii ANDERSON, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1871, p. 214 (Ponsee,
western Yunnan).

Bambusicola fytchii fytchii, pz SCHAUENSEE, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1938, p. 30 (Doi Pha Hom Pok).

The bamboo partridge is known within our limits only from Doi
Pha Hom Pok, where at 6,400 feet de Schauensee’s collectors took five
males and one female in February 1938. It is not likely to occur else-
where in the northern provinces unless upon other high peaks of the
Daen Lao range.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 93

This bird has a proportionately much longer tail than other northern
partridges. The adult has the crown dull rufous-brown; a collar on
the hindneck, the quills, and tail feathers rufous; the remaining upper-
parts gray-brown, the upper back, scapulars, and wing coverts marked
with chestnut-bordered black drops or spots; a black or rufous stripe
back from the eye, edged above by a white supercilium; the throat and
sides of the neck buff; the breast rufous, mottled with buffy white;
the remaining underparts buffy or whitish, boldly spotted and barred
with black.

GENNAEUS CRAWFURDII LINEATUS (Vigors)
PEGUAN LINEATED PHEASANT

Phasianus lineatus “Lath. Mss.” Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, pt. 1, 1880-1831 [=1831], p. 24 (Straits of Malacca, error; East Pegu
Hills designated as type locality, by Ticehurst, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soe., vol. 36, 1933, p. 936).

Gennaeus lineatus sharpei, Ritry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 67 (Mae
Sariang).

The range of the lineated pheasant is apparently restricted to the
lower elevations of the hilly districts of western Thailand. The only
specimen known to me from the northern provinces is a male taken
by Dr. Hugh M. Smith at Mae Sariang, January 20, 1935. I have
another male example, collected and kindly presented to me by T. W.
Bevan, Esq., from Kaeng Soi (in the Mae Ping Gorges, just beyond
our limits), on the right bank of the river, March 16, 1936.

Dr. Smith records that his bird had the irides hazel; the bare skin
at the sides of the head red; the bill horn; the feet and toes sepia.

An attempt should be made to preserve, however crudely, together
with pertinent data, any lineated or silver pheasant shot in Thailand,
as an aid to solution of the perplexing problems of distribution of
the various forms.

The adult male has the crown and long crest black with a greenish
or bluish gloss; the remaining upperparts finely vermiculated black
and white, giving a slaty-gray appearance; the inner webs of the
central tail feathers almost wholly unmarked white; the underparts
black with scattered white shaft streaks, which are broader and more
numerous at the sides of the body. The adult female has the upper-
parts golden-brown, with V-shaped white or buffy marks on the neck
and upper back, white or buffy shaft streaks on the rest of the mantle;
the tail beautifully barred and mottled with black, white, and red-
brown; the throat plain light brown; the remaining underparts mixed
rufous and dark brown, with broad white shaft streaks everywhere.

I have elsewhere given my reasons for the adoption of the specific
name crawfurdi (cf. Diegnan, Auk, 1948, pp. 88-89).

94 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

GENNAEUS NYCTHEMERUS RIPPONI Bowdler Sharpe
YUNNANESE SILVER PHEASANT

Gennaeus ripponi BowpLeR SHARPE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 13, 1902, p. 29
(“Southern Shan Hills”; type specimen from Mawkmai, fide Peters, Check-
list of birds of the world, vol. 2, 1934, p. 114).

Glennaeus| nycthemerus ripponi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 157 (Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Gennaeus sp., DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 168 (Doi
Suthep).

Gennaeus nycthemerus rufipes, CHASEN and Kross, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 282 (Doi Suthep).

Gennaeus nycthemerus ripponi, RrtEy, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933,
p. 154 (Doi Langka).—DerIGNAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 80 (Doi Suthep).—vE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 274 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Ruitey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1988, p. 69 (Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

The silver pheasant seems to be rather common on all the higher
peaks of the North, occurring indifferently in the evergreen, the open
hill-forest, and in the pinewoods. It is ordinarily not found below
4,500 feet, but Smith took it on Khun Tan at 3,000 feet and de
Schauensee on Doi Chiang Dao at 2,500 feet. In April 1936 I picked
up a primary of this bird on Phu Kha at 5,000 feet. In Stockholm
are two males taken by Eisenhofer in 1916 at Khun Tan.

Where all sunlight is shut out by the forest canopy and every rock
and tree trunk is draped with ferns and mosses, it is a beautiful sight
to watch an apparently snow-white cock skulk through the shadow
and vanish into what appears to be impassable thicket. At dusk and
dawn, when the silvers come out in small flocks to feed along the paths
which follow the ridges, the plumage is much less striking and more
concealing. They are shy and wary birds, and usually the only
indication of their presence in the forest will be a distant crowing,
not unlike that of the common pheasant.

Riley has noted that Smith’s two females from Doi Khun Tan,
taken May 15, had bare incubation patches.

A male collected by me in May had the irides red-brown; the or-
bital skin deep crimson; the bill horny olive; the feet and toes bright
coral-red; the spurs horny white; the soles light brown; the claws
horny white, tinged pink at the base.

The adult male has the crown and long crest steel blue; the upper-
parts white with narrow black bars which follow the outline of the
feather and are broader on the wings; the central tail feathers almost
wholly unmarked white; the sides of the neck unmarked white; the
underparts black, glossed with blue on the breast and sides of the
body. The adult female has the upperparts rich brown, the crest
tipped steel blue and the tail feathers marked with irregular light
brown or black-edged white streaks and bars; the underparts chang-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 95

ing gradually from rich brown to blackish brown, with white or buff
bars, which follow the outline of the feather, giving a squamated
appearance. ‘

It is worthy of note that r7pponi in Thailand is a quite stable form,
exhibiting only the slightest individual variation. This is doubtless
connected with the fact that its distribution overlaps that of no
other member of the genus.

DIARDIGALLUS DIARDI (Bonaparte)
DIARD’S FIRE-BACKED PHEASANT

Euplocomus diardi ‘“Temm.” BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 43,
1856, p. 415 (no locality given=Cochinchine).

Lophura diardi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 67
(Mae Raem river) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 285 (listed) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 737 (Mae Raem).

The fireback has not yet been reported anywhere west of the Khun
Tan mountains but is widely distributed in the low hilly country east
of them as far as the borders of Laos. Gyldenstolpe reported (1913)
seeing skins of birds shot “in the forests at the Meh Lem river” (Phrae
Province). I have examined in Hannover a mounted cock, for which
the exact data have been lost but which was taken by Eisenhofer in
“Siam” in 1912; this specimen almost certainly came from Phrae Prov-
ince, where Eisenhofer collected from February 7 to June 27, 1912.
The species is well known to the people of Nan Province, where I saw,
but could not collect, a male at Huai Oi (about 14 km. north of Ban
Pak Li), April 5, 1937.

This bird dwells in the densest cover—lowland evergreen, bamboo
brakes, and the areas of deserted cultivation usurped by Hupatorium
and thorns. Asa result it is rarely seen, and nothing has been recorded
of its habits in our provinces. The cock observed by me in Nan Prov-
ince was feeding on a road with a small flock of junglefowl in a hot
and waterless district covered with leafiess trees and bamboos.

The male has the crown black; the crest feathers steel blue; the
upper back and wings finely vermiculated black and white, giving a
steel-gray appearance; the upper portion of the scapulars with irregu-
lar black bars edged with white; the feathers of the lower back with
vermiculated bases, which are concealed by broad golden-buff tips;
the rump and upper tail coverts steel blue, tipped maroon; the tail
feathers black, glossed with green; the throat with scattered black
feathers ; the breast vermiculated like the back, the remaining under-
parts black, glossed with steel blue. The female has the crown dull
brown; the upper back ferruginous; the lower back and the wings
broadly and irregularly barred black and buffy white; the rump and
upper tail coverts coarsely vermiculated black and buffy white; the
central rectrices black with broad, broken buffy-white bars; the outer

96 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

rectrices chestnut-red; the throat with scattered buffy feathers; the
remaining underparts ferruginous with many of the feathers narrowly
edged white and the center of the abdomen dirty white.

GALLUS GALLUS GALLUS (Linnaeus)
RED JUNGLEFOWL

[Phasianus] Gallus LinNAEuS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 158 (‘in
India Orientali: Pouli candor, ete.” ; type locality restricted to Pulau Kondor,
off the delta of the Mae Khong).

Gallus ferrugineus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad, Handl., 1918, p. 67
(Mae Raem, Ban Huai Hom); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 2385
(listed).

Gallus gallus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 157
(Khun Tan, Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 787 (“Throughout the whole country”).

Gallus gallus gallus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 575 (Doi Suthep).—DerErenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 79 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rttry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 71 (Mae Kong Ka valley).

Gallus gallus robinsoni, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 580 (Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai) ; 1984, p. 273 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao, Mae Rim).

Gallus bankiva robinsoni, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
167 (Chiang Mai).

In spite of persecution the junglefowl is common throughout our
provinces, occurring in pa daeng, bamboo brakes, mixed-deciduous
forest, and the evergreen, from the plains to at least 4,500 feet. Hisen-
hofer sent to Stockholm 14 skins from Khun Tan. I have specimens
from Doi Ang Ka, Ban Mae Klang, and Muang Fang and have heard
or seen the species at numerous other localities.

The kai pa spend the heat of the day hidden in the depths of the
jungle, but early in the morning and again at evening they may often
be seen feeding at the edge of the forest or in clearings. They are
wary birds and at the least alarm run, with outstretched neck, to cover,
sometimes, especially on a slope, leaving the ground and sailing at a
low elevation with wings stiffly set. The challenge of the male is
rather different from the crow of the domesticated bird of the Occident :
it is cut off sharply at the end and is delivered in the cracked voice of a
western cockerel. Both sexes cackle wildly when frightened, and the
hen keeps up a constant low clucking and cackling when leading a brood
of chicks. Stomachs examined by me contained seeds and insects.

I found hens with half-grown chicks on Doi Ang Ka, April 6 and
May 7, and took a juvenile male at Muang Fang, July 15.

The coloration of the soft parts varies somewhat in accordance
with age of specimen. De Schauensee records that northern males had
the irides reddish brown, sandy orange, or crimson; the facial skin,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 97

comb, and wattles crimson; the auricular region pinkish white; the
bill horn, with the mandible paler; the feet, toes, and spurs gray or
biue-gray. I have noted that an adult female had the irides bright
orange; the eyelids plumbeous; the naked skin of the face pinkish
gray; the rudimentary comb pink; the maxilla horny brown, tinged
pink at the base; the mandible whitish, tinged fleshy at the base; the
feet and toes slaty; the soles slaty brown; the claws horny flesh. A
juvenile male had the irides brown; the naked skin of face and orbital
region pink; the maxilla dark horny brown; the mandible fleshy,
horny at the tip; the feet and toes olive-brown; the claws horny
brown.

The wild junglefow! is so similar to the domesticated bird to be
seen on every side in Thailand that no detailed description of plum-
ages will be given. The downy white bases of the upper tail coverts
of the adult male are conspicuous in flight and afford an excellent
field mark.

Further collecting in Chiang Rai Province may show that the popu-
lation of that area must be called Gallus gallus jabouillei.

SYRMATICUS HUMIAE BURMANNICUS (Oates)
BURMESE BARRED-BACKED PHEASANT

Calophasis burmannicus Oates, Ibis, 1898, pp. 124-125 (Ruby Mines district of
Burma and Kalaw, Southern Shan States).

Phasianus huniae burmanicus, GAIRDNER, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1919, p. 229
(Doi Suthep).

Syrmaticus humiae burmanicus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 581 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 274 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Detc-
NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 168 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN
and Bopen Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 282 (Doi
Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist., Suppl., 1986, p. 79 (Doi
Suthep).

Few specimens of this beautiful copper pheasant are known from
Thailand, where it seems to be a species of considerable rarity. An
adult male taken by Gairdner on Doi Suthep, 4,350 feet, March 31,
1919, constitutes the first record for the Kingdom. De Schauensee
collected an adult male on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, December 29, 1928.
One day later, I saw, at 5,100 feet on the same mountain, a male ac-
companied by three or four hens. At the same spot, May 11, 1930,
I shot an adult male. Finally, a pair were taken by de Schauensee
at 4,000 feet on Doi Chiang Dao, January 14, 1933. During my sec-
ond visit to Thailand, 1935-1937, in spite of constant collecting on
Suthep, I never once saw or heard of the species.

Like the silver pheasant, this bird seems to spend the middle of the
day concealed in the dense evergreen of the upper slopes, coming out
only at dusk and dawn to feed in the open hill-forest of oak or pine.
The examples observed by me were along paths through the tall lalang

98 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

grass which carpets such forest; when startled, they ran swiftly until
out of sight around a bend or hurtled at once into the nearby ever-
green. |

My specimen had the irides brown; the orbital skin bright red; the
bill pale olive; the feet and toes steel gray.

The male has the crown and ear coverts dull olive-brown; the chin
and throat black, glossed steel blue; the neck, upper breast, and upper
back steel blue; the middle back glossy copper red, the feathers tipped
steel blue; the lower back and rump silvery white, barred black; the
long, pointed tail soft gray with narrow, widely spaced black bars;
the wings chestnut, with a broad white bar running from the lower
back to the shoulder and a broad steel-blue bar and two broad white
bars across them; the under tail coverts black; the remaining under-
parts chestnut. I have not seen the female; it may be known from
other northern pheasants by its having the feet and toes gray, like
the male.

POLYPLECTRON BICALCARATUM BICALCARATUM (Linnaeus)
BURMESE PEACOCK PHEASANT

|Pavo] bicalcaratus LInNAEuS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 156
(China, error; Thoungyah, Burma, designated as type locality by Lowe,
Ibis, 1925, p. 477).

Polyplectron bicalcaratus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 66 (Mae Raem).

Polyplectron malaccensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 158 (Khun Tan).

Polyplectron bicalcaratum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 737 (“Northern Siam”).

The peacock pheasant is apparently rare, but I believe that this
is due, not to actual scarcity, but to the extraordinary shyness of the
bird and the impenetrable undergrowth in which it lives. It is now
known from our provinces by but two skins, one in Stockholm from
Khun Tan and the other from Doi Pha Hom Pok in Philadelphia. I
never was able to find it at all but on Doi Chiang Dao and again on Phu
Kha heard distant calls, which were attributed by the hillmen to this
species.

This is a small pheasant. The cock has the throat white; the rest
of the plumage dark brown, everywhere finely freckled with buffy
white; the feathers of the mantle, the scapulars, wing coverts, inner
secondaries, longer upper tail coverts, and tail feathers with a large,
round ocellus near the tip, glossy blue or green and purple, framed in
a buffy ring. The hen has the throat white; the remainder of the
plumage brown, mottled with paler brown; the ocelli fewer and reduced
in size and gloss, especially on the back and wings.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 99

Northern Thai birds are inseparable from topotypical specimens of
bicalcaratum.

The provenance of Lowe’s bailyi (Ibis, 1925, p. 482) is unknown but
is believed by the describer to lie somewhere in our provinces. The
male of this form is said to have the ground color of a darker brown
than dicalearatum and the spotting almost pure white rather than buff.
Northern birds I have seen do not fit this description, nor do the odd
wing and tails from Lom Sak, just beyond our limits, mentioned (1938)
by Riley.

PAVO MUTICUS MUTICUS Linnaeus
JAVANESE GREEN PEAFOWL

[Pavo] muticus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 268 (Japan,
error; Java designated as type locality, by Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902,
. 538).
ae aa GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 66
(Den Chai, Pak Pan); 1916, p. 159 (Chiang Saen); Ibis, 1920, p. 738
(“Throughout the country”).

The peafowl is well distributed in the northern lowlands, except in
the immediate vicinity of the larger towns, where it has been ex-
tirpated. Gyldenstolpe heard its calls in the deciduous forests near
Den Chai and Pak Pan and later collected one at Chiang Saen. Eisen-
hofer sent to Stockholm two males, taken at Khun Tan in 1915. It is
common in the neighborhood of Chiang Dao, where I took an adult
female, January 1, 1932. It is said to occur in the dry forests at the
foot of Doi Ang Ka. In Nan Province it appears to be common every-
where and is seen by all who travel down the Mae Nan by boat. In
December 1935 I saw a flock at the edge of the Mae Ping near Ban
Mut Ka.

These giant pheasants inhabit the deciduous jungle, the more open
evergreen, and the second growth. If they must go uphill to escape
danger, they run rapidly, making as much noise as deer in the dry
leaves; on the level or downhill they leave the ground after a running
start and fly strongly, sometimes taking refuge even in the highest
trees. In December and January 1931-82, I found them in large bands
along the Mae Ping east of Chiang Dao, coming down at dusk and
dawn to feed and drink in the ricefields along the river and spending
the hot hours of the day on the dry, low hills of the left bank, where
they rested on the ground, concealed among the clumps of coarse grass.

Gyldenstolpe records that his immature male had the irides brown;
the bill horn color; the feet and toes brown.

Since the peafowl are such familiar birds to residents of Thailand
and only one species is likely to occur in the Kingdom, no detailed
descriptions need be given.

100 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Order GRUIFORMES
Family TURNICIDAE

TURNIX TANKI BLANFORDII Blyth
CHINESE YELLOW-LEGGED HEMIPODE

Turniz Blanfordii BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 32, 1863, p. 80 (Thayet
myo, Pegu, Burma).

Turniz blanfordi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 235 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 155 (Nong Bia).

Turniz tanki blanfordi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 575 (Doi Suthep).

Turniz maculatus maculatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 169 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 80 (Chiang Mai).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 277 (Chiang Mai).

Turnix« tanki blanfordii, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 74 (Nan).

This hemipode seems to be, in northern Thailand, only a winter visi-
tor, occurring commonly in suitable territory from October to April.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a pair without date from Khun Tan.
I have taken one specimen at Sala Mae Tha and many at Chiang Mai.
It is chiefly a bird of the plains, but de Schauensee found it in the
open forest at 2,000 feet on Doi Suthep, and I took several in open
country at 4,400 feet on Doi Ang Ka, in April 1981.

Its habits apparently differ in no way from those of the following
species, and the two occur in the same places. Stomachs I examined
contained only seeds and other vegetable matter.

My specimens had the irides white or creamy white; the maxilla
dark brown or horny brown, with the edges of the commissure yellow
on the basal two-thirds; the mandible yellow, tipped horn brown or
fleshy; the feet and toes yellow, the joints of the toes horn brown;
the claws horny flesh or yellowish flesh.

The female has the crown mixed black, rufous, and buff; a broad
collar on the upper back ferruginous-red; the remaining upperparts
brown, mottled with black, ferruginous, and buff; the throat whitish ;
the upper breast bright rusty ; the remaining underparts buff; the sides
of the breast, the flanks, and the upper wing coverts with rounded,
black spots. The male, which is much smaller and rather less brightly
colored, lacks the collar on the upper back.

TURNIX SUSCITATOR INTERRUMPENS Robinson and Stuart Baker
THAI GRAY-LEGGED HEMIPODE

Turniz suscitator interrumpens RoBINSON and Stuart BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 48, 1927, p. 60 (Krasom, Peninsular Thailand).

Turniz suscitator, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 169
(Chiang Mai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 101

Turnia suscitator interrumpens, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 276 (Chiang Mai).—DerIcNaAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1986, p. 80 (Chiang Mai).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 75 (Mae Sariang).

The gray-legged hemipode is a common permanent resident, at least
in the provinces of Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son, whence all speci-
mens have come. A pair in Stockholm were taken in 1914 by Eisen-
hofer at Khun Tan. I have collected it at Chiang Mai, Mae Sariang,
and on Doi Ang Ka at 4,500 feet.

The hemipodes live singly or in pairs at grassy places, especially
where the grass is rather short and is dotted with bushes and thickets.
At Chiang Mai I found them most common on the wastelands set
aside for cremations and in the uncultivated areas around ruined
pagodas in the fields.

Many of these little birds are snared for the market by the use of
female decoys; when not employed, the decoys are kept in cages sus-
pended in houses, since the presence of a hemipode is believed to be
a safeguard against fire.

A male from Doi Ang Ka, April 6, had the gonads enlarged ; females
taken at Chiang Mai, July 12 and 21, had them slightly enlarged.
Between these months the loud khoom-khoom-khoom of the female,
from which the vernacular name is derived, may be heard constantly
in the grasslands.

My birds had the irides white or creamy white; the bill plumbeous,
with the culmen slaty gray; the feet and toes plumbeous; the claws
fleshy.

There are two distinct phases of this bird: one in which the prevail-
ing color of the upperparts is dark rufous, another in which it is
gray-brown. The female differs from that of the preceding form in
having no collar on the upper back; in having the throat and center
of the upper breast black; the sides of the breast and the upper flanks
with broken black bars; the remaining underparts deep buff. The
male has the throat white; the breast buff with broken black bars; the
remainder of the plumage like that of the preceding species.

J provisionally call northern examples énterrumpens but am not sure
that this alleged subspecies differs from blakistoni, which I have not
seen. Robinson and Baker, in fact, cali our birds blakistoni (Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1927, p. 61), but I find that, granting individ-
ual variation, northern skins agree well with a good series of interrwm-
pens from the Peninsula. It seems that revisers have not made suf-
ficient allowance for the existence of red, gray, and intermediate
phases in a given locality.

102 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family GRUIDAE

GRUS ANTIGONE SHARPII Blanford
BURMESE SARUS CRANE

Grus (Antigone) sharpii BLANFoRD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 5, 1896, p. 7
(Burma).

Antigone sharpei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 141
(Muang Fang).

Antigone sharpii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 765 (“Throughout the whole
country’’).

Antigone antigone sharpei, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 583 (about 10 km. north of Ban Chong).—DerIG¢nan, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 170 (Chiang Mai).

Antigone antigone sharpii, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
80 (Chiang Mai).

The crane is a common permanent resident on the plains of Chiang
Rai Province; at Chiang Mai it has been recorded only during the cold
weather (December 8 to March 23), sailing high overhead in flocks of
8 to 40 birds.

Attention may be drawn to the cranes by their clarion calls, which
can be heard when the migrating birds are almost invisible in the
sky. On the Chiang Rai savannas they are often seen from the high-
ways, stalking about the marsh in pairs or family parties. Because of
the open country they inhabit and the wide range of vision commanded
by such tall birds, it is seldom possible to approach within gunshot
range of them. However, I have been told that when one of a pair is
killed or wounded, its mate refuses to leave its side, so that both are
usually destroyed. This is confirmed by de Schauensee, who writes
(1929) : “If one bird is wounded the others then seem to lose all fear
and refuse to leave their companion. They run along with the
wounded bird, if it is able to run, and take short circling flights above
it, uttering their rausical trumpet-like Arrrrrr call.”

Gyldenstolpe records (1916) that he was shown a nest with a light-set
egg near Muang Fang; this was probably in July 1914. He describes
the nest as a large structure about one-half meter in diameter, made
of grass and other vegetable matter, placed on a tuft and about 30
cm. from the ground. He quotes a number of curious observations or
beliefs, in connection with the bird’s behavior in the breeding season,
told him by a Lao informant.

De Schauensee states that a male had the irides orange; the bare
skin of the crown greenish gray; the skin of the rest of the head and
the naked portion of the neck dusky crimson ; the feet and toes crimson.

This is a huge bird, with the head and upper neck unfeathered and
chiefly of a red color; it has the plumage generally soft gray, the pri-
maries and primary coverts blackish,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 103

Family RALLIDAE

RALLUS AQUATICUS INDICUS Blyth
INDIAN WATER RAIL

Rallus indicus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 1849, p. 820 (Lower
Bengal).

Rallus aquaticus indicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 80 (Chiang Mai).

The water rail is apparently a rare migrant at Chiang Mai, where
I observed one February 28, 1931, and took specimens February 4 and
10, 1936.

Like the other migratory rails, this species may most easily be
found in spring, since by then the countryside is almost wholly dry
and paludine forms are concentrated at the few small areas still wet
enough to satisfy their needs. My birds were taken at dusk as they
fed in the open just outside heavy stands of rushes and sedges;
in the fading light they resembled small, blackish chickens.

In this species the bill is rather thin and as long as the head. The
adult has the feathers of the upperparts black with broad olive-brown
margins; a broad olive-brown band through the eye and an ashy-
gray supercilium; the throat white; the sides of the head, the fore-
neck, and the upper abdomen ashy gray, more or less washed with
olive-brown, especially on the breast; the remaining underparts
banded black, white, and buff.

RALLUS STRIATUS ALBIVENTER Swainson
INDIAN GRAY-BREASTED RAIL

Rallus albiventer SwAtnson, Animals in menageries [The Cabinet of Natural
History, vol. 123], 1838, p. 337 (India).

Hypotaenidia striata striata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 169 (Chiang Mai).

Rallus striatus gularis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
80 (Chiang Mai).

I collected this rail at Chiang Mai in November 1930 and again
June 23 and 28, 1935; otherwise, it has been found in our provinces
only at Ban Mae Klang, where I saw one in September, 1935.

My specimens were shot in flooded ricefields. The two June birds
are males with greatly enlarged gonads.

These examples had the irides orange-brown; the apical half of
the bill light horny brown, the culmen darker, the basal half rose;
the feet and toes fleshy gray-brown; the claws horny gray.

The adult has the crown and nape rufous, more or less streaked
with black; the feathers of the remaining upperparts dark brown,
edged olive-brown and crossed by narrow, wavy white bars; the throat

104 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

white; the sides of the head, the foreneck, and the breast ashy gray;
the remaining underparts barred dark brown and white.

There is considerable difference in size between jouyi of Kiangsu
and gularis of Java. In this respect the resident birds of Thailand
are intermediate between the two, and I follow Riley (1938) in using
the name albiventer for our race.

RALLINA FASCIATA (Raffles)
RED-LEGGED BANDED RAIL

Rallus fasciatus Rarrtrs, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 18, 1822, p. 328 (Su-
matra; type locality restricted to Benkulan, by Kinnear and Robinson, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1927, p. 130).

Rallina fasciata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 235 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 763 (Khun Tan).

The only northern example of this species is an unsexed bird in
Stockholm, taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan sometime prior to
1915 (probably in 1913).

This apparently rare rail has the head, neck, and breast bright
rufous, somewhat paler on the throat; the remaining upperparts dark
rufous; the primaries and upper wing coverts blackish brown with
white bars; the remaining underparts broadly banded black and white.

RALLINA EURIZONOIDES NIGROLINEATA (G. R. Gray)
SLATY-LEGGED BANDED RAIL

Zapornia nigrolineata G. R. Gray, Catalogue of ... Mammalia and birds of
Nepal and Thibet . . . British Museum, 1846, p. 148. In synonymy of Rallus
superciliaris Eyton, er Hodgson, Gray’s Zoological Miscellany, 1844, p. 86,
nomen nudum (Nepal).

Rallina superciliaris superciliaris, RoGERS and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 1934, p. 92 (Doi Ang Ka).

I took the only northern specimen on Doi Ang Ka at about 5,000
feet, April 14, 1931. This bird, a female with inactive gonads, was
shot at dusk among bamboos at the edge of wet, evergreen forest. The
stomach contained insects.

It had the irides bright orange; the edges of the eyelids light orange;
the maxilla green at the extreme base, then pale blue, otherwise blackish
brown; the mandible pale blue at the extreme base, then green, other-
wise plumbeous; the edges of the commissure horny; the feet and toes
slate color; the claws dark brownish slate.

The adult has the throat white; the head, neck, and breast bright
rufous; the remaining upperparts and the wings dark olive-brown;
the remaining underparts banded black and white.

Our two species of Rallina are very similar in plumage. The present
form has a proportionately much larger bill. They may, however, be
most easily distinguished by the color of the feet, which in fasciata are

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 105

always red but in négrolineata are greenish gray, plumbeous, slaty, or
black.
PORZANA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Pallas)
ASIATIC LITTLE CRAKE

Rallus pusillus Parnas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700 (Davuria).

Porzana pusilla pusilla, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 81
(Chiang Mai).

This little bird, like the water rail, has been found only in the spring
months, when the species is necessarily concentrated in the few areas
which are still wet. It is known only from Chiang Mai, where I saw
one, March 30, 1929, and took specimens, April 26, 1985, and February
4, 1936.

This crake may occasionally be seen at nightfall, feeding at the edge
of the marsh vegetation, into which, when alarmed, it scuttles lke
a diminutive chicken. Considering its small size and the impenetra-
bility of its habitat, one may suppose that it is much commoner than
would appear from the few records. The stomach of one of my speci-
mens contained small snails.

The bird of April 26 is of considerable interest. It has lost the four
outermost primaries on each side, and the new feathers, just appearing
from the sheaths, are so short that it is questionable whether it could
fly. This fact, in connection with the late date, may indicate that the
species stays in small numbers to breed with us. Since the coloration
of this example does not quite agree with that of any other specimen
IT have seen, there is the further possibility that we are concerned with
an undescribed race in Thailand.

The bird just discussed, a female with inactive ovaries, had the
irides brown-orange; the bill dark olive-green, more slaty on the
culmen; the feet and toes dark olive-green; the claws horny brown.

The adult has the crown, nape, a line through the eye, and the
remaining upperparts rufous-brown, everywhere streaked with black,
on the back, scapulars, and inner wing coverts irregularly flecked with
white; the supercilium, sides of the head, the throat, breast, and upper
abdomen soft gray (paler on the throat) ; the remaining underparts
closely barred brown and white. The immature is similar but has the
underparts largely white, more or less washed with brownish.

PORZANA FUSCA BAKERI Hartert
BAKER’S RUDDY CRAKE

Porzana fusca bakeri Hartert, Noy. Zool., vol. 24, 1917, p. 272 (Bhim-tal,
Kumaon).

Amaurornis fuscus bakeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 169 (Chiang Mai).

106 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Porzana fusca bakeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 81
(Chiang Mai).

This is another species that has been recorded only during the driest
months, when it may be found concentrated within small areas. At
Chiang Mai it was of rather rare occurrence from January 28 (1936)
to May 8 (1935) ; otherwise it is known only from Chiang Saen Kao,
where I took specimens January 14 and 18, 1937.

The ruddy crake was observed in the same places as the other small
rails and, like them, was seen only at dusk when it came out to feed at
the edge of the marsh.

A male had the irides orange-red; the eyelids edged coral-red; the
maxilla slate; the mandible olive-plumbeous; the feet and toes coral-
red; the claws horny brown.

The adult has the forepart of the crown, the sides of the head and
neck, the breast, and the upper abdomen vinaceous-chestnut; the chin
and throat whitish; the remaining upperparts dark olive-brown; the
remaining underparts dark brown, narrowly barred with white.

Judging by the variation in color exhibited by specimens in Wash-
ington, I question whether bakeri and erythrothorax be separable on
any character other than size. On this assumption, seven Thai spec-
imens (wing length 102.6 to 110.1 mm.) must be called baker%, in spite
of Stuart Baker’s assertion in the “Fauna of British India, Birds”
that erythrothorazx is the form of all Indo-China and the Shan States.

AMAURORNIS PHOENICURUS CHINENSIS (Boddaert)
CHINESE WHITE-BREASTED RAIL

Fulica chinensis BoppaErT, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 54 (China, ex D’Aubenton, pl. 896; type locality restricted to Hong-
kong, by Stresemann, Nov. Zool., vol. 20, 1913, p. 304).

Amaurornis phaenicurus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 68 (Ban Huai Hom).

Amaurornis phoenicurus chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 2835 (listed).—DerrenAn, Journ. Siam. Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 169 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 81 (Chiang Mai).—pbE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 277 (Chiang Mai).

Amaurornis phaenicura chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 148 (“‘Northern provinces”).

Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 763 (“Through-
out the whole country” ).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 578 (Chiang Mai).—Ruiry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 79
(Ban Nam Khian, Muang Pai).

This very common bird occurs throughout the year in all our proy-
inces. In addition to localities cited above, I have it from Ban Sop
Mae Chaem, Muang Fang, and Wiang Pa Pao and have seen in Stock-
holm eight examples taken at Khun Tan by Eisenhofer.

The nok wak may be seen in the fields, in village gardens, along
tiny streams in the deciduous forest, but especially where great clumps

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 107

of bamboo overarch ditches or quiet pools. It is highly tolerant of a
semiarid environment and, at Chiang Mai, I noted little diminution
in its numbers during even the driest months, when it was often seen
slinking across parched fields, where only the low bunds offered con-
cealment. It hasa particular fondness for the thorny types of bamboo,
using them for roosting and nesting purposes, even when they are at
some distance from the nearest water, to and from which it travels
on foot. The vernacular name is derived from its song, the syllable
wak repeated many times in a loud, harsh voice, heard chiefly during
the rains and at night dominating even the unearthly din of the frogs.
The breeding season seems to coincide with the rainy months, during
which period I have often seen the black juveniles.

An adult female had the irides garnet; the frontal plate red; the bill
green, with extreme tip violet-blue; the rictus violet-blue; the feet
and toes chrome-yellow; the claws horn. A somewhat younger female
differed only in having the irides bright brown.

The adult has the forehead, sides of the head, the throat, breast, and
upper abdomen white; the lower abdomen fawn color; the upper
flanks slate; the lower flanks and under tail coverts rufous; an in-
distinct black line bordering the white of neck and breast; the re-
maining plumage slaty olive, more slaty on the wings.

GALLICREX CINEREA CINEREA (Gmelin)
CHINESE WATERCOCK

[Fulica] cinerea GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 702 (China).
Gallicrer cinerea, DreIaGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 169
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 81 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai individuals in the brown nonbreeding plumage ap-
peared locally and in small numbers early in March, but the species
was really common only during the rains; my extreme dates are March
5 (1931) and September 26 (1931). I have also seen the watercock
at Muang Phayao late in August. Doubtless it occurs throughout our
provinces during the wet weather.

This large rail may be found in the flooded ricefields and in some
numbers amid the tangled vegetation of the larger marshes. When
open water must be crossed, it swims well, riding high and rather
resembling a duck. When alarmed it stretches up its neck and, at
short intervals, raises the tail with rapid jerks. Stomachs I examined
contained only seeds and other vegetable matter.

Two males taken May 26 were in full nuptial dress and had the
gonads greatly enlarged; a juvenile collected July 25 is well grown
but completely lacks remiges and rectrices.

The remarkable song is heard from the reedbeds all through the
summer, but only once, June 23, 1930, did I witness the curious per-

583136—45——-8

108 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

formance that accompanies its delivery. The bird, with swollen neck
and bill pointed at the ground, uttered a series of short notes, owgh-
owgh-owgh, then, dipping the head, continued with a hollow-sounding
gook-gook-gook-gook, the tone exactly like that of Botaurus. At
times the two kinds of notes were interspersed, and without exception
the head was lowered to produce the second sound. A similar per-
formance has been observed in Upper Burma by Stanford (Ibis, 1939,
p. 231). Anatomical investigation may show that we have here yet
another species that has the habit of inflating the gullet to serve as
a vocal resonator.

Males in breeding condition had the irides brown; the frontal plate
and the base of the bill blood red; the rest of the bill bright yellow
or bright yellow-green; the fleshy prolongation of the frontal plate
scarlet above, otherwise fleshy pink; the feet and toes bright olive-
green; the claws horn-brown. A March male in brown plumage had
the irides brown; the frontal plate and basal three-quarters of the
culmen dark brown, the rest of the maxilla olive-green; the mandible
horny yellow, tipped olive-green; the feet and toes brownish olive;
the claws horn-brown. A male juvenile had the irides olive-brown;
the maxilla dark horny brown; the edges of the commissure and the
mandible horny flesh; the feet and toes gray-green; the claws horny
brown.

The breeding male has the head and neck dark slaty; the upper-
parts blackish brown, each feather broadly edged slaty gray; the
underparts slaty black, each feather narrowly tipped pale gray; a
fleshy protuberance rising from the hind end of the frontal plate and
resembling a horn. The female (and the nonbreeding male) is a
light brown bird, with blackish brown centers to the feathers above,
and faint, wavy dark brown bars everywhere below. The immature
resembles the female but is rather buffier generally and less barred
below.

I agree with Chasen (Handlist of Malaysian Birds, 1935, p. 28)
that Malaysian examples of this species are sufficiently smaller than
more northern birds to be properly separable under the name plumbea.

GALLINULA CHLOROPUS INDICA Blyth
INDIAN GALLINULE

Gallinula chloropus (?) var. Indicus [sic] Btytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. 11, 1842, p. 887 (Calcutta, Bengal).

Gallinula chloropus parvifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 763 (“Northern
Siam”).

Gallinula chloropus indicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 169 (Chiang Mai); 1936, p. 81 (Chiang Mai).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 277 (Chiang Mai).

The gallinule is known in northern Thailand only as a winter visitor ;
at Chiang Mai my extreme dates were September 19 (1931) and March

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 109

30 (1929). I have collected it at Ban Mae: Sai, Chiang Saen Kao,
Chom Thong, and Chiang Mai and have seen it at Nong Khiat and in
the neighborhood of Chiang Dao.

I found this bird on the marshes, where there were small areas of
open water, and on quiet ponds overgrown with lotus and the water-
hyacinth. It spends much of its time swimming about like a little
duck but never ventures far from reeds or other water plants, among
which it takes shelter at the least alarm.

A female specimen had the irides bright brown; the frontal plate
coral-red; the basal two-thirds of the maxilla and the basal half of
the mandible bright red, the rest of the bill greenish yellow; a ring
around the tibia just below the feathers orange in front, red behind;
the rest of the tibia bright yellow; the tarsus bright yellow-green in
front, slaty green behind; the toes bright yellow-green, the joints and
soles slaty gray; the claws slaty black.

The adult has the head and neck slaty black, gradually changing
to slaty gray on the upper back, breast, flanks, and abdomen (the last
more or less mottled with white) ; the central under tail coverts black,
the others white; the remaining upperparts deep brown, strongly
washed with olivaceous. The immature has the upperparts wholly
brown; the underparts everywhere mottled gray, buffy, and white;
the under tail coverts as in the adult, but the white sometimes washed
with buff.

Practically all seen in our provinces will be immature individuals.
Both old and young, however, may be readily known by the distinc-
tively marked under tail coverts, which show as the bird swims with
upturned tail.

PORPHYRIO PORPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS (Latham)
INDIAN PURPLE COOT

G[allinula] poliocephala LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, Suppl., 1801, p. Ixviii
(India).

Porphyrio poliocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 149 (Chiang Rai).

Plorphyrio] poliocephalus, Ropinson and BopEN Kuoss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Siam, 1921, p. 44 (Chiang Mai).

Porphyrio poliocephalus poliocephalus, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 764
(“Swampy plains of northern Siam’’).—Drtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 169 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp. 81, 131 (Chiang Mai, Ban
Nong Khiat).

This large and handsome rail occurs on the marshes near Chiang Mai
in some numbers during the rains; I found it there from June 28 (1930)
to November 23 (1936) and saw a solitary bird February 11, 1936. I
have taken specimens at Chom Thong in November. At Muang
Phayao it was common in August 1929, and near Ban Nong Khiat it
was abundant at the end of December 1935.

110 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

One who ventures into the flooded marshes of summer will find the
nok khieo not at all shy—feeding in quite open places, fluttering above
the vegetation with dangling feet, climbing the reeds for a better
view of the intruder, and uttering their loud, hoarse notes on every
side.

Specimens taken on August 3 and 14 had the gonads greatly en-
larged. On August 28, 1929, I watched one bird of a pair brooding
on a nest, while its mate walked in a circle about it, with wings held
stiffly vertically and tail upraised to expose the white area beneath.

An August male had the irides deep red; the bill brownish red, much
darker at the base, whitish about the nares; the casque dark brownish
red, darker at the center, more vermilion at the sides; the feet and
toes light red, gray at the joints; the claws horny brown. Another
August male differed chiefly in having the irides brown.

The adult has the head gray, more or less washed with blue, chang-
ing to purple-blue on the back and light greenish blue on the lower
neck and breast; the flanks and belly purple-blue; the thighs light
greenish blue; the under tail coverts pure white; the scapulars and
exposed portions of the wings greenish blue.

At certain localities in Central Thailand, at the peripheries of their
respective ranges, we find poliocephalus and viridis together in the
breeding season. I do not for this reason believe that we are dealing
with distinct species but think rather that we have here a case in which
inosculation is absent, each individual appearing externally to be
definitely of one or the other race.

FULICA ATRA ATRA Linnaeus
EURASIAN COOT

[Fulica] atra LinNaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152 (Europe;
type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Fulica atra atra, RoceRsS and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1°84, p. 91
(Chiang Mai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 81
(Chiang Mai, “some fifty miles south of Chiengmai”’=Nong Khiat).

A female in the collection of Cornell University, taken by Vijjakich
at Lampang, August 18, 1930, seems to be the earliest example known
from Thailand. In 1931 I acquired a specimen captured alive near
Chiang Mai on November 17, collected another November 28 near Ban
Nong Khiat, where it was very common, and a third at Chiang Mai
on December 17. At Ban Pa Muat, north of San Sai Luang, a soli-
tary bird was seen on October 23, 1986, and later dozens of individuals
were noted on the same pond, at least until January 16, 1937.

The specimen taken at Lampang in August may indicate that some
birds stay to breed in Thailand, at least occasionally.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 111

My examples had the irides red or bright brown; the frontal plate
ivory white or pinkish yellowish, edged white; the interior of the
mouth fleshy white; the bill fleshy white or horny white, pinkish at
the base of the culmen; the exposed portion of the tibiae wholly light
orange, wholly bright olive-green, or orange behind and olive-green in
front; the tarsi brown-olive or dull olive-green; the toes olive-green,
duller or darker at the joints; the lobes of the toes olive-green, slaty
below and at the edges above; the claws blackish slate.

The adult has the head and neck dull black; the entire upperparts
blackish slate; the entire underparts slaty gray; the under tail coverts
dull black. The immature is browner and has the underparts more
or less mottled with white.

The coot is a swimming bird that occurs at the same places as the
gallinule, from which it may at once be known by its larger size and
its white, not red, bill and frontal plate. It is the only Thai rail hav-
ing the phalanges of the toes edged with membranous lobes.

Family HELIORNITHIDAE
HELIOPAIS PERSONATA (G. R. Gray)
MASKED FINFOOT

Podica personata G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1848 [=1849], p. 90, Aves,
pl. 4 (Malacca).

Heliopais personata, VissAKICH, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1934, p. 330
(“about fifteen miles [north of Lampang] along the Lampang-Chiengrai
road’).

The only northern record for the rare finfoot is the adult female
taken by Vijjakich and deposited in the collection of Cornell Univer-
sity. The collector has published the date as November 11, 1930, but
on the specimen label the date appears as “11.2.30.” The species is
perhaps only a straggler to our provinces.

Vijjakich states that his bird was swimming and was probably
searching for food. An extralimital example, which I took at Tha
Chalaep, near Chanthaburi, May 4, 1937, was found on mud flats
among mangroves at low tide and had been feeding upon small crabs
and mollusks.

My specimen had the irides brown; the eye ring yellow-green; the
bill bright yellow, with the basal two-thirds of the culmen horny
brown; the feet and toes green; the lobes of the toes greenish yellow;
the claws horn.

The adult male has the forehead and sides of the crown, the sides
of the head, the throat, and entire foreneck black, the last parts edged
by a narrow white line beginning behind the eye; the remainder of

112 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the crown, the upper side of the neck, and the extreme upper back
steel gray; the sides of the neck light olive-brown; the remaining up-
perparts olive-brown; the remaining underparts whitish, with the
sides of the body and the under tail coverts dull brown, more or less
barred with white. The adult female differs in having the center of
the throat and foreneck white.

Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Family JACANIDAE

HYDROPHASIANUS CHIRURGUS (Scopoli)

BRONZE-WINGED JAGANA

Tringa (Chirurgus) Scopvort, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, pt. 2, 1786, p. 92
(“in nova Guiana,” error=Luzon, ex Sonnerat).

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 170 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai this jacana was present in some numbers from July
26 (1930) to March 26 (1929) and unknown during the rest of the
year, except for a single individual seen on April 12, 1937. I found
it common at Phayao in August 1929 and at Ban Nong Khiat in
November and December. A specimen at Cornell University was
collected by Vijjakich, February 11, 1930, at “Lampang,” but perhaps
came from the same locality as the finfoot of the same date. Finally,
I took an example at Ban Mae Chai, May 9, 1936.

The present species occurs on the marshes where there are areas of
open water surrounded by heavy vegetation and occasionally, as the
countryside becomes drier, at the edges of comparatively small ponds.
It feeds among the floating plants, walking with complete ease upon
lotus pads and water-hyacinths. It swims well, riding high, and is
able, when alarmed, to submerge the body until only the head is visible,
in the manner of a grebe. A common call, often uttered during flight,
is a plaintive mee-a-av, rather like the mew of a cat.

The May bird from Mae Chai is acquiring breeding dress (the golden
nuchal patch is present and dark feathers are appearing everywhere
below) and already had the gonads enlarged; a Chiang Mai specimen
of August 11 is in full nuptial plumage and had the ovaries greatly
enlarged.

The breeding adult has the entire head and neck white, except for
a shining golden-yellow patch on the nape and extreme upper back,
edged by a narrow black line; the back and scapulars brown, glossed
with purple and bronze; the rump, upper tail coverts, and greatly
elongated tail dull black; most of the wing pure white; the underparts
dark chocolate-brown. Nonbreeding adults have the crown and nape
brown; a white supercilium continued down the side of the neck as a

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 113

yellow band; a black band from the base of the bill, through the eye,
continued down the neck below the yellow and connected with the
one on the opposite side to form a broad breast band; the remaining
underparts white; the short, pointed tail feathers brown; the other
parts much as in the breeding dress, but the wing coverts more or less
barred with brown.

METOPIDIUS INDICUS (Latham)

BRONZE-WINGED JAGANA

[Parra] indica LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 2, 1790, p. 765 (“in Indiae
paludosis”).

Metopidius indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 142
(Chiang Rai, Nong Mae Rua) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 765 (“Throughout the whole
country” ).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 583
(Chiang Rai).—DEIenaAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 170
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 81 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai the bronze-winged jacana was rather more common
that the preceding species; during the driest months it was very local
in distribution, and, for no obvious reason, I never saw it in October
and November. I found it common at Phayao in August and at
Ban Nong Khiat in November and December. I have collected it
at Chiang Rai in January and at Chom Thong in November and
January.

Two downy young taken at Chiang Mai, September 5, 1930, were
accompanied by a male with greatly enlarged gonads. The latter’s
stomach contained vegetable matter, mud, and tiny stones; another of
my specimens had been feeding on small snails.

The breeding male had the irides brown; the frontal lappet gray;
the bill greenish yellow, reddish at the base; the feet and toes greenish
gray. The downy young had the irides brown; the bill gray, pinkish
at the base; the feet and toes dark gray ringed with buffy ridges.
Nonbreeding adults had the irides brown; the lappet and basal half
of the culmen slaty green; the maxilla olive-yellow with an orange-
yellow patch near the rictus; the mandible with the basal half pure
yellow, otherwise olive-yellow; the feet and toes dull green; the claws
slaty green.

The adult has a white supercilium from the eye to the nape; the
crown glossy green; the upper back glossy blue and purple; the back,
scapulars, and wing coverts glossy olive-bronze; the quills and under
wing coverts black glossed with green; the rump and upper tail coverts
chestnut glossed with blue; the under tail coverts and tail chestnut;
the remaining underparts black glossed with green. The immature
has the crown rufous; the tail light rufous barred with blackish; the
throat, a short supercilium, and the sides of the head white; the breast
and lower neck fawn; the remaining underparts white; other parts
much as in the adult.

114 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family ROSTRATULIDAE

ROSTRATULA BENGHALENSIS BENGHALENSIS (Linnaeus)
ASIATIC PAINTED SNIPE

[Rallus] benghalensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153
(Asia).

Rostratula capensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236
(listed) ; Kung!. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 147 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 762 (‘‘Northern Siam”).

Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 170 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai the painted snipe occurred throughout the year but
was common and generally distributed only during the rains. Eisen-
hofer sent to Stockholm an undated male from Khun Tan. Otherwise,
it is definitely known only from Mae Sariang, where I took a male on
October 24, 1936, but the species will doubtless be found to occur in
all our provinces.

In its choice of habitat and manner of flight, this bird closely re-
sembles a rail. It seems to be active chiefly at night, and during the
dry season I have found small flocks passing the day concealed under
some bush or clump of bamboo as much as a quarter of a mile from
the nearest water. The stomach of one of my specimens contained
gravel and a pellet of shot, of another a single snail.

As is well known, in this species the roles of the sexes are completely
reversed, the larger and brighter female playing a dominant part in
all sexual matters and being promiscuous besides. With us, at least,
the males are greatly in excess of the females and there is apparently
no definite season for breeding, for I have taken birds with greatly
enlarged gonads on May 21 and October 7.

Male specimens had the irides brown; the bill fleshy brown, blackish
at the tip, greenish or slaty blue at the base of the mandible; the feet
and toes slaty blue or green, tinged plumbeous; the claws horny brown
or black.

The adult male has the crown blackish, with a median stripe and a
short streak behind the eye buff; some of the scapulars largely white,
forming a white line down either side of the back; the remaining
upperparts gray, barred with white and glossy olive-green; the quills
ashy, barred with buff; the upper wing coverts olive-brown, barred
and spotted with black and buff; the neck and breast brown mottled
with white; a patch of brown at each side of the belly separated from
the breast by a white band; the remaining underparts white. The
adult female has a white circle around the eye, continued as a streak
behind it; the crown dark brown with a buff median stripe; the throat
and foreneck chestnut, continued as a band over the upper back; the
remaining upperparts brownish, glossed with olive-green and narrowly

}
t

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 115

~ yermiculated with blackish; the quills and tail as in the male; a broad
blackish-brown pectoral band, followed by a white band and then a
broken blackish-brown band; the remaining underparts white.

Family CHARADRIIDAE
MICROSARCOPS CINEREUS (Blyth)
GRAY-HEADED LAPWING

Pluvianus cinereus BuyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 587 (Cal-
cutta, Bengal).

Microsarcops cinereus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 171
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

This migratory lapwing occurs fairly commonly in the neighbor-
hood of Chiang Mai from September 8 (1930) to March 14 (1930), and
I have seen it at Ban Nong Khiat in November, but otherwise, curiously
enough, it has been overlooked in the northern provinces.

The present species is found in flocks of 6 to 10 birds at moist places
in the ricefields after harvest and on the drying marshes, often ac-
companied by the next form, which it closely resembles in habits.

A female specimen had the irides deep red, more orange next to the
pupil; the edges of the eyelids and the bare skin in front of the eye
bright yellow; the wattles bright yellow; the bill bright deep yellow
with the terminal third black; the feet, toes, and soles bright yellow;
the claws black.

The adult has the head, neck, and breast brownish ashy, the last
delimited by a blackish-brown pectoral band; the back, scapulars, and
upper wing coverts light brown; the upper tail coverts and tail white,
the last with a broad, black subterminal band; the outspread wing with
the apical half black, the basal half white; the remaining underparts
white.

LOBIVANELLUS INDICUS ATRONUCHALIS Jerdon
BURMESE RED-WATTLED LAPWING

L[obivanelius] atronuchalis “Blyth” Jerpon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 648
(Burma).

Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 235 (listed).

Sarcogrammus indica atrinuchalis, GyLtpeNsTo“PE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 142 (Khun Tan).

Sarcogrammus indicus atronuchalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 755 (‘Through-
out the whole country’’).

_ Lobwwanellus indicus atrinuchalis, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia 1929, p. 584 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

Lobivanellus indicus atronuchalis, DrIaNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 171 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

This is one of our most familiar birds, occurring in suitable terri-
tory throughout the northern provinces. Ejisenhofer sent to Stock-

116 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

holm six undated specimens from Khun Tan. I have skins from
Chiang Mai, Wiang Pa Pao, and Ban Na Noi (Nan Province).

The red-wattled lapwing haunts areas of barren soil or short grass,
whether wet or dry. I have found it in pairs or small parties at the
edge of ponds and marshes, on the ricefields after harvest, in pastures
and meadows, and even in the more open pa daeng. It is an excit-
able and fearless bird, wheeling about the intruder upon its territory
with loud, nasal cries, did-he-do’-it, do-it, do-it, did-he-dare’-do-it, and
effectively alarming all other birds in the neighborhood. It is active
after dark and on nights of bright moonlight often ascends high into
the air to soar about, constantly calling. Uneducated people believe
this nocturnal singing to be an omen of death; there is also a belief
prevalent in all parts of Thailand that the bird sleeps on its back
with feet upraised, lest the sky fall during the night. The stomach
of one of my specimens was filled with beetles.

It has not yet been found breeding with us, but May specimens
show the lateral brood patches. At this season I have observed birds
seeking escape by lowering the head almost to the ground and silently
slinking off in a zigzag path, and have no doubt that a nest was in
the vicinity.

A Wiang Pa Pao specimen of July 26 is subadult; the feathers of
the chin and throat are white with black shaft streaks and fresh
central rectrices are about four-fifths grown.

A male had the irides brownish red; the eye ring, wattles, and
basal half of the bill rose-red, the rest of the bill black; the feet
yellow, tinged greenish at the “knee”; the toes dusky green; the
claws black.

The adult has the sides of the head behind the eye white; the rest
of the head, the neck, and upper breast black; the remaining under-
parts white, this color continued over the nape as a narrow band; the
back and scapulars light brown, glossed with green; the upper wing
coverts light brown, glossed with violet; the primaries and outer sec-
ondaries black; the inner secondaries partly or wholly white, forming
a conspicuous white wing bar; the upper tail coverts and tail white,
the latter with a broad, black subterminal bar.

HOPLOPTERUS DUVAUCELII (Lesson)
INDIAN SPUR-WINGED PLOVER

Charadrius Duvaucelii Lesson, Dict. Sci. Nat., éd. Levrault, vol. 42, 1826, p. 38
(Calcutta, Bengal).

Hoplopterus ventralis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918,
p. 69 (Mae Yom river near Phrae, Mae Yom near “Vang Nun”’) ; 1916, p. 1438
(Mae Ping river, Khun Tan); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 235
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 755 (“Along the larger rivers of the whole country”) .—

_ DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 584 (Chiang

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 10%

Rai).—DeEIeNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 171 (Chiang
Mai).

ae duvaucelii, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci: Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 278 (Chiang Saen Kao).—Dg5IGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 82 (Chiang Mai) .—RILey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 85 (Chom
Thong, Thattafang).

Along our major streams, the abundant and conspicuous spurwing
replaces the preceding form or, at least, greatly outnumbers it. It
haunts the sand bars and shingly beaches of the Salwin, the Mae Ping,
the Mae Tha, the Mae Wang, the Mae Yom, the Mae Nan, the Mae Kok,
and the Mae Khong, only rarely leaving the edge of clear water to
settle in the nearby fields.

The habits of this species are much like those of the red-wattled
lapwing. When alarmed and caused to fly it utters a nasal oonkh-
oonkh-oonkh or an equally nasal chao, chao-chao.

On the Nan river, near Ban Pa Luat (just south of our limits), April
9, 1987, while exploring a great sandy area at night with the aid of a
torch, I was led by the outcries of the parents to discover three downy
young, cowering together in the shingle of an anabranch’s dry bed.
One was collected; it has the upper half of the head rufous-buff,
spotted with black; the posterior half of the crown edged with a con-
tinuous black band, beginning behind the eye; a white nuchal collar;
the entire underparts white, somewhat tinged with buffy on the upper
breast, lower flanks, and undertail; the apical half of the wing white;
the rest of the wing and the remaining upperparts rufous-buff; the
caudal down black.

My mature specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill and carpal
spurs black; the feet and toes slate color; the claws slaty black.

The adult has the crown and long, full crest, the cheeks, throat,
and center of the foreneck black, all edged with white; the back and
secapulars light brown; the tail with the basal half white, the apical
half black; the wing black, crossed by a broad, white bar; the under-
parts white, with a broad gray-brown pectoral band and a black
horseshoe on the abdomen.

PLUVIALIS APRICARIA FULVA (Gmelin)
PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER

[Charadrius] fulvus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 687 (Tahiti).
Pluvialis dominicus fulvus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 171 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 88 (Chiang Mai).

I believed at one time that the golden plover wintered in northern
Thailand, but reexamination of my records shows that it has been
found with us only in the months of October and February. At
Chiang Mai, the extreme dates are October 4 (1930) and February 17

118 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(1932). The species is also known from Mae Sariang, where I took
specimens on October 26 and 27, 1936.

I have found this bird only occasionally and in small flocks, among
dry rice stubbles and on such grassy areas as the aviation field west of
Chiang Mai.

One of my specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the
feet and toes slate color; the claws black.

Any example from our region will probably be in winter dress,
when it has the upperparts dark brown or blackish, heavily spotted
everywhere with whitish and golden-yellow; the underparts white, the
throat and breast more or less washed with golden-buff and more or
less streaked with brown. In nuptial plumage it has the forehead,
supercilia, sides of neck, and breast white; the remaining underparts
black; the other parts much as in winter but more deeply colored.

There is a slight chance that the European golden plover, Pluvialis
apricaria apricaria, may some day be found in northern Thailand; it
has the axillaries pure white, while the present form has them brownish
gray. There is a much greater possibility that the gray plover,
Squatarola squatarola, will occur in our provinces; it may be recog-
nized by its black axillaries and the presence of a small hindtoe. The
golden plovers have no hindtoe at all.

CHARADRIUS DUBIUS CURONICUS Gmelin
EQURASIAN LITTLE RINGED PLOVER

[Charadrius] curonicus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 692 (Kur-
land, Russia).

Charadrius dubius jerdoni [partim], DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 171 (Chiang Mai [partim] ) ; 1986, p. 82 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

T took two specimens of the Falearctic race of the little ringed plover
on the Mae Ping at Chiang Mai, December 29, 1930, and a third on the
same river at Chom Thong, November 7, 1935. It is probably often
overlooked among the much more numerous individuals of the follow-
ing form.

The bird of November 7, a female in first-winter plumage, has the
outermost primary partly ensheathed (about two-thirds grown).

The specimens of December 29, a male and a female in the first win-
ter dress, had the irides dark brown; the edges of the eyelids yellow;
the bill black, yellow at the base of the mandible; the feet and toes
fleshy yellow; the soles fleshy ; the claws black.

It is perhaps not possible to identify this bird in the field with any
certainty. It is extremely close to the resident race in plumage but
has a longer wing and bill. Most Thai examples are young birds in
the first winter plumage, wholly lacking a black band on the forecrown
and having the breast band either black mixed with brown, the feath-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 119

ers edged buffy or white (males) or ash brown, the feathers with buff
edges (females).

The wings of my specimens measure 115, 114.7, and 108 mm. The
first is the molting bird already mentioned; the measurement has been
made to the tip of the second primary. The last is unusually short
for this race, but it should be noted that the outermost primaries are
new and unworn and may not yet have attained their full length.

CHARADRIUS DUBIUS JERDONI (Legge)
JERDON’S LITTLE RINGED PLOVER

AB [gialitis|] jerdoni Lecce, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, pp. 38-39. New name
for ALgialitis minutus “Pallas” Jerdon, 1864 (“in the Deccan, generally
among hills; and also from the top of the Eastern Ghats inland from Nel-
lore’), not Charadrius minutus Pallas, 1811.

Afgialites dubia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 235 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 144 (Khun Tan).

Akgialitis dubia jerdoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 757 (Khun Tan).

Charadrius dubius jerdoni [partim], DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 171 (Chiang Mai [partim]); 1936, p. 82 (Chiang Mai
[partim]).

Charadrius dubius jerdoni, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 577 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 585 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen Kao).—
Riney, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 86 (Chiang Mai).

This little plover is rare and local in our provinces from April to
August but extremely common during the rest of the year, when its
numbers are augmented by visitors from other parts of its range.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm 11 specimens without other data than
“Khun Tan.” I have collected it at Chiang Mai, Sala Mae Tha, Ban
Mae Klang, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, and Ban Na Noi (Nan Province).
The bird occurs at areas of sand and shingle along the major streams
and, during the cold weather, in the fields wherever there is open
water.

There is still no definite record for the nesting of this bird in north-
ern Thailand, but I feel certain that it breeds, at least in small num-
bers, on the great sand bars near Wat Phranon, above Chiang Mai.
A male taken there, January 12, had the gonads slightly enlarged.
The nuptial season of this species, like that of our other riverside
breeders, must necessarily fall in the early part of the year, so that
the young may be on the wing before the breaking of the rains and
the rising of the waters.

The plumage becomes much abraded, perhaps from the action of
wind-blown sand; this is most marked in a bird of May 27. My only
specimen with virtually unworn feathers is an adult female from
Chiang Mai, November 27, which has presumably just completed the
prenuptial molt.

Thai examples of this race have been recorded as having the irides
brown; the eye ring yellow; the bill black, yellow at the base of the

120 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mandible; the feet and toes light brown or olive-flesh. The yellow
around the eye and at the base of the bill is much more lasting and
conspicuous in dried skins of jerdoné than of cwronicus, but I do not
know whether it is correspondingly brighter in life.

The adult has a band across the forecrown, the lores and the area
about the eye, and a complete collar over the upper back and across
the upper breast black; the forehead, supercilium, throat, nuchal col-
lar connected with the throat, remainder of underparts, and the greater
portion of the outer tail feathers white; the rest of the plumage ashy
brown.

The young bird presumably has a plumage much like that described
under the preceding form, but it is noteworthy that every Thai speci-
men of the little ringed plover in immature dress has proved to belong
to the race cwronicus.

I have not been able to compare Thai examples with indubitable
jerdoni of South India. My specimens are small: the wings of five
males measure 96.6-101.3 mm. (one, 104 mm.) ; of nine females, 101.4—
104.3 mm. (one, 106.9 mm.). The wing lengths of jerdoni in India,
as recorded by several authors, are considerably greater, but this ap-
pears to be due to the practice of lumping under a common name the
rather larger birds of the Himalayas with the smaller birds of southern
India, to which alone the name jerdoni properly should be applied.
Thai birds agree well, in fact, with two males from southern India
which have wing lengths of 102.4 mm., but are smaller than two Hima-
layan specimens with wings of 108.8 and 109 mm.

Since even the Palearctic cwronicus has been taken at Bangkok as
early as August 24 and as late as April 12, I suggest that some or all
of the larger Indian examples believed to be typical jerdonz are, as a
matter of fact, even though collected far south, early or late visitors
from more northern breeding grounds. Comparison of series of
breeding birds from the Himalayas with similar series from Ceylon
and South India may make it desirable to place the former under a
separate name.

CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS ALEXANDRINUS Linnaeus
WESTERN KENTISH PLOVER

[Charadrius] alexandrinus LrnNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150
(“ad Aigypti ex Nilo canalem”).

Leucopolius alexandrinus dealbatus, DEregNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 171 (Chiang Mai).

Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1986, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai I found the Kentish plover rather common from
the beginning of October to the end of March and have seen it in small
numbers in June and August; I have also taken it at Mae Sariang,
October 26, 1936.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND E21

This species was found chiefly on the sand bars of the Mae Ping,
less commonly at wet places in the fields, and was usually in company
with the little ringed plover. The stomach of one of my birds con-
tained tiny snails.

Three females had the irides dark brown; the bill black with the
base of the mandible dusky flesh; the feet fleshy plumbeous (2 birds)
or bluish plumbeous (1 bird) ; the “knees” and toes slaty; the claws
black.

As seen in our provinces, this species has the forehead, short eyebrow,
incomplete nuchal collar, underparts, and three outer pairs of rectrices
white; the upperparts and an incomplete breast band ashy brown.
It can be confused only with the little ringed plover, from which it
may always be known by the heavy bill without yellow at the base,
the plumbeous feet, and the broken breast band.

Six examples from northwestern Thailand are, somewhat hesitantly,
placed with alewandrinus. The heaviest bill in my series can be
matched by a bird from England, but, on the other hand, all my
specimens are immature; adults would doubtless fall somewhere
between alewandrinus and nihonensis.

CHARADRIUS PLACIDUS J. E. Gray and G. R. Gray
LONG-BILLED RINGED PLOVER

Charadrius placidus J. E. and G. R. Gray, Catalogue of . . . Mammalia and birds
of Nepal and Thibet . . . British Museum, ed. 2, 1863, pp. 70-71 (Nepal).
Afgialites placida, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p, 235
(listed).

Afgialitis placida, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 757 (Khun Tan).

Charadrius placidus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 585 (Chiang Mai).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 171 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 82 (Chiang Mai).

Only two examples of this plover are known from Thailand: An
unsexed, undated specimen in Stockholm, taken by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan, and a female collected at Chiang Mai by de Schauensee, December
22, 1928.

I was with de Schauensee when his bird was taken and recall that it
was found on a sand bar of the Mae Ping above Chiang Mai among a
considerable number of Jerdon’s ringed plover, in contrast with which
its superior size was immediately apparent. During my subsequent
winters in Thailand I looked for this bird without success.

De Schauensee notes that his specimen had the irides dark brown;
the bill black; the feet and toes fleshy yellow; the claws black.

This species is considerably larger than any other ringed plover
known from our provinces and normally would be seen under con-
ditions that permit direct comparison of size. From alewandrinus it
may be known also by its yellowish feet and unbroken breast band.

122 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family SCOLOPACIDAE
TRINGA GLAREOLA Linnaeus
Woop SANDPIPER

[Tringa] Glareola LiINNAnUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149
(Europe; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Totanus glareola, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236
(listed).

Rhyacophilus glareola, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 577 (Chiang Mai).—Drienan, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 84 (Chiang Mai).—RItey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 91 (Nan).

Tringa glareola, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai).—pDE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 279 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).

The wood sandpiper is an abundant winter visitor throughout the
northern provinces. At Chiang Mai I recorded it from September 26
to March 14, and a single individual was seen July 11, 1931. At Ban
Na Noi (Nan Province) I took a specimen on April 3, 1987. An un-
dated bird in Stockholm was collected by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan.
In addition, I have it from Chiang Saen Kao, Chom Thong, and San
Sai Luang and have observed it at many other localities.

This species is much the commonest of our sandpipers, occurring
singly or in loose flocks wherever there is mud and shallow water. At
Chiang Mai many are snared and sold as game in the markets.

A male specimen had the irides brown; the bill black, dull olive at
the base; the feet and toes dull brownish green; the claws black.

The wood sandpiper has the upperparts generally dark brown, most
of the feathers spotted at the edges and narrowly tipped with white,
the upper tail coverts largely pure white; the underparts white, sullied
or indistinctly streaked with brown on the breast; the under wing
coverts and axillaries white, lightly barred with brown.

TRINGA NEBULARIA (Gunnerus)
GREENSHANK

Scolopax nebularia GUNNERUS, in Leem, Beskrivelse over Finmarkens Lapper,
1767, p. 251 (District of Trondhjem, Norway).

Glottis nebularia, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
585 (Chiang Rai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 172
(Chiang Mai).

Glottis nebularius, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 84
(Chiang Mai).

The greenshank is a rather uncommon winter visitor in the North,
ordinarily found along the larger rivers but occasionally, especially
during the migrations, alighting at marshy areas in the fields and at
the margins of ponds. At Chiang Mai I saw one on October 4,
1930, and two (together with five red-wattled lapwings) on September

‘»

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 123

20, 1935. De Schauensee collected a specimen on the Mae Kok at
Chiang Rai, January 6, 1929. I took examples at Chom Thong, No-
vember 28, 1931; Chiang Saen Kao, January 8, 1937; and at Ban Pa
Tao (on the Nan river, just south of our limits), April 10, 1937.

One of my specimens had the irides dark brown; the apical half of
the bill black, the rest slaty blue; the feet and toes plumbeous-olive; the
claws blackish brown.

The greenshank is much larger than any other sandpiper known
from our provinces and has the bill distinctly recurved. As usually
seen in Thailand, it has the upperparts generally gray-brown, the
feathers with black shaft streaks and narrow white edges; the lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts white; the underparts white,
sometimes with small blackish streaks on the breast.

TRINGA OCROPHUS Linnaeus
GREEN SANDPIPER

[Tringa] Ocrophus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149 (Europe ;
type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Totanus ochropus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 69
(“Northern districts’) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Siam, 1915, p. 286 (listed).

Tringa ochropus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 585
(Chiang Mai).

Tringa ocrophus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 172
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 838 (Chiang Mai).

Tringa ochrophus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 278 (Chiang Mai).

The green sandpiper is a fairly common winter visitor to all our
provinces, though much less so than the wood sandpiper. At Chiang
Mai I recorded a single individual, July 11, 1931, but its stay there
normally extended from September 26 to April 1. In Stockholm are
six birds taken by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan, one collected by Gylden-
stolpe at Den Chai, and one by Fejos at Chiang Mai. I have speci-
mens from Mae Sariang, Ban Mae Wan, Sala Mae Tha, Chiang Mai,
and Ban Na Noi (April 2, 1937) and have observed it at numerous
other places.

This species occurs on the plains wherever there is mud and shallow
water, usually in company with the wood sandpiper, but in smaller
numbers.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black, dark olive-
green on the basal half; the feet and toes dull olive-green or slaty
green; the claws black or horny brown.

The green sandpiper may be confused with the wood sandpiper.
The former is a somewhat larger bird; it has the upperparts darker,
usually more or less washed with oily olive-green, and the whitish
markings less distinct; rather heavier streaking on the breast; the

583136—45——9

124 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

under wing coverts and axillaries blackish brown, narrowly barred
with white.
ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnaeus)
COMMON SANDPIPER

[Tringa] Hypoleucos LiNNAnUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149
(Hurope; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert.).

Tringoides hypoleucos, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 69 (“Northern Siam’) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 759 (“Throughout the whole country’’).

Tringa hypoleuca, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 586
(Chiang Mai.)

Tringa hypoleucos, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 279 (Chiang Mai).

Actitis hypoleucos, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 83
(Chiang Mai).—Ruiry, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 91 (Nan).

This is a very common winter visitor throughout the North. At
Chiang Mai I recorded it from August 1 (1931) to April 3 (1981).
EKisenhofer sent to Stockholm eight specimens from Khun Tan. I
collected it at Chiang Mai, Mae Sariang, Thattafang, Chom Thong,
and Chiang Saen Kao and have seen it almost everywhere in the low-
lands,

The common sandpiper is well named, for it is found wherever
there is water—in the ricefields, along streams, large and small, at
village ponds, and in roadside ditches; it even ascends the mountains
for some distance along the torrents.

This is an unmistakable little bird: in flight it may be known by its
shrill peet-weet, peet-weet, and the peculiarly jerky action of its white-
barred wings; at other times, whether walking or standing, it con-
stantly bobs the hinder portion of its body up and down.

It has the upperparts brown, washed with oily olive-green, many
of the feathers faintly barred darker and narrowly tipped whitish;
the underparts white, more or less sullied with brown on the lower
neck and breast; a conspicuous white bar in the outspread wing.

EROLIA TEMMINCKII (Leisler)
TEMMINCK’S STINT

Tringa Temminckii Leister, Nachtrage zu Bechsteins Naturgeschichte Deutsch-
lands, 1812, pp. 64-73 (Hanau-am-Main, Germany).

Erolia minuta ruficollis, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 586 (Chiang Saen Kao).

Erolia temminckii, DeIaNaNn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai).—prE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 279 (Chiang Mai).

Pisobia temminckii, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 84
(Chiang Mai).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 95 (Chom Thong).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 125

Temminck’s stint is a common winter visitor, at least to Chiang
Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces, and doubtless occurs throughout our
area. In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai I recorded it only between
November 1 (1935) and February 16 (1932), but I took a specimen at
Chiang Rai on May 6, 1936, and another at Ban Mae Chai on May 9
of the same year.

This little sandpiper is found in flocks, often of 50 or more indi-
viduals, upon the marshes, at muddy places in the fields, and on the
sandy bars and islands of the rivers.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black, olive or
olive-brown at the base; the feet and toes olive-yellow or yellowish
olive; the soles yellow; the claws black.

In winter this stint has the upperparts brownish gray, more or less
glossed with olive-green, many of the feathers with obsolescent dark
centers; the underparts white, sullied with brownish gray on the lower
neck and breast ; a narrow white bar in the outspread wing; the outer
tail feathers white (visible in flight).

Late spring specimens have the upperparts browner, many of the
feathers blackish with pale rufous margins; the breast more or less
definitely streaked with brown and pale rufous.

EROLIA SUBMINUTA (Middendorff)
LONG-TOED STINT

Tringa subminuta Mippenporer, Sibirische Reise, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1851, pp. 222-228,
pl. 19, fig. 6 (western slopes of the Stanovoi Mountains and mouth of the
Uda, Siberia).

Limonites damacensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 146 (Ban Sop Tui).

Limonites minutilla subminuta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 760 (Ban Sop Tui).

Hrolia subminuta, RoGeRsS and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934, p. 92
(Chiang Mai).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 279 (Chiang Mai).

Pisobia subminuta, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 84
(Chiang Mai).

The long-toed stint seems to be a species of considerable rarity, and
I know of only four specimens from our provinces: a female taken
by Gyldenstolpe near Ban Sop Tui (Lampang Province), April 28,
1914; a male taken by me at Chiang Mai, January 30, 1932; a male
taken by de Schauensee at Chiang Mai, January 26, 1933; a male col-
lected by me at Ban Mae Chai, May 9, 1936.

Gyldenstolpe states that his bird was shot on a sand bar in the Mae
Wang river, but both of my specimens were found on marshes; the
Mae Chai example was associated with Hrolia temminckii.

One of my birds had the irides brown; the bill black, olive-brown
at the base of the mandible; the feet and toes olive-yellow; the claws

126 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

black. Gyldenstolpe’s specimen differed in having the feet and toes
yellowish brown.

The diminutive size of this sandpiper will separate it from any
other species known from the North except Hrolia temminckii; from
that bird it may be known by its having the feathers of the upperparts
black, broadly edged with bright rufous and tipped with whitish, and
the outer tail feathers brown, and by its lack of a wing bar.

CAPELLA GALLINAGO GALLINAGO (Linnaeus)
FAN-TAILED SNIPE

[Scolopaxr] Gallinago LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 147
(Europe; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Gallinago gallinago, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 762 (‘Throughout the whole country”).

Capella gallinago, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 577
(Chiang Mai).

Capella gallinago gallinago, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 586 (Chiang Mai)—Der1anan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 172 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 88 (Chiang Mai).

The fantail is probably common in winter throughout our provinces.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm three undated specimens from Khun Tan.
I took a male at Thattafang, on the Salwin, October 13, 1936. At
Chiang Mai it arrived in October and was present in some numbers
until March.

T found it at the margins of ponds, at muddy places in the fields,
and especially on the marshes, whether great or small. It conceals
itself in the vegetation, from which when startled it bursts with rapid,
zigzagging flight, uttering a characteristic note that resembles the
syllable scape.

One of my specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill ight horny
brown, with the apical third and edges of the commissure brownish
black; the feet and toes dull olive-green; the claws black.

The two closely related species of nok som are so well known to all
residents of Thailand that no detailed description is necessary. From
the pintail the present species is not distinguishable in the field; in
the hand it may be known by the tail, of which the outer feathers are
scarcely narrowed and not at all stiffened.

CAPELLA STENURA (Bonaparte)
PIN-TAILED SNIPE

Scolopaxr stenura “Kuhl” Bonaparte, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, vol. 4, 1880, pp.
335-3386 (Sunda Islands, particularly the Island of Java).

Gallinago stenura, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 236 (listed).

Gallinago sthenura, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 762 (“Throughout the whole
country”).

Capella megala, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist, Suppl., 1931, p. 172 (Chiang
Mai).

|
|

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 1a

Capella stenura, pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 586
(Chiang Mai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 83 (Chiang Mai).

The pintail is no doubt present in season at any suitable place in
our districts. In Stockholm are two undated specimens collected by
Eisenhofer at Khun Tan. I took examples at Ban Mae Klang, Feb-
ruary 11 and 138, 1987, and at Ban Huai Pa Khan (on the Nan river),
April 8, 1937. One was shot at 4,300 feet on Doi Ang Ka, April 21,
1931, at the same bog in which the wood snipe had been found a week
earlier. At Chiang Mai I recorded it as early as August 22 (1931)
and as late as April 25 (1935) ; it was very common during the months
of migration but I never took it there in midwinter, which leads me
to suspect that it occurs in our provinces only as a bird of passage.

The pintail occurs at the same wet areas as the fantail, but I have
also discovered it occasionally in quite dry places at some distance from
water, hiding in grass or under a bush. Its alarm note and manner of
flight are much like those of the fantail. Stomachs I examined
contained only vegetable matter.

A female had the irides brown; the apical half of the bill brownish
black, the basal half of the maxilla light brown, of the mandible horny
olive; the feet and toes dull olive-green, the joints slaty gray; the
claws black.

The pintail chiefly differs from the fantail in having the eight outer
tail feathers on each side very narrow and stiff, the outermost so much
so as to be pinlike.

CAPELLA NEMORICOLA (Hodgson)
Woop SNIPE

Gali[inago] nemoricola Hopveson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836, p. 8 (Nepal).
Capella nemoricola, RocERS and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934, p. 91
(Doi Ang Ka).

The rare wood snipe is known from Thailand by a single specimen, a
male taken by me on Doi Ang Ka, 4,800 feet, April 13, 1931.

This bird was shot at a boggy area, overgrown with an alderlike
shrub, near the upper end of the valley beneath Pha Mon. In Septem-
ber 1930 I flushed a large snipe, probably of this species, in the rice-
fields at the opposite end of the same valley.

My specimen had the irides dark brown; the maxilla light brown
with a fleshy tinge, the tip blackish brown, the narial region and ex-
treme base dark gray; the mandible with the apical half blackish
brown, the basal half fleshy white; the feet and toes chalky fleshy (al-
most white) ; the soles dead white; the claws horn-brown.

The wood snipe is decidedly larger than our other snipes. In col-
oration it resembles gallinago and stenura, but whereas these two

128 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

species have the center of the abdomen immaculate white, nemoricola
has this part wholly barred with brown.
I have been unable to compare this skin with examples from Nepal.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA RUSTICOLA Linnaeus
EURASIAN WoopDcockK

[Scolopar] Rusticola LinNArvus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 146
(Europe; type locality restricted to Sweden, apud Hartert).

Scolopaxr rusticola rusticola, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 762 (“Northern
Siam’”’).—Detenan, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 172 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1936, p. 83 (Chiang Mai).—Ruitry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 93
(Khun Tan).

The woodcock is not common but is probably generally distributed
at suitable places in all our provinces during the cold weather. At
Chiang Mai I have recorded it only from January 1 (1931) to March 3
(19382). A specimen from Mae Rim was taken on February 3, 1937,
and another from Ban Dan (on the Nan River just south of our limits)
was collected on April 10, 1937.

About Chiang Mai this species occurred yearly in small numbers at
a well-watered coppice near Wat Suan Dok, and I have also seen it
several times at marshy spots in the deciduous forest near the foot
of Doi Suthep. The bird from Ban Dan was shot from a boat and
was discovered in an extraordinary situation : resting in a dense clump
of an aquatic willowlike shrub growing in swirling water at some
distance from the river bank. The woodcock is chiefly active at night,
spending the day concealed on the ground in thick vegetation, so that
it will not often be observed. The stomach of one of my birds con-
tained only mud and gravel.

A female had the irides dark brown; the bill with the basal half
dusky flesh, the apical half dark brown, and the extreme tip horny;
the feet and toes plumbeous-fleshy; the claws black. Another female
differed in having the bill yellow-brown, becoming almost black on
the apical third; the feet and toes brownish yellow; the claws dark
horny brown.

The woodcock is a large and heavy wood-dwelling snipelike bird.
It has the upperparts beautifully marked everywhere with black,
rufous, and buff; the underparts buff, with narrow, wavy, blackish-
brown cross bars.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS (Linnaeus)

EURASIAN BLACK-WINGED STILT

[Charadrius] Himantopus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 151
(“in Europa australiore’”).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 129

Himantopus himantopus himantopus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 169 (Ban Mae Chai).

I watched a stilt on the marsh at Ban Mae Chai, May 9 and 10, 1936,
but found it too wild to be collected. Since there is no other northern
record, it is not possible to define the status of this species in our
provinces.

A female with enlarged gonads, collected by me at Chanthaburi,
April 22, 1937, had the irides red; the bill black; the feet and toes
rose.

This is an unmistakable form. The male has the wings, scapulars,
and a narrow band across the upper back black, slightly glossed with
green; the rest of the plumage white, becoming smoky gray on the
tail. The female differs only in having the scapulars and the band
across the back brown. The pink legs are grotesquely long and, in
flight, extend far beyond the tail.

Family BURHINIDAE
ESACUS MAGNIROSTRIS RECURVIROSTRIS (Cuvier)
INDIAN GREAT-BILLED THICK-KNEE

OEFd[icnemus] recurvirostris Cuvier, Régne animal, nouy. éd., vol. 1, 1829, p.
500, note 2 (no locality given=Nepal, apud Stuart Baker).

Bsacus recurvirostris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 584 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai). — DertcnaAn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 170 (Chiang Mai); 1936, p. 84 (Chiang Mai).

The thick-knee is confined to the great bars of sand and shingle
along our major rivers. De Schauensee took a female from a flock
of six birds on the Mae Kok at Chiang Rai, January 6, 1929. I col-
lected a pair on the Mae Khong at Chiang Saen Kao, January 9, 1987.
In April 1937 I recorded the species at several places on the Mae Nan
between Ban Pak Li and Ban Pa Luat. For Chiang Mai there is but
one record: A solitary individual on the Mae Ping near Wat Phra-
non, December 15 and 22, 1928.

Pigne the Nan river I comm the thick-knee concealing itself during
the day in impenetrable thickets of a willowlike shrub which grew
in hollows of the dunes. While camped upon a huge bar near “Ban
Pa Luat, April 9, 1937, I heard constantly during the night the sweet,
mournful piping of this species. The wild excitement of the parents,
invisible in the darkness, led to the discovery of a downy young one,
flattening itself with outstretched neck against the shingle. This bird,
which was collected, was probably less than one week old; it was able
to run strongly and had been feeding on Orthoptera. A few feet
away a second chick was found, about three-fourths the size of the
first and still unable to stand.

130 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

De Schauensee’s specimen had the irides creamy yellow; the orbital
region olive-yellow; the bill black, with base, nares, and rictus olive-
yellow; the feet and toes bluish olive. My juvenile had the irides
yellow. .

The juvenile has the upperparts generally pale sandy rufous (scap-
ulars darker), streaked with black on crown and scapular tract, nar-
rowly barred elsewhere, and with a pair of parallel black lines sep-
arating the center of the back from the scapulars and another similar |
pair at the sides of the rump; a black streak from the base of the |
mandible below the eye to the lower edge of the ear coverts; the throat |
buffy white; the lower neck and upper breast pale sandy rufous, |
indistinctly streaked blackish; the lower breast and flanks pinkish
buff ; the belly whitish, tinged buffy; the under tail coverts pale rufous; |
the quills and rectrices just beginning to appear from the sheaths, |
so that the wing is outwardly bordered by a white bar (coverts) which
is inwardly edged black.

This is a huge ploverlike bird with a very heavy, somewhat re-
curved bill. It has the upperparts sandy brown; the wings sandy
brown with the shoulder area blackish brown and a white patch at
the center of the outer primaries; a streak above the white eyebrow,
the ear coverts, and a mustachial streak black; the underparts white
with a broad, indistinct brownish breast band.

Family GLAREOLIDAE
GLAREOLA PRATINCOLA MALDIVARUM J. R. Forster
INDIAN COLLARED PRATINCOLE

Glareola (Pratincola) Maldivarum J. R. Forster, Faunula Indica, ed. 2, 1795, —
p. 11 (open sea in the latitude of the Maldive Islands, ex Latham, General |
synopsis of birds, vol. 3, pt. 1, 1785, p. 224, Pratincole var. B).

Glareola maldivarum maldivarum, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl. |
1931, p. 170 (Chiang Mai).

Glareola maldivarum, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 84
(Chiang Mai).

On the Chiang Mai plain the collared pratincole appeared rather —
irregularly and in small numbers between March 23 (1929) and June

27 (1931) (one seen, February 16, 1937) but was unknown at other |

seasons. At Ban Mae Chai I collected a male from a flock. Other- |

wise the species is unrecorded from our provinces, although it might
be expected to occur on occasion almost anywhere in the lowlands.
This swallow-plover avoids the rivers and keeps to the fields

(whether fallow or plowed) and moist areas overgrown with low

grass. Here it may be seen in loose flocks: some individuals feed on |

the ground, making short running dashes after their insect prey; |
others wheel through the air with graceful flight, somewhat resembling |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 13)

huge swallows, constantly uttering a characteristic call, kirri-kirri.
Stomachs I examined contained Coleoptera and Orthoptera.

At the season of its occurrence in northern Thailand, the species is
known to be breeding in more southern districts, but all northern
specimens have had the gonads quite inactive. On the other hand, an
unsexed bird from Chiang Mai, June 6, 1931, is so young that it was
almost certainly bred in the neighborhood.

This example had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the rictus
and interior of the mouth yellow; the feet and toes dull brown; the
claws dark brown.

The adult has the upperparts brown with an olivaceous wash and a
pale rufescent collar across the hindneck; the upper tail coverts and
the greater portion of the outer rectrices white; the throat and lower
neck rufous-buff, bordered by a narrow black gorget which begins
below the eye and is edged inwardly with white; the breast isabella
color, changing to light rufous on the upper belly, which color in turn
fades to white on the remaining underparts; the under wing coverts
and axillaries deep rufous.

The wings are long and hirundine; the tail is distinctly forked.

GLAREOLA LACTEA Temminck
MILKY PRATINCOLE

Glareola lactea TEMMINCK, Manuel d’ornithologie, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1820, p. 503
(Bengal).

Glareola lactea, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 171 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1986, pp. 84, 182 (Chiang Mai, Ban Sop Huai Khieo).—pz SCHAUENSEE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 278 (Chiang Saen Kao).

_ Ll once saw a pair of the milky pratincole at the edge of a pond with

a pair of the collared species, but otherwise I have found it only on the

bars of sand and shingle along the larger streams, where the other

form does not occur. The flocks seem to wander up and down the
rivers, so that the bird is only irregularly present at any one locality.

At Chiang Mai I recorded it but three times, in March and December.

It is also known from Ban Sop Huai Khieo (Mae Ping), Chiang Rai

(Mae Kok), Chiang Saen Kao (Mae Khong), and Ban Na Noi

(Nam Haeng).

The flocks may be quite small or composed of many dozens of in-
dividuals. Their coloration is very concealing as they stand on the
sand facing the observer, and they keep their ground until danger is
near, then fly, a few at a time, merely to the farther end of the bar to
perch again. It seemed to me that less feeding is done on the wing
than is the case with the larger species.

A specimen with enlarged ovaries was taken at Chiang Rai, May 6,
1936, and an immature bird was collected at Chiang Mai, December
8, 1931.

132 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Adults had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the rictus coral-
red; the interior of the mcuth deep pink; the feet, toes, and claws black.
The immature example differed only in having the feet and toes dark
brown. ;

This species has the upperparts soft gray, slightly tinged brownish
on the head; the upper tail coverts and the greater portion of the outer
rectrices white; the central tail feathers largely black; a black mark
from the base of the bill to around the front part of the eye; the chin
whitish; the throat pale buff, changing to soft gray on the upper
breast, which color in turn fades to white on the remaining underparts;
a white bar across the middle of the open wing; the under wing coverts
and axillaries black.

This is a much smaller bird than the preceding form. The wings
are similarly long, but the tail is only slightly forked.

Family LARIDAE
CHLIDONIAS HYBRIDA SWINHOEI (Mathews)
CHINESE WHISKERED TERN

Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoei MatHrews, The birds of Australia, vol. 2,
1912, p. 320 (Fuchow, Fukhien, China).

Delacour and Greenway have recorded (L’Oiseau et la Revue Fran-
caise d’Ornithologie, 1940, p. 25) finding terns of this species on the
Mae Khong near Ban Huai Sai in December 1938 and January 1939.
The bird is not otherwise known from our provinces.

In nuptial dress this tern has the crown and nape black; the sides
of the head below the eye white; the rest of the plumage gray, palest
on the throat and darkest on the abdomen. In nonbreeding dress, it
has the forecrown and entire underparts white; the hindcrown and
nape blackish, streaked with white.

From our other terns it is best distinguished by its short, slightly
forked tail and its red bill.

In the absence of suitable material, I can form no opinion on the
validity of the various Oriental races of this tern recognized by
Mathews. I follow Delacour and Greenway in calling our bird swin-
hoet but must point out that it may prove to be inseparable from
javanica of Horsfield.

STERNA AURANTIA J. E. Gray
INDIAN RIVER TERN

Sterna aurantia J. EB. Gray, Illustrations of Indian zoology, vol. 1, No. 6, 1830-1832
[=1831], pl. 69, fig. 2 (no location given=India).
Sterna awrantia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 169 (Chiang
Rai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 133

An immature tern in the Raffles Museum, taken by a Thai collector
at Chiang Mai in August 1936, is probably of this species and, if so,
is the only example from the Mae Ping above the rapids. At Chiang
Rai, on the Mae Kok, I observed at least eight individuals, May 6 and
7, 1936. Finally, it was.found to be common on the Mae Khong near
Chiang Saen Kao, where I took four specimens on January 8, 1937.

Our various terns have similar habits. They are seen in small flocks,
resting on sand bars or beating back and forth above the water, utter-
ing harsh cries and periodically plunging for fish. From gulls they
are distinguishable by their more buoyant flight, due to the long wings
and tail, and by their custom of keeping the pointed bill directed
straight down.

The January birds from the Mae Khong, as well as two specimens
from the Mae Ping near Rahaeng (December 27, 1935), are adults in
full nuptial dress.

The breeding adult has the crown and nape black, this color reaching
to below the eye and there edged by a streak of white; the upperparts
silvery gray; the underparts very pale gray. Its nonbreeding plum-
age is much like that of the preceding species.

This is the largest of our northern terns; it has a very long, deeply
forked tail and a stout, orange-yellow bill.

STERNA ACUTICAUDA J. E. Gray
BLACK-BELLIED TERN

Sterna acuticauda J. BE. Gray, Illustrations of Indian zoology, vol. 1, No. 6, 1830-
1832 [=1831 ?], pl. 70, fig. 3 (Cawnpore, United Provinces, India).

In the collection at Washington is an example of this tern, taken by
H. M. Smith on the Salwin near the Burmese village of Mae Hiak,
January 138, 1933. I collected three specimens on the Mae Khong at
Chiang Saen Kao, January 8 and 11, 1937, and another at Ban Mae
Sai, January of the same year. The only record for its occurrence on
the Mae Ping above the rapids is based upon a solitary individual seen
by me at Ban Chang (about 12 km. north of Mae Rim), June 6, 1936.

All northern specimens examined have been in full nuptial plumage.

Dr. Smith has noted that his bird, a male, had the bill dull orange
at the base, yellow at the tip; the feet and toes light red; the claws
black.

The breeding adult has the crown and nape black; the upperparts
silvery gray; the sides of the head below the eye and the throat white,
this color changing to silvery gray on the upper breast, which color,
in turn, changes to black on the remaining underparts. The non-
breeding dress is similar to that of our other terns.

This species somewhat resembles the whiskered tern, but may be
distinguished by its long and deeply forked tail.

134 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The present species has commonly been called Sterna melanogaster
Temminck, 1827, with reference to the Nouveau recueil de planches |
coloriées d’oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pl. 484. Temminck’s name, |
however, cannot be used inasmuch as Horsfield (Zoological researches _
in Java, No. 8, 1824, general catalog) has used Sterna melanogaster |
“Tlemminck]” as a substitute name for Sterna Javanica Horsfield |
1821, which=Chlidonias hybrida javanica (Horsfield).

STERNA ALBIFRONS SINENSIS Gmelin
CHINESE WHITE-FRONTED TERN |

[Sterna] sinensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 608 (China, ex |
Latham).
The only record for our area is based upon a specimen in the Royal |
Natural History Museum in Stockholm, taken by Eisenhofer and with
no data other than “Nord Siam.” If we assume that the locality is
correct, this bird probably came from either the system of the Mae ©
Yom or that of the Mae Wang. Since the species has been found not
only along the coasts of Thailand but also on the Chao Phraya river,
it is not at all unlikely that it should sometimes occur along the larger
streams of our provinces.

A breeding male from southeastern Thailand had the bill yellow
with black tip; the tongue and interior of the mouth yellow; the feet —
and toes yellow. |

In nuptial dress this tern has the forehead white, this color extending
back over the eye at the sides; the lores and the rest of the crown and
nape black; the remaining upperparts silvery gray, becoming almost _
white on the upper tail coverts and tail; the underparts white. Its
nonbreeding plumage is similar to that of other species.

This is much the smallest of our terns. The tail is relatively short
but is deeply forked.

Order PSITTACIFORMES
Family PSITTACIDAE

PSITTACULA EUPATRIA SIAMENSIS (Boden Kloss)

THAI ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET

Palaeornis eupatria siamensis BobEN Ktoss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 2,
No. 3, 1917, pp. 219-220 (Lat Bua Khao, East Thailand).

Palaeornis indoburmanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 233 (listed).

Palacornis cupataria magnirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 118 (Khun Tan).

Palaeornis eupataria siamensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 591 (Khun Tan).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 135

Psittacula eupatria indoburmanica, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 160 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 86 (Chiang Mai).

Psittacula eupatria subsp., DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 259 (Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng).

Psittacula eupatria siamensis, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 118
(Chom Thong).

This largest of our parrots is so far recorded only from the lowlands
of the Mae Ping basin, north to San Maha Phon (Mae Taeng) and
south to Ban Sop Mae Chaem, east to Khun Tan and west to the foot
of Doi Suthep; within this limited area I found it only irregularly
present at any one locality and rarely with as many as 10 individuals
in a flock. The species is frequently seen as a cage bird at Chiang
Mai, and, if its restricted distribution be real and not due merely to
lack of observers, I would suggest that its presence as a wild bird is
perhaps attributable to human agency.

The rose-ringed parrot is found both in cultivated districts and in
the dry deciduous forest, but its appearances seem always to be gov-
erned by the abundance of some species or other of fruit.

A specimen taken at Chiang Mai, December 5, nad the testes greatly
enlarged (14 by 20 mm.).

Adult males had the irides light yellow; the eyelids edged light
orange; the orbital skin pale pinkish orange; the maxilla deep red,
the mandible coral-red, both tipped horny yellow; the feet and toes
dull yellow; the claws slate. De Schauensee notes that a bird from
Chiang Mai had the feet gray.

The adult male is largely parrot green; it has the hindcrown more
or less washed with blue; the throat and upper breast more or less
washed with yellow; a pink collar across the nape, joined at each end
to a narrow black line, which runs up the side of the throat to the base
of the mandible; a conspicuous red patch on the shoulder; all the
rectrices yellow beneath, the longer ones blue above on the apical two-
thirds. The adult female and the immature lack the pink nuchal
band and the black lines along the throat, and the latter has a much
shorter tail.

Owing to the lack of suitable comparative material, I cannot say
whether our birds show any approach toward avensis of Burma. My
specimens seem to be inseparable from those of eastern Thailand,
when we allow for considerable individual variation.

PSITTACULA ALEXANDRI FASCIATA (P. L. S. Miiller)
INDIAN PINK-BREASTED PARAKEET

Psittacus fasciatus P. L. S. Mier, Natursystems Supplements- und Register-
Band, 1776, p. 74 (no locality given; Pondicherry designated as type locality

136 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

by Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 4, 1927, p. 210,
error; type locality corrected to Arakan, by Ticehurst, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc., vol. 36, 1933, p. 934).

Palaeornis fasciata, GYLDENSTOPLE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 60
(Den Chai); 1916, p. 119 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Siam, 1915, p. 283 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 591 (“Northern part of the country’’).

Palaeornis alexandri fasciata, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 571 (Chiang Rai).

Psittacula alexandri fasciata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 160 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 87 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep). —
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 259 (Chiang Mai,
Chiang Rai).—Rttey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 172, 1988, p. 120 (Doi Ang Ka,
Sop Phung, Ban Nam Khian, Mae Khan).

This parrot is by far the most abundant of its family throughout
the northern provinces, occurring irregularly in every town and village,
in any type of vegetation, and, while chiefly a bird of the lowlands,
ascending the mountains to at least 4,600 feet.

At Chiang Mai the raucous scream of the pink-breasted parrot may
be heard overhead at any time of the year, but the species appears in
greatest numbers when the mango is in fruit, at which season a flock
composed of hundreds may descend upon a single tree. In other parts
of our area even larger flocks settle in the ricefields just before harvest:
De Schauensee mentions “flocks of well over a thousand birds,” and I
myself, at the end of December 1936, on a small rice plain to the south
of Muang Fang, saw a flock that could not have had less than 10,000
individuals. Such swarms of birds must cause serious economic loss
to the cultivator.

The breeding season covers a number of months. A male from Ban
Muang Sum, December 24, had the gonads enlarged. In the dry forest
just west of Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), April 1, I met a man who
was engaged in removing young birds from the nest holes for a life
of captivity.

There seems to be considerable color variation in this species at any
age, which, combined with individual variation in the annual cycle,
makes it difficult to interpret the sequence of plumages. Eleven speci-
mens that are certainly juveniles were taken at various northern local-
ities between February 1 and July 26. A male from Ban Nam Khian,
April 22, is passing from the juvenal stage to what Ticehurst (Ibis,
1939, p. 20) calls “the young male in first winter,” and a bird in rather
worn “first winter” dress was taken at Ban Sop Mae Chaem, January
11. The female at this stage seems not to differ appreciably from the
male, except perhaps in color of bill, and the specimens I have seen
which correspond to Ticehurst’s “female in first winter” are all worn
birds. J am convinced that yet another stage, in which the rectrices
are fully elongated, intervenes between the “first winter” and the adult
plumages, but my material is insufficient to do more than indicate the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 137

probability. A series of late July from Wiang Pa Pao includes a
number of fully adult birds that are molting from worn to fresh
plumage.

De Schauensee notes that a male had the irides creamy yellow; the
maxilla sealing-wax red, tipped yellow; the mandible blotchy dusky
red; the feet and toes olive. The female differed in having the entire
bill black. In museum specimens the mandible of the male usually
appears blackish. The juvenile has the entire bill reddish orange.

The adult male has a narrow black frontal band reaching to the
eyes; a broad black mustachial band from each side of the mandible;
the rest of the head gray-violet; the remaining upperparts parrot
green, becoming bright blue on the rectrices; a conspicuous golden-
greenish area on the wing coverts, sometimes tinged with orange; the
breast and upper abdomen pink, more or less washed with violet,
changing to blue-green on the lower belly and to bright yellow-green
elsewhere. The adult female differs chiefly in having the head gray-
blue and the underparts of a rather deeper pink without violet wash.
The juvenile is a generally green bird with the markings of the head
dull brownish black.

PSITTACULA CYANOCEPHALA ROSA (Boddaert)
INDO-CHINESE BLOSSOM-HEADED PARAKEET

Psittacus rosa BoppaErt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
* 1783, p. 53 (Mahé, ex D’Aubenton, pl. 888, error; Chittagong designated as

type locality by Whistler and Kinnear, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
37, 1935, p. 753).

Palaeornis rosa, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 60
(Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 283 (listed).

Palaeornis cyanocephalus rosa, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 118 (Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 592 (Den Chai, Pak Pan, Pha Kho).

Psittacula cyanocephala rosa, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 160 (Chiang Mai, error?) ; 1986, p. 86 (Chiang Mai, error?).

In 1931 and 1936 I recorded the occurrence of this parrot at Chiang
Mai; since no specimen was taken and since I was at that time un-
familiar with the bird in life and since, moreover, it is a species not
yet definitely known in our area from any locality west of the Khun
Tan range, it seems best to withdraw the record until there is further
evidence of its presence there. To the places where examples have
been collected may be added Khun Tan, whence Eisenhofer sent to
Stockholm six undated birds, including a juvenile, and Ban Mae Mo,
where I took an adult male, August 18, 1936.

Gyldenstolpe found this species fairly common in the dry, deciduous
forests of Phrae Province, but never in large flocks and usually
associated with the pink-breasted parrot.

The adult male of this small species has the head rose-pink, strongly
washed with violet-blue on crown and nape; a pair of black mus-

138 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tachial streaks connected to form a narrow nuchal collar; the upper-
parts parrot green, changing to bright blue on the central tail feathers,
yellow on the others; a small maroon patch on the shoulder; the entire
underparts bright yellow-green. The adult female differs chiefly in
having the head soft gray-violet without any black markings.

PSITTACULA HIMALAYANA FINSCHII (Hume)
BURMESE SLATY-HEADED PARAKEET

Palaeornis Finschii Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, pp. 509-510 (Kollidoo,
Upper Salwin, Burma).

Palaeornis schisticeps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233
(listed).

Palaeornis finschi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 233
(listed).

Palacornis schisticeps finschti, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 119 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 592 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho).

Psittacula schisticeps finschi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 259 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Psittacula himalayana finschi, DrE1ieGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 160 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 87 (Doi Suthep). — Ruey, U. 8. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 119 (Phrae, Doi Buak Hua Chang, Mae Lang valley,
Muang Pai, ‘Hang Nor Wu”).

The slaty-headed parrot is probably generally distributed in the
hilly districts of the North, although it is not yet recorded from
Chiang Rai and Nan Provinces. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm no
less than 80 examples from Khun Tan. I collected it at Samoéng,
Sala Mae Tha, Doi Mae Lai, and Doi Chiang Dao and have seen it
at Ban Mae Klang. On Doi Suthep it has been found only three
times, always at the large clearing near the Phrathat.

This bird is the commonest of its genus on the mountains, occurring
irregularly and in small flocks in the more open mixed-deciduous
forest, at cleared places, and along the wider trails, chiefly from 2,000
to 4,000 feet; when seen on the plains it is never at any great distance
from the hills.

This is the sweet-voiced parakeet often seen fastened to wooden
perches outside the huts of the various hill-peoples. The employment
of these birds as decoys, tied to a bamboo frame near the village, is
said frequently to bring about the capture of all the members of a
wild flock at once. They seem to be kept for purely esthetic reasons.

A bird from Phrae, April 26, is in juvenal dress, with the whole
head green. One from Doi Chiang Dao, November 19, and another
from Samoeng, November 27, are acquiring gray feathers among the
green of the head, have a longer tail, and a reddish maxilla. Finally,
one from Sala Mae Tha, February 28, has the entire head light gray,
washed with green on the crown, and the bill and tail as in the adult.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND. 139

The adult male has the head slaty; a pair of black mustachial bands,
sometimes joined to form a narrow nuchal collar; the slate of the head
followed by a narrow band of blue-green and this, in turn, by an ill-
defined band of yellow-green; the remaining upperparts parrot green ;
the longest tail feathers bright blue, changing to violet-yellow on the
apical third, the remaining rectrices green, tipped bright yellow; a
small maroon patch on the shoulder; the entire underparts light yel-
low-green ; the under wing coverts and axillaries blue-green. The adult
female differs only in lacking the maroon shoulder patch.

LORICULUS VERNALIS VERNALIS (Sparrman)
NorTH INDIAN LORIKEET

Psittacus vernalis SPARRMAN, Museum Carlsonianum, fasc. 2, 1787, No. 29 and pl.
(no locality given; Cachar designated as type locality by Stuart Baker, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, No. 2, 1922, p. 333).

Loriculus vernalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138, p.
60 (Mae Raem, Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 119 (Pha Kho, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun
Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 591
(“Throughout Siam proper”).—pbE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 573 (Doi Suthep).

Loriculus vernalis vernalis, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 571 (Chiang Saen, “Pa Tai—67 Klms. N. of Lampang”’).—RILEy,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 122 (Ban Nam Khian).

Coryllis vernalis vernalis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 161 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 87 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—nr ScHAUEN-
SEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 260 (Doi Chiang Dao).

The diminutive lorikeet occurs fairly commonly throughout our
provinces, but since it is a bird of the wilder districts it is by no means
conspicuous. It may be found in the more open evergreen, in the
pines, in the dry deciduous jungle, and in bamboo, both on the plains
and on the hills to at least 4,300 feet. In addition to the localities
listed above, it is known from Ban Mae Wan, Doi Ang Ka, and Ban
Mae Klang, whence I have specimens.

This is usually a difficult bird to observe, for the flocks are small
and, in a leafy tree, by virtue of its color, it is almost invisible; I
rarely became aware of its presence until it flew off with a character-
istic twittering note. It is one of the many species that congregate in
flowering trees and on Doi Suthep seemed always to be commoner
when Bombazx was in bloom.

An adult male had the irides white; the orbital skin light brown;
the gular skin brownish yellow; the bill and cere orange, the maxilla
more red-orange; the feet and toes brownish yellow; the claws light
horn-brown.

This is by far our smallest parrot and our only one with a short
tail. It has the upperparts parrot green, with the rump and upper

583136—45——10

140 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tail coverts bright red; the underparts bright yellow-green, with a
suffusion of blue on the lower throat; the undersurface of the remiges
and rectrices bright blue.

Order COLUMBIFORMES
Family COLUMBIDAE

SPHENURUS APICAUDA APICAUDA (Blyth)
INDIAN PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON

Trleron] apicauda “Hodgson” BiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2,
1845 [=1846], p. 854 (“South-eastern Himalayas and hill ranges of Assam—
common at Darjeeling”).

Sphenocercus apicauda, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1£16,
p. 151 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 740 (Khun Tan, Pang
Hua Phong).—DEIGNaN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Doi
Suthep).

Sphenocercus apicauda apicauda, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 282 (Doi Suthep).

Sphenocercus apicaudus apicaudus, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 272 (Doi Chiang Dao).—DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 85 (Doi Suthep).

The Indian race of the pin-tailed pigeon is an uncommon resident
in the evergreen forests above 4,000 feet on the high peaks of the west-
ern provinces. In addition to the localities listed above, it occurs on
Doi Ang Ka, where I have seen it at 5,300 feet.

Nothing has been recorded of the habits of this bird in our districts.
It is doubtless a frugivore that escapes notice by keeping to the tops
of high trees, where it is well concealed by leaves.

De Schauensee has noted that a male had the irides salmon-pink
with a blue inner ring; the orbital skin dull dark blue; the apical half
of the bill pale blue, the basal half and adjacent skin very brilliant and
intense light blue; the feet and toes brilliant scarlet; the claws whitish
horn. One of Gyldenstolpe’s specimens had the irides whitish red;
the orbital skin pale blue; the bill green; the feet and toes pink.

The adult male has the head, neck, ramp, and upper tail coverts
bright yellow-green; the remaining upperparts bright olive-green,
washed with gray on the upper back; the tail soft gray; the wing with
a narrow pale yellow band separating the black apical half from the
bright olive-green basal half; the underparts light yellow-green,
washed on the breast with orange-pink; the under tail coverts dull
chestnut. The female is similar but has the colors generally less bright
and wholly lacks the orange wash on the breast.

This species is readily separable from all other northern fruit-
pigeons by its tail: the two central feathers taper to a point and ex-
tend several inches beyond the next longest pair.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 141

SPHENURUS APICAUDA LAOTIANUS Delacour
LAO PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON

Sphenurus apicauda laotianus DELAcoUR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926, pp.
10-11 (Chiang Khwang, Haut-Laos).

The Lao pin-tailed pigeon is known in Thailand only from Phu Kha
in northeastern Nan Province, where I found it uncommon in dense
evergreen from 4,500 feet to the summit.

While encamped on Phu Kha I seldom saw this pigeon but fre-
quently heard its mellow, whistled notes as the flocks bedded down at
nightfall. In the gathering darkness and amid the foliage of high
trees the birds were extremely difficult to collect. A female shot on
April 6, 1986, was lost in the undergrowth and, when found the next
morning, was too much damaged by ants for preservation of the skin.
Finally, on April 16, a single adult male was taken.

The bird of April 6 had the gonads enlarged and that of the 16th
had them greatly enlarged. By the middle of the month the flocks had
broken up into pairs and nest-building had doubtless begun.

The present race seems to differ from the preceding only in its
rather paler coloration.

SPHENURUS SEIMUNDI SEIMUNDI (Robinson)
MALAYAN PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON

Sphenocercus seimundi Ropsinson, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 25, 1910, pp. 98-99
(Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang border, Malaya).

The sole northern record for this rare fruit pigeon is based upon a
male in my collection, taken at Doi San Huai Wai, a locality in the
hills separating southern Phrae and Nan Provinces, June 4, 1936.

The tail of my specimen is in molt: one of the central pair of
feathers has not yet emerged at all from its sheath, the other has not
quite appeared from beneath the coverts.

The male of the present species is similar to that of apicauda but
has all the green parts darker; the rectrices blackish, broadly tipped
with soft gray; the bend of the wing maroon; the belly pure white;
the under tail coverts yellow, marked at the base with olive-green.
The female lacks the maroon at the bend of the wing and the orange-
pink wash on the upper breast.

T use here a trinomial name but am somewhat doubtful of the valid-
ity of modestus (Annam), separated on the absence of a character
that may well be connected merely with age of specimen. My bird is
just possibly of an undescribed form, but for the present is best called
seemundi: it has the uppermost part of the breast suffused with
orange-pink, this color most marked at the sides, where it adjoins the
gray band that crosses the upper back.

142 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SPHENURUS SPHENURUS SPHENURUS (Vigors)
INDIAN WEDGE-TAILED GREEN PIGEON

Vinago sphenura Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, 1880-
1831 [1832], p. 173 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-Almora
district, by Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1924, p. 472).

Sphenocercus sphenurus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166
(Doi Suthep).

Sphenocercus sphenurus sphenurus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 272 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Deienan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 85 (Doi Suthep).—Ritrey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 108 (Doi Langka).

The wedge-tailed pigeon, although rarely seen, is generally dis-
tributed in the evergreen forest between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, at least
in the more western provinces. I have seen it at 3,000 feet on Doi
Ang Ka in April 1931 and have a specimen from Ban San Pa Sak
(northeast of Chiang Mai) taken on March 6, 1937. Fejos sent to
Stockholm two females collected at Huai Mae Ta Man, March 26, 1938.

An adult male, shot from a small flock on Doi Suthep, November
22, 1931, had been gorging on a small, hard berry. All the rectrices
of this bird were represented by short pinfeathers.

A male example had the irides with the inner ring light blue, the
outer ring pink; the orbital skin plumbeous-blue; the bill with the
apical third light blue, the rest a darker smalt blue; the feet and toes
bright coral-red ; the claws with the basal half pinkish horn, the rest
dark horn-brown.

The male has the head and neck dark yellow-green, washed on the
crown with rufous-orange; the upper back gray, this passing into
maroon on the middle back, followed by dark olive-green on the lower
back, rump, upper tail coverts, and tail; the lesser wing coverts (shoul-
der) maroon, the greater dark olive-green, the rest of the wing black;
the underparts bright yellow-green, washed on the breast with orange-
pink; the feathers of the thighs dark olive-green with pale yellow
margins; the under tail coverts rufous-buff, the shorter ones with dull
green centers. The female differs in lacking the orange on the crown
and the maroon on the wings and back.

BUTRERON CAPELLEI MAGNIROSTRIS (Strickland)
MALAYAN LARGER THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON

Treron magnirostris SrRIcKLAND, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, 1844, p. 116,
footnote (Malaya; type locality may be further restricted to Malacca, ex
Cat. Strickland Coll. Birds, p. 556).

Butreron capellii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 153
(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 739 (Khun Tan).

This fine pigeon finds a place in our list on the authority of Count
Gyldenstolpe, who states (1916) that “Mr. E. Eisenhofer’s native col-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 143

lector obtained a fine specimen at the neighbourhood of Koon Tan
during my stay there in April 1914.”

The fate of this important specimen is unknown. I failed to un-
cover it in Hannover, and there is no evidence in Stockholm to indi-
cate that it ever formed part of the collection there. Since this is a
Malaysian form that apparently scarcely ranges beyond Trang Proy-
ince, its occurrence in northern Thailand is so extraordinary that I
should consider the record erroneous had not Count Gyldenstolpe,
in 1939, reaffirmed to me his belief in its correctness and shown, by
reference to his early notes, that he had every reason to be certain
of his identification.

It is to be hoped that sportsmen in our provinces will endeavor to
rediscover the species, both to confirm the published report and to
disclose whether an unnamed subspecies is resident in the northern
hills.

The male has the upperparts grayish olive-green; the wings slate-
gray, crossed by a narrow bright yellow bar; the breast bright golden-
orange; the under tail coverts deep maroon; the remaining underparts
light olive-green. The female has a greenish-yellow wash on the breast
and the under tail coverts pale buff with dull brownish centers.

This is the largest of the treronine pigeons, with a notably heavy
bill.

TRERON CURVIROSTRA NIPALENSIS (Hodgson)
INDIAN SMALLER THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON

Toria Nipalensis Hopveson, Asiatick Researches, vol. 19, 1836, p. 164, pl. 9
(Nepal).

Treron nepalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 65 (Ban Huai Hom); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed).

Treron nipalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, Dp.
153 (‘Meh Cha Di,” Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan).

Treron curvirostra nipalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 85 (Chiang Mai).—Ruitry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 106 (Huai
Mae Sae).

The smaller thick-billed pigeon is a common and widely distributed
form but is not likely to occur throughout the year at any one locality,
since the flocks wander extensively in search of food. In Hannover
is a skin taken by Eisenhofer at Pha Hing, May 9, 1912. The same
collector sent to Stockholm five undated specimens, including a
juvenile, from Khun Tan. Fejos took a male at Doi Chiang Dao,
April 15, 1938. Gyldenstolpe’s examples from Ban Huai Hom were
males, collected February 13 and 25, 1912. For Chiang Mai I have
only two records: A couple of males bought alive in the market,
October 30, 1931, and an immature female, taken May 16, 1935. I also
have this species from the following places: Chiang Saen Kao, Janu-
ary 19, 1987; Ban Mai Tong Hong, May 2, 1936; about 5 km. south of

144. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Muang Lae, April 21, 1986; Phu Het, June 10, 1986; and Ban Huai
Oi, April 4 and 5, 1937.

In my experience, this is the commonest of all the northern green
pigeons, although it may at some times and places be exceeded in
numbers by the pompadoured pigeon. It is characteristically a species
of the lowland evergreen forests but may appear in large flocks in more
settled districts when there is an abundance of ripe figs.

Specimens of April 5 and 21 (Nan Province) had the gonads greatly
enlarged.

Adult males had the irides with a blue inner, golden-orange outer
ring; the orbital region verdigris green; the bill with the apical half
cream, the basal half and rictus bright coral-red; the feet and toes deep
rose-red; the claws horny white, tipped darker. My juvenile female
had the irides with a gray inner, yellow-brown outer ring; the orbital
skin and lores mixed blue and green, the eyelids edged green; the bill
greenish white, dark horny brown near the tip, with the basal half
and rictus red; the feet and toes old-rose; the claws horn.

The adult male has the crown gray; the hindneck grayish olive-
green; the back and scapulars maroon; the remaining upperparts
bright olive-green ; the lesser wing coverts (shoulder) maroon, most of
the others black edged with bright yellow; the quills black; the under-
parts bright olive-green, darker and mixed with white on the thighs;
the under tail coverts deep rufous-buff. As with other green pigeons,
the adult female differs in having all the maroon areas replaced by
green; it has the under tail coverts pale buffy, barred with dark olive-
green. The juvenile female has the under tail coverts almost white,
the longer washed with buffy, the shorter washed with pale yellow and
with indistinct olive-green central streaks.

TRERON POMPADORA PHAYREI (Blyth)
INDIAN POMPADOURED GREEN PIGEON

Osmotreron Phayrei BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 31, 1862, p. 344
(Toungoo, Burma).

Osmotreron phayrei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 65 (“Vang Nun’’).

Osmotreron pompadora phayrei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 234 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 154 (Pha Kho,
Khun Tan).

Treron pompadora phayrei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 739 (“Northern parts of
the country’’).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 271 (Mae Taeng).

This pigeon, like the preceding, is common and well distributed in
the lowland evergreen of our provinces but is perhaps not so likely to
appear in the less wild areas. It has never been found at Chiang Mai,
doubtless because of the practically complete absence of evergreen on
the plain, Eisenhofer sent to Hannover a male taken at Ban Huai

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 145

Hom, February 22, 1912. In Stockholm are two specimens collected
by Fejos at Huai Mae Ta Man, March 24 and 26, 1938. I took it at
Ban Tha Ko, August 5, 1935; at Ban Mai Tong Hong, May 2, 1936;
at Phu Het, June 10,1936; at Chiang Dao, March 21, 1937; and at Ban
San Tha, March 30, 1937.

My specimen of May 2 had the gonads enlarged. A bird of June 10
is in rather worn juvenal plumage and another of August 5 is com-
pleting the postjuvenal molt.

Gyidenstolpe records that his examples had the irides pale crimson
(males) or yellow (females) ; the bill plumbeous; the feet and toes
purplish red. Others state, however, that this form has the bicolored
iris characteristic of treronine pigeons.

The pompadoured pigeon is extraordinarily similar in plumage to
the smaller thick-billed pigeon, but the latter may always be known by
the bright red base of its much heavier bill.

The adult male has the upperparts, wings, and tail virtually iden-
tical with those of the corresponding sex of the preceding species;
below it differs in having the general color more yellow-green, less
olive-green, strongly washed on the throat with yellow, on the breast
with orange-pink; the darker green of the thighs mixed with pale
yellow as well as white; the under tail coverts dull chestnut. The
adult female differs in plumage from the thickbill only in having the
throat more yellow-green and the under tail coverts pale buffy with
dark olive-green central streaks.

TRERON VERNANS GRISEICAPILLA Schlegel
MALAYAN PINK-NECKED GREEN PIGEON

[Treron] griseicapilla ScHLEGEL, Nederl, Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 71
(Sumatra and Bangka; type locality restricted to Sumatra by Oberholser,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 159, 1932, p. 82; a male labeled ‘‘Céte S. O. de Sumatra”
fixed as type specimen, by Junge, Temminckia, vol. 1, 1936, p. 6).

This pretty pigeon is known from the North by a single specimen in
Stockholm: a female, without date, collected by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan. The next nearest locality for this southern form is Ban Dong,
near Rahaeng (Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1928, p. 155).

The adult male has the crown gray; the hindneck pinkish violet,
this color continued as a broad band across the upper breast; the wing
coverts, back, and rump olive-green, changing to brown on the upper
tail coverts; the tail gray, with a broad subterminal band of black;
the apical half of the wing black, separated from the olive-green basal
half by a yellow band; the throat grayish green; the center of the
lower breast, next to the violet band, deep orange; the remaining un-
derparts bright olive-green, becoming bright yellow near the vent; the
thighs dark olive-green mixed with bright yellow; the under tail
coverts chestnut. The adult female is in general like other females

146 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of this group, but may be known by the upper tail coverts and tail,
which are colored like those of the male.

The Thai orange-breasted green pigeon, 7reron bicincta praeter-
missa Robinson and Boden Kloss, has not yet been recorded from our
provinces but is almost certain to occur. The adult male differs from
the pink-necked pigeon in having the crown and throat green; the
nape and hindneck gray; the under tail coverts deep rufous-buff; the
tail gray with a broad black band across the center, se that there is a
broad, instead of very narrow, gray terminal band. The adult female
is separable by having the nape gray and the tail pattern lke that of
the male.

TRERON PHOENICOPTERA VIRIDIFRONS Blyth
TENASSERIMESE YELLOW-FOOTED GREEN PIGEON

Tr{eron] viridifrons BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845 [—1846],
pp. 849-850 (Tenasserim provinces; type specimen from Mergui, fide Sclater,
Ibis, 1892, p. 86).

Crocopus viridifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 65 (Phrae).

Crocopus phoenicopterus viridifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam,
1915, p. 284 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 783 (Mae Yom river, Mae Rua).—bDp
SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 575 (Chiang Mai) .—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 166 (Chiang Mai) ;
1936, p. 85 (Chiang Mai).—Rtry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 102
(Ban Nam Khian).

Sphcenocercus pseudo-crocopus GYLDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, p. 29
(Pang Hua Phong, northern Thailand).

Sphenocercus pseudo-crocopus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 152 (Pang Hua Phong) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 470 (Pang Hua Phong).
Crocopus phaenicopterus viridifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.

Handl., 1916, p. 158 (Mae Rua).

Sphenurus pseudocrocopus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ark. fdr Zool., 1926, p. 109 (Pang
Hua Phong, Khun Tan).

Crocopus phoenicopterus annamensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 271 (Mae Taeng).

In Stockholm are six examples collected by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan, one of which, dated 1914, is the so-called Sphenocercus pseudo-
crocopus. At Chiang Mai I found this bird irregularly common dur-
ing the rainy season, especially so during the month of September,
and rarely present at other times. I also have taken it at Ban Mae
Sun, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, Sala Mae Tha, Ban Pong Sanuk, Ban Pa
Luat, Ban Mae Mo, Ban Mae Sariang, Ban Nong Mae La, Ban Tong
Yang, and Muang Fang.

This species is less a bird of the forest than other fruit pigeons. It
occurs rather in cultivated districts with scattered groves of tall trees,
coming on occasion even into the larger towns and especially to the bo
trees in temple precincts. Where fruit is abundant it eats to excess:
I have shot examples so fat and so gorged with figs that they burst open
upon striking the ground.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 147

A series of 19 northern birds excellently illustrate the annual cycle.
A specimen of December 21 is in perfect, unworn plumage. Birds of
April 2 and 9 had the gonads enlarged. One of May 4 is most worn
of all but has not yet begun to molt. Every example taken between
July 10 and October 30 is molting.

An adult female had the irides with a bluish inner, pink outer ring;
the bill bluish white, greenish at the base; the feet and toes bright
yellow; the claws bluish white. De Schauensee records that a male
had the irides white; the bill gray, darker at the base; the claws black.

The male has the forecrown olive-green, changing to deep gray on
the hindcrown and nape; a brownish-olive band across the upper back,
followed by a narrow band of ash gray; the remaining upperparts
grayish olive, changing to gray on the rump and upper tail coverts;
the tail golden olive-green, with the terminal third blackish; the wings
with the apical half black, the basal half olive-green, a yellow cross
bar, and a violet wash on the shoulder; the throat and breast olive-
green, the latter deeper in color; the remaining underparts ashy gray,
with the thighs and mesial area of the belly bright yellow; the under
tail coverts deep chestnut, tipped and more or less barred with white.
The female differs chiefly in having rather less violet on the shoulder.

T. p. annamensis, which I have been unable to examine, was de-
scribed by Ogilvie-Grant as distinct from phoenicoptera, but I cannot
learn how it differs, if at all, from wiridifrons. Of the latter I have
one worn April skin from Tenasserim, which agrees perfectly with
a worn April bird from northern Thailand; both are quite different
from my fresh specimens of December and January, which, to judge
only from published descriptions, would all be annamensis! In this
connection, it is interesting to find (Ibis, 1933, p. 485) that Lowe’s birds
from Tenasserim and western Thailand, in the virtually unworn dress
of December, January, and February, are considered by Kinnear to
be nearer annamensis than viridifrons!

My most worn skins differ from the freshest in having all the colors
paler, the band on the upper back golden-olive instead of brownish
olive, the mantle overlaid with a brownish tinge, the gray of the rump
more olivaceous and less distinct from the upper back; in short, they
appear to belong to a different race.

These birds also show considerable individual variation in the extent
of green on the forecrown; of gray on the rump, and in the proportions
of chestnut and white on the under tail coverts. One breeding female
is unique in having the last almost wholly white, the longer with broad
central streaks of slate mixed with chestnut, the shorter with broad
bars of the same combination of colors.

Sphenocercus pseudo-crocopus, of which I have examined the type,
is, in my opinion, quite certainly an example of the present form.

148 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The absence of sinuation on the inner web of the third primary and
the narrowness of the outer rectrices are both merely signs of imma-
turity in treronine pigeons; the color characters are all within the
normal range of variation of the species. It is significant that
Gyldenstolpe’s specimen was shot on May 26, just after the breeding
season, and that two of my birds which show the wing and tail char-
acters of pseudo-crocopus are both in postjuvenal molt and just hap-
pen not yet to have lost the feathers in question.

DUCULA AENEA SYLVATICA (Tickell)
INDIAN GREEN IMPERIAL PIGEON

Columba sylvatica TicKELL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 2, 1888, p. 581 (Borab-
ham and Dholbham, India).

Carpophaga aenea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 66
(“Northern provinces”).

Carpophaga aenea aenea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234
(listed) ; Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 155 (Pang Hua Phong).

Muscadivora. aenea sylvatica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 740 (“Throughout the
whole country” ).—DrE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 272 (Chiang Rai).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 85 (Doi Suthep, error).

The green imperial pigeon is scarcely to be found outside of the
districts with lowland evergreen forest, and while for this reason it is
common and generally distributed in Chiang Rai and Nan, occurring
even in the villages, it is only locally present in other provinces. In
the immediate neighborhood of Chiang Mai it is unknown, and it seems
not to occur nearer the city than at Ban Pong (a village south of Doi
Suthep), where there is a small stand of tall evergreen; the market
specimen recorded by me in 1936 possibly came from this place. Hisen-
hofer sent to Stockholm three examples from Khun Tan. I have it
from Muang Fang, Ban Khana, and Muang Ngop.

A specimen from Ban Khana had the gonads enlarged, April 20;
another from Ban Pong, February 15, had them slightly enlarged.
An adult from Muang Fang, July 18, is nearing completion of the post-
nuptial molt.

A male had the irides deep red; the eyelids plumbeous, edged red;
the cere purple-rose; the maxilla with the anterior half blue-white, the
rest plumbeous; the mandible plumbeous, blue-white at the tip and
edges of the commissure on the anterior half; the feet and toes
purple-red.

The adult has the head, neck, and entire underparts soft gray,
washed with pink; the remaining upperparts metallic green, glossed
with copper, bronze, and deep blue; the under tail coverts deep
chestnut.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 149

DUCULA BADIA GRISEICAPILLA Walden
BURMESE MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL PIGEON

Ducula griseicapilla WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 16, 1875, p. 228
(Karen Hills; type series from ‘the Cincona plantations about 16 miles east
of Tonghoo,” fide Wardlaw Ramsay, The Ornithological Works of Arthur,
Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale, 1881, p. 416).

Ducula insignis griseicapilla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 284 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 741 (‘“Northern, North-western Siam”’).

Ducula badia griseicapilla, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 580 (Doi Suthep) ; 1984, p 272 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1986, p. 85 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and Bopren Kross, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 232 (Doi Suthep). —Rinry, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 19388, p. 109 (Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Kiu Chong).

This handsome pigeon is very common on all the higher peaks of
the North, occurring in the evergreen and rarely seen below 3,000 feet.

The mountain pigeon is the most numerous of its family in our high-
land forests, and its booming call, ngwm-ngum, from which the Lao
name is derived, carries far and can be heard constantly during the
day. It is usually found in pairs, but an abundance of food may
attract as many as a dozen to a single tree. It must range widely for
suitable fruits: I have constantly noticed it flying high above the
jungle at sunset, apparently headed for some habitual roosting place.

A specimen taken on Doi Ang Ka, April 30, had the ovaries enlarged.
Birds of July 15 and 16 are beginning the postnuptial molt.

A breeding female had the irides with an ashy-white inner, gray
outer ring; the bill dull purplish red, tipped violet-brown; the feet
and toes dull purplish red; the soles pale brownish gray; the claws
dark horny brown.

This species has the crown gray; the hindneck vinaceous-pink, deep-
ening on the back and changing gradually to brownish slate on the
wings and to slate on the rump and upper tail coverts; the tail slate
at the base and gradually changing to black but with a broad brown-
ish-slate terminal band; the throat whitish; the remaining underparts
gray, washed with pink on the breast and sides of the neck; the under
tail coverts pale buffy.

COLUMBA LIVIA INTERMEDIA Strickland
INDIAN BLUE ROCK PIGEON

Columba intermedia StRIcKLAND, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, 1844, p. 39 (India ;
type locality restricted to Calcutta, apud Peters).

Columba livia intermedia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
167 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 85 (Chiang Mai).

The common rock pigeon is a common and well-known species of the
towns and larger villages throughout the northern provinces.

150 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

I think there can be little doubt that our birds are feral descendants
of introduced stock, which was perhaps brought in during the earliest
days of Thai intercourse with India. The species is to a great extent
associated with the monasteries, many of which have large cotes in
their precincts. Since the birds are at liberty and must fend for them-
selves, they are often found feeding in the fields at some distance from
home. In the open country the pigeon is wilder and warier than it
is in the grounds of the monastery, where there is constant human
activity.

In support of my opinion on the true status of this species in Thai-
land, two facts may have value as circumstantial evidence. First,
while the truly wild rock pigeon in other parts of its range is charac-
teristically a bird of cliffs and crags, especially in uninhabited areas,
with us it is wholly unknown at such places, however suitable they
seem to be; second, although all other pigeons and doves are constantly
shot for food by the northern people, the rock pigeon is spared, being
considered no more legitimate a target than the domestic fowl.

Since this bird is well known to everyone in Thailand, no detailed
description will be given.

COLUMBA PULCHRICOLLIS Blyth
SLATE-COLORED WOOD PIGEON

Clolumba] pulchricollis “Hodgson” BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2,
1845 [=1846], pp. 866-867 (“The wooded region of the eastern Himalaya”
=Nepal).

Columba ue GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 87, 1940, p. 194
(Doi Ang Ka).

This large pigeon is known from Thailand by a single pair, col-
lected March 29 and 30, 1937, at the summit of Doi Ang Ka, by the
members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition. It may eventually be
found at high altitudes on other northern peaks.

It has the head ashy gray; around the neck a buff collar, broader
behind, where each feather has a partly exposed black base; below this
collar, on the upper back and upper breast, another of glossy green
and purple; the remaining upperparts slate, paler on the rump; the
throat whitish; the remaining underparts ashy gray, on the abdomen
washed with buff; the under tail coverts pale buff.

MACROPYGIA UNCHALL TUSALIA (Blyth)
INDIAN BARRED-TAILED CUCKOO DOVE

Columba (Macropygia) tusalia “Hodgson” BitytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. 12, 1843, pp. 936-937 (Darjiling).

Macropygia tusalia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 151 (Khun Tan).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 151

Macropygia tusalia tusalia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 742 (Khun Tan).

Macropygia unchall tusalia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 167 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 238 (Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 86 (Doi Suthep)—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 273 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Ruitry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 116 (Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The larger species of cuckoo dove is generally distributed on the
higher mountains, at least those of the more western provinces, dwel!-
ing in the heavy evergreen, chiefly above 3,500 feet, occasionally as
low as 2,700 feet. It is, In my experience, a silent, retiring bird,
occurring singly or in pairs, and rarely noticed before it flies out from
the trees with noisy beating of wings.

The breeding season with us is rather indefinite, varying with the
individual pair. Specimens with the gonads greatly enlarged were
taken on Doi Suthep, February 24 and September 12; on Doi Ang Ka,
September 1 (but a female taken there, September 3, had the ovaries
quite inactive).

The period of molt shows corresponding irregularity. A female
taken at Khun Tan, May 12, is in postnuptial molt. A bird from Doi
Hua Mot, August 21, and another from Doi Ang Ka, December 7,
are both in postjuvenal molt.

A breeding male had the irides with a white inner, violet-rose outer
ring; the eyelids plumbeous; the orbital skin violet-red; the bill black;
the feet and toes purplish red; the claws horn-brown. A breeding
female had the irides with a pink inner, pale blue outer ring; the
eyelids fleshy purple; the orbital skin plumbeous-gray; the bill slaty
black; the feet, toes, and claws like those of the male. De Schauensee
records that a male had the irides with a blue inner and a pink outer
ring.

This is a slender, long-tailed pigeon. The adult male has the
throat and forehead buff; the crown, nape, and upper back metallic
green, violet, or a mixture of these colors; the remaining upperparts
deep red-brown, broadly barred everywhere with black; the breast
metallic violet, mixed with green, and more or less barred with black;
the remaining underparts, including the under tail coverts, pale buff.
The adult female is similar, but has the entire underparts deep buff,
narrowly barred everywhere with blackish brown. A male and a
female in postjuvenal molt resemble the adult female but differ in
having the crown and center of the upper back blackish brown, nar-
rowly barred with light rufous; the upper back and breast with little
or no gloss; the bars of the underparts broader and blacker and
extending to the chin; the ground color of the breast light rufous;
the under tail coverts almost immaculate light rufous.

152 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MACROPYGIA RUFICEPS ASSIMILIS Hume
BURMESE RUFOUS-HEADED CUCKOO DOVE

Macropygia assimilis Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, pp. 441-442 (‘‘Tenas-
serim hills north-east of Moulmein’’).

Macropygia ruficeps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 235
(listed) —WitrIaAMson, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 32 (Muang
Wang).

Macropygia ruficeps assimilis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 742 (Khun Tan, Muang
Wang).—DerIcNnAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 167 (Doi
Suthep) ; 19386, p. 86 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 273 (Doi Suthep).—Ruitery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 117 (Khun Tan).

The small cuckoo dove is apparently rare in northern Thailand and
so far is known only from the localities listed above. It seems to be
confined to the mountain evergreen above 3,500 feet.

A specimen taken on Doi Suthep, September 10, had the gonads
greatly enlarged.

Examples taken by me had the irides gray; the orbital region plum-
beous-gray; the bill pinkish brown; the feet and toes brownish pur-
ple; the claws horny brown or brownish purple. De Schauensee re-
cords that a male had the irides white; the bill black; the feet and toes
cleep crimson.

The adult male has the crown rufous; an indistinct collar, beginning
at the sides of the breast and crossing the hindneck, violet-brown
glossed with violet and greenish; the outer rectrices bright red-brown
with a broad subapical black bar; the remaining upperparts dark
brown, the wing coverts, scapulars, and feathers of back and rump
margined with bright red-brown; the entire underparts light rufous,
paler on the throat, the feathers of the breast tipped with white or
whitish and sometimes with partly exposed blackish bases. The adult
female lacks iridescence on the neck and has the breast more mottled

with black or blackish.

STREPTOPELIA ORIENTALIS AGRICOLA (Tickell)
BURMESE RuFOUS DOVE

Clolumba] Agricola TicKEti, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 2, 1838, p. 581 (Borab-
ham and Dholbham, India).

“Pigeon at Xiengmai,” ScHomBuRGKE, Ibis, 1864, p. 250 (Chiang Mai).

“Pigeon from Xiengmai (Siam), SALVADOoRI, Catalogue of the birds in the British
Museum, vol. 21, 1893, p. 648.

Streptopelia turtur meena, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
2385 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 149 (Khun Tan).

Streptopelia turtur agricola, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 742 (Khun Tan).

Streptopelia orientalis meena, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 175 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 86 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rmey, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 116 (Chiang Dao, Mae Hong Son).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 153

This turtle dove is decidedly uncommon and is perhaps locally mi-
gratory. At Chiang Mai I recorded it only in March, May, and Au-
gust. In Stockholm are two undated specimens taken by Eisenhofer
at Khun Tan, and a female collected by Fejos at Huai Mae Ta Man,
March 25, 1988. Smith took a male at Mae Hong Son, January 7, and
noted that it was “rare and wild.” The same collector got two at
Chiang Dao, February 1. I collected three at Doi Mae Kong Ka, Oc-
tober 17 and 18, and took a female at Ban Na Noi (Nan Province),
April 2.

While the closely related spotted-necked dove abounds in cultivated
districts, the rufous dove is largely confined to the dry, deciduous
forest, only occasionally visiting the nearby fields. I sometimes saw
it in the dry scrub on the lower slopes of Doi Suthep and suspected that
a Streptopelia that occurred in the hill-forest at 3,800 feet might be
this species, although I was never able to prove it. It is a shy pigeon
and difficult to collect.

My specimen from Ban Na Noi had the ovaries slightly enlarged.

Smith records that his examples had the irides reddish brown; the
bill, feet, and toes purple. According to the label, Fejos’s bird in
Stockholm had the “eye light green” (the orbital skin may be meant),
and it should be remembered that Asiatic collectors do not always
carefully distinguish between green and blue.

The adult has the crown vinaceous, suffused with gray; at each side
of the neck a patch of black feathers with ashy-gray edges; the upper
back dull brownish, each feather edged with dull rufous; the scapulars
blackish, edged with bright rufous; the lower back and rump slaty
gray ; the rectrices blackish, all except the central pair broadly tipped
with gray; the quills blackish; the upper wing coverts gray, those
of the shoulder area blackish and edged with bright rufous; the under-
parts vinaceous, paler on the throat, and changing to soft gray on the
flanks and under tail coverts.

Schomburgk’s remarks on the unknown “Pigeon at Xiengmai” seem
to be the earliest scientific record of any bird from our provinces.
While it was surmised by Blyth (Ibis, 1867, p. 149) and Salvadori
(loc. cit.) to be a form of Columba pulchricollis, I think that there
can be no doubt that the present species is concerned.

STREPTOPELIA CHINENSIS TIGRINA (Temminck)
MALAYSIAN SPOTTED-NECKED DOVE

Columba Tigrina TEMMINCK, in Knip, Les pigeons, vol. 1, 1810, Les colombes,
p. 94, pl. 48 (Timor, Batavia; type specimens from Java, fide Peters).
Streptopelia suratensis ligrina, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam,
1915, p. 285 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 149 (Ban
Mae Na, Tha Chompu, Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng); Ibis, 1920, p. 742

(“Throughout the whole country”).

154 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Streptopelia chinensis tigrina, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 580 (Chiang Mai, Mae Rim); 1934, p. 273 (Doi Chiang Dao).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 167 (Chiang Mai) ;
1936, p. 85 (Chiang Mai). —RI Ey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 114 (Ban
Nam Khian, Mae Hong Son, Mae Khan).

The nok khao abounds throughout the cultivated portions of all our
provinces and is well known to everyone. It is chiefly a bird of the
plains but is seen also on the mountains wherever the forest has been
cleared: on Doi Ang Ka, I found it extremely common in the valley
below Pha Mon, right up to the edge of the evergreen at 4,400 feet.

This dove is normally seen in pairs, perching in the bamboos or
sedately walking on the ground at dry places, and even when large
numbers occur together, as they do in the fields after harvest, the
apparent flocks break up into twos when disturbed.

At Chiang Mai, although this species was more often the victim of
gunners than any other and many were snared for the market, either
by the use of bird lime or by traps baited with rice, it was, neverthe-
less, one of the commonest birds of the district.

A specimen taken May 27 had the gonads enlarged and another of
January 29 had them greatly enlarged. It is probable that some pairs
are breeding at any time of the year, for the nuptial flight display may
be witnessed in the countryside almost daily: in this act, the bird
flies up almost vertically from the top of a tree, then volplanes back
to the same spot in a wide arc, with tail spread and wings stiffly
outstretched.

The song, one of the most familiar sounds of early morning in the
villages, where it is the favorite cage bird, may be represented as
€00-C00-C00’-0-0-0 OY C-C00" , c-c-C00" , C00, With the accented notes higher.

A breeding female had the irides yellowish pink; the orbital region
plumbeous; the bill black; the feet and toes violet-red ; the soles pale
brownish; the claws horny black.

This dove has the crown vinaceous, suffused with gray ; a broad black
collar beginning at the sides of the neck and crossing the nape, each
feather bifurcate and with a white or brownish spot at each tip; the
remaining upperparts dull brown, many of the feathers with narrow
pale rufous edges; the outer tail feathers black with very broad white
tips; the wing brown, with shoulder and some of the greater coverts
ashy gray; the underparts vinaceous-pink, paler on the throat, be-
coming gray on the flanks, pale buff on the abdomen, and white on the
under tail coverts.

STREPTOPELIA TRANQUEBARICA HUMILIS (Temminck)
INDO-CHINESE RED DOVE

Columba humilis TemMiIncK, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux,
livr. 44, 1824, pl. 259 and text (Bengal, Luzén).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 155

OLnopopelia tranquebarica humilis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 235 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 150 (Khun
Tan, Sop Tui); Ibis, 1920, p. 742 (“Throughout the country”).—vDE
SCHAUENSBEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 575 (Chiang Mai) ;
1929, p. 580 (Chiang Mai). — DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 167 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 86 (Chiang Mai).

It is probable that this little dove is common enough in all our prov-
inces, but up to now it seems to be recorded only from Chiang Mai
and Lampang. At Chiang Mai, while it was less numerous than the
preceding species, it was nevertheless quite common on the plain, and
was once (October 10, 1936) taken on Doi Suthep at 5,000 feet among
pines; this example, a female, was perhaps a migrant from farther
north.

The habits of the red dove at Chiang Mai differed little from those
of the spotted-necked dove, although it was possibly more nearly
confined to the immediate vicinity of the Mae Ping, where it haunted
the giant bamboos and the banks of shingle or fed in the fields along
the river.

Specimens of May 7 and 8 had the gonads enlarged and others of
May 15 and June 3 had them greatly enlarged. I took a juvenile
at Chiang Mai, May 16, 1935.

Gyldenstolpe records that his specimens had the irides brownish
black; the bill black; the feet and toes blackish brown. My juvenile
had the irides, bill, feet, toes, and claws brown.

The adult male has the head gray; a narrow black band beginning
at the sides of the neck and crossing the nape; the upper back deep
vinaceous-pink, becoming more vinaceous-red on the middle back,
scapulars, and wing coverts; the lower back, rump, upper tail coverts,
and tail slaty gray, the outer rectrices largely white; the underparts
deep vinaceous-pink, albescent on the throat, becoming gray about
the lower flanks and vent and white on the under tail coverts. The
adult female resembles the male but has the vinaceous-red portions
of the plumage replaced by dull grayish brown and the other colors
much paler. The juvenile is similar to the adult female but lacks the
black collar, has the vinaceous of crown and underparts replaced by
dull grayish brown, and many of the feathers above and below edged
with fulvous.

GEOPELIA STRIATA STRIATA (Linnaeus)
JAVANESE STRIATED GROUND DOVE

[Columba] striata LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 282 (“in
India orientali’; type locality restricted to Java, apud Stuart Baker).
Geopelia striata striata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.

167 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 86 (Chiang Mai).

The striated ground dove is fairly common in an extensive grove
of mai kwao (Butea frondosa) along the Mae Khao, near the point
583136—45 11

156 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

where it crosses the Choeng Doi road a few miles east of Chiang Mai,
and I have also seen this species along the railway between Chiang
Mai and Lamphun.

In 1936 (doc. cit.) I related as much as I knew of the history of this
bird’s introduction. I may repeat here that a few individuals were
brought from Java by H. H. the late Chao Kaeo Nawarat na Chiang
Mai, at the time of his visit to that island, and that they were set free
east of the town near where the railway station now stands. In time
the species may be recorded at any cultivated part of the great Chiang
Mai plain, but it is not likely ever to cross the mountains into the
neighboring provinces without human assistance.

A specimen taken on February 15 had the gonads greatly enlarged.

On June 28, 1930, I listened to a joint concert by what seemed to
be a mated pair perched at the top of a tree. The song was a soft
whistled coo-d-coo-coo or coo-d-d-coo-coo or coo-d-d-co0-coo-coo, the
sound resembling that made by blowing into the mouth of a bottle.

A female had the irides pale gray; the orbital skin light blue; the
bill plumbeous-blue, darker over the nares and becoming light blue at
the base of the maxilla; the tarsi blue-white behind, the scutes in front
dark brown, edged blue-white; the soles yellowish ; the claws brownish
horn.

This is the smallest of the northern pigeons; it is usually seen on
the ground in pairs. The adult has the forecrown and throat ashy
gray; the hindcrown light brown; the nape closely barred blackish
brown and brownish white; the remaining upperparts light brown,
with irregular bars formed by the narrow blackish tips of the feathers;
the central rectrices light brown, the outer blackish brown with broad
white tips; the sides of the breast closely barred black and white,
changing to black and pale buff on the flanks; the center of the breast
vinaceous-pink, changing to pale buffy on the abdomen and to white
on the under tail coverts.

CHALCOPHAPS INDICA INDICA (Linnaeus)
INDIAN EMERALD DOVE

[Columba] indica Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (“in
India orientali’”; type locality restricted to Calcutta, Bengal, apud Stuart
Baker).

Chalcophaps indica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 66 (Ban Huai Hom) ; 1916, p. 150 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan); Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 234 (listed).

Chalcophaps indica indica, GYIDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 741 (“Throughout the
whole country”).—br ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 580 (Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 272 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DEIe-
NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 166 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936,
p. 85 (Doi Suthep).—Rimey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 112 (Sop
Phung, Mae Kong Ka valley).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 157

The beautiful emerald dove is well distributed in our provinces but
is virtually confined to moist evergreen forest or its immediate en-
virons. Where the jungle is suitable it is a common resident anywhere
from the plains to about 5,000 feet.

This pigeon spends much of its time on the ground in the dense
cover along small streams and would seldom be noticed if it did not
make a practice of feeding in pairs or small flocks on the forest trails.
When startled, it rises with remarkable speed and either disappears
at once around a bend of the track or perches for a moment upon some
low branch and then vanishes into the undergrowth.

In southeastern Thailand I took specimens with greatly enlarged
gonads April 29 and the species seems to breed with us at the same
season, since Gyldenstolpe collected a male juvenile at Khun Tan,
May 23, 1914.

De Schauensee records that a male had the irides dark brown; the
bill coral-red, deep crimson at the base; the feet and toes purplish
crimson, the tarsi livid white behind. Gyldenstolpe notes that his
immature specimen had the bill black.

The adult male has the forehead and supercilia white; the crown
and nape blue-gray; the upper back deep vinaceous-red, mixed with
blue-gray; the middle back, scapulars, and most of the wing coverts
deep metallic green, more or less glossed with copper and bronze; the
shoulder coverts blue-gray, tipped with white; the lower back dull
black, glossed with copper and crossed by two ashy-gray bars; the
upper tail coverts slaty gray, edged blackish; the tail blackish; the un-
derparts deep vinaceous-red, becoming paler and more grayish below
the breast; the under tail coverts slaty gray; the under wing coverts
rufous. The adult female has the forehead and supercilia gray; the
crown and nape violet-brown; the upper back dull brown; the upper
tail coverts deep brown, glossed with olive; some of the rectrices partly
rufous; the underparts vinaceous-rufous, paler and more grayish below
the breast ; the other parts much as in the male.

Order CUCULIFORMES
Family CUCULIDAE

CLAMATOR COROMANDUS (Linnaeus)
RED-WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO

[Cuculus] coromandus LinNAEus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 171
(Coromandel).

Coccystes coromandus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 233
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 101 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 592 (“Northern Siam”).

158 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Clamator coromandus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 159
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 8S (Chiang Mai).—Rtitry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1988, p. 188 (Ban Nam Khian).

This handsome cuckoo occurs in the lowlands of northern Thailand
as a rather common bird of passage in spring and autumn and as a
very rare summer resident; it has never been recorded with us in win-
ter. In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai the migration periods ran
from February 9 (1929) to March 14 (1936) and from September 3
(1930) to November 16 (1929). Eisenhofer sent to Hannover two
specimens from Pha Hing, taken April 23 and May 1, 1912; the same
collector sent to Stockholm five undated examples, including one
juvenile, from Khun Tan. The occasional presence of this species in
summer is indicated by a juvenile brought to me at Chiang Mai, June
19, 1935, and by an adult observed at a village on the Mae Ping, near
Mae Rim, July 27, 1935.

At Chiang Mai I saw only solitary individuals and always found
them perched in giant bamboo or on a coconut palm in the immediate
vicinity of houses or even in the heart of a village. In Nan Province,
however, in the spring of 1936, I met with a loose flock in a wholly
uninhabited area overgrown with bamboo. Attention is sometimes
drawn to this cuckoo by its raucous scream, but in northern Thailand
it is usually silent. Specimens I examined had fed entirely on cater-
pillars.

A bird from Chiang Mai, September 27, has not completed the post-
juvenal molt: it still has the juvenal quills in wings and tail and a few
brown feathers in the crown.

This immature example, a male, had the irides brown; the bill
black, with the basal half of the mandible orange beneath; the rictus
and interior of the mouth orange; the feet and toes plumbeous; the
claws horny brown.

The adult has the head and conspicuous crest black glossed with
steel blue; a narrow white nuchal collar; the wings rufous; the re-
maining upperparts black, glossed with steel green on scapulars and
back, with steel blue on the tail; the throat and upper breast fer-
ruginous, fading to ferruginous-white on the abdomen; the thighs
smoky brown; the under tail coverts black, glossed with steel blue.

CUCULUS SPARVERIOIDES SPARVERIOIDES Vigors
INDIAN LARGE HAwWkK CUCKOO

Cuculus sparverioides Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soe. London, 1880—-
1831 [= 1832], p. 173 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-Almora
district, by Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1924, p. 471).

Hierococcyx sparverioides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 282 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 102 (Khun Tan) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 593 (Khun Tan).—DEIenaAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 159 (Doi Suthep).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 159

Hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides, CHASEN and Boprn Koss, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 234 (Doi Suthep).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 87 (Doi Suthep).—pveE ScHAUENSER, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 257 (Doi Suthep).

The large hawk cuckoo is a common resident of the hills throughout
our provinces; it is a bird of the more open forest, whether this be light
evergreen, mixed-deciduous, or pine. In the neighborhood of Chiang
Mai it is normally found only on Doi Suthep from 2,700 to 5,500 feet,
but I have taken three wandering immature examples on the plain:
one, December 14, 1935, and two, November 25, 1936. Young birds
seem frequently to come into lowland districts; I collected one at
Muang Fang, July 6, 1936, and another at Wiang Pa Pao, July 26,
1935. Ejisenhofer sent to Stockholm three specimens, including a
juvenile, from Khun Tan.

While any one of a number of our cuckoos might with reason be
called a brain-fever bird, the name is properly applied to the present
species, whose call is a shrill brain-fever, repeated again and again,
each reiteration higher and louder than the preceding, until the bird
ean do no more and begins all over again. This is a characteristic
sound of our mountain forests during the breeding season; on Doi
Suthep it was heard on all sides, day and night, from February 6
(1937) to June 14 (1930). Despite the obvious commonness of the
species, it is rarely observed, for it keeps to the tops of densely
foliaged trees, where it remains motionless for long periods, and when
not in song it will virtually never be seen.

I have taken juveniles on April 29 (Doi Ang Ka) and July 26
(Wiang Pa Pao). A bird of July 6 (Muang Fang) is molting from
juvenal dress to what seems to be a subadult plumage; the latter is
shown in a specimen of December 14 (Chiang Mai).

The very young example of April 29, a female, had the irides dull
gray-brown; the edges of the eyelids yellow; the maxilla brownish
black, with the culmen tinged olive at the base and the edges of the
commissure dark brown on the apical half, yellow on the basal half;
the mandible black at the extreme tip, then dull yellow, next olive, and
hear the base on either side slaty blue; the rictus and interior of the
mouth bright yellow; the feet and toes bright yellow; the claws horny
yellow.

This species, at any age, bears an extraordinary resemblance to an
accipitrine hawk, both in shape and coloration. The adult has the
crown and nape gray, this color changing gradually to brownish gray
on the remaining upperparts and tail; the tail crossed by several broad
blackish bands; the throat gray, mottled with white and rufous; the
breast similar but with rufous the prevailing color; the remaining
underparts closely barred with white and blackish brown and suffused
with rufous; the under tail coverts white, more or less barred with

160 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

blackish brown; the undersurface of the wings closely barred with
white and dark brownish gray. The immature has the upper parts
dark brown with indistinct light rufous bars and edgings; the under-
parts buffy, heavily streaked and spotted with blackish brown; the
undersurface of the wings as in the adult.

CUCULUS FUGAX NISICOLOR Blyth
HODGSON’S FUGITIVE HAWK CucKo0O
C[uculus] nisicolor BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1848, p. 943 (Nepal).

This small hawk cuckoo is known from northern Thailand by a
single specimen: a Juvenile male taken by me at Ban Hai Huai Som,
Nan Province, June 15, 1936. The next nearest locality from which
the bird is known is Tha Chang Tai, near Rahaeng, where Gairdner’s
collector took a juvenile male, July 15, 1924; this is the specimen re-
corded in the Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1928, p. 168, and
now deposited in Washington. Since both specimens came from lo-
calities under 1,000 feet above sea level, the species should be sought
for in lowland areas of mixed-deciduous or open evergreen forest.

I have not seen the adult of this bird, which is said to have the
upperparts slaty gray and the underparts largely rufous. The im-
mature is a much smaller edition of the corresponding age of the
preceding species. Both adult and immature have the tail tipped
with rufous and barred black and brownish gray; the black band
next to the rufous tip is much the broadest and the light band adja-
cent to it is much narrower than the others.

CUCULUS MICROPTERUS MICROPTERUS Gould
INDIAN SHORT-WINGED CUCKOO

Cuculus micropterus GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18387 [=1838], p. 137
(Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-Almora districts, apud
Stuart Baker).

Cuculus micropterus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 232
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 593 (‘“Northern Siam”).

Cuculus micropterus micropterus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 159 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 87 (Doi Suthep).

The short-winged cuckoo is, to judge from the ubiquity of its song,
one of the commonest birds of the northern mountains, yet it is rarely
seen and has been collected in our area only once or twice. During my
entire stay in Thailand I took but one specimen: an adult male at
2,700 feet on Doi Suthep, May 17, 1936. I failed to find, either in
Stockholm or in Hannover, Eisenhofer’s example, upon which Gylden-
stolpe based his published record (1915).

Like the large hawk cuckoo, this is a bird of the more open forest,
both evergreen and pine. On Doi Suthep the song was heard from
March 12 (1982) to June 7 (1930), both day and night, on all sides,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 161

from 2,700 feet to the summit. It is a melodious 4-note whistle, often
repeated, which, to the people at Chiang Mai, says Mister Queripel, the
name of a well-known resident. There is no evidence of the bird’s
occurrence outside the breeding season, but it is almost certainly
present throughout the year.

The coloration of this cuckoo is much the same as that of the two
following species, but it may always be distinguished in any plumage
by having each tail feather with a broad black subterminal band
and a white tip.

CUCULUS CANORUS BAKERI Hartert
KuHASYA HILLS COMMON CUCKOO

Cuculus canorus bakeri HARrTEeRT, Vogel der paliarktischen Fauna, vol. 2, 1912,
pp. 948-949 (Shillong, Khasya Hills, Assam).

The only example of this bird from our provinces is an immature
female in the hepatic phase, taken by me on Doi Suthep at 3,000 feet,
September 26, 1936. The specimen I recorded in 1931 and 19386 has
proved to belong to another but very similar species and will be dealt
with below.

The common cuckoo might be expected to occur in our districts
with some frequency, for it appears to be numerous in April in the
hills of Kengtung State, just beyond our borders; however, I have
never heard the familiar call anywhere in Thailand.

This form is closely related to the cuckoo of Europe. The normal
adult has the upperparts gray; the throat and breast ashy; the re-
maining underparts barred blackish brown and white. The hepatic
phase of the female differs in having the entire upperparts barred
rufous and blackish brown and the barring of the underparts extend-
ing to the chin.

The species should be distinguishable from its congeners by the
absence of a black subterminal band from the tail and by its having
the edge of the wing and the under wing coverts barred blackish

brown and white. eG ae
My specimen can be matched in every particular by summer birds
of comparable age, sex, and color phase from western Szechwan and

northwestern Yunnan.

CUCULUS SATURATUS SATURATUS Blyth
SOUTHERN SATURATED CUCKOO

C[uculus] saturatus “Hodgson” BrytH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843,
p. 942 (no locality given; types from Nepal, fide Catalogue of the birds in
the British Museum, vol. 19, 1891, p. 254).

Cuculus canorus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 159 (Doi
Suthep).

Cuculus canorus bakeri, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
87 (Doi Suthep).

162 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

An adult male, collected at 2,100 feet on Doi Suthep, March 7, 1931,
and erroneously recorded by me as Cuculus canorus, is the only speci-
men known from the North.

The bird was found perched in a clump of bamboo at the edge of
light mixed-deciduous forest; its stomach was filled with hairy
caterpillars.

It had the irides orange-red; the eye ring yellow; the maxilla
black; the mandible pale yellowish green, with black at the tip and
yellow at the base beneath; the rictus bright yellow; the interior of
the mouth bright orange; the feet and toes waxy yellow; the claws
brownish horn.

This cuckoo is only with difficulty separated from the preceding
species. It has the bars of the underparts rather broader and bolder ;
the edge of the wing white, unbarred but sometimes suffused with
oray.

Any specimen of the genus taken in Thailand should be sent to a
museum for expert identification, both because of the similarity of
the various species and because of the probable occurrence of still
unrecorded forms.

My example is now deposited in the collection of the Princeton
Museum of Zoology. Charles H. Rogers has brought to my attention
the true identity of the bird and writes me that the chord of the
wing measures 182 mm., which clearly places it with the nominate
race.

CACOMANTIS SONNERATII SONNERATII (Latham)
INDIAN BANDED CUCKOO

[Cuculus] Sonneratii LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 215 (India;
type locality restricted to North Cachar Hills, by Stuart Baker, Journ. Bom-
bay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, 1922, p. 327; corrected to Bengal, by Ticehurst,
tbid., vol. 84, 1930, p. 470).

Penthoceryz sonnerati, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 103 (Pha Hing).

Penthoceryx sonnerati sonnerati, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 593 (“Northern
Siam”).

Penthocerya sonneratii sonneratii, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 159 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 88 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 127 (Chiang Mai, Muang
Pai).

The banded bay cuckoo is, in our provinces, an uncommon winter
visitor and a very rare summer resident. At Chiang Mai I found it
from October 31 (1936) to March 22 (1930), on the plain and on Doi
Suthep to 4,600 feet. Gyldenstolpe’s bird from Pha Hing was taken
on April 11. I have winter examples from Ban Samoeng and Chom
Thong and a specimen taken at Wiang Pa Pao, August 1. Two males
recorded from Rahaeng by Chasen and Boden Kloss (Journ. Siam

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 163

Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1928, p. 168) were taken on May 6 and July 15,
1924, at Huai Mae Tha Khwae and Tha Chang Tai, respectively.

On the hills this bird occurs in deciduous forest and at the edge of
light evergreen; in the cultivated lowlands it keeps to fruit gardens
and copses. Like the following form, it loves to perch upon telephone
wires, and I have frequently seen it along the line that runs up Doi
Suthep to the Phrathat. Just before the species disappears in March
there is a noticeable increase in numbers, as birds arrive from the
South, and at this season I have occasionally heard the song, which
may be described as that of the short-winged cuckoo in the voice of
the plaintive cuckoo.

My specimens had the irides with a gray outer, dull brown inner
ring (males) or wholly bright brown (females) ; the maxilla black;
the mandible horny gray, tipped blackish; the rictus and interior
of the mouth salmon; the feet and toes greenish slate; the soles yellow;
the claws horny brown.

This species has the entire upperparts closely barred with blackish
brown and rufous; the entire underparts white with fine, wavy bars
of blackish brown.

CACOMANTIS MERULINUS QUERULUS Heine
BURMESE PLAINTIVE CUCKOO

Cacomantis querulus HEINE, Journ. ftir Orn., vol. 11, 1863, p. 8352. New name
for Polyphasia tenuirostris “Gray” Jerdon, 1862 (‘in Lower Bengal, and in all
the countries to the Hast, as Assam, Sylhet, Burmah, and even so far as
China”), not Cuculus tenuirosiris Gray 1834, which=Cuculus passerinus
Vahl 1797.

Cacomantis merulinus querulus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 2382 (listed); Ibis, 1920, p. 598 (“Perhaps northern Siam’’).—pDrE
ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 573 (Chiang Mai) ;
1929, p. 570 (Chiang Mai); 1984, p. 257 (Chiang Mai).—Derr1cnan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 159 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 87 (Chiang
Mai).—Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 126 (Phrae).

The plantive cuckoo will probably be found at some time of the
year anywhere in our provinces. An undated specimen in Stockholm
was taken by Kisenhofer at Khun Tan. The bird from Phrae, re-
corded by Riley, was collected April 10. I have examples from Chom
Thong, November 9, and Ban Bo Kaeo, April 3.

In 1936 I published some remarks on the status of the bird at Chiang
Mai, which may be repeated here: “On 27 February (1930, 1931, 1982),
it appears in numbers and thereafter can be heard singing everywhere
in the lowlands until mid-June. During the rains its numbers de-
crease until by September it has become a rare bird ; between September
and the following February it is recorded only about once a month,
except in November, when it seems to be completely absent. Imma-
ture birds are very seldom seen.”

164 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai the mournful call of this cuckoo
is one of the most familiar sounds of the hot weather. Perching
quietly for long periods in a roadside tree or upon a telephone wire,
the bird utters again and again a clear, whistled song—five or six
notes of the same pitch, followed by three or four much shorter notes
in descending tones. It may be syllabified as pik-pik-pik-pik-pik-pi-
pe-pe-pe.

The breeding season obviously embraces many months, for nest-
lings of the same age were brought to me at Chiang Mai on April 30
and August 8, 1935. Unfortunately, I have no information on the
identity of the foster parents.

A male had the irides light brown; the bill brownish black with
the basal half of the mandible brown; the rictus and interior of the
mouth salmon-pink; the feet and toes yellowish brown; the soles
bright yellow; the claws black. Immature birds of either sex had the
irides gray; the bill horny flesh; the rictus yellow; the interior of
the mouth orange; the feet and toes bright yellow; the claws horny
brown.

The adult has the ine gray, more ashy on the head, more
brownish on the scapulars and wings; the tail feathers Aipeaere
tipped with white and barred with white near the edge of the oe
web; the throat and upper breast ashy gray; the remaining underparts
ferruginous. The immature has the upperparts light rufous, streaked
on head and nape and barred elsewhere with blackish; the throat and
upper breast light rufous, streaked with blackish, changing below
to brownish white with indistinct, wavy blackish brown bars.

The immature might be confused with the banded cuckoo. The
former is decidedly smaller, has the upperparts of a much paler rufous,
is less clearly barred below, and has the entire undersurface of the tail
distinctly and regularly barred.

CHALCITES MACULATUS (Gmelin)
EMERALD CUCKOO

[Trogon] maculatus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 404 (Cey-
lon; vide Whistler and Kinnear, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 37, 1934,
pp. 521-522).

Chalcites maculatus maculatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 570 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 257 (Doi Chiang Dao).—DEIcNaN,
Journ, Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 159 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 88
(Doi Suthep).

Chalcites maculatus, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 284 (Doi Suthep).

The emerald cuckoo is apparently rare but is so small and conceals
itself so well at the very tops of high trees that it may easily be com-
moner than it seems to be. On Doi Suthep, where it has been found

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 165

only from December to February, it occurred at the edge of the ever-
green between 4,600 and 5,500 feet, once at 2,300 feet. I have taken it
on Phu Kha, April 9, 1936, and at Ban Hai Huai Som, June 18, 1936.
In addition, I have of this genus a juvenile male from Muang Fang,
July 10, 1936, and a juvenile female from Chiang Mai, November 27,
1936, which, in the absence of certainly identified comparative mate-
rial, I place only provisionally with the present species.

The specimen from Phu Kha, which is not quite in full nuptial
dress (retaining a few white bars on the throat), had the testes inac-
tive. The bird from Hai Huai Som is completing a molt from the
juvenal plumage to one like that described by Ticehurst (Ibis, 1939,
pp. 15-16) as the dress of “the adult male in winter.”

The Phu Kha example had the irides bright brown; the eye ring
coral; the bill orange, tipped blackish; the tongue yellow; the feet
and toes slate; the claws black.

The adult male has the throat, breast, and entire upperparts shin-
ing green, glossed on throat, breast, wings, and back with golden-
bronze, on the quills with blue; the remaining underparts barred
white and bronzed green. The adult female has the crown and nape
rufous, changing to coppery green on the remaining upperparts; the
outer rectrices rufous, marked with white and green; the entire un-
derparts barred white and shining copper. The juvenile is entirely
barred above with rufous and greenish brown, below with white and
brown; it is perhaps indistinguishable from the juvenile of the violet
cuckoo.

CHALCITES XANTHORHYNCHUS LIMBORGI (Tweeddale)
TENASSERIMESE VIOLET CUCKOO

Chrysococcyr limborgi TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 366 (‘under
the Mulé-it range, east of Moulmain,’”’ Tenasserim).

The violet cuckoo must be extremely rare in northern Thailand and
the only record for its occurrence is based upon two adult males shot
by my collector from the top of a high tree near Ban Mae Wan (in
the hilly country between Chiang Mai and Wiang Pa Pao), February
21, 193°.

The adult male has the throat, breast, and entire upperparts shining
violet-purple; the remaining underparts barred white and violet, the
latter color glossed with blue and green. The adult female has the
crown and nape dull dark brown, changing to copper-brown glossed
with greenish on the remaining upperparts; the underparts like those
of the adult female emerald cuckoo.

The chords of the wings of my specimens measure 104.4 and 106.9
mm.; those of four adult males from Sumatra (assumed to represent
true zanthorhynchus) range from 92.6 to 95.4 mm.

166 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS DICRUROIDES (Hodgsen)
INDIAN DRONGO CUCKOO

Pseudornis Dicruroides Hopason, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 8, 1889, pp. 136—
137 (Nepal).

Surniculus lugubris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 232
listed).

ae lugubris dicruroides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 102 (Ban Mae Na); Ibis, 1920, p. 592 (“Throughout the
whole of Siam”).—DrEIGnAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 159
(Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 88 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

This species seems to be merely a summer visitor to the North. At
Chiang Mai and on Doi Suthep it has been found only from March
to September. Gyldenstolpe’s specimen from Ban Mae Na was taken
June 24. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a bird from Pha Hing, May
11, and another, without date, from Khun Tan. I have it from Ban
Tha Wang Luang, May 24; from Ban Huai Thae, June 12; and from
Wiang Pa Pao, August 3.

I found the drongo cuckoo in open forest and in bamboo from the
plains to about 4,000 feet. It is a tame species, often perching beside
or above a trail and permitting close observation. The resemblance
to the common bronzed drongo is so striking that, particularly within
the drongo’s range, the true identity of the cuckoo is probably often
unrecognized. ‘The latter’s song sounds rather like that of the plain-
tive cuckoo but is in an ascending scale.

All my specimens are immature, with numerous white spots and
with many unglossed blackish-brown feathers both above and below.

A male had the irides brown; the orbital skin gray; the bill black;
the feet and toes slate; the claws black.

The adult is black with a steel-blue gloss, but it has the thighs (and
usually a nuchal patch) pure white and the under tail coverts and the
outermost rectrices narrowly banded with white. The immature is
similar but is less glossed and has the head, nape, back, upper wing
coverts and tail coverts, and entire underparts more or less profusely
marked with small white dots.

EUDYNAMYS SCOLOPACEA CHINENSIS Cabanis and Heine
CHINESE KOEL

E[udynamis] chinensis CABANIS and HEINE, Museum Heineanum, Theil 4, Heft 1,
1862-1863 [=1864], p. 52, footnote (Canton, China).
Eudynamis honorata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 58 (Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233 (listed).
Eudynamis orientalis malayana, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 103 (Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan); Ibis, 1920, p. 594
(“Throughout the whole country’’).
Eudynamis scolopaceus malayanus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 160 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 88 (Chiang Mai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 167

Judged from the number of birds heard during the hot weather, the
koel is common and generally distributed in the northern districts,
but it is seldom seen and still more rarely collected. Eisenhofer sent
to Stockholm seven undated specimens from Khun Tan. Gyldenstolpe
took it at Ban Huai Hom, February 25; at Khun Tan, May 4; and at
Pang Hua Phong, May 8. I got an adult male at Ban Huai Muang,
December 20, and an adult female at Ban Mae Mo, August 25.

From early March to the end of May the ringing ko-el’, ko-el’ of this
large cuckoo may be heard from tall pa daeng and the more open ever-
green throughout the lowlands, but with the close of the period of song
the bird virtually ceases to be recorded.

The nok kawao enters into northern legend and perhaps for this
reason the species is prized as a cagebird in Chiang Mai and the
villages.

An adult male had the irides brilliant red and the bill light olive-
green. Gyldenstolpe notes that two females had the irides red; the
bill greenish yellow; the feet and toes blackish gray.

The adult male is entirely black with a steel-blue gloss. The adult
female has the upperparts dull dark brown, more or less glossed with
greenish, the head, back, and wings spotted, the tail narrowly barred,
with white or buffy; the underparts white or buffy, spotted on the
throat and breast, barred elsewhere, with blackish brown.

All northern specimens are best placed with the Chinese race, with
which they agree in wing length and size of bill and, in the case of
the adult females, in coloration. The most northern Thai example of
malayana I have examined is an adult male taken at Pak Nam Pho,
April 8, 1924, and recorded by Chasen and Boden Kloss in Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1928, pp. 168-169 (all other specimens there
listed are, in my opinion, chinensis).

RHOPODYTES TRISTIS LONGICAUDATUS (Blyth)
TENASSERIMESE LARGE GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA

Phaenicophaeus longicaudatus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 10, 1841
[=1842], p. 923 (Tenasserim; type specimen “procured in the vicinity of
Maulmain,” fide Blyth, ibid., p. 917).

Rhopodytes tristis hainanus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 233 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 104 (Khun
Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Rhopodytes tristis longicaudatus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 595
(“Throughout the whole country”).—RItLey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 185 (Doi Langka).

Rhopodytes tristis longicaudatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 570 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 258 (Chiang Mai, Chiang
Dao).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 160 (Doi
Suthep, Chiang Mai).—CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 285 (Doi Suthep).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 89 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

168 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The Tenasserimese race of the malkoha is apparently restricted in
our provinces to the districts west of, and including, the Khun Tan
range. At Chiang Mai it was common on the plain and in the more
open evergreen of Doi Suthep from 2,000 to 3,500 feet, rarely to 4,500
feet. On Doi Ang Ka I found it both in the partially cleared valley
under Pha Mon and in the evergreen to 5,000 feet. Eisenhofer sent
to Stockholm 24 undated skins from Khun Tan.

This cuckoo seeks concealment in dense thickets and in liana-
bound trees at the edge of the forest, making its way with remarkable
agility through the interlaced stems. As it progresses lengthwise
along a branch, with a long tail extending straight behind (but tend-
ing to droop slightly near the end), it markedly resembles a squirrel,
and this similarity is honored in the vernacular name nok bang hok.
The call is a low cuck-cuck-cuck-cuck.

I have no definite information on the breeding of this form, but
the nesting season must be very protracted; an immature specimen
from Chiang Mai, July 9, appears to be virtually equaeval with
another from Chom Thong, November 3.

The July immature is very worn generally and is just beginning
to acquire fresh rectrices; the November bird has completed the body
molt but is still molting the quills of both tail and wings. The tail
of this cuckoo becomes excessively abraded and in worn examples the
white tips are often much ‘reduced in size or entirely lost: an adult
from Doi Langka, November 18, has obviously only recently molted
but already shows signs of wear in the tail.

A Chiang Mai male had the irides brown; the orbital skin bright
crimson; the bill apple green, red at the base of the maxilla; the rictus
red; the feet and toes grayish olive; the claws slate. A female from
the same locality had the irides crimson; the orbital skin lake red;
the bill apple green, red at the base of the maxilla and about the nares;
the feet plumbeous; the toes brownish plumbeous.

The malkoha has the head and back deep gray, changing to a glossy
oil green on the wings and tail; the rectrices tipped white (very
obvious from below) ; the underparts gray, deepening in shade toward
the vent and more or less suffused with ochraceous on the throat
and breast.

RHOPODYTES TRISTIS SALIENS Mayr
TONKINESE LARGE GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA

Rhopodytes tristis saliens MAyr, Ibis, 1938, pp. 306-807 (Chapa, Tongking).

Rhopodytes tristis hainanus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 58 (Den Chai, Ban Huai Hom); 1916, p. 104 (Pha Kho) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233 (listed).

Rhopodytes tristis longicaudatus |[partim], GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 595
(“Throughout the whole country”). — Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 1385 (Ban Nam Khian).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 169

The range of the present subspecies in northern Thailand embraces
all those districts not populated by longicaudatus. Eisenhofer, in
1912, took specimens at Ban Huai Hom, February 7 and 28, at Den
Chai, February 14 (all in Hannover), and at Huai Pu, May 28 (in
Stockholm). I have an example from Wiang Pa Pao and place
provisionally under this name a very young bird from Muang Fang.

The Fang specimen, just out of the nest, is in postnatal molt; its
coloration is practically identical with that of the adult. A bird from
Doi Khrang, near Wiang Pa Pao, August 2, is in unworn juvenal
dress; it differs from the adult only in having the rectrices rather
narrower and more acuminate, the white tips smaller and less clearly
defined from the adjacent black portion.

Specimens of this race are separable from examples of longicaudatus
(of comparable age and state of wear) by having the white tips of
the tail feathers of lesser size.

The birds here called Zongicaudatus have the white tip of the second
outermost tail feather 23.9-28 mm. long and are, strictly speaking,
longicaudatus >saliens; those here called saliens have the correspond-
ing tip 20.7-22.3 mm. long and are really saliens>longicaudatus. See
Mayr, Ibis, 1938, pp. 305-308.

CENTROPUS SINENSIS INTERMEDIUS (Hume)
BURMESE LARGER COUCAL

C[entrococcyr] intermedius HuMgr, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1873, p. 454 (Dhoon,
Dacea, and Thayetmyo; type locality restricted to Thayetmyo, Upper Pegu,
Burma, by Stresemann, Nov. Zool., vol. 20, 1918, p. 322).

Centropus sinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
59 (Pak Pan).

Centropus sinensis intermedius, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 233 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 103 (Khun Tan,
Doi Pha Sakaeng); Ibis, 1920, p. 594 (“Hverywhere in suitable local-
ities”).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 571
(Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai) ; 1984, p. 258 (Chiang Mai).—Dricnan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 160 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 89 (Chiang
Mai).

The crow-pheasant, or nok kon put, is one of the commonest low-
land birds throughout our area. Ejisenhofer sent to Stockholm a
specimen from Pha Hing, May 1, 1912, and 19 undated examples
(including four juveniles) from Khun Tan.

This large terrestrial cuckoo is a characteristic inhabitant of the
bamboo, the second-growth jungle with its tangles of Congea and
Eupatorium, and the brushy land around the ruins of old temples.
Its size, long tail, and inclination to seek escape by running rather
than by labored flight may cause it to be mistaken for a true pheasant.
The song is a hollow-sounding poot repeated many times and ren-
dered from the top of some bush or small tree, especially at evening.

170 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Gyldenstolpe notes that his specimens had the irides red (adults)
or grayish white (juveniles); the bill black (adults) or horn color
(juveniles) ; the feet and toes black.

The adult has the wings, scapulars, and interscapular portion of
the back red-brown; the rest of the plumage black, glossed with
purple-blue on the head, nape, upper back, throat, and breast, and
with more greenish blue elsewhere. The immature is similar but has
the red-brown portions barred with black and the black portions
barred with gray.

Yen (L’Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie, 1933, pp. 618-
620) has attempted to show that intermedius is inseparable from the
nominate race, but his evidence is not convincing. He has compared
examples of s¢nensis with numerous more or less intermediate speci-
mens from Indochine but not with Burmese material. The long
series from many localities measured by Stresemann (Nov. Zool., vol.
20, 1913, pp. 8321-822) prove intermedius to be a recognizable form.

CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS BENGALENSIS (Gmelin)
INDIAN LESSER COUCAL

[Cuculus] bengalensis GmeEtin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 412
(Bengal).

Centropus bengalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 59 (“Vang Nun”).

Centropus bengalensis bengalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 233 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 594 (“Northern Siam”).

Centropus benghalensis benghalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 160 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 89 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep).

Although the small coucal is known to breed in the southern parts
of Thailand, in the North it seems to be merely a winter visitor. At
Chiang Mai it was fairly common from October 19 (1936) to April
2 (1931). In April 1931 I found it common on Doi Ang Ka, in the
valley under Pha Mon. Ejisenhofer sent to Stockholm two undated
specimens from Khun Tan.

While the large coucal is restricted in range to the plains, the
present form occurs also at suitable places to the summits of the
mountains. The latter may be found in the same scrubby places as
its congener but, in the lowlands, is seen oftenest in the tall grasses
and sedges of marshy areas, on the hills in stands of lalang. The
habits of the two species seem to be otherwise much the same. I have
never heard the song of bengalensis, but it is said to resemble that of
intermedius. A specimen taken by me had the stomach filled with
beetles and grasshoppers.

An immature male had the irides pale, dull brown; the orbital
region yellowish; the maxilla fleshy yellowish brown, the culmen

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 171

darker and black at the base; the mandible fleshy; the feet and toes
slaty; the soles gray; the claws horny black. The adult is said to have
the irides red; the bill, feet, and toes black.

The full-plumaged adult will seldom be observed in our provinces;
it is best described as a much smaller replica of adult intermedius.
Most of our birds wear an immature dress, in which they have the
upperparts red-brown, the feathers of head and back with conspicuous
buffy-white shaft streaks; the tail dull, dark brown, glossed with
greenish; the underparts buff, the feathers with paler shaft streaks;
the flanks and under tail coverts darker and barred with blackish.

Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE

TYTO ALBA STERTENS Hartert
INDIAN BARN OWL

Tyto alba stertens HaRTERT, Noy. Zool., vol. 35, 1929, p. 98 (Silchar, Cachar).

Tyto alba javanica, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 163
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 89 (Chiang Mai).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 267 (Chiang Mai).

The barn owl is common in the city of Chiang Mai and its environs
but is not yet known from any other locality in our provinces, although
it may be expected to occur at least in the larger towns.

At Chiang Mai this owl was sometimes observed hiding in the crown
of a coconut palm, but normally it concealed itself from the sun in
some ruined pagoda. At nightfall it was often seen slowly flapping
over the river or above such open places as the golf course and the
parade ground. Its call, frequently uttered on the wing, has been
described as a screech or scream but to my ears it more nearly resembles
the sound made in tearing a piece of cloth; by the more superstitious of
the townsfolk it is held to be an omen of death. Most of my specimens
had the stomach empty, but one had been feeding upon small rodents.

An example of November 19, 1935, contained an oviduct egg; this is
the only case known to me of any northern bird breeding in that month.

A female had the irides dark brown; the cere fleshy pink; the bill
fleshy white; the interior of the mouth pink; the feet and toes gray-
brown, the latter tipped dark brown; the bare patch behind the “knee”
fleshy ; the claws dark horn-brown.

This is a rather large owl which, in life, seems to be mostly white.
It has a heart-shaped facial disk, which is white and outlined with
yellowish brown; the upperparts mixed brownish gray and yellowish
brown with many small whitish spots outlined with blackish brown;
the tail yellowish brown, barred with blackish brown; the underparts

5831364512

172 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

varying from pure white to buff and more or less densely marked
with blackish-brown dots.

I have not seen topotypical stertens, but all Thai specimens examined
(Bangkok, Pak Chong, Chiang Mai) differ from a Javanese bird
exactly as stertens is said by Hartert to do.

PHODILUS BADIUS BADIUS (Horsfield)
JAVANESE BAY OWL

Strix badia Horsrietp, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1821, p. 189 (Java).

Photodilus badius, GyLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
122 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 754 (Khun Tan).

Phodilus badius saturatus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 194 (Doi
Nang Kaeo). .

This beautiful owl seems to be very rare in Thailand, and the only
northern specimens known to me are a female collected by Gylden-
stolpe “in a dense valley among the Koon Tan mountains,” September
17, 1914, and the male recorded by Greenway from Doi Nang Kaeo,
2,800 feet, April 12, 1937.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his bird had the irides blackish brown;
the bill and toes pale gray.

The bay owl has the forehead, anterior portion of the crown, and
the facial disk light vinaceous-pink; the upper parts rich chestnut,
more or less marked with black and white dots, and with an ill-defined
nuchal collar, the greater part of the scapulars, and some of the wing
coverts golden-buff; the quills of wings and tail barred with black;
the underparts light vinaceous-pink, more or less marked with black
or blackish-chestnut dots, each feather with a golden-buff base, which
shows through in places, especially on the breast and sides.

The specimen in Stockholm is intermediate in size (wing length:
215 mm.) between badius of Java and saturatus of Native Sikkim, but

since it agrees perfectly with a Sumatran example in the coloration _
of the upperparts and is only very slightly paler below, I place it ©
with the nominate race. The wing length of Greenway’s skin, which ©

I have not examined, measures 210 mm.

It will perhaps eventually be found advisable to employ a special —
name for the intermediate birds of Thailand, Burma, and Assam, but —
whether Oberholser’s name abdotti, based upon a single unsexed spec- —
imen from so far south as the Province Wellesley, can be used for |
more northern examples, as has been done by Riley (1938), is open |
to question. The problem can be elucidated only by access to cor- |
rectly sexed specimens from critical localities and by comparing |
measurements of skins of the same sex. The wing lengths published |

by Robinson (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1927, p. 122) might have
east light upon it but have been rendered virtually useless by his com-
plete failure to indicate the sexes of skins measured.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND iS

Family STRIGIDAE
OTUS SPILOCEPHALUS SIAMENSIS Robinson and Boden Kloss
THAI YELLOW-BILLED Scorps OWL

Otus luciae siamensis RosInson and Boben Ktoss, Journ. Federated Malay
States Mus., vol. 10, 1922, p. 261 (Khao Nong, Ban Don, Peninsular Thai-
land).

Otus aul latouchi, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 198 (Doi
Ang Ka).

An unsexed specimen in Stockholm, taken by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan in 1914, is the first example of this rare mountain owl known
from the northern districts. It was collected again by the members
of the Asiatic Primate Expedition at 4,300 feet on Doi Ang Ka, April
8, 1937.

It is a small, rufous horned owl, with beautiful, black-tipped, sil-
very-white drops on the scapulars. It has both the bill and the irides
yellow.

When J examined the Stockholm bird in 1939, I had no compara-
tive material at hand, and its true subspecific identity is highly un-
certain. The fact is that no one really knows what forms of this
owl occur in the Indo-Chinese countries. The putative races, latouchi
and stamensis, were both described without reference to spilocephalus
or to each other and seem never yet to have been compared in suffi-
ciently good series to show whether they are recognizable subspecies.

Friedmann and Deignan, in the course of preparation of a paper on
certain Asiatic members of the genus Otus (Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., vol. 29, 1939, pp. 287-291), succeeded in bringing together four
skins of spilocephalus, five of latouchi, and one (paratype) of siamen-
sis and were led to believe that datouwchi is “only doubtfully distinct”
from spilocephalus.

Even if latouchi be a valid form, it is not likely to occur in the
western portions of Thailand and Lowe’s record from Um Phang
(Ibis, 1933, p. 483) is almost certainly erroneous. I suggest that
northern Thai specimens will prove to be intermediate between a large
northern race, spélocephalus, and a small southern one, siamensis, and
rather nearer the latter.

OTUS SCOPS DISTANS Friedmann and Deignan
INDO-CHINESE COMMON ScoPps OWL

Otus senegalensis distans FRIEDMANN and DrIGNAN, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., vol. 29, pp. 287-288 (Sala Mae Tha, Chiang Mai Province, North
Thailand).

The only northern example of this owl, an adult female which is
the type specimen, was discovered by my collectors near Sala Mae Tha,

February 20, 1936. It was perched on the ground at midday in a

174. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

deeply sunken road (perhaps a stream bed during the rains) heavily
shaded by overarching bamboos. It was being set upon by a pack of
village dogs and was easily captured by having a hat placed over it.

The present form (in the gray phase) has the upperparts brownish
gray, beautifully mottled everywhere with black and white and
washed in places with rufous; a conspicuous dark rufous band along
the whole length of the forearm; the underparts white with heavy
black streaks and wavy black cross bars. In the red phase it has the
entire upperparts bright rufous, boldly streaked with black; the band
along the forearm indicated by deeper rufous coloration; the under-
parts much as in the gray phase but with some of the black marks
replaced by bright rufous. The irides are yellow. The first primary is
equal to the eighth in length; the second falls between the fifth and
sixth.

This owl resembles stictonotus but differs strikingly in having all
its dark markings broader and more distinct, its colors richer and
purer. In the gray phase of distans the ground color of the upper-
parts is brownish gray rather than grayish brown; the white mark-
ings are almost or wholly without buffy suffusion; there is much less
vermiculation below. In the red phase the rufous is far brighter than
in any similar specimen of stictonotus that I have seen. Finally, the
red band along the forearm seems to be found only in examples of
distans.

The U. S. National Museum has received two more skins of this
form, collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in southern Annam, August
and November 1939. One of them is in the red phase; the other is
gray and agrees well with the birds of Thailand. The four known
specimens are discussed by Delacour, Zoologica, vol. 26, No. 17, 1941,
pp. 138-139.

OTUS SCOPS STICTONOTUS (Bowdler Sharpe)

CHINESE COMMON SCOPS OWL

Scops stictonotus BOWDLER SHARPE, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum,
vol. 2, 1875, pp. 54—56, pl. 3, fig. 2 (China).

Otus giu stictonotus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 576 (Chiang Mai).

Otus sunia modestus [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 164 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

The Chinese race of the common scops owl appears to be a very rare
winter visitor to the northern provinces. The only specimens yet
known from our area are a male from Chiang Mai, March 16, 1928,
and another from Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,400 feet, February 15, 1938,
both of which were taken by de Schauensee’s collectors.

This small horned owl may be generally rufous, grayish brown, or
somewhere between the two extremes. The feathers everywhere are

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 175

finely and indistinctly vermiculated light and dark and most of them
have indistinct, dark shaft streaks. The tarsi are feathered to the
base of the toes; the third and fourth primaries are longest and the
first falls between the sixth and the eighth in length.

The two northern birds are in the gray phase of plumage. They
have been discussed by Friedmann and Deignan, Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci., vol. 29, 1939, p. 288, and by Delacour, Zoologica, vol. 26,
No. 17, 1941, p. 137.

OTUS ASIO CONDORENSIS Boden Kloss
INDO-CHINESE COLLARED Scorps OWL

Otus bakkamoena condorensis BoDEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
vol. 8, No. 2, 1980, pp. 81-82 (Pulau Kondor, about 45 miles off the coast of
Cochin-China).

Scops lempiji, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138, p. 61
(Den Chai).

Scops baccamoena lempiji, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 233 (listed).

Otus bakkamoena lettia, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 120 (Pha Kho, Tha Chomphu, Khun Tan).—prE ScHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 268 (Chiang Mai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 89 (Chiang Mai).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 147 (Mae Khan, Khun Tan).

Scops bakkamoena lettia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 752 (Den Chai, Pha Kho,
Tha Chomphu, Khun Tan).

Otus sunia modestus [partim], DreIcNaN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 164 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

Otus sunia modestus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 193 (Chiang
Mai).

The collared scops owl is the only member of its genus that is com-
mon in our provinces. It occurs both in the lowlands and on the
mountains: I have taken it at Chiang Mai, at Muang Chiang Dao,
and on Doi Chiang Dao and have heard it calling at night on many
of the higher hills.

At Chiang Mai its soft double hoot was a familiar nocturnal sound
in the gardens of the town at any season, and the bird could easily
be observed by flashing the beam of an electric torch into the tree
whence the notes came. Despite its obvious commonness, I never once
saw an individual in daylight and failed to discover where it roosted.

In the vicinity of Chiang Mai, de Schauensee took a specimen with
an oviduct egg, February 2, and I collected a male with greatly en-
larged testes, February 3. Other examples with the gonads enlarged
were obtained there February 22 and May 7. In Stockholm are a
juvenile from Chiang Mai, April 11 (Fejos), and another from
Khun Tan, April 30 (Gyldenstolpe). The juvenile taken at Chiang
Mai, April 29, and recorded by Greenway as O. s. modestus has been
examined and proves to be of this species.

176 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A male with greatly enlarged gonads had the irides golden-yellow;
the eyelids edged fulvous; the cere dull brown; the maxilla greenish
horn, with tip and edges of the commissure horn-color; the mandible
horn, tipped greenish; the toes grayish flesh; the claws with the basal
half light gray, otherwise horny brown. A female with inactive
gonads had the irides rich brown; the bill horn; the toes light brown;
the claws horn. Greenway’s juvenile male had the irides yellow; the
bill light gray ; the toes blue-gray.

This is a rather larger bird than our other scops owls. In one
phase it has the general coloration buffy brown, paler below, every-
where mottled and vermiculated with blackish, vivid buff, and buffy
white; the forehead, superciliary region, outer portion of scapulars,
and a broad but poorly defined nuchal collar vivid buff. Another
phase has the general color grayish brown and the vivid buff replaced
by brownish white.

The collared scops owls of Asia are, in my opinion, only subspe-
cifically distinct from the North American forms grouped under the
name Otus asio. As early as 1874 this was apparent to Robert Ridg-
way, who (apud Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, A history of North
American birds, vol. 8, pp. 55-56) discussed at some length the close
resemblance between Otus kennicottii (Alaska) and Otus semitorques
(Japan) and suggested the probability that “the latter is also a mere
geographical form” of O. asio.

For an explanation of the use of the name condorensis for Thai
birds, cf. Friedmann and Deignan, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.,
vol. 29, 1939, pp. 289-291.

BUBO NIPALENSIS NIPALENSIS Hodgson

NEPALESE EAGLE OWL

[Bubo] Nipalensis Hopason, Asiatic Researches, vol. 19, 1836, pp. 172-174 |

(Nepal).

Huhua nipalensis, GyLpENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 120 |

(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 751 (Khun Tan).

Huhua nipalensis nipalensis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 193 —

(Doi Ang Ka).

Gyldenstolpe obtained an example of this eagle owl at Khun Tan |
in 1914 and saw one other in the vicinity; he observes that “both these |

specimens occurred in a mixed pine and oak-forest at a fairly high

altitude.” The bird recorded by Greenway was taken on Doi Ang |

Ka at 4,300 feet, April 8, 1937.

This is a very large, horned species, with brown irides and yellow |

bill. It has the upperparts deep brown, most of the feathers edged
or mottled with white or pale buff, especially on the wing coverts,
scapulars, and lower back; the tail banded with buffy white and deep

brown; the entire underparts white, suffused with buff, more or less _

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 177

barred with deep brown on throat and breast, boldly spotted else-
where. The immature is said to have the entire plumage pale buff,
paler on the head, barred everywhere with dark brown.

KETUPA ZEYLONENSIS ORIENTALIS Delacour
INDO-CHINESE BROWN FISH OWL

Ketupa ceylonensis orientalis DELAcouR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926, p. 11
(Dakto, Annam).

Ketupa zeylonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 233
(listed).

Ketupa zeylonensis zeylonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 120 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 751 (Khun Tan).

Ketupa zeylonensis leschenaulti, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila-
delphia, 1984, p. 268 (Muang Phrao). — Deienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 89 (Chiang Mai, San Kamphaeng).

The fish owl is rather generally distributed in the lowland forests
of our provinces. In addition to the localities listed above, I have
specimens from Muang Chiang Dao, Ban Pak Li, Ban Na Ko, and
Ban Huai Ki.

This is the only large owl I have ever started in daylight in northern
Thailand. It roosts at the top of some high tree, whether in the ever-
green or in the taller deciduous jungle, but usually near a stream,
and is extremely difficult either to observe or to collect.

It is frequently kept as a cage bird. One that was in my possession
for several months thrived on live fish but never became at all tame,
snapping its bill fiercely whenever I came to feed it.

A juvenile, taken at Ban Huai Ki, July 23, 1936, differs from the
adult chiefly in having the upper wing coverts and the scapulars
fulvous, each feather with a narrow blackish-brown streak the whole
length of the shaft.

Two adult females had the irides bright golden-yellow; the eyelids
edged dull olive outside, slate within; the cere olive-green; the maxilla
with the apical half slate, the base and culmen greenish gray; the
mandible greenish yellow or creamy yellow (the basal half slate in
one specimen) ; the feet and toes dull brownish yellow; the claws gray
at the base, otherwise slate.

This large, horned species has the upperparts generally fulvous-
brown, paler on the head, each feather with a broad blackish-brown
central streak and most feathers mottled with fulvous or fulvous-white ;
the tail barred with fulvous and deep brown, as are also the wing
quills; the throat pure white; the remaining underparts light buffy
brown, the feathers with narrow, indistinct, wavy cross bars of a deeper
brown and with narrow blackish-brown shaft streaks.

If orientalis is really distinct from leschenault (which I have not
seen), Delacour’s name must be used for our birds, which agree closely
with specimens from Hongkong, Laos, and Cochin-China.

178 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

GLAUCIDIUM BRODIEI BRODIEI (Burton)
INDIAN COLLARED PYyGMy OWL

Noctua Brodiei Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835 [1836], p. 152 (“apud
Montes Himalayenses” ; type locality restricted to Simla, apud Stuart Baker).

Glaucidium brodiei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233 (Khun
Tan) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 121 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 754 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho).

Glaucidium brodiei tubiger, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 576 (Ban Chong, 10 km. south of the Kengtung border) ; 1934, p. 269
(Doi Suthep).—DetIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 164
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 90 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsSEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 284 (Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 151 (Khun Tan).

In Chiang Mai Province this diminutive ow] is apparently confined
to the mountains: on Doi Suthep it was common from the summit
down to 3,500 feet, rare to 2,700 feet; on Doi Ang Ka it was heard
constantly at 4,400 feet; on Khun Tan Smith took specimens only at
4,000 feet. In Nan and Chiang Rai Provinces, where the evergreen
reaches the plains, it occurs also in the lowlands: De Schauensee col-
lected one at Ban Chong in teak, and I have a specimen from Ban Hai
Huai Som, at a still lower elevation.

On the western mountains it occurred at the edge of the evergreen,
in the open forest of oak and chestnut, and even in the pinewoods.
The bird must be extremely common, for its soft, whistled toot’-too-
toot-toot’ is heard day and night from all sides throughout the year.
The sound is highly ventriloquial and can rarely be traced to the singer,
although, when discovered, the latter may be perched, huddled against
the trunk of a small tree, only a few feet from the observer. I have
several times had my attention directed to the owl by the excitement
of flocks of small passerine birds and again by its habit, when alarmed,
of jerking the tail violently from side to side. One of my specimens
had the stomach filled with grasshoppers.

A female had the irides golden-yellow; the eyelids edged brown;
the cere and bill olive-green, the maxilla tipped yellow; the toes light
green ; the soles yellow; the claws black.

This species has the upperparts grayish brown or yellowish brown,
on the head and nape barred and spotted, on the remaining portions
(including the tail) barred, with grayish white or buff; across the
upper back a buff collar, enclosing at either side a large black spot;
the underparts white, sometimes suffused with cream, with a narrow
brown gorget across the throat, brown and rufous bars at the sides of
the breast, rufous spots and broad streaks down the flanks.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 179

GLAUCIDIUM CUCULOIDES BRUGELI (Parrot)
THAI BARRED PyGMy OWL

Athene cuculoides briigeli PArRot, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, vol. 8, 1907, pp. 104-
107 (Bangkok, error; type locality here corrected to Sam Khok district,
halfway between Bangkok and Ayutthaya).

Glaucidium cuculoides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 61 (Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 122 (Khun Tan, Ban
Mae Na, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Pha Kho) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
233 (listed); Ibis, 1920, p. 754 (“Throughout the whole country”).—DE
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 576 (Chiang Mai).

Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 576 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Derr1eNAn, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 164 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Glaucidium cuculoides rufescens, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 576 (Chiang Saen).

Glaucidium cuculoides briigeli, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 268 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 90 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rtrey, U. 8. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 151 (Chiang Dao, Mae Khan, Mae Kong Ka valley).

The barred pygmy owl abounds throughout our provinces and has
been taken by all collectors. Hisenhofer sent to Hannover a bird from
Ban Huai Hom and another from Pak Pan, to Stockholm one from
Pha Hing and 16 from Khun Tan. I have a long series from Mae
Sariang, Thattafang, Ban Hong Tan, Muang Chiang Dao, Ban
Wang Lung, Wiang Pa Pao, Ban Mae Mo, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen
Kao, Ban Pa Lao, Ban Mae Ka Huai Khian, Ban Tha Sala, Ban Ngao,
Ban Hai Huai Som, and a locality about 50 km. east of Muang
Phrayao. I have found it only at low altitudes but de Schauensee
has taken it on Doi Suthep at 4,500 and 5,500 feet, where it must be
quite rare.

This is perhaps our commonest species of ow] and certainly, owing to
its diurnal activity, the one oftenest seen. It occurs in the deciduous
forest, in stands of teak, sometimes in bamboo, perching in such ex-
posed situations as the ends of branches or the leafless tops of trees,
and uttering its monotone, whistled trill without regard to human
intruders. It is apparently untroubled by bright sunlight, although,
like other birds, it is somewhat less active during the hottest hours
of the day. Some of my specimens had the stomach filled with grass-
hoppers and beetles.

An example with the gonads enlarged, was taken at Chiang Mai,
March 8. A juvenile was collected at Ban Ngao, May 1, and others
at Chiang Mai, May 1 and 6.

From living among and flying through the dry, leathery leaves of
the deciduous trees, the feathers of head and nape become extraor-

180 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

_dinarily worn and decolorized; this process reaches its peak at the
end of summer. Specimens taken at various places between August
3 and September 15 are molting the quills of wings and tail; one of
October 18 is acquiring the new feathers of the crown, but not of the
nape; a bird of October 26 has wholly completed the molt.

A male in breeding condition had the irides bright yellow; the cere
olive-brown; the bill olive-green, tipped yellow; the toes greenish yel-
low; the claws horny gray with the apical half blackish.

This species is considerably larger than the preceding. It has the en-
tire upperparts dark brown, barred with buff, fulvous, or white from
forehead to tail tip; the underparts white, with a dark brown gor-
get across the throat (at the center extending to base of bill), dark
brown bars at the sides of the breast, and broad rufous streaks on the
flanks and belly.

There seems to be no significant size difference between the sexes.
The wing lengths of thirteen adult briigeli (eastern and southeastern
Thailand) vary from 134 to 147.2 mm.; of 18 northern specimens, from
138.5 to 152.5 mm.; of an unknown number of rufescens (fide Stuart
Baker), from 141 to 162 mm. (the smallest measurements probably due
to inclusion of birds better called briigel?). Our population is thus in-
termediate between the two races but, as is the case with other north-
ern owls, is somewhat nearer the smaller, southern form.

I find no records for the occurrence of this species at Bangkok or in
its immediate neighborhood.

NINOX SCUTULATA BURMANICA Hume
BURMESE BROWN HAWK OWL

N[inoxz] burmanica Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 4, 1876, pp. 285-286 (Pegu and
Tenasserim).

Ninox scutulata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 61
(Den Chai, “Vang Nun’’) ; 1916, p. 121 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Ban Mae Na) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 233 (listed).

Ninox scutulata burmanica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 753 (“Northern .. .
Siam”’).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, 164 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1936, p. 90 (Chiang Mai).—bDE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1984, p. 269 (Chiang Mai).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 152 (Doi Langka).

The hawk owl is a rather uncommon resident throughout the
northern provinces. Ejisenhofer sent to Stockholm a female collected
at Huai Pu, May 24, 1912, and two undated specimens from Khun
Tan. I have taken it at Chiang Mai and at Ban Khana and have
seen it in the forest west of Ban Na Noi (Nan Province).

This is a lowland species occurring both in mixed-deciduous jungle
and in tall, dense trees near monasteries and villages. It is very
inactive during the day, and for this reason I have never succeeded in

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 181

identifying its notes. The stomach of one of my specimens contained
a beetle.

A female from Chiang Mai, February 2, had the irides bright
golden-yellow; the eyelids plumbeous; the cere dull olive-green; the
maxilla slate, with culmen and extreme tip horn; the mandible slate,
plumbeous beneath, tipped creamy white; the toes dull yellow; the
claws slaty black, horny at the base. Another Chiang Mai female,
October 4, differed in having the culmen and tip of the bill slaty green;
the toes bright yellow.

This owl has the forehead white; the remaining upperparts uniform
dark brown; the tail with blackish bars and a white tip; the scapulars
and wing quills with white bars (more or less concealed) ; the feathers
of throat and breast rufous-brown, fringed and barred with white;
those of the remaining underparts white, broadly barred with rufous-
brown.

The migratory northern race, JV. s. scutulata, seems not to occur at
all in our districts.

ATHENE BRAMA MAYRI Deignan
INDO-CHINESE SPOTTED OWL

Athene brama mayri DrEIGNAN, Auk, vol. 58, 1941, p. 896 (Udon, East Thailand).

Athene brama pulchra, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 164
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 90 (Chiang Mai).

Athene brama pulcrdad, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19384,
p. 268 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio’”’).

This spotted owl has a remarkably broken distribution and in our
area it is known only from the lowlands of a limited portion of the
Mae Ping basin. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a single specimen from
Khun Tan; I have taken it at Chiang Mai, Sala Mae Tha, and Ban Sop
Mae Chaem. Its range with us is curiously similar to that of the rose-
ringed parakeet.

It is a common species at Chiang Mai and, owing to its diurnal
activity, one of the best known of our owls. It has a special fondness
for the open groves of bamboo and mai kwao (Butea) in the environs
of the outvillages but is also a resident of gardens throughout the city.
It is the bird whose extraordinary cackling and scolding is heard about
town bungalows in the cool of the afternoon; investigation of the
noise may disclose a pair of small owls bobbing and bowing to each
other in the most ludicrous fashion imaginable and wholly oblivious
of the observer. My specimens had fed upon insects and, in one case,
a small mammal.

A specimen taken December 12 had the gonads slightly enlarged,
another of January 5 had them enlarged, and a third of January 20
had them greatly enlarged.

182 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A bird of February 22 has the entire plumage very worn and
bleached. Examples collected July 6 and August 13 are molting
remiges and rectrices.

Adults had the irides golden-yellow; the eyelids edged slate; the
cere dark olive, brownish gray, or olive-brown; the bill olive-green,
yellowish at the tip; the toes brownish yellow or olive-yellow; the
soles yellow; the claws black or slaty.

This species has the entire upperparts dark grayish brown, every-
where spotted or barred with white, more thickly on the upper back
to form a broad, but not clearly defined, collar; the underparts white,
with a dark brown band across the throat, and broad, irregular, dark
brown bars on the lower breast, abdomen, and flanks.

The present race is distinguishable from pulchra, the form inhabit-
ing southwestern Thailand, only by having the length of wing rang-
ing from 152 to 163 mm., rather than from 188 to 152 mm.

STRIX LEPTOGRAMMICA NEWARENSIS (Hodgson)
HIMALAYAN Brown Woop OWL

[Ulula?] Newarensis Hopeson, Asiatick Researches, vol. 19, 1836, pp. 168-170
(Nepal).

Strir oii newarensis, CHASEN and BopEN Kioss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 233 (Doi Suthep).—Derr1enan, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 89 (Doi Suthep).

The brown wood owl has been recorded only from Doi Suthep.
Aagaard took a female there at 4,600 feet in the spring of 1931; in
September of the same year I heard and saw (with a torch) one at
5,500 feet but in the darkness was unable to collect it.

The song is composed of four deep, hollow-sounding hoots and is
reminiscent of that of the Nearctic species, Stria varia.

This is a large species without horns. It has the facial region gray-
ish or buffy, bordered blackish brown; the upperparts deep chocolate-
brown, narrowly barred with white or light brown everywhere except
on the head and nape, though rather less so on the shoulders and at
the center of the back; the throat whitish; the remaining underparts
buffy, narrowly and regularly barred everywhere with chocolate.

I have not been able to examine Aagaard’s specimen, but it has been
discussed by Chasen and Boden Kloss (doc. cit.), who state that “it
is much less warmly coloured and paler below than maingayi.” On
the other hand, the wing length of 400 mm. is too short for the female
of true newarensis. If it prove desirable to give nomenclatural rec-
ognition to the intermediate birds of northern Thailand, one of the
several names already bestowed upon Indo-Chinese specimens will be
available.

SS SS ==

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 183

ASIO FLAMMEUS FLAMMEUS (Pontoppidan)
HOLARCTIC SHORT-EARED OWL

[Stria] Flammea PonToPPIpAN, Den danske Atlas eller Konge-Riget Dannemark,
vol. 1, 1763, p. 617, pl. 25 (Denmark).

Dr. Count Nils Gyldenstolpe has shown me in the museum at Stock-
holm two female specimens of this owl, taken at Chiang Mai, April 3,
1938, by Dr. P. Fejos, leader of the Swedish Film Industry Expedi-
tion. The species is otherwise unknown from our provinces.

This owl, which occurs on open plains and grassy areas, should be
watched for on fallow ricefields during the cold weather and on the
drying marshes, which spring up to grass and sedge after the rains.

The short-eared owl is a medium-sized, broad-winged species of
peculiarly buoyant flight. It has the feathers of the upperparts buff
with dark brown markings (or these colors reversed) ; the quills of
wings and tail dark brown, barred with buff; an area around each
eye blackish; the underparts buff, streaked with dark brown (more
heavily on the breast). The horns are too small to be visible in the
field.

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Family PODARGIDAE

BATRACHOSTOMUS HODGSONI INDOCHINAE Stresemann
INDO-CHINESE FROGMOUTH

Batrachostomus hodgsoni indochinae STRESEMANN, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol.
22, 1937, pp. 320-321 (Dakto, Annam).

Batrachostomus hodgsoni indochinae, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 193 (Doi Ang Ka).

My collectors took an adult female at Doi Nang Kaeo, February
28, 1937, and the members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition an un-
sexed juvenile at 4,300 feet on Doi Ang Ka, April 17, 1937.

Frogmouths are confined to heavy evergreen forest. They some-
what resemble nightjars but have an enormously broad and swollen
bill and a short, rounded wing. In the present form the male is
mottled everywhere with blackish, brown, and white; the female has
the plumage generally chestnut, with black-rimmed silvery-white
drops on the scapulars and breast.

My specimen, of which both wing and tail measure 130 mm., is,
strictly speaking, indochinaeZ=hodgsoni.

184 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE

EUROSTOPODUS MACROTIS CERVINICEPS (Gould)
INDO-CHINESE GREATER FEARED NIGHTJAR

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gout, Icones Avium, pt. 2 (Monograph of the Capri-
mulgidae, pt. 1), 1838, pl. 14 and text (“China or the adjacent islands,”
error; type locality corrected to Province of Trang, Peninsular Thailand,
by Robinson and Boden Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 5, No. 2,
1923, p. 140).

Lyncornis cerviniceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 2382
(Khun Tan) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 107 (Khun Tan).

The beautiful eared nightjar is fairly common, at least locally, in
the lower hills of our provinces. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm two
undated specimens from Khun Tan. I took one at 3,000 feet on
Doi Ang Ka, May 6, 1931; another at Ban San Tha, June 11, 1936;
a third at Ban Mae Sariang, October 24, 1936.

The Ang Ka example was one of about 10 individuals hawking at
dusk over a clearing in pine-forest. The stomach contained small
moths and cicadas and the esophagus a large beetle.

Gyldenstolpe collected a subadult male at Khun Tan in May, 1914.
My specimen of June 11 is molting both the remiges and the rectrices.

The bird from Doi Ang Ka, a female, had the irides dark brown;
the bill brownish pink, with tip and apical half of the culmen brown;
the interior of the mouth pink; the feet and toes fleshy brown; the
soles fleshy; the claws horn-brown.

An adult male has the aigrettes and the crown generally gray-
brown, the feathers finely vermiculated with blackish, some with a
large black spot near the tip, those of the occiput black, narrowly
tipped gray-brown; a nuchal collar rich buff; the remaining upper-
parts handsomely mottled and barred everywhere with gray-brown,
buff, chestnut, and black; the throat crossed by a white band, which
is connected with the nuchal collar; the remaining feathers of throat
and breast blackish brown, narrowly tipped chestnut; the rest of the
underparts banded buff and blackish brown, with black bases of the
feathers showing through everywhere. An adult female is similar,
but has the gray-brown portions of the plumage replaced by rich
buff, the chestnut parts much more reddish.

The two types of coloration in this species seem to represent sexual
dimorphism rather than mere dichromatism. Of five males before
me, four are “gray” birds; of nine females, eight are “red.” The two
exceptional specimens may easily result from incorrect sexing by the
Asiatic collectors.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 185

CAPRIMULGUS INDICUS JOTAKA Temminck and Schlegel
JAPANESE JUNGLE NIGHTJAR

Caprimulgus jotaka TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
1850 [=1847], pp. 387-89, col. pl. 12, col. pl. 138 (Japan).

Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, RiLey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 155 (Mae
Khan).

Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm an undated specimen from Khun Tan,
and Smith took one at Ban Mae Khan, February 8, 1932; the jungle
nightjar is otherwise unknown from northern Thailand but probably
occurs as a rare winter visitor throughout our provinces.

The adult male has the entire upperparts mottled blackish brown,
brownish gray, and black, the last two colors especially prominent
on the scapulars and innermost secondaries; a conspicuous white band
across the four outermost primaries near their center; the four outer
pairs of tail feathers with a broad, subterminal white band; a white
throat patch; the breast closely barred blackish brown and gray; the
remaining underparts buff with increasingly widely spaced blackish-
brown bars. The adult female is similar but wholly lacks white mark-
ings in the wings and tail.

I have not examined the Stockholm bird and am not really certain
that it belongs to the Japanese migratory race. The wing of the Wash-
ington specimen measures 192 mm.; the tail, 127 mm.; the distance
between the tips of the first and fourth primaries, 17mm. See Mayr,
Ibis, 1938, pp. 310-312.

CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS AMBIGUUS Hartert
TENASSERIMESE LONG-TAILED NIGHTJAR

Claprimulgus] macrurus ambiguus HArtert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373 (‘Malay Penin-
sula, Burma, Assam, and the Eastern Himalayas” ; type locality restricted to
“the southern part of Tenasserim,” by Boden Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 96).

Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 57 (Mae Yom river near Phrae) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam,
1915, p. 282 (listed) .—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 90
(Chiang Mai).

Caprimulgus macrurus albonotatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 108 (Pha Kho) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 588 (Pha Kho, Mae Yom river).

Caprimulgus macrourus bimaculatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 168 (Chiang Mai).—pbr& SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 266 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai).

The long-tailed nightjar is a common permanent resident of the
northern provinces, occurring chiefly on the plains, more rarely on
the mountains to about 4,600 feet. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm five

undated specimens from Khun Tan; I have examples from Chiang
Mai, Doi San Huai Wai, Doi Nang Kaeo, and Doi Chiang Dao.

186 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This goatsucker rests during the day in much the same type of
environment as (. a. monticolus, but I have never found the two species
actually together. At Chiang Mai, the present form could always be
seen at a place along the Mae Rim road, near Wat Phranon, where
clumps of bushes alternate with small, open spaces of low grass. At
night it occurs even in the town, if I am not wrong in attributing to
it the hollow-sounding tok-tok-tok-tok-tok, which is a familiar noc-
turnal call there.

A bird from Doi Chiang Dao, 4,600 feet, March 19, had the testes
greatly enlarged. Gyldenstolpe records (1916) that he found (either
at Pha Kho or Pha Hing) two fresh eggs in a nest which was merely
a slight depression in the ground, April 10, 1914. I took a juvenile
at Doi San Huai Wai, June 4, and a subadult at Chiang Mai, July 16.

A male had the irides brown; the bill brown, tipped black; the feet
and toes pinkish brown.

The adult male is rather like the corresponding sex of C’. 7. jotaka
but has an indistinct dull rusty nuchal collar, conspicuous buff-edged
black markings on the scapulars, and the ¢wo outer pairs of tail
feathers with a broad, terminal white band. The adult female is
similar and has the tail pattern of the male, but with the terminal bands
sullied buff instead of white. The juvenile resembles the adult female
but has the plumage very much paler throughout.

The wing lengths of six adult males from northern Thailand meas-
ure from 203 to 218 mm.; of two adult females, 198 and 198.5 mm.

CAPRIMULGUS ASIATICUS SIAMENSIS de Schauensce
THAI LITTLE NIGHTJAR

Caprimulgus asiaticus siamensis DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 85, 1933 [=1934], p. 373 (Chiang Mai, North Thailand).

Caprimulgus asiaticus siamensis, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 267 (Chiang Mai).—DEIenAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1986, p. 90 (Chiang Mai).

This small species is probably common throughout our provinces,
although examples have been taken only at Chiang Mai and Chom
Thong. Ihave heard its unmistakable call at Ban Huai Oi (Nan Prov-
ince) in April.

In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai de Schauensee took numerous
specimens flying above the parade ground at nightfall. I found it
resting during the day on lightly shaded rocks and on the hard ground
in the dry forest at the foot of Doi Suthep, but only up to 1,300 feet.
The usual call is a distinctive took-took-chuckeroo, and I suspect that
this bird is the author of the sharp peenk (like that of the American
Chordeiles minor) sometimes heard before dawn at the base of Su-
thep. The stomach of one of my specimens was filled with beetles.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 187

A male had the irides dark brown: the bill dull brown, tinged pink,
with tip and culmen brownish black; the interior of the mouth pink;
the feet and toes dull light brown; the claws black, with the pectina-
tions horny white.

This is our smallest nightjar. The adult has the upperparts iron
gray, finely vermiculated and streaked with dark brown, and with
prominent buff-edged black streaks on crown and scapulars and
a well-marked rufous-buff nuchal collar; a buff-washed white band
across the four outermost primaries near their center; the ¢wo outer
pairs of tail feathers black with broad white tips; a white patch on
each side of the throat; the breast vermiculated iron gray and dark
brown and more or less mottled with buff; the remaining underparts
buff with narrow dark brown bars.

I have not examined recently collected aszaticus and am uncertain
whether this species is subject to postmortem change of color. In the
series I have seen, siamensis stands out clearly from asiaticus by its
grayish, not brownish, mantle, and appears to be a quite valid form.
C. a siamensis is apparently the race of all Thailand.

CAPRIMULGUS AFFINIS MONTICOLUS Franklin
INDIAN ALLIED NIGHTJAR

Caprimulgus monticolus FRANKLIN, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt.
1, 1830-1831 [=1831], p. 116 (‘on the Ganges between Calcutta and Benares,
and in the Vindhyian hills between the latter place and Gurrah Mundela, on
the Nerbudda”).

Caprimulgus monticola GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 232
(listed).

Caprimulgus monticolus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 582 (“Northern parts’).

Caprimulgus monticolus monticolus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 175 (Chiang Mai).

Caprimulgus monticolus burmanicus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 267 (Chiang Mai).—Drrtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 90 (Chiang Mai).

The allied nightjar is probably a rather common permanent resi-
dent throughout the northern lowlands, although the only records
are from the more western provinces. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm
an undated female from Khun Tan; I have taken it at Chiang Mai,
Chom Thong, and Ban Mae Sariang.

In the vicinity of Chiang Mai this species seemed to confine itself
during the day to certain wastelands where cremations are performed ;
at such places lawnlike grassy areas are interspersed with low bushes
and clumps of bamboo and the bird rests on the ground just where
grass and thicket meet.

The only note I can with certainty associate with the present form
is a low chuck, uttered when it is compelled to fly.

583136—45——_13

188 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the edges of the eyelids
fulvous; the bill light pinkish brown, with tip and apical half of
culmen blackish brown, the edges of the commissure fleshy, the rictus _
fleshy white; the interior of the mouth pink; the feet and toes light —
pinkish brown; the claws blackish brown. |

The adult male has the upperparts brownish gray or grayish —
brown, with a more or less distinct rufous-buff nuchal collar and bold,
deep buff markings on the scapulars and innermost secondaries; the —
feathers of the back vermiculated with blackish but without distinct —
black streaks; a buff-washed white band across the four outermost —
primaries near their center; the ¢wo outer pairs of tail feathers en-
tirely white except for a mottled brown area at the tip; a white
throat patch; the breast colored like the back; the remaining under-
parts buff, narrowly barred with blackish brown, the bars disappear-
ing posteriorly. The adult female lacks white markings in the wings
and tail but may be recognized by its unstreaked back and general
resemblance to the male.

Caprimulgus monticolus is, in my opinion, merely a continental
representative of the Javanese C. affinis, to which it is linked by C.
griseatus (Luzén), C. mindanensis (Mindanao), and C. propingua
(Celebes). a

In the absence of comparative material, I can form no opinion on.
the validity of Stuart Baker’s burmanicus, which Ticehurst (Ibis, ,
1939, p. 82) considers to be unrecognizable. In the event that it
prove distinct, our birds must be known by Baker’s name.

Order CHAETURIFORMES
Family CHAETURIDAE

COLLOCALIA INNOMINATA Hume

HUME’S GRAY-RUMPED SWIFTLET

Collocalia innominata Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1873, pp. 294-297 (Anda--
man Islands; type specimen from Port Mouat, South Andaman, fide Hart--
ert, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 16, 1892, p. 503). |

Collocalia sp., DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 175 (Dee
Suthep).

Collocalia innominata, RocErs and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934, |
p. 92 (Doi Ang Ka).

Collocalia fuciphaga innominata, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- |
delphia, 1934, p. 266 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. H
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 91 (Doi Suthep).

The swiftlet is recorded only from a few of the higher peaks of
Chiang Mai Province. I took three examples at 4,600 feet on Doi.
Ang Ka, April 20, 1931, but frequently saw it there as high as 5 1500"
feet. De Schauencee plea one at 4,600 feet on Doi Chiang Dao,)

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 189

January 16, 1933, and I shot one at the same spot, March 19, 1937.
On Doi Suthep it occurred irregularly throughout the year from
3,300 to 5,500 feet and was seen once or twice over the lowest slopes
of the mountain.

This is a difficult bird to collect, owing to its small size, darting flight,
and the forested or precipitous nature of its habitat; I was able to
take specimens only on the few occasions which I happened to be on
some treeless ridge or hilltop just as a loose flock passed by at a
comparatively low altitude. On Doi Ang Ka it was often associated
with Apus a subfurcatus, on Doi Chiang Dao and Doi Suthep with
Riparia c. sintaungensis. Stomachs I examined were filled with
minute insects.

My specimen of March 19 had the testes greatly enlarged, but the
birds taken April 20 had the gonads quite inactive.

This swift has the irides dark brown; the bill black; the interior
of the mouth dusky fleshy; the tarsi brownish pink; the toes dark
brown; the claws black. De Schauensee records that his example
had the feet and toes purplish.

The present species might be confused only with the palm swift
of the lowlands; from the latter it may be known by its slightly
greater size and by its having a noticeable gray band across the
rump.

Dr. Ernst Mayr, who has made an intensive study of this difficult
genus, kindly identified my specimens, in 1932 and again in 1939, as
imnominata.

For use of the names Chaeturiformes and Chaeturidae, see Brod-
korb, Wilson Bull., 1940, p. 214.

CHAETURA GIGANTEA INDICA Hume
INDIAN BROWN-THROATED SPINE-TAILED SWIFT

Chaetura indica HumME, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1878, pp. 471-474 (‘‘Andamans and
various parts of Southern India’).

Chaetura gigantea indica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 56 (Mae Raem) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 584 (Mae Raem, Pha Kho, Huai San
Noi).

Chaetura sp., GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 106 (Huai
San Noi, Pha Kho).

Hirundapus giganteus indicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 163 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 91 (Doi Suthep).—Ruey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 19388, p. 160 (Khun Tan).

This giant swift is a rather common winter visitor throughout our
provinces. On Doi Suthep it was normally seen only above the
highest ridges (5,500 feet) but at least once (January 2, 1937) was
found with Apus p. cooki as low as 2,800 feet. Gyldenstolpe twice
saw it flying up and down small lowland streams at dusk. I myself
observed great numbers of migrating birds flying just above the leaf-

190 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

less trees on the low hills west of Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), April
1,1937. The extreme dates for its stay on Doi Suthep are September
26 (1936) and April 2 (1931).

Probably no bird in the world surpasses the present species in speed
of flight, which doubtless on occasion exceeds 100 miles an hour. To
appreciate its velocity one must have braced oneself against the wind
on some treeless, knife-edged ridge, where the mountain falls away on
either hand into an abyss, and heard the swish of wings as an individ-
ual hurtled by, just skimming the rocks and, apparently intentionally,
almost grazing the observer, then curving in a wide are far beyond
and returning to repeat the spectacular performance. Throughout
the daylight hours, however strong the gale, it is the very incarnation
of tireless flight.

The spinetail has a conspicuous patch on the lores pure white; the
head, nape, wings, and tail black, highly glossed with greenish blue;
the back brown; the underparts brown, paler on chin and throat, and
slightly glossed with green on the upper breast; the under tail coverts
pure white with black shafts, the white continued as a narrow line
along the lower flanks above the thighs.

APUS PACIFICUS COOKI (Harington)
BURMESE WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT

Cypselus pacificus cocki HARINGcTON, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, 19138, p. 57
(eaves of the Gokteik Gorge, Hsipaw State, Northern Shan States).
Micropus pacificus cooki, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1934, p. 266 (Doi Chiang Dao).

The white-rumped swift occurs with us only rarely, but it has been
observed in some numbers on several occasions. De Schauensee found
it common on Doi Chiang Dao, where he took a female at 4,500 feet,
January 19, 1933. It was numerous at a place near Ban Hua Fai, on
the track from Muang Fang to Muang Hang, December 27, 1936, and
I collected a male there. Finally, a flock of these birds appeared on
Doi Suthep at 2,800 feet, January 2, 1937, and I succeeded in shooting ©
two females. |

De Schauensee notes that his specimen had the irides dark brown;
the bill, feet, toes, and claws black. |

This rather large species has the entire upperparts, except for a _
narrow white rump band, black, more or less glossed with greenish; —
the throat white with narrow black shaft streaks, not clearly defined —
from the remaining underparts, which are black, with each feather —
broadly tipped white so as to give a barred appearance.

Of the swifts now known from our provinces, this species can be |
confused only with the smaller house swift, which is unbarred beneath. —
There is a possibility, however, that the northern white-rumped swift,
A. p. pacificus, will also occur with us in winter; from the present form |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 191

it is chiefly distinguished by its browner, less glossed, upperparts and
much broader white rump band.

APUS AFFINIS SUBFURCATUS (Blyth)
MALAYAN HOUSE SWIFT

Cypselus subfurcatus BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 1849, pp. 807-809
(“Malay Peninsula,” fide Sclater, Ibis, 1892, p. 838; type locality usually re-
stricted to Pinang Island, one of the localities mentioned by Blyth).

Micropus affinis subfurcatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 163 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 91 (Chiang Mai, ? Doi Suthep, Doi Ang Ka).

Above a small pond near Chiang Mai, August 10, 1929, I observed,
in company with palm swifts, between 15 and 25 white-rumped birds,
which were probably, but not certainly, of this species. The swifts
seen at the summit of Doi Suthep, May 11 and 12, 1935, and recorded
by me in 1936 under this name may well have belonged to the preceding
form, which had not yet been taken on that mountain. ‘The house
swift, however, was found to be common between 4,000 and 5,500 feet
on Doi Ang Ka in the spring of 1931, and on May 2 no less than 8
specimens, breeding adults and unfledged young, were brought to me
by Karens.

I was informed that the birds were breeding in considerable num-
bers on a precipice near the White Karen village called Ban Nong Lom.
The nestlings were obtained by shooting buckshot at the face of the
cliff to break off fragments of rock to which nests were attached.
These nests were not seen by me but were described as having the
shape of a shallow cup. Some of the nests held eggs, which were
shattered by the fall.

My specimens of all ages had the irides dark brown; the eyelids
plumbeous; the bill black; the interior of the mouth pink; the tarsi
fleshy in front, white behind; the toes with the basal half fleshy, the
rest dark brown; the soles white; the claws blackish brown,

The house swift is black with the chin and throat and a conspicuous
rump band white. From the preceding species it may perhaps be
recognizable by its lesser size and its only slightly forked tail.

CYPSIURUS PARVUS INFUMATUS (Sclater)
MALAYSIAN PALM SWIFT

Cypselus infumatus ScuatTeEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 602 (Banjermassin,
southwest Borneo).

Tachornis batasinensis infumatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 575 (Chiang Mai).

Cypsiurus batassiensis infumatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 163 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 91 (Chiang Mai).—Rrtey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1988, p. 159 (Ban Nam Khian).

Tachornis batassiensis infumatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 266 (‘‘North Siam’’).

192 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The palm swift is a common bird of towns and villages throughout
the northern lowlands, wherever the vegetation is suitable for its re-
quirements. I have specimens from Chiang Mai, Ban Mae Klang, and
Sala Mae Tha.

The occurrence of this species is wholly dependent upon the presence
of palms of the genera Cocos, Borassus, and Areca, and, accordingly,
it is found in our provinces only in close proximity to human habita-
tion. The bands of small, slim swifts, darting through the palm groves
with constant chattering, are familiar to all residents of Thailand.

At Ban Nam Khian, April 21, Smith found a nest with two eggs
fastened to a frond of Areca. I never discovered a nest at Chiang Mai
but took specimens there with enlarged gonads, June 7 and July 2.

A male had the irides brown; the bill black; the interior of the
mouth pinkish; the feet, toes, and claws brownish black.

This is a small, dark-colored swift with forked tail. It has the
entire upperparts grayish black, the underparts brownish gray.

Family HEMIPROCNIDAE

HEMIPROCNE LONGIPENNIS CORONATA (Tickell)
INDIAN CRESTED TREE SWIFT

Hirundo Coronata TicKELL, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 2, 18383, p. 580 (Borab-
ham and Dholbham, India).

Hemiprocne coronata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 107 (Ban Mae Na, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan); Ibis, 1920, p. 584
(“Northern and north-western Siam’’).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 575 (Chiang Mai).—Drtenan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 163 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 91 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rmiey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 157 (Ban Mae
Klang, Mae Khan, Khun Tan, Mae Hong Son).

Though the tree swift is a common resident of the plains and lower
hills in the more western provinces, it is not yet recorded from any
locality east of Ban Mae Mo (Lampang Province). Eisenhofer sent
to Stockholm a single undated example from Khun Tan. Ihave taken |
it at Chiang Mai, Sala Mae Tha, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, and Ban Mae ©
Mo and have occasionally seen it on Doi Suthep to 3,300 feet. !

At Chiang Mai I often saw tree swifts hawking over the river and ©
the bazaar in company with Cypsiurus, but the species was commoner —
in the countryside, especially near some tall, dead tree standing iso- _
lated in the fields, upon which, between flights, the birds rested, —
usually huddled closely together, in a curiously erect position. While —
flying, the bird keeps its deeply forked tail folded and then re- —
sembles a small, slim parakeet; this likeness is increased by its low, _
screaming notes.

A male taken on September 1 at Ban Mae Mo is completing the |
postnatal molt.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 193

Gyldenstolpe and de Schauensee note that their specimens had the
irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet and toes dark reddish brown
or dusky lake.

The adult male has the plumage generally soft blue-gray, with the
lores black, the chin, upper throat, sides of lower throat, and the ear
coverts soft chestnut. The adult female differs in having the chestnut
replaced by blue-gray.

Order TROGONIFORMES
Family TROGONIDAE

HARPACTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Gould)
BURMESE RED-HEADED TROGON

Trogon erythrocephalus Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 25 (Rangoon,
Burma).

Harpactes erythrocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 232 (listed).

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 105 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan).

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus erythrocephalus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920,
p. 606 (“Northern Siam” [partim]).

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus subsp., DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 574 (Doi Suthep).

Harpactes erythrocephalus intermedius, CHASEN and BopEN Kross, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 284 (Doi Suthep).

Harpactes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 163 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 92 (Doi Suthep).—prE ScHAUEN-
SEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 264 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).

Harpactes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 163 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Khun Tan, Doi Hua
Mot).

The Burmese form of the red-headed trogon is a common resident
of the mountain evergreen from 2,500 to 5,500 feet, but probably it
reaches its eastern limit of range on the higher peaks of the Khun Tan
chain. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm two males and a female, taken
in 1914 at Khun Tan. I have specimens from Doi Suthep, Doi Ang
Ka, and an unknown locality between Chiang Mai and Wiang Pa
Pao.

This trogon is a silent bird, occurring, singly or in pairs, in damp,
dark forest and especially in cool ravines. Here it perches quietly
upon some low branch, its back to the observer, and one’s first inti-
mation of its presence is often a bright crimson flash as it crosses the
trail to vanish again in the foliage beyond.

I took a male, just out of the nest, on Doi Ang Ka, April 8;
since members of the Trogonidae are well known to have an extraor-

194 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

“SS SS

dinarily thin skin, it is worth mentioning that this specimen’s skin —

was no more delicate than that of any other bird of equal size.
An example of July 22, sexed as a male, is like the adult female
but has the black-barred buffy secondaries and pointed rectrices of

immaturity. A male of August 28 has almost wholly assumed the ’

red head an dbreast of the adult but shows its you in wings and
tail. A male of October 21 retains only one of the immature sec-
ondaries but has some brown feathers among the crimson of head
and breast and the rectrices pointed. Males of December 15 and
February 21 have lost all marks of the juvenal dress except the
acuminate tail feathers.

An adult female, collected on May 10, is acquiring one new central
rectrix, but the loss of the old feather may have been due to accident.
Adults that are clearly in molt were taken on August 23 and Septem-
ber 1 and 5.

De Schauensee’s specimens had the irides reddish brown; the orbital |

skin violet; the bill violet, with the entire culmen and the edges of
the commissure on the basal-half black; the rictus purplish red;
the feet and toes fleshy pink; the soles yellow. Gyldenstolpe states
that his females had the irides plain brown, while the males had them
pale brown, reddish brown, or (in one case) bright red, and that both
sexes had the bill black with the base blue, the feet and toes pale gray.

My nestling male had the irides gray with a narrow, dark outer
ring; the orbital skin flesh color; the bill black, white at the tip, fleshy
at the base; the rictus and interior of the mouth fleshy; the feet and
toes flesh color; the claws horn-brown, tipped fleshy.

The adult male has the head, neck, throat, and breast deep crim-
son; an indistinct, narrow white crescent across the lower breast;
the remaining underparts brighter and lighter crimson; the primaries

black; the secondaries and upper wing coverts finely vermiculated —

black and white; the central pair of tail feathers chestnut, narrowly

tipped with black; the next two pairs black, with some chestnut; the |
others black with white outer webs and broad white tips; the remain- |
ing upperparts golden-brown, more ferruginous on the rump and up- |
per tail coverts. The adult female has the head, neck, throat, and |
breast colored like the back and the rest of the plumage similar to |
that of the male. Adults of either sex have the rectrices square-tipped —

and slightly flaring near the end.

HARPACTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS ANNAMENSIS (Robinson and Boden Kloss)

ANNAMESE RED-HEADED TROGON

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus annamensis Ropinson and Bopren Ktioss, Ibis, 1919, 1

pp. 424-425 (Dran, South Annam).

Harpactes erythrocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,

1913, p. 57 (Mae Raem river).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 195

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus erythrocephalus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920,
p. 606 (‘Northern Siam” [partim]).

A red-headed trogon, which may for the present be placed with this
form, is of rare occurrence in the lowland evergreen forests of the
more eastern provinces. Gyldenstolpe saw three examples near the
Mae Raem and collected one of them, a female, March 11, 1912.

H. e. annamensis was described after comparison with Malayan
birds, believed by the authors to represent erythrocephalus but subse-
quently (and quite properly) separated by Riley as chasenit. From
true erythrocephalus, annamensis differs only in having the upper
wing coverts distinctly banded, rather than vermiculated, and the
black element present in much greater proportion.

The birds dwelling east of the Khun Tan range are neither erythro-
cephalus nor annamensis but represent an intermediate population,
which will probably be given subspecific status in the future. It is
interesting to find that males from Doi Khun Tan belong with erythro-
cephalus while females from the same mountain agree with examples
from farther east.

HARPACTES ORESKIOS STELLAE Deignan
STELLA’S ORANGE-BREASTED TROGON

Harpactes oreskios stellae DEIGNAN, Auk, vol. 58, 1941, pp. 396-397 (Muang
Chiang Dao, North Thailand).

Harpactes oreskios, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 57
(Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 232 (listed).

Pyrotrogon oreskios, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 105 (Khun Tan, Pha Hing, Pha Kho).

Pyrotrogon oreskios uniformis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 606 (“Throughout
Siam”).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 575
(Doi Suthep).

Harpactes oreskios uniformis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 163 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 92 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 265 (Doi Suthep).—Rumey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 19388, p. 167 (Chiang Dao, Khun Tan).

The orange-breasted trogon occurs rather commonly throughout our
provinces, inhabiting the evergreen and mixed-deciduous forest from
the plains to about 5,500 feet (but seldom found above 38,500 feet).

Its habits are much like those of the red-headed species, and, like
its congener, it usually perches with its back turned toward a source
of potential danger, so that it is often overlooked, although near at
hand, until it flies a short distance with a sudden burst of color. Gyl-
denstolpe observes (1916) that “it has a smacking note which is fairly
loud and may be heard some distance.”

The same author found the species breeding near Pha Kho, March
11, 1914: two eggs had been laid in an open hole of a decayed tree, in

196 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

which there was no trace of nest-building material. I took an ex-
ample in postnuptial molt at Doi San Pa Bong, June 2.

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the orbital skin bright
smalt blue; the bill duller smalt blue, with the culmen blackish; the
feet and toes plumbeous; the soles dusky flesh; the claws horn.

The male has the head, neck, and upper breast olive-green, strongly
suffused with yellow on the throat and upper breast; the remaining
upperparts chestnut-brown; the primaries and outer secondaries
black, narrowly edged with white along the outer web; the inner sec-
ondaries and the coverts black, narrowly and regularly barred with
white; the central pair of rectrices chestnut-brown, narrowly tipped
with black; the next two pairs all black; the other pairs black, broadly
tipped with white; the remaining underparts bright yellow, strongly
suffused with red-orange on the lower breast and sides of the abdo-
men. The female differs in having the head, neck, and upper breast
dull brownish olive; the back dull olivaceous-brown, changing to ru-
fous on the rump and upper tail coverts; the upper wing coverts and
inner secondaries barred with rufous-buff instead of white; the under-
parts yellow with only a slight suffusion of orange on the breast.

Order CORACIIFORMES
Family ALCEDINIDAE

ALCEDO ATTHIS BENGALENSIS Gmelin
INDIAN COMMON KINGFISHER

[Alcedo] bengalensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 450 (Bengal).

Alcedo ispida bengalensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 115 (Mae Rua, Chiang
Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 589 (“Throughout the whole country” ).—DE SCHAUENSEE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 572 (Chiang Mai).

Alcedo atthis bengalensis, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 573 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 261 (Chiang Saen).—DeE1enan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 162 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, pp. 92, 183
(Chiang Mai, Mae Ping river north of the Gorges).

The nok katen noi is one of the commonest and most familiar birds
of the northern lowlands. Ejisenhofer sent to Hannover one taken at
Pha Hing, April 26, 1912, and to Stockholm 12 from Khun Tan. I
have 19 specimens from localities in all parts of our area, including
Mae Sariang, the base of Doi Mae Kong Ka, Ban Bo Sali, Ban Thung
Ma Num, Chom Thong, Sala Mae Tha, Ban Na Noi (Chiang Mai

Province), Bang Hong Khaeo, Muang Pong, and Ban Nam Puat

(French Laos). At Chiang Mai it completely disappeared during the

driest months (early April to early June) and then seemed to be absent _
also from other localities in the western districts, although at thesame |

season I found it common enough in Nan and Chiang Rai Provinces.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 197

On the plains this little bird may be seen at any body of water, from
the greatest river to the muddiest ditch. It is usually in pairs, which
take possession of some likely spot and, day after day, use the same
stones and bushes from which to dive upon their prey of insects and
tiny fishes. Flight is very rapid and accompanied by a character-
istic sharp, shrill chee-chee-chee-chee.

I have no information on the actual breeding season, but examples
in plumage that shows them to be young of the year have been taken
between August 27 and November 11. <A female of the latter date has
scattered ferruginous feathers appearing among the ashy brown of
the breast.

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the interior
of the mouth orange; the feet and toes coral-red; the claws dark brown.
An immature female had the irides dark brown; the maxilla blackish;
the mandible reddish, with tip and extreme base blackish; the rictus
orange; the feet and toes dark red; the soles coral-red; the claws dark
horny brown.

The adult has the head and nape narrowly barred with blackish and
shining blue; the back, rump, and upper tail coverts shining turquoise
blue; the remaining upperparts deep blue or greenish blue, most of the
wing coverts tipped with a spot of shining blue; the lores and ear
coverts ferruginous, the latter followed by a broad white streak; a
broad streak from the base of the bill deep blue or greenish blue; the
chin and throat white; the remaining underparts ferruginous. The
immature is similar but has the ferruginous replaced by ashy brown,
with the abdomen albescent.

ALCEDO MENINTING COLTARTI Stuart Baker
ASSAMESE DEEP-BLUE KINGFISHER

Alcedéo meninting coltarti STUART BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 39, 1919, p. 39
(Sadiya, Lakhimpur, Assam).

A female A/lcedo, taken by my collectors near Chiang Mai, August 3,
1936, appeared to me to be of this form but was so badly shot about the
head and back that I could not feel sure it was not an aberrant example
of the preceding species. Fortunately, they succeeded in collecting, at
the same spot, August 7, a second female, which removed all doubt of
the bird’s identity. Although, in describing coltarti, Stuart Baker
stated that it ranged through “North and Central Siam,” I believe that
this is the first record of its actual occurrence anywhere in Thailand.

My specimens were taken on the left bank of the Mae Ping, near
Ko Klang, at a place where a small watercourse, heavily shaded by
bamboos, enters the main stream.

The second example, which seems to be subadult, had the irides
brown; the bill black with extreme tip horn and the base of the

198 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mandible reddish; the rictus coral-red; the feet coral-red; the toes
with the basal half light orange, the rest horn.

The adult differs from the common kingfisher in having the ear
coverts deep blue; the scapulars black; the dark blue portions of the
plumage deeper in shade, the light blue more brilliant; the under-
parts of a more intense ferruginous. The immature has the ear
coverts deep ferruginous but is otherwise similar to the adult.

I have not seen topotypical coltart: but feel certain that these birds
are correctly placed. From an example of rufigastra (Andaman
Islands) they differ only in having the bars of the nape deep purplish
blue, the spots of the upper wing coverts smaller and more numerous.

CEYX ERITHACUS ERITHACUS (Linnaeus)
INDIAN THREE-TOED KINGFISHER

[Aleedo] erithaca LINNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115 (Bengal).

Ceyz tridactylus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231 (listed=
Den Chai, fide Williamson, ibid., 1917, p. 333).

Ceya tridactyla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 115
(“Northern Siam’’) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 588 (“Throughout Siam”).

The lovely three-toed kingfisher is uncommon and local in the low-
land evergreen forest of the provinces east of the Khun Tan range.
In Stockholm is a female, taken by Eisenhofer at Pha Hing, April 30,
1912; this is probably the bird listed by Gyldenstolpe in 1915. I have
specimens from Ban Thap Man, Ban Huai Som, Ban Huai Ki, Muang
Fang, and Ban Don Chai (in French Laos, just north of Nan Prov-
ince), and have seen a pair between Ban Nong Lom and Muang Phan,
at the head of the Mae Wang basin.

On clear jungle brooks and rivulets, densely shaded by palms and
tree ferns, this brilliant and diminutive species is at home. It takes
up residence at some tiny pool, where it conceals itself in the over-
hanging vegetation; when alarmed it darts from bush to bush before
one along the stream until, reaching the boundary of its selected
territory, it suddenly turns off among the trees to circle back to its
original perch.

An immature example was taken at Muang Fang, July 5, 1936.

The adult has a spot or streak at the center of the forehead black
glossed with deep blue; a white streak behind the ear coverts, bordered
above by astreak of deep blue; the upper back and scapulars deep blue;
the wings black glossed with deep blue; the remaining upperparts
orange-rufous glossed, especially on the tail coverts, with violet; the
underparts yellow, albescent on the chin and throat, elsewhere, espe-
cially on the breast and under tail coverts and under wing coverts,
suffused with orange. The immature differs chiefly in having indis-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 199

tinct dark edgings to the feathers at the base of the bill and at the
sides of the breast; the chin and throat white and clearly defined
from the remaining underparts, which are brownish orange, albescent
at the center of the abdomen.

CERYLE RUDIS LEUCOMELANURA Reichenbach
INDIAN LESSER PIED KINGFISHER

O[eryle] leucomelanura REICHENBACH, Icones ad synopsin avium, continuatio
No. viii, Alcedineae, 1851, p. 21, col. pl. eeccix b, No. 8488 (Ceylon).

Ceryle rudis leucomelanura, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 144 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 590 (“Northern . . . Siam”).
—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 573 (Chiang
Mai, Chiang Rai). — DerteNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
161 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp. 92, 183 (Chiang Mai, Mae Ping river above the
Rapids).

The smaller pied kingfisher is now known only from the systems
of the Mae Ping and the Mae Khong, in both of which it is very
common; it will doubtless be found to occur at one season or another
on all our major streams.

The species is locally migratory in northern Thailand and, since it
feeds wholly on aquatic life, its movements are governed, at least in
part, by the recurrent periods of rainfall and drought. At Chiang
Mai it appeared with the first rains late in May and was common
until the end of September. For no obvious reason it was extremely
rare or absent during the two following months, for which the only
records are: one, October 18, 1936; one, November 25, 1936. From
December to the end of March it was more common than at any other
time, but during the driest season, April and most of May, it was
never seen.

This kingfisher is sometimes found over the great marshes but is
characteristically a bird of the rivers, particularly where they are
broad and the water flows smoothly. It flies at some distance above
the stream, with bill pointed downward, occasionally uttering a shrill
peet-weet, peet-weet, peet-weet, which curiously resembles the call of
the common sandpiper. Upon sighting some tiny fish or crustacean,
the bird pulls up short and, with wings beating rapidly, hovers like
a kestrel, before plunging headlong into the water.

An adult female had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet,
toes, and claws dull black; the soles brownish gray.

The male has the entire upperparts barred and spotted with black
and white; the underparts white, the lower throat, breast, and flanks
heavily spotted with black, the spots on the breast larger and run
together to form two conspicuous gorgets. The female differs chiefly
in having only one gorget (often broken at the middle).

200 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEM

CERYLE LUGUBRIS GUTTULATA Stejneger
INDIAN GREATER PIED KINGFISHER

Ceryle guttulata STEJNEGER, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, 1892, pp. 294-295.
New name for Alcedo guttatus Vigors 1831 (Himalayas; type locality re-
stricted to Cachar, by Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28,
1922, p. 314; corrected to Simla-Almora district, by Ticehurst and Whistler,
Ibis, 1924, p. 471), not Alcedo guttata Boddaert, 1783.

Megaceryle lugubris guttulata, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 169 (Mae
Kong Ka valley, Thattafang).

Ceryle lugubris scutulata, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 193 (Doi
Ang Ka).

The greater pied kingfisher is found only along the broadest of
mountain streams, in uninhabited districts west of the Khun Tan range.
Since there are few torrents of suitable size in our provinces, the bird
is local in distribution and nowhere common. It has been collected
on the Mae Klang (Doi Ang Ka) as high as 4,300 feet. I have a
specimen from Doi Mae Kong Ka (in the hills between Mae Sariang
and the Salwin) and have seen a pair on a rushing stream in the hills
southwest of Wiang Pa Pao and another on the Mae Mao (at the
foot of Doi Pha Hom Pok).

This species is usually seen at rest on some branch that overhangs
the stream or perched upon a rock rising from the midst of the tur-
bulent water. In flight it utters a harsh, rattling sound much like
the call of the American @. alcyon.

Greenway records that three nestlings were collected by the members
of the Asiatic Primate Expedition at 4,300 feet on Doi Ang Ka, April
14, 1937.

The male has the upper half of the head and the conspicuous crest
black spotted with white; a broad white nuchal collar connected with
a white band on each side of the head from the base of the bill; the
remaining upperparts slaty gray, barred everywhere with white; the
underparts white, but with a line of black streaks at either side of the
throat and neck connected with a broad breast band formed by black
and dull rufous spots, and with black bars at the sides of the abdomen
and on some of the under tail coverts. The female differs in having
the axillaries and under wing coverts pale rufous.

This and the preceding species are our only crested kingfishers.

RAMPHALCYON CAPENSIS BURMANICA (Bowdler Sharpe)
BURMESE STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER

Pelargopsis burmanica BowDLER SHARPE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, pp. 67-68
(‘“Tavoy, 'Tenasserim Provinces ... Burma ... Siam ... Andaman
Islands’; type specimen from Toungoo, fide Bowdler Sharpe, Catalogue of
the birds in the British Museum, vol. 17, 1892, p. 105).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 201

Pelargopsis gurial burmanica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1918, p. 54 (Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 114 (Chiang Rai, Pha Kho, Pak Ta) ; Journ.
Nat Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 590 (“Siam proper”).

Ramphalcyon capensis burmanica, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 162 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp. 92, 133 (Chiang Mai, Mae Ping river
north of the Rapids).—RmiLry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 174 (Mae
Khan).

Eisenhofer sent to Hannover a male taken at Pang Pui, April 21,
1912, and to Stockholm an unsexed, undated specimen from Khun Tan.
I took examples at Chiang Mai, Ban Mae Klang, Ban Sop Mae Chaem,
Ban Mae Wan, and at the foot of Doi Mae Kong Ka. In April and
May, 1931, I observed it on Doi Ang Ka to 2,000 feet. In the neigh-
borhood of Chiang Mai it was wholly absent during the driest season
(March 25-June 29), uncommon and local during the rest of the year.

Gyldenstolpe took a specimen in dry forest (Den Chai, February 15,
1912), but I have observed this large and heavy kingfisher only in
the immediate vicinity of water, whether this be a bamboo-shaded
lagoon, a rushing stream of the lower hills, or a broad and placid
river. It requires considerable depth of water and a favorite perch
from which to plunge upon its prey is a branch which shades an under-
cut riverbank. It is a shy species and avoids exposed positions, and
it would be more often overlooked were it not for the loud, harsh cries
that it utters when startled.

Gyldenstolpe notes that one of his specimens had the irides brown;
the bill red, tipped dusky brown; the feet and toes brick red.

This is a large kingfisher with a massive bill. It has the upper half
of the head brownish gray; a broad nuchal collar and the entire under-
parts ochraceous; the center of the back, the rump, and some of the
upper tail coverts shining turquoise blue; the remaining upperparts
deep blue.

HALCYON COROMANDA COROMANDA (Latham)
INDIAN RUFOUS KINGFISHER

[Alcedo] coromanda LaTHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 252 (“in Coro-
mandela,” er Sonnerat; vide Whistler and Kinnear, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc., vol. 37, 1935, p. 763).

Callialcyon lilacina, GyLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231
(listed).

Halcyon coromanda coromanda, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 116 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 588 (Khun Tan).

Hisenhofer sent to Stockholm an undated male from Khun Tan and
Gyldenstolpe, at the same locality, took a female, April 28, 1914; the
bird is otherwise unknown from the northern provinces, where it is
probably very rare,

202 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Gyldenstolpe observes that it is a shy and retiring species, haunting
creeks and small rivers, the banks of which are densely overgrown
with evergreen forest or scrub.

The female had the irides brown; the bill, feet, and toes brick red.

The adult has the center of the lower back and rump opalescent
white, tinged with pale blue; the remaining upperparts chestnut-
rufous, everywhere more or less glossed with violet; the underparts
light orange-rufous, more or less albescent on chin, throat, and center
of abdomen.

HALCYON SMYRNENSIS PERPULCHRA von Madarasz
MALAYAN WHITE-BREASTED KINGFISHER

Halcyon perpulchra von MapsrAgsz, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 2,
1904, pp. 85-86 (Singapore Island).

Halcyon smyrnensis fusca, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 281 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 589 (“Throughout the whole country”).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 572 (Chiang
Mai); 1929, p. 573 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 262 (Chiang Mai).—DE£EIGNAN,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 162 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp.
92, 188 (Chiang Mai, Mae Ping river north of the Gorges).—RmEy, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 176 (Mae Suya valley).

With the exception of Alcedo a. bengalensis, this is the commonest
and most generally distributed kingfisher of our area; specimens have
been taken at numerous localities in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai,
Chiang Rai, and Nan, and the bird is certain to occur in the remaining
provinces. On Doi Suthep it follows the larger streams up the slopes
for only a few hundred feet, but on Doi Ang Ka it is found as high
as 4,400 feet in the deforested valley below Pha Mon. At Chiang
Mai it was the only member of its family observed in every month
of the year, but its numbers were much decreased in April and May.

This species is almost as common in the more open pa daeng and over
dry fields as it is in the neighborhood of water, and it is constantly to
be seen perched upon fences and telegraph poles beside the public
ways. The loud, cackling call is a familiar sound in the environs
of our towns; it is usually delivered while the bird rests upon a dead
branch near the top of some high tree, but I have also heard it uttered
by individuals in flight at a great altitude.

T have a very young juvenile from Phu Het, June 8, and Eisenhofer
took a similar bird at Khun Tan, June 10. Older juveniles have been
collected at Chiang Mai, July 6 and August 10.

My most worn example was taken August 18, while the one in fresh-
est plumage was collected January 21. All specimens shot between
September 26 and November 5 are in molt.

_ Nonbreeding adults had the irides brown; the bill deep red, pur-
plish brown at the tip and along the edges of the maxilla; the in-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 203

terior of the mouth orange; the tarsi brownish red in front, coral-red
behind; the toes brownish red; the soles coral-red; the claws black.

The adult has the crown, nape, and sides of the head chocolate-
brown; the lesser wing coverts chocolate-brown, the median ones
black; the rest of the wing blue or greenish blue, with a white bar
visible when the wing is outspread; the center of the back, the rump,
and the upper tail coverts shining blue; the remaining upperparts
blue or greenish blue; the chin, throat, center of breast and upper
abdomen white; the remaining underparts chocolate-brown. The
immature is similar but has very narrow dark edgings to the white
feathers of the breast.

Whistler and Kinnear have shown (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. 87, 1935, pp. 761-762) that the name fusca must be restricted to
the birds of Ceylon and the western side of the Madras Fresidency in
the rain-area from Coorg to Cape Comorin. They believe that the
white-breasted kingfishers of all other parts of India, Burma, and
the countries farther east, although alike in color, may be divisible
on size into a northern and a southern race. For such races, the names
fokiensis (Fuhkien) and perpulchra (Singapore) are respectively
available, but so great is the variation in size in any given locality that
it seems improbable that both forms can be maintained. In any case,
northern Thai birds, with wing length 117-120 mm., cannot be sep-
arated from a Malayan series with wing length 115-122 mm. (one
specimen from Singapore, 117 mm.).

HALCYON PILEATA (Boddaert)
BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER

Alcedo pileata BoppArERt, Table des planches eniuminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 41 (China, ex D’Aubenton, pl. 673).

Halcyon pileata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 55
(Mae Raem river) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231 (listed) ; Ibis,
1£20, p. 589 (“Throughout Siam’).

The black-capped kingfisher, so common and familiar a bird in
Bangkok, is, in the northern provinces, a rare and local species. Kis-
enhofer sent to Hannover a specimen taken at Pha Hing, April 26, 1912,
and to Stockholm seven collected in 1914 at Khun Tan. Gyldenstolpe
took a single example on the Mae Raem, March 11, 1912. At Chiang
Mai I have seen it only twice, October 8 and 23, 1936; the bird of the
latter date was collected. I have also found it on the Mae Ping below
Muang Chiang Dao, on a stream between Chiang Mai and Wiang Pa
Pao, and in the Mae Yom basin a few miles northwest of Ban Rong
Kwang.

In the North, this beautiful bird avoids the haunts of man and may
be expected to occur only in the wildest places. With the exception

583136—45——14

204 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of the two wandering individuals recorded from Chiang Mai, I have
observed it only along swift, clear streams that flowed through gorges
or dense forest. It is shy and difficult to collect.

One of my specimens had the irides brown; the bill, feet, and toes
coral-red; the claws black.

The adult has the crown, nape, and sides of the head black; a broad
collar on the hindneck white or buffy white; the remaining upper-
parts deep shining blue, brighter on the lower back and rump; the
basal half of the wing black, the rest deep shining blue with a white
band across the primaries; the chin and throat white, changing grad-
ually to rufous-buff on the remaining underparts (including the un-
der wing coverts). The immature is similar but has very narrow dark
edgings to the feathers of the breast.

LACEDO PULCHELLA AMABILIS (Hume)
BURMESE BANDED KINGFISHER

Carcineutes amabilis Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 18738, pp. 474-475 (‘the east-
ern Pegu Hills in the latitude of Thayetmyo’’).

Carcineutes pulchellus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 231
(listed) ; Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 115 (Pha Kho, Huai
Pu) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 588 (‘“‘Throughout the whole country’’).

Lacedo pulchellus amabilis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 262 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 93 (Doi Suthep).

In the North, the banded kingfisher is an uncommon but generally.
distributed species. At Huai Pu, Eisenhofer took one female, May
22, 1912 (Stockholm), another May 31, 1912 (Hannover); at Khun
Tan, an adult female, June 9, 1913, and four others without dates, in-
cluding two juvenile males (Stockholm). On Doi Suthep, where it
has been taken a number of times, it is found between 2,000 and 3,800
feet. I collected an adult male at Ban Muang Sum, December 25,
1936; this is probably the most northern locality at which the species
has been taken, but it occurs also in Kengtung State, where I have
once seen it.

Gyldenstolpe’s specimens were shot in thick bamboo jungle, at some
distance from running water, and the bird observed by me in Kengtung
was in a similar situation. The example from Ban Muang Sum was
on a low hill covered with dry, open pine forest. On Doi Suthep it
lived in dense evergreen or mixed evergreen and bamboo and, while
never far from some stream on that well-watered mountain, was
obviously a dry-land species. My specimens had fed upon grass-
hoppers and other insects and, in one case, a lizard.

Three males had the irides gray; the eyelids pale orange, edged
coral-red; the bill and interior of the mouth coral-red; the feet and
toes dull yellow; the claws dark brown. A female differed only in

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND | 205

having the irides brownish gray; the feet and toes dull brownish
yellow.

The male has the forepart of the crown and the sides of head and
neck rufous-chestnut, this color sometimes continued as a narrow
band across the nape; the rest of the crown and nape bright shining
violet-blue, with black and white bases of the feathers showing
through here and there; the remaining upperparts barred black, white,
and turquoise blue; the underparts white, more or less deeply suffused
with pale rufous on the breast, upper abdomen, and flanks. The
female differs in having the entire upperparts barred black and
rufous; the entire underparts white, with narrow V-shaped black bars
on the feathers of breast and flanks.

While amabilis cannot be distinguished from pulchella by color
characters, the two forms can unquestionably be separated by the dif-
ference in their respective tail lengths, as has been pointed out by de
Schauensee (1934). In the material before me, the tails of 9 speci-
mens from localities south of the Isthmus of Kra measure 63-72 mm. ;
of 11 from more northern districts, 73-83 mm. (The type specimens
of amabilis have the tail lengths 83.82 and 76.20 mm.)

Peguan birds are said to have the feet and toes “greenish-brown”
(Oates) or “dull pale green” (Hume and Davison) ; specimens from
Thailand and Malaya have these parts dull yellow or ochraceous. If
the two populations consistently differ in this particular, a new name
must be found for the birds of Thailand north of the Isthmus.

Family MEROPIDAE
MEROPS SUPERCILIOSUS PHILIPPINUS Linnaeus
MALAYSIAN BROWN-BREASTED BEE-EATER
[Merops] philippinus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, errata
{omitted from p. 183] (‘in Philippinis”).
Merops superciliosus philippinus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 110 (Chiang Rai).
Merops superciliosus javanicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 161 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 98 (Chiang Mai).

In Stockholm are two specimens collected by Gyldenstolpe at Chiang
Rai, August 1 and 2, 1914, and another taken by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan sometime during the same year. At Chiang Mai this bird was
locally common between March 5 (1931) and September 5 (1930) and
wholly absent at other seasons; it probably occurs nowhere in our
provinces during the cold weather.

Upon its first arrival at Chiang Mai, the brown-breasted bee-eater
may be seen in small, loose bands at the few places in the ricefields
that retain water, resting between flights upon the bunds or neighbor-
ing clumps of bamboo. Somewhat later it is found along the river

206 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

above the city in the vicinity of high earthen banks, where, I suspect,
it might be discovered breeding in April and May. From July to
September it is common on the great marshes between Chiang Mai
and Lamphun. Its notes and manner of feeding are much like those
of the following species.

A nonbreeding adult male, taken June 27, had the irides crimson;
the bill black; the feet and toes purplish brown; the claws black.

This is a comparatively large bee-eater, with much elongated and
narrowed central rectrices. It has the upper parts green, in certain
lights glossed with copper, changing to bright blue on the secondaries,
scapulars, rump, upper tail coverts, and tail; a black bar through the
eye, bordered below by a streak of light blue; the chin and upper
throat yellow; the lower throat and uppermost breast rufous-chestnut,
gradually changing to copper-glossed green on the lower breast and
abdomen, which color in turn passes into light blue on the under
tail coverts; the under wing coverts buff.

MEROPS ORIENTALIS BIRMANUS Neumann
BURMESE GREEN BEE-EATER

Merops viridis birmanus NEUMANN, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 18, 1910, p. 80 (Myingyan,
Upper Burma).

Merops orientalis birmanus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Mandl.
1913, p. 52 (Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 110 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 231 (listed).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 571 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 260 (Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao).—
DricNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 161 (Chiang Mai) ;
1936, p. 93 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Ruitey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 180 (Chom Thong, Ban Mae Klang, Chiang Dao).—GrrENWAyY, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 192 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao).

Merops lamark birmanus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 587 (Den Chai, Khun Tan).

This small bee-eater is one of the commonest birds of the lowlands
in all parts of our provinces; as a straggler it occurs rarely in open

country at higher altitudes: De Schauensee took specimens at 4,000:

feet on Doi Chiang Dao (January), and I recorded it once at the
summit of Doi Suthep (February), although, on the latter mountain
at least, it was found normally only to 1,800 feet along the telephone
wires.

Every resident of Thailand must be familiar with this beautiful
little bird, which may be seen almost anywhere in open, cultivated
country, perching on wires and fences along the highways, on the
bunds of the ricefields, and even upon the net posts of the tennis court
in one’s garden. It is a sociable species, and great numbers some-
times congregate at a suitable feeding ground, such as a pond or

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 207

stream. When a passing insect is sighted, a bird will leave its perch
and, after a few wing beats and a snap of the bill, glide in a wide circle
back to the same resting place, all the while uttering a musical, trill-
ing note.

De Schauensee has remarked (1929) that he found this species nu-
merous at Chiang Mai in December but practically absent in March
and April. With the advance of the dry season it restricts itself
more and more to the river shores and other wet areas, but the true
reason for its apparent rarity in April and May is the fact that vir-
tually the whole of the local population is then gregariously breeding
in holes in the high banks of the Mae Ping some miles above Chiang
Mai. In June and July, when the fields are again filled with water,
bee-eaters occur everywhere. Late in October and early in November
the species is sometimes extraordinarily abundant on the marshes,
owing to the temporary presence of enormous flocks of what are prob-
ably true migrants from farther north; I have no record of a cor-
responding return movement during the dry months of spring.

Perhaps because of underground nesting, the plumage, especially
the elongated central rectrices and the feathers of crown and nape, be-
comes excessively worn and bleached; the green portions tend to be-
come verditer blue, the rufous pale brownish. Examples taken in
July and August are in molt.

I find no mention in literature of the not infrequent occurrence of
yellow-throated birds in the summer months. This variation seems
to be rather common among juveniles but is seen also in certain very
worn adults.

Mature birds of either sex had the irides crimson; the bill black; the
feet and toes purplish brown, slaty brown, or brownish black; the
claws black. A juvenile had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet
flesh color; the toes gray; the soles whitish; the claws slaty black.

The adult in fresh plumage has the upperparts bright green, in cer-
tain lights glossed with copper, this latter color very strong on crown
and nape; the concealed portions of the remiges rufous (very conspic-
uous in flight) ; a black line through the eye, edged below by a streak
of verditer blue; a narrow black gorget between the throat and breast ;
the underparts otherwise copper-glossed green, bluer on the throat,
paler on the belly and under tail coverts, the light rufous bases of the
feathers showing through in places, especially on the flanks. The
immature is similar but is duller everywhere and lacks the elongated
central rectrices.

208 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MEROPS LESCHENAULTI LESCHENAULTI Vieillot
INDIAN BAY-HEADED BEE-EATER

Merops Leschenaulti ViettLot, Nouveau dictionnaire @histoire naturelle, nouv.
éd., vol. 14, 1817, pp. 17-18 (Java, ex Levaillant, error; type locality cor-
rected to Ceylon, by Whistler and Kinnear, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. 37, 1935, p. 758).

Melittophagus swinhoii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 53 (Mae Yom river near Phrae).

Melittophagus swinhoei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231
(listed).

Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 110 (Mae Rua, Ban Mae Na); Ibis, 1920, p. 587 (‘“Through-
out the whole country”’).

Melittophagus erythrocephalus erythrocephalus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 161 (Doi Suthep).—CHaAsEN and BopEn Koss, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1932, p. 234 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE,
Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, p. 261 (Doi Suthep).—RIey, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 188 (Mae Sariang).

Merops leschenaulti leschenaulti, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 93 (Doi Suthep).

The bay-headed bee-eater has been found in all parts of the north-
ern provinces. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm three undated speci-
mens from Khun Tan. The example recorded without definite local-
ity by Gyldenstolpe in 1916 was taken at Pak Pan. I have it from
Thattafang, near Chiang Mai, Ban Pha Khwang, and Muang Fang.

In 1936 (Zoc. cit.) I commented on the curious status of the present
form in the Chiang Mai district in the following words: “This species
has the most limited range of any bird of regular occurrence here.
Two or three pairs occur at 5,500 feet from 28 February (1933) to
10 May (1930), breeding at this place in April. During their stay
they confine themselves to an open space a few hundred feet long and
less than one hundred wide, bordered by evergreen jungle, which they
do not enter. A single specimen taken at 4,600 feet in the spring
of 1931 (Aagaard) constitutes the only exceptional record.” To these
remarks may now be added that I found the bird rather common
between San Sai Luang and Ban Pa Muat, March 7, 1936, and saw
a single individual in the same neighborhood, March 19 of the same

year. Finally, I met with one or two at 2,000 feet on Doi Suthep, ,

October 10, 1936.

This bee-eater is not likely to be seen in cultivated and densely '
inhabited areas; it prefers broken country clothed with open decid-

uous forest and, perhaps for this reason, seems to be more common

in Nan Province than elsewhere, at least during the spring months. |
Its favorite perch is on a dead branch at the top of some high tree, |

but otherwise its behavior is much like that of the preceding forms.

This small species never has the central rectrices elongated. The »
adult has the crown, sides of head, nape, and upper back chestnut- -

\

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a

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 209°

rufous; the center of the lower back and the rump pale blue, more
greenish on the upper tail coverts; the remaining upperparts deep
green; the chin and throat pale yellow, separated from the breast
by a chestnut-rufous gorget, edged below first by black, then by yel-
low; the remaining underparts pale green, more bluish on the ab-
domen and under tail coverts; the under wing coverts and undersurface
of the remiges light rufous. The green portions of the plumage have
the coppery gloss characteristic of the group. An immature male
from Muang Fang (July 20) differs in having all the colors rather
paler and the rufous of the upperparts restricted to the head and nape
but heavily washed with deep green on the forehead and the center
of the crown.
NYCTIORNIS ATHERTONI (Jardine and Selby)
BLUE-BEARDED BEE-EATER

Merops Athertoni JARDIND and SELBy, Illustrations of ornithology, ser. 1, vol. 2,
pt. 4, 1828, pl. 58 and text (India; type locality restricted to Cachar, by
Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, 1922, p. 314; corrected
to Bangalore, Mysore, South India, by Kinnear, Ibis, 1925, p. 751).

Nyctiornis athertoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 53
(Ban Huai Hom) ; 1916, p. 111 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 588 (‘“‘Throughout Siam
proper”).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 572
(Doi Suthep).

Alcemerops athertoni, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 161
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai); 19386, p. 938 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—pn
ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 261 (Doi Suthep, Doi
Chiang Dao).—RItey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 184 (Doi Hua Mot,
Doi Khun Tan, “Doi Phra Chao” [= Doi Saket ?]).

This huge bee-eater is rather uncommon but generally distributed in
the North. At Pha Hing Eisenhofer took a female, May 1, 1912
(Hannover), and a male, May 11 (Stockholm), and at Khun Tan five
undated specimens (Stockholm). I have it from Doi San Pa Bong,
Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Ban Samoeng, and Thattafang, and
found it common on Doi Ang Ka at 4,400 feet. Its presence anywhere
seems to be governed by the development of tall and fairly open forest;
thus, in one district it will be seen only on the mountains, but in
another where there is lowland evergreen it will occur at quite low
altitudes. In the vicinity of Chiang Mai I found it normally only
on Doi Suthep from 2,800 to 5,500 feet, but recorded it several times
between June 25 and August 1 on the plain; such wandering indi-
viduals may have been birds of the year.

The blue-bearded bee-eater is a more sluggish species than the
smaller members of its family, and as it perches motionless on a branch
at the top of some high tree it might be more often overlooked if it
were not for its hoarse, croaking calls. The song is composed of a
series of notes that sound like the syllable kuk, it begins slowly but

210 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

finishes with a rapid rattling kuk-kuk-kuk-kuk-kuk, during which the
bird points its bill at the sky and erects the elongated feathers of the
throat. The stomachs of my specimens contained only Hymenoptera.

Breeding probably takes place during the hot weather; I have an
example from Doi San Pa Bong, June 2, which, in its short bill, seems
to be a bird of the year. All adults taken between August 6 and
October 23 are in molt.

A male had the irides bright brown; the maxilla slaty black, the
commissure edged transparent whitish at the base; the mandible slaty
black, pale plumbeous on the basal half; the feet and toes olive-green,
tinged purple; the claws purplish slate.

This is a huge bee-eater with the central rectrices not prolonged
beyond the others. It has the entire upperparts bright green (with
the usual coppery gloss), sometimes tinged with verditer blue on the
crown; the sides of the head, throat, and neck bright green; the center
of the throat shining light blue, mixed with darker blue, these feathers
elongated and covering the center of the breast; the remaining under-
parts buffy yellow, heavily streaked with green; the undersurface of
the wings and tail unmarked buffy yellow.

Family CORACIIDAE
CORACIAS BENGHALENSIS AFFINIS McClelland
INDO-CHINESE BLACK-BILLED ROLLER

Coracias affinis MCCLELLAND, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 7, 1889 [=1840], p. 164
(Assam).

Coracias affinis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 51
(Pak Pan, “Vang Nun’) ; 1916, p. 117 (Khun Tan); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 585 (“Throughout the whole coun-
try”).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 186 (Ban Nam Khian).

Coracias bengalensis affinis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 571 (15 km. north of Chiang Saen).

Coracias benghalensis affinis, DeEIaNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, |

p. 161 (Chiang Mai); 1936, p. 94 (Chiang Mai).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, p. 260 (Chiang Mai).

The black-billed roller is very common in settled districts through-

out the northern lowlands. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm eleven un- |
dated specimens from Khun Tan; to Hannover, examples from Pak _

Pan, Huai Pu, and Pha Hing, collected February 18, June 4, and May

12,1912. I have taken it at Chiang Mai, Chom Thong, Wiang Pa Pao, |

and Ban Na Noi (Nan Province) and have observed it at numerous
other localities.

The “blue jay” is a familiar species of the cultivated areas and the |
more open deciduous forest. It is often seen along traveled roads, _
perching upon low branches, fence posts, and telegraph wires, whence,
with a gorgeous flashing of blue wings and tail, it sails into the air

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THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 211

after passing prey or swoops to seize it on the ground. It is usually
solitary or in pairs, but I have more than once seen a number gathered
together at the edge of a jungle grass fire, catching insects as they
escaped the flames. One stomach I examined contained a large mantis
and several small beetles.

During the breeding season (April and May) this species disap-
peared from its usual haunts about Chiang Mai, and I recorded it
there only once in the month of May, although in June it again be-
came as common as ever. I have a specimen from Na Noi, May 25,
still in postnatal molt, and an older juvenile from Wiang Pa Pao,
July 26.

An adult male, taken October 7, had the irides brown; the lores
and orbital region dull yellow; the bill black; the feet and toes dull
brownish yellow; the claws black. An adult female of August 11 had
the irides brown; the eyelids edged with orange-yellow; the orbital
skin dull yellow; the bill black; the interior of the mouth sulphur
yellow, tinged greenish; the feet and toes yellowish brown; the claws
black.

This roller has the crown blue-green ; the nape, scapulars, and upper
back dull brownish green ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts
verditer blue, more or less washed with purple; the central rec-
trices dull bluish green, the others verditer blue with purplish-blue
bases; the shoulder purplish blue, the rest of the wing verditer blue,
crossed by a broad band of purplish blue; the sides of the head, the
throat, breast, and upper abdomen violet-washed brown, the feathers
of the throat with narrow, shining violet-blue central streaks; the
remaining underparts verditer blue; the under wing coverts purplish
blue.

EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS DEIGNANI Ripley
LAO RED-BILLED ROLLER

Eurystomus orientalis deignani Riptey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55,
1942, pp. 171-172 (Muang Ngop, Nan Province, North Thailand).

Eurystomus orientalis calonyg, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 230 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 118 (Pha Kho).

Eurystomus orientalis orientalis [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 585
(“Throughout the whole country” [partim]).

Eurystomus orientalis calonyx [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 585 (Pha
Kho.)

East of the Khun Tan range the red-billed roller is a common and
conspicuous bird of the wilder districts. Eisenhofer took a male at
Huai Pu, June 5, 1912 (Hannover) and seven examples at Khun Tan
in 1914 (Stockholm). I have specimens from Wiang Pa Pao, Ban
Huai Som, and Muang Ngop and have found it everywhere along the
highway between Rong Kwang and Bun Yun. West of the Khun
Tan range it is rare and of uncertain status: on the lower slopes of

212 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Doi Suthep I have twice in March observed pairs of birds which were
probably of this species but were at too great a distance for satisfac-
tory identification; I saw a pair at Bang Choeng Doi, April 1, 1929,
and another at Ban Mae Klang, early in April 1931; finally, Fejos
sent to Stockholm a pair taken at the foot of Doi Chiang Dao, April
16, 1938. It is probable that some of these records should be listed
under /. 0. abundus, a form not yet definitely known from our area.

This roller inhabits the hot, dry pa daeng of the lower hills and
burnt-over districts where tall, dead trees rise above the usurping
scrub. Here the birds (always in pairs) rest quietly high above the
ground, occasionally flying out to snatch some passing insect, but then
returning to the same perch. During the breeding season, however,
they become much more active; in the month of April may be wit-
nessed a beautiful aerial courtship, in the course of which the pair
rise high into the sky and swoop and circle about each other, all the
while uttering a grunting ugh-ugh-ugh.

A female with enlarged gonads was taken at Ban Huai Som, March
30, and a juvenile at Wiang Pa Pao, July 25.

Adults collected by Gyldenstolpe had the irides brown; the bill
brick red, the maxilla tipped black; the feet and toes pale coral red.
My juvenile specimen had the bill black.

Against the sky this bird appears black with a red bill and a silvery
circular patch in the outspread wing. The adult has the head and
nape blackish brown, changing gradually to the dark bluish green of
the remaining upperparts; the tail black, more or less suffused,
especially beneath, with purplish blue; the wing with a large area of
light blue near the center and the apical third black; the throat pur-
plish blue, the feathers with narrow, shining violet-blue central
streaks; the remaining underparts bluish green. The juvenile is
similar but has the throat colored like the rest of the underparts and
the feathers of the breast narrowly edged paler.

Family UPUPIDAE
UPUPA EPOPS SATURATA Linnberg
MONGOLIAN HOOPOE

Upupa epops saturata LONNBeRG, Ark. for Zool., vol. 5, No. 9, 1909, pp. 29-30
(Kyakhta, Buryat Mongol Republic, U.S.S.R.).

The northern race of the hoopoe seems to be a very rare winter
visitor to Thailand, and the only record for our provinces is based
upon a female acquired by me from a small boy at Chiang Mai, Novem-
ber 9, 1936. The bird was so badly mutilated that only the head and
neck were suitable for preservation, but these are fortunately the
parts that show the main subspecific characters.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 213

The present form is distinguished from our resident hoopoe by
having the general color more earthy brown, much less suffused with
rufous above and vinaceous below, and by having the longer posterior
feathers of the crest subterminally marked with white.

UPUPA EPOPS LONGIROSTRIS Jerdon
BURMESE HOOPOE

U[pupa] longirostris Jervon, Birds of India, vol. 1, 1862, p. 393 (Burma; type
locality restricted to Rangoon, by Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 4, 1927, p. 312).

Upupa epops indica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 56 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 232 (listed).

Upupa epops longirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 111 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 585 (“Throughout the whole country’’).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 574 (Chiang Rai,
Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 264 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep, Chiang
Mai).—DerIeaNaNn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 162 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 19386, p. 94 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—RI1ey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 189 (Chiang Dao, Muang Pai, Mae Hong Son).

The Burmese hoopoe is a locally common permanent resident
throughout the North. Eisenhofer sent to Hannover a female taken
at Den Chai, February 10, 1912, and to Stockholm eight undated speci-
mens from Khun Tan. In addition to localities listed above, I have
it from Doi Ang Ka, Ban Mae Klang, Chom Thong, Doi Langka,
Wiang Pa Pao, Muang Fang, Ban Mae Mao, and Chiang Saen Kao.
It is chiefly a bird of the plains but is found also on the mountains at
suitable places: On Doi Ang Ka it occurs at 4,200 feet (breeding) ; on
Doi Chiang Dao it has been collected at 4,700 and 5,000 feet; for
Doi Suthep there are three records at 2,000, 2,600, and 4,500 feet
(stragglers).

The wastelands devoted to cremations and the shrub-grown grassy
slopes about the ruined phrachedi dotting the fields are the favorite
haunts of the hoopoe, just as they are of the allied nightjar (C. a. monti-
colus), and at such places the two species are usually found together.
The hoopoe may also be seen in parklike glades of the deciduous forest
and frequently on the lawns of town gardens. When flushed it travels
only a short distance, with low and dipping flight, to drop again to
the ground behind some nearby bush. Ordinarily the beautiful crest
is kept folded and makes a continuous are with the long, curved bill,
out at the moment of alighting and when the bird is alarmed it is
expanded like a fan, as it is also during delivery of the song—an
accelerated rendition of the syllable hoop, from which the English
hame is derived. Stomachs I examined contained only insects.

A male taken at Chiang Mai, February 25, had the gonads slightly
enlarged. I saw very young birds on Doi Ang Ka, April 29, 1931, and

214 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

at Chiang Mai, April 29, 1935, and have juveniles from Muang Fang,
July 20, and Wiang Pa Pao, August 4.

Adults had the irides dark brown; the eyelids plumbeous; the bill
black, bluish plumbeous or fleshy plumbeous at the base of mandible;
the feet and toes plumbeous, the soles tinged yellowish; the claws dark
plumbeous or horny black. A juvenile male had the irides dull brown-
ish gray; the eyelids dark plumbeous;; the bill black, dusky flesh at the
base of the mandible; the rictus dead white; the interior of the mouth
fleshy violet; the feet and toes dark slaty; the claws brownish black.

This is a broad-winged, short-legged, rather elongated bird with a
thin, sickle-shaped bill and a large, flabelliform crest. It has the head,
black-tipped crest feathers, and nape light rufous; the upper back
earthy brown, suffused with rufous; the middle back, scapulars, and
wings broadly banded black and buffy white; the rump pure white;
the tail black, with a narrow white cross bar at the middle when
folded, a white inverted V when spread; the throat, breast, and upper
abdomen rufous-vinaceous; the remaining underparts white, with long
black streaks on the flanks and lower belly; the under wing coverts
rufous-vinaceous. |

Family BUCEROTIDAE
DICHOCEROS BICORNIS CAVATUS (Shaw)
INDIAN CONCAVE-CASQUED HORNBILL

Buceros cavatus SHAw, General zoology, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1812, pp. 18-19 (“supposed
to be a native of the Philippine isles,” error; type locality corrected to India,
by Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 7, 1930, p. 356;
here restricted to Travancore).

Dichoceros bicornis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
55 (Ban Huai Hom, Khao Phlung) ; 1916, p. 112 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 231 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 586 (“‘Through-
out the whole country”).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1928, p. 572 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 574 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 263
(Khun Tan, Doi Suthep).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 162 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 94 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The giant hornbill is a common resident of primeval evergreen for-
est in every part of our area, from the plains to about 5,500 feet. The
earliest northern specimen is a female in Hannover, taken by Eisen-
hofer in 1910 “between Utaradit & N. Lampang.” To Stockholm the
same collector sent three undated skins from Khun Tan, and Fejos a
female from Doi Chiang Dao, April 19, 1938. On Doi Suthep it oc-
curred at all seasons in the heavy jungle between 3,300 and 4,600 feet,
less commonly up to 5,000 feet. The only record of its visiting the
Chiang Mai plain, where the vegetation is unsuitable, is September
16, 1935, when one was collected from a small flock feeding on ripe
figs, but I have several times observed parties flying over the city so
high as to be almost invisible to the naked eye.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND m5

This great bird is well known to the northern people and is the sub-
ject of many superstitions, some of which I recounted in 1931. The
belief that the killing of one of a pair will cause the death of the other
is quite true during the breeding season, when the female is walled up
in the nesting hole and wholly dependent upon the male for food.

From some mountain summit one may often hear the loud barking
calls of this species, especially toward evening, and looking down
the slopes see a pair or small flock traveling above the forest-canopy
with alternate sailing and flapping of wings. Each downward beat is
accompanied by a chufling sound (like that of a steam locomotive get-
ting under way), which carries for an immense distance.

At about 5,000 feet on Doi Ang Ka in April I discovered a pair
breeding in a gigantic tree; the cavity was perhaps 75 feet above the
ground. A juvenile was taken at Doi Mon Khwam Long, July 18.
An adult male of September 16 is molting remiges and rectrices.

Just at the base and on top of the central pair of tail feathers is a
large, exposed gland, densely covered with short, gray-brown pilose
feathers. From this gland exudes a bright yellow oil, with which,
in living adults, the bill, foreneck, and central wing bar (but not the
other white portions of the plumage) are liberally stained. I have
myself seen a bird rub its bill against the gland and then smear the
oil along the outspread wing. In death the brilliant color soon fades
to buff or wholly disappears.

An adult male had the irides red; the orbital skin black; the casque
deep yellow, orange on top, black behind and on the sides near the
front; the basal three-fourths of the culmen black; the maxilla yellow,
red at the tip, black at the extreme base; the mandible white, black
at the base; the interior of the mouth black, orange near the tip; the
feet and toes olive-slate; the soles brown; the claws slate.

A juvenile male with the casque represented merely by a soft swell-
ing had the irides brown; the lower eyelid livid flesh; the upper
eyelid and the orbital skin dark slate; the bare skin of the throat
livid purple; the culmen red-orange, lighter at the tip; an ill-defined
sagittate mark from the nares with its point on the culmen slaty
brown, blacker in the narial region, this mark edged orange-red below ;
between the culmen and the nares a whitish area; the maxilla other-
wise with the apical half bright yellow, then whitish, and the basal
fifth blackish, the edges of the commissure blackish on the basal two-
thirds; the mandible with the tip light orange, otherwise light gray-
green, more plumbeous toward the base, a streak running lengthwise
below bright orange, the edges of the commissure orange, paler toward
the base and with the basal fifth black; the interior of the mouth gray-
green, with an orange median ridge on both floor and roof; the bare

216 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

skin behind the tibiae with the upper half pink, the lower half greenish
blue; the tarsi green behind, greenish yellow in front; the toes blackish
brown; the soles ight brown; the claws black.

This is an enormous bird with a large, heavy, curved bill (sur-
mounted in the adult by a broad bifid casque), broad wings, and a rel-
atively long tail. It has the face and throat black; the neck all
white; the back and scapulars black; the upper tail coverts and tail
white, the latter with a broad black subterminal band; the wings
black with a broad white band near the center and another along the
hinder edge; the breast and upper abdomen black; the remaining
underparts white. As has been mentioned above, some of the white
areas are stained bright yellow in life.

Specimens from Sumatra, Malaya, and all Thailand show a gradual
increase in length of wing from south to north, and I believe that
subspecies based upon size of nonmolting adults may properly be
recognized.

Only Hume (Stray Feathers, vol. 4, 1876, pp. 384-887) seems to
have brought together examples from South India, the Himalayas,
and Malaysia, and, while he placed all under one name, he clearly
indicated that Himalayan birds are largest, Malayan smallest, and
those of Travancore intermediate. Specimens from Thailand north of
the Isthmus are likewise intermediate and must be called by whatever
name is applied to the population of Travancore.

I accept Sumatra as type locality of the nominate race (see Chasen,
Handlist of Malaysian Birds, 1935, p. 105, footnote). This leaves
cavatus of Shaw as the earliest available name for a non-Malaysian
subspecies, with type locality by designation “India,” here further

restricted to Travancore, as the part of its Indian range most likely |
to be the provenance of a specimen taken before 1812. This makes |
the name cavatus certainly applicable to the intermediates of Travan- —
core and Thailand and leaves homrai of Hodgson for the Himalayan |

population, if they be considered large enough to justify recognition
of yet a third race.

ANTHRACOCEROS CORONATUS LEUCOGASTER (Blyth)

TENASSERIMESE PIED HORNBILL

B{[uceros] leucogaster BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 10, 1841 [=1842], |
p. 922 (Tenasserim; type specimen “procured in the the vicinity of Maul- ©

main,” fide Blyth, ibid., p. 917).

Anthracoceros albirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 55 (Ban Huai Hom, Mae Raem and Mae Song rivers) ; 1916, p. 112 |
(Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, ©

p. 232 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 586 (“Throughout the country”).

AHydrocissa malabarica leucogastra, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., |

1931, p. 162 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 94 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Hydrocissa malabarica leucogaster, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- |

adelphia, 1934, p. 263 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep).

—— ——

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 217

The pied hornbill is rather common throughout the North, occur-
ring in tall lowland evergreen and sometimes in quite open forest or
even in extensive bamboo brakes. It is a bird of low elevations, seldom
ascending the hills as high as 2,200 feet. In the dry jungle on the
lower slopes of Doi Suthep I found it uncommon and present only
from November to February, but it could usually be observed in the
evergreen forest near Ban Pong, at the southern base of the moun-
tain. In addition to the localities listed above, it is known from Huai
Pu, where Eisenhofer took a male, May 22, 1912 (Hannover), and from
Doi Ang Ka, where I found it from the vicinity of Ban Mae Klang up
to 2,000 feet.

This small species is usually seen in flocks that travel rapidly from
tree to tree, crossing open spaces one or two birds at a time. It flies,
hike the larger hornbills, with alternate flapping and sailing but,
unlike them, with silent wings; on the other hand, it is a highly vocal
bird, constantly uttering shrill cries, cack-cack-cack-cack, from which
the vernacular name is derived.

The breeding season in our provinces is not certainly known, but I
took a very young example, still in postnatal molt, at Ban Hai Huai
Som, June 17. A female collected at Muang Fang, July 22, is in molt.

De Schauensee records that a female had the irides light brown;
the orbital skin and the naked area at the base of the mandible bluish
white; the bill ivory and black; the feet, toes, and claws black.
Gyldenstolpe states that an adult had the feet and toes greenish
yellow. In dried skins I find that the adult male has the entire bill
ivory except for a broad, black transverse bar across the apical half
of the casque ; the adult female has the entire apical half of the casque
and the apical half of the culmen black and the extreme base of the
mandible black, preceded by a patch of dark red.

This genus has the casque long and high, sharp-edged and project-
ing in front. The adult of the present species has the chin, throat,
neck, upper breast, and entire upperparts black, more or less highly
glossed with green; the primaries (except the two outermost pairs)
and the outer secondaries broadly tipped with white, so that the out-
spread wing is conspicuously margined behind with a white band; the
rectrices (except the central pair) with the apical third white.

Judged from material I have seen, birds from more northern and
eastern Indo-Chinese localities and also from Arakan have the inner-
most secondaries so long as wholly to conceal the longest primaries
in the folded wing, while more southern examples have them much
shorter than the longest primaries. I have not enough specimens to
decide whether this difference is to be explained by individual or by
geographical variation.

218 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

ACEROS UNDULATUS TICEHURSTI (Deignan)
NORTHERN WAVED HORNBILL

Rhyticeros undulatus ticehursti DEIGNAN, Auk, vol. 58,.1941, p. 8397 (Huai Oi,
14 km. north of Ban Pak Li, Nan Province, North Thailand).

Rhytidoceros subruficollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 56 (Mae Raem) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 587 (Mae Raem).

Rhytidoceros undulatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Siam, 1915, p. 232
(listed) ; Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 113 (Pha Hing) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 587 (Pha Hing).

Rhyticeros sp., DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 263
(Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

Rhyticeros undulatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 94
(Doi Suthep).

The waved hornbill is a bird of the tall evergreen, from the plains
to 5,500 feet. In the provinces east of the Khun Tan range it is com-
mon wherever the jungle is suitable; farther west it seems to be very
rare. With the exception of an example mentioned by me in 1936,
said to have been bred on Doi Suthep, my only record for that moun-
tain was made November 7, 1936, when at least three (a male and two
females) were observed at 5,500 feet, and, later in the same day, a flock
of four (possibly the same individuals) were seen flying over the forest
far below the summit.

This species, like Dichoceros b. cavatus, is usually found in small
flocks, flying above the trees with noisy wing beats and gathering
in some numbers wherever ripe fruit is plentiful. On Phu Kha, where
it was the commonest of its family, what appeared to be always the
same flock flew daily, early in the evening, over my camp, presumably
resorting regularly to a particular roosting tree.

An old female, which lived for several months on a perch in my
garden at Chiang Mai, began at dawn to utter loud, hoarse, double
roars, with gular skin inflated and the head raised and lowered, and
continued her cries until she was fed. Although she was blind in

both eyes (probably from having been too much exposed to bright —

sunlight while in the possession of a preceding owner), any fruit given

her was at once tossed into the air and swallowed as it fell into the

gaping bill; I do not recall any occasion on which the object fell to

the ground. Water was frequently proffered her, but she was never —
seen to accept it, apparently finding sufficient moisture in the juices _

of fruits.
A male from Ban Hai Hua Som, June 18, is in postnuptial molt.

The female referred to above had the irides with a broad, vermilion |
outer ring and a narrow, yellow inner ring; the orbital skin dull red; |
the bill and casque old ivory, dull olive at the extreme base, with the —
hollows of the corrugations stained dark brown; the gular skin bright
blue, with a transverse black band, interrupted in the center; the skin ~

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 219

of the neck, beneath the feathers, purple-blue; the naked skin under
the wings bluish slate; the bare skin inside the tibiae and on the sides
of the abdomen livid plumbeous; the naked skin around the vent
plumbeous-blue; the feet and toes slaty gray, tinged olive; the soles
dull brownish; the claws dark brown, with the apical half black and
the underside horny white. The adult male differs chiefly in having
the gular skin bright orange-yellow.

In the present form the casque is reduced to a low, corrugated out-
growth on the basal half of the culmen, and there are still lower ridges
on the sides of both maxilla and mandible at the base. The male has
the forehead shining, deep purple-chestnut, this color continuing as
a narrow line down the center of the crown and broadening posteriorly
to include the whole of the bushy crest; the feathers of the rest of the
head and the whole foreneck shining buffy white; the tail white; the
rest of the plumage black, glossed with steel green. The female dif-
fers in having the entire plumage black, except for the white tail.

I have found no example of Rhyticeros subrujicollis from our area
in either Hannover or Stockholm and feel certain that Gyldenstolpe’s
records for that bird are based upon sight misidentifications of tice-
hursti, although, in his “List of the Birds of Siam” (1920), he states
that he “obtained it at the Meh Lem River in northern Siam.”

ACEROS NIPALENSIS (Hodgson)
RUFOUS-NECKED HORNBILL

Buceros Nipalensis Hopeson, Asiatic Researches, vol. 18, pt. 1, 1833, pp. 178-186,
fig. 1, 2 (Nepal).

Aceros nepalensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 573
(Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 263 (Doi Suthep).

Aceros nipalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 162 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 95 (Doi Suthep) .—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988,
p. 195 (Doi Langka).

The rufous-necked hornbill is known in our provinces only from
some of the higher peaks of the districts west of the Khun Tan range,
where it is a not rare but seldom observed resident of the heaviest ever-
green. I found it common on Doi Ang Ka at 6,000 feet and fairly so on
Doi Suthep from 3,300 to 5,500 feet. Smith took one from a party of
seven or eight on Doi Langka.

I have always seen this species in pairs or small flocks, usually in the
tops of lofty trees, but once feeding upon fruit fallen to the ground.
Its ordinary note is a loud croak, and in flight the wings produce a
sound like that made by our other large hornbills.

I took a male with enlarged gonads on Doi Suthep at 3,300 feet,
January 22. Smith’s female from Doi Langka, April 29, is molting
the central rectrices.

583136—45——-15

220 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

De Schauensee records that an adult male had the irides garnet;
tle orbital region bright light blue; the bill creamy white, with the
basal half of the mandible more olive-green; the grooves at the base
of the maxilla black, anteriorly gray; the bare skin behind the mandi-
ble dark blue, followed by a flesh-colored area; the gular skin almost
covered by an inverted heart of bright brick red, edged posteriorly by
deep blue, which is joined in a narrow line to the blue behind the
mandible; a narrow brick-red line between the blue behind the heart
and the feathered portion of the foreneck; the feet, toes, and claws
black. An adult female differed chiefly in having the orbital region
rather duller; a dusky blue-black patch at the side of the throat
where the male had flesh color; the whole throat brick red except for
a small deep blue triangle posteriorly.

This is a medium-sized species that never develops a casque. The
adult male has the head, neck, and breast bright rufous, changing to
deep chestnut on the belly and under tail coverts; the rest of the
plumage green-glossed black, but with the tips of the longest primaries
and the apical half of the graduated tail feathers white. Smith’s
female (a bird with only one groove developed on the maxilla) differs
in having the rufous of head, neck, and breast duller and much sullied
with blackish.

Indo-Chinese examples should be critically compared with topo-—
typical material. The former may prove to be separable by lesser

dimensions.
PTILOLAEMUS TICKELLI AUSTENI (Jerdon)

WHITE-THROATED BROWN HORNBILL

Anorhinus austeni JERDON, Ibis, 1872, p. 6 (no locality given; type specimen from

Asalu, North Cachar hills, fide Ogilvie Grant, Catalogue of the birds in the |

British Museum, vol. 17, 1892, p. 393).

Anorrhinus austeni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. |

113 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 586 (Khun Tan).

Ptilolaemus tickelli tickelli, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 264 (Doi Suthep).—Der1enan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. —

1936, p. 95 (Doi Suthep).

The little brown hornbill seems to be a bird of considerable rarity on
the higher hills of the western provinces. Gyldenstolpe shot a female

hofer at Khun Tan.

This species, usually seen in small flocks, acts much like Anthra-

coceros. De Schauensee’s specimen was found at the edge of the ever-

from a small flock at Khun Tan, June 4, 1914; de Schauensee took a
male at 3,500 feet on Doi Suthep, February 22, 1933; I found a pair on |
Doi Chiang Dao, about 5,000 feet, December 8, 1936, and collected the |
female. In addition to these specimens, I examined in Stockholm)
three undated birds (an adult male and two juveniles) taken by Eisen- |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 221

green ; those observed by me, whether on Doi Chiang Dao or in Keng-
tung State (where it is a not uncommon form), were in open forest
of oakand pine. The call isa nasal ank-ank-ank.

Gyldenstolpe records that his female had the irides brown; the
orbital skin blue; the bill dirty yellow; the feet and toes brownish
gray.

In this genus the casque is small, low, and laterally compressed.
The adult male of the present form has the upperparts dark gray-
brown, the feathers of crown and hindneck with grayish-white shaft
streaks; the primaries blackish, glossed with green, edged with buffy
on the outer web near the center and more or less broadly tipped with
white; the rectrices broadly tipped white (the central pair, however,
usually uniformly gray-brown) ; the throat and foreneck white, more
or less suffused with pale rufous; the remaining underparts pale ru-
fous. My female specimen differs in having the underparts brownish
gray, a litle paler on the throat and foreneck, slightly suffused every-
where with pale rufous; the central rectrices uniform gray-brown, the
remainder (with the exception of the third pair) indistinctly and
irregularly tipped with white and pale brownish (vide infra).

The adult female described above is in beautiful, unworn dress
except for the third pair of rectrices; these are frayed and discolored
and clearly have been retained from a precedent plumage. The in-
teresting thing about them is that, quite unlike the newer feathers,
they are broadly and distinctly tipped with pure white. This may
indicate that the tail patterns thought to be diagnostic of austeni and
tickelli are really age characters, a fact that would explain the numer-
ous exceptional examples found in either population.

P. t. indochinensis (North Annam), described from a unique male,
is, in my opinion, only doubtfully distinct from austenz.

Order PICIFORMES
Family CAPITONIDAE

MEGALAIMA VIRENS VIRENS (Boddaert)
CHINESE GIANT BARBET

Bucco virens BoppAErt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle, 1783,
p. 53 (China, ez D’Aubenton, pl. 871).

Megalaema virens, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 97 (Khun Tan, Doi
Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 596 (“Northern and northwestern Siam”).

Megalaima virens virens, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 568 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 253 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Khun
Tan).—DEIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 158 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 95 (Doi Suthep).—Ruitey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 198 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

222 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Megalaema virens virens, CHASEN and BopEn K1ioss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 235 (Doi Suthep).

The giant barbet occurs in dense evergreen forest throughout the
northern provinces but is commonest in the mountainous districts west
of (and including) the Khun Tan chain and on the high hills of north-
western Nan (Phu Kha) ; between these areas I have recorded it only
from Muang Phayao, but it will doubtless be found wherever the
jungle is suitable. Its altitudinal range is largely governed by the
distribution of such jungle: on Doi Ang Ka it is very common from
4,500 to 8,400 feet; on Doi Suthep, from 2,700 to 5,500 feet; on Doi
Pha Hom Pok, from the lowest foothills to at least 6,000 feet.

This barbet’s loud, querulent pre-e-0, pre-e-o, pre-e-o can be heard
on the northern mountains from morning till night, but the singer,
concealed in the foliage of some forest giant, is seldom seen. It will
be most easily observed in the vicinity of fruiting trees, where it
often gathers in considerable numbers. Perched against the sky it
looks like a blackish bird with large, light-colored bill; in the air it
may be known by its rather labored, dipping flight and the noisy
rattling of its wings.

I have a long series of well-grown juveniles, collected between
August 13 and October 23. All adults taken between August 28 and
October 21 are in molt.

An adult female had the irides bright brown; the bill bright
chrome yellow on the basal half, otherwise pale green; the anterior
half of the culmen slaty, becoming almost black at the tip; the feet
and toes olive-green; the claws slaty black.

The giant barbet has the whole head and neck deep blue, sometimes
with a sort of nuchal collar formed by light-colored shaft streaks;
the upper back and the shoulders green suffused with chestnut; the
remaining upperparts chiefly deep grass green; the upper breast
blackish brown; the under tail coverts bright red; the rest of the
underparts heavily streaked with cream, yellow, bright green, and
greenish blue (the last color restricted to the center of the lower
breast and upper belly).

CYANOPS LINEATA HODGSONI (Bonaparte)
NEPALESE LINEATED BARBET

Megalaimus [sic] hogdsoné [sic] BoNAPARTE, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1,
1850, p. 144 (Nepal).

Therciceryx [sic] lineatus hodgsoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 50 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 100 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha |

Sakaeng).

Thereiceryn lineata hodgsoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, |

p. 230 (listed).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 223

Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 597 (“Northern
Siam”).—pDE SCHAUENSEEB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 574
(Doi Suthep).

Thereiceryxr lineatus intermedius, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1929, p. 568 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai) ; 19384, p. 254 (Mae Taeng,
Khun Tan, Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 158 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 95 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—
Ritezy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 199 (Mae Hong Son, Mae Lang
valley, Mae Suya valley, Thattafang, Doi Ang Ka, Lampang, “Doi Phra
Chao” [=Doi Saket?], Nan, Ban Nam Khian).

The lineated barbet abounds in the dry, deciduous forest of all the
northern provinces; it occurs chiefly on the plains but ascends the
hills to the altitudinal limit of this type of vegetation, on Doi Ang
Ka reaching about 2,500 feet, on Doi Suthep, 2,700 feet. So general
is its distribution that it has been recorded by every collector from
virtually all localities where work has been done.

This is the green bird with brownish head and breast and light-
colored bill that, perched at the top of a leafless tree, calls bang-kok,
bang-kok, bang-kok, at regular intervals all through the heat of the
day. While really an inhabitant of the pa daeng, a wandering indi-
vidual may appear at times in a village garden and I have once or
twice heard it even in the center of Chiang Mai. All stomachs I
examined contained wild fruit.

Breeding seems to take place throughout the hot weather. An ex-
ample with enlarged gonads was collected March 7 and several ju-
veniles wearing heel pads were taken in August. From May 27 to
October 19 all adults examined are in molt. Owing to the leathery
foliage among which the species lives, the plumage becomes very
frayed and bleached and the color differences between fresh and worn
birds are striking.

A male in breeding condition had the irides violet-red; the eyelids
and orbital region deep yellow; the bill pale creamy flesh, with the
extreme tip and the edges of the commissure horny gray, the extreme
base of the maxilla deep yellow; the feet and toes chrome yellow;
the claws dark horn-brown.

This species in unworn dress has the entire head, neck, breast, and
upper abdomen buffy gray, each feather (except on the throat) broadly
edged with deep brown, so that these parts appear heavily streaked
light and dark; the remaining upperparts bright, deep green,
with pale shaft streaks on the upper back; the remaining underparts
bright yellow-green, somewhat streaked with deeper green; the under
surface of the tail blue-green. Through fading and wear the dark
edgings of the feathers of head and breast become paler or even wholly
disappear, so that these parts are more or less uniformly colored.

924 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

CYANOPS FAIOSTRICTA (Temminck)
GREEN-EARED BARBET

Bucco faiostrictus TEMMINCK, in Temminck and Laugier, Nouveau recueil de
planches coloriées d’oiseaux, livr. 88, 1831, pl. 527 and text (Cochin-China).

Thereiceryx phaeostricta saigonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 230 (listed).

Therciceryxr phaeostricta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,

p. 99 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Thereiceryx faiostricta faiostricta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 597 (“Northern
and north-western Siam’’).

Thereiceryx faiostrictus faiostrictus, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 254 (Khun Tan). — Rurey, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 201 (Khun Tan, “Doi Phra Chao” [=—Doi Saket?]).

The green-eared barbet, a common bird whose distribution may serve
as an indication of the geographical limits of the Indo-Chinese Prov-
ince, occurs throughout the more eastern districts but reaches the
absolute periphery of its range at the western foot of the Khun Tan
chain. In addition to the localities listed above, I have it from Ban
Huai Tak, Wiang Pa Pao, Phu Het, Doi San Huai, Doi Lom, and
Doi Up Fa (Laos).

Wherever this species is found, the related lineated barbet occurs
even more commonly in the same forests. The notes and habits of
the two forms seem to be much the same.

I took specimens with enlarged gonads April 24 and May 138, juve-
niles with heel pads from June 4 to September 10. All adults collected
between June 13 and October 28 are in molt.

Gyldenstolpe’s northern examples had the irides brown or reddish
brown; the bill horn color, plumbeous at the base; the feet and toes
olive-green.

This barbet, in fresh plumage, has the feathers of the crown and
sides of the neck blackish brown, edged brownish gray to give a
streaky appearance; the remaining upperparts bright, deep green;
the lores, ear coverts, and a very narrow supercilium bright yellow-
green; the throat, neck, and upper breast creamy white, each feather
with a deep brown shaft streak; at each side of the lower neck a
small red spot, edged with orange; the remaining underparts light
green, most of the feathers with green-washed brown shaft streaks;
the under surface of the tail bluish green. In worn plumage the stria-
tion above and below becomes much less distinct.

CYANOPS FRANKLINII RAMSAYI (Walden)
BURMESE GOLDEN-THROATED BARBET

Megalaema Ramsayi WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1875, p. 400
(Karen-ni).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND x DOG

Cyanops ramsayi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 99
(Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Cyanops franklini ramsayi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 598 (Doi Pha Sa-
kaeng).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 574
(Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 569 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and Bonen Koss, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 235 (Doi Suthep).—Ruitry, U. 8. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 205 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi
Hua Mot).

Cyanops franklinii ramsayi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 158 (Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 95 (Doi Suthep).—pre ScHAUENSER®, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 255 (Doi Suthep).

In Thailand the Burmese race of the golden-throated barbet is vir-
tually confined to the evergreen above 4,500 feet on a limited number
of the higher peaks of Chiang Mai Province. Occasionally an indi-
vidual will be found at a fruiting tree as low as 2,500 feet, and Gylden-
stolpe’s unique specimen from Pha Sakaeng was doubtless such a
wandering bird; normally, however, ramsayi avoids competition with
the closely related blue-throated barbet by keeping to higher altitudes.
The localities here listed are the only ones in our area from which the
species is yet known. Its complete absence from Doi Khun Tan and
Doi Chiang Dao may readily be explained by the insufficient elevation
of the first, by the lack of suitable forest above 4,500 feet on the sec-
ond; both mountains are strongholds of C. a. davisont.

On Doi Ang Ka and Doi Suthep this barbet is abundant, and its
monotone tookarook-took is heard from every side throughout the day.
Stomachs examined contained only fruits of various types, both hard
and soft.

Breeding seems to be confined to the later portion of the rainy sea-
son: birds with the gonads slightly enlarged were taken September
2 and 4, juveniles from August 23 to October 25. All adults collected
between October 19 and November 6 are in molt.

This species has the irides orange-brown, with a narrow whitish
outer ring; the orbital region slaty gray; the maxilla slaty black.
plumbeous-white at the corners of the mouth; the mandible plum-
beous, tipped slaty black; the feet and toes plumbeous-olive; the soles
yellow; the claws blackish brown, dark plumbeous at the extreme base.

The adult has the forehead and occiput red, the center of the crown
golden-yellow; a supercilium gray, streaked with black, posteriorly
broadening and becoming all black; the remaining upperparts bright,
deep green, brighter on the nape, the shoulder and edge of the wing
washed with deep blue; the chin and upper throat golden-yellow with
an indistinct orange spot on either side at the base of the bill; the sides
of the head and the lower throat silvery gray; the remaining under-
parts yellow-green; the under surface of the tail blue-green.

226 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

CYANOPS ASIATICA DAVISONI (Hume)
TENASSERIMESE BLUE-THROATED BARBET

Megalaima Davisoni HuME, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, pp. 108-109 (“Tenasserim
Central Hills . . . at Meetan and other lower localities”).

Cyanops davisoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 98 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng,
Nong Bia).

Cyanops asiatica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 98
(Doi Pha Sakaeng, “Doi Vieng Par’ [= Doi Chom Hot?], Khun Tan).
Cyanops asiatica asiatica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 597 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha
Sakaeng, “Doi Vieng Par” [=Doi Chom Hot?]).—GreEenway, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 192 (Chiang Dao, Doi Nang Kaeo, Doi Ang Ka).

Cyanops asiatica davisoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 597 (‘‘North-western
Siam”).—prz ScCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 569
(Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; 1984, p. 255 (Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao).—
DerIeNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 158 (Doi Suthep) ;
1936, p. 95 (Doi Suthep).—Rimery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 204
(Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot).

The blue-throated barbet is found in the evergreen of all the northern
provinces from the plains to about 4,000 feet, less commonly to 4,600
feet, above which elevation it is replaced by the preceding species. In
the vicinity of Chiang Mai, where lowland evergreen is absent, the
bird is restricted to Doi Suthep between 2,700 and 4,600 feet; on
Doi Ang Ka, where the evergreen below 4,600 feet has been largely
destroyed by the hill tribes, it is rare and local.

While descending the northern mountains amidst the ubiquitous
chorus of barbet music, one can scarcely be certain at what moment
he is hearing the last individual of the golden-throated species, the
first of the blue-throated. The songs of the two are to my ear not
definitely distinguishable, but that of the former seems to have four
notes, that of the latter only three—tookarook, tookarook, tookarook.

Reproduction takes place during the spring months. A male with
greatly enlarged gonads was taken March 7 on Doi Suthep at 3,300
feet; at about 4,500 feet on Phu Kha, during the first half of April, a
pair had young in a hole, some 20 feet above ground, in the side of a
broken-off tree. Juveniles have been secured in August at several
localities. All adults collected between August 19 and October 17
are in molt.

A breeding male had the irides dull orange-brown; the eyelids
edged orange; the orbital skin greenish brown; the maxilla with the
basal half greenish cream, the apical half black; the mandible green-
ish cream, tipped blackish; the feet and toes slaty green; the claws
dull black.

The birds of our area have a conspicuous red frontal patch, followed
by a very narrow bar of golden-bronze, then by a much broader bar
of blue or black or (most commonly) a mixture of the two colors; a

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 227

streak of black bordering the posterior crown on either side; the re-
maining upperparts bright, deep green; the supercilia, sides of the
head, the throat, and foreneck cerulean blue; a patch at each side of
the lower neck and (sometimes) a minute speck at either side of the
upper throat at the base of the mandible red; the remaining under-
parts yellow-green; the under surface of the tail blue-green.

The blue-throated barbets of northern Thailand lie between aszatica
and davisoni. In a series of 24 birds before me, two are separable
from Indian specimens of asiatica only by the rather paler color of
the throat (like that of davisoni), two others are indistinguishable from
a topotype of davisonz, the remainder have the blue of the throat as in
davisoni but show every degree of intergradation between the black
and blue vertical bars which respectively characterize the northern
and southern races. In almost every case the bar is as narrow as in
astatica, with corresponding increase in the extent of the red frontal
patch. In view of their instability and the intermediate nature of
the characters, I feel that, at least for the present, our population
should be left unnamed.

CYANOPS AUSTRALIS INVISA Deignan
NORTHERN THAI BLUE-EARED BARBET

Cyanops australis invisa DeIaNAN, Auk, vol. 58, 1941, pp. 397-398 (Pang Makham
Phong, at the foot of Doi Pha Sakaeng, North Thailand).

Cyanops cyanotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 51
(Ban Huai Hom, Khao Phlung) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230
(listed).

Mesobueco duvaugli cyanotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 100 (Khun Tan).

Cyanops duvaucelii cyanotis, GYLDENSTOLPEH, Ibis, 1920, p. 598 (“Siam, north of
the Peninsula’).

Mesobucco duvauceli cyanotis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 570 (Chiang Mai, error [=Chiang Saen Kao], Doi Suthep) ; 1934,
p. 256 (Khun Tan).

Cyanops duvaucellii cyanotis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 159 (Doi Suthep) ; 19386, p. 95 (Doi Suthep).

Mezobucco duvaucelii cyanotis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 207
(Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

The blue-cheeked barbet is an inhabitant of the evergreen from the
plains to about 5,500 feet; I found it very common, especially at low
elevations, in the districts east of, and including, the Khun Tan range
and rare on the mountains of the more western provinces.

Its small size, green coloration, ventriloquial voice, and custom of
perching at the very top of a high tree combine to render this bird
one of the most difficult to observe or collect; its presence, however,
may always be known by the endlessly repeated double note, too-rook,
too-rook, too-rook.

228 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

An example with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken at Muang
Ngop, April 23, and a wholly green juvenile at Ban Hai Huai Som,
June 17. Smith collected a number of specimens in postjuvenal and
postnuptial molt at Khun Tan, between August 29 and September 10.

De Schauensee states (1929) that a male had the bill black, grayish
at the rictus; the feet and toes olive.

The adult male has the forehead and forecrown black (sometimes
flecked with blue), followed by an equally broad, blue vertical band,
which changes to bright, deep green on the nape and remaining up-
perparts; a short malar streak scarlet, more or less mixed with yel-
low and bordered below by a black mustachial streak; the ear coverts
blue, edgéd above and below by crimson streaks; the chin and throat
blue, the feathers with black bases which show through on the lower
throat to form a more or less distinct, irregular plastron; the remain-
ing underparts yellow-green, sometimes with a narrow, indistinct red-
dish gorget edging the blue of the lower throat; the under surface of
the tail blue-green. The adult female seems always to have the black
of forehead and forecrown strongly overlaid with blue. The ju-
venile has the entire plumage green, slightly more bluish green on the
throat and sides of the head.

XANTHOLAEMA HAEMACEPHALA INDICA (Latham)
INDIAN COPPERSMITH

[Bucco] indicus LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 205 (India; type
locality restricted to Calcutta, by Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soe., vol. 28, 1921, p. 105).

Xantholaema haematocephala, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 51 (Phrae) ; 1916, p. 101 (Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed).

Xantholaema haemacephala indica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 598 (“Through- |
out the whole country’’).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 569 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 256 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio,” Chi-
ang Rai).—DErIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 152 (Chi-
ang Mai) ; 1936, p. 95 (Chiang Mai).—Rmey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 209 (Mae Lang valley, Mae Hong Son, Nan). |

This little barbet, which is strictly confined to the lowlands, is very —
common throughout the area.

The nok pok may be found at times in the dry, deciduous forest or
in the more open evergreen but is always more numerous in cultivated
country and especially so in the gardens and orchards of towns and |
villages, where its monotonous poke-poke-poke or wock-wock-wock is
a familiar sound from the mango and tamarind trees during the heat _
of the day. The voice is with difficulty traced to the small green |
singer concealed in the foliage; if the bird be perched upon an exposed |
limb it will be seen that the head is constantly turned from side to side, |
so that the metallic notes seem to come from all directions at once.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 229

It feeds upon fruits and the species may be observed in great numbers
where there is an abundance of ripe figs.

A bird of February 19 had the gonads greatly enlarged and juveniles
have been taken between April 15 and July 10. An adult collected
September 16 is just completing the molt.

Two females had the irides dark brown; the eyelids edged purplish
slate; the orbital skin dull crimson; the bill dull black, the mandible
fleshy beneath at the base; the feet and toes coral red; the claws dull
red.

The adult has the front half of the crown shining crimson, separated
by a narrow black bar from the slaty green of the hind crown; the
remaining upperparts deep green, suffused with bronze on the back
and wings; a short supercilium and a patch below the eye bright
yellow ; the side of the head otherwise black; the throat bright yellow;
a shining crimson gorget on the upper breast, broadly bordered below
with golden-yellow; the remaining underparts cream, everywhere
boldly streaked with deep green. The immature may be known at any
stage by its streaked underparts.

Family PICIDAE

PICUS ERYTHROPYGIUS NIGRIGENIS (Hume)
WESTERN RED-RUMPED GREEN WOODPECKER

Gecinus nigrigenis HuME, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, No. 5, 1874, p. 106 (no locality
given; type specimen from “Pakchan Creek,’ Tenasserim, fide Hargitt,
Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 18, 1890, p. 68).

Gecinus nigrigenis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 47
(Den Chai, valley of the Mae Yom river, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 88 (Pha Kho,
Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 229 (listed).

Picus erythropygius nigrigenis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 599 (‘Northern
Siam” ).—DeEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 157 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 96 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—pDE SCHAUENSEE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 249 (Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng) .—
Rey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 215 (Mae Sariang, Mae Hong Son,
Huai Salop, Mae Kong Ka valley, Muang Pai, Mae Khan, Doi Ang Ka, “Doi
Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket?], Ban Nam Khian).

Picus erythropygus nigrigenis, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philidel-
phia, 1929, p. 566 (Chiang Mai, Pang La).

The red-rumped green woodpecker is a very common bird of the dry,
deciduous forest almost everywhere, although, in the Mae Khong
drainage, it has so far been found only at Muang Fang. It is neces-
sarily a lowland form but ascends the hills to the limit of suitable
vegetation, on Doi Suthep reaching 2,700 feet.

This woodpecker is one of the several species of unrelated birds
which, in pairs, commonly accompany the loose flocks of white-
crested laughing-thrushes through the pa daeng. When frightened, it
flies before one from tree to tree, concealing itself behind the trunks,

230 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

all the while uttering a remarkably loud, ringing call. Its main food
is termites, in pursuit of which it may often be observed on rotting
stumps, logs, or even on the ground. .

I have no definite information on the breeding season but have a
series of eight juveniles collected between June 8 and August 24.
Molting adults have been taken from August 28 to November 9.

Adult specimens had the irides temon-yellow; the orbital skin slate ;
the bill dark horny brown (horny black in the dried skin) ; the feet
and toes dull olive-green ; the claws slate.

The male has the center of the crown shining red; the rest of the
crown, the sides of the head, and the nape black; the rump and lower
back deep scarlet; the remaining upperparts bright golden olive-
green; the remiges and rectrices black, the former with broken white
bars on the basal half; the throat, foreneck, and sides of the lower neck
bright yellow, changing to greenish yellow on the breast, which color,
in turn, changes to whitish on the remaining underparts; the feathers
of the lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts marked
with dull brownish V-shaped bars, which give a scaly appearance to
these parts. The female differs only in lacking the red crown patch.
Juveniles may always be recognized by their having the tips of the
primaries narrowly edged with white on the outer web.

PICUS VITTATUS EISENHOFERI Gyldenstolpe
THAI PLAIN-BREASTED SCALY-BELLIED GREEN WOODPECKER

Picus vittatus eisenhofert GYLDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, p. 28 (Pha
Hing, northern Thailand).

Gecinus striolatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 229 (listed).

Picus striolatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 599 (“‘Northern Siam”).

Picus vittatus eisenhoferi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 88 (Pha Hing); Ibis, 1920, p. 598 (“The whole of Siam”).—prE
ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 566 (Chiang Rai) ;
1934, p. 248 (Chiang Mai).—DrIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 156 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 96 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rmey,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 210 (Nan).

In the North, the present species seems to be a rather uncommon but
well-distributed form. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a male taken at
Huai Pu, May 28, 1912, and another collected at Khun Tan in 1914.
I have examples from Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Nan Provinces.

Gyldenstolpe’s type specimen was taken in “fairly dense evergreen
forest,” but it is probable that bamboo was growing in the neighbor-
hood, for this woodpecker is partial to that type of growth beyond all
others. Near Chiang Mai is occurred chiefly in the extensive brakes
at the foot of Doi Suthep, less commonly in the deciduous forest of
the lower slopes to 2,000 feet, very rarely in town gardens. In Nan
Province it was frequently observed in clumps of giant bamboo along

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 2a

roads and even in the heart of villages. This is a shy bird that
probably often escapes notice among the canes, and little is known of
its habits in our area.

In Nan Province I took specimens with the gonads greatly enlarged,
April 1 and 8, and a juvenile, June 8.

Adults had the irides red or brown; the orbital skin slaty or
plumbeous; the maxilla brownish black or dark brown; the mandible
horny yellow, olive at the base, brownish black or dark brown at the
tip; the feet and toes slaty green or dull olive; the claws horny gray
or horn.

The male has the crown and nape shining red; the remaining upper-
parts bright golden olive-green with the rump and lower back bright
greenish yellow; the remiges and rectrices black, the former with
broken, narrow white bars; a supercilium and a broad malar streak
black mixed with white; the sides of the head otherwise gray; the
chin, throat, foreneck, and breast immaculate buffy yellow or greenish
yellow, much brighter on the sides of the lower neck; the remaining
underparts buffy white or greenish white, each feather marked with
deep olive V-shaped bars, which give a scaly appearance. The female
differs in having the crown and nape black. The juvenile has the tips
of the primaries narrowly margined with white on the outer webs
and the underparts almost uniform in color.

This form apparently was described from a unique example, cor-
rectly recorded in the original description as a female collected by
Gyldenstolpe at Pha Hing, April 9,1914. In the same author’s “Types
of Birds in the Royal Natural History Museum in Stockholm” (Ark.
for Zool., vol. 19A, No. 1, 1926, p. 74), two specimens are listed, the first
of which is a male taken by Hisenhofer at Khun Tan in 1914. I have
examined this alleged cotype in Stockholm and found it both cata-
loged and labeled as “Typ,” but since it was presumably not part of
an original series and first found mention in print ten years after the
formal description of the Pha Hing female, I cannot imagine what
standing as a type can be claimed for the Khun Tan specimen. Inas-
much as the birds to east and west of the Khun Tan chain may in
future require subspecific division, it is important that confusion not
arise in connection with the true type locality of eisenhoferi.

In 1915 Gyldenstolpe added Picus wanthopygaeus to the northern
avifauna under the name Picus striolatus; no data were given, but the
example was said to be among the birds sent by Eisenhofer to
Hannover. This collection, made between February 7 and June 27,
1912, is now divided between the museums in Hannover and Stock-
holm. Search in both places failed to discover the bird, and I feel
certain that the record is due to misidentification of a skin of Picus
vittatus eisenhoferi, collected by Eisenhofer at Huai Pu, May 28, 1912,

232 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and now deposited in Stockholm. If my surmise be correct, Gylden-.
stolpe’s repetition of the record in 1920 can be explained only as an
oversight. Up to now the species is not definitely known nearer our
area than Mae Tha Khwae in the Rahaeng district, whence it has been
recorded by Chasen and Boden Kloss as Picus viridanus viridanus
(Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1928, p. 170), later corrected to
P. myrmecophoneus (ibid., 1932, p. 235).

PICUS CANUS HESSEI Gyldenstolpe
THAI BLACK-NAPED GREEN WOODPECKER

Picus canus hessei GYLDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, pp. 28-29 (Pha
Kho and Den Chai, northern Thailand).

Picus canus occipitalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 47 (Den Chai, Mae Raem, “Vang Nun”); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 229 (listed).

Picus canus hessei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
89 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, Den Chai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 599
(“Northern parts of the country”).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 156 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 96 (Doi Suthep,
Chiang Mai).—Rtrry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 214 (Chiang Dao,
Mae Lang valley, Huai Mae Sae).

The black-naped green woodpecker is uncommon but generally dis-
tributed throughout the northern provinces at low elevations. Hisen-
hofer sent to Hannover an undated female from “Siam” and a male
taken at Den Chai, February 10, 1912; to Stockholm, two females
collected at Khun Tan in 1913. I have examples from Doi Suthep,
Ban Muang Sum, and Ban Huai Ki.

Gyldenstolpe reported (1913) not only that this was one of the
commonest woodpeckers in the dry forests of Phrae Province but also
that it was “very abundant” at Den Chai, Mae Raem, and “Vang
Nun.” I never succeeded in finding it even common anywhere in
our area and suggest that at least half of the birds observed by
Gyldenstolpe were of the nearly related form, P. v. etsenhoferi, a
species of precisely similar habits and habitat and at that period still
unknown to him. In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai hessez was un-
common in bamboo and deciduous forest at the foot and on the lower
slopes of Doi Suthep, rare in semideciduous jungle as high as 3,200
feet. My specimen from Ban Muang Sum was collected in pine-
forest on one of the low hills at the base of Doi Pha Hom Pok.
Where ezsenhofert occurs we may expect to find hessez also; in fact,
so close is the agreement in habits and preferred environment between
these two that their mutual uncommonness may well be explicable by
the competition between two closely allied species (with nearly identi-
cal survival requirements) for possession of a single ecological niche.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 233

My entire series of six northern specimens were, by chance, taken
between November 7 and March 28; at this season all are in fresh,
clean plumage and have the gonads quite inactive.

The male has the forehead and forecrown shining red; the super-
cilium, hindcrown, and center of the nape black, more or less mixed
with gray; the sides of the head uniform gray, edged below by a
narrow, black streak; the remaining upperparts bright olive-green,
with the rump and lower back bright yellowish green and the exposed
portions of the wings strongly washed with bronze; the remiges and
rectrices blackish, the former with small white spots at the margin
of the outer vane, the latter more or less washed with bronze and
indistinctly barred with grayish toward the base; the throat green-
washed gray, changing gradually to a uniform olive-green on the
remaining underparts. The female resembles the male but has the
entire crown black, streaked with gray.

P. c. hessei is distinguishable from the following race only by its
rather larger bill, the length of which (in adults) normally exceeds
40 mm.

PICUS CANUS GYLDENSTOLPEI Stuart Baker
ASSAMESE BLACK-NAPED GREEN WOODPECKER

Picus canus gyldenstolpei Stuarr Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 39, 1918,
p. 19 (Sadiya, Lakhimpur, Assam).

This more northern form of the black-naped woodpecker is ap-
parently a very rare winter visitor to northern Thailand: the only
record is based upon an adult male taken by me on Doi Suthep at 4,500
feet, November 7, 1936.

In favor of my conclusion that this specimen, with bill only 36 mm.
in length, was truly an extralimital wanderer rather than an abnor-
mally small-billed example of the resident form, the following points
of evidence may be adduced:

1. In a series of 29 adults (including 14 females) of hessez from
all parts of Thailand, not one has the bill measuring less than 40 mm.

2. My bird was solitary and was shot along a narrow track through
dense evergreen at 4,500 feet; thus, not only was it in a type of forest
always, in my experience, avoided by hessez, but it represents the sole
record for the species on Doi Suthep above 3,200 feet (at which eleva-
tion it is exceptional) and was taken 1,300 feet higher than the species
has otherwise ever been observed in Thailand.

3. The example of gyldenstolpez is molting the two outermost pairs
of remiges and the central pair of rectrices; an adult male of hessez
(with bill measuring 43.5 mm.) collected on the same day and on the
same mountain, but at only 2,500 feet, has entirely completed the molt.

234 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

If an example of gyldenstolpei can appear in winter well within the
range of hessez, it seems likely that a similar tendency to wander may
be shown by occasional individuals of other northern subspecies; such
stragglers could easily be responsible for the apparent instability of
many of the races discussed by Greenway in his valuable study of
winter-taken specimens (Auk, 1940, pp. 550-560).

PICUS CHLOROLOPHUS BURMAE R. Meinertzhagen
BURMESE LESSER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER

Picus chorolophus burmae R. MEINERTZHAGEN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 44, 1924,
pp. 54-55 (Pegu Town, Pegu, Burma).

Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 90 (Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920,
p. 599 (“Various localities in Siam’’).

Picus chlorophus [sic] chlorophoides [sic], p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 567 ([Doi Suthep], Chiang Saen).

Picus chlorolophus chlorophoides [sic], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 156 (Doi Suthep).

Picus chlorolophus chlorolophoides, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 235 (Doi Suthep).—DEtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 96 (Doi Suthep) .—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 248 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Cirropicus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 216 (Mae Khan, Huai Salop).

This race of the lesser yellow-naped woodpecker is at present known
in our area only from the Thanon Thong Chai range and from Chiang
Saen, but it may confidently be expected to occur also in Mae Hong
Son Province and throughout Chiang Rai.

The bird is almost confined to hilly districts, where both de
Schauensee and I found it only in evergreen forest. On Doi Suthep
it was very common from 3,500 to 4,500 feet, slightly less so down to
2,400 and up to 5,500 feet; on Doi Ang Ka it was equally common in
clumps of trees in the semicleared valley below Pha Mon (4,000-4,500
feet) and in the dense evergreen but was not observed above 5,000
feet. It probably occurs at low elevations wherever the evergreen
reaches the plains, as at Doi Pha Sakaeng and Chiang Saen.

This is a very striking species along shaded forest tracks, flying
before one (usually in pairs) from tree to tree and attracting atten-
tion by the shining gold of its erected nuchal crest. Stomachs I ex-
amined contained only ants.

An adult male had the irides crimson; the maxilla yellow with the
culmen blackish slate; the mandible bright yellow, tipped blackish
slate; the feet and toes olive; the claws horny plumbeous.

The coloration of this bird not only varies a great deal individually,
but, as is the case with other woodpeckers, may be much altered by

}

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THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Dow

bleaching, wear, and stains. Males in fresh plumage have the front
and a long supercilium deep crimson; the crown deep olive-green,
with few or many of the feathers tipped deep crimson; a broad nuchal
crest deep golden-yellow; the remaining upperparts bright olive-
green, strongly suffused with golden, especially on the back, rump, and
upper tail coverts; the rectrices black; the inner primaries and outer
secondaries with the outer web largely chestnut-red, the inner web
black with white spots near the edge; a narrow white streak below
the eye from the base of the bill to below the ear coverts; a broad
crimson malar stripe; the throat and breast brownish olive, with white
bases of the feathers showing through on the throat; the remaining
underparts closely banded whitish and dull brownish. Females dif-
fer in having the crimson on the head restricted to the sides of the
hind-crown.

Subspecific differences in the populations of northern Thailand are
discussed under the following forms.

PICUS CHLOROLOPHUS CHLOROLOPHOIDES (Gyldenstolpe)

KuHuN TAN LESSER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER

Brachylophus chlorolophoides, GLYDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, p. 29
(Khun Tan, North Thailand).

Brachylophus chlorolophoides, GLYDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 90 (Khun Tan).

Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920,
p. 599 (Khun Tan).

Cirropicus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], Rimey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 216 (Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

The present form is confined to the forests of the Khun Tan range,
occurring from Doi Khun Tan in the South to the Nang Kaeo-Langka-
Hua Mot complex of mountains in the North.

Nothing is recorded of this bird’s habits, which are doubtless pre-
cisely like those of burmae. Dr. Smith has noted that some of his
specimens were taken at 4,000 feet. All examples collected between
August 23 and October 17 are in molt.

The Khun Tan subspecies is separable from burmae and laotianus
on average differences, which can be seen only by careful study of
extensive series.

In Washington are 16 absolute topotypes of chlorolophoides, taken
throughout the year, which show that Gyldenstolpe has unfortunately
bestowed his name upon an unstable population, more or less exactly
intermediate between burmae and laotianus. Of the series, one speci-
men is indistinguishable from true laotianus, several others from
burmae, and the remainder fall somewhere between the two, varying
in the degree of golden suffusion in the yellow of the crest and the

583136—45——16

936 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

green of the back. This intermediate character ofthe Khun Tan
population is confirmed by geography, for on Doi Suthep (about 32
miles northwest of Doi Khun Tan) we find only burmae, while at Ban
Mae Mo (about 82 miles east-southeast of Doi Khun Tan) only
laotionus occurs. .

Because of the possibility of perfectly matching specimens of
laotianus and burmae with certain examples from Khun Tan, both
names have been synonymized by authors with chlorolophoides. The
employment of a single designation for the quite distinct forms of Pegu
and Laos leads to nullification of the real purpose of nomenclature,
and it seems advisable to recognize both a western and an eastern
race; the unstable intermediates of the Khun Tan chain, while not
deserving of subspecific separation, may conveniently be known by
Gyldenstolpe’s name, since it is already available for them.

PICUS CHLOROLOPHUS LAOTIANUS Delacour
LAO LESSER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER

Picus chlorolophus laotianus DELACOUR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926, p. 12
(Chiang Khwang, Laos).

Picus chlorolophus chlorolophus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-
Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 47 (Pak Pan, Den Chai).

Picus chlorolophus chlorolophus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 229 (listed).

Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 90 (Pang Hua Phong, Pha Kho).

Brachylophus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920,
p. 599 (“Various localities in Siam”).

Cirropicus chlorolophus chlorolophoides [partim], Ritry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 216 (Ban Nam Khian).

The present race is widespread in those portions of our area lying
east of the Khun Tan hills and south of Chiang Rai Province; at Ban
Mae Mo it occurs only 32 miles from the type locality of chlorolo-
phoides.

I found this bird common in the evergreen on Phu Kha at 4,500 feet,
but otherwise it has been collected only at low elevations, whether in
evergreen or in deciduous forest. Gyldenstolpe considered it fairly
common in the dry jungles at Pak Pan and Den Chai, and I observed
it at Mae Mo in a similar environment.

P. c. laotianus differs from burmae in the more or less complete
absence of golden suffusion from the plumage of the upperparts, with
the result that the crest is lemon yellow, the back a duller and purer
olive-green.

PICUS FLAVINUCHA LYLEI (Boden Kloss)
THAI GREATER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER

Chrysophlegma flavinucha lylei BopEN Koss, Ibis, 1918, pp. 110-111 (Ko Lak
[=Prachuap Khirikhan], southwestern Thailand).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 2370

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 92 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).—DeIcNnan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 157 (Doi Suthep).

Chrysophlegma flavinucha flavinucha [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 601
(“Northern and north-western Siam’’).

Chrysophlegma flavinucha lylei, CHASEN and BopeNn Kioss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 235 (Doi Suthep).—DEIeNnaAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 96 (Doi Suthep).—pre ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 249 (Doi Suthep, Mae Taeng, Doi Chiang Dao) .—
Rutty, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 220 (Sop Phung, Khun Tan, Doi
Hua Mot).

This more western race of the greater yellow-naped woodpecker is
fairly common in the hilly districts east to (and including) the Khun
Tan range and is probably the form of all Chiang Rai Province. In
Stockholm are four males and two females collected by Eisenhofer at
Khun Tan in 1914. I have taken specimens at Muang Fang, Samoeng,
Doi Suthep, and Doi Ang Ka.

This woodpecker is largely restricted to the evergreen, occurring
in such forest on Doi Suthep from 2,700 to 5,500 feet, on Doi Ang Ka
from 4,400 to 4,900 feet or higher. At Muang Fang, however, it was
found in lowland evergreen at 1,400 feet and at Mae Taeng was taken
by de Schauensee in lowland deciduous jungle. It agrees in habits
with Picus chlorolophus burmae but is perhaps a rather shier bird.
The stomach of a specimen from Doi Ang Ka contained ants, ant
pupae, and a small green tree frog.

Breeding probably takes place during the spring months. A bird
of July 18 is exceedingly worn and bleached, and all examples ob-
tained between September 6 and November 21 are in molt.

I have noted that an adult male had the irides crimson; the orbital
skin plumbeous; the bill pale plumbeous, tinged horny yellow at the
tip, much darker at the base of the mandible; the feet and toes
plumbeous; the claws horny plumbeous. Specimens taken by de
Schauensee differed in having the irides pinkish white.

The adult male has the crown and sides of the head dark olive-green,
the former more or less strongly suffused with rufous-maroon; a broad
nuchal crest golden-yellow or orange-yellow; the remaining upper-
parts bright shining olive-green ; the rectrices black; the remiges black,
broadly banded with rufous; the chin and throat clear lemon yellow;
the feathers of the foreneck pure white, tipped and often centered with
brownish black to give a streaky appearance, the streaked area fre-
quently invading the center of the throat; the remaining underparts
olive-gray, darker on the breast. The adult female differs in having
the yellow of the chin and throat replaced by rufous-brown and the
streaked area of the foreneck extending up the center of the throat
almost to the chin.

238 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The male of lylei (type specimen in Washington) differs from the
corresponding sex of flavinucha in the decidedly paler yellow of its
chin and throat, the lesser suffusion of orange in the nuchal crest, the
tendency of the black streaking to invade the center of the throat, and
(apparently) in its shorter wing length; the two agree in having the
dark streaks of the foreneck almost black and the apical third or half
of the maxilla pale-colored (at least in the dried skin). The birds
of northwestern Thailand have, in most cases, the characters of lylet
but certain individuals show approach to favinucha in having a rather
longer wing and a deepening of the colors of throat and crest. I have
been unable to compare females of the two forms.

PICUS FLAVINUCHA ARCHON, new name
LAO GREATER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 48 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 229
(listed).

Chrysophlegma flavinucha flavinucha [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 601
(‘Northern and north-western Siam’’).

Chrysophlegma flavinucha annamensis [sic] DELACOUR and JABOUILLE, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1928, p. 180 (Khebon, North Annam), not Picus chlor-
olophus annamensis R. Meinertzhagen 1924.

The present subspecies probably has in our provinces a distribution
identical with that of Picus chlorolophus laotianus. Specimens taken
by Eisenhofer at Huai Pu, May 20 and 29, 1912, are in the museums
at Hannover and Stockholm; I have examples from Ban Bo Thong,
Ban Pha Lai, and Phu Kha.

The Phu Kha bird was found in the evergreen at about 4,500 feet
but otherwise this form is known only from the dry, deciduous for-
ests of the lowlands. Gyldenstolpe considered it very common in such
jungle at Den Chai and Pak Pan.

This race cannot be distinguished in the field from lylez, direct com-
parison in the hand shows the dark streaks of the foreneck to be deep
brown rather than brownish black.

P. f. archon is a poorly defined form. From péerrei and the birds
of eastern Thailand usually placed under that name, it is at once sep-
arable by its having the apical third or half of the maxilla pale-
colored in the dried skin. From /ylei it seems to differ only in having
the dark streaks of the foreneck deep brown, not brownish black, a
distinction particularly well marked in the female specimens before
me.

GECINULUS VIRIDIS VIRIDIS Blyth

BURMESE GREEN BAMBOO WOODPECKER

Gecinulus viridis BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 31, 1862, p. 341 (Toungoo,
Burma).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 239

Gecinulus viridis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Siam, 1915, p. 229 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 92 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun
Tan).

BiAscicé grantia viridis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 601 (“Northern and north-
western Siam”).

Gecinulus viridis viridis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 249 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 222 (“Doi
Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket ?]).

In addition to the localities listed above, this bird has been found by
me at Ban Mae Mo and Ban Samoeng. It will probably be recorded
eventually from all the northern provinces but, in the lowlands of
Chiang Rai, may just possibly be replaced by the allied Gecinulus
grantia indochinensis.

In our districts this species is very local, occurring only in extensive
brakes of tall bamboo, from the low hills (Mae Mo) to 4,000 feet (Doi
Chiang Dao), and not observed at all in many places that appear to
be eminently suitable. Gyldenstolpe, who took a number of specimens
at Khun Tan and Doi Pha Sakaeng, considered it “very abundant,”
but, with the exception of Eisenhofer (who sent to Stockholm three
males from Khun Tan), no later collector has found it at either lo-
cality. The few examples observed by me were quietly climbing the
bamboo canes, feeding upon ants.

An adult female had the irides red; the orbital skin olive-gray above
the eye, plumbeous below; the bill blue-white, plumbeous at the base
of the mandible; the feet and toes clear olive-green; the claws light
plumbeous.

The adult male has the crown and short nuchal crest crimson, the
feathers with dull olive-golden bases, the sides of the head and the
longer, posterior feathers of the crest bright olive-golden; the re-
maining upperparts deep golden-olive, more or less suffused with crim-
son on the rump and upper tail coverts; the rectrices blackish; the
remiges blackish with round white spots on the inner web; the under-
parts deep olive-green, paler on the throat. The adult female dif-
fers in having the crown and crest bright olive-golden, the longer, pos-
terior feathers of the latter sometimes more or less suffused with
crimson.

BLYTHIPICUS PYRRHOTIS PYRRHOTIS (Hodgson)
INDIAN BAY WOODPECKER

[Picus] Pyrrhotis Hopeson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, 1837, p. 108 (Nepal).

Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
93 (Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 602 (Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Blythipicus pyrrhotis pyrrhotis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 157 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 96 (Doi Suthep).—pz ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 251 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Rutrey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 226 (Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Khun Tan, Huai Mae
Lao).

940 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Blythipicus pyrrhotis annamensis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
192 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

The bay woodpecker is a local and rather uncommon form in our
provinces. On Doi Suthep, where it has been recorded only five times,
it occurred in the heaviest evergreen from 3,300 to 5,500 feet; on Doi
Khun Tan, at 4,000 feet; on Doi Chiang Dao, from 2,000 to 4,000 feet ;
on Doi Nang Kaeo, at 2,800 feet; on Doi Ang Ka, where it is one of
the commonest members of its family, from 4,400 to 5,500 feet. In
addition to the localities listed above, I have it from Samoeng, Ban
Mae Ho, and Ban Hai Huai Som (at the last place in lowland ever-
green).

I found this bird, singly or in pairs, haunting the dense evergreen
forest, sometimes appearing at its edge or along a trail or even enter-
ing an adjacent bamboo brake. It spends much of its time on the
ground or upon fallen trees whence, when frightened, it flies with
an astonishingly loud and harsh cackling call to hide on the farther
side of the trunk of some nearby tree or stump. One of my specimens
had fed upon berries, but the stomachs of two others contained beetle
larvae of enormous size.

The species seems to breed earlier in the year than our other wood-
peckers : birds in juvenal dress have been collected between the middle
of January and the middle of July.

The adult has the irides chestnut (male), dull red (female, fide
de Schauensee), or brownish orange (female) ; the orbital region slaty ;
the bill yellow, the maxilla tinged green at the base between the nares,
the mandible paler and tinged green at the base; the feet and toes
brownish black or olive-slate; the claws olive-slate, brownish black, or
horn. Immature males had the irides pale olive-brown or dark brown;
the bill bright yellow, tinged greenish at the base, or wholly pale
yellow; the feet, toes, and claws dark brown or horny slate.

The adult male has the forehead pale fulvous-brown, deepening to
dull brown on the crown; a broad crimson band from the sides of the
neck across the nape (where it is less distinct) ; the remaining upper-
parts (including the wings and tail) rufous, conspicuously barred with
black, the bars sometimes obsolescent on the back, where there may
be more or less maroon suffusion; the chin and throat pale fulvous-
brown, changing gradually to the deep chocolate-brown of the remain-
ing underparts (often suffused with maroon on the breast). The adult
female differs chiefly in wholly lacking the scarlet nuchal band. Im-
mature birds have the feathers of the crown and sides of the head
dull blackish with broad fulvous shaft streaks; the underparts blackish
or blackish brown, indistinctly and narrowly barred with rufous.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 241

Greenway (doc. cit.) seems to have confused the characters of an-
namensis and pyrrhotis. All examples from our provinces (including
Nan) are definitely of the Indian race.

MICROPTERNUS BRACHYURUS PHAIOCEPS Blyth
BURMESE RUFOUS WOODPECKER

P[icus] (M[icropternus]) phaioceps BLyTuH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14,
1845, p. 195 (“India proper extending eastwards to Tipperah and Arracan” ;
co-types, fide Robinson and Boden Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, vol.
5, 1928, p. 183, the specimens ‘“‘from the vicinity of Calcutta” listed by Blyth,
Catalogue of the birds in the Museum Asiatic Society, 1849, p. 60).

Micropternus phaioceps phaioceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1918, p. 48 (Den Chai, Pak Pan); 1916, p. 94 (Doi Pha Sakaeng,
Khun Tan).

Micropternus phaeoceps phaeoceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 230 (listed).

Micropternus brachyurus burmanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 603 (‘“North-
ern, north-western ... Siam’).

Micropternus brachyurus phaeoceps, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 157 (Chiang Mai).—Rtey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 230
(Doi Langka).

Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 19384, p. 251 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio,’ Chiang Dao).—DerrIcnan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 97 (Chiang Mai).

The rufous woodpecker occurs rather commonly in suitable low-
land jungle throughout our area.

This species is usually seen in pairs in bamboo brakes and dry,
scrubby forest, often traveling with the noisy mixed flocks of Gar-
rulax, Dissemurus, Crypsirina, ete. It not only seems to feed wholly
upon ants but even breeds in holes bored into occupied ant nests;
perhaps because of this association both plumage and flesh of this
woodpecker possess a scent, at once sweet and musty, stronger than
that of any other of its family known to me.

Adult female specimens had the irides brown; the bill black, slate-
gray at the base of the mandible; the feet and toes dull brown or
slaty ; the claws horny slate.

The adult male has the feathers just under the eye, from the lores
to the anterior ear coverts, tipped crimson; the crown and sides of
the head ochraceous; the remaining upperparts rufous, narrowly
barred everywhere (including the wings and tail) with black; the
underparts rufous, the feathers of the throat conspicuously edged
with ochraceous to give a streaked appearance, those of the breast
almost unmarked, the remainder with narrow black bars which are
obsolescent on the center of the abdomen. The adult female differs
only in lacking the crimson tips to the feathers below the eye.

942 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MEIGLYPTES JUGULARIS Blyth
BLACK-AND-BUFF WOODPECKER

Plicus] (M[eiglyptes]) jugularis BuyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845,
p. 195 (Arakan).

Miglyptes jugularis, GyLpENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 94 (Pha Kho, Khun
Tan, Pang Hua Phong).

Meiglyptes jugularis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 603 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan,
Pang Hua Phong).—Ruey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 229 (“Doi Phra
Chao” [=Doi Saket ?]).

The black-and-buff woodpecker seems to be a rather uncommon
resident of the more eastern lowlands. Eisenhofer sent to Hannover
two males from Pha Hing (April 29 and May 11, 1912) and to
Stockholm a female from the same place (April 25, 1912). I have
examples from a number of localities in Nan Province and a single
specimen from Sala Mae Tha (at the western foot of the Khun Tan
range). It has not yet been found anywhere between Sala Mae Tha
and the Burmese bank of the Salwin.

Gyldenstolpe (1916) states that he met with this species in old
clearings or open forests, never in thick jungle. My specimens were
found in similar locations; where the lowland evergreen was very
dense, the birds were seen only along the broader trails.

Molting adults were taken June 6 and August 6.

Gyldenstolpe’s examples had the irides brown; the bill black; the
feet and toes olive-green.

The adult male has the top and sides of the head black, narrowly
barred with buff, becoming uniform black on the crest; a broad buffy-
white collar on the back and sides of the neck; the scapulars, back,
upper tail coverts, and tail black; the rump buffy white; the remiges
black with small buffy-white spots on either web that become broad
buffy-white bars on the innermost secondaries; most of the upper
wing coverts buffy white, forming a broad, conspicuous wing stripe;
the feathers of the throat buff, narrowly barred with black; a short,
dull crimson mustachial streak on each side of the head from the base
of the mandible; the under wing coverts buffy white; the remaining
underparts black. The adult female differs from the male only in
lacking the red mustachial streaks,

The buffy tinge which appears on both the black and the white
portions of this bird’s plumage varies greatly individually and seems
to be caused by stain,

DRYOBATES HYPERYTHRUS HYPERYTHRUS (Vigors)
BURMESE RUFOUS-BELLIED PIED WOODPECKER

Picus hyperythrus Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soe. London, pt. 1, 1830-
1831 [=1831], p. 28 (“Himalayan Mountains”; type locality restricted to
Nepal, by Hartert, Végel der paliiarktischen Fauna, vol. 2, 1912, p. 925).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 243

Hypopicus hyperythrus, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1916, p. 61 (Ban
Mae Mo).—GyYLpENsTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 602 (Ban Mae Mo).

Hypopicus hyperythrus hyperythrus, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
223 (Huai Salop).

For many years this rare woodpecker was known from Thailand
only by Williamson’s old record. In 1936 I sent my men to Ban Mae
Mo especially to make a search for it and on the last day of a week’s
stay, September 2, an adult male was seen and collected. Curiously
enough, just eight days later, I myself shot a second adult male a few
miles south of Ban Mae Ten, a village in the upper Mae Yom basin.
However, unknown to me, Smith had obtained a specimen (adult
male) at Huai Salop, January 3, 1933.

It is a bird of low elevations, inhabiting parklike pa daeng, where
the trees are widely spaced and fairly tall. I found it a shy, solitary
form, most easily discoverable by its call—the notes of a Dryobates
but the voice of a Dinopium.

My two September specimens are in molt.

Smith records that his example had the maxilla black; the mandible
horn; the feet and toes green.

The adult male has the forehead, lores, chin, and sides of the head
to the eye gray; the crown and nape shining crimson; the remaining
upperparts boldly barred black and white, except for the shoulders,
upper tail coverts, and central rectrices, which are uniform black;
the region of the vent and the under tail coverts rose-red or crimson;
the remaining underparts unmarked rufous. The adult female differs
only in having the crown and nape black, thickly spotted with white.
Juveniles of either sex have the crown like that of the adult female,
except that the anterior portion is spotted with crimson instead of
white; the underparts (except for the pink under tail coverts) rufous-
gray or pale rufous, everywhere barred with blackish.

Thai examples agree well with a series from the eastern Himalayas.

Ticehurst and Whistler have set aside Hartert’s restriction of the
type locality for the nominate race and rechristened the population of
the eastern Himalayas stkkimensis (Ibis, 1924, p. 473). Since some
forms in the original collection clearly did not come from the western
Himalayas; since Gould’s plate, founded upon Vigors’s type, does
indeed seem to represent an eastern bird; and since Hartert, the
first reviser, designated a not improbable type locality, to refuse to
accept his conclusions seems highhanded and unwarrantable.

DRYOBATES CATHPHARIUS TENEBROSUS Rothschild
YUNNANESE CRIMSON-BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER

Dryobates cathpharius tenebrosus RorHscHItp, Nov. Zool., vol. 33, 1926, p. 240
(Shweli-Salwin divide, Yunnan).
Dryobates cathparius perneyi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
. 1938, p. 80 (Doi Pha Hom Pok).

244. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This species has been found in Thailand only by de Schauensee’s
collectors, who took a single male at 6,000 feet on Doi Pha Hom Pok,
sometime in February 1938.

I have no material of this form at hand. An adult male of the
closely related D. c. pernyti has the forecrown black, the rest of the
crown and the nape crimson; the back, scapulars, rump, upper tail
coverts, and central rectrices unmarked black; the outer rectrices black,
barred with fulvous-white; the wings black, barred and spotted with
white on the apical two-thirds, the coverts of the innermost secondaries
almost wholly white; the ear coverts and sides of the neck fulvous-
white; the throat and sides of the breast black; the center of the breast
deep crimson; the remaining underparts deep fulvous, heavily streaked
with black; the under tail coverts buff, broadly edged with crimson.
The adult female differs chiefly in lacking crimson on the head.

DRYOBATES ATRATUS (Blyth)
STRIPED-BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER

Plicus] atratus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 1849, pp. 803-804
(“Tenasserim provinces” ).

Dryobates atratus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
567 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 250 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—DEIenan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 157 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and
Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 286 (Doi Suthep. )—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 96 (Doi Suthep).—
Riey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 228 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi
Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The striped-breasted woodpecker is common on all the northern
mountains that exceed 4,000 feet in elevation (including Phu Kha),
ranging from that altitude to at least 5,500 feet. On Doi Khun Tan,
where it was not found by Eisenhofer and Gyldenstolpe, Smith took
numerous examples between 3,000 and 4,000 feet (the summit) and
one as low as 2,000 feet.

On Doi Ang Ka this bird occurred in solitary small trees standing
on lalang-covered hillsides; elsewhere I found it also in the open
forests of oak or pine and among the stunted trees that clothe the
mountain ridges. Its call is the shrill, descending whinny character-
istic of the small dryobatines.

A specimen taken on January 11 had the gonads enlarged. Juve-
niles have been collected between February 17 (just out of the nest)
and September 4 (a female with only one red feather still in the
crown).

De Schauensee records that a male had the irides chestnut; the
maxilla dark gray; the mandible light pearl gray; the feet, toes, and
claws gray. Females taken by me had the irides brown; the orbital
skin slaty ; the bill horny olive, darker on the culmen and paler below,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 245

or wholly slaty, or plumbeous with the culmen slaty; the feet, toes,
and claws slaty olive, or the feet and toes plumbeous and the claws
slaty.
The adult male has the crown and nape crimson; the uppermost
back, the rump, upper tail coverts, and the two central pairs of rectrices
usually unmarked black; the remaining upperparts, including the
wings and outer rectrices, black, barred and spotted with white; the
sides of the head gray, changing to white on the sides of the neck, some
of the feathers behind the eye with black shaft streaks; a black streak,
broadening posteriorly, from the base of the mandible; the chin and
throat whitish; the remaining underparts gray, more or less strongly
suffused with fulvous, boldly streaked, especially on the breast, with
black; the under tail coverts crimson. The adult female differs in
lacking crimson on the crown. Immature birds of either sex have
the feathers of the crown tipped with crimson.

DRYOBATES MACEI LONGIPENNIS (Hesse)
THAI SPOTTED-BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER

Dendrocopos analis longipennis Hessre, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 20, 1912, p. 82 (Bang-
kok, Thailand).

Dryobates analis longipennis, Dk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 567 (Chiang Mai); 1934, p. 250 (Chiang Mai).—Detenan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 157 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 96 (Chiang
Mai).

No member of the Thai avifauna has a more curiously discontinuous
distribution than the present species, until now recorded only from
Ban Hua Mak, Bangkok, Mae Klong, Ko Lak, and the vicinity of
Chiang Mai.

At Chiang Mai this woodpecker, like the spotted owl (Athene brama
mayri) and the white-winged starling (Sturnia malabarica nemori-
cola), is closely associated with the open groves of maiz kwao (Butea
frondosa) and, while fairly common, is local and confined to the
neighborhood of lowland villages to the same extent as the tree. The
reason for this relationship, which seems not to obtain elsewhere, is
obscure and worthy of investigation. A male with enlarged gonads,
shot in a mai kwao, February 9, 1929, had fed upon the larvae of a
beetle.

Examples of either sex had the irides brown; the orbital skin slaty;
the bill slaty, paler toward the base; the feet and toes plumbeous; the
claws slaty.

An’adult male from Chiang Mai has the crown crimson; the nape
black; the remaining upperparts, including the upper tail coverts,
wings, and tail, black barred with white ; the sides of the head fulvous-
white; a black streak, broadening posteriorly, from the base of the

946 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mandible; the remaining underparts pale fulvous, marked on the
breast with elongated black spots, on the abdomen with faint brownish
streaks, and on the sides with indistinct blackish-brown bars; the
under tail coverts light crimson, indistinctly barred and spotted with
blackish brown. The adult female differs in having the entire crown
black. Immatures of either sex have the feathers of the crown black,
tipped with crimson.

Ticehurst has adduced reasons (Ibis, 1939, p. 5) for considering
atratus conspecific with macez, but the arguments advanced by him
may with equal propriety be employed to show that the lowland
maceé should be coupled with the similarly lowland longipennis. It
is significant that Chiang Mai specimens differ from topotypical longi-
pennis in having the underparts a deeper fulvous, the spots on the
breast smaller and less numerous, the streaks on the belly almost
absent, the under tail coverts more crimson than pink—in all these
characters approximating macei. To the objection that mace? has the
upper tail coverts and central rectrices unmarked black while longi-
pennis has them barred with white, I need only point out that the
same variation is exhibited among the races of Dryobates canicapillus
(cf. semicoronatus and canicapillus).

DRYOBATES CANICAPILLUS CANICAPILLUS (Blyth)
BURMESE GRAY-CROWNED PIED WOODPECKER

P[icus] canicapillus BiyTH, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, p. 197 (Arakan;
type specimen from Ramree Island, fide Robinson and Boden Kloss, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, vol. 5, 1923, p. 177).

Iyngipicus canicapillus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 48 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 98 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong, Pha
Hing, Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 602 (‘Northern Siam”).—prE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad, Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 575 (Doi Suthep).

Yungipicus hardwickii canicapillus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 567 (Doi Suthep).

Yungipicus nanus canicapillus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 157 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 224 (Doi Ang Ka, Mae Khan, Doi Suthep, “Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi
Saket?], Khun Tan).

Dryobates hardwickii canicapillus, CHASEN and BoDEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 236 (Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 96 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Dryobates nanus canicapillus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 250 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Khun Tan).

D[ryobates] n[anus] canicapillus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1938, p. 123 (‘““Me Hong Son, Chiengmai, and Lampang provinces”).

D{[ryobates] n[anus] pumilus [partim], DrIcNAn, Journ. Siam Soc, Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1988, p. 123 (“Nan province”).

The pygmy woodpecker is a common resident of the dry, deciduous
forests of all our provinces, from the plains to about 2,700 feet. On

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 247

Doi Suthep I sometimes saw it in the open hill-forest between 3,300
and 4,600 feet, and on Doi Ang Ka it occurred in pines at 4,000 feet.

This bird, which may readily be distinguished from others of the
genus by its small size, seems not to differ from them in notes and
habits.

A well-grown juvenile was taken at Phu Het, June 13. Adults
collected between August 2 and 28 are in molt.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his specimens had the irides gray, yellowish
white, or brown; the bill bluish black; the feet and toes yellowish
green.

The adult male has the crown ashy gray; the sides of the crown from
above the eye, the nape, and the uppermost back black; at each side
of the occiput a narrow streak of scarlet; the remaining upperparts
black, barred and spotted with white; the sides of the neck from the
eye white, bordered below by a broad streak, anteriorly brown, poste-
riorly black; the remaining underparts gray, more or less suffused
with fulvous and everywhere streaked with blackish. The adult fe-
male differs only in lacking scarlet on the head.

Ticehurst has shown (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1940, p. 592)
that my restoration of Hargitt’s name puwmilus for a supposedly
browner Indo-Chinese population cannot stand. In the meantime
de Schauensee has named the bird of eastern Thailand delacouri
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1938, pp. 109-111). When only
fresh-plumaged specimens (September to December) are compared,
the alleged differences between canicapillus and delacouri are not very
obvious, but in series they seem to be indeed separable.

It is possible that the birds of Nan Province should be called dela-
court, but my material (females taken from April to June) does not
permit me to decide this point.

HEMICIRCUS CANENTE CANENTE (Lesson)
BURMESE HEART-SPOTTED WOODPECKER

Picus Canente Lesson, Centurie Zoologique, 1830 [=ante May, 1832], pp. 215-216,
pl. 73 (Pegu).

Hemicercus canente, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 50 (Ban Huai Hom, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 96 (Tha Chomphu, Pha Kho) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 605 (“Through-
out northern Siam’’).

Hemicercus canente canente, D— SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, pp. 567, 568 (Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai).

The heart-spotted woodpecker is sparsely distributed across the low-
lands of the more eastern provinces; its known range in our area does
not extend beyond Tha Chomphu and Ban Mae Dok Daeng Nai,
localities at the western foot of the Khun Tan chain.

It has been found in heavy evergreen, in deciduous forest, and in
bamboo brakes. Gyldenstolpe notes that he saw it only on the lower

948 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

portions of the trees and that, when alarmed, it would freeze against
a branch and remain motionless for a long period; this habit may
account for the paucity of records.

Birds of this genus have a patch of bristly feathers in the middle
of the back smeared with a sweet-smelling, sticky glandular secretion
which, in the dried skin, loses both its odor and viscidity. The pur-
pose of this substance is still unknown, but it is, I feel sure, the origin
of the buffy or greenish-yellow color with which the plumage is usually
suffused and which, when the specimen is newly killed, can be washed
off on damp cotton, as I discovered in cleaning bloodstains from the
feathers.

De Schauensee records that his examples had the irides yellowish
white (male) or sandy brown (female) ; the bill black; the feet and
toes greenish black. Gyldenstolpe’s birds of either sex had the irides
dark brown.

This is a small species with tail so short as not to extend beyond
the wings. The male has the upper half of the head and the crest
black, the front and forecrown minutely speckled with whitish; the
upper back white; the scapulars and the middle of the back black;
the rump white; the upper tail coverts and the tail black; the pri-
maries, outer secondaries, and outer wing coverts black; the shoulder
white; the inner coverts and inner secondaries white with conspicuous
cordiform black bars at or near the tip; the chin, throat, and sides of
the neck white; the under wing coverts white; the remaining under-
parts blackish, deepening toward the under tail coverts. The female
differs only in having the front and crown white.

N. B.—I have given descriptions of ideal specimens; the fact is
that the plumage (except the most recently grown feathers in molt-
ing birds) is always more or less strongly stained, the white portions
becoming buffy, the black (especially on the breast), olivaceous.

DINOPIUM JAVANENSE INTERMEDIUM (Blyth)
BURMESE THREE-TOED GOLDEN-BACKED WOODPECKER

P[icus] (T[iga]) intermedius BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, p.
193 (Nepal, error; “Blyth’s type was from north Arrakan,” fide Stuart
Baker, Ibis, 1919, p. 208; type locality restricted to Ramree Island, by Rob-
inson and Boden Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 5, 1928, p. 187).

Tiga javanensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 49
(Den Chai); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed).

Tiga javanensis intermedia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 95 (Pak Mae Ta, Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu) ; Ibis, 1920,
p. 604 (“Throughout the whole of Siam proper’’).

Dinopium javanense intermedium, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 567 (Chiang Saen).—Deri1enan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 157 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 97 (Chiang Mai,
Doi Suthep).—Ritery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 238 (“Doi Phra

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 249

Chao” [=Doi Saket ?], Doi Ang Ka, Chom Thong, Mae Hong Son, Thatta-
fang, Ban Nam Khian).

Dinopium javanensis intermedia, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 253 (“Tung Sio’”’).

The three-toed golden-backed woodpecker is a fairly common
species of the dry, deciduous forests, from the plains to about 2,000
feet. It has been recorded from all parts of our area.

I found this form, usually in pairs, in open woodlands, feeding
upon ants low down on the trunks of trees or on stumps. Its presence
is soon made known by its loud, shrill, nasal cries but it is quick to
take alarm and, in my experience, difficult to observe.

A subadult male was collected at Muang Fang, July 23, and adults
in molt at various localities between August 2 and November 9.

De Schauensee records that a male had the irides chestnut; the
maxilla black; the mandible black, with the basal half slaty blue; the
feet and toes pale slaty blue. I have noted that a female had the
irides brown; the orbital skin slate; the maxilla dull black,
plumbeous-blue at the corners of the mouth; the mandible slate, with
the basal half plumbeous-blue; the feet and toes dull olive-green;
the claws dark slate.

The adult male has the crown and long nuchal crest crimson; the
uppermost back black; the upper back, scapulars, wing coverts, and
outer webs of the secondaries golden-yellow, suffused with olive and
sometimes more or less washed with crimson; the lower back and rump
crimson; the upper tail coverts and the tail black; the primaries
black with large white spots on the inner web; the sides of the head
and neck and the entire underparts fulvous-white, with a broad black
streak from behind the eye, a broad black streak at either side of the
throat and neck from the base of the mandible, and a broken narrow
black streak down the center of the throat and foreneck; the feathers
of the remaining underparts edged with black, most broadly on the
breast, to give a scaly appearance. The adult female differs in hav-
ing the crown and crest black, each feather with a white guttate
streak near the tip.

For distinctions between the two golden-backed woodpeckers of
our provinces, see under the following form.

CHRYSOCOLAPTES LUCIDUS GUTTACRISTATUS (Tickell)
BURMESE FOUR-TOED GOLDEN-BACKED WOODPECKER

Picus Guttacristatus TickeLL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 2, 1833, pp. 578-
579 (Borabham and Dholbham).

Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indo-malayicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl, Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 49, (Pak Pan, Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed).

Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 95 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan); Ibis, 1920, p. 605

250 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(“Northern Siam’”).—pe ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 575 (Doi Suthep); 1934, p. 252 (Mae Taeng, Khun Tan, Doi
Suthep).—Dntenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1931, p. 157
(Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 97 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Chrysocolaptes strictus guttacristatus, CHASEN and BopeNn Ktioss, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 285 (Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 235 (“Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket?], Thattafang, Mae
Hong Son).

This species, like the preceding one, is a fairly common bird in
the wooded districts of all our provinces, occurring not only in de-
ciduous forest but also in the evergreen and ascending the hills at
least to 5,500 feet.

Not only are the two golden-backed woodpeckers strikingly similar
in appearance but they agree in voice and habits and may even, on
occasion, be observed on the same tree trunk.

Smith took a juvenile male on the Burmese bank of the Salwin,
January 28. I collected molting adults at a number of localities
between April 21 and August 15.

Gyldenstolpe records that his specimens had the irides yellowish
red; the bill slate; the feet and toes olive-green.

The golden-backed woodpeckers are superficially so much alike that
it is scarcely necessary to give a detailed description of the present —
form. The four-toed species differs, enter alia, in the following
characters: it is a distinctly larger bird, with a much longer, more
robust bill; at each side of the throat, from the base of the mandible,
it has two narrow black lines, which fuse posteriorly into one; the |
female has a round white spot near the tip of each feather of crown |
and crest. |

DRYOCOPUS JAVENSIS FEDDENI (Blyth)
BURMESE GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER

Mulleripicus Feddeni “Blanford” Biyts, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 32,
1863, p. 75 (Pegu; in epist., ibid., vol. 31, 1862, p. 195, Blanford writes:
“Of Mulleripicus Heddeni [| sic, nomen nudum here] I believe that I ob- |
tained one specimen at Thayetmyo, and subsequently I again shot it S. |
of Bassein’’).

Thriponax javensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 50 (Den Chai). |

Thriponar javensis feddeni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, |
p. 2830 (listed); Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 96 (Huai _
San, Khun Tan). |

Thriponaw javanensis feddeni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 605 (“Throughout }
northern Siam”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, !
1938, p. 575 (Doi Suthep).

Macropicus crawfurdi crawfurdi, DEI@NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., |
1931, p. 158 (Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 97 (Doi Suthep).—pre ScHAUENSER, |
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 253 (Mae Taeng).

Macropicus feddeni, Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 242 (Doi Ang |
Ka, Ban Nam Khian).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 251

This fine bird, while not common, is found throughout the north-
ern provinces, occurring in the dry, deciduous forest from the plains
to about 2,000 feet and, on Doi Suthep, rarely in the open hill-forest
at 4,600 feet.

Gyldenstolpe found it in parties of from four to six birds but I have
myself never recorded more than two together, although it is quite
likely to be travelling with mixed flocks of unrelated forms, such as
Garrulax, Crypsirina, Garrulus, etc. It is frequently seen on stumps
and disproportionately small trees and I have scarcely ever observed
it more than six feet above the ground; it is, nevertheless, one of the
most difficult woodpeckers to collect, for it keeps just beyond gunshot
range and seeks concealment behind the tree trunks. Its hammering is
slow and deliberate and loud in direct proportion to the bird’s size.

Definite breeding dates for our area are unknown but I took a juve-
nile female at Muang Lae, April 21, 1936.

Adult examples had the irides creamy-yellow; the orbital skin slate ;
the bill slate, with the extreme tip and base of the mandible plumbeous;
the feet, toes, and claws plumbeous.

The adult male has the crown and nuchal crest bright crimson; the
lower back, rump, basal half of the quills on the inner web, and the
extreme tip of the primaries white; the remaining upperparts black;
the orbital region and anterior portion of the ear coverts black; a
broad, short mustachial streak, at each side of the throat, bright
crimson; the chin, throat, foreneck, and posterior ear coverts white,
heavily streaked with black; the breast and under tail coverts black;
the remaining underparts white, usually suffused with a buffy stain.
The adult female differs in lacking the red mustachial streaks and in
having the front and forecrown black.

MULLERIPICUS PULVERULENTUS HARTERTI Hesse
NORTHERN GREAT GRAY WOODPECKER

Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti Hesse, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 19, 1911, p. 182
(Assam; type specimen from Pya, Upper Chindwin, fide Hesse, Mitt. Zool.
Mus. Berlin, vol. 6, 1912, p. 232).

Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungi. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 50 (Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
230 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 96 (Doi Pha Sakaeng,
Khun Tan); Ibis, 1920, p. 605 (‘Throughout northern and north-western
Siam”).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 252
(Mae Taeng).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 97
(Doi Suthep).—Rtey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 240 (Mae Khan,
“Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket?]).

The largest Thai woodpecker is uncommon but generally distributed
in well-wooded districts of the North, occurring in lowland evergreen,
in deciduous forest from the plains to the altitudinal limit of this
type of vegetation, and, at least on Doi Ang Ka, in tall pines from

583136—45——17

252 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

3,000 to 3,500 feet. The irregular appearances of the bird on Doi
Suthep (2,200 to 2,900 feet) suggest that the species is more or less of
a wanderer when breeding.

Where some decaying giant tree stands at the edge of a jungle
clearing, one may meet with a party (as many as five or six) of these
huge woodpeckers. Certainly they cannot be overlooked, for they
follow one another from tree to tree with rattling wings and a con-
stant harsh screaming of the syllable wozk. When seen flying high
above the forest, they appear to be dark, crowlike birds with a light-
colored patch on the nape (an optical illusion due to the remarkably
constricted neck). Specimens taken by me had fed upon ants and
termites.

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the eyelids and orbital
skin slaty; the maxilla bone-white, with the culmen and tip slaty
black; the mandible with the tip slaty black and the base plumbeous,
otherwise bone-white; the interior of the mouth slaty; the feet and
toes plumbeous; the claws horny slate. An immature male had the
irides gray-blue; the orbital skin slaty; the maxilla blue-gray, with
the culmen slaty, the tip and the edges of the commissure dead white;
the mandible blue-gray; the feet and toes gray-blue; the claws dark
slate. Gyldenstolpe notes that a male had the feet and toes dark
olive-green.

The male has a broad patch of bright crimson on each side of the
head below the eye; the chin, throat, and foreneck vivid buffy yellow,
more or less suffused with rose, especially on the foreneck; the rest of
the plumage ashy slate-gray, the scalelike feathers of the head and nape
tipped with silvery gray, the feathers of the underparts similarly
(though less distinctly) tipped. The female differs in lacking the
crimson malar markings and the rosy tinge on the throat and foreneck.

PICUMNUS INNOMINATUS MALAYORUM Hartert
MALAYAN SPECKLED PICULET

Picumnus innominatus malayorum HartTert, Vogel der paliarktischen Fauna,
vol. 2, 1912, p. 987 (Gunong Ijau, Perak, Malay Peninsula).

Picumnus innominatus malayorum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 97 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 605 (Khun Tan).

Vivia innominata malayorum, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 158 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BODEN K1LOoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 236 (Doi Suthep).—D£EIcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 97 (Doi Suthep).—bE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1984, p. 253 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—RIEy, U. S8.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 248 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The speckled piculet has so far been recorded only from the higher
peaks of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges. On Doi
Ang Ka I found it common in the evergreen from 4,400 to 5,500 feet;
on Doi Suthep, from 2,700 to 4,600 feet, occasionally down to 2,200

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 253

feet in ravines; on Doi Chiang Dao, de Schauensee took it at 4,600
feet.

This little bird, in all its actions, is like the larger woodpeckers. I
have seen it feeding on the trunks of saplings and on the stems of
bamboo and exploring the apical twigs of the lower branches of the
trees. For drumming purposes it seeks a hollow limb or dry bamboo,
by means of which it can produce a sound as loud as that of a much
larger species.

A male taken by me had the irides brown; the bill slaty; the feet
and toes plumbeous.

The adult male has the forecrown orange, each feather with an ex-
posed black base; the hindcrown and nape grayish olive, changing
to deep olive-ochre on the remaining upperparts; the rectrices black,
the central pair with the inner web white, the others with a broad,
diagonal, subterminal white bar; a white line, broadening posteriorly,
from above the eye to the nape; a second from the base of the bill down
the side of the neck; the area between the two lines dark brown; the
remaining underparts pale yellow (whiter on the throat and upper
breast), boldly marked with black spots, which gradually change to
bars on the lower flanks. The adult female differs only in having the
entire crown grayish olive.

SASIA OCHRACEA QUERULIVOX Stuart Baker
HILL TIPPERAH WHITE-BROWED RUFOUS PICULET

Sasia ochracea querulivor StuarT BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926,
p. 43 (Tipperah Hills, Eastern Bengal).

Sasia ochracea reichenoui, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 97 (Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 606 (Doi Pha Sakaeng).—pr
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 568 (Chiang Rai,
Chiang Saen).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 158
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 97 (Chiang Mai).—RILEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 243 (Chiang Dao).

This piculet is uncommon and local in the lowland districts of
Chiang Rai, Phrae, and Nan Provinces (Muang Fang, Wiang Pa Pao,

-Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen, Ban Pha Khwang, Ban Huai Ki), very

rare on the plains (Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai) and mountains (Doi
Chiang Dao, Doi Ang Ka) of Chiang Mai Province. The only record
for Chiang Mai Town is a solitary individual seen in a dense clump
of giant bamboo, July 2, 19380.

The predilection of the rufous piculet for extensive brakes of bamboo
may account for its broken distribution. The only example observed
on Doi Ang Ka, however, was climbing about on a reedlike grass in a
clearing amid wild bananas at about 5,000 feet.

My specimens had the irides bright crimson; the orbital skin deep
crimson or crimson-lake; the maxilla plumbeous or slaty; the man-

254 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

dible horn or plumbeous, darker at the tip; the feet and toes orange
(duller in the female) ; the soles yellow; the claws horn-brown.

The adult male has the forehead golden-yellow, changing to dull
olive-green on the crown; the nape dull rufous; the scapulars, back,
and rump rufous, more or less suffused with olive-green; the upper
tail coverts and tail black; the wing coverts and the exposed portion
of the quills olive-green, changing to olivaceous-rufous on the inner-
most secondaries; a white stripe from above the eye to the end of
the ear coverts; the entire underparts rufous, suffused with golden-
yellow on the abdomen. The adult female differs in having the fore-
head dull rufous and in lacking the golden suffusion on the underparts.

Among the specimens before me, I find four recognizable races of
this piculet: (1) a distinctly green-backed population from Tongking
(Chapa, Chora), which are probably kinneari; (2) a deeply colored
rufous-backed population from Sikkim, Assam (north of the Brahma-
putra), Upper Burma (Mansum, Pyepat, Bhamo), which must be
considered ochracea; (3) a much paler and rather smaller population
from North Cachar, Pegu, North and East Thailand, which, for the
present, I call guerulivox,; (4) a population from South Tenasserim
and Peninsular Thailand, which agree in color with querulivoe but
differ from it in the more robust bill and from all others of the genus
in having the orbital skin blackish or slaty instead of red and which,
for the present, I take to be reichenowt.

The original description of reichenowi? 1s so incomplete that, without
examination of the type or at least of topotypes, it is impossible to say
that the population of Thayetchoung (type locality) are not small-
billed, red-orbited birds, in which case guerulivox (1926) would become
merely a synonym of rezchenow? (1911) and the more southern ex-
amples with slaty orbits would be left without a name.

JYNX TORQUILLA CHINENSIS Hesse
CHINESE WRYNECK

Iynz torquilla chinensis Hessr, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 19, 1911, p. 181 (China; type
specimen from Peking, fide Hesse, Mitteil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 6, 1912, p.-
148).

Iynz torquilla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 230 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 606 (Khun Tan).

Tyne torquilla japonica, be SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 568 (Chiang Rai).

Jynz torquilla japonica, DeIcNan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 158
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 97 (Chiang Mai).

The wryneck, as a winter visitor, doubtless occurs throughout our
area. Hisenhofer sent to Stockholm one unsexed, undated specimen
from Khun Tan. I have examples from Chiang Mai, Chom Thong,
and Mae Sariang. The extreme dates at Chiang Mai, where it was
rather common, are September 18 (1936) and March 14 (1931).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 255

This aberrant woodpecker haunts the wastelands where cremations
are performed, burnt-over areas, the borders of scrubby jungle, and
roadsides. I usually found it gathering ants on the ground, whence
it would fly silently to some nearby tree or fence post and wait for the
interruption to pass so that it might resume its feeding.

A male had the irides ight brown; the orbital skin plumbeous; the
maxilla fleshy horn; the mandible plumbeous-horn; the feet and toes
light olive-green; the claws horn. A female had the irides dull gray-
brown; the bill horn; the feet and toes light horny olive; the claws
horn.

The wryneck has the upperparts grayish, finely vermiculated with
gray-brown and pale rufous, marked from the nape to the center of
the back with broad black streaks and elsewhere with numerous black
streaks and bars, gray and pale rufous spots; the primaries barred
black and pale rufous; a deep brown band behind the eye and a nar-
row black streak below the ear coverts; the underparts rufous-buff,
deepest on throat and upper breast, marked with narrow black or
blackish-brown cross bars, which break up into small sagittate spots on
the albescent abdomen.

Order PASSERIFORMES
Family EURYLAIMIDAE

PSARISOMUS DALHOUSIAE DALHOUSIAE (Jameson)
INDIAN LONG-TAILED BROADBILL

[Hurylaimus] Dalhousiae JAMESON, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., vol. 18, [not
before] April 1835, pp. 389-390 (‘‘Northern India”; type specimen from
“Himalayas, 10,000 feet,” fide Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., vol. 35, 1930, p. 272).

ELurylaimus Dalhousiae “Wilson” Royrxz, Illustrations of the botany and other
branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the
flora of Cashmere, vol. 1, No. 6, 1839 [=April 1835], pl. 7, fig. 2 (no locality
given; figured specimen from “Mussooree, at 6,500 feet of elevation,” fide
Royle, ibid., Suppl. No., 1840, p. Ixxviii, where name is corrected to Hury-
laimus Dalhousiae “Jameson’’ ).

Psarisomus dalhousiae, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 86 (“Meh Nja Min” [between Muang Fang and Chiang Rai]).—DrIeGNan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 156 (Doi Suthep).

Psarisomus dalhousiae dalhousiae, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 229 (Pha Hing) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 581 (“Northern Siam”).—CHAaAsEN
and Bopen Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 236 (Doi
Suthep.) —DEIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 98 (Doi
Suthep.)—Dr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 246
(Doi Suthep).—Rtey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 252 (Khun Tan,
Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka).

The long-tailed broadbill is an uncommon or rare resident of dense,
well-watered evergreen, at whatever elevation, probably throughout
our area. During a six weeks’ stay on Doi Ang Ka I saw only three,

256 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

between 4,500 and 5,300 feet; on Doi Suthep it was rare from 3,800 to
4,600 feet ; on Phu Kha, a single pair was found at 4,300 feet. On the
other hand, it has been taken at feeble altitudes by Fejos (lower
slopes of Doi Chiang Dao), by Eisenhofer (Pha Hing), and by my
collectors (Bang Pang An), and I have observed it on Doi Mon
Khwam Long at about 2,500 feet in mixed-deciduous forest and bam-
boo (although not far from heavy evergreen).

In deep ravines where, shaded by ginger-lilies and tree ferns and
overarched by liana-bound trees, some tiny brook falls down the
mountainside among tumbled rocks, this beautiful species travels
about in small parties, the members of which explore the branches and
climb the creepers in parrotlike fashion, all the while keeping up a
conversation of shrill whistles and chattering notes. Specimens
whose stomachs I examined had fed only upon insects.

In April and May, when the flocks break up into pairs for breed-
ing, it becomes a much shier bird. On Doi Ang Ka, April 7, 1981,
in a tract of comparatively open evergreen, I observed a couple be-
ginning to add the pendent tail to an otherwise completed nest; this
nest, a remarkably bulky pyriform structure of closely woven vegeta-
ble material, with the entrance hole on the side near the base, was
suspended by a length of vine from the end of a branch, about 10
feet from the ground and almost overhanging a small brook.

On Doi Khun Tan, Smith took four examples in various stages
of the postjuvenal molt between August 24 and October 25 and two
adults in the postnuptial molt, August 26 and September 2.

An adult male (April 29) had the irides with a violet-pink inner
ring, smalt-blue outer ring; the eyelids with the inner surface blue,
edged greenish yellow, the outer surface of the upper yellowish green,
of the lower greenish yellow; the maxilla green, tipped light blue,
with a patch on each side near the base dark blue, the corners of the
mouth greenish blue, the edges of the commissure violet-gray; the
mandible with two orange patches separated by a narrow greenish-
yellow strip and otherwise edged by green, the tip and corners of the
mouth light blue; the interior of the mouth light blue; the tarsi
yellowish olive; the toes dull olive; the claws horny violet. An adult
female (April 10) had the irides with a pink inner ring, pinkish-
gray outer ring; the upper eyelid with the inner surface bright blue,
edged grass green, the outer surface olive-green; the lower eyelid
with the inner surface fleshy, edged blue, the outer surface yellow;
the maxilla yellowish green, with the tip, anterior half of the culmen,
and a patch on each side at the base sky blue, the edges of the commis-
sure violet-gray; the mandible with two pinkish-orange patches sep-
arated by greenish yellow and otherwise surrounded by bright green,
the tip and corners of the mouth sky blue; the interior of the mouth

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND oe

sky blue; the tarsi dull olive-green; the toes plumbeous-olive; the
claws horny brown, fleshy gray at the base.

The adult has a small frontal area, the lores, and the orbital region
yellowish green; a large patch on the crown bright blue; a smaller,
elongate patch on either side of the occiput yellow, more or less suf-
fused with green or blue; the rest of the crown, the nape, the ear
coverts, and the sides of the neck black; the chin and throat bright
yellow, this color produced as a collar behind the black but broken on
the nape by a narrow patch of bright blue; the yellow of throat and
collar posteriorly edged with silvery white, which, in turn, on the
upper breast is edged with sky blue; the entire back, upper tail
coverts, scapulars, exposed portion of the secondaries, and the upper
wing coverts bright, deep green; the primaries with the basal half of
the outer web shining turquoise blue changing to deep green on the
apical half, the inner web black with a large white area near the
base; the rectrices with the upper surface bright, deep blue, the lower
surface black; the remaining underparts bright emerald green, some-
times suffused with sky blue. Juveniles differ from adults in having
the blue and black portions of the head replaced by bright, deep
green and in having the yellow of the throat and collar strongly
tinged with green.

Jameson’s description of this bird was communicated to the
Wernerian Natural History Society on January 24, 1835, but it did
not appear in print before the following April. The title page of
Royle’s work is dated 1839, but the part in which the bird is named
and figured came out in April 1835. It is thus quite possible that
Royle unwittingly acquired the right to be credited with the name
and that the original reference must stand as given above. Until
this has been proved, however, it seems advisable to consider Jameson
the first describer, as Royle sincerely believed to be the case.

Chasen and Boden Kloss (loc. cit.) have restricted the type locality
of the nominate race to Nepal, but it can probably be shown that
Lady Dalhousie’s specimen, the type of Jameson’s name, came from
the western Himalayas.

SERILOPHUS LUNATUS LUNATUS (Gould)
BURMESE SILVER-BREASTED BROADBILL

Euryiaimus lunatus GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18383 [=1834], pp. 133-134
(Rangoon, Burma).

Serilophus lunatus lunatus [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 565 (Doi Suthep).

Serilophus lunatus lunatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 156 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 98 (Doi Suthep).—Rumey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 250 (Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot).

Serilophus lunatus elizabethae, Smitu, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1934,
p. 828 (Khun Tan.)

258 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serilophus lunatus stolidus, pp ScHAvENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 246 (Doi Chiang Dao).

The Burmese race of the silver-breasted broadbill is a rare resident
of the evergreen forests of the western provinces, reaching its eastern
periphery of range on the hills of the Khun Tan chain. On Doi
Suthep it occurred from 2,700 to 5,300 feet and on Doi Chiang Dao
from 4,000 to 4,600 feet, but I took it at quite low elevations at Ban
Muang Sum and Wiang Khae, where the evergreen reaches the plains.

This broadbill moves in loose bands of as many as 20 individuals
through the dense jungle, feeding in the bushes and lower branches of
trees with the usual loud whistles and chatter of its family and show-
ing so little fear of man that a flock may be largely collected without
causing alarm to the survivors.

I have taken immatures in postjuvenal molt between August 13 and
September 2 and adults in postnuptial molt between August 13 and
December 25.

Adults had the irides dark brown; the eyelids edged light green; the
orbital skin greenish yellow; the bill light blue with the edges of the
commissure blue-white, the base, rictus, and narial region orange-
yellow (the yellow portions separated from the light blue by slaty
blue) ; the interior of the bill light blue, of the throat orange-yellow;
the skin of the chin and throat orange-yellow; the tarsi yellowish
olive ; the toes olive-slate, each scute edged with orange; the claws blue-
white, slaty blue on the basal half at the sides.

The male has the forehead ashy gray, this color changing through
ashy brown on the crown, nape, and back, and chestnut-rufous on the
rump, to chestnut on the upper tail coverts; the rectrices black, the
outer pairs with broad white tips; the upper wing coverts black; the
primaries and outer secondaries blue with a broad black area near or
at the tip and a white spot on the inner web near the base; the inner-
most secondaries light chestnut-rufous; a broad black supercilium
from above the lores to the nape; the sides of the head ashy brown;
the throat and breast ashy gray, fading to white on the abdomen and
under tail coverts; the thighs black. The female differs in having a
gorget of shining silvery white across the upper breast and sides of
the neck behind the ear coverts.

SERILOPHUS LUNATUS ELISABETHAE La Touche
YUNNANESE SILVER-BREASTED BROADBILL

Serilophus lunatus elisabethae La Toucuer, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 42, 1921,
p. 14 (Hokow, southeastern Yunnan).

Serilophus lunatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 46
(Ban Huai Hom).

Serilophus lunatus lunatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 229 (Khao Phlung) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 581 (Khao Phlung, Ban Huai Hom),

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 259

Serilophus lunatus lunatus [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 565 (Chiang Saen).

The eastern form of the silver-breasted broadbill seems to be
generally distributed, even though rare, in those parts of the North
not inhabited by the preceding race. In addition to the localities
listed above, it is known from Pha Hing, where Eisenhofer took
specimens on May 7 and 8, 1912 (Hannover).

This subspecies apparently occurs as a usual thing at low altitudes
but otherwise does not differ in habits from lunatus. De Schauensee
notes that, at Chiang Saen, he watched a flock flycatching from the
upper branches of bushes.

From dunatus, elisabethae differs only in having the chestnut-rufous
of the rump and the chestnut of the upper tail coverts rather deeper
in tone.

EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS PALLIDUS Chasen
THAI BANDED BROADBILL

Eurylaimus javanicus pallidus CHASEN, Bull. Raffles Mus., No. 10, 1935, pp. 43-14
(Khao Nong, Ban Don, Peninsular Thailand).

Eurylaemus javanicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 229
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 86 (Khun Tan, Pha
Hing) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 581 (Khun Tan, Pha Hing).

The banded broadbill is a bird of extreme rarity in northern Thai-
land, and I never succeeded in finding it anywhere within our limits.
Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm four undated specimens (one male,
three females) from Kbun Tan and two males, taken April 28 and 28,
1912, from Pha Hing. Gyldenstolpe shot a pair from a small flock
at Khun Tan, May 24, 1914. In the Raffles Museum (Singapore)
is a male taken by a Thai collector at the foot of Doi Chiang Dao,
March 16, 1937. The species should be sought for in districts with
extensive lowland evergreen.

The adult male has the head and neck deep vinaceous-red; the
back and scapulars black, boldly streaked with yellow; the upper
tail coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow; the rectrices black,
the outer pairs with a broad subterminal spot or band of buffy white ;
the primaries black with a yellowish-white spot on the inner web near
the base; the secondaries black with a yellow spot on the outer web
near the center; the upper wing coverts black; the under wing coverts
yellow; the throat vinaceous-red washed with silvery gray; across
the upper breast a narrow black gorget, followed by an indistinct
broader band of deep silvery gray; the remaining underparts vina-
ceous-red, changing to vinaceous-yellow on the under tail coverts; the
thighs black. The adult female differs from the male only in lacking
the black gorget.

260 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

CORYDON SUMATRANUS LAOENSIS de Schauensee
THAI DUSKY BROADBILL

Corydon sumatranus lacensis DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
yol. 80, 1928 [=1929], p. 555 (“The Siamese Lao”; type specimen from Doi
Suthep, fide de Schauensee, ibid., p. 571).

Corydon sumatranus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 229
(Khun Tan): Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 87 (Pha Kho,
Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 582 (Pha Hing, Khun Tan).

Corydon sumatranus laoensis, Dp SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 571 (Doi Suthep).—Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 247
(Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Huai Salop, Thattafang).

Corydon sumatranus sumatranus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1929, p. 565 (Chiang Saen).

Corydon corydon laoensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 245 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Dericnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 19381, p. 156 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 98 (Doi Suthep).

The dusky broadbill is fairly common in the unsettled districts of
all the northern provinces from the plains to a maximum elevation of
3,300 feet. On Doi Suthep (the type locality) it is distinctly rare,
and I recorded it there only twice: Two at 2,500 feet, October 10,
1936, and two at 3,300 feet, January 23, 1937.

This large species haunts, in fearless flocks of as many as 20 indi-
viduals, both the more open evergreen and the mixed-deciduous forest,
and behaves much as other members of its family. Gyldenstolpe
observes (1916) that the clear whistling note is given only during
flight from tree to tree, the carrying croaking note while the bird is
at rest.

I took a male with enlarged gonads at Ban Huai Ki, March 28,
1937. De Schauensee, speaking of his original series (taken March
17, 1928), says: “We saw about ten of these birds, all apparently en-
gaged in building the same nest. They were going in and out of a
hole in the side. The nest was collected but was unfortunately not
completed.” Eight adults taken by me between May 24 and December
8 are in postnuptial molt.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the orbital region rose;
the bill rose, the tip and the edges of the commissure plumbeous-blue;
the feet, toes, and claws brownish black.

The adult has the throat and upper breast fulvous-white, each
feather narrowly margined with deeper fulvous; each primary with a
broad band of white near the center; the rectrices (except the two
central pairs) crossed by a diagonal, subterminal white bar; a flame-
colored patch at the center of the back (usually concealed in life) ;
the rest of the plumage black, faintly suffused with oily green,
especially on the underparts, rump, and upper tail coverts.

De Schauensee believed (1929) that the birds of Doi Suthep dif-
fered subspecifically from other northern examples in their whiter

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 261

throat and upper breast. The long series of northern skins before
me (taken throughout the year) show that the pale color is seasonal
(January 23 to July 20) and wholly due to wear.

Peninsular Thai specimens are variably intermediate between
sumatranus and laoensis, which makes it difficult to decide where a
line should be drawn between the two forms. The Indo-Chinese coun-
tries farther north, however, are inhabited by a comparatively uniform
population, for which de Schauensee’s name must be used.

Family PITTIDAE

PITTA CYANEA CYANEA Blyth
BURMESE BLUE PITTA

P{itta] cyanea BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843, p. 1008 (Arakan).

Pitia cyanea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 172 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 84 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 580
(Khun Tan).

Pitta, cyanea cyanea, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 175
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 98 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).—Riery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1988, p. 257 (Khun Tan).

The blue pitta seems to be a rather rare and local permanent resident
of the mountain evergreen in the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan
ranges, comparatively common only at Doi Khun Tan. On Doi
Suthep I found it from 3,500 to 5,000 feet and on Doi Chiang Dao at
similar elevations. From the eastern portion of our area the species
is known only by an example taken by me in lowland evergreen at
Ban Huai Ki (in the border hills between Phrae and Nan Provinces) ;
the specimen is tentatively placed with the Burmese form, although
it may just possibly represent an undescribed race.

I found this species, usually by accident, on the ground in the densest
cover imaginable: Swampy glades thickly covered with ginger-lilies,
or moist groves of thorny palm-scrub. It usually sought escape by
running and jumping through the vegetation like a small mammal,
less often by flying to some low branch where it stopped to survey the
intruder.

I have no reason to believe that this bird is at all migratory in our
provinces, where it has been recorded at all seasons. Smith took a
juvenile on Doi Khun Tan, August 24.

Adult specimens had the irides dark brown; the eye ring slate; the
bill black; the rictus and interior of the mouth dusky flesh; the feet,
toes, and claws fleshy plumbeous; the soles yellowish white.

The adult male has a broad black median streak from the forehead
to the nape; the remainder of the forehead and forecrown ochraceous
changing gradually to scarlet on the posterior crown and the nape;
the remaining upperparts blue; the primaries black, each with a large

962 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

white area near the base; a broad black streak from the base of the
bill, through the eye, down the side of the neck; the throat white
(sometimes streaked with blackish), bordered on either side by a broad
black mustachial streak; the remaining underparts shining pale blue
(often suffused with pale yellow on the breast, with vinaceous-pink
on the belly), closely marked with bold black spots and bars (less so
on the center of the abdomen and the vent, which tend to be immacu-
late white). The adult female differs from the male chiefly in having
the upperparts dull brownish, suffused with pale blue, changing grad-
ually to pure blue on the rump, upper tail coverts, and tail.

PITTA SORDIDA CUCULLATA Hartlaub
INDO-CHINESE GREEN-BREASTED PITTA
Pitta cucullata HARTLAvs, Rev. Zool., vol. 6, 1848, p. 65 (Malacca).

This gorgeous bird is known from northern Thailand by a single
adult male, collected by my men in an extensive bamboo-brake on Phu
Het (Nan Province), June 11, 1936.

It has the forehead and crown to the nape chestnut-brown; the lores,
chin, throat, sides of head, and a collar across the nape black; the
mantle shining bottle green; the upper tail coverts shining turquoise
blue; the rectrices black, narrowly tipped with blue; the closed wing
paler bottle green but with a large, conspicuous turquoise-blue area
on the shoulder and the primaries black, crossed by a broad white
subapical band; an irregular area at the center of the upper abdomen
black; the center of the lower abdomen, the region of the vent, and the
under tail coverts scarlet-crimson; the under wing coverts and axil-
laries black; the remaining underparts shining light green, more or
less strongly washed with blue.

PITTA BRACHYURA MOLUCCENSIS (P. L. S. Miiller)
INDO-CHINESE BUFF-BREASTED PITTA

Turdus Moluccensis P. L. S. MULLER, Natursystems Supplements- und Register-
band, 1776, p. 144 (“in den moluccischen Inseln,” ex d’Aubenton, pl. 257,
error ; type locality corrected to Tenasserim, by Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, 1921, p. 92).

Pitta cyanoptera, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 172 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 85 (Ban Mae Na, Pha Hing) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 580 (‘‘Northern Siam”).

Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a male of this species, taken at Huai
Pu, May 24, 1912, and an unsexed, undated example from Khun Tan;
Gyldenstolpe collected one male at Pha Hing, May 9, and a second at
Ban Mae Na, June 24, 1914. It was not recorded again from our prov-
inces until, in 1936, I traced an unfamiliar song to this bird, with
the result that, between April 27 and July 14, I was able to collect no
less than ten specimens. At least during the season of song, it ap-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 263

pears to be common and generally distributed in all districts with
lowland evergreen and mixed-deciduous forest. My series came from
every part of Nan and Chiang Rai Provinces, but Gyldenstolpe’s second
specimen was found at the foot of Doi Chiang Dao and I have myself
heard one singing about halfway between Muang Chiang Dao and
Chiang Mai.

The loud, clear, double whistle of the buff-breasted pitta, once
learned, is unmistakable and in Nan and Chiang Rai I heard it con-
stantly from the edge of the forest and in adjacent semi-cleared areas
invaded by bamboo, H'upatorium, etc. The song, usually delivered
from the top of a tree, is somewhat ventriloquial, and the singer,
despite its brilliant coloration, is by no means easy to pick out from
the surrounding foliage.

In some parts of its range the present species is certainly migratory.
The fact that all northern records have been made during the breeding
season cannot be used to show that this is the case with us also, but
merely indicates that most specimens have owed their death to their
song—a conclusion supported by the additional fact that, of the 14
northern examples now known, ten are males, two are unsexed, and
two are females found in proximity to singing males.

Gyldenstolpe notes that a male had the irides dark brown; the bill
black; the feet and toes yellowish white.

Adults have a black median streak, broadening posteriorly, from
the forehead to the nape; the rest of the crown buffy brown; on either
side of the head a broad black band from the base of the bill, through
the eye, to the nape (where the two join to form a nuchal collar) ; the
back, scapulars, and inner secondaries deep green; the upper wing
coverts, rump, and upper tail coverts shining malachite blue; the
rectrices black, tipped with dull blue; the primaries white with broad
black bases and tips, the outer secondaries black with the outer web
largely dull blue; the throat white; the center of the abdomen, the
vent, and the under tail coverts crimson ; the under wing coverts black;
the remaining underparts bright buff.

For those who are unconvinced of the applicability of Miiller’s
name, cyanoptera of Temminck is available. It is true that Miiller
described his 7urdus Moluccensis as “eine griine Merle mit einem
blauen Kopfe” (italics mine), but reference to d’Aubenton’s plate
shows that “blauen” is a mere misprint for “braunen.”

PITTA OATESI OATESI (Hume)
BURMESE RUFOUS-NAPED PITTA

Hydrornis Oatesi Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1873, pp. 477-478 (Eastern
Pegu Hills).

Pitta oatesi, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 172 (listed).

Pitta nipalensis oatesi, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 24
(Muang Wang).

964 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hydrornis oatesi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 580 (Khun Tan, Muang Wang).

Pitta oatesi oatesi, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p.
244 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1935, p. 64 (Doi Ang Ka); 1936, p. 98 (Doi Suthep).—R«iry,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 255 (Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

This large pitta has been found only at the various localities listed
above, living in the densest evergreen from 3,000 to 5,400 feet.

On moonlit nights, upon the higher northern peaks, can be heard
a melodious bong-bong, nearly always answered at once by a similar
call at a lower pitch. This lovely sound is, by the hill-people every-
where, attributed to the pet bong (which seems to mean “bong duck”
but may be merely a combination of onomatopoeic syllables), de-
scribed as a green bird which lives along small brooks in the forest.
The identity of the singer was ascertained only when the Karens on
Doi Ang Ka brought me a snared example of the present species and
identified it as the mysterious pet bong.

So heavy is the undergrowth amid which it lives that the bird is
almost never observed and, if seen, will probably be mistaken for a
small mammal as it jumps and scuttles through the vegetation; only
by the nocturnal calls can its numbers be estimated.

I have collected specimens with enlarged gonads on Doi Ang Ka,
April 7, 1931, and September 4, 1935. Williamson’s juvenile, “a
very young bird,” was taken in September 1917.

A breeding male had the irides brown; the maxilla dark wood
brown with the tip and edges of the commissure horny; the mandible
dark wood brown, orange-horny below and becoming a true light
orange at the base; the rictus and interior of the mouth salmon-pink;
the feet and toes light orange; the soles bright orange; the claws
orange-white.

The adult male has the whole head and nape rufous, usually with
a more or less distinct black band behind the eye and above the
ear coverts; the remaining upperparts dull, dark green, often more
or less strongly suffused with blue on the rump; the chin and throat
fulvous, more or less suffused with pale pink; the remaining under-
parts rufous, becoming deep buff posteriorly (the breast sometimes
suffused with pink). The adult female differs in having the green
upperparts more or less suffused with rufous; the underparts deep
fulvous, with black bases and bars on the feathers of the lower fore-
neck showing through.

ANTHOCINCLA PHAYREI PHAYREI Blyth

BURMESE FARED PITTA

A[nthocincla] Phayrei BuiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 31, 1862, p. 343
(Toungoo, Burma).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 265

Anthocincla phayrei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 172
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 84 (Pha Kho, Khun
Tan).

Anthocincla phayrii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 579 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan).

Anthocincla phayrei phayrei, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 244 (Khun Tan).

The eared pitta has been collected only eight times in our prov-
inces. In addition to the three specimens recorded by Gyldenstolpe
and the one taken by de Schauensee, there are in Stockholm two
undated females from Khun Tan and one male from Pha Hing, May
7, 1912 (Eisenhofer), and in Washington a male from Phu Kha,
5,000 feet, April 11, 1936 (Deignan).

Beyond the fact that it dwells upon the ground in dense evergreen
forest, nothing is known of the bird’s habits in the northern districts.

Gyldenstolpe records that one of his specimens had the irides
brown; the bill black; the feet and toes pale brown. De Schauensee’s
female had the irides light brown; the bill horny brown; the feet,
toes, and claws flesh.

The adult male has, along each side of the crown, a broad, black-
barred, light brown supercilium from the base of the maxilla to the
nape, the feathers becoming white posteriorly and lengthened to form
pointed aigrettes; the sides of the head, the center of the crown, and
the entire nape black (the ear coverts streaked with light brown) ; the
upper wing coverts with deep buff tips and black subterminal bands;
the primaries blackish brown with a large area of buff at the base;
the remaining upperparts deep rufous-brown; the throat buffy
white, bordered on each side by an ill-defined mustachial streak
formed by narrow black tips to the feathers; the under tail coverts
buffy rose; the remaining underparts deep rufous-buff, more or less
spotted and barred with black on the breast and sides of the body.
The adult female differs in having the black of the head and nape
replaced by deep brown; the underparts fulvous, more heavily marked
with black; the under tail coverts paler and duller, more buffy than
pink.

Northern birds become slightly deeper in color from west to east.
but all must be called phayret. The population of eastern Thailand
is almost exactly intermediate between phayret and obscura.

Family ALAUDIDAE
MIRAFRA ASSAMICA SUBSESSOR Deignan

LAO COLLARED BUSH LARK

Mirafra assamica subsessor DEIGNAN, Zoologica, vol. 26, pt. 8, 1941, p. 241
(Chiang Mai, North Thailand).

266 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Mirafra microptera, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 830 (Khun Tan, Sop
Tui) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 459 (“Throughout northern Siam”).

Mirafra assamica, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 154
(Chiang Mai).

Mirafra assamica marionae [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 239 (Chiang Mai).—Rttry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 262 (Chiang Mai).

Mirafra assamica marionae, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 98 (Chiang Mai).

Despite Gyldenstolpe’s assertion (1920) that this lark is “very
common ... throughout northern Siam,” it is, in fact, definitely
known only from the basins of the Mae Ping and the Mae Wang
(if, indeed, the birds of Lampang Province are of the same race
as those of Chiang Mai).

On the Chiang Mai plain it is a common inhabitant of dry places
with short grass and light bush-cover, such as may be found along
roadsides and about ruined phrachedi; after the harvest it occurs also
among the rice stubbles, often in small flocks or family parties. When
surprised, even in so exposed a situation as the middle of a highway,
it has a characteristic habit of first running, then squatting and draw-
ing in the head; upon one’s closer approach it takes off with feeble
flight to drop headlong into denser cover in the manner of a hemi-
pode. The song, which is pretty but weak, may be given from a fence
post or the top of a bush but is frequently delivered in the course of
a special flight, in which the bird leaves its perch, ascends a little way
into the air, and, after suspending itself for a few seconds by flutter-
ing, sails to the ground on outspread wings. The stomach of one of
my specimens contained grass seeds and ants.

Examples with the gonads enlarged were taken on May 22 and 31,
but a bird in postnatal molt (just out of the nest) was collected as
early as May 6. Specimens in postjuvenal molt were shot on July 18
and August 13, while adults in postnuptial molt were got between
August 15 and November 24.

Adults had the irides bright, light brown or dark brown; the maxilla
blackish brown or horny brown, with the edges of the commissure
pale horny or pale fleshy; the mandible pale fleshy, sometimes with
the apical half horny white; the rictus fleshy pink; the feet and toes
yellowish flesh or fleshy yellow; the claws fleshy or horny brown.

The adult has the feathers of the upperparts blackish brown,
broadly edged on the crown with sandy buff, on the nape with buffy
white (to form a more or less distinct collar), on the mantle with
ashy brown; the wings blackish brown, the primaries and outer
secondaries broadly margined along both inner and outer web with
rufous (conspicuous in flight), the inner secondaries and the coverts
broadly edged with rufous-buff or sandy buff; the abbreviated tail

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 267

blackish brown, each feather very narrowly edged with sandy buff;
an indistinct buffy-white supercilium; the ear coverts rufous-buff,
tipped with blackish brown; the chin and throat buffy white (some
of the feathers with minute blackish-brown tips), this color con-
tinued up behind the ear coverts to connect with the nuchal collar;
the remaining underparts pale buff, the feathers of the breast with
broad black central streaks to form a conspicuous gorget. The juve-
nile resembles the adult but differs chiefly in having all the feathers
of the upperparts with narrow rufous-buff tips and those of the
breast with rounded spots rather than streaks.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE

HIRUNDO RUSTICA GUTTURALIS Scopoli
WHITE-BELLIED HOUSE SWALLOW

Hirundo (gutturalis) Scopoti, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, pt. 2, 1786,
p. 96 (“In nova Guiana,” error; type specimen from Antigua, Panay, Philip-
pine Islands, fide Hartert, Végel der paliiarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910,

. 803).

Be aio ee gutturalis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 561 (Chiang Saen).—DrrIGnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 158 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 99 (Chiang Mai).

Six males from Chiang Saen (de Schauensee) and two males and a
female from Chiang Mai (Deignan) seem to be the only examples yet
taken in our area; it is, nevertheless, a very common bird of the
northern lowlands during two-thirds of the year. At Chiang Mai it
appeared in numbers between July 13 (1935) and July 21 (1929, 1930)
and thereafter was irregularly common on the plain until the follow-
ing spring (latest date: March 29, 1929). I have found it along the
Nan river, however, as late as April 9 and took a specimen as far
south as Chanthaburi, May 5, 1937.

In season the common swallow can usually be seen tirelessly flying
above such open country as ricefields and marshes, frequently in
company with others of its family. Unlike the red-rumped swallow,
the present form rests and roosts among the reeds rather than on
telegraph wires.

Examples of either sex had the irides dark brown; the bill black;
the feet and toes dark brown; the soles horny brown; the claws
brownish black.

The adult has the forehead chestnut; the remaining upperparts
glossy steel blue; each of the rectrices (except the central pair) with a
diagonal white mark on the inner web near the center; the throat
chestnut; a steel blue gorget across the upper breast, more or less
broken at the center by encroaching chestnut; the rest of the under-
parts white, more or less suffused with creamy rufous. The immature

583136—45-—_18

968 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

differs in having the upperparts less glossy, the gorget unglossed
brown.

Hirundo rustica tytleri, in which the entire underparts are chest-
nut, should be watched for among the flocks of guttwralis. An atypical
bird (tytleri> gutturalis) was collected by me at Ban Pha Tao (on
the Nan river just south of our area), April 10, 1987.

HIRUNDO SMITHII FILIFERA Stephens
INDIAN WIRE-TAILED SWALLOW

Hil[rundo]? filifera StepHens, in Shaw’s “General Zoology,” vol. 13, pt. 2, 1826,
pp. 78-79 (India, ex Latham).

Hirundo smithii filifera, DeIaNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
99 (Chiang Mai).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 267 (Salwin
river).

The status of the wire-tailed swallow is uncertain: It has been re-
corded only during the cold weather but will doubtless eventually
be found to breed on precipices along the larger rivers. At Chiang
Mai, between January 28 and February 14, 1936, one to four individ-
uals were constantly seen over a small marsh with large flocks of
common and red-rumped swallows, and one was collected January 30.
A second specimen was taken above the Salwin at Thattafang, Octo-
ber 13, 1936. The species should be looked for also along the Mae
Khong between Chiang Saen and Chiang Khong.

In December 1935 I found this bird very common in the gorges of
the Mae Ping (just south of our limits), sailing over the river and
resting upon the large sand bars, in actions and notes resembling the
preceding form.

My specimens had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
brownish black; the claws black.

The wiretail differs from the house swallow in having the entire
crown chestnut; the “wires” of the outermost tail feathers much more
filiform; the entire underparts immaculate white. Only the last char-
acter is ordinarily noticeable in the field.

HIRUNDO STRIOLATA SUBSTRIOLATA (Hume)
KHASYA HILLS STRIATED SWALLOW

L{illia] substriolata Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, pp. 264-265 (Cachar).

Hirundo daurica nepalensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 561 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai).

Hirundo daurica nipalensis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
19381, p. 153 (Chiang Mai [partim], Doi Suthep [partim]) ; 1936, p. 99 (Chiang
Mai [partim], Doi Suthep [partim]).

Hirundo daurica nipalensis, Rey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 267 (Doi
Ang Ka).

Striated swallows are irregularly common between October 8 (1936) _
and July 24 (1930) in the valleys of the Mae Khong and the Mae |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 269

Ping (south to the northern entrance of the Gorges) and on the moun-
tains to 5,500 feet. Mayr has shown (Ibis, 1941, pp. 367-370) that at
least two races, separable only in fresh adult plumage, occur in our
area and, of 12 such specimens examined by him, 9 collected between
November 12 and January 6 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Chom Thong)
belonged to the present form. I place here also (with reservations)
immature examples taken between November 12 and February 10 at
Chiang Mai, Chom Thong, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, Ban Mae Klang, and
on Doi Ang Ka at 3,500 feet. It is probable that substriolata is merely
a winter visitor and that all striated swallows seen late in spring and
during summer are of the following (presumably resident) race.

This species, as seen in our provinces, differs from other swallows
chiefly in its habit of roosting in great numbers on telegraph lines,
rather than among the reeds.

Two adults from Chom Thong, November 12, are molting remiges
and rectrices. Immatures taken between November 12 and December
7 are molting the body feathers.

Specimens collected by de Schauensee (1929) had the irides brown;
the bill black; the feet and toes horny brown.

The adult has the upperparts, except for a conspicuous chestnut-
rufous rump band, steel blue; a narrow superciliary line and the sides
of the neck chestnut-rufous; the entire underparts (except for the
black longer under tail coverts) white, suffused with salmon-buff and
everywhere heavily streaked with black. The immature differs in hav-
ing the upperparts unglossed brown and the chestnut-rufous areas
paler.

Mayr observes (loc. cit., p. 869): “Birds from North Siam are
slightly more narrowly streaked below and have longer tails...
They are best included with swbstriolata until more material of the
latter is known.”

HIRUNDO STRIOLATA STANFORDI Mayr
UPPER BURMESE STRIATED SWALLOW

Hirundo striolata stanfordi Mayr, Ibis, 1941, p. 8367 (Tamu, Myitkyina district,
Upper Burma).

Hirundo striolata, WILLiaAMson, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 28 (Chiang
Mai).

Chelidon daurica striolata, GyLpENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 579 (Chiang Rai, error
[= Chiang Mai]).

Hirundo daurica nipalensis [partim], DricNAan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 153 (Chiang Mai [partim], Doi Suthep [partim]) 2086.0:
99 (Chiang Mai [partim], Doi Suthep [partim]).

Hirundo daurica striolata, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 237 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1986, p. 99 (Chiang Mai).

From the fact that an example from Muang Ngoi, Laos, June 10,
was found by Mayr to be nearest stanford, it may for the present be

270 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

assumed that summer birds from our area are also of that race, and
I place here, accordingly, the female taken in June 1917 at Chiang
Mai by Williamson. Mayr, in describing stanfordi, records two spec-
imens from Doi Chiang Dao, December 14, and a third from Chiang
Mai, November 11.

The bird of November 11 is molting remiges and rectrices.

This form differs from the last in its larger size (wing length 128-
136 mm., against 120-124 mm.) ; its deeper chestnut-rufous rump band ;
its broader streaking below; the presence of a large, glossy black spot
on the lower flanks where the feathers of rump and thighs meet.

DELICHON URBICA WHITELEYI (Swinhoe)
East SIBERIAN HoOuSE MARTIN

C[helidon] whiteleyi SwinHor, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862 [=1863], p. 320
(Peking, China).

Delichon urbica cashmeriensis [partim], DreIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 153 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

Delichon urbica whiteleyi, Rogers and DrEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Chiang Mai).

Delichon urbica whiteleyi [partim], Deianan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 98 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

I have twice taken the Siberian house martin on the Chiang Mai
plain: An immature male, March 20, 1931, and an adult male, January
23, 1937.

House martins of one kind or another are irregularly common in
flocks at Chiang Mai from November 23 (1929) to March 20 (1981).
Since they are usually seen high in the sky and have never been
found roosting, too few specimens have been collected to give any
true idea of the status of the various forms present.

My immature bird had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the
feet and toes (beneath the feathers) pale fleshy; the claws brown.

The genus Delichon is an extraordinarily difficult group of small
swallows having the tail somewhat forked and the feet and toes
densely clothed with white feathers. The present form has the rump
and upper tail coverts (including the longest ones) white; the remain-
ing upperparts steel blue; the entire underparts white; the under
wing coverts gray-brown, barred with dark brown and white in the
region of the carpal and carpometacarpal joints.

DELICHON DASYPUS DASYPUS (Bonaparte)
JAPANESE HOUSE MARTIN

[Chelidon] dasypus “Temm.” Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1, 1850,
p. 343 (Borneo, ex Temminck).

Delichon urbica cashmeriensis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl. 1931, p. 153 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

Delichon urbica whiteleyi [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 98 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 241

An immature female taken by me at Chiang Mai, January 30, 1937,
with the wing measuring 108 mm. in length, seems to be referable to
the Japanese race. I place under this name also the two long-winged
females recorded (1938) by Riley from Sichon (Peninsular Thailand).

From whiteley?, dasypus differs in having the longest upper tail
coverts black; the white underparts suffused, especially on the breast,
with gray-brown; the longer under tail coverts with more or less well-
marked gray-brown centers.

The Chiang Mai bird differs from any other I have examined in hay-
ing the long, black upper tail coverts narrowly edged with white near
the tip; this is possibly a mark of immaturity.

DELICHON DASYPUS CASHMERIENSIS (Gould)
KASHMIRI HOUSE MARTIN

Chelidon Cashmeriensis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 356 (Kashmir).
Delichon urbica cashmeriensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 560 (Doi Suthep).

Delichon urbica cashmeriensis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 153 (Doi Suthep).

Delichon urbica nigrimentalis, CHASEN and BopEN Kioss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 238 (Doi Suthep).—DertenaAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 98 (Doi Suthep).

De Schauensee has (in my opinion, correctly) identified as cash-
meriensis a male (wing length of 100 mm.) and a female (wing length
of only 94 mm., but with primaries in molt!), taken on Doi Suthep
at 5,500 feet, December 11 and 30,1928. Chasen and Boden Kloss have
recorded (as nigrimentalis) a male collected by Aagaard at 4,600 feet
in the spring of 1931.

House martins are irregularly common over Doi Suthep (4,600 to
5,000 feet) from November 15 (1930) to April 2 (1931) and were
numerous at 5,500 feet, May 11 and 12, 1935. On Doi Ang Ka I ob-
served a large flock at 6,500 feet in April 1931. The difficulties of
collecting these swallows in the hills are even greater than in the
lowlands, and it is quite impossible to know how many forms occur.

The Kashmiri house martin differs from whzteleyi in the same
characters as dasypus, from the latter it is separable by its lesser size.

The winter visitors to the hills of northern Thailand probably come
from the mountains of southwestern China, where there seems to be
a population intermediate between cashmeriensis and nigrimentalis
(if the latter be valid), varying greatly in size and occasionally
showing a dark chin spot, but on the whole nearer cashmeriensis. The
specimen recorded by Chasen and Boden Kloss (Joc. cit.) is quite likely
an example of this unstable population rather than of true nigrimen-
talis (whose winter quarters are still unknown); since they lacked
comparative material and have failed to give measurements of their
bird, I cannot accept the identification with any confidence.

272 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

RIPARIA CONCOLOR SINTAUNGENSIS (Stuart Baker)
EASTERN DuSKY CRAG MARTIN

Krimnochelidon concolor sintaungensis StuART BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol.
54, 1933, p. 24 (Sintaung, Southern Shan States).

Krimnochelidon concolor, Ritny, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933, p. 155
(Doi Langka).

Krimnochelidon concolor sitaungensis, DE SUHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1934, p. 237 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Dmanan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 99 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Krimnochelidon concolor sintaugensis, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 264 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The crag martin has been found within our provinces only on the
mountains listed above, on all of which it seems to occur commonly
but irregularly throughout the year, from 4,600 to 5,500 feet.

Above the summit of Doi Suthep, as well as on Doi Chiang Dao, this
swallow was usually seen in company with the gray-rumped swiftlet.

The dusky crag martin has the entire plumage dark grayish brown
(paler below), the feathers of the chin, throat, and upper breast
broadly margined with pale rufous; each of the rectrices, except the
central and outermost pairs, with a large white spot on the inner web.

The white spots on the tail feathers will be sufficient to distinguish
the present species from any swift that may occur with it.

RIPARIA RIPARIA IJIMAE (Lénnberg)
JAPANESE GORGETED SAND MARTIN

Clivicola riparia ijimae LONNBERG, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 23,
art. 14, 1908, pp. 88-89 (Sakhalin Island).

An unsexed, worn, and badly mutilated specimen, shot by me at
Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), April 2, 1937, is the sole example of the
species yet known from Thailand.

This bird, the only one of its kind observed at Na Noi, was associated
with a migrating flock of house swallows, sailing above the small
river (tributary to the Mae Nan) that flows just east of the town.
At Ban Pha Tao, however, a few miles south of our limits, on April 10,
numerous others were seen (but could not be collected) with a great
flock of Hirundo rustica subspp. over an area of broad sand bars. It
xppears then that the Japanese sand martin is by no means a rare
visitor, at least to the basin of the Mae Nan.

The present form has the entire upperparts gray-brown; the under-
parts white, except for a broad gray-brown breast band.

RIPARIA PALUDICOLA CHINENSIS (J. E. Gray)
CHINESE BROWN-THROATED SAND MARTIN

Hirundo chinensis J. BE. Gray, in Hardwicke, Dlustrations of Indian zoology,
vol 1, pt. 2, 1880-1832 [=1830], pl. 35, fig. 3 (no locality given=China).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 273

Riparia paludicola chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 83 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 579 (Chiang Rai).—pz SCHAUENSEB,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 560 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen
Kao).

Riparia chinensis chinensis, Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 264 (Hang
Tum Kai, Mae Hiak [localities on the Salwin]).

This diminutive swallow is, at least locally, very common on the
Salwin, the Mae Kok (Chiang Rai), and the Mae Khong but has
never been found elsewhere in our provinces (although it occurs in
small numbers on the Mae Ping below the Gorges).

Gyldenstolpe has noted (1916) that the flocks rest on the sand bars,
often crowding the branches of the scattered bushes growing in such
places.

Specimens taken by Smith, January 15, 1983, on the bank of the
Salwin, were captured at night in holes, which may indicate that
breeding was in progress at that time.

This species has the upperparts gray-brown, distinctly paler on
the rump and upper tail coverts; the entire throat and breast pale
gray-brown, changing to white on the remaining underparts.

Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE
PERICROCOTUS SPECIOSUS ELEGANS (McClelland)
BURMESE SCARLET MINIVET

Phoenicornis elegans McCLELLAND, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889 [=1840], pp.
156-157 (Assam).

Pericrocotus fraterculus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1918, p. 88 (Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 72 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong,
Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 168 (listed).

Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 571 (‘“Through-
out northern Siam’’).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 569 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 550 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).

Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1929, p. 550 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus flammeus speciosus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 146 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus flammeus bakeri, CHASEN and Boden Kross, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 241 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus flammeus elegans, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 222 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao).—RILEy, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 267 (Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka, “Doi Phra
Chao” [=Doi Saket ?], Doi Buak Hua Chang, Ban Nam Khian, Khun Tan,
Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Grerenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 186
(Doi Suthep, Doi Saket, Chiang Dao, Doi Nang Kaeo, Doi Ang Ka).

Pericrocotus flammeus fraterculus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).

This large minivet is a very common permanent resident of the more
open evergreen and the mixed-deciduous forest in every part of our
area, from the plains to about 5,500 feet.

274 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The various Thai species of this group have very similar habits.
When not breeding they are found in loose bands of 20 or more
individuals, which move restlessly through the jungle, from the top
of one high tree to the next, all the while keeping up an endless con-
versation of melodious chatter and snatches of song.

The molts and plumages of the minivets seem to be poorly under-
stood and some quite recent authors have erroneously stated that
color change occurs in these birds without molt. In northern Thai-
land, breeding takes place in April and May (Doi Angka, April 18).
Birds of the year wear a barred juvenal plumage during the following
summer. This is lost by a partial postjuvenal molt (August 29-
November 21) ; some males pass directly into the orange first-nuptial
dress but the majority assume a first-winter plumage resembling the
habit of the adult female but distinguishable by the orange suffusion
on front, throat, and breast, and the orange tinge in the retained
juvenal remiges and rectrices (first-winter females are recognizable
from adults only by the juvenal remiges and rectrices). In spring
(February 18—-April 19) there is a partial prenuptial molt: The
yellow body feathers of the male are replaced by orange; the female
is scarcely to be known from old birds of the same sex. During the
following summer and autumn there is a complete postnuptial molt
by which the male assumes the scarlet and black plumage of the old
adult. I have taken old adults in postnuptial molt from June 18 to
November 22.

My specimens had the irides brown; the bill feet, toes, and claws
black.

The adult male has the entire head, throat, neck, scapulars, and
upper half of the back glossy blue-black; the lower back, rump, and
upper tail coverts bright scarlet; the rectrices bright scarlet, the
central pair with the entire inner web and the base of the outer web
black (rarely with both webs all scarlet or all black) ; the wing quills
with the basal half bright scarlet, the apical half black, the inner
secondaries also with a conspicuous, elongate scarlet spot along the
outer web near the tip; the thighs dark gray; the remaining under-
parts bright scarlet. The adult female has the lores gray; the fore-
head, forecrown, and sides of the head deep yellow, changing to olive-
washed gray on the posterior crown, scapulars, and upper half of
the back; the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts deep yellow
or olivaceous-yellow; the central pair of rectrices wholly black, the
others deep yellow with an outwardly decreasing amount of black;
the wings as in the male but with deep yellow in place of scarlet; the
thighs dark gray; the remaining underparts bright yellow.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 275

PERICROCOTUS BREVIROSTRIS (Vigors)
SHORT-BILLED MINIVET

Muscipeta brevirostris Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1,
1830-1831 [=1831], p. 48 (Himalayas; “[type specimen] probably [from]
Sikkim foothills,” fide Mayr, Ibis, 1940, p. 720).

Percrocotus [sic] brevirostris neglectus, CHASEN and Boden Kioss, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 241 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus brevirostris neglectus [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 224 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus brevirostris neglectus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).

The short-billed minivet has so far been found in Thailand only on
Doi Ang Ka and Doi Suthep, between 4,000 and 5,500 feet. It may be
expected to occur on all the higher peaks of the western provinces.

Within its altitudinal range this species occurs in the same places as
the preceding bird, from which it is only with difficulty separable in
the field.

I have no notes on the breeding season or the sequence of plumages
in the young. Adults in postnuptial molt have been taken between
July 14 and October 26.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

The adult male differs from the adult male of the scarlet minivet in
its lesser size; in having the red portions of the plumage scarlet-
crimson rather than scarlet; in having the central rectrices black with
(in fresh plumage) a very narrow red edging along the outer web on
the apical half; in lacking the elongate spot on the inner secondaries.
The adult female differs from the adult female of the scarlet minivet
in its lesser size and in lacking the elongate spot on the inner
secondaries.

PERICROCOTUS ETHOLOGUS CRYPTUS Mayr
THAI FLAME-COLORED MINIVET

Pericrocotus ethologus cryptus MAyR, Ibis, 1940, p. 719 (Doi Pha Hom Pok, North
Thailand).

Pericrocotus brevirostris, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1918, p. 20
(Doi Nga Chang).—GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 571 (Doi Nga Chang).

Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis [partim], p— SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 146 (Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 224 (Doi Suthep).—Rutry, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 269 (Khun Tan).

Peircrocotus [sic] brevirostris affinis, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).

276 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Pericrocotus brevirostris neglectus [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 224 (Doi Chiang Dao).

The flame-colored minivet has been collected only on the mountains
listed above, but it should be looked for on other high peaks in the more
western districts. ‘The normal range seems to be the evergreen from
4,000 to 4,600 feet, although it has been found during the cold weather
in the dry, deciduous forest at the very foot of Doi Suthep (about 1,000
feet).

Here again nothing is recorded of the breeding season or of the
sequence of plumages. An adult pair from Doi Suthep, July 16, are in
postnuptial molt. Two red males from Doi Khun Tan, February 13
and 27, are undergoing molt of the feathers of head and throat. I
have been unable to find evidence of a first-nuptial dress, different from
that of older birds, in either P. brevirostris or P. e. eryptus.

The present form is separated from brevirostris by a number of
characters that, if the two did not breed together over a large area,
would be considered of merely subspecific value. The adult male of
cryptus is distinguished from the adult male of the short-billed minivet
by having the red portions of the plumage a rather less intense scarlet-
crimson, the black portions (especially the throat) less glossed; a
narrow whitish or pink margin to the outer web of the first primary;
the red on the inner secondaries continued to the tip as a narrow margin
along the outer web. The adult female of cryptus is separated from
that of brevirostris by having the yellow on the head restricted to a
narrow frontal band, as well as by a number of other minor differences.

Pericrocotus solaris ripponi, described from the Southern Shan
States by Stuart Baker (Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 2,
1924, p. 827), may prove to be an earlier naming of this race.

PERICROCOTUS ETHOLOGUS ETHOLOGUS Bangs and Phillips
CHINESE FLAME-COLORED MINIVET

Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus BANGS and PHILLIPS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. 58, 1914, pp. 282-283 (Hsien Shan, Hupeh, China).

Pericrocotus solaris solaris [partim], Rirny, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 270
(Doi Langka [partim]).

This minivet is known as a Thai bird only through two female speci-
mens: One collected by Smith at Doi Langka, November 18, 1930; the
other taken by me at Ban Mae Sai (Chiang Rai—Kengtung border),
January 20, 1937. It will quite possibly prove to be a fairly common
winter visitor, at least to Chiang Rai Province.

The adult male of ethologus cannot be distinguished from that of
cryptus, even in the hand. The adult female differs from that of
eryptus in having the yellow frontal band broader and less clearly
defined ; the entire upper back dull olive-green, rather than gray; the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 277

lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts bright olive-yellow, not
golden-orange; the underparts canary yellow, not orange-golden.,

PERICROCOTUS SOLARIS SOLARIS Blyth
INDIAN GRAY-THROATED MINIVET

P[ericrocotus] solaris BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 15, 1846, p. 310
(Darjiling).

Pericrocotus solaris griseigularis, GYLDBNSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 73 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 570 (Khun Tan).—pp ScHAv-
ENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 569 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus solaris solaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 146 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BovEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1982, p. 241 (Doi Suthep).—Drtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl, 1936, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 224 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Pericrocotus solaris solaris [partim], RmLEy, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 270,
(Doi Langka [partim], Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot).

With the addition of Doi Ang Ka, the localities listed above give
the complete range of this minivet in Thailand so far as it is now
known. It is fairly common at the edge of the evergreen, in the open
hill-forest, and among the pines, chiefly from 4,500 to 5,500 feet but
occurring on Doi Khun Tan as low as 4,000 feet and on Doi Ang Ka
up to 7,000 feet.

Two females in postjuvenal molt were taken on July 14 and August
23; two males assuming the plumage of the old adult, July 14 and
September 4. A long series collected between July 10 and November
20 are in postnuptial molt. An apparently adult female of April 25
is molting the feathers of the throat.

My specimens had the irides brown; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black.

The adult male resembles the adult males of the preceding species
but differs from them in having the crown, upper back, scapulars, and
upper wing coverts slaty black with little gloss, not glossy blue-black;
the red portions of the plumage bright red-orange (the lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts orange-red), not scarlet or scarlet-crim-
son; the throat and sides of the head and neck gray (the throat
strongly suffused with orange). The adult female is scarcely dis-
tinguishable from that of P. e. ethologus but differs, énter alia, in
wholly lacking yellow on the forehead and in having the second inner-
most pair of rectrices tipped yellow, not black.

PERICROCOTUS ROSEUS ROSEUS (Vieillot)
INDIAN ROSEATE MINIVET

Muscicapa rosea ViritLot, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, nouy. éd.,
vol. 21, 1818, pp. 486-487 (Bengal).

278 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis [partim], DE SCHAUENSE®R, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 551 (Chiang Saen).

Pericrocotus roseus roseus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai).—Dricnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 146 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. 8.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 272 (Khun Tan, Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep).

This lovely bird is an uncommon winter visitor, recorded so far only
from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces but probably occurring
throughout our area. It has been found from the level of the plains
(numerous localities) to 4,000 feet (Doi Khun Tan), between Novem-
ber 21 (Doi Suthep) and March 4 (Doi Langka). |

All my specimens taken between January 11 and March 4 are molting
the feathers of head and throat.

A male had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black; the soles yellow.

The adult male has the general plumage pattern of the preceding
forms but has the crown, upper back, and scapulars ashy (all but the
crown faintly suffused with pink) ; the red of the lower back, rump,
upper tail coverts, wings, and tail scarlet; the throat pale gray, suf-
fused with pink; the remaining underparts scarlet-pink. The adult
female resembles others of the group but has the ashy of the back
changing imperceptibly to olive-yellow on the rump and upper tail
coverts, each feather margined with brighter yellow; the throat gray,
faintly suffused with yellow; the remaining underparts a washed-out
yellow, much mixed with white. The immature male differs from
the adult in having the rump patch ashy gray, the feathers suffused
and tipped with scarlet; the immature female in having the under-
parts a deeper and more uniform yellow.

PERICROCOTUS ROSEUS CANTONENSIS Swinhoe
SOUTHERN GRAY MINIVET

Pericrocotus cantonensis SwInHOE, Ibis, 1861, pp. 42-43 (Canton, China).

Campophaga neglecta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 33 (Ban Huai Hom).

Pericrocotus cinereus cantonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 570 (Ban Huai
Hom).

This migratory form seems to be a very rare winter visitor to the
northern provinces. The only specimens known from the area are
Gyldenstolpe’s female taken at Ban Huai Hom, February 138, 1912;
a pair collected by me on Doi Suthep, 2,500 feet, October 17, 1936;
and an unsexed example at the Raffles Museum shot by a Thai collector
at Ko Klang (near Chiang Mai), March 26, 1937.

My birds were two of a number of gray minivets accompanying
a flock of Pericrocotus peregrinus vividus through open mixed-
deciduous forest. :

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 279

The gray minivet differs from the roseate race chiefly in its com-
plete lack of lipochromatic coloration. The adult male has the lores
blackish; the anterior half of the crown, the chin, and the throat
white, this color extending onto the sides of the neck behind the ear
coverts to form an incomplete collar; the posterior crown, upper
back, and scapulars ashy gray; the lower back, rump, and upper
tail coverts pale ashy brown; the central pair of rectrices deep brown,
the remaining pairs with an outwardly increasing amount of brownish
white; the wings blackish brown, with the innermost secondaries and
a barely indicated wing bar ashy brown; the underparts white, suf-
fused (especially on the breast) with pale ashy brown. The adult
female differs from the male in having the entire crown ashy gray,
paler anteriorly; in lacking the partial collar on the sides of the
neck; in having a whitish wing bar. Immature birds resemble the
adult female but have the innermost secondaries narrowly margined
with white and the wing bar (at least in the female) suffused with
yellow. s

PERICROCOTUS PEREGRINUS VIVIDUS Stuart Baker
BURMESE SMALL MINIVET

Perecrocotus [sic] peregrinus vividus STUART BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol.
40, 1920, p. 114 (Attaran River, Burma).

Pericrocotus peregrinus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p.
168 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 738 (Khun Tan) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 570 (“Northern Siam’’).

Pericrocotus peregrinus vividus, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep).

Pericrocotus cinnamomeus vividus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 147 (Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 100 (Doi Suthep).—pnE ScHAUENSEE,
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, p. 225 (Doi Suthep).

The status and distribution in our provinces of this small minivet
are far from clear. In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai it has been
found only in the deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests of Doi Su-
thep from 1,200 to 2,800 feet, between October 17 (1936) and the end
of March (1932). I have collected it in dry, lowland forest at Chom
Thong, Sala Mae Tha, and Ban Mae Mo and on a low, waterless
hill (Doi Kasu) near Ban Sa-iap. Gyldenstolpe, however, who took a
pair on Doi Khun Tan, April 28, 1914, states that “most often it was
observed .. . visiting the pine forests on the tops of the higher
hills . . .” The species is not known to be migratory, but it should
be noted that there is no record for its occurrence anywhere in the
North between April 28 and September 1.

The only indication of this bird’s breeding in our provinces was
given by a male with greatly enlarged gonads, taken by me from a
flock on Doi Suthep at 2,400 feet, March 1, 1932. All specimens
collected between September 1 and November 9 are in molt.

280 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

My examples had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

The adult male has the entire head and throat, the upper back,
scapulars and upper wing coverts ashy gray; the lower back, rump,
and upper tail coverts scarlet-orange; the central pair of rectrices
black, the remaining pairs with an outwardly increasing amount of
creamy orange; the wing quills black, the inner primaries with a
creamy-orange patch near the base. the secondaries with a similar
patch, which is red-orange; the underparts, below the throat, scarlet-
orange, gradually eae to orange- -suffused yellow on the vent
and under tail coverts; the under wing coverts yellow. The adult
female is similar but has the gray of the upperparts much paler; the
rump patch more orange less scarlet; the ight wing markings yellow
(on the secondaries suffused with orange); the underparts yellow,
fading to grayish on the breast and almost white on the throat. My
material is insufficient to describe the plumages of immature birds.

. HEMIPUS PICATUS CAPITALIS (McClelland)
BROWN-BACKED BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE

Muscicapa? capitalis McCLeLLaAnD, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 7, 1839 [=1840],
p. 157 (Assam).

Hemipus picatus, p—E ScHAUENSEB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 571 (Doi Suthep).

Hemipus picatus capitalis, De SCHAUENSEB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 550 (Chiang Saen, Doi Suthep).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 146 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and BopEN KLoss, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep).—GrEENWAy, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 186 (“Mae Wan River near Mt. Saket,” Doi Ang
Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo).

Hemipus picatus picatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 146 (Doi Suthep).

Hemipus picatus [partim], p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 222 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Ruitxry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 488 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Hemipus picatus subsp., DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 123
(Doi Suthep).

Despite published assertions (based upon sight records) to the
contrary, study of long series of adult males from Thailand has
shown that there is no geographical overlap in the distributions of’
picatus and capitalis and that the two must be considered valid sub-
species. Ticehurst has stated (Ibis, 1940, p. 412) that “capztalis is
found from the Assam Hills, Manipur, Chindwin, Kachin Hills,
Shwebo, Maymyo, and Shan States.” In Thailand its known range
is restricted to a narrow strip along the Chiang Rai-Shan States
border from Chiang Saen Kao to Doi Pha Hom Pok and from there
south through the hills of Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 281

to the Hua Mot-Langka—Nang Kaeo mountain-complex, Doi Ang Ka,
and Doi Mae Kong Ka. It frequents the edge of the evergreen and
forest clearings, usually on the mountains from 2,000 to 5,000 feet,
but, where vegetation is suitable, also reaching the plains.

This little bird travels slowly in loose bands among the lower
branches of trees. In feeding, it combines the habits of flycatchers
with those of the American vireos, now craning its neck to examine
the under surface of a leaf, then flying out after a passing insect to
catch it with a snap of the bill and return to the same perch.

A male, molting directly from the barred juvenal dress to that of
the adult, was taken on Doi Hua Mot, August 24. Adults in post-
nuptial molt were taken between August 24 and November 29.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

The adult male has the upper half of the head and the nape glossy
blue-black; the scapulars, back, and rump dull brown, the feathers
of the last broadly tipped with white to make an irregular band; the
upper tail coverts glossy greenish black; the central pair of rectrices
black, the others black with an outwardly increasingly broadened
white tip; the wings black, with a conspicuous longitudinal band
formed by white edges to certain coverts and the inner secondaries;
the chin, sides of the throat, and sides of the lower neck white; the
remaining underparts dull gray-brown, paling to white on the under
tail coverts. The adult female differs in having the crown and nape
dull, dark brown; the wings and tail as in the male but dark brown
instead of black.

HEMIPUS PICATUS PICATUS (Sykes)
BLACK-BACKED BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE

Muscicapa picata SYKES, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832, p.
85 (“The Dukhun” [= The Deccan]).

Hemipus picatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 32
(“Northern provinces’) ; 1916, p. 41 (Khun Tan, Pha Hing, Pha Kho) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed); Ibis, 1920, p. 470
(“Northern Siam’’).

Hemipus picatus picatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 549 (Chiang Rai).

Hemipus picatus [partim], Riutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 483
(Khun Tan).

The black-backed flycatcher-shrike is common in all parts of our
area outside the range of the brown-backed form.

A female in postjuvenal molt was collected at Ban Huai Thae,
June 12. Adults in postnuptial molt were taken at Doi San Huai
Wai, Ban Mae Mo, and Doi Khun Tan between June 4 and
September 2.

282 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The adult male differs from that of capitalis only in having the
scapulars, back, and rump glossy green-black instead of dull brown.
The adult female and the juvenile are indistinguishable from those
of capitalis.

TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANA THAI Boden Kloss and Chasen
INDO-CHINESE WHITE-TAILED WOOD-SHRIKE

Tephrodornis pondicerianus thai Bopen Kross and CHAseEN, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 46, 1925, p. 58 (Tha Chang Tai, near Rahaeng, West Thailand).

Tephrodornis pondicerianus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 32 (Phrae) ; 1916, p. 42 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 168 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 470 (Khun Tan, Phrae).

Tephrodornis pondiceriana thai, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 483
(Mae Khan, Mae Sariang, foot of Doi Pata).

The lesser wood-shrike, while rather local, has been collected at
numerous localities in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lampang, and
Phrae Provinces and may confidently be expected to occur also in
Nan Province.

The present species is found at feeble elevations in parklike,
deciduous forest, just such as is inhabited by Dryobates h. hyper-
ythrus (and, in fact, my two specimens of that woodpecker were
taken within sight of flocks of the wood-shrike). The small, loose
bands move quietly from tree to tree, diligently searching for their
insect food in the crevices of bark and beneath the leaves, exactly in
the manner of so many vireos.

Birds in postjuvenal molt were collected, June 20, at Nong Phung
(about 46 km. north of Chiang Mai) ; adults in postnuptial molt at
various places, between June 20 and September 28.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his examples had the irides brown; the bill
black; the feet and toes plumbeous.

Adults have the lores, cheeks, and ear coverts blackish brown; a
white supercilium, which broadens posteriorly; the forehead, crown,
visible portions of wings, back, and rump ashy gray, the feathers of
the last tipped with white to form a band; the upper tail coverts black;
the central pair of rectrices gray-brown, the next three pairs almost
wholly blackish brown, the two outermost pairs almost wholly white;
the entire underparts white, suffused with ashy gray on the breast.

TEPHRODORNIS GULARIS VERNAYI Kinnear
THAI BROWN-TAILED WOOD-SHRIKE

Tephrodornis pelvicus verneyi [sic] KINNEAR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 44,
1924, pp. 101-102 (Um Phang, West Thailand).

Tephrodornis pelvicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 82 (Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 42 (Khun Tan, Pha Hing, Doi Pha Sakaeng) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 168 (listed); Ibis, 1920, p. 470
(“Throughout northern Siam’).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 283

Tephrodornis gularis annectens, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 562 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 550 (Doi Suthep); 1934, p.
222 (Mae Taeng, Khun Tan, Doi Suthep).—Derenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 146 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and Bonen Ktoss, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep).

Tephrodornis gularis vernayi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 123 (Doi Suthep).

Tephrodornis gularis pelvica, Rizry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 481 (Doi
Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Khun Tan, Thattafang, Mae Kong»Ka
valley).

The larger wood-shrike has not yet been recorded from Chiang Rai
Province but is common in all other parts of our area. Its normal
range is the more open evergreen from 2,000 to 4,600 feet, but during
the cold weather it may be found in the dry, deciduous forest of the
plains and foothills, and then it might be seen in exactly the same
places as its smaller relative.

The habits of this bird do not seem to differ greatly from those
of the preceding species, although the flocks are usually larger (up
to as many as 50 individuals) and are certainly noisier.

Examples in postjuvenal molt were collected June 3 at Doi San
Huai Wai, and numerous older specimens from all parts of the north-
ern range, taken between March 31 and October 17, are in molt.
Those shot between May 5 and June 18 are so badly worn and bleached
as scarcely to have taxonomic value.

An adult male had the irides red-brown; the bill black; the feet and
toes dark plumbeous; the soles yellowish; the claws horny black. An
immature male had the irides gray-brown; the bill pinkish brown,
darker at the tip; the feet, toes, and claws dark brown. Gyldenstolpe
notes that his adults had the irides yellowish brown, while immatures
had them grayish yellow.

The adult male has a broad, black line along the side of the head
from the base of the bill to behind the ear coverts; the crown and
nape ashy gray; the scapulars, back, and rump ashy brown, the feath-
ers of the last tipped white to form, together with the white shorter
tail coverts, a white patch or band; the feathers of wings and tail
ashy brown, edged with ashy rufous; the underparts white, suffused
on the breast with ashy gray or ashy fawn. The adult female re-
sembles the male but has the crown and nape concolorous with the
back and the eye stripe blackish brown.

The birds of Thailand (north of Ko Lak) are exactly intermediate
between pelvica and annectens but form so stable a population that
Kinnear’s name cannot properly be disregarded. From pelvica they
differ in just the characters pointed out by Kinnear (loc. cit.) ; from
annectens, in their superior size and ashy-brown (not ashy-gray)
upperparts. There is, however, a real possibility that vernayi may

583136—45——19

984 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

prove to be inseparable from sylvicola of South India; at this time I
have not enough material of the latter race to form a definite opinion.

CAMPEPHAGA FIMBRIATA POLIOPTERA Bowdler Sharpe
INDO-CHINESE GRAY CATERPILLAR-SHRIKE

Campophaga [ sic] polioptera BowDLER SHARPE, Catalogue of the birds in the
British Museum, vol. 4, 1879, p. 69 (Cochin-China).

Canipophaga melanoptera, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 168 (listed).

Volwocivora melanoptera avensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 71 (Khun Tan).

Volvocivora lugubris saturata [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 569 (Khun
Tan [partim]).

Lalaye melaschista avensis [partim], De ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep | partim |) ; 1934, p. 225 (Doi Suthep
[partim], Mae Taeng, Chiang Dao, 55 km. northeast of Lampang).—
DeIenaAN, Journ. Siam Soc, Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 147 (Doi Suthep
[partim]).

Lalage melaschista [partim], Dretcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 101 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Volwocivora melanoptera | partim |, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p.
273 (Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka, Khun Tan [partim]).

The present form of the gray caterpillar-shrike is a rather common
resident of the more open evergreen, possibly throughout our area.
On the hills of the Thanon Thong Chai range it has been found be-
tween 2,500 and 4,500 feet, but in districts where the jungle is suitable it
occurs also on the plains, at least in winter.

This bird is found singly or in pairs, quietly hunting for cater-
pillars and other insects along the branches of the lower trees, at
the edge of the forest or beside the trails—in fact, inhabiting much
the same places as Hemipus.

Nothing certain is known of the breeding season, but specimens
in postnuptial molt have been taken between August 20 and
November 19.

My examples had the irides bright brown (males) or brownish
red (females) ; the bill black (males) or horny brown (females) ; the
feet, toes, and claws slaty black (males) or blackish brown (females).

The adult male has the general coloration, above and below, slate
gray, fading gradually to white on the under tail coverts; the rem-
iges black, outwardly margined with slate gray and narrowly tipped
with grayish white; the inner primaries often with an indefinite
white area near the center of the inner web (invisible in the closed
wing) ; the central pair of tail feathers slate gray with an indefinite
blackish area near the tip along the shaft, the remaining pairs black,
broadly tipped with white. The adult female differs in having a
narrow eye ring of white feathers; the ear coverts and the feathers

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 285

below the eye with white shaft streaks; the remiges more conspicu-
ously tipped and margined with grayish white; the entire underparts
obsolescently barred with slate gray and grayish white (more defi-
nitely posteriorly). Immatures of either sex resemble the adult fe-
male but have the general coloration rather paler; the remiges still
more broadly margined with white; the entire underparts whitish,
narrowly barred everywhere with blackish.

This race seems to be resident in suitable territory throughout
Thailand proper. I cannot separate my northern material, even on
size, from a topotypical series of Kloss’s endochinensis, which, itself,
appears to be identical with polioptera of Sharpe.

CAMPEPHAGA FIMBRIATA MELASCHISTA (Hodgson)
NEPALESE GRAY CATERPILLAR-SHRIKE

[Volvocivora] melaschistos Hopason, India Reyv., vol. 1, 1887 [=1836], p. 328
(Nepal).

Volvocivora lugubris saturata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 71 (Khun Tan).

Volvocivora lugubris saturata [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 569 (Khun
Tan [partim]).

Lalage melaschista avensis [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep [partim], Chiang Saen); 1934, p. 225
(Doi Suthep [partim]).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 147 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Lalage melaschista, CHASEN and BoDEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1982, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).

Lalage melaschista [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 101 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Volvocivora melanoptera [partim], RILEY, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 278
(Doi Suthep, Khun Tan [partim]).

Volvocivora melaschistos, RILEY, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 275 (Khun
Tan).

This large caterpillar-shrike is a rather common winter visitor to
the hills of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges (4,000 to
5,500 feet) and to the lowland evergreen of Chiang Rai (and perhaps of
other provinces). A series of 15 specimens before me was collected
between October 24 and February 138, and if Gyldenstolpe’s Vol-
vocivora lugubris saturata (1916) has been correctly placed with the
present race the bird arrives in our districts as early as September 5.

The migratory form occurs, in season, in exactly the same places
as the preceding, from which it seems not to differ at all in habits.

C. f. melaschista is a larger bird than polioptera: The wings of 15
specimens of the former (both sexes) range from 119 to 127 mm.; of
13 northern examples of the latter (both sexes), from 110 to 118 mm.
The fully adult male differs from that of polzoptera in having the
general coloration averaging darker; the remiges and central pair of

286 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

rectrices uniform black with a slightly greenish gloss. The adult
female differs from that of polioptera in rather darker coloration; in
having the central pair of rectrices usually with much more black
suffusion on the apical half; in having the barring of the underparts
even more obsolescent and not visible at all on the throat and breast.
In younger birds, obsolescent bars show on the throat and breast, as
well as elsewhere.

I cannot separate my specimens from topotypical melaschista, but
the wintering bird of eastern and peninsular Thailand seems to be
the equally large but somewhat paler melanoptera (which may occur
also in the northern provinces east of the Khun Tan chain). The.
individual listed by Riley (1938) as melaschista is extraordinarily
dark and must be considered a case of melanism.

I have no reason to believe that two or more forms of this group
occur together anywhere during the breeding season and am of the
opinion that melaschista, melanoptera, polioptera, neglecta, and
culminata are all races of the Javanese fimbriata.

CORACINA NOVAEHOLLANDIAE SIAMENSIS (Stuart Baker)
INDO-CHINESE ASHY CUCKO00O-SHRIKE

Graucalus macei siamensis StTuaRT BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 38, 1918,
p. 69 (“Mi-Nam-Kabren” [=Krabin river], Central Thailand).

Graucalus macei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 34
(“Vang Nun’’) ; 1916, p. 70 (Pha Hing, Khun Tan, Pha Kho) ; Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 168 (listed).

Graucalus macei siamensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 569 (‘Throughout the
whole country”).—pr SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 569 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 551 (Doi Suthep).

Coracina javensis siamensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 147 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—CHASEN and BoDEN K1toss, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 101 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—pE ScHAUEN-
SEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 225 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan).

Graucalus javensis siamensis, RiLty, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 277 (Doi
Hua Mot, “Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket ?], Khun Tan).

The cuckoo-shrike occurs throughout the North wherever the jungle
is both tall and open, at whatever altitude it may be; it is necessarily
commonest in the deciduous forest of the plains and foothills and again
in the open hill-forest of oak and pine on the high ridges of the moun-
tains, at least to 5,500 feet.

This is the large, heavy-set, gray bird that perches at the very top
of some tall tree or flies above the forest with a deliberate, crowlike
wing beat, frequently uttering, whether in flight or at rest, a series
of loud, liquid, whistling calls. It is usually seen alone or in pairs
but, where the species is particularly common, may appear to be in
small, loose flocks.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND IST

A specimen from Khun Tan, August 25, is in postjuvenal molt ; seven
adults from various localities, taken between August 3 and September
4, are in postnuptial molt.

A male had the irides brown; the eyelids plumbeous; the bill black;
the interior of the mouth flesh; the feet, toes, and claws black.

The old male is generally ashy gray but has the lores and eye ring
black; the ear coverts slaty; the primaries black, narrowly margined
along the outer web with pale gray; the rectrices (except the central
pair) black, narrowly margined and broadly tipped with pale gray;
the under tail coverts and under wing coverts white. The old female
is similar but has the lores and eye ring slaty, like the ear coverts.
Younger birds of either sex have the lores as in the old female; the
remiges and rectrices more conspicuously edged with pale gray or
white; the underparts marked with narrow, wavy bars of gray and

white.
Family DICRURIDAE

DICRURUS LEUCOPHAEUS MOUHOTI (Walden)
INDO-CHINESE PALE ASHY DRONGO

Buchanga mouhoti WaLpeN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, 1870, p. 220
(Cambodia; type locality restricted to Angkor, by Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 53, 1940, p. 182).

Dicrurus cimeraceus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 27 (Ban Huai Hom, Phrae) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167
(listed).

Buchanga cineracea mouhoti, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 21 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Buchanga cineracea nigrescens, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 451 (“Northern
Siam”).

Buchanga cineracea cineracea, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1928, p. 557 (Doi Suthep).

Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 552 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai) ;
1934, p. 226 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DetenAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 147 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi [partim], CHASEN and BobEen Koss, Journ. Siam
Soe, Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 247 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Dicrurus leucophaeus mouhoti, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 101 (Doi Suthep).

Dicrurus leucophaeus mouhoti [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 281 (Huai Mae Lao, Song Khwae valley, Doi Langka).

The resident form of the pale ashy drongo is common in the more
open evergreen, in overgrown clearings, and even in bamboo brakes,
throughout the northern provinces, chiefly from 4,500 to 2,000 feet but
ranging onto the plains, at least during the cold weather, wherever
suitable vegetation can be found.

288 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The habits and notes of this species seem not to differ essentially
from those of the common black drongo, which supplants it in low-
land cultivated areas.

Nothing is definitely known of the breeding season, which prob-
ably falls in spring. AJl specimens taken between July 25 and No-
vember 23 are in molt.

My examples had the irides bright red or brownish red; the bill,
feet, toes, and claws black.

This drongo has the lores and frontal area blackish; the rest of
the plumage (except for the blackish primaries) blue-gray with a
steely sheen (the underparts paler and with much less gloss).

The species is highly migratory and comparative series of measure-
ments have little significance unless based upon resident adults. The
breeding bird of South Annam (7ock7) is smaller (especially in length
of tail) than that of our provinces; the latter may be considered an
intermediate between rock and hopwoodi and is best called mouhoti.
The measurements given by Walden for the type specimen of mouhoti
show it to have been just such an intermediate bird, and I am of the
opinion that it occurred in Cambodia merely as a winter visitor from
some more northern locality.

DICRURUS LEUCOPHAEUS HOPWOODI Stuart Baker
ASSAMESE PALE ASHY DRONGO
Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi Stuart BaxeEr, Noy. Zool., vol. 25, 1918, p. 294
(Dacea, Bengal).
Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi [partim], CHASEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi, Rixy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 280
(Doi Suthep).

Dicrurus leucophaeus mouhoti [partim], Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 281 (Khun Tan).

During the cold season a darker race of the pale ashy drongo ap-
pears in small numbers on the hills of the western provinces. I have
examined specimens of this migratory form, taken between October
9 and March 14, from Doi Khun Tan (3,000-4,400 feet), Doi Suthep
(5,400-5,500 feet), and Doi Mae Kong Ka.

The ashy drongo has been observed on Doi Suthep above 4,500 feet
only during the winter months, and every specimen from that eleva-
tion has proved to be of the darker type. This will doubtless prove
to be the case also upon other high mountains.

Full-plumaged adults of the Assamese pale ashy drongo differ from
the Indo-Chinese “in being just a shade darker and in having the
wings a trifle longer and the tails distinctly longer” (Ticehurst, Ibis,
1986, p. 280).

Thai examples, all of which seem to be immature, cannot be sepa-
rated on measurements from the resident population of pale ashy

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 289

drongo but agree in color with a series of hopwoodi from Yunnan.
Ticehurst has shown (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 36, 1933,
pp. 927-928) that in the genus Dicrwrus the measurements of first-
-year birds are without value in subspecific identification.

DICRURUS LEUCOPHAEUS LEUCOGENIS (Walden)
HUPEH WHITE-CHEEKED PALE ASHY DRONGO
Buchanga leucogenis WaLpEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, 1870, pp. 219-
220 (Nagasaki, Japan, error; type locality corrected to China, by Stuart
Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 27, 1921, p. 474; here restricted
to Ichang, Hupeh).
Dicrurus leucogenis leucogenis, RmEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 282
(Ban Nam Khian).

The two examples recorded by Riley, a male and a female taken by
Smith, April 18 and 21, 1930, in the vicinity of Nan, are the only ones
yet recorded from our provinces. This race may prove to be a rare but
regular migrant through the more eastern districts.

From the preceding forms it differs in having the general colora-
tion a soft, pale gray (without sheen) ; the lores, sides of head, and
ear coverts white. The female is slightly darker than the male and
has the white on the head less clearly defined from the surrounding
gray.

I am wholly in accord with Riley (1938) in believing Buchanga
leucogenis Walden to be the paler race of the continental white-
cheeked drongo. It is said to have the “general colour pale, delicate
slate-grey, or French grey”; immediately following this, Buchanga
mouhoti is described as having the upperparts “ashy grey or plum-
beous, rather darker than in B. leucophaea, ex Java.” The fact is
that mouhoti and the darker type of white-cheeked drongo have the
upperparts much the same color; since not only is this not brought
out but the two are described in wholly different terms, one may as-
sume that Walden was indeed naming the lighter type, which has the
upperparts markedly different in color from those of movhoti.

If this be the case, Buchanga leucogenys cerussata Bangs and Phil-
lips (paratype examined) is an unwarranted renaming of Buchanga
leucogenis Walden, and the darker form is left without a name unless,
as seems probable, salangensis of Reichenow be applicable to it.

Walden’s type specimen was erroneously stated to have come from
Nagasaki, and Stuart Baker has properly altered the type locality to
China (loc. cit.). Boden Kloss has attempted to restrict it to Yunnan
(Treubia, vol. 18, 1931, p. 358), but since Dicrurus leucophaeus leuco-
genis of Kloss (darker form) is not, according to my views, the same
as Buchanga leucogenis of Walden (paler form), his restriction seems
to be without standing. I now restrict the type locality of Buchanga
leucogenis Walden to Ichang, Hupeh, which is also the type locality
of Buchanga leucogenys cerussata Bangs and Phillips.

290 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
DICRURUS ADSIMILIS CATHOECUS Swinhoe
CHINESE BLACK DRONGO

Dicrurus cathoecus SwINHoE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 877 (‘“China,
Hainan, and Formosa”; type locality restricted to South China, by Hartert,
Vogel der paliarktischen Fauna, vol. 3, 1921, p. 2017).

Dicrurus ater, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed).

Buchanga atra longus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 451 (“Throughout the whole
country”).

Buchanga atra cathoeca, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 451 (Pang Hua Phong).

Dicrurus macrocercus thai, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 556 (Chiang Mai); 1934, p. 226 (Chiang Mai).—DerlIenan, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 101 (Chiang Mai).

Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 552 (Chiang Mai).—DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 147 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 101 (Chiang Mai).

The nok saeo hang pla has been taken once in Lampang Province,
once in Mae Hong Son, and frequently in Chiang Mai but has not yet
been recorded at all from the remaining portions of our area. It is
likely to occur, at least as a migrant or winter visitor, in any deforested
lowland district.

On the plain of Chiang Mai this drongo is one of the most conspic-
uous birds and can be observed anywhere, perching upon fence posts,
on the bunds of the open ricefields, and on the backs of grazing cattle,
whence it makes flights after passing insects. Like others of the
family, it is a noisy bird, combining harsh shrieks and chattering calls
with melodious whistles and flutelike notes. The name “king-crow”
is derived from its habit of attacking and driving from the neighbor-
hood crows, hawks, dogs, and other potential enemies.

At Chiang Mai, during the months of October and November, great
numbers of immature birds arrive, presumably from farther north,
and congregate at ponds and marshes, together with the migratory
flocks of bee-eaters. These visitors gradually disappear, and no cor-
responding return-movement has been noted in spring, possibly be-
cause of the aridity of the countryside at that season.

An example in postjuvenal molt was taken at Chiang Mai, July 5.

An adult male had the irides red; the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.
The postjuvenal male had the irides brown; the bill black; the rictus
and interior of the mouth fleshy; the feet, toes, and claws black.

Adults have the entire plumage black, glossed with steel blue. Im-
matures have the upperparts rather less glossy; the edge of the wing
white; the underparts little glossed and the feathers tipped with gray,
especially on the abdomen and under tail coverts.

My series of this common species is highly inadequate for taxonomic
purposes. With the exception of a few specimens mentioned under
the following form, my adult examples are inseparable from Chinese

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 291

birds in length of wing and tail, but all are winter-taken and might be
visitors. My summer-taken material, on the other hand, is immature
and not certainly identifiable. A series of breeding adults might show
that the resident population is not cathoecus at all; until specimens be
available, however, I must assume that our summer birds are of the
Chinese race.

DICRURUS ADSIMILIS ALBIRICTUS (Hodgson)

HIMALAYAN BLACK DRONGO
[Bhuchanga] albirictus Hopeson, India Rev., vol. 1, 1837 [= 1886], p. 8326 (Nepal).

The Himalayan race of the common black drongo occurs regularly,
although in small numbers, in the dry, deciduous forest on the lower
slopes of Doi Suthep. I took a male and a female at 1,600 feet, Decem-
ber 12, 1931, and a second male at 1,800 feet, February 22, 1936.

These birds had the irides red; the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.

D. a. albirictus is distinguishable from cathoecus only by its rela-
tively longer tail. The tail length of the former ranges from 152 to
180 mm.; of the latter, from 137 to 154 mm.

The tails of my specimens, all fully adult, measure 160, 165, and
171mm. Two of the three show the white rictal spot.

DICRURUS LEUCOPHAEUS LEUCOGENIS (Walden)
CROW-BILLED DRONGO

[Bhuchanga] annectans [sic] Hopeson, India Rev., vol. 1, 1887 [= 1836], p. 326
(Nepal).

Dicrurus annectans, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 169
(Nan Province).

In the largely uncultivated lowlands of Phrae and Nan Provinces,
where I failed to find any form of Dicrurus adsimilis, the crow-billed
drongo proved to be extremely common in the dry, deciduous forest.

My specimens, taken in March and September, had the gonads
inactive, but I have no doubt that the species breeds in those districts.

An adult female had the irides red; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black.

In coloration this drongo resembles Dicrurus a. cathoecus of corres-
ponding age, but it is glossed with steel green rather than blue. From
cathoecus it is best distinguished by its less slender form, its much more
robust bill, and its relatively shorter tail, with the outermost pair
of rectrices more distinctly curved upward.

DICRURUS HOTTENTOTTUS HOTTENTOTTUS (Linnaeus)
INDIAN HAIR-CRESTED DRONGO

[Corvus] hottentottus LINNAEUs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 155
(“Cap. b. spei,” error; type locality corrected to Sikkim, by Stuart Baker,
Noy. Zool., vol. 26, 1919, p. 44).

!
992 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Chibia hottentotta, GyLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 28
(Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 20 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 450 (“Northern

pean hottentotta, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 556 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 553 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen Kao) ;
1934, p. 226 (Khun Tan, Chiang Dao, Chiang Saen).—Detenan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 147 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 101 (Doi Suthep) .—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 286 (Ban Nam Khian).

The resident. race of the hair-crested drongo is rather common in
flocks throughout our area, occurring in the dry, deciduous forest of
the plains and foothills and ascending the mountains only to about
2,700 feet, the altitudinal limit of this type of vegetation.

Where such a tree as Bombaz is in bloom, this drongo tends to collect
into noisy flocks, probing the flowers for insects and getting its face
well dusted with the yellow pollen. At other times it takes much
of its prey on the wing or even from the branches and trunks of trees,
momentarily supporting itself with beating pinions like a huge,
black butterfly. Stanford has well observed (Ibis, 1938, p. 417) that
“in flight the shape of this bird, especially of the upturned tail
feathers, is remarkably like that of an aeroplane, and this resemblance
is more pronounced by the ‘vertical nose-dives,’ with which it is con-
stantly displaying.”

A male from the foot of Doi Suthep, April 29, had the gonads en-
larged, but some individuals must breed much earlier in the year for,
while a bird from Ban Huai Thae, June 12, is just beginning the post-
juvenal molt, three others from Nan Province, April 18 and 22, have
virtually completed the same molt. An adult in postnuptial molt
was collected near Wiang Pa Pao, August 1.

My adult specimens had the irides brownish red; the eyelids slaty;
the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.

This is a large drongo with a conspicuously long, curved bill; a
group of long, hairlike feathers arising from the base of the bill and ©
extending to the upper back (not visible in the field) ; the outermost
pair of rectrices curved upward even more strongly than in the preced-
ing species. It has the entire plumage black, highly glossed on the
posterior crown and the hacklelike feathers at the side of the neck with
steel blue, on the wings with bronze-green, on the tail with steel green;
the feathers of the lower throat and the breast glossed with steel blue
at the tips to form spangles. Immatures are duller in color and have
the outer tail feathers much less recurved.

Boden Kloss (Journ. Federated Malay States Mus., vol. 10, 1921,
pp. 222-223) believes that Thai birds are separable from those of
Sikkim by lesser size. If his views be correct, our resident population

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 293

must probably be known as D. h. barbatus (J. E. Gray). In default
of suitable comparative material I am unable to form an opinion.

DICRURUS HOTTENTOTTUS BREVIROSTRIS (Cabanis and Heine)
CHINESE HAIR-CRESTED DRONGO

T[richometopus] brevirostris CABANIS and HerIne, Museum Heineanum, pt. 1,
1850 [=1851], p. 112 (China).

Chibia hottentotta brevirostris, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 553 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 227 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Deienan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 148 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 101 (Doi
Suthep) .—RItey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 287 (Doi Langka).

The Chinese hair-crested drongo occurs not uncommonly in winter
(October to January or later) on some of the higher hills of the
Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges. On Doi Chiang Dao it
has been taken at 4,600 and 5,000 feet and on Doi Suthep at 5,500 feet,
but, on the latter mountain, it may descend as low as 3,500 feet, at
which elevation I have frequently observed a form of the species in
tall flowering trees during cold weather.

At the summit of Doi Suthep, late in December and early in January,
flocks of this bird, together with numerous unrelated species, can
always be observed feeding and fluttering about among the blossoms
of a beautiful pink-flowered tree (Cassia sp.), which grows just below
the bungalows, on the eastern slope of the mountain.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

From the resident subspecies this race is distinguishable only by
having the bill shorter and less robust and by having the long frontal
hairs finely barbed instead of naked.

CHAPTIA AENEA AENEA (Vieillot)
INDIAN BRONZED DRONGO

Dicrurus aeneus VIEILLoT, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, nouy. éd.,
vol. 9, 1817, p. 586 (Bengal; type locality restricted to Dacca, eastern Ben-
gal, by Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool., vol. 25, 1918, p. 304).

Chaptia aenea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138, p. 28
(Ban Huai Hom); 1916, p. 19 (Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan, Doi Pha
Sakaeng) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed).

Chaptia aenea malayensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p: 450 (‘‘Northern Siam’).
—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 101 (Doi Suthep).
Chaptia aenea aenea, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,

p. 552 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 226 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 147 (Doi
Suthep).—GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 187 (Doi Ang Ka,

Doi Nang Kaeo).

‘Chaptia aenea>malayensis, CHASEN and BopEeN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.

Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).

294 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Chaptia aenea aenea [partim], Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 284 (Doi
Langka [partim], Khun Tan).

The bronzed drongo is very common in evergreen jungle through-
out our area, on the western hills ranging from 3,000 to 5,500 feet but,
in the more eastern districts, occurring also in similar forest on the
plains.

Our smallest drongo, which is a conspicuous bird along the trails
and at clearings and even in upland pine-forest, does not seem to
differ in habits from others of its family. It has the usual medley of
harsh and melodious notes and, like Bhringa, is often heard singing
on moonlight nights.

Specimens with the gonads greatly enlarged were taken on April
17 and 18 and examples in postnuptial molt between August 26 and
November 21.

A breeding male had the irides brownish red; the bill, feet, toes,
and claws black.

This species has the entire plumage black, everywhere (except on
the more grayish abdomen and under tail coverts) highly glossed with
steel blue, which, in certain lights, shows reflections of green, bronze,
and purple. During molt, while the flaring outermost rectrices are
only partly grown, the tail loses its normal, forked appearance and
takes on a curious shape.

Northern birds, with wing length ranging from 119 to 126 mm.,
are really intermediate between aenea and malayensis and might
equally well be called by either name.

BHRINGA REMIFER TECTRIOSTRIS Hodgson
INDIAN LESSER RACQUET-TAILED DRONGO

[Bhringa] tectirostris Hopason, India Rev., vol. 1, 1837 [=1836], pp. 325-326
(Nepal).

Bhringa remifer, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet._Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 22
(Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 450 (Doi Pha Sakeng, Khun
champ

Bhringa remifer latispatula DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 81, 1929, pp. 475-476 (Doi Suthep, North Thailand) ; p. 553 (Doi Suthep,
Chiang Saen); 1934, p. 227 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DrIcnan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 148 (Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 101
(Doi Suthep).—RILEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 287 (Khun Tan, Sop
Phung, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Bhringa remifer tectirostris, CHASEN and BopEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).

Chaptia aenea aenea [partim], RILEY, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 284 (Doi
Langka [partim]).

This fine species is very common in the evergreen of the western
mountains (east to and including the Khun Tan range) and also on
Phu Kha, from 2,700 to 8,000 feet (more numerous above 3,300 feet).

|

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 295

Like other drongos, this form haunts forest clearings and trailsides,
where it is easily seen and heard. When it pursues insects on the wing,
a most elegant effect is given by the apparently disjoined racquets
fluttering far behind the tail.

A bird still in postnatal molt was taken May 3, and others in post-
juvenal molt were obtained between August 13 and 24. Adults in
postnuptial molt were collected between August 30 and October 20.

Old individuals had the irides crimson; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black. Immatures seem to have the irides brown.

Bhringa remifer is separated from others of its family by having a
dense tuft of frontal feathers directed forward to cover the basal] half
of the bill and by having the outermost pair of rectrices prolonged
beyond the others by a wirelike shaft terminated with a long, slender
racquet. It has the general coloration black, highly glossed with steel
blue (except on the lower flanks, where the feathers are silky and
silver-gray).

DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS RANGOONENSIS (Gould)
BURMESE GREATER RACQUET-TAILED DRONGO

Edolius Rangoonensis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836, p. 5 (Rangoon,
Burma).

Dissemurus paradiseus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 167
(listed).

Dissemurus paradiseus malabaricus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 21 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho).

Dissemurus paradiseus rangoonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 450 (“Through-
out the north of Siam”’).—pr SCHAUENSERr, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 556 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 554 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang
Saen Kao) ; 1934, p. 228 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 148 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 101
(Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—RtLry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 291
(Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot, Muang Pai, Sop Phung).

The larger racquet-tailed drongo is very common throughout our
provinces in the bamboo and dry, deciduous forest of the plains and
the lower mountain slopes to 2,700 feet, rather less so in light evergreen
to 3,500 feet.

The mixed aggregations of babblers, woodpeckers, etc., which travel
noisily through the pa daeng, are almost always accompanied by a
pair of the nok saeo yai hang buang, which fly from tree to tree in
advance of their more terrestrial companions, uttering an endless series
of melodious whistles and liquid calls.

A specimen still in postnatal molt was taken June 1 and another
in postjuvenal molt, July 25. Adults in postnuptial molt were collected
between May 27 and November 8.

My examples had the irides brown or brownish red; the bill, feet,
toes, and claws black.

296 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Dissemurus p. rangoonensis has the frontal feathers lengthened, the
shorter ones in front directed forward, the longer ones behind arched
backward above the crown to make a conspicuous crest; the wirelike
shafts of the elongated outermost rectrices gradually spiralled and
terminated by a twisted racquet, much broader than that of Bhringa
remifer. It has the general coloration black, glossed almost every-
where with steel blue.

Family ORIOLIDAE
ORIOLUS CHINENSIS TENUIROSTRIS Blyth
ASSAMESE BLACK-NAPED ORIOLE

O[riolus] tenuwirostris BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 15, 1846, pp. 48-49
(“Central India,” error; type locality here corrected to Assam).

Oriolus indicus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 168
(listed [=Khun Tan (partim)]).

Oriolus tenuirostris, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 21 (Doi
Nga Chang).

Oriolus indicus indicus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 452 (“Throughout
the whole country” [=Khun Tan (partim)]).

Oriolus indicus tenwirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 452 (Doi Nga Chang).

Oriolus chinensis tenuirostris, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 556 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 232 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).—CHASEN and BopEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932,
p. 248 (Doi Suthep).—Ruxy, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 295 (Khun
Tan, Doi Langka).

Oriolus chinensis tenuirostris [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi Suthep [partim]); 1986, p. 102 (Doi Suthep
[partim]).

The present race of the black-naped oriole is a rather common winter
visitor to the districts west of (and including) the Khun Tan range,
usually found between 3,000 and 5,500 feet but occasionally occurring
down to the very bases of the hills. On Doi Suthep the species has
been recorded from October 3 (1986) to the end of March (1932).

This bird may be seen at the edge of clearings in the evergreen or
in the open hill-forest, often high in the trees but attracting attention
by its loud, clear whistles and its brilliant coloration. It is almost
always to be observed among the various forms drawn to flowering
and fruiting trees.

An adult female had the irides crimson; the bill and interior of the
mouth dusky pink; the feet and toes slaty; the claws dull black.

The adult male has a black nuchal band continued on each side of
the head, through the eye, to the base of the bill; the crown, the upper-
most back, and the entire underparts golden-yellow; the secondary
coverts, scapulars, back, rump, and upper tail coverts golden-olive; the
primary coverts black, tipped with yellow to form a conspicuous
spot near the center of the folded wing; the primaries black, narrowly

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 297

tipped and margined along the outer web with yellowish white; the
secondaries black, broadly margined along the outer web with golden-
olive and sometimes narrowly tipped with yellow; the rectrices black
with an outwardly increasingly broad golden-yellow tip, which, on the
outermost pair, covers over half the feather. The adult female is
similar but has the yellow parts more strongly suffused with green;
the underparts often with more or less obsolescent dark shaft streaks.
Immatures are much duller, lack black markings on the head, and
have the underparts largely whitish with heavy blackish streaks.

ORIOLUS CHINENSIS DIFFUSUS Bowdler Sharpe
CHINESE BLACK-NAPED ORIOLE

Oriolus diffusus BowpLER SHARPE, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum,
vol. 8, 1877, p. 197. New name for Oriolus indicus Jerdon 1845 (Malabar),
which is, in any case, preoccupied by Oriolus indicus Daudin, 1802.

Oriolus indicus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
168 (listed [=Khun Tan (partim)]).

Oriolus indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 22

(Khun Tan, Pha Hing).
Oriolus indicus indicus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 452 (“Throughout

the whole country” [partim]).

Oriolus chinensis tenuirostris [partim], DrIanan, Journ Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi Suthep [partim]); 1936, p. 102 (Doi Suthep
[partim]).

Oriolus chinensis diffusus, Rirmy, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 294 (Ban
Nam Khian).

The Chinese black-naped oriole presumably occurs throughout our
provinces but, up to the present time, is known from the territory
west of the Khun Tan range only by an adult male that I collected
on Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet, January 26, 1937. The northern speci-
mens before me (which I cannot separate from Chinese birds) were
taken between September 28 and April 18, and the form is probably
only a winter visitor, but it must be noted that Gyldenstolpe took
an example at Khun Tan as late as May 1 (1914).

Beyond the fact that this bird is more an inhabitant of lowland
deciduous forest than of the mountain evergreen, it seems not to
differ in habits from the preceding race.

Gyldenstolpe states (1916) that his specimens had the irides
brownish red; the bill pink; the feet and toes plumbeous.

O. c. diffusus is most readily distinguished from tenwirostris by
its having the bill much more robust and the black nuchal band so
wide as to cover the occiput as well as the nape. The fully adult
male differs in having the entire upperparts golden-yellow, like the
underparts. The adult female and the younger male have the up-
perparts much like those of the adult male of tenwirostris, except
that the rump and upper tail coverts are golden-yellow.

298 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ORIOLUS XANTHORNUS XANTHORNUS (Linnaeus)
BENGALESE BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE

[Coracias] Xanthornus LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 108
(“‘America,” error=Bengal, ex Edwards).

Oriolus melanocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 834 (Pak Pan, Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 23 (Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong,
Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 168
(listed).

Oriolus luteolus thaiacous, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 452 (“Throughout
the whole country”).

Oriolus canthornis thaiacous, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 557 (Chiang Mai).

Oriolus wanthornus xanthornus, D& SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 557 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p.
232 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Derr1enan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 150 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 102 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep).—Ritery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 295 (Ban
Nam Khian, “Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket ?], Mae Khan).

The black-headed oriole is a very common permanent resident
throughout the northern provinces, inhabiting the lowland deciduous
and mixed-deciduous forests and ascending the hills in this type of
vegetation to about 2,850 feet.

This is the most numerous and best known oriole of our area. Its
notes and habits are not markedly different from those of the races
of chinensis.

Breeding probably takes place during the hot weather, at which
season the beautiful whistled song may be heard on all sides in the
dry forests. Immatures in postjuvenal molt have been taken be-
tween July 25 and August 6; adults in postnuptial molt, between
August 4 and September 9.

Gyldenstolpe states that his specimens had the irides crimson
(adults) or brown (immatures) the bill rosy pink (adults) or black
(immatures); the feet and toes plumbeous (adults) or black
(immatures).

Adults resemble a smaller O. c. diffusus but may always be known by
their having the entire head, neck, and center of the upper breast
black. Immatures have the top and sides of the head (except for
the yellow forehead) black, indistinctly streaked with yellow; the
throat white, streaked with black (these streaks continued onto the
yellow breast).

ORIOLUS TRAILLI TRAILLII (Vigors)

HIMALAYAN MAROON ORIOLE

Pastor Traillii Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, 1830-
1831 [= 1832], p. 175 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Darjiling by
Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 27, 1921, p. 698).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 299

Oriolus trailli trailli, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 557 (Doi Suthep); 1929, p. 557 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).—
CHASEN and Bopren Koss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 248
(Doi Suthep).

Oriolus traillii traillii, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
151 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 102 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAvENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 282 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Oriolus trailii trailii, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 297 (Doi Ang Ka,
Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

The maroon oriole is rather common in heavy evergreen on the
mountains west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain and also on
Phu Kha, between 3,300 and 7,500 feet. During the cold weather,
some individuals occur in the same type of forest at lower levels, on
such a hill as Doi Suthep necessarily not descending below 2,000 feet
but, in Chiang Rai Province, appearing even on the plains.

This species gathers in numbers at fruiting and flowering trees, and
museum specimens often have the face yellowed with pollen. The
only note I have heard is a catlike mew, quite unlike any call of the
golden orioles.

A bird from Khun Tan, May 12, has almost completed the post-
natal molt; another, from Doi Suthep, July 16, is beginning post-
juvenal molt. An apparently adult male from Doi Suthep, February
3, 1s not in molt but wears a nondescript dress which, especially below,
combines the characters of male and female plumages in a most
extraordinary way.

My examples had the irides creamy yellow or buffy yellow; the
edges of the eyelids and the bill plumbeous-blue; the feet and toes
plumbeous; the soles yellow; the claws horny plumbeous.

The adult male has the entire head and neck, the wings, and the
thighs black (the head, neck, and shoulders glossed with steel blue) ;
the rectrices dull maroon-crimson; the rest of the plumage shining
crimson-maroon, with the pure white bases of the feathers showing
through in places. The adult female has the upper half of the head
and the nape uniform dull black; the wings and back deep brown,
changing to maroon-brown on the rump and to dull maroon-crimson
on the upper tail coverts; the rectrices brownish maroon and dull
maroon-crimson; the underparts (except for the dull maroon-crimson
under tail coverts) grayish white, heavily streaked and spotted, on
the throat with blackish, elsewhere with deep brown. Birds in first-
winter dress resemble the adult female but have the streaks beneath
rather narrower and more clearly defined and not darker on the
throat than elsewhere. Juveniles have the throat and breast washed
with deep buff and deep buff edgings to the wing coverts and the
feathers of the mantle.

583136—45——20

300 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family CORVIDAE
CORVUS MACRORHYNCHOS LEVAILLANTII Lesson
BENGALESE JUNGLE CROW

Corvus Levaillantiit Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, livr. 5, 1831 [= 1830 2], p. 328
(Bengal).

Corvus macrorhynchus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p: 18 ({Mae Raem]) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

Corvus macrorhynchus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPH, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 16 (““The whole of Siam” [partim]).

Corvus coronoides hainanus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 448 (“Through-
out the whole country” [partim]).

Corvus coronoides macrorhynchus, DE SCHAUENSE®, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 555 (Chiang Mai).

Corvas levaillanti andamanensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 184 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Corvus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 102 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—GrEEnwA4yY, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1940, p. 167 (Doi Ang Ka).

The only true crow of our provinces is common wherever man
has gone before to clear the forest and cultivate the land. It is,
accordingly, most numerous in towns and villages, but ventures also
into clearings in the evergreen and ascends the mountains to as high
an elevation as there are inhabited hai, on Doi Suthep reaching
3,300 feet, on Doi Ang Ka, 4,400 feet.

At Chiang Mai it was quite fearless in the immediate vicinity of
monasteries and dwellings but decidedly wild elsewhere, and for this
reason I seldom found it expedient to take a specimen. ‘It occurs
in much greater numbers in the towns of Phrae and Nan, where it
was said to be highly destructive to fruit and young poultry, than
at Chiang Mai, where it was looked upon with indifference. Its harsh
kha-a-a or kha-a-& is constantly to be heard at roadside markets,
where it gathers refuse from the ground, and in fruiting fig trees
about the monasteries, but it will also eat carrion or whatever else
is available. While somewhat gregarious at any season, it is espe-
cially so during the cold weather when all the crows in a given
district spend the night at a common roost, which may be many miles
from the feeding grounds of the day; I have more than once followed
small roost-bound groups from Chiang Mai as far as Mae Rim and
at that point was obviously still miles away from the forest area
then being used for the purpose.

An adult female had the irides brown; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black.

Our crow has the plumage wholly black, the underparts glossed.
with steel blue, the upperparts with steel violet.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 301

Northern birds belong to the form, intermediate between levaillantiz
and macrorhynchos, which Mayr designates “Subsp. 2” (Ibis, 1940,
p. 695).

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS LEUCOTIS Hume

INDO-CHINESE WHITE-EARED JAY

Garrulus leucotis Hume, Proc, Asiat. Soe. Bengal, No. 5, 1874, p. 106 (no locality

. given).

Garrulus leucotis HUME, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, pp. 448-444 (“The hills of
the Salween district of the Tenasserim province near Kyoukuyat [=Kyou-
knyat], at an elevation of about 3,000 feet’).

Garrulus leucotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 20
({Pak Pan]); 1916, p. 19 (Khun Tan, Pha Kho, Tha Chomphu, Pang Hua
Phong, Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

Garrulus leucotis leucotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 449 (Khun Tan, Pha
Kho, Tha Chomphu, Pang Hua Phong, Pak Pan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).—DkrtIc-
NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 135 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN
and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi
Suthep) .—DEIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 103 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep) .—pEr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 179 (ridge south of Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep) .—Ruttry, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 8309 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Hua Mot, Mae Sariang).

Garrulus leucotis leucotis>oatesi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 528 (Doi Suthep).

The paragraph dealing with the distribution in our provinces of
the ashy cuckoo-shrike (Coracina n. siamensis) applies equally well
to the white-eared jay, and, in fact, wherever one species is seen the
other may be expected to occur also.

This bird is usually seen perched alone at the top of some high
tree, but where conditions are particularly favorable a number of
individuals may be in sight at once. I have more than once seen such
an informal gathering at the edge of a jungle grass fire, where the
jays were preying on the numerous small creatures driven out by
the flames. It is a rather noisy species, whose commonest note is a
rasping jay.

I collected a male:with the gonads enlarged, March 7, and Gylden-
stolpe (1916) obtained at the end of May young birds still in com-
pany with the parents. Specimens taken between July 10 and
October 17 are in postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
pale brownish gray or dusky flesh.

The present species has the forehead white, each feather with a
black shaft streak; the crown and rather short, rounded crest black;
the scapulars and back vinaceous-brown, paler and more vinaceous on
the rump; the upper tail coverts white; the wings black, with the
shoulders chestnut, the remaining coverts narrowly barred black and
sky blue, the greater part of the outer web of the outer secondaries

302 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

more broadly barred black, sky blue, and blue-white, the innermost
secondaries largely deep chestnut; the tail black; the throat and sides
of the head and neck pure white, except for a broad, black mustachial
streak; the breast vinaceous-brown, paling on = abdomen and fading
to aiatta on the under tail coverts.

KITTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA MAGNIROSTRIS (Blyth)
BURMESE RED-BILLED BLUE PIE

Ps{ilorhinus] magnirostris BLyTH, Journ. Asiat.-Soc. Bengal, vol. 15, 1846, pp.
27-28 (“Ya-ma-dong Mountains, separating Arracan from Pegw’).

Urocissa occipitalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138, p. 19
(Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 17 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

Urocissa occipitalis magnirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 448 (“Northern
Siam’).

Urocissa jnibbernants magnirostris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 555 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 527 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p.
178 (Chiang Mai).—Drtenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 134
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 102 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—RInxy,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 808 (Doi Ang Ka, Muang Pai, Mae Suya
valley, Doi Musoe).

The red-billed pie is not known to occur in Chiang Rai but is
rather common in all the other provinces, haunting deciduous forest
and scrubby second growth, from the plains to about 2,700 feet.

This fine bird is shy and avoids the vicinity of human habitation
but may often be seen in dry jungle and at uncultivated places along
the rivers in flocks of five or six individuals, which follow each other
from tree to tree uttering harsh, scolding cries. It often descends to
the ground to feed and drink and then carries the exaggerated tail
somewhat erected to keep the longest feathers, which naturally curve
downward near the tip, from becoming soiled.

Specimens that have almost completed postnatal molt were taken
in southern Nan Province on May 25 and 30. An adult from Mae
Hong Son Province, October 23, is in postnuptial molt.

De Schauensee notes (1929) that a male had the irides brown; the
bill bright sealing-wax red; the feet, toes, and claws bright coral red.

The adult has the head, neck, and upper breast black, with a large
and conspicuous white patch from the center of the occiput to the
center of the uppermost back; the scapulars, back, and rump dull blue-
violet; the upper tail coverts blue-violet with broad, black tips; the
wings deep violet-blue, both primaries and secondaries more or less
broadly tipped with white; the strongly graduated tail deep violet-
blue, each feather with a broad, white tip and all except the central
pair with a broad, black, subapical bar; the remaining underparts
bluish white, bluer on the lower breast, upper abdomen, flanks, and
thighs. In freshly molted examples, the central part of the outer

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THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 303

web of the primaries, the center of the abdomen, the under tail coverts,
and the tips of the rectrices are suffused with a beautiful but evanescent
pinkish-buff hue.

The juveniles from Pak Chong, doubtfully recorded by Riley
(1938) as Urocissa flavirostris robini, are unquestionably of the pres-
ent species and can be matched in every detail by young birds that I
myself shot from flocks of XK. e. magnirostris.

A form of the common magpie (Pica pica) occurs in Kengtung
State within a few miles of our northern border and almost certainly
will be found, at least during the cold weather, in the Chiang Saen
district.

KITTA CHINENSIS CHINENSIS (Boddaert)

THAI GREEN-BREASTED HUNTING-CROW

Coracias chinensis BoppArErt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
1783, p. 838 (China, ex d’Aubenton, error; type locality corrected to southern
Thailand, by Robinson and Boden Kloss, Journ. & Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
new ser., vol. 18, 1922 [=1923], p. 561).

Cissa chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 18 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun
Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 448 (“Hills of northern Siam’).

Cissa chinensis chinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
184 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 102 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 178 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai).—Ruey, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 304 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Khun Tan,
Thattafang, Ban San Pa Yang).

The hunting-crow is fairly common in all our provinces but is
restricted in range to districts of dense jungle, whether bamboo or
evergreen, in which it occurs both on the plains and on the hills to
about 5,000 feet.

This species travels in small bands (accompanied on the plains by
Garrulax 1. diardi, at higher elevations by Garrulax p. meridionalis
and Garrulaxz s. strepitans), which meticulously quarter the ground,
the thickets, vines, and trees. So heavy is the vegetation in which it
ordinarily dwells and so retiring the bird that it would seldom be
observed at all if it were not for its loud, harsh calls. On Doi
Suthep, where it was certainly present at all seasons, it appeared al-
ways to be much commoner in the rains and very rare during the
autumn months.

An example with the gonads enlarged was taken on Phu Kha, April
7, and another in postnatal molt on Khun Tan, May 16. Specimens
collected between August 29 and November 28 are in postnuptial molt.

Adults had the irides dark crimson; the eyelids yellowish brown,
edged with deep coral red; the bill, interior of the mouth, feet, and
toes deep coral red; the claws horny orange.

304 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Old birds in perfect color have the forehead bright greenish yellow,
changing to bright yellow-green on the crown and crest; a broad,
black-band across the nape and continued on either side of the head,
through the eye, to the base of the bill; the scapulars, back, rump, and
upper tail coverts glaucous-green; the wings bright chestnut-red, the
inner secondaries with a broad, white tip and a broad, black, sub-
terminal bar; the rectrices glaucous-green, all with a broad, whitish
tip and all but the central pair also with a broad, black, subterminal
bar; the entire underparts light glaucous-green.

Apparently as a result of exposure to sunlight, yellow disappears
from the plumage, the green portions change to light blue, and the
chestnut-red of the wings becomes gray-brown or even olivaceous-
gray. Most specimens, while still alive, show such alteration, and the
change is more pronounced in birds taken just before the molt and in
those few collected in hot, dry forest with little shade.

CRYPSIRINA VAGABUNDA KINNEARI (Stuart Baker)
PEGUAN RUFOUS TREE PIE

Dendrocitta rufa kinneari Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2,
vol. 1, 1922, p. 51 (Toungoo, Burma).

Dendrocitta. rufa [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 17 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 449 (“Northern Siam” [partim]).
Dendrocitta rufa sakaratensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia, 1929, p. 527 (Chiang Mai, Mae Rim).

Dendrocitta rufa sakeratensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 184 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 103 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep).

Dendrocitta rufa sakeratensis [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 179 (Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng, “Tung Sio”).

Dendrocitta vagabunda kinneari [partim], Ritny, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 806 (Mae Khan).

The Peguan rufous tree pie dwells in exactly the same types of jungle
as Kitta e. magnirostris but has a much more restricted range: within
our provinces it seems to be confined to the lowlands of the Mae Ping
basin and, in addition to the localities listed above, has been taken
only at Ban Mae Dok Daeng, Chom Thong, Ban Sop Mae Chaem, and
Ban Pa Pua. On Doi Suthep I once saw a solitary straggler at 3,000
feet (August 23, 1930), but otherwise it has never been found above
1,500 feet.

This pie lives in the dry forest in small bands, the members of which
follow one another from tree to tree with alternate sailing and beating
of wings, constantly uttering a rather musical trisyllabic call as well as
many harsher notes. It is one of the forms that make up the mixed
bands of Kitta, Garrulax, Dissemurus, etc. One of my specimens had
the stomach filled with large berries.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 305

Examples taken between July 20 and November 9 are in postnuptial
molt.

Two adult females had the irides bright brown; the eyelids slaty
gray; the bill dark slate, paler at the rictus; the interior of the mouth
black; the feet and toes brownish black; the claws horny black.

The adult of either sex has the head, neck, breast, and upper back
sooty gray; the scapulars, back, and upper tail coverts dull rufous-
brown; the rump rufous-buff; all the wing coverts and the outer webs
of the inner secondaries silvery gray, the rest of the wing black; the
long, graduated tail silvery gray, each feather with a broad, black tip;
the remaining underparts rufous-buff. Immature birds have the head,
neck, breast, and upper back more brownish and not clearly defined
from the adjacent color areas; the secondaries narrowly, the rectrices
much more broadly, tipped with buff.

As in all species inhabiting the deciduous forests, the plumage of this
bird rapidly becomes worn and discolored and properly to understand
the geographic variation requires series of freshly molted adults.
Too many races have been described from our subregion on unsuitable
material and without reference to previously named forms of nearby
areas. While single specimens from Thailand can scarcely be differ-
entiated, with series I find it just possible to recognize three subspecies :
(1) saturatior of southwestern Thailand (Kanchanaburi north to
Rahaeng), in which the gray hood is poorly defined from the dull
rufous-brown back and the buff underparts are palest; (2) kinneart of
northwestern Thailand (north of Rahaeng and west of the Khun Tan
range), which differs from saturatior in having the gray hood more
clearly defined from the rather brighter rufous-brown back and the
buff underparts deeper in tone; (3) sakeratensis of the remaining por-
tions of the country, which differs from kinneari in having the hood
rather darker (almost slaty), the rufous-brown of the back and the
buff of the underparts slightly deeper.

It may be necessary eventually to merge certain of our forms with
races described from South India, but I lack the material essential for
an investigation of this problem.

CRYPSIRINA VAGABUNDA SAKERATENSIS (Gyldenstolpe)

INDO-CHINESE RUFOUS TREE PIE

Dendrocitta rufa sakeratensis GYLDENSTOLPE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 41, 1920,

pp. 32-83 (Ban Chakkarat, East Thailand).

_ Dendrocitta rufa, GyLpENsToLPr, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 19

({Pak Pan, Den Chai]) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

_ Dendrocitta rufa [partim], GyLpENsToLer, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,

1916, p. 17 (Den Chai, Pak Pan, Pha Hing) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 449 (“Northern
Siam” [partim]).

306 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The range of the present subspecies seems to coincide closely with
that of Kitta e. magnirostris in the districts east of the Khun Tan
chain. It is noteworthy that neither has yet been found in Chiang
Rai and that both have been recorded only from the more southern
portions of Lampang, Phrae, and Nan Provinces.

This form differs not at all in habits and habitat from the more
western birds.

Two examples taken on August 18 at Ban Mae Mo are in postjuvenal
molt.

In series, fresh-plumaged adults of sakeratensis are separable from
those of kinneari in having the head, neck, breast, and upper back
rather more slaty; the mantle and underparts slightly deeper in color.

CRYPSIRINA FORMOSAE ASSIMILIS (Hume)
TENASSERIMESE GRAY TREE PIE

Dendrocitta assimilis Hum, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, p. 117 (“Hill Tenas-
serim’’; specimens recorded from ‘“Kollidoo” and Muleyit, by Hume, ibid.,
vol. 6, 1878, p. 386).

Dendrocitta himalayensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164
(Khun Tan).

Dendrocitta sinensis assimilis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 449 (Khun Tan).

Dendrocitta formosae assimilis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 528 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 179 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).—Drignan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1981, p. 134 (Doi
Suthep).—CHASEN and Boprn Ktoss, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1982, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).—Dmenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 103 (Doi Suthep).

Dendrocitta himalayensis assimilis, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 307
(Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

The southern race of the gray tree pie is known in our provinces
only from the higher peaks of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan
ranges, where it inhabits the evergreen from 3,200 feet (Doi Suthep)
to 8,000 feet (Doi Ang Ka).

I found this bird common in flocks, usually, but not always, in
the tops of tall trees, attracting attention to itself by its noisy calls,
some of which have been compared by de Schauensee (1929) to the
quack of a mallard, the cheep of a chick, and the “rusty hinge” of an
American grackle. One of my specimens had the stomach filled with
insects, but I have watched others feeding upon berries.

An example from Doi Ang Ka, April 10, had the gonads enlarged.
A bird of August 28 is in postjuvenal molt and another, of November
18, has almost finished the postnuptial molt.

The breeding male mentioned above had the irides red-brown; the
bill black; the feet, toes, and claws blackish brown.

Adults have the forehead and a narrow line above the eye black;
the crown and nape ashy gray; the scapulars and back light buffy

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THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 307

brown; the rump and upper tail coverts pale gray; the wings black,
with a small but conspicuous white patch at the center of the pri-
maries; the central pair of rectrices ashy gray with a broad black tip,
the next outer pair with only the basal half ashy gray, the remaining
pairs usually wholly black; the sides of the head and the throat deep
brownish, gradually changing to brownish ashy on the breast and to
pale gray on the abdomen; the under tail coverts rufous.

I have been unable to examine topotypes of this form and our birds
are possibly intermediate between assimélis and himalayensis.

CRYPSIRINA FORMOSAE HIMALAYENSIS (Blyth)
EAST HIMALAYAN GRAY TREE PIE

Dendrocitta himalayensis BiyTH, Ibis, 1865, p. 45 (Himalayas; type locality re-
stricted to Sikkim, by Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 46, 1925, p. 22).

A solitary individual of the gray tree pie, found perched upon a low
branch above a trail and giving every indication of being lost, was
taken on Doi Suthep at 3,300 feet, March 23, 1987, and was later iden-
tified by me at the British Museum as an example of the present race.

Although the bird had the testes enlarged, it must nevertheless be
considered merely a straggler, perhaps from no great distance, since
it is probable that the population of Doi Pha Hom Pok are also of the
more northern form, although specimens do not exist to prove this.

It had the irides garnet; the bill black; the feet and toes brownish
black; the claws black.

From other Thai specimens, this skin differs in its generally greater
proportions; the greater extent of black on the head (covering the
forecrown as far as the posterior corner of the eye) ; its larger white
wing patch; the blackish color of the throat; the less sullied, more
uniform, gray of the underparts.

CRYPSIRINA TEMIA (Daudin)
BRONZED SPATULATE-TAILED TREE PIE

Corvus temia DAupin, Traité d’ornithologie, vol. 2, 1800, p. 244 (Java).

Crypsirhina varians, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 19
(Ban Huai Hom, Phrae) ; 1916, p. 18 (Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu) ; Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 449 (‘‘Throughout
the whole country”).—DrE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 556 (Chiang Mai).

Crypsirhina temia, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 528
(Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).

Crypsirina temia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 134
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 103 (Chiang Mai) .—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 179 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai).—Rutey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 307 (Phrae, Ban Nam Khian).—GrEENWAY, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 168 (Chiang Mai).

308 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

While very common throughout our provinces, the spatulate-tailed
pie is strictly confined to the plains, where it inhabits brushy waste-
lands and the groves of giant bamboo along the streams and in the
neighborhood of villages.

This bird travels in small, loose bands among the bamboos, con-
stantly uttering a characteristic whining call. Perhaps the most
extraordinary thing in connection with the species is the extreme
mobility of the long tail, which is employed as a balancing device
while its owner clambers about the branches. The only individual I
ever saw on the ground was bathing at a small rain pool and carried
the tail directed forward at an angle of 45° to the line of the back.

Gyldenstolpe mentions (1913) taking a male with greatly enlarged
gonads; the specimen could not be found in the collection at Stockholm
but was probably the mate of a female shot at Phrae, March 1, 1912.
I took two examples in postnatal molt at Chiang Mai, July 9, 1935.

Adults have the irides light blue; the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.
Immatures differ in having the irides brown.

The adult of either sex has the area immediately around the eye and
a frontal band of dense, short, plushy feathers black; the rest of the
plumage black, everywhere glossed with deep bronze-green. With
wear, the gloss on head and mantle becomes more or less steel blue.
Immature birds have the gloss restricted to the remiges and rectrices.

Family PARADOXORNITHIDAE
PARADOXORNIS FLAVIROSTRIS GUTTATICOLLIS David
EASTERN YELLOW-BILLED CROW-TIT

Paradoxornis guttaticollis Davin, Nouv. Arch, Mus. [Paris], vol. 7, 1871, Bull., pp. 8,
14 (Szechwan; type specimen from “le Setchuan occidentale,” fide David,
Les oiseaux de la Chine, 1877, p. 204).

Paradoxornis guttaticollis, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1988, p. 30 (Doi Pha Hom Pok).

This large parrotbill has been found in Thailand only by de Schauen-
see’s collectors, who took three males and two females on Doi Pha Hom
Pok, between 6,000 and 6,400 feet, in February, 1938. It is not at all
likely to occur at any other locality within our provinces.

The adult has the crown and nape light chestnut-rufous; the remain- _
ing upperparts fulvous-brown, with the remiges and rectrices edged
rufescent ; the ear coverts and the area immediately below them black,
forming a large and conspicuous patch; the chin blackish; the remain-
ing underparts fulvous-white, more or less heavily marked on the
cheeks, throat, and upper breast with small, anteriorly directed, sagit-
tate, black spots.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 309
PARADOXORNIS GULARIS TRANSFLUVIALIS (Hartert)
BURMESE GRAY-HEADED CROW-TIT

Scaeorhynchus gularis transfluvialis Harrert, Nov. Zool., vol. 7, 1900, p. 548
(Guilang, North Cachar).

Psittiparus gularis transfluvialis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 529 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 181 (Doi Suthep).—Derrenan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 185 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and
Bopen Koss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep).—
GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 168 (Doi Ang Ka).

Psittiparus gularis gularis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

On Doi Ang Ka and Doi Suthep the present form is a common resi-
dent of the evergreen from 4,500 to 5,500 feet, occasional as low as 3,500
feet. It has not yet been recorded from the other high mountains of
the western provinces.

This parrotbill travels in loose flocks through the forest, at clearings
descending into the bushes but in denser places keeping to the tops of
the trees. It is a rather silent bird that explores the leaves and hangs
head downward from the ends of branchlets in the manner of a
titmouse.

I took a very young juvenile on Doi Ang Ka, April 10, and at the
same locality an adult in postnuptial molt, September 5.

De Schauensee notes that old birds had the irides dark brown; the
bill dull, dark yellow; the feet and toes slaty blue; the claws whitish.
My juvenile had the irides brownish gray; the bill orange-yellow;
the feet and toes plumbeous-blue; the soles yellow; the claws fleshy.

This species has a frontal patch and a line along each side of the
crown to the nape black; the crown, nape, ear coverts, and sides of’
the neck ashy gray; the remaining upperparts fulvous-brown, suf-
fused with olive; the chin gray; the lores, eye ring, and sides of the
throat white; the center of the throat black; the remaining under-
parts white, more or less suffused (especially on the breast and flanks)
with buff.

PARADOXORNIS GULARIS LAOTIANA (Delacour)
LAO GRAY-HEADED CROW-TIT

Psittiparus gularis laotianus Dretacour, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926, pp.
19-20 (Chiang Khwang, Laos).

Psittiparus gularis transfluvialis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 310
(Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

The Lao gray-headed parrotbill was found by Smith on Doi Khun
Tan and Doi Langka, at the former locality between 3,000 and 4,000

feet. It should be looked for on other high hills of the Khun Tan
range and also on Phu Kha.

\
310 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

From the preceding race it differs only in having the bill distinctly
longer and higher and in the complete or virtual absence of buffy
suffusion from the underparts.

The population of the Khun Tan chain and districts eastward are
neither transfluvialis nor fokiensis. With the former they agree in
the gray chin and narrow frontal band; with the latter,in the heavy
bill and white underparts (here at the western limit of range occa-
sionally tinged with buff on the breast). For this intermediate form
I revive the name laotiana, which the describer himself has recently
sunk into the synonymy of fokzensis.

PARADOXORNIS POLIOTIS FEAE (Salvadori)
KAREN GRAY-EARED CROW-TIT

Suthora Feae Satvaporr, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 7, 1889,
p. 863 [in reprint, p. 1] (Taho, in the mountains of Karen-ni).

Suthora poliotis feaé, Dp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
pp. 8, 181 (Doi Suthep).—DerienAn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935,
p. 64 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1936, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

This diminutive bird, of which few specimens exist in the museums
of the world, has been taken on Doi Suthep at 5,500 feet by de Schauen-
see, February 6 and July 8, 1933 (three males, one female), and on
Doi Ang Ka at about 5,000 feet by my collector, September 9, 1935
(one male, two females).

De Schauensee states that his examples were shot from small flocks
that occurred in open forest composed of small, gnarled trees; mine
were taken from a flock of four in tall lalang grass.

The birds of September 9 are in molt.

De Schauensee notes that a male of February 6 had the maxilla
horny black; the mandible yellow; the feet and toes yellow. My speci-
mens of either sex had the irides brown; the eyelids slaty; the maxilla
horny black; the mandible flesh, with the apical half plumbeous; the
feet and toes horny violet ; the claws horn.

The present form has the lores ashy gray; the eye ring and entire
upperparts orange-rufous, paler and suffused with olive on the back;
an ill-defined black streak at either side of the crown behind the eye;
the primary coverts black, the other upper wing coverts olivaceous-
brown; the wing quills blackish, the outer ones narrowly margined
with white along the outer web, the remainder narrowly margined
with orange-rufous along the outer web and with white at the tip and
along the inner web; the ear coverts and sides of the neck deep gray;
the chin and center of the throat black, bordered at either side by a
white mustachial streak of erectile feathers; the breast ashy gray,
changing to light orange-rufous on the remaining underparts (albescent
on the center of the abdomen) ; the under wing coverts white.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND set

Family PARIDAE
PARUS MAJOR ALTARUM La Touche
LAO GREEN-BACKED GREAT TIT

Parus major altarum LA Toucue, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1922, p. 438
(Mengtze, southeastern Yunnan).

Parus major commiztus, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
pp. 3, 180 (Doi Chiang Dao).—DeIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1935, p. 65 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1936, p. 103 (Doi Suthep).

Parus major altarum, RiLey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 311 (Doi Langka,
Doi Hua Mot).

The range of the great tit in our provinces is strictly limited to
those districts in which grow fairly extensive pine-forests, with the
result that it is a very local form and nowhere really common. I have
taken it on the Bo Luang plateau at 3,500 feet and observed it on Doi
Ang Ka between 3,500 and 4,500 feet; on Doi Suthep it is known only
from a solitary bird at 5,200 feet, January 25, 1936, and a party of four
at 3,800 feet, August 8, 1936; on Doi Chiang Dao de Schauensee col-
lected it between 4,500 and 5,500 feet ; at the foot of Doi Pha Hom Pok,
where the pine descends to the plains, I found it more numerous than
at any other locality.

Only rarely is this species seen in some isolated deciduous tree or
in open oak-forest and then always in the immediate vicinity of pine.
Its acrobatic feeding postures and its cheery notes are quite like those
of its congeners throughout the world.

The gonads were enlarged in a specimen from Ban Muang Sum,
December 26, and greatly enlarged in one from Doi Suthep, January
25. An example from Doi Suthep, August 8, and another from Doi
Hua Mot, August 12, are in postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
plumbeous; the claws dark horn.

This titmouse has the crown and nape blue-black; the center of the
uppermost back, adjacent to the nape, white; the scapulars and upper
back dull olive-green (more yellow anteriorly), changing on the rump
and upper tail coverts to blue-gray; the rectrices blackish, with a blue-
gray margin along the outer web and a white tip which increases in
extent outwardly until the outermost pair are almost wholly white;
the folded wing blue-gray with a conspicuous white cross bar and bold
white edgings along the outer web of the inner secondaries; the cheeks
and ear coverts white, enclosed behind by a narrow blue-black line
which connects the black of the nape with that of the breast; the
chin, throat, and entire breast blue-black; the remaining underparts
vinaceous-white, with a broad black, mesial line extending from the
lower breast to the central under tail coverts.

312 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The wing lengths of seven Thai specimens range from 64.5 to

68.8 mm.
PARUS XANTHOGENYS SUBVIRIDIS Blyth

TENASSERIMESE YELLOW-CHEEKED TIT

Parus subviridis “Tickell” BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, p. 267
(“Mountainous interior of Tenasserim,’ where it seems to occur Only on
Muleyit).

Machlolophus spilonotus, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 15
(Doi Nga Chang).

Parus spilonotus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 468 (Doi Nga Chang).

Machlolophus spilonotus subviridis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 528 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 185 (Doi Suthep).

Parus spilonotus subviridis, CHASEN and BoDEN Kioss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1984, p. 180 (Doi Suthep).

Machlolophus xanthogenys subviridis, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep).

Machlolophus spilonotus subviridis, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 312
(Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

With the addition of Doi Ang Ka and Doi Nang Kaeo, the localities
listed above give the entire Thai range of this form of the yellow-
cheeked tit, so far as it is now known; on these mountains it is common
at the edge of the evergreen and in the open hill-forest from 3,300 to
5,500 feet.

Tt is a social bird that travels in small parties through the bushes
and lower trees in company with nuthatches, tree creepers, and such
arboreal babblers as Mesia, Stachyris, and Alcippe. De Schauensee
observes (1929) that it makes the chattering sounds of other titmice
but, in addition, has a loud and cheerful song of three notes, resembling
the syllables chee-chee-pui, the first two of which are pitched the same,
while the third is accented and about two tones lower.

A specimen from Doi Suthep, February 24, had the gonads greatly
enlarged. Numerous examples taken between August 26 and November
19 are in postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill black; the feet, toes, and claws
plumbeous-blue or slaty blue.

This species is so typical a titmouse that a detailed description is
scarcely necessary. The adult male somewhat resembles the same sex
of the great tit but has a conspicuous black crest; the forehead, nape,
and sides of the head and body bright yellow; the back heavily streaked
with olive-green and black; the upper wing coverts black with bold,
white, apical spots. The adult female differs from the male in her
generally duller coloration and in the complete absence of black from
the underparts.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 313

I have seen, but not collected, some race of the yellow-cheeked tit
on Phu Kha; it will perhaps prove to be Parus a. basileus.

MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA SULTANEA (Hodgson)
INDIAN SULTAN TIT

[Parts] Sultaneus Hopveson, India Rey., vol. 2, 1838 [= 1837], pp. 31-82 (no
locality given = Nepal).

Melanchlora sultana, flavocristata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 166 (listed).

Melanochlora sultanea = flavocristata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 89 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Melanochlora sultanea sultanea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 468 (“Northern
Siam).—pE ScHAUENSEB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 529
(20 km. south of Muang Phayao, Chiang Saen) ; 19384, p. 181 (ridge south of
Doi Chiang Dao).—DertIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
104 (Doi Suthep).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 312 (Khun
Tan, Doi Pata, Mae Lang valley, “Doi Phra Chao” [= Doi Saket ?]).

The sultan tit is a rather common permanent resident of the low-
land evergreen throughout the provinces east of (and including) the
Khun Tan range; west of the Khun Tan hills the species is rare, and
it is perhaps no coincidence that in these districts all records have
been made between October 17 and February 6. To Doi Suthep it
is apparently a mere straggler, known only by a solitary bird at
2,850 feet, December 30, 1931, and a second at 2,800 feet, February
6, 1932.

Both Gyldenstolpe and de Schauensee have observed that this
species flocks with bulbuls, and I have myself seen it many times
with such forms as Chloropsis and Pycnonotus but am inclined to
believe that this is the fortuitous result of a common liking for fruits.
On other occasions I have watched it searching the leaves, branches,
and trunks of trees, acting much as do the small tits of the genus
Parus, but whether Melanochlora is properly placed with the Paridae
is a moot question.

An example from Muang Ngop, April 23, had the gonads enlarged.
Specimens in postjuvenal molt were taken between August 6 and
October 18; others in postnuptial molt, between August 6 and
December 31.

Adults had the irides brown; the bill black, with the maxilla
tipped horny; the feet and toes slaty blue; the claws brownish slate.

The old male has the forehead, crown, and lanceolate crest feathers
bright yellow; the remaining upperparts, the rest of the head, and the
breast black, glossed with steel blue; the remaining underparts
bright yellow. The adult female is similar but has the black of the
male replaced by deep oily olive, this color suffused on the throat
_ and breast with yellow. Immatures resemble the adults but have the

314 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

feathers of the crest short and rounded; the primary coverts and

secondary coverts narrowly tipped with yellowish white; the yellow

parts of the plumage slightly paler; the black portions (of the male)
almost without gloss.

The wing lengths of nine adult males from the North range from
107 to 114.5 mm.

Family SITTIDAE
SITTA MAGNA MAGNA Wardlaw Ramsay
SOUTHERN GIANT NUTHATCH

Sitta magna WarpdLAw RAmsaAy, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1876, p. 677, col. pl.
63 (Karen-ni).

Sitta magna, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 530
(Doi Suthep); 1934, p. 182 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DEIeNnan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 185 (Doi Suthep). —CHASEN and
Boven Koss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep) .—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep) .—
Rutty, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 316 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka).

The giant nuthatch has been found in Thailand only on the high
mountains listed above, ranging from 4,000 feet (Doi Ang Ka) to
5,500 feet (Doi Suthep).

I saw this fine species only in or at the edge of dense evergreen
forest, where, singly or in pairs, it kept to the tops of huge trees, liv-
ing or dead. It is apparently not uncommon but, in my experience,
is silent and difficult to observe. Smith, Garthwaite, and Smythies
state (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1940, p. 580) that, in Karen-ni,
it occurs in pine and “has a distinctiye tri-syllabic call, like the cough
of an angry gibbon.”

A bird from Doi Ang Ka had the irides brown; the bill black, with
the basal half of the mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes light
brown; the claws dark brown.

The adult male has a broad, blue-black band on each side of the
head from the base of the bill, through the eye, to the upper back; the
portions of the forehead and crown between these bands soft blue-
gray (more or less streaked with black), changing to a paler gray on
the nape and uppermost back; the remaining upperparts slaty blue;
the central pair of rectrices slaty blue, the others largely black with
white subapical patches; the chin and throat white, changing to soft
blue-gray on the breast, abdomen, and flanks (washed with buff at the
region of the vent) ; the thighs chestnut-rufous; the under tail coverts
chestnut-rufous with broad, white tips. The adult female resembles
the male but has the dark markings of the head dull black, with a
tendency to gloss only posteriorly; the pale nuchal area faintly
suffused with buff; the mantle paler and less suffused with blue; the
underparts pale gray, everywhere more or less suffused with buff.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 315

SITTA EUROPAEA MONTIUM La Touche
LA TOUCHE’S EURASIAN NUTHATCH

S[itta] montium La ToucHkE, Ibis, 1899, p. 404 (Kuatun, northwestern Fuhkien).

Sitta europea nagaensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 530 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 182 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Sitta europaea nagaensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 185 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep).—Riney, U. 8S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 315 (Doi Langka).

Sitta castanea neglecta, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).

Sitta castanea neglecta [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep [partim].

Sitta europaea delacouri DrEIGNAN, Journ, Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 28, No. 8,
1988, pp. 371-872 (Doi Suthep, northwestern Thailand).

The present race of this widespread species is strictly confined in
Thailand to certain peaks of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan
chains whose elevations exceed 4,500 feet. On Doi Ang Ka, Doi
Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, and Doi Langka it is common from 5,000 to
5,500 feet (occasional as low as 4,500 feet) .

I found this little nuthatch in small, loose bands, often accompanied
by unrelated forms, both in the evergreen and in tall pine-forest. In
addition to a constant, conversational chattering, it frequently utters
a note that de Schauensee (1929) compares with the nasal yank-yank
of the American S. carolinensis.

A pair were observed carrying food into a nest hole on Doi Suthep,
5,500 feet, May 10, 1931. Examples in postjuvenal molt were taken
on the same mountain, July 138, 14, and 15, 1935.

An adult female had the irides dark brown; the maxilla slaty black,
plumbeous-blue at the rictus; the mandible plumbeous-blue, tipped
slaty black; the feet and toes slaty gray, tinged olive; the claws horny
black.

Adults have a black band along each side of the head from the base
of the bill, through the eye, to the upper back; the entire upperparts
uniform blue-gray ; the rectrices as in the preceding species; the under-
parts gray, more or less strongly suffused with buff; the lower flanks
chestnut ; the under tail coverts white, narrowly tipped and edged with
chestnut. Immatures differ in having the underparts with more buffy
suffusion and in having the lower flanks and margins of the under
tail coverts more chestnut-rufous.

Personal examination of the type series of montium has shown that
my delacouri is probably inseparable from La Touche’s race.

SITTA EUROPAEA NEGLECTA Walden
WALDEN’S EURASIAN NUTHATCH

Sitta neglecta WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, 1870, p. 218 (“Karen
Hills of the Tonghoo district, Burma”’).

583136—45——_21

316 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Sitta cinnamoventris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 27 (Den Chai, Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 37 (Pha Kho) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 467 (‘““Northern Siam’).

Sitta neglecta, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed) ;
Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 38 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 467
(“Northern and north-western Siam”).

Sitta Auto-Sitta siamensis KLEINSCHMIDT, Berajah, Poostanh is Infinita, 1928,
p. 14 (Khun Tan, North Thailand).

Sitta castanea neglecta, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc, Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 174
(Doi Suthep).—ps ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 182 (Mae Taeng).

Sitta castanea neglecta [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep [partim]).—Rutry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 315 (Doi Ang Ka, Mae Khan, Mae Kong Ka valley).

This nuthatch is generally distributed, although only locally com-
mon, in the lowland deciduous forest of all our provinces, ranging
from the plains to about 2,000 feet (once a solitary bird on Doi Suthep
at 2,800 feet). In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai it is confined to
the lower slopes of Doi Suthep, where lone individuals have been ob:
served only three times; Chasen and Boden Kloss’s record (1932) of
a specimen taken by Aagaard at 5,500 feet is here considered referable
to S. e. montium. My own long series of neglecta has been collected
from the plains and lower hills of every portion of our area.

It is usually found in small parties in parklike forest, where the
trees are tall and well spaced; this preference is doubtless responsible
for its absence from certain localities which seem to be otherwise quite
suitable. Its habits do not differ in any important way from those of
montiwm and the members of the flock converse with the same chatter-
ing and twittering.

The breeding season seems to fall early in the year: a male of May
5 is in full juvenal plumage and others, taken between July 10 and
21, are in postjuvenal molt. A female of August 30 has completed
the molt and is in fine, unworn feather.

This last specimen had the irides brown; the maxilla black, plum-
beous-blue at the base of the culmen; the mandible plumbeous-blue;
the feet, toes, and claws slaty. Gyldenstolpe states (1916) that his
examples had the irides brown or grayish brown; the bill black or
blackish brown; the feet and toes plumbeous.

The adult male neglecta has the upperparts like those of montium;
the underparts rich chestnut-rufous, becoming albescent on the throat
and cheeks; the under tail coverts white, narrowly tipped and edged
with chestnut-rufous, the longer ones basally slaty. The adult female
differs from the adult male in having the entire underparts and the
edging of the under tail coverts vinaceous-buff. Juveniles of either
sex resemble the adult female.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 317

My adult and subadult males show considerable variation in the
depth and extent of the chestnut-rufous below, but such variation
seems to bear no relationship to geographical areas and the darkest
birds are connected by intermediates with the palest. It seems certain
that Kleinschmidt’s stamens?s cannot stand as a valid form.

I do not see how the chestnut-bellied nuthatches can be viewed
otherwise than as extremely saturate tropical representatives of Sitta
europaea. Although, in certain mountainous areas of the Indo-Chinese
Subregion, a form of the ewropaena-group may seem to occur together
with a form of the castanea-group, the fact is that, at such places, the
two occupy quite distinct ecological niches, the former holding the
high summits, the latter the low elevations.

The mountains of Indo-China are of insufficient altitude to have
produced any known example of that type of subspecific variation in
which, on a single peak, a lowland form has developed directly from
a highland form, or vice versa. Thus, in northern Thailand, we find
that montium and neglecta are so distinct as to indicate a cognate,
rather than a direct, relationship: in short, the two are far more dis-
tantly separated in time than in space. It may be supposed that, in
the isolated southern races of ewropaea-type, we have relict populations
whose ranges, for whatever reasons, have been reduced to those few
peaks upon which a suitable combination of favorable circumstances
still obtains. In the castanea-group we have birds that, developed
under tropical conditions, have populated the lowlands, wholly sur-
rounding the islandlike areas still held by their distant relatives, and
that, wherever the hills proved to be unoccupied by some form of
europaea-type, have penetrated to higher elevations, to give rise to
montane races of their own type.

SITTA EUROPAEA TONKINENSIS Kinnear
KINNEAR’S EURASIAN NUTHATCH
Sitta castanea tonkinensis KINNEAR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 56, 1936, p. 71 (Napé,
Laos).
Sitta castanea neglecta [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 315
(Doi Hua Mot).

A specimen (labeled “female” but almost certainly a male) taken
by H. M. Smith on Doi Hua Mot, August 30, 1934, is unquestionably
of this form, which has not previously been recorded from Thailand.

S. e. tonkinensis resembles neglecta but is somewhat larger and has
the coloration, both above and below, decidedly deeper in tone. The
male may at once be distinguished from that of any other race by its
having the basal portion of the under tail coverts conspicuously black,
not gray or slaty.

318 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The discovery that tonkinensis, a monticolous member of the cas-
tanea-group, is apparently resident on Doi Hua Mot is of peculiar
interest, inasmuch as montiwm (not found on Hua Mot) is the race of
the neighboring Doi Langka and neglecta is generally distributed over
the wide expanse of lowlands which le between Doi Hua Mot and the
mountains of Laos, whence Kinnear’s form was described.

SITTA FRONTALIS CORALLINA Hodgson
NEPALESE VELVET-FRONTED NUTHATCH

[Sitta] Corallina Hopason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, 1836, p. 779 (Nepal).

Sitta frontalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed).

Dendrophila frontalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 88 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Pha Ko, Pang Hua Phong).

Dendrophila frontalis frontalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 467 (Khun Tan,
Pang Hua Phong, Pha Kho, Doi Pha Sakaeng).—pDr SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 580 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).

Sitta frontalis frontalis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 135
(Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 104 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 19384, p. 182 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, ridge south of Doi Chiang
Dao).

iii frontalis frontalis, Rirey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 313 (Doi Ang
Ka, Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Chiang Dao, Huai Mae Sae).

This pretty species is the common nuthatch of all parts of the
northern provinces, occurring from the plains to 5,500 feet, whether
in the more open evergreen, in pine-forest, or in parklike deciduous
jungle. On Doi Suthep it is very numerous between 3,500 and 4,600
feet, somewhat less so up to 5,500 and down to 2,700 feet; on Doi
Ang Ka, it is common from 3,000 to 5,500 feet; in the more eastern
districts, however, it regularly occurs at lower elevations.

I found it in loose bands of from 6 to 20 individuals (often accom-
panied by such small arboreal babblers as Erpornis), which, never
still, swept from tree to tree uttering a continual chip-chip-chip.

Examples in full juvenal plumage were taken between May 1 and
9, but another specimen of May 9 has not quite completed the post-
natal molt. Birds in postjuvenal molt were collected between June
1 and September 4 and adults in postnuptial molt between July 31
and December 3.

An adult male had the irides bright yellow; the eyelids plumbeous,
tinged yellow; the bill coral red, blackish at the extreme tip of the
maxilla; the interior of the mouth coral red; the feet and toes dark
brown; the claws dark horny brown. Gyldenstolpe notes (1916) that
juveniles had the irides vinaceous-gray and the bill black.

The adult male has the forehead and a narrow line along each
side of the crown black; the remaining upperparts violet-blue; the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 319

concealed portions of the remiges black, the outer webs of most of the
primaries narrowly edged along part of their length with sky blue;
the ear coverts pale violet; the throat white, changing to pale violet-
vinaceous on the breast and abdomen and to violet-gray on the under
tail coverts. The adult female differs in having no black supercilium.
Juveniles have the black frontal patch less distinct; the breast and
abdomen suffused with buff; the under tail coverts indefinitely barred
with gray or white and pale buff.

The wing lengths of 16 northern males range from 74 to 78 mm.
and in only four cases does this measurement exceed 76 mm.

Family CERTHIIDAE
CERTHIA DISCOLOR SHANENSIS Stuart Baker
SHAN BROWN-THROATED TREE CREEPER

Certhia discolor shanensis StuART BAKER, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2,
vol. 8, 1930, p. 617. New name for Certhia discolor fuliginosa Stuart Baker
1922 (Loi Pang Nan [Southern Shan States]), not Clerthia] fuliginosa
Bechstein, 1811.

Certhia discolor manipurensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 541 (Doi Suthep).—DerIcNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 141 (Doi Suthep).

Certhia discolor shanensis, CHASEN and BobeNn Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 104 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 207 (Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 316 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka).

The brown-throated tree creeper, restricted in Thailand to deep
evergreen forest at elevations above 4,500 feet, has been found with us
only on the three peaks listed above. On Doi Suthep it is not uncom-
mon from 4,500 to 5,000 feet; on Doi Ang Ka it is common from 4,900
to 6,000 feet, somewhat less so up to 8,000 feet.

In the greenish half-light of moss-draped cloud-forest, the soft seep
of the tree creeper is one of the few sounds to break the silence at the
foot of the trees. When hanging motionless against a tree the little
bird is scarcely distinguishable from an excrescence of bark; recovered
from its alarm, however, it ascends the trunk with quick, jerky move-
ments, describing a wide spiral until the branches are reached, from
which point it drops rapidly to the base of another tree and begins
again its upward spiral. From March to June may be heard the ring-
ing song: a rather loud chee-weet, chee-weet, chee-weet, chee-weet,
with the weet accented.

A male from Doi Suthep, 5,100 feet, March 12, had the gonads
greatly enlarged. An example from Doi Ang Ka, May 4, has almost
completed the postnatal molt and two adults from the same mountain,
September 3, are in postnuptial molt.

320 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The breeding male had the irides brown; the maxilla black; the
mandible flesh; the feet and toes light fleshy brown; the claws pale
horny brown.

The adult has the upperparts brown, heavily streaked with black
and fulvous, changing on the rump and upper tail coverts to fer-
ruginous and on the tail to a duller red-brown; the remiges with con-
spicuous black and fulvous markings; the underparts gray-brown,
grayer on the abdomen; the under tail coverts rufous-buff. The
juvenile is similar but has the feathers of the underparts (except those
of the center of the lower abdomen) narrowly tipped with blackish
to give an indistinctly scaled appearance.

Family PYCNONOTIDAE
IRENA PUELLA SIKKIMENSIS Whistler and Kinnear

HIMALAYAN F'AIRY-BLUEBIRD

Trena puella sikkimensis WHISTLER and KINNEAR, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. 36, No. 3, 19383, p. 582 (Sukna, Darjiling, India).

Trena puella, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 28 (Ban
Huai Hom) ; 1916, p. 65 (Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan, Pha Kho); Journ,
Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed).

Irena puella puella [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 496 (“Throughout the
whole country” [partim]).—peE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 232 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—RILry,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 300 (Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

Irena puella puella, pk SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 569 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 556 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).—DErEIGNAN,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and
Bopven Kiss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep) .—
DEIGNAN, Journ, Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 102 (Doi Suthep).

This lovely bird is found in the evergreen of all our provinces at
comparatively low elevations: it occurs only rarely about 3,500 feet
and has not yet been recorded anywhere above 4,600 feet.

The fairy-bluebird ordinarily travels quietly about the forest in
pairs but, where some tree, high or low, is laden with ripe fruit, scores
may be found together with the hornbills, orioles, smaller bulbuls,
and other frugivores that congregate at the place, taking a leading
part in the clamor and beating of wings inseparable from such a
gathering. While not a migratory species in the strict sense, it almost
certainly performs local wanderings in search of fruits, and its num-
bers at a given locality and elevation seem to be closely correlated
with the seasonal abundance of this type of food.

It is said to breed in Burma during the spring months, and this is
probably the case also in Thailand, since a long series of adults (all
from the Khun Tan range and Nan Province), taken between May 12
and September 3, are in complete molt; it is worthy of record, however,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 321

that my only example with the gonads known to have been active

was collected on August 3 on Doi Suthep at 3,500 feet. I have no
_ juveniles and my specimens throw no light on the sequence of molts
and plumages.
| Adults of either sex have the irides bright red; the bill, feet, toes,
and claws black.

The adult male has the feathers of the crown, nape, shoulders, scapu-
lars, back, rump, upper and under tail coverts bright violet-blue with
an enamellike sheen; the rest of the plumage black. The adult female
is quite different: it has the remiges and outer rectrices blackish and
the rest of the plumage dull verditer blue.

Thirteen fully adult northern males (of which one is molting the
primaries) have the wing length ranging from 127.3 to 140.3 mm., but
only two have it under 130 mm. and only two have it over 184 mm.
They are thus intermediate between puedla and sikkimensis but rather
nearer the latter.

AETHORHYNCHUS LAFRESNAYEI INNOTATUS (Blyth)
BURMESE GREAT JORA

If{ora] innotata, BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, 1847, p. 472 (Arakan).

Aethorhynchus sxanthotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 166 (listed).

AEthorhynchus lafresnayei lafresnayei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 489
(“Throughout . .. northern Siam’’).

Aethorhynchus lafresnayi lafresnayi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 5386 (Chiang Saen).

Aethorhynchus lafresnayanus innotatus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
1940, p. 174 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

The great lora is an apparently rare resident of the districts east
of (and including) the Khun Tan chain, occurring from the plains to
a maximum elevation of 2,800 feet (Doi Nang Kaeo). Ejisenhofer
took a female at Ban Huai Hom, February 7, 1912 (Hannover), and
another at Khun Tan (Stockholm); I have a male from Ban Tong
Yang and a female from Ban HuaiSom. A single specimen collected
by de Schauensee and two recorded by Greenway bring to only seven
the total number of examples yet known from our area.

The two birds taken by me were found in fairly open lowland
evergreen and, in actions, resembled the following species. The one
from Ban Tong Yang, May 4, had the gonads enlarged.

De Schauensee’s specimen had the bill slate blue, with the culmen
black; the feet and toes slate blue.

The male has the upperparts dull green, washed with yellow on
the forehead, forecrown, and tail; the remiges edged along the outer
web with yellow-green, along the inner web with white; the outer

322 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

rectrices narrowly tipped and edged along the inner web with pale
greenish yellow; the lores, eye ring, ear coverts, and the entire under-
parts bright yellow; the under wing coverts and the elongated, silky
feathers of the lower flanks white. The female differs in having the
yellow underparts duller and suffused with green, especially along
the sides of the body.

AEGITHINA TIPHIA TIPHIA (Linnaeus)
BENGALESE SMALL IORA

[Motacilla] Tiphia LinNanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186
(Bengal, ex Edwards; type locality restricted to ‘‘the neighbourhood of
Calcutta,” ex Latham, by Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, p. 481).

Aegithina tiphia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 23
(Phrae) ; 1916, p. 68 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong).

AHegithina tiphia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166
(listed).

Akgithina tiphia tiphia [partim], GyLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 489 (“Through-
out Siam” [partim]).

Aegithina tiphia tiphia, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 567 (Chiang Mai).—DeEtcnan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 189 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 108 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Aegithina tiphia tiphia [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 199 (Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai).—Riney, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 366 (Doi Ang Ka, Chiang Mai, Phrae, Nan, Ban Nam
Khian).

This race of the common iora is abundant in the lowlands of all
our provinces (except Chiang Rai, where it is replaced by the fol-
lowing form) and may also be seen on the mountains in small num-
bers in the second growth that follows hill-cultivation (on Doi
Suthep ascending to 3,800 feet, on Doi Chiang Dao, to about 4,500).

The nok khamin is one of the most familiar birds of the northern
towns and villages, occurring, in pairs or small parties, in every garden
and in the shade trees bordering the streets. It attracts attention both
by its bright colors and by its sweet, whistled whee-e-e-e-ter’ (with the
last note an octave lower), one of the characteristic sounds of the
rainy season.

The breeding period seems to cover a number of months, for I have
taken examples with greatly enlarged gonads as early as May 28 and
as late as July 18. A series of males in prenuptial molt were collected
between March 20 and April 18; another series, in postnuptial molt,
between July 6 and November 3; odd specimens of the same dates,
however, were not molting at all.

An adult male had the irides pale gray; the bill plumbeous, with the
culmen black; the feet and toes plumbeous.

The male, in nuptial dress, has the upperparts dull green (very
rarely, in our provinces, with some feathers of the mantle tipped

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND G20

blackish) ; the wings black, with two white or yellowish-white bars
and the remiges conspicuously edged white or yellowish white; the
tail black; the lores, eye ring, ear coverts, and entire underparts bright
yellow, more olivaceous along the sides of the body; the under wing
coverts and the elongated, silky feathers of the lower flanks white. In
nonbreeding plumage, the old male resembles the immature male and
the adult female in having the black of the wings very dull; the tail
colored like the back; the underparts greenish yellow.

Under tiphia I place all Thai populations that are too small for
styani and never acquire black on the crown in breeding plumage;
such birds seem to occur only in the provinces of Mae Hong Son,
Chiang Mai, Lampang, Phrae, and Nan. The whole of Thailand,
south and east of these districts, is inhabited by a form that is black-
capped in nuptial dress and not clearly separable from Oberholsev’s
micromelaena of Bangka (1923), which, in turn, is possibly identical
with Stuart Baker’s hwmei of central India (1922).

AEGITHINA TIPHIA STYANI La Touche
YUNNANESE SMALL IORA

Aegithina tiphia styani La ToucHer, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1923, p. 174
(“South Yunnan [Szemao ?], not labelled”).

Aeginthina tiphia tiphia [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 586 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

Aegithina tiphia tiphia [partim], De SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 199 (Chiang Saen).

The Yunnanese race of the small iora is restricted, in Thailand, to
the plains of Chiang Rai Province, where it is quite as common as
tiphia is in the other portions of our area.

A series taken in the vicinity of Wiang Pa Pao between July 23 and
August 3 are in postnuptial molt.

From tiphia, styani is separable only by its rather greater dimen-
sions, adult males of the latter having the bill noticeably longer and
heavier and, in unworn plumage, the wing length normally in excess
of 66 mm.

In Chiang Rai, where it reaches the southwestern periphery of its
range, styani is certainly smaller than at the type locality but never-
theless, in adult males, exceeds the minimum measurements of the race.
Most of my adult males, collected in July and August, have the remiges
badly worn but are yet separable from tiphia by their more robust
bills.

CHLOROPSIS AURIFRONS AURIFRONS (Temminck)
BURMESE ORANGE-FRONTED LEAFBIRD

Phyllornis aurifrons TeEMMINCK, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux,
livr. 81, 1829, pl. 484, fig. 1 (Sumatra, error; type locality corrected to
“India,” fide Bowdler Sharpe, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum,

324 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vol. 6, 1881, p. 21; restricted to Cachar, by Stuart Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 41, 1920, p. 8).

Chloropsis aurifrons [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 23 (“Northern .. . Siam”) ; 1916, p. 64 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Tha
Chomphu, Pang Hua Prone. Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Chloropsis aurifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166
(listed).

Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 489 (‘‘North-
ern Siam’).

Chloropsis aurifrons subsp., DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 567 (Doi Suthep).

Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 587 (“Chieng Mai” [=Doi Suthep], Doi Suthep, Chiang
Rai, Mae Chai) ; 1984, p. 200 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 189 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).—RIxry,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 368 (Doi Langka, Ban Nam Khian, Mae
Suya valley, Mae Hong Son).

This leafbird is very common in all of our provinces, occurring in
the deciduous forest of the lowlands and ascending the hills in the
same type of vegetation to about 2,500 feet. De Schauensee’s imma-
ture example from the evergreen of Doi Suthep at 4,600 feet and
another collected by me in a Chiang Mai garden must be considered
merely stragglers from the normal range.

On the lower slopes of Doi Suthep, the orange-fronted chloropsis
is one of the commonest birds, traveling in noisy flocks of as many
as 20 individuals and gathering in even greater numbers at the tops
of fruiting or flowering trees. Its brilliant colors and sweet voice
make it a favorite cage bird at Chiang Mai.

Specimens with the gonads enlarged were taken on Doi Suthep on
March 5 and July 12. There is probably an incomplete prenuptial
molt, but the protracted breeding season obscures the picture and I can
say only that every example in a series of ten, taken at various local-
ities between February 28 and September 29, is undergoing one molt
or another.

Breeding males had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and
toes dark plumbeous; the claws slate.

The adult has a conspicuous patch of plushlike, shining golden-
orange feathers on the forehead; the chin and upper throat shining
ultramarine; the lores, ocular region, anterior ear coverts, and the
remainder of the throat black, bordered by an indistinct golden-yellow
band (broader and more distinct across the breast); a shining tur-
_quoise-blue shoulder patch; the rest of the plumage bright green,
slightly more yellow-green on the underparts.

No northern specimen shows any approach to znornata.

Since aurifrons is common at Chiang Saen Kao and also in Nan
Province, it is almost certain to occur in Laos, whence it is still
unknown.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND g20

CHLOROPSIS COCHINCHINENSIS COCHINCHINENSIS (Gmelin)
INDO-CHINESE GOLDEN-HOODED LEAFBIRD

[Turdus] cochinchinensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 825
(Cochin-China).

Chloropsis chlorocephala, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 65 (Pha Kho, Tha
Chomphu, Khun Tan).

Chloropsis chlorocephala chlorocephala [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 490
(“Throughout the whole country” [partim]).

Chloropsis icterocephala chlorocephala, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 567 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 5387 (Doi Suthep, Chiang
Saen).

Chloropsis cochinchinensis cochinchinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 189 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BopEN Kross, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

Chloropsis cochinchinensis cochinchinensis | partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 200 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao,
“Hoot of Chieng Dao”) .—RILEy, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 370 (Khun
Tan, Mae Hong Son, Mae Sariang).

The golden-hooded chloropsis is restricted to evergreen forest at low
elevations, occurring in this type of growth from the plains to 3,500
feet, throughout the northern provinces. In such a neighborhood as
that of Chiang Mai it is necessarily found only on Doi Suthep between
2,500 and 3,500 feet (casually as high as 4,600 feet).

The ranges of our species of CAloropsis illustrate in a beautiful way
the division of territory between closely related forms of precisely
similar habits. The two species that dwell at low altitudes keep to
wholly independent plant associations; aurifrons is restrained, in its
ascent of the hills, by the upper limit of the deciduous forest ; cochin-
chinensis, which theoretically could thrive at elevations in excess of
3,500 feet, by competition with the montane hardwickii. The relative
abundance of the three, from one locality to the next, varies directly
with the extents of the essential types of forest within given altitu-
dinal limits.

An example of January 3 is in prenuptial molt; others taken be-
tween August 25 and September 7 are in postnuptial molt.

Gyldenstolpe’s specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black;
the feet and toes plumbeous.

The old male has the forehead and a short supercilium clear yellow,
changing gradually to the bright green (suffused with golden on the
nape) of the remaining upperparts; the wings deep green, with the
shoulder patch shining turquoise blue and the outer webs of the pri-
maries verditer blue; the central pair of rectrices deep green, the
others largely verditer blue; a short mustachial streak ultramarine;
the lores, the area between the eye and the mustache and the entire

326 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

throat black, broadly edged with clear yellow, which is followed by a
broad, but indistinct, golden gorget ; the remaining underparts yellow-
green. The adult female and the young male in first-winter dress
have no clear yellow on the head and little golden suffusion on the
nape and breast; the mustachial streaks verditer blue; the throat
bluish green, instead of black.

CHLOROPSIS HARDWICKII HARDWICKII Jardine and Selby
INDIAN ORANGE-BELLIED LEAFBIRD

[Chloropsis| Hardwickii JARDINE and SEtLpy, Illustrations of ornithology, sign.
C 3, no date [= 1830] (Nepal). (In U. S. Nat. Mus. copy, ser. 1, vol. 2,
pt. 7, “Addenda, ete.” [p. 181], footnote).

Chioropsis hardwickei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
64 (Khun Tan). t

Chloropsis hardwickii hardwickii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 490 (Khun Tan) .—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).—
Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 369 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi
Hua Mot, “Doi Kiew Koh Ma”).—GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 174 (Doi Nang Kaeo, Doi Ang Ka).

Chloropsis harwicki [sic] malayana, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1929, p. 537 (Doi Suthep).

Chloropsis hardwickii malayana, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 189 (Doi Suthep).—peE ScHAUVENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 200 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Chloropsis hardwickii harwickii [sic], CHASEN and Bopmn Ktoss, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).

The orange-bellied leafbird is common on all the higher peaks of
the North (including Phu Kha), ranging through the evergreen from
4,500 to 5,500 feet and occasionally seen as low as 3,000 feet. On Doi
Suthep, where it may be observed in large and noisy flocks at flow-
ering trees, it is one of the most conspicuous birds of the higher
ridges.

The relationships between our three species of CAloropsis and cer-
tain showily flowering trees are noteworthy, and it seems certain
that, although attracted to the blossoms solely for the purpose of
feeding upon nectarivorous insects, these birds inadvertently play an
important part in cross pollination.

A specimen from Doi Ang Ka, April 12, had the gonads enlarged.
Examples in postjuvenal molt were taken at various localities between
August 12 and November 17; in postnuptial molt, between August 13
and November 23.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
plumbeous-blue or dark plumbeous; the soles yellowish gray; the
claws horny black or blackish brown.

The old male has the forehead and sides of the crown greenish yellow,
the remaining upperparts deep green, more or less suffused with yellow

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND S27

on the crown and nape; the shoulder patch shining turquoise, the pri-
mary coverts and the exposed portions of the primaries dark blue,
the secondary coverts and the exposed portions of the secondaries deep
green; the tail dark blue; a conspicuous mustachial streak ultrama-
rine; the lores, sides of the head and neck, the chin, throat, and
breast black (the last suffused with dark blue) ; the remaining under-
parts (except for the green flanks) orange. The adult female and
the immature male (for at least a year) have the entire upperparts
(except for the turquoise shoulder patch) deep green; the mustachial
streak paler ultramarine; a broad, central abdominal streak and the
under tail coverts orange; the remaining underparts yellow-green.
The juvenile of either sex has the upperparts, wings, and tail deep
green ; the entire underparts yellow-green.

Examination of a long series of this species from every part of
its range has shown no trenchant differences in size or color between
hardwickit and malayana, and I do not believe that the latter can be
maintained as a valid form. The wings of 17 adult males from our
area measure from 85.7 to 96 mm., and similarly wide variation seems
to obtain in any other population.

SPIZIXOS CANIFRONS Blyth
CRESTED FINCH-BILLED BULBUL

Sp[izizos] canifrons BtytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, pp. 571-572
(“Cherra Poonjee, or the hill ranges bordering on Sylhet to the northward”
{[=Khasya Hills]).

Spizixos canifrons, RoGeRS and DEIGNAN, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934, p. 91
(Doi Chiang Dao).

Spizizos canifrons canifrons, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 170 (Phu Kha).

The finch-billed bulbul is recorded in Thailand only from Doi
Chiang Dao, 5,000 feet, and Phu Kha, 4,500 to 5,000 feet; on both of
these mountains it is common in the limited areas that afford a suitable
environment: the abandoned haz of the hillmen, where scattered low
trees arise from a heavy growth of lalang and brambles. It is one of
the very few truly montane birds that may be deemed to profit by the
wasteful agricultural methods of the seminomadic tribes.

This beautiful top-knotted species travels in small flocks through the
trees and undergrowth, all the whole uttering soft, musical notes,
which are quite different from those of the related forms.

Examples from Phu Kha, April 4, 9, and 11, are undergoing body
molt, and the bird of April 4 is also molting the central rectrices.

My specimens had the irides brown; the bill pale fleshy; the feet and
toes horny flesh.

This bulbul has the forehead and center of the forecrown ashy gray;
the ocular region, sides of the forecrown, and the pointed crest black;

398 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the remaining upperparts bright olive-green, overlaid with gray on
the nape and suffused with golden on the outer webs of the remiges
and on the rump and upper tail coverts; the rectrices golden-olive,
broadly tipped, above and below, with black; the ear coverts ashy
gray, sometimes tinged with vinaceous; the chin and throat dark
brownish gray; the remaining underparts golden-olive, brighter on
the abdomen and under tail coverts.

PYCNONOTUS ATRICEPS CINEREOVENTRIS (Blyth)
BURMESE BLUE-EYED BULBUL

Brachypodius cinereoventris BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, p.
576 (Tipperah).

Micropus melanocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 27 (Phrae).
Microtarsus melanocephalus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,,
1916, p. 66 (Phrae) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 496 (“Throughout the whole country”).
Brachypodius atriceps major, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 569 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 541 (“Chieng Mai’ [=Doi Suthep],
Chiang Saen Kao).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
141 (Doi Suthep).

Microtarsus atriceps major, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Supp!., 19386,
p. 110 (Doi Suthep).

Microtarsus atriceps cinereoventris, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p 177 (Chiang Dao).

The blue-eyed bulbul is locally common in our provinces, occurring
in districts of mixed-deciduous and second-growth evergreen forest,
from the level of the plains to a maximum elevation of 3,000 feet. In
addition to the localities named above, it is known from Ban Ton
Phung and Ban Hai Huai Som. In the Chiang Mai region it is neces-
sarily rare and restricted in range to a narrow belt of suitable vegeta-
tion on Doi Suthep between 2,700 and 3,000 feet.

This is a very sociable species, usually seen (and especially at flower-
ing trees) in large flocks, the members of which keep up a constant
conversation of chirps and other musical calls.

De Schauensee has recorded (1929) that the irides are clear, light
blue (brown in an immature specimen) ; the bill, feet, and toes black.

In normal plumage, the present form has the uncrested head and
the entire neck glossy blue-black; the mantle golden-olive (with black
bases to the feathers showing through on the rump), changing to
greenish gold on the long upper tail coverts; the primaries wholly
black, the secondaries with the inner web black and the outer web
greenish gold; the graduated rectrices olive-green, with a very broad,
black subapical band and a broad, bright golden-yellow tip; the
breast, upper abdomen, and flanks golden-olive, changing gradually to
bright golden-yellow on the lower abdomen and long under tail cov-
erts; the under wing coverts golden-yellow.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 329

In the mutant from which the misleading subspecific name is de-
rived, the breast, upper abdomen, and uppermost back are slaty gray
instead of golden-olive. This phase is known from Thailand by two
females taken in the neighborhood of Muang Chiang Dao, March 21,
1937 (Deignan), and April 26, 1937 (Greenway).

In eastern Thailand certain individuals have been taken in which
the bright yellows are replaced by dull orange or yellowish green, and
such aberrant examples may also eventually be found in the North.

Northern birds have the wing length varying in males from 82 to
82.8 mm., in females, from 79 to 81 mm., and thus just manage to ex-
ceed the lower limit of wing length given by Robinson and Boden
Kloss for their race major (Journ. Federated Malay States Mus., vol.
11, 1923, p. 55), here considered to be merely the normal yellow phase
of cinereoventris.

PYCNONOTUS DISPAR MINOR (Boden Kloss)
THAI BLACK-THROATED YELLOW BULBUL

Otocompsa flaviventris minor Bopen Kuoss, Ibis, 1918, p. 200 (Ko Lak [= Pra-
chuap Khirikhan], southwestern Thailand).

Otocompsa flaviventris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 25 (Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 69 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong, Tha
Chomphu) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed).

Otocompsa flaviventris flaviventris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 492 (“Northern,
north-western .. . Siam”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1928, p. 568 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 540 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang
Rai, Chiang Saen).—Deienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 110
(Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rtirey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 386
(Khun Tan, Mae Khan, Muang Pai).

Elathea flaviventris flaviventris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 140 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 208 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

The yellow bulbul is very common or even abundant in suitable
territory throughout the northern provinces, from the level of the
plains to about 3,800 feet. It is most numerous in the mixed-deciduous
jungle, somewhat less so in the pa daeng of the foothills and plains.
At new settlements, where cultivated ground is of small extent and
surrounded by only partially cleared forest, it is likely to be as familiar
and fearless a dooryard bird as is Pycnonotus j. erythrotis in districts
that have endured human habitation over a longer period.

Along streams and trails in the submontane regions it will be seen
in small, chattering flocks in the bamboos and lower trees. The crested
black head and yellow eye make it an unmistakable form.

No definite information on the breeding season is yet available for
our provinces, but all adult specimens taken between July 22 and
October 28 are in postnuptial molt.

330 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Old birds have the irides yellow; the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.

The adult has the entire head and neck black, glossed with steel
blue; the remaining upperparts yellowish olive; the rectrices dull
dark brown, narrowly edged with yellowish olive; the entire under-
parts (below the neck) bright yellow, usually suffused with olive on
the breast and flanks. The juvenile, fide Gyldenstolpe (1916), has
the head and crest brownish olive with a faint purplish gloss on the
longest feathers of the latter; the chin black, but the throat olive and
of the same color as the upperparts; the irides pale gray; the bill
horn color.

With a wing length of 87 mm, in the male used as a convenient divi-
sion between the northern jflaviventris and the southern ménor, the
population of our provinces just barely fall in with the latter race.

PYCNONOTUS JOCOSUS ERYTHROTIS (Bonaparte)
TENASSERIMESE RED-WHISKERED BULBUL

I[xos] erythrotis BoNAPARTE, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 265
(Java, error; type locality corrected to Tavoy, by Chasen, Handlist of Malay-
sian birds, 1935, p. 204).

Otocompsa emeria, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p. 25
(Phrae) ; 1916, p. 70 (Tha Chomphu) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 166 (listed).

Otocompsa emeria emeria, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 493 (“Throughout the
whole country”).

Otocompsa jocosa emeria, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 568 (Chiang Mai).

Otocompsa jocosa erythrotis, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 540 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen, Chiang Saen Kao).—DerIenan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 110 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) .—RIey,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 385 (Ban Nam Khian, Phrae, Lampang,
Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Chiang Mai, Muang Pai).—GREENWAY, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 176 (Doi Nang Kaeo, Doi Ang Ka, Chiang Mai, Chiang
Dao).

Elathea jocosa erythrotis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
140 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 208 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The red-whiskered bulbul is, in our provinces, as truly a symbiont
of man as the starling, Acridotheres t. tristis, or the sparrow, Passer m.
malaccensis, and its numbers in a given locality accurately reflect both
density of human population and the degree to which human occu-
pation has altered natural environment. In the orchards and gardens
of lowland towns and villages (with the curious exception of Chiang
Rai, where it is supplanted by the following species) the bird is abun-
dant; on the hills it appears only where some band of hillmen have
inhabited the same ground over a long period, as at Ban Nong Lom
(4,400 feet) on Doi Ang Ka. About my camp on Phu Kha (4,500

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Sal

feet), at a site abandoned a few years earlier by the Yao in consequence
of pestilence, only two pairs of this bulbul remained within a limited
area whose suitability was fast disappearing (1936) before the en-
croaching lalang. It isnot apparently a migratory form, but it should
be noted that de Schauensee reported (1934) seeing “loose flocks com-
posed of hundreds” on the lower slopes of Doi Suthep (1,500 feet) in
December; such local wanderings may well explain the advent of the
species at isolated settlements in the hills.

At Chiang Mai this sprightly bird was always in evidence, its cheer-
ful notes sounding from the trees at the first light of dawn and con-
tinuing throughout the day, whether their author was engaged in
examining the ripening fruit, hopping about on walks and lawns
with tail raised above the line of back in pursuit of beetles and grass-
hoppers, bathing in some shallow puddle, or hawking at evening for
winged termites from the ridgepole of a roof. Owing to its numbers,
it must do a certain amount of damage to fruits and vegetables and,
since it seems to be the only bird that shows real interest in the fruit
of the lantana, it is probably largely responsible for the rapid spread
of that beautiful but noxious weed.

I took a male with the gonads greatly enlarged, April 16, and others
with them merely enlarged, May 16 and 18. A round, cupshaped nest,
made of twigs, pieces of cloth and paper, dry leaves of bamboo, and
lined with thin, wiry grass, was found May 13 in the crotch of an
Izora, about 8 feet above the ground; it contained two unfledged
young, both of which were drowned the same day by a heavy rain.
Another nest, discovered July 1, was in a hedge of nga dulcis, about 7
feet from the ground, and held two newly hatched young. Smith took
a juvenile at Doi Hua Mot, August 29, and an adult in postnuptial
molt at Lampang, November 17.

It has the irides brown; the bill, feet, toes, and claws black.

The adult has the forehead and crested crown black; the upperparts
brown, the remiges and the graduated rectrices darker, all except the
two central pairs of the latter with an outwardly increasingly broad
white tip; a small patch of shining, deep crimson feathers below and
behind the eye; the ear coverts pure white, bordered below by a narrow
black line; the chin, throat, and center of the upper breast pure white;
a broad blackish-brown breast band from the sides of the neck, broken
at the center of the breast; the remaining underparts white, more or
less sullied with sooty brown, especially along the flanks and on the
thighs; the under tail coverts crimson. The juvenile differs in having
the forehead and crest blackish brown; the red postocular patch re-
placed by white; the upper tail coverts suffused with pink; the under
tail coverts pale buffy pink. |

583136—45—_22

332 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The whole of Thailand is occupied by erythrotis: 19 adult males from
the six northernmost provinces have the wing length 76.5 to 87 mm.;
15 from the Peninsula (south of the Isthmus of Kra), 75.9 to 84.5 mm.

PYCNONOTUS CAFER KLOSSI (Gyldenstolpe)
THAI RED-VENTED BULBUL

Molpastes atricapillus klossi RoBINSON, error=GYLDENSTOLPE, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 41, 1920, p. 12 (Khun Tan, North Thailand) ; vol. 42, 1921, p. 32.

Pycnonotus atricapillus, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
19138, p. 26 (Pak Pan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed).

Molpastes atricapillus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 68 (Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 492 (“Throughout northern
Siam”).

Molpastes haemorrhous chrysorrhoides, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 540 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai, Chiang
Saen).

Molpastes cafer chrysorrhoides, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 140 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai).

Pycnonotus cafer klossi, DB SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 205 (Mae Taeng, Khun Tan, Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai).—GREENWAY,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 176 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

Pycnonotus cafer chrysorrhoides, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 110 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Molpastes cafer klossi, Rrtry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 384 (Doi Ang Ka,
Chiang Mai, Khun Tan, Mae Hong Son).

Throughout the northern provinces, the red-vented bulbul is locally
common, occurring on the plains in pa daeng and areas of abandoned
cultivation, on the hills to 5,500 feet in open forest of oak and pine.

At Chiang Rai this bulbul proved to be as familiar a garden bird
as Pycnonotus j. erythrotis is elsewhere; otherwise I have found it
to be a rather retiring species, keeping to dry but more or less wooded
country and avoiding the neighborhood of human habitation. Its
notes and habits are much like those of the red-whiskered bulbul.

A specimen with the gonads slightly enlarged was taken on April
4, another with them greatly enlarged, July 18. Examples in post-
juvenal molt were collected between July 6 and October 20; adults
in postnuptial molt, between September 28 and November 2.

A breeding male had the irides hazel; the bill black; the feet and
toes black; the soles gray; some claws black, the others fleshy white.

The adult has the forehead and slightly crested crown glossy
black; the upper parts ashy brown, the feathers of the mantle with
somewhat darker centers; the rump and shorter upper tail coverts
white or ashy; the rectrices blackish brown, broadly tipped with
white; the lores, a narrow subocular line, the chin, and upper throat
blackish brown; the ear coverts ashy; the underparts ashy, more or
less suffused everywhere with brownish; the under tail coverts crim-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 300

son. The juvenile is similar but has the feathers of the mantle and
the remiges edged with light brown; the rectrices tipped dull brown-
ish; the under tail coverts pale pink or buff; the bill (in the dried
skin) yellowish horn.

Some northern specimens have the short supraloral feathers be-
tween nostril and eye tipped ashy, to form a narrow, indistinct line.

PYCNONOTUS STRIATUS PAULUS (Bangs and Phillips)
INDO-CHINESE STRIATED BULBUL

Aleurus striatus paulus Bancs and PHItuips, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 58,
No. 6, 1914, p. 284 (Loukouchai, southeastern Yunnan).

Alcurus striatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 140 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1986, p. 109 (Doi Suthep).—vdE ScHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 202 (Doi Suthep.)—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 388 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Alcurus leucogarmmicus [sic] striatus, CHASEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 248 (Doi Suthep).

The striated bulbul is uncommon or rare on our loftiest mountains,
unknown at elevations below 5,000 feet and, on Doi Ang Ka, rang-
ing as high as 8,000 feet. In addition to the localities named above,
it is recorded in Thailand only from Phu Kha.

Along the topmost ridges of Doi Suthep, this species, sometimes
accompanied by Microscelis v. tickelli, occurred in small parties at
the edge of the evergreen or among the pines. Stomachs examined by
me contained only insects.

Examples in postnuptial molt have been taken between September
1 and November 10.

An adult female had the irides deep brown; the bill plumbeous-slate;
the feet, toes, and claws dark brown.

The present form has the feathers behind the nostrils bright yel-
low; the crown and ample crest dark olive-green, each feather with
a white shaft streak; the remaining upperparts bright olive-green,
the feathers of the mantle with white shaft streaks, which become
narrower posteriorly and almost disappear on the rump; the remiges
narrowly margined yellow along the basal half of the blackish-brown
inner web; the outer rectrices narrowly tipped and margined along
the inner web with yellow; a narrow eye ring of yellow feathers; the
feathers at the base of the mandible, the chin, and the throat bright
yellow, the feathers of the last part with small blackish tips; the
ear coverts and the feathers of the breast dark olive-gray, with broad
yellowish-white central streaks; those of the flanks dark grayish olive
with pale yellow central streaks; the center of the abdomen almost
immaculate yellow; the under tail coverts bright yellow; the under
surface of the tail yellowish olive.

334 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Specimens from southeastern Yunnan and the Indo-Chinese coun-
tries are indeed smaller than those of the Himalayas (striatus), and
Bangs and Phillips’s name may properly be used for them.

PYCNONOTUS FINLAYSONI FINLAYSONI Strickland
INDO-CHINESE STREAKED-THROATED BULBUL

Pycnonotus Finlaysoni SrricKLaAnp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, 1844, pp.
411-412 (“Probably from some of the Malasian islands”; type locality cor-
rected to Malacca, by Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 560).

Pycnonotus finlaysoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 26 (Ban Huai Hom) ; 1916, p. 69 (Pha Kho) ; Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 166 (listed).

Pycnonotus finlaysoni finlaysoni, GyLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 494 (“Throughout
the whole country’?).—DE£IGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 170 (‘Districts watered by streams which flow into the Me Khong”).

The streaked-throated bulbul is uncommon and perhaps only locally
distributed in the lowlands of Chiang Rai and the provinces east of
the Khun Tan chain. An example in Hannover was taken by Eisen-
hofer at Pak Pan, February 16, 1912; I took specimens at Ban Kiu
Nak (Nan Province), at Rong Chiang Laeng (Chiang Rai Prov-
ince), and at Ban Sathan, in the northern part of the French Enclave.

I believed at one time that this species replaced Pycnonotus b.
conradi in the more eastern provinces but have since learned that the
two forms occur in more or less the same areas. Strictly speaking,
they do not appear together, for, while conradi inhabits the neigh-
borhood of villages and cultivation, findaysoni keeps to almost unin-
habited country. It is not really a bird of the evergreen forest, as
was implied by Gyldenstolpe (1913, 1916), but prefers such places as
roadsides and clearings, where evergreen jungle has been cut back
and succeeded by dense thickets of Hupatoriwm and other second
growth; on the other hand, it probably never enters the deciduous
forest, as conradi may sometimes do.

Examples from Ban Kiu Nak, April 1, and Ban Sathan, April 28,
had the gonads enlarged; the one from Rong Chiang Laeng, May 1,
had them greatly enlarged.

Gyldenstolpe’s specimens had the irides brown; the bill black;
the feet and toes plumbeous.

The adult has the feathers of the front and forecrown bright yellow
(those immediately bordering the lores orange), narrowly edged with
olivaceous-brown to give a streaked appearance; the remaining
upperparts dull olive-green (brighter on the remiges and rectrices),
overlaid with ashy on the posterior crown, nape, and upper part of
the mantle; the lores mixed black and bright yellow; the ear coverts,
chin, and throat streaked with bright yellow and olivaceous-brown,
exactly like the front and forecrown; the breast and upper abdomen
ashy, the feathers with narrow whitish shaft streaks and more or less

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 335

olivaceous suffusion; the flanks ashy, suffused with olivaceous-brown ;
the bend of the wing, the under tail coverts, and the region of the vent
bright yellow, this color sometimes faintly invading the albescent
lower abdomen.

Riley’s recently taken series of cous (Annam) were compared with
aged and discolored specimens of finlaysoni, and I believe that the~
supposed differences would not have appeared had he seen truly
comparable material. There is some chance, however, that the pop-
ulation of northern Thailand and Indochine will prove separable
from finlaysoni by their rather longer wing; I have unfortunately not
examined enough skins to settle this point.

PYCNONOTUS FLAVESCENS VIVIDUS (Stuart Baker)
TENASSERIMESE F'LAVESCENT BULBUL

Xanthiscus [sic] flavescens vivida [sic] Stuart BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
vol. 88, 1917, p. 16 (Salwin; Mount Muleyit).

Xanthizus flavescens vivida [sic], WiLt1AMSoN, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1918, p. 19 (Doi Nga Chang).

Xanthiscus [sic] flavescens vivida [sic], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 492 (Doi
Nga Chang).

Xanthivus flavescens vividus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 589 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 202 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao) .—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 8384 (Doi Ang Ka, “Ban Ta Pai,”
Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Xanthigzus flavescens flavescens, CHASEN and BopEN Kioss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).

Pycnonotus flavescens vividus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1986, p. 110 (Doi Suthep).

Xanthicus flavescens berliozi, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 175
(Doi Ang Ka).

The flavescent bulbul is a bird of the brush and grasslands at eleva-
tions in excess of 3,500 feet ; it is common, or even abundant, at suitable
places on all the higher peaks of the North (including Phu Kha).
On Doi Suthep it abounds along the highest ridges in the lalang and
stunted trees, is common among the pines on the northern face of the
mountain, and occurs in small numbers at an ancient fai in the ever-
green near H. B. M. Consul’s bungalow.

As it travels in loose bands through the thickets, tall grass, and
lowest branches of the smaller trees, this species attracts attention
to itself by its own curiosity; while at the first alarm the members of
the flock seek shelter in the densest undergrowth, whence only soft,
cheeping notes give evidence of their presence, first one, then another,
comes up to investigate the disturbance—rufiling the crown feathers
and nervously twitching the tail for a moment, before diving again
into the concealing vegetation.

A male shot on Doi Ang Ka, April 17, had the gonads greatly en-
larged. A specimen in late postnatal molt was taken April 7 on

336 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Phu Kha and others in postjuvenal molt at various localities between
July 14 and August 29. Birds in postnuptial molt were collected
December 8 and 23 and January 30.

A breeding male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet, toes,
and claws blackish brown.

The adult has a short, yellowish-white streak at the sides of the
forehead (from nostril to eye) ; the feathers of the center of the fore-
head and the crown dark brown, fringed with olive-green and ashy
gray to give a scaled appearance ; a remaining upperparts dull olive-
green, the remiges and rectrices edged with golden-olive along the
outer web; the lores blackish; a narrow, interrupted eye ring of white
feathers ; the chin and throat sullied ashy gray and not clearly defined
from the breast; the breast and upper abdomen olivaceous-yellow,
sullied by the imaieeee. brownish-ashy central portions of the
feathers, which give a faintly streaked appearance; the flanks and
thighs olivaceous-brown, more or less strongly suffused with yellow;
the center of the lower abdomen clear, pale yellow; the bend of the
wing and the under tail coverts bright yellow. The juvenile differs
from the adult chiefly in having the entire forehead and crown uni-
form olivaceous-brown.

The yellow of the underparts loses much of its brightness with wear
and P. f. berliozi (Laos) is probably nothing but vzvidus in fine, fresh
feather. P. f. sordidus of South Annam is likewise doubtfully
distinct from flavescens, and good topotypes should be critically

compared.
PYCNONOTUS BLANFORDI CONRADI (Finsch)

INDO-CHINESE STREAKED-EARED BULBUL

Criniger Conradi FrnscH, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, 1873, pp. 349-350
(Bangkok, Thailand).

Pycnonotus blanfordi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p.
26 (Den Chai, Phrae) ; 1916, p. 69 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 166 (listed).

Pycnonotus dblanfordi blanfordi, GyLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 493 (“Throughout
Siam proper’).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 141
(Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 110 (Chiang Mai).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 206 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio”).

Pycnonotus blanfordi robinsoni, RirEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 393
(Nan, Ban Nam Khian).

This species is common or abundant at suitable places throughout
the northern provinces, with the exceptions of Chiang Rai and Mae
Hong Son, from neither of which it has yet been recorded, and from
the former of which it is not to be expected. It is a characteristic
inhabitant of lowland areas overgrown with brush and bamboo,
especially where such country is found in the neighborhood of human
habitation. At Chiang Mai it was common in town and village

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 337

gardens and abounded in the wastelands used for cremations, in the
thickets edging irrigation ditches and other watercourses, and in thin
deciduous forest.

The streaked-eared bulbul travels in small bands, uttering a harsh,
and, in the hot weather, somewhat irritating, conversational chi-chi-
chi; in flight, the same sound is delivered at rather longer intervals.
Stomachs examined by me contained both fruit and insects.

A specimen with the gonads slightly enlarged was taken on June 11,
another with them enlarged, June 23; the breeding season, however,
begins much earlier than these dates would indicate, for a bird in full
juvenal dress was shot April 25. Two in postjuvenal molt were col-
lected July 6 and August 19, while aid of eight adults taken between
April 2 and September 15 are in postnuptial molt.

An adult female had the irides gray; the eyelids plumbeous}; the
bill dark brown, horny brown at the base of the mandible; the feet and
toes slaty brown; the claws blackish. An unsexed adult had the irides
brownish gray; the bill purplish flesh; the feet and toes grayish horn.
A juvenile male had the irides light grayish brown; the bill horny
brown; the rictus and interior of the mouth flesh; the feet and toes
plumbeous; the claws fleshy horn.

The present form has the upperparts dull olivaceous-brown, the
feathers of the uncrested crown with darker centers, the rump and
upper tail coverts suffused with ochraceous, the remiges and rectrices
narrowly edged with ochraceous-olive along the outer web; the ear
coverts dull olivaceous-brown, with narrow silvery-white shaft streaks ;
the underparts sullied white, the upper breast and flanks suffused with
olivaceous, the lower breast and abdomen indistinctly streaked and
suffused with cream color; the bend of the wing and the under tail
coverts buffy cream; the undersurface of the tail creamy olivaceous.

The birds of northern Thailand are quite inseparable from those of
Bangkok and must be called conrad?, since this name antedates robin-
soni by 33 years (cf. Deignan, Ibis, 1940, pp. 528-529).

CRINIGER TEPHROGENYS HENRICI Oustalet
YUNNANESE WHITE-THROATED BULBUL

Criniger Henrici OusTALeT, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris], 1896, pp. 185-186
(“entre Manhao et Se-mao [Yunnan], sur les bords de la Riviére-Noire.. .
& Nam-Xong, Ban-Moi et Hat-Hoa [Tonkin]”).

Criniger gutturalis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166
(listed).

Criniger gutturalis sordidus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 67 (Pha Kho, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Khun Tan).

Criniger gutturalis henrici, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 67 (Pang Hua Phong, Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).—DErIcNnan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

Criniger gutturalis ochraceus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 494 (‘Throughout
Siam proper’’).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928.

338 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

p. 568 (Doi Suthep).—Dmenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,

p. 189 (Doi Suthep).
Criniger tephrogenis henrici, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1929, p. 588 (Chiang Saen).

Criniger gularis henrici, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 201 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, “Foot of Chieng Dao,” ridge just
south of Doi Chiang Dao).

Criniger tephrogenys henrici, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 374
(Khun Tan, Huai Mae Sae, Doi Hua Mot).—Grrezenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1940, p. 175 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo, ““Mae Wan River near Doi
Saket,” Doi Suthep).

The criniger of the northern provinces is very common throughout
the area in districts with light evergreen or mixed-deciduous forest,
from the level of the plains to 3,800 (rarely to 4,600) feet.

On Doi Suthep, between 2,400 and 3,800 feet, the loose bands of
this bulbul are conspicuous along the jungle tracks and attract atten-
tion by their loud notes, which combine melodious whistles with scold-
ing calls. The species may readily be recognized by its somewhat
ragged crest and its white throat, the feathers of which stand out as
if brushed the wrong way. It is frugivorous and, wherever there is
an abundance of food, may be seen in great numbers.

A specimen from Doi Ang Ka, May 4, had the gonads greatly
enlarged. An example from Phrae Province, September 9, is in post-
juvenal molt and birds collected at various localities between August
29 and October 22 are in postnuptial molt.

A breeding male had the irides dull brown; the maxilla dark horny
plumbeous; the mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes horny pink;
the claws horny flesh.

This large species has the crown and crest olivaceous-brown; the
upperparts brownish olive; the remiges and rectrices brown; the sides
of the head brownish gray; the chin and throat white; the remaining
underparts pale yellow, washed on the breast and sides of the body
with olivaceous and changing to buff on the under tail coverts.

For those who are unwilling to accept the concept of the superspecies,
it might be feasible to group the definitely crested, white-throated
forms of Criniger in the Indo-Chinese countries and Malaysia in four
species, as follows:

I. Both crest and tail relatively short.

A. Abdomen bright yellow___1. Criniger xanthizurus balicus-+xanthizurus

£. Abdomen buffy or yellowish.

2. Criniger tephrogenys frater+gutturalis+tephrogenys-+robinsoni

II. Both crest and tail relatively long.

A. Abdomen bright yellow_____ 3. Criniger flaveolus burmanicus-+flaveolus

B. Abdomen buffy (southern group) or yellowish (northern group).

4. Cringer ochraceus ruficrissus-+-sumatranus-+sacculatus
-+-ochraceus+cambodianus (southern group) +griseiceps
-+ annamensis + henrici+ pallidus (northern group)

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 339

As Ticehurst has correctly observed (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc., vol. 36, 1933, p. 924): “On comparing bwrmanicus and flaveolus
with the Javanese bird (gularis of Horsfield) one would hardly hesi-
tate to say that here we have geographical representatives of one
species.” In the arrangement above, C. ochraceus differs from tephro-
genys precisely as C. flaveolus from wxanthizurus and if the latter pair
be united under the name flaveolus, consistency demands a similar
combination of ochraceus and tephrogenys to form a second species or
superspecies tephrogenys.

The alleged overlaps in the ranges of C. ochraceus and C. tephro-
genys seem to be merely superficial—the races of tephrogenys keeping
to lower elevations everywhere, those of ochraceus to higher elevations
in the general areas inhabited by tephrogenys and appearing in the
lowlands only where tephrogenys is absent. We have then a problem
not unlike that set in the Indo-Chinese countries by the juxtaposition
of boreal and tropical representatives of Sitta europaea (which see)
but more complicated by the fact that within the assemblage of ochra-
ceus forms a second trenchant differentiation has taken place, to form
what for convenience I have called the northern and southern groups.

A distributional study restricted to these two groups will reveal
on a smaller scale the same puzzles that appear in a similar study of the
two main branches of the superspecies: thus, in South Annam, a bird
near to C’. 0. ochraceus occurs but a few miles from localities at which
C’. 0. annamensis is found, without the least sign of intergradation be-
tween the two. This may be explained by the assumption that annam-
ensis (the extreme representative of the northern group) pressing
southward has here met the northward-pressing ochraceus (of the
southern group), with the result that, in the same general area, we have
conspecific forms so remotely related in time as to act like distinct
species.

MICROSCELIS CHARLOTTAE PROPINQUUS (Oustalet)
TONGKINESE VIRIDESCENT BULBUL

Criniger propinquus OuUSTALET, Nouv. Arch. Mus. [Paris], ser. 4, voi. 5, 1903, pp.
76-77 (Pa-mou, Tongking).

Criniger lénnbergi GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand1., vol. 50, No. 8,
1913, p. 24 (‘Northern Siam... at Bang Hue Hom [= Ban Huai Hom]
and Kao Plyng [= Khao Phlung]’’; type specimen from Ban Huai Hon, fide
Gyldenstolpe, Ark. fér Zool., vol. 19A, No. 1, 1926, p. 57).

Tole olivacea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166 (listed).
Criniger lénnbergi, GYLDENSTOLPH, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 68
(Khun Tan, Pha Hing, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Pang Hua Phong, Pha Kho).

Iole olivacea lénnbergi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 491 (‘Northern and north-
western Siam”). -— DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 588 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).—CHASEN and Bopen Kross, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).

340 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Tole virescens lonnbergi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat Hist, Suppl., 1931, p.
140 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 110 (Doi Suthep).

Tole virescens lénnbergi tpartim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 204 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, ridge just south of Doi Chiang
Dao.

Tole ase cinnamomeoventris [partim], Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 876 (Khun Tan).

Lole olivacea propinqua |partim], Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 377
(Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Huai Mae Sae).

Tole olivacea propinqua, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 177 (Doi
Nang Kaeo, Chiang Dao).

The present race of the viridescent bulbul is fairly common through-
out the northern provinces in districts with light evergreen or mixed-
deciduous forest, from the level of the plains to 3,500 (rarely to 4,600)
feet.

The habits of this species are much like those of Criniger t. henrici,
with which it sometimes associates, but it is a shier and less noisy
form, uttering from time to time merely a soft, whistled note. It is
usually seen singly or in pairs but may gather in numbers at fruit-
bearing trees.

Gyldenstolpe (1916) took a nestling at Pha Hing, April 11, and a
juvenile at Pha Kho, April 7. Specimens collected by Smith at
Khun Tan, August 29 and September 7, are in postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides clear gray; the maxilla blackish brown; the
mandible horny gray; the feet and toes fleshy brown.

The viridescent bulbul resembles a smaller, scarcely crested Criniger.
It has the upperparts dull olivaceous (the tail browner) ; the under-
parts olivaceous-gray, albescent on the throat and everywhere washed
with light greenish yellow (clearer yellow on the abdomen); the
under tail coverts cinnamon-buff.

The race of North Thailand may be separated from that of the
more southern districts (north of the Isthmus of Kra) by its greater
size (wing length: 85-90 mm., against 0-85 mm.) and shghtly darker
upperparts. The southern form must probably be known as cin-
namomeoventris (Tenasserim Town), which, fide Ticehurst (Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 36, 1938, p. 925), differs from propinquus
in exactly these characters.

The numerous specimens from Peninsular Thailand (between the
Isthmus of Kra and the Malayan border), which have been recorded
by Robinson and Boden Kloss, Chasen, and Riley as cinnamomeoven-
tris are, in my opinion, merely slightly aberrant examples of cryptus,
which bear not the least resemblance to true cinnamomeoventris, as
here understood.

The unique specimen of “cinnamomeoventris” recorded from Khun
Tan by Riley (1938) differs, to my eyes, in no particular from
propinquus of the same locality except insofar as it is the most worn

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 341

of the series, as might be expected from the date of collection (May 12).
CU. lonnbergi seems to be inseparable from JZ. c. propinquus, as has
already been pointed out by others. The type specimen of Gylden-
stolpe’s race was a female from Ban Huai Hom, February 12, 1912;
the sole paratype, an unsexed bird from Khao Phlung, January 28,
1912.
MICROSCELIS VIRESCENS TICKELLI (Blyth)

TENASSERIMESE RUFOUS-BREASTED BULBUL

Hypsipetes Tickelli Buyry, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, p. 275
(mountainous interior of Tenasserim).

Izos macclellandi tickelli, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 589 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 202 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 381 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Khun Tan,
Doi Hua Mot).

Izos meclellandi tickelli, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 140 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsENn and Bopven Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 242 (Doi Suthep).—DericNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 109 (Doi Suthep).

The present race is very common on the higher mountains of the
districts west and south of (and including) the Khun Tan chain, rang-
ing through the evergreen from 2,700 feet (Doi Suthep) to 7,000
feet (Doi Ang Ka). In addition to the localities named above, it is
known from Doi Pha Hom Pok by a single specimen, which, in my
opinion, should be considered merely an aberrant example of 1. v.
binghami.

The rufous-breasted bulbul may be seen in the lower trees along
the trails or at the edge of the forest, usually in pairs but, where fruit
is plentiful, in small flocks together with others of the family.

As in the case of certain related species, the breeding season of this
bulbul seems to cover many months: specimens with the gonads greatly
enlarged were taken on February 21, May 31, August 24, and Septem-
ber 3. Birds undergoing body molt have been collected on August
23, September 1, and December 6.

A breeding male from Doi Suthep had the irides crimson; the eyelids
edged red; the bill brown; the feet, toes, and claws horny pink; the
soles yellowish. Another had the irides dull red; the maxilla horny
black ; the mandible horn, darker at the tip and lighter at the base; the
feet and toes pinkish brown; the soles chrome yellow. De Schauensee
notes (1929) that his examples had the irides chestnut; the bill
brownish flesh; the feet and toes fleshy brown.

M. v. tickelli has the lanceolate feathers of the crown and crest dull,
dark brown, with conspicuous pale shaft streaks; the remaining upper-
parts bright olive-green ; the feathers of the chin and throat ashy gray,
with conspicuous white central streaks; the sides of the neck dull
rufous; the feathers of the breast pale rufous, with indistinct pale

342 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

shaft streaks; the remaining underparts whitish, sometimes faintly
sullied with pale rufous; the under wing coverts and under tail coverts
dull yellow; the under surface of the rectrices bright olive-green, like
the upper surface.

MICROSCELIS VIRESCENS BINGHAMI (Hartert)
SoUTHERN SHAN RUFOUS-BREASTED BULBUL

Iole holti binghami Harrert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 558 (Loi San Pa, Mong
Kong State, Southern Shan States).

This form of the rufous-breasted bulbul occurs within our limits only
on Doi Pha Hom Pok, where de Schauensee’s collectors, early in 1938,
took three quite typical examples, in addition to a bird that is exter-
nally inseparable from tickellc but probably represents an aberration of
binghami.

NM. v. binghamé differs from tickelli only in having the mantle dull
gray-brown instead of bright olive-green.

MICROSCELIS VIRESCENS LOQUAX (Deignan)
PHU KHA RUFOUS-BREASTED BULBUL

Ixos mcclellandii loquaxz DreIaNaN, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 99, No. 18, 1940,
pp. 2-8 (Phu Kha, Nan Province, North Thailand).

The Phu Kha rufous-breasted bulbul is known only from the ever-
green of Phu Kha above 4,000 feet but will probably be found to occur
also on other high mountains of northern Nan Province.

This race, like bénghami, differs strikingly from tickelli in having
the mantle dull gray-brown instead of bright olive-green. “From
binghami it is separable by the slightly deeper buffy color of the under-
parts, by having the entire underparts (including the center of the
abdomen) suffused with this color, and by having the bend of the wing
and the under tail-coverts buffy yellow, not pale yellow” (Deignan,

loc. cit.).
MICROSCELIS FLAVALA HILDEBRANDTI (Hume)

KAREN BROWN-EARED BULBUL

Hemixus Hildebrandi [sic] Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, p. 508 (“On the
banks of the Younzaleen, in the Salween District of the Tenasserim Provinces,
on the outskirts of the Pine Forest, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet’’).

Hemizus hildebrandi, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 19 (Muang
Wang) .—GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 492 (Muang Wang).

Pycnonotus hainanus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 141
(Doi Suthep).

Taos flavala hildebrandi, bk SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 202 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1986, p. 109 (Doi Suthep).

Ixvos hildebrandi, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 381 (Doi Langka, Doi
Hua Mot, Khun Tan).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 343

Ixos flavula hildebrandi, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 176 (Doi Ang
Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo).

In the provinces west of, and including, the Khun Tan range, the
brown-eared bulbul is a rather common species of the evergreen forest,
occurring chiefly on the hills between 2,700 and 4,000 feet, rarely at
Jower elevations where the jungle is suitable.

This bulbul is one more of those that collect in scolding, chattering
flocks at flowering trees on the mountain slopes. Freshly taken exam-
ples usually have the face and forecrown well dusted with pollen.

No information on the breeding season is available for our area, but
adults undergoing body molt have been collected on February 15 and
August 13, which implies that the nuptial period embraces a number
of months.

My specimens had the irides red-brown; the bill black; the feet and
toes dark brown; the soles yellowish white; the claws blackish brown.

Our race has the short crest blackish brown (appearing black in the
field) ; the ear coverts shining pale brown; the mantle sullied gray;
the remiges blackish brown, most of them conspicuously edged along
the outer web with greenish yellow; the rectrices similar, edged with
olive-green along the outer web near the base; a black mustachial
streak; the underparts white, strongly washed with gray across the
breast and along the flanks.

M. f. hildebrandti seems to have been named from a specimen which
showed approach to davisoni, coming as it did from near the periphery
of its range, but it is very misleading on this account to discard the
later name davisoni and use hildebrandti for the brown-headed, brown-
backed populations of Tenasserim and South Annam, as has been done
by Delacour. It seems to me preferable to recognize davisoni and
bourdellei, together with hildebrandti as an intermediate race.

M. f. hildebrandti, in North Thailand, is very near bourdellei but
differs in having the crown blackish brown instead of black. Only
newly molted specimens may fairly be compared since, with wear, the
crown becomes browner—two bourdellet from Tongking, badly worn,
are inseparable in color from fresh-plumaged birds of western Thai-
land.

The specimen from Khao Raem, recorded by Riley (1938) as hlde-
brandti, is, according to my view, true bourdellei,; this race will prob-
ably be found also on the higher peaks of Nan Province.

MICROSCELIS MADAGASCARIENSIS CONCOLOR (Blyth)
TENASSERIMESE BLACK BULBUL

Hypsipetes concolor BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 1849, p. 816
(“Tenasserim provinces”; type specimen from Moulmein, fide Sclater,
Ibis, 1892, p. 77, and Finn, List of the birds in the Indian Museum, pt. 1,
1901, p. 94).

344 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hypsipetes concolor, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 166
(listed).

Hypsipetes concolor yunnanensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 66 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 491 (Khan Tan).

Microscelis psaroides concolor, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 588 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 201 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao,
Doi Khun Tan).—DeEienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 1389
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 109 (Doi Suthep) .—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1988, p. 879 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua
Mot).

M cee leucocephalus concolor, CHASEN and BODEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 243 (Doi Suthep).

The Tenasserimese black bulbul is a common species of the ever-
green on the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan chains, at eleva-
tions between 2,900 (Doi Suthep) and 8,000 feet (Doi Ang Ka).

The movements of this bird are largely governed by the antheses of
such nectariferous trees as Cassia and Bombaz, so that, while it is a
permanent resident of the two ranges named above, it is at the same
time highly erratic in its appearances and numbers at a given locality.
Occurring in flocks, great or small in proportion to the abundance
of desirable food, it usually keeps to the tops of quite high trees, in
clearings or at the edge of the forest. Whether flying or at rest, it
is one of the most clamorous of its family and is almost impossible
to overlook.

A female from Doi Suthep, February 18, had the gonads enlarged.
Smith took a specimen in advanced postnatal molt on Doi Langka,
May 2; de Schauensee reports (1934) a juvenile from Doi Suthep,
July 22. Postnuptial molt appears in examples collected between May
12 and August 29.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill, interior of the mouth,
tongue, feet, and toes bright coral red; the claws horny brown.

Old birds have the lanceolate feathers of the front and crown black,
glossed with steel blue; the remaining upperparts bluish slate (the
mantle more or less strongly suffused with blue-black) ; the feathers
of the wings and tail black, their exposed portions narrowly edged
with bluish slate; a spot below the anterior ear coverts glossy black
(this color sometimes continued as a narrow line beneath and behind
the ear coverts); the remaining underparts slaty gray, paler poste-
riorly (the feathers of the center of the abdomen sometimes edged
with white); the under tail coverts slaty gray, always narrowly
fringed with white.

MICROSCELIS MADAGASCARIENSIS LEUCOTHORAX Mayr
SZECHWANESE WHITE-HEADED BLACK BULBUL

Microscelis leucocephalus leucothoraz Mayr, Journ. fiir Orn., vol. 89, 1941, p. —
(“Chung Chiang Miao, [W ?] Szetschwan’’).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 345

Microscelis leucocephalus leucocephalus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 5389 (Doi Suthep).—Derr1enan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 140 (Doi Suthep).

Microscelis leucocephalus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
109 (Doi Suthep).

White-headed black bulbuls of whatever race are known in our area
only from Doi Suthep, where they have been noted but three times: A
flock of ten at 5,500 feet, December 30, 1928 (de Schauensee) ; a flock
of six at 5,400 feet, May 10, 1930 (Deignan) ; many, between 2,700 and
3,000 feet, February 22, 1986 (Deignan). A single male taken by
de Schauensee has been identified by Mayr as an example of the present
form; UM. m. stresemanni of northwestern Yunnan may, however, be
expected to occur in the same flocks as leucothoraz.

To northern Thailand, these birds are merely rare winter visitors
which, like the resident black bulbul, appear erratically at a given
locality. In habits they differ not at all from concolor, with which
they are often associated while feeding; it is interesting then to find
leucothorax and stresemanni much more timid than their black-headed
relative and apparently not mingling with it in flight.

De Schauensee’s specimen had the irides brown; the eyelids edged
orange; the bill deep orange, tinged reddish at the base; the interior
of the mouth orange; the feet and toes orange; the claws horn.

This race is polymorphic and not every specimen can be certainly
identified to subspecies. The adult male, in its typical form, has the
entire head, neck, and breast pure white; the rest of the plumage, above
and below, black, glossed (especially on the mantle) with steel blue.
The adult female differs in having the upperparts slaty gray, more or
less strongly suffused with black, and the underparts (below the
breast) deep ashy gray.

M. m. stresemanni, another polymorphic race, is not separable from
leucothorax in life. The male in typical plumage closely resembles
the female leucothorax as described above; the female is distinguish-
able from that of /ewcothorax only by its greater size.

MICROSCELIS THOMPSONI (Bingham)
WHITE-HEADED ASHY BULBUL
FRONTISPIECE: PLATE 1

Cerasophila Thompsoni BINGHAM, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 5, 1900, pp.
358-359 (Loi San Pa, Méng Kong State, Southern Shan States).

Cerasophila thompsoni, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 589 (Doi Suthep) ; 1984, p. 202 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Deienan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 140 (Doi Suthep).—Ruirry, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933, p. 156 (Doi Langka).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1935, p. 65 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1936, p. 109 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang

Dao).—Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 380 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua
Mot).

346 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The rare white-headed ashy bulbul has been found in Thailand on
the five peaks named above, at elevations between 3,800 and 5,500 feet.

This is a bird of lightly wooded country at high altitudes: On Dot
Ang Ka, I noted it in the semicleared valley below Pha Mon; on Doi
Chiang Dao, at the poppy gardens of the Musoe and in the thin trees
growing from the great precipices of the southern wall (above abysses
so deep that specimens could not be taken) ; on Doi Suthep, in the park-
like areas of widely spaced pines. Only on Doi Chiang Dao, where
there is plenty of open forest at suitable elevations, it is comparatively
common.

On Doi Chiang Dao, in March, 1937, I observed it in loose flocks
of a score or more, but on Doi Suthep it was always seen singly or
in pairs at any season, possibly because of the small number inhabiting
the latter mountain. In flocks it is a clamorous species, in pairs silent
and inconspicuous. Stomachs examined by me contained only insects.

On Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, I took a female with enlarged gonads,
April 2, 1931, and, on the same hill, watched a pair at 3,800 feet, May
13 and 14, 19385, which almost certainly had nestling young in the
vicinity. Smith took a juvenile on Doi Langka, April 26, 1931, and
another in postjuvenal molt on Doi Hua Mot, August 22, 1934. A
bird from Doi Ang Ka, 4,500 feet, September 8, 1935, is in postnuptial
molt.

Adult females had the irides light yellow or brownish yellow; the
eyelids edged bright vermilion-red or coral red; the naked orbital
skin gray-brown or slaty brown; the bill coral red, yellowish or horny
at the extreme tip; the interior of the mouth coral red; the feet and
toes coral red; the claws horny brown or brown with an orange tinge.

The adult of either sex has the entire head and neck pure white;
the rest of the plumage ashy gray (the remiges and rectrices darker,
almost slaty), except for the dull chestnut-rufous under tail coverts.
The immaculate white of the head is a character of maturity ; see Riley
(doc. cit.) for descriptions of the juvenile specimens.collected by Smith.

Family TIMALITDAE
CUTIA NIPALENSIS NIPALENSIS Hodgson
NEPALESE KHATYA

Cutia Nipalensis Hopeson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, 1836, pp. 773-775
(Nepal).

Cutia nipalensis nipalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 188 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsSEN and BopENn Kioss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep.)—Drtanan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAvENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 196 (Doi Suthep).—Riney, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,

1938, p. 3861 (Doi Langka).—Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
174 (Doi Ang Ka),

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 347

The khatya is restricted to the evergreen on our highest peaks
and seems to be a bird of considerable rarity in Thailand: it has been
collected only three times on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet (five specimens) ;
once on Doi Ang Ka, 7,400 feet (two specimens) ; twice on Doi Langka
(five specimens, four of them taken on the same day).

At the summit of Suthep, all examples have been found eating berries
on low trees at the edge of the bungalow clearing, accompanied by
bulbuls and other frugivores.

Four adults from Doi Langka, November 6, are in postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides red-brown; the bill black, plumbeous-
blue at the base of the mandible; the feet and toes intense yellow;
the claws yellowish horn.

The male has the forehead and crown slaty blue; the lores and the
sides of the head and neck glossy black, this color crossing the nape
to form a narrow collar; the scapulars, back, rump, and very long
upper tail coverts rufous-chestnut (the scapulars often fading to a
dull rufous) ; the wing coverts glossy black; the remiges largely black
but with slaty blue along the outer web, white near the base of the
inner web, and minutely tipped white; the rectrices with the apical
half black, the basal half slaty blue suffused with rufous-chestnut ;
a minute tuft of black feathers on the extreme base of the mandible;
the remaining underparts white, boldly barred with black on the
sides of the breast and along the flanks, and everywhere suffused with
buff (this color soon disappearing from the throat and breast after
death). The female differs in having the black on the sides of the
head replaced by brown; the scapulars and back rufous with conspic-
uous, elongated black spots, instead of uniform rufous-chestnut.

PTERUTHIUS AENOBARBUS INTERMEDIUS (Hume)
TENASSERIMESE CHESTNUT-FRONTED SHRIKE BABBLER

Allotrius intermedius Humes, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, p. 112 (“Central Tenas-
serim Hills”; type specimen from Mount Muleyit, fide Hume, ibid., vol. 6,
1878, p. 370).

Pteruthius aenodarbus intermedius, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 175 (Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).—prE SCHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 197 (Doi Suthep).—Ritry, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 363 (Doi Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

With the addition of Doi Nang Kaeo, this pretty bird is recorded
only from the mountains named above, on all of which it seems to be
rare or uncommon and restricted to a zone between 4,400 and 5,500
feet.

On Doi Suthep I saw it occasionally, singly or in pairs (often in the
same flock with Siva spp.), in the lower branches of the trees at the
edge of the evergreen or in the open hill-forest, acting much like a
white-browed shrike babbler.

583136—45 23

348 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Examples taken on Doi Hua Mot between August 19 and 26 are in
postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides dark red-brown; the maxilla plumbeous, with
the culmen and tip black; the mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes
flesh; the claws horn. ,

The old male has the forehead chestnut, followed by a band of
bright yellow across the forecrown; the remaining upperparts bright
olive-green; the shoulders black, with two broad white bars; the rest
of the folded wing bright olive-green, except that the outer primaries
are edged with white along the outer web and the secondaries are nar-
rowly tipped with the same color; the central pair of rectrices bright
olive-green, the others black with an outwardly increasingly broad
white tip, the outermost pair almost wholly white; a broken eye ring
of pure white feathers; the lores and a narrow line edging the lower
half of the eye ring black; a streak from above the eye to the sides of
the nape ashy, darkening posteriorly; the chin and throat chestnut;
the under wing coverts pure white; the flanks and thighs grayish
white; the remaining underparts bright yellow. The adult female
differs chiefly in having the forehead chestnut-rufous, immediately
followed by the olive-green of the remaining upperparts; the shoulders
olive-green, with two salmon-buff bars; the black line below the eye
merely indicated; the chin suffuséd with rufous; the remaining under-
parts grayish white, washed with pale yellowish olive on the breast,
flanks, and abdomen; the under tail coverts light yellow.

PTERUTHIUS MELANOTIS MELANOTIS Hodgson
INDIAN YELLOW-FRONTED SHRIKE BABBLER

Ptleruthius] melanotis Hopvason, in Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16,
1847, p. 448 (“The Terai, at the base of the S. EH. Himalaya”; type specimen
from Nepal, fide Gadow, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 8,
18838, p. 118).

Pteruthius melanotis, DrEIgNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 169
(Phu Kha).

The only example yet known from Thailand is an adult female, col-
lected by me on Phu Kha, 4,500 feet, April 5, 1936. |
This bird, although accompanied by a male, had the ovaries still
quite inactive. |

The adult male differs from that of the preceding species most con- |
spicuously in having the forehead bright yellow; the ashy streaks |
from above the eyes joined in a broad band across the nape; the bright |
yellow ear coverts bordered posteriorly by a black vertical band. The
adult female differs from that of P. a. intermedius in having the entire |
upperparts (including the forehead) olive-green, except for a gray |
nuchal band; a black band indicated behind the ear coverts; the sides |

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 349

of the throat washed with rufous; the flanks grayish white, strongly
washed with yellow; the remaining underparts light yellow.

PTERUTHIUS ERYTHROPTERUS AERALATUS Blyth
TENASSERIMESE WHITE-BROWED SHRIKE BABBLER

Pteruthius aeralatus “TVickell” BLytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855,
p. 267 (‘“Mountainous interior of Tenasserim’’; type specimen from Mount
Muleyit, fide Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 6, 1878, p. 368).

Pterythias aeralatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,

p. 63 (Khun Tan).
Pteruthius aeralatus aeralatus, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1918,

p. 18 (Muang Wang, Doi Nga Chang).—GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 479
(Muang Wang, Doi Nga Chang).—RIEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
362 (Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Doi Mana, “Doi

Kiew Koh Ma’).
Pterythius flaviscapis aeralatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia, 1928, p. 565 (Doi Suthep).
Pteruthius flaviscapis aeralatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia, 1929, p. 535 (Doi Suthep); 1934, p. 197 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao, Ridge just south of Doi Chiang Dao).—DerIeNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 188 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and BopeN K toss, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).—DrIGNAN, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

This form is common on all the mountains of sufficient altitude
in the provinces west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain, oc-
curring from 3,300 to 5,500 feet, both at the edge of the evergreen
and in the open hill-forest.

It is seen singly or in pairs, silently creeping along a horizontal
branch and exploring the underside of the leaves in the deliberate
fashion of an American Vireo, or perched upon some exposed twig,
turning its head from one side to the other, much like a Tephrodornis.
Jt utters a churring note when alarmed and the pair, when separated,
communicate by a sweet double call; de Schauensee states (1929) that
it has also “a very pretty warbling song, generally delivered from an
exposed and leafless branch at the top of a tall tree.”

An example from Doi Suthep, February 21, had the gonads greatly
enlarged. Specimens in postjuvenal molt have been taken between
April 24 and July 15 and others in postnuptial molt between May 15
and November 4.

Adults had the irides glaucous-blue, blue-green, olive-green, or
brown; the maxilla black, with the commissure edged plumbeous-
blue along the basal half; the entire mandible and the interior of the
mouth plumbeous-blue; the feet and toes yellowish fleshy or fleshy-
pink; the soles yellow; the claws dark horny.

The old male has the forehead, crown, nape, lores, subocular re-
gion, and ear coverts black; a broad white band from above the eye

350 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

to the nape; the mantle gray, the upper tail coverts tipped black;
the wings black, the primaries conspicuously tipped and edged along
the inner web with white, the inner secondaries with the outer web
deep golden, the inner web chestnut, and a narrow black tip; the tail
black; the underparts white, more or less strongly washed with gray
on the throat, breast, and upper flanks, with vinaceous-pink on the
lower flanks. The adult female has the upper half of the head gray
(the supercilium merely indicated), this color changing on the nape
to the grayish olive of the mantle; the primaries black with white
tips and the outer web edged bright olive-green; the inner secondaries
bright olive-green, strongly suffused with chestnut-rufous; the inner
pairs of rectrices bright olive-green, tipped with black, the outer pairs
similar but tipped apically with yellow and subterminally with black;
the underparts white, more or less strongly suffused everywhere with
pale buff. Juveniles of either sex resemble the old female but have
the under tail coverts pale yellow.

PTERUTHIUS ERYTHROPTERUS YUNNANENSIS Ticehurst
YUNNANESE WHITE-BROWED SHRIKE BABBLER

Pieruthius erythropterus yunnanensis TIcEHuRST, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 57,
1937, p. 147 (Shweli-Salwin Divide, northwestern Yunnan).

A race, which may conveniently be placed under this name, is com-
mon on Phu Kha between 3,500 and 5,500 feet and will doubtless be
found on other suitably high mountains in Nan Province.

From aeralatus, it may be known by having (in the male) the throat,
breast, and upper flanks washed with a much deeper gray and by
having the white mustachial line below the black ear coverts distinctly
set off, instead of scarcely demarcated from the color of the throat.

The female differs from that of aeralatus in having the throat gray,
with little or no buffy suffusion.

The population of Phu Kha is, in fact, intermediate between ywn-
nanensis and aeralatus, having the coloration of the former and the
measurements of the latter.

MESIA ARGENTAURIS GALBANA Mayr and Greenway
THAI SILVER-EARED MESIA

Mesia argentauris galbana Mayr and GREENWAY, Proc. New England Zool. Club,
vol. 17, 1938, pp. 3-4 (Doi Ang Ka, North Thailand).

Mesia argentauris argentauris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 586 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 197 (Doi Suthep).—CHaAsrEN and
BovEN Kiss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep) .—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 108 (Doi Suthep).

Mesia argentauris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 189 (Doi
Suthep).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 351

Mesia argentauris galbana, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 363 (Doi
Ang Ka, Doi Langka) .—GrrEENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 174 (Doi
Ang Ka).

The mesia has until now been recorded in the northern provinces
only from Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, and Phu Kha; on all
these mountains it is common within its altitudinal range. On Doi
Ang Ka it has been found between 4,000 and 5,700 feet, but on Doi
Suthep it is strictly confined to the topmost ridge from 5,000 to 5,500
feet.

This bird requires lalang-covered areas at high elevations, dotted
with low trees and brushy thickets, and enters the evergreen only in
the immediate proximity of such places. It travels in large bands,
usually accompanied by other species of small babblers. A stomach
examined by me contained ants and beetles.

The breeding season is very protracted: on Doi Ang Ka I have
taken a specimen with gonads enlarged, April 27, and another with
them greatly enlarged, September 3. Full-plumaged juveniles have
been collected May 1 (Doi Langka), July (Doi Suthep), and Septem-
ber 7 (Doi Ang Ka). The only bird seen in postnuptial molt is
from Doi Ang Ka, December 4.

Adults had the irides brownish red; the bill ochreous-yellow (the
mandible brighter), tinged greenish at the corners of the mouth; the
tarsi horny yellow; the toes horny brown; the claws fleshy yellow
or light horny brown.

The adult male in fresh plumage (December—March) has the fore-
head deep yellow; the ear coverts shining silvery gray; the crown,
lores, and mustachial streak below the ear coverts black; the nape
and uppermost back deep olivaceous-golden; the mantle gray,
strongly suffused with olive-green; the upper tail coverts red; the
outermost primaries edged yellow along the outer web, the other
remiges (except the innermost secondaries) similarly edged shining
red near the base, yellow elsewhere; the rectrices blackish, the outer
pairs edged yellowish along the outer web; the chin and throat bright
orange-yellow, changing on the breast to the olivaceous-yellow of the
remaining underparts; the under tail coverts red. The adult female
differs in having the upper and under tail coverts orange-buff. The
juvenile resembles the old female but has the top of the head duller
black and the nuchal collar pale and indistinct. As the plumage be-
comes worn during spring and summer, the green suffusion is lost
from the mantle and the yellows become much duller, possibly as a
result of exposure to sunlight.

Mayr and Greenway (loc. cit.) have described M. a. vernayi (Hai
Bum, Upper Burma) and galbana (Doi Ang Ka, North Thailand) as
distinct from argentauris (Nepal) on characters of size and tone of
mantle, nape, and throat.

352 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The alleged size differences are slight or nonexistent in the authors’
own tables, while color characters in this species are so much subject
to change, both seasonal and post mortem, that, unless really striking,
it seems unwise to use them as racial criteria at all.

Thanks to Dr. Mayr’s courtesy, I have before me the original series
(3) of vernay?, as well as 20 specimens of galbana from every known
locality in its Thai range. So far as color is concerned, all examples
taken in Thailand between December 4 and January 30 are galbana,
while those collected between April 6 and July 14 could be vernayi,
and a breeding topotypical bird of September 3 is so gray that it
might belong to an undescribed form. Using the material at hand,

All nonmolting adult males from Thailan agree with argentauris
galbana is separable from vernayi only by its slightly longer wing.
in having the wing length 75 mm. or longer but differ from it in their
more golden, less orange, nuchal collar, and, on the assumption that
this distinction has nothing to do with age of skins, I accept galbana,
at least for the present. It seems to me highly probable, however,
that future workers will find it necessary to combine galbana with
either vernay? or argentauris, or even to place both of the more
recent names on the synonymy of the Nepalese race.

LIOCICHLA RIPPONI (Oates)
INDO-CHINESE LIOCICHLA

Trochalopterum rippont OArEs, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 11, 1900, pp 10-11
(“Shan States’).

Trochalopteron phoeniceum ripponi, Ritey, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1938, p. 155 (Doi Langka).

Liocichla ripponi ripponi, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 322 (Doi
Langka).

This extraordinary species has been found in Thailand only by
Smith, who collected, on Doi Langka, a male, November 12, 1930, and
a male and a female, April 26, 1931.

Nothing has been recorded of its habits nor have I been able even
to learn whether it is a terrestrial or an arboreal form. The example
of November 12 is in postnuptial mo!t.

It has the crown and nape gray (more or less suffused with oliva-
ceous) ; the remaining upperparts olivaceous-brown; the primaries
with the outer web edged crimson basally, yellow apically, the crimson
inwardly increasing in extent; the outer secondaries similarly edged
olivaceous-brown basally, then gray, crimson apically, the innermost
almost wholly olivaceous-brown, all narrowly tipped with buffy white;
the truncate rectrices olivaceous-brown on the basal half, indistinctly
barred with blackish near the center, blackish on the apical half, the
outer ones suffused with dull red-orange beneath, all narrowly tipped

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 300

with buff; the lores, supercilium, and sides of the head and neck
crimson, this color tending to invade the chin, upper throat, and sides
of the lower throat; the remaining underparts grayish olive, more or
less suffused with golden; the under tail coverts black, broadly tipped
with dull orange.

GARRULAX MILNEI SHARPEI (Rippon)

BURMESE RED-TAILED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Trochalopterum sharpei Rrpron, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 12, 1901, p. 13 (“The
Kauri-Kachin tract, to the east of Bhamo, and bordering on the south of the
Tapeng River”).

Trochalopterum milnei sharpei, Ritey, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933,
p. 155 (Doi Langka).

Trochalopteron milnei sharpei, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 322
(Doi Langka).

The beautiful red-tailed garrulax has been found only on Doi
Langka and Doi Pho Hom Pok, but, on these two mountains at least,
it is a common bird at the higher elevations. At the former locality
Smith saw it in large flocks and collected no less than 15 specimens
between April 22 and 27, 1931; at the latter, de Schauensee’s men took
a fine series during an equally short period.

Nothing has been recorded of its habits in Thailand, and I myself
never had the good fortune to see this species in life. One of Smith’s
examples from Doi Langka, November 9, is undergoing postnuptial
molt.

The adult has the forehead, crown, and nape orange-rufous; the
mantle ashy olive, becoming olivaceous-brown on the rump and upper
tail coverts, the feathers of the back narrowly edged with dull blackish
brown to give a scaled appearance; the remiges with the outer web
largely bright, shining red, the inner web black (except the innermost
secondaries, which have the inner web largely white) ; the rectrices
red above, blackish beneath; the lores and a narrow supercilium black,
the latter becoming white near the posterior end; the ear coverts
silvery gray; the chin and throat blackish, changing on the remaining
underparts to dark ashy gray, posteriorly more or less suffused with
olivaceous-brown.

GARRULAX ERYTHROCEPHALUS MELANOSTIGMA Blyth
TENASSERIMESE CHESTNUT-CAPPED LAUGHING-THRUSH

G[arrular] melanostigma BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol, 24, 1855, p. 268
(Mount Muleyit).

Trochalopteron erythrocephalum melanostigma, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 174 (Doi Suthep).

Garrulag erythrocephalus melanostigma, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 105 (Doi Suthep).—GrrEenwaAy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 169 (Doi Ang Ka).

354 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Trochalopteron melanostigma melanostigma, Ritry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 322 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep).

Birds that, though atypical, may conveniently be known by this
name, are numerous on Doi Ang Ka between 4,300 feet and the summit
(8,400 feet), and rather less common on Doi Suthep between 4,600 and
5,500 feet.

I found them always in the densest undergrowth, whether evergreen
or bamboo, traveling in small parties and carrying on an endless con-
versation of melodious notes in which one would whistle and another
immediately reply with a similar but different song.

A male had the irides with a violet-brown outer ring and a chestnut
inner ring; the eyelids plumbeous; the bill blackish brown; the feet,
toes, and claws wood brown.

In the forest shadows it appears to be a black bird with a gray head.
In the hand, it proves to have the crown and center of the nape chest-
nut; the remaining upperparts grayish olive; the wings golden-olive,
with an orange-rufous patch near the shoulder, followed by a black
patch on the primary coverts; the sides of the head and nape deep
silvery gray, finely streaked with blackish; the chin and sides of the
upper throat black, changing to maroon-chestnut on the rest of the
throat, which color, in turn, changes on the remaining underparts to
grayish olive, suffused with tawny.

I have already shown (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 51, 1938,
p. 90) that Doi Ang Ka and Doi Suthep are inhabited by distinct
populations, neither of which, strictly speaking, is melanostigma, but
I still feel that no useful purpose would be served by the erection of
new names for them.

Greenway’s discovery (loc. cit.) that, on Doi Ang Ka, “specimens
taken above 6,000 ft. have rather longer and stouter bills, (26-28 mm.
as against 24-25 mm.) and as a rule, have less brown on the throat
and upper breast than those from lower altitudes” is of especial in-
terest, inasmuch as it indicates that birds at the summit of this more
southern mountain are acquiring two characters regularly found in
the race (schistaceus) inhabiting peaks farther north.

GARRULAX ERYTHROCEPHALUS SCHISTACEUS Deignan
SoUTHERN SHAN CHESTNUT-CAPPED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulax erythrocephalus schistaceus DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington,
vol. 51, 1938, pp. 89-90 (Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai Province, North Thai-
land).

The present race, in its typical form known only from Doi Chiang

Dao and Doi Pha Hom Pok, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet, will prob-

ably not be found elsewhere in Thailand.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 355

At the type locality I collected it in the dense evergreen of the crater-
like valley at the western base of the southwestern pinnacle and again
in the thickets of gnarled shrubs growing among huge, broken rocks
at the summit of the same pinnacle.

Prenuptial molt of the feathers of head and neck is shown in ex-
amples taken on March 19 and 20.

G. e. schistaceus differs from melanostigma in having the general
coloration, above and below, deep mouse gray, instead of grayish olive;
the under parts almost without tawny suffusion; the maroon-chestnut
of the throat more restricted in extent; the bill slightly longer.

GARRULAX ERYTHROCEPHALUS SUBCONNECTENS Deignan
Puu KHA CHESTNUT-CAPPED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulaxr erythrocephalus subconnectens DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 51, 1938, pp. 90-91 (Phu Kha, Nan Province, North Thailand).

The subspecies swbconnectens is known, within our limits, only from
Phu Kha, where it is common in the heavy evergreen between 4,500
feet and the summit (5,500 feet).

Specimens of April 6, 7, and 9 are undergoing prenuptial molt of the
feathers of head and neck.

This form resembles melanostigma in having the general coloration’
grayish olive but differs widely from both melanostigma and schista-
ceus in having the feathers of the breast broadly edged with brownish
gray to give a distinctly scaled appearance. From connectens of
Laos, which has the breast similarly marked, it is separable by having
the primary coverts black, instead of dark golden-green.

GARRULAX MERULINUS LAOENSIS de Schauensee
SHAN SPOTTED-BREASTED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulaxz (Stactocichla) merulinus laoénsis DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 90, 1938, p. 27 (Doi Pha Hom Pok, North Thailand).

This form, described from a series of three (one male, two females)
taken by de Schauensee’s collectors on Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,000 feet,
January 21 and 31, 1988, is not at all likely to occur at any other Thai
locality.

It has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown, except for a narrow,
white postocular streak; the underparts, except for the olivaceous-
brown flanks, buffy white, boldly marked on the throat and breast with
guttate black spots; the under tail coverts rufous-buff.

The validity of /aoénsis, named after comparison of fresh material
with “foxed” obscwrus and merulinus, is by no means established, and
the name is here adopted only with reservations.

356 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
GARRULAX CHINENSIS LOCHMIUS Deignan
LAO BLACK-THROATED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulax chinensis lochmius DEIGNAN, Zoologica, vol. 26, pt. 3, 1941, p. 241 (Chiang
Saen Kao, North Thailand).

Dryonastes chinensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 55 (Khun Tan, Chiang
Rai).

Bee chinensis [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 486 (Khun Tan,
Chiang Rai).

Dryonastes chinensis propinquus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1931, p. 186 (Chiang Mai).

Garrulaz chinensis propinquus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 183 (Chiang Rai).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Sor. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 104 (Chiang Mai).

Garrulaz chinensis propinquus [partim], Ritey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 317 (Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot, Muang Pai).

This laughing-thrush is locally common throughout our provinces,
chiefly on the plains but, on Doi Ang Ka and Phu Kha, occurring as
high as 4,000 and 4,500 feet in areas of abandoned cultivation grown
up to Rubus and Hupatorium.

Except during the breeding season, the bird is found in small flocks
in the densest cover and especially in thick hedgerows bordering cart
tracks, whence it may sometimes come out to feed in the open road.
Its habits are quite like those of G. 7. diardi, but it is a rather more
retiring species and its calls are very different: melodious, conversa-
tional whistles, interspersed with harsher notes.

A pair from Ban Wang Mo, March 31, had the gonads enlarged. A
specimen from Muang Fang, July 20, is in full juvenal dress; examples
from Doi Hua Mot and Doi Ang Ka, September 4 and 8, are in post-
nuptial molt.

An adult female had the irides deep red; the orbital skin slaty; the
bill black; the feet and toes brown; the claws horny brown.

The adult has the bushy feathers of the forehead, the lores, orbital
region, postocular streak, chin, and central portion of the throat to the
upper breast black; the crown and nape slaty gray, a narrow area im-
mediately behind the forehead streaked with white; the remaining
upperparts olivaceous-brown, except for the blackish apical quarter of
the tail; the ear coverts and the sides of the upper throat white; the
ring of feathers around the vent rufous; the remaining underparts
gray, changing to olivaceous-brown on the flanks and under tail
coverts. The juvenile differs from the adult in having the gray of the
crown paler and less clearly defined from the mantle; the upperparts
more rufescent, less olivaceous; the underparts washed with dull rufous
and the under tail coverts wholly of this color.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 357
GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS DIARDI (Lesson)
INDO-CHINESE WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Turdus Diardi Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, 1831, p. 408 (Cochin-China).

Garrulax diardi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

Garrulaz leucolophus diardi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 53 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong, Tha Chomphu) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 486 (“The whole of Siam”).—pdE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 567 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 5830 (Chiang Mai, Chiang
Saen, Chiang Saen Kao) ; 1934, p. 183 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio,” Chiang
Saen).—DeIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 186 (Doi
Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 105 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—CHASEn and
Boven Kioss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 248 (Doi Suthep) .—
Ruiry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 317 (Doi Ang Ka, Mae Khan, Chiang
Dao, Khun Tan, Muang Pai, Phrae, Ban Nam Khian).

This large babbler occurs abundantly in the dry deciduous forest
of all our provinces from the plains to about 2,700 feet, rarely in
mixed-deciduous jungle as high as 3,200 feet, and has once been seen
in open pinewoods on Doi Ang Ka at 3,500 feet.

Travel through the hot pa daeng is enlivened by the large flocks of
these birds, which, at the approach of the wayfarer, scuttle like rats
across the trail or skim the ground on stiffly set wings, one after the
other, then move along through the bushes before him to the accom-
paniment of hysterical “laughter.” Far from showing timidity, they
often first intimate their presence by raising a general babble and
approaching for a nearer view. Their excitement is shown by beating
the wings and jumping off the ground, while others ascend into the
undergrowth and lower branches of the trees, constantly cackling and
laughing; as the uproar begins to die down in one quarter, it arises
again from another, as in a musical round. If one waits quietly, the
party soon loses interest in the stranger and, with conversational notes,
begins hunting for food, peering under the vegetation or rising into
the air and kicking backward with both feet at once, causing loud
cracklings and rustlings of the dry leaves.

The only actual breeding record for our area is that of Gyldenstolpe
(1916), who discovered at Tha Chomphu, May 2, 1914, “a nest contain-
ing 4 pure white eggs. The nest was placed in a low tree and rather
difficult to detect among the leaves though it was fairly large. The
whole structure of the nest somewhat resembled that of our commen
Song Thrush.” Since I took a male with the gonads enlarged, July
16, and another with the organs greatly enlarged, July 29, it is evident
that the breeding season covers a number of months, and, in fact,
Riley (1938) has shown that, in the more southern districts of Thai-
land, it runs from March to August.

There is a prenuptial molt of the feathers of the head and neck, and

358 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

birds in this condition have been taken between April 10 and 19,
while examples in postnuptial molt have been collected between Aug-
ust 18 and December 2. The plumage becomes badly worn from the
coarse vegetation, and the white portions are usually somewhat soiled
by mud and dust.

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the orbital skin slate; the
bill black; the feet and toes slaty blue; the claws slaty horn. An
adult female differed in having the feet, toes, and claws brownish slate.

This species has the crested crown white; a broad black band from
the base of the bill, through the eye, to the posterior ear coverts, where
it joins a broad gray nuchal collar; the mantle deep ferruginous, be-
coming rufous-brown on the rump and upper tail coverts; the remiges
brown, edged with rufous; the rectrices dark olivaceous-brown; the
underparts white, more or less suffused with gray at the sides of the
breast and more or less strongly washed with rufous on the flanks; the
thighs olivaceous-brown.

I have seen no specimen from our area that shows approach to
G. 1. belanger.

GARRULAX PECTORALIS MERIDIONALIS Robinson and Boden Kloss
TENASSERIMESE . BLACK-GORGETED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulax pectoralis meridionalis Roprnson and Bopden Ktoss, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 40, 1919, pp. 11-12 (Hat Sanuk, near Ko Lak [Prachuap Khiri-
khan], southwestern Thailand).

Garrulax pectoralis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 54 (Khun Tan, Doi
Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 487 (‘“‘Throughout northern Siam’’).

Garrulax pectoralis meridionalis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 5381 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 183 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan,
Doi Chiang Dao).—CHASEN and BopeN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl. 1932, p. 243 (Doi Suthep).—Rixey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
8319 (San Pa Yang, Mae Suya valley, Thattafang, Mae Hong Son).

Garrulaxz pectoralis meridionalis [partim], DmrenAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 186 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 105 (Doi Suthep).

Although stated by Gyldenstolpe (1920) to be “commonly distributed
throughout northern Siam,” the black-gorgeted laughing-thrush is,
in fact, restricted to the districts west of, and including, the Khun
Tan chain. Owing to the risk of confusion with the following species,
sight records are almost without value, but, to judge by specimens
at hand, it is almost confined to evergreen forest, at whatever altitude.
On Doi Suthep it has been taken between 2,700 and 5,000 feet and
reaches its greatest abundance at about 3,500 feet, but where there is
suitable vegetation it occurs also at much lower elevations.

Outside of the difference in habitat, there is nothing in the ac-
count of the habits of the white-crested laughing-thrush that will not

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 359

apply well enough to the present form, even to the description of its
notes.

Nothing certain is known of the breeding season in our area but
two specimens of September 30 are in postnuptial molt.

Examples collected by me had the irides maroon or dark red (males)
or orange-brown (a female) ; the eyelids edged bright yellow; the
orbital skin plumbeous-blue; the maxilla dark slate with the extreme
tip horn; the mandible with the basal half horny white, bluish horn,
or pale bluish, the apical half slaty horn or bluish horn, the tip some-
times horny white; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow; the
feet and toes gray-blue or greenish plumbeous; the claws fleshy white.

This bird has the upperparts olivaceous-brown with an ill-defined
rufous nuchal collar; the primary coverts usually more or less blackish
brown; the rectrices olivaceous-brown, all except the central pair with
a broad buff or buffy-white tip and a broad black subapical bar; a nar-
row postocular streak with the upper half buffy white, the lower half
black; the ear coverts silvery gray, usually streaked with black, and
bordered below by a narrow black mustachial streak; a conspicuous
black gorget, connected on the sides of the neck with both the mustach-
ial streak and the black portion of the postocular streak; the remain-
ing underparts rufous-buff, more or less albescent on the center of
the abdomen.

So extraordinary is the resemblance of this species to the following
that the points of difference will be dealt with in detail in the descrip-
tion of the black-necklaced laughing-thrush.

I believe that Williamson’s collectors took specimens of a black-
gorgeted laughing-thrush in the lowlands of Chiang Rai Province;
they should be compared with G. p. robini Delacour.

GARRULAX MONILEGER FUSCATUS Stuart Baker
TENASSERIMESE BLACK-NECKLACED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulaxz moniliger [sic] fuscata [sic] Sruarr Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol.
38, 1918, p. 64 (Tavoy).

Garrulax moniliger [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 54 (Khun Tan).

Garrulaz moniliger fuscata [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 487 (‘“Through-
out the northern parts of Siam” [partim]).

Garrulaz pectoralis meridionalis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 186 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 105 (Chiang Mai).

Garrular moniliger fuscata, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 184 (Chiang Mai).

Garrulax moniliger bakeri, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 87, 1935, pp. 409-410 (Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand).

Garrulaz moniliger bakeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 105 (Doi Suthep, error! Chiang Mai).—Rttry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 820 (“Doi Phra Chao” [=Doi Saket?], Huai Mae Sae).

360 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The present race inhabits, in our area, the deciduous forest of the
provinces west of, and including, the Khun Tan chain, not ascending
the mountains beyond the altitudinal limit of the pa daeng. Its range
scarcely impinges upon that of meridionalis, and the specimen recorded
by me (1936) as having been taken on Doi Suthep at 2,700 feet was, in
fact, collected on the Chiang Mai plain, where it was almost certainly
with a flock of its own kind. I took other examples at Ban Samoeng,
Doi Chiang Dao, and Muang Fang.

The flocks of G. m. fuscatus sometimes accompany those of @. 1.
diardi through the dry forest; the two species seem to have identical
notes and habits.

Specimens in postjuvenal molt have been taken on July 14, 22, and
23; others in postnuptial molt between August 4 and December 24.
The plumage becomes astonishingly worn and bleached from contact
with the rough leaves among which the bird dwells.

An adult female had the irides creamy yellow; the orbital skin slaty ;
the bill blackish brown, with the edges of the commissure horny brown
and the tip horny white; the interior of the mouth plumbeous; the feet,
toes, and claws fleshy white. .

This species is smaller in all its parts than G. p. meridionalis, but
the size difference is not apparent in the field. G. p. meridionalis has
the ear coverts usually streaked with black and bordered below by a
distinct black mustachial streak, while fuscatus has them plain silvery
gray, with no black line to separate them from the buffy-white throat ;
meridionalis has the primary coverts more or less blackish brown,
while fuscatus has them olivaceous-brown like all the other coverts;
meridionalis has the irides red and the eyelids edged with bright yel-
low, while fwscatus has the irides yellow and the eyelids without
conspicuous color.

De Schauensee seems to have named bakeri as a result of comparing
fresh Thai material with “foxed” Burmese and Indian skins. I find
much individual variation in my series but no constant character by
which they can be separated from fuscatus.

GARRULAX MONILEGER SCHAUENSEEI Delacour and Greenway
LAO BLACK-NECKLACED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrulax moniliger [sic] schauenseei, DELAcOUR and GREENWAY, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, vol. 59, 1939, pp. 182-183 (Chiang Khwang, Laos).

Garrulax moniliger, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p.
20 (Den Chai) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 164 (listed).

Garrulax moniliger [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 54 (Pha Kho).

Garrular moniliger fuscata [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 487 (‘““Through-
out the northern parts of Siam” [partim]).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 361

The Lao black-necklaced garrulax is widely distributed over the
lowlands of the provinces east of the Khun Tan range. Eisenhofer
sent to Hannover a male from Pha Hing, May 5, 1912, and to Stock-
holm an unsexed skin from Huai Pu, May 24, 1912; Gyldenstolpe took
it at Den Chai and Pha Kho and I found it at Chiang Saen Kao.

Gyldenstolpe records that, near Pha Kho, “a nest containing 3 pale
blue eggs was found... on the 16th of April 1914... The nest was
placed in a low tree within a bamboo-jungle and could easily be
reached from the ground.”

Gyldenstolpe’s birds had the irides yellow or yellowish red; the
bill horn color; the feet and toes plumbeous-gray.

G. m. schauenseei differs from fuscatus in having the upperparts
generally, but especially the nuchal collar, deeper in color ; the rectrices
tipped with dark buff, not buffy white.

GARRULAX STREPITANS STREPITANS Blyth
TENASSERIMESE BROWN-BREASTED LAUGHING-THRUSH

Garrular strepitans ‘“Tickell” BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855,
p. 268 (mountainous interior of Tenasserim).

Garrulaz strepitans, GYLDENSTOLPR, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 164
(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 487 (Khun Tan).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 531 (Doi Suthep).—DertenAn, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 1836 (Doi Suthep).—Rtey, U. 8. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 321 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Dryonastes strepitans, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 55 (Khun Tan).

Garrulaz strepitans strepitans, CHASEN and BODEN K1oss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 105 (Doi Suthep).—vE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 184 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

This laughing-thrush is rather common in heavy evergreen from
3,300 to 5,500 feet but has until now been found in our provinces only
on those few peaks of the Khun Tan and Thanon Thong Chai ranges

‘that are listed above.

If it did not possess in full measure the curiosity characteristic of its
genus, the present species would be known only by scratching sounds
and conversational calls proceeding from ravines and thickets. In-
trusion on its haunts, however, at once produces a clamor lke that
of species already dealt with, and individual birds climb up the vines
for a nearer view before ducking again into the foliage. De Schauensee
(1929) records that it has a loud, clear, whistled song of three short
notes on the same pitch, followed by a longer note three tones lower.

A male from Doi Suthep, March 23, had the gonads enlarged; an-
other from Doi Ang Ka, April 27, had them greatly enlarged. Speci-
mens in postjuvenal molt have been taken between September 3 and

362 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

November 11; adults in postnuptial molt, between August 28 and
December 11. Examples collected between February 14 and March 4
are undergoing prenuptial molt of the feathers of head and neck.
Spring birds with the rufous-edged remiges of immaturity indicate
that postjuvenal molt is incomplete.

A breeding male had the irides crimson-lake; the orbital region dull
black; the bill black, with the commissure edged gray at the tip; the
feet and toes blackish brown; the claws horny gray.

In the deep shade of the forest, this appears to be a black bird with
a conspicuous white patch at each side of the neck. In fact, it has the
top of the head and the nape rich brown, suffused with blackish on the
front and forecrown; the remaining upperparts dull olivaceous-brown,
strongly suffused with ashy on the upper portion of the back; the
cheeks and anterior ear coverts black, this color changing to rich
chestnut on the remaining ear coverts; on either side of the neck,
adjacent to the ear coverts, an indefinite area of pure white that be-
comes ashy posteriorly; the throat and upper breast wholly covered
by a deep chocolate-brown area, which is posteriorly edged with
rufous; the remaining underparts dull olivaceous-brown, irregularly
and variably suffused with ashy and rufous, especially on the lower
breast and the abdomen.

GAMPSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS TORQUATUS Hume
INDO-CHINESE WHITE-HEADED BABBLER

Gampsorhynchus torquatus HuM®, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, No. 5, 1874, p. 107
(no locality given; type specimen collected “on the banks of the Younzaleen
below the Pine forests in the Salween district,” fide Hume, Stray Feathers,
vol. 2, 1874, p. 446).

Gampsorhynchus torquatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 165 (Khun Tan); Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 56 (Khun
Tan).

Gampsorhynchus rufulus torquatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 480 (Khun
Tan).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 174 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 105 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 188 (Doi Suthep).—RIey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1988, p. 328 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

The white-headed babbler has been found in all our provinces but
is common only in districts that have extensive bamboo-brakes in
the vicinity of water. In many parts of the lowlands of Nan and on
such a hill as Doi Khun Tan it is numerous; on Doi Suthep, on the
other hand, where its preferred habitat is almost wholly lacking, it is
decidedly rare and local—occurring only between 3,000 and 4,500 feet
and compelled to haunt the edges of evergreen clearings and the thick-
ets and low trees along small streams. One may almost say that its
occurrence at a given locality is contingent upon the presence of suit-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 363

able bamboo jungle and that its numbers, in a given area, vary directly
with the extent of this type of growth.

The habits of this bird are so much like those of the more arboreal
scimitar babblers that it is of considerable interest to find it, on the
mountains, constantly associating with P. 0. ochraceiceps and, in the
lowlands of Nan Province, with P. s. humilis.

A specimen of March 24 is undergoing prenuptial molt of the
feathers of head and neck. Immatures collected by me, May 4 and
June 13, are both in the final stages of the postnatal molt, but de
Schauensee has taken an example, July 15, in which this molt is much
less advanced. All of a series of seven adults shot between May 13
and October 19 are in postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides dull yellow; the eyelids white, edged
slate; the maxilla horny brown, pale fleshy in the narial region, the
culmen dark brown, the extreme tip white; the mandible and interior
of the mouth pale fleshy; the tarsi brown; the toes plumbeous-blue;
the soles yellow; the claws pale fleshy.

The old adult of either sex has the entire head and neck, the edge
of the wing, and some of the upper wing coverts pure white; the
remaining upperparts rufescent olivaceous-brown; the long and
strongly graduated tail olivaceous-brown, each rectrix tipped with
white; at each side of the upper breast a black spot or bar, often pro-
duced to form a more or less complete gorget; the remaining under-
parts rufous-buff, deepest next to the spots or gorget, albescent on the
center of the abdomen and the under tail coverts. The juvenile differs
from the adult chiefly in having the upperparts, including most of the
crown, rufous-brown; the rectrices tipped with grayish rufous instead
of white.

The description given above will apply, in general, to any northern
specimen, but it is noteworthy that, though the birds of each locality
agree well with each other and even, in some cases, with the members
of one or more geographically distant populations, they tend, never-
theless, to differ in important degree from their nearest neighbors.
It is probable that three or four names will eventually be required
to reflect these distinctions; for the present, I leave all Thai aggre-
gates under the oldest available designation.

ACTINODURA EGERTONI RAMSAYI (Walden)
KAREN SPECTACLED BARWING

Actinura Ramsayi WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1875, pp. 402-
403 (Karen-ni; type specimen from Kyai-pho-gyi, fide Wardlaw Ramsay,
in The Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale, 1881,
p. 415, footnote).

Actinodura ramsayi ramsayi, RocERS and DrEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).

983136—45——_24

\

364 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This evidently rare form is known as a Thai bird by only two ex-
amples from Doi Ang Ka: an adult female collected by me at about
6,000 feet, April 24, 1931, and an adult male taken by Griswold (Asiatic
Primate Expedition) at the summit of the mountain, April 1, 1987.

My specimen was one of a pair feeding quietly in a dense thicket
of grass, briers, and low shrubs at an old clearing. The bill, feet, and
some of the feathers were stained with the purple juice of a berry.

The female had the irides light brown; the bill slaty gray; the feet,
toes, and claws horny plumbeous. Griswold has noted that his male
had the irides chestnut; the bill, feet, and toes gray.

The adult of either sex has the upperparts dull olivaceous-brown,
the feathers of the crown (and especially of the forehead) suffused
with rufous, those of the mantle faintly and narrowly barred darker ;
the primary coverts black; the primaries and outer secondaries with
the outer web basally rufous, apically ashy, and barred with black
throughout, the inner web black, broadly margined with rufous-buff
along the basal half; the inner secondaries regularly barred with
ashy olivaceous-brown and black and narrowly tipped with white;
the strongly graduated rectrices olivaceous-brown, suffused with ru-
fous toward the base, all narrowly but distinctly barred throughout
with blackish and tipped with white; a conspicuous eye ring of white
feathers; the sides of the head and neck brownish ashy; the under-
parts ochraceous-buff, cinerescent on the center of the abdomen.

Specimens from Laos, listed (L’Oiseau et la Revue Francaise
d’Ornithologie, 1940, p. 185) by Delacour and Jabouille as of this
race, are really almost exactly intermediate between ramsayi and
yunnanensis ; they should perhaps be called radcliffec.

HETEROPHASIA PICAOIDES CANA (Riley)
INDO-CHINESE LONG-TAILED SIBIA

Sibia picaoides cana, Ritry, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, 1929, p. 166
(Doi Ang Ka, North Thailand).

Sibia picaoides cana, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 588 (Doi Suthep).

Heterophasia picaoides cana, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 188 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BopEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).—Ruitky, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
356 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Heterophasa picaoides cana, DH SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 194 (Doi Suthep).

The range of the long-tailed sibia in northern Thailand is restricted
to those peaks that have evergreen forest at altitudes in excess of
4,500 feet; the species occurs from that elevation to about 7,500 feet
(Doi Ang Ka). It is common on Phu Kha but is unknown from Doi

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 365

Khun Tan (whose summit is too low) and from Doi Chiang Dao
(which lacks suitable forest on the higher slopes).

This bird travels in flocks of as many as 20 individuals, which keep
to the tops of the highest trees but attract attention by their constant
outery and incessant flirting of the tail as they run along the branches.
De Schauensee observes (1929) that “their notes consist of a series of
jumbled whistles and squeaks and a rolling sound like krrr reminis-
cent of the winding of a large clock.” Like other sibias, this species
congregates at flowering trees but may sometimes also be seen feeding
on berries,

A specimen from Doi Ang Ka, April 15, had the testes greatly en-
larged. Examples in postnuptial molt have been taken at various
localities between November 12 and December 15.

A breeding male had the irides brown-orange; the bill black; the
feet and toes dark plumbeous; the claws blackish brown.

The long-tailed sibia has the entire upperparts deep slaty gray (the
wings and tail blackish); the outer secondaries with a large white
spot at the center of the outer web, forming a conspicuous speculum ;
the graduated rectrices broadly tipped ashy gray, above and below;
the underparts ashy gray, somewhat albescent on the center of the

abdomen.
LEIOPTILA CAPISTRATA MELANOLEUCA (Blyth)

TENASSERIMESE BLACK-CAPPED SIBIA

Sibia melanoleuca “Tickell” BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, 1859, p. 413
(“Mountainous interior of the Tenasserim provinces”; type specimen from
Mount Muieyit, fide Tickell, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, 1859, p. 451).

Leioptila melanoleuca laeta DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 470 (Doi Suthep, North Thailand).

Leioptila melanoleuca laeta, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 534 (Doi Suthep) ; 19384, p. 194 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao) .—DEIGNAN,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 188 (Doi Suthep) ; 19386, p. 107
(Doi Suthep).—RILry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 357 (Doi Ang Ka,
Doi Suthep, Doi Langka).

Leioptila melanoleuca melanoleuca, CHASEN and BopeNn Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).

The present form is very common or even abundant in evergreen
forest at elevations in excess of 4,400 feet, on Doi Ang Ka occurring
from that altitude up to about 7,500 feet; it reaches its eastern
periphery of range on the highest peaks of the Khun Tan chain.

At the summit of Doi Suthep, this delightful bird is rivaled in
numbers only by the bulbul, Pyenonotus f. vividus, and, thanks to
its complete lack of timidity, no species is more easily observed. In
small, loose bands (often accompanied by the other sibias) it explores
the epiphyte-laden trees, now ascending an upright trunk like a
Yuhina, again swinging head-downward from the extremity of a
branch like a titmouse, in between running lengthwise along a bough,

366 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

investigating every leaf and blossom and getting its head well dusted
with pollen at the same time, all the while opening and closing the
flabelliform tail and uttering an endless variety of notes, both sweet
ancl discordant, one of the commonest of which is a curious, shrill
k-r-r-r-r-r-r. De Schauensee (1929) has perfectly described its
“pretty and eerie song” as “six notes, the first four on the same
tone, the first about twice as long as the succeeding three, the fifth
note one tone lower and the sixth, which is a long note, one tone
lower than the fifth”; heard on all sides from the mists that
enshroud the peaks after the beginning of the rains, this is one of
the most melancholy sounds imaginable.

No specimens in breeding condition were taken, but I collected
examples in postjuvenal molt between July 11 and 14 and have seen
birds, shot between November 2 and December 6, in postnuptial molt.

The adult has the irides red-brown; the bill, feet, and toes black;
the claws dark horny brown.

In life it has the upper half of the head and the entire upper-
parts glossy black, suffused with ashy on the rump and upper tail
coverts; the primaries with a white or whitish area on the inner web
at the base (invisible in the closed wing) ; the central rectrices with
narrow pale gray tips, the others with outwardly increasingly broad
grayish-white tips (conspicuous from beneath) ; the point of the chin
black; the remaining underparts pure white. After death the mantle
soon becomes deep brown.

Ticehurst has discussed (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1940,
pp. 582-583) the post-mortem color change in this race and the
relationship of laeta to melanoleuca.

I find no reason why capistrata, gracilis, melanoleuca, and
desgodinsi should be considered otherwise than as conspecific forms.

LEIOPTILA ANNECTENS SATURATA Walden
KAREN CHESTNUT-BACKED SIBIA

L{eioptila] saturata Watpen, in Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352, footnote
(Karen-ni).

Leioptila annectens saturata, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 585 (Doi Suthep); 1934, p. 195 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 188 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BoDEN
Ki1oss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—
Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 8357 (Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi
Hua Mot).

Leioptila annectans saturata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).

This sibia is restricted to those high peaks that are clothed with
extensive evergreen forest at elevations in excess of 4,600 feet, on

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 367

Doi Suthep occurring commonly from that altitude to the summit
and on Doi Ang Ka uncommonly from 5,500 to 6,500 feet.

Tt is a less numerous and rather more silent bird than the black-
capped sibia, and it is accordingly less often observed. The habits
of the two seem to differ in no important particulars.

All of a series of seven adults collected between July 13 and Novem-
ber 12 are in postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides brown; the eyelids plumbeous; the
bill black, with the basal half of the mandible yellow; the feet and
toes bright yellow; the claws brownish horn.

The adult has the upper half of the head and the anterior half
of the back black, the feathers of the center of the nape and upper
back with broad ashy-white edges to give a streaked appearance; the
scapulars and the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts chest-
nut, sometimes more or less maculated with black on the scapulars and
the center of the back; the wings black, the greater coverts tipped
with chestnut, the remiges narrowly edged along the outer web with
ashy-white, the inner secondaries with narrow white tips as well;
the rectrices black, with outwardly increasingly broad white tips (con-
spicuous from beneath) ; the underparts white, changing to rich buff
on the flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail coverts.

This is a poorly defined race, variably intermediate between davisons
(of which eximia is doubtless a synonym) and annectens and recog-
nizable only in series. De Schauensee has a unique example from Doi
Suthep (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No, 112261) which might well
be called true davisoni, and it is quite possible that davisoni will
prove to be the form of Doi Ang Ka, whence no skins are yet known;
on the other hand, a worn specimen from Doi Hua Mot could easily
be considered annectens. A series of six from Doi Pha Hom Pok,
in good plumage, are consistently paler than satwrata and they alone
may perhaps properly be placed with the following race.

LEIOPTILA ANNECTENS ANNECTENS Blyth
INDIAN CHESTNUT-BACKED SIBIA

Lleioptila] annectans [sic] BiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, 1847, p.
450 (Darjiling).

De Schauensee’s collectors, between January 22 and February 18,
1938, took five males and one female on Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,000 to 6,400
feet. This subspecies is not likely to occur at any other Thai locality.

In series, annectens differs from saturata in having the chestnut of
the scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts somewhat
paler.

368 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SIVA STRIGULA CASTANICAUDA Hume
TENASSERIMESE CHESTNUT-TAILED SIVA

Siva castanicauda Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, p. 100 (Mount Muleyit,
Tenasserim).

Siva strigula castanicauda, Rogers and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).—RILry, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 558 (Doi
Ang Ka).

Siva strigula castaneicauda, GRreeNnwaAy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p, 173 (Doi

Ang Ka).

This siva is rather common in the low trees which surround the
sphagnum bog at the summit of Doi Ang Ka (8,400 feet, once at 8,000
feet), but it has not yet been recorded from any other locality in our
provinces.

I found it in small flocks in the almost impenetrable thickets of
arboreous rhododendrons, quietly feeding and acting much lke the
blue-winged siva.

Greenway (/oc. cit.) lists a Juvenile taken sometime between March
22 and 31. An example of December 5 has not quite completed post-
nuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides br own; the maxilla blackish brown; the
mandible dark brown, with the ban half fleshy; the tarsi eee
plumbeous; the toes slaty ; the claws brown.

It has the crown dull rufous-orange, suffused with olivaceous, grad-
ually changing at the nape to the grayish olive of the mantle; the pri-
mary coverts black; the remiges black, the outer primaries with the
outer web narrowly edged bright yellow, the inner ones similarly
edged but bright orange toward the base, the outer secondaries edged
bright orange and tipped with white, the inner ones similarly tipped
but without orange and with the basal half of the outer web ashy gray;
the two central pairs of rectrices largely chestnut, otherwise black, and
tipped with yellowish white, the others black with an outwardly in-
creasingly broad yellow tip (the outermost pairs with the outer web
also largely bright yellow) ; the chin bright yellow; the throat white,
with crescent-shaped cross bars formed by the narrow black tips and ex-
posed dark bases of the feathers; an indistinct black mustachial streak
separating the grayish-olive ear coverts from the chin and throat; the
remaining underparts yellow, suffused with olivaceous on the breast
and flanks.

SIVA CYANOUROPTERA SORDIDA Hume

TENASSERIMESE BLUE-WINGED SIVA

Siva sordida Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877, pp. 104-105 (Mount Muleyit,
Tenasserim).

Siva cyanuroptera oatesi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 535 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 196 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 369

Siva cyanouroptera oatesi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 1388
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep) —CHAsrNn and BopgEn Kross, Journ,
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).

Examples which are best placed under this name have been collected
on Doi Ang Ka (4,900 feet), Doi Suthep (4,600 to 5,500 feet), and Doi
Chiang Dao (4,500 to 6,900 feet).

It is an apparently rare bird in Thailand, haunting the more open
evergreen and the hill-forest of oak and chestnut, singly or in pairs, but
often in company with other small arboreal babblers. It isa very silent
form and probably frequently escapes notice through its quiet ways.

A specimen just beginning postjuvenal molt was taken on Doi
Suthep, July 13, 1935.

A male from Doi Ang Ka had the irides creamy white; the maxilla
horny black, with the narial region horny brown and the edges of the
commissure horny gray; the mandible with the apical half horny gray,
the rest horny white; the feet, toes, and claws horny gray-brown.

The adult (in our provinces) has the forehead, crown, and nape dull
brown, more or less strongly washed with violet-blue (especially at
the sides), the front sometimes with faint indications of dark shaft
streaks; the mantle dull olivaceous-brown, suffused with fulvous on
the rump and upper tail coverts (this color sometimes invading the
back) ; the primaries black, with the outer web deep blue; the second-
aries black, the outermost with the outer web narrowly edged violet-
ashy, the following with the outer web narrowly edged violet-blue, the
innermost with the entire outer web brownish ashy; the central pair
of the graduated, truncated rectrices wholly deep blue, the following
pairs with the inner web blackish and the outer web deep blue, the
three outermost pairs with an increasing amount of white on the inner
web until the shortest has the inner web wholly white (and the outer
web black) ; a narrow violet-white supercilium; the ear coverts and
sides of the neck violet-ashy ; the entire underparts white (in the spring
months, often sullied from contact with burned trees). The juvenile
differs from the adult chiefly in having the forehead, crown, and nape
uniform dull brown.

SIVA CYANOQUROPTERA OATESI Harington
SHAN BLUE-WINGED SIVA

Siva cyanuroptera oatesi HARINGTON, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 33, 1913, p. 62
(Mount Byingyi, Loilong State, Southern Shan States).

Siva cyanouroptera oatesi, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 858 (Doi
Hua Mot, Doi Langka).

A form of the blue-winged siva, which may most conveniently be
called oatesi, has been taken on Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka, and Doi
Pha Hom Pok (6,400 feet). It seems to be rather common on these

370 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

more northern peaks, for Smith collected six examples on Langka
between November 10 and 17, 1930, while de Schauensee’s men shot ten
on Pha Hom Pok between February 6 and 24, 1938.

Smith took a specimen in postjuvenal molt on Doi Hua Mot, August
30, 1931; his November birds from Langka are all adults in postnuptial
molt.

From the preceding race this one differs (in our provinces) in having
the front, crown, and nape more strongly suffused with violet-blue
(this color so deep immediately above the supercilium as to form a
definite stripe), the forehead and forecrown with ill-defined blackish
shaft streaks; the whole mantle strongly suffused with fulvous; the
white underparts more or less suffused everywhere (except on the lower
belly and the under coverts of wings and tail) with violet-ashy.

SIVA CYANOUROPTERA WINGATEI Ogilvie Grant
YUNNANESE BLUE-WINGED SIVA

Siva wingatei OGILvie GRANT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 10, 1900, p. 38 (Yunnan-fu,
Yunnan).

Three specimens taken by me at high elevations on Phu Kha, April
9 and 10, 1986, are in badly worn and somewhat discolored plumage
but seem to be inseparable from S. ¢. wingate?.

A bird of April 9 had the ovaries greatly enlarged.

From the examples that I have called oatesi these differ in having
the supercilium edged above by a blue-washed black stripe and the
feathers of front and forecrown with clearly defined black shaft
streaks; the mantle olivaceous-brown, with rather less fulvous suf-
fusion; the suffusion over the underparts somewhat stronger and more
vinaceous-ashy.

For a discussion of the difficulties attendant upon subspecific de-
termination of northern Thai populations of the blue-winged siva, ef.
Deignan, Notulae Naturae Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 100, May
1942.

SIVA CASTANICEPS STRIATA (Blyth)

TENASSERIMESE STRIATED SIVA

Tvulus striatus BuytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, 1859, pp. 413-414
(“Mountainous interior of the Tenasserim provinces”; type specimen “ob-
tained .. . near Tretoungplee, a place at an elevation of about 3,000 feet,
about 10 miles W. N. W. from the Peak of Mooleyit,” fide Hume, Stray
Feathers, vol. 6, 1878, p. 3874).

Staphidia striata striata, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 585 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 195 (Doi Suthep).—CHaAsen and Bopren
Koss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19382, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).—Ritry,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 357 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 371

Staphida striata striata, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 188 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).

The present race of the striated siva is restricted, within our area,
to the mountains west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain, oc-
curring rather commonly from 4,500 to 5,500 feet, and rarely down
to 3,300 feet. In addition to the localities listed above, it is known
from Doi Ang Ka and Doi Chiang Dao.

This little bird is seen in flocks, often accompanied by other small
arboreal babblers, which, constantly chattering, sweep rapidly through
the tops of the bushes and the lower branches of the trees, whether
at the edge of the evergreen or in the open hill-forest. De Schauensee
(1929) records having seen a band of at least 50 feeding among the
flowers of a tree of the genus Cassia at the summit of Doi Suthep.

De Schauensee took two juveniles on Doi Suthep, July 12. I have
examples in postnuptial molt, collected between June 15 and Novem-
ber 19.

My specimens had the irides brown; the bill horny brown; the
feet and toes dark fleshy or orange-flesh; the claws orange-horn.

The adult has the forehead and crest dark grayish brown, each
feather with a grayish-white shaft streak; the mantle olivaceous-
brown, with each feather (except on the rump and upper tail coverts)
similarly streaked; the remiges and graduated rectrices deep brown,
the latter ( except the central pair) with outwardly increasingly broad
white tips; an indistinct superciliary area ashy-gray, this color suf-
fusing the occiput beneath the crest; the ear coverts dull chestnut
(with white shaft streaks), this color often invading the nape to form
an indistinct collar; the entire underparts grayish white, somewhat
sullied with gray on the breast and flanks.

SIVA CASTANICEPS TORQUEOLA Swinhoe
CHINESE STRIATED SIVA

Siva torqueola Sw1inHor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, 1870, pp. 174-175
(Tingchow mountains, about 100 miles from Amoy, Fuhkien).

The Chinese form of the striated siva is known, in Thailand, only
from Phu Kha, where, in April 1936, I found it common between
4,000 and 5,000 feet and collected four specimens.

Examples with the gonads enlarged were taken April 4 and a ju-
venile, which has all but finished postnatal molt, April 11.

From striata this race differs in having the crest a purer gray;
the mantle darker and suffused with rufous; the ear coverts and well-
marked nuchal collar rich chestnut.

The population of Phu Kha tends to be rather smaller than torqueola
of Fuhkien but not sufficiently so to justify subspecific separation.

372 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
YUHINA FLAVICOLLIS ROGERSI Deignan
PHU KHA FERRUGINOUS-COLLARED YUHINA

Yuhina flavicollis rogersi DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 50, 1937,
pp. 217-218 (Phu Kha, Nan Province, North Thailand).

This bird is rather common in the humid evergreen between 5,000
and 5,500 feet (the summit) on Phu Kha, but it is not yet known from
any other locality.

In forest so dark that only scattered ferns grew beneath the trees,
I found the yuhina usually perched quietly upon some high branch
but occasionally fluttering up a mossy trunk in the manner of Alcippe
castaneceps exul, In that remote upland jungle, where probably the
report of a gun had never yet been heard and where the smaller crea-
tures had no knowledge of man, it proved to be a bird almost without
fear.

Specimens taken on April 10 and 11 had the gonads highly active.

It has the forehead and crest dark brown; the ear coverts and the
occiput, beneath the crest, gray-brown; a distinct nuchal collar, be-
ginning at the sides of the neck behind the ear coverts, ferruginous;
the remaining upperparts olivaceous-brown; an incomplete eye ring
of pure white feathers; the lores and a narrow mustachial streak, ex-
tending to the ferruginous collar, black; the chin, throat, and center of
the breast and abdomen, white; the sides of the breast olivaceous-
brown with white streaks; the flanks similar but gradually changing
to pale grayish fulvous on the under tail coverts.

ERPORNIS ZANTHOLEUCA ZANTHOLEUCA Hodgson
INDIAN HERPORNIS

Erp[ornis] zantholeuca Hopeson, in Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 13,
1844, p. 380 (Nepal).

Herpornis vcantholeuca, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 62 (Khun Tan).

Herpornis zcantholeuca tyrannulus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 479 (“Northern
Siam’’).

Erpornis zantholeuca tyrannula, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1231, p. 188 (Doi Suthep).

Erpornis rantholeuca xantholeuca, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 196 (Khun Tan).

Erpornis zantholeuca zantholeuca, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 359
(Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, Khun Tan).

The herpornis is common in the more open evergreen and the mixed-
deciduous forest throughout our provinces. On Doi Ang Ka and Dot
Khun Tan it has been recorded at 3,500 feet and on Doi Suthep, from
2,700 to 4,000 feet (rarely as low as 2,100 feet); in Fhrae and Nan

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 373

Provinces, where suitable jungle grows at feeble elevations, it occurs
at the very bases of the hills.

This is a wholly arboreal form that, in flocks, large or small, and
often accompanied by tits and nuthatches, travels rapidly along the
edges of clearings and forest tracks, busily investigating the leaves
and cracks in the bark or even hanging head-downward from the
ends of twigs, all the while uttering notes not unlike those of a
titmouse.

A specimen with the gonads enlarged was taken on April 18, but
another with them greatly enlarged was collected as early as March
93. Birds in full juvenal plumage were found on April 25 and May
10. Postnuptial molt is shown in examples of August 27 and 29 and
postjuvenal molt in one of September 9.

An adult female had the irides brown; the maxilla horn, with the
edges of the commissure fleshy; the mandible fleshy; the interior of
the mouth bright yellow; the feet, toes, and claws fleshy.

The adult of either sex has the entire upperparts, including the
crest, golden-olive, the remiges and rectrices narrowly margined with
yellow along the inner web; the lores, narrow eye ring, ear coverts,
and underparts white, more or less strongly suffused with ashy; the
under coverts of wings and tail yellow. The juvenile is similar but
has the nape and mantle strongly suffused with tawny.

I can distinguish only four continental races of this species:
tyrannula, zantholeuca, interposita, and canescens, of which only the
last may be known definitely by color characters. Among the other
three we find, from north to south, a gradual increase in length of
wing and heaviness of bill, with tyrannula and interposita represent-
ing the extreme forms and zantholeuca the intermediate. £. 2. sor-
dida (paratypes examined), described from worn specimens (March,
May), seems to be quite inseparable from zantholeuca.

ALCIPPE CASTANECEPS EXUL Delacour
INDO-CHINESE CHESTNUT-CAPPED BABBLER

Alcippe castaneiceps exul Drtacour, L’Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d’Orni-
thologie, new ser., vol. 2, No. 3, 1932, pp. 427-428 (Phu Kong Ntoul, Bolovens
plateau, Bas-Laos).

Pseudominla castaneiceps castaneiceps, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 194 (Doi Suthep).—Derrienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).

Pseudominla castaneceps castaneceps, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388,
p. 856 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Pseudominla castaneiceps exsul, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 178
(Doi Ang Ka).

This diminutive babbler probably occurs on all the northern peaks
whose slopes are heavily forested above an elevation of 5,000 feet.

374 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

On Doi Ang Ka it is very common from about 5,000 to 6,800 feet,
somewhat less so thence to the summit; on Doi Suthep it has been
recorded but twice (at 5,500 feet) : February 6, 1933, and February
6, 1936; east of the Khun Tan range it is iat ne ou Phu Kha,
where it is rather rare.

On Ang Ka Luang it is one of the most conspicuous forms of the
dense evergreen and may be seen in large flocks (usually accompanied
by other small timaliine species). It has the titlike habit of flutter-
ing jerkily up the trunks of the larger trees, uttering a ceaseless
conversational chippering.

An example with the gonads enlarged was taken on Doi Ang Ka,
April 29; another, which has virtually completed the postnatal molt,
on Doi Langka, April 24. The only specimen seen in postnuptial
molt was collected on Doi Hua Mot, August 17.

A breeding male had the irides brown; the maxilla black; the
mandible with the apical half plumbeous, otherwise pale yellowish;
the rictus and interior of the mouth bright yellow; the feet and toes
horny yellow; the claws yellowish horn. An adult female had the
irides maroon; the maxilla dark brown; the mandible with the apical
half brown, then fleshy white, and yellow at the base; the rictus and
interior of the mouth bright yellow; the feet, toes, and soles dull yellow ;
the claws horny.

This species has the forehead, crown, and nape chestnut, the feathers
of the forehead with broad white centers, those of the crown and nape
with rufous-white shaft streaks; the mantle olive, more or less suffused
with rufous; the primary coverts black; the outermost primaries with
the outer web grayish white, the others with the outer web largely
orange-rufous; the exposed portions of the wing otherwise olive; the
tail dark gray, washed with olive; a white supercilium; the ear
coverts silvery white, bordered above by a broad, black postocular
streak, below by a narrow, black mustachial streak; the underparts
white, heavily washed on the sides of the neck and breast and along
the flanks with olivaceous-buff.

Without recently collected material of castaneceps, it is really
impossible to decide whether exuw/ is a valid form. Old skins of the
former differ from fresh skins of the latter in having the underparts
washed with ochraceous-buff, not olivaceous-buff, so, at least for the
present, I accept Delacour’s race. Since birds taken east and west of
the Khun Tan chain are inseparable, one may assume that exul, if
distinct, ranges from Laos to Tenasserim.

ALCIPPE RUFOGULARIS MAJOR (Stuart Baker)
MoyrEen-LAOsS RUFOUS-THROATED BABBLER

Schoeniparus rufigularis major Sruart Baxer, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 41,
1920, p. 11 (Pak Mat, “Siam” [Pak Mat, Moyen-Laos]).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND She

S[choeniparus] r[ufogularis] major [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1938, p. 28 (Ban Huai Som).

In the moist evergreen of the little Huai Som valley, at the eastern
base of the Nan-Phrae border-range, this bird is apparently not un-
common, and I collected three males there, March 28 and 29, 1937.

It is a terrestrial feeder, which usually stays beneath the densest
thickets but, occasionally, may come out onto some narrow trail
whence, at the first alarm, it takes refuge again in the undergrowth.
At least when disturbed, it utters a continual chur-r-r, chur-r-r,
chur-r-r.

All my specimens had the gonads greatly enlarged.

It has the crown, nape, and uppermost back dull chestnut-rufous,
this area completely bordered by a narrow black band (which tends to
be disconnected on the upper back) ; the remaining upperparts rufous-
brown, washed with olivaceous on the mantle; a narrow white super-
cilium below the black coronal border; the ear coverts olivaceous-
brown; the sides of the neck ferruginous, this area joined with a deep
chestnut-rufous gorget across the lower threat (often broken at the
center) ; the chin and the rest of the throat pure white; the breast
olivaceous-gray; the flanks olivaceous-brown; the abdomen white;
the under tail coverts pale ferruginous.

The birds of Ban Huai Som, taken about 56 miles west of Pak Mat,
are undoubtedly major. On the other hand, a pair from Ban Nam
Puat, in the French Enclave, about 90 miles northwest of Pak Mat,
erroneously identified by me, and also by de Schauensee (loc. cit.),
as major, are probably of the race blanchardi. The latter is described
(Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1928, p. 182) as differing from major
“in its smaller size, more olivaceous, less yellowish underparts,
browner breast, dull brown under tail-coverts.” The Nam Puat
specimens have, in fact, the underparts less olivaceous, more rufous,
than major and I strongly suspect that a /apsus calamé has caused the
characters to be reversed in the original description. A. 7. blanchardi,
as here understood, may be known from major by its smaller size;
deeper color of the upperparts, gorget, and under tail coverts; paler
brown ear coverts; and more rufous flanks.

ALCIPPE POIOICEPEALA FARINGTONIAE Hartert
SHAN GRAY-EYED QUAKER BABBLER

Alcippe haringtoniae HARTERT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. vol. 25, 1909, p. 10 (Bhamo.
Upper Burma).

Alcippe phaurei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 21
(Khao Phlung).

Alcippe phaeocephala magnirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1936, p. 58 (Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 482 (Doi Pha Sakaeng,
Khao Phlung).

376 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Alcippe sp., GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 59 (Doi

Pha Sakaeng).
Alcippe poioicephala harringtoniae, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 588 (Chiang Saen).
Alcippe poioicephala magnirostris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 193 (Chiang Dao, Khun Tan).
Alcippe poioicephala karenni, Dr1icNAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,

p. 107 (Doi Suthep).
Alcippe poioicephala haringtoniae, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 352

(Khun Tan).
Alcippe poiocephala haringtoniae, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 172

(Chiang Dao, Doi Nang Kaeo).

This quaker babbler is found only at those localities where evergreen
forest grows below 3,500 feet. It is very common on the plains and
lower hills of the districts north and east of the Khun Tan chain and
at such places as Samoeng and Chiang Dao; on Doi Suthep, whose
lower slopes are covered with deciduous jungle, it is necessarily very
rare (three records) and restricted to the lowest fringe of the evergreen
(3,300 to 3,500 feet).

The habits of the present species differ in no important way from
those of the following one, and just where their altitudinal limits of
range come together the two forms may sometimes be seen in the same
flock.

An example with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken on Doi
Suthep, 8,500 feet, March 12, 1932. At other localities have been col-
lected a bird completing postnatal molt, April 24; one in full juvenal
plumage, May 10; and a long series of adults in postnuptial molt, be-
tween June 17 and December 5. Gyldenstolpe’s “Aleippe sp.” from
Doi Pha Sakaeng, July 17, 1914, has been examined and found to be a
specimen of this form in postjuvenal molt.

A breeding male had the irides gray; the maxilla horny brown; the
mandible horny yellow; the feet and toes fleshy yellow; the claws horn.

Our two species of quaker babbler are extraordinarily similar but
A. p. haringtoniae may readily be known by its not having a white eye
ring. It differs also in somewhat greater size and in having the crown
and nape brownish gray, the sides of the head and neck brownish buff.

ALCIPPE MORRISONIA LAOTIANA Delacour
LAO RED-EYED QUAKER BABBLER

Alcippe nipalensis laotianus DELAcouR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926, p. 19
(Chiang Khwang, Laos).

Alcippe nepalensis fratercula, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 5383 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 193 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).
Alcippe nipalensis fratercula, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 1388 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and Bopen Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Ott

Suppl, 1936, p. 107 (Doi Suthep).—Ruizey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 851 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Alcippe fratercula fratercula, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 172
(Doi Ang Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo),

The red-eyed quaker babbler is very common or even abundant on
all the higher peaks, including Phu Kha, ranging through the ever-
green from 3,500 to 8,000 feet.

The large flocks of this fearless bird, usually accompanied by other
small babblers and, sometimes, by bulbuls, nuthatches, and tits as well,
swarm through the undergrowth and lower trees with a continual
conversational chatter. It frequently follows the forest tracks and,
thanks to its consuming curiosity, is one of the most easily observed
members of the family.

A specimen with the gonads enlarged was taken on Phu Kha, April
13. I collected juveniles, April 16 and May 2, and adults in postnuptial
molt between July 14 and November 28.

An adult male had the irides red-brown; the bill horny brown; the
feet, toes, and claws horny brown. De Schauensee’s birds had the irides
red; the bill gray, tinged pink at the base of the mandible; the
feet, toes, and claws fleshy brown or fleshy yellow.

This form, in fresh plumage, has the crown, nape, uppermost back,
and sides of the head and neck sooty gray, with a more or less dis-
tinct dull black streak from above each eye to the upper back; the
remaining upperparts olivaceous-brown; a ring of grayish-white
feathers around the eye (obvious in life) ; the entire underparts buff.

I follow Mayr (Ibis, 1941, p. 73) in the assumption that Rippon’s
fratercula is the rather larger, more northern race, in which case the
name laotiana becomes available for the birds of our area.

CHRYSOMMA SINENSE SINENSE (Gmelin)
CHINESE YELLOW-EYED BABBLER

[Parus] sinensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1012 (China;
type locality restricted to Kwangtung, by Stresemann and Heinrich, Mitt.
Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 24, 1940, p. 205).

Pyctoris sinensis major, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 566 (Chiang Mai).

Chrysomma sinensis sinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 1386 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 106 (Chiang Mai).

Chrysomma sinensis major, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 188 (Chiang Mai).

This babbler has been found only at Muang Fang and Chiang Mai
and on Doi Ang Ka at about 4,300 feet (in the brush of the cleared
valley below Pha Mon).

At Chiang Mai and Muang Fang I met with it in parties of as
many as a dozen individuals, in exactly the same places as, and almost
always in company with, the commoner 7imalia p. intermedia.

378 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Specimens with the gonads enlarged were taken at Chiang Mai, May
3, and on Doi Ang Ka, September 8. An example from Muang Fang,
July 15, is in juvenal dress.

An adult female of July 6 had the irides golden-orange; the eye ring
red-orange; the orbital region bright yellow; the bill black, with the
narial region yellow; the rictus and skin of the chin yellow; the in-
terior of the mouth black; the feet and toes bright yellow; the claws
horny flesh. The interior of the mouth is said to be yellow in winter.

The yellow-eyed babbler has the entire upperparts rufous-brown ;
the exposed portions of the remiges cinnamon; the lores and a short,
indistinct supercilium white; the underparts white, suffused with
buffy on the lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts and
with cinnamon-buff on the thighs.

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS VIVIDUM La Touche
INDO-CHINESE STREAKED-BREASTED BABBLER

Pellorneum nipalense vividum La ToucHEr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 42, 1921, p. 17
(Hokow, southeastern Yunnan),

Pellorneum subochraceum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 20 ([“Vang Nun,” Den Chai]) ; 1916, p. 56 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan,
Pang Hua Phong) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 165 (listed).

Pellorneum ruficeps subochraceum [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 481
(“Throughout the whole country” [partim]).—pbrz SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 18& (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Pellorneum ruficeps subochraceum, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 582 (Chiang Saen).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 187 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 19386, p. 106 (Chiang Mai,
Doi Suthep).

Pellorneum ruficeps vividum, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 8850 (Khun
Tan, Ban Nam Khian).

The spotted babbler is fairly common in every part of our area,
chiefly at low elevations but, where the vegetation is suitable, occur-
ring also on the mountains to about 5,000 feet. On the plains, it is
a characteristic inhabitant of the bamboo, whether in pure stands
or mixed with deciduous trees; on the hills, it dwells both in bamboo
and in the high grass of the open forest of oak and pine. I have never
found it in true evergreen jungle at any locality.

This bird, singly or in pairs, keeps to the dense lower portions of
the bamboo clumps or to the deep shade of the ground beneath them,
only rarely venturing onto an open trail and thence, at the first alarm,
scuttling again into the nearest cover. During the hot months of
spring its sweet song, delivered from some concealed perch in the heart
of the canes, is repeated again and again, asking: Where have’ you’’
been? In life, the pure white feathers of the throat are always par-
tially erected, much like those of Criniger.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 379

An example with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken by Gylden-
stolpe at an unspecified locality, March 5, 1912. I collected specimens
in postjuvenal molt between July 3 and August 27 and others in post-
nuptial molt between July 3 and December 2.

An adult male had the irides red; the maxilla horny brown, horn at
the tip; the mandible horn, with the basal half yellow; the feet and
toes light brownish yellow; the claws horny yellow. An adult female
from Doi Suthep, 2,400 feet, had the irides crimson-lake; the maxilla
horny brown; the mandible with the basal half yellowish fleshy, the
apical half plumbeous-blue; the feet, toes, and claws fleshy.

The adult has the crown and nape dull chestnut-rufous; the remain-
ing upperparts olivaceous-brown; a conspicuous supercilium pale
buffy, posteriorly mixed with olivaceous-brown; the ear coverts light
brown, indistinctly edged above and below by blackish streaks; the
throat immaculate white; the remaining underparts pale buffy (albes-
cent on the center of the abdomen), on the breast and sides of the body
more or less heavily streaked with blackish brown or dark olivaceous-
brown; the under tail coverts with dark or light olivaceous-brown
centers. The juvenile, which is unstreaked below, is colored much like
the adult of P. ¢. ochraceum; within a short time, however, it can
be distinguished from older birds only by the unmarked under tail
coverts.

PELLORNEUM ALBIVENTRE CINNAMOMEUM (Rippon)

INDO-CHINESE SPOTTED-THROATED BABBLER

Drymocataphus cinnamomeus Rippon, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 11, 1900, p. 12
(Loi Mai, Southern Shan States).

Pellorneum ignotum cinnamomeun, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1984, pp. 3, 189 (Doi Chiang Dao).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 106 (Doi Suthep).

This babbler, which is evidently one of our rarest forms, is known
from Thailand by only two specimens: A female taken by me on Doi
Suthep, 5,500 feet, September 10, 1931 (now in the Princeton Museum
of Zoology), and a female collected by de Schauensee on Doi Chiang
Dao, 5,000 feet, January 18, 1933. Another was shot by me on Doi
Suthep, 5,300 feet, sometime prior to September 10, 1931, but was too
nearly destroyed for preservation; despite constant search for the
species during subsequent years, it was never met with again.

It seems to occur only in extensive stands of lalang, keeping to the
ground and not likely to be noted unless it darts across a path, looking
exactly like a mouse.

My specimen had the irides brownish red; the maxilla dark horny
brown; the mandible white; the tarsi dusky flesh; the toes fleshy; the
claws horny flesh.

583136—45

25

380 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The adult has the entire upperparts dark olivaceous-brown (slightly
more rufous on the wings and tail), the feathers of the forehead and
crown narrowly edged darker to give a scaly appearance; the lores and
superciliary region ashy; the ear coverts ashy brown; the chin and
throat grayish white, the feathers tipped with small sagittate marks;
the remaining underparts rufous-buff, albescent on the center of the
abdomen.

PELLORNEUM TICKELLI OCHRACEUM (Kinnear)

LAO BUFF-BREASTED BABBLER

Drymocataphus tickelli ochraceus KinNEAR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 55, 1834,
p. 53. New name for Drymocataphus tickelli olivaceus Kinnear, 1924 (Bao
Ha, Tongking), not P[ellorneuwm] olivaceum Jerdon, 1839, nor Mizornis
olivaceus Tickell, 1859 [=Pellorneum tickelli Blyth 1859].

Drymocataphus tickelli, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 58 (Pha Kho).

Drymocataphus tickelli tickelli [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 481 (Pha
Kho).

Ae tickelli (apparently P. t. olivacewm), RocERs and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol.
Soe. Washington, 1934, p. 92 (Doi Ang Ka).

Pellorneum tickelli olivaceum, D—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 190 (Doi Chiang Dao).

Drymocataphus tickelli olivaceus, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 382
(Khun Tan).

The buff-breasted babbler is generally distributed across the north-
ern provinces in districts of dense evergreen or even mixed-deciduous
forest but is everywhere apparently rare and especially so in the
country west of the Khun Tan range. Specimens have been taken at
Doi Mae Kong Ka, Ban Samoeng, Doi Ang Ka at 4,400 feet, Doi Suthep
at 3,800 feet (sole record), Doi Chiang Dao at 4,000 feet, Doi Nang
Kaeo, Doi Khun Tan at 3,000 feet, Pha Kho, Huai Oi, Ban Hai Huai
Som, Phu Kha, and Kiu Chang Kong.

This retiring species feeds silently on or near the ground in the most
tangled thickets and is, accordingly, seldom seen. De Schauensee
states (1934) that he captured one example in a trap set for pittas.

I collected specimens with the gonads enlarged at Ban Hai Huai
Som, March 28, and at Huai Oi, April 5, and others in postnuptial
molt between October 22 and November 7.

An adult female had the irides bright brown; the eyelids edged pale
orange; the maxilla dark horny brown, with the edges of the com-
missure fleshy white ; the mandible with the apical half fleshy, the basal
half fleshy white; the interior of the mouth light yellow; the feet,
toes, and claws fleshy.

It has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown (slightly more ru-
fous on the wings and tail), the feathers of the forehead and crown

with buffy shaft streaks; the sides of the head brownish buff, the ear —

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 381

coverts with buffy shaft streaks; the underparts buff, albescent on the
throat and the center of the abdomen.

STACHYRIS STRIOLATA HELENAE Delacour and Greenway
LAO SPOTTED-NECKED BABBLER

Stachyris striolata helenae DrLAcour and GREENWAY, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
vol. 59, 1939, pp. 180-181 (Ban Nam Khuang, 20 km. west of Ban Huai
Sai, on the left bank of the Mae Khong, Haut-Laos).

The Lao spotted-necked babbler is known from Thailand only by a
pair I collected on Phu Kha, about 4,500 feet, April 9, 1936.

They were taken at the edge of a trail in the narrow belt between an
overgrown fai and a stand of undisturbed evergreen—where scrubby
bamboo and tangled vines concealed scattered rocks and long-felled
trees. I found them not at all shy but almost impossible to see in the
heavy cover.

Although the birds were obviously paired, I found their gonads to
be quite inactive.

My specimens had the irides red-brown; the maxilla black, with
the edges of the commissure plumbeous; the mandible plumbeous; the
tarsi horn; the toes horny yellow; the claws horn.

This species has the crown and nape dull chestnut-brown (streaked
with black on the forehead) ; the remaining upperparts dark oliva-
ceous-brown, more rufous on the wings and tail; the supercilium black,
the feathers with broad white centers, joining, on the sides of the neck,
a postauricular patch, which anteriorly has the feathers black with
broad white centers, and posteriorly has them dull chestnut-brown
but with similar centers; a white area below the eye, bordered behind
by the slaty ear coverts, below, by a black mustachial streak; the throat
pure white; the remaining underparts orange-rufous, brightest on
the breast and washed with brown along the flanks.

STACHYRIS NIGRICEPS YUNNANENSIS La Touche
YUNNANESE GRAY-THROATED BABBLER

Stachyris nigriceps yunnanensis LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 42, 1921,
p. 18 (Hokow, southeastern Yunnan).

Stachyris nigriceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
21 (Ban Huai Hom).

Stachyris nigriceps davisoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 484 (‘Northern
Siam”).—p& ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 191
(Doi Suthep).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 106
(Doi Suthep).

Stachyris nigriceps coltarti, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 582 (Doi Suthep).—DertIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 187 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsSEN and BopeNn Kross, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—Rtrey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 344 (Doi Langka). 2

382 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Stachyris nigriceps yunnanensis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
170 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo).

The gray-throated babbler is found chiefly in the mountain ever-
green between 3,500 and 5,500 feet (usually above 4,500 feet) but, in
districts of lowland evergreen, occurs also at feeble elevations. It
seems to be generally, although locally, distributed throughout our
provinces.

It is seen in flocks, often with Alcippe spp. and other small babblers,
in the densest undergrowth, moving with such rapidity through the
tangled vegetation that it can rarely be observed satisfactorily.

Examples with the gonads greatly enlarged were taken in Nan Prov-
ince, March 29 and April 5. A specimen in full juvenal dress was col-
lected June 22 and others, in postjuvenal molt, between August 17 and
September 2.

My birds had the irides tan; the maxilla black; the mandible plum-
beous, with the extreme tip blackish horn; the feet and toes light green-
ish brown; the claws light horny brown.

This species has the crown black, each feather fringed with ashy
white to give a streaked appearance; the center of the nape and the re-
maining upperparts olivaceous-brown, more rufous on the wings and
tail; a supercilium, white immediately above the eye, ashy white poste-
riorly, separated from the crown by a conspicuous black line, which be-
gins above the eye and reaches the side of the nape, where it is divided
from the olive-brown portion of the nape by an edging of ashy white;
the ear coverts light brown; the throat gray, bordered at each side by a
short grayish-white mustachial streak; the remaining underparts
rich buff, brightest on the breast and washed with olivaceous-brown
along the flanks.

S.n. yunnanensis is distinguishable from coltarté in having the un-
derparts paler and the throat patch uniformly gray, not blackish poste-
riorly; from davisond, in having the dark markings of the head black,
not blackish brown, thus contrasting more with the pale edgings of the
feathers.

STACHYRIS CHRYSAEA ASSIMILIS Walden

KAREN GOLDEN-HEADED BABBLER

S[trachyrhis] assmilis [sic] WALDEN, in Blyth, Catalogue of the mammals and
birds of Burma, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 48, pt. 2, extra no., 1875, p. 116
(IXaren-ni).

Stachyris chrysaea assimilis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 187 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 106 (Doi Suthep). —pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 191 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—RILry,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 347 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The Karen golden-headed babbler has been found, in addition to
the localities named above, only on Doi Ang Ka and Phu Kha. On all

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 383

these mountains it is uncommon and restricted to the heavy evergreen
between 4,600 and 5,500 feet.

Its habits are quite like those of Stachyris n. yunnanensis and Al-
cippe m. laotiana, two species with which it is usually associated.

An example from Phu Kha, April 8, had the gonads greatly enlarged ;
two from Doi Hua Mot, August 30, are in postnuptial molt.

De Schauensee records (1934) that his specimens had the irides
red-brown; the bill black, fleshy at the base of the mandible; the feet,
toes, and claws yellow.

In fresh plumage, the adult has the forehead and crown dull golden,
the feathers with ill-defined blackish central streaks; the remaining
upperparts olive; the lores and, sometimes, a more or less distinct short
mustachial streak slaty gray; the entire underparts bright yellow.
In worn plumage and after death, the yellow becomes much less
bright.

STACHYRIS CHRYSAEA AURATA de Schauensee
SOUTHERN SHAN GOLDEN-HEADED BABBLER

Stachyris chrysaea aurata DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 90, 1938, p. 29 (Doi Pha Hom Pok, North Thailand).

This race is still known only from the original series of three adults
(two males, one female), taken by de Schauensee’s collectors on Doi
Pha Hom Pok, 6,400 feet, in February, 1938.

From assimilis, aurata differs in having the pileum bright golden
and the mantle golden-olive.

S. c. aurata seems to be a valid form, intermediate between assimilis
and chrysaea. S. c. assimilis has the lores and mustachial streak slaty
gray, the pileum dull golden with ill-defined blackish streaks, the
mantle olive; awrata has the lores and mustachial streak slaty gray,
the pileum bright golden with ill-defined blackish streaks, the mantle
golden-olive; chrysaea has the lores and mustachial streak black,
the pileum blight golden with well-defined black streaks, and the
mantle olive-golden. It is, of course, essential that specimens of ap-
proximately the same date of collection be used for comparison.

STACHYRIS RUFIFRONS RUFIFRONS Hume
PEGUAN RUFOUS-FRONTED BABBLER

Stachyris rufifrons HuME, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1873, pp. 479-480 (“On the dry
western slopes of the Pegu Hills’).

A single mummified specimen (Princeton), collected by me on Doi
Ang Ka, 4,400 feet, in April 1931, agrees best with the present race,
which is not otherwise known from Thailand.

The species, always at that season in pairs, was observed several
times in a dense stand of lalang.

384 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The adult of either sex has the forehead and forecrown rufous,
the feathers with obsolescent black shaft streaks; the remaining upper-
parts light olivaceous-brown; the lores whitish; the ear coverts pale
buff; the chin and upper throat white (this color contrasting with
the rest of the lower plumage), the feathers with conspicuous black
shaft streaks; the remaining underparts warm buff; the edge of the
wing, the under wing coverts, and the axillaries pure white.

STACHYRIS RUFIFRONS RODOLPHEI Deignan
Dot CHIANG DAO RUFOUS-FRONTED BABBLER

Stachyris rodolphet DEIGNAN, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 24,
1939, p. 110 (Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai Province, northwestern Thailand).

Stachyris rufifrons rufifrons, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 192 (Doi Chiang Dao).

This bird is known by only three specimens, all from Doi Chiang
Dao: A female collected by de Schauensee at 5,500 feet, January 14,
1933, and two males taken by me at 3,825 and 3,525 feet, March 21,
1937. ‘Though it may prove to be restricted in range to the type local-
ity, I suspect that it will be found to occur also on Doi Pha Hom Pok
and perhaps on other northwestern peaks.

My examples, each of which had the gonads greatly enlarged, were

obtained in tall bamboo forest; they conducted themselves quite like

Mixornis g. sulphurea.

De Schauensee has noted that his specimen had the irides red; the ~

bill dark gray; the feet, toes, and claws olive.

Following my original description, this form has the “front and
crown dull, dark rufous, with inconspicuous dark shaft-streaks; upper-
parts, including wings and tail, dark olivaceous-brown; lores and
feathers above eye pure gray; ear coverts olive-brown; edge of wing,
under wing coverts, and axillaries pale gray; chin and upper throat
pale gray with conspicuous black shaft-streaks and sharply defined
from the remaining under parts; lower throat and upper breast oliva-
ceous-buff, changing to a dull, light olivaceous-brown on rest of breast,
abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts—the whole bird below darker
and duller than any [other] race of rufifrons.”

I am now of the opinion that Stachyris rodolphei may properly be
considered a mere subspecies of the rujfifrons group. Such treatment,
however, for reasons stated under the following form, requires that
Stachyris “rufifrons” insuspecta be attached to the species ruficeps
(ef. Deignan, Zoe. cit., p. 112).

STACHYRIS RUFICEPS INSUSPECTA Deignan
THAI RUFOUS-CROWNED BABBLER

Stachyris rufifrons insuspecta DEIGNAN, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser.,
vol. 24, 1939, p. 111 (Thateng, Bolovens plateau, Bas-Laos).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 385

Stachyridopsis rufifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 59 (Pha Kho, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Stachyridopsis rufifrons rujifrons, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 482 (“Northern
and northwestern Siam’’).

I place with this rare and little-known form of the rufous-crowned
babbler three specimens from northern Thailand: A male taken by de
Schauensee’s men on Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,400 feet, February 18, 1938
(a paratype) and two males collected by Gyldenstolpe at Pha Kho
and Doi Pha Sakaeng, respectively, April 13 and July (not April) 28,
1914.

Gyldenstolpe has stated (1916) that “these birds kept to the under-
erowth among the valleys which were mostly clothed with dense ever-
green forests. I never saw them skulking about among the lower
trees or bushes as Mixornis gularis minor” (=M. g. sulphurea.

The example from Doi Pha Hom Pok had the irides chestnut; the
bill gray; the feet and toes yellowish gray. That from Pha Kho had
the irides reddish brown; the bill plumbeous; the feet and toes light
brown. The one from Doi Pha Sakaeng had the irides brown; the
bill horn color; the feet and toes dirty yeliow.

I originally described this race as having the “front and crown
orange-rufous with conspicuous black shaft-streaks; upper plumage
medium olivaceous-brown; lores yellowish-gray; ear-coverts oliva-
ceous-fulvous; edge of wing, wing-coverts, and axillaries white washed
with buffy; chin and upper throat buffy-white (or buff) with con-
spicuous black shaft-streaks and merging into remainder of lower
plumage, which is nearest antimony yellow (Ridgway) and slightly
more olivaceous on the flanks.”

In December 1931, on the steep, grass-covered slopes of Doi Chiang
Dao at some 6,000 feet, I met with a small party of a strange Stachyrvs,
of which I succeeded in collecting one mutilated specimen ; it was iden-
tified in the flesh as a form of Stachyris ruficeps, as understood by
Stuart Baker (Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1922, p.
268), and my identification of the fragments was subsequently con-
firmed by Chasen at the Raffles Museum. I now have no doubt that
this example belonged to the race later named insuspecta, and since
de Schauensee took S. rufifrons rodolphet in the grasslands at 5,500
feet, I find it impossible to agree with Mayr in his view that the forms
of rufifrons and those of ruficeps are conspecific. Inasmuch as insus-
pecta seems to have an extensive range in our provinces, it is highly
likely to occur with rujifrons or with rodolphei also at other localities.

It was suggested by Gyldenstolpe (1916, but not 1920) that the two
specimens in Stockholm might represent distinct races, but my ex-
amination of them in 1939 revealed to me no important differences.
In the absence of comparative material and pertinent literature, I

386 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

made the following notes on them: “Whole crown (not nape) rufous,
but merging on hinder part with olive-brown of back. Throat patch
small, not well defined, buffy white; lores buffy gray. All below
tawny-buff, more intense on breast. Coronal shafts black, conspicuous
only at forehead.” These remarks seem to place them with S. 7. in-
suspecta in the table of characters prepared by me at the original de-
scription (pp. 113-114).

Since the type series of znsuspecta came from only two localities so
remote from each other as Doi Pha Hom Pok and the Bolovens pla-
teau, it was made imperative by the facts of Indo-Chinese zoogeog-
raphy that the race be found also at intermediate stations. Its pre-
sumable occurrence at Pha Kho (east of the Khun Tan chain) now
goes far to rationalize the extensive and anomalous range indicated
for the bird by my original material.

MIXORNIS GULARIS SULPHUREA (Rippon)
SHAN YELLOW-BREASTED BABBLER

Stachyridopsis sulphurea Rippon, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 11, 1900, p. 11
(“Namehet” [=Nam Chet], Southern Shan States).

Mixornis rubricapillus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 21 (Den Chai, Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 165
(listed).

Mizornis gularis minor GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol.
56, No. 2, 1916, pp. 60-61 (Pha Kho, North Thailand, Khun Tan, Doi Pha
Sakaeng).

Mizornis gularis minor, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 137
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 106 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Mizxornis sumatrana minor, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 484 (‘Throughout
northern Siam’’).

Mizornis gularis sulphurea, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 566 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 192 (Chiang Mai).—RIey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 350 (Doi Ang Ka, Khun Tan, Ban Nam Khian).—
GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 171 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

Mizornis rubricapilla minor [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 5838 (Chiang Mai).

This race of the yellow-breasted babbler is very common throughout
all the northern provinces except Chiang Rai in lowland areas over-
grown with bushy scrub, coarse grass, and especially bamboo; it is
somewhat less common at similar territory in the hills, reaching 3,500
feet on Doi Suthep, 4,000 feet on Doi Ang Ka, 4,500 feet on Phu Kha,
and 5,000 feet on Doi Chiang Dao.

This species is by far the most numerous of its family in submontane
districts and can almost always be found in the great clumps of
bamboo that line stream courses and irrigation canals and in the
tangled brush that follows the abandonment of cultivation. It occurs
in flocks of a dozen or more individuals and is rather parine in ac-
tions, as it flits rapidly from twig to twig (usually not far above the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 387

ground), all the while spreading and twitching the tail. The common
call note is a buzzing shi-shi-shi-shi in descending scale; the song,
a whistled sweet’-chu-chi-chi-chi-chii or chi’-choo-chood-choo, with
the opening note higher, the others uttered rapidly in a monotone.

An example of March 6 had the gonads greatly enlarged. Juveniles
that had not yet completed the postnatal molt were taken April 4 and
June 4. Postnuptial molt is shown by specimens collected between
October 18 and 27.

An adult female from Doi Suthep had the irides pale creamy; the
bill slate, with the extreme tip and the edges of the commissure horn;
the feet and toes light horny brown; the claws light horny yellow.

The adult in fresh plumage has the center of the forehead and the
crown orange-rufous, this color intergrading on the nape with the
brownish olive of the remaining upperparts (the wings and tail more
olivaceous-brown) ; the lores blackish; the sides of the forehead, the
supercilium, and the entire underparts sulphur yellow, the feathers
of the throat and upper breast with fine black shaft streaks, the sides
of the head, neck, and body and the under tail coverts washed with
olivaceous.

MIXORNIS GULARIS LUTESCENS Delacour
LAO YELLOW-BREASTED BABBLER
Mizornis rubricapilla lutescens DELAcOUR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926,
p. 18 (Bao Ha, Tongking).
Mizornis rubricapilla minor [partim], De ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 588 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

A form best known by this name replaces M/. g. sulphurea in the
iowlands of Chiang Rai Province, where, although definitely known
only from Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai, and Wiang Pa Pao, it is probably
common and generally distributed.

Two specimens in postnuptial molt were taken at Wiang Pa Pao,
August 1, 1935.

M, g. lutescens, in Chiang Rai and the adjacent parts of Kengtung
State, shows approach to sulphurea, and some birds can be identified
only by locality. Typical examples differ from sulphurea in having
the crown chestnut-rufous instead of orange-rufous and the mantle
rather darker, with a somewhat oily tinge.

The continental races of Mixornis gularis are a most difficult group,
in which one form intergrades insensibly with the next, considerable
individual variation appears within any given population, and speci-
mens are subject to great alteration in color (in life resulting from
wear and sunlight, in death from “foxing” and fading). In studying
such birds, it is wholly impossible to arrive at satisfactory conclusions
without examination of long series from critical areas and I am for-
tunate in having before me, in addition to the skins deposited in

388 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Washington, valuable material from the museums of Philadelphia,
New York, and Cambridge.

It is evident that, in Thailand (except in those regions occupied by
the well-marked race connectens), we are concerned with two only
slightly differentiated forms with finely streaked throat and breast,
one of which has the crown and mantle darker than the other and
cannot be distinguished from topotypes of lutescens (which, inci-
dentally, do not agree at all with the original diagnosis of the sub-
species!). Ihave seen specimens of this darker bird from Khemmarat,
Channuman, Hin Lap, Khorat, Pak Chong, Kaeng Khor, and Lat Bua
Khao, in eastern Thailand, from Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai, and Wiang
Pa Pao in northern Thailand, and from Muang Len, Sop Lao, and
Kengtung Town in the State of Kengtung; those from the last two
areas are atypical, yet, in my opinion, nearer lutescens than sulphurea.
All these localities have in common the fact that they lie in territory
drained by the Mae Khong and its tributaries and show that the range
of lutescens is bounded, not by the river itself, as suggested by Dela-
cour (L’Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie, 1936, p. 11),
but by the limits of its watershed.

The paler bird, which [ call sulphurea, occurs in Thailand across the
North from the basin of the Mae Nan to that of the Salwin, in the
more western districts south as far as the Gorges of the Mae Ping. In
the West, below the Gorges, we find another population, distinguished
from sulphurea by their more chestnut-rufous crown and from both
sulphurea and lutescens by their rather heavier streaking of throat and
breast ; they are intermediate between sulphurea and connectens and, in
default of sufficient material, I hesitate to use a definite name for them.

Judging from analogies, we should expect, in northern Thailand,
so plastic a species to be represented by distinct forms to east and west
of the Khun Tan chain, but I have been unable to find any important
difference between “minor” and sulphurea and am forced to believe
that racial distribution, in this case, is governed wholly by drainage
systems. Such correlation is supported by the fact that this babbler
finds its most congenial habitat along streams, large or small—to
such an extent that, in the most constricted river-gorges, where dry-
land vegetation is reduced to a narrow fringe of bamboo between water’s
edge and lofty precipice and few birds can exist at all, it is usually the
most abundant nonaquatic species.

TIMALIA PILEATA INTERMEDIA Kinnear
BURMESE RED-CAPPED BABBLER

Timalia pileata intermedia KINNEAR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 45, 1924, p. 9
(Toungoo, Pegu).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 389

Timelia pileata jerdoni, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 17
(Chiang Mai).—GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 480 (Chiang Rai, error =
Chiang Mai).

Timalia pileata bengalensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 1386 (Chiang Mai).

Timalia pileata intermedia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
105 (Chiang Mai).

Within our area, the red-capped babbler is known only from the
basins of the Mae Ping (Chiang Mai, Ban Mae Klang) and the Mae
Khong (Muang Fang, Wiang Pa Pao, Ban Hong Khaeo). At
Chiang Mai it is locally common and, at Muang Fang, almost abun-
dant.

This species is strictly confined to the plains, where it occurs in
small flocks at places overgrown with bamboo, clumps of bushes, and
tall grass. The song, heard from the depths of the thickets, is a
squealing eek’-eek-eek-eck-cek or wri-d-reek, eek’ -eek-eek-eek-eek, the
notes descending the scale; the alarm note is a sharp chink, one hears
also a sharp peek, by which the members of the group keep in touch
with one another as they work their way through the dense vegetation.

Young, just learning to fly, were observed at Chiang Mai, May 28,
but an example in postnatal molt was collected at Muang Fang as late
as July 16. Birds in postjuvenal molt have been taken between July
15 and August 2; others, in postnuptial molt, between July 16 and 20.

An adult male had the irides bright red; the eyelids blue-gray; the
bill black; the feet and toes horn brown; the soles yellowish; the
claws dark horn. A juvenile had the irides light grayish brown; the
maxilla dull black; the mandible fleshy yellow, blackish horn at the
tip; the interior of the mouth bright yellow; the feet, toes, and claws
light horn brown; the soles more yellowish.

The adult has a narrow frontal band and a short supercilium
white; the crown chestnut-rufous; the remaining upperparts oliva-
ceous-brown, the rectrices indistinctly rayed; the lores conspicuously
black; the ear coverts, sides of the neck, and the sides of the upper
breast ashy gray; the chin and upper throat white; the lower throat
and the breast grayish white with black shaft streaks; the abdomen
rufous-buff ; the lower flanks and under tail coverts olivaceous-brown,
sometimes suffused with rufous-buff. The juvenile differs in having
the forehead, superciliary region, and crown olivaceous-brown like
the remaining upperparts.

POMATORHINUS HYPOLEUCOS TICKELLI Hume
TENASSERIMESE LONG-BILLED SCIMITAR BABBLER

Pomatorhinus (. . . Orthorhinus) Tickelli Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 5, 1877,
pp. 82-33 (Mount Muleyit, Tenasserim).

390 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Pomatorhinus tickelli, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 165
(Khun Tan, Huai Pu).

Pomatorhinus hypoleucus tickelli, GyLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 52 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 488 (Khun Tan).

Pomatorhinus hypoleucos tickelli, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc.. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 188 (Doi Chiang Dao).

Pomatorhinus hypoleucos laotianus, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 826
(Khun Tan).

The long-billed scimitar babbler is apparently uncommon and very
locally distributed in our provinces. Eisenhofer sent to Stockholm a
female from Huai Pu, May 27, 1912, and two unsexed examples col-
lected in 1914 at Khun Tan; Gyldenstolpe, at the last-named locality,
got two males and two females between September 7 and 23, 1914, and
Smith two males at 3,000 feet, February 22, 1932, and May 11, 1933;
de Schauensee took a female on Doi Chiang Dao, 4,000 feet, January
17, 1933; I myself shot an adult female in the low hills at Ban Huai
Som, March 28, 1937.

The species seems to be restricted to extensive areas of bamboo,
where it occurs singly or in pairs (sometimes in company with Garrulax
spp.), feeding on the ground and flying up into the thorny clumps
when alarmed. Gyldenstolpe observes (1916) that it has “a very nice
and peculiar and flute-like note which it utters now and then.”

Smith’s specimen of May 11 is in postjuvenal molt.

De Schauensee’s female had the irides reddish brown; the bill horny
gray ; the feet and toes gray ; the claws flesh.

Adults have the upperparts olivaceous-brown, the mantle suffused
with rufous (the feathers of the nape sometimes with white central
streaks) ; the wings and tail rufous-brown; the feathers at the sides
of the crown and nape with white central streaks and tips (more or
less strongly tinged with chestnut-rufous, especially anteriorly), to
form a narrow supercilium from above the eye; the ear coverts rufous-
brown or grayish brown; the sides of the neck anteriorly chestnut-
rufous, posteriorly olivaceous-brown streaked with white; the chin,
throat, center of breast and the belly white; the feathers at the sides
of the breast first white with blackish margins, then deep ashy gray,
with broad, black-bordered white central streaks; the lower flanks
olivaceous-brown; the under tail coverts rufous or rufous-brown.

This is a variable form, and individuals agreeing with the descrip-
tion of Zaottanus occur in every part of Thailand side by side with
tickelli.: it seems certain that Delacour’s race cannot be maintained.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS CELATUS Deignan
THAI FERRUGINOUS-CHEEKED SCIMITAR BABBLER

Pomatorhinus erythrogenys celatus DEIGNAN, Zoologica, vol. 26, pt. 3, 1941, p. 241
(Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai Province, northwestern Thailand).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 391

Pomaiorhinus erythrogenys imberbis, Rogkrs and DEIGNAN, Proce. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 1934, p. 91 (Doi Chiang Dao).—pr ScHaAvENsEs, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, pp. 38, 187 (Doi Chiang Dao).

This species has been found in Thailand only on Doi Chiang Dao,
where it is rather common between 4,500 and 6,800 feet.

It is chiefly a bird of the heavy lalang growth beneath the somewhat
stunted oaks that dot the highest slopes of the mountain but occurs also
in the impenetrable H'wpatoriwm, which has covered abandoned haz
of the Musoe people.

A specimen taken March 21 at 4,500 feet has not yet completed
postnatal molt.

An adult male had the irides red; the orbital skin plumbeous; the
bill gray, with the basal half dark slate; the feet, toes, and claws horny
brown. An adult female had the irides pinkish brown; the orbital
skin plumbeous; the maxilla slaty, with the apical half of the culmen
and the edges of the commissure horn; the mandible plumbeous-
white; the tarsi dusky flesh, yellowish white behind; the toes dusky
flesh; the soles light yellow; the claws dusky flesh.

This form has the entire upperparts dark olivaceous-brown, suf-
fused with ferruginous on the forehead, superciliary region, and ear
coverts; the lores dark gray; the sides of the throat, neck, breast and
belly, the flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts bright ferruginous;
the remaining underparts white, sometimes with a faint, narrow mus-
tachial line at either side of the throat; the feathers of the lower
throat and upper breast occasionally with blackish shafts.

POMATORHINUS OCHRACEICEPS OCHRACEICEPS Walden
KAREN OCHRACEOUS-HEADED SCIMITAR BABBLER

Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 12, 1873,
p. 487 (Karen Hills).

Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 165 (Khun Tan).—Wi1Lu1AmMson, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 16
(Muang Wang).

Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps ochraceiceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 488 (Khun
Tan, Muang Wang).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 582 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 187 (Doi Suthep).—DerienaAn, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 186 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 105 (Doi
Suthep).—CHASEN and Bopen Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1932, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 326
(Khun Tan).

The ochraceous-headed scimitar babbler is a rather rare inhabitant
of evergreen forest between 3,000 and 4,500 feet but is likely to occur
in any part of our area in which suitable conditions are found. In

addition to localities listed above, I have it from Huai Mae Chan
and Phu Kha.

392 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

On Doi Suthep I observed it in small bands, almost always accompan-
ied by Gampsorhynchus, in dense thickets and low trees along small
streams or at the edge of overgrown clearings. While the members
of the flock explore the vines and branches they constantly utter a
low double whistle but, when frightened, give vent also to a harsh
chur-chur and other discordant notes.

On Phu Kha at about 4,000 feet, April 7, 1936, I discovered a nest
containing three immaculate white eggs. This nest was a domed struc-
ture with a large opening on the only exposed side, made externally
of coarse grass but lined with much finer grass, sunk into a hollow
of the ground on a steep, stony slope overgrown with thin bamboo.
The eggs, which were heavy-set, were taken after dark, together with
the incubating female.

Adults in postnuptial molt have been collected on Doi Suthep be-
tween August 24 and October 27.

A male had the irides yellowish pink; the eyelids slaty; the bill ver-
milion, with the narial membranes blackish; the feet and toes brown-
ish olive; the claws light horny brown.

This species has the entire upperparts ochraceous-brown, brighter
on the head and nape; a white supercilium; the lores and feathers
immediately below the eye black; the ear coverts deep brown; the un-
derparts white, washed on the flanks with ochraceous; the under tail
coverts olivaceous-brown.

POMATORHINUS FERRUGINOSUS ALBOGULARIS Blyth
TENASSERIMESE CORAL-BILLED SCIMITAR BABBLER

P[omatorhinus] albogularis BiyTuH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, p. 274
(Mount Muleyit).

Pomatorhinus ferruginosus mariae, RitEY, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1933, p. 156 (Doi Langka); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 325 (Doi
Langka).

The only record for this bird in Thailand is based upon two speci-

mens taken by Smith on Doi Langka, April 23 and 25, 1931.

The example of April 25 has not yet completed the postnatal molt.

The adult has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown, the crown
and nape somewhat deeper in color; the lores and a supercilium ex-
tending to the nape white, narrowly edged above with black; the ear
coverts and sides of the neck black; the throat white, changing to pale
rufous-buff on the remaining underparts, this color suffused with
blackish at the extreme sides of the breast and with olivaceous-brown
on the flanks and under tail coverts. The juvenile differs only in its
generally more rufous coloration.

P. f. mariae, apparently described without knowledge of Blyth’s
name, is almost certainly a synonym.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 393
POMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS RIPPONI Harington
SHAN YELLOW-BILLED SCIMITAR BABBLER

Pomatorhinus ripponi HARINGTON, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 27, 1910, pp. 9-10
(Shan States; type specimens, in British Museum, from Pyaunggaung, North-
ern Shan States).

Pomatorhinus olivaceus ripponi, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918,
p. 16 (Doi Nga Chang, Muang Wang).—GyLpensTotpr, Ibis, 1920, p. 488 (Doi
Nga Chang, Muang Wang).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 582 (Doi Suthep).—DericNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 186 (Doi Suthep).

Pomatorhinus olivaceus olivaceus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 567 (Doi Suthep).—CHaAseEn and BopEn Kross, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 244 (Doi Suthep).

Pomatorhinus schisticeps nuchalis, De SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 185 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Ruttry, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 323 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka).—Greenway, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 169 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo).

Pomatorhinus nuchalis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 105
(Doi Suthep).

The present form is rather common, wherever it finds a satisfactory
environment, throughout the districts west of, and including, the Khun
Tan range, occurring chiefly on the mountains between 3,300 and
5,500 feet but, in the neighborhood of Muang Fang, descending into
the lowland evergreen.

Outside of the breeding season, the yellow-billed scimitar babbler
is found in noisy flocks of as many as a dozen individuals, which keep
to such cover as patches of lalang grass and fallen trees overgrown
with vines. The ordinary call is the soft double whistle of the genus
but it has also many harsh, chattering notes and I once took a solitary
bird from the top of a high tree, where it was uttering loud, melodious
whistles. Stomachs examined by me contained only insects.

An example from Ban Muang Sum, December 24, and another from
Doi Suthep, January 238, had the gonads slightly enlarged, but still
others taken at that season had them inactive. Juveniles have been
collected on Doi Ang Ka, April 10 and 27, and on Doi Khun Tan,
October 20; the Khun Tan specimen is just beginning postjuvenal
molt. A long series of adults, taken at various localities between
July 11 and December 17, are in postnuptial molt. It appears that, al-
though the majority of birds breed during the spring months, odd
pairs do so in the cold weather and yet others in the rainy season.

Adults had the irides pinkish yellow; the bill bright wax yellow,
with the narial membranes and the base of the culmen blackish; the
feet and toes plumbeous, tinged violet or greenish; the soles yellow;
the claws horny white or yellowish horn. Juveniles differed in having
the irides creamy gray or tan and the claws horny brown.

394 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This species has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, with an indistinct
chestnut-rufous nuchal collar; a white supercilium, extending to the
nape; the lores, feathers immediately below the eye, and ear coverts
black; at either side of the neck, following the ear coverts, a con-
spicuous patch of bright chestnut-rufous, connected with the nuchal
collar; the underparts white, changing to olivaceous-brown on the
lower flanks and the under tail coverts; the sides of the breast and
the upper flanks frequently (in our provinces) more or less streaked,
or at least suffused, with chestnut-rufous.

I have elsewhere discussed the geographical variation of this scimi-
tar babbler in Thailand (Auk, 1942, p. 117).

POMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS HUMILIS Delacour
BAS-LAOS YELLOW-BILLED SCIMITAR BABBLER

Pomatorhinus schisticeps humilis DreLacour, L’Oiseau et la Revue Francaise
d’Ornithologie, new ser., vol. 2, No. 3, 1932, pp. 424-425 (Thateng, Bas-Laos).

I collected specimens, inseparable from topotypes of Awmilis, at
Ban San Pa Haeng and Ban Wang Mo, localities on the Mae Nan, and
also on Phu Kha at 4,500 feet. It seems to be really a lowland
bird, and its presence on Phu Kha (together with a number of other
species characteristic of feeble elevations), at an old haz overgrown
with Rubus, may well have been a result of the clearing of forest by
the Yao.

In the river valley I found this form in small flocks in extensive
jungles of bamboo and always in company with Gampsorhynchus.
In the absence of undergrowth beneath the clumps, it was possible
to observe the bird as it fed upon the ground, something unusual in
the genus, but it made up for it by greater wariness.

A juvenile was taken on Phu Kha, April 4, 1936.

An adult male had the irides gray; the bill yellow, with the narial
membranes blackish brown; the feet and toes plumbeous; the claws
horn.

From ripponi, the present race is distinguished by its generally
lesser size and smaller bill and by having the sides of the body dull
olivaceous-brown without any rufous suffusion.

NAPOTHERA CRISPIFRONS CRISPIFRONS (Blyth)
TENASSERIMESE LIMESTONE BABBLER

Turdinus crispifrons BuyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, pp. 269-
272 (mountainous interior of Tenasserim; type specimen from Muleyit, fide
Sclater, Ibis, 1892, p. 76).

Gypsophila crispifrons, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1916, p. 59
(Muang Song).—GyYLpENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 481 (Muang Song).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 395

A male and two females were taken by Williamson’s collector, dur-
ing April 1916, “in the Muang Song forest”; the bird has not since
that time been found in Thailand.

These specimens were presumably collected in the neighborhood of
limestone crags, which are numerous in that portion of Phrae Prov-
ince. They are, however, likewise numerous at many other northern
localities, and it is noteworthy that the bird has never been redis-
covered, although I looked for it constantly over a period of years.

Williamson believed that his examples represented “young birds
of the year,” but all are, in my opinion, normally colored adults of
a population in which partial albinism is exceptional—rather than
the rule, as in Tenasserim.

In default of specimens at hand, I quote here the description of
“birds of the first year,” as given by Stuart Baker (Fauna of British
India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1922, p. 249) : “The forehead to back olive-
brown, each feather margined with black; the rump, upper tail-coverts,
tail and exposed portions of wing olive-brown; the sides of the forehead
and a short supercilium . . . greyish white with black specks; chin,
throat and upper breast white, streaked with dark brown, especially
on the breast; remainder of lower plumage ochraceous olive-brown.”

I have examined Sir Walter’s skins in London and agree with him
that they show no approach to annamensis and must be placed with
the nominate form.

NAPOTHERA BREVICAUDATA BREVICAUDATA (Blyth)
TENASSERIMESE STREAKED-THROATED WREN BABBLER

T[lurdinus] brevicaudatus BLyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 24, 1855, p.
272 (mountainous interior of Tenasserim; type from Muleyit, fide Sclater,
Ibis, 1892, p. 76).

Oorythocichla brevicaudata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 58 (Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Corythocichla brevicaudata brevicaudata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 485 (Doi
Pha Sakaeng).

Napothera brevicaudata (probably N. b. venningi), RocrrRs and DEIGNAN, Proc.
Biol. Soe. Washington, 1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).

Napothera brevicaudata brevicaudata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 187 (Doi Suthep) ; 19386, p. 106 (Doi Suthep).—»vr ScHAUEN-
SEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 190 (Doi Chiang Dao).

Corythocichla brevicaudata venningi, Rirey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
334 (Doi Langka).

The present form probably occurs wherever, on our mountain slopes.
moist evergreen forest arises from a confusion of tumbled boulders
and broken rock, whether limestone or granite; owing to its timidity
and the nature of its haunts, however, its true status at any given
locality is uncertain. On Doi Ang Ka it has been found fairly com-

583136—45——26

396 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

monly between 4,600 and 5,500 feet; on Doi Suthep once at 3,800 feet
(a pair at the Hermite ase Mowech 7, 1931) ; on Doi Chiang Dao
twice, at 3,000 and 5,000 feet; on Phu Kha once at about 4,500 feet;

at Ban Fae Ki once in lola evergreen.

On Doi Ang Ka I watched it climb silently about fallen trees and
investigate crannies and crevices in the rocks, acting quite like other
members of the genus. A flock of five or six individuals observed by
Gyldenstolpe at Doi Pha Sakaeng communicated with each other by
faint whistling notes.

Examples with the gonads enlarged were taken on Phu Kha, April
12, and on Doi Ang Ka, April 22 and 26; at the latter locality, a bird
in postnatal molt was collected April 22 and another in postnuptial
molt, September 5.

Males in breeding condition had the irides brownish red or red-
brown; the maxilla blackish brown, tipped dark gray; the mandible
brown, horny at the base, or plumbeous-gray, gray-white at the base;
the tarsi fleshy brown or horny brown; the toes brown or horny brown
with a fleshy tinge; the claws fleshy horn or horny brown. A juvenile
female had the irides dull brown; the maxilla blackish brown with the
extreme tip yellow; the mandible with the anterior half dark brown,
the rest fleshy; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow; the tarsi
fleshy brown; the toes dark brown; the claws horny brown.

The adult has the upperparts dark olivaceous-brown, changing to
dark rufous-brown on the rump, upper tail coverts, and tail, the
feathers of the crown and upper half of the back sith conspicuous
brownish-ashy centers and fairly broad blackish margins; the upper
wing coverts and most of the remiges with small, but distinct, white
or brownish-white tips; the lores, indistinct paperailigat aad sides
of the head dark ashy; the feathers of the chin and throat ashy, with
dark brown central streaks; the remaining underparts ferruginous,
paler on the center of the breast and belly, deeper along the flanks and
on the under tail coverts.

I find so much variation in coloration and length of wing among
even asmall series of Thai birds that it seems to be impossible at present
to recognize more than one race from our area. The two specimens
from Doi Chiang Dao and one from Doi Langka are more saturate
throughout than true drevicaudata and thus approach venning?, which
will probably prove to be the form of Doi Pha Hom Pok; in wing
length, on the other hand, they agree well with Tenasserimese birds.
The single example from Ban Huai Ki appears to be different from
that of Phu Kha and fits the description of proxima (Bas-Laos) ; it is,
however, badly worn (June 23) and can be matched perfectly with
certain Tenasserimese skins.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 397
NAPOTHERA EPILEPIDOTA BAKERI (Harington)
SHAN STREAKED-BREASTED WREN BABBLER

Turdinulus epilepidotus bakeri HARINGTON, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 33, 19138,
pp. 44-45 (Na Noi [“near Loimaw,” fide Ticehurst, Ibis, 1938, p. 207], South-
ern Shan States).

Turdinulus epilepidotus bakeri, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1918,
p. 18 (Muang Wang) .—GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 485 (Muang Wang) .—DE
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 532 (Doi Suthep).

Napothera epilepidota bakeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 187 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 106 (Doi Suthep).—nr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 190 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Rtrey,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 886 (Doi Langka).

This wren babbler is a not uncommon resident of heavy evergreen
jungle (and immediately adjacent areas of open hill-forest) in the dis-
tricts west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain, at whatever eleva-
tions suitable conditions are found ; while, on such a hill as Doi Suthep,
it occurs only from 4,600 to 5,500 feet, at Ban Pang An and Huai Mae
Chan it has been taken in evergreen at the very foot of the mountains.

I found it in pairs or family groups in rather less moist locations
than those preferred by Pnoépyga, but showing similarly wrenlike
habits—clambering about on fallen trees or turning over dead leaves
on the ground, with a constant chur-r-r, chur-r-r._ Although difficult
to watch beneath the undergrowth and against the dark background
of the forest floor, it is, once discovered, quite tolerant of observation
and continues its explorations without the least evidence of shyness.

De Schauensee collected a bird in postjuvenal molt on Doi Suthep,
July 16, while I took three examples in the same condition on Doi
Ang Ka, between September 2 and 7. A specimen from Doi Suthep,
October 26, is in postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides hazel; the maxilla with the apical half
plumbeous, the basal half slaty; the mandible plumbeous; the feet
and toes brownish horn; the claws fleshy horn.

The adult has the upperparts dark olivaceous-brown, changing to
dark rufous-brown on the rump and upper tail coverts, the feathers of
the crown and mantle with narrow, indistinct blackish margins, those
of the mantle also with distinct brownish-white shaft streaks, the
coverts and the secondaries with small, but distinct, white or brownish
tips; the lores and a long streak behind the eye blackish, bordered
above by a rufous-buff suffused white supercilium, which extends to
the side of the nape; the throat and sides of the head white, washed
(especially on the latter parts) with rufous-buff; the remaining
underparts white, the feathers of the breast and sides with broad, dark
olivaceous-brown margins (which, on the lower flanks, restrict the
white to a mere streak along the shaft), those of the belly narrowly

398 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

edged with pale rufous-buff; the under tail coverts dull rufous-brown.

My specimens differ from a Tenasserimese skin (davisoni) in just
the characters attributed by Harington to dbakeri, so that, although
no topotypical material has been examined, I have no hesitation in
placing them with the race of the Shan States.

NAPOTHERA EPILEPIDOTA LAOTIANA (Delacour)
LAO STREAKED-BREASTED WREN BABBLER

Turdinulus epilepodotus laotianus DELAcouR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926,
pp. 17-18 (Chiang Khwang, Laos).

An adult male from Phu Kha, 4,500 feet, April 8, 1936, and another
from Kiu Chang Kong, April 29, 1936, are best placed under this
name. The race is probably fairly common and well distributed in
the evergreen of the more eastern provinces.

From the preceding form it differs in having the supercilium and
throat white, the former with a very slight wash of rufous-buff, the
latter wholly free of this color; the olivaceous-brown of the lower
flanks more or less suffused with rufous; the under tail coverts brighter
rufous-brown. .

WV. e. laotiana has recently been synonymized with amyae but is
readily separable therefrom by its lesser dimensions and especially by
its smaller bill. In coloration it lies, as might be expected, between
amyae and clara, but since it cannot possibly be confused with either
one it may properly be restored to valid subspecific rank.

De Schauensee and Ripley have suggested (Proc. Acad. Nat Sci.
Philadelphia, 1939, pp. 352-353) that either ewsul or robert: must be
employed as the specific name for these birds. I suspect, however, that
diluta at Blangnanga and lucilleae at Meloewak may no more cor-
rectly be said to occur “together” in Sumatra than bakeri and laotiana
(and numerous other pairs of races) in northern Thailand.

PNOEPYGA PUSILLA PUSILLA Hedgson
INDIAN LESSER SCALY-BREASTED WREN BABBLER

[Pnoépyga] pusillus [sic] Hopeson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 18, 1845, p. 25
(Nepal).

Pnoépyga pusilla pusilla, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 398 (Doi
Langka).

This tiny, apparently tailless bird is rather common in dense ever-
ereen forest, between 4,400 and 5,500 feet, on Doi Ang Ka, Doi Chiang
Dao, and Doi Langka; it may confidently be expected to occur upon |
other northern mountains where suitable conditions obtain.

In deep, humid jungle, watered by small streams, I found the present
species, in the fashion of a true wren, creeping about moss-grown

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 399

rocks beneath arching fern fronds and exploring the tangles of fallen
trees, now disappearing completely into a crevice among the boulders,
again investigating the epiphytes, which lined some decaying log.
On Doi Ang Ka, in April and May, it was quite fearless and con-
stantly attracted attention to itself by a loud, ringing song delivered
from the top of a rock or stump.

A male with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken on Doi Ang Ka
at 5,000 feet, April 26, 1931.

This specimen had the irides brown; the maxilla black; the man-
dible with the apical half horny black, the basal half horny gray; the
feet and toes horn brown, tinged fleshy; the claws pale horny.

The adult of either sex has the upperparts deep, rich brown, the
feathers of the crown and mantle with narrow, indistinct blackish
margins, the wing coverts, inner secondaries, and the feathers of the
lower back with small, subapical buff tips, which broaden into bars
on the rump; the throat, breast, and belly white or vivid buff, each
feather with a narrow blackish margin, those of the breast and belly
also with a more or less concealed blackish central area; the flank
feathers deep brown with a buff submarginal band and a narrow
blackish margin. Of six Thai males before me, two have the throat,
breast, and belly white and four have these parts buff.

Family CINCLIDAE
CINCLUS PALLASII DORJEI Kinnear
BURMESE BROWN DIPPER

Cinclus pallasi dorjei KINNEAR, Ibis, 1937, p. 263 (Sakden, Hast Bhutan).
Cinclus pallasii ?marila, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935, p.
65 (Doi Ang Ka).

The dipper has been recorded in Thailand only from the immediate
vicinity of a huge fall of the Mae Klang, at about 3,500 feet on Doi
Ang Ka. At this place I found a pair in September 1930, and again
in April and May 1931, and saw a single example on August 31, 1935.
The sole Thai specimen, taken by Aagaard at the same locality some-
time in 1931, is probably now deposited in the collection of Chulalong-
kon University at Bangkok.

This small colony haunted a wider portion of the stream, where
the racing water boiled among great broken rocks and where the
swift current made it improbable that any dead bird could be retrieved.
The sharp, shrill call, uttered as its author bobbed up and down on
some spray-drenched boulder or flew above the torrent, carried easily
over the roar of the cataracts.

The dippers are plump, short-tailed, thrush-like species, which, un-
like all other land birds, spend much of their time beneath the water.

400 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The present form has the plumage wholly dark chocolate-brown, ex-
cept for a more or less distinct eye ring of small white feathers.

Kinnear (oc. cit.) states that “five [specimens] from the Shan
States may for the present be considered the same as [those from]
Bhutan.” In the absence of material, Thai birds are merely provi-
sionally placed under this name.

Family TURDIDAE
ENICURUS LESCHENAULTI INDICUS Hartert
INDIAN WHITE-CROWNED FORKTAIL

Enicurus leschenaulti indicus HARTET, Vogel der paliarktischen Fauna, vol. 1,
1910, p. 760 (Margherita, Upper Assam).

Henicurus leschenaulti, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(Kbun Tan).

Henicurus leschenaulti indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 48 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Bnicurus leschenaulti indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 476 (Khun Tan, Doi
Pha Sakaeng).—pDE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
542 (Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 209 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao) .—DErtIenan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 142 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 111
(Doi Suthep).—Rtrry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 402 (Doi Langka,
Khun Tan).

The status of the beautiful white-crowned forktail, in Thailand
recorded only from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces, is difficult
to define. In the former province, where it is known only from the
mountains, I considered it to be rather rare on Doi Ang Ka at 4,900
feet (April) and an uncommon permanent resident on Doi Suthep be-
tween 3,500 and 4,600 feet (occasionally as low as 2,500 feet) ; Smith
took one example on Doi Khun Tan at 3,000 feet (February); de
Schauensee found it “extraordinarily abundant” on Doi Chiang Dao,
2,000 feet, January 23, 1933, “side by side with /. schistaceus but .. .
much commoner than the latter.” The few specimens known from
Chiang Rai, however, have been collected (January) in submontane
districts (Chiang Saen, Huai Mae Chan), a fact that may indicate
that it is also resident where mountain streams debouch into lowland
evergreen or may merely reflect a tendency to descend to lower levels
during the cold weather.

On Doi Suthep the normal altitudinal range of this species (3,500
to 4,600 feet) scarcely overlapped with that of its only competitor,
EF’. schistaceus (2,000 to 3,600 feet) ; while indicus haunted tiny streams
flowing through ravines in dense evergreen jungle, schistaceus dwelt
along the same brooks where, at lower levels, they broadened and ran
through more open evergreen and mixed-deciduous forest; it is possi-
ble that only in winter will indicus be found in exactly the same en-
vironment as schistaceus.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 401

Beyond the fact that it is less strictly confined to the immediate
vicinity of watercourses than its relatives and may often be seen run-
ning nervously along some forest track, especially one that crosses
and recrosses a small stream, the habits of this species are much like
those of schistaceus.

Gyldenstolpe took juveniles at Doi Pha Sakaeng, July 16, and at
Khun Tan, September 18, while de Schauensee collected one on Doi
Suthep, July 18.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet,
toes, and claws fleshy white.

The adult has the forehead and semierectile feathers of the fore-
crown white; the rest of the head (including the throat and neck), the
breast, and upper back black; the lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts white ; the wings black, the greater coverts broadly tipped with
white to form a wing bar (which seems to be connected with the white
of the back), the inner secondaries with broad concealed white bases
and narrow white tips; the deeply forked tail with the two outermost
pairs of feathers white, the others black with conspicuous white tips;
the abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts white. The juvenile dif-
fers in having the head, upper back, throat, and breast deep brown,
the feathers of the two last parts with fulvous shaft streaks; the white
wing band suffused with buff.

ENICURUS SCHISTACEUS (Hodgson)
SLATY-BACKED FORKTAIL
[Motacilla (Enicurus)] Schistaceus Hopeson, Asiatick Researches, vol. 19, 1886,
pp. 189-190 (Nepal).
Henicurus schistaceus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170

(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.—Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 49 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha
Sakaeng).

Enicurus schistaceus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 476 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha
Sakaeng).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 564
Doi Suthep); 1934, p. 209 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Dertenan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 142 (Doi Suthep).

Enicurus schistaceus schistaceus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 111 (Doi Suthep).—Rimry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 401
(Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, “Ban Padieng,”’ Huai Lak, Song Khwae valley).

The slaty-backed forktail, known only from the provinces of Mae

Hong Son, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai (Kiu Chang Kong, on the

border of the French Enclave), is the commonest of its genus in our

area. It is numerous on Doi Ang Ka from 3,500 to 5,000 feet and on

Doi Suthep between 2,000 and 3,600 feet and, at least in winter, occurs

also where brooks debouch from the hills into heavy forest at the level

of the plains, just as does the preceding species.
Within its range on Doi Ang Ka and Doi Suthep, pairs of this
forktail inhabited every stream, both where it tumbled torrentially

402 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

down the rock-strewn slopes and where it temporarily followed a
more or less level course. The bird flits gracefully from stone to stone,
with a sharp, monosyllabic cry, rests for a moment with tail bobbed
rapidly up and down, runs this way and that across some wet shelf of
rock in pursuit of insect prey, and, finally alarmed, takes off with
dipping flight through the low, overhanging branches to vanish
around a bend, where the performance is repeated. It is rather less
shy than indicus and is much more likely to be seen where the brook
is comparatively wide and the rocks are unsheltered by the vegetation
of the banks.

Gyldenstolpe took juveniles at Khun Tan, May 29, and at Doi Pha
Sakaeng, July 16; I have examples in postjuvenal molt from the coun-
try between Ban Choeng Doi and Doi Langka, July 21 and August
26. A specimen in postnuptial molt was collected at the base of Doi
Mae Kong Ka, October 22.

Gyldenstolpe notes (1916) that his juveniles had the irides blackish
brown; the bill black; the feet and toes flesh color.

The adult has the forehead white, this color continued as a super-
cilium above and down behind the eye; the crown, nape, upper and
lower back slaty blue-gray; the rump and upper tail coverts white;
the wings much as in the preceding species but with the primaries
narrowly tipped white (in unworn plumage) and with broad white
bases to form a speculum; the tail as in the preceding species; the
lores, chin, upper throat, and sides of the head and neck black; the
remaining underparts white, the feathers of the breast often with
faint, narrow dark tips. The juvenile lacks the white frontal area
and has the upper half of the head, nape, and back uniform dark
sooty gray; the chin, throat, and breast buffy, the feathers of the
last part narrowly edged darker; the white wing band suffused with

buff,

ENICURUS IMMACULATUS (Hodgson)
BLACK-BACKED FORKTAIL

[Motacilla (Enicurus)] Immaculatus Hoveson, Asiatick Researches, vol. 19, 1836,

p. 190 (Nepal).
Enicurus immaculatus, Ritey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 402 (Mae Kong

Ka valley).

A female collected by Smith at the base of Doi Mae Kong Ka, Janu-
ary 19, 1933, and two males and one female taken by me at the same
locality, October 18 and 19, 1936, are the only specimens of this fork-
tail yet known from Thailand.

It seems to be restricted throughout its range to feeble elevations
but, like others of the genus, requires swift-flowing streams and is
not likely to be found away from the broken country at the foot of
the mountains.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 403

A female of October 18 retains traces of the juvenal dress in having
the feathers of the forecrown suffused with deep brown, the center
of the lower breast and the wing band suffused with buff. A male
of October 19 is in postnuptial molt.

The adult differs from that of schistaceus chiefly in having the crown,
nape, and back black, instead of slaty blue-gray, and the primaries
without a visible speculum.

It is interesting to note that an example of schistaceus was collected,
October 22, 1936, at the same locality as the series of ¢mmaculatus.

MYOPHONUS CAERULEUS CAERULEUS (Scopoli)
CHINESE SPANGLED WHISTLING THRUSH

Gracula (caerulea) Scoprowt, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, pt. 2, 1786,
p. 88, sp. 42 (China, ex Sonnerat; type locality restricted to Canton, by
Stresemann, Abh. Ber. Mus. Tierk. Vélkerk. Dresden, vol. 16, No. 2, 1923-1924
[==1924], p. 28).

Myiophoneus caeruleus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 61 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 479 (Khun Tan).

Myiophoneus coeruleus coeruleus, CHASEN and BoDEN Kross, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).

Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 212 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Ruey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 419 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka).

Myophonus coeruleus coeruleus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 113 (Doi Suthep).

Myiophoneus caeruleus caeruleus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
169 (Doi Ang Ka).

The black-billed whistling thrush seems to be a fairly common
winter visitor to the higher mountains of the provinces west of (and
including) the Khun Tan chain, occurring from October 17 (Doi
Suthep) to March 15 (Doi Ang Ka), at elevations between 4,000 and
7,000 feet. Gyldenstolpe’s example, taken at Doi Khun Tan in May
1914, is of such exceptionally late date that it must represent a case
of delayed migration.

My specimens of this race were collected, not along the mountain
streams where the resident U/. c. eugenet is dominant, but in deep,
moist evergreen forest, where they fed on the ground among mossy
rocks and fallen trees and were not observed until, alarmed, they flew
up onto some low branch or rotting stump, before vanishing into the
fastnesses of the jungle.

A male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the interior of the
mouth bright yellow; the feet and toes black; the claws horny black.

From M. ec. temminckii, the present form differs only in its shorter
and less robust bill, which is wholly black in color.

I cannot distinguish immansuetus (Ichang, Hupeh) from topo-

typical material of caeruleus.

404 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
MYOPHONUS CAERULEUS TEMMINCKII Vigors
HIMALAYAN SPANGLED WHISTLING THRUSH

Myophonus Temminckii Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1,
1830-1831 [= 1832], p. 171 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-
Almora district, by Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1924, p. 471).

Myiophoneus temmincki, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 165
(listed). .

M ee temminckii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 479 (Khun Tan).

Myophonus caeruleus rileyi DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 51, 1938,
pp. 25-26 (Doi Ang Ka, Chiang Mai Province, North Thailand).

Myophonus temminckii rileyi, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 417
(Doi Ang Ka).

The specimen recorded (1915, 1920) by Gyldenstolpe is an unsexed,
undated bird, collected in “Siam” by Eisenhofer and now deposited
in the museum at Hannover. The type of “rileyi” was taken by Smith
on Doi Ang Ka, 7,000 feet, December 6, 1928, while the sole paratype,
from the same mountain, was shot on the same day at 8,400 feet. The
only other examples known from Thailand are two gotten by de
Schauensee’s collectors above 6,000 feet on Doi Pha Hom Pok early in
1938. The status of this form seems to be that of a rare winter visitor.

It has the irides brown; the bill yellow, with the culmen and basal
half of the maxilla (except along the edges of the commissure) black-
ish; the feet, toes, and claws black.

This large thrush appears black in the field, but in reality it has the
upper plumage deep purplish blue (the remiges and rectrices brighter),
the feathers of the head and mantle with glossy tips of a lighter pur-
plish blue; the front, forecrown, and lesser upper wing coverts
(shoulder patch) shining cobalt blue; the median upper wing coverts
with white or violet-white tips; the underparts black, washed with deep
purplish blue, the feathers of the throat, breast, and upper abdomen
spangled like those of the head and mantle; the feathers of the lower
back, flanks, and lower abdomen with concealed pure white bases and
shafts; the undersurface of the remiges and rectrices black.

MYOPHONUS CAERULEUS EUGENEI (Hume)
BURMESE SPANGLED WHISTLING THRUSH

Myiophoneus Eugenei HuMkE, Stray Feathers, vol. 1, 1873, pp. 475-476 (Thayetmyo,
Pegu, Burma).

Myiophoneus eugenii, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 165
(listed).

Myiophoneus eugenei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 62 (Khun Tan).

Myiophoneus eugenei eugenei, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 479 (‘Different
localities” ).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 566
(Doi Suthep).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 405

Myiophoneus stonei pe SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
pp. 469-470 (Chiang Mai [=foot of Doi Suthep], North Thailand).

Myiophoneus eugenii eugenii, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 544 (Chiang Mai [=foot of Doi Suthep]).

Myiophoneus stonei, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 544 (Chiang Mai [=foot of Doi Suthep]).

Myophonus coeruleus eugenei, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 143 (Doi Suthep).

Myophonus stonei, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 143
(Doi Suthep).

Myophonus temminckii eugenei, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 212 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao). — Dricnan, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 118 (Doi Suthep).

Myophonus eugenei eugenei, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 418 (Doi
Langka, Doi Suthep, Mae Khan, Song Khwae valley).

This is the common whistling thrush of our area, occurring at suit-
able localities throughout the northern provinces, with the curious
exception of Chiang Rai, whence it has never been recorded. Hisen-
hofer sent to Stockholm four unsexed skins, collected at Khun Tan in
1914, and to Hannover, a male from Pha Hing, May 11, 1912; Boden
Kloss mentions (Ibis, 1918, p. 208) a bird from Phrae in the William-
son collection; I have specimens from Ban Na Noi (Chiang Mai
Province) and Ban Huai Ki.

This species ranges along mountain torrents from the level at which
they debouch onto the plains up to their sources, on Doi Chiang Dao
reaching 4,500 feet, on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, and on Doi Ang Ka,
5,500 feet or higher, but it is found in greater numbers at the lower
elevations where the streams are broader and more turbulent. On
Doi Suthep it dwells in pairs at every waterfall and along every reach,
hopping about on mossy logs and spray-drenched rocks and from time
to time uttering loud calls or a wild, whistled song which carries above
the roar of rushing water and re-echoes from the walls of the ravines.
It is a timid bird, as befits a species whose first intimation of ap-
proaching danger must frequently be wholly visual, and, at the least
alarm, flies strongly into the forest to circle back to the water’s edge
beyond the nearest bend.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill deep yellow, with the culmen
and basal half of the maxilla dark horny brown or blackish; the feet
and toes dark brown or blackish brown; the soles yellow; the claws
black or blackish brown.

The present form, which is scarcely distinguishable in life from the
much rarer temminckii, differs in having the general color of the
plumage more blue, less violet or purplish (seen only by direct com-
parison of specimens); in always lacking the white or violet-white
tips to the median upper wing coverts; in having the bases of the
feathers of the lower back, flanks, and lower abdomen dark sooty
gray, without the least trace of concealed white.

406 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BRACHYPTERYX CRURALIS CRURALIS (Blyth)
INDIAN INDIGO-BLUE SHORTWING

Calliope (? Gould) cruralis BLtytTu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843, pp.
929, 933-934 (Darjiling).

Brachypteryz cruralis, Rocrers and DrIGNANn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934,
p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).

Brachypteryx cruralis cruralis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 177
(Doi Ang Ka).

Our larger shortwing is fairly common on Doi Ang Ka from 6,000
feet to the summit but is known from no other Thai locality.

I found it only in the dense, moss-bedecked cloud-forest of these
high altitudes, feeding on the ground beneath the tall ferns or, at
small clearings, in the Hupatorium which had somehow found its way
thither. In the deep shade it appears to be a black bird with a white
crown.

Specimens of either sex had the irides brown; the eyelids plumbeous-
blue; the bill black; the feet, toes, and claws wood brown.

The old male has the lores and the feathers immediately about the
eye black; a conspicuous, long white supercilium ; the rest of the plum-
age deep indigo-blue, the feathers of the center of the abdomen and
the under tail coverts more or less distinctly margined with ashy gray.
The adult female has the forehead, lores, and an indistinct super-
ciliary line bright ferruginous, this color changing gradually to the
olivaceous-brown of the remaining upperparts; the remiges and rec-
trices dark rufous; the underparts dull gray-brown, albescent on the
abdomen; the under tail coverts ferruginous-buff. Between the juve-
nal and adult plumages, the male assumes a dress similar to that of the
adult female, from which it may be at once distinguished by the
white eyebrow.

BRACHYPTERYX LEUCOPHRIS CAROLINAE La Touche

CHINESE SLATE-BLUE SHORTWING

Brachypteryx carolinae La Toucue, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 8, 1898, pp. 9-16
(Kuatun, northwestern Fuhkien).

Heteroxenicus nangka RieY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 45, 1932, pp. 59-60
(Pang Mae Ton, Doi Langka, North Thailand).

Brachypteryx leucophris nangka, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 398
(Doi Langka).—GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 178 (Doi Ang
Ka, Chiang Dao).

This little bird probably occurs in suitable territory throughout
the provinces west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain. Smith
collected four examples on Doi Langka; I found it common on Doi
Ang Ka between 4,400 and 4,900 feet and the members of the Asiatic
Primate Expedition took one there at an elevation of 6,000 feet. The

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 407

fact that the last-named group got one also at the very base of Doi
Chiang Dao (1,280 feet) and Smith another at the foot of Doi Langka

‘seems to show that its distribution is governed wholly by the presence

of dense, evergreen forest, without regard to altitude.

Those observed by me on Doi Ang Ka looked and acted like true
wrens, occurring in pairs in the heaviest jungle, where they stayed
near the ground, creeping about stumps, roots, and the tangle of fallen
trees. The usual call was a soft seep-seep but, during April, the males
frequently delivered a sweet song, loud out of all proportion to the
size of the singer.

A male with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken on Doi Ang Ka,
April 28, while a bird in postjuvenal molt was collected there Sep-
tember 3.

The breeding male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla black-
ish brown; the mandible lighter brown, with the base and the corners
of the mouth fleshy white; the feet, toes, and claws fleshy. A male
with inactive gonads differed in having the entire bill blackish brown ;
the tarsi dusky flesh; the toes fleshy plumbeous; the claws light horny
brown. A nonbreeding female differed from the last only in having
the mandible paler than the maxilla and fleshy at the base.

The adult of either sex has a short, ill-defined and partially con-
cealed white supraloral streak, usually ending somewhere above the
eye; the entire upperparts ferruginous olive-brown, the wings and
abbreviated tail more rufous; the sides of the head and neck fulvous-
brown; the underparts white, heavily and irregularly sullied with
fulvous-brown on the breast and sides of the body (this color forming
a broad but indefinite breast band).

The present form, in my opinion, differs from nipalensis only in
that the adult male seems never to acquire a slate-blue plumage. Be-
tween carolinae and nangka I can find no difference at all.

PHOENICURUS FULIGINOSUS FULIGINOSUS Vigors
INDIAN SLATY-BLUE WATER REDSTART

Phoenicura fuliginosa Vicors, Proce. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1,
1830-1831 [=1831], p. 35 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-
Almora district, by Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1924, p. 471).

Rhyacornis fuliginosa fuliginosa, RoGERS and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).

This water redstart occurs in small numbers along the Mae Klang
(Doi Ang Ka), at least between 2,800 and 3,500 feet, and commonly
along the Mae Mao and the Mae Chan, where these streams debouch
onto the plains.

On Doi Ang Ka it associated with Phoenicurus leucocephalus, E'ni-
curus schistaceus, Myophonus c. eugenei, and Cinclus pallasii, at a

408 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

place where the current was swift and strong. It is one of the most
active birds imaginable, dashing about on the wet rocks in mid-
current with constantly flirted tail or making butterflylike flights into
the air after some passing insect.

An adult female had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet
horny brown; the toes darker; the claws dark brown.

The adult male has the wings blackish, the outer webs of the feath-
ers narrowly edged slaty blue and the greater coverts with small white
tips; the rectrices and upper and under tail coverts chestnut-rufous;
the rest of the plumage slaty blue, somewhat paler on the abdomen.
The adult female has the forehead, crown, and mantle bluish ashy,
sometimes suffused with brownish; the upper tail coverts white; the
wings blackish brown, the feathers edged light brown along the outer
web (the inner secondaries sometimes edged ashy white), the coverts
and inner secondaries with small white tips; the rectrices blackish
brown with broad white bases, the white portion outwardly increas-
ing in extent until the outermost pair are almost wholly of this color;
the underparts ashy white, each feather with a bluish-ashy subter-
minal bar which gives this area its predominant hue (the chin, sides
of the upper throat, cheeks, lores, and front often suffused with fer-
ruginous) ; the under tail coverts white.

PHOENICURUS LEUCOCEPHALWUS Vigors
WHITE-CAPPED WATER REDSTART

Phoenicura leucocephala Vieors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1,
1830-1831 [=1831], p. 35 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Simla-Al-
mora district, by Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1924, p. 471).

Chaimarrornis leucocephala, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 179 (Doi
Ang Ka).

I watched a pair of white-capped redstarts at the top of the great
waterfall of the Mae Klang (at the foot of Doi Ang Ka), March 15,
1930, and in April 1931 found the species occurring uncommonly along
the same stream from the waterfall up to an elevation of 3,500 feet.
The members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition took a female on Doi
Ang Ka (probably along the Mae Klang) at 4,300 feet, February 27,
1937. The only other Thai locality from which the bird has been
recorded is Doi Suthep, where a male was collected by a Thai skinner
at the waterfall of Huai Kaeo (1,100 feet), March 27, 1937; this speci-
men was deposited in the Raffles Museum at Singapore.

The delayed discovery of so conspicuous a form on Doi Suthep, at
the very spot where I had sought it unsuccessfully over a period of
years, leads me to believe that it is wholly or partially migratory in
Thailand and, in this connection, it is noteworthy that every observa-
tion of it on Doi Ang Ka has been made during the cold weather.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 409

This is not quite so active a bird as the preceding species but shares
with it the habit of incessant tail movement. Those seen by me fed
not only on rocks jutting out of the churning water but waded about
in the shallow pools at the margin of the stream. The call note is a
sharp ping.

The adult of either sex has the crown and nape white; the rest of
the head, the neck, breast, back, and wings glossy black; the rump,
upper tail coverts, belly, flanks, and under tail coverts rich maroon ;
the tail rufous-maroon, with the apical third black; the thighs black-
ish brown.

PHOENICURUS AUROREUS LEUCOPTERUS Blyth

SZECHWANESE SLATY-CROWNED REDSTART

Phoenicura leucoptera BiytTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, vol. 12, 1848, p. 962
(“The Malay Peninsula’).

Phoenicurus auroreus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 5382 (Chiang Saen Kao); 1934, p. 209 (Doi Suthep).—DertIcnan, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 111 (Doi Suthep).

This land redstart seems to be a rather rare winter visitor to our
provinces, known by only three specimens: De Schauensee collected a
male at Chiang Saen Kao, January 18, 1929, and a female on
Doi Suthep, 1,500 feet, February 1, 1933, while I took a male on Doi
Suthep, 5,500 feet, November 7, 1936.

My example was found perched at the top of a tangle of shrubs,
thorny vines, and tall grass, shivering the tail just as does the com-
mon redstart of western Europe.

The adult male has the crown, nape, and upper back slaty gray;
the center of the back black (the feathers edged with dull rufous in
winter) ; the rump and upper tail coverts orange-rufous; the wings
black, the secondaries with a large white area at the base to form a
conspicuous patch; the central pair of tail feathers black, the others
orange-rufous; the forehead, lores, ear coverts, sides of the neck, the
chin, throat, and upper breast black; the remaining underparts
orange-rufous (the feathers of the breast and belly edged with rufous-
white in winter). The adult female has the upperparts dull oliva-
ceous-brown, except for the orange-rufous rump and upper tail cov-
erts; the wings and tail as in the adult male but with the black
replaced by dark brown; the underparts gray-brown (albescent on the
throat and center of the abdomen), washed with buff on the breast
and upper flanks and changing to buff on the lower flanks and under
tail coverts.

The breeding population of Szechwan and western Yunnan and
the wintering birds of northern Thailand agree in every character
with Blyth’s description of Jeucopterus and are easily separable from
auroreus of Kansu, Kiangsu, Manchuria, and Japan. ‘The most

410 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

obvious difference at any season lies in the color of the throat, which
is jet black in dewcopterus and blackish slate in auroreus.

RHODOPHILA FERREA (G. R. Gray)
IRON-GRAY BUSHCHAT

Savicola ferrea G. R. GRAy, Catalogue of . . . Mammalia and birds of Nepal
and Thibet . . . British Museum, 1846, pp. 71, 153 (Nepal).

Oreicola ferrea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170 (listed).

Oreicola ferrea haringtoni, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 52 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 475 (Khun Tan).

Oreicola, ferrea ferred, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 564 (Doi Suthep).

Oreicola ferrea harringtoni, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 542 (Doi Suthep).

Rhodophila ferrea haringtoni, DricNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 142 (Doi Suthep).—CHASEN and BovEN K1oss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).—Dericnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 111 (Doi Suthep).—vr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 208 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao,
ridge just south of Doi Chiang Dao).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 400 (Doi Ang Ka, Khum Tan, Doi Suthep, Mae Hong Son, Doi Mana,
Umong valley).

The gray bushchat is a very common winter visitor to the provinces
of Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai, occurring ir. suit-
able territory from the level of the plains to at least 5,500 feet. On
Doi Suthep it has been recorded between October 10 (1936) and
March 25 (1981).

This bird avoids cultivated areas—in Chiang Rai keeping to the
tall grass of the open plains, in Chiang Mai haunting the deciduous
jungle of the lower mountain slopes, the brush and lalang of the open
hill-forest, abandoned haz, etc. On Doi Suthep it is a most conspicuous
form during the cold weather and, while it is not truly gregarious,
numbers may be found together at favored places, perched on grass
and bushes or feeding on the ground along the trails. Its habits are
much like those of the various species of Sawxicola.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

The adult male, as seen with us, has the entire upperparts iron gray,
the feathers of the crown and mantle more or less conspicuously
fringed with dark ferruginous and each one with a sagittate black
subterminal band which makes these parts appear streaked; the wings
black, most of the feathers narrowly margined along the outer web
with dark ashy or grayish white (this color often strongly suffused
with rufous on the secondaries), the innermost coverts pure white to
form a conspicuous patch; the rectrices black, narrowly margined
with dark ashy or grayish white; a conspicuous white supercilium;
the lores, sides of head, and ear coverts black; the chin and throat

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 411

pure white; the remaining underparts ashy, changing to white on the
center of the abdomen and the under tail coverts. The female differs
in having the upper parts brown, this color changing to deep rufous
on the upper tail coverts; the remiges and rectrices edged with rufous;
the supercilium poorly defined; the lores, sides of head, and ear
coverts deep brown; the underparts, below the white throat, pale
brown, tinged with rufous on the lower flanks and under tail coverts.

SAXICOLA CAPRATA BURMANICA Stuart Baker
INDO-CHINESE PIED STONECHAT

Sazicola caprata burmanica Stuart BAkeEr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 43, 1922,
p. 19 (Pegu).

Pratincola caprata bicolor, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 170 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 51 (Khun Tan,
Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 475 (“Northern Siam”).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 563 (Chiang Mai).

Sazicola caprata burmanica, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 541 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 208 (Chiang
Mai, “Tung Sio”).—Drrienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 1931,
p. 141 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 111 (Chiang Mai).—Rury, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 400 (Chom Thong, Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao, Muang Pai,
Mae Hong Son).

On the open plains of Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai
Provinces the pied stonechat is a common or locally abundant per-
manent resident; I found it numerous in the cleared valley below
Pha Mon on Doi Ang Ka, 4,200 to 4,400 feet, but it is otherwise
known only from the lowlands. It is extraordinary that no form
of the species has been recorded from the districts east of the Khun
Tan range, although the present race occurs again in the southern
parts of Indochine.

This is a conspicuous bird in the vicinity of Chiang Mai, seen, usually
in pairs, perched upon hedges and fences along roadsides, on tall grass
and thorny shrubs at areas of abandoned cultivation, and, especially
after harvest, on bunds and bushes in the ricefields, from which points
of vantage it repeatedly makes short flights after insects, whether these
be in the air or on the ground.

I took a bird in full juvenal dress at Chiang Mai, July 1, and Gyl-
denstolpe has recorded (1916) a similar specimen from Chiang Rai,
August 1.

An adult female had the irides brown; the bill, feet, and toes black-
ish brown; the claws black.

The adult male has the entire plumage black, except for a large patch
on the wing coverts and inner secondaries and the upper and under
tail coverts, all of which are pure white. The adult female has the
crown and mantle dark grayish brown, the feathers with darker

583136—45——27

412 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

centers; the upper tail coverts ferruginous; the remiges and rectrices
blackish brown, the former narrowly edged with pale rufous; the
underparts grayish brown (the feathers of the throat, breast, upper
abdomen, and flanks usually with darker centers), more or less suffused
with pale rufous; the under tail coverts and thighs pale rufous. Juve-
niles of either sex resemble the adult female but the young male may
be known by his whitish wing patch.

S.c. burmanica was originally separated from caprata on slight size
differences alleged to exist between adult males of the two forms;
Ticehurst, showing that these distinctions do not hold, has synony-
mized burmanica with caprata (Ibis, 1938, pp. 221-222). Comparison
of adult females, however, shows that continental birds are easily sepa-
rable by their darker underparts, this character appearing most
markedly on the breast, the feathers of which have broader dark cen-
ters, with resultant reduction of the amount of pale rufous.

SAXICOLA TORQUATA STEJNEGERI (Parrot)
JAPANESE RUFOUS-BREASTED STONECHAT

Pr{[atincola] rubicola stejnegeri Parrot, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, vol. 8, 1908, p. 124
(“Iterup” [Yetorofu] and ‘“Jesso” [Hokkaido], Northern Japan).

Pratincola torquata stejnegeri, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 51 (“Ban Kia”) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 475 (“Several parts of Siam’’).

Sazicola torquata stejnegeri [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 542 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai [partim], Chiang Saen) ;
1934, p. 208 (“Tung Sio”).

Sazicola torquata stejnegeri, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981,
p. 142 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 111 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—RILey, U. 8.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 400 (Nan).

The Japanese stonechat is a common winter visitor to the lowlands
of all our provinces between September 16 (Chiang Mai) and April 16
(Nan). It has, however, also been found several times on the high
mountains of Chiang Mai Province: at “Ban Kia,” 4,600 feet, August
24; on Doi Ang Ka, 4,200 feet, ca. September 2; on Doi Suthep, 5,500
feet, September 7; on the same hill, 3,300 feet, March 7. I suggest that
these montane individuals, which vanish from the area in advance of
the first arrival of lowland wintering birds and pass again to the North
before the latter’s departure, have their origin in some northern terri-
tory more or less remote geographically from that of their racial
brethren of the plains. Stanford has noted (Ibis, 1938, p. 222) a
similar small migration through the hills of the Myitkyina district of
northern Burma, between March 15 and April 21.

The account of the habits of the pied stonechat will apply equally
well to this species. It may be said here that the English vernacular
name of the genus is quite inappropriate to the birds seen in Thailand,
inasmuch as rocks are infrequent or wholly lacking in the cultivated
lands inhabited by them.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 413

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the interior
of the mouth whitish; the feet, toes, and claws black; the soles yellow.

The adult male, as seen in our region, has the entire head, the chin
and throat, and the upperparts black, the feathers with more or less
broad buffy-brown edgings; the inner upper wing coverts and most
of the basal half of the innermost secondaries white (more or less
suffused with rufous-buff), to form a conspicuous wing patch; the
upper tail coverts white, more or less suffused with rufous-buff; the
tail black; the sides of the breast and lower throat pure white, this
color extending onto the sides of the neck to form a broadly inter-
rupted nuchal collar; the center of the breast buffy rufous or
chestnut-rufous, this color more or less strongly suffusing the white
of the remaining underparts; the under wing coverts and the axil-
laries black, narrowly tipped with white. The winter female has
the feathers of crown and mantle blackish brown, broadly edged with
buffy brown; the wing patch as in the male; the upper tail coverts
rufous-buff ; the tail blackish brown; an ill-defined buffy-white super-
ciliary line; the chin and throat white, sometimes tinged with buff;
the remaining underparts, including the under wing coverts and axil-
laries, rufous-buff. The young male is at first like the female but, in
spring, begins to assume color characters of the adult.

SAXICOLA TORQUATA YUNNANENSIS (La Touche)
YUNNANESE RUFOUS-BREASTED STONECHAT

Pratincola torquata yunnanensis LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48, 1923,
pp. 184-185 (Shuitang and Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

Sazicola torquata stejnegeri [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 542 (Chiang Rai [partim]).

An adult female collected by de Schauensee at Chiang Rai, January
5, 1929, and an adult male taken by his men on Doi Pha Hom Pok,
6,400 feet, February 7, 1938, are the only examples of this race yet
known from our provinces.

Typical specimens of ywnnanensis differ from stejnegeri in their
greater dimensions and in having the chestnut-rufous of the under-
parts decidedly deeper everywhere.

The male recorded (1934) by de Schauensee from Kiu Loi, 3,500
feet, Kengtung State, is also of the present form.

LUSCINIA CYANE (Pallas)
BLUE GROUNDCHAT

Motacilla Cyane Patias, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 8, 1776, pp. 220 (footnote), 697 (“In Dauurize extremis campis
inter Ononem et Argunum’’).

414 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Larvivora cyanea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 49
(Khun Tan).—bE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 541
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).

Larvivora cyane, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 141 (Doi
Suthep).—prz SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, p. 208
(Doi Suthep, Foot of Doi Chiang Dao).—RItey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1988, p. 899 (Mae Khan).

Larvivora cyane cyane, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 111
(Doi Suthep).

This chat is an apparently rare winter visitor, at least to the
provinces of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, between September 22
(1914) and May 6 (1914), ranging from the level of the plains to
2,800 feet. Specimens taken on the extreme dates at Khun Tan by Gyl-
denstolpe led him to believe that the species is resident in our area
but it seems rather to be one of a small number of Siberian forms
which arrive early in autumn and depart late in spring. It has been
recorded by other observers only in January and February.

It is a silent and retiring bird, found by Gyldenstolpe in the un-
dergrowth of dense forest and by de Schauensee and myself in ex-
tensive brakes of bamboo; the only one collected by me was dis-
covered walking about, with occasional jerks of the tail, in the deep
shade of overarching bamboos near the ruins of Wat Umong, at the
base of Doi Suthep.

Dried museum skins indicate that there is seasonal change in the
colors of the soft parts of this species, which may account for dis-
crepancies in published descriptions. My example, an old male (Feb-
ruary 9), had the irides dark brown; the maxilla blackish brown,
horny brown toward the tip; the mandible with the apical half pale
fleshy, the basal half white; the feet, toes, and claws pale fleshy.
One of Gyldenstolpe’s specimens (taken in May?) had the irides
brown; the bill horny black; the feet and toes pale brown.

The adult male has the entire upperparts and the sides of the head,
neck, and breast dark slaty blue; the remiges and rectrices blackish,
suffused with slaty blue; the lores and a narrow line edging the
ear coverts and the blue of neck and sides of breast black; the sides
of the body bluish slate; the remaining underparts pure white. The
adult female has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, suffused with
rufous on the upper tail coverts; the wing feathers olivaceous-brown,
narrowly edged with rufous; the underparts white, the feathers of
the throat, breast, and sides of the body more or less strongly suf-
fused with buff, those of the breast with narrow, faintly darker edges
to give a squamated appearance. The first-winter male resembles

the adult female but often has the upper tail coverts and rectrices suf-
fused with slaty blue.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 415

Shulpin has separated the population of South Ussuri-land, under
the name Larvivora cyane bochaiensis (KEzhegodnik Zoologicheskogo
Muzefa, Akademifa Nauk SSSR, vol. 27, 1927, pp. 404-405), as being
darker and less grayish than cyane. All specimens seen from Hok-
kaido answer to this description, in contrast to those from other
localities, but I am informed by Delacour and Mayr (én epist.) that
topotypical material is unstable and that the race cannot be main-
tained. Since Japanese ornithologists list only the nominate form
from their islands, it seems best to assume that the uniformity of
coloration shown by my Hokkaido skins is accidental and that the
species cannot be divided.

LUSCINIA CALLIOPE CALLIOPE (Pallas)
SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT

Motacilla Calliope Pattas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, pp. 261, 325, 697 (“A Ienisea vsque ad Lenam”).
Calliope calliope, DricNAn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 142

(Chiang Mai); 1986, p. 112 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—DE SCHAUENSEE,
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 210 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai,
Doi Chiang Dao).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 404 (Chiang

Mai, Doi Langka).

The Siberian rubythroat is common in migration (October, March)
and somewhat less so during the intervening months, at least in the
provinces of Mae Hong Son and Chiang Mai; it occurs chiefly on
the plains but has been taken once on Doi Suthep at 2,500 feet (Jan-
uary) and twice on Doi Chiang Dao at 4,500 feet (November, Jan-
uary). At Chiang Mai the extreme dates are October 7 (1936) and
April 3 (1981).

This bird, like the preceding, haunts dense thickets and bamboo
brakes, especially such as follow abandonment of cultivation, rarely
ascending so high as 2 feet above ground and keeping its back turned
to the observer in such a way as to conceal the red throat patch.

My winter-collected specimens had the irides brown; the bill dark
brown, light horny brown at the base; the tarsi horny brown or light
pinkish brown, whitish behind; the toes and claws light horny brown.

The adult male, as seen in Thailand, has the entire upper plumage
olivaceous-brown, the wing feathers narrowly edged with rufous; a
narrow supercilium white; the lores and area immediately below
the eye black; a conspicuous mustachial line white; the chin and throat
shining crimson-scarlet, narrowly edged with black; the upper breast,
next to the black, dark gray, changing to buffy brown on the lower
breast and upper flanks, the last-named color changing to buff on the
lower flanks and to white on the center of the abdomen; the under

416 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tail coverts white, more or less strongly washed with buff. The adult
female and first-winter male differ in having the supercilium and in-
distinct mustachial streak buffy white; the lores and area below the eye
blackish brown; the chin and throat white, more or less suffused with
buffy brown and not clearly defined from the buffy-brown breast and
sides of neck.

LUSCINIA SVECICA WEIGOLDI Kleinschmidt

MANCHURIAN BLUETHROAT

Luscinia svecica weigoldi KtrInscHMipt, Author’s abstract of “Turdine, I. Teil,”
ex Abh. Ber. Mus. Vierk. V6lkerk. Dresden, vol. 16, No. 2, 1923-1924
[=ante October 3, 1924, when a copy was received at Washington from
Germany], p. 8 (Bago, 90 km. east of Jehol [Ch’éng-té-fu]).

Luscinia svecica weigoldi KLEINSCHMIDT, Abh. Ber. Mus. Tierk, Vélkerk. Dres-
den, vol. 16, No. 2, 1923-1924 [=December 1, 1924], p. 48 (Bago, 90 km. east
of Jehol [Ch’éng-té-fu] ).

Cyanosylvia suecica robusta, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 142 (Chiang Mai) ; 19386, p. 111 (Chiang Mai).

The bluethroat has been taken only at Sala Mae Tha and Chiang
Mai; at the latter place it is a regular winter visitor in small numbers
at suitable localities and has been recorded between October 24 (1931)
and March 28 (1931).

I found this species only at the edges of drying nong, feeding on the
ground at muddy places in company with stints and aac and, at
the least alarm, vanishing into the dense cover of rushes and sedges,
where it was as well concealed as any small rail. It seems to be a
solitary bird, although some numbers may occur in close proximity as
favorable areas become reduced by drought and the harvesting of
marsh vegetation.

A male had the irides brown; the bill black, yellow at the base; the
interior of the mouth yellow; the feet and toes brown; the soles
yellowish; the claws black.

The adult male, in full plumage, has the entire upperparts grayish
brown, the feathers of the forehead and crown with blackish centers,
those of the rump and upper tail coverts sometimes partly rufous; the
wings grayish brown, the greater coverts narrowly tipped with pale
rufous; the central pair of rectrices wholly blackish brown, the re-
mainder similar but with the basal half rufous (conspicuous in flight) ;
a narrow white supercilium; the chin and upper throat shining bright
blue; the center of the lower throat and the upper breast covered by a
large patch of rufous, narrowly bordered by shining bright blue; a
narrow black breast band succeeding the blue border and this followed
by a narrow white band and a broad band of rufous; the remaining
underparts white, washed with buff, especially along the flanks and
on the under tail coverts. The adult female differs chiefly in having a

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 417

white mustachial streak; the chin and throat buffy white, more or less
washed with rufous below, this area edged at the sides by a narrow
black line and below by a band of mixed black and blue, which, in turn,
is followed by a narrow and poorly defined rufous band. As seen in
Thailand, the adult male has the blue of the chin and upper throat and
the rufous of the lower throat and upper breast more or less completely
replaced by white. A juvenile female from Chiang Mai (January 30)
differs from the adult in the complete absence of blue and rufous below
and in having the breast feathers blackish brown with white edgings
to form a broad speckled gorget.

Thai males, differing from robusta in rather shorter wing length
(70 to 75 mm.) and decidedly shorter wing tip, agree perfectly with a
series of Chihli specimens taken late in May and early in September.

TARSIGER CYANURUS RUFILATUS (Hodgson)
NEPALESE ORANGE-FLANKED BUSHROBIN

N[emura] rufilatus Hopeson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, pt. 18, p. 27 (Nepal).

Tanthia rufilata rufilata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 112
(Doi Suthep).

Tarsiger cyanurus rufilatus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 180
(Doi Ang Ka).

The present race of the orange-flanked bushrobin is known from
Thailand by only four specimens: a female taken by me on Doi Suthep,
4,500 feet, February 8, 1936, and a juvenile male and two females col-
lected by the Asiatic Primate Expedition at the summit of Doi Ang
Ka, March 23 and 28, 1937.

My example was found alone at a clearing, just where the evergreen
gave way to pine, flitting about the vine-tangled branches of a fallen
tree.

The full-plumaged male has the forehead, supercilium, shoulder
area, rump, and upper tail coverts shining bright blue; the upperparts
otherwise deep cobalt blue or ultramarine; the sides of the head, neck,
throat, and breast deep cobalt blue (sometimes almost blackish blue
at the sides of the breast) ; the chin and center of the throat pure white;
the sides of the body golden-orange; the remaining underparts white,
sullied with gray (most strongly on the breast and upper abdomen).
The adult female has the crown and mantle olivaceous-brown, chang-
ing to olivaceous gray-blue on the rump and upper tail coverts; the
tail dull blue; the chin and center of the throat white; the sides of the
body golden-orange; the remaining underparts pale olivaceous-brown,
changing to sullied white on the center of the lower abdomen and the
under tail coverts.

T. c. practicus, described from southeastern Yunnan, apparently
ranges as far north as Shensi, but northwestern Yunnan and southern

418 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Szechwan are inhabited by rufilatus. T. c. albocoeruleus, the white-
browed race of Kansu, seems not to occur, even in winter, south of
northern Szechwan.

TARSIGER CYANURUS USSURIENSIS Stegmann
JAPANESE ORANGE-FLANKED BUSHROBIN

Tarsiger cyanurus ussuriensis “Sushk. (in litt.)” STeEGMANN, Ezhegodnik Zoologi-
cheskogo Muzefa, Akademifa Nauk SSSR [Ann. Musée Zool. Acad. Sci.
U. R. S. S.], vol. 29 [for] 1928, 1929, p. 229 (Ussuri-land and Manchuria).

Ianthia cyanura cyanura, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 543 (Doi Suthep).—Derrtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 142 (Doi Suthep).—Ruirey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 404
(Doi Ang Ka).

Ianthia cyanura, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 112 (Doi
Suthep).

Tarsiger cyanurus cyanurus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 179 (Doi
Ang Ka).

Like the preceding form, the Japanese orange-flanked bushrobin
is known from Thailand by only four examples: De Schauensee took
an adult male (observed in company with a female several times be-
tween December 7 and 12) on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, December 12,
1928; Smith collected an adult female on Doi Ang Ka, 8,000 feet,
December 5, 1928, and an adult male the following day at 8,400 feet;
the members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition shot a female at the
summit of Doi Ang Ka, March 30, 1937.

The old male differs from that of rufilatus chiefly in having the
upperparts cerulean blue, the feathers of the mantle often narrowly
tipped with olivaceous-brown ; that portion of the supercilium between
the base of the bill and the eye white (sometimes washed with pale
blue); the white streak down the center of the throat broader and
more flaring on the upper breast; the white portions of the under-
parts often more or less strongly suffused with buff. The adult female
differs from that of rufilatus in having the white streak down the
center of the throat broader and more flaring on the breast; the
olivaceous-brown portions of the underparts usually strongly tinged
with buff. \

According to Stegmann (Joc. cit.), the adult male of cyanurus is
customarily colored like the female—only in rare instances assuming
a blue plumage; that of usswriensis is “always” blue. The two males
taken in Thailand have both been blue and it may be assumed that of
the two only wsswriensis occurs with us.

MYIOMELA LEUCURA LEUCURA (Hodgson)
INDIAN WHITE-TAILED GROUNDROBIN

M[uscisylWwia] leucura Hopneson, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, pt. 18, 1845, p. 27
(Nepal).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 419

Notodela leucura, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 543
(Chiang Saen).

Muscisylvia leucura, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 142
(Doi Suthep) ; 1935, p. 65 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1986, p. 112 (Doi Suthep).—vE
ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 210 (Khun Tan) .—
Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 405 (Doi Langka, “Ban Padieng”).

The groundrobin occurs in dense, damp evergreen forest (rarely in
adjacent areas of thick bamboo), at elevations from the level of the
plains (Chiang Saen) to 5,200 feet (Doi Ang Ka). In addition to
the localities named above, it has been found at Doi Nang Kaeo, Doi
Chiang Dao, and Phu Kha. The sole record for Doi Suthep is a
female taken at 3.200 feet, February 24, 1931.

This shy species keeps to the ground in heavy forest along streams
or in shady ravines and is not likely to be seen unless it comes out
for a moment onto some jungle track. On Doi Ang Ka, between 4,400
and 5,200 feet, in April, I often heard it singing; the song, short but
sweet and strong, is reminiscent of the songs of the American thrushes
of the genus Hylocichila.

A male of November 12 is in postnuptial molt; others of September
2 and December 5 are in postjuvenal molt. Young birds of either sex
molt directly from the juvenal dress to that of the adult but the
change is not always complete the first year: a male of December 7
(not molting) is in wholly adult plumage except for the retention
of the juvenal greater upper wing coverts; another of May 6 (not
molting) has not only these juvenal wing coverts but the feathers at
the sides of the upper back colored exactly as in the adult female
and the feathers of the breast tipped full rufous. An old female of
February 28 has some of the scapulars blue, as in the male, and the
rectrices suffused with blue.

An adult male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet, toes,
and claws blackish brown. An adult female had the irides dark
brown; the bill black, with the base of the mandible fleshy; the rictus
and interior of the mouth yellow; the feet and toes horny violet;
the soles white; the claws horn.

The adult male has the forehead, forecrown, eyebrow, and point
of the shoulder shining blue; the remaining upperparts (including
the wings) deep blue; the rectrices black, all except the central and
outermost pairs with a patch of pure white at the base of the outer
web (outwardly decreasing in extent); some of the feathers at each
side of the lower throat with pure white bases, to form two small,
concealed patches; the feathers of the lower flanks with at least part
of the bases white, to form larger concealed patches; the remaining
underparts deep blue (so dark on the breast, throat, and chin as to be
almost black). The adult female has the upperparts olivaceous-
brown, suffused with rufous on the mantle; the remiges edged with

420 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

bright rufous; the tail as in the male but with the black replaced by
olivaceous-brown; the same concealed white patches at the sides of
the lower throat and on the lower flanks as in the male; the throat
and breast olivaceous-brown (the throat usually paler), more or less
strongly suffused with rufous; the remaining underparts olivaceous-
brown, changing to ashy on the center of the abdomen and albescent
on the under tail coverts. The juvenile has the feathers of the crown
and mantle dark rufous-brown with light rufous shaft streaks; the
remiges and rectrices exactly as in the adult of corresponding sex;
the underparts light rufous, changing to buff on the center of the
abdomen, all the feathers with blackish edgings; the under tail coverts
ashy, suffused with buff.

COPSYCHUS SAULARIS ERIMELAS Oberholser
INDO-CHINESE MAGPIE ROBIN

Copsychus saularis erimelas OBERHOLSER, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 76, No. 6,
1923, pp. 1-2 (‘“Kankarit, Houndraw Branch, Tenasserim”; type specimen
from ‘“Kaukarit, Houndraw R*” [=—Kaukareyit, Haungdaraw river, Am-
herst District]).

Copsychus saularis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 39
(Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170 (listed).

Copsychus saularis saularis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet-Akad. Handl.
1916, p. 50 (Khun Tan, Ban Mae Na); Ibis, 1920, p. 477 (North-
ern ... Siam’’).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 564 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 543 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 210 (Chiang Mai).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 142 (Chiang Mai) ;
1936, p. 112 (Chiang Mai).—Rury, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 406
(Ban Nam Khian).

The magpie robin may sometimes be seen along trails in wild bam-
boo jungle, but its true home is in the immediate vicinity of human
dwellings, whether in large towns or diminutive settlements. Through-
out our provinces it is really a lowland form, but I found it common
also on Doi Ang Ka, between 4,200 and 4,400 feet, near the Karen
village of Ban Nong Lom, and a few pairs still dwelt in the abandoned
Yao clearing on Phu Kha at 4,500 feet.

This is the charming black and white (or gray and white) bird
that hunts for earthworms and insects on lawns and garden plots,
constantly elevating the tail perpendicularly to the line of the back
or spreading it broadly like a fan. It is an indefatigable singer
almost throughout the year but chiefly from January to July, and its
sweet strains may be heard in a veritable chorus at dawn and again
at dusk from the tops of trees, the ridgepoles of houses, the posts of
fences, or wherever else it finds an exposed perch, Its numbers, famil-
larity with man, and preference for a diet of insects make it, econom-
ically, one of our most valuable species.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 421

At Chiang Mai, specimens with the gonads active have been col-
lected between February 25 and May 8, while examples in full juvenal
plumage have been taken there July 5.

A juvenile female had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the
rictus and interior of the mouth light yellow; the feet and toes slate;
the claws horny slate.

The adult male has the entire head and neck, breast, and mantle
glossy blue-black; the wings black, with a conspicuous, longitudinal
white stripe; the two central pairs of rectrices black, the next pair
white with a black margin along the inner web, the remaining pairs
pure white; the underparts, below the breast, pure white. The adult
female differs only in having the upper half of the head and the
mantle blue-gray with a steely sheen; the chin, throat, and breast
deep ashy gray. The juvenile differs from the adults in having the
upperparts slaty brown; the remiges outwardly edged with pale rufous
and the white of the coverts sullied with this color; the third pair of
rectrices from the center with a black margin along both inner and
outer webs; the chin, throat, and breast rufous-buff, each feather
narrowly margined with blackish; the white of the remaining under-
parts more or less washed with rufous-buff.

Since the birds of nonpeninsular Thailand are intermediate between
musicus (Sumatra) and saularis (Bengal), with just the characters
attributed by Oberholser to his erimelas, this name may properly be
employed for them.

In this species the amount of black on the rectrices gradually de-
creases from south to north and it is instructive to find that, at any
given latitude in Thailand, juveniles tend to have more black on these
feathers than their parents, thus seeming to belong with a more south-
ern population.

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA INTERPOSITA Robinson and Boden Kloss
INDO-CHINESE SHAMA

Kittacincla malabarica interposita RoBInsoN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Federated
Malay States Mus., vol. 10, 1922, p. 262 (Daban, South Annam).

Copsychus macrurus, SCHOMBURGK, Ibis, 1864, p. 262 (Chiang Mai).

Cittocincla macrura, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p.
89 (Den Chai, Ban Huai Hom); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(listed).

Kittocincla macrurus tricolor, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 50 (Pha Kho, Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Kittacinela macrura tricolor, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 477 (“Throughout
Siam’’).

Kittocincla malabarica interposita, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 564 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 548 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Kittacincla malabarica interposita, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 143 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 112 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

422 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM »

Kittacincla malabarica malabarica, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 210 (Chiang Mai).

The shama is a common resident of all the northern provinces from
the level of the plains to about 4,600 feet (Doi Suthep), occurring
chiefly in bamboo jungle at whatever elevation but frequently seen
also in the evergreen, if it be not too dense.

This species is sometimes found in villages, where ancient clumps
of giant bamboo overhang the drainage ditches and the gardens are
deeply shaded by mango and longan, but it is not really a dooryard
form, preferring to dwell rather in wild bamboo brakes at a distance
from human habitation. Its singing, often continued without pause
for minutes at a time, is, in my opinion, superior in sweetness and
variety to that of any other bird of our forests and, heard from some
dark thicket at early evening, is one of the loveliest sounds imaginable.
In habits, the shama seems: to differ in no important way from the
magpie robin.

I took a male with the gonads greatly enlarged, May 30, and speci-
mens in full juvenal dress, June 13 and July 21, but Eisenhofer sent
to Stockholm juveniles shot as early as May 25. Postjuvenal molt
is shown by a bird of July 2, postnuptial molt by examples of July
26 and August 31.

A breeding male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the
feet, toes, and claws fleshy.

The adult male has the entire head and neck, breast, and mantle
glossy blue-black; the rump and upper tail coverts pure white; the
remiges black; the long, strongly graduated tail with the two central
pairs of feathers black, the next two pairs with the basal half black
and apical half white, the two remaining pairs pure white; the under-
parts, below the breast, chestnut-rufous; the thighs white, sometimes
more or less suffused with rufous. The adult female differs in having
the head and neck, breast, and mantle slaty gray (the crown and
mantle sometimes with a steely sheen); the underparts, below the
breast, orange-rufous. The juvenile may readily be known by its
white rump and long tail, patterned like that of the adult. The
changes from the immature plumage to that of the old adult are com-
plicated and should be studied by someone with suitable material at
hand.

Gyldenstolpe (1916) and de Schauensee (1934) have each considered
northern Thai birds to be distinct from more southern ones (inter-
posita), but my own material dors not support this view. If they be
correct, our shama must, at least in part, be known either as zndica or
pellogyna. Whistler and Kinnear (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. 36, 19382, p. 75) have recognized zndica as separable from mala-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 423

barica but have not shown how it may be distinguished from pellogyna.
I strongly suspect, however, that these putative races will prove to be
one and the same thing as interposita, which will then have a range
exactly coinciding with that of Copsychus s. erimelas.

a MONTICOLA GULARIS (Swinhoe)
WHITE-THROATED ROCK THRUSH

Oroecetes gularis SwiNHor, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 318 (Tientsin,
China).

Monticola gularis, GyLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 48
(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 478 (Khun Tan).

Monticola gularis gularis, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci, Philadelphia,
1934, p. 212 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 113 (Doi Suthep).

This little rock thrush is hardly more than a straggler to northern
Thailand, whence it has been recorded only twice: An undated male
shot by Eisenhofer’s collector at Khun Tan (specimen in Stockholm) ;
a male taken by de Schauensee on Doi Suthep, 1,500 feet, December
18, 1932.

The male, in winter dress, has the forehead, crown, nape, and center
of the upper back violet-blue, each feather with a narrow black sub-
terminal bar and narrow grayish-buff tip; the mantle black, each
feather with a conspicuous grayish-buff margin, changing on the rump
and upper tail coverts to chestnut-rufous, each feather with a buffy
margin; the tail slaty; the wings blackish with a large violet-blue
shoulder patch, the outer secondaries with a conspicuous white area
near the base of the outer web, the inner secondaries and the greater
coverts tipped and margined along the outer web with white or buffy
white; the ear coverts black, tipped with grayish buff; the throat with
a white central streak which flares broadly on the uppermost part of
the breast; the remaining underparts chestnut-rufous, paling on the
center of the abdomen and the under tail coverts, the feathers of the
sides of the throat, breast, and flanks narrowly margined with grayish
buff. The female in winter has the upperparts grayish brown, the
feathers of the mantle with crescentic black subterminal bars and
grayish-buff tips, the upper tail coverts barred grayish buff and black
throughout; the throat patch exactly as in the male; the feathers be-
neath and behind the ear coverts with broad buffy-white tips and cen-
tral streaks, to form a light area at either side of the neck; the remain-
ing underparts buffy white, the feathers conspicuously marked with
crescentic black bars except on the center of the abdomen, the under
tail coverts, the under wing coverts, and the axillaries.

424 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MONTICOLA RUFIVENTRIS (Jardine and Selby)
CHESTNUT-BELLIED Rock THRUSH

Petrocincla rufiventris JARDINE and SELBY, Illustrations of ornithology, ser. 1, vol.
3, pt. 9, no date [=1833], pl. 129 and text (“The Himmalayan district”).
Monticola erythrogastra, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 548 (Doi Suthep).

WUonticola rufiventris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 143
(Doi Suthep).—pvE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 211 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Rmey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 415
(Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

Monticola rufiventris sinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 118 (Doi Suthep).

The chestnut-bellied rock thrush is of regular but uncommon oc-
currence on the higher mountains of the Thanon Thong Chai and
Khun Tan ranges, from 4,000 to 5,500 feet; it has been found only
between November 4 (Doi Langka) and February 6 (Doi Suthep) but
probably arrives earlher and departs later than these dates would
imply.

I have observed this bird, not at rocky places, but at clearings in
the evergreen and along forest trails.

An apparently adult male of November 23 has the central pair of
rectrices only half-grown.

De Schauensee states (1929) that an immature male had the irides
brown; the bill horn; the feet and toes brownish black.

The adult male has the entire upperparts rich blue, brighter on the
forecrown, shoulder, rump, and upper tail coverts (in winter with nar-
row ashy tips to the feathers of the mantle and narrow white tips
to the remiges and greater coverts); the lores, ocular region, and
ear coverts black; the chin and throat dull blue (the feathers with
narrow ashy tips in winter) ; the remaining underparts, including the
under wing coverts and axillaries, rich chestnut. The adult female
has the entire upperparts plumbeous-gray, the feathers of the mantle
with narrow blackish shaft streaks and crescentic subterminal bars,
the upper tail coverts barred plumbeous-gray and blackish through-
out; the throat with a pale buffy or buffy-white central streak, which
flares somewhat on the uppermost part of the breast; the feathers
beneath and behind the ear coverts buff, with narrow black tips, form-
ing an indefinite mustachial streak and a conspicuous light patch
at each side of the neck; the remaining underparts pale buffy or
buffy white, each feather with broad, crescentic blackish bars.

MONTICOLA SOLITARIUS PANDOO (Sykes)
INDIAN BLUE ROCK THRUSH

Petrocincla Pandoo Syxrs, Proce. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832,
p. 87 (“The Dukhun”).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 425

Monticola cyanea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(listed).

Monticola cyanus solitaria, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 565 (Chiang Mai).

Monticola solitaria pandoo, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 478 (’’Siam”’).—pE ScHAv-
ENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 544 (Chiang Mai, Doi
Suthep, Chiang Saen); 1934, p. 212 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Khun Tan,
Doi Chiang Dao).—DrEienaANn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
148 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 1138 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 416 (Khun Tan, Doi Ang Ka,
Chiang Mai, Mae Khan, “Ban Padieng’”’).—GREENWAy, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1940, p. 181 (Chiang Mai, Doi Ang Ka).

The Indian blue rock thrush is a very common winter visitor to
the provinces west of (and including) the Khun Tan chain; I place
here also certain specimens taken by de Schauensee and myself in
Chiang Rai Province, though it should be noted that no adult male
has yet been collected in that area and that their subspecific identifi-
cation is therefore subject to revision. The race occurs from the
level of the plains up to at least 5,500 feet (Doi Suthep) ; the ex-
treme dates of its stay in the Chiang Mai district are September 5
(1931) and April 2 (1931).

This thrush will probably never be found in the evergreen, but it is
likely to occur in any other type of forest and also in cultivated areas.
Its chief requirement is the presence of rock faces, and man-made
masonry forms so satisfactory a substitute for natural walls that it is
perhaps even more numerous about the monasteries of towns and
villages than at mountain cliffs. At Chiang Mai it was constantly
to be seen on the ridgepoles of houses and the tops of garden walls,
whence it would dash from time to time in pursuit of some insect on the
ground or in the air. The only note heard in the cold season is a low
clucking sound, accompanied by an upward flick of the tail.

A male from Doi Suthep, March 23, is undergoing molt of the
feathers of throat and upper back; another from the same locality,
April 2, had the testes enlarged. There is no good reason to believe,
however, that any individuals remain to breed within our provinces.

Adult males had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the interior
of the mouth yellow; the feet and toes dark brown or black; the claws
black.

The old male has the entire plumage bright deep blue (the remiges
and rectrices black, narrowly edged with blue and tipped with white),
in winter with most of the body feathers tipped white and then black
to give a more or less squamate appearance. Certain individuals from
our provinces show approach to M&M. s. philippensis by having the
under wing coverts and especially the under tail coverts wholly or
partly chestnut-rufous instead of blue. The adult female and the
immatures of either sex are similar to the old female of M. rufiventris

426 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

but differ in the lack of striking markings on the center of the throat
and the sides of the neck and by having the upperparts (and some-
times the underparts) more or less strongly washed with blue.

MONTICOLA SOLITARIUS PHILIPPENSIS (P. L. S. Miiller)
CHINESE BLUE RocK THRUSH |

Turdus Philippensis P. L. S. Mttier, Natursystems Supplements- und Register-
Band, 1776, p. 145 (Philippine Islands, ew Buffon).

Monticola solitaria philippensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915,
p. 170 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 478 (‘“‘Siam’’).

Monticola solitarius philippensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 48 (Pha Kho).

Two male specimens in Stockholm, one taken by Hisenhofer at
Khun Tan, the other by Gyldenstolpe at Pha Kho (March 21, 1914),
are best placed with this more eastern race of the blue rock thrush,
which is probably the form wintering commonly in those provinces
east of the Khun Tan chain.

The adult male of philippensis differs from that of pandoo in its
rather brighter shade of blue and by having the under wing coverts,
upper flanks, abdomen, and under tail coverts chestnut-rufous instead
of blue. Females and immatures seem to be indistinguishable from
those of other races.

All degrees of intergradation occur between typical philippensis
and typical pandoo and it is not likely that many specimens from our
area will show the extreme plumage phase of the former race.

TURDUS BOULBOUL BOULBOUL (Latham)
INDIAN GRAY-WINGED BLACKBIRD

[Lanius] Boulboul LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 80 (India;
type locality restricted to Darjiling, by Stuart Baker, Fauna Brit. India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1924, p. 180).

Turdus boulboul, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 112 (Doi
Suthep).

The gray-winged thrush is known from Thailand only by an adult
male that I collected on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, January 25, 1936. It
is probably a very rare winter visitor.

My specimen was found hopping about on the bare ground of the
bungalow colony just at the summit of the mountain, acting much like
the blackbirds of more northern countries.

It had the irides brown; the eyelids edged yellow; the bill orange;
the tarsi brown in front, yellow behind; the toes brown; the soles yel-
low; the claws horn.

The adult male has the tips of the median upper wing coverts, the
outer webs of the greater coverts and inner secondaries, and the outer

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 427

edges of the outer secondaries ashy white, to form a broad and con-
spicuous lengitudinal bar in the folded wing; the rest of the upper
plumage, including the wings and tail, jet black; the underparts dull
black, washed with brown on the breast and belly, the feathers of the
abdomen narrowly fringed with ashy, the under tail coverts more
broadly margined with ashy white. The adult female differs in
having the general coloration olivaceous-brown, with the wing mark-
ings dull rufous.
TURDUS OBSCURUS Gmelin

WHITE-BROWED THRUSH

[Turdus] obscurus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 816 (“in
Sibiriae silvis, ultra lacum Baical’’).

Turdus obscurus obscurus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
143 (Doi Suthep).—CHAseEN and BopeNn Kxioss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).—pnr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 211 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—
Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 410 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka) .—
GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 180 (Doi Ang Ka).

Turdus obscurus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 112
(Doi Suthep).

Smith took a specimen of the white-browed thrush on Doi Ang Ka,
8,000 feet, December 5, 1928, but all other northern records have been
made betwen January 3 (Khun Tan) and April 18 (Phu Kha). So
common a migrant is this bird in March and April (when hundreds
may sometimes be seen in a single day) that its rarity or absence dur-
ing the autumn months can only be explained by assuming that its
southbound passage follows some other route. It is a species of the
more open evergreen and occurs in suitable territory from the level of
the plains (1,214 feet at Chiang Rai) to the summits of the highest
hills (8,400 feet on Doi Ang Ka).

I found it usually in large, loose flocks, feeding quietly on the ground
beneath the ferns or in low berry-bearing trees. It is excessively shy
and, at the slightest alarm, takes refuge in the tops of the highest
trees at hand.

Two males had the irides brown; the maxilla blackish brown, with
the edges of the commissure yellow on the basal half; the mandible
yellow, with the tip blackish brown; the rictus and interior of the
mouth yellow; the feet, toes, and soles yellow; the claws pinkish horn
or light brown.

The adult male has the entire upperparts, including the wings and
tail, olivaceous-brown, the forehead, crown, and nape more or less
strongly suffused with ashy; the supercilium white; the lores black; a
patch beneath the eye and another below the lores white; the chin
white, edged at each side by a short, indistinct black mustachial streak ;

583136—45——28

428 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the throat dark gray; the upper breast, the sides of the lower breast,
and the flanks orange-rufous; the center of the lower breast and the
abdomen white; the under tail coverts white, broadly margined with
olivaceous-brown toward the base. The adult female differs chiefly
in having the forehead, crown, and nape concolorous with the back
and in having the chin and throat white, more or less heavily streaked,
especially at the sides, with dark gray. Younger birds of either sex
resemble the old female but have the greater upper wing coverts and
the inner secondaries narrowly tipped with ashy white.

TURDUS DISSIMILIS Blyth
BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH

Tlurdus| dissimilis BiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, 1847, pp. 144-145
(Lower Bengal; Himalayas).

Turdus dissimilis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1938, p. 30
(Doi Pha Hom Pok).

De Schauensee’s collectors took an adult male and an adult female
of this thrush on Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,000 feet, January 23 and 28,
1938.

The specimens are labeled as having the irides light brown; the bill,
feet, and toes orange.

The old male has the entire head, neck, and breast black; the re-
maining upperparts slaty gray; the remaining underparts bright
orange-rufous, becoming white on the center of the abdomen; the
under tail coverts white, more or less suffused with orange-rufous;
the under wing coverts and axillaries orange-rufous. The adult fe-
male has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown; the chin white,
changing on the throat and breast to light brown, each feather with a
blackish-brown terminal spot; the remaining underparts as in the
male.

GEOKICHLA CITRINA INNOTATA Blyth

INDO-CHINESE ORANGE-HEADED GROUND THRUSH

Geocichla innotota [sic] BryTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 15, 1846, p. 370
(Nicobar Islands and Malaya; type locality restricted to the Malay Peninsula,
by Blyth, ibid., vol. 16, 1847, p. 146).

Geocichla innotata, GYLDENSTOLPR, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 46
(Khun Tan).

Geocichla citrina innotata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 478 (Khun Tan).

Geokichla citrina innotata, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 211 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 112 (Doi Suthep).—Rmey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 411
(Khun Tan).

Geokichla citrina citrina, Riey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 411 (Khun
Tan).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 429

This ground thrush is an apparently rare and local inhabitant of
the more western provinces, known only from Doi Khun Tan, 3,000
feet, and Doi Suthep, 4,500 feet. The few dated specimens from the
North have been taken between May 9 and July 21 and there is just
a possibility that the species is present with us only in summer.

A male collected by de Schauensee on Doi Suthep, 4,500 feet, July
21, is in postjuvenal molt.

The same author states that a male had the irides dark brown;
the feet and toes pale yellow.

The adult male has the entire head and neck and the underparts
bright orange-rufous, albescent on the throat and center of the ab-
domen and changing to white on the region of the vent and the under
tail coverts; the remaining upperparts, including the wings and tail,
slaty blue, the feathers of the upper mantle with darker centers, the
majority of the remiges with a white area along the inner web near
the base; the under wing coverts slaty gray with broad white tips;
the axillaries white with broad slaty-gray tips. The adult female
differs from the male in having the orange-rufous of the head and
underparts rather duller and in having the slaty blue of the upper-
parts replaced by olivaceous-brown (changing to slaty on the rump,
upper tail coverts, and tail).

Considerable doubt has been cast by authors upon the distinctness
of znnotata from citrina, in view of the fact that, 7m winter, the two
forms, together with intermediates, occur together in the Malay
Peninsula. I submit that, in so strongly migratory a species, only
breeding populations may properly be used as evidence for or against
the validity of a given race. Suffice it to say that (1) in the Peninsula
we find both citrina and innotata in winter but neither one in sum-
mer; (2) ali summer-taken birds from any part of Thailand have
been innotata. Winter specimens that fall between the two may well
have had their origin in geographically intermediate areas.

The individual from Khun Tan listed (1988) as citrina by Riley
has faintly indicated paler tips to the median upper wing coverts and
may be considered a slightly aberrant example of énnotata from a
locality probably near the periphery of the subspecies’ range.

GEOKICHLA SIBIRICA SIBIRICA (Pallas)
SIBERIAN SLATE-COLORED GROUND THRUSH

Turdus sibiricus Parias, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 694 (“in syluis alpinis et borealioribus Sibiriae
.’; type specimen from the Konda river, fide Pallas, ibid., p. 186 [where
ealled 7’. alpinus, nomen nudum]).
Geocichla sibirica sibirica, Rogers and DrIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).

430 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The slate-colored ground thrush is known in our area only from
Doi Ang Ka, 4,400 feet, where two or three individuals were seen
by me in April, 1931; one which was collected proved to be an im-
mature male of the present race.

This shy species of the dense evergreen is likely to occur in winter
at suitable localities throughout the northern provinces.

The adult male has a broad and conspicuous white supercilium;
the rest of the upperparts and underparts slaty gray, changing to
white on the center of the abdomen; the remiges marked with white
as in the preceding species; the two central pairs of rectrices slaty
gray, the remaining pairs with outwardly increasingly broad white
tips; the under tail coverts slaty gray with broad white tips; the
under wing coverts and axillaries as in the preceding species. The
adult female has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, changing to rufes-
cent on the wings and tail, the upper wing coverts tipped with
rufescent-buff; a narrow buffy-white supercilium; the lores and a
narrow mustachial streak blackish brown; the remaining underparts
white (strongly suffused on the breast and upper flanks with rufes-
cent-buff), the feathers tipped with dark brown but the throat, center
of the belly, and the under tail coverts almost immaculate; the
under wing coverts and axillaries as in the male but with the slaty
gray replaced by blackish brown.

ZOOTHERA DIXONI (Seebohm)
LONG-TAILED PLAIN-BACKED MOUNTAIN THRUSH

Geocichla dixoni SrrBoHM, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 5,
1881, p. 161 (Nepal).

Oreocincla dironi, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1938, p.
30 (Doi Pha Hom Pok).

A female, taken by de Schauensee’s collectors on Doi Pha Hom Pok,
6,400 feet, February 10, 1938, is the sole example of this rare thrush
yet known from Thailand.

It has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown, sometimes tinged ru-
fescent ; the wings olivaceous-brown, most of the remiges with a buffy-
white area along the inner web toward the base, the upper coverts
with flabelliform buff tips; the two central pairs of rectrices oliva-
ceous-brown, the next two pairs blackish brown with very narrow white
tips, the fifth pair blackish brown with a broader white tip, the outer-
most pair olivaceous-brown (blackish brown at the base) with a broad
white tip and central streak; the underparts white, more or less
strongly washed with buff on the breast and flanks, most of the feath-
ers with a conspicuous semicircular black tip; the under tail coverts
white, many of them edged at the sides with olivaceous-brown; the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 431

axillaries white, broadly tipped with black; the under wing coverts
black, broadly tipped with white.

ZOOTHERA DAUMA DAUMA (Latham)
HIMALAYAN LUNULATED-BACKED MOUNTAIN THRUSH

[Turdus] Dauma LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, pp. 8362-363 (India ;
type locality restricted to Kashmir, by Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soe., vol. 27, 1921, p. 720).

Oreocincla dauma, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(listed).

Turdus aureus angustirostris GYLDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, p. 28
(Khun Tan, North Thailand).

Turdus aureus angustirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 47 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 477 (Khun Tan).

Oreocincla dauma socius [sic], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 543 (Doi Suthep).

Oreocincla dauma socia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
143 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 113 (Doi Suthep).—pp ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 211 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—RILEy,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 418 (Doi Langka).

Turdus dauma subsp., CHASEN and BoDen Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 245 (Doi Suthep). ‘
Oreocincla dauma dauma, RILEY, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 4138 (Khun

Tan, Doi Hua Mot).

Oreocincla horsfieldi affinis, Rirey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 414 (Doi
Langka).

This thrush, which occurs throughout the year in the dense, moist
evergreen of the provinces west of (and including) the Khun Tan
chain, is probably fairly common, although, owing to the nature
of its haunts, it is seldom seen. It has been taken on Doi Khun Tan
at 3,000 feet; on Doi Ang Ka, at 4,400 feet; on Doi Suthep, between
4,500 and 5,500 feet; however, I have collected, December 26, a speci-
men at the very foot of Doi Pha Hom Pok, which indicates that it
may occur in suitable forest at whatever elevation, at least during
the cold weather.

It is ashy bird of the heaviest cover, ranging in pairs through damp
ravines and along small streams, keeping normally to the ground
but, when alarmed, flying onto some low branch, whence after a mo-
ment, it disappears silently into the darkness of the jungle. An
example from Doi Ang Ka had been feeding on large, hard fruits.

Smith had the good fortune to take a breeding female, with her
nest and young, on Doi Hua Mot, August 28, 1934. Riley (1938) has
commented on them as follows: “A nest with three nestlings with the
eyes unopened was taken. It is a large flat nest composed entirely of
pine needles, except for a narrow rim of mud mixed with a little moss
around the base to fasten it to the limb it was on. It was 10 feet
from the ground in atree. The nest cavity is very shallow, and the

432 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

nest is very unthrushlike in appearance. The outside diameter of
the nest is 8 inches; the egg cavity 4 inches wide and about 1 inch
deep.”

A male from Doi Ang Ka had the irides dark brown; the maxilla
blackish brown; the mandible yellowish horn, dark at the tip; the in-
terior of the mouth yellow; the feet and toes horny yellow; the claws
pale horny.

The present species somewhat resembles Z. diwont but may at once be
known by its having all the feathers of the upperparts with conspic-
uous, crescentic black tips, instead of uniform olivaceous-brown.

I have already shown (Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1938, pp.
119-122) that, in our provinces, Zoothera dauma may have either 12
or 14 rectrices; examination of 18 Thai specimens has indicated that
those with 12 are a little more than twice as frequent as those with 14
and that none is separable from Himalayan birds by color characters.

It is well known that the general color of the upperparts in this
species becomes duller and grayer with wear and Riley’s recognition of
no less than three races among the seven examples collected by Smith is
due to failure to allow for such seasonal variation. I believe that
Zoothera dauma socia (Thayer and Bangs) will likewise prove to be
nothing but Zd. dauma in fine, fresh plumage; the type specimen was
taken September 28. If eastern birds prove to be indeed separable
from those of Kashmir, Thayer and Bangs’s name will, of course, take
precedence over Gyldenstolpe’s angustirostris.

ZOOTHERA DAUMA AUREA (Holandre)
JAPANESE LUNULATED-BACKED MOUNTAIN THRUSH

Turdus aureus HOLANDRE, Fauna du Département de la Moselle . . . Les Oiseaux,
in Annuaire de la Moselle, 1825, p. 60 [in reprint, pp. 11-12] (“a quelques
lieues de Metz, dans les bois de Rezonville” [a straggler]).

Oreocincla aurea aurea lpartim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 211 (Khun Tan).

Oreocincla aurea aurea, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 118
(Chiang Mai).

The present race seems to be a very rare winter visitor to northern
Thailand, where it has been found only four times: De Schauensee took
a female at Khun Tan, January 2, 1938; at Chiang Mai, I collected a
female, January 12, 1936, and a male, March 7, 1936; on Doi Pha Hom
Pok, de Schauensee’s men shot a female, February 8, 1938, at 6,400 feet.

In view of the habitat of our resident form of the species, it is note-
worthy that my female was shot in a city garden, where it was feeding
in the open on a newly spaded flowerbed, while the male was discovered
in dry, deciduous jungle on the plain a few miles northeast of the town.

Z.d. aurea seems always to possess 14 rectrices. From the preceding

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND ASS

subspecies it is not separable by color but may be known by its longer
wing tip and generally greater dimensions: whereas the wing length
of dauma ranges from 138 to 146 mm., that of awrea ranges from,152.6
to 168.5 mm. (8 specimens of the former, against 26 of the latter).

The male from Kengtung Town, recorded (1934) by de Schauensee
as @urea, 1s, 1n My Opinion, an example of dawma with 14 rectrices.

ZOOTHERA MARGINATA PARVA Delacour and Jabouille
INDO-CHINESE LESSER LONG-BILLED THRUSH

Zoothera marginata parva DELACOUR and JABOUILLE, L’Oiseau et la Revue Fran-
caise d’Ornithologie, vol. 11, 19380, p. 897 (Long-Phinh, Pakha, Tongking).

Zoothera marginata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935, p. 65
(Doi Ang Ka).

Zoothera marginata marginata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 113 (Doi Suthep).

Zoothera marginata parva, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 181 (Doi
Ang Ka, Doi Nang Kaeo).

This long-billed thrush is apparently, if not actually, a very rare
bird in northern Thailand: it has been taken on Doi Nang Kaeo at
2,800 feet; on Doi Suthep (once) at 3,500 feet; on Doi Ang Ka at
various elevations between 4,600 and 8,400 feet on Doi Pha Hom Pok
at 6,400 feet.

It is a shy species of dense, moist evergreen forest, where it keeps to
the ground and probably is often overlooked in the darkness of the
undergrowth. <A clew to its real numbers is given by the fact that, on
Doi Ang Ka, 4,600 to 4,800 feet, between September 4 and 7, 1935, I saw
no less than six juveniles, four of which were easily collected; these
examples drew attention to themselves by their reiterated alarm note:
pit-pit-pit.

In three of my specimens postjuvenal molt is just beginning, while
in the fourth it is far advanced.

The adult has the crown and nape deep olivaceous-brown, the feath-
ers indistinctly edged darker; the mantle rufous-brown, the feathers
similarly margined; the wings rufous-brown, most of the remiges
with a buffy-white area along the inner web toward the base, the upper
coverts narrowly tipped with rufous-buff; the tail rufous-brown; the
sides of the head and neck mixed buffy white and deep olivaceous-
brown; the chin and throat white, many of the feathers with blackish-
brown tips, these tips larger at each side of the throat to form a poorly
defined mustachial line; the feathers of the breast buffy white, broadly
margined (especially at the sides) with olivaceous-brown, those of
the flanks olivaceous-brown with buffy-white shaft streaks, those of
the belly white with posteriorly obsolescent olivaceous-brown crescentic
tips; the under tail coverts olivaceous-brown, with buffy-white mar-

434. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

gins and central streaks; the under wing coverts blackish brown,
broadly tipped with buffy white; the axillaries buffy white, broadly
tipped with deep brown. The juvenile differs chiefly in having the
upperparts deep slaty brown (many of the feathers with buffy shaft
streaks) and the dark markings of the sides of head, neck, throat, and
breast almost black.

The birds of all Thailand seem to belong to this'southern race, which
is perhaps separable from marginata only by its rather shorter and
weaker bill.

COCHOA VIRIDIS Hodgson

GREEN COCHOA

Co[choa] Viridis Hopeson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, 1836, pp. 359-360
(Nepal).

Cochoa viridis, Rirry, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1938, p. 157 (Khun
Tan).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 114 (Doi
Suthep).—bDE SCHAUENSEEH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 212
(Doi Suthep).—R«ry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 420 (Khun Tan).

The green cochoa is a rare permanent resident of the higher moun-
tains of all our provinces, occurring in the evergreen from about
4,500 to 5,500 feet. In addition to the localities named above, it is
known from Doi Ang Ka and Phu Kha.

At Doi Ang Ka, on the slopes of Pha Mon, I collected one from
the top of a tree in dry open hill-forest on the ridge between two moist
ravines, but all other specimens taken by me were found in dense ever-
green, watered by small streams. An example obtained by de
Schauensee was seen “flying out after insects from the top of a tall
tree.”

A bird from Doi Suthep, 5,400 feet, July 16, is in the initial stages of
postjuvenal molt, while Smith’s specimens from Khun Tan, October
23 and 26, are nearing completion of this molt.

An adult male had the irides brown; the eyelids edged pinkish horn ;
the naked skin behind the eye pale pink; the interior of the mouth
pink; the bill black; the tarsi dark brown; the toes and claws horny
brown; the soles oak tan-yellow.

The adult male has the lores and a narrow supercilium black; the
forehead, crown, and nape shining violet-blue; the sides of the fend and
neck (below ani behind the eye) Pe ee the upperparts shining
deep green (the feathers of the mantle often with indistinct black
shaft streaks and tips), changing in certain lights to burnished copper;
the central pair of rectrices violet-blue, broadly tipped with black, the
next four pairs similar but with the inner webs black, the outermost
pair all black; most of the remiges and the greater and median coverts
black, each with the outer web pale blue toward the base to form two
conspicuous wing bands, the lesser coverts deep green with black tips;

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 435

the underparts shining green (rather paler than the mantle but with
a similar coppery sheen), more or less strongly suffused with blue on
the chin, upper throat, and center of the abdomen. The adult female
seems to differ chiefly in having most of the pale blue in the wing
replaced by a curious brownish-green color. The juvenile has the
feathers of the forehead and crown bluish white with a black sub-
terminal bar and light blue tip; a broad supercilium and narrow nuchal
collar connected with it black; the feathers of the sides of the neck
white tipped with black; the wings and tail as in the adult of cor-
responding sex; the rest of the plumage rufous-buff, each feather
broadly tipped with black.

COCHOA PURPUREA Hodgson
PURPLE COCHOA

Cochoa purpurea Honpeson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, 1836, p. 359 (Nepal).
Cochoa purpurea, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 182 (Doi Saket
[Doi Lan]).

The purple cochoa seems to be an extremely rare bird in Thailand,
until now known by only two records: An adult female collected by the
Asiatic Primate Expedition at Doi Saket, 1,280 feet, February 23,
1937; an adult female taken by me on Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet, March
23, 1937.

I have noted that my specimen had the naked skin behind the eye
of “exactly the same color as the feathers of the crown.”

I have never seen a male of this form, and copy the following de-
scription from Stuart Baker (Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2) :
“Lores, a narrow line next the bill, supercilium, sides of head and a
narrow line round the crown black; crown lavender-blue; wing-coverts
and bars of secondaries lavender-purple; primary-coverts black; first
two primaries all black; other primaries with a patch of lavender-
grey on the base of the outer webs; tips of secondaries black; tail
lavender-purple with a black tip; remainder of plumage brownish
purple, darkest on the throat and breast.” The adult female differs
chiefly in having the purple portions of the plumage and most of the
lavender in the wings replaced by rufescent-brown above, brownish
rufous below.

Family MUSCICAPIDAE

MUSCICAPA SIBIRICA SIBIRICA Gmelin
SIBERIAN Sooty FLYCATCHER

[Muscicapa] sibirica GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, pp. 936-937
(“circa lacum Baikal, et in orientali Sibiria ad Camtschatecam usque”).
Hemichelidon sibirica sibirica, Rttry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 444 (Doi

Hua Mot).

436 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This race of the sooty flycatcher is probably a mere straggler to our
provinces: it has been found only by Smith, who collected an adult
female at Doi Hua Mot, August 20, 1934.

The adult has the entire upperparts brownish gray, the feathers of
the forehead and crown with indistinct blackish centers, the wings and
tail darker; the remiges margined with pale rufous-buff along the
inner web toward the base, the upper coverts and secondaries narrow-
ly tipped and margined along the outer web with white or buffy white;
the lores and a narrow eye ring white; the underparts (including the
sides of the neck) white, indistinctly streaked with brownish gray on
the sides of the throat, across the breast, along the flanks, and on the
under tail coverts; the under wing coverts and axillaries pale rufous-
buff (this color sometimes suffusing the breast and flanks).

MUSCICAPA SIBIRICA CACABATA Penard
NEPALESE Sooty FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa sibirica cacabata PENARD, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 7, 1919,
p. 22. New name for H[emichelidon] fuliginosa Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, pt. 18, 1845, p. 832 (Nepal), not [Muscicapa] fuliginosa Gmelin 1789,
nor Musicapa fuliginosa Sparrman 1787.

Hemichelidon sibirica subsp., DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935,
p. 66 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1936, p. 118 (Doi Suthep).

I have collected six specimens of the present form in the Thanon
Thong Chai range: An adult male and an adult female on Doi Ang
Ka, 5,000 feet, September 2 and 4, 1935; a pair of juveniles on Doi
Suthep, 5,200 and 5,300 feet, September 26, 1936; two juvenile males
on Doi Mae Lai, October 4, 1936. Its status in Thailand is uncertain.

The examples from Doi Ang Ka were found perched on scattered
small trees growing in an extensive area of lalang; those from Doi
Suthep, in parklike pine-forest.

An adult female had the irides brown; the bill black, with the basal
half of the mandible fleshy horn; the interior of the mouth bright
yellow; the feet, toes, and claws brownish black.

From . s. sibirica, cacabata differs in its darker coloration through-
out (with much heavier streaking below and consequent reduction in
extent of the pure white areas), and also in its smaller dimensions
(the wing length ranging from 70 to 75 mm., against 75 to 83 mm.).
The juvenile of either race has the general color still deeper in tone
than the corresponding adult, the feathers of the upperparts with
white or buffy-white streaks and the wing feathers margined with pale
rufous-buff.

Thai examples agree perfectly with summer-taken birds from Sze-
chwan and northwestern Yunnan, which have been named rothschildt,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 437

but I have been unable to separate this race from the Himalayan
cacabata and am more than skeptical of its validity. See Bangs and
Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, 1928, p. 336.

MUSCICAPA CINEREICEPS (Bowdler Sharpe)
FERRUGINOUS FLYCATCHER

Hemichelidon cinereiceps BOWDLER SHARPE, Ibis, 1887, p. 441 (Mount Kinabalu,
British North Borneo).

Hemichelidon cinereiceps, RoceRs and DerIeNANn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 92 (Doi Ang Ka).

Hemichelidon ferruginea, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1935, p. 65
(Doi Ang Ka).

The status of this flycatcher in our provinces is uncertain. In 1931
I found it not uncommon in the evergreen of Doi Ang Ka at 4,400
feet and collected an adult male, April 13; on the same mountain, at
4,600 feet, I took an adult female, September 1, 1935. The only other
example known from the area is a juvenile male from Doi Mae Kong
Ka, October 23, 1936.

The adult male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla blackish
brown; the mandible with the anterior half blackish brown, the basal
half dull fleshy orange; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow;
the feet and toes dull orange-horny; the claws horny.

The adult of either sex has the crown and nape brownish slate,
changing to dark rufescent-brown on the mantle and to deep fer-
ruginous on the rump and upper tail coverts; the wing feathers black-
ish, margined with buffy-rufous; the central pair of rectrices blackish
brown, the others ferruginous margined blackish along the outer web
near the tip; the lores buffy rufous; a conspicuous white eye ring; the
sides of the head and throat mixed slate and buffy rufous; the chin
and a broad area down the center of the throat white; the remaining
underparts orange-rufous, sullied with brown across the breast and
along the upper flanks and changing to white on the center of the
abdomen. The juvenile is similar to the adult but has the crown and
mantle streaked with buffy rufous.

MUSCICAPA MUTTUI MUTTUI (Layard)
INDIAN BROWN-BREASTED FLYCATCHER

Butalis Muttui Layarp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1854, p. 127 (Point
Pedro, Ceylon).

Alseonagr siamensis GYLDENSTOLPE, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 24, 1916, p. 27 (Pang
Hua Phong, northern Thailand).

Alseonax siamensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 74 (Pang Hua Phong).

Alseonag latirostris siamensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 572 (Pang Hua
Phong).

438 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The inclusion of the brown-breasted flycatcher in our list is based
upon the two males from Pang Hua Phong, May 27, 1914, after which
Gyldenstolpe described his “Alseonax siamensis.” Judged by the late
date of collection, the author may be quite correct in his statement that
it is “probably a resident in Northern Siam where it inhabits the higher
mountains”; it must, in any event, be a bird of great rarity in our
provinces.

Gyldenstolpe (1916, b) notes that his specimens had “iris brownish
black; bill horn colour and with the lower mandible dirty yellow;
legs black.”

The full English description of “Alseonaw siamensis” (Kungl.
Svenska Vet._Akad. Handl., 1916, pp. 74-75) is as follows:

General colour above ‘“‘Sacecardo’s Umber” (Ridgway, Nomencl. Colours, plate
39 [= plate 29]); upper tail-coverts washed with ferruginous; wing-coverts
dusky brown, margined with ‘“Saccardo’s Umber’; primaries and secondaries
dusky brown, the latter edged with isabelline on the inner webs Re tail dusky
brown with pale brown shafts; lores and a narrow line round the eye greyish
white; ear-coverts “Saccardo’s Umber”; chin and upper throat greyish white
slightly washed with brown; lower throat, breast and flanks ashy brown; middle
of abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white; thighs brown; under wing-
ecoverts and axillaries light fawn colour; quills dusky brown below and fawn
colour along the inner webs; tail-feathers brownish white below with white
shafts to the feathers ; wing lining light fawn colour.

Gyldenstolpe described “Alseonax stamensis” as “related to Alseonaa
latirostris Raff. from which it is, however, clearly distinguished by
being umber brown .. . above instead of ashy brown.” In 1920, he
made it a race of latirostris and, in 1926 (Ark. for Zool., vol. 19A, No. 1,
pp. 61-62), he synonymized it with Alseonax latirostris latirostris,
while changing his A. 0. latirostris of 1920 to A. l. poonensis (Sykes).
Uncritically accepting his disposition as correct, I did not avail myself
of the opportunity of examining the type specimen in 1939.

As has been shown by Whistler and Kinnear (Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc., vol. 36, 1982, pp. 85-86) and confirmed by my own studies,
continental birds must all be placed under the name Jatirostris.
Among them we find a certain amount of color variation, both sea-
sonal and individual, but it is noteworthy that, in a series of 89 speci-
mens (17 of them collected in northern Thailand between September
26 and May 8), not one agrees with the diagnosis of “Alseonax
stamensis,” while, on the other hand, Butalis muttui Layard (“common
above 5,000 feet” in the Southern Shan States, fide Rippon, Ibis, 1901,
p. 541) agrees with it in every important character. I am forced to
believe, then, that “Alseonaw siamensis” is a renaming of Muscicapa
muttui.

The measurements given by Gyldenstolpe for his examples (wing
length: 68, 69 mm.) indicate that they belong with the smaller race,
Muscicapa muttui muttui, and that the name Muscicapa (Alseonaz)

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 439

muttui stotzneri Weigold for the larger birds of Szechwan will prob-
ably not be invalidated by the designation given Thai specimens.

MUSCICAPA LATIROSTRIS LATIROSTRIS Raffles
CONTINENTAL GRAY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa latirostris RAFFLES, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 13, 1822, p. 312
(Sumatra; type locality restricted to Benkulan, by Kinnear and Robinson,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1927, p. 130).

Alseona® latirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 169
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 74 (Khun Tan, Tha
Chomphu).

Alseonaz latirostris latirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 572 (“Various parts
of the country”’).—GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 183 (listed).

Alseonaz latirostris latirostris [partim], DrigNAN, Journ. Siam Soc., Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1981, p. 144 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Arizelomyia latirostris latirostris, RmtEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 446
(Chiang Mai, Ban Nam Khian).

In this flycatcher we have a case, analogous to that of Sawicola t.
stejnegeri, in which our birds arrive and depart in two distinct migra-
tory waves, which may well be connected with separate northern breed-
ing grounds. The species first appears in small numbers on the moun-
tains of the western provinces, where it has been recorded in autumn
only between September 21 (Khun Tan) and October 3 (Doi Suthep),
at elevations from 2,000 to 4,800 feet; dates for the return movement
in spring are not yet available. The main body reach the plains,
throughout the area, somewhat later (earliest known date at Chiang
Mai, November 25) and are present at least until May 3 (savannas of
the Mae Nam Ing). There is no reason to believe with Gyldenstolpe
(1916) that the bird breeds in Thailand; it is merely, with Phragamat-
icola a. rufescens and Lanius c. cristatus, one of the very last of the
northern visitors to depart.

This is a bird of uninhabited but rather open country, occurring at
clearings in the evergreen and in the mixed-deciduous forest. Its
habits are quite like those of its congeners; it is normally seen alone,
making aérial sallies after its insect prey and, between flights, perch-
ing quietly on one of several favored perches.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his specimens had the irides dark brown;
the bill black, with the base of the mandible dirty yellow; the feet
and toes black. The dark apex of the mandible may perhaps be a
useful field mark in distinguishing between I. latirostris and M.
muttut.

In the hand, J. 7. latirostris may readily be known from UM. s. s7-
bzrica by its different proportions, the shape of its bill, and other
minor points; in life, it appears to differ only in having the sides of
the throat, the breast, and the flanks strongly overlaid with brownish
ashy, wholly or almost without streaking.

440 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SIPHIA PARVA ALBICILLA (Pallas)
EASTERN ORANGE-THROATED FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa Albicilla PaLLas, Zoographia Rosso-asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 462, Aves,
pl. 1 (Davuria).

Siphia albdicilla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 36
(Ban Huai Hom, Denchai) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169 (listed).

Siphia parva albicilla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 572 (Ban Huai Hom, Den-
chai).—pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 570
(Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 545 (between Ban Chong and Ban Mae Sai, Chiang
Saen, Chiang Mai) ; 1984, p. 213 (Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai, Khun Tan).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 144 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936,
p. 118 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rtrey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p.
446 (Bang Mae Klang, Doi Ang Ka, Phrae).

The orange-throated flycatcher is a very common winter visitor to
the lowlands of all our provinces, occurring also in small numbers on
the hills as high as 5,500 feet. The extreme dates for its stay at
Chiang Mai are September 20 (1930) and April 15 (1937) ; a solitary
female observed by me on Doi Suthep at 4,600 feet, May 30, 1931,
should probably be considered a belated migrant.

This species may be seen at clearings in the evergreen, in deciduous
or semideciduous forest, and especially in gardens where the trees are
not too densely planted. Upon its first arrival in autumn, each in-
dividual stakes out for itself a territory in which it may be found day
after day throughout the cold weather, employing any one of several
optional perches—a dead twig on a low branch, the coping of a well,
a telephone wire—from which it makes sallies after flying insects or
stoops to terrestrial prey; I have noted that the same perches are
utilized each year. The bird has a pretty habit of erecting the tail
above the line of the back, at the same time spreading it to show the
white bases of the outer feathers and uttering a characteristic chur-r-r.

Smith took a female in prenuptial molt at Phrae, April 11, 1930.

A male had the irides deep brown; the bill dark brown, with the
base of the mandible horny brown; the feet, toes, and claws brownish
black.

The adult male (rarely seen with us) has the crown and mantle ashy
brown; the upper tail coverts black; the rectrices black, all except
the two central pairs with the basal two-thirds wholly or largely
white; the lores and eye ring ashy white; the chin and throat orange;
the sides of the head, the breast, and the upper flanks ashy (sometimes
washed with pale orange); the remaining underparts white, often
more or less strongly suffused with pale orange; the under wing
coverts and axillaries creamy or pale orange. The female and the
first-winter male are similar to the adult male but differ in having the
chin and throat white.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 441
SIPHIA STROPHIATA STROPHIATA Hodgson
HIMALAYAN ORANGE-GORGETED FLYCATCHER

Siphia Strophiata Hoveson, India Rev., vol. 1, 1887, pp. 651-652 (Nepal).

Siphia strophiata strophiata [partim], DE SCHAUENSERF, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep [partim]) ; 1934, p. 218 (Doi Suthep,
Doi Chiang Dao).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
144 (Doi Suthep [partim]) ; 1986, p. 118 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Siphia strophiata strophiata, CHASEN and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 239 (Doi Suthep).—Rtney, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull 172,
1938, p. 447 (Khun Tan, Doi Ang Ka).

This race of the orange-gorgeted flycatcher is a fairly common
winter visitor to the higher peaks of the provinces west of (and in-
cluding) the Khun Tan chain, at elevations ranging from 4,000 feet
(Doi Khun Tan) to 6,000 feet (Doi Ang Ka). On Doi Suthep it has
been recorded between November 7 (1936) and March 1 (1938).

Except that it confines itself to the edge of the evergreen at high
altitudes, the present form differs little in habits from S. p. albicilla.

De Schauensee has noted (1929) that his specimens had the irides
brown; the bill black; the feet and toes fleshy horn.

The adult male has the forehead and a narrow line above either
lore white, edged above with slaty gray, which is continued beyond
the eye as a supercilium; the crown and mantle olivaceous-brown,
posteriorly suffused with rufescent; the remiges blackish, narrowly
margined along the outer web with rufescent; the upper tail coverts
black; the rectrices black, all except the central pair with the basal
half wholly or largely white; an orange-rufous or chestnut-orange
gorget across the lower throat, the feathers with more or less visible
white bases; the lores, chin, and upper throat deep slate or dull
black, changing to slaty gray on the sides of the head and neck and
on the breast below the gorget, this latter color changing to olivaceous-
buff along the flanks and the sides of the abdomen, to ashy white on
the center of the abdomen, and to white on the under tail coverts; the
under wing coverts and axillaries pale orange. The adult female
jrequently wears a plumage identical with that of the male; in true
female dress she has the gorget pale orange and much reduced in size;
the lores, chin, throat, sides of the head and neck, and the breast
below the gorget uniformly slaty gray.

SIPHIA STROPHIATA ASEMA Deignan
SHAN ORANGE-GORGETED FLYCATCHER

Siphia strophiata asema DEIGNAN, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99, No. 18, 1940,
pp. 1-2 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, North Thailand).

Siphia strophiata strophiata [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep [partim])—Dk#tcNan, Journ. Siam

442 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 144 (Doi Suthep [partim]) ; 1936, p. 118
(Doi Suthep [partim]).

This putative race is based upon a unique adult female taken by me
on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, November 7, 1986; with it I have pro-
visionally placed three adult males collected by de Schauensee on
Doi Suthep (December), Doi Pha Hom Pok (February), and Kiu
Loi, Kengtung State (February). It is assumed to be a form which
breeds in the Southern Shan States and reaches Thailand only dur-
ing the cold weather.

“The type specimen differs most strikingly from the corresponding
sex of both strophiata and fuscogularis (Annam) in wholly lacking
a gorget. The chin, throat, and center of the upper breast are uni-
formly of a color which lies between buckthorn brown (Ridgway)
and isabella color (Ridgway) and which changes imperceptibly into
the olivaceous-brown of the sides of the breast and the flanks; all
the feathers of the throat and breast have the concealed bases dark
slate-gray and the concealed portion of the shift white; the lores,
supercilia, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck are dark brownish slate,
not pure slate-gray as in the other races. .. .

“The three adult males which presumably belong here differ from
the corresponding sex of strophiata and fuscogularis in having the
gorget so much reduced in area, both the orange and the white por-
tions, but especially the former, that it is almost or entirely invisible
until the feathers of the breast are raised” (ea original description).

SIPHIA HODGSONII Verreaux
SLATY-BACKED FLYCATCHER

Siphia hodgsonii VrRrEAux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. [Paris], vol. 6, 1870 [= 1871],
Bull., p. 84 (Mu-pin, Chinese Tibet).

Alseonag latirostris latirostris [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 144 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Siphia hodgsonii, CHASEN and BopEN K1oss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1932, p. 239 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula hodgsonii, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 218 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 118 (Doi Suthep).—Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 182 (Doi
Ang Ka).

The slaty-backed flycatcher is a rare winter visitor to the higher
peaks of the Thanon Thong Chai range, recorded until now only
between January 9 (Doi Suthep) and March 31 (Doi Ang Ka). On
Doi Suthep it has been found from 4,600 to 5,500 feet; on Doi Ang
Ka, from 4,300 feet to the summit.

This species occurs in the same places as Siphia strophiata and
seems to have quite the same habits.

An adult female had the irides brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws blackish brown. A bird sexed by me as a female (but wearing

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 443

an anomalous dress combining characters of both male and female
plumage) had the irides brown; the bill black, with the rictus horny
white; the feet, toes, and claws horny brown.

The adult male, in full plumage, has the entire upperparts slate,
slightly paler on the rump, but changing to black on the upper tail
coverts; occasionally a few scattered white feathers at the sides of
the posterior crown; the remiges blackish brown, narrowly margined
along the outer web with dull rufous: the rectrices black, all except
the central pair with the basal third wholly or largely white; the
lores (and often the sides of the head and neck as well) blackish;
the chin, throat, breast, upper abdomen, under wing coverts, and
axillaries bright orange-rufous; the remaining underparts (includ-
ing the under tail coverts) pale rufous-buff, becoming white on the
center of the lower abdomen. The adult female (and some adult
males) have the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown, changing to
rufous-buff on the rump and upper tail coverts; the wings and tail
dull dark brown, the greater upper wing coverts narrowly tipped
with pale buffy to form a single wing bar; a pale buffy eye ring; the
underparts grayish buff, changing to white on the center of the
abdomen. Some of the curious aberrations of plumage shown by
this species are discussed by Ticehurst (Ibis, 1939, p. 754).

Bingham’s Cyornis brevirostris (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1900, p.
509) seems to be a mere renaming of Siphia hodgsonit.

SIPHIA MELANOLEUCA MELANOLEUCA (Blyth)

HIMALAYAN BLACK-AND-WHITE FLYCATCHER

M[uscicapula| melanoleuca BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843, p. 940
(Nepal, Darjiling).

Muscicapula melanoleuca westermanni, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep).—Derrtcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 144 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula melanoleuca melanoleuca, CHASEN and BopEN Kuoss, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 289 (Doi Suthep).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 119 (Doi Suthep).—pnr ScHAUENSEE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 214 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 459 (Doi Hua Mot, Doi Langka ).—
GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 182 (Doi Ang Ka).

The little pied flycatcher is a common permanent resident on those
mountains of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges that
rise to elevations in excess of 4,500 feet; on Doi Suthep it occurred
from that altitude to the summit (5,500 feet). A unique specimen
from the Chiang Mai plain, November 21, 1936, must be considered
merely a wanderer.

This delightful bird, which is conspicuous in the open hill-forest
and at clearings in the evergreen, keeps to the lower branches, where

583136—45——29

444 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

it investigates the epiphytes and makes sallies after insects in the
manner characteristic of the family. It is extraordinarily tame, and
I have had one, after bathing in a tiny spring, perch upon my foot
to preen itself.

A specimen from Doi Suthep, March 12, had the gonads greatly
enlarged. Examples in postnuptial molt have been taken July 15
and August 17. :

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet,
toes, and claws dark brown.

The old male has a broad white supercilium; the upper half of the
head and neck and the remaining upperparts black; the wings black,
the inner greater upper coverts and the outer web of the inner sec-
ondaries white to form a conspicuous longitudinal bar; the rectrices
black, all except the central pair with the basal half wholly or largely
white; the entire underparts white. The adult female has the upper-
parts light grayish brown, changing to dull rufous on the rump and
upper tail coverts (the crown and mantle as well more or less strongly
suffused with this color) ; the wings blackish brown, the greater upper
coverts and the inner secondaries narrowly margined with white or
buffy white; the rectrices brown, narrowly edged along the outer web
with dull rufous; the entire underparts white, washed with sooty
gray (especially across the breast and along the flanks).

An aberrant female from Doi Suthep agrees perfectly with speci-
mens of S. m. langbianis (South Annam).

SIPHIA NARCISSINA ZANTHOPYGIA (Hay)
WHITE-BROWED NARCISSINE FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa Zanthopygia Hay, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci. vol. 18, pt. 2, 1844
[=1845], pp. 162-163 (Malacca).

Zanthopygia narcissina zanthopygia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 170 (Ban Na Ko).

The charming black-and-yellow flycatcher is known from our area
thus far only as a rare spring migrant through Nan Province: I took
an adult male at Ban Na Ko (near Muang Pua), April 2, 1936, and
saw a second at the edge of the Mae Nan near Uttaradit, April 10,
1937.

The bird from Na Ko was found flitting about a vinery on the out-
skirts of lowland evergreen forest; the one from the river’s edge was
working its way along a thicket of takrai nam (Homonoia riparia).

The adult male has a conspicuous white supercilium; the lower
back and the rump golden-yellow; the remaining upperparts, in-
cluding the tail, black; the wings black, with a conspicuous longi-
tudinal white stripe; the underparts golden-yellow (the throat and
breast often suffused in spring with orange) ; the under tail coverts,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 445

under wing coverts, and axillaries pure white. The adult female
has the lores and eye ring buffy or buffy white; the upperparts olive-
green, except for the yellow rump and olive-tipped black tail coverts ;
the remiges and rectrices blackish, the white markings on the former
washed with buff; the underparts (except for the white under tail
coverts, under wing coverts, and axillaries) pale yellow or yellowish
white, the feathers of the chin, throat, and breast indistinctly edged
olivaceous.
SIPHIA SUPERCILIARIS AESTIGMA (G. R. Gray)

EASTERN WHITE-BROWED FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa aestigma G. R. Gray, Catalogue of . . . Mammalia and birds of Nepal
and Thibet . . . British Museum, 1846, pp. 90, 155 (Nepal).

Muscicapula superciliaris astigma, Rocers and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 1934, p. 91 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula superciliaris aestigma, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 118 (Doi Suthep).

I found this charming little flycatcher to be a rare winter visitor to
the hills of the Thanon Thong Chai range. The only records are: An
adult male shot on Doi Suthep at 4,200 feet, February 26, 1932; another
taken on the same mountain at 1,700 feet, December 5, 1936, and a third
observed at 1,500 feet, January 9, 1937; an adult male (one of several
seen) collected on Doi Chiang Dao at 5,000 feet, March 20, 1937.

The two examples from lower elevations were in deciduous jungle,
those from the heights in pine-forest. The specimen from Doi Chiang
Dao, loosely accompanied by others of the same species, was probably
bound for the northern breeding ground.

My birds had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and claws
black. | Re

The adult male has the entire upperparts ultramarine, brighter on
the front and forecrown, the secondaries narrowly margined along
the outer web with bluish white; a supercilium occasionally indicated
by a few scattered bluish-white feathers; the sides of the head, neck,
and breast deep ultramarine; the remaining underparts white, this
color extending from the upper abdomen to the chin as a broad central
streak. The adult female has the entire upperparts ashy gray, more
or less suffused with brown on the front, forecrown, and upper tail
coverts; the sides of the head, neck, and breast ashy gray; the remain-
ing underparts white, as in the male.

SIPHIA HYPERYTHRA HYPERYTHRA (Blyth)
HIMALAYAN WHITE-FRONTED FLYCATCHER

[Muscicapa] hyperythra BuiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 885.

New name for D[imorpha] supercilaris BuyTuH, ibid., 1842, p. 190 (Nepal,
Darjiling), not Muscicapa superciliaris Jerdon 1840.

446 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cyornis hyperythra subsp., DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula hyperythra hyperythra, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 144 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 118 (Doi Suthep).—GrrEnway, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 182 (Doi Ang Ka).

This small flycatcher has been found only on Doi Ang Ka (5,500 feet
to the summit), on Doi Suthep (once, at 4,600 feet) , and on Doi Chiang
Dao (5,500 feet). Although seldom seen, it is probably a permanent
resident on many of the higher mountains of the more western
provinces.

De Schauensee has noted (1929) that he shot a specimen out of a tall
tree, but all seen by me were perched within 2 or 3 feet of the ground
along narrow tracks through dense, moist evergreen forest; it is a
quiet little bird, and this fact, in conjunction with its choice of habitat,
may account for the paucity of records in our area.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the tarsi
horny flesh; the toes horn brown; the claws horny.

The adult male has a white frontal band (usually broken just at the
center) continued over either eye as a short supercilium; the entire
upperparts slaty blue; the remiges blackish brown, narrowly edged
along the outer web with dull rufous; the rectrices slaty blue, all except
the two central pairs with the extreme base wholly or largely white;
the lores, chin, and sides of the throat blackish, changing to slaty blue
on the sides of the head, neck, and breast and along the flanks; the
center of the throat and breast orange-rufous, this color changing
gradually to olivaceous-brown on the sides of the abdomen and to
white on the center of the abdomen and the under tail coverts. The
adult female has the forehead and supraloral line rufous-buff; the
remaining upperparts olivaceous-brown, the remiges and rectrices
narrowly edged with rufescent along the outer web; the underparts
rufous-buff, more brownish along the flanks, albescent on the center
of the throat and abdomen.

SIPHIA SOLITARIS LEUCOPS (Bowdler Sharpe)
UPPER BURMESE WHITE-THROATED FLYCATCHER

Digenea leucops BOWDLER SHARPE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888, p. 246 (Shillong;
Karen-ni).

Anthipes moniliger leucops, RitEy, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933, p. 158
(Doi Langka).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat Hist. Suppl., 1933, p. 119
(Doi Suthep).—bE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p.
216 (Doi Suthep).—Riery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 455 (Doi
Langka).

The white-throated flycatcher has been found in our provinces only
on Doi Pha Hom Pok, Doi Langka, Doi Suthep (twice), Doi Ang Ka,
and Phu Kha; it is probably a rare permanent resident wherever
dense, humid evergreen grows at elevations in excess of 4,500 feet.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 447

The few examples seen by me were perched within a foot or two of
the ground at the heart of heavy thickets, where they were almost as
well protected from gunshot as from observation; thus, like Siphia
hyperythra, the species is perhaps commoner than the records would
indicate.

A specimen from Phu Kha, April 11, had the ovaries slightly
enlarged. :

The adult of either sex has the frontal band and short, broad super-
cilium white or ashy white; the remaining upperparts olivaceous-
brown, becoming rufescent on the upper tail coverts; the remiges and
rectrices dark brown, edged along the outer webs with rufous; the
lores olivaceous-gray; the chin and throat covered by a pure white
triangular patch, completely outlined by a narrow black edging; the
remaining underparts dark olivaceous-buff, albescent on the abdomen.

SIPHIA SAPPHIRA LAOTIANA (Delacour and Greenway)
INDO-CHINESE SAPPHIRE-BLUE FLYCATCHER

Muscicapula sapphira laotiana DrELAcouR and GREENWAY, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
vol. 59, 1939, p. 132 (“‘Col de Taloun, 25 km. east of Luang Prabang, Laos’’).

Muscicapula sapphira, Ritry, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933, p. 158
(Khun Tan); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 458 (Khun Tan).

Smith collected an adult male on Doi Khun Tan, 4,000 feet, Novem-
ber 21, 1928, and de Schauensee’s men took another on Doi Pha Hom
Pok, 6,400 feet, February 11, 1938; the species is otherwise unknown
from Thailand, to which country it is probably a very rare winter
visitor.

The adult male, as seen in our provinces, has the upper half of the
head and neck and the greater part of the back olivaceous-brown (the
forehead and the sides of the forecrown suffused with orange-rufous) ;
the remaining upperparts shining sapphire blue, deepest on the upper
wing coverts and brightest on the upper tail coverts; the chin, throat,
and center of the breast bright orange, changing to orange-suffused
olivaceous-brown on the sides of the breast; the remaining underparts
ashy, changing to white on the center of the abdomen and the under
tail coverts; the under wing coverts and axillaries pure white. The
adult female (not examined by me) is said to have the entire upper-
parts olivaceous-brown; the chin, throat, and breast pale brown; the
abdomen sullied brown and whitish.

CYORNIS HAINANA (Ogilvie Grant)
BLUE-BREASTED CYORNIS

Siphia hainana Octwie GRANT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 10, 1900, p. 86 (Five-
finger Mountains, Hainan).

Cyornis pallidipes, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 77
(Khun Tan, Pha Kho).

448 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cyornis pallidipes hainana, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 577 (Khun Tan, Pha
Kho).

eas pallipes hainana, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 214 (Chiang Mai).

Muscicapula hainana, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 119
(Chiang Mai).

Cyornis hainana [partim], RitEey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 448 (Khun
Tan [partim]). Ne

Muscucapula [sic] hainana, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 183
(Doi Nang Kaeo).

The blue-breasted flycatcher is local and uncommon in the northern
provinces, from most places known by a single specimen and not yet
recorded at all from Mae Hong Son and Chiang Rai. In addition
to localities named above, I have it from Ban Samoeng, Ban Huai
Chang Tai, Doi San Huai Wai, Ban Huai Ki, and Ban Nam Puat (in
the French Enclave).

This species occurs in uninhabited and broken country at the foot
of the mountains, haunting light evergreen, mixed-deciduous forest,
and bamboo, rarely reaching such high elevations as 2,800 (Doi Nang
Kaeo) or 3,000 feet (Doi Khun Tan).

A juvenile (sexed as a male but probably a female) was taken at
Phu Het, in the southern part of Nan Province, June 9, 1936. From
equaeval examples of Cyornis t. swmatrensis, collected at the same
time and place, it is clearly separable only by its brown rectrices
without the least trace of blue.

Gyldenstolpe notes (1916) that his specimens had the irides dark
brown; the bill black; the feet and toes pale brown.

The adult male has the forehead, supercilium, and shoulder patch
shining blue; the lores black; the remaining upperparts deep blue;
the chin, throat, and breast indigo-blue, gradually changing to smoky
along the flanks and to white on the abdomen, under tail coverts and
under wing coverts (this last color often encroaching boldly on the
center of the breast and throat); the thighs slaty blue. The adult
female has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, grayer on the crown
and nape, rufescent on the upper tail coverts and tail; the lores and
orbital region grayish white or rusty white; the underparts dull orange,
strongly infuscated on the sides of the throat and breast, changing to
white on the abdomen and under tail coverts.

CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES DIALILAEMA Salvadori
KAREN BLUE-THROATED CYORNIS

Cyornis dialilaema SAtvaport, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 7,
1889, pp. 387-388 (Taho, Karen-ni).

Cyornis dialilaema, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 75 (Khun Tan, Pang
Hua Phong) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 576 (“Northern Siam”).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 449

Cyornis rubeculoides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 76 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 576 (Khun Tan).

Cyornis banyumas tickelliae, GYLDENSTOPLE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 77 (Khun Tan).

Cyornis banyumas tickelliae [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 576 (Khun
Tan).

Muscicapula rubeculoides rubeculoides, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 214 (Khun Tan).

Cyornis hainana [partim], Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 448 (Khun
Tan [partim]).

Cyornis rubeculoides dialilaema, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 451
(Khun Tan, Mae Kong Ka valley).

In addition to specimens recorded under the references given above,
I have examined (in Hannover) two males and one female taken by
Eisenhofer in “Siam” and (in Stockholm) 12 males and about 7 females
obtained by the same collector at Khun Tan (one of them dated June 9,
1913). The species is evidently abundant at Khun Tan and is at least
not rare in the neighborhood of Doi Mae Kong Ka, but is otherwise
unknown from any part of our provinces.

Examples listed (1916) by Gyldenstolpe as rubeculoides “were all
shot on the summits of the highest hills among the Koon Tan range
where they occurred either in pairs or in small flocks among the pine-
trees.” Smith’s specimens from Khun Tan were taken at 3,000 and
4,000 feet.

The adult male has the forehead, supercilium, and shoulder patch
shining blue; the lores black; the remaining upperparts bright, deep
blue; the chin, upper throat, and sides of the lower throat, neck and
breast deep blue; the center of the lower throat and breast bright
orange-rufous, this color gradually fading away along the flanks and
changing to white on the abdomen and under tail coverts; the thighs
deep blue. The adult female has the upperparts rufescent-brown
(more olivaceous on the crown and nape), becoming rufous on the
upper tail coverts and rectrices; the underparts dull orange, changing
to white on the lower abdomen and the under tail coverts.

CYORNIS BANYUMAS WHITEI Hariagton
SHAN RUFOUS-THROATED CYORNIS

Cyornis whitei Hartneton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, 1908, pp. 245-246
(Watan, Bhamo district, Burma).

Cyornis banyumas dialilaema, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep, “8 Kls. S. of Shan States Border,” Chiang Saen).

Muscicapula rubeculoides dialilaema [partim], DrtagNAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 144 (Doi Suthep).

Cyornis banyumas whitei, CHASEN and BopeN Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 239 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula banyumas dialilaema, pe ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 215 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Khun Tan).

450 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Muscicapula banyumas whitei, DEia@naN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 119 (Doi Suthep).—GrreEeNway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
183 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

Cyornis whitei whitei, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 451 (Khun Tan,
Ban Mue Khan).

The rufous-throated cyornis is a common permanent resident on
most of the hills of the provinces west of (and including) the Khun
Tan chain, at elevations between 2,100 and 4,600 feet; it occurs also
on the high peaks of northern Nan (Phu Kha). Between October 13
and February 27, odd specimens have been taken at numerous low-
land localities (Thattafang, Mae Khan, Chiang Mai [once], Ban Pang
An, Chiang Saen, etc.) ; such birds may be true migrants from farther
north but more probably are merely wanderers from the neighboring
hills.

This flycatcher is found (usually in pairs) in tall bamboo jungle
and in the evergreen along streams. Its habits seem to be precisely
those of C. r. dialilaema and C. t. sumatrensis, and it is noteworthy
that, on Doi Khun Tan, where alone white7 is definitely known to dwell,
side by side with dialilaema, the former is a distinctly rare bird.

A male from Phu Kha, April 4, had the gonads enlarged; another
from Doi Suthep, March 5, had them greatly enlarged.

A male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
violet-gray ; the claws horn.

The adult male differs from that of C. r. dialilaema only in having
the upperparts of a rather duller, grayer blue; the point of the chin
black and the entire throat bright orange-rufous like the breast. The
adult female differs from that of dzalilaema in having the upperparts
olivaceous-brown, becoming dark rufescent-brown on the tail; from
that of hainana, in lacking infuscation on the sides of the throat and
breast.

CYORNIS TICKELLIAE SUMATRENSIS (Bowdler Sharpe)

SUMATRAN WHITE-BELLIED CYORNIS

Siphia sumatrensis BowpLER SHARPE, Catalogue of the birds in the British Mu-
seum, vol. 4, 1879, p. 451 (Sumatra).

Cyornis tickelli, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 37
(Den Chai, Ban Huai Hom).

Cyornis banyumas tickelliae lpartim], GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 576 (Ban
Huai Hom, Den Chai).

Muscicapula rubeculoides dialilaema [partim] DrIGNANn, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 144 (Chiang Mai). \

Muscicapula tickelliae indochina [partim], pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 215 (Chiang Mai).

Muscicapula tickelliae indochina, DrIGNan, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 119 (Chiang Mai).

Cyornis tickelliae sumatrensis, RiwEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 449
(Chom Thong).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 451

The range of this flycatcher extends into the southern portions of our
area along the drainage systems of the Mae Ping (Ban Sop Mae
Chaem, Chom Thong, Chiang Mai), the Mae Wang (Ban Mae Mo),
the Mae Yom (Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai), and the Mae Nan (Doi
San Huai Wai, Doi San Pa Bong, Phu Het).

The white-bellied cyornis is a fairly common permanent resident
of the lowlands (not yet recorded at elevations above 1,000 feet),
likely to be found wherever a heavy stand of tall bamboo overarches
some quiet stream or pool. It may occur in temple precincts and
village gardens as well as in wild bamboo brakes far from human
habitation. It has a soft, whistled song of five or six notes, the first
and fifth or the second and sixth notes higher than the others.

A male from Chiang Mai, May 19, had the gonads greatly enlarged.
Examples in postjuvenal molt have been taken June 4 (Doi San Huai
Wai), June 11 (Phu Het), August 21 and 25 (Ban Mae Mo) ; a bird in
postnuptial molt, October 10 (Chiang Mai).

Adults had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet, toes, and claws
violet-gray ; the soles whitish.

The old male differs from that of C. 6. whitei ule in having the
bright orange-rufous of the throat and breast sharply divided ca a
straight line) from the white of the remaining underparts (the under
wing coverts and the flanks but slightly, if at all, washed with orange-
rufous). The adult female differs from those of all the closely related
forms of our provinces in having the upperparts olivaceous-brown,
more or less strongly overlaid with bluish ashy, and changing to gray-
ish blue on the upper tail coverts and tail; the orange of the throat and
breast sharply divided from the white of the remaining underparts,
as in the male.

CYORNIS UNICOLOR UNICOLOR Blyth

HIMALAYAN PALE-BLUE CYORNIS

C[yornis] unicolor BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1848, pp. 1007-1008
(Darjiling).

Cyornis unicolor harterti, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 571 (Doi Suthep).

Cyornis unicolor unicolor, CHASEN and BopdEN K1toss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1932, p. 289 (Doi Suthep). — Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988,
p. 4538 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot, “Doi Kiew Koh Ma’).

Muscicapula unicolor unicolor, DE SCHAUENSEH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, p. 214 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao). — DrienAn, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 119 (Doi Suthep).

The pale-blue flycatcher is an uncommon permanent resident on the
higher hills of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan ranges; it has

been recorded at elevations between 3,000 feet (Doi Khun Tan) an@
5,500 feet (Doi Suthep).

452 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

I have found this species usually in humid evergreen jungle but
occasionally in the pines adjacent to such forest.

Specimens with the gonads greatly enlarged were taken March 12
and May 13. De Schauensee has recorded (1984) an example in post-
juvenal molt, July 21; Smith collected birds in postnuptial molt,
August 28 and September 2.

A breeding male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and
toes brown; the claws horny brown.

The adult male has the forehead, supercilium, and shoulder patch
shining blue; the remaining upperparts a beautiful soft blue; the chin,
throat, and breast a similar but paler blue, changing to bluish ashy on
the remaining underparts (albescent on the center of the abdomen) ;
the under tail coverts bluish ashy (often washed with buff), broadly
tipped with bluish white; the under wing coverts and axillaries buffy
white. The adult female has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, suf-
fused with rufescent on the mantle and changing to rufous along the
outer webs of the remiges and on the upper tail coverts; the rectrices
rufous-brown; ‘a conspicuous buffy-white eye ring; the underparts
sooty gray, more or less strongly suffused with buff, especially at the
sides of the throat, along the flanks, and on the under tail coverts
(albescent on the chin, center of the throat, and center of the abdo-
men) ; the under wing coverts and axillaries buffy white.

EUMYIAS THALASSINA THALASSINA (Swainson)
INDIAN VERDITER-BLUE FLYCATCHER

Muscicapa thalassina SwarInson, in The Naturalist’s Library, vol. 21 [Ornith-
ology, vol. 10], Flycatchers, 1888, p. 252 (India).

Stoparola melanops, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akda. Handl., 1913, p.
37 (Den Chai, Khao Phlung); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169
(listed).

Stoparola melanops melanops, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 575 (“Throughout Siam
proper”).—bDr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 570
(Doi Suthep).

Stoporola thalassina thalassina, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 545 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

Stoporala thalassina thalassina, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 240 (Doi Suthep).

Bumyias thalassina thalassina, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 144 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 119 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 216 (Doi Suthep,
Doi Chiang Dao, Khun Tan). — Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 470
(Khun Tan, Doi Langka).

The verditer-blue flycatcher is a fairly common resident of the more
Open evergreen on the mountains of the Thanon Thong Chai and
Khun Tan ranges and on Phu Kha, at elevations between 3,500
(rarely 2,700) and 5,500 feet. During the cold weather it also occurs

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 453

sparingly in lowland bamboo throughout our area; whether these
birds of the plains are visitors from the North or merely wanderers
from the neighboring hills is not yet known.

The present species, which superficially resembles the rarer Cyornes
u. unicolor, is frequently seen along the forest tracks on Doi Suthep.

A male from Doi Ang Ka, April 16, had the gonads greatly
enlarged.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, toes, and
claws black.

The adult male has the lores conspicuously black; the plumage
generally verditer blue, the exposed portions of the remiges and
rectrices of a brighter and purer blue; the under tail coverts broadly
edged with bluish white. The adult female is similar but has the
lores merely dusky and the general color duller and grayer.

NILTAVA CYANOMELANA CUMATILIS (Thayer and Bangs)
CHINESE BLUE-AND-WHITE NILTAVA

Cyanoptila cumatilis THayrer and BAnGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 52, No. 8,
1909, p. 141 (Ma-fu-ling, Hupeh, China).

Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 185 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

Evidently a very rare winter visitor, this race is known from Thai-
land by only two specimens: a male shot by de Schauensee’s collectors
in the mountains near Ban Chong (Chiang Rai Province), March 30,
1935, and another taken by the Asiatic Primate Expedition on Doi
Nang Kaeo, 2,800 feet, April 8, 1937.

An adult male paratype of WV. c. cwmatilis has the lores, a narrow
frontal band, and the point of the chin black; the crown bright,
shining blue, this color changing gradually on the nape into the duller
blue of the remaining upperparts; the sides of the head, the throat, and
the breast dull blue, the breast margined posteriorly by an indistinct,
narrow black or blackish band, interrupted at the center; the remain-
ing underparts white, washed with smoky gray along the flanks (the
abdomen irregularly sullied with the same color); the under wing
coverts and axillaries smoky gray. The adult female has not been
seen but in other races has the upperparts light olivaceous-brown,
changing to dull rufous-brown on the rump, upper tail coverts, and
tail; the chin and center of the throat white or pale buff, to form a
patch which flares somewhat where it meets the breast; the remaining
underparts light buffy brown, changing to white on the abdomen and
under tail coverts. Some females have the brown portions of the
plumage overlaid with gray.

Greenway (loc. cit.) refers his specimen only provisionally to
cumatilis.

454 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
NILTAVA VIVIDA OATESI Salvadori
INDO-CHINESE RUFOUS-BELLIED NILTAVA

Niltava Oatesi SAtvaporiI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 5, 1887,
p. 514 (Mount Muleyit, Tenasserim).

Niltava smithi Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, May 3, 1929, p. 162
(Doi Suthep, North Thailand).

Niltava williaminae p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 81,
August 12, 1929, p. 469 (Doi Suthep, North Thailand).

Niltava williaminae, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 546 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 145 (Doi Suthep).

Muscicapula rivida oatesi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
144 (Doi Suthep).

Niltava smithi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 145 (Doi
Suthep).

Cyornis vivida oatesi, CHASEN and BopEn Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1952, p. 289 (Doi Suthep).

Niltava vivida oatesi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 218 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DgrIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 120 (Doi Suthep).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 456 (Doi Suthep, Khun Tan).

This rather large flycatcher is known in Thailand chiefly from Doi
Suthep, 4,600 to 5,500 feet, where it is decidedly uncommon and pos-
sibly present only in winter (December 15 to March 12).

I have seen it, usually in pairs, only in dense, damp evergreen
forest. It is a quiet bird, with habits quite like those of its relatives.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet
and toes dark brown; the claws dark horny brown or black.

The adult male has the crown, nape, sides of the neck, the shoulder
patch, rump, and upper tail coverts shining ultramarine; the remain-
ing upperparts deep, shining purplish blue; the lores and sides of
the head black; the chin, throat, and sides of the upper breast black,
overlaid with purplish blue; the remaining underparts dull orange-
rufous, this color encroaching in an irregular point onto the center
of the lower throat. The adult female has the crown, nape, and sides
of the neck olivaceous-gray (each feather of the crown margined
paler to give a squamate appearance), changing to olivaceous-brown
on the mantle, this color strongly suffused with rufescent on the rump
and upper tail coverts; the rectrices and the margins of the outer
webs of the remiges rufous-brown; a conspicuous eye ring rich buff;
the feathers of the lores, sides of the head, the chin, and upper throat
rich buff, faintly barred with blackish; those of the center of the
lower throat unmarked buff, forming a patch that flares somewhat
where it meets the breast; the breast brownish gray, changing to
ashy on the flanks and abdomen, all of these parts often more or less
strongly washed with buff; the under tail coverts, under wing coverts,
and axillaries rich buff or buffy white.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 455
NILTAVA SUNDARA DENOTATA Bangs and Phillips
YUNNANESE ORANGE-BELLIED NILTAVA

Niltava sundara denotata BANGs and PuHILuirs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 58,
1914, p. 280 (Mengtze, southeastern Yunnan).

Cyornis oatesi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169 (listed) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 577 (Khun Tan).

Niltava sundara denotata, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 546 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 218 (“N. Siam’’).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam.
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 145 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and BopEN K1oss,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 239 (Doi Suthep).—DeriIenan,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 120 (Doi Suthep).—Ruttey, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 455 (Doi Suthep).

This species is a not uncommon winter visitor to the higher peaks
of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun Tan chains between October 31
(Doi Suthep) and April 14 (Doi Ang Ka). On Doi Suthep it is
most frequent from 4,500 feet to the summit, occasionally seen as low
as 3,500 feet, casual at 2,500 feet; where the evergreen extends down
to the foothills, as at the base of Doi Pha Hom Pok, it has been taken
almost at the level of the plains.

The orange-bellied niltava is restricted in range to the humid ever-
green and occurs not only at clearings and along the trails but also in
the deepest parts of the forest, haunting the lower branches, brushy
thickets, and the tangles of fallen trees.

A male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the feet and ,
toes dark horny brown; the claws blackish brown.

The adult male has the forehead, lores, and eye ring black; the
crown and nape, a transverse mark at each side of the neck, the shoul-
der patch, rump, and upper tail coverts shining violet-blue; the mantle
deep purple-blue; the remiges black, edged along the outer web with
deep purple-blue; the central pair of rectrices purple-blue, the remain-
ing pairs black with the outer web purple-blue; the chin, throat, and
ear coverts black, overlaid with deep purple-blue; the remaining un-
derparts (including the under wing coverts, axillaries, and under tail
coverts) bright rufous-orange. The adult female has the crown and
nape olivaceous-brown (suffused with buff on the forehead), chang-
ing to rufescent-brown on the mantle, to rufous on the upper tail
coverts and the outer webs of the remiges, and to chestnut-rufous on
the rectrices; the eye ring, chin, and throat deep olivaceous-buff; a
shining violet-blue transverse mark at either side of the throat, the
two connected by a conspicuous gorget of pure white; the remaining
underparts pale olivaceous-brown, cinerescent on the center of the
abdomen and the under tail coverts; the under wing coverts and axil-
laries olivaceous-buff.

456 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
NILTAVA GRANDIS GRANDIS (Blyth)

HIMALAYAN GREATER BLACK-BREASTED NILTAVA

[Chaitaris] grandis BiyrH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 189
(Darjiling).

Niltava grandis nobilis Ritry, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, 1929, pp.
161-162 (Doi Ang Ka, North Thailand).

Niltava grandis nobilis, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 546 (Doi Suthep).—DeEtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 145 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsen and BorpEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 289 (Doi Suthep).—Rttey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1988, p. 456 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Langka).

Niltava grandis grandis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 217 (Doi Suthep)—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 119 (Doi Suthep).—GreEnway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 184 (Doi
Ang Ka).

This large and robust flycatcher is a common or very common per-
manent resident on the higher hills of the Thanon Thong Chai and
Khun Tan chains and also on Phu Kha; on Doi Suthep it ranges
through the evergreen from 3,500 to 5,500 feet and on Doi Ang Ka from
4,500 to 8,400 feet.

It occurs in much the same places as the preceding species but, as
befits its greater size, keeps to rather higher levels of the forest. The
unmistakable song is a soft, rising one-two-three . . . one-two-three.

Specimens with the gonads enlarged or greatly enlarged were taken
April 10 (Phu Kha) and April 13 (Doi Ang Ka) and, at the latter
locality, a juvenile just out of the nest was collected April 8. Post-
nuptial molt is shown by a bird of September 4 and postjuvenal molt
by others of October 25 and 29.

A breeding male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the
feet, toes, and claws brownish black. An adult female differed only
in having the feet and toes plumbeous and the claws blackish brown.
The very young juvenile mentioned above had the irides brown; the
bill blackish brown; the rictus and interior of the mouth light yellow;
the tarsi and toes wood brown; the posterior part of the tibiotarsal
joint and the soles bright yellow; the claws dark brown above, yellow
beneath.

The adult male has the forehead, lores, and eye ring deep black; the
remaining upperparts, including the remiges and rectrices, as in the
adult male of WV. s. denotata (but with the shining portions rather
more violet, less blue) ; the underparts black, overlaid from the lower
breast on with deep purple-blue, canescent on the lower abdomen,
lower flanks, under tail coverts, under wing coverts, and axillaries.
The adult female differs from that of V. s. denotata chiefly in having
the crown and nape more or less strongly suffused with dark ashy;
the transverse marks at the sides of the neck shining azure blue; the
chin and center of the throat to the uppermost breast pale buff or

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 457

buffy white; the remaining underparts olivaceous-brown (often suf-
fused with rich buff), cinerescent on the center of the abdomen; the
under tail coverts, under wing coverts, and axillaries rich buff (occa-
sionally washed with ashy).

NILTAVA MACGRIGORIAE (Burton)
LESSER BLACK-BREASTED NILTAVA

Phoenicura MacGrigoriae Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, 18385 [=1836],
p. 152 (“Montes Himalayenses’’).

Niltava macgregoriae, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 38 (Doi Suthep).

Niltava macgrigoriae, Rogers and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934,
p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).—»nre ScCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 219 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 120 (Doi Suthep).—Rrtey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 457
(Doi Hua Mot).

The only examples of this little flycatcher yet known from Thai-
land are a male and a female from Doi Hua Mot, August 17 and 22,
1934 (Smith), a male from Doi Suthep, 4,500 feet, July 18, 1933 (de
Schauensee), and a male from Doi Ang Ka, April 6, 1931 (Deignan) ;
at the last-named locality, however, I found it common between
4,400 and 5,500 feet throughout the month of April, 1931.

On Doi Ang Ka it was seen on the lower branches of the trees in
dense, humid evergreen forest where small streams flowed among
moss-covered rocks and boulders; so deep was the shade that this
small, dark-colored bird might have been overlooked had not its
loud song drawn attention to the singer.

The species is said ordinarily to breed in rock crevices along streams,
but a nest found by me on Doi Ang Ka, 4,900 feet, April 15, 1931, was
placed in a sapling about 8 feet above ground; the nest was loosely
constructed, and, standing beneath it, one could easily make out two
reddish eggs.

De Schauensee’s specimen from Doi Suthep and Smith’s male from
Doi Hua Mot are in postjuvenal molt, while the latter’s female
(August 22) is in postnuptial molt.

My adult male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet, toes,
and claws dark horny brown.

The old male has the forehead and lores black; the forecrown,
supercilium, a transverse mark at each side of the neck, the rump,
and upper tail coverts shining violet-blue; the remaining upper-
parts, including the wings and tail, deep purple-blue; the ear coverts,
chin, throat, and upper breast black, strongly overlaid with deep
purple-blue, changing to slaty gray on the remaining underparts
(paling posteriorly) ; the under wing coverts and axillaries pure white.
The adult female has the entire upperparts as in the adult female

458 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of NV. s. denotata; the transverse mark at either side of the neck azure
blue; the lores, eye ring, chin, and throat rufous-buff ; the remaining
underparts olivaceous-brown, washed with rich buff along the upper
flanks, albescent on the center of the abdomen and almost white along
the lower fianks; the under tail coverts rich buff; the under wing coverts
and the axillaries pure white.

MUSCICAPELLA HODGSONI HODGSONI (Moore)
NEPALESE PyGMy FLYCATCHER

Nemura hodgsoni Moors, in Horsfield and Moore, Catalogue of the birds in the
Museum of The Hon. East-India Co., vol. 1, 1854, p. 300 (Nepal).

Muscicapella hodgsoni hodgsoni, RitEy, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1933,
p. 159 (Doi Langka) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 454 (Doi Langka).

Two males, taken by Smith on Doi Langka, November 10, 1930, and
April 27, 1931, are the only examples of this apparently rare form yet
known from Thailand.

Smith records that one of his specimens had the irides dark brown;
the maxilla black; the mandible “dark blue”; the feet and toes “light
blue.”

The adult male has the extreme forehead blackish; the remaining
upperparts deep ultramarine, brighter and glistening on the crown;
the lores black ; the sides of the head and neck black; overlaid with deep
ultramarine; the underparts light golden-orange, albescent on the
center of the abdomen; the under tail coverts, under wing coverts, and
axillaries pure white. The adult female (not seen by me) is described
by Stuart Baker as having the “whole upper plumage olive-brown,
more rufous on the lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts; tail and
wing-feathers brown edged with rufous-brown; lores and cheek ful-
vous-yellow mottled with brown; whole lower plumage pale safftron-
yellow, albescent on centre of abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts.”

CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS PERCNOCARA Oberholser
INDO-CHINESE GRAY-HEADED FLYCATCHER

Culicicapa ceylonensis percnocara OBERHOLSER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60,
No. 7, 1912, p. 12 (Simalur Island, West Sumatra).

Culicicapa ceylonensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 87 (Mae Raem river) ; 1916, p. 81 (Khun Tan); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Siam, 1915, p. 169 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 575 (‘“Northern Siam”).

Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis, bE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 546 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 216 (Doi Suthep,
Doi Chiang Dao).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
145 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—CHASEN and Bopen Kutoss, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 241 (Doi Suthep) —Derrenan, Journ. Siam
Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 119 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Culicicapa ceylonensis calochrysea, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p.
469 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Hua Mot, Khun Tan, Lampang).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 459

The gray-headed flycatcher is a very common or even abundant
permanent resident in the evergreen of the Thanon Thong Chai and
Khun Tan ranges and on Phu Kha, at elevations in excess of 2,500 feet ;
during the cold weather, examples of this species, whether from the
neighboring hills or from a more northern breeding range, appear also
in small numbers in lowland bamboo.

On Doi Suthep this active little bird may be seen, solitary or in
pairs, at every clearing and along all the trails and watercourses.

I collected a male with enlarged gonads on Phu Kha, April 18.
Gyldenstolpe has recorded (1916) a juvenile male from Khun Tan,
May 14; one of Smith’s specimens from the same locality, September
6, is in postjuvenal molt.

An adult male had the irides brown; the maxilla black; the mandible
horn, browner on the apical half; the feet and toes fleshy brown; the
claws light horny brown.

The adult of either sex has the entire head, neck, and breast gray,
more slaty on the crown and nape, more ashy on the throat and breast ;
the remaining upperparts bright golden-olive, becoming olive-golden
on the rump; the remiges and rectrices blackish brown, edged along
the outer web with olive-golden; the remaining underparts bright
yellow, strongly suffused with olivaceous on the upper abdomen and
along the flanks.

It appears that this flycatcher breaks up into only two recognizable
forms, one of which is restricted to the island of Ceylon. For the
non-Ceylonese race, many names are available; the oldest are three
on the same page of a single paper by Oberholser, and I here employ
the first of the three.

In 1923 Oberholser named Culicicapa ceylonensis calochrysea from
“Quaymos, Choung, Thoungyin River, Tenasserim.” This is a fitting
place to point out that the original label on the type specimen reads
“Quaymoo Choung, Thoungyin R’.” The “Quaymoo choung,” fide
Bingham (Stray Feathers, vol. 9, 1880, p. 156) is “a small feeder of the
Thoungyeen, entering a little below the rapids of Kamaukla.” The
type locality of calochrysea, then, is the Tenasserimese side of the Mae
Moei or Thaungyin river, at about latitude 17°15’ N.

CHELIDORYNX HYPOXANTHA (Blyth)
YELLOW-BROWED FLYCATCHER

Rhipidura hypoxrantha BiytTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843, p. 935
(Darjiling).

Chelidorhyng hypoxranthum, RocERs and DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1934, p. 91 (Doi Ang Ka).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1934, pp. 3, 220 (Doi Chiang Dao).—-Rmiry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 463 (Doi Ang Ka).

583136—45——30

460 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This pretty flycatcher is recorded in Thailand only from Doi Ang
Ka, 5,000-8,400 feet, and from Doi Chiang Dao at about 5,000 feet.

In the Rhododendra which fringe the sphagnum-bog at the summit
of Ang Ka, I found this to be the commonest bird in April and May
1931; at that season its weak but pleasing song was heard on every
side and it was probably breeding in the neighborhood. It is a most
active species, even when at rest constantly quivering the wings and
spreading the tail like a fan to exhibit the conspicuous white pattern.

An adult female had the irides brown; the maxilla dark brown;
the mandible fleshy horn; the feet and toes fleshy yellow; the claws
horny.

The adult male has the forehead and broad supercilium bright yel-
low; the remaining upperparts dark olive-green, brighter on the crown
and nape and suffused with gray on the mantle; the remiges and rec-
trices dull blackish, each of the latter with a pure white shaft streak
and all but the central pair with a broad, transverse white terminal
patch; the lores and orbital region black, this colo rwashed with olive-
green on the ear coverts; the entire underparts bright yellow. The
adult female differs from the male only in having the lores and sides
of the head dull blackish, suffused with olive-green.

RHIPIDURA AUREOLA BURMANICA (Hume)
BURMESE WHITE-BROWED FANTAIL FLYCATCHER

[Leucocerca] burmanica Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 9, 1880, p. 175 (Thaungyin
valley, Tenasserim).

I have 10 specimens of this flycatcher from six widely separated
localities in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, and Phrae Provinces; it
seems to occur more frequently in Mae Hong Son, and east of the Khun
Tan chain it has been found only at Ban Mae Ten but, for the reason
discussed below, will probably eventually be shown to have a range in
our area exactly coincident with that of Tephrodornis pondiceriana
thai.

The white-browed fantail, not hitherto recorded from the North,
was discovered to be a rare and local resident of our provinces in con-
sequence of my observation in central Thailand of a pair in company
with a band of the lesser wood-shrike. When, some six months later, a
flock of this wood-shrike was seen in Chiang Mai Province, a few
moments’ search again disclosed the presence of a pair of fantails;
thereafter, all such parties were carefully scrutinized and so close did
the association prove to be (at least during the nonbreeding period)
that all my subsequent specimens of the flycatcher were obtained as a
direct result of it.

This particular companionship seems not yet to have been con-
sciously noted elsewhere and may probably be explained as an opera-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 461

tion of the same simple impulse as induces other pairs or groups of
more or less sociable and noncompeting species to consort together
(e. g., Sitta f. corallina and E'rpornis, etc.). The rather striking
similarity in color pattern exhibited by wood-shrike and flycatcher is
of greater interest than importance.

Outside of the fact that the white-browed fantail is wholly
restricted in range to parklike, deciduous forest in the lowlands, a
description of its habits would apply equally well to the following
species. No greater contrast can be imagined than that between the
deliberate movements of the wood-shrike and the incessant dancing and
tail-flirting of the flycatcher.

A nest of this bird (apparently completed but still without eggs)
was found by my collector at Ban San Pa Sak, February 25, 1937. It
was constructed on the upper surface of a small branch just at a
horizontal fork and stands a little more than two inches high, although
the cuplike depression has a depth of only one inch. It is woven almost
entirely of very fine grass stems and thinly faced everywhere on the
outside with cobwebs, some strands of which have been drawn down
one side of the supporting branch and up the other so as to anchor the
structure in a most efficient manner.

A specimen from Nong Phung (along the Chiang Dao road, about
46 km. north of Chiang Mai), June 20, 1936, is in postnuptial molt.

The adult in fresh plumage has the forehead and a broad supercilium
white; the lores, sides of the head, the crown, and nape deep brownish
slate; the mantle brownish slate, strongly overlaid with ashy; the
remiges slaty brown, their upper coverts with small, indistinct whitish
tips; the central pair of rectrices wholly blackish brown, the next pair
likewise or narrowly tipped with white, the remaining pairs with an
outwardly increasingly broad white tip (the outermost pair with only
the basal half of the inner web not white) ; the feathers of the chin and
throat slaty gray, more or less broadly fringed with white; the sides
of the breast and abdomen slaty gray; the remaining underparts (in-
cluding the sides of the neck behind the ear coverts) white. With
wear, the dark portions of the plumage become browner and the pale
tips of the upper wing coverts disappear.

RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS ALBICOLLIS (Vieillot)
INDIAN WHITE-THROATED FANTAIL FLYCATCHER

Platyrhynchos albicollis VirEmLot, Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, nouyv
éd., vol. 27, 1818, p. 13 (Bengal).

Rhipidura albicollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916
p. 80.(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 574 (Khun Tan).—CHASEN and BopEN
Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1952, p. 240 (Doi Suthep).

Rhipidura albicollis celsa RitEy, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, 1929, p. 166
(Khun Tan, North Thailand).

462 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Rhipidura albicollis albicollis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 547 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 220 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—
Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 463 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka).—
GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 185 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Nang
Kaeo).

an. albicollis albicollis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 145 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 120 (Doi Suthep).

The white-throated fantail is a very common or even abundant
permanent resident in the heavy evergreen of the provinces west of
(and including) the Khun Tan chain; on such mountains as Doi
Suthep and Doi Ang Ka it is unknown below 3,200 and 4,300 feet
respectively, but where the evergreen reaches the bases of the hills, as in
western Chiang Rai, it occurs almost at the level of the plains.

In suitable forest this is one of the most conspicuous and unmistak-
able birds; a pair may be found with almost any mixed band of small
babblers, and it is sure to be seen at the edge of old clearings and along
the tracks and stream courses. Like its congener of the plains, it is
in constant motion, dashing from branch to branch, swooping and
diving through the air with snapping bill, and forever spreading and
folding the flabelliform tail. On Doi Suthep and other peaks of the
Thanon Thong Chai range, only Culicicapa, of all the family, is
equally numerous. :

Smith collected a full-plumaged juvenile on Doi Langka, May 2, and
Gyldenstolpe (1916) took juveniles on Doi Khun Tan, May 24 and 20.
A specimen from Doi Suthep, July 15, is in postnuptial molt.

The adult has a short, narrow supercilium white; the lores, eye ring,
and forehead black, this color changing to slaty black on the crown
and ear coverts and to deep slaty gray on the mantle; the remiges
blackish brown; the rectrices brownish black, the central pair wholly
of this color, the next pair narrowly tipped with ashy white, and the
remaining pairs broadly tipped with the same; the feathers of the chin
deep slaty gray, those of the throat similar but more or less broadly
fringed with white; the remaining underparts slaty gray (paler than
the mantle), the feathers at the center of the abdomen often tipped
or fringed with ashy (“ce/sa’”) ; the under wing coverts and axillaries
mixed slaty gray and ashy white. The juvenile differs from the adult
only in having the upper wing coverts, the inner secondaries, and the
feathers of mantle and abdomen fringed with ferruginous.

HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA STYANI (Hartlaub)
INDO-CHINESE BLACK-NAPED FLYCATCHER

Siphia Styani HArrtaus, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, vol. 16, 1899, pp. 248-249
(Hainan).

Hypothymis azurea prophata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 87 (Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 463

Hypothymis azurea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169
(listed).

Hypothymis azurea styani, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 79 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong, Pha Kho, Tha Chomphu, Doi
Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 573 (‘‘Throughout Siam proper’’).—DEIGNAN,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 145 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ;
1936, p. 120 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep). — pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 220 (Chiang Mai, Khun Tan). — RILEy,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 461 (Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Doi Hua
Mot, Khun Tan, Lampang, Ban Nam Khian).

Hypothymis azurea montana RiLEy, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, 1929, p.
165 (Chiang Mai, North Thailand).

Hypothymis azurea stayani, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 548 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).

Hypothymis azurea montana, CHASEN and Bopen Kuoss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 240 (Doi Suthep).

Throughout the northern provinces, this is the commonest resident
flycatcher of the plains and lower hills: it may be found in the low-
lands wherever some small stream or pool is shaded by bamboo and
other dense growth, in fruit gardens, and in the precincts of monas-
teries; on Doi Suthep and certain other mountains it appears again
in the mixed-deciduous and light evergreen forest between 2,000 and
3,500 feet.

In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai, one pair or more of this
beautiful species may be seen in every outvillage, and the harsh call
note is not infrequently heard from groves of trees in the very heart
of the city. It differs from other resident members of the family
chiefly by its tameness and familiarity with man.

Examples taken in the Khun Tan range, August 27 and 30, are in
postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides dark brown; the bill plumbeous-blue,
with the apical half of the maxilla black; the feet, toes, and claws
brownish slate. De Schauensee has noted (1929) that his specimens
had the irides dark brown; the bill dark plumbeous, tipped black;
the interior of the mouth olive-green; the feet and toes dark
plumbeous.

The adult male has a narrow frontal line, the extreme point of the
chin, a large patch on the nape, and a narrow gorget across the
uppermost breast velvety black; the rest of the plumage violet-blue,
brightest on the head and neck, dullest on the wings and tail (the
rectrices narrowly tipped with white), this color fading gradually
to pure white on the lower abdomen, the under tail coverts, axillaries,
and under wing coverts. The adult female differs from the adult
male in the absence of the black nuchal patch and gorget; in having
the mantle dull pinkish brown, the remiges and rectrices similar but
overlaid with blue; the blue of the head, neck, and breast paler and
duller.

464 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

TERPSIPHONE PARADISI INDOCHINENSIS (Salomonsen)
INDO-CHINESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER

Tchitrea affinis indochinensis SALOMONSEN, Ibis, 1933, pp. 734-736 (Angkor, Cam-
bodia).

Terpsiphone affinis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 81
(Khun Tan).

Tchitrea paradisi afinis [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 574 (“Throughout
the whole country’’).

Tchitrea paradisi, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 145 (Doi .
Suthep).

Tchitrea paradisi indochinensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 120 (Doi Suthep).

The breeding race of the paradise flycatcher is a very local and
rather uncommon seasonal visitor to our provinces: Gyldenstolpe col-
lected four specimens at Khun Tan between May 6 and September 22,
1914; I found it in small numbers between February 13 (1936) and
August 23 (1930) on Doi Suthep, 2,700 to 3,500 feet (a bird of the
year taken November 21, 1936, is the only exceptional record) ; an ex-
ample from Ban Huai Som, March 28, 1937, is the sole proof of its
occurrence east of the Khun Tan chain.

This is a bird of moist and fairly dense evergreen; judged from
my experience, it is most likely to be observed where, along some forest
stream, the shrubs and trees are bound together by a profusion of
vines. It is intolerant of intrusion and soon attracts attention to it-
self by harsh, scolding notes, not unlike those of the black-naped
flycatcher.

A male from Doi Suthep, February 29, had the gonads enlarged ;
the one from Ban Huai Som, March 28, had them greatly enlarged.
It is interesting to note that, of the nine northern Thai specimens
known to me, no less than eight are males,

An example from Doi Suthep, July 25, is in postnuptial molt.

An adult female had the irides brown; the eye ring smalt blue; the
maxilla with the basal half horny black, the tip black, the edges of
the commissure horny, the rest (including the basal half of the cul-
men) smalt blue; the mandible blackish brown with the edges of the
commissure horny; the feet and toes smalt blue; the claws horny
brown. Birds of the year have the entire bill, at least in the dried
skin, horn color.

The adult male has the erectile feathers of the crown glossy blue-
black; the nape deep ashy gray; the remaining upperparts bright ru-
fous; the rectrices graduated and the central pair enormously elon-
gated ; the lores, sides of the head, chin, throat, and upper breast deep
ashy gray (like the nape), changing on the lower breast to the pure
white of the abdomen; the under tail coverts rufous-buff. The adult
female and the younger male differ from the adult male only in the
lack of the elongated central tail feathers.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 465

No one has ever recorded a white-phased paradise flycatcher from
any part of our area; if such be seen, especially in the more eastern
provinces, it is likely to be an example of the Chinese race.

TERPSIPHONE PARADISI INCEI (Gould)
CHINESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER

Muscipeta Incei Goutp, The birds of Asia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Noy. 1852, pl. 19 and text
(“Neighbourhood of Shanghai in China’’).

Terpsiphone affinis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 169
(listed).

Tchitrea paradisi afinis [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 574 (“Throughout
the whole country’’).

Terpsiphone incei incei, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 466 (Nan, Ban
Nam Khian).

The Chinese paradise flycatcher is probably a regular and not un-
common bird of passage through the provinces east of the Khun Tan
range; the definite records are: a female and a male taken by Eisen-
hofer at Pha Hing, April 29 and May 5, 1912 (specimens listed by
Gyldenstolpe and now deposited in Stockholm) ; two males collected
by Smith in Nan Province, April 15 and 19, 1930; a male shot by me at
Ban Nam Puat (French Enclave), April 26, 1936, and a young female
from Ban Sa-iap (Phrae Province), September 9, 1936.

The adult male, in the white phase, has the whole head and neck
(including the throat) glossy blue-black; the rest of the plumage
white, all the feathers of the upperparts with more or less distinct
black shaft streaks and the rectrices with narrow black margins as
well. The adult male in the brown phase differs from that of indo-
chinensis in having the entire head and neck (including the nape and
throat) glossy blue-black; the upperparts chestnut-rufous, distinctly
glossed with violet on the mantle; the gray of the breast continued over
the greater part of the abdomen, with resultant restriction of the area
of pure white. The adult female resembles the brown male but has
the chin and throat deep gray, slightly glossed with steel blue, and
lacks the elongated central rectrices.

T. p. indochinensis of either sex has a decidedly larger and heavier
bill than zncez,; in the rare event of the occurrence of indochinensis
in a white phase, it could probably be distinguished from the Chinese
bird only by comparison of bills.

Family SYLVIIDAE
SEICERCUS BURKII TEPHROCEPHALA (Anderson)
BURMESE GOLDEN-SPECTACLED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

Culicipeta tephrocephalus ANDERSON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 213 (Bhamo,
Upper Burma).

Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephalus, GyLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 830 (Khao Phlung) ; 1916, p. 82 (Khun Tan).

466 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cryptolopha burki- tephrocephala, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 167 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 575 (Khao Phlung, Khun Tan).

Seicercus burkei tephrocephalus [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 546 (Doi Suthep [partim], Chiang Saen).

Seicercus burkii tephrocephalus [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi Suthep [partim]); 1936, p. 117 (Doi Suthep
[partim] ).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 231
(“Chiengmai”=—Doi Suthep [partim], Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao).—RIey,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 487 (Khun Tan).

The present race is a common winter visitor to northern Thailand,
where it has been noted from September 12 (1936) at Ban Tha Fa to
April 13 (1936) on Phu Kha. It seems to be restricted to the more
open evergreen forest but in that type of growth ranges from the plains
(Chiang Saen) to an elevation of 6,400 feet (Doi Pha Hom Pok).

This form travels through the lower trees in company with such
birds as Culicicapa, Hypothymis, Erpornis, and the various species of
Phylloscopus. Like its near relatives, it is more or less constantly in
motion, whether foraging among the leaves or darting through the
air in pursuit of flies and other small game.

A male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark horny brown;
the mandible horny yellow; the feet and toes horny yellow; the claws
yellow.

The adult has a broad coronal streak ashy gray, more or less strongly
suffused with olive-green, and bordered at each side by a broad band
of dull black; the lores, ocular region, ear coverts, and entire upper-
parts olive-green; a conspicuous and unbroken eye ring of yellow
feathers; the two outermost pairs of rectrices with the inner web
white; the entire underparts yellow, more olivaceous along the sides
of the body.

SEICERCUS BURKII DISTINCTA (La Touche)
YUNNANESE GOLDEN-SPECTACLED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

Cryptolopha burkii distincta La ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 43, 1922, p. 41
(Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

Cryptolopha burkei tephrocephala, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1928, p. 570 (Chiang Mai).

Seicercus burkei tephrocephalus [partim], DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 546 (Doi Suthep [partim]).

Seicercus burkii tephrocephalus [partim], DEra@NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep [partim]) ; 1986, p. 117 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep [partim]).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 231 (‘“Chiengmai’=—Doi Suthep [partim]).—Rtrey, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 487 (Muang Pai).

This flycatcher warbler winters in small numbers in the provinces of
Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son, whence it is now known by nine speci-
mens collected between November 25 (1931) and March 23 (1936, 1937).

Six of these examples were shot in lowland bamboo brakes, which

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 467

must be considered the normal habitat of the bird. I have seen, how-
ever, in Philadelphia, a perfectly typical specimen from Doi Suthep,
3,000 feet, December 20, 1932; a second (with damaged head but prob-
ably correctly determined) from the same hill at 4,500 feet, December
7, 1928; and I have myself taken one there at 3,200 feet, March 23,
1937. Thus, while tephrocephala has not yet been found in lowland
bamboo, distincta occasionally appears in the mountain evergreen and
field identifications based upon altitudinal range must be considered
untrustworthy.

An unsexed adult had the irides dark brown; the maxilla black; the
mandible horny yellow, tipped horny; the feet and toes yellowish
horny brown; the claws horn.

S. b. distincta differs from tephrocephala in having the broad co-
ronal streak pure ashy gray, the lateral bands a rather deeper black
and outwardly edged (above the ear coverts) by a narrower streak of
pure ashy gray; the upperparts a rather more golden olive-green; the
underparts a more golden-yellow.

SEICERCUS POLIOGENYS (Blyth)
GRAY-CHEEKED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

C[ulicipeta] poliogenys BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, 1847, p. 441
(Darjiling, India).

Seicercus affinis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1986, p. 170 (Phu
Kha).

The gray-cheeked flycatcher warbler is known from Thailand by a
single specimen: an adult female, collected by me at the summit of
Phu Kha, 5,500 feet, April 10, 1986.

This species has a broad coronal streak (extending over the nape)
ashy gray, bordered at either side by a broad band of black; the
lores, ocular region, ear coverts, and sides of the nape ashy gray ; a con-
spicuous eye ring of pure white feathers, interrupted above the eye by
an ashy-gray portion; the remaining upperparts golden olive-green ;
the greater upper wing coverts tipped with yellow to form a narrow
bar; the three outermost pairs of rectrices with the inner web white;
the chin (and sometimes the upper throat) pale ashy; the remaining
underparts golden-yellow.

SEICERCUS SUPERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS (Blyth)
INDO-CHINESE WHITE-THROATED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

Abrornis superciliaris “Tickell” BiytTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, 1859,
p. 414 (mountainous interior of the Tenasserim provinces).

Abrornis superciliaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 30 (Mae Raem river) ; 1916, p. 82 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng, Pha
Kho) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed),

468 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Abrornis superciliaris superciliaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 575 (Khun
Tan, Pha Kho, Mae Raem, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Abroscopus superciliaris salwinensis, DeIcNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi Suthep).

Abroscopus superciliaris superciliaris, DricNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 117 (Doi Suthep).—RieEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 488 (Khun Tan).

The white-throated flycatcher warbler has been found in all the
northern provinces except Mae Hong Son, where it is almost certain
to occur. It is restricted in range to districts with extensive bamboo-
brakes but, at suitable places, is common from the level of the plains
to about 3,500 feet. The sole record for the vicinity of Chiang Mai is
a solitary bird observed by me on Doi Suthep, 3,500 feet, July 12, 1930
(in a clump of bamboo at the edge of the evergreen) ; on the lower
slopes of Doi Mon Khwam one the next mountain to the North,
where bamboo is plentiful, the species is almost abundant.

Along small streams and trails through the bamboo forest, this is
a most lively and conspicuous little bird, taking its insect food on the
wing and, during the breeding season, constantly rendering a sweet,
but very shrill, whistled song.

A specimen of August 29 (Ban Mae Mo) is in postjuvenal molt;
postnuptial molt is shown by another of July 20 (Doi Mon Khwam
Long).

An adult male had the irides brown; the bill black, with the base
of the mandible plumbeous; the feet, toes, and claws horn.

The adult of either sex has the front and crown brownish gray; the
remaining upperparts golden olive-green, with a narrow band of
yellow across the rump; the lores and postocular streak slaty; the
supercilium white; the chin and throat ashy white, changing on the
upper breast to the bright yellow of the remaining underparts.

SEICERCUS CASTANICEPS COLLINSI Deignan
THAI CHESTNUT-CROWNED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

Seicercus castaniceps collinsi DrEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 56,
1943, pp. 29-30 (Doi Langka, Northern Thailand).

Seicercus castaneoceps castaneoceps, RiLEy, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1933, p. 157 (Doi Langka).

Seicercus castaniceps castaniceps, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 438
(Doi Langka).

An adult male (the holotype of the race), collected by Smith on
Doi Langka, April 22, 1931, is the sole example of the species now
known from Thailand. Since I myself saw a small party on Doi Ang
Ka at 5,500 feet in April 1931, we may expect it to occur on yet others of
our higher peaks.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 469

Those observed by me were near the ground, moving rapidly through
a dense tangle of vines and other vegetation growing on the steep slope
of a ravine at the edge of moist evergreen forest.

The type has the front and crown chestnut-rufous, with a band of
black beginning above each eye and extending to the nape; the rest of
the nape ashy white; the dorsum ashy gray, suffused with olive-green
posteriorly and on the scapulars; the rump yellow; the upper tail
coverts olive-green; the wings blackish, the exposed parts of the
feathers edged with olive-green, the median and greater upper coverts
also broadly tipped with yellow to form two bars; the rectrices black-
ish, their exposed parts edged with olive-green, the two outermost
pairs wholly white on the inner webs; an eye ring of tiny ashy-white
feathers; the lores, sides of the head and neck, the chin, throat, and
entire breast ashy gray; the center of the abdomen white; the re-
maining underparts yellow.

SEICERCUS ALBOGULARIS HUGONIS (Deignan)
THAI BLACK-THROATED FLYCATCHER WARBLER

Abroscopus albogularis hugonis DEIGNAN, Auk, 1988, p. 510 (Pang Mae Ton, Doi
Langka, northern Thailand).

Abroscopus alboyularis albogularis, RiLey, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1933, p. 158 (Doi Langka); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 489 (Doi
Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Abroscopus albogularis hugonis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 190
(Doi Nang Kaeo).

Like other diminutive flycatcher warblers of the mountain ever-
green, this species is seldom seen and appears to be very rare. The
only specimens known from our area are a male from Doi Langka,
May 2, 1931, and a female from Doi Hua Mot, August 14, 1934, both
collected by Smith; a mummified example from Doi Ang Ka, April
1931, sent by me to the Princeton Museum of Zoology; a female taken
by Griswold on Doi Nang Kaeo, 2,800 feet, April 9, 1937. On Doi
Suthep I saw one or two at 4,500 feet, October 10, 1936.

The few observed by me were in dense forest and, on Doi Ang Ka,
accompanied a flock of Alcippe castaneceps exul.

Griswold’s bird of April 9 is listed by Greenway (doc. cit) as a nest-
ling; Smith’s example of August 14 is in postnuptial molt.

The adult has the forehead, crown, and nape light rufous-brown, the
crown and nape bordered at each side by a black streak; the remain-
ing upperparts dark olive-green, with a broad yellowish-white band
across the rump; the sides of the head and neck (including the super-
ciliary region) hght rufous; the feathers of the chin white, those of
the throat, black with white tips; the breast, upper flanks, and under
tail coverts yellow; the remaining underparts white.

470 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PHYLLOSCOPUS SUBAFFINIS Ogilvie Grant
BUFF-BELLIED WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus subaffinis OciLvie GRANT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 10, 1900, pp.
37-38 (Pu-an-ting, southwestern Kweichow, China).
Phaeoradina subaffinis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 482 (Doi Langka).

The buff-bellied willow warbler, known from Thailand by a single
female collected by Smith at Doi Langka, November 13, 1930, is evi-
dently very rare in our provinces.

The specimen is in rather worn plumage but is undergoing molt of
the feathers of throat and upper back.

This plain-colored but distinctive species has the entire upperparts
olive-green, strongly suffused with buff; the lores and postocular streak
olivaceous-brown; the supercilium and underparts yellow, strongly
suffused with buff, especially along the flanks and on the under tail

coverts.
PHYLLOSCOPUS FUSCATUS FUSCATUS (Blyth)

SIBERIAN DuskY WILLOW WARBLER

Phyllopneuste fuscata BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 113
(“Shot in the neighbourhood” [=Caleutta, Bengal] ).

Phylloscopus fuscata fuscata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 45 (Khun Tan, Sop Tui) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 474 (Khun Tan, Sop Tui).

Phylloscopus fuscatus fuscatus, Drmie@NAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl,
1931, p. 149 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 116 (Chiang Mai).

Phaeoradina fuscata fuscata, Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 432 (Ban
Nam Khian).

The dusky willow warbler is a very common winter visitor to the
lowlands of every part of our area, where it has been recorded from
September 80 (Chiang Mai) to May 6 (Chiang Rai).

Of all the many willow warblers that visit Thailand during the cold
weather, only P. 7. nornatus occurs in greater numbers than this one.
Strictly confined to the plains, fuscatus is never found high in the
trees but haunts hedges and bushes, in gardens or wastelands, and
especially the great clumps of bamboo overhanging ponds and
streams.

Specimens taken between April 22 and May 6 are in prenuptial molt.

A male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla horny brown; the
mandible yellowish, dusky flesh at the tip; the feet and toes fleshy
horn; the soles yellow; the claws horn.

Another plain-colored form, this bird has the entire upperparts
dark olivaceous-brown; the lores and a streak behind the eye blackish
brown; the supercilium and underparts pale rusty buff, albescent on
the chin, throat, and center of the abdomen, usually more grayish on
the breast (the center of the abdomen sometimes lightly washed with
cream).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 471
PHYLLOSCOPUS ARMANDII ARMANDII (Milne Edwards)
NORTHERN STREAKED-BREASTED WILLOW WARBLER

Abrornis Armandii MitNE Epwarps, Nouv. Arch. Mus. [Paris], vol. 1, 1865, Bull.,

_ pp. 22-28, col. pl. 2, fig. 1 (no locality given; type specimen ‘‘from mountains

W. and N. W. of Pekin,” fide Ticehurst, Systematic review of the genus
Phylloscopus, 1988, p. 91).

The nominate race of P. armandii finds a place in our list on the
basis of a male from the vicinity of Chiang Mai (at the foot of Doi
Suthep, near Doi Kham), March 20, 1936, identified as of this form by
my late friend Dr. Claud B. Ticehurst, and an unsexed specimen from
the other side of Chiang Mai (Ban Pa Muat), March 19, 1986, pro-
visionally placed here by the same authority.

Both of these examples were collected by me from low undergrowth
in dry, deciduous forest at about 1,000 feet elevation.

The bird of March 20 is beginning prenuptial molt.

Typical armandii, according to Ticehurst (loc. cit.), “resembles
Phylloscopus armandii perplexus, but is a little paler and greyer
above; the yellow and buff on the under parts is paler. Differences
can be seen in a series, but not easily on single, worn or poor skins.”

PHYLLOSCOPUS ARMANDII PERPLEXUS Ticehurst
SOUTHERN STREAKED-BREASTED WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus armandii perplezus TicEHurRsST, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 54, 1934,
pp. 96-97 (Chien-chuan yalley, lat. 26° 40’ N., northwestern Yunnan).

Phylloscopus armandii armandii, DB SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, pp. 3, 230 (Chiang Mai).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1956, p. 116 (Chiang Mai).

Dr. Ticehurst identified as P. a. perplexus a female taken by me on
Doi Suthep, 1,800 feet, January 25, 1936; a male from Chiang Mai
(Ban Pa Muat), March 19, 1936; and a female from Ban San Pa Pao,
December 20, 1936. The male collected by de Schauensee at Chiang
Mai, January 28, 1933, is evidently the example which first led Tice-
hurst to include “N. W. Siam” in the winter range of the race (System-
atic review of the genus Phylloscopus, 1938, p. 93).

P. a. perplewus occurs in precisely the same arid forests as armandii
and the species seems not to ascend the hills at all beyond the upper
limit of this type of vegetation.

The bird of March 19 is in prenuptial molt.

My specimens have the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown; the
lores and postocular streak similar but darker; the supercilium buffy
white; the underparts pale yellow, becoming ashy on the chin and
throat, yellowish buff along the flanks and on the under tail coverts,
the throat, breast, and belly very indistinctly streaked with a deeper
yellow.

472. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PHYLLOSCOPUS SCHWARZI (Radde)
THICK-BILLED WILLOW WARBLER

Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) Schwarzi RavpE, Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien, vol. 2,
1863, pp. 260-268, pl. 9, fig. 1 (Tarai-nor, Davuria, East Siberia).

Herbivocula schwarzi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 555 (Mae Rim) ; 1934, p. 229 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—Dericnan,
Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 149 (Mae Rim) ; 1936, p. 116

(Chiang Mai. Doi Suthep).—Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 431
(Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Lampang).

Phylloscopus affinis, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 229 (Doi Suthep).—Deri1enan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 116 (Doi Suthep). “

The thick-billed willow warbler is a not uncommon winter visitor to
our area, where it has been noted from November 5 (Doi Mae Lai) to
April 2 (Doi Suthep) ; it occurs in the lowlands and also at suitable
places on the mountains to 5,400 feet. Two females taken by Smith at
Lampang, November 17, 1928, are the only examples yet known from
the districts east of the Khun Tan chain but the species is almost cer-
tain to turn up in every one of our provinces.

This is a bird of the dry jungle, on the plains and lower slopes of
the hills haunting the same places as the forms of Phylloscopus ar-
mandit, at higher elevations keeping to the grass and undergrowth of
the oak and pine forests.

Prenuptial molt is shown by a skin from the vicinity of Chiang
Mai, March 20,

A male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark brown; the
mandible fleshy, yellow at the base; the interior of the mouth yellow;
the feet and toes fleshy yellow; the claws horny brown.

The present species appears with us in two types of plumage. One
has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown; the lores and postocular
streak blackish brown; the supercilium pale buffy; the underparts
whitish, sullied with pale buffy brown (especially on the breast) and
becoming pale rufous-buff along the flanks and on the under tail
coverts. The second, which probably represents the first-winter dress,
is similar but has the olivaceous-brown of the upperparts more or less
strongly suffused with rufescent; the underparts as in the other type
but with the ground-color pale yellow instead of whitish.

P. schwarzt, in the latter livery, is likely to be confused with P.
armandii. 'icehurst says (Systematic review of the genus Phyllo-
scopus, 1938, p. 96) : “Immediately recognisable from armandi by the
fact that if there is yellow in the underparts this is uniform and never
streaked with brighter yellow.”

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 473
PHYLLOSCOPUS PULCHER PULCHER Blyth
NEPALESE ORANGE-BARRED WILLOW WARBLER

Ph{[ylloscopus| pulcher “(Hodgson)” BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14,
1845 [=1846], pp. 592-593 (Nepal).

Phylloscopus pulcher pulcher, RiLey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 432 (Doi
Suthep).—GrEENwAy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 190 (Doi Ang Ka).

A female was collected by Smith on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, December
15, 1928, while five males and one female were taken by Griswold
(Asiatic Primate Expedition) at the summit of Doi Ang Ka between
March 24 and 30, 1937; the species is probably an uncommon winter
visitor, restricted to the tops of our highest mountains.

P. p. pulcher has the forehead, crown, and nape dark olive-green,
with an ill-defined paler median streak; the mantle rufescent olive-
green; the rump pale yellow; the three outermost pairs of rectrices
largely white; the wings like the mantle but with the innermost sec-
ondaries tipped buffy yellow, the median coverts tipped yellowish
olive to form an indistinct bar, and the greater coverts broadly tipped
orange to form a conspicuous bar; the lores and postocular streak
blackish; the supercilium buffy yellow; the underparts dull pale yel-
low, sullied (especially anteriorly) with gray.

PHYLLOSCOPUS INORNATUS INORNATUS (Blyth)
SIBERIAN INORNATE WILLOW WARBLER

Regulus inornatus BiytTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal; vol. 11, 1842, pp. 191-192
(India; type specimens from Calcutta, fide Ticehurst, Systematic review
of the genus Phylloscopus, 1988, p. 100).

Phylloscopus superciliosa, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 29 (Den Chai).

Phylloscopus superciliosa superciliosa, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 474
(“Throughout the whole country”).

Phylloscopus superciliosus superciliosus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 563 (Doi Suthep).

Phylloscopus humii praemium, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 555 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai).—DrteGnan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981, p. 149 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

P[hylloscopus] i[nornatus] inornatus, CHASEN and BopeNn KiLoss, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245, footnote (Doi Suthep).

Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 230 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao,
Mae ‘Taeng).—DEIeNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 116
(Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Rurrry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 433
(Doi Ang Ka, Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Khun Tan).

The inornate willow warbler is a very common, or even abundant,

winter visitor to every part of northern Thailand, ranging from the
level of the plains to the summits of the mountains. The extreme

474 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

dates for its occurrence with us are September 26 (1936) on Doi Suthep
and April 18 (1936) on Phu Kha.

This willow warbler may be seen in almost any sort of arboreal
cover except bamboo and the denser evergreen forest; it is the Phy-
loscopus oftenest observed in gardens and orchards.

A male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark horny-brown;
the mandible horny yellow, tipped dark horny brown; the feet, toes,
and claws horny brown.

P. i. inornatus, in fresh autumn dress, has the upperparts bright
olive-green, the forehead, crown, and nape with an ill-defined paler
median streak; the wings with the coverts broadly tipped yellowish
white to form two conspicuous bars, the inner primaries and outer
secondaries narrowly tipped white, the inner secondaries broadly
edged apically with greenish white; the lores and postocular streak
dark olive-green; the broad supercilium pale yellow; the underparts
white, more or less strongly washed everywhere with greenish yellow;
the under wing coverts and axillaries pale yellow.

Ticehurst records (loc. cit., p. 105) an example of P. 7. mandellii
(Brooks) from “Siam”; the specimen very probably came from some
locality in northern Thailand.

PHYLLOSCOPUS PROREGULUS CHLORONOTUS (G. R. Gray)
NEPALESE YELLOW-RUMPED WILLOW WARBLER

Abrornis chloronotus G. R. Gray, Catalogue of . . . Mammalia and birds
of Nepal and Thibet . . . British Museum, 1846, pp. 66, 152 (Nepal).

P{[hylloscopus] proregutus [sic] forresti, CHASEN and BopEeN Ktoss, Journ.
Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 245, footrote (Doi Suthep).

Phylloscopus proregulus forresti, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 116 (Doi Suthep).

The yellow-rumped willow warbler is a rare winter visitor to north-
ern Thailand, known thence by only three specimens: Two males
collected by Aagaard on Doi Suthep, 5,500 feet, in February or
March, 1931; a female taken by me on Phu Kha, 4,500 feet, April 6,
1936.

The Phu Kha bird was found only a few feet above the ground in
a dense tangle of coarse grass and Rubus sp. at an abandoned haz.

This species has the forehead, crown, and nape deep, almost black-
ish, olive-green, with a broad yellowish olive-green median line; the
remaining upperparts, except for the pale yellow rump, buffy olive-
green; the wing coverts tipped with yellowish white to form two con-
spicuous bars; the lores and postocular streak blackish olive-green;
the supercilium olivaceous-yellow; the underparts white, more or less
strongly washed everywhere with pale olivaceous-buff; the under
wing coverts and axillaries pale yellow.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 475

PHYLLOSCOPUS MACULIPENNIS MACULIPENNIS (Blyth)
EASTERN ASHY-THROATED WILLOW WARBLER

Abrornis maculipennis BuyTH, Ibis, 1867, p. 27 (Nepal or Sikkim).
Phylloscopus maculipennis maculipennis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
1940, p. 189 (Doi Ang Ka).

The ashy-throated willow warbler has been found in Thailand only
by Griswold (Asiatic Primate Expedition), who collected two males
and two females at the summit of Doi Ang Ka, March 22 and 30, 1987.
It is probably only a winter visitor, restricted to our highest moun-
tains.

This distinctively marked form has the forehead, crown, and nape
dark brownish gray, with a broken ashy-white median streak; the
remaining upperparts, except for the yellow rump, bright deep olive-
green; the wings like the mantle but with the inner secondaries tipped
yellowish white on the outer web and the median coverts narrowly,
the greater coverts broadly, tipped yellow to form two conspicuous
bars; the three outermost pairs of rectrices with the inner web pure
white; the lores and postocular streak dark brownish gray; the long
supercilium ashy white; the chin and throat ashy gray; the remaining
underparts yellow.

PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS BOREALIS (Blasius)
SIBERIAN ARCTIC WILLOW WARBLER
Phyllopneuste borealis BLastus, Naumannia, 1858, pp. 318-314 (Okhotsk Sea).

A female collected by me at Ban Tha Fa (Phrae Province), Septem-
ber 11, 1936, has been determined by Ticehurst to belong to the present
race, which is otherwise not recorded from northern Thailand.

The bird was shot from a tall clump of bamboo in a district of low
hills covered with mixed-deciduous forest.

This robust species has the entire upperparts grayish olive-green;
the wing like the mantle but with the outer greater coverts narrowly
tipped yellowish white to form a fairly conspicuous bar (the median
coverts often tipped slightly paler olive-green to form an obsolescent
bar) ; the lores and postocular streak dark olive-green ; the conspicuous
supercilium yellowish white; the entire underparts white, sullied with
gray, and more or less strongly washed with pale yellow.

PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS EXAMINANDUS Stresemann
KAMCHATKAN ARCTIC WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus borealis examinandus STRESEMANN, Noy. Zool., vol. 20, 1913, pp.
353-354 (Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands). :

Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1986, p. 116 (Chiang Mai).

583136—45——31

476. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A unique female from Chiang Mai, 1,000 feet, October 27, 1935, has
been studied by Dr. Ticehurst, whose comment is: “examinandus, if
sex is right.” The specimen, evidently not mutilated by shot, was
skinned by me and, since nothing in my field-catalogue indicates that
I was then doubtful of the sex, I leave it under this name.

“In spring dress like borealis but a little greener, less grey green on
upper parts and a little yellower on the under parts. Averages larger
in size. Less green and less yellow than is usual in wanthodryas”
(Ticehurst, Systematic review of the genus Phylloscopus, 1938, p. 128).

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILOIDES TROCHILOIDES (Sundevall)
EASTERN HIMALAYAN DULL-GREEN WILLOW WARBLER

Acanthiza trochiloides SUNDEVALL, Physiogr. Sillsk. Tidskr. [Lund], vol. 1, 1837,
p. 76 (Calcutta, Bengal).

Phylloscopus trochiloides trochiloides, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
1940, p. 190 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

A male and a female of the nominate race of the dull-green willow
warbler were collected by Griswold (Asiatic Primate Expedition) on
Doi Nang Kaeo, 2,800 feet, April 8 and 18, 1987.

Both specimens are in prenuptial molt.

Another large species, this bird has the entire upperparts dark
olive-green; the wing like the mantle but with the greater coverts
tipped pale yellow or yellowish white to form a conspicuous bar (the
median coverts often similarly tipped to form a more or less distinct
bar); the lores and postocular streak blackish olive-green; the con-
spicuous supercilium yellowish white; the entire underparts yellowish
white sullied with gray. In life, the races of P. trochiloides cannot
be distinguished from those of P. borealis; in the hand, they may be
most easily recognized by their having the sixth primary emarginate
on the outer web.

Greenway observes (loc. cit.) that these examples “are assigned
with some doubt to this species [= subspecies], though they are
closest to it.” I have been privileged to examine the birds in question
and, having compared them with series of trochiloides, obscuratus, and
plumbeitarsus (all determined by 'Ticehurst), wholly concur with
Greenway’s identification. The form is already known to winter in
all the areas adjacent to northern Thailand.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILOIDES OBSCURATUS Stresemann
KANSU DULL-GREEN WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus trochiloides obscuratus STRESEMANN, Orn. Monatsb., vol. 37, 1929,
pp. 74-75 (South Tetung Mountains, North Kansu).

A female in fine plumage, shot by me at Chiang Mai, 1,000 feet, May

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 477

15, 1936, has been identified by Dr. Ticehurst as an example of P. 7.
obscuratus.

“Like trochiloides, but somewhat paler, brighter and greener on the
upper parts and edges of wings and tail, but a little darker than
plumbeitarsus. The upper wing bar is usually indicated, in some
markedly so, and the lower one is broader than in plwmbeitarsus, both
bars yellowish in fresh dress as in trochiloides. Under parts a little
more yellow than in plwmbeitarsus....” (Ticehurst, Systematic
review of the genus PAylloscopus, 1938, p. 147).

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILOIDES PLUMBEITARSUS Swinhoe
SIBERIAN DULL-GREEN WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus SwinwHogr, Ibis, 1861, pp. 330-831 (“between Takoo
and Peking, in the neighbourhood of the Peiho River, Province of Cheiee,
North China’’).

Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 29 (“Northern Siam”) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 474 (Den Chai) .—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 230 (Chiang Mai,
“Tung Sio”).—RILey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 434 (Mae Hong Son,
Muang Pai, Chiang Mai, Phrae, Ban Nam Khian).

Acanthopneuste nitidus plumbeitarsus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 116 (Chiang Mai).

The Siberian dull-green willow warbler is a common winter visitor
to the lowlands of all the northern provinces, where it has been recorded
from November 8 (1935) at Chom Thong to April 26 (1930) at Phrae.

This bird seems to be strictly confined to the plains and, in my
experience, is only found in the great clumps of garden bamboo, which
are so important a feature of our landscapes.

Prenuptial molt is shown by specimens taken between March 80 and
April 26.

A‘ male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark horny brown;
the mandible horny yellow; the tarsi plumbeous-brown; the toes and
claws horny brown.

Distinguished “from trochiloides by the greener, less olive brown
upper parts and whiter under parts; supercilium less yellow and
sharper defined; streak behind eye paler, neck less ashy; wing bars
narrower; and by wing formula and smaller size and shorter first
primary. In skins the upper mandible in winter is brown and in
trochiloides nearly black. . . .” (Ticehurst, Systematic review of the
genus Phylloscopus, 1938, p. 151).

PHYLLOSCOPUS TENELLIPES Swinhoe
PALE-LEGGED WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus tenellipes SwWINHOE, Ibis, 1860, p. 53 (Amoy, China).
Phylloscopus tennellipes [sic], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 46 (Den Chai).

478 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Phylloscopus tenellipes, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 473 (“Different parts of
Siam”).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 230
(Doi Suthep).

Acanthopneuste tenellipes, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 117 (Doi Suthep).

The pale-legged willow warbler is known from our area by only two
specimens: A male collected by Gyldenstolpe at Den Chai, February
8, 1912, and an unsexed bird taken by de Schauensee on Doi Suthep,
5,000 feet, February 27, 1933.

Gyldenstolpe notes that his example had the irides dark brown;
the bill horn color; the feet and toes pale brownish yellow.

This species has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, dark and dull
on the head but bright on the mantle and strongly suffused with
ochraceous on the rump, upper tail coverts, and rectrices; the wing
like the mantle but with the greater and median coverts tipped buffy
yellow or yellowish white to form two indistinct bars; the lores and
postocular streak blackish olivaceous-brown; the long, broad super-
cilium pale buff or buffy white; the underparts white, more or less
strongly washed with brownish buff along the flanks; the under tail
coverts pale buff or pale buffy yellow; the bend of the wing and the
axillaries pale buffy yellow; the under wing coverts white (sometimes
tinged with pale buffy yellow). |

PHYLLOSCOPUS CORONATUS CORONATUS (Temminck and Schlegel)
JAPANESE CROWNED WILLOW WARBLER

Ficedula coronata TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
1847, pp. 48-590, col. pl. 18 (Japan).

Phylloscopus occipitalis coronatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 280 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Acanthopneuste occipitalis coronatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1936, p. 117 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

At one time I believed the crowned willow warbler to be a common
winter visitor to all the northern provinces, from the level of the plains
to at least 5,500 feet and, at Chiang Mai, occurring from September
26 (1936) to March 1 (19383). It now appears that I have confused
coronatus in the field with the various forms of reguloides, and the
true status of the former must for the present remain in doubt. I
have collected a specimen of coronatus at Ban Sa-iap (Phrae Province)
as early as September 8 (1936).

This is probably the willow warbler with conspicuous coronal bands
frequently encountered in gardens and orchards, associated with P. 2.
inornatus.

A male had the irides brown; the maxilla dark brown; the mandible
horny yellow; the feet and toes horny brown; the claws horn.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 479

P. c. coronatus has the forehead, crown, and nape deep olive-green
(almost blackish on the nape), with a broad yellowish olive-gray
median band; the remaining upperparts olive-green; the wing like the
mantle but with the greater coverts narrowly tipped pale yellow or
yellowish white to form an indistinct bar; the lores and postocular
streak blackish olive-green; the long supercilium yellowish white, yel-
lower anteriorly; the underparts white, faintly streaked with pale
yellow; the under tail coverts, under wing coverts, and axillaries pale
yellow.

PHYLLOSCOPUS REGULOIDES ASSAMENSIS Hartert

ASSAMESE GREATER WHITE-TAILED WILLOW WARBLER

Phylloscopus trochiloides assamensis HArtTEert, Vogel der paliiarktischen Fauna,
vol. 3, 1921, p. 2139. New name for Acanthopneuste trochiloides harterti
Stuart Baker 1913 (Assam Hills [=Khasya Hills, Assam]), not Phyllosco-
pus bonelli harterti Zedlitz, 1912.

Phylloscopus reguloides reguloides [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 485 (Khun Tan [partim]).

Phylloscopus reguloides assamensis, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 189 (Doi Ang Ka).

A specimen taken by Smith at Khun Tan, October 27, 1929, has
been examined by Dr. Ticehurst, who writes: “Seems to be (small ¢ )
assamensis.” Nine males and one female (all in poor condition),
collected by Griswold at the summit of Doi Ang Ka, March 22-80,
1937, are also called assamensis by Ticehurst, with the qualifying re-
mark: “I cannot make anything else of them.” In addition, a male
from Doi Suthep, 2,700 feet, January 18, 1936, and a female from
Chiang Saen Kao, January 12, 1937, are identified by the same au-
thority as P. r. assamensis S claudiae.

This willow warbler has the forehead, crown, and nape deep olive-
green (almost blackish on the nape), with a broad yellowish olive-gray
median band; the remaining upperparts olive-green; the wing like the
mantle but with the greater coverts broadly tipped, the median coverts
less distinctly tipped, with pale yellow to form two bars; the two outer-
most pairs of rectrices narrowly edged with white along the inner
web; the lores and postocular streak blackish olive-green; the long
supercilium pale yellow; the underparts white, suffused and indis-
tinctly streaked with pale yellow; the under tail coverts white, tinged
with pale yellow; the under wing coverts and axillaries bright pale
yellow.

PHYLLOSCOPUS REGULOIDES CLAUDIAE (La Touche)

SZECHWANESE GREATER WHITE-TAILED WILLOW WARBLER

Acanthopneuste trochiloides claudiae La ToucHeE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 48,
1922, p. 22 (Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

480 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Phylloscopus reguloides reguloides [partim], Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 485 (Khun Tan [partim]).

Phylloscopus reguloides claudiae, RitEy, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 435
(Khun Tan).

Dr. Ticehurst has identified as claudiae two males taken by Smith
on Doi Khun Tan, 3,000 and 4,000 feet, February 22, 1932; a male
from Ban Samoeng, November 23, 19385; and a female from Ban
Muang Sum, December 25, 19386. Two specimens considered by him
intermediate between claudiae and assamensis have already been listed
under the latter name.

P. r. claudiae “resembles assamensis, but the upper parts slightly
brighter, not so yellowish-green; cheeks and mesial coronal streaks
greyer yellow and paler; under parts whiter, any yellow being con-
fined to streaks on the breast, no wash of yellow; two outer pairs of tail
feathers only very narrowly and sharply edged with white . . . Inter-
grades with assamensis, and not every specimen can be placed” (Tice-
hurst, Systematic review of the genus Phylloscopus, 1938, p. 171).

PHYLLOSCOPUS DAVISONI DAVISONI (Oates)
TENASSERIMESE LESSER WHITE-TAILED WILLOW WARBLER

Acanthopneuste davisoni OAatTEs, Fauna of British India, Birds, vol. 1, 1889, pp.
420-421 (Mount Muleyit, Tenasserim).

Acanthopneuste trochiloides davisoni DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 555 (Doi Suthep).

Acanthopneuste reguloides davisoni, DrIGNAN, Jour. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 149 (Doi Suthep).

P| hylloscopus| reguloides subsp., CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 245, footnote (Doi Suthep).

Phylloscopus trochiloides davisont, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 231 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Acanthopneuste reguioides harterti, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 117 (Doi Suthep).

Acanthopneuste davisoni, DrigNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
117 (Doi Suthep).

Phylloscopus fiavo-olivaceus flavo-olivaceus, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 486 (Doi Suthep, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

Phylloscopus davisoni davisoni, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p.
189 (Doi Ang Ka).

This bird is a common permanent resident in the more open ever-
green at altitudes in excess of 4,500 feet, occurring on all the north-
ern mountains of sufficiently high elevation (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Su-
thep, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Pha Hom Pok, Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot,
and Phu Kha). It is the only species of Phylloscopus likely to be
found in summer in Thailand.

A male from Phu Kha, April 15, had the gonads enlarged. Post-
nuptial molt is shown by a long series of examples taken between
June 22 and November 8. The period of prenuptial molt is still un-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 481

known; no sign of it appears in three specimens collected between
February 1 and 10.

P. d. davisoni “resembles Ph. reguloides assamensis, but sex for sex
is smaller, upper parts and edges of wings more vivid green; typi-
cally the two outer pairs of tail feathers are pure white on the inner
webs . . .” (Ticehurst, Systematic review of the genus Phyllo-
scopus, 1938, pp. 175-176).

PHYLLOSCOPUS DAVISONI DISTURBANS (La Touche)
SZECHWANESE LESSER WHITE-TAILED WILLOW WARBLER

Acanthopneuste trochiloides disturbans LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol.
43, 1922, pp. 22-23 (Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

An unsexed specimen from Doi Chiang Dao, 5,200 feet, March 18,
1937, has been seen by Dr. Ticehurst, who writes: “Possibly dis-
turbans ... tail right for that ...” The bird was taken in an area
of freshly burned forest and has the plumage distinctly darkened by
soot, which may account for his use of the word “possibly.”

“In coloration there is little, if any, difference on the upper parts
compared with davisoni; on the under parts disturbans . . . is whiter,
davisoni more sullied with and streaked with yellow.

“In size disturbans may be a trifle larger, but too few have been
examined to be sure of this. The only other difference lies in the tail;
instead of having the inner web of the outer feather and most of the
inner web of the penultimate feather white as in davisoni, the white is
confined to the edges of the webs” (Ticehurst, Systematic review of the
genus Phylloscopus, 1938, pp. 178-179).

PHYLLOSCOPUS CANTATOR RICKETTI (Slater)
CHINESE YELLOW-BREASTED WILLOW WARBLER

Cryptolopha ricketti SLATER, Ibis, 1897, pp. 174-175, col. pl. 4, fig. 2 (Kuatun,
northwestern Fuhkien, China).

During my last winter in Thailand I took two specimens of this
beautiful bird: A female on Doi Suthep, 2,700 feet, November 7, 1936,
and a male on Doi Chiang Dao, November 26, 1936. The species,
although not previously recorded from Thailand, was quite to be ex-
pected there, and these examples were the result of a purposeful search
which led me to examine carefully every individual of what appeared
to be the common Seicercus b. tephrocephala. J suspect that ricketti
is a regular winter visitor to our mountains, but has been mistaken
again and again for the more abundant flycatcher warbler.

My specimens were shot in light evergreen forest, where they were
associated with mixed flocks of such small birds as L7rpornis, Seicercus,
and other species of PAylloscopus.

482 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

P. c. ricketti has the forehead, crown, and nape olivaceous-yellow,
edged at each side by a broad, black band; the remaining upperparts
bright olive-green; the wings like the mantle but with the greater
coverts narrowly tipped yellow to form a bar (the median coverts
tipped pale olive-green to form a less distinct bar); the lores and
postocular streak oie washed black; the long super cilium. and entire
underparts lemon yellow.

PHRAGAMATICOLA AEDON RUFESCENS Stegmann
AMUR THICK-BILLED REED WARBLER

Phragamaticola aedon rufescens STEGMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., vol. 77, 1929, pp.
250-251 (Amur-land).

Lusciniola aedon, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918, p.
29 (Den Chai) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed).

Arundinag aedon, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
43 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 473 (“Siam”).

Phragmaticola aedon, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 149
(Chiang Mai).—pDE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1954,
p. 229 (Chiang Mai).—Rrtey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 430
(Nan).

Phragamaticola aedon rufescens, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 115 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The thick-billed reed warbler is a common winter visitor to the
lowlands of all the northern provinces; the extreme dates for its
stay with us are November 21 (1936) at Chiang Mai and May 10
(1936) at Ban Mae Chai. I have once found it on Doi Suthep at 2,200
feet, March 12, 1932.

While this species is not likely to be found at any great distance
from water, it is by no means so paludicolous as the birds of the
genus Acrocephalus: I have constantly observed it, not in the actual
reed beds, but among the bushes and low trees growing on rising
ground at the edge of a marsh and in the thickets and tall grass cov-
ering the banks of canals and irrigation ditches. It is one of the
latest of our winter visitors to depart for the northern breeding
grounds; early in May 1936, on the great marsh at Mae Chai, I found
it still present in considerable numbers and in full voice—the elab-
orate and melodious song being rendered from the very top of some
tree or shrub, whence, when alarmed, the bird dived precipitately
into the safer cover of grass and sedge. The ordinary call note,
heard from the depths of the thickets, is a loud chuck-chuck.

Four males had the irides brown or gray-brown; the maxilla dark
horny brown or horny black; the mandible flesh; the rictus fleshy,
tinged orange; the interior of the mouth bright orange; the feet and
toes greenish gray or plumbeous; the soles yellowish; the claws horn.

The present form differs from the great reed warbler in having the

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 483

bill proportionately much shorter and thus apparently thicker; the
olivaceous-brown of the upperparts more strongly washed with rufes-
cent, especially on the crown and nape; in the lack of a pale super-
cilium; and in having the rectrices more strongly graduated.

ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS BRUNNESCENS (Jerdon)
INDIAN GREAT REED WARBLER

Algrobates] brunnescens Jerpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 10, 1839, p. 269
(The Carnatic, near Trichinopoly, southern India).

Acrocephalus stentoreus amyae, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
19386, p. 114 (Chiang Mai?_

The present form is known in northern Thailand only as an ap-
parently rare winter visitor to the Chiang Mai plain, where I have
taken three examples: a female, January 19, 1982 (skin at Princeton) ;
a male, November 29, 1935; and a female, January 16, 1937.

In habits and appearance it is nowise distinguishable in life from
the commoner Japanese race, with which it shares the same reed
beds.

A female had the irides yellowish brown; the maxilla blackish
brown, with the edges of the commissure fleshy; the mandible plum-
beous-flesh; the rictus, interior of the mouth, and the skin of the
chin salmon; the feet and toes horny violet; the claws dark horny
brown.

This is a large, strong-billed reed warbler without conspicuous
markings. It has the upperparts olivaceous-brown, suffused with
rufescent on the mantle and upper tail coverts and with rufescent-
buff on the rump; a short, indistinct brownish-white or buffy-white
supercilium ; the lores and a small spot behind the eye blackish brown;
the underparts buff (this color richest on the under tail coverts,
region of the vent, the flanks, and under wing coverts) , the center of the
abdomen albescent, the chin and throat almost white. <A. a. brun-
mescens has the second primary shorter than the fifth; in the two
specimens before me, it is equal to the sixth.

ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS ORIENTALIS (Temminck and Schlegel)
JAPANESE GREAT REED WARBLER

Salicaria turdina orientalis TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, 1847, pp. 50-51, pl. 21 B [=20 B] (Japan).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 148 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 114 (Chiang Mai).

The Japanese great reed warbler is a locally common winter visitor
at Chiang Mai, where I have found it between December 2 (1935)
and April 8 (1931).

484 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

At small, marshy areas in the fields, where tall, dense vegetation
retards evaporation of moisture during the months of drought and
rails and bluethroats congregate, the rasping chur-r-r of the various
reed warblers is heard from the sedges and coarse grasses, but only
rarely will the soberly dressed birds be seen clambering about the
stems or flitting across an open spot where the rank growth has
been trampled down by cattle. }

A female had the irides light brown; the maxilla brownish black;
the mandible fleshy, with the apical half tinged horny; the interior
of the mouth bright orange; the feet and toes plumbeous; the claws
horny brown.

In the hand, orientalis may be known from brunnescens by its hav-
ing the second primary longer than the fifth; five Thai specimens
before me have it between the fourth and fifth in length.

ACROCEPHALUS AGRICOLA CONCINENS (Swinhoe)
CHINESE PADDY-FIELD WARBLER

Calamoherpe concinens SwINHOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, pp. 432-433
(Peking, China).

Acrocephalus concinens concinens, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 148 (Chiang Mai).—CHAsEN and BoDEN KLoss, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ, Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 114 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The paddy-field warbler is a locally common winter visitor to the
Chiang Mai plain, where I have found it between November 29 (1935)
and February 14 (1931); it occurs rarely also on Doi Suthep, where
I shot an example at 2,300 feet, December 30, 1931, and where Aagaard
collected one at 4,600 feet in February or March 1931.

This species is normally an inhabitant of the same marshes as its
congeners but, not infrequently, especially toward the end of its stay,
may be found in quite dry locations, such as wastelands where the
grass has been almost entirely burned off.

A male had the irides brown; the maxilla horny black; the mandible
with the basal half flesh, the apical half plumbeous; the interior of
the mouth deep yellow; the tarsi horny flesh, the toes browner; the
soles yellow; the claws horn brown. A female differed only in having
the whole of the mandible fleshy.

A. a. concinens may be described roughly as a much smaller edition
of the great reed warbler. As seen with us in winter, it has the entire
upperparts olivaceous-brown, suffused (especially on the mantle, rump,
and upper tail coverts) with rufescent; a poorly defined buffy-white
supercilium ; the underparts rufous-buff, brighter posteriorly, the chin,
throat, and center of the abdomen almost white.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 485
ACROCEPHALUS BISTRIGICEPS Swinhoe
BLACK-BROWED REED WARBLER

- Acrocephalus bistrigiceps SwINHOE, Ibis, 1860, pp. 51-52 (Amoy, China).
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 148 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 114 (Chiang Mai).

The black-browed reed warbler is a locally common winter visitor
to our area, recorded until now only from Mae Hong Son, Chiang
Mai, and Nan Provinces but almost certain to occur also in the re-
maining three. I have found it at Chiang Mai between November 2
(1935) and April 3 (1931) but have collected it at Thattafang as
early as October 13 (1936) and at Ban Huai Pa Khan as late as April
8 (1987).

This species haunts exactly the same marshes as the other reed
warblers.

It has the irides brown; the maxilla brownish black; the mandible
with the basal half fleshy or yellow, the apical half plumbeous or
horny; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow; the tarsi dusky
flesh or fleshy horn; the toes light horny brown or plumbeous; the
soles yellow; the claws light horny brown.

The present form is very near to the paddy-field warbler in size
and coloration but may always be recognized by its having a con-
spicuous buff supercilium, edged above by a broad black or blackish-
brown band.

LOCUSTELLA LANCEOLATA (Temminek)

LANCEOLATED GRASSHOPPER WARBLER

Sylvia lanceolata TEMMINCK, Manuel d’ornithologie, ed. 2, vol. 4, 1840, pp. 614-615
(Mayence, error; type locality corrected to Russia, by Hartert, Vogel der
paliarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 553).

Locustella lanceolata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167
(listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 471 (‘‘Northern Siam”’).—CHAsEN and Bopen K1oss,
Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 245 (Doi Suthep).

Locustella lanceolata [partim], Drianan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 114 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

This secretive little bird is known from northern Thailand by only
four specimens: An unsexed example taken by Eisenhofer at Khun
Tan in 1914 and now deposited in Stockholm; a female shot by
Aagaard on Doi Suthep, 4,600 feet, in February or March 1931; a
female collected by me at Chiang Mai, November 26, 1931, and an-
other from Nong Phung (along the Chiang Dao road, some 46 or 48
km. north of Chiang Mai), March 25, 1936.

The lanceolated warbler keeps to the ground beneath the sedge
tussocks and, if seen at all, resembles nothing so much as a small
mouse; if made to fly, it drops almost immediately back into the

486 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

marsh vegetation. With such habits, it may well be a not uncommon
winter visitor to our area, despite the paucity of definite records.

My specimens had the irides bright brown; the maxilla brownish
black or blackish brown, with the edges of the commissure fleshy ; the
mandible fleshy; the feet and toes fleshy; the claws horn or horny
flesh.

This species has the entire upperparts rufescent olivaceous-brown,
most of the feathers with broad black central streaks; a very indis-
tinct buffy supercilium; the underparts white, washed with buff (most
strongly along the flanks, sides of the abdomen, and on the under tail
coverts), the feathers of the breast, flanks, and under tail coverts with
lanceolate black central streaks.

LOCUSTELLA CERTHIOLA MINOR David and Oustalet
AMUR GRAY-NAPED GRASSHOPPER WARBLER

Locustella minor Davi and OvusTALeT, Oiseaux de la Chine, 1877, pp. 250-251
(Peking, China).

Locustella lanceolata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 148
(Chiang Mai).

Locusteila certhiola minor, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 114 (Chiang Mai).

Locustella lanceolata [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 114 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

The gray-naped grasshopper warbler is an apparently rare winter
visitor to the northern provinces, where I have collected three speci-
mens: a female from the Chiang Mai plain, February 17, 1931; a male
from the same locality, November 28, 1935; and an unsexed bird from
Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), April 2, 1937.

The Chiang Mai examples were found at a small marsh but that from
Na Noi, obviously a migrant, was shot beside a small, drying river
(the Nam Haeng), on a beach of sand and gravel almost covered by
a dense growth of takrai nam (Homonoia riparia). The habits of
this species seem to be quite like those of the lanceolated warbler.

A male had the irides brown; the maxilla dark horny brown; the
mandible flesh ; the feet and toes dark flesh; the claws horn. A female
differed in having the maxilla brownish black; the mandible horny
brown, fleshy at the base; the feet and toes pale flesh ; the soles whitish.

This bird superficially resembles its congener but has the ground
color of the occiput and nape more or less strongly overlaid with
ashy; a fairly conspicuous buffy supercilium; the rectrices olivaceous-
brown with an outwardly increasingly broad ashy tip and a black
subterminal bar (these markings more evident beneath, where the
pale tips are ashy white); the underparts usually immaculate (the
sides of the lower throat and breast occasionally with tiny, obsolescent
blackish spots).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 487
MEGALURUS PALUSTRIS ANDREWSI Bangs
CONTINENTAL STRIATED MARSH WARBLER

Megalurus palustris andrewsi BANGs, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 44, 1921,
pp. 592-593 (Meng-ting, Yunnan-Burma border).

Megalurus palustris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 149
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 115 (Chiang Mai).

This large and unmistakable grass warbler, which is resident in
districts both north and south of us, has been found solely as a rare
and irregular cold-weather visitor to the Chiang Mai plain, between
October 28 (1936) and February 17 (1931).

I have seen it only in the immediate vicinity of the marshes, where
it may be observed flying for long distances above the reeds, with tail
violently pumped, or perched at the top of some isolated bush or tree.
Its song, which I have heard in April in the State of Kengtung, is a
notable performance of loud, chattery, bubbling notes, rendered in
the air as the bird glides from an altitude of as much as 40 feet back
down to a favored arboreal perch.

A female had the irides light brown; the maxilla dark horny brown;
the mandible horny flesh; the feet and toes fleshy horn; the soles
yellowish; the claws horn.

The species has the upperparts buffy, suffused (especially on the
crown and nape) with rufous, the feathers with black central streaks
which are narrow on the crown, nape, and upper tail coverts, broad
on the back, scapulars, upper wing coverts, and inner secondaries,
virtually absent on the rump; the strongly graduated and sharply
pointed rectrices buffy brown with dark brown shafts; an indistinct
whitish supercilium ; the underparts brownish white, more buffy along
the flanks and on the under tail coverts, albescent on the throat and
center of the abdomen, the feathers of the breast, flanks, and under
tail coverts with narrow blackish-brown shaft streaks.

ORTHOTOMUS SUTORIUS INEXPECTATUS La Touche
INDO-CHINESE LONG-TAILED TAILORBIRD

Orthotomus sutorius inexpectatus LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 43, 1922,
p. 42 (Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

Sutoria sutoria, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 44
(Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng).

Sutoria sutoria phyllorrapheus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 471 (“Throughout
Siam”).

Sutoria sutoria patia, pE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 562 (Chiang Mai).

Orthotomus sutorius patia, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 554 (Doi Suthep). —Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 148 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 115 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

488 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Orthotomus sutorius maculicollis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 423
(Ban Nam Khian).

[Orthotomus sutorius] inexpectatus, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940,
p. 188 (Doi Nang Kaeo).

The long-tailed tailorbird is very common or even abundant through-
out the northern lowlands; on Doi Suthep, and without doubt on other
mountains as well, it occurs in small numbers at inhabited clearings as
high as 3,500 feet.

This little warbler, one of the best-known birds of our provinces,
occurs impartially in gardens, hedgerows, thickets, bamboo groves,
and even the pa daeng. It is a thoroughly domesticated species and
regularly explores the vines that shade one’s veranda or hops about on
the floor without regard for human occupants, the tail carried cocked
forward above the back or, in flight, pumped energetically up and
down in a most ludicrous fashion. It has a number of shrill, monot-
onous, and rather annoying calls, which are heard constantly, during
even the hottest hours of the day, throughout the seasons of heat and
rain: weet-weet-weet; whee-whee-whee; ti-wheet’, ti-wheet’, ti-
wheet’ ; pee’-to, pee’-to, pee’-to, etc., etc. The male, while vocalizing,
swells the lower throat in such a way as to disclose at each side an area
of naked blackish skin, which is normally concealed by the adjacent
feathers, |

The breeding season probably embraces the whole period from April
to August, at which time the males are wearing the greatly elongated
central rectrices. At Chiang Mai I took females with the gonads
slightly enlarged, May 8, and greatly enlarged, June 1. Gyldenstolpe
has reported (1916) finding a nest with two fresh eggs near Doi Pha
Sakaeng, July 22, 1914; in my garden at Chiang Mai I discovered a
nest with three apparently fresh eggs as late as August 19,1930. The
remarkable nest has been often described but I may mention that, at
Chiang Mai, all examined by me were formed from mango leaves sewn

together. A male collected at Chiang Mai, July 6, is just beginning
the postnuptial molt.

An adult male had the irides tan; the edges of the eyelids brownish
yellow; the maxilla brownish horn, darker on the culmen, the commis-
sure edged pale fleshy; the mandible pale fleshy; the feet and toes
fleshy pink; the claws horn.

This species has the forehead and forecrown dull orange-rufous,
changing to dull olivaceous-brown on the occiput and nape; the remain-
ing upperparts bright olive-green; the lores and an indistinct super-
cilium buffy white; the underparts buffy white, the dark gray bases of
the feathers often showing irregularly to give a broadly streaked
appearance; the thighs rufous-buff.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 489
ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS NITIDUS Hume
INDO-CHINESE BLACK-THROATED TAILORBIRD

Orthotomus nitidus Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, pp. 507-508 (Tenasserim).

Orthotomus atrigularis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138,
p. 29 (Den Chai).

Orthotomus atrigularis nitidus, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 554 (Chiang Rai).

Orthotomus atrogularis nitidus, Riey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 424
(Chiang Dao, Muang Pai).

The black-throated tailorbird is restricted in range to the districts
of lowland evergreen, with the result that, while it is known from all
our provinces, it is of necessarily local distribution.

This form, unlike its congener, avoids proximity to man and his
cultivation, preferring overgrown abandoned clearings, the thickets
beside jungle roads, or even the uncut forest. Its habits seem to
differ in no important particular from those of O. s. inexpectatus, a
fact that may well explain its withdrawal into the one type of en-
vironment not yet occupied by its more aggressive relative.

A male taken along the Chiang Mai-Chiang Dao road, about 9 km.
south of the latter town, August 17, 1935, had the gonads enlarged.

The same specimen had the irides tan; the maxilla horny brown; the
mandible horny flesh; the feet and toes flesh; the claws light horny
brown.

The adult male has the lores, superciliary region, forehead, crown,
and nape bright orange-rufous; the remaining upperparts bright
olive-green; the feathers of chin and throat ashy with slaty-black
bases, the dark portion increasing in extent on the lower throat so
as to form a conspicuous, irregular patch of ashy-streaked black;
the remaining underparts buffy white, with gray bases of the feathers
showing through irregularly to give a broadly streaked appearance,
the flanks strongly washed with olive-yellow; the thighs bright ru-
fous, suffused with yellow; the under tail coverts, under wing coverts,
and axillaries yellow. The adult female closely resembles the long-
tailed tailorbird but may always be known by the yellow-washed
flanks, the yellowish-rufous thighs, and the yellow under tail coverts,
under wing coverts, and axillaries.

ORTHOTOMUS CUCULLATUS CORONATUS Blyth
HIMALAYAN YELLOW-BELLIED TAILORBIRD

Orthotomus coronatus “Jerd. & Blyth” Biyrg, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 200
(Sikkim; type specimen from Darjiling, fide Bowdler Sharpe, Catalogue of
the birds in the British Museum, vol. 7, 1883, p. 230).

Phyllergates coronatus coronatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1935, p. 65 (Doi Ang Ka, Doi Chiang Dao).

490 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The yellow-bellied tailorbird, until now recorded in northern Thai-
land only from Doi Ang Ka, Doi Chiang Dao, and Phu Kha, is an
uncommon resident of the evergreen between 4,400 and 5,500 feet.

I have found it singly or in pairs on the steep slopes of ravines, in
the lalang of abandoned hai, and along the trails in deep, damp forest.
In all its actions it is quite like the species of the lowlands.

A bird taken September 4 on Doi Ang Ka is in postnuptial molt;
another collected two days later at the same locality is in postjuvenal
molt.

An adult female had the irides brown; the maxilla dark horny
brown; the mandible with the basal half horny yellow, the apical half
dark horny brown; the feet and toes fleshy yellow; the claws brownish
horn.

The adult has the forehead and crown bright orange-rufous, chang-
ing to dark olive-green on the occiput; a broad nuchal band slaty gray ;
the remaining upperparts dark olive-green; the remiges and rectrices
brown, edged along the outer web with olive-green, the two outer pairs
of tail feathers with the whole inner web white; a narrow supercilium
ashy white (bright yellow immediately above the eye) ; the lores and
an indistinct postocular streak blackish; the sides of the head and
neck otherwise slaty gray, like the nape; the chin, throat, breast, and
center of the upper abdomen ashy white, the gray bases of the feathers
showing through in places; the remaining underparts bright yellow;
the thighs dark olive-green. The juvenile differs from the adult in
having the crown and nape dark olive-green, like the remaining upper-
parts; a narrow olive-yellow supercilium ; the white of the chin, throat,
and breast washed with pale olive-green.

PRINIA HODGSONII ERRO Deignan
THAI GRAY-BREASTED PRINIA

Prinia hodgsonii erro DEIGNAN, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 103, No. 3, 1942,
pp. 6-7 (Chiang Mai, North Thailand).

Franklinia gracilis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p.
563 (Chiang Mai).—DerIcNaN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 149
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 115 (Chiang Mai).

Franklinia gracilis [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 229 (Chiang Mai [partim], Doi Chiang Dao).—Rttey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 427 (Chiang Mai, Doi Langka).

Owing to the difficulty attendant upon distinguishing in the field
between the nearly allied P. 7. rufescens and the present species in
winter dress, the ranges of the two must be defined from actual museum
specimens. These indicate that erro is common on the Chiang Mai
plain but is otherwise found only on a few of the higher mountains:
on Doi Ang Ka at 4,400 feet, on Phu Kha at 4,500 feet, and on Doi

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 491

Chiang Dao at 4,600 feet. The bird’s complete absence from Doi
Suthep, which rises directly from the Chiang Mai lowlands, is worthy
of mention.

The gray-breasted prinia is conspicuous at Chiang Mai, where, in
flocks of as many as twenty or thirty individuals, it travels through the
lower growth of brushy wastelands and the thickets bordering canals
and ditches; on the hills it is necessarily restricted to extensive stands
of lalang. Its behavior is quite like that of the related species, the
members of the flock making short flights, with pumping tail, from
bush to bush and keeping together by an endless twittering.

Specimens from Chiang Mai had the gonads enlarged, May 26, and
greatly enlarged, July 3 and September 7. The picture of the molts
presented by the material before me agrees well with that detailed
by Ticehurst and Whistler (Ibis, 1939, p. 763) from Indian series:
a bird of January 24 (Chiang Mai) wears full winter dress; one of
April 6 (Phu Kha) is in complete prenuptial molt; examples taken
between May 2 and September 7 (Doi Langka, Chiang Mai) are in
full summer dress; one of November 26 (Chiang Mai) is in complete
postnuptial molt. Two skins from Chiang Mai, June 29 and Sep-
tember 1, show respectively postnatal molt and full juvenal plumage.

Males in breeding dress had the irides bright brown or yellow-
brown; the swollen edges of the eyelids orange; the bill black; the
feet and toes light orange-brown or brownish flesh; the claws horn. A
winter-taken male (November 19) differed in having the edges of the
eyelids neither swollen nor brightly colored; the bill horny yellow,
with the culmen dark horny brown; the feet and toes horny yellow
(with the fore part of the tarsus horny pink).

In the breeding season, the adult of either sex has the upperparts
chaetura-black (Ridgway), this color almost pure on the front, crown,
and nape, faintly tinged with rufescent on the mantle, rump, and
upper tail coverts; the wing feathers dark brown, edged along the
outer web with dark rufescent; the graduated rectrices brownish
ashy, with an ashy-white tip and a black subterminal spot (more
conspicuous beneath); the supraloral region concolorous with the
crown; the tiny feathers of both eyelids slaty; the underparts white,
with a broad pectoral band and the flanks deep ashy gray (the throat
and center of the abdomen faintly tinged with cream). In winter,
it differs in having the front, crown, and nape slaty brown or
brownish slate, changing gradually to dark olivaceous-brown, suf-
fused with rufescent on the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts;
the supraloral streak dark ashy, very rarely ashy white; the tiny
feathers of the upper eyelid ashy gray, those of the lower eyelid
ashy gray or mixed ashy gray and white; the underparts white (more
or less sullied with ashy gray on the breast and upper flanks), washed

583136—45—32

492 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

with cream, which posteriorly changes to rufous-cream. The charac-
ters of the rectrices serve to separate this species, at any age or
season, from P. r. rufescens.

PRINIA RUFESCENS RUFESCENS Blyth
BURMESE RUFESCENT PRINIA

Pr[inia] rufescens BiyTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, 1847, p. 456
(Arakan).

Prinia blanfordi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
30 (Pak Pan).

Franklinia rufescens poliocephala, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 44 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 473 (Khun Tan).

Franklinia rufescens beavani, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 44 (Sop Tui, Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 478 (Pak Pan, Khun Tan,
Sop Tui).

Franklinia rufescens rufescens, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 555 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Mae Rim); 1934, p. 229
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao).—DrIenAn, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 149 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—CHa4sren and
Bopven Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 246 (Doi
Suthep).—Detenan, Journ, Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 115 (Doi
Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Franklinia gracilis [partim], p—E ScHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 229 (Chiang Mai [partim]=Doi Suthep).—Ruitry, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 427 (Khun Tan).

Franklinia rufescens rufescens [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 428 (Doi Hua Mot, Khun Tan).

The rufescent prinia is common in all the northern provinces,
where specimens have been taken from the level of the plains to about
5,500 feet.

It is difficult to understand why, at a few localities (Chiang Mai,
1,000 feet, and Doi Chiang Dao, 4,600 feet), Prinia r. rufescens and
P. h. erro are cohabitant, while at all other places, to judge from col-
lected material, either one or the other exists alone. This impression
is perhaps partly the result of simple failure to collect such common
birds, but it is nevertheless true that, during years of work on Doi
Suthep, I never once saw erro on that mountain and that the bird
never came to the attention of Eisenhofer and Gyldenstolpe on Doi
Khun Tan; on the other hand, during six weeks on Doi Ang Ka,
where erro, in nuptial dress, was very common, I failed completely
to find rufescens.

At Chiang Mai, the two species, so similar in actions and require-
ments, occurred at exactly the same localities, so that I have some-
times had a flock of each in view at the same time. On the hills,
erro is apparently restricted to areas of almost pure lalang, but
rufescens ranges also through the grass under oak and pine and the
bushes beside the tracks in mixed-deciduous forest.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 493

Examples with the gonads enlarged were taken at Chiang Mai,
May 21, and at Ban Mae Klang, August 30. Birds in full winter
dress have been collected between January 18 and February 20 (Doi
Suthep, Doi Khun Tan); in complete prenuptial molt, between Feb-
ruary 25 and June 8 (Phu Het, Doi Ta Kong, Doi Khun Tan); in
full summer dress, between May 21 and August 30 (Chiang Mai, Ban
Mae Klang, Ban Mae Mo); in complete postnuptial molt, between
August 29 and November 25 (Doi Hua Mot, Doi Khun Tan, Chom
Thong, Doi Chiang Dao). A specimen from Doi Hua Mot, August
20, shows postnatal molt; another from Ban Mae Mo, August 25,
wears full juvenal plumage.

A breeding male, May 21, had the irides bright brown; the bill
blackish; the feet and toes fleshy yellow. Winter-taken examples
differ in having the bill horn color.

In nuptial plumage, the adult of either sex has the front, crown,
and nape brownish slate; the mantle dark rufous-brown; the wings
dark rufous; the graduated rectrices dark rufous above, ashy brown
beneath, with a rufous-gray tip and a black subterminal spot; the
well-marked supraloral streak (often continued beyond the eye as
a short supercilium) and the tiny feathers of both eyelids white;
the underparts white, washed with buff, most strongly along the
flanks and on the thighs and under tail coverts. In winter, it differs
in having the front, crown, and nape rufous-brown, tinged with slate;
the mantle bright rufous-brown; the underparts white, washed with
rufous-buff, most strongly along the flanks, over the greater part of
the abdomen, and on the thighs and under tail coverts. Juveniles
have the posterior underparts strongly washed with creamy yellow.

PRINIA INORNATA BLANFORDI (Walden)
BURMESE PLAIN-COLORED PRINIA

Drymoeca blanfordi WALDEN, in Blyth, Catalogue of the mammals and birds of
Burma, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 43, pt. 2, extra no., 1875, p. 118 (Toun-
goo, Burma).

Prinia inornata burmanica, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 150 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 118 (Chiang Mai).—pDE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 2832 (Chiang Mai).

Prinia exter, R1rey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 443 (Ban Nam Khian).

A form of the plain-colored prinia that, on the basis of fine-plumaged

January specimens, may quite safely be called blanfordi, is a very

common permanent resident of the rice plain at Chiang Mai. The

species is otherwise known from our area only by two summer ex-
amples from Muang Fang (Mae Khong drainage) and one from Ban

Nam Khian, which cannot, at this time, be subspecifically identified

with any degree of certainty.

494. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In the vicinity of Chiang Mai, the bands of this prinia frequent
the high grass at the borders of the marshes, the lush growth of sedges
lining the irrigation ditches, and, before the harvest, the far-flung
stands of rice. The species is probably common, in similar terrain,
throughout the northern provinces.

A specimen from Chiang Mai, May 15, had the gonads enlarged.
Both the postnuptial and the postjuvenal molts are shown by the
two birds from Muang Fang, July 18. Examples from Chiang Mai,
January 23 and 24, are just beginning prenuptial molt, and this molt
is far advanced in the one from Ban Nam Khian, April 13.

The adult, in winter dress, has the upperparts olivaceous-brown,
faintly suffused with rufescent, the feathers of the crown and mantle
with obsolescent darker central streaks; the elongated tail light brown,
each feather showing beneath a narrow pale tip and an ill-defined
blackish subterminal bar; the lores and a short supercilium pale buffy ;
the entire underparts buff, more rufescent on the flanks, thighs, and
under tail coverts, albescent on the throat and center of the abdomen.
In summer, it differs in having the upperparts dull grayish brown; the
underparts pale buff or even buffy white; the tail shorter.

I have discussed the specimens from Muang Fang and Ban Nam
Khian in my “Revision of the Indo-Chinese Forms of the Avian Genus
Prinia” (Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 103, No. 3, 1942, p. 8).

PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS DELACOURI Deignan
INDO-CHINESE YELLOW-BELLIED PRINIA

Prinia flaviventris delacouri DEIGNAN, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 103, No. 3,
1942, pp. 8-9 (Chiang Mai, North Thailand).

Prinia flaviventris flaviventris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 150 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 118 (Chiang Mai).

This distinctively colored prinia is apparently a very rare form in
northern Thailand, where I have observed only four examples: One
at Chiang Mai, February 18, 1931; one on the marshes between Chiang
Mai and Lamphun, July 25, 1931; another at the same locality, Jan-
uary 30, 1932; and one at Ban Hong Khaeo (Chiang Rai Province),
May 5, 1986.

The few seen by me were all in tall, dense marsh vegetation at
decidedly wet places.

A male (January 30) had the irides tan-brown; the edges of the
eyelids tan; the bill black, with the extreme tip and a narrow edging
to the commissure horny; the feet and toes fleshy orange; the claws
horny yellow.

An adult male before me (collected May 5) has the lores slaty, with
an ill-defined whitish superior edging; the forehead, forecrown, and

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 495

sides of the head and neck dark ashy gray, changing to dark olive-
green on the rest of the crown, the nape, and the remaining upperparts
(the wings tinged with rufescent) ; the long tail light rufescent olive-
green; the chin, throat, and breast white, slightly washed with buffy ;
the remaining underparts bright yellow, suffused with buff along the
flanks; the thighs rufous-buff.

PRINIA ATROGULARIS ERYTHROPLEURA (Walden)
PEGUAN WHITE-BROWED HILL PRINIA

Suya erythropleura WALDEN, in Blyth, Catalogue of the mammals and birds of
Burma, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 48, pt. 2, extra no., 1875, p. 116
(Toungoo, Burma).

Suya superciliaris superciliaris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 556 (Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 231 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang
Dao).—Dritenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 118 (Doi Suthep).—Rtey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 440 (Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

The hill prinia occurs from 4,400 to 5,500 feet in stands of lalang,
and its numbers vary from one locality to another directly with the
extent of such growth at sufficiently high elevations. Thus, while it
is very common on Doi Suthep and only slightly less so on Doi Ang
Ka, it is wholly unknown from Doi Khun Tan and in the provinces
east of the Khun Tan chain has been found only on Phu Kha.

Along the topmost ridge of Doi Suthep the small bands of this
species are a familiar sight, thanks to the curiosity that induces them
to come to the edge of a trail or the tops of the grass to scold the
passerby. Its habits seem to differ in no important particular from
those of its congeners.

Postjuvenal molt is shown by specimens of April 25 (Doi Langka)
and July 14 (Doi Suthep) ; postnuptial molt, by birds of August 12
(Doi Hua Mot) and October 26 (Doi Suthep).

An adult male had the irides olive-gray; the maxilla dark horny
brown, fleshy along the edges of the commissure; the mandible fleshy;
the rictus bright yellow; the feet, toes, and claws fleshy. There seems
to be no seasonal change in the color of the bill in this form.

The adult in winter dress has the entire upperparts olivaceous-
brown, suffused with rufescent on the mantle, wings, and tail; the lores
black; a conspicuous superciliary stripe white; the chin, throat, breast,
and center of the abdomen buffy white (the feathers of the breast
with narrow black lateral edgings, which give an irregularly streaked
appearance), changing to rufous-buff along the flanks and on the
thighs and under tail coverts. In summer it differs in having the
upperparts almost free of rufescent tinge; the rufous-buff of the under-
parts paler; the tail shorter.

496 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CISTICOLA JUNCIDIS MALAYA Lynes
MALAYAN COMMON FANTAIL WARBLER .

Cisticola juncidis malaya LYNEs, Review of the genus Cisticola, Ibis, suppl. no.,
1930, pp. 92-94, pl. 2, figs. a-c (Klang, Malay Peninsula).

Cisticola juncidis cursitans, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 149 (Chiang Mai).

Cisticola juncidis malaya, DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 115 (Chiang Mai).

Cisticola evilis equicaudata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 115 (Chiang Mai).

The common fantail warbler is definitely known within our area
only from the provinces of Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai, Ban Sop Mae
Chaem) and Chiang Rai (Ban Mae Chai). At Chiang Mai, where
it may be found in the ricefields at any time of the year, it is rather
common during the rains but rare and local at other seasons,

This little bird keeps to open country, haunting the growing rice
and the moist, grassy borders of marshes, large or small. It is a
skulker, outside of the breeding season not likely to be observed until
accidentally flushed, when it makes a short, low flight before dropping
again into cover. During the rains, however, the male may be very
conspicuous by his song, a series of sharp notes uttered as the bird
circles with undulating flight high above his mate—tsit .. . tstt...
tsit, each tstt synchronized with a dip in the flight.

Thanks to the nuptial performance, I have collected males with the
gonads enlarged or greatly enlarged between May 9 (Ban Mae Chai)
and August 26 (Chiang Mai). A specimen taken by me at Chiang
Mai, January 14, 1936 (erroneously recorded as Cisticola extlis equt-
caudata) , is in an advanced stage of postjuvenal molt.

A breeding male had the irides tan; the maxilla horny brown, black-
ish at the base; the mandible fleshy plumbeous; the rictus and in-
terior of the mouth black; the feet and toes flesh ; the claws pale horny
flesh. A winter example of the same sex had the irides light brown;
the maxilla dark horny brown; the mandible fleshy, horny at the tip;
the feet and toes yellowish fleshy; the claws horn.

The adult male, in summer, has the feathers of the forehead, crown,
and nape dark brown with narrow light brown margins; those of the
upper back black with light brown margins; the lower back and rump
ferruginous; each feather of the fan-shaped tail brown, with a con-
spicuous white tip and a black subterminal bar; a buffy-white super-
cilium ; the underparts white, washed with buffy rufous, most heavily
along the flanks and on the thighs. The adult male in winter is sim-
ilar but differs in having the forehead and crown like the upper back
and the underparts with a rather stronger buffy-rufous wash. The

plumages of the female vary only in minor points from those of the
male.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 497
CISTICOLA EXILIS TYTLERI Jerdon
BENGALESE EXILED FANTAIL WARBLER

Cisticola Tytleri “BrytTH” JERpon, Birds of India, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1863, p. 176 (Dacca,
Bengal).

The species is known from northern Thailand by a single adult
female (in fresh, complete summer dress), collected by me at Ban
Hong Khaeo (Chiang Rai Province), May 5, 1936; in the absence of
a breeding male, the subspecific identification is provisional and based
solely on geographical probabilities.

This example was shot on one of the bush-clad “islands” that arise
here and there from the vast, marshy plains of Chiang Rai. Said to
be a bird of uncultivated lands, especially such as are covered with
tall grass, the “exile” may well prove to be common in those unin-
habited wastes, although it is not likely to occur in other portions of
our area.

Cisticola ewilis is with difficulty distinguished from C. juncidis at
most times but, in any plumage, has the rectrices tipped with dull
rufous-white, no¢ pure white. The male in summer, however, is un-
mistakable, the color of the crown ranging from orange-red to pale
yellow according to subspecies.

The late Rear-Admiral Hubert Lynes, who kindly gave me determi-
nations for all my Cisticolae, wrote of this bird: “350295 is about
average eguicaudata = tytleri 2 S[ummer dress] in coloration—but
it may be just a rather darkish individual of a Samkok aggregate 9
S[ummer dress]—??2”.

TESIA OLIVEA (McClelland)
GOLDEN-HEADED TESIA

Sazicola? olivea McCLELLAND, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 7, 1889 [=1840], p. 161
(Assam).

Tesia cyaniventer, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 141 (Doi
Suthep, Doi Ang Ka).

Tesia cyaniventer cyaniventer, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 247 (Doi Suthep).—Derienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 110 (Doi Suthep).

The tesia is until now recorded only from certain of the higher
peaks of the more western provinces. On Doi Ang Ka I found it
very common from 4,900 to 6,800 feet, but it has been met with on the
nearby Doi Suthep only by Aagaard, who took a pair at 4,600 feet,
March 1931; one example is known from Doi Chiang Dao, 5,000 feet
(Deignan) and one other from Doi Pha Hom Pok, 6,000 feet (de
Schauensee). To complete the roster of Thai localities, it may be
added that Lowe reports (Ibis, 1933, p. 269) a pair collected 50 miles
southeast of Um Phang (south of our limits) at 3,400 feet.

498 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This curious little bird, with no visible tail, on Doi Ang Ka in-
habited the deepest and dampest evergreen, where, in company with
Alcippe m. laotiana, it kept to the lower undergrowth. It is so intense-
ly inquisitive, coming to the edge of the trail to scold the intruder with
shrill, piping notes, that, where numerous, it can scarcely be
overlooked.

A female from Doi Ang Ka, September 5, is in postnuptial molt.

Adults collected by me had the irides brown; the maxilla blackish
brown; the mandible orange; the rictus and interior of the mouth
orange; the feet and toes horny brown; the claws horny yellow.

The adult of either sex has the entire upperparts olive-green, this
color, on the crown and nape, strongly suffused with golden; a post-
ocular streak black; the sides of the head and neck and the entire
underparts slaty gray, albescent on the center of the abdomen; the
thighs and under tail coverts olive-green.

A series of 52 adults of this genus from the Asiatic mainland wholly
support the views expressed by Ludlow and Kinnear (Ibis, 1937,
pp. 257-261) as to the probable existence of two continental species,
T. cyaniventer Hodgson and 7’. olivea (McClelland), which, in certain
areas (Sikkim, Upper Assam, Upper Burma), are cohabitant. I dis-
cover no trace of intergradation, and so each individual may without
hesitation be placed with one or the other form.

I have examined six of the nine or ten examples so far taken in
Thailand and find all to be 7. oltvea. Since only cyaniventer is known
from Annam, it is noteworthy that Chasen and Boden Kloss assert
(Zoc. cit.) that their two birds from Doi Suthep (not seen by me) “like
specimens from Annam . . . have the top of the head green and not
golden brown .. .” Tsuggest that these authors have been misled by
published descriptions and by their lack of suitable comparative
material and that the examples in question, like all the others, will
prove to be 7’. olivea.

CETTIA SQUAMEICEPS (Swinhoe)
SCALY-HEADED BUSH WARBLER

Tribura squameiceps SwinHor, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1863, p. 292 (Canton,
China).

Urophlezis squameiceps, Rogers and DrIenan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1934,
p. 92 (Doi Suthep).

Urosphena squameiceps squameiceps, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 117 (Doi Suthep).

I have found the scaly-headed warbler only seven times, on Doi
Chiang Dao and on Doi Suthep, at 2,700 and 3,500 feet; the extreme
dates for its stay are November 24 (1936) and March 5 (1932).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 499

This short-tailed little bird is probably a commoner winter visitor
than my field experience with it would indicate. It seems always to
occur on or near the ground in dense, swampy evergreen forest and
would perhaps never be noted at all if it did not attract attention by its
low chip-chip, chip-chip.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark horny
brown; the mandible with the apical half dark horny brown, the basal
half yellowish flesh; the feet and toes yellowish white; the claws
white.

The adult has the entire upperparts rich brown, suffused with rufes-
cent, the feathers of the crown edged slightly darker to give a scaly
appearance; the lores and a postocular streak to the nape brownish
black, edged above by an equally long and conspicuous pale buff super-
cilium; the feathers of the sides of the head and neck pale buff, edged
darker to give a scaly appearance; the underparts pale buff, almost
white on the chin, throat, and center of the abdomen, more brownish
along the flanks.

CETTIA PALLIDIPES LAURENTEI (La Touche)
YUNNANESE PALE-FOOTED BUSH WARBLER

Urosphena laurentei LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 42, 1921, pp. 30-81
(Poutoutsing, southeastern Yunnan).

Two males, one taken by my collectors at Chiang Saen Kao, January
15, 1937, and the other by me at Ban Pa Muat (near Chiang Mai) just
one day later, are the only examples of this species yet known from
Thailand.

Soft chipping notes from the heart of a dense growth of coarse grass
(3 feet high) led to my discovery of the pale-footed bush warbler.
Since the birds, of which two were present, kept to the ground and
darted among the culms like small, dark mice, it was not possible to see
them at all from a distance of a few feet, yet they were too small to
shoot from a point nearer at hand and only after hours of effort was
I able to collect a specimen by a lucky shot to one side.

It had the irides dark brown; the maxilla horny brown; the mandi-
ble fleshy white, tipped horny brown; the feet, toes, and claws fleshy
white.

The adult has the entire upperparts olivaceous-brown, darker on the
rather broad rectrices; the lores and a postocular streak brownish
black, edged above by an equally long pale brownish-buff supercilium ;
the sides of the head otherwise pale brownish buff; the underparts
white, washed with dull buffy brown or brownish buff on the sides of
the breast, along the flanks, and on the under tail coverts; the under
wing coverts and axillaries white,

500 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Thai specimens agree perfectly with an example from Laos, where
only lawrente? is likely to occur. Lack of suitable material has, how-
ever, prevented me from verifying the putative distinctions between
lawrentet and the Sikkimese pallidipes.

CETTIA DIPHONE CANTURIANS (Swinhoe)
CHINESE SINGING BUSH WARBLER

Arundinaz canturians SwInHoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52 (Amoy, China).

The only specimen yet known from Thailand is a male taken by my
collector at Chiang Saen Kao, January 15, 1937, but the species is likely
to occur in winter anywhere within our provinces.

This large bush warbler is superficially very similar to Phraga-
maticola aédon rufescens, a much commoner bird. In winter, it has
the entire upperparts rufescent-brown, this color much intensified on
the forehead and crown; a poorly defined supercilium pale buff; an
indistinct transocular streak blackish brown; the underparts buffy,
paler (almost white) on the chin, throat, and center of the abdomen,
deeper along the flanks and on the under tail coverts (the slaty bases
of the feathers often showing through on the breast) ; the thighs mixed
brownish slate and ashy. The female is colored like the male but is
strikingly smaller.

BRADYPTERUS THORACICUS PRZEVALSKII (Sushkin)
KANSU GRAY-BREASTED BUSH WARBLER

[Dumeticola thoracica] przevalskii SUSHKIN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 38,
1925, pp. 41-42 (“Dshachar Mts., upper Hwang-ho’’).

A female in complete prenuptial molt, collected by me on Phu Kha,
4,500 feet, April 5, 1936, may be placed provisionally with this form,
which is otherwise not recorded from Thailand.

The bird was shot from a dense tangle of lalang and Rubus sp. at
an abandoned haz.

It has the entire upperparts dark rufescent-brown; a narrow ashy
supercilium; the underparts ashy, fading to white on the chin and
abdomen and changing to rufescent-brown along the flanks, each
feather of the throat with a distinct blackish subapical spot; the under
tail coverts rufescent-brown with broad white tips. |

This unique example does not match any one of a series of thirteen
from northwestern Yunnan and southwestern Szechwan (which may
be taken to represent thoracicus) but agrees well with my single
specimen from Sungpan, northwestern Szechwan (which is either
przevalskii or intermediate between przevalskii and thoracicus).

B. t. satwratus of Kwangsi has been separated from thoracicus on
grounds of lesser wing length and the former name possibly should be

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 501

applied to the Thai specimen; its condition of molt, however, renders
measurement of the wing meaningless. The validity of satwratus is,
in any case, not yet established.

BRADYPTERUS THORACICUS THORACICUS (Blyth)
HIMALAYAN GRAY-BREASTED BUSH WARBLER

Diumeticola] thoracica BrytH, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, p. 584
(Nepal).

Tribura thoracica thoracica, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1940, p. 187
(Doi Ang Ka).

The sole Thai record for the present race is based upon a female
taken by the Asiatic Primate Expedition on Doi Ang Ka, 4,300 feet,
March 3, 1937.

Griswold, the collector, has noted that his specimen had the irides
light brown; the maxilla gray; the mandible flesh; the feet and toes
flesh.

According to Yen (Orn. Monatsb., vol. 41, 1933, p. 17), this sub-
species is differentiated from B. t. przevalskii only by having the
rufescent-brown of the crown concolorous with that of the mantle,
rather than darker.

Griswold’s bird, which I have examined, matches extraordinarily
well a female of thoracicus from Mount Omei in southwestern
Szechwan.

BRADYPTERUS THORACICUS SHANENSIS (Ticehurst)

SHAN GRAY-BREASTED BUSH WARBLER

Tribura thoracica shanensis T1iceHuRST, Ibis, 1941, p. 318 (Maymyo, Upper
Burma).

Dumeticola thoracica thoracica, RiLtry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 422
(Doi Langka).

A male collected by Smith on Doi Langka, May 2, 1931, and an
unsexed bird taken by me on Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet, March 23, 1937,
are unquestionably of Ticehurst’s race, with the description of which
they agree in every particular.

On my last visit to Doi Suthep, at the boggy area below the Phra-
that (which had been explored by me periodically over a number of
years), I found for the first time, March 23, 1937, a gathering of
small brown warblers concealing themselves among the entangled
sedges. It proved to be impossible to shoot them from a reasonable
distance, and the two specimens obtained were too badly injured to
be preserved otherwise than as mummies. One of these examples is
listed above, while the second belongs to the next following species;
both are probably merely rare winter visitors to northern Thailand.

Smith’s bird of May 2 is in prenuptial molt.

502 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

B. t. shanensis differs from the preceding form in having the
rufescent-brown portions of the plumage replaced by olivaceous-
brown; the ashy-gray portions replaced by ashy white; the dark
spots on the throat fewer and rather less conspicuous.

BRADYPTERUS LUTEOVENTRIS TICEHURSTI Deignan
BURMESE BUFF-BREASTED BUSH WARBLER

Bradypterus luteoventris ticehursti DEIGNAN, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol.
56, 1943, pp. 70-71. New name for Tribura luteoventris saturatus [sic] Tice-
hurst, Ibis, 1941, pp. 318-819 (‘“‘Thayetmyo-Minbu border, 5000 feet, Southern
Chin Hills’), not Tribura thoracica saturata Yen, 1933.

The one imperfect specimen of Bradypterus luteoventris known
from Thailand is an unsexed example from Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet,
March 23, 1937; the circumstances surrounding its discovery have
been fully related in the account of Bradypterus t. shanensis.

It has the entire upperparts chestnut-brown; the indistinct super-
cilium buff; the underparts (including the under tail coverts) brown-
ish buff, becoming white on the chin, throat, and center of the ab-
domen (unspotted, but with the slaty bases of the feathers sometimes
showing through on the throat and breast).

My bird is so distinct from one specimen of luteoventris and seven-
teen of russulus and agrees so well with Ticehurst’s description of
his saturatus that I have no choice but to place it with this putative
Burmese race, which probably has a more southerly distribution
than luteoventris.

Family MOTACILLIDAE
MOTACILLA ALBA LEUCOPSIS Gould
AMUR PIED WAGTAIL

Motacilla leucopsis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, pt. 5, 1887 [=1838], p. 78
(India).

Motacilla alba leucopsis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1918,
p. 41 (Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 31 (Mae Ping river) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 171 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 459 (“Siam’’).

Motacilla lugubris leucopsis, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 561 (Chiang Mai).—Rmey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 471
(Muang Pai).

Motacilla leucopsis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 1538 (Chiang Mai [partim]) ; 1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai [partim]).—DE
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 238 (Chiang Mai
[partim]).

The pied wagtail, represented in our provinces by at least four forms,
is an abundant winter visitor throughout the northern lowlands except
in forested areas. Specimens of the present race (which is certainly
the commonest with us) have been taken in the provinces of Mae Hong

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 503

Son, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai; at Chiang Mai Town it has been
found between September 19 (1930) and March 29 (1929). The only
mountain record is based upon a male collected by de Schauensee’s
men at 6,400 feet on Doi Pha Hom Pok, February 16, 1938.

Among the earliest of the winter birds to arrive, these wagtails
appear with us in a spectacular manner: where, one day, none is to be
seen, the next morning finds them everywhere in town and country,
dancing at the margins of pools and streams, strutting across the
lawns, parading on the rooftrees, and sweeping in loose bands along
the metaled highways. Their numbers fall off somewhat during the
cold weather, but locally they become even more numerous just before
the northward flight, when suitably moist places are difficult to find;
at this season they may be observed with other species of wagtails.
All agree in being long, slim birds which walk or run with bobbing
head and constantly moving tail; all have a characteristic, undulating
flight. At Chiang Mai the pied forms are fancifully known as nok
um bat, the black pectoral crescent being compared to the begging-
bowl (bat) carried (wm) before the breast by Buddhist monks.

No Thai specimen at hand is in molt. Certain individuals, at the
postnuptial molt, assume a plumage differing from full nuptial dress
only in having the black feathers of the pectoral band very narrowly
fringed with white; such birds are of not infrequent occurrence in
Thailand.

A male had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes dull
black; the soles gray; the claws horny black. A female differed in
having the basal half of the mandible gray; the feet and toes dark
brown.

The exceptional examples noted above have the sinciput, lores, ocular
region, ear coverts, sides of the neck, the chin, and throat pure white;
the remaining upperparts black; the upper wing coverts pure white to
form a conspicuous shoulder patch; the remiges black, all with a large
patch of white toward the base of the inner web, the primaries nar-
rowly, the outer secondaries broadly, edged with white along the outer
web; the two outermost pairs of rectrices white except for a narrow
black edging toward the base of the inner web, the remaining pairs
black; a broad crescentic band of black across the upper breast (the
feathers in winter with narrow white fringes) ; the remaining under-
parts pure white. Birds in normal winter dress are similar but have
the black of the upperparts restricted to the crown, nape, and upper
tail coverts; the mantle gray (sharply defined from the black of the
nape and upper tail coverts), irregularly sullied with blackish.

This race is evidently tending toward the complete elimination of
a winter plumage distinct in coloration from that of summer. As I
have already observed, some individuals acquire the full nuptial dress

504 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

at the postnuptial molt; other winter specimens wear a livery variably
intermediate between those of summer and winter; even what I have
for convenience called the “normal” winter plumage is characterized
by pure black crown, nape, and upper tail coverts, while the gray of
the mantle seems never to be wholly free of blackish sullies.

MOTACILLA ALBA BAICALENSIS Swinhoe
DAVURIAN PIED WAGTAIL

Motacilla baicalensis SwinHor, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1871, p. 363 (“Hastern
Asia”).

Motacilla ina leucopsis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 560 (Chiang Mai).

Motacilla leucopsis [partim], DEIaGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1981,
p. 153 (Chiang Mai [partim]) ; 1986, p. 121 (Chiang Mai [partim]).—pr
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 238 (Chiang Mai
[partim] ).

Motacilla alba baicalensis, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 470
(Lampang).

In addition to the specimen from Lampang reported (1938) by Riley,
I place here two examples collected by de Schauensee at Chiang Mai
and five others taken by me at Chom Thong and Ban Thung Ma Num.
The extreme dates for its stay in Chiang Mai Province are Septem-
ber 26 (1936) and March 9 (1928).

It is worthy of note that the five birds secured by me were all shot
on extensive sandbars along the Mae Ping; it may be found that this
race confines itself to the immediate vicinity of the larger streams.

Two specimens of November 5 and 12 are wearing what seems to be
the nuptial dress; this plumage differs from what I have called the
“normal winter dress” of I/. a. lewcopsis in having the mantle a rather
paler gray without any trace of blackish suffusion, this gray gradually
deepening posteriorly to become black or blackish only on the longest
upper tail coverts; the sides of the breast and the flanks strongly
washed with gray. The normal winter plumage of baicalensis differs
from that just described in having the crown and nape concolorous
with the mantle or, at the most, merely sullied with blackish.

MOTACILLA ALBA OCULARIS Swinhoe
CHUKOTSK PIED WAGTAIL

Motacilla ocularis SwinuHok, Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (Amoy, China).

Motacilla leucopsis [partim], DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 158 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

Motacilla ocularis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 120
(Chiang Mai).

Motacilla alba ocularis, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934,
p. 238 (Chiang Mai).—Ruxey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 470 (Chiang
Mai, Lampang).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 505

This wagtail is probably common in every part of the northern low-
lands although it is still definitely known only from Chiang Mai,
Lampang, and Chiang Rai Provinces; specimens have been taken be-
tween October 28 (1936) and April 5 (1935).

The present form associates with UM. a. leucopsis in the fields and
along the highways but is not often seen in the streets and gardens
of towns.

M. a. ocularis is readily identifiable, even in life, by having a narrow
black transocular streak from the base of the bill to the nape; other-
wise its plumages seem to be identical with the corresponding ones of
M. a. baicalensis.

MOTACILLA ALBA ALBOIDES Hodgson

HIMALAYAN PIED WAGTAIL

[Motacilla] Alboides Hopeson, Asiatic Researches, vol. 19, 1836, p. 191 (no lo-
eality given=Nepal).

Motacilla alboides, pz SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p.
238 (Chiang Saen Kao).

A male collected by me at Thattafang on the Salwin, October 11,
1936, and another taken by de Schauensee at Chiang Saen Kao on the
Mae Khong, February 12, 1933, are still the only specimens of this race
known from Thailand, although it probably occurs regularly on the
sand bars of these two great streams.

In full breeding dress, alboides resembles UM. a. leucopsis, but, while
having the sinciput, lores, and ocular region pure white, it has the
entire chin, throat, upper breast, sides of the neck, and the ear coverts
black. Examples in winter plumage vary individually much as do
those of leucopsis, having the mantle black or black-sullied gray, the
chin and throat white, black, or a mixture of the two. The white-
throated specimens may easily be known from leucopsis, however, by
always having, from the base of the bill, a narrow black streak which
passes below the lore and the ocular region and broadens posteriorly
to cover the whole of the ear coverts.

MOTACILLA CINEREA MELANOPE Pallas
EASTERN GRAY WAGTAIL

Motacilla Melanope Patuas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 696 (“In Dauuria . . . occurrit .. .”).

Notacilla boarula melanope, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 41 (Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 31 (Pha Kho) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
1915, p. 171 (listed); Ibis, 1920, p. 460 (“Various parts of Siam”).—DE
ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 560 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1929, p. 561 (Chiang Saen).

Motacilla cinerea caspica, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 153 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—prz SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

506 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Philadelphia, 1934, p. 288 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Rttey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1988, p. 472 (Chiang Mai, Nan).

Motacilla cinerea melanope, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 121 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep). :

The gray wagtail is a very common winter visitor to all the north-
ern provinces, occurring chiefly on the plains but ascending the hills
in small numbers along the larger streams, to 2,700 feet on Doi Suthep
and to 4,800 feet on Doi Ang Ka. At Chiang Mai it is regularly
present from September 5 (1931) to April 23 (1935) but it some-
times appears extraordinarily early: I have found a pair on Doi
Suthep at 1,800 feet, July 25, 1936, and a solitary bird at the base
of the same mountain, August 3, 1929; it is not to be supposed, how-
ever, that the species ever breeds in Thailand.

This wagtail haunts chiefly the shingle and stony shallows of
streams, and on the lower slopes of the hills a pair may be seen almost
wherever a brook falls over broad shelves of rock or flows among
tumbled boulders. Its manner of feeding and its sweet calls are
much like those of its congeners.

Postnuptial molt seems to be completed before the bird arrives in
Thailand, and.even the specimen of July 25 is in full winter dress;
prenuptial molt is shown by examples taken February 26 and later
but the species disappears before acquiring full summer plumage.
Some individuals, however, don summer dress at the postnuptial molt
so that an occasional black-throated specimen is seen even in mid-
winter.

A male had the irides brown; the bill dull blackish, with the basal
half of the mandible plumbeous; the feet, toes, and claws horny
brown.

The gray wagtail, in winter, has the forehead, crown, and mantle
gray (faintly suffused with olive-green), changing on the rump and
upper tail coverts to bright olive-yellow; the wings black, the sec-
ondaries edged buffy white along the outer web and with white bases
which show as a band in flight; the three outermost pairs of rectrices
almost wholly white, the remaining pairs black; a narrow but con-
spicuous supercilium white; the chin and throat white (sometimes
tinged with yellow or buff); the remaining underparts yellow,
brighter posteriorly, fading to yellowish ashy along the sides of the
body under the wings. In summer dress, it differs chiefly in having
the chin and throat black (the feathers narrowly tipped with white),
bordered at either side by a long white mustachial streak.

MOTACILLA FLAVA MACRONYX (Stresemann)
AMUR YELLOW WAGTAIL

Budytes flavus macronyz STRESEMANN, Avifauna Macedonica, 1920, p. 76 (Vladi-
vostok, eastern Siberia).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 507

Motacilla flava thunbergi, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 561 (Chiang Rai).—DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
19381, p. 154 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai).

Budytes thunbergi plexus, RitEy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 473 (Ban
Nam Khian).

This race of the yellow wagtail is a common winter visitor through-
out the northern lowlands; at Chiang Mai it has been recorded from
October 27 (1936) to March 14 (1930), but I have collected it at
Mae Sariang as early as October 6 (1936) and at Ban Tong Yang
as late as May 4 (1936).

The present species occurs in wet fields and at grassy areas beside
ponds and marshes; at the period of the northward migration, when
the countryside is largely desiccated, it gathers at such places in
great numbers and appears to be more abundant than it really is.

Prenuptial molt is to be seen in examples from Nan Province, col-
lected April 2 and 13.

A male had the irides brown; the bill black, with the base of the
mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes dark brown; the claws brown-
ish black.

The adult male has the forehead, crown, and nape bluish slate;
the remaining upperparts olive-green; the wings blackish brown, the
feathers edged with creamy yellow along the outer web; the two
outermost pairs of rectrices largely white, the remaining pairs black;
the lores and ear coverts blackish or slaty; the entire underparts bright
yellow (often whitish at the point of the chin); the thighs brownish
ashy. The adult female differs from the male in having the forehead,
crown, and nape duller and suffused with olive-green and in having
the underparts less bright yellow. The young in first-winter plumage
(seen very commonly in autumn) has the entire upperparts brownish
ashy; the wing feathers edged with creamy white; a narrow white
supercilium; the lores and ear coverts brownish ashy; the underparts
white, more or less strongly washed with buff, especially on the breast
and lower throat; the under wing coverts and axillaries buffy white
or buffy cream.

The male from Ban Nam Khian recorded by Riley (loc. cit.) as
plewa is in such worn and discolored plumage as scarcely to be
racially identifiable; to my eye, it agrees best with macronyz.

MOTACILLA FLAVA ANGARENSIS (Sushkin)
BAIKAL YELLOW WAGTAIL

[Budytes flava] angarensis SUSHKIN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, 1925,
pp. 33-34 (‘Village Sharagolskaia, Transbaikalia’’).

Motacilla borealis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171 (listed).

Motacilla flava borealis [partim], GyLpENsToLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 460 (“Northern
Siam”).

583136—45——33

508 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A single unsexed and undated example of the yellow wagtail,
collected by Eisenhofer at Khun Tan and now deposited in Stockholm
(under the name sméllima), is without doubt the bird listed by Gyl-
denstolpe in 1915 as borealis, it is probably a representative of anga-
rensis. 'The race is otherwise known from our provinces by an adult
female taken at Ban Tong Yang, May 4, 1936, and a first-winter
female from Thattafang, October 16, 1936. Its status with us is still
uncertain but collecting may prove it to be as common a winter visitor
as I. f. macronyx, with which it associates.

Adults of the present form may be separated from those of ma-
cronyxe by their having a narrow white superciliary streak from the
base of the bill to the posterior ear coverts. The young in first-winter
dress differs from that of macronyx in having the under wing coverts
and axillaries olivaceous-yellow or creamy yellow and the posterior
flanks more or less strongly washed with yellow or cream.

The specimens mentioned above and many others from Bangkok do
not agree with any of the yellow wagtails previously recorded from —
Thailand. From plexa they differ in having the pileum sharply
demarcated from the mantle; from macronyx, in having a distinct
supercilium; from siméllima, in having the supercilium less clearly
defined and narrower (particularly behind the eye). In the circum-
stances, I have no choice but to place them with Sushkin’s race, which
has not otherwise been taken in winter quarters.

It is highly unlikely that a form that breeds in Kamchatka and
winters chiefly in the more eastern Malaysian islands should ever
appear in the central and western portions of Indo-China, and records
for the occurrence of simillima in Burma and Thailand should be
viewed with skepticism.

MOTACILLA CITREOLA CITREOLA Pallas
AMUR YELLOW-HEADED WAGTAIL

Motacilla citreola PatLas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 8, 1776, p. 696 (“In Sibiria orientaliore”).

Motacilla citreola calcarata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 154 (Chiang Mai).

Motacilla citreola citreola, pt SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 238 (Chiang Mai).—DerrenaAn, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai).

The yellow-headed wagtail is very locally common at Chiang Mai
from November 3 (1936) to February 10 (1936), after which date the
countryside becomes too dry for its taste; it is otherwise recorded only
from Chiang Rai, where, along the Mae Kok, I found it in some
numbers as late as May 7, 1936.

This species is even more partial to wet, grassy areas than Motacilla
flava and is never likely to be observed away from them. Its choice of

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 509

habitat is, in fact, exactly that of Anthus cervinus and, in the vicinity
of Chiang Mai, the two forms regularly occur together.

The adult male, in breeding dress, has the head, neck, and entire
underparts bright yellow; a narrow nuchal collar black; the mantle
ashy gray, more or less suffused with olive-green; the wings black,
most of the feathers conspicuously margined with white along the
outer web; the two outermost pairs of rectrices largely white, the
remaining pairs black. The adult female, at the same season, differs
in having the forehead, supercilium, and sides of the head dull yellow
(mixed with dull olive-green on the ear coverts) ; the crown and nape
dull olive-green ; the underparts dull yellow, changing to white on the
longer under tail coverts. In winter plumage, adults of either sex are
much like the summer female. Many examples seen in Thailand wear
first-winter dress; they have the underparts wholly or partly ashy
white and, in life, resemble the immature of Jf. flava but, toward the
end of their stay, are easily recognized by their having the forehead
and supercilium yellow.

DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin)
FOREST WAGTAIL

[Motacilla] indica Gmertin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 962 (India).

LTimonidromus indicus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138,
p. 42 (Pak Pan) ; 1916, p. 82 (“Three days march north of Chieng Mai”) ;
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 460 (Pak
Pan, Chiang Rai).

Dendronanthus indicus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 154
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Ruey, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 474 (Mae Khan, Doi Langka, Mae Kong Ka valley,
Ban Nam Khian).

Although the forest wagtail has been recorded from all our pro-
vinces, it seems to be a decidedly uncommon winter visitor to northern
Thailand. In the neighborhood of Chiang Mai it has been found only
three times: one on Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet, August 31, 1929; one at
the foot of the same mountain, November 21, 1935; one on the plain,
March 19,1936. The extreme dates for its stay are ca. August 23 (1914)
between Wiang Pa Pao and Chiang Mai (Gyldenstolpe, 1916) and
May 2 (1931) at Doi Langka. Robinson’s assertion (Birds of the
Malay Peninsula, vol. 1, 1927, p. 294) that it breeds “in Siberia and
North China, occasionally in Northern Burma and Siam” is merely a
careless copying of Stuart Baker’s statement (Fauna of British India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926, p. 276) that it breeds “in Eastern Siberia, the
hills of Northern China, Burma and Assam.”

This aberrant wagtail is truly an inhabitant of the jungle, whether
evergreen or bamboo, where it occurs, singly or in pairs, along the

510 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

forest tracks or at the edge of tiny streams. In such places it runs
about the cleared ground and leaps into the air after insects in the
manner of the preceding species, constantly wagging the tail from
side to side; occasionally it takes refuge on a bough above the trail.

A specimen from Chiang Mai, March 19, is undergoing prenuptial
molt.

A female had the irides dark brown; the maxilla dark horny brown;
the mandible flesh, with the apical half light horn brown; the feet and
toes fleshy brown (the toes darker) ; the claws horny brown.

The present form has the upperparts grayish olive, becoming black-
ish on the upper tail coverts; the wings black, crossed by three con-
spicuous, equidistant creariy-white bands; the outermost pair of
rectrices almost wholly white, the next pair with the basal half black
and the apical half white, the following three pairs black, the shorter
central pair colored like the mantle; a conspicuous supercilium creamy
white; the lores, ear coverts, and sides of the lower throat grayish
olive; the underparts creamy white, the upper breast crossed by a bold
black gorget, the lower breast by a dull black gorget (often interrupted
in the middle), the two usually connected by a short black central
streak. Worn examples tend to be grayer above and whiter below.

ANTHUS HODGSONI HODGSONI Richmond
SIBERIAN OLIVE-BACKED TREE PIPIT

Anthus hodgsoni RicuMonp, in Blackwelder, Report on Zoology, Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. No. 54, Research in China, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1907, p. 493. New

name for A [nthus] maculatus “Hodgson” Jerdon 1864 (“. .. all India...
at Calcutta, and elsewhere in Bengal. ..”), not Motacilla maculata Gmelin,
1789.

Anthus trivialis maculatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 42 (Den Chai) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171 (listed).

Anthus maculatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 461 (“Throughout the country’).

Anthus trivialis hodgsoni, pk SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 560 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Anthus trivialis yunnanensis, DE SCHAUENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 562 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Rai).

Anthus hodgsoni, CHASEN and BopEN Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1982, p. 248 (Doi Suthep).—Riery, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 475
(Chiang Mai, Doi Langka, Khun Tan, Mae Hong Son, Muang Pai).

Anthus hodgsoni yunnanensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 154 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—
DE SCHAUENSER®, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 288 (Chiang Mai,
Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Saen).

The tree pipit is a very common, even abundant, winter visitor to
every part of northern Thailand, ranging, wherever it finds a suit-
able environment, from the plains to the summits of the mountains;
in the vicinity of Chiang Mai it was absent only from the dry, decid-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 511

uous forest which extends from the foot of Doi Suthep to about 2,700
feet. The extreme dates for its stay at Chiang Mai are October 21
(1930) and April 14 (1937) but on Doi Suthep it regularly appears
much earlier (about October 10) and probably leaves later; it is, how-
ever, almost certain that the racially inseparable populations of moun-
tain and plain have their origins in widely separated breeding
grounds.

This familiar form avoids the open country inhabited by our
other pipits, haunting, in the lowlands, orchards and shaded gar-
dens, bamboo brakes and copses, on the hills, trails and park-like clear-
ings in the evergreen and forests of oak or pine. The flocks are sed-
entary and spend the entire cold weather within a very limited area:
a band of about twenty which appeared each winter in my compound
at Chiang Mai scarcely left the densely shaded ground beneath a large
tamarind except to seek shelter in its foliage at night or to escape
some passing danger. The members of the flock spend their time
walking about with bobbing tail in search of small seeds and insects
and, in the trees, have a habit of walking along the boughs.

A female had the irides dark brown; the maxilla horny black; the
mandible fleshy, horny black at the tip; the feet and toes fleshy; the
soles livid white; the claws fleshy horn.

The tree pipit has the entire upperparts brownish olive-green, the
crown and mantle with black central streaks which are obsolescent
posteriorly and disappear on the rump; the upper wing coverts black,
tipped with buff or buffy white to form two more or less conspicuous
bars; the outermost pair of rectrices largely brownish white, the next
pair black with a small brownish-white tip, the succeeding three pairs
black, the shorter central pair colored like the mantle; the buff or
buffy-white supercilium edged above by a narrow black line; the un-
derparts more or less rich buff, albescent on the lower breast and ab-
domen, boldly streaked with black at the sides of the throat, on the
breast and upper abdomen, and along the flanks.

I am in complete agreement with Whistler and Kinnear (Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 37, 1934, pp. 97-98) and with Ticehurst
(Ibis, 1938, pp. 627-628) in the view that Hartert and Steinbacher’s
inopinatus is a quite unnecessary renaming of Richmond’s hodgsoni.

A series of about 40 examples from Thailand are without exception
of the paler, lightly streaked Siberian race; it is not likely that any
other form of the species will be found to occur with us.

ANTHUS RICHARDI RUFULUS Vieillot

INDIAN PADDY-FIELD PIPIT

Anthus rufulus VierLtot, Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, nouy. éd.,
vol. 26, 1818, p. 494 (Bengal).

512 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Anthus rufulus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171

listed).

ee DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 560
(Chiang Mai).

Anthus richardi rufulus, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 561 (Chiang Mai).

Anthus richardi rufulus [partim], DEI@eNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl,
1931, p. 154 (Chiang Mai [partim]).—Dr SCHAUENSER®, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 239 (Chiang Mai).

Anthus novae-seelandiae rufulus, DreIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 121 (Chiang Mai).

Anthus richardi malayensis, RILey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 476 (Chom
Thong).

This small resident form is very common or even abundant in the
cultivated areas of all the six northern provinces.

The paddy-field pipit occurs in the same places as the collared
bushlark, to which it bears a strong superficial resemblance, but it may
be readily distinguished by its slimmer body and longer tail, by the
absence of rufous in the wings, and the presence of white in the outer
rectrices. It has the habit, when alarmed, of running rapidly, then
stopping with neck stretched up and bill raised above the horizontal
(in an attitude of listening), before running on again. The call note is
a tch-tch-tch, and the song, heard during the hot weather, a repeti-
tion of the syllables tiss’-yip, tiss’-yip, tiss’-yip, rendered as the singer
makes a little soaring flight.

A male with the gonads greatly enlarged was taken at Ban Bu (Nan
Province), April 21; another with them enlarged at Ban Mae Chai
(Chiang Rai Province), May 10. Postnuptial molt begins re-
markably early and is already shown by the breeding bird of April 21,
as well as by all collected between May 26 and November 14; post-
juvenal molt, by an example of August 2.

An adult had the irides brown; the maxilla dark horn brown, with
the edges of the commissure fleshy; the mandible fleshy, with the tip
dark horn brown; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow; the
feet and toes fleshy ; the claws fleshy horn.

In fresh winter dress, this pipit has the entire upperparts brown,
suffused with buff, the feathers with brownish-black centers (obsoles-
cent or absent on the rump and shorter upper tail coverts) to give a
strongly streaked appearance; the wing feathers brownish black,
broadly margined along the outer web with buff (the buff tips to the
coverts forming two indistinct bars) ; the two outermost pairs of rec-
trices largely white, the remaining pairs brownish black; a broad buff
superciliary streak; the underparts buff (albescent on the chin, throat,
and center of the abdomen), with a band of short, narrow brownish-
black streaks across the upper breast, these streaks continued up the
sides of the throat to form a pair of narrow and broken mustachial

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 513

streaks. With wear, the feathers of the upperparts and wings tend
to lose their light edgings, while the buffy wash disappears both
above and below, so that the plumage becomes generally duller and
darker.

Anthus r. malayensis, the race resident in Peninsular Thailand, is
separable from rufulus at any season by its stronger bill and, in fresh
plumage, by its heavier pectoral streaking and the darker upperparts,
which result from a lesser amount of buffy suffusion.

ANTHUS RICHARDI SINENSIS (Bonaparte)
CHINESE PADDY-FIELD PIPIT

Clorydalla] sinensis BoNAPARTE, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 247
(“China mer[idionalis]”).

Anthus richardi striolatus, GYLDENSTOPLE, Kungl. Svenska vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 42 (Den Chai).

Anthus richardi striolatus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 461 (Den Chai).

I place under this name only the female reported (1913) by Gylden-
stolpe from Den Chai, February 15, 1912 (wing length: 88.5 mm.,
not 87 as published), and a second female collected by me at Ban Pong
Fa (Chiang Rai Province), May 4, 1936 (wing length: 88.8 mm.).
The race winters commonly in eastern Thailand and it is perhaps sig-
nificant that the two northern specimens are both from districts east
of the Khun Tan chain.

A. r. sinensis is merely a rather larger edition of rufulus. For
comparative wing lengths of the three forms of paddy-field pipit oc-
curring in northern Thailand, see under A. 7. richardi.

ANTHUS RICHARDI RICHARDI Vieillot
SIBERIAN PADDY-FIELD PIPIT

Anthus Richardi Vir1tuot, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, nouv. éd.,
vol. 26, 1818, pp. 491-493 (France).

Anthus rufulus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed).

Anthus richardi striolatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 32 (Khun Tan).

Anthus richardi striolatus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 461 (Khun Tan).

Anthus richardi rufulus [partim], Dretcnan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 154 (Chiang Mai [partim]).

Anthus richardi richardi, De SCHAUENSEr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 289 (Chiang Mai).—Ruey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 476
(Ban Nam Khian).

Anthus novae-seelandiae richardi, DEtaNAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1986, p. 121 (Chiang Mai).

Anthus campestris godlewskii, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 122 (Chiang Mai).

514. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The Siberian subspecies of the paddy-field pipit is a common winter
visitor to the lowlands of all our provinces from October 1 (1936) at
Ban Mae Wen to April 16 (1930) at Ban Nam Khian.

This form haunts the same places as Anthus r. rufulus, from which
it is usually separable at a glance by its greater proportions.

A specimen from Chiang Mai Province, March 25, 1986, is in prenup-
tial molt.

A female had the irides brown; the maxilla horny brown; the man-
dible yellow, horny at the tip; the rictus and interior of the mouth
yellow; the feet and toes fleshy; the claws horny brown.

The present bird is like A. 7. rufudus in plumage but is very much
larger.

Whistler and Kinnear (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 37, 1934,
p. 100) keep Anthus richardi specifically distinct from A. rufulus.
Since the gaps between the two, both geographical and dimensional,
are completely bridged by A. sinensis, the recognition of more than
one species is quite unnecessary. The wing lengths of 11 northern
Thai examples of richardi range from 90.4 to 98.3 mm.; of 2 of sinensis,
from 88.5 to 88.8 mm.; of 21 of rufulus, from 73 to 85 mm.

The tarsal length of my 11 specimens of A. 7. richardi ranges from
29.5 to 32.5 mm.; there is still no evidence for the occurrence in north-
ern Thailand of Anthus campestries “thermophilus” Jerdon, said to
have the length of tarsus from 25 to 28.5 mm.

ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas)
RED-THROATED PIPIT

Motacilla Cervina PAtLAs, Zoographia Rosso-asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 511 (Siberia).
Anthus rufogutaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 154
(Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 122 (Chiang Mai).

The red-throated pipit has been taken in northern Thailand only at
Thattafang, Chiang Mai, and Ban Na Noi (Nan Province), but it is
quite certain to occur, at least during the migrations, at suitable
localities throughout our area. At Chiang Mai it is a locally common
visitor from November 9 (1931) to January 80 (1932); the extreme
dates for the entire North are October 13 (1936) at Thattafang and
April 2 (1937) at Ban Na Noi.

I have already noted that the present species and the yellow-headed
wagtail regularly occur together at very wet, grassy places; both forms
leave the vicinity of Chiang Mai, owing to the increasing aridity of the
countryside, long before their final departure from Thailand for the
northern breeding grounds.

Two males had the irides dark brown; the maxilla with the basal
half brown and the apical half horny black; the mandible with the
basal half yellow and the apical half horny black (or dusky flesh,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 515

with the base yellow and the tip horny black) ; the rictus yellow; the
feet and toes yellowish fleshy; the soles yellow; the claws horn.

Thai examples in autumn have the entire upperparts grayish
olivaceous-brown, everywhere (including the rump and upper tail
coverts) boldly and broadly streaked with black; the wing feathers
brownish black, broadly margined with grayish buff; the rectrices
brownish black, the two outermost pairs tipped grayish white; a broad
but rather indistinct supercilium pale buff; the underparts pale buff
or buffy white, boldly streaked with black at the sides of the throat,
on the breast and upper abdomen, and along the flanks. Many spring
birds differ in having the entire upperparts lightly suffused with buff;
the supercilium, chin, throat, and upper breast cinnamon-pink; the
remaining underparts pale pinkish buff; the black streaks few beneath
and restricted to the breast and flanks. All types of intermediates
between these two plumages may be seen in winter and spring.

Family ARTAMIDAE
ARTAMUS FUSCUS Vieillot
ASHY SWALLOW-SHRIKE

Artamus fuscus VieILLot, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, nouv. éd., vol.
17, 1817, p. 297 (Bengal).

Artamus fuscus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p.
43 (Chiang Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 471 (“Throughout the whole country” ).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 551 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1934, p. 225 (Chiang Mai).—DeIeNaAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 147 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 122 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

The swallow-shrike is a very common permanent resident in de-
forested lowland districts throughout the northern provinces; I have
found it above the level of the plains only on Doi Suthep, where,
during the cold weather and since the construction of a road, it occurs
occasionally as high as 2,700 feet.

Outside the breeding season, this familiar species may be seen
in bands of many dozen individuals, which wheel in wide circles above
the ricefields like so many huge, gray swallows. Each flock has some
central point—an isolated Dipterocarpus or sugar-palm: or clump of
giant bamboo—to which the members repair between flights and at
the top of which, huddled close together along the branches, they
settle for the night. The unmistakable call is a sharp, nasal md-d-d,
mi-d-d, ma-d-d, endlessly repeated in flight or at rest and heard from
the sky even when the birds are almost at the limit of vision.

I have taken juveniles, newly on the wing, at Ban Pang Ai, July 28.
Adults collected at various localities between July 6 and 30 are in

postnuptial molt.

516 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

An adult female had the irides dark brown; the bill light blue,
with extreme tip black; the feet and toes plumbeous; the claws slaty.

The adult of either sex has the lores black; the rest of the head and
neck (including the chin and throat) slaty gray, changing on the nape
to the dark vinaceous-brown of the remaining upperparts; the longer
upper tail coverts white or smoky gray; the wings slaty gray; the
rectrices blackish slate, narrowly tipped with white or smoky gray;
the remaining underparts light vinaceous-brown, paling posteriorly
and often becoming vinaceous-white on the under tail coverts; the
lining of the underwing ashy gray. With wear the vinaceous color-
ing changes to a dull rufous-brown. Juveniles are similar to the
adults but have the feathers of the upperparts brownish and narrowly
fringed on the mantle with rufescent-white; the upper wing coverts
narrowly tipped with pale rufous and the remiges similarly tipped
with white; the underparts pale rufous, the feathers of the breast
with faint, dusky cross bars.

Family LANITDAE
LANIUS SCHACH TRICOLOR Hodgson
HIMALAYAN BLACK-HEADED SHRIKE

[Lanius] Tricolor Hopason, India Rey., vol. 1, 1887 [=1836], p. 446 (no locality
given=Nepal).

Lanius nigriceps nigriceps, DEIaNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p.
145 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 122 (Chiang Mai).—pr ScHAUENSED, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 221 (Chiang Mai).—GrrmNWAY, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 186 (Doi Ang Ka).

The black-headed shrike is fairly common on the Chiang Mai plain
at all seasons ewcept during the period between March 3 (1931) and —
July 13 (1935) ;-then it is presumably breeding at extensive deforested
areas on our higher mountains, for I found it numerous, April and May
1931, in the open valley below Pha Mon on Doi Ang Ka, and Griswold
(Asiatic Primate Expedition) took two females there at 4,300 feet,
March 3 and 9, 1937. It is otherwise known from our provinces only
by specimens which I collected at Chiang Saen Kao, January 13 and
15, 1937, and by a single straggler observed on Doi Suthep, 3,300 feet,
February 18, 1987.

At Chiang Mai, this large shrike is a bird of the cultivated districts
but usually keeps to such wastelands as cremation grounds and the
vicinity of ruined phrachedi, where dense thickets of bamboo and
thorny shrubs afford it suitable habitat; when vegetation of this type
grows near a highway, a telegraph wire is often utilized as a perch.
Stomachs examined by me have contained ants, beetles, flies, and grass-
hoppers, but small birds and rodents are probably taken as well. Prey
too large to be swallowed on the spot or at the lookout post is carried

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 517

to some thorny bush and there impaled upon a spine to facilitate
butchering and eating. I have found no cases of impalement for
storage but this habit is not likely to appear outside the breeding
period, at which season the bird is not readily observable in Thailand.

It is perhaps noteworthy that, of the 11 specimens so far taken by
various collectors in our provinces, a7 have been adult or subadult
females. The small series before me fails to clarify the picture of the
molts: one taken at Chiang Mai, August 29, has evidently completed
postjuvenal molt but retains scattered juvenal feathers on the crown
and mantle and the worn brownish remiges and rectrices of imma-
turity; the two January examples from Chiang Saen are similar but
have the head and mantle colored as in the adult. A bird from Chiang
Mai, November 28, is in molt, having still to lose the brownish outer
secondaries and having the outer pairs of fresh rectrices not yet fully
grown.

Two females had the irides dark brown; the bill black, with the base
of the mandible dusky flesh or light horny brown; the feet and toes
brownish black or dark brown; the soles light brownish; the claws
black. Breeding individuals are said to have the bill wholly black.

The adult has the entire upper half of the head and neck black; the
mantle rufous, suffused with ashy next to the black nape and with
chestnut on the upper tail coverts; the wings black, the inner primaries
with the basal portion of the outer web white, to form a conspicuous
patch, the secondaries narrowly edged along the outer web with dull,
pale rufous; the rectrices black, all narrowly tipped and the two outer-
most pairs also outwardly edged, with dull, pale rufous; the under-
parts white, changing along the flanks and on the under tail coverts to
buffy rufous. Birds in the barred juvenal dress have not yet been
found in northern Thailand and would be, in any case, highly difficult
to distinguish from similar examples of Lanéus ce. colluriovdes.

Thai specimens of the black-headed shrike differ in no important
particular from topotypes of Hodgson’s tricolor.

I find no evidence of integradation between tricolor and schom-
burgki and, in fact, one may doubt whether the ranges of the two forms
meet at any point: whereas, in Thailand, the former is recorded only
from the provinces of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, the latter (a well-
marked resident race) seems to be restricted to the Great Plain of
Central Thailand, where it is known to occur no farther north than the
neighborhood of Sawankhalok.

LANIUS SCHACH SCHACH Linnaeus
CHINESE GRAY-HEADED SHRIKE

[Lanius] Schach LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 94 (China;
type locality here restricted to Canton).

518 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

An anomalous shrike (female) shot by me at Pang Makham Phong,
December 30, 1936, is neither tricolor nor schach but is so near the lat-
ter that it may conveniently be placed with this race, which is other-
wise not recorded from Thailand. It should be sought as a rare winter
visitor to our provinces.

My specimen, which has the brown rectrices of AMEDD is evi-
dently a bird of the year.

Typical schach resembles tricolor but differs in Roane only the fore-
head, lores, ocular region, and ear coverts black; the crown, nape, and
upper back ashy gray, as color changing inp inl into the
rufous of the remaining upperparts.

This example differs from true schach by having the predominantly
gray crown and nape irregularly overlaid with a blackish tinge. We
have here either a case of atavism in the resident Lanius schach tri-
color or, more probably, one of the hybrids between tricolor and schach
discussed at some length by Dunajewski in his revision of the species
(Journ. fiir Orn., vol. 87, 1939, p.45). I have examined a very similar
specimen from the neighborhood of Laokay, Tongking, taken April

28, 1924.
LANIUS SCHACH NIPALENSIS Hodgson

TIBETAN GRAY-BACKED SHRIKE

[Lanius] Nipalensis Hopeson, India Rev., vol. 1, 1837, pp. 445-446 (no locality
given—Nepal).

Lanius schach tephronotus, GYLDENSTOLPH, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 32 (Ban Huai Hom); Ibis, 1920, p. 469( Ban Huai Hom) .—prE
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 549 (Chiang Rai,
Chiang Saen, Doi Suthep).

Lanius tephronotus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 146
(Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 122 (Doi Suthep).—pr ScHAUVENSER, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 222 (Doi Suthep).

The gray-backed shrike is only a winter visitor to northern Thailand,
where I have found it from December 5 (Doi Chiang Dao) to April 6
(on the mountains between Wiang Pa Pao and Muang Phan). While
rather common in Chiang Rai Province, it is rare and local farther
south; Gyldenstolpe’s bird from Ban Huai Hom and mine from Doi
Suthep seem to be the most southerly yet recorded from the Kingdom.

At Chiang Mai, solitary birds are occasionally seen in bushy clear-
ings on Doi Suthep from 3,300 to 5,500 feet but never at lower eleva-
tions; in the Mae Khong drainage, however, the form occurs through-
out the plains and, about Muang Fang, may be observed at almost any
overgrown hai in the lowland evergreen, even in close proximity to
human habitation.

The adult of either sex differs from those of the preceding forms
in having the crown, nape, and entire mantle soft slaty gray, changing
to dull rufous on the rump and upper tail coverts; the white patch

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 519

at the base of the inner secondaries wholly or virtually absent. Per-
haps the majority of our examples are immature; they have the gray
of the upperparts more or less suffused with rufous and the feathers
of the breast and flanks crossed by narrow, wavy bars.

LANIUS COLLURIOIDES COLLURIOIDES Lesson
BURMESE CHESTNUT-BACKED SHRIKE

Lanius collurioides Lesson, in Bélanger, Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, Zoologie,
1834 [=1832], pp. 250-251 (Pegu).

Lanius collurioides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 167
(listed).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p.
549 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).—Ruiry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 478 (Chiang Mai).

Lanius hypoleucus siamensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 40 (Pong Pa O, Khun Tan).

Lanius collurioides collurioides, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 469 (“Throughout
Siam” ).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 145 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1986, p. 122 (Chiang Mai).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 221 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio”, Chiang Saen).

Otomela collurioides, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 562 (Chiang Mai).

At Chiang Mai the chestnut-backed shrike is quite absent during
the period between March 14 (1930, 1931) and May 25 (1935) and de-
cidedly rare from the latter date to the beginning of July; through-
out the rest of the year it is one of the commonest lowland birds. Not
yet recorded from Nan and Mae Hong Son Provinces, observations
and specimens from the remaining districts indicate that its status
at a given season is much the same throughout our area. A solitary
female collected by me on the Chiang Dao road, 48 km. north of
Chiang Mai, March 25, 1936, had the gonads inactive and was evi-
dently a sterile individual that had failed to migrate with others of
the species.

This shrike is a more confiding species than Lanius schach tricolor
and is constantly seen along the highways, casting itself upon grass-
hoppers and other insect prey from hedges, fences, and telegraph
wires. It is not known to impale for storage during its stay with us.

Postjuvenal molt is shown by specimens taken between July 10 and
September 9; postnuptial molt, by a series collected between July 2
and November 26.

An adult female (January 6) had the irides brown; the bill dull
black, fleshy plumbeous at the base of the mandible; the rictus fleshy
plumbeous; the feet and toes brownish black; the soles gray; the claws
black.

The fresh-plumaged adult has the upper half of the head and neck
slate, this color paling posteriorly but deepening into black on the
forehead, lores, ocular region, and ear coverts (the lores sometimes

520 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

gray or whitish) ; the mantle, rump, and upper tail coverts chestnut,
the wings black, the coverts and the secondaries tipped and outwardly
edged with chestnut, the inner primaries white at the base to form a
conspicuous patch; the central pair of rectrices black, narrowly
tipped with chestnut or rufous-white, the next three pairs black with
increasingly broad white tips, the two outermost pairs almost wholly
white; the entire underparts white, more or less strongly washed with
vinaceous-buff. There is considerable variation in the depth of colors
of head and mantle and Delacour has named certain pale ex-
amples from Laos “griseicapillus”; similar birds may occur any-
where in Thailand. Young birds, as seen with us, have the ear coverts
blackish brown and the crown and nape narrowly barred blackish
brown and dull rufous; the mantle rufous, with wavy blackish cross
bars; the rectrices rufous-brown, with obsolescent darker cross bars;
the underparts white, more or less strongly washed with rufous-buff,
the feathers of the breast and flanks crossed by narrow, wavy black-
ish-brown bars.
LANIUS CRISTATUS CRISTATUS Linnaeus

SIBERIAN BROWN SHRIKE

[Lanius] cristatus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 98 (Bengal).

Lanius cristatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 31
(Ban Huai Hom) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167 (listed).

Otomela cristata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 41
(Tha Chomphu).—pr SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928,
p. 562 (Chiang Mai).

Otomela cristata cristata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 469 (“Several parts of the
country’).

Lanius cristatus cristatus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 459 (Chiang Mai) ; 1984, p. 221 (Chiang Mai) .—Dertenan, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 146 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 123 (Chiang Mai).

The Siberian brown shrike is a very common winter visitor to the

lowlands of Chiang Mai, where I have observed it from August 29

(1936) to May 4 (1935), but has been found elsewhere in our area only

at Ban Huai Hom, February 23, 1912 (Gyldenstolpe) and at Chiang

Rai, January 26, 1937 (Deignan). This apparently anomalous distri-

bution may be at least partially explained by the fact that the principal

winter quarters of the race are in the countries to the west of Thailand.

At Chiang Mai, this little shrike not only haunted roadside hedges
and the clumps of bushes bordering marshes and irrigation ditches
but often entered open spaces in parks and gardens where it would
employ as a lookout the coping of a well or the posts and backstops of

a tennis court.

A female had the irides dark brown; the maxilla horny black, with
the edges of the commissure bluish white; the mandible bluish white,
tipped horny black; the feet and toes slaty brown; the claws black.

Ne ca ea eae la A ee te etna ee et eae ee

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 521

The adult, as seen in April and May after the complete prenuptial
molt, has the lores, ocular region, and ear coverts black, edged above by
a pure white supercilium; the crown soft reddish brown, fading to
white on the forehead; the remaining upperparts brown, suffused with
rufous on the upper tail coverts and rectrices; the wings blackish brown,
the coverts and secondaries narrowly margined with rufous-brown, the
primaries usually with no sign of a speculum; the chin and throat white,
changing to rich buff on the remaining underparts. Winter birds
have the upperparts similar but duller throughout and the forehead
concolorous with the crown; the underparts wholly buffy white. Most
Thai examples are immature; they have narrow, wavy blackish bars
more or less conspicuous on the upperparts and similar blackish-brown
bars on the breast and flanks.

LANIUS CRISTATUS LUCIONENSIS Linnaeus
CHINESE BROWN SHRIKE

[Lanius] tucionensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 135

(Luzon, P. I.).

Lanius lucionensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 167
(listed).

Otomela cristata lucionensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 469 (‘Northern
Siam’),

I have examined in Stockholm the only specimen of the Chinese
brown strike yet known from our area; it is a female, collected by
Kisenhofer at Khun Tan sometime in 1913. The race is scarcely more
than a straggler to Thailand, and is not likely to occur at all west
of the Khun Tan range.

From cristatus, luctonensis differs strikingly in having the fore-
head and forecrown ashy, this color changing gradually on the hind-
crown and nape to the cold gray-brown of the mantle; the wing
feathers with paler edgings (almost white on the secondaries) ; the
rufous of the upper tail coverts and rectrices duller and grayer.

LANIUS TIGRINUS Drapiez
TIGRINE SHRIKE

Lanius tigrinus Draptez, in Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, éd. Bory
de Saint-Vincent, vol. 13, 1828, p. 523 (Java).

Lanius tigrinus, Gy~pENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 39
(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 468 (Khun Tan).—Ruitey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
172, 1938, p. 481 (Phrae).

The present species is evidently a rather rare migrant through the
provinces east of (and including) the Khun Tan chain. Gylden-
stolpe mentions (1916) having seen several in the mountainous re-
gions of northern Thailand and he collected an adult male at Khun

522 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Tan, May 4, 1914; Smith took an adult male at Phrae, April 27, 1930;
I myself shot an adult female at Ban Din Tok in Laos (a few miles
north of the Nan border), April 25, 1936.

My specimen was found in dense undergrowth at the edge of a
clearing in lowland evergreen forest.

Smith’s specimen had the irides dark brown and the bill, feet, and
toes bluish slate. Gyldenstolpe’s differed in having the bill black and
the feet and toes brownish gray.

The adult male has the forehead, lores, ocular region, and ear
coverts black; the crown, nape, and upper back plumbeous-gray; the
remaining upperparts deep rufous, the feathers of the mantle, rump,
and upper tail coverts with wavy black cross bars; the entire under-
parts white, only the feathers of the lower flanks with wavy blackish
bars. The adult female differs in having a short white bar above
the black ear coverts; the lores white, very narrowly edged above with
black; the barring beneath heavier and extending forward to the
sides of the breast. The immature bird resembles the juvenile of
Lanius ¢. cristatus but is more richly colored and more strongly
barred above and below; it is usually distinguishable from eristatus
by having the lores and ear coverts black-barred rufous-brown like the
crown instead of plain black or blackish brown.

Family STURNIDAE
GRACULA RELIGIOSA INTERMEDIA Hay
INDO-CHINESE GRACKLE

[Gracula] intermedius [sic] Hay, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 18, pt. 2, 1844
[1845], pp. 156-157 (‘Northern India and Arracan’’; type locality re-
stricted to Cachar, fide Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 27,
1921, p. 698).

Hulabes intermedia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 34
(Ban Huai Hom, Pak Pan, Den Chai).

Gracula javana intermedia, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p.
168 (listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 23 (Pha Kho, Khun
Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 453 (“Throughout the whole of Siam’’).

Eulabes javana intermedia, p—E SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 558 (Chiang Mai).

Gracula religiosa intermedia, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 151 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1986, p. 123 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 233 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep) .—Ritey, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 487 (Doi Langka,
Khun Tan, Mae Khan, Huai Mae Sae).

The grackle, or hill myna, occurs throughout the wooded districts
of the northern provinces, from the plains to about 4,500 feet, but, at
a given locality, varies in numbers from rare to abundant in accordance
with the supply of fruit available at a particular season.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 52S

The nok tang kham or “golden starling” is usually seen in small
bands not exceeding a dozen individuals but may appear in great
numbers, together with other frugivorous species, where figs or sim-
ilarly fleshy fruits are ripening. It is a noisy bird, with an enor-
mous variety of notes which range from low, hoarse clucks and
chuckles to loud, ringing whistles; its talent for mimicry and its
ability to pronounce words and phrases with a distinctly human qual-
ity in the voice make it a favorite cagebird of the Lao.

Postjuvenal molt is shown by a specimen taken August 5; post-
nuptial molt appears in a series collected between August 27 and
September 7.

Adults have the irides dark brown; the bill deep orange, tipped
bright yellow; the wattles and the bare skin on the sides of the head
bright yellow ; the feet and toes bright yellow; the claws horny brown.

This unmistakable form has a broad white band across the central
portion of the primaries; the rest of the plumage black, highly glossed
with purple (crown, mantle, and breast), blue-green (rump and upper
tail coverts), and deep blue (remaining parts) ; a bright yellow fleshy
lappet at each side of the nape, connected with an extensive area of
bright yellow bare skin on either side of the head below and behind
the eye. Young birds are less glossy and have the lappets
undeveloped.

MINO CORONATUS (Blyth)

GOLDEN-CRESTED MYNA

A[mpeliceps] coronatus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 194
(Tenasserim).

Ampeliceps coronatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 35 (Ban Huai Hom); 1916, p. 24 (Pha Kho); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam, 1915, p. 168 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 454 (‘‘Northern Siam’’).

This interesting starling seems to be common and widely dis-
tributed in the provinces east and north of (and including) the Khun
Tan range. Ejisenhofer sent to Hannover five examples from “Siam,”
one from Ban Huai Hom, and two from Huai Pu; to Stockholm,
12 from Khun Tan and three from Pha Hing. I myself have found
it in Nan Province at Ban Hai Huai Som and in Chiang Rai on the
savannas of the Nam Ing, as well as in the neighborhood of Wiang
Pa Pao.

In Lampang, Phrae, and Nan it is a bird of the treetops in dense
lowland evergreen, but on the Nam Ing savannas I discovered it in
the rather stunted trees that form a parklike jungle on the islands
of slightly higher land rising from the great marshes.

A pair observed near Wiang Pa Pao, April 6, were evidently about
to nest in a hole about 40 feet above ground in one of several
gigantic trees left standing at an abandoned haz. Specimens taken

583136—45——34

524 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

near the Nam Ing, May 3, had the gonads slightly to greatly enlarged.
Eisenhofer collected juveniles at Pha Hing, April 23 and 25, and at
Khun Tan, June 8.

Adults have the irides dark brown; the orbital skin cataad or
yellow; the bill with the basal half plumbeous-blue, the apical half
orange-yellow; the feet and toes orange; the claws horny brown.

Old birds have the crested forehead and crown, the chin, and
throat golden-yellow; the primaries with a broad band near their
base, golden-yellow on the outer web and white on the inner web;
the rest of the plumage black, highly glossed with deep blue. Juve-
niles probably have the entire head glossy blue-black; the golden
feathers are acquired only gradually and over a long period.

ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS TRISTIS (Linnaeus)
INDIAN HousE MYNA

[Paradisea] tristis Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 167 (“in
Philippinis,” error; type locality corrected to Calcutta, Bengal, by Stuart
Baker, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926, p. 53).

Acridotheres tristis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 168
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 27 (Khun Tan) ; Ibis,
1920, p. 454 (“Throughout the whole country”).

Acridotheres tristis tristis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 151 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, pp. 124, 184 (Chiang Mai, Chom Thong, Ban Tha
Than, Ban Wang Lung).

The house myna seems to have appeared in northern Thailand,
whether through human agency or as an adventurous immigrant, not
earlier (and possibly much later) than the beginning of the twentieth
century. During the thirties, old residents of Chiang Mai, both Thai
and European, informed me that it was rare or unknown 380 years
before; by 1914, however, Gyldenstolpe (1916) found it “rather abun-
dant in or near villages especially in the northern parts of the country.”
Now (as of 1937) it is widely dispersed in our provinces but will not
be found beyond sight of human habitation; its numbers vary from
place to place directly with the size of the towns and it is still absent
from many of the smaller settlements, especially when these are in
forested districts.

The present species is the most familiar of all birds at Chiang Mati,
where it is as much a part of the dooryard scene as the dogs and domes-
tic fowls, among which it struts, head bobbing and plump body swing-
ing, with complete unconcern. It is always noisy but especially so
at evening, when the pairs gather together in flocks to roost in the
bamboos and coconut crowns; its calls range from the most melodious
notes through squeaks and chattering to harsh grating sounds and
may even be heard in the middle of the night if the sleepers be dis-
turbed by moonlight or a passing owl. The house myna is the nemesis

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 525

of snakes, gathering around and following a victim with excited out-
cries and not infrequently directly leading to its dispatch at human
hands. I have observed it feeding, at various times, on vegetable
matter, earthworms, and insects, and it must be considered, despite
a bad habit of damaging tiled roofs during the long breeding period,
an interesting and generally beneficial resident of any compound.

An adult male had the irides dull brown with white flecks; the
orbital region yellow; the bill wax yellow, with the base of the man-
dible blackish; the rictus and interior of the mouth yellow; the feet
and toes wax yellow; the claws yellowish horn. An unsexed juvenile
(August 16) differed in having the irides dark gray and the naked
orbital skin white.

Old birds have the lanceolate feathers of the forehead, crown, and
nape glossy black; the remaining upperparts rich vinaceous-brown ;
the primaries black, crossed by a broad white band at the base, the
secondaries brown, glossed with bronze; the rectrices brownish black,
with outwardly increasingly broad white tips; the chin, throat, and
uppermost breast blackish slate; the remaining underparts rich
vinaceous-brown, becoming vinaceous-white on the center of the
abdomen; the under tail coverts, under wing coverts, and axillavies
pure white.

Of Acridotheres t. tristis in its homeland, Stuart Baker observes
(Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926, p. 54): “This
Myna is one of the most universally common birds in India
and is rapidly becoming more common in areas where it was but
recently unknown or merely a rare straggler. This is especially the
case in the hills, where these birds have followed mankind to higher
elevations and into places where the country is being opened up.”

Discussing its status in Central Thailand prior to April 1920, Her-
bert (Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, 1923, p. 111) writes that it
“does not occur in Bangkok, though possibly a stray bird might be
seen there, as it is found in very small numbers on the Petriu side
and sometimes at Klong Rangsit or Ayuthia, as well as on the Tachin
side. In 1919 I sent my collector to all these places on several
occasions but he only found it breeding at Hua Takhae on the Petriu
line, where there were five or six pairs nesting in some old temples.”
An editor’s footnote (May 1923) adds: “This remark was true up
to a few years ago, but the bird has now established itself as one of
the common species of the Capital, where it breeds from March
onwards in suitable nesting-holes in buildings, etc.” Aagaard con-
curs with these remarks (The common birds of Bangkok, 1930, p. 52) :
“Not more than 12 to 15 years ago this bird was a rare visitor to
Bangkok; but is now very abundant, and getting more and more
numerous year by year.”

526 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Of the house myna in the French territories, Delacour says (Les
Oiseaux de |’Indochine Francaise, vol. 4, 1931, p. 249) : “En Indochine,
il est encore local. Il est probable qu’il n’y est venu, naturellement
d’ailleurs, que depuis peu, et il s’y étend graduellement... En
Indochine il a été obtenu & Siemreap (Cambodge), Kontoum, Hué,
Hailang, Laobao (Annam), Paksé et Muongyo (Laos).”

ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS GRANDIS Moore
THAI CRESTED MYNA

A[cridotheres] grandis Moore, in Horsfield and Moore, Catalogue of the birds
in the Museum of the Hon. Hast-India Co., vol. 2, 1858, p. 587 (Sumatra, error ;
type locality here corrected to Bangkok, Thailand).

ALthiopsar grandis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 168
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 26 (Khun Tan).
AHthiopsar fuscus grandis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 455 (“Throughout the

whole country”’).

ALthiopsar grandis grandis, DE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 558 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 559 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 234 (Chiang
Mai).—DeiegnAn, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 152 (Chiang
Mai) ; 1936, p. 124 (Chiang Mai).—Ritrey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p.
494 (Ban Nam Khian.)

The crested myna is an abundant permanent resident in suitable
territory throughout the northern lowlands.

Wherever cultivation and pasture have superseded the jungle and
man has raised his home, the present species is one of the tamest and
most familiar birds. Together with other terrestrial starlings, it is
commonly seen about the feet and on the backs of grazing cattle,
where it captures insects frightened from the grass; after the harvest
it may be found gleaning grains of rice from the dry fields; during
rainy periods it is a regular visitor to the lawns of parks and gardens,
where it feeds on earthworms driven to the surface of the ground.
It is almost fearless and will walk within arm’s length of an observer ;
when pursued, it begins to hop and only at the last moment, with
a soft nasal grunt, flies low over the grass to alight again a short
distance ahead. The song isa harsh gueeter, gueeter, queeter, queeter,
queeter.

Specimens taken at Chiang Mai, April 30 and June 38, had the
gonads enlarged. A nest found May 19 was in a tree cavity about 15
feet above ground; another, discovered on July 1 (with crying
young), was built in the crown of a coconut palm. In towns it oc-
casionally breeds under roof tiles but this is properly the preserve of
Acridotheres t. tristis.

Old birds have the irides bright red-brown; the bill bright chrome
yellow, paler at the tip; the feet and toes chrome yellow; the claws
horn.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 52t

The species is unmistakable among our mynas by having the elon-
gated, lanceolate feathers of the forehead permanently erected to
form a bushy crest. Adults have the plumage generally black; glossy
on the crest, crown, and nape, duller elsewhere; the wings black, over-
laid with bronze on the exposed portions and with a broad white band
at the bases of the primaries; the rectrices black, with an outwardly
increasingly broad white tip; the shortest under tail coverts black,
the others white with the concealed bases black.

Stuart Baker has “corrected” the type locality of Acridotheres
grandis Moore to Tenasserim (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
27, 1921, p. 702) ; since there is still no good evidence for the occur-
rence of the race in any part of that province, his fixation cannot
stand. The facts seem to be that Baker, in 1921, confused grandis
with torguatus and that his grandis of 1921 from Tenasserim is equiv-
alent to his torqguatus of 1926 from Pahang (Fauna of British India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926, p. 58), which was not mentioned at all in
1921. In any case, the type locality of the true Acridotheres grandis
Moore must be altered, and I now establish it as Bangkok; at the
same time, clearly to place it in synonymy with grandis, I restrict to
Bangkok the type locality of Acridotheres siamensis Swinhoe (Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 303).

STURNUS MALABARICUS NEMORICOLA (Jerdon)
INDO-CHINESE ASHY-HEADED MYNA

Sturnia nemoricola JERDON, Ibis, 1862, p. 22 (Thayetmyo, Burma).

Sturnia malabarica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 168
(listed).

Spodiopsar malabaricus nemoriculus [sic], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-
Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 25 (Khun Tan).

Spodiopsar malabaricus nemoricolus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 454 (Khun
Tan).

Sturnia malabarica malabarica, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 558 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 233
(Chiang Mai).—DrticNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 151
(Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Sturnia malabarica nemoricola, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 151 (Chiang Mai); 1936, p. 123 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).—pr
ScCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1984, p. 233 (Chiang Mai).—
Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 490 (“Doi Tin Pata” [= Foot of
Doi Pata?]).

The ashy-headed myna is a rare and locally distributed permanent
resident but an abundant winter visitor in the provinces of Chiang
Rai, Chiang Mai, and Mae Hong Son; from the remaining parts of
the North it has not yet been recorded at all. At Chiang Mai Town
it was a most conspicuous bird, chiefly on the plain but occasionally

528 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

on Doi Suthep to 3,300 feet, from November 19 (1931) to February
14 (1936).

The movements of this small starling, which, making its appear-
ance in great numbers overnight, vanishes as suddenly at the end of
its stay, are largely governed by the antheses of the mai kwao (Butea
frondosa) and the silk-cotton (Bombaw malabaricum), which, in the
cold weather, are leafless but ablaze with scarlet ornithophilous
flowers. Among the various birds that visit these two trees, the
present species draws attention by its numbers, its eager crowding
over the blossom-laden branches, and its continual, not unpleasing,
churring and chatter. It is probable that insects, rather than nectar,
are the lure, especially since the attraction of the mai kwao for the |
myna continues beyond the period of bloom; those few individuals
which stay throughout the year are, In my experience, never seen
away from the groves of that tree.

A male collected at Chiang Mai, May 18, had the gonads greatly
enlarged and was evidently one of a pair breeding in a hole in a
mai kwao, about ten feet above the ground. A male from the same
locality, September 1, is in postjuvenal molt.

Adults have the irides white, blue-gray, or pale blue; the bill slaty
blue at the base, green at the center, and bright yellow at the tip;
the interior of the mouth blue; the feet and toes pinkish yellow or
fleshy brown; the claws yellowish horn. Juveniles differ in having
the bill wholly yellow.

This is an extraordinarily variable form, subject both to erythrism
and to albinism; curiously enough, the two conditions often appear
in the same individual! A more or less normal adult in fresh plum-
age (October) has the elongated, lanceolate feathers of the crown
and nape soft gray, with silvery-gray shaft streaks; the remaining
upperparts soft gray, faintly washed with rufous (more strongly
on the upper tail coverts) ; the primaries black, the inner ones nar-
rowly tipped with silvery gray; the secondaries black with an in-
wardly increasingly broad margin of silvery gray until the innermost
are wholly of this color; the two central pairs of rectrices silvery
gray, the remaining pairs dull black, with an outwardly increasingly
broad chestnut-rufous tip: the underparts pale gray, almost white
on the chin and throat (the feathers of the breast with white shaft
streaks), washed with dull rufous along the flanks and on the under
tail coverts; the bend of the wing, the under wing coverts, and the
axillaries pure white. There is considerable individual variation
in the amount and degree of rufous (or even chestnut) suffusion
above and below; albinism appears usually symmetrically in the wing.
With wear the feathers of the crown and nape tend to lose the darker
margins and these parts may become partly or wholly silvery gray

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 529

or silvery white. The juvenile is similar to the adult but has the upper-
parts generally dull brownish gray, the head and nape paler and
without the specialized feathers.

STURNUS CONTRA FLOWERI (Bowdler Sharpe)
/

THAI PIED MYNA

Sturnopastor floweri BowDLER SHARPE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 7, 1897, p. 17
(“Pachim [=Prachinburi] and Tahkamen,” Central Thailand).

Sturnopastor superciliaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915,
p. 168 (listed).

Sturnopastor superciliaris superciliaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 455 (Khun
Tan).

Sturnopastor capensis floweri, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1928, p. 558 (Chiang Mai).

Sturnopastor contra floweri, DrEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 152 (Chiang Mai) ; 1986, p. 124 (Chiang Mai).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull, 172, 1938, p. 495 (Phrae, Ban Nam Khian).

Sturnopastor contra superciliaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 124 (“Some parts of North Siam’).

The pied myna, while rather less abundant than the other terrestrial
starlings, is still one of the commonest birds in the cultivated lowland
districts of all the northern provinces.

This species seems to be somewhat more gregarious during the
daylight hours than its relatives and is less often observed in the
immediate proximity of houses, but otherwise has habits much like
theirs.

A specimen from Ban Khana (Nan Province), April 21, was carry-
ing an oviduct egg, and two from Chiang Mai, June 5 and 20, had
the gonads enlarged. An example of September 19 is in postnuptial
molt. Postnatal molt appears in a bird of April 22 (Chiang Mai)
and the full juvenal dress in one of June 27 from the same locality.

Old birds taken by me had the irides pale yellow, creamy yellow, or
cream; the orbital skin bright orange, becoming orange-yellow pos-
teriorly (above the ear coverts); the skin of the chin and throat
(beneath the feathers) bright orange; the bill with the basal half

red-orange and the apical half ivory white or fleshy white; the feet
and toes pale yellow or yellowish flesh; the claws horny or fleshy horn.
The juvenile of June 27 differed in having the irides grayish white;
the orbital skin yellowish; the culmen brown (darker on the basal
half) and the rest of the bill fleshy horn; the feet and toes brown;
the claws dark brown.

The fresh-plumaged adult has the lanceolate feathers of the front
and forecrown white, with black bases which posteriorly show through
to give a streaked appearance; the supercilium and ear coverts pure
white; the chin, throat, upper breast, sides of the neck, the hindcrown,

530 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

nape, and back black, more or less glossed with green; the rump pure
white; the wings black (the ends of the secondaries somewhat glossed
with bronze), with a longitudinal bar formed by the pure white lesser
coverts and the white external edging of the median coverts; the
rectrices black; the remaining underparts white (with a faint vina-
ceous suffusion), mixed with dull black along the lower flanks. Ina
short time the feathers of the front and forecrown lose much of the
white portion (with resultant increase in the amount of black visible),
the black parts become an unglossed brownish black, and the white
become very stained. The juvenile is similar but lacks white on the
front and crown and has the black replaced by dark brown.

Specimens formerly believed by me to represent S. c. superciliaris
are nothing but floweri in worn plumage. This race seems to have
originated on the plain of Central Thailand and to have entered the
northern provinces along the valleys of the larger rivers.

STURNUS NIGRICOLLIS (Paykull)
BLACK-COLLARED MYNA

Gracula nigricollis PaYKULL, Kongl. [Svenska] Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl., vol. 28,
1807, pp. 291-293, pl. 9 (Canton, China).

Graculipica nigricollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 35 (Pak Pan, Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 26 (Khun Tan) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam, 1915, p. 168 (listed) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 455 (“Throughout the whole coun-
try”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 558
(Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 559 (Chiang Mai).

Gracupica nigricollis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 151
(Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep); 1936, p. 123 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—»pr
SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 234 (Chiang Mai).

The nok tang hua lan or “bald-headed myna” is an abundant and
familiar species wherever, in the North, it finds cultivated lands and
human habitation. Although characteristically a bird of the plains,
I have occasionally found it in the dry, stunted forest at the base of
Doi Suthep as high as 1,500 feet (whither it had accompanied grazing
cattle), and a small colony is resident near the Karen village on Doi
Ang Ka at 3,500 feet.

This starling is a strong walker and feeds almost entirely on the
ground, where it collects seeds, earthworms, and other small creatures.
Although it is most commonly seen in pastures or among the rice
stubbles, it regularly appears, especially at the end of the rains, on
the lawns of gardens and parks. Like other mynas, it is very vocal,
and its calls range from loud, shrill rattles to relatively melodious
notes.

The breeding season runs throughout the hot, dry season : specimens
with active gonads have been taken from February 19 at Pak Pan

)

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 5S

(Gyldenstolpe) to May 27 at Chiang Mai (Deignan). The nest is
an enormous and untidy globular structure of grass, leaves, and sticks,
placed near the top of a tree in or at the edge of a field. During May
and June one sees everywhere young birds just out of the nest, follow-
ing the parents and pleading for food with vibrating wings and a
shrill kh-kh-kh-kh-kh.

Adults have the irides creamy gray; the orbital skin yellow; the bill
brownish black; the feet and toes pale yellow; the claws horn brown.

The adult in fresh plumage has the entire head white, followed by
a black collar, which covers the nape, sides of the neck, the lower throat,
and upper breast; the back brownish black (the feathers just behind
the collar with broad ashy tips) ; the rump white; the primary coverts
white, all the remaining feathers of the wing brownish black with
narrow white tips (these tips broader on the outer secondaries) ; the
rectrices brownish black, with outwardly increasingly broad white
tips; the remaining underparts white, mixed with deep brown along
the lower flanks. The upperparts soon change to a dark brown and
the white portions of the plumage become much soiled with mud, dust,
etc. Juveniles wholly lack the black collar and have the head, neck,
throat, breast, and belly brownish gray, the feathers with whitish edg-
ings to give an indistinctly streaked appearance.

Family NECTARINIIDAE
CHALCOPARIA SINGALENSIS ASSAMENSIS Boden Kloss
ASSAMESE RUBYCHEEK

Chalcoparia singalensis assamensis BoDEN Koss, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 50,
May 7, 1930, pp. 69-70. New name for “Chalcoparia singalensis lepida (Lat-
ham)” Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926,
p. 870 (‘‘India, now restricted to Cachar”), not [Certhia] lepida Latham,
1790, nor Certhia lepida Sparrman, 1787, each of which =—Certhia (mala-
censis) Seopoli, 1786.

Chalcoparia singalensis rubinigentis SruART Baker, Fauna of British India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 7, March [=May 14], 1930, p. 282. New name for “Chal-
coparia singalensis lepida (Latham)” Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India,
Birds, ed. 2, vol. 3, 1926, p. 870 (‘“India, now restricted to Cachar’”), not
[Certhia] lepida Latham, 1790, nor Certhia lepida Sparrman, 1787, each of
which =—Certhia (malacensis) Scopoli, 1786.

Chalcoparia phaenicotis [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1913, p. 45 (Ban Huai Hom, Den Chai).

Chalcoparia phaenicotis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 34 (Pha Kho, Tha Chomphu).

Chalcoparia singalensis koratensis (partim], GyLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 464
(“Throughout the whole country” [partim]).

Chalcoparia singalensis singalensis, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 563 (Chiang Rai).—DerIeNnan, Journ. Siam Soe, Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 154 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

532 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Chalcoparia singalensis interposita [partim], De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 240 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao).—RIey, U. §.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 512 (Doi Ang Ka, Chiang Mai, Muang Pai).

Chalcoparia singalensis interposita, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 125 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
1940, p. 191 (Chiang Dao).

The northern race of the rubycheek, not previously recognized from
Thailand, occurs as an uncommon and rather local permanent resi-
dent in every one of our provinces: in addition to localities listed
above, I have it from Ban Hai Huai Som, Doi San Pa Bong, Ban
Mae Mo, and Wiang Pa Pao. It is normally a species of the plains,
but Smith took it at 2,000 feet on Doi Ang Ka and I have found it in
small numbers on Doi Suthep between 2,000 and 3,300 feet.

In the lowlands, although this bird is sometimes seen in fruit gar-
dens, its real home is the dense growth of bamboos, brambles, and
creepers that succeeds the cleared forest or springs up along the
secondary roads; on Doi Suthep it was noted in similar vegetation
beside the broader trails. I have never observed it in flocks of its
own kind, perhaps because it is not a very common bird with us,
but it regularly accompanies such forms as Mixornis and E'rpornis.
In notes and actions, it resembles these species and the white-eyes,
rather than the other sunbirds.

Postnuptial molt is shown by specimens taken between June 6
and October 25. I have collected examples in full juvenal dress
July 24 and 25 and August 29, while young males acquiring the first
nuptial plumage were found December 27 (Smith) and February
10 (Gyldenstolpe).

An adult male had the irides crimson; the bill black, whitish at
the base of the mandible; the interior of the mouth orange-yellow;
the feet and toes yellowish green; the claws greenish horn.

The old male has the entire upperparts metallic green, with bronzy
reflections; the lesser wing coverts metallic green, the median and
greater coverts black, outwardly edged with metallic peacock blue,
the remiges black, faintly and narrowly edged with metallic blue; the
rectrices black, narrowly edged with metallic peacock blue; the ear
coverts metallic copper red, posteriorly edged below by a streak of
metallic violet; the chin, throat, and breast ferruginous, this color (on
the lower breast) passing into bright greenish yellow. Certain speci-
mens appear to be adult, but younger, males: their plumage differs from
that just described in having the rump unglossed olive-green and the
remiges very narrowly edged along the outer web with rufescent-
yellow. The adult female has the entire upperparts dull olive-green;
the remiges and rectrices blackish, edged rufescent olive-green; the
ear coverts grayish olive-green; the chin, throat, and breast pale rufes-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 533

cent, this color passing into the greenish yellow of the remaining
underparts. The juvenile male is like the adult female but has merely
a rufescent wash over the throat and breast; from him the juvenile
female differs in having the entire underparts dull olive-yellow.

Chalcoparia s. assamensis is nearest C. s. interposita, differing in
having the rather paler ferruginous of throat and breast usually not
extending so far onto the lower breast and the remaining underparts
a rather purer, less greenish, yellow. C.s. koratensis isa very distinct
form, in which the deep ferruginous breast is sharply defined from
the almost pure yellow abdomen.

AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA SEHERIAE (Tickell)
INDIAN SCARLET-THROATED SUNBIRD

Necterinia [sic] Seheriae Ticket, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 2, 1833, p. 577
(Seheria, Borabham).

AxHthopyga siparaja, DricNan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 155
(Chiang Mai).

AEthopyga siparaja seheriae, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 124 (Chiang Mai).

I found this lovely sunbird to be rather rare in the town of Chiang
Mai between November 30 (1936) and June 29 (1929) and apparently
quite absent at other seasons; it is otherwise known from our area
by a specimen taken at Muang Fang, July 9, 1936, and a small series
collected at Wiang Pa Pao between July 27 and August 3, 1935.

Owing to its small size and its habit of keeping to the tops of the
trees in shady fruit gardens, the present form is probably often over-
looked, especially since its only note seems to be a shrill és¢¢, tstt.
My eight examples from Chiang Mai were all brought me by small
boys.

The gonads were slightly enlarged in a bird of February 23, more
enlarged in one of March 9, and greatly enlarged in a third of May
15. A male in full juvenal dress was shot at Wiang Pa Pao, July
30; four others taken at Chiang Mai between November 30 and March
16 show progressive stages of the complete molt from juvenal to first-
nuptial plumage.

A breeding male had the irides brown; the maxilla blackish brown ;
the mandible light brown; the feet and toes brown; the claws horny
brown.

The adult male has the front and most of the crown metallic
peacock green (sometimes with violet reflections) ; the extreme hind-
crown and the nape brownish olive; the sides of the head and neck,
the back, scapulars, lesser and median wing coverts deep crimson;
the rump golden-yellow, more or less concealed by long brownish-
olive feathers growing from the sides of the lower back; the upper

534 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tail coverts and the central pair of rectrices (greatly elongated and
narrowed on the terminal third) metallic peacock green, the remain-
ing rectrices blackish (some narrowly edged with metallic peacock
green) ; the remiges blackish brown, edged along the outer web with
rufescent olive-green; a long mustachial streak at each side of the
throat ‘metallic blue; the chin, throat, and entire breast bright
crimson; the remaining underparts yellowish olive-green. The
female has the entire upperparts olive-green (the edgings of the
remiges and the central pair of rectrices more rufescent) ; the entire
underparts yellowish olive-green; the rectrices indistinctly tipped
creamy white beneath. The juvenile male resembles the female but
has the chin and most of the throat crimson-pink.

Delacour does not admit A. s. seheriae to the avifauna of Indo-
chine, although specimens from Haut-Laos and eastern Tongking
are of this race, as has been correctly reported long since by Bangs
and Van Tyne (Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 18, No. 3,
1931, p. 115).

AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA CARA Hume

TENASSERIMESE SCARLET-THROATED SUNBIRD

AH[thopyga] cara Humr, Stray Feathers, vol. 2, 1874, p. 473 (Tenasserim,
south of Moulmein). 2

AEthopyga cara, GYLDENSTOLPE, iter Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 42
(Ban Huai Hom); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171 (listed).

AEthopyga siparaja cara, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 462 (‘‘Northern districts”).

AEthopyga siparaja seheriae, Ritry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 497 (Ban
Nam Khian).

The Tenasserimese scarlet-throated sunbird is common in the low-
lands of Phrae and Nan Provinces; Gyldenstolpe has noted (1913)
that “near Bang Hue Hom it was the most common of all
Sun-birds .. .”

Both Gyldenstolpe and I found it in second-growth evergreen and
at forest clearings, rather than in villages and towns.

At Ban Huai Hom, Gyldenstolpe collected a male assuming the
first-nuptial plumage, February 23, and, the following day, a pair
with gonads greatly enlarged. I took a bird with enlarged testes
at Ban San Tha, April 1. A specimen from Ban Hai Huai Som,
June 20, wears full juvenal dress.

From the full-plumaged male of seheriae, that of cara differs in —
having the feathers of the hindcrown and nape broadly tipped with
deep crimson and the brownish-olive color absent or reduced to a
narrow subterminal band; the central pair of tail feathers but slightly
elongated and scarcely narrowed toward the tip; the visible portions
of the rectrices glossed wholly or in part with metallic peacock blue
rather than metallic peacock green; the abdomen and under tail

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 535

coverts gray, sometimes with the lightest wash of olive-green.
Females and juveniles of the two forms are probably inseparable.

The birds of Nan and Phrae and the provinces of eastern Thailand
show no constant character by which they may be distinguished
from topotypical cara.

AETHOPYGA SATURATA SANGUINIPECTUS Walden
INDO-CHINESE BLACK-THROATED SUNBIRD

AEthopyga sanguinipectus WALDEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1875,
pp. 400-401 (“Tonghoo hills [Karen-hee],” error; type locality corrected
to “the Tonghoo and Karen-nee hills,” by Wardlaw Ramsay, in The ornitho-
logical works of Arthur, Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale, 1881, p. 414).

AEthopyga dabryi, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 33
(Khun Tan) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 462 (Khun Tan).

Althopyga sanguinipectus, WILLIAMSON, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1918, p. 23
(Muang Wang).

AEthopyga sanguinipectus [partim], GyYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 462 (Muang
Wang).

AEthopyga sanguinipecta sanguinipecta, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 563 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).—Derrenan, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 155 (Doi Suthep).—CHAsEN and
BopeEN Kross, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1982, p. 248 (Doi Suthep) .—
Ritey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 499 (Doi Suthep, Doi Khun Tan,
Doi Langka, Doi Hua Mot).

AEthopya saturata sanguinipecta, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila-
delphia, 19384, p. 241 (Doi Suthep, Doi Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao).—
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 124 (Doi Suthep).

Aethopyga dabryii dabryii [partim], Ritry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 498 (Khun Tan).

On Phu Kha and on all the higher peaks of the Thanon Thong
Chai and Khun Tan ranges, the black-throated sunbird is a common
resident of the evergreen, at elevations between 3,300 and 5,500 feet.
Two males taken by de Schauensee at Chiang Saen, January 9 and
14, 1929, probably represent winter wanderers from the hills.

This species keeps to the lower trees, in clearings or at the edge
of the forest, and especially those which are heavily laden with
blooming epiphytes. Like all of the genus, it flutters before the
flowers to probe into them for nectar and the minute insects entrapped
therein.

A bird of April 27 (Doi Ang Ka) had the testes greatly enlarged.
Postnuptial molt is shown by examples collected between July 22
and September 8.

Two males had the irides brown; the bill black; the feet and toes
dark brown; the claws horny brown.

The adult male has the front, crown, and nape metallic blue or
violet-blue; the sides of the breast and neck, the back, and scapulars
deep crimson-maroon; the rump with a narrow band of bright light

536 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

yellow, more or less concealed by long yellowish-gray feathers grow-
ing from the sides of the lower back; the upper tail coverts and the
basal two-thirds of the greatly elongated central pair of rectrices
metallic blue, their apical third and the remaining rectrices dull black
(some narrowly edged with metallic blue) ; the wings dull black; a
long mustachial streak (extending to the upper breast) at each side
of the throat metallic blue or violet-blue; the sides of the head, the
chin, throat, and center of the upper breast black; the lower breast
and upper abdomen bright light yellow, irregularly and finely
streaked with blood-red, changing to uniform olivaceous-yellow on
the remaining underparts. The adult female has the rump band
light yellow; the remaining upperparts olive-green, grayer on the
head and nape (the remiges edged rufescent) ; the chin, throat, and
upper breast olivaceous-gray, changing to pale olivaceous-yellow on
the remaining underparts; the rectrices indistinctly tipped white
beneath.
AETHOPYGA GOULDIAE DABRYII (Verreaux)

SZECHWANESE BLUE-THROATED SUNBIRD

Nectarinia Dabryii VERREAUX, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 19, 1867, pp. 173-174,
pl. 15 (“le nord de la Chine”; type locality corrected to “the hills above
Ta-tsien-leou, which border the eastern [sic] boundary of the Chinese prov-
ince of Sechnen [sic],” by Sclater, Ibis, 1870, p. 297; see Deignan, Auk, 1944,
pp. 133-185).

Akthopyga dabryi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p.
561 (Doi Suthep) ; 1929, p. 563 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19381, p. 155 (Doi Suthep).

ALthopyga gouldiae dabryi, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 241 (Doi Chiang Dao).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 124 (Doi Suthep).

AEthopyga dabryii dabryii (partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 498
(Doi Suthep, Doi Langka).

Akthopyga gouldiae harrietae, DELAcouR and GREENWAY, L’Oiseau et la Revue
Frangaise d’Ornithologie, 1940, p. 69 (Doi Ang Ka).

The blue-throated sunbird is an uncommon winter visitor to the
higher mountains of the provinces west of (and including) the Khun
Tan range, from 4,500 to 5,500 feet ; a male collected by de Schauensee
on Doi Suthep at 1,500 feet (March 11, 1928) must be considered a
straggler from the top of the mountain. The extreme dates for its oc-
currence with us are November 4 (1930) on Doi Langka and March 18
(1937) on Doi Chiang Dao.

At suitable elevations, this species may be seen at the same places as
A. s. sanguinipectus, although, of course, always in inferior numbers.

The sequence of molts in this form is difficult to understand. A
young male of November 4 is already beginning to acquire the first-
nuptial plumage; an apparently adult male of November 11 is near

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Sar

completion of what must be the postnuptial molt; two females of
February 5 are presumably in prenuptial molt; a male of March 18 is
nearing completion of molt into first-nuptial dress. I find no evidence
for the existence of an eclipse plumage, although such may exist: speci-
mens in female dress are much less likely to be collected than full-
colored males.

The male has the forehead, crown, and center of the nape, the poste-
rior ear coverts, the chin, center of the throat, and an isolated patch at
each side of the upper breast metallic blue (more or less strongly
glossed with violet); the supercilium, sides of the head, throat, and
neck, the back, scapulars, and lesser wing coverts deep crimson; the
rump golden-yellow (sometimes partly concealed by long yellowish-
gray feathers growing from the sides of the lower back) , the posterior
feathers tipped with black (or black and red) to form a narrow band;
the upper tail coverts and basal two-thirds of the greatly elongated
central pair of rectrices metallic blue, their apical third and the re-
maining rectrices black (some narrowly edged with metallic blue),
all but the central pair with outwardly increasingly broad ashy tips;
the remiges blackish, outwardly edged with rufescent olive-green; the
breast and upper abdomen scarlet-crimson, this color paling poste-
riorly and changing through bright yellow to greenish yellow on the
remaining underparts. The female is inseparable in the field from
that of sanguinipectus; direct comparison in the hand will show that
dabryii has the light tips of the rectrices bolder and whiter.

AEthopyga gouldiae harrietae Delacour and Greenway, with type
from Laos but based in part upon material from Doi Ang Ka, seems to
me inseparable from a topotype of dabryii. Isuspect that the richness
of the reds and the purity of the metallic blue vary directly with the
freshness of the feathers in question.

AETHOPYGA NIPALENSIS ANGKANENSIS Riley
Dor ANG KA GREEN-THROATED SUNBIRD

AEthopyga nipalensis angkanensis Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42,
1929, pp. 162-163 (Doi Ang Ka, North Thailand).

AEthopyga nipalensis angkanensis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 500
(Doi Ang Ka).—GrrEenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 192 (Doi Ang
Ka).

This beautiful sunbird, known only from the top of the highest peak
of Doi Ang Ka, was discovered by Smith, who took a pair at 8,400
feet, December 5, 1928, and a second male the following day at 8,000
feet. In April, 1931, I found it decidedly uncommon at 8,400 feet
and, in September, 1935, failed to see it at all. Its home was next
visited by members of the Asiatic Primate Expedition, who on the

538 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

five days March 23, 24, 25, 28, and 31, 1937, shot no less than 34 males
and 15 females, all at 8,400 feet.

I observed it only in the gnarled and epiphyte-covered rhododen-
dron trees, which make an almost impenetrable barrier around the
open bog at the summit of the mountain.

Griswold (of the Asiatic Primate Expedition), at the end of March,
collected a pair “with their nest which had no eggs in it. The nest
was about 20 feet from the ground at the end of a small branch.”
He notes further that “in [the case of] the two nests which I observed
being built the female did all the work.”

The male has the forehead, crown, nape, and center of the upper
back metallic peacock green; the sides of the neck and upper back and
the middle back crimson-maroon; the upper wing coverts, scapulars,
and lower back deep olive-green; the rump bright yellow (sometimes
partly concealed by long yellowish-olive feathers growing from each
side of the lower back) ; the upper tail coverts and basal three-fourths
of the greatly elongated central pair of rectrices metallic peacock
green, the apical fourth and the remaining rectrices black (some nar-
rowly edged with metallic peacock green), all but the two central pairs
with outwardly increasingly broad yellowish-ashy tips; the remiges
black, outwardly edged with rufescent olive-green; the sides of the
head black, slightly glossed (especially on the ear coverts) with metal-
lic peacock green; the chin and throat metallic peacock green; the
uppermost breast bright yellow, changing into scarlet on the lower
breast and upper abdomen, this color, in turn, changing into bright
yellow on the remaining underparts (more greenish along the lower
flanks). The female closely resembles those of A. g. dabryii and
A. s. sanguinipectus but has the rump olive-green like the rest of the
upperparts and the bold white tips of the rectrices suffused with pale
yellow.

Robinson and Boden Kloss state (Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol.
5, No. 3, 1924, p. 375) that “Mr. W. J. F. Williamson has specimens
[of A. nipalensis| from North Siam which have not yet been critically
examined ...” They presumably here refer to Williamson’s record
(1918) of A. s. sanguinipectus from Muang Wang; Robinson him-
self had earlier (Journ. Federated Malay States Mus., vol. 5, 1915, p.
109) mistaken the still undescribed A. n. australis for sanguini-
pectus and may have supposed that Williamson had made a similar
misidentification.

NECTARINIA ASIATICA INTERMEDIA (Hume)
INDO-CHINESE PURPLE SUNBIRD

A[rachnechthra| intermedia Hume, Ibis, 1870, pp. 486-487 (Tipperah, eastern
Bengal).

ee

forest. The call note is sweet, sweet; the son

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 539

Arachnechthra asiatica, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 43 (Den Chai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 462 (“Throughout the country’).

Leptocoma asiatica intermedia, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 563 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 241 (Chiang Mai). —
DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 155 (Chiang Mai) ;
1986, p. 124 (Chiang Mai).

The purple sunbird is a very common permanent resident of the
North, recorded from all the provinces except Nan (where it is almost
certain to occur). Although the species was inadvertently omitted
from his list by Riley (1938), Dr. Smith’s collection included speci-
mens from Mae Hong Son, Mae Sariang, and Phrae. I have never
noted it at an elevation in excess of 1,500 feet (Doi Ang Ka).

This is a familiar and widely distributed bird, abounding equally
in orchards and gardens, coconut groves, and the dry, deciduous
@, rendered with the
gold and orange pectoral tufts exposed, a hoarse swee-e, swee-e, swee-e.

The extreme dates for males in full nuptial dress are (at Chiang
Mai) December 12 and June 10. Examples in various stages of
prenuptial molt may be observed throughout December and the first
half of January; similar examples in postnuptial molt, from the
middle of May to the end of June. The adjective “purple” is highly
misleading when applied to old males in nonbreeding (eclipse) plum-
age, when they are inseparable from the dull-colored juveniles of the
same sex.

The present form has the irides dark brown; the bill, feet, and
toes black; the claws black or dark brown.

The full-plumaged male, in the field, may appear to be wholly black.
In fact, he has the forehead, crown, sides of the head and neck, the
mantle, scapulars, lesser wing coverts, rump, and upper tail coverts
metallic blue, more or less glossed with violet (or with green toward
the end of the season); the rectrices black, overlaid with deep blue
(often narrowly tipped beneath with ashy) ; the feathers of the wings
blackish, narrowly edged with grayish brown; the throat and breast
metallic blue (the chin and center of the throat more bronzy purple) ;
a narrow band of chestnut-maroon separating the breast from the
abdomen (sometimes wholly or partly lacking); at either side of
the upper abdomen a tuft of elongated feathers, the shorter orange,
the longer golden-yellow (usually concealed beneath the wing); the
remaining underparts black, overlaid with deep blue. In eclipse
plumage, he has the wings and tail as described above, but the remain-
ing upperparts dull olive-green; the underparts wholly yellow, except
for a broad purple-glossed black stripe down the center of the throat
to the upper breast. The female differs from the postnuptial male
chiefly in having the throat all yellow, without a gular stripe.

583136—45——35

540 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
NECTARINIA JUGULARIS FLAMMAXILLARIS Blyth
INDO-CHINESE PURPLE-THROATED SUNBIRD

N[ectarinia] fammavillaris BrytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, 1845, p. 557.
New name for “NLectarinia] jugularis Vieillot, apud Jardine’ Blyth, Journ.
Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 12, 1843, p. 979 (“the Tenasserim provinces’), not
[Certhia] jugularis Linnaeus 1766.

Arachnechthra flammazillaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915,
p. 171 (listed).

Cyrtostomus flammazillaris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 33 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 463 (“Throughout
Siam proper’).

Chrysostomus jugularis flammazillaris, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 561 (Chiang Mai).

Leptocoma jugularis fammazillaris, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 564 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1934, p. 242 (Chiang Mai,
Doi Suthep, Chiang Saen).—DertIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.
1936, p. 124 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Leptocoma flammazillaris flammazxillaris, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist.
Suppl., 1931, p. 155 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

Cyrtostomus flammazillaris flammacillaris, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988,
p. 502 (Ban Nam Khian, Phrae).

The present species is a very common permanent resident, recorded
from all the northern provinces except Mae Hong Son. I have never
noted it on the hills above 1,500 feet, but de Schauensee states (1934)
that a single specimen was taken by him on Doi Suthep at 3,000 feet.

Like its congener, the purple-throated sunbird is an inhabitant of
orchards and gardens, coconut plantations, and (less frequently)
the pa daeng. In all these places it occurs in equal numbers with the
nearly related species and the two may often be seen harmoniously
feeding together in the same trees. The mutual tolerance shown by
so evidently competitory forms can perhaps be explained by the abun-
dance of nectariferous flowers available throughout the year in our
inhabited districts.

As is the case with Nectarinia a. intermedia, the breeding season is
of long duration: I have collected examples with the gonads slightly
enlarged November 26, greatly enlarged February 25, and enlarged
May 18 and 28.

A nest containing young was discovered in a Chiang Mai compound,
January 28, 1929. It was a pensile, pyriform structure, attached by
cobweb to a mango branch about 12 feet above ground, and composed
of fine grass and vegetable fiber; a side entrance disclosed an inner
lining of feathers. The whole was loosely overlaid with strands of
cobweb which hung down as much as three inches below the chamber
to form a “tail” and were everywhere adorned with bits of dry leaves,
thin pieces of bark, and (especially on the “tail”) with the woody frass
of cossid larvae.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 541

My daily observation of this species over a period of years showed
no evident falling-off in numbers of full-plumaged males at any season,
and I am convinced that an eclipse dress is assumed only very ex-
ceptionally or not at all in our area; birds similar to eclipsed adult
males of WV. a. intermedia are probably nothing but ordinary juveniles
of fammawillaris. TT this surmise be correct, postjuvenal molt is just
beginning in a male of July 6 and near completion in others of July
5 and 25. Postnuptial molt is shown by two females of May 6 and 24
and a male of August 13, prenuptial molt by a male of November 26.

My specimens had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the rictus
and interior of the mouth deep yellow; the feet, toes, and claws black.

The nuptial male has the entire upperparts olive-green, rather
brighter on the upper tail coverts; the remiges blackish brown, out-
wardly edged with olive-green; the rectrices black, slightly glossed
with deep blue, and beneath with outwardly increasingly broad white
tips; the throat and upper half of the breast metallic blue (the chin and
center of the throat metallic purple) ; the lower half of the breast com-
pletely covered by two bands, the first orange-chestnut, the second black
or dusky ; the remaining underparts bright yellow; at either side of the
lower breast a tuft of elongated feathers, golden-orange with bright
yellow bases (usually concealed beneath the wing). The female and
the juvenile male are separable from those of the purple sunbird only
by having the rectrices broadly tipped beneath with white, not nar-
rowly tipped with ashy.

ANTHREPTES HYPOGRAMMICUS LISETTAE Delacour
INDO-CHINESE PURPLE-NAPED SUNBIRD

Anthreptes hypogrammica lisettae DetacouR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 47, 1926,
p. 22 (Col des Nuages, Annam).

Anthreptes ‘macularia macularia, pp SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 564 (Chiang Saen).

This apparently rare form is known from Thailand by only five
specimens, four of which are in my collection: a female from Chiang
Saen, January 12, 1929 (de Schauensee) ; a male from Doi Mae Kong
Ka, October 20, 1936; a male from Doi Chiang Dao, December 2, 1936;
two females from Ban Huai Som and Ban Huai Kj, March 28, 1937. I
have, in addition, taken a male at Ban Nam Puat, in Laos, just north
of the province of Nan.

The purple-naped sunbird is a species of the lowland evergreen, as-
cending the mountains for a short distance only where their bases are
clothed with that type of vegetation. It seems to have an especial
liking for wet ravines in which grow profuse stands of palms and wild
bananas.

542 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The two examples of March 28 had the gonads greatly enlarged.
The bird of October 20 is in postnuptial molt.

De Schauensee notes (1929) that his specimen had the irides dark
brown; the bill black; the feet and toes olive-brown.

The male has the front and crown grayish olive-green; a narrow
nuchal band and the rump and upper tail coverts metallic purple; the
remaining upperparts, including the exposed portions of the wings and
iail, golden olive-green (a patch of feathers at either side of the lower
back with concealed white bases) ; the underparts creamy white, grad-
ually deepening posteriorly to become bright yellow on the under tail
coverts, the feathers of the chin, throat, breast, belly, and flanks with
broad dark olive-green central streaks; all but the central pair of rec-
trices narrowly tipped beneath with creamy white. The female differs
in having the nape, rump, and upper tail coverts golden olive-green
like the mantle and in lacking the concealed patches of white at the
sides of the lower back.

ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRA LONGIROSTRA (Latham)
ASSAMESE WHITE-THROATED SPIDER-HUNTER

[Certhia] longirostra LarHam, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, pp. 299-300
(“Bengala”; type locality restricted to Sylhet, Assam, by Stuart Baker,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, 1921, p. 90).

Arachnothera longirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1913, p. 45 (Ban Huai Hom); Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed).

Arachnothera longirostris longirostris, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 464 (“North-
ern Siam’’).—GrEENWAY, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 191 (Doi Ang Ka,
Doi Nang Kaeo).

Aracnothera longirostra longirostra, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 564 (Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai).

Arachnothera longirostra longirostra, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl, 1931, p. 155 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 125 (Chiang Mai).

The white-throated spider-hunter is generally distributed in the
lowlands of the Mae Khong drainage basin but occurs only locally in
other parts of our area: thus, while it is rather common on Doi Ang
Ka at 4,400 feet, it is quite unknown from precisely similar territory
on Doi Suthep and has been found at Chiang Mai only once as a
straggler (July 10, 1930). It has not yet been reported at all from
the provinces of Mae Hong Son and Lampang.

This bird is primarily a species of the evergreen and, like An-
threptes h. lisettae, has a strong predilection for the dense groves
of palms and wild bananas that often occupy the ravines. In Chiang
Rai Province, however, perhaps as a result of its greater numbers, it
is seen, not infrequently, in the coconut plantations of towns and
villages.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 543

The breeding season must begin very early in the year, for a male
from Ban Ton Phung, December 22, had the gonads already greatly
enlarged and an adult observed at Muang Phan, April 7, was accom-
panied by a well-grown juvenile. An example of June 4 is in
postnuptial molt.

Adults have the irides dark brown; the maxilla blackish slate; the
mandible slaty, paling to plumbeous toward the base; the feet and
toes dark plumbeous; the claws horny brown. The juvenile at Muang
Phan was not collected but seemed to have the bill fleshy pink.

The adult of either sex has the upperparts olive-green, more grayish
on the crown (where the feathers have blackish centers) and strongly
suffused with golden on the mantle; the remiges blackish, outwardly
edged with golden olive-green; the rectrices blackish, tipped beneath
with ashy white; the ear coverts and sides of the head ashy; the
lores ashy white, edged below by a narrow slaty streak from the
rictus; the chin and throat ashy white, this color gradually changing
to bright yellow on the remaining underparts; the pectoral tufts
mixed bright yellow and golden-orange.

ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA MAGNA (Hodgson)
HIMALAYAN STREAKED SPIDER-HUNTER

[Cinnyris] Magna Hopcson, India Rey., vol. 1, 1836, p. 272 (Nepal).

Arachnothera magna, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p.
44 (Ban Huai Hom) ; 1916, p. 34 (Chiang Rai).

Arachnothera magna aurata, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 84 (Khun Tan, Doi Pha Sakaeng) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 464 (“Northern
Siam”).—DrIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 155 (Doi
Suthep) ; 1936, p. 125 (Doi Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1934, p. 242 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Arachnothera magna magna, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920 p. 464 (Chiang Rai).—
Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 507 (Khun Tan, Doi Langka, Doi
Hua Mot).

Aracnothera magna, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 564 (Doi Suthep).

This large spider-hunter is a very common or even abundant species
of the northern mountains (including Phu Kha), haunting the heavy
evergreen, at whatever elevation it be found, from the foothills to about
5,500 feet. It necessarily reaches its lower limit of range on Doi
Suthep at 3,300 feet and on Doi Ang Ka at 4,400 feet.

The present form, like other sunbirds of the dense forest, is par-
ticularly fond of the wild banana but is by no means restricted to
its neighborhood. It is an unmistakable bird by its long, robust,
curved bill, its stout body, and its relatively short tail, whether seen
flying overhead with strong but undulating flight and a characteristic
trilling note or perched upon a bough craning its neck and twisting the
head from side to side.

544. BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Unfortunately, despite the large number of specimens known from
our area, in no case has the condition of the gonads been noted. I
suspect that breeding takes place throughout both the hot weather
and the rains for, while Gyldenstolpe (1916) captured two young from
a nest at Khun Tan, September 11, 1914, I have myself collected a
bird already in postjuvenal molt on Doi Ang Ka, September 6, 1935,
and find postnuptial molt in an example obtained as early as May 4.
Postnuptial molt appears in others of June 4 and 13, September 6,
and November 20, but not in specimens of August 19 and 20, September
9, and October 4.

Adults have the irides brown; the bill black; the interior of the
mouth and the concealed mandibular edges of the commissure yellow;
the feet, toes, and claws orange-yellow.

The streaked spider-hunter has the entire upperparts bright golden
olive-green, the feathers with black central spots which posteriorly
change to streaks; the rectrices olive-green, each with a broad black
subterminal band; the underparts creamy white, each feather with a
black central streak; the under tail coverts dark olive-green, broadly
tipped with pale yellow.

I formerly believed that Arachnothera magna could not be divided
into subspecies. Specimens shown me by Ticehurst have convinced
me that the population of a limited portion of eastern Burma may
properly be separated as aurata, and a reexamination of Riley’s remota
(South Annam) indicates that it also is distinguishable, at least in
series, from magna.

Family DICAEIDAE
DICAEUM CRUENTATUM SIAMENSE Boden Kloss
INDO-CHINESE SCARLET-BACKED F'LOWERPECKER -

Dicaeum cruentatum siamensis [sic] BopEN Ktoss, Ibis, 1918, pp. 216-217 (Lat
Bua Khao, East Thailand).

Dicaeum cruentatum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed).

Dicaeum cruentatum coccinea, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 85 (Tha Chomphu).

Dicaeum cruentatum siamensis, GytpENsToLPr, Ibis, 1920, p. 465 (“Siam
proper”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 243
(Chiang Mai).

Dicaeum cruentatum ignitum, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 564 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).—DrIGNAN, Journ.
Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 155 (Chiang Mai).

Dicaeum cruentatum siamense, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 125 (Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai).

Dicaeum cruentatum ignitum [partim], Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938,
p. 513 (Mae Hong Son, Ban Nam Khian).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 545

The scarlet-backed flowerpecker is very common throughout the
lowlands of all the northern provinces, occurring both in gardens and
in the dry, deciduous forest; in the latter type of growth it ascends
the hills to about 1,800 feet.

Sharing with the sunbirds the name nok kin pli (“bird that eats
the banana flower”), this diminutive species of the treetops is well
known to all residents of our area through its rapid flight, sharp notes,
and striking color pattern. In the deciduous jungle it is seldom seen
away from the clumps of mistletoe.

Specimens with the gonads active have been taken at Chiang Mai
between December 27 and May 25, but January and February seem
to be the principal breeding months there. Young birds still in post-
natal molt but on the wing were collected March 30 and April 21, and
others in full juvenal dress, May 24; postjuvenal molt directly into
adult plumage appears in a series taken between May 20 and July 26.
Postnuptial molt is shown by birds shot between May 25 and August
24, An adult male of April 22 is in body molt, but it cannot be decided
whether this represents a prenuptial molt or an unusually early case
of postnuptial molt.

An adult male in breeding condition had the irides dark brown; the
bill black; the feet, toes, and claws black. An adult female differed
in having the irides gray-brown and the basal half of the mandible
plumbeous. Juveniles have the irides brown; the bill with the basal
half or more bright orange and the rest horny brown; the rictus and
interior of the mouth bright orange; the feet, toes, and claws brown-
ish slate. The bill of young birds assumes the colors normal to adults
during the postjuvenal molt.

The adult male has the forehead, crown, nape, back, rump, and
upper tail coverts shining crimson-scarlet (with the black bases of the
feathers showing through in places) ; the scapulars, upper wing cov-
erts, remiges, and rectrices black, their exposed portions glossed with
metallic blue; the lores, supercilium, and sides of the head, neck, and
throat slaty black, paling to slate on the sides of the breast and to ashy
on the flanks; the remaining underparts (including the under tail
coverts) pale buff or buffy white; the under wing coverts and axil-
laries pure white. The adult female has the rump and upper tail
coverts shining crimson-scarlet and the rectrices black, glossed with
metallic blue, but the remaining upperparts dull brownish olive (more
or less strongly suffused with rufescent), each feather of the forehead
and crown with a minute blackish central spot; the sides of the head,
neck, throat, and breast olivaceous-ashy; the remaining underparts
pale buff or buffy white, suffused with olivaceous along the flanks;
the under wing coverts and auxilliaries pure white. The juvenile re-

546 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

sembles the adult female but has the rump concolorous with the mantle
and the upper tail coverts dull dark orange.

D. ¢. siamense differs from erythronotum (China) by its shorter
wing length and (in the female) by having the upperparts less strongly
tinged with rufescent and the underparts buffy rather than oliva-
ceous-cream. From cruentatum (Bengal) it differs by having the
underparts in either sex less rich buff. I cannot distinguish it from
ignitum (Malacca) by the characters relied upon by the describer but
find that males of stamense are separable from those of zgnitum in
having the sides of the head and throat slaty black and the sides of
the breast slate, instead of having these parts (as well as the upper
flanks) uniformly deep black. Exceptional examples of siamense
from the southern portions of its range are identical with zgnitum,
but such birds do not occur farther north and, in series, the two races
have a quite different appearance.

DICAEUM CONCOLOR OLIVACEUM Walden
INDO-CHINESE PLAIN-COLORED FLOWERPECKER

Dicaeum olivaceum WaAvdEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1875, p. 401
(Toungoo and Karen Hills).

Dicaeum olivaceum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 19138, p. 46
(Phrae).

Dicaeum minullum olivaceum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 86 (Khun Tan).—pE SCHAUENSED, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 565 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).

Dicaeum minullus olivaceum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 466 (“Northern Siam’’).

Dicaeum minullus inornatum, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 561 (Doi Suthep).

Dicaeum concolor olivaceum, DrIcNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 156 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 244 (Chiang
Mai, Khun Tan, Doi Chiang Dao).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988,
p. 518 (Chiang Mai, Khun Tan, Lampang).

This flowerpecker is not yet recorded from Mae Hong Son but may
confidently be expected to occur there, since it is a fairly common resi-
dent of all the other northern provinces. It is typically a bird of the
plains and lower mountain slopes, but I have frequently seen it on Doi
Suthep up to 3,500 feet, and de Schauensee has found it on Doi
Chiang Dao as high as 5,500 feet.

The present form appears both in gardens and in the mixed-
deciduous jungle of the hills, but its favorite habitat is the dry,
deciduous forest, where it finds in abundance the hemiparasitic
growths of the mistletoe (Loranthus spp.), of which it eats the berries
and distributes the undigested seeds.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 547

A specimen from Doi San Ho, June 2, is near completion of the
postnatal molt and another from Chiang Mai, November 25, is in
postnuptial molt.

An adult female had the irides dark brown; the bill plumbeous-
blue, with the culmen blackish; the feet and toes dark plumbeous; the
claws horny black.

The plain-colored flowerpecker has the entire upperparts dull olive-
green, more yellowish on the rump and upper tail coverts, each feather
of the forehead and crown with a minute blackish central spot; the
remiges black, outwardly narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green ;
the rectrices black, very narrowly edged with olivaceous-ashy; the
lores olivaceous-white or olivaceous-ashy; the entire underparts
olivaceous-ashy, suffused (most strongly on the abdomen) with cream;
the under wing coverts and axillaries pure white.

DICAEUM HIRUNDINACEUM IGNIPECTUS (Blyth)
HIMALAYAN FIRE-BREASTED FLOWERPECKER

M{[yzanthe] ignipectus “Hodgson” BrytH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 12,
1848, pp. 983-984 (Nepal and Bhutan).

Dicaeum ignipectus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 86 (Khun Tan).

Dicaeum ignipectus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 466 (Khun Tan).

Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1929, p. 565 (Doi Suthep).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl. 1931, p. 156 (Doi Suthep).

Dicaeum ignipectum ignipectum, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 248 (Doi Suthep).

Dicaewm sanguinolentum ignipectus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl,
1936, p. 125 (Doi Suthep).

Dicaeum ignipectum [partim], Ritey, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1988, p. 514
(Khun Tan, Doi Hua Mot, Mae Hong Son).

The fire-breasted flowerpecker probably occurs on all the northern
peaks which reach elevations in excess of 4,000 feet but, in addition
to the localities listed above, it is recorded until now only from Phu
Kha. On Doi Suthep, where it is a permanent resident, I found it
very common from 4,600 to 5,500 feet, less common as low as 4,000
feet, and occasional in winter down to 3,200 feet. The unique female
taken by Smith at Mae Hong Son (January 5, 1933) is correctly
identified and, if actually from so low an altitude, must represent
a wanderer from one of the neighboring hills.

This tiny bird, singly or in pairs, haunts chiefly the epiphyte-bur-
dened and rather stunted trees growing along the higher ridges of
the mountains but appears also in the pinelands and in the open hill-
forest of chestnut and oak; in our provinces, it is apparently the

548 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

sole member of its genus to dwell in such environments. It possesses
the same swift, dashing flight and clicking notes as its lowland rela-
tives.

Two specimens collected by Smith on Doi Hua Mot, August 21, are
in postjuvenal molt.

The adult male has the entire upperparts metallic blue-green (rarely
metallic blue); the sides of the head and throat, neck, and breast
black; the underparts buff (washed with olive-green along the flanks),
with a large and not clearly defined patch of scarlet on the breast
and a narrow streak of black running mesially from the lower breast
to the middle of the abdomen or beyond; the under wing coverts and
axillaries pure white. The adult female has the upper parts dull
olive-green, brightening to golden olive-green on the rump and upper
tail coverts; the rectrices black, glossed with blue-green; the sides
of the head and throat, neck, and breast olive-gray; the remaining
underparts buff (washed with olive-green along the flanks) ; the un-
der wing coverts and axillaries pure white.

While Chasen (Handlist of Malaysian birds, 1935, p. 269) makes
D. monticolum a subspecies of sanguinolentum, Stresemann avers
(Journ. fiir Orn., vol. 88, 1940, p. 51) that “D. celebicwm gehort der
schwer zu gliedernden australisch-papuanischen Gruppe D. hirun-
dinaceum an, die nur mit einem einzigen Vertreter, D. monticolum
Sharpe vom Kina Balu, die Wallace’sche Linie westwirts tiberschritten
zu haben scheint.” Outwardly, however, D. monticolum seems to be
no less distinct from either sanguinolentwm or hirundinacewm than
these latter two are from each other.

It is my opinion that conflicting views may most easily be reconciled
by the acceptance of a superspecies D. hzrwndinaceum, which will then
embrace all the forms treated by Chasen and Stresemann, as well as
certain forms of the Philippine Islands (one of which, D. luzoniense,
might be considered an intermediate between Airwndinaceum and ig-
nipectus |).

DICAEUM CHRYSORRHEUM CHRYSOCHLORE Blyth

INDO-CHINESE YELLOW-VENTED FLOWERPECKER

Dicaeum chrysochlore BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 12, 1848, p. 1009
(Arakan).

Dicaeum chrysorhoeum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed).

Dicaewm chrysorrhaewm [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 465 (“Throughout
the whole country” [partim]).

Dicaeum chrysorrheum chrysochlore, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl,
1931, p. 156 (Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 125 (Doi Suthep).

An unsexed and undated specimen from “Siam,” sent by Kisen-
hofer to Hannover and listed by Gyldenstolpe (1915), probably came

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 549

from Ban Huai Hom or its neighborhood. I collected this flower-
pecker in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Nan Provinces, and only in the
last did I consider it to be a fairly common species; my series of
eight were taken at Ban Sop Mae Chaem, Muang Fang, Chiang Saen
Kao, Ban Wang Mo, and Ban Hai Huai Som. I have, in addition,
four sight records from Doi Suthep: One at 3,300 feet, July 20, 1929;
one at 3,600 feet, July 12, 1930; two at 3,300 feet, July 4, 1931; two
at 2,200 feet, October 31, 1931.

This seems to be properly a bird of the more open lowland ever-
green, although, attracted by desirable flowers or fruits, it may enter
villages when these are at no great distance from the forest. To Doi
Suthep, where alone I have have found it at comparatively high
elevations, it seems to come only as an irregular visitor and, of the
July occurrences, two certainly (the third probably) were associated
with the antheses of an unidentified orange-flowered vine at the hill-
residence of H. M. the late Phraratchaya Chao Dara Ratsami na
Chiang Mai. Its notes and habits are those of the genus.

A male from Ban Wang Mo, March 31, had the gonads enlarged.
A specimen from Ban Hai Huai Som, June 20, has not quite finished
the postnatal molt, while postnuptial molt is shown by a July example
from Muang Fang.

An adult male had the irides orange; the maxilla black; the man-
dible plumbeous, tipped black; the feet and toes slaty; the claws horny
brown.

Either sex has the entire upperparts olive-golden; the remiges
black, the primaries very narrowly edged with whitish, the secondaries
with inwardly increasingly broad margins of olive-golden; the
rectrices black; the lores white above and slaty below; a long white
mustachial streak, separated from the white chin and throat by a
slaty-olive stripe; the remaining underparts creamy white, boldly
streaked everywhere with olive-slate or slaty olive; the under tail
coverts orange-golden or golden-yellow; the under wing coverts and
axillaries white.

D.c. chrysorrheum is easily separable from chrysochlore by its more
robust bill and by having the upperparts darker and duller, the
streaking below darker and bolder.

PIPRISOMA AGILE PALLESCENS Riley
INDO-CHINESE STREAKED-BREASTED FLOWERPECKER

Piprisoma modesta [sic] pallescens Rrtey, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol.
48, 1935, p. 148 (Pak Chong, East Thailand).

Piprisoma squalidum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed).

Piprisoma modestum, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 37
(Khun Tan).

550 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Piprisoma modestum [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 466 (“Throughout
the whole country” [partim]).

The streaked-breasted flowerpecker is apparently restricted to
the districts east of (and including) the Khun Tan chain and is com-
paratively common only in Nan Province, whence I have three speci-
mens: A juvenile male from Doi San Ho, June 2, 1936, and two adult
males from Ban San Tha, March 31, 1937. Gyldenstolpe’s example
was a male collected “among the Koon Tan Hills,” May 17, 1914;
the one taken by Eisenhofer and listed (1915) by Gyldenstolpe seems
to be no longer extant.

This is a species of the foothills and uncultivated lowlands. At
Ban San Tha it occurred in small numbers at a tree laden with ripe
berries, in company with no less than three other kinds of flower-
peckers. In notes and habits it is quite like the species of Dicaewm.

The birds of March 31 had the gonads greatly enlarged. I have
noted that their irides were brown-orange.

The adult of either sex has the entire upperparts dull olive-green,
rather brighter and yellower on the rump and upper tail coverts,
each feather of the front and crown with a minute blackish central
spot; the remiges and rectrices black, narrowly edged with yellowish
olive-green; a narrow and indistinct ashy-white mustachial streak
separated from the chin and throat by an indistinct dull olive-green
stripe; the remaining underparts ashy white, very faintly tinged
with creamy on the breast, belly, and under tail coverts, washed with
olivaceous-ashy along the posterior flanks, and broadly but indis-
tinctly streaked with olivaceous-ashy on the breast, upper abdomen,
and anterior flanks. In worn plumage the upperparts become darker
and browner and the underparts lose the creamy wash.

I am not prepared to believe that more than one species of this
genus inhabits the Asiatic mainland and accordingly place our birds
under the name agi/e.

No topotypes of Piprisoma a. modestum have been available, but
since Hume described his race from “S. Tenasserim,” which, fide
Davison apud Hume (Stray Feathers, vol. 6, 1878, p. 200), means
“Mergui and to the south of that place,” one may assume that speci-
mens from Trang, Peninsular Thailand, represent modestum. Three
examples from Trang agree perfectly with two from Gunong Tahan
and one from Negri Sembilan (a paratype of Robinson and Boden
Kloss’s remotwm, which was described after comparison with birds
from Trang believed to be modestwm and is now synonymized with
finschit of Java!). If modestwm does not inhabit the whole of the
Malay Peninsula (and Java?), one must take the improbable view
that the population of Trang are in fact finschii (or remotum) and
not modestym at all.

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Hal

If I be correct in calling Malayan birds modestum, then a series of
eight from Assam must be separated as a new subspecies; they differ
in their longer wing, lighter bill, brighter and greener upperparts, and
creamier underparts.

P. a. pallescens (of which I have 18 specimens, including the type)
inhabits eastern and southeastern Thailand and the southern half of
Indochine. It has the underparts whiter, less creamy, than any other
race seen and the color of the upperparts intermediate between the
bright olive-green of Assamese birds and the dark brownish olive-
green of Malayan, with an ashy cast over the head and mantle.

PACHYGLOSSA MELANOZANTHA Blyth
YELLOW-BELLIED F-LOWERPECKER

Plachyglossa] melanozantha “Hodgson” Briyry, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol.
12, 1843, p. 1010 (Nepal).

Pachyglossa melanozantha, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, pp. 4, 244 (Doi Chiang Dao).

A female and an unsexed specimen, collected by de Schauensee on
Doi Chiang Dao, 4,500 and 5,000 feet, January 13 and 22, 1933, are
the only examples of the yellow-bellied flowerpecker yet known from
Thailand. It is probably only a winter visitor.

The male of this comparatively large species has the entire upper-
parts, the sides of the head, throat, and neck and the greater part of
the breast deep slate; the remiges and rectrices blackish, the two
outermost pairs of the latter with large, subterminal white patches
on the inner web; the chin and center of the throat and breast white;
the remaining underparts bright yellow; the under wing coverts and
axillaries white. The female has the upperparts dark olivaceous-
gray ; the wings and tail as in the male; the sides of the head, throat,
and neck and the greater part of the breast olivaceous-ashy; the chin
and center of the throat and breast ashy white; the remaining under-
parts yellow, overlaid with olivaceous along the flanks and sides of
the abdomen; the under wing coverts and axillaries white.

Family ZOSTEROPIDAE
ZOSTEROPS ERYTHROPLEURA Swinhoe
CHESTNUT-FLANKED WHITE-EYE

Zlosterops] erythropleurus SwINHor [nomen nudum], Ibis, July 1868, p. 294
(“N. China’).

Zosterops erythropleura SwiNHOoE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Aug. 1863, pp. 204,
298 (Shanghai, China).

Zosterops erythropleurus erythropleurus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 562 (Doi Suthep).—Detenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 154 (Doi Suthep).

552 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Zosterops erythropleura, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 240 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).—DrIenan, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 126 (Doi Suthep).

The chestnut-flanked white-eye seems to be a very uncommon winter
visitor to our provinces, where it has been recorded only from Doi
Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, and Phu Kha, at elevations between 4,500
and 5,500 feet; the extreme dates for its stay are November 7 (1936)
on Doi Suthep and April 7 (1986) on Phu Kha.

The present species usually feeds at the very tops of tall trees
and probably for this reason often escapes notice; I have, however,
on occasion seen it in quite low bushes, together with Z. p. mesoxantha.

This form is evidently very closely related to Z. 7. stmplex, from
which it differs chiefly by having a broad stripe of chestnut down
along either flank (largely concealed by the closed wing) and by the
absence of yellow suffusion from the front and the supraloral region.

ZOSTEROPS JAPONICA SIMPLEX Swinhoe
CHINESE DARK-GREEN WHITE-EYE

Zlosterops] sinensis SwINHOE [nomen nudum], Ibis, 1861, p. 331, line 29
(southern China).

Zlosterops] simpler SwINHOE [nomen nudum], Ibis, 1861, p. 331, line 29
(southern China).

Zosterops simplex SWINHOE, Ibis, July 1863, pp. 294-295 (“Southern China, from
Canton to Foochow’’).

Zosterops simpler SwINHOE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, Aug. 1863, pp. 203-204,
297-298 (“China from Canton to Foochow, and perhaps a little higher’’).

Zosterops simplex williamsoni, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1929, p. 563. (Chiang Rai) ; 1984, p. 240 (Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Saen,
“Chiengmai” [= Doi Suthep]).—Dertenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.
Suppl, 1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).

“Unidentified White-eye,” Drianan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 154 (Chiang Mai).

Zosterops japonica sinensis, Ritey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 524
(Chiang Mai, Lampang, Doi Langka).

The dark-green white-eye, known from the provinces of Chiang
Mai, Lampang, and Chiang Rai, is an uncommon or locally common
winter visitor, recorded between November 9 (1930) on Doi Langka
and March 1 (1933) on Doi Suthep. It is chiefly a bird of the plains
but has been taken on Doi Chiang Dao at 4,500 feet (2), on Doi
Suthep at 5,500 feet (1), and on Doi Pha Hom Pok at 6,400 feet (1) ;
owing to the difficulty of identifying the species in life, it cannot be
decided whether these examples were with others of their own kind
or were merely stragglers in company with montane forms.

At Chiang Mai I saw this white-eye only in town gardens, and there
the small bands fed in such fructiferous trees as the longan and the
guava; at Lampang, where Smith took four specimens, November 17,

ge

ee ees

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND Sao

1928, it was “common in coco palms.” In notes and feeding habits it
does not differ from its congeners.

An example of March 1 is beginning the prenuptial molt.

A female had the irides bright brown; the bill black, with the base
of the mandible bluish plumbeous; the feet and toes dark plumbeous,
the soles tinged yellowish; the claws dark plumbeous.

The present species has the upperparts olive-green, rather brighter
on the crown and with a suggestion of ashy on the mantle, strongly
suffused with yellow on the front and especially the supraloral region,
less strongly with the same color on the rump; the remiges and
rectrices dull black, edged with the same olive-green as the mantle;
a very conspicuous eye ring of silky white feathers, narrowly inter-
rupted at the anterior corner of the eye by a patch of black which
covers the lores and the anterior infraocular region; the chin, throat,
uppermost breast, and the under tail coverts bright greenish yellow;
the remaining underparts ashy, albescent on the center of the abdomen
and more or less strongly suffused with vinaceous.

ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA MESOXANTHA Salvadori

KAREN GOLDEN-GREEN WHITE-EYE

Zosterops mesoxantha Satvapori, Ann, Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 7,
1889, p. 396 (Taho, Karen-ni).

Zosterops palpebrosa vicina Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42, 1929,
p. 162 (Doi Suthep. North Thailand).

Zosterops palpebrosa vicina, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 562 (Doi Suthep).—Dertcnan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 154 (Doi Suthep).

Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa, CHASEN and BopEN Kross, Journ. Siam Soc.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 248 (Doi Suthep).

Zosterops palpebrosa cacharensis [partim], DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 239 (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao).

Zosterops palpebrosa cacharensis, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 126 (Doi Suthep).—Rtitey, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 523
(Doi Suthep, Doi Hua Mot).

The present race of the golden-green white-eye is definitely known
in our area only from those hills of the Thanon Thong Chai and Khun
Tan chains (with the exception of Doi Nang Kaeo) which reach
elevations in excess of 4,500 feet; on Doi Pha Hom Pok it ranges up
to 6,000 feet and, on Doi Suthep, is sometimes seen (attracted by
flowering trees) as low as 3,300 feet. Probably owing to the insuf-
ficient altitude, it has never been recorded from Doi Khun Tan by
any one of the numerous collectors who have visited that mountain.

In large flocks, sometimes in winter accompanied by Z. erythro-
pleura and perhaps also by Z. 7. simplex, the common white-eye
sweeps through bushes and trees, both high and low, at the forest’s
edge, busily investigating cracks in the bark and the underside of the

554 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

leaves like a titmouse and constantly uttering a characteristic mewing
note.

The male of a mated pair, with the gonads greatly enlarged, was
taken on Doi Ang Ka at 4,500 feet, April 11. Postnuptial molt is
shown by specimens collected between July 10 and September 1.

Adults had the irides gray-brown; the bill blackish, plumbeous
at the base of the mandible; the feet horny gray, the toes somewhat
darker ; the claws horny.

This form has the upperparts golden olive-green, more strongly
suffused with golden on the rump and upper tail coverts and some-
times also on the front and supraloral region; the remiges and
rectrices dull black, edged with golden olive-green; a very con-
spicuous eye ring of silky white feathers, narrowly interrupted at the
anterior corner of the eye by a patch of black which covers the lores
and the anterior infraocular region and sometimes continues as a
narrow line to the posterior corner of the eye; the chin, throat,
uppermost breast, and the under tail coverts golden-yellow; the
remaining underparts ashy, albescent toward the center of the ab-
domen, and always with a narrow and indistinct mesial streak of
golden-yellow (or at least an indication of it on the center of the
belly).

Our bird is neither palpebrosa (Bengal), which has the underparts
vinaceous-ashy and the mesial streak of exceptional occurrence, nor
auriventer (Tavoy), a coastal form that has the mesial streak broader
and brighter and the rectrices almost without olive-green edging.
The name mesovantha is probably applicable to all Burmese examples
called palpebrosa by recent authors.

ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA JOANNAE La Touche
YUNNANESE GOLDEN-GREEN WHITE-EYE

Zosterops aureiventer joannae LA ToucHE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 42, 1921,
pp. 31-82 (Mengtz, southeastern Yunnan).

Zosterops palpebrosa joannae, GREENWAY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1940, p. 190
(Doi Nang Kaeo).

I place under this name two females taken by me on Doi Chiang
Dao at 6,200 feet, March 19, 1937; the two males and three females
collected by the Asiatic Primate Expedition on Doi Nang Kaeo, 2,800
feet, between April 8 and 15, 1937 (examined) ; and, with reserva-
tions, a juvenile male from Phu Kha, 4,500 feet, April 16, 1936. On
Phu Kha, at the borders of Laos, it may well be the breeding race;
to Doi Chiang Dao, where mesoxantha also occurs, it is merely a
rare winter visitor; its status on Doi Nang Kaeo is unknown but,
if it occur only in winter, it is at least remarkable that not one of

a et i a ee

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 555

five specimens should belong to the resident form so common on
neighboring hills.

My specimens from Doi Chiang Dao were shot from a small flock
in the open forest of stunted oak, about 1,200 feet higher than the
apparent upper limit of range of mesoxantha on that mountain.

Griswold has noted on his labels that the birds of Doi Nang Kaeo
had the irides very light gray; the bill black; the feet and toes
blue-gray.

As stated by Stresemann (in epist.), quoted by Greenway (Coc. cit.) :
“Palpebrosa from Mengtz, called joannae by La Touche, is very near
to mesowantha Salvadori, but has the flanks a slightly darker grey and
the upperside more greenish, less yellowish. The name joannae may
stand, therefore, but the racial characters are very feebly pronounced.”

A white-eye, which may be joannae, occurs at all seasons in the low-
land evergreen of Chiang Rai Province. My memory of certain
specimens from Chiang Rai Town, in Sir Walter Williamson’s collec-
tion, is that they agreed perfectly with my examples of joannae from
the heights of Chiang Dao, but his birds were perhaps merely winter
visitors. Three males taken by me at and near Wiang Pa Pao, July
24 and 30, 1935, are more golden than any others seen and might be
considered very worn mesoxantha but Salvadori’s race is not otherwise
known in our area from so low an elevation and there is a strong possi-
bility that joannae in the same state of wear would show an equally
golden hue. Because of these doubtful points and the uncertain status
of joannae on the nearby Doi Nang Kaeo, it seems best to leave the
series from Wiang Pa Pao for the present without subspecific
determination.

Family PLOCEIDAE
ESTRILDA AMANDAVA AMANDAVA (Linnaeus)
INDIAN RED AMADAVAT

[Fringilla] Amandava Linnagus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 180
(“in India orientali’; type locality restricted to Calcutta, by Stuart Baker,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 27, 1921, p. 725).

Amandava amandava amandava, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 127 (Chiang Mai).

The occurrence of the Indian race of the amadavat at Chiang Mai
is inexplicable unless the unique example be considered a genuine
straggler. It was brought me, June 1, 1935, by small boys who claimed
to have killed (with a catapult) one of a pair at the edge of the city.
The specimen had evidently been struck by a stone only a few minutes
before it came to my hands (since the blood had not yet clotted) and
thus must have been feral, if not actually wild. I have never seen the

5831386—45—36

556 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

species captive in northern Thailand and feel that it must be accepted
as a valid addition to our avifauna.

The bird is a male, acquiring the eclipse plumage, but retaining
enough of the nuptial dress to place it unmistakably with the nominate
form.

It had the irides red; the bill red; the feet, toes, and claws flesh.

The nuptial male has the feathers of the upperparts brown, broadly
tipped with crimson (which disappears with wear), the upper tail
coverts brighter, with concealed blackish bases and each feather with
a tiny white spot at the tip; the wings dark brown, each feather (in-
cluding the coverts) with a round white spot at the tip; the tail black,
each feather with an outwardly increasingly conspicuous white tip;
the underparts crimson, changing to black on the center of the abdo-
men, the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts (each feather
of the sides of the breast and abdomen with a small white spot at the
tip). The female and the nonbreeding male differ in having the
crimson of the upperparts restricted to the upper tail coverts and the
underparts gray-brown, changing to buffy-cream on the center of the
abdomen and to whitish on the under tail coverts. Juveniles are like
the female but have the upper tail coverts concolorous with the remain-
ing upperparts.

From £. a. punicea, which seems to be the resident race of Central
Thailand, this specimen is separable by having the wing longer
(46.5 mm.), the lores black instead of red, and the white dots every-
where larger. From flavidiventris of Burma and the Shan States
it is immediately distinguishable by having the abdomen black instead
of orange-yellow.

LONCHURA STRIATA ACUTICAUDA (Hodgson)
HIMALAYAN WHITE-RUMPED MUNIA

M[unia] Acuticauda Hopcson, Asiatic Researches, vol. 19, 1836, pp. 153-154
(Nepal).
Uroloncha acuticauda, GyYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913,
p. 40 (Khao Phlung) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170 (listed).
Uroloncha acuticauda squamicollis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 28 (Khun Tan, Pang Hua Phong) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 457 (Khun
Tan, Pang Hua Phong).

Uroloncha acuticauda acuticauda, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 457 (“Throughout
the whole country”).

Uroloncha striata acuticauda, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931,
p. 152 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 285 (Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep).

Munia striata acuticauda, Riutry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 19388, p. 528 (Doi
Hua Mot, Ban Nam Khian).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 557

The white-rumped munia is very common throughout the northern
provinces, occurring chiefly in the open country of the plains but
appearing also in the pa daeng and at clearings in the evergreen as
high as 3,800 feet on Doi Suthep and 4,400 feet on Doi Ang Ka.

Its habits and notes are quite like those of the scaly-breasted munia,
and the two species may frequently be observed in the same ricefields

- although always in separate flocks.

Gyldenstolpe states (1918) that the present form breeds in colonies
and that the pear-shaped nests are nearly always attached to the
branches of bamboos; it seems certain, however, that he has misidenti-
fied the nests of Ploceus p. burmanicus. The white-rumped munia
breeds in isolated pairs and constructs the same untidy and insecure
nest as Lonchura p. topela. Ihave found a partially completed nest
on Doi Ang Ka (4,400 feet) as early as mid-April, but the principal
breeding season falls in the early part of the rains.

Northern specimens in postnuptial molt have been taken between
July 31 and August 23.

A breeding male had the irides red-brown; the maxilla black; the
mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes slate; the claws dark horny
brown.

The adult has the forehead brownish black, this color gradually
changing to the deep brown of the crown, nape, and mantle, each
feather of these parts with the shaft buffy white; the rump white,
sometimes more or less sullied with brown; the upper tail coverts rufes-
cent-brown, with pale rufescent shafts; the pointed and strongly grad-
uated remiges black; the wings brownish black, the upper coverts with
buffy-white shafts; the sides of the head, the chin, and throat brownish
black; the feathers of the breast and sides of the neck deep brown, each
with a buffy-white shaft and a rufescent-brown or rufescent-whitish
fringe to give a scaled appearance; the upper flanks and the belly buffy
white, very faintly streaked with blackish; the lowermost flanks, the
thighs, and the under tail coverts rufescent-brown, the feathers with
buffy-white shafts; the under wing coverts and axillaries buff. The
juvenile is brown but is easily separable from the young of L. p. topela
by its deeper color and its black remiges and rectrices.

LONCHURA PUNCTULATA TOPELA (Swinhoe)
CHINESE SCALY-BREASTED MUNIA

Munia topela SwiNnHokr, Ibis, 1863, pp. 380-881 (Amoy, China).

Munia punctulata topela, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916,
p. 27 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 457 (Chiang Rai).—Rrey, U. 8. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 172, 1938, p. 530 (Chiang Mai).

Munia punctulata subundulata, bE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1928, p. 559 (Chiang Mai).

558 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Uroloncha punctulata topela, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1929, p. 559 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Saen).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 152 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 127 (Chiang Mai).

Uroloncha punctulata subundulata, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1934, p. 285 (Chiang Mai, “Tung Sio”’).

The scaly-breasted munia is an abundant bird of open country
throughout the northern lowlands.

Occurring in small parties on the lawns of parks and gardens and
in close flocks of hundreds in the ripening grainfields, this little weaver
is one of the most familiar of Thai species. When frightened, the
band arises as one bird with unusually rapid wing beats and a musical
plink-plink, plink-plink (like the sound of tiny bells) to perch at the
top of some nearby clump of bushes until it is safe to resume their
gleaning. All stomachs examined by me contained the seeds of rice
and other grasses.

The earliest date at which I have found the gonads active was May 8
(Chiang Mai), but most individuals breed in July and August during
the heavy rains. The nest is a large, globular structure of coarse grass
and lanceolate leaves with an entrance at one side, poorly made and
usually much fouled by its occupants, placed at heights between five
and twenty feet from the ground in shrubs, vines, and trees and so in-
securely attached that any good blow may bring it crashing down;
many come to grief even before the eggs are hatched and then the birds
immediately begin a new home as near as possible to the old location.
On July 5, 1930, one in my compound that had been fastened between
the trunk of a coconut and the base of a dead frond was carried away
by the falling leaf; it contained five young, one of which died during
the subsequent night, but the remaining four were seen next morning
fluttering about on the ground and attended by three adults. When
the nest outlasts the rainy season, it is regularly used as a sleeping
place by the family or families that have been bred therein; one in a
small guava tree outside my window was so employed by six individ-
uals at least until mid-December, at which time I removed to another
part of the city. In northern Thailand, the juvenal dress seems to be
regularly held through the first winter and it is therefore interesting
to note that the few birds of the year seen from Bangkok are already
acquiring adult plumage early in their first autumn.

Adults have the irides brownish red; the maxilla slaty ; the mandible
plumbeous; the feet and toes plumbeous (the soles paler) ; the claws
plumbeous-horn.

The adult of either sex has the feathers of the forehead, crown,
nape, mantle, and wings brown (brighter along the outer edges of the
primaries), with fine whitish shaft streaks; the feathers of the rump
more or less ashy and usually barred with whitish; the upper tail cov-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 559

erts and exposed parts of the rectrices dull olivaceous-yellow; the
chin and throat light or dark chocolate-brown (this color sometimes
invading the cheeks and ear coverts) ; the remaining underparts buffy
white, heavily squamated with chocolate-brown on the breast and with
slaty brown or brownish slate on the upper abdomen and along the
flanks; the under tail coverts buffy white, sometimes streaked or barred
with slaty brown or brownish slate. The juvenile differs by having
the entire upperparts plain brown and the underparts rich buff with
no trace of squamation.

LONCHURA FERRUGINOSA ATRICAPILLA (Vieillot)
INDIAN BLACK-HEADED MUNIA

Lozia atricapilla ViEiLLoT, Histoire naturelle des plus beaux oiseaux chanteurs
de la zone torride, Paris, 1805 [=1807], p. 84, pl. 53 (“Les Grandes-Indes” ;
type locality restricted to Lower Bengal, by Robinson and Boden Kloss, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 5, No. 3, 1924, p. 362).

Munia atricapilla, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(listed).

Munia atricapilla rubronigra, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 27 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 456 (Chiang Rai, Chiang
Saen).

Gyldenstolpe (1916) considered the black-headed munia to be rather
rare on the grassy plains near Chiang Rai and Chiange Saen. On May
6 and 8, 1936, I found it not uncommon among the scattered bushes
growing behind the sand bars of the Mae Kok just opposite the town
of Chiang Rai. The sole record for any part of our area outside of
Chiang Rai Province is based upon an unsexed example taken by
Eisenhofer in 1914 at Khun Tan and now deposited at Stockholm.

The small bands of this species occurred at the same places but not
mixed together with the flocks of the more numerous Lonchura p.
topela. Six specimens (five males, one female) collected by me all
had the gonads at least slightly enlarged.

Gyldenstolpe notes (1916) that a male had the irides brown; the bill
gray; the feet and toes plumbeous.

The adult of either sex has the entire head, neck, and upper breast
black; the mantle, back, and wings chestnut-brown; the rump and
upper tail coverts shining chestnut-maroon (the latter occasionally
suffused with golden at the tip) ; the rectrices brown, with the exposed
portions shining chestnut (occasionally suffused with golden) ; the re-
maining underparts chestnut-brown, the center of the abdomen more or
less strongly suffused with dusky or black to form a broad but indis-
tinct mesial stripe; the thighs and under tail coverts dusky chestnut
or blackish.

Eight examples of Z. f. atricapilla are easily separable from ten of
sinensis (Malay Peninsula) by their generally deeper color above and

560 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

below (without ashy tinge on the mantle) and by the stronger blackish
suffusion on their abdomen, thighs, and under tail coverts.

PASSER MONTANUS MALACCENSIS A. Dubois
MALAYSIAN TREE SPARROW

[Passer montanus] var. Malaccensis A. Dusots, Faune illustrée des vertébrés
de la Belgique, sér. des oiseaux, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 572 [nomen nudum], 573-574
(Malacca).

Passer montanus malaccensis, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 458 (“Throughout the
country”).—DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p.
559 (Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 236 (Chiang Mai).—Deienan, Journ. Siam Soe.
Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 152 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai).

Although few specimens have ever been taken, the tree sparrow
occurs throughout the long-inhabited lowland districts of all our
provinces.

In Thailand, where no form of the house sparrow is resident, the
tree sparrow abounds in cities and villages, visiting the open fields
only in the immediate vicinity of human settlement; the larger the
town, the more numerous is the bird sure to be. The notes and habits
of the species are much like those of Passer domesticus and thus too
well known to require further comment.

The nok chok ban nests about inhabited houses in any recess too
small to accommodate the house myna; the month of June seems to
be the height of the breeding season. A pair that bred under the
eaves of my veranda (in a corner where the rafters made a covered
cavity) had completely filled the available space with a rude structure
of dried grass and bamboo leaves, rootlets, rags, paper, string, rope,
and tow, lined with feathers of domestic fowls (Gallus and Numida).
I removed the nest finally (June 12), frightening out three young,
able to fly well, and finding several rather large white larvae living
amidst the dung and other litter on the floor of the chamber. By
June 17, the birds had filled the recess with a new nest and were again
breeding. A specimen of September 19 has completed the post-
nuptial molt except that the outermost primary is still partly
ensheathed.

A female of February 25 had the irides brown; the bill black; the
feet and toes dusky flesh; the claws horny brown. Juveniles and non-
breeding adults have the bill horny brown, with the base yellowish.

Adults of either sex have the forehead, crown, and nape vinaceous-
chestnut; the feathers of the back and scapulars ferruginous with
broad black central streaks, the median and greater upper wing
coverts similar but also with buffy-white tips to form two conspicuous
wing bars; the remiges blackish, conspicuously edged along the outer
web with ferruginous; the rump, upper tail coverts, and rectrices buffy

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 561

brown; the sides of the throat, head, and neck white, except for the
lores, a narrow line passing beneath the eye and above the ear coverts,
and the lower half of the ear coverts, all of which are black; the
chin and center of the throat black; the remaining underparts whitish,
suffused with ashy on the breast and with buffy elsewhere (the flanks
and under tail coverts pure buff). Juveniles differ only in lacking the
black patch on the chin and throat.

PASSER FLAVEOLUS Blyth
OLIVE-CROWNED SPARROW

Plasser] flaveolus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 13, 1844, pp. 946-947
(Arakan).

Passer flaveolus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 29
(Khun Tan); Ibis, 1920, p. 458 (“Northern districts”).—pr ScHAUENSEE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p. 559 (Chiang Mai) ; 1929, p. 560
(Chiang Mai) ; 1934, p. 286 (Chiang Mai).—Drrenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat.
Hist. Suppl. 1931, p. 152 (Chiang Mai) ; 1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai).

This attractive bird has been collected only as Chiang Mai, Sala Mae
Tha, Khun Tan, and Phu Chae; it is, however, probably locally com-
mon in the lowlands of all the northern provinces except Chiang Rai.

On the Chiang Mai plain, the pretty olive-crowned sparrow is a
well-known resident of copses and the trees and bamboo that border
the ricefields; only occasionally is it seen in towns and then just at their
outskirts. After the breeding season it collects in bands of 100 or
more individuals (both old and young birds), which feed together in
the fields and on the roads and roost together at some favored grove
of trees with other similar flocks. Its song seems to be no more than a
tch’ -tch, tch’ -tch, tch’ -tch, and the call note a chip, chip, chip (rather
softer than the corresponding note of the tree sparrow) ; at the winter
roosts, however, it is a very noisy species, chattering and churring
quite like other members of the genus.

In our area, Passer flaveolus regularly breeds in trees, leaving the
cavities about buildings to the competing P. m. malaccensis. The
breeding season at Chiang Mai runs from early in May to mid-July, by
which time flocks with many juveniles are frequent about the country-
side. A pair observed on May 15 were putting the finishing touches
on a huge, untidy, globular nest of coarse grass (with entrance at one
side), fastened in a crotch of a mai kwao (Butea frondosa) about 40
feet above ground. A similar structure, evidently holding young
birds, was found July 1 in a royal poinciana (Deloniw regia) at an
elevation of 11 or 12 feet; at a distance of only a few feet was a second
nest, the significance of which is unknown, since no others of the species
were noted in the tree.

Nuptial males have the irides brown; the bill black; the rictus yel-
low; the feet, toes, and claws dusky flesh; the soles yellowish. Non-

562 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

breeding males and all females differ in having the maxilla dusky
flesh and the mandible fleshy, duskier toward the tip.

The male has the forehead, crown, nape, upper back, and sides of
the lower neck grayish olive-green (yellower on the forehead) ; the
lesser wing coverts, scapulars, and middle of the back chestnut-rufous ;
the rump and upper tail coverts grayish olive-green ; the wings black-
ish, the median coverts broadly tipped with grayish cream to form a
bar, the remaining feathers edged along the outer web with grayish
yellow; the rectrices blackish, very narrowly edged along the outer
web with grayish olive-green; the lores and ocular region black; a
broad band behind the eye, covering the superior ear coverts and the
anterior part of the sides of the neck, chestnut-rufous; the chin and
center of the throat black; the remaining underparts grayish yellow,
brighter and purer yellow on the sides of the throat and the center of
the abdomen. The female has the upperparts dull light brown,
slightly suffused with olive on the crown and rump; a broad super-
cilium creamy or buffy; the underparts dull grayish yellow, rather
brighter on the throat and the center of the belly.

PLOCEUS PHILIPPINUS BURMANICUS Ticehurst
INDO-CHINESE BAYA

Ploceus infortunatus burmanicus TickeHuURST, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 52, 1982,
pp. 104-105 (Akyab, Arakan, Burma).

Ploceus passerinus infortunatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl., 1916, p. 28 (Chiang Rai).—prz SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. oe
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 559 (Chiang Mai).

Ploceus passerinus infortunatus [partim], GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 456
(Chiang Rai).

Ploceus atrigula infortunatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1931, p. 152 (Chiang Mai).—pr ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1934, p. 234 (Chiang Mai).

Ploceus philippinus infortunatus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
1936, p. 126 (Chiang Mai).

Ploceus philippinus infortunatus [partim], Ritey, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172,
1938, p. 524 (Phrae).

Throughout the northern provinces, the familiar nok chok fa (“spar-
row of heaven’’) is a very common permanent resident of the lowlands,
except in forested areas.

Like other weaverbirds, this species subsists chiefly on seeds; after
the breeding season, it occurs in enormous flocks (often exceeding
1,000 individuals) on grass-grown marshes and in the ricefields.

The remarkable nesting colonies of the baya are familiar to every-
one, especially since they are seen almost as often in compounds as
in the open country, Anywhere from a dozen to more than 100 pairs
may breed together in a grove of palms or a clump of bamboos and

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 563

normally they select trees that overhang water, whether this be a
river, pond, or ditch. The body of the nest, huge in relation to the
size of the builder, is a pyriform structure of tightly woven vegetable
fiber, from one side of which hangs down a hollow tube of the same
material; access to the chamber can be effected only by flying up this
tunnel, which varies in length from a few inches to several feet. In
addition to the protection afforded eggs and young by water beneath,
ingenious entrance, and the astonishing strength of the woven walls,
a further defense against enemies is acquired, perhaps adventitiously,
from the fact that, more often than not, the colony is located in a
tree which is also the home of the vicious red tailor ant, Oecophylla
smaragdina (whose domestic arrangements, incidentally, are quite
as curious as those of the bird). The polygamous males are driven
to construct nests throughout the season (which, with us, runs from
the beginning of April to the end of August), and among the occupied
retorts hang others in all stages of development. For a full account
of the extraordinary breeding behavior of the related form, Ploceus
p. philippinus, see Ali (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. 34, 1931,
pp. 947-964).

Early prenuptial molt appears in a specimen of March 30 and in
two (out of six) collected April 11; a series of seven taken between
July 6 and August 4 wear full nuptial dress. Examples from Chiang
Mai, April 22 and 23, are in postnatal molt; the bird of later date is
probably a week or more older than the other.

A breeding male had the irides dark brown; the bill black; the rictus
yellow; the feet, toes, and claws dusky flesh. A female and a non-
breeding male differed in having the maxilla pinkish brown and the
mandible brownish pink. The juvenile of April 22 (mentioned above)
had the entire bill yellowish horn.

The nuptial male has the forehead, crown, and nape golden-yellow ;
the feathers of the mantle and the upper wing coverts blackish brown,
edged with rufous-buff to give a strongly streaked appearance; the
rump and upper tail coverts rufous-buff, the feathers with obsolescent
darker centers; the remiges and rectrices blackish brown, narrowly
edged with golden-olive; the lores, cheeks, and ear coverts blackish
brown, this color invading and sometimes almost covering the chin
and throat; the remaining underparts deep rufous-buff, albescent on
the abdomen and under tail coverts (the sides of the breast sometimes
sparingly streaked with blackish brown). The female at any season
and the nonbreeding male have the forehead, crown, and nape streaked
with blackish brown and rufous-buff like the mantle; an indistinct
rufous-buff supercilium; the ear coverts buffy brown; the chin and
throat like the breast but paler.

564 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PLOCEUS MANYAR PEGUENSIS Stuart Baker
INDO-CHINESE STRIATED WEAVERBIRD

Ploceus manyar peguensis STUART BAKER, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 45, 1924, p.
58 (Pegu).

Ploceus manyar flaviceps, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
1916, p. 29 (Chiang Rai) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 455 (Chiang Rai).

The striated weaverbird is very common on the grassy plains of
Chiang Rai Province but is known from no other part of our area.

At Ban Ton Yang, a village near Chiang Rai Town, May 5, 1936, I
saw numerous bands of this bird feeding in the ricefields and resting
in the bamboos nearby. The common baya occurred at the same place
in even greater numbers and, at this season, the flocks of the two closely
related species were not intermingled. I found peguensis very wild,
and my sole specimen, a male in late prenuptial molt, had to be taken
by a chance shot from a great distance.

The example of May 5 had the gonads enlarged. Gyldenstolpe
(1916) tells of seeing numbers of nests under construction about
Chiang Rai at the beginning of August 1914, placed in tall elephant
grass and in low trees; up to August 18, when he finally departed
from this locality, he had found no sign of eggs.

The nuptial male differs from that of P. p. burmanicus by having
the streaked upperparts generally darker, owing to the broader and
blacker central markings of the feathers; the rump and upper tail
coverts like the mantle but with the central streaks less distinct and
the rufous-buff edgings broader; the underparts, below the blackish-
brown chin and throat, pale rufous-buff, the feathers of the upper
breast with broad, lanceolate blackish-brown central streaks that be-
come narrower on the lower breast and continue down the whole
length of the flanks finally to become narrow shaft streaks. The female
at any season and the nonbreeding male may be distinguished from
those of the commoner species by their darker upperparts, paler under-
parts, and streaked breast and flanks.

Family FRINGILLIDAE
MYCEROBAS MELANOZANTHOS FRATRIS-REGIS Deignan
INDO-CHINESE SPOTTED-WINGED GROSBEAK

Mycerobas melanozanthos fratris-regis DEIGNAN, Auk, vol. 60, 1948, p. 608 (Doi
Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, northwestern Thailand).

Mycerobas melanozanthus, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 4 (Doi Suthep).

Mycerobas melanozanthos, DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1934, p. 236 (Doi Suthep).—Derrenan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936,
p. 127 (Doi Suthep).

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 565

Mycerobas melanocanthus, Ruy, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 583 (Doi
Hua Mot).

The grosbeak of Thailand has until now been found only on Doi
Suthep and Doi Hua Mot; at the former locality it has been seen at
5,800 and 5,500 feet. It is a permanent resident and may be expected
to occur also on other mountains of the northwestern provinces.

On Doi Suthep it was noted in small bands containing individuals
of both sexes, both in the pines and in berry-bearing trees at the edge
of adjacent evergreen. The song of the male, which I heard in May,
was a soft, whistled phew—phew-phew-phew (-phew), with the first
note stressed.

An almost adult male had the irides dark brown; the maxilla
slaty; the mandible plumbeous; the feet and toes plumbeous; the
claws dark brown.

The old male has the entire head and neck (to the upper breast)
and all the remaining upperparts deep slaty; the inner primaries
white at the base and outwardly very narrowly edged with white near
the tip, the inner greater upper coverts and the inner secondaries
with a large, apical yellowish-white spot on the outer web; the
remaining underparts lemon-chrome; the feathers of the thighs mixed
black and yellowish white. The adult female has the upperparts
iolivaceous-slaty, the feathers of the head, nape, and mantle with
yellow or yellowish-white bases and edgings to give a strongly
streaked appearance; the wings as in the male; a broad slaty streak
from the base of the bill, through the eye, to the shoulder, edged
above and below by yellow; the entire underparts yellow, almost every
feather (except those of the throat and the under tail coverts) with
a bold black guttate spot.

CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS ROSEATUS (Blyth)
INDIAN COMMON ROSEFINCH

Pyrrhula roseata “Tickell” BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p.
461 (Calcutta, Bengal).

Carpodacus erythrinus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, 1915, p. 170
(listed).

Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus, GYLDENSTOLPE, Ibis, 1920, p. 457 (Khun Tan).—
DE SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 560 (Chiang
Saen) ; 1934, p. 286 (Doi Chiang Dao).

Carpodacus murati, RILEY, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 584 (Doi Ang Ka).

The rosefinch, recorded from Doi Ang Ka, Doi Chiang Dao, Khun
Tan, Doi Langka, Doi Nang Kaeo, Ban Pang An, Pang Makham
Phong, Ban Muang Sum, Chiang Saen, and Phu Kha, seems to be
merely a winter visitor to our provinces; the extreme dates shown
by the series before me are December 3 (1928) on Doi Ang Ka and

566 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

April 9 (1936) on Phu Kha. I have found it both in semicultivated
lowland districts and on the hills to 5,000 feet (Phu Kha and Doi
Chiang Dao).

This species avoids the centers of population but profits by a small
degree of cultivation and especially by the conditions which follow
its abandonment. On Phu Kha and on Doi Chiang Dao, I found
it numerous at illicit gardens of the opium poppy. (Papaver somnif-
erum), keeping to the ground beneath the plants, where it fed on
seeds dropping from the dehiscing capsules; at these places it was
accompanied by Hmberiza pusilla. Near the primitive settlement
of Ban Muang Sum, where, late in December 1936, a locally abundant
species of bamboo had burst into spectacular bloom, it occurred in
extraordinary numbers along with E'mberiza rutila and E. a. ornata.
I suspect that the flocks wander widely in search of such bounty
and that they may accordingly appear wherever, in sufficiently wild
country, the suitable conditions temporarily prevail. The usual notes
in winter are a conversational twittering but, during the first two
weeks of April, on Phu Kha, the males were already rendering a
soft, sweet, whistled song from low trees at the edge of the
plantations.

No sign of molt is shown by my specimens, and Smith’s bird from
Doi Ang Ka, if correctly sexed, is the only male wearing a dress like
that of the female.

De Schauensee has noted (1934) that his examples had the irides
dark brown; the bill horny gray or plumbeous-horn; the feet, toes,
and claws brown.

The old male, in winter plumage, is somewhat variable but ordi-
narily has the forehead, crown, nape, rump, and upper tail coverts
carmine-rose; the feathers of the mantle maroon, inconspicuously
edged with olivaceous-brown; the feathers of the wings and tail deep
brown, their exposed parts very narrowly edged with a brownish pink,
the upper wing coverts also broadly tipped with the same color to
form two inconspicuous wing bars; the underparts rose (often some-
what mottled with carmine on the chin, throat, and upper breast),
this color paling posteriorly to become almost white or pale buff in the
region of the vent and on the under tail coverts. The adult female has
the entire upperparts brown, more or less strongly suffused with
olivaceous-buff, each feather of the crown and mantle with an ill-
defined blackish center to give a broadly streaked appearance; the
feathers of the wings and tail deep brown, their exposed parts very
narrowly edged with olivaceous-buff, the upper wing coverts also
broadly tipped with buff or buffy white to form two bars; the under-
parts brownish buff, albescent on the center of the throat and lower
abdomen and on the under tail coverts, the feathers of the chin, throat,

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 567

breast, and upper abdomen with broad but indistinct dark brown
central streaks.

CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS ERYTHRINUS (Pallas)
WEST SIBERIAN COMMON ROSEFINCH

Lozia erythrina PattAs, Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis
Petropolitanae, vol. 14, pt. 1, 1770, pp. 587-588, pl. 23, fig. 1 (“ad Volgam et
Samaram”; type locality restricted to ‘““Wolga, als erstgenannter Fundort,”
by Hartert, Vogel der paliiarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 106; here
further restricted to Kuibishevy [Samara], at the junction of the Volga and
Samara Rivers).

An adult male rosefinch, taken by my collectors on Doi Langka,
March 4, 1937, is indistinguishable from specimens of C. e. erythrinus ;
unless this example be an aberrant individual of roseatus, we must
assume that the highly migratory Siberian race at least occasionally
reaches northern Thailand. It is interesting, in this connection, to
note that Ticehurst states (Ibis, 1938, p. 615) : “More than one form,
I think, occurs in Burma, one of which is, no doubt, voseatus, but one
obtained by Mr. Stanford I cannot separate from erythrinus.”

It is probable that my bird was in company with a flock of roseatus,
of which a specimen was collected at the same locality just one day
earlier.

From the old male of roseatus, that of erythrinus (at least in winter)
differs in having the carmine-rose of the plumage everywhere paler
(more rose, less carmine) and in having the roseate hue beneath
scarcely extending beyond the upper abdomen. Females of the two
forms are apparently identical.

EMBERIZA FUCATA FUCATA Pallas

SIBERIAN GRAY-HOODED BUNTING

s

Hmberiza fucata PALLAS, Reise durch verschiedene Proyvinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, pp. 237, 698 (at the Onon and Ingoda rivers, southeastern
Siberia).

Emberiza fucata fucata, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p.
170 (Ban Bu, Ban Tong Yang).

I have collected one female at Ban Bu (Nan Province) and another
at Ban Tong Yang (Chiang Rai Province), April 21 and May 4, 1986;
these are still the only examples known from our area but specimens
were also taken, April 25 and 29, 1936, at Ban Din Tok and Ban Na
Ban, localities in French Laos only a few miles from the borders of
Thailand.

I found this shy species in small numbers, feeding among the stub-
bles of fallow ricefields in company with the commoner Emberiza a.
ornata.

568 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The male late in spring has the forehead, crown, nape, and sides
of the neck ashy gray, each feather with a black central streak (the
streaks less distinct on the nape and obsolescent on the sides of the
neck) ; the mantle dull chestnut-rufous, the feathers with broad black
central streaks; the rump chestnut-rufous; the upper tail coverts dull
grayish rufous, with deep brown central streaks; the lesser wing
coverts chestnut-rufous to form a shoulder patch, the remaining
feathers of the wing deep brown or black, edged along the outer web
with dull grayish rufous (the median and greater coverts narrowly
tipped paler to form two indistinct bands) ; the central pair of rectrices
dull grayish rufous with blackish along the shaft, the remaining pairs
blackish (the outermost largely white, the penultimate pair merely
tipped with the same color) ; the ear coverts chestnut, bordered below
by a white mustachial line; the chin, throat, and breast white, with a
necklace of black streaks across the upper breast and continued along
the sides of the throat to the base of the bill; a broad and indistinct
band of chestnut between the breast and abdomen (often broken in the
middle) ; the remaining underparts pale rufous (albescent on the
center of the abdomen), the feathers of the lower flanks with blackish
central streaks. The female is similar but rather paler and duller
and has the chestnut breast band merely indicated. In autumn the
ashy gray of the hood is concealed by dull chestnut-rufous tips to the
feathers; these tips are gradually lost by abrasion.

EMBERIZA AUREOLA ORNATA Shulpin
USsSURI WHITE-SHOULDERED BUNTING

Emberiza aureola ornata SuHutpin, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, vol. 28,
1927 [= 1928], p. 401 (mouth of the Suifun, environs of the village of
Tavritchanka, South Ussuri-land).

Emberiza aureola, GYLDENSTOLPE, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 171
(listed) ; Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1916, p. 30 (Tha Chomphu) ;
Ibis, 1920, p. 458 (“Different parts of the country”).—DerIGNAN, Journ. Siam
Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1936, p. 127 (Chiang Mai).—Rutey, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull, 172, 1938, p. 5386 (Phrae).

The elegant white-shouldered bunting is a rather common winter
visitor to the lowlands of every one of the northern provinces; it has
been found from October 18 (1936) at Thattafang to May 8 (1936)
at Chiang Rai.

This species appears in October in flocks composed of hundreds of
individuals and, at first, keeps almost entirely to the flooded marshes
and the adjacent stands of grain but later, in smaller bands, spreads
across the ripening fields or gleans among the stubbles. At Chiang
Mai I have never noted it after mid-December, but, in moister dis-
tricts, it is numerous all through the cold weather and often accom-

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 569

panied by the other lowland buntings. Stomachs examined by me
contained only rice.

An adult male had the irides brown; the maxilla dark horny brown;
the mandible horny brown, fleshy beneath; the feet, toes, and claws
fleshy brown.

Spring males have the front and forecrown, lores, ocular region,
ear coverts, chin, and upper throat black; the remaining upperparts
chestnut, most of the feathers fringed with ashy buff (some on the
mantle with black central streaks) ; the median upper wing coverts
white to form a conspicuous shoulder patch, the greater coverts chest-
nut, broadly tipped with white to form a bar; the remiges blackish
brown, the primaries narrowly edged with ashy buff, the secondaries
broadly edged and tipped with chestnut or chestnut-rufous; the
rectrices blackish brown, the central pair edged with chestnut, the re-
maining pairs with ashy buff, the outermost pair largely white (the
penultimate pair with a narrow white streak on the inner web); a
narrow chestnut gorget separating the throat from the breast (the
feathers fringed with ashy buff); the remaining underparts yellow,
albescent in the region of the vent and on the under tail coverts, boldly
streaked with deep chestnut or black along the flanks. The adult
female in winter has a broad black stripe at either side of the crown;
the center of the crown and the remaining upperparts ashy brown,
the feathers of the mantle with black central streaks, those of the
rump often partly chestnut; the median upper wing coverts tipped
with buffy white, the greater coverts with ashy buff, to form two in-
conspicuous wing bars; the feathers of the wings and tail otherwise
like those of the male but the chestnut replaced by pale rufous; a
buff supercilium; the ear coverts brownish buff, edged all around
by a narrow black line; the entire underparts yellow (becoming buffy
cream on the under tail coverts), washed with vinaceous-buff on the
breast and upper flanks, streaked with black along the flanks. First-
winter males at first resemble the female, and in any flock will be
seen many intermediate stages of plumage.

EMBERIZA RUTILA Pallas
CHESTNUT BUNTING

Emberiza rutila Pattsas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, pp. 210, 698 (at the Onon River and toward the frontiers
of Mongolia).

Emberiza rutila, GYLDENSTOLPE, Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1913, p. 41
(“Between Denchai and Pak Pan’’) ; Ibis, 1920, p. 458 (Den Chai).—CHASEN
and Bopen Ktoss, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1932, p. 248 (Doi
Suthep).—DerIenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 127 (Doi
Suthep).—pE ScHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 236
(Doi Suthep).

570 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The chestnut bunting, while nowhere really common, is found in all
our provinces in winter; occurring chiefly on the mountains (3,300 to
5,000 feet), 1t is seen also in uncultivated districts at the level of the
plains. It has been noted in our area from November 23 (1936) on
Doi Chiang Dao to April 5 (1929) near Wiang Pa Pao.

The species is not recorded from the Chiang Mai plain, but, on Doi
Suthep, small parties appear sporadically in the more extensive forest
clearings and the lalang stands and then vanish again; all such obser-
vations have been made between February 13 (1932) and March 12
(1932). The irregularity of its occurrences here and elsewhere leads
me to believe that like some others of the family the bird wanders
widely over the country in search of food and that an unusually large
gathering may represent the total population of an extensive territory.
Unlike the white-shouldered bunting, it avoids the cultivated lands,
preferring the lalang, bamboo, and other weedy growth that follows
the abandonment of agriculture at whatever elevation.

Fine-feathered spring males have the whole head and neck (includ-
ing the upper breast) and the entire upperparts (including the wing
coverts) rich chestnut-rufous; the remiges and rectrices blackish, nar-
rowly edged with yellowish ashy, except for the inner secondaries,
which are largely chestnut-rufous; the remaining underparts creamy
yellow, broadly streaked along the flanks with olive-slate (and some-
times with chestnut-rufous as well). Earlier in the season, each
feather of the chestnut-rufous areas is more or less broadly fringed
with ashy. First-winter males resemble older males but have the
feathers of the crown and mantle with broad olivaceous-brown tips
and black central streaks (very conspicuous on the latter part). The
only female I have examined (a worn specimen) differs from the old
male in having the center of the crown and nape ashy brown, the
feathers with narrow black central streaks; the mantle ashy brown,
each feather with a rufous-edged black central streak; an indistinct
ashy-buff supercilium; the sides of the head ashy brown; the chin and
throat creamy buff; the remaining underparts cream, broadly streaked
along the flanks with olive-slate.

EMBERIZA PUSILLA Pallas
LITTLE BUNTING

Emberiza pusilla Patias, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, pp. 697-698 (Davurian Alps, southeastern Siberia).
Emberiza pusilla, De SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, pp.
4, 236 (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep).—Drienan, Journ. Siam Soe. Nat.

Hist. Suppl., 1935, p. 66 (Doi Ang Ka) ; 1936, p. 127 (Doi Suthep).

The little bunting is a decidedly uncommon winter visitor, recorded
in our provinces only from certain high peaks of the Thanon Thong

THE BIRDS OF NORTHERN THAILAND 571

Chai range and from Phu Kha, at elevations between 3,000 feet
(Doi Suthep) and 6,000 feet (Doi Ang Ka). The extreme dates for
its stay with us are unknown; my own observations of it run from
January 9 (1937) on Suthep to April 9 (1936) on Phu Kha.

I found this species solitary or in pairs, feeding on the ground be-
neath the bracken or along the trails through the lalang on Doi
Suthep, with rosefinches gleaning the poppy seeds on Phu Kha. It
is shy and, when flushed, seeks refuge at once in some high tree. The
only note I have heard is a soft chip.

The adult male, as seen in Thailand, has the crown and nape black
(the feathers fringed with rufous), with a broad rufous mesial stripe
(the feathers fringed with ferruginous) ; the remaining upperparts
ferruginous, the feathers with rufous-margined black centers (most
conspicuous on the dorsum) to give a boldy streaked appearance; the
wing feathers dark brown, outwardly margined (more broadly on
the secondaries) with rufous, the coverts also narrowly tipped with
pale rufous or rufous-white to form two bars; the rectrices dark
brown, the outermost pair largely white; the lores, anterior half of
the supercilium, ocular region, and ear coverts ferruginous, the last
outlined above, behind, and below by a narrow black line; the posterior
half of the supercilium ferruginous-white, connected with a whitish
band that runs down the side of the neck behind the ear coverts and
then forward beneath them to the base of the bill; the entire under-
parts white (usually more or less sullied), boldly but narrowly streaked
with black at the sides of the throat, across the breast, and down along
the flanks. The female is similar but has the markings about the head
rather paler and thus less conspicuous. The feathers of the crown
gradually lose their pale fringes by abrasion, with the result that the
head stripes become much more obvious toward the end of the winter.

MELOPHUS LATHAMI LATHAMI (Gray)
CHINESE CRESTED BUNTING

Emberiza Lathami Gray, Zoological Miscellany, No. 1, 1831, p. 2 (“China and
India’; type specimen from Canton, fide Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
vol. 58, 1932, p. 16).

Melophus melanicterus, pe SCHAUENSEE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929,
p. 560 (Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen).

Melophus malanicterus, DEIGNAN, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 153
(Doi Suthep).

Melophus lathami, bE SCHAUENSEER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1934, p. 237
(Doi Suthep).—DeEtenan, Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., 19386, p. 127
(Doi Suthep) .—Ritry, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 585 (Doi Ang Ka).

The crested bunting is a winter visitor to northern Thailand, where
it has been recorded only from the provinces of Chiang Mai and
Chiang Rai. On the grassy plains of the latter district I found it

583136—45——-37

572 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

plentiful in April, 1929, at Wiang Pa Pao, Chiang Rai, and Chiang
Saen; in Chiang Mai, it is known from Doi Ang Ka (where it was
not uncommon at 4,000-4,200 feet in April, 1931) and from Doi Suthep
(where it is a rare visitor between 2,700 and 5,500 feet). The extreme
dates for its occurrence on Doi Suthep are December 30 (1931) and
April 2 (1931). .

This striking species is normally a bird of the grasslands, whether
cultivated or wild; on the mountains it is found both at abandoned
hai and in the lalang beneath oak and pine. The song, heard in April,
is a series of sweet whistles.

An adult male (Doi Ang Ka, April 6) had the irides brown; the
maxilla horny brown, blackish along the culmen; the mandible horny
brown, fleshy at the base; the feet fleshy brown, the toes darker; the
claws horny brown, paler at the tip.

The old male has the entire head (including the long, pointed crest)
and body, above and below, black (slightly glossed with blue), each
feather more or less broadly fringed with ashy buff; the upper and
under tail coverts mixed black and chestnut-rufous; the wing feathers
(including the upper and under coverts) chestnut-rufous, the pri-
maries and outer secondaries tipped with black, the inner secondaries
almost wholly black; the rectrices chestnut-rufous, tipped with black,
most broadly on the central pair and scarcely at all on the outermost
pair. The adult female has the entire upperparts dull olivaceous-
brown, the feathers of the crown and mantle with broad blackish-brown
centers; the wings much as in the male but with deep brown and rufous
in place of chestnut-rufous and black; the rectrices deep brown, the
outermost pair largely rufous; the underparts brownish buff (brighter
on the center of the throat and abdomen), the sides of the throat, the
breast, and flanks indistinctly streaked with blackish brown. A first-
winter male (Doi Ang Ka, December 3) resembles the female but has
the wings and tail of the adult male.

INDEX

Aagaard, Carl Johan (Ove Mg@gnster), | Actinodura egertoni radcliffei, 364.

1226:
abbotti, Phodilus badius, 172.
Abrornis armandii, 471.
chloronotus, 474.
maculipennis, 475.
superciliaris, 467.
superciliaris superciliaris, 468.
Abroscopus albogularis albogularis, 469.
albogularis hugonis, 469.
superciliaris salwinensis, 468.
superciliaris superciliaris, 468.
abundus, Eurystomus orientalis, 212.
Acanthiza trochiloides, 476.
Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas,
475

davisoni, 480.
nitidus plumbeitarsus, 477.
occipitalis coronatus, 478.
reguloides davisoni, 480.
reguloides harterti, 480.
tenellipes, 478.
trochiloides claudiae, 479.
trochiloides davisoni, 480.
trochiloides disturbans, 481.
trochiloides harteri, 479.
Accipiter affinis, 67.
badius klossi, 64.
badius poliopsis, 64.
gentilis khamensis, 62.
gentilis schvedowi, 63.
gularis, 64.
gularis nisoides, 64.
soloensis, 65, 68.
trivirgatus indicus, 64, 66.
virgatus, 67.
virgatus affinis, 67.
virgatus gularis, 65, 67.
virgatus nisoides, 64.
virgatus virgatus, 67.
Accipitridae, 56.
Aceros nepalensis, 219.
nipalensis, 219.
undulatus ticehursti, 218.
Acridotheres cristatellus grandis, 526,
BZ.
grandis, 526, 527.
siamensis, 527.
tristis, 524.
tristis tristis, 330, 524, 526.
Acrocephalus agricola concinens, 484.
arundinaceus brunnescens, 483, 484.
arundinaceus orientalis, 483.
bistrigiceps, 485.
concinens concinens, 484.
stentoreus amyae, 483.

egertoni ramsayi, 363.
egertoni yunnanensis, 364.
ramsayi ramsayi, 363.
Actinura ramsayi, 363.
Actitis hypoleucos, 124.
actophilus, Butorides javanicus, 33.

Butorides striatus, 33.
acuta, Anas, 52, 53.

Dafila acuta, 52.
acuticauda, Lonchura striata, 556.

Munia, 556.

Munia striata, 556.

Sterna, 133.

Uroloncha, 556.

Uroloncha acuticauda, 556.

Uroloncha striata, 556.
Adjutant, larger, 46.
adsimilis, Dicrurus, 291.
aedon, Arundinax, 482.

Lusciniola, 482.

Phragmaticola, 482.
Aeegithina tiphia, 322.
Aegialites dubia, 119.

placida, 121.

dubia jerdoni, 119,

jerdoni, 119.

placida, 121.

Aeginthina tiphia tiphia, 323.
Aegithina tiphia, 332.

tiphia humei, 3238.

tiphia micromelaena, 323.

tiphia styani, 22, 323.

tiphia tiphia, 322, 323.
aenea, Carpophaga, 148.

Carpophaga aenea, 148.

Chaptia, 293.

Chaptia aenea, 2938, 294.
aeneus,. Dicrurus, 293.
aeralatus, Pteruthius, 349.

Pteruthius aeralatus, 349.

Pteruthius erythropterus, 23, 349,

350.

Pteruthius flaviscapis, 349.

Pterythias, 349.

Pterythius flaviscapis, 349.
aeruginosus, Circus, 77.

Circus aeruginosus, 77.

Falco, 77.
aestigma, Muscicapa, 445.

Muscicapula superciliaris, 445.

Siphia superciliaris, 445.
Aethiopsar fuscus grandis, 526.

grandis, 526.

grandis grandis, 526.

573

574

Aethopyga cara, 584.
dabryi, 535, 536.
dabryii dabryii, 585, 586.
gouldiae dabryi, 536.
gouldiae dabryii, 536.
gouldiae harrietae, 5386, 537.
nipalensis, 588.
nipalensis angkanensis, 17, 537.
nipalensis australis, 538.
sanguinipecta sanguinipecta, 535.
sanguinipectus, 535.
saturata sanguinipecta, 535.
saturata sanguinipectus, 535-538.
siparaja, 23, 5383.
siparaja cara, 23, 5384.
siparaja seheriae, 23, 533, 534.
Aethorhynchus lafresnayanus innotatus,

lafresnayei innotatus, 321.
lafresnayei lafresnayei, 321.
lafresnayi lafresnayi, 321.
xanthotis, 321.

affinis, Accipiter, 67.

Accipiter virgatus, 67.

Caprimulgus, 188.

Coracias, 210.

Coracias bengalensis, 210.

Coracias benghalensis, 210.

Oreocincla horsfieldi, 481.

Peircrocotus brevirostris, 275.

Pericrocotus brevirostris, 275, 278.

Phylloscopus, 472.

Seicercus, 467.

Tehitrea paradisi, 464, 465.

Terpsiphone, 464, 465.
agricola, Columba, 152.

Streptopelia orientalis, 152.

Streptopelia turtur, 152.
Agrobates brunnescens, 483.
Alaudidae, 265.
alba, Herodias, 37.
albicilla, Muscicapa, 440.

Siphia, 440.

Siphia parva, 440, 441.
albicollis, Leucocirea albicollis, 462.

Platyrhynchos, 461.

Rhipidura, 461.

Rhipidura albicollis, 461, 462.
albirictus, Bhuchanga.

Dicrurus adsimilis, 291.
albirostris, Anthracoceros, 216.
albiventer, Rallus, 103.

Rallus striatus, 103.
albocoeruleus, Tarsiger cyanurus, 418.
albogularis, Abroscopus albogularis, 469.

Pomatorhinus, 392.

Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, 392.
alboides, Motacilla, 505.

Motacilla alba, 505.
albonotatus, Caprimulgus

185.

Alcedinidae, 196.

Alcedo atthis bengalensis, 196, 202.
bengalensis, 196.
coromanda, 201.
erithaca, 198.

macrurus,

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Alcedo ispida bengalensis, 196.
meninting coltarti, 197.
meninting rufigastra, 198.
pileata, 203.

Alcemerops athertoni, 209.

Alcippe, 312, 382.
castaneceps exul, 372, 373, 469.
castaneiceps exul, 373.
fratercula fratercula, 377.
haringtoniae, 375.
morrisonia laotiana, 376, 383, 498.
nepalensis fratercula, 376.
nipalensis fratercula, 376.
nipalensis laotianus, 376.
phaeocephala magnirostris, 375.
phayrei, 375.
poiocephala haringtoniae, 376.
poioicephala haringtoniae, 375, 376.
poioicephala harringtoniae, 376.
poioicephala karenni, 376.
poioicephala magnirostris, 376.
rufogularis blanchardi, 375.
rufogularis major, 374.
sp., 376.

Alcurus leucogarmmicus striatus, 333.
striatus, 333.
striatus paulus, 333.

aleyon, Ceryle, 200.

Alexander, (Edward) Gordon, 11.

alexandrinus, Charadrius, 120.
Charadrius alexandrinus, 120, 121.

Allotrius intermedius, 347.

Alseonax latirostris, 438, 4389.
latirostris latirostris, 438, 489, 442.
latirostris poonensis, 438.
latirostris siamensis, 487.
siamensis, 4387, 4388.

altarum, Parus major, 311.

amabilis, Carcineutes, 204.

Lacedo pulchella, 204.

Lacedo pulchellus, 204.
Amadavat, Indian red, 555.
amandava, Amandava amandava, 555.

Estrilda amandava, 555.

Fringilla, 555.

Amandava amandava amandava, 55d.

Amaurornis fuscus bakeri, 105.
phaenicura chinensis, 106.
phaenicurus, 106.
phoenicura chinensis, 106.
phoenicurus chinensis, 106.

ambiguus, Caprimulgus macrurus, 185.

Ampeliceps coronatus, 523.

amurensis, Ardea (Butorides) vires-

cens, 33.

Butorides striatus, 33.
amyae, Acrocephalus stentoreus, 483.

Napothera epilepidota, 398.

Anas acuta, 52, 53.

(Fuligula) baeri, 55.

coromandeliana, 53.

erecea, 52.

erecca crecea, 52.

ferina, 54.

ferruginea, 50.

INDEX

Anas javanica, 47.
nyroca, 55.
penelope, 53.
poecilorhyncha haringtoni, 50.
querquedula, 51.
seutulata, 49.
Anastomus oscitans, 44.
Anatidae, 47.
andamanensis, Corvus levaillanti, 300.
andrewsi, Megalurus palustris, 487.
angarensis, Budytes flava, 507.
Motacilla flava, 507.
angkanensis, Aethopyga nipalensis, 17,
537.
angustirostris, Turdus aureus, 431, 432.
Anhinga melanogaster, 31.
rufa melanogaster, 31,
Anhingidae, 31.
annamensis, Blythipicus pyrrhotis, 240,
41

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, 238.
Cringer ochraceus, 338, 339.
Crocopus phoenicopterus, 146.
Harpactes erythrocephalus, 23, 194.
Napothera crispifrons, 395.
Picus chlorolophus, 238.
Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, 194.
Treron phoenicoptera, 147.
annectans, Bhuchanga, 291.
Diecrurus, 291.
Leioptila, 367.
annectens, Dicrurus, 291.
Leioptila annectens, 367.
Tephrodornis gularis, 283.
Anorhinus austeni, 220.
Anorrhinus austeni, 220.
Anser melanotos, 48.
tataricus ferrugineus, 50.
Anseriformes, 47.
Anthipes moniliger leucops, 446.
Anthocincla phayrei, 264, 265.
phayrei obscura, 265.
phayrei phayrei, 264, 265.
phayrii, 265.
Anthracoceros, 220.
albirostris, 216.
coronatus leucogaster, 216.
Anthreptes hypogrammica lisettae, 541.
hypogrammicus lisettae, 541, 542.
macularia macularia, 541.
Anthus campestris godlewskii, 513.
campestris thermophilus, 514.
eervinus, 509, 514.
hodgsoni, 510.
hodgsoni hodgsoni, 510.
hodgsoni yunnanensis, 510.
inopinatus, 511.
maculatus, 510.
novae-seelandiae richardi, 513.
novae-seelandiae rufulus, 512.
richardi, 518, 514.
richardi malayensis, 512, 518.
richardi richardi, 518.
richardi rufulus, 511-514.
richardi sinensis, 513.

575

Anthus richardi striolatus, 518.
rufogularis, 514.
rufulus, 511-514.
sinensis, 514.
trivialis hodgsoni, 510.
trivialis maculatus, 510.
trivialis yunnanensis, 510.

Antigone antigone sharpei, 102.
antigone sharpii, 102.
sharpei, 102.
sharpii, 102.

apicauda, Sphenocercus, 140.
Sphenocercus apicauda, 140.
Sphenurus apicauda, 23, 140.
Treron, 140.

apicaudus, Sphenocercus apicaudus, 140,

apricaria, Pluvialis apricaria, 118.

Apus affinis subfurecatus, 189, 191.
pacificus cooki, 189, 190.
pacificus pacificus, 190.

Aquila clanga, 72.
nipalensis, 72.
nipalensis nipalensis, 72.
rapax vindhiana, 71.
vindhiana, 71.

aquta, Dafila, 52.

Arachnechthra asiatica, 539.
flammaxillaris, 540.
intermedia, 5388.

Arachnothera longirostra longirostra,

542

longirostris, 542, .
longirostris longirostris, 542,
magna, 548, 544.

magna aurata, 543, 544.
magna magna, 543.

magna remota, 544.

Aracnothera longirostra longirostra, 542.
magna, 543.

Arboricola brunneipectus, 90.
brunneopectus, 89, 90.
brunneopectus brunneopectus, 90.
chloropus chloropus, 91.
rufogularis, 88.
tickelli, 88.

Arborophila, 91.
brunneopectus brunneopectus, 89.
brunneopectus henrici, 91,
rufogularis, 88.
rufogularis rufogularis, 88.
rufogularis tickelli, 88.

archon, Picus fiavinucha, 23, 288.

Ardeidae, 32.

Ardea cinerea jouyi, 32.
cinerea rectirostris, 32.
cinnamomea, 41.
dubia, 46.

Ardea episcopus, 45.
flavicollis, 42.
garzetta, 38.
intermedia, 38.
javanica, 34.
melanolopha, 39.
modesta, 37.
nigra, 45.

576

Ardea nycticorax, 39.

oscitans, 44.

purpurea manilensis, 32.

purpurea manillensis, 32.

rectirostris, 32.

sinensis, 40.

stellaris, 43.

(Butorides)

33.
Ardeola bacchus, 35.

grayli, 35.

Ardetta cinnamomea, 41.

eurhythma, 41,

sinensis, 40.

Areca, 192.
argentauris, Mesia, 350.

Mesia argentauris, 350.
Arizelomyia latirostris latirostris, 439.
armandii, Abrornis, 471.

Phylloscopus, 472.

Phylloscopus armandii, 471.
Artamidae, 515.

Artamus fuscus, 515.
Arundinax aedon, 482.

eanturians, 500.
Asareornis scutulata, 49.
asema, Siphia strophiata, 441.
asiatica, Arachnechthra, 539.

Cyanops, 226.

Cyanops asiatica, 226.

Mycteria, 46. ;
asiaticus, Caprimulgus asiaticus, 187.

Xenorhynchus, 46.

Xenorhynchus asiaticus, 21, 46.
asio, Otus, 176.

Asio flammeus flammeus, 183.
assamensis, Chalcoparia
531.

Phylloscopus reguloides, 479-481.

Phylloscopus trochiloides, 479.
assamica, Mirafra, 266.
assimilis, Crypsirina formosae, 306.

Dendrocitta, 306.

Dendrocitta formosae, 306.

Dendrocitta himalayensis, 306.

Dendrocitta sinensis, 306.

Macropygia, 152.

Macrepygia ruficeps, 152.

Stachyris chrysaea, 382, 383.

Strachyris, 382.
astigma, Muscicapula superciliaris, 445.
Astur badius poliopsis, 63.

bifasciatus, 65.

(Nisus) gularis, 67.

indicus, 66.

palumbarius khamensis, 62.

poliopsis, 63.

trivirgatus indicus, 64.

trivirgatus rufitinetus, 66.
ater, Dicrurus, 290.

Athene brama mayri, 181, 245.

brama pulchra, 181, 182.

brama pulera, 181,

cuculoides brtigeli, 179

virescens amurensis,

singalensis

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

athertoni, Alcemerops, 209.

Merops, 209.

Nyctiornis, 209.
atra, Fulica, 110.

Fulica atra, 110.
atratus, Dryobates, 244, 246,

Picus, 244.
atricapilla, Lonchura ferruginosa, 559.

Loxia, 559.

Munia, 559.
atricapillus, Molpastes, 332.

Pycnonotus, 332.
atrigularis, Orthotomus, 489.
atrinuchalis, Lobivanellus indicus, 115.

Sarecogrammus, 115.

Sarcogrammus indica, 115,
atrogularis, Prinia, 25.
atronuchalis, Lobivanellus, 115.

Lobivanellus indicus, 115.

Sarcogrammus indicus, 115.
aurantia, Sterna, 132.
aurata, Arachnothera magna, 543, 544.

Satchyris chrysaea, 383.
aurea, Oreocincla aurea, 482.

Zoothera dauma, 482.
aureola, Emberiza, 568,
aureus, Turdus, 432.
aurifrons, Chloropsis, 324.

Chloropsis aurifrons, 323, 325.

Phyllornis, 323.

subsp., Chloropsis, 324.
auriventer, Zosterops palpebrosa, 554.
auroreus, Phoenicurus, 409, 410.
austeni, Anorhinus, 220.

Anorrhinus, 220,

Ptilolaemus tickelli, 220.
australis, Aethopyga nipalensis, 588.
avensis, Lalage melaschista, 284, 285.

Psittacula eupatria, 135.

Volvocivora melanoptera, 284.
Aviceda leuphotes, 57.

Aythya baeri, 54, 55, 56.

ferina, 54.

nyroca, 55.
azurea, Hypothymis, 468.

Babbler, Bas-Laos yellow-billed scimi-

tar, 394.

Burmese red-capped, 388.

Chinese yellow-eyed, 377.

Doi Chiang Dao rufous-fronted, 384.

Indian lesser scaly-breasted wren,
398.

Indian yellow-fronted shrike, 348.

Indo-Chinese chestnut-capped, 373.

Indo-Chinese spotted-throated, 379.

Indo-Chinese streaked-breasted, 378.

Indo-Chinese white-headed, 362.

Karen golden-headed, 382.

Karen ochraceous-headed scimitar,
391,

Lao buff-breasted, 380.

Lao red-eyed Quaker, 376.

Lao spotted-necked, 381.

Lao streaked-breasted wren, 398.

Lao yellow-breasted, 387.

INDEX BAL

Babbler, Moyen-Laos rugous-throated,
374

Peguan rufous-fronted, 383.

Shan gray-eyed Quaker, 375.

Shan streaked-breasted wren, 397.
Shan yellow-billed scimitar, 398.
Shan yellow-breasted, 386.
Southern Shan golden-headed, 383.

Tenasserimese chestnut-fronted
shrike, 347.

Tenasserimese coral-billed scimitar,
392.

Tenasserimese limestone, 394.
Tenasserimese long-billed scimitar,
389.
Tenasserimese
wren, 395.
Tenasserimese white-browed shrike,

streaked-throated

Thai ‘ferruginous-cheeked scimitar,
390.

Thai rufous-crowned, 384.
Yunnanese gray-throated, 391.
Yunnanese white-browed shrike,
350.
bacchus, Ardeola, 35.
Buphus, 35.
badia, Strix, 172.
badius, Phodilus badius, 172.
Photodilus, 172.
baeri, Anas (Fuligula), 55.
Aythya, 54, 55, 56.
Nyroca, 55.
Bah, Lucas, 7.
baicalensis, Motacilla, 504.
Motacilla alba, 504, 505.
bailyi, Polyplectron bicalcaratum, 99,
bakeri, Amaurornis fuscus, 105.
Cuculus canorus, 161.
Garrulax moniliger, 359, 360.
Napothera epilepidota, 28, 397.
Pericrocotus flammeus, 273.
Porzana fusca, 105, 106.
Turdinulus epilepidotus, 397.
balicus, Criniger xanthizurus, 388.
Bambusicola, 16.
fytchii, 92.
fytchii fytchii, 92.
barbatus, Dicrurus hottentottus, 293.
Barbet, Burmese golden-throated, 224.
Chinese giant, 221.
green-eared, 224.
Nepalese lineated, 222.
northern Thai blue-eared, 227.
Tenasserimese blue-throated, 226.
Barwing, Karen spectacled, 363.
basileus, Parus xanthogenys, 318.
Batrachostomus hodgsoni indochinae,
183.
Baya, Indo-Chinese, 562.
Baza, black-crested, 57.
Baza euphotes, 57.
lophotes, 57.
beavani, Franklinia rufescens, 492.

Bee-eater, blue-bearded, 209.
Burmese green, 206.
Indian bay-headed, 208.
Malaysian brown-breasted, 205.
belangeri, Garrulax leucolophus, 358.
bengalensis, Alcedo, 196.
Alcedo atthis, 196, 202.
Alcedo ispida, 196.
Centropus, 170.
Centropus bengalensis, 170.
Cuculus, 170.
Pseudogyps, 75.
Timalia pileata, 389,
Vultur, 75.
benghalensis,
170.
Rallus, 114.
Rostratula benghalensis, 114.
berliozi, Pycnonotus flavescens, 336.
Xanthixus flavescens, 335.
Besra, Japanese, 67.
Nepalese, 67.
Beuceros leucogaster, 216.
Bevan, T. W., 26.
Bhringa, 294.
remifer, 294, 295, 296.
remifer latispatula, 294.
remifer tectirostris, 294.
tectirostris, 294.
Bhuchanga albirictus, 291.
annectans, 291.
bicalearatum, Polyplectron, 98.
Polyplectron bicalearatum, 98.
bicalcaratus, Pavo, 98.
Polyplectron, 98.
bicolor, Pratincola caprata, 411.
bicornis, Dichoceros, 214.
bifasciatus, Astur, 65.
Daa Caprimulgus macrourus,
185.
binghami, Iole holti, 342.
Microscelis virescens, 342.
birmanus, Merops lamark, 206,
Merops orientalis, 206.
Merops viridis, 206.
bistrigiceps, Acrocephalus, 485.
Bittern, Chinese yellow, 40.
cinnamon, 40, 41.
Eurasian great, 43.
Indian black, 42.
Sumatran black-crested tiger, 39.
Von Schrenck’s, 41.
Blackbird, Indian gray-winged, 426.
blakistoni, Turnix suscitator, 101.
blanchardi, Alcippe rufogularis, 375.
blanfordi, Drymoeca, 493.
Prinia, 492.
Prinia inornata, 493.
Pycnonotus, 336.
Pycnonotus blanfordi, 336.
Turnix, 100.
Turnix tanki, 100.
blanfordii, Turnix, 100.
Turnix tanki, 100.
Bluethroat, Manchurian, 416.

Centropus benghalensis,

578

Blythipicus pyrrhotis annamensis, 240, | brunnescens,
241

pyrrhotis pyrrhotis, 239.
bochaiensis, Larvivora cyane, 415.
Bombax, 189. 344.

malabaricum, 528.

Borassus, 192.
borealis, Motacilla, 507.

Montacilla flava, 507, 508.

Phyllopneuste, 475.

Phylloscopus, 476.

Phylloscopus borealis, 475, 476.
Botaurus, 108.

stellaris, 43.

stellaris orientalis, 44.

stellaris stellaris, 43.
boulboul, Lanius, 426.

Turdus, 426.

Turdus boulboul, 426.
bourdellei, Microscelis flavala, 348.
Brachylophus chlorolophoides, 235.

chlorolophus chlorolophoides, 234,

236.

chlorolophus chlorolophus, 234, 236.
Brachypodius atriceps major, 328.

cinereoventris, 328.
Brachypteryx carolinae, 406.

cruralis, 406. ,

cruralis ecruralis, 406.

leucophris carolinae, 406.

leucophris nangka, 406, 407.
Bradypterus luteoventris luteoventris,

502.

luteoventris russulus, 502.
luteoventris ticehursti, 502.
thoracicus przevalskii, 500, 501.
thoracicus saturatus, 500, 501.
thoracicus shanensis, 501, 502.
thoracicus thoracicus, 500, 501.
brevicaudata, Corythocichla, 395.

Corythocichla brevicaudata, 895.

Napothera, 395.

Napothera brevicaudata, 395.
brevicaudatus, Turdinus, 395.
brevirostris, Chibia hottentotta, 2938.

Cyornis, 448.

Dicrurus hottentottus, 298.

Muscipeta, 275.

Pericrocotus, 275, 276.

Trichometopus, 293.

Broadbill, Burmese silver-breasted, 257.

Indian long-tailed, 255.

Thai banded, 259.

Thai dusky, 260.

Yunnanese Silver-breasted, 258.
brodiei, Glaucidium, 178.

Glaucidium brodiei, 178.

Noctua, 178.
britigeli, Athene cuculoides, 179.

Glaucidium cuculoides, 179.
brunneipectus, Arboricola, 90.
brunneopectus, Arboricola, 89, 90.

Arboricola brunneopectus, 90.

Arborophila brunneopectus, 89, 90.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Acrocephalus arundina-
ceus, 483, 484.
Agrobates, 488.

Bubo nipalensis, 176.
nipalensis nipalensis, 176.

Bubulcus coromandus, 36.
ibis coromandus, 36.

Bucco faiostrictus, 224.
indicus, 228.
virens, 221. ©

Buceros cavatus, 214.
leucogaster, 216.
nipalensis, 219.

Bucerotidae, 214.

Buchanan, A. R., 26,

Buchanga atra cathoeca, 290.
atra longus, 290.
cineracea cineracea, 287.
cineracea mouhoti, 287.
cineracea nigrescens, 287.
leucogenis, 289.
leucogenys cerrusata, 289.
leucophaea, 289.
leucophaeus salangensis, 289.
mouhoti, 287, 289.

Budytes flava angarensis, 507.
flavus macronyx, 506.
thunbergi plexus, 507.

Bulbul, Burmese blue-eyed, 328.
crested finch-billed, 327.
Indo-Chinese streaked-eared, 336.
Indo-Chinese streaked-throated, 334.
Indo-Chinese striated, 333.

Karen brown-eared, 342.

Phu Kha rufous-breasted, 342.

Southern Shan rufous-breasted, 342.

Szechwanese white-headed black,
344,

Tenasserimese black, 348.

Tenasserimese flavescent, 335.

Tenasserimese red-whiskered, 380.

Tenasserimese rufous-breasted, 341.

Thai black-throated yellow, 329.

Thai red-vented, 332.

Tongkinese viridescent, 389.

white-headed ashy, 345.

Yunnanese white-throated, 337.

Bunting, chestnut, 569.

Chinese crested, 571.

little, 570.

Siberian gray-hooded, 567.
Ussuri white-shouldered, 568.

Buphus bacchus, 385,

Burhinidae, 129.

burmae, Picus chlorolophus, 23, 234-237.

burmanica, Leucocerca, 460.

Ninox, 180.

Ninox scutulata, 180.
Pelargopsis, 200.
Pelargopsis gurial, 201.
Prinia inornata, 4938.
Ramphalcyon capensis, 200.
Rhipidura aureola, 460.
Saxicola caprata, 411.

INDEX

burmanicus,
187.

Criniger flaveolus, 338, 339.
Haematornis cheela, 78.
Microhierax caerulescens, 84.
Micropternus brachyurus, 241.
Phasianus humaie, 97.
Plocea infortunatus, 562.

Ploceus philippinus, 557, 562, 564.

Spilornis cheela, 78.

Syrmaticus humiae, 97.
burmannicus, Calophasis, 97.

Syrmaticus humiae, 5, 97.
Bushchat, iron-gray, 410.

579

Caprimulgus monticolus,| Campephaga fimbriata neglecta, 286.

fimbriata polioptera, 284-286.
Campephagidae, 273.
Campophaga melanoptera, 284.

neglecta, 278.

polioptera, 284.
cana, Heterophasa picaoides, 364.

Heterophasia picaoides, 364.

Sibia picaoides, 364.
Cancroma coromanda, 36.
canente, Hemicercus, 247.

Hemicirecus canente, 247.

Picus, 247.
canescens, Erpornis zantholeuca, 373.

Bushrobin, Japanese orange-flanked, 418 | canicapillus, Dryobates canicapillus, 246.

Nepalese orange-flanked, 417.
Butalis muttui, 437, 4388.
Butastur indicus, 68.

liventer, 69.

Butea frondosa, 155, 245, 528, 561.
Butorides javanica, 38.

javanicus actophilus, 33.

striatus actophilus, 33.

striatus amurensis, 33.

striatus connectens, 34.

striatus javanica, 33.

striatus javanicus, 34.
Butreron capellei magnirostris, 142.

capellii, 142.

Buzzard, Burmese honey, 59.

Indian honey, 58.

eacabata, Muscicapa sibirica, 486.

eacharensis, Zosterops palpebrosa, 553.

Cacomantis merulinus querulus, 163.
querulus, 163
sonneratii sonneratii, 162.
caerulea, Gracula, 403.
caerulescens, Microhierax, 84.
caeruleus, Myiophoneus, 403.
Myiophoneus caeruleus, 403.
Myophonus caeruleus, 403.
Calamoherpe concinens, 484.
calearata, Motacilla citreola, 508.
calidus, Falco peregrinus, 81, 82.
Callialeyon lilacina, 201.
calliope Calliope, 415.
Luscinia calliope, 415.
Motacilla, 415.
Calliope calliope, 415.
cruralis, 406.
Callisitta frontalis frontalis, 318.
Callocalia sp., 188.

calochrysea, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 458,

459.
calonyx, Hurystomus orientalis, 211.
Calophasis burmannicus, 97.
calvus, Otogyps, 74.
Sarecogyps, 74.
Vultur, 74.
cambodianus, Criniger ochraceus, 338.
Campephaga fimbriata culminata, 286.
fimbriata indochinensis, 285.
fimbriata melanoptera, 286.
fimbriata melaschista, 285.

Dryobates hardwickii, 246.
Dryobates nanus, 246.
Iyngipicus, 246.
Tyngipicus, 246.
Yungipicus hardwickii, 246.
Yungipicus nanus, 246.
eanifrons, Spizixos, 327.
Spizixos canifrons, 327.
canorus, Cuculus, 161, 162.
cantonensis, Pericrocotus, 278.
Pericrocotus cinereus, 278.
Pericrocotus roseus, 278.
canturians, Arundinax, 500.
Cettia diphone, 500.
Capella gallinago, 126.
gallinago gallinago, 126.
megala, 126.
nemoricola, 127.
stenura, 126, 127.
capellii, Butreron, 142.
capensis, Podiceps ruficollis, 28.
Poliocephalus ruficollis, 28.
Rostratula, 114.
capitalis, Hemipus picatus, 280, 282.
Muscicapa, 280.
Capitonidae, 221.
Caprimulgidae, 184.
Caprimulgiformes, 183.
Caprimulgus affinis, 188.
affinis monticolus, 186, 187, 218.
asiaticus asiaticus, 187.
asiaticus siamensis, 186.
griseatus, 188.
indicus jotaka, 185, 186.
jotaka, 185.
macrourus bimaculatus, 185.
macrurus albonotatus, 185.
macrurus ambiguus, 185.
mindanensis, 188.
monticola, 187.
monticolus, 187, 188.
monticolus burmanicus, 187.
monticolus monticolus, 187.
propinquus, 188.
eara, Aethopyga, 534.
Aethopyga siparaja, 23, 534.
Carcineutes amabilis, 204.
pulchellus, 204.
earolinae, Brachypteryx, 406.
Brachypteryx leucophris, 406.

580

Carpodacus erythrinus, 565.

erythrinus erythrinus, 567.

erythrinus roseatus, 565, 567.

murati, 565.

Carpophaga aenea, 148.

aenea aenea, 148.
Cascarea ferruginea, 50.
cashmeriensis, Chelidon, 271.

Delichon dasypus, 271.

Delichon urbica, 270, 271.
Casmerodius albus modestus, 37.
caspica, Motacilla cinerea, 505.

Cassia, 344.

sp., 293.
castanea, Sitta, 28.
ese neees Pseudominla castaneceps,

378.
castaneicauda, Siva strigula, 368.
ea cane Pseudominla castaneiceps
castaneoceps,
468

BULLETIN 186, UNITED

’

Seicercus castaneoceps,

castanicauda, Siva, 368.

Siva strigula, 368.
castaniceps, Seicercus castaniceps, 468.
Cater iar annie, Indo-Chinese gray,

Nepalese gray, 285.
cathoeca, Buchanga atra, 290.
cathoecus, Dicrurus, 290,

Dicrurus adsimilis, 290.

Dicrurus macrocereus, 290.
cathpharius, Dryobates, 16.
cavatus, Buceros, 214.

Dichoceros bicornis, 214, 218.
celatus, Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, 390.
celebicum, Dicaeum, 548.
celsa, Rhipidura albicollis, 461.
Centrococcyx intermedius, 169,
Centropus bengalensis, 170.

bengalensis bengalensis, 170.

benghalensis benghalensis, 170.

sinensis, 169, 170.

Sinensis intermedius, 169, 170, 171.
Cerasophila thompsoni, 345.
Cerchneis tinnunculus, 83.

tinnunculus saturatus, 83.
cerrusata, Buchanga leucogenys, 289.
Certhia discolor manipurensis, 319.

discolor shanensis, 319.

lepida, 531.

longirostra, 542.

malacensis, 531.

Certhiidae, 319,
cervina, Montacilla, 514.
cerviniceps, Eurostopodus macrotis, 184.

Lyncornis, 184.
cervinus, Anthus, 509.
cervinus, Anthus, 509, 514.

Ceryle alcyon, 200.

guttulata, 200.

leucomelanura, 199.

lugubris guttulata, 200.

lugubris scutulata, 200.

rudis leucomelanura, 199,

STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cettia diphone canturians, 500.
pallidipes laurentei, 499.
pallidipes pallidipes, 500.
Squameiceps, 498,

ceylonensis, Culicicapa, 458.
Culicicapa ceylonensis, 458.

Ceyx erithacus erithacus, 198.
tridactyla, 198.
tridactylus, 198.

Chaetura gigantea indica, 189.
indica, 189.
sp., 189.

Chaeturidae, 188.

Chaeturiformes, 188.

Chaimarrornis leucocephala, 408.

Chaitaris grandis, 456.

Chaleites maculatus, 164.
maculatus maculatus, 164.
xanthorhynchus limborgi, 165.
xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus,

165.

Chalcoparia phaenicotis, 531.
singalensis assamensis, 531.
singalensis interposita, 532, 533.
singalensis koratensis, 531, 533.
Singalensis lepida, 531.
singalensis rubinigentis, 531.
singalensis singalensis, 531.

Chalcophaps indica, 156.
indica indica, 156.

Chaptia aenea, 293.
aenea aenea, 298, 294.
aenea malayensis, 293, 294.

Charadriidae, 115.

Charadriiformes, 112.

Charadrius alexandrinus, 120.
alexandrinus alexandrinus,

121.
alexandrinus dealbatus, 120.
alexandrinus nihonensis, 121.
ecuronicus, 118.
dubius curonicus, 118, 120.
dubius jerdoni, 118, 119.
duvaucelii, 116.
fulvus, 117.
himantopus, 128.
placidus, 121.

Charles, L. K. A., 8, 10, 26.

Chasen, F. N., 27.

Chelidon cashmeriensis, 271.
dasypus, 270.
daurica striolata, 269.
whiteleyi, 270.

Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum, 459.

Chelidorynx hypoxantha, 459.

Cheniscus coromandelianus, 54.

Chibia hottentotta, 292.
hottentotta brevirostris, 293.
hottentotta hottentotta, 292.

chinensis, Amaurornis phaenicura, 106.
Amaurornis phoenicura, 106.
Amaurornis phoenicurus, 106.
Cissa, 303.

Cissa chinensis, 303,
Coracias, 303.

120,

INDEX

chinensis, Dryonastes, 356.

Eudynamis, 166.

Eudynamys scolopacea, 166.

Excalfactoria chinensis, 88,

Francolinus, 86.

Fulica, 106.

Hirundo, 272.

Iynx torquilla, 254.

Jynx torquilla, 254.

Kitta chinensis, 303.

Riparia chinensis, 273.

Riparia paludicola, 272, 273.

Tetrao, 88.
chirurgus, Hydrophasianus, 112.

Tringa, 112.

Chlidonias hybrida javanica, 132, 134.

hybrida swinhoei, 132.
chlorocephala, Chloropsis, 325.

Chloropsis chlorocephala, 325.

Chloropsis icterocephala, 325.
chlorolophoides, Brachylophus, 235.

Brachylophus chlorolophus, 234, 236.

Cirropicus chlorolophus, 234-236.

Picus chlorolophus, 234, 235.
chlorolophus, Brachylophus chlorolo-

phus, 234, 236.

Picus chlorolophus, 236.
chloronotus, Abrornis, 474.

Phylloscopus proregulus, 474.
chlorophoides, Picus chlorolophus, 234.

Picus chlorolophus, 234.
Chloropsis, 313, 325, 326.

aurifrons, 324.

aurifrons aurifrons, 323, 325.

aurifrons inornata, 324,

aurifrons subsp., 324.

chlorocephala, 325.

chlorocephala chlorocephala, 325.

cochinchinensiscochinchinensis, 325.

hardwickei, 326.

hardwickii, 326.

hardwickii hardwickii, 325, 326.

hardwickii harwickii, 326.

hardwickii malayana, 326,

harwicki malayana, 326.

icterocephala chlorocephala, 325.
chloropus, Arboricola chloropus, 91.

Tropicoperdix, 91.

Tropicoperdix chloropus, 91.
Copsychus solaris musicus, 421.
Chordeiles minor, 186.
chrysochlore, Dicaeum, 548.

Dicaeum chrysorrheum, 548.
Chrysococcyx limborgi, 165.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacris-

tatus, 249.

guttacristatus indo-malayicus, 249.

lucidus guttacristatus, 249.

strictus guttacristatus, 250.
Chrysomma sinense sinense, 377.

sinensis major, 377.

Sinensis sinensis, 377.

581

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, 237, 238.
flavinucha annamensis, 238.
flavinucha flavinucha, 237, 238.
flavinucha lylei, 236, 237.

chrysorhoeum, Dicaeum, 548.

chrysorrhaeum, Dicaeum, 548.

chrysorrheum, Dicaeum chrysorrheum,

549

chrysorrhoides, Molpastes cafer, 332.
Molpastes haemorrhous, 3382.
Pycnonotus cafer, 332.

Chrysostomus jugularis flammaxillaris,

540.

Ciconia nigra, 45.

Ciconiidae, 44.

Ciconiiformes, 32.

Cinclidae, 399.

Cinclus pallasii, 407.
pallasi dorjei, 399.
pallasii dorjei, 399.
pallasii marila, 399.

cineracea, Buchanga cineracea, 287.

cineraceus, Dicrurus, 287.

cinerea, Fulica, 107.

Gallicrex, 107.

Gallicrex cinerea, 107.
cinereiceps, Hemichelidon, 487.

Muscicapa, 4387.

Neohierax insignis, 85.

Polihierax insignis, 85.
cinereoventris, Brachypodius, 328.

Microtarsus atriceps, 328.

Pycnonotus atriceps, 328.
cinereus, Microsarcops, 115.

Pluvianus, 115.
cinnamomea, Ardea, 41.

Ardetta, 41.
cinnamomeoventris, Iole olivacea, 340.
cinnamomeum, Pellorneum albiventre,

379.

Pellorneum ignotum, 379.
cinnamomeus, Drymocataphus, 379.

Ixobrychus, 40, 41.
Cinnamoventris, Sitta, 316.

Cinnyris magna, 543.

Circus aeruginosus, 77.
aeruginosus aeruginosus, 77
melanoleucos, 76, 78.
melanoleucus, 76.

Cirropicus chlorolophus chlorolophoides,

234-236.

Cissa chinensis, 303.
chinensis chinensis, 303.

Cisticola exilis equicaudata, 496, 497.
exilis tytleri, 497.
juncidis, 497.
juncidis cursitans, 496.
juncidis malaya, 496.
tytleri, 497.

citreola, Motacilla, 508.

Motacilla citreola, 508.
citrina, Geokichla citrina, 428, 429.
Cittocinela macrura, 421.

Clamator coromandus, 157, 158.

582

clanga, Aquila, 72.
clara, Napothera epilepidota, 398.
claudiae, Acanthopneuste trochiloides,
479.
Phylloscopus reguloides, 479, 480.
Clivicola riparia ijimae, 272.
coccinea, Dicaeum cruentatum, 544.
Coccystes coromandus, 157.
cochinchinensis, Chloropsis cochinchin-
ensis, 325.
Turdus, 325.
Cochoa, green, 484.
purple, 435.
Cochoa purpurea, 435.
viridis, 434.
Cocos, 192.
coeruleus, Myiophoneus coeruleus, 403.
Myophonus coeruleus, 403.
cognacqi, Tropicoperdix chloropus, 92.
collinsi, Seicercus castaniceps, 468.
Collocalia fuciphaga innominata, 188.
innominata, 188.
collurioides, Lanius, 519.
Lanius collurioides, 517, 519.
Otomela, 519.
coltarti, Aleedo meninting, 197.
Stachyris nigriceps, 381, 382.
Columba agricola, 152.
humilis, 154.
indica, 156.
intermedia, 149.
livia intermedia, 149.
pulechricollis, 150, 153.
striata, 155.
sylvatica, 148.
tigrina, 153.
(Macropygia) tusalia, 150.
Columbidae, 140.
Columbiformes, 140.
Colymbus nigricans poggei, 28.
commixtus, Parus major, 311.
concinens, Acrocephalus agricola, 484.
Acrocephalus concinens, 484.
Calamoherpe, 484.
concolor, Hypsipetes, 348, 344.
Krimnochelidon, 272.
Microscelis leucocephalus, 344.
Microscelis madagascariensis, 343.
Microscelis psaroides, 344.
condorensis, Otus asio, 175.
Otus bakkamoena, 175.
connectens, Buroides striatus, 34.
Garrulax erythrocephalus, 355.
Mixornis gularis, 388.
conradi, Criniger, 336.
Pycnonotus blanfordi, 334, 336.
cooki, Apus pacificus, 189, 190.
Cypselus pacificus, 190.
Micropus pacificus, 190.
Coot, Eurasian, 110.
Indian purple, 109.
Coppersmith, Indian, 228.
Copsychus macrurus, 421,
saularis, 420.
saularis erimelas, 420.
saularis saularis, 420.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Coracias affinis, 210.

bengalensis affinis, 210.

benghalensis affinis, 210.

chinensis, 303.

xanthornus, 298.

Coraciidae, 210.
Coraciiformes, 196.
Coracina javensis siamensis, 286.

novaehollandiae siamensis, 286, 301.
corallina, Sitta, 318.

Sitta frontalis, 318, 461.
Cormorant, Chinese, 30.

little, 30,
coromanda, Alcedo, 201.

Cancroma, 36.

Haleyon coromanda, 201.
coromandeliana, Anas, 53.
coromandelianus, Cheniscus, 54.

Nettapus, 54.

Nettapus coromandelianus, 53.

Nettopus, 53..
coromandus, Bubulcus, 36.

Bubulcus ibis, 36.

Clamator, 157, 158.

Coecystes, 157.

Cuculus, 157.
coronata, Ficedula, 478.

Hemiprocne, 192.

Hemiprocne longipennis, 192.

Hirundo, 192.
coronatus, Acanthopneuste occipitalis,

8.

Ampeliceps, 523.

Mino, 528.

Orthotomus, 489.
Orthotomus cucullatus, 489.
Phyllergates coronatus, 489.

coronatus, Phylloscopus coronatus, 478.
Phylloscopus occipitalis, 478.

Corvidae, 300.

Corvus coronoides hainanus, 300.
coronoides macrorhynchus, 300.
hottentottus, 291.
levaillanti andamanensis, 300.
levaillantii, 300.
macrorhynchos levaillantii, 300.
macrorhynchus, 300.
macrorhynchus macrorhynchus, 300.
temia, 307.

Corydalla sinensis, 518.

Corydon corydon laoensis, 260.
sumatranus, 260.
sumatranus laoensis, 260.
sumatranus sumatranus, 260.

Coryllis vernalis vernalis, 139.

Corythocichla brevicaudata, 395.
brevicaudata brevicaudata, 395.
brevicaudata venningi, 395, 396.

Coturnix coturnix japonica, 87.
vulgaris japonica, 87.

Coucal, Burmese larger, 169.

Indian lesser, 170.
Crake, Asiatic little, 105.

Baker’s ruddy, 105.
Crane, Burmese sarus, 102.
crawfurdi, Macropicus crawfurdi, 250.

: INDEX

erecca, Anas, 52.
Anas ecrecea, 52.
Nettion, 52.
Creeper, Shan brown-throated tree, 319.
Criniger, 338, 340, 378.
conradi, 336.
flaveolus, 339.
flaveolus burmanicus, 338, 339.
flaveolus flaveolus, 338, 339.
flaveolus gularis, 339.
gularis henrici, 338.
gutturalis, 337.
gutturalis henrici, 337.
gutturalis ochraceus, 337.
gutturalis sordidus, 337.
henrici, 337.
loénnbergi, 339, 341.
ochraceus, 339.
ochraceus annamensis, 338, 339.
ochraceus cambodianus, 338.
ochraceus griseiceps, 338.
ochraceus henrici, 338.
ochraceus ochraceus, 338, 339.
ochraceus pallidus, 338.
ochraceus ruficrissus, 338.
ochraceus sacculatus, 338.
ochraceus sumatranus, 338.
propinquus, 339.
tephrogenis henrici, 338.
tephrogenys, 339.
tephrogenys frater, 338.
tphrogenys gutturalis, 338.
tephrogenys henrici, 337, 338, 340.
tephrogenys robinsoni, 338.
tephrogenys tephrogenys, 338.
xanthizurus, 338, 339.
xanthizurus balicus, 388.
crispifrons, Gypsophila, ‘394.
Napothera crispifrons, 394.
Turdinus, 394.
cristata, Otomela, 520.
Otomela cristata, 520.
cristatus, Lanius, 520.
Lanius cristatus, 489, 520-522.
Crocopus phaenicopterus viridifrons,
146.

phoenicopterus annamensis, 146.
phoenicopterus viridifrons, 146.
viridifrons, 146.
Crow, Bengalese jungle, 300.
Crow-tit, Burmese gray-headed, 309.

eastern yellow-billed, 308.

Karen gray-eared, 310.

Lao gray-headed, 309.
cruentatum, Dicaeum, 544.
cruralis, Brachypteryx, 406.

Brachypteryx cruralis, 406.

Calliope, 406.

Crypsirhina temia, 307.

varians, 307.
Crypsirina, 251.

formosae assimilis, 306.

formosae himalayensis, 307.

temia, 307.

vagabunda kinneari, 23, 304, 306.

583

Crypsirina, vagabunda sakeratensis, 23,
305.

vagabunda saturatior, 305.
Cryptolopha burkei tephrocephala, 466.
burki tephrocephala, 466.
burkii distineta, 466.
burkii tephrocephalus, 465.
ricketti, 481.
ceryptus, Microscelis, 340.
Pericrocotus ethologus, 275.
Cuckoo, Burmese plaintive, 163.
emerald, 164.
Hodgson’s fugitive hawk, 160.
Indian banded, 162.
Indian drongo, 166.
Indian large hawk, 158.
Indian short-winged, 160.
Khasya Hills common, 161.
red-winged crested, 157.
southern saturated, 161.
Tenasserimese violet, 165.
Cuckoo-shrike, Indo-Chinese ashy, 286.
Cuculidae, 157.
Cuculiformes, 157.
cucullata, Pitta, 262.
Pitta sordida, 262.
cuculoides, Glaucidium, 179.
Glaucidium cuculoides, 179.
Cuculus bengalensis, 170.
canorus, 161, 162.
canorus bakeri, 161.
coromandus, 157.
fugax nisicolor, 160.
micropterus, 160.
micropterus micropterus, 160.
nisicolor, 160.
Saturatus, 161.
saturatus saturatus, 161.
sonneratii, 162.
Sparverioides, 158.
sparverioides sparverioides, 158.
Culicicapa, 462, 466.
ceylonensis, 458.
ceylonensis calochrysea, 458, 459.
ceylonensis ceylonensis, 458.
ceylonensis percnocara, 458.
Culicipeta poliogenys, 467.
tephrocephalus, 465.
culminata, Campephaga fimbriata, 286.
cumatilis, Cyanoptila, 453.
Cyanoptila cyanomelana, 453.
Niltava cyanomelana, 453.
curonicus, Charadrius, 118.
Charadrius dubius, 118, 120.
cursitans, Cisticola juncidis, 496.
Cutia nipalensis, 346.
nipalensis nipalensis, 346.
eyane, Larvivora, 414.
Larvivora cyane, 414.
Luscinia, 413.
Motacilla, 413.
cyanea, Larvivora, 414.
Monticola, 425.
Pitta, 261.
Pitta cyanea, 261.

584

cyaniventer, Tesia, 497, 498.
Tesia cyaniventer, 497.

Cyanops asiatica, 226.
asiatica asiatica, 226.
asiatica davisoni, 225, 226.
australis invisa, 227.
eyanotis, 227.
davisoni, 226.
duvaucelii cyanotis, 227.
duvaucellii ecyanotis, 227.
faiostricta, 24, 224.
franklini ramsayi, 225.
franklinii ramsayi, 224, 225.
lineata, 25.
lineata hodgsoni, 222.
ramsayi, 225.

cyanoptera, Pitta, 262, 263.

Cyanoptila cumatilis, 453.
cyanomelana cumatilis, 453.

Cyanosylvia suecica robusta, 416, 417.

cyanotis, Cyanops, 227.

Cyanops duvaucelii, 227.

Cyanops duvaucellii, 227.

Mesobucco duvauceli, 227.

Mesobucco duvaugli, 227.

Mezobucco duvaucelii, 227.
cyanura, Ianthia, 418.

Janthia cyanura, 418.
cyanurus, Tarsiger cyanurus, 418.
Cyornis, blue-breasted, 447.

Himalayan pale-blue, 451.

Karen blue-throated, 448.

Shan rufous-throated, 449.

Sumatran white-bellied, 450.
Cyornis banyumas dialilaema, 449.

banyumas tickelliae, 449, 450.

banyumas whitei, 449, 451.

brevirostris, 443.

dialilaema, 448.

hainana, 447-450.

hyperythra subsp., 446.

oatesi, 455.

pallidipes, 447.

pallidipes hainana, 448.

rubeculoides, 449.

rubeculoides dialilaema, 448-450.

tickelli, 450.

tickelliae sumatrensis, 448, 450.

unicolor, 451.

unicolor harterti, 451.

unicolor unicolor, 451, 453.

vivida oatesi, 454.

whitei, 449.

whitei whitei, 450.

Cypselus infumatus, 191.
pacifieus cooki, 190.
subfureatus, 191.

Cypsiurus batassiensis infumatus, 191.
parvus infumatus, 191.

Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, 540.

flammaxillaris flammaxillaris, 540.

dabryi, Aethopyga, 535, 536.
Aethopyga gouldiae, 536.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

dabryii, Aethopyga dabryii, 535, 536.
Aethopyga gouldiae, 536.
Nectarinia, 536.

Dafila acuta acuta, 52.
aquta, 52.

dalhousiae, Eurylaimus, 255.
Psarisomus, 255.

Psarisomus dalhousiae, 255.

damacensis, Limonites, 125.

Darter, Indian, 31.

dasypus, Chelidon, 270.

Delichon dasypus, 270.

dauma, Oreocincla, 431,
Oreocincla dauma, 4381.
Turdus, 431.

Zoothera dauma, 4381.

davisoni, Acanthopneuste, 480.
Acanthopneuste reguloides, 480.
Acanthopneuste trochiloides, 480.
Cyanops, 226.

Cyanops asiatica, 225, 226.
Geronticus, 47.

Leioptila annectens, 367.
Megalaima, 226.

Microscelis flavala, 348.
Napothera epilepidota, 398.
Phylloscopus davisoni, 480.
Phylloscopus trochiloides, 480.
Pseudibis papillosa, 21, 47.
Stachyris nigriceps, 381.

dealbatus, Charadrius alexandrinus, 120.
Leucopolius alexandrinus, 120.

Deignan, H. G., 7-10.

Stella Leche, 26.
deignani, Eurystomus orientalis, 211.
Delacour, Jean (-Baptiste Théodore

Alexandre), 13, 27.

delacouri, Dryobates canicapillus, 247.
Prinia flaviventris, 494,

Sitta europaea, 315.

Delichon, 270.
dasypus cashmeriensis, 271.
dasypus dasypus, 270.
urbica cashmeriensis, 270, 271.
urbica nigrimentalis, 271.
urbica whiteleyi, 270, 271.

Delonix regia, 561.

Dendrocitta assimilis, 306.
formosae assimilis, 306.
himalayensis, 306, 307.
himalayensis assimilis, 306.
rufa, 304, 305.
rufa kinneari, 304,
rufa sakaratensis, 304.
rufa sakeratensis, 304, 305.
sinensis assimilis, 306.
vagabunda kinneari, 304.

Dendrocopos analis longipennis, 245.

Dendrocygna javanica, 47.

Dendronanthus indicus, 509.

Dendrophila frontalis, 318.
frontalis frontalis, 318.

denotata, Niltava sundara, 455, 456, 458.

de Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer, 6, 7, 27.

desgodinsi, Leioptila capistrata, 366.

INDEX

dialilaema, Cyornis, 448.
Cyornis banyumas, 449.
Cyornis rubeculoides, 448—450.
Muscicapula rubeculoides, 449, 450,
diardi, Diardigallus, 95.
Euplocomus, 95.
Garrulax, 357.
Garrulax leucolophus, 303, 356, 357.
Lophura, 95.
Turdus, 357.
Diardigallus diardi, 95.
Dicaeidae, 544.
Dicaeum, 551.
celebicum, 548.
chrysochlore, 548.
chrysorhoeum, 548.
chrysorrhaeum, 548.
chrysorrheum chrysochlore, 548.
chrysorrheum chrysorrheum, 549.
eoncolor olivaceum, 546.
cruentatum, 544.
cruentatum coccinea, 544.
cruentatum erythronotum, 546.
cruentatum ignitum, 544, 546.
cruentatum siamense, 544.
cruentatum siamensis, 544, 546.
hirundinaceum, 548.
Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignipectus,
DAT.
ignipectum, 547.
ignipectum ignipectum, 547.
ignipectus, 547.
ignipectus ignipectus, 547.
luzoniense, 548.
minullum olivaceum, 546.
minullus inornatum, 546.
minullus olivaceum, M6.
monticolum, 548.
olivaceum, 546.
sanguinolentum ignipectus, 547.
sanguinolentum monticolum, 548.
Dichoceros bicornis, 214.
bicornis cayatus, 214, 218.
bicornis homrai, 216.
Dickason, David H., 27.
Dicruridae, 287.
dicruroides, Pseudornis, 166.
Surniculus lugubris, 166.
Dicrurus, 289.
adsimilis, 291.
adsimilis albirictus, 291.
adsimilis cathoecus, 290.
aeneus, 293.
annectans, 291.
annectens, 291.
ater, 290.
cathoecus, 290.
cineraceus, 287.
hottentottus barbatus, 293.
hottentottus brevirostris, 293.
hottentottus hottentottus, 291.
leucogenis leucogenis, 289.
leucophaeus hopwoodi, 287, 288.

585

Dicrurus, leucophaeus leucogenis, 289.
leucophaeus mouhoti, 287, 288.
leucophaeus rocki, 288.
macrocercus cathoecus, 290.
macrocercus thai, 290.

diffusus, Oriolus, 297.

Oriolus chinensis, 297, 298.

Digenea leucops, 446.

diluta, Napothera, 398.

Dimorpha superciliaris, 445.

Dinopium, 243.
javanense intermedium, 248.
javanensis intermedia, 249.

Dipper, Burmese brown, 399.

Dipterocarpaceae, 25.

Dipterocarpus, 515.

Dissemurus, 304.
paradiseus, 25, 295.
paradiseus malabaricus, 295.
paradiseus rangoonensis, 295,

dissimilis, Turdus, 428.

Dissoura, 46.
episcopa episcopa, 45.
episcopus episcopus, 21, 45.

distans, Otus scops, 173.

Otus senegalensis, 173.

distincta, Cryptolopha burkii, 466.
Seicercus burkii, 466.

eee Acanthopneuste trochiloides,

Phylloscopus davisoni, 481.
dixoni, Geocichla, 430.
Oreocincla, 430.
Zoothera, 430, 432.
domesticus, Passer, 560.
dorjei, Cinclus pallasi, 399,
Cinclus pallasii, 399.
Dove, Burmese rufous, 152.
Burmese rufous-headed cuckoo, 152.
Indian barred-tailed cuckoo, 150.
Indian emerald, 156.
Indo-Chinese red, 154.
Javanese striated ground, 155.
Malaysian spotted-necked, 153.
Drongo, Assamese pale ashy, 288,
Burmese greater racquet-tailed, 295,
Chinese black, 290.
Chinese hair-crested, 293.
crow-billed, 291.
Himalayan black, 291.
Hype white-cheeked pale ashy
89.
Indian bronzed, 293.
Indian hair-crested, 291.
Indian lesser racquet-tailed, 294.
Indo-Chinese pale ashy, 287.
Drymocataphus cinnamomeus, 379.
tickelli, 380.
tickelli ochraceus, 380.
tickelli olivaceus, 380,
tickelli tickelli, 380.
Drymoeca blanfordi, 493.

’

586

Dryobates, 243.
analis pongipennis, 245.
atratus, 244, 246.
canicapillus canicapillus, 246.
canicapillus delacouri, 247.
canicapillus semicoronatus, 246.
cathparius perneyi, 248, 244.
cathpharius, 16.
eathpharius tenebrosus, 243.
hardwickii canicapillus, 246.

hyperythrus hyperythrus, 242, 282.

hyperythrus sikkimensis, 243.
macei longipennis, 245.
nanus eanicapillus, 246.
nanus pumilus, 246, 247.

Dryocopus javensis feddeni, 250.

Dryonastes chinensis, 356.
chinensis propinquus, 356.
strepitans, 361.

dubia, Aegialites, 119.

Ardea, 46.

dubius, Leptoptilos, 21, 46.
Leptoptilus, 46.

Duck, Burmese spot-billed, 50.
Indian comb, 48.
white-winged wood, 49.

Ducula aenea sylvatica, 148.
badia griseicapilla, 149.
griseicapilla, 149.
insignis griseicapilla, 149.

dulcis, Inga, 330.

Dumeticola thoracica, 501.
thoracica przevalskii, 500.
thoracica thoracica, 501.

Dupetor flavicollis, 42.
flavicollis flavicollis, 42.

duvaucelii, Charadrius, 116.
Hoplopterus, 116, 117.

Eagle, Burmese serpent, 78.
Chinese crested hawk, 70.
gray-faced buzzard, 68.
greater spotted, 72.

Indian greater fishing, 73.
Indian tawny, 71.

Malayan black, 72.

Malayan lesser fishing, 74.
rufous-winged buzzard, 69.
southern rufous-bellied hawk, 71.

Edolius rangoonensis, 295.

Egret, eastern cattle, 36.

Indian intermediate, 38.
Indian large, 37.
Indian little, 38.

Hgretta alba modesta, 37.
garzetta garzetta, 38.
intermedia intermedia, 37, 38.

eisenhoferi, Picus vittatus, 280, 232.

Hlanus caeruleus vociferus, 56.

Hlathea flaviventris flaviventris, 329.
jocosa erythrotis, 330.

elegans, Pericrocotus flammeus, 278.
Pericrocotus speciosus, 273.
Phoenicornis, 273.

elisabethae, Serilophus lunatus, 258.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

elizabethae, Serilophus lunatus, 257.

Emberiza aureola, 568.
aureola ornata, 566-568.
fucata, 567.
fucata fucata, 567.
lathami, 571.
pusilla, 566, 570.
rutila, 566, 569.

emeria, Otocompsa, 330.
Otocompsa emeria, 3380.
Otocompsa jocosa, 330.

Enicurus immaculatus, 402.
leschenaulti indicus, 400, 402.
schistaceus, 400, 401, 403, 407.
schistaceus schistaceus, 401.

eous, Pyenonotus finlaysoni, 335.

episcopa, Dissoura episcopa, 45.

episcopus, Ardea, 45.

Dissoura episcopus, 21, 45.
equicaudata, Cisticola exilis, 496, 497.
erimelas, Copsychus saularis, 420.
erithaeca, Alcedo, 198.
erithacus, Ceyx erithacus, 198.
Hrolia minuta ruficollis, 124.

subminuta, 124.

temminekii, 124-126.

Erpornis, 318, 461, 466, 481, 532.
xantholeuca xantholeuca, 372.
zantholeuca, 372, 373.
zantholeuca canescens, 373.
zantholeuca interposita, 373.
zantholeuca tyrannula, 372, 373.
zantholeuca zantholeuca, 372.

erro, Prinia hodgsonii, 490.

erythrina, Loxia, 567.

erythrinus, Carpodacus, 565.
Carpodacus erythrinus, 567.

erythrocephalus, Harpactes, 193, 194.
Harpactes erythrocephalus, 28, 193.
Melittophagus erythrocephalus, 208.
Pyrotrogon, 193.

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, 193,
195.
Trogon, 193.
erythrogastra, Monticola, 424.
erythronotum, Dicaeum cruentatum,
546.
erythropleura, Prinia atrogularis, 495.
Suya, 495.

Zosterops, 551-553.

erythropleurus, Zosterops, 551.
Zosterops erythropleurus, 551.

erythropygius, Picus, 25.

erythrothroax, Porzana fusca, 106.

erythrotis, Elathea jocosa, 330.

Ixos, 330.
Otocompsa jocosa, 330.
Pycnonotus jocosus, 329, 330, 332.

Hsacus magnirostris recurvirostris, 129.
recurvirostris, 129.

Hstrilda amandava amandava, 555.
amandava flavidiventris, 556.
amandava punicea, 556.

ethologus, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 276.
Pericrocotus ethologus, 276, 277.

INDEX

EKudynamis chinensis, 166.
honorata, 166.
orientalis malayana, 166.
scolopaceus malayanus, 166.
' Hudynamys scolopacea chinensis, 166.
eugenei, Myophoneus, 404.
Myiophoneus eugenei, 404.
Myophonus ecaeruleus, 404.
Myophonus coeruleus, 405.
Myophonus eugenei, 405.
Myophonus temminckii, 405.
eugenii, Myiophoneus, 404.
Myiophoneus eugenii, 405.
Hulabes intermedia, 522.
javana intermedia, 522.
Humyias thalassina thalassina, 452.
ios ami 25, 86, 268, 334, 356, 391,
406.

eupatria subsp., Psittacula, 185.

euphotes, Baza, 57.

Huplocomus diardi, 95,

eurhythma, Ardetta, 41.

eurhythmus, [xobrychus, 41.

europaea, Sitta, 28, 317, 339.

Eurostopodus macrotis cerviniceps, 184.

Eurylaemus javanicus, 259.

Eurylaimidae, 255.

Eurylaimus dalhousiae, 255.
javanicus pallidus, 259.
lunatus, 257.

Eurystomus orientalis abundus, 212.
orientalis calonyx, 211.
orientalis deignani, 211.
orientalis orientalis, 211.

eutolmus, Microhierax, 84.

examinandus, Phylloscopus
475.

Excealfactoria chinensis chinensis, 88.

eximia, Leioptila annectens, 367.

exsul, Napothera, 398.

Pseudominla castaneiceps, 373.

exter, Prinia, 493.

exul, Alcippe castaneceps, 372, 373, 469.
Alcippe castaneiceps, 373.

borealis,

faiostricta, Cyanops, 24, 224.

Thereiceryx faiostricta, 224.
faiostrictus, Bucco, 224.

Thereiceryx faistrictus, 224.
Fairy-bluebird, Himalayan, 320.
Falco aeruginosus, 77.

haliaetus, 80.

ichthyaetus, 73.

indicus, 68.

indus, 62.

interstinctus, 83.

leuphotes, 57.

liventer, 69.

malayensis, 72.

melanoleucos, 76.

peregrinus calidus, 81, 82.

peregrinus harterti, 81.

peregrinus peregrinator, 82.

severus, 82.

severus severus, 82.

583136—45——38

587

Falco soloensis, 65.
tinnunculus, 82.
tinnunculus interstinctus, 83.
tinnunculus saturatus, 83, 84.
tinnunculus tinnunculus, 82.
vociferus, 56.
Falcon, Tenasserimese white-rumped, 85.
Falconet, Burmese red-legged, 84.
Faleonidae, 81.
Falconiformes, 56.
fasciata, Palaeornis, 136,
Palaeornis alexandri, 136.
Psittacula alexandri, 135, 136.
Rallina, 104.
fasciatus, Psittacus, 135.
Rallus, 104.
feae, Paradoxornis poliotis, 310.
Suthora, 310.
Suthora poliotis, 310.
feddeni, Dryocopus javensis, 250.
Macropicus, 250,
Mulleripicus, 250.
Thriponax javanensis, 250.
Thriponax javensis, 250.
ferina, Anas, 54.
Aythya, 54.
ferrea, Oreicola, 410.
Oreicola ferrea, 410.
Rhodophila, 410.
Saxicola, 410.
ferruginea, Anas, 50,
Casarca, 50.
Hemichelidon, 437.
ferrugineus, Anser tataricus, 50.
Gallus, 96.
Ficedula coronata, 478.
filifera, Hirundo, 268.
Hirundo smithii, 268.
Finfoot, masked, 111.
finlaysoni, Pycnonotus, 334.
Pycnonotus finlaysoni, 334.
finschi, Palaeornis, 1388.
Psittacula himalayana, 138.
Psittacula schisticeps, 1388.
finschii, Palaeornis, 138.
Palaeornis schisticeps, 138.
Piprisoma agile, 550.
Psittacula himalayana, 138.
flammaxillaris, Arachnechthra, 540.
Chrysostomus jugularis, 540.
Cyrtostomus, 540.
Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, 540.
Leptocoma flammaxillaris, 540.
Leptocoma jugularis, 540.
Nectarinia, 540.
Nectarinia jugularis, 540.
flammea, Strix, 183.
flammeus, Asio flammeus, 183.
flava, Motacilla, 508, 509.
flaveolus, Criniger, 339.
Criniger flaveolus, 338, 339.
Passer, 561.
flavescens, Xanthixus flavescens, 335.

588

flaviceps, Ploceus manyar, 564.
flavicollis, Ardea, 42.

Dupetor, 42.

Dupetor flavicollis, 42.
flavidiventris, Estrilda amandava, 556.
flavinucha, Chrysophlegma, 237, 238.

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, 237, 238.
flaviventris, Elathea flaviventris, 329.

Otocompsa, 329.

Otocompsa flaviventris, 329.

Prinia flaviventris, 494.

Pycnonotus dispar, 330.
flavocristata, Melanchlora sultana, 313.
flavo-olivaceus, Phylloscopus flavo-oli-

vaceus, 480.
floweri, Sturnopastor, 529.

Sturnopastor capensis, 529.

Sturnopastor contra, 529.

Sturnus contra, 529.
Flowerpecker, Himalayan fire-breasted,

547.

Indo-Chinese plain-colored, 546.

Indo-Chinese scarlet-backed, 544.

Indo-Chinese streaked-breasted, 549

Indo-Chinese yellow-vented, 548.

yellow-bellied, 551.

Flycatcher, Burmese white-browed fan-
tail, 460.

Chinese paradise, 465.

continental gray-breasted, 439.

eastern orange-throated, 440.

eastern white-browed, 445.

ferruginous, 437.

Himalayan black-and-white, 443.

Himalayan orange-gorgeted, 441.

Himalayan white-fronted, 445.

Indian brown-breasted, 437.

Indian verditer-blue, 452.

Indian white-throated fantail, 461.

Indo-Chinese black-naped, 462.

Indo-Chinese gray-headed, 458.

Indo-Chinese paradise, 464.

Indo-Chinese sapphire-blue, 447.

Nepalese pygmy, 458.

Nepalese sooty, 436.

Shan orange-gorgeted, 441.

Siberian sooty, 485.

slaty-backed, 442.

upper Burmese white-throated, 446.

white-browed narcissine, 444.

yellow-browed, 459.
Flycatcher-shrike, black-backed bar-

winged, 281.

brown-backed bar-winged, 280.
fokiensis, Halycon smyrnensis, 203.

Paradoxornis gularis, 310.

Spizaetus nipalensis, 70.

Forktail, black-backed, 402.

Indian white-crowned, 400.

slaty-backed, 401.
formosus, Hieraaetus kieneri, 71.

Hieraaetus kienerii, 71.
forresti, Phylloscopus proregulus, 474.

Phylloscopus proregutus, 474.
Francolin, Chinese, 86.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Francolinus chinensis, 86.
pintadeanus, 86.
pintadeanus phayrei, 86.
Franklinia gracilis, 490, 492.
rufescens beavani, 492.
rufescens poliocephala, 492.
rufescens rufescens, 492,
frater, Criniger tephrogenys, 338.
fratercula, Alcippe fratercula, 377.
Alcippe nepalensis, 376.
Alcippe nipalensis, 376.
fraterculus, Pericroctus, 2738.
Pericrocotus flammeus, 2738.
Pericrocotus speciosus, 278.
fratris-regis, Mycerobas melanozanthos,
564.
Friedmann, Herbert, 27.
Fringilla amandava, 555.
Fringillidae, 564.
Frogmouth, Indo-Chinese, 183.
frondosa, Butea, 155, 245, 528, 561.
frontalis, Callisitta frontalis, 318.
Dendrophila, 318.
Dendrophila frontalis, 318.
Sitta, 318.
Sitta frontalis, 318.
fucata, Emberiza, 567.
Emberiza fucata, 567.
Fulica atra, 110.
atra atra, 110.
chinensis, 106.
cinerea, 107.
fuliginosa, Phoenicura, 407.
Rhyacornis fuliginosa, 407.
fuliginosus, Phoenicurus fuliginosus, 407.
fulva, Pluvialis apricaria, 117.
fulvus, Charadrius, 117.
Pluvialis dominicus, 117.
fusca, Halcyon smyrnensis, 202.
fuscata, Garrulax moniliger, 359, 360.
Garrulax moniliger, 360.
Phaeoradina fuscata, 470.
Phyllopneuste, 470.
Phylloscopus fuseata, 470.
fuscatus, Garrulax monileger, 359, 361.
Phylloscopus fuscatus, 470.
fuscogularis, Siphia strophiata, 442.
fuscus, Artamus, 515.
fytchii, Bambusicola, 92.
Bambusicola fytchii, 92.

Gaddi, Layang, 5, 7.
Gairdner, Kenneth G., 5, 6.
galbana, Mesia argentauris, 350, 351.
Gallicrex cinerea, 107.
cinerea cinerea, 107.
cinerea plumbea, 108.
Galliformes, 86.
gallinago, Capella, 126.
Capella gallinago, 126.
Gallinago, 126.
Scolopax, 126.
Gallinago gallinago, 126.
nemoricola, 127.
stenura, 126.
sthenura, 126.

INDEX

Gallinula chloropus indica, 108.
chloropus indicus, 108.
chloropus parvifrons, 108.
poliocephala, 109.

Gallinule, Indian, 108.

gallus, Gallus, 96.

Gallus gallus, 96,
Phasianus, 96.

Gallus, 560.
bankiva robinsoni, 96.
ferrugineus, 96.
gallus, 96.
gallus gallus, 96.
gallus jabouillei, 97.
gallus robinsoni, 96.

Gampsorhynchus, 392, 394.
rufulus torquatus, 362.
torquatus, 362.

Garganey, Eurasian, 51.

Garrulax, 251, 304.
chinensis lochmius, 356.
chinensis propinquus, 356.
diardi, 357.
erythrocephalus connectens, 355.
erythrocephalus melanostigma, 353,

355.
erythrocephalus schistaceus, 354.
erythrocephalus subconnectens, 355.
leucolophus, 25.
leucolophus belangeri, 358.
leucolophus diardi, 303, 356, 357.
melanostigma, 353.
merulinus, 16.
merulinus laoensis, 355. ,
(Stactocichla) merulinus laoensis,
355,

merulinus merulinus, 355.
berulinus obscurus, 355.
milnei sharpei, 353.
monileger, 25.
monileger fuseatus, 359, 361.
monileger schauenseei, 22, 360.
moniliger, 359, 360.
moniliger bakeri, 359, 360.
moniliger fuscata, 359, 360.
moniliger schauenseei, 360.
pectoralis, 358. a
pectoralis meridionalis, 303, 3858—
360.
pectoralis robini, 359.
strepitans, 361.
strepitans strepitans, 303, 361.
Garrulus, 251.
glandarius leucotis, 301.
leucotis, 301.
leucotis leucotis, 301.
leucotis oatesi, 301.
garzetta, Ardea, 38.
Egretta garzetta, 38.
Gecinulus grantia indochinensis, 239.
grantia viridis, 239.
viridis, 25, 238, 239.
viridis viridis, 238, 239.
Gecinus nigrigenis, 229.
striolatus, 230,

589

Gennaeus crawfurdii lineatus, 93.
lineatus sharpei, 93.
nycthemerus ripponi, 94.
nycthemerus rufipes, 94.
ripponi, 94,
sp., 94.

Geocichla citrina innotata, 428.
dixoni, 430.
innotata, 428,
sibirica sibirica, 429.

Geokichla citrina citrina, 428, 429.
citrina innotata, 428.
sibirica sibirica, 429,

Geopelia striata striata, 155.

Geronticus davisoni, 47.

glareola, Rhyacophilus, 122.
Totanus, 122.

Tringa, 122,

Glareola lactea, 131.
maldivarum, 130.

(Pratincola) maldivarum, 130.
maldivarum maldivarum, 130.
pratincola maldivarum, 130.

Glareolidae, 130.

Glaucidium brodiei, 178.
brodiei brodiei, 178.
brodiei tubiger, 178.
cuculoides, 179,
cuculoides briigeli, 179.
cuculoides cuculoides, 179.
cuculoides rufescens, 179, 180.

Glottis nebularia, 122.
nebularius, 122.

godlewskii, Anthus campestris, 513.

Gorsachius melanolophus, 39.
melanolophus melanolophus, 39.

Goshawk, northern crested, 66.
Tibetan, 62.

gracilis, Franklinia, 490, 492.
Leioptila capistrata, 366.

Grackle, Indo-Chinese, 522.

Gracula caerulea, 4038.
intermedius, 522.
javana intermedia, 522.
nigricollis, 530.
religiosa intermedia, 522.

Graculipica nigricollis, 530.

Gracupica nigricollis, 530.

grandis, Acridotheres, 526, 527.
Acridotheres cristatellus, 526, 527.
Aethiospar, 526.

Aethiospar fuscus, 526.
Aethiospar grandis, 526,
Chaitaris, 456.

Niltava grandis, 456.

Graucalus javensis siamensis, 286.
macei, 286.
macei siamensis, 286.

grayii, Ardeola, 35.

Grebe, Chinese little, 28.

Greenshank, 122.

Greenway, James Cowan, Jr., 13, 27.

griseatus, Caprimulgus, 188.

griseicapilla, Ducula, 149.

Ducula badia, 149.

590 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

griseicapilla, Ducula insignis, 149. Haliastur indus, 62.
Treron, 145. indus indus, 62.
Treron vernans, 145. hardwickei, Chloropsis, 326.
griseicapillus, Lanius collurioides, 520.| hardwickii, Chloropsis, 326.
griseiceps, Criniger ochraceus, 338. Chloropsis hardwickii, 325, 326.
griseigularis, Pericrocotus solaris, 277. | haringtoni, Anas poecilorhyncha, 50.
Grosbeak, Indo-Chinese spotted-winged, Oreicola ferrea, 410.
564. Polionetta, 50.
Groundchat, blue, 413. Rhodophila ferrea, 410.
Groundrobin, Indian white-tailed, 418. | haringtoniae, Alcippe, 375.
Gruidae, 102. Alcippe poiocephala, 376.
Gruiformes, 100. Alcippe poioicephala, 375, 376.
Grus antigone sharpii, 102. Harpactes erythrocephalus, 23, 193, 194.
(Antigone) sharpii, 102. erythrocephalus annamensis, 23,
gularis, Accipiter, 64. 194.
Accipiter virgatus, 65, 67. erythrocephalus erythrocephalus,
Astur (Nisus), 67. 23, 193. ; :
Criniger flaveolus, 339. erythrocephalus intermedius, 193.
Mixornis, 387. oreskios, 199.
Monticola, 423. oreskios stellae, 195.
Monticola gularis, 423. oreskios uniformis, 195.
Oroecetes, 423. Harrier, pied, 76. ti
Psittiparus gularis, 309. western marsh, 77.

Rallus striatus, 103. harrietae, Aethopyga gouldiae, 536, 537.

: : . harringtoni, Oreicola ferrea, 410.
gurneyi, Pernis ptilorhyncus, 59. 2 2 : Pes

2 _| harringtoniae, Alcippe poioicephala, 376.
BCL OHSU a eR acU IAD Res ag ene erate) aoe amdiMige Sila oe

cristatus, 249. : :
Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 249. ee Acanthopneuste reguloides,

Chrysocolaptes strictus, 250. Acanthopneuste trochiloides, 479.

Picus, 249. . .
guttaticollis, Paradoxornis, 308. com Meenas a

Paradoxornis flavirostris, 308. Miilleripicus pulverulentus, 251.
guttulata, Ceryle, 200. Phylloscopus bonelli, 479.

Ceryle lugubris, 200. harwickii, Chloropsis hardwickii, 326.

Megaceryle lugubris, 200. Hawk, Horsfield’s sparrow, 65.
gutturalis, Criniger, 337. helenae, Stachyris striolata, 381.

Criniger tephrogenys, 338. Heliopais personata, 111.

Hirundo, 267. Heliornithidae, 111.

Hirundo rustica, 267. Hemicercus canente, 247.
Gyldenstolpe, Nils Carl Gustaf Fersen, | Hemichelidon cinereiceps, 487.

—4, 27. ferruginea, 4387.
gyldenstolpei, Picus canus, 233. sibirica sibirica, 435.
Gypsophila crispifrons, 394. sibirica subsp., 426.
Hemicircus canente canente, 247.

haematocephala, Xantholaema, 228. Hemipode, Chinese yellow-legged, 100.
Haematornis cheela burmanicus, 78. Thai gray-legged, 100.

cheela ricketti, 78. Hemiprocne coronata, 192.
hainana, Cyornis, 447-450. longipennis coronata, 192.

Cyornis pallidipes, 448. Hemiprocnidae, 192.

Muscicapula, 448. Hemipus, 284.

Muscicapula pallipes, 448. picatus, 280, 281.

Muscucapula, 448. picatus capitalis, 280, 282.

Siphia, 447. picatus picatus, 280, 281.
hainanus, Corvus coronoides, 300. picatus subsp., 280.

Pycnonotus, 342. Hemixus hildebrandi, 342.

Rhopodytes tristis, 167, 168. Henicurus leschenaulti, 400.
Halcyon coromanda coromanda, 201. leschenaulti indicus, 400.

perpulchra, 202. schistaceus, 401.

pileata, 208. henrici, Arborophila brunneopectus, 91.

smyrnensis fokiensis, 203. Criniger, 337.

smyrnensis fusca, 202. Criniger gularis, 338.

smyrnensis perpulchra, 202. Criniger gutturalis, 337.
haliaetus, Falco, 80. Criniger ochraceus, 338.

Pandion haliaetus, 80. Criniger tephrogenis, 338.

Haliaetus lineatus, 61. Criniger tephrogenys, 337, 338, 340.

ie

INDEX 591

Herbivocula schwarzi, 472.
Herodias alba, 37.

alba modesta, 37.
Heron, Amur green, 33.

Chinese pond, 35.

eastern gray, 382.

eastern purple, 32.

Eurasian night, 39.

Javanese green, 34.

South China green, 33.
Herpornis, Indian, 372.
Herpornis xantholeuca, 372.

xantholeuca tyrannulus, 372.
sessei, Picus canus, 232, 233, 234.
Heterophasa picaoides cana, 364.
Heterophasia picaoides cana, 364.
Heteroxenicus nangka, 406.
Hieraaetus kieneri formosus, 71.

kienerii formosus, 71.

kienerii kienerii, 71.
Hierococcyx sparveriodes, 158.

sparverioides sparverioides, 159.
hildebrandi, Hemixus, 342.

Ixos, 342.

Txos flavala, 342.

Ixos flavula, 343.
hildebrandti, Microscelis flavala, 342.

himalayensis, Crypsirina formosae, 307.

Dendrocitta, 306, 307.
himantopus, Charadrius, 128.

Himantopus himantopus, 128, 129.
Hirundapus giganteus indicus, 189.
hirundinaceum, Dicaeum, 548.
Hirundinidae, 267.
Hirundo chinensis, 272.

eoronata, 192.

daurica nepalensis, 268.

daurica nipalensis, 268, 269.

daurica striolata, 269.

filifera, 268.

gutturalis, 267.

rustica gutturalis, 267.

rustica subsp., 272.

rustica tytleri, 268.

smithii filifera, 268.

striolata, 269.

striolata stanfordi, 269.

striolata substriolata, 268.
Hobby, rufous-bellied, 82,
hodgsoni, Anthus, 510.

Anthus hodgsoni, 510.

Anthus trivialis, 510.

Cyanops lineata, 222.

Muscicapella hodgsoni, 458.

Nemura, 458.

Therciceryx lineatus, 2238.

Thereiceryx lineata, 222.

Thereiceryx lineatus, 223.
hodgsonii, Muscicapula, 442.

Siphia, 442, 443.
hogdsoni, Megalaimus, 222.
Homonoia riparia, 444, 486.
homrai, Dichoceros bicornis, 216.
honorata, Hudynamis, 166.
Hoopoe, Burmese, 213.

Mongolian, 212.

Hoplopterus duvaucelii, 116, 117.
ventralis, 116.
hopwoodi, Dicrurus leucophaeus, 287,
288

Hornbill, Indian concave-casqued, 214.
northern waved, 218.
rufous-necked, 219.

Tenasserimese pied, 216.

white-throated brown, 220.
hottentotta, Chibia, 292.

Chibia hottentotta, 292.
hottentottus, Corvus, 291.

Dicrurus hottentottus, 291.
hugonis, Abroscopus albogularis, 469.

Seicerecus albogularis, 469.

Huhua nipalensis, 176.

nipalensis nipalensis, 176.

humei, Aegithina tiphia, 323.

humilis, Columba, 154.

Oenopopelia tranquebarica, 155.

Polioaetus, 74.

Pomatorhinus schisticeps, 23, 368,

394.

Streptopelia tranquebarica, 154.
Hunting-crow, Thai green-breasted, 303.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoei,

132.

Hydrocissa malabarica leucogaster, 216.
malabarica leucogastra, 216.

Hydrocorax niger, 30.

| Hydrophasianus chirurgus, 112.

Hydrornis oatesi, 268, 264.
Hylocichla, 419.
hyperythra, Musicapa, 445.
Muscicapula hyperythra, 446,
Siphia, 447.
Siphia hyperythra, 445.
hyperythrus, Dryobates hyperythrus,
242, 282.
Hypopicus, 248.
Hypopicus hyperythrus, 243.
Picus, 242.
hypoleuca, Tringa, 124.
hypoleucos, Actitis, 124.
Tringa, 124.
Tringoides, 124.
Hypopicus hyperythrus, 248.
hyperythrus hyperythrus, 248.
Hypotaenidia striata striata, 103.
Hypothymis, 466.
azurea, 463.
azurea montana, 463.
azurea prophata, 462.
azurea stayani, 463.
azurea styani, 462, 463.
hypoxantha, Chelidorynx, 459.
Rhipidura, 459.
hypoxanthum, Chelidorhynx, 459.
Hypsipetes concolor, 343, 344.
concolor yunnanensis, 344.
tickelli, 341.

Tanthia cyanura, 418.
cyanura cyanura, 418.
rufilata rufilata, 417.

Ibis, Davison’s black, 47.

592

ichthyaetus, Falco, 73.

Icthyophaga ichthyaetus, 73.
ichthyaetus, Polioaetus, 73.
ichtyaetus, Polioaetus, 73.

Icthyaetus nanus, 74.
Icthyophaga ichthyaetus ichthyaetus, 73.

nana nana, 74.

Ictinaetus malayensis, 72.

malayensis perniger, 72.
ignipectum, Dicaeum, 547.

Dicaeum ignipectum, 547.
ignipectus, Dicaeum, 547.

Dicaeum hirundinaceum, 547.

Dicaeum ignipectus, 547.

Dicaeum sanguinolentum, 547.

Myzanthe, 547.
ignitum, Dicaeum cruentatum, 544, 546.
ijimae, Clivicola riparia, 272.

Riparia riparia, 272.
imberbis, Pomatorhinus erythrogenys,

391.
immaculatus, Enicurus, 402.

Motacilla (Enicurus), 402.
immansuetus, Myophonus caeruleus, 403.
Imperata, 25.
incei, Muscipeta, 465.

Terpsiphone incei, 465.

Terpsiphone paradisi, 465.
indica, Chaetura, 189.

Chaetura gigantea, 189.

Chaleophaps, 156.

Chaleophaps indica, 156.

Columba, 156.

Gallinula chloropus, 108.

Kittacincla malabarica, 422.

Lophospiza, 66.

Motacilla, 509.

Parra, 118.

Upupa epops, 2138.

Xantholaema haemacephala, 228.
indicus, Accipiter trivirgatus, 64, 66.

Astur, 66.

Astur trivirgatus, 64.

Bucco, 228.

Butastur, 68.

Dendronanthus, 509.

Hnicurus leschenaulti, 400, 402.

Falco, 68.

Gallinula chloropus, 108.

Henicurus leschenaulti, 400.

Hirundapus giganteus, 189,

Limonidromus, 509.

Metopidius, 113.

Oriolus, 296, 297.

Oriolus indicus, 296, 297.

Rallus, 103.

Rallus aquaticus, 108.
indoburmanica, Psittacula eupatria, 135.
indoburmanicus, Palaeornis, 134.
indochina, Muscicapula tickelliae, 450.
indochinae, Batrachostomus hodgsoni,

183.
indochinensis,
285.
Gecinulus grantia, 239.

Campephaga fimbriata,

BULLETIN 186,: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

indochinensis, Ptilolaemus tickelli, 220.

Tchitrea affinis, 464.

Tchitrea paradisi, 464.

Terpsiphone paradisi, 464, 465.
indo-malayicus, Chrysocolaptes gutta-

eristatus, 249.
indus, Falco, 62.

Haliastur, 62.

Haliastur indus, 62.
inexpectatus, Orthotomus sutorius, 487—

489.
infortunatus, Ploceus atricula, 562.

Ploceus passerinus, 562.

Ploceus philippinus, 562.
infumatus, Cypselus, 191.

Cypsiurus batassiensis, 191.

Cypsiurus parvus, 191.

Tachornis batasinensis, 191.

Tachornis batassiensis, 191.
Inga dulcis, 330.
innominata, Collocalia, 188.

Collocalia fuciphaga, 188.
innotata, Geocichla, 428.

Geocichla citrina, 428.

Geokichla citrina, 428.

Iora, 321.
innotatus, Aethorhynchus lafresnaya-

nus, 321.

Aethorhynchus lafresnayei, 321.
inopinatus, Anthus, 511.
inornata, Chloropsis aurifrons, 324.
inornatum, Dicaeum minullus, 546.
inornatus, Phylloscopus inornatus, 470,

473, 478.

Regulus, 473.
insignis, Poliohierax, 85.
insuspecta, Stachyris ruficeps, 384.

Stachyris rufifrons, 384.
intermedia, Arachnechthra, 538.

Ardea, 38.

Columba, 149.

Columba livia, 149.

Dinopium javanensis, 249.

Egretta intermedia, 37, 38.

Hulabes, 522.

Hulabes javana, 522.

Gracula javana, 522.

Gracula religiosa, 522.

Lepocoma asiatica, 539.

Mesophoyx intermedia, 38.

Nectarinia asiatica, 588, 540, 541.

Tiga javanensis, 248.

Timalia pileata, 377, 388, 389.
intermedium, Dinopium javanense, 248.
intermedius, Allotrius, 347.

Centrococeyx, 169.

Centropus sinensis, 169, 170, 171.

Gracula, 522.

Harpactes erythrocephalus, 193.

Picus (Tiga), 248.

Pteruthius aenobarbus, 347, 348.

Thereiceryx lineatus, 223.

INDEX

interposita,

Erpornis zantholeuca, 373.

Kittacinela malabarica, 421.

Kittocincla malabariea, 421.
ae Turnix suscitator, 100,
interstinctus, Faleo, 83.

Falco tinnunculus, 83.
invisa, Cyanops australis, 227.
Tole holti binghami, 342.

olivacea, 339.

olivacea cinnamomeoventris, 340.

olivacea lonnbergi, 339.

olivacea propinqua, 340.

virescens lOnnbergi, 340.
Iora, Bengalese small, 322.

Burmese great, 321.

Yunnanese small, 323.

Tora innotata, 321.
Irena puella, 320, 321.

puella puella, 320.

puella sikkimensis, 320.
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, 40, 41.

eurhythmus, 41.

sinensis, 40, 41.

sinensis sinensis, 40.

Ixos erythrotis, 330.

flavala hildebrandi, 342.

flavula hildebrandi, 348.

hildebrandi, 342.

macclellandi tickelli, 341.

meclellandi tickelli, 341.

meclellandii loquax, 342.
Ixulus striatus, 370.

Iyngipicus canicapillus, 246.

Iynx torquilla, 254.
torquilla chinensis, 254.
torquilla japonica, 254.

Chaleoparia

jabouillei, Gallus gallus, 97.
Jacana, bronze-winged, 113.
pheasant-tailed, 112.
Jacanidae, 112.
japonica, Coturnix coturnix, 87.
Coturnix vulgaris, 87.
Iynx torquilla, 254.
Jynx torquilla, 254.
javanensis, Tiga, 248.
javanica, Anas, 47.
Ardea, 34.
Butorides, 33.
javanica, Butorides striatus, 33.
Chlidonias hybrida, 182, 134.
Dendrocygna, 47.
Sterna, 134.
Tyto alba, 171.
javanicus, Butorides striatus, 34.
Eurylaemus, 259.
Merops superciliosus, 205.
Phalacrocorax, 30.
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, 30.
javensis, Thriponax, 250.
Jay, Indo-Chinese white-eared, 301.

593

singalensis, } jerdoni, Aegialitis, 119.

Aegialitis dubia, 119.
Charadrius dubius, 118, 119.
Timelia pileata, 389.

joannae, Zosterops aureiventer, 554.

Zosterops palpebrosa, 554.
jotaka, Caprimulgus, 185.

Caprimulgus indicus, 185, 186.
jouyi, Ardea cinerea, 32.

Rallus striatus, 104.
jugularis, Meiglyptes, 242.

Miglyptes, 242.

Picus (Meiglyptes), 242.
juncidis, Cisticola, 497.
Junglefowl, red, 96.

Jynx torquilla chinensis, 254.

torquilla japonica, 254.

karenni, Alcippe poioicephala, 376.
kennicottii, Otus, 176.
Kerr, A. F. G., 26.
Kestrel, European, 82.
Himalayan, 83.
Ketupa ceylonensis orientalis, 177.
zeylonensis, 177.
zeylonensis leschenaulti, 177.
zeylonensis orientalis, 177.
zeylonensis zeylonensis, 177.
khamensis, Accipiter gentilis, 62.
Astur palumbarius, 62.
khasya, Pinus, 25.
Khatya, Nepalese, 346.
kienerii, Hieraaetus kienerii, 71.
Kingfisher, Assamese deep-blue, 197.
black-capped, ‘208.
Burmese banded, 204.
Burmese stork-billed, 200.
Indian common, 196.
Indian greater pied, 200.
Indian lesser pied, 199.
Indian rufous, 201,
Indian three-toed, 198.
Malayan white-breasted, 202.
kinneari, Crypsirina vagabunda, 23, 304,
306.

Dendrocitta rufa, 304.
Dendrocitta vagabunda, 304.
Sasia ochracea, 254.

Kite, black-eared, 61.
Indian black-winged, 56.
Indian Brahminy, 62.

Kitta, 304.
chinensis chinensis, 303.
erythrorhyncha magnirostris, 302,

304, 306.

Kittacincla macrura tricolor, 421.
malabariea, 1.
malabarica indica, 422.
malabarica interposita, 421.
malabarica malabarica, 422.
malabarica pellogyna, 422, 423.
macrurus tricolor, 421.
malabarica interposita, 421.

594

klossi, Accipiter badius, 64.
Molpastes atricapillus, 332,
Molpastes ecafer, 332.
Pyenonotus eafer, 332.
Koel, Chinese, 166.
koratensis, Chaleoparia singalensis, 531,
533.

Krimnochelidon concolor, 272.
concolor sintaugensis, 272.
concolor sintaungensis, 272.
concolor sitaungensis, 272,

BULLETIN

Lacedo pulchella amabilis, 204.
pulchellus amabilis, 204.
lactea, Glareola, 181.
laeta, Leioptila melanoleuca, 3865.
lafresnayei, Aethorhynchus lafresnayel,
oil
lafresnayei, Aethorhynchus lafresnayei,

321.

Lalage melaschista, 284, 285.
melaschista avensis, 284, 285.

lanceolata, Locustella, 485, 486.
Sylvia, 485.

langbianis, Siphia melanoleuca, 444.

Laniidae, 516.

Lanius boulboul, 426.
collurioides, 519.
collurioides collurioides, 517, 519.
collurioides griseicapillus, 520.
cristatus, 520.
eristatus cristatus, 489, 520-522.
eristatus lucionensis, 521.
hypoleucus siamensis, 519.
lucionensis, 521.
nigriceps nigriceps, 516.
nipalensis, 518.
schach, 517.
schach nipalensis, 518.
schach schach, 517.
schach schomburgki, 517.
schach tephronotus, 518.
schach tricolor, 516, 518, 519.
tephronotus, 518.
tigrinus, 521.
tricolor, 516, 517.

laoensis, Corydon corydon, 260.
Corydon sumatranus, 260.
Garrulax merulinus, 355.

laoensis, Garrulax (Stactocichla) mer-

ulinus, 355.
laotiana, Alcippe morrisonia, 876, 383,
498.

Muscicapula sapphira, 447.
Napothera epilepidota, 238, 398.
Paradoxornis gularis, 23, 309.
Siphia sapphira, 447.

laotianus, Alcippe nipalensis, 376.
Picus chlorolophus, 23, 2385, 286, 238.
Pomatorhinus hypoleucos, 390.
Psittiparus gularis, 309.
Sphenurus apicauda, 28, 141.
Turdinulus epilepidotus, 398.

Lapwing, Burmese red-wattled, 115.
gray-headed, 115.

Laridae, 182.

186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Lark, Lao collared bush, 265.

Larvivora cyane, 414.
cyane bochaiensis, 415.
eyane cyane, 414.
cyanea, 414.

lathami, Emberiza, 571.

Melophus, 571.

Melphus lathami, 571.
latirostris, Alseonax, 438, 489.

Alseonax latirostris, 488, 439, 442.

Arizelomyia.:latirostris, 489.

Muscicapa, 489.

Musicicapa latirostris, 439.
latispatula, Bhringa remifer, 294.
latouchi, Otus spilocephalus, 1738.
Laughing-thrush, Burmese red-tailed,

353.

Indo-Chinese white-crested, 357.

Lao black-necklaced, 360.

Lao black-throated, 356.

Phu Kha chestnut-capped, 355.

Shan spotted-breasted, 355.

Se Shan chestnut-capped,

54,

Tenasserimese black-gorgeted, 358.

Tenasserimese black-necklaced, 359.

Tenasserimese brown-breasted, 361.

Tenasserimese chestnut-capped, 353.
laurentei, Cettia pallidipes, 499.

Urosphena, 499.

Leafbird, Burmese orange-fronted, 323.
Indian orange-bellied, 326.
Indo-Chinese golden-hooded, 325.

Leioptila annectans, 367.
annectens annectens, 367.
annectens davisoni, 367.
annectens eximia, 367.
annectens saturata, 366, 367.
capistrata desgodinsi, 366.
capistrata gracilis, 366.
capistrata melanoleuca, 365.
melanoleuca laeta, 365, 366.
melanoleuca melanoleuca, 365.
saturata, 366.

lempiji, Scops, 175.

Scops baccamoena, 175.
lepida, Certhia, 531.

Chaleoparisa singalensis, 531.
Leptocoma asiatica intermedia, 539.

flammaxillaris flammaxillaris, 540.

jugularis flammaxillaris, 540.
Leptoptilos dubius, 21, 46.

Leptoptilus dubius, 46.

leschenaulti, Henicurus, 400.

Ketupa zeylonensis, 177.

Merops, 208.

Merops leschenaulti, 208.
lettia, Otus bakkamoena, 175.

Scops bakkamoena, 175.

| leucocephala, Chaimarrornis, 408.

Phoenicura, 408.
leucocephalus, Microscelis, 345.

Microscelis leucocephalus, 345.

Phoenicurus, 407, 408.

| Leucocerca burmanica, 460.

Leucocirea albicollis albicollis, 462.

INDEX

leucogaster,
216.
Beuceros, 216.
Buceros, 216.
Hydrocissa malabarica, 216.
leucograstra, Hydrocissa malabarica,
216.
leucogenis, Buchanga, 289.
Dicrurus leucogenis, 289.
Dicrurus leucophaeus, 289.
leucolophus, Garrulax, 25.
leucomelanura, Ceryle, 199.
Ceryle rudis, 199.
leucophaea, Buchanga, 289.
Leucopolius alexandrinus dealbatus, 120.
leucops, Anthipes moniliger, 446.
Digenea, 446.
Siphia solitaris, 446.
leucopsis, Motacilla, 502, 504.
Motacilla alba, 502, 504, 505.
Motacilla lugubris, 502.
leucoptera, Phoenicura, 409.
leucopterus, Phoenicurus auroreus, 409.
leucothorax, Microscelis leucocephalus,
344

Microscelis madagascariensis, 344.

leucotis, Garrulus, 301.
Garrulus glandarius, 301.
Garrulus leucotis, 301.

leucura, Muscisylvia, 418, 419.
Myiomela leucura, 418.
Notodela, 419.

leuphotes, Aviceda, 57.

Falco, 57.

leyaillantii, Corvus, 300.

Coryus macrorhynchos, 300.

lilacina, Callialeyon, 201.

Lillia substriolata, 268.

limborgi, Chalcites xanthorhynchus, 165.
Chrysococcyx, 165.

limnaetus, Spizaetus, 70.

Spizaetus cirrhatus, 70.

Limonidromus indicus, 509.

Limonites damacensis, 125.
minutilla subminuta, 125.

lineata, Cyanops, 25.

lineatus, Gennaeus crawfurdii, 93.
Haliaetus, 61.

Milvus, 61.
Milvus migrans, 61.
Phasianus, 938.

Liocichla, Indo-Chinese, 352.

Liocichla ripponi, 352.
ripponi ripponi, 352.

lisettae, Anthreptes hypogrammica, 541.
Anthreptes hypogrammicus, 541,

542.

liventer, Butastur, 69.
Falco, 69.

Lobivanellus atronuchalis, 115.
indicus atrinuchalis, 115.
indicus atronuchalis, 115.

lochmius, Garrulax chinensis, 356.

Locustella certhiola minor, 486.
lanceolata, 485, 486.
minor, 486.

595

Anthracoceros coronatus, | Lonchura ferruginosa atricapilla, 559.

ferruginosa sinensis, 559.

punctulata topela, 557,

sp., 77

striata acuticauda, 556.
longicaudatus, Phaenicophaeus, 167.

Rhopodytes tristis, 167, 168, 169.
longipennis, Dendrocopos analis, 245.

Dryobates analis, 245.

Dryobates macei, 245.
longirostra, Arachnothera longirostra,

542.

Aracnothera longirostra, 542.

Certhia, 542.
longirostris, Arachnothera, 542.

Arachnothera longirostris, 542.

Upupa, 2138.

Upupa epops, 213.
longus, Buchanga atra, 290.
lonnbergi, Criniger, 339, 341.

Iola olivacea, 339.

Tole virescens, 340.
Lophospiza indica, 66,
Lophospizias trivirgatus, 66.

trivirgatus rufitinectus, 66.
lophotes, Baza, 57.

Lophura diardi, 95.
loquax, Ixos mcclellandii, 342.

Microscelis virescens, 342.
Loranthus, 546.

Loriculus vernalis, 139.

vernalis vernalis, 139.
Lorikeet, North Indian, 139.
Loxia atricapilla, 559.

erythrina, 567.
lucilleae, Napothera, 398.
lucionensis, Lanius, 521.

Lanius cristatus, 521.

Otomela cristata, 521.
lugubris, Surniculus, 166.
lunatus, Hurylaimus, 257.

Serilophus, 258.

Serilophus lunatus, 257-259,
Luscinia calliope ecalliope, 415.

cyane, 413.

Svecica weigoldi, 416.
Lusciniola aédon, 482.
luteoventris, Bradypterus luteoventris,

502.
lutescens; Mixornis gularis, 387.

Mixornis rubricapilla, 387.
luzoniense, Dicaeum, 548.
lylei, Chrysophlegma flavinucha, 236,

237.

Picus flavinucha, 23, 236, 238.
Lyncornis cerviniceps, 184.

macei, Graucalus, 286.
macgregoriae, Niltava, 457.
macgrigoriae, Niltava, 457.
Phoenicura, 457.
Machlolophus spilonotus, 312.
spilonotus subviridis, 312.
xanthogenys subviridis, 312.
macronyx, Budytes flavus, 506.
Motacilla flava, 506, 508.

596

Macropicus crawfurdi crawfurdi, 250.

feddeni, 250.
Macropygia assimilis, 152,

ruficeps, 152.

ruficeps assimilis, 152.

tusalia, 150.

tusalia tusalia, 151.

unchall tusalia, 150, 151.
macrorhynchus, Corvus, 300.

Corvus coronoides, 300.

Corvus macrorhynchus, 300.
macrura, Cittocincla, 421.
macrurus, Copsychus, 421.
macularia, Anthreptes macularia, 541.
maculatus, Anthus, 510.

Anthus trivialis, 510.

Chalcites, 164.

Chalcites maculatus, 164.

Trogon, 164.

Turnix maculatus, 100.
maculicollis, Orthotomus sutorius, 488.
maculipennis, Abrornis, 475.

Phylloscopus maculipennis, 475.
magna, Arachnothera, 543, 544.

Arachnothera magna, 543.

Aracnothera, 548.

Cinnyris, 548.

Sitta, 314.

Sitta magna, 314.
magnirostris, Alcippe phaeocephala, 375.

Alcippe poioicephala, 376.

Butreron capellei, 142.

Kitta erythrorhyncha, 302, 306.

Palaeornis eupataria, 134.

Psilorhinus, 302.

Treron, 142.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha, 302.

Urocissa occipitalis, 302.

Magpie, common, 303.
major, Alcippe rufogularis, 374.

Brachypodius atriceps, 328.

Chrysomma sinensis, 377.

Microtarsus atriceps, 328.

Parus, 25.

Pyenonotus atriceps, 329.

Pyctoris sinensis, 377.

Schoeniparus rufigularis, 374.

Schoeniparus rufogularis, 375.
malabarica, Kittacincla, 1.

Kittacincla malabarica, 422,

Sturnia, 527.

Sturnia malabarica, 527.
malabaricum, Bombax, 528.
malabaricus, Dissemurus paradiseus,

295.
malaccensis, Passer malaccensis, 330.

Passer montanus, 560, 561.

Polyplectron, 98.
malacensis, Certhia, 531.
malanicterus, Melophus, 571.
malaya, Cisticola juncidis, 496.
malayana, Chloropsis hardwickii, 326.

Chloropsis harwicki, 326.

Eudynamis orientalis, 166.
malayanus, Eudynamis scolopaceus, 166.

BULLETIN® 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

malayensis, Anthus richardi, 512, 513.

Chaptia aenea, 293, 294.

Falco, 72.

Ictinaetus, 72.
malayorum, Picumnus innominatus, 252.

Vivia innominata, 252.
maldivarum, Glareola, 130.

Glareola (Pratincola), 130.

Glareola maldivarum, 130.

Glareola pratincola, 130.

Malkoha, Tenasserimese large green-
billed, 167.

Tonkinese large green-billed, 168.
mandellii, Phylloscopus inornatus, 474.
Mangifera, 25.
manilensis, Ardea purpurea, 82.
manillensis, Ardea purpurea, 32.

Pyrrherodias, 32.
manipurensis, Certhia discolor, 319.
marginata, Zoethera, 433.

Zoethera marginata, 433, 434.
mariae, Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, 392.
marila, Cinelus pallasii, 399.
marionae, Mirafra assamica, 266.
marie pies brown-throated sand,

"ae

east Siberian house, 270.
eastern dusky crag, 272.
Japanese gorgeted sand, 272.
Japanese house, 270.
Kashmiri house, 271.
Mayr, Ernst, 27.
mayri, Athene brama, 181, 245.
meena, Streptopelia orientalis, 152.
Streptopelia turtus, 152.
Megaceryle lugubris guttulata, 200.
megala, Capella, 126.
Megalaema ramsayi, 224.
virens, 221.
virens virens, 222.
Megalaima davisoni, 226.
virens virens, 221.
Megalaimus hogdsoni, 222.
Megalurus palustris, 487.
palustris andrewsi, 487.
Meiglyptes jugularis, 242.
Melanchlora sultana flavocristata, 318.
melanicterus, Melophus, 571.
melanocephalus, Micropus, 328.
Microtarsus, 328.
Oriolus, 298.
Melanochlora, 318.
sultanea = flavocristata, 313.
sultanea sultanea, 318.
melanogaster, Anhinga, 31.
Anhinga rufa, 31.
Plotus, 31.
Sterna, 184.
melanoleuca, Leioptila capistrata, 365.
Leioptila melanoleuca, 365.
Muscicapula, 443.
Muscicapula melanoleuca, 443.
Sibia, 365, 366.
Siphia melanoleuca, 445.

INDEX

melanoleucos, Circus, 76, 78.
Falco, 76.

melanoleucus, Circus, 76.

melanolopha, Ardea, 39.

melanolophus, Gorsachius, 39.
Gorsachius melanolophus, 39.

melanolota, Sarcidiornis, 48.

melanope, Motacilla, 505.
Motacilla boarula, 505.
Motacilla cinerea, 505, 506.

melanops, Stoparola, 452.
Stoparola melanops, 452.

eo era, Campephaga fimbriata,

Campophaga, 284.
Volvocivora, 284, 285.
melanostigma, Garrulax, 353.
Garrulax erythrocephalus, 353, 355.
Trochalopteron erythrocephalum,
353.
Trochalopteron melanostigma, 354.
melanota, Sarcidiornis, 48.
melanotis, Pteruthius, 348.
Pteruthius melanotis, 348.
melanotos, Anser, 48.
Sarkidiornis, 48.
melanotus, Sarkidiornis melanotus, 48.
melanoxantha, Pachyglossa, 551.
melanoxanthus, Mycerobas, 565.
melanozantha, Pachyglossa, 551.
melanozanthos, Mycerobas, 25, 564.
melanozanthus, Mycerobas, 564.
melaschista, Campephaga fimbriata, 285.
Lalage, 284, 285.
melaschistos, Volvocivora, 285.
Melittophagus erythrocephalus erythro-
cephalus, 208.
leschenaulti swinhoei, 208.
swinhoei, 208.
swinhoii, 208.
Melophus lathami, 571.
lathami lathami, 571.
malanicterus, 571.
melanicterus, 571.
meridionalis, Garrulax pectoralis, 303,
358-360.
merkusii, Pinus, 25.
Meropidae, 205.
Merops athertoni, 209.
lamark birmanus, 206.
leschenaulti, 208.
leschenaulti leschenaulti, 208,
orientalis birmanus, 206.
philippinus, 205.
superciliosus javanicus, 205.
superciliosus philippinus, 19, 205.
viridis birmanus, 206.
merulinus, Garrulax, 16.
Garrulax merulinus, 355.
Mesia, Thai silver-eared, 350.
Mesia, 312.
argentauris, 350.
argentauris argentauris, 350.
argentauris galbana, 350, 351.
argentauris vernayi, 351, 352.

597

Mesobucco duvauceli cyanotis, 227.
duvaugli cyanotis, 227.
Mesophoyx intermedia intermedia, 38.
mesoxantha, Zosterops, 553.
Zosterops palpebrosa, 552-555.
Metopidius indicus, 113.
Mezobucco duvaucelii cyanotis, 227.
Microhierax caerulescens, 84.
caerulescens burmanicus, 84.
eutolmus, 84.
micromelaena, Aegithina tiphia, 323.
Micronisus poliopsis, 63.
microptera, Mirafra, 266.
Micropternus brachyurus burmanicus,
241.
brachyurus phaeoceps, 241.
brachyurus phaioceps, 241.
phaeoceps phaeoceps, 241.
phaioceps phaioceps, 241.
micropterus, Cuculus, 160.
Cuculus micropterus, 160.
Micropus affinis subfurcatus, 191.
{ melanocephalus, 328.
pacificus cooki, 190.
Microsarcops cinereus, 115.
Microscelis charlottae propinquus, 339.
eryptus, 340.
flavala bourdellei, 348.
flavala davisoni, 3438.
flavala hildebrandti, 342.
leucocephalus, 345.
leucocephalus concolor, 344.
leucocephalus leucocephalus, 345.
leucocephalus leucothorax, 344.
madagascariensis concolor, 3438.
madagascariensis leucothorax, 344.
madagascariensis stresemanni, 345.
psaroides concolor, 344.
thompsoni, 345.
virescens binghami, 342.
virescens loquax, 342.
virescens tickelli, 333, 341, 342.
Microtarsus atriceps cinereoventris, 328.
atriceps major, 328.
melanocephalus, 328.
Miglyptes jugularis, 242.
Milvus, 62.
lineatus, 61.
migrans lineatus, 61.
mindanensis, Caprimulgus, 188.
Minivet, Burmese scarlet, 278.
Burmese small, 279.
Chinese flame-colored, 276.
Indian gray-throated, 277.
Indian roseate, 277.
short-billed, 275.
southern gray, 278.
Thai flame-colored, 275.
Mino coronatus, 523.
minor, Chordeiles, 186.
Locustella, 486.
Locustella certhiola, 486.
Mixornis gularis, 385, 386.
Mixornis rubricapilla, 386-388.
Mixornis sumatrana, 386.

598 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

minor, Otocompsa flaviventris, 329.
Pycnonotus dispar, 329.

Mirafra assamica, 266.

Mirafra assamica marionae, 266.
assamica subsessor, 265.
microptera, 266.

Mixornis, 532.
gularis, 387.
gularis connectens, 388.
gularis lutescens, 387.
gularis minor, 385, 386.
gularis sulphurea, 384-888.
olivaceus, 380.
rubricapilla lutescens, 387.
rubricapilla minor, 886-388.
rubricapillus, 386.
sumatrana minor, 386.

modesta, Ardea, 37.

Egretta alba, 37.
Herodias alba, 37.

modestum, Piprisoma, 549, 550.
Piprisoma agile, 550, 551.

modestus, Casmerodius albus, 37.
Otus sunia, 174, 175.
Sphenurus, 141.

Molpastes atricapillus, 332.
atricapillus klossi, 382.
eafer chrysorrhoides, 332.
cafer klossi, 332.

haemorrhous chrysorrhoides, 382.

moluccensis, Pitta brachyura, 262.
Turdus, 262, 263.
monileger, Garrulax, 25.
moniliger, Garrulax, 359, 360.
montana, Hypothymis azurea, 463.
monticola, Caprimulgus, 187.
Monticola cyanea, 425.
cyanus solitaria, 425.
erythrogastra, 424.
gularis, 423.
gularis gularis, 423.
rufiventris, 424, 425.
rufiventris sinensis, 424.
solitaria pandoo, 425.
solitaria philippensis, 426.
solitarius pandoo, 424, 426.
solitarius philippensis, 425, 426.
monticolum, Dicaeum, 548.
Dicaeum sanguinolentum, 548.
monticolus, Caprimulgus, 187, 188.
Caprimulgus affinis, 186, 187, 213.
Caprimulgus monticolus, 187.
montium, Sitta, 315.
Sitta europaea, 315-318.
Motacilla alba alboides, 505.
alba baicalensis, 504, 505.
alba leucopsis, 502, 504, 505.
alba ocularis, 504.
alboides, 505.
baicalensis, 504.
boarula melanope, 505.
borealis, 507.
calliope, 415.
cervina, 514.
cinerea caspica, 505.

Motacilla cinerea melanope, 505, 506.
citreola, 508.
citreola calearata, 508.
citreola citreola, 508.
cyane, 418.
flava, 508, 509.
flava angarensis, 507.
flava borealis, 507, 508.
flava macronyx, 506, 508.
flava plexa, 508.
flava simillima, 508.
flava thunbergi, 507.
(Hnicurus) immaculatus, 402.
indica, 509.
leucopsis, 502, 504.
lugubris leucopsis, 502.
melanope, 505.
ocularis, 504.

(Enicurus) schistaceus, 401.
tiphia, 322.

Motacillidae, 502.

mouhoti, Buchanga, 287, 289.
Buchanga cineracea, 287.
Dicrurus leucophaeus, 287, 288.

Mulleripicus feddeni, 250.

Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti, 251.

Munia, Chinese scaly-breasted, 557.
Himalayan white-rumped, 556.
Indian black-headed, 559.

Munia acuticauda, 556.
atricapilla, 559.
atricapilla rubronigra, 559.
punctulata subundulata, 557.
punctulata topela, 557.
striata acuticauda, 556.
topela, 557.

murati, Carpodacus, 565.

Muscadivora aenea sylvatica, 148.

Muscicapa aestigma, 445.
albicilla, 440.
capitalis, 280.
cinereiceps, 487.
hyperythra, 445.
latirostris, 489.
latirostris, latirostris, 439.
muttui, 438, 439.
muttui muttui, 437, 488.
(Alseonax) muttui stotzneri, 439.
picata, 281.
rosea, 277.
sibirica, 435.
sibirica cacabata, 436.
sibirica rothschildi, 486.
sibirica sibirica, 435, 489.
superciliaris, 445,
thalassina, 452.
zanthopygia, 444.

Muscicapella hodgsoni hodgsoni, 458.

Muscicapidae, 435.

Muscicapula banyumas dialilaema, 449.
banyumas whitei, 450.
hainana, 448.
hodgsonii, 442.
hyperythra hyperythra, 446.
melanoleuca, 448.

INDEX

599

Muscicapula melanoleuca melanoleuca, | nangka, Brachypteryx leucophris, 406,
448. 407.

melanoleuca westermanni, 443.
pallipes hainana, 448

Heteroxenicus, 406.
nanus, Icthyaetus, 74.

rubeculoides dialilaema, 449, 450. | Napothera brevicaudata, 395.

rubeculoides rubeculoides, 449.
sapphira, 447.
sapphira laotiana, 447.
superciliaris aestigma, 445,
superciliaris astigma, 445.
tickelliae indochina, 450.
unicolor unicolor, 451.
vivida oatesi, 454.
Muscipeta brevirostris, 275.
incei, 465.
Muscisylvia leucura, 418, 419.
Muscucapula hainana, 448.
musicus, Copsychus solaris, 421.
muticus, Pavo, 99.
Pavo muticus, 99.
muttui, Butalis, 487, 438.
Muscicapa, 488, 439.
Muscicapa muttui, 437, 438.
Mycerobas melanoxanthus, 565.
melanozanthos, 25, 564.

melanozanthos fratris-regis, 564.

melanozanthus, 564.
Mycteria asiatica, 46.
Myiomela leucura leucura, 418.
Myiophoneus caeruleus, 403.

caeruleus caeruleus, 408.

coeruleus coeruleus, 403.

eugenei, 404.

eugenei eugenei, 404.

eugenii, 404.

eugenii eugenii, 405.

stonei, 405.

temmincki, 404.

temminckii, 404
Myna, black-collared, 530.

golden-crested, 523.

Indian house, 524.

Indo-Chinese ashy-headed, 527.

Thai crested, 526.

Thai pied, 529.

Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus, 403.

eaeruleus eugenei, 404, 407.
caeruleus immansuetus, 403.
eaeruleus rileyi, 404.
caeruleus temminckii, 403 404.
coeruleus coeruleus, 403.
coeruleus eugenei, 405.
eugenei eugenei, 405.
stonei, 405.
temminckii, 404.
temminckii eugenei, 405.
temminckii rileyi, 404.
myrmecophoneus, Picus, 2382.
Myzanthe ignipectus, 547.

nagaensis, Sitta europaea, 315.
Sitta europea, 315.
nana, Icthyophaga nana, 74.

brevicaudata brevicaudata, 395.
brevicaudata proxima, 396.
erispifrons annamensis, 395.
crispifrons crispifrons, 394.
diluta, 398.
epilepidota amyae, 398.
epilepiodota bakeri, 23, 397.
epilepidota clara, 398.
epilepidota davisoni, 398.
epilepidota laotiana, 23, 398.
exsul, 398.
lucilleae, 398.
roberti, 398.
nebularia, Glottis, 122.
Scolopax, 122.
Tringa, 122.
nebularius, Glottis, 122.
Nectarinia asiatica intermedia, 588, 540,
541.
dabryii, 536.
flammavxillaris, 540,
jugularis flammaxillaris, 540.
Nectariniidae, 531.
Necterinia Seheriae, 5383.
neglecta, Campephaga fimbriata, 286.
Campophaga, 278.
Sitta, 315, 316.
Sitta castanea, 315-318.
Sitta europaea, 315.
neglectus, Percrocotus brevirostris, 275.
Pericrocotus brevirostris, 275, 276.
nemoricola, Capella, 127.
Gallinago, 127.
Sturnia, 527.
Sturnia malabarica, 245, 527.
Sturnus malabaricus, 527.
nemoriculus, Spodiopsar malabaricus,
527.
Nemura hodgsoni, 458.
Nemurus rufilatus, 417.

| Neohierax insignis cinereiceps, 85.

nepalensis, Aceros, 219.
Hirundo daurica, 268.
Treron, 1438.
Nettapus coromandelianus, 54.
coromandelianus coromandelianus,
53

Nettion crecea, 52.

Nettopus coromandelianus, 53.

newarensis, Strix leptogrammica, 182.
Ulula, 182.

niger, Hydrocorax, 30.
Phalacrocorax, 30.

Nightjar, Indian allied, 187.
Indo-Chinese greater eared, 184.
Japanese jungle, 185.
Tenasserimese long-tailed, 185.
Thai little, 186.

nigra, Ardea, 45.

Ciconia, 45.
nigrescens, Buchanga cineracea, 287.

600 BULLETIN 186, UNITED

nigriceps, Lanius nigriceps, 516.
Stachyris, 381.
nigricollis, Gracula, 530.
Graculipica, 580.
Gracupica, 530.
Sturnus, 530.
nigrigenis, Gecinus, 229.
Picus erythropygius, 229.
Picus erythropyyus, 229.
nigrimentalis, Delichon urbica, 271.
nigrolineata, Rallina eurizonoides, 49,
104.
Zapornia, 104.
nihonensis, Charadrius alexandrinus,
121.
Niltava, Chinese blue-and-white, 453.
Rae greater black-breasted,
456.
Indo-Chinese rufous-bellied, 454.
lesser black-breasted, 457.
Yunnanese orange-bellied, 455.
eyanomelana cumatilis, 453.
grandis grandis, 456.
grandis nobilis, 456.
macgregoriae, 457.
macgrigoriae, 457.
oatesi, 454.
smithi, 454.
sundara denotata, 455, 456, 458.
vivida oatesi, 454.
williaminae, 454.
Ninox burmanica, 180.
scutulata, 180.
scutulata burmanica, 180.
secutulata scutulata, 181,
nipalensis, Aceros, 219.
Aethopyga, 538.
Aquila, 72.
Aquila nipalensis, 72.
Bubo, 176.
Bubo nipalensis, 176.
Buceros, 219.
Cutia, 346.
Cutia nipalensis, 346.
Hirundo daurica, 268, 269.
Huhua, 176.
Huhua nipalensis, 176.
Lanius, 518.
Lanius schach, 518.
Toria, 143.
Treron, 148.
Treron curvirostra, 143.
nisicolor, Cuculus, 160.
Cuculus fugax, 160.
nisoides, Accipiter gularis, 64.
Accipiter virgatus, 64.
nitidus, Orthotomus, 489.
Orthotomus atrigularis, 489.
Orthotomus atrogularis, 489.
nobilis, Niltava grandis, 456.
Noctua brodiei, 178.
Notodela leucura, 419.
nuchalis, Pomatorhinus, 393.
Pomatorhinus schisticeps, 398.

STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Numida, 560.

Nuthatch, Kinnear’s Eurasian, 317.
La Touche’s Eurasian, 315.
Nepalese velvet-fronted, 318.
southern giant, 314.

Walden’s Eurasian, 315.

nycticorax, Ardea, 39.

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax, 39.

Nyctiornis athertoni, 209.

nyroca, Anas, 5d.

Aythya, 55.
Nyroca, 55.
Nyroca nyroca, 55.

Nyroca baeri, 55.
nyroca, 55.
nyroca nyroca, 55.

oatesi, Cyornis, 455.

Cyornis vivida, 454.

Hydrornis, 263, 264.

Muscicapula vivida, 454.

Niltava, 454.

Niltava vivida, 454.

Pitta, 268.

Pitta nipalensis, 263.

Pitta oatesi, 263, 264.

Siva cyanouroptera, 369.

Siva cyanuroptera, 368, 369.
obscura. Anthocinela phyrei, 265.
obseuratus, Phylloscopus trochiloides,

476.
obseurus, Garrulax merulinus, 355.

Turdus, 427.

Turdus obscurus, 427.
obtusa, Shorea, 25.
occipitalis, Picus canus, 232.

Urocissa, 302.
ochracea, Sasia, 25.

Sasia ochracea, 254.
ochraceiceps, Pomatorhinus, 391.

Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps,

391.
ochraceum, Pellorneum tickelli, 380.
ochraceus, Criniger, 339.

Criniger gutturalis, 337.

Criniger ochraceus, 338, 339.

Drymocataphus tickelli, 380.
ochrophus, Tringa, 123.
ochropus, Totanus, 123.

Tringa, 123.
ocrophus, Tringa, 123.
ocularis, Motacilla, 504.

Motacilla alba, 504.
Oecophylla smaragdina, 563.
Oediecnemus recurvirostris, 129.
Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis, 155.
olivacea, Iole, 339.

Tropicoperdix chloropus, 91, 92.
olivaceum, Dicaeum, 546.

Dicaeum concolor, 546.

Dicaeum minullum, 546.

Dicaeum minullus, 546.

Pellorneum, 380.

Pellorneum tickelli, 380.

363,

INDEX

601

olicaceus, Drymocataphus tickelli, 380. Otocompsa emeria, 330.

Mixornis, 380.
Pomatorhinus olivaceus, 393.
olivea, Saxicola, 497.
Tesia, 497.
Openbill, Asiatic, 44.
Oreicola ferrea, 410.
ferrea ferrea, 410.
ferrea haringtoni, 410.
ferrea harringtoni, 410.
Oreocincla aurea aurea, 432.
dauma, 481.
dauma dauma, 431.
dauma socia, 481.
dauma socius, 431.
dixoni, 430.
horsfieldi affinis, 431.
oreskios, Harpactes, 195.
Pyrotrogon, 195.
orientalis, Acrocephalus arundinaceus,
83.

Botaurus stellaris, 44.
Eurystomus orientalis, 211.
Ketupa ceylonensis, 177.
Ketupa zeylonensis, 177.
Pernis apivorus, 58, 59.
Salicaris turdina, 483.
Streptopelia, 1.

Oriole, Assamese black-naped, 296.
Bengalese black-headed, 298.
Chinese black-naped, 297.
Himalayan maroon, 298.

Oriolidae, 296.

Oriolus chinensis diffusus, 297, 298.
chinensis tenuirostris, 296, 297.
diffusus, 297.
indicus, 296, 297.
indicus indicus, 296, 297.
indicus tenuirostris, 296.
luteolus thaiacous, 298.
melanocephalus, 298.
tenuirostris, 296.
trailii trailii, 299.
trailli trailli, 299.
traillii traillii, 298, 299.
xanthornis thaiacous, 298.
xanthornus xanthornus, 298.

Oroecetes gularis, 423.

ornata, Emberiza aureola, 566-568,

Orthotomus atrigularis, 489.
atrigularis nitidus, 489.
atrogularis nitidus, 489.
coronatus, 489.
cucullatus coronatus, 489.
nitidus, 489.
sutorius inexpectatus, 487-489.
sutorius maculicollis, 488.
sutorius patia, 487.

oscitans, Anastomus, 44.

Ardea, 44.

Osmotreron phayrei, 144.
pompadora phayrei, 144.

Osprey, Eurasian, 80.

emeria emeria, 330.
flaviventris, 329.
flaviventris flaviventris, 329,
flaviventris minor, 329.
jocosa emeria, 330.
jocosa erythrotis, 330.
Otogyps ecalvus, 74.
Otomela collurioides, 519.
cristata, 520.
cristata cristata, 520.
cristata lucionensis, 521.
Otus, 173.
asio, 176.
asio condorensis, 175.
bakkamoena condorensis, 175.
bakkamoena lettia, 175.
giu stictonotus, 174.
kennicottii, 176.
luciae siamensis, 173.
scops distans, 173.
scops stictonotus, 174.
Semitorques, 176.
senegalensis distans, 173.
spilocephalus latouchi, 173.
spilocephalus siamensis, 173.
sunia modestus, 174, 175.
Owl, Burmese brown hawk, 180.
Chinese common scops, 174.
Himalayan brown wood, 182.
Holarctic short-eared, 183.
Indian barn, 171.
Indian collared pygmy, 178.
Indo-Chinese brown fish, 177.
Indo-Chinese collared scops, 175.
Indo-Chinese common scops, 173.
Indo-Chinese spotted, 181.
Javanese bay, 172.
Nepalese eagle, 176.
spotted, 245.
Thai barred pygmy, 179.
Thai yellow-billed scops, 173.

Pachyglossa melanoxantha, 551.

melanozantha, 551,
pacificus, Apus pacificus, 190.
Palaeornis alexandri fasciata, 136.

eyanocephalus rosa, 137.

eupataria magnirostris, 134.

eupataria siamensis, 134.

eupatria siamensis, 134,

fasciata, 136.

finschi, 1388.

finschii, 138.

indoburmanicus, 134.

rosa, 137.

Schisticeps, 138.

sehisticeps finschii, 188.
pallasii, Cinclus, 407.
pallescens, Piprisoma agile, 549.

Piprisoma modesta, 549.
pallidipes, Cettia pallidipes, 500.

Cyornis, 447.

602 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Pelecanidae, 29.
Pelecaniformes, 29.
Pelecanus philippensis, 29.
roseus, 21, 29.
sinensis, 30.
Pelican, spotted-billed, 29.
SL Kittacinela malabarica, 422,

pallidus Criniger ochraceus, 338.
Hurylaimus javanicus, 259.
palpebrosa, Zosterops palpebrosa, 553,
554

palustris, Megalurus, 487.
Pandion haliaetus haliaetus, 80.
Pandionidae, 80.
pandoo, Monticola solitaria, 425.
Monticola solitarius, 424, 426.
Petrocinela, 424.
Papaver somniferum, 566.
Paradisea tristis, 524.
paradiseus, Dissemurus, 25, 295.
paradisi, Tchitrea, 464.
Paradoxornis flavirostris guttaticollis,
308.
gularis fokiensis, 310.
gularis laotiana, 23, 309.
gularis transfluvialis, 23, 309.
guttaticollis, 308.
poliotis feae, 310.
Paradoxornithidae, 308.
Parakeet, Burmese slaty-headed, 188.
Indian pink-breasted, 135.

Pellorneum albiventre cinnamomeum,
379.

ignotum cinnamomeum, 379.
nipalense vividum, 378.
olivaceum, 380.

ruficeps subochraceum, 378.
ruficeps vividum, 378.
subochraceum, 378.

tickelli, 380.

tickelli ochraceum, 380.
tickelli olivaceum, 380.

| pelvica, Tephrodornis gularis, 283.
pelvicus, Tephrodornis, 282.

| penelope, Anas, 53.

| Pentacme siamensis, 25.
Penthoceryx sonnerati, 162.

Indo-Chinese blossom-headed, 137.
Thai rose-ringed, 134.

Paridae, 311.

Parra indica, 113.

Partridge, TenasserimeSe brown-,

breasted hill, 89.

Tenasserimese green-legged hill, 91.
Tenasserimese rufous-throated hill, |

88.

Yunnanese bamboo, 92.
Parus, 313.

major, 25.

major altarum, 311.

major commixtus, 311.

sinensis, 377.

spilonotus, 312.

spilonotus subviridis, 312.

subviridis, 312.

sultaneus, 313.

xanthogenys basileus, 3138.

xanthogenys subviridis, 312.
parva, Zoothera marginata, 438.
parvifrons, Gallinula chloropus, 108.
Passer domesticus, 560.

flaveolus, 561.

malaccensis malaccensis, 330.

montanus malaccensis, 560, 561.
Passeriformes, 255.
Pastor traillii, 298.
patia, Orthotomus sutorius, 487.

Sutoria sutoria, 487.
paulus, Alcurus striatus, 338.

Pycnonotus striatus, 383.
Pavo bicalecaratus, 98.

sonnerati sonnerati, 162.
sonneratii sonneratii, 162.

percnocara, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 458.
Percrocotus brevirostris neglectus, 275.
Perecrocotus peregrinus vividus, 279.
peregrinator, Falco peregrinus, 82.
Peregrine, Siberian, 81.

peregrinus, Pericrocotus, 279.

| Pericrocotus brevirostris, 275, 276.

brevirostris affinis, 275, 278.
brevirostris ethologus, 276.
brevirostris neglectus, 275, 276.
ecantonensis, 278.

cinereus cantonensis, 278.
cinnamomeus vividus, 279.
ethologus cryptus, 275.
ethologus ethologus, 276, 277.
flammeus bakeri, 273.
flammeus elegans, 2738.
flammeus fraterculus, 273.
flammeus speciosus, 273.
fraterculus, 273.
peregrinus, 279.

peregrinus vividus, 278, 279.
roseus cantonensis, 278.
roseus roseus, 277, 278.
solaris, 277.

solaris griseigularis, 277.
solaris ripponi, 276.

solaris solaris, 276, 277.
speciosus elegans, 278.
speciosus fraterculus, 273.
speciosus speciosus, 278.

| perneyi, Dryobates cathparius, 243, 244.

perniger, Ictinaetus malayensis, 72.

Pernis apivorus orientalis, 58, 59.
apivorus ruficollis, 58-60.

muticus, 99.
muticus muticus, 99.
Peafowl, Javanese green, 99.

pectoralis, Garrulax, 358.
peguensis, Ploceus manyar, 21, 564.
Peircrocotus brevirostris affinis, 275.
Pelargopsis burmanica, 200.

gurial burmanica, 201.

ptilorhyncus gurneyi, 59.
ptilorhyncus ruficollis, 58.
ruficollis, 58.

perplexus, Phylloscopus armandii, 471,

INDEX

perpulchra, Halcyon, 202.
Haleyon smyrnensis, 202.
personata, Heliopais, 111.
Podica, 111.
Peters, James L., 27.
Petrocincla pandoo, 424.
rufiventris, 424.
Phaenicophaeus longicaudatus, 167.
phaenicotis, Chalcoparia, 531.
phaenicurus, Amaurornis, 106.
phaeoceps, Micropternus brachyurus,
241.

Micropternus phaeoceps, 241.
Phaeoradina fuscata fuscata, 470,
subaffinis, 470.
phaeostricta, Therciceryx, 224.
phaioceps, Micropterus brachyurus, 241.
Micropternus phaioceps, 241.
Picus (Micropternus), 241.
Phalacrocoracidae, 30.
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, 30.
javanicus, 30.
niger, 30.
pygmaeus javanicus, 30.
Phasianidae, 86.
Phasianus gallus, 96.
humiae burmanicus, 97.
lineatus, 93.
phayrei, Alcippe, 375.
Anthocincla, 264, 265.
Anthocincla phayrei, 264, 265.
Francolinus pintadeanus, 86.
Osmotreron, 144,
Osmotreron pompadora, 144.
Treron pompadora, 144.
phayrii, Anthocincla, 265.
Pheasant, Burmese barred-backed, 97.
Burmese peacock, 98.
Diard’s fire-backed, 95.
Peguan lineated, 98.
Yunnanese silver, 94.
philippensis, Monticola solitaria, 426.
Monticola solitarius, 425, 426.
Pelecanus, 29.
philippensis, Turdus, 426.
philippinus, Merops, 205.
Merops superciliosus, 19, 205.
Ploceus philippinus, 563.
Phodilus badius abbotti, 172.
badius badius, 172.
badius saturatus, 172.
phoenicoptera, Treron phoenicoptera,
147.
Phoenicornis elegans, 273,
Phoenicura fuliginosa, 407.
leucocephala, 408.
leucoptera, 409.
macgrigoriae, 457.
Phoenicurus auroreus, 409, 410.
auroreus leucopterus, 409.
fuliginosus fuliginosus, 407.
leucocephalus, 407, 408.
Photodilus badius, 172.
Phragamaticola aedon rufescens, 4389,
482, 500.

583136—45——_39

603

Phragmaticola aedon, 482,
Phyllergates coronatus coronatus, 489.
Phyllopneuste borealis, 475.
fuscata, 470.
Phyllornis aurifrons, 323.
phyllorrapheus, Sutoria sutoria, 487.
Phylloscopus, 471, 474, 480, 481,
affinis, 472.
armandii, 472.
armandii armandii, 471.
armandii perplexus, 471.
bonelli harterti, 479.
borealis, 476.
borealis borealis, 475, 476.
borealis examinandus, 475.
cantator ricketti, 481.
coronatus coronatus, 478.
davisoni davisoni, 480.
davisoni disturbans, 481.
flavo-olivaceus flavo-olivaceus, 480.
fuscata fuseata, 470.
fuscatus fuscatus, 470,
humii praemium, 473.
inornatus inornatus, 470, 473, 478.
inornatus mandellii, 474.
maculipennis maculipennis, 475.
nitidus plumbeitarsus, 477.
occipitalis coronatus, 478.
plumbeitarsus, 477.
proregulus chloronotus, 474.
proregulus forresti, 474.
proregutus forresti, 474.
pulcher, 473.
pulcher pulcher, 473.
reguloides, 478.
reguloides assamensis, 479-481.
reguloides claudiae, 497, 480.
reguloides reguloides, 479, 480.
reguloides subsp., 480.
schwarzi, 472.
subaffinis, 470.
superciliosa, 473.
superciliosa superciliosa, 473.
supereiliosus superciliosus, 473.
tenellipes, 477, 478.
tennellipes, 477.
trochiloides, 476.
trochiloides assamensis, 479.
trochiloides davisoni, 480.
trochiloides obscuratus, 476.
trochiloides plumbeitarsus, 476, 477.
trochiloides trochiloides, 476, 477.
Pica pica, 303.
picata, Muscicapa, 281.
picatus, Hemipus, 280, 281.
Hemipus picatus, 280, 281.
Picidae, 229.
Piciformes, 221,
Piculet, hill Tipperah white-browed
rufous, 253.
Malayan speckled, 252.
Picumnus innominatus malayorum, 252.
Picus atratus, 244,
canente, 247,
canicapillus, 246.

604

Picus canus gyldenstolpei, 233.
canus hessei, 232, 233, 234.
canus occipitalis, 232.
chlorolophus annamensis, 238.
chlorolophus burmae, 23, 234-237.
chlorolophus chlorolophoides, 234,

235.
chlorolophus chlorolophus, 236.
chlorolophus chlorophoides, 234.
chlorolophus laotianus, 23, 235, 236,
238.
chlorophus chlorophoides, 234.
erythropygius, 25.
erythropygius nigrigenis, 229.
erythropygus nigrigenis, 229.
flavinucha archon, 23, 238.
flavinucha lylei, 23, 236, 238.
flavinucha pierrei, 238.
guttacristatus, 249.
hyperythrus, 242.
(Tiga) intermedius, 248.
(Meiglyptes) jugularis, 242.
myrmecophoneus, 282.
(Micropternus) phaioceps, 241.
pyrrhotis, 239.
striolatus, 230, 231.
viridanus viridanus, 232.
vittatus eisenhoferi, 230, 232.
xanthopygaeus, 231.

Pie, bronzed spatulate-tailed tree, 307.
Burmese red-billed blue, 302.
East Himalayan gray tree, 307.
Indo-Chinese rufous tree, 305.
Peguan rufous tree, 304.
Tenasserimese gray tree, 306.

pierrei, Picus flavinucha, 238.

Pigeon, Burmese mountain imperial,

149.
Indian blue rock, 149.
Indian green imperial, 148.
Indian pin-tailed green, 140.
Indian pompadoured green, 144.
Indian smaller thick-billed green,
148.
Indian wedge-tailed green, 142.
Lao pin-tailed green, 141.
Malayan larger thick-billed green,
142.
Malayan pin-tailed green, 141.
Malayan pink-necked green, 145.
slate-colored wood, 150.
Tenasserimese yellow-footed green,
146.
Thai orange-breasted green, 146.

pileata, Alcedo, 203.

Haleyon, 203.

pintadeanus, Francolinus, 86.
Tetrao, 86.

Pintail, 52.

Pinus khasya, 25.
merkusii, 25.

Pipit, Chinese paddy-field, 513.

Indian paddy-field, 511.
red-throated, 514.

Siberian olive-backed tree, 510.
Siberian paddy-field, 513.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Piprisoma agile finschii, 550.
agile modestum, 550, 551.
agile pallescens, 549.
agile remotum, 550.
modesta pallescens, 549.
modestum, 549, 550.
squalidum, 549.
Pisobia subminuta, 125.
temminckii,. 124.
Pitta, Burmese blue, 261.
Burmese eared, 264.
Burmese rufous-naped, 263.
Indo-Chinese buff-breasted, 262.
Indo-Chinese green-breasted, 262.
Pitta brachyura moluccensis, 262.
cucullata, 262.
cyanea, 261.
cyanea cyanea, 261.
cyanoptera, 262, 263.
nipalensis oatesi, 263.
oatesi, 2638.
oatesi oatesi, 263, 264.
sordida cucullata, 262.
Pittidae, 261.
placida, Aegialites, 121.
Aegialitis, 121.
placidus, Charadrius, 121.
Platyrhynchos albicollis, 461.
plexa, Motacilla flava, 508.
plexus, Budytes thunbergi, 507.
Plocea infortunatus burmanicus, 562.
Ploceidae, 555.
Ploceus atrigula infortunatus, 562.
manyar flaviceps, 564.
manyar peguensis, 21, 564.
passerinus infortunatus, 562.
pat pee burmanicus, 557, 562,
564.

philippinus infortunatus, 562.
philippinus philippinus, 563.

Plotus melanogaster, 31.

Plover, Eurasian little ringed, 118.
Indian spur-winged, 116.
Jerdon’s little ringed, 119.
long-billed ringed, 121.

Pacific golden, 117.
western Kentish, 120.
plumbea, Gallicrex cinerea, 108.
plumbeitarsus, Acanthopneuste nitidus,
477.
Phylloscopus, 477.
Phylloscopus nitidus, 477.
Phylloscopus trochiloides, 476, 477.

Pluvialis apricaria apricaria, 118.
apricaria fulva, 117.
dominicus fulvus, 117.

Pluvianus cinereus, 115.

Pnoepyga, 397.
pusilla pusilla, 398.
pusillus, 398.

Pochard, eastern white-eyed, 55.
western white-eyed, 55.
white-backed, 54.

Podargidae, 183.

Podica personata, 111.

INDEX

Podiceps ruficollis capensis, 28.
ruficollis poggei, 28.
Podicipitidae, 28.
Podicipitiformes, 28.
poggei, Colymbus nigricans, 28.
Podiceps ruficollis, 28.
policephala, Franklinia rufescens, 492.
Polihierax insignis cinereiceps, 85.
Polioaetus humilis, 74.
ichthyaetus, 73.
ichtyaetus, 73.
poliocephala, Gallinula, 109.
Porphyrio, 109,
Porphyrio poliocephalus, 109.
Porphyrio porphyrio, 109.
Poliocephalus ruficollis capensis, 28.
poliogenys, Culicipeta, 467.
Seicercus, 467.
Poliohierax insignis, 85.
Polionetta haringtoni, 50.
poliopsis, Astur, 63.
Accipiter badius, 64.
Astur badius, 63.
Micronisus, 638.
polioptera, Campephaga fimbriata, 284—
286.

Campophaga, 284.
Polyplectron bicalearatum, 98.

bicalearatum bailyi, 99.

bicalearatum bicalcaratum, 98.

bicalearatus, 98.

malaccensis, 98.

Pomatorhinus albogularis, 392.
erythrogenys celatus, 390.
erythrogenys imberbis, 391.
ferruginosus albogularis, 392.
ferruginosus mariae, 392.
hypoleucos laotianus, 390.
hypoleucos tickelli, 389, 390.
hypoleucus tickelli, 390.
nuchalis, 393.
ochraceiceps, 391.
ochraceiceps ochraceiceps, 391.
olivaceus olivaceus, 393.
olivaceus ripponi, 393.
ripponi, 393.
schisticeps humilis, 23, 394.
schisticeps nuchalis, 398.
shisticeps ripponi, 23, 393, 394,
tickelli, 390.

(Orthorhinus) tickelli, 389.
pondicerianus, Tephrodornis, 282.
Pontius, Hilda Cuniff, 26.
poonensis, Alseonax latirostris, 438,
Porphyrio poliocephalus, 109.

poliocephalus poliocephalus, 109.

porphyrio poliocephalus, 109.

porphyrio viridis, 110.
Porzana fusca bakeri, 105, 106.

fusca erythrothorax, 106.

pusilla pusilla, 105.
practicus, Tarsiger cyanurus, 417.
praemium, Phylloscopus humii, 473.
praetermissa, Treron bicincta, 146,

605

Pratincola caprata bicolor, 411.

rubicola stejnegeri, 412.
torquata stejnegeri, 412,
torquata yunnanensis, 413.

Pratincole, Indian collared, 130.

milky, 131.

Prinia, Burmese plain-colored, 493.

Burmese rufeseent, 492.
Indo-Chinese yellow-bellied, 494.
Peguan white-browed hill, 495.
Thai gray-breasted, 490.
Prinia atrogularis, 25.
atrogularis erythropleura, 495.
blanfordi, 492.
exter, 493.
flaviventris delacouri, 494.
flaviventris flaviventris, 494.
hodgsonii erro, 490.
inornata blanfordi, 493.
inornata burmanica, 493.
rufescens, 492.
rufescens rufescens, 490, 492.
prophata, Hypothymis azurea, 462.
propinqua, Iole olivacea, 340.
propinquus, Caprimulgus, 188.
Criniger, 339.
Dryonastes chinensis, 356.
Garrulax chinensis, 356.
Microscelis charlottae, 339.
proxima, Napothera brevicaudata, 396.
przevalskii, Bradypterus thoracicus, 500,
501.
Dumeticola thoracica, 500.
Psarisomus dalhousiae, 255.
dalhousiae dalhousiae, 255.
Pseudibis papillosa davisoni, 21, 47.
pseudo-crocopus, Sphenocercus, 146, 147,
148.
pseudocrocopus, Sphenurus, 146.
Pseudogyps, 74
bengalensis, 75.
Pseudominla castaneceps castaneceps,
347i}
castaneiceps caStaneiceps, 373.
castaneiceps exsul, 373.
Pseudornis dicruroides, 166.
Psilorhinus magnirostris, 302.
Psittacidae, 134.
Psittaciformes, 134.
Psittacula alexandri fasciata, 135, 1386.
eyanocephala rosa, 137.
eupatria avensis, 135.
eupatria indoburmanica, 135.
eupatria siamensis, 134, 135.
eupatria subsp., 135.
himalayana finschi, 138.
himalayana finschii, 1388.
schisticeps finschi, 138.
Psittacus fasciatus, 135.
rosa, 137.
vernalis, 139.
Psittiparus gularis gularis, 309.
gularis laotianus, 309.
gularis transfluvialis, 309, 310.
Pterocarpus, 25.

606

Pteruthius aenobarbus
847, 348.
aeralatus, 349.
aeralatus aeralatus, 349.
erythropterus aeralatus, 23, 349,
350.
erythropterus yunnanensis, 23, 350.
flaviscapis aeralatus, 349.
melanotis, 348.
melanotis melanotis, 348.
Pterythias aeralatus, 349.
Pterythius flaviscapis aeralatus, 349.
Ptilolaemus tickelli austeni, 220.
tickelli indochinensis, 221.
tickelli tickelli, 220.
puella, Irena, 320, 321.
Irena puella, 320.
pulchellus, Carcineutes, 204.
pulcher, Phylloscopus, 473.
Phylloscopus pulcher, 473.
pulchra, Athene brama, 181, 182.
pulchricollis, Columba, 150, 153.
pulera, Athene brama, 181.
pumilus, Dryobates nanus, 246, 247.
punicea, Estrilda amandava, 556.
purpurea, Cochoa, 435.
pusilla, Emberiza, 566, 570.
Pnoepyga pusilla, 398.
Porzana pusilla, 105.
pusillus, Pnoepyga, 398.
Rallus, 105.
Pycnonotidae, 320.
Pycnonotus, 313.
atricapillus, 382.
atriceps cinereoventris, 328.
atriceps major, 329.
blanfordi, 336.
blanfordi blanfordi, 336.
blanfordi conradi, 334, 336.
blanfordi robinsoni, 336, 337.
eafer chrysorrhoides, 332.
eafer klossi, 3382.
dispar flaviventris, 330.
dispar minor, 329.
finlaysoni, 334.
finlaysoni eous, 335.
finlaysoni finlaysoni, 334.
flavescens berliozi, 336.
flavescens sordidus, 336.
flavescens vividus, 336, 365.
hainanus, 342.
jocosus erythrotis, 329, 330, 332.
striatus paulus, 333.
striatus striatus, 334.
Pyctoris sinensis major, 377.
Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus, 193.
erythrocephalus annamensis, 194.
erythrocephalus erythrocephalus,
193, 195.
erythrocephalus subsp., 193.
oreskios, 195.
oreskios uniformis, 195.
Pyrrherodias manillensis, 32.
Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis, 239.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

intermedius, | pyrrhotis, Blythipicus pyrrhotis, 239.

Picus, 239.
Pyrrhopicus, 239.
Pyrrhula roseata, 565.

Quail, Chinese blue-breasted, 88.
Japanese migratory, 87.

Queripel, S. T., 26.

querquedula, Anas, 51.

Querquedula querquedula, 51.

querulivox, Sasia ochracea, 253.

querulus, Cacomantis, 163.
Cacomantis merulinus, 163,

radcliffei, Actinodura egertoni, 364.
Rail, Chinese white-breasted, 106.
Indian gray-breasted, 103.

Indian water, 103.
red-legged banded, 104.
slaty-legged banded, 104.
Rallidae, 103.
Rallina eurizonoides nigrolineata, 49,
104.
fasciata, 104.
superciliaris superciliaris, 104.

Rallus albiventer, 103.
aquaticus indicus, 103.
benghalensis, 114.
fasciatus, 104.
indicus, 1038.
pusillus, 105.
striatus albiventer, 108.
striatus gularis, 103.
striatus jouyi, 104.
superciliaris, 104.

Ramphalcyon capensis burmanica, 200.

ramsayi, Actinodura egertoni, 363.
Actinodura ramsayi, 363.
Actinura, 363.

Cyanops, 225.
Cyanops franklini, 225,
Cyanops franklinii, 224, 225.
Megalaema, 224.
TEE Dissemurus paradiseus,
ye
Edolius, 295.

rectirostris, Ardea, 32.

Ardea cinerea, 32.

Recurvirostridae, 128.

recurvirostris, Esacus, 129.

Esacus magnirostris, 129.
Oedicnemus, 129.

Redstart, Indian slaty-blue water, 407.
Szechwanese slaty-crowned, 409.
white-capped water, 408.

regia, Delonix, 561.

reguloides, Phylloscopus, 478.
Phylloscopus reguloides, 479, 480.

Regulus inornatus, 473.

reichenowi, Sasia ochracea, 253, 254.

remifer, Bhringa, 294, 295, 296.

remota, Arachnothera magna, 544,

remotum, Piprisoma agile, 550.

INDEX

Rhipidura albicollis, 461.
albicollis albicollis, 461, 462.
albicollis celsa, 461.
aureola burmanica, 460,
hypoxantha, 459.

Rhododendra, 460.

Rhodophila ferrea, 410.
ferrea haringtoni, 410.

Rhopodytes tristis hainanus, 167, 168.
tristis longicaudatus, 167, 168, 169.
tristis saliens, 168.

Rhyacophilus glareola, 122.

Rhyacornis fuliginosa fuliginosa, 407.

Rhyticeros sp., 218.
undulatus, 218.
undulatus ticehursti, 218.

Rhytidoceros subruficollis, 218, 219.
undulatus, 218,

richardi, Anthus, 513, 514.

Anthus novae-sellandiae, 513,

Anthus richardi, 5138.
ricketti, Cryptolopha, 481.

Haematornis cheela, 78.

Phylloscopus cantator, 481.

Spilornis cheela, 78.

Riley, J. H., 27.

rileyi, Myophonus caeruleus, 404.
Myophonus temminckii, 404.

riparia, Homonoia, 444, 486.

Riparia chinensis chinensis, 273.
concolor sintaungensis, 189, 272.
paludicola chinensis, 272, 278.
riparia ijimae, 272.

ripponi, Gennaeus, 94.

Gennaeus nycthemerus, 94.

Liocichla, 352.

Liocichla ripponi, 352.

Pericrocotus solaris, 276.

Pomatorhinus, 398.

Pomatorhinus olivaceus, 393.

Pomatorhinus schisticeps, 23, 393,

394.

Trochalopteron phoeniceum, 352.

Trochalopterum, 352,
roberti, Napothera, 398.

Robin, Indo-Chinese magpie, 420.

robini, Garrulax pectoralis, 359.
Urocissa flavirostris, 303.

robinsoni, Criniger tephrogenys, 338.
Gallus bankiva, 96.

Gallus gallus, 96.

Pycnonotus blanfordi, 336, 337.
robusta, Cyanosylvia suecica, 416, 417.
rocki, Dicrurus leucophaeus, 288.
rodolphei, Stachyris, 384.

Stachyris rufifrons, 384, 385,
Rogers, Charles H., 26, 27.
rogersi, Yuhina flavicollis, 372.
Roller, Indo-Chinese black-billed, 210.

Lao red-billed, 211.
rosa, Palaeornis, 137.

Palaeornis eyanocephalus, 137.

Psittacula cyanocephala, 137.

Psittacus, 137.
rosea, Musicapa, 277.

607

roseata, Pyrrhula, 565.
roseatus, Carpodacus erythrinus, 565,
567

Rosefinch, Indian common, 565.
west Siberian common, 567.
roseus, Pelecanus, 21, 29.
Pericrocotus roseus, 277, 278.
Boe ee benghalensis benghalensis,
14.

capensis, 114.
Rostratulidae, 114.
rothschildi, Muscicapa sibirica, 436.
rubeculoides, Cyornis, 449.
Muscicapula rubeculoides, 449.
rubinigentis, Chaleoparia singalensis,
531

rubricapillus, Mixornis, 386.
rubronigra, Munia atricapilla, 559.
Rubus, 25, 356, 394.

sp., 474, 500.

Rubycheek, Assamese, 531.
Rubythroat, Siberian, 415.
rufa, Dendrocitta, 304, 305.
rufescens, Franklinia rufescens, 492.

Glaucidium cuculoides, 179, 180.

Phragamaticola aedon, 439, 482, 500.

Prinia, 492.

Prinia rufescens, 490, 492.
ruficeps, Macropygia, 152.
ruficollis, Erolia minuta, 124.

Pernis, 58.

Pernis apivorus, 58-60.

Pernis ptilorhyncus, 58.
ruficrissus, Criniger ochraceus, 338.
rufifrons, Stachyridopsis, 385.

Stachyridopsis rufifrons, 385.

Stachyris, 383.

Stachyris rufifrons, 383, 384.
rufigastra, Aleedo meninting, 198.
rufilata, Ianthia rufilata, 417.
rufilatus, Nemura, 417.

Tarsiger eyanurus, 417, 418.
rufipes, Gennaeus nycthemerus, 94.
rufitinctus, Astur trivirgatus, 66.

Lophospizias trivirgatus, 66.
rufiventris, Monticola, 424, 425.

Petrocincla, 424.
rufogularis, Anthus, 514.

Arboricola, 88.

Arborophila, 88.

Arborophila rufogularis, 88.
rufulus, Anthus, 511-514.

Anthus novae-seelandiae, 512.

Anthus richardi, 511-514.
russulus, Bradypterus luteoventris, 502.
rustica subsp., Hirundo, 272,
rusticola, Scolopax, 128.

Scolopax rusticola, 128.
rutherfordi, Spilornis cheela, 78.

‘| rutila, Emberiza, 566, 569.

sacculatus, Criniger ochraceus, 338.
saigonensis, Thereiceryx phaeostricta,
224.

608

sakaratensis, Dendrocitta rufa, 304.
Crypsirina vagabunda, 23, 305.
Dendrocitta rufa, 304, 315.

salangensis, Buchanga leucophaeus, 289.

Salicaria turdina orientalis, 483.

saliens, Rhopodytes tristis, 168.

salwinensis, Abroscopus superciliaris,

468

BULLETIN

Sandpiper, common, 124.
green, 123.
wood, 122,
Sang, Nai, 26.
sanguinipecta, Aethopyga sanguinipecta,
535.

Aethopyga saturata, 535.

Sanguinipectus, Aethopyga, 535.
Aethopyga saturata, 535-538.

sapphira, Muscicaptila, 447.

Sarcidiornis melanolota, 48.
melanota, 48.

Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis, 115.
indiea atrinuchalis, 115.
indicus atronuchalis, 115.

Sarcogyps, 75.
calvus, 74.

Sarkidiornis melanotos, 48.
melanotus melanotus, 48.

Sasia ochracea, 25.
ochracea kinneari, 254.
ochracea ochracea, 254.
ochracea querulivox, 253.
ochracea reichenowi, 253, 254.

saturata, Leioptila, 366.
Leioptila annectens, 366, 367.
Tribura thoracica, 502.
Upupa epops, 212.
Volvocivora lugubris, 284, 285.

saturatior, Crypsirina vagabunda, 305.

saturatus, Bradypterus thoracicus, 500,

501

Cerchneis tinnunculus, 83.

Cuculus, 161.

Cuculus saturatus, 161.

Faleo tinnuneulus, 83, 84.

Phodilus badius, 172.

Tribura luteoventris, 502.
saularis, Copsychus, 420.

Copsychus saularis, 420.
Saxicola caprata burmanica, 411.

ferrea, 410.

olivea, 497.

torquata stejnegeri, 412, 413, 439.

torquata yunnanensis, 413.
cae ane gularis transfluvialis,

3

schach, Lanius, 517.
Lanius schach, 517.
schauenseei, Garrulax monileger,
360.
Garrulax moniliger, 360.
Schistaceus, Enicurus, 400, 401, 408, 407.
Enicurus schistaceus, 401.
Garrulax erythrocephalus, 354.
Henicurus, 401.
Motacilla (Enicurus), 401.

22,

186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

schisticeps, Palaeornis, 138.

Schmaltz, Hilda, 27.

Schoeniparus rufigularis major, 374.
rufogularis major, 375.

Schomburgk, Robert Hermann, 1.

schomburgki, Lanius schach, 517.

schvedowi, Accipiter gentilis, 63.

schwarzi, Herbivocula, 472.
Phylloscopus, 472.

Sylvia (Phyllopneuste), 472.

Scolopacidae, 122.

Scolopax gallinago, 126.
nebularia, 122,
rusticola, 128.
rusticola rusticola, 128.
stenura, 126.

Scops baccamoena lempiji, 175.
bakkamoena lettia, 175.
lempiji, 175.
stictonotus, 174.

seutulata, Anas, 49.

Asarcornis, 49.
Ceryle lugubris, 200.
Ninox, 180.

Ninox scutulata, 181.

seheriae, Aethopyga Siparaja, 23, 533,

534.

Necterinia, 533.
Seicercus, 481.
affinis, 467.
albogularis hugonis, 469.
burkei tephrocephalus, 466.
burkii distincta, 466.
burkii tephrocephala, 465, 467.
burkii tephrocephalus, 466, 481.
castaneoceps castaneoceps, 468.
castaniceps castaniceps, 468.
castaniceps collinsi, 468.
poliogenys, 467.
superciliaris superciliaris, 467.
seimundi, Sphenocercus, 141.
Sphenurus seimundi, 141.
semicoronatus, Dryobates canicapillus,
246.
semitorques, Otus, 176.
Serilophus lunatus, 258.
lunatus elisabethae, 258.
lunatus elizabethae, 257.
lunatus lunatus, 257-259.
lunatus stolidus, 258.
severus, Falco, 82.
Falco severus, 82.
Shahin, 82.
Shama, Indo-Chinese, 421.
shanensis, Bradypterus thoracicus, 501,
Certhia discolor, 319.
Tribura thoracica, 501.
ae Antigone, 102.
Antigone antigone, 102.
Garrulax milnei, 353.
Gennaeus lineatus, 93.
Trochalopteron milnei, 353,
Trochalopterum, 353.
Trochalopterum milnei, 353.

sharpii, Antigone, 102,
Antigone antigone, 102.
Grus (Antigone), 102.
Grus antigone, 102.
Sheldrake, ruddy, 50.
Shikra, Burmese, 63.
Shorea obtusa, 25.
Shortwing, Chinese slate-blue, 406.
Indian indigo-blue, 406.

Shrike, Burmese chestnut-backed, 519.

Chinese brown, 521.
Chinese gray-headed, 517.
Himalay'an black-headed, 516.
Siberian brown, 520.
Tibetan gray-backed, 518.
tigrine, 521.

Sih, WYs,) 4

siamense, Dicaeum cruentatum, 544, 546.

siamensis, Acridotheres, 527.
Alseonax, 487, 438.
Alseonax latirostris, 487.
Caprimulgus asiaticus, 186.
Coracina javensis, 286.

Coracina novaehollandiae, 286, 301.

Dicaeum cruentatum, 544.

Graucalus javensis, 286.

Graucalus macei, 286.

Lanius hypoleucus, 519.

Otus luciae, 173.

Otus spilocephalus, 173.

Palaeornis eupataria, 134.

Palaeornis eupatria, 134.

Pentacme, 25.

Psittacula eupatria, 134, 135.

Sitta auto-sitta, 316, 317.
Sibia, Indian chestnut-backed, 367.

Indo-Chinese long-tailed, 364.

Karen chestnut-backed, 366.

Tenasserimese black-capped, 365.

Sibia melanoleuca, 365.
picaoides cana, 864.
sibirica, Geocichla sibirica, 429.
Geokichla sibirica, 429.
Hemichelidon sibirica, 435.
Muscicapa, 435.
Muscieapa sibirica, 435, 439.
sibiricus, Turdus, 429.

sikkimensis, Drobates hyperythrus, 243.

Irena puella, 320.
simillima, Motacilla flava, 508.
Simotes (Holorchus) violaceus, 79.
simplex, Zosterops, 552.
Zosterops japonica, 552, 553.
sinense, Chrysomma sinense, 377.
sinensis, Anthus, 514.
Anthus richardi, 513.
Ardea, 40.
Ardetta, 40.
Centropus, 169, 170.
Chrysomma sinensis, 377.
Corydalla, 513.
Ixobrychus, 40-41.
Ixobrychus sinensis, 40.
Lonchura ferruginosa, 559.
Monticola rufiventris, 424.
Parus, 377.

609

sinensis, Pelecanus, 30.

Phalacrocorax carbo, 30.
Sterna, 134,

Sterna albifrons, 134.
Zosterops, 552.
Zosterops japonica, 552,

Singalensis, Chalecoparia singalensis,
531

sintaugensis, Krimnochelidon concolor,
272

fe, sintaungensis, Krimnochelidon
concolor, 272.
Riparia concolor, 189, 272.

Siparaja, Aethopyga, 533.
Siphia albicilla, 440.

hainana, 447,

hodgsonii, 442, 443.
hyperythra, 447.

hyperythra hyperythra, 445.
melanoleuca langbianis, 444.
melanoleuca melanoleuca, 443.
narcissina zanthopygia, 444.
parva albicilla, 440, 441.
sapphira laotiana, 447.
solitaris leucops, 446.
strophiata, 441, 442,
strophiata asema, 441.
strophiata fuscogularis, 442.
strophiata strophiata, 441.
styani, 462.

sumatrensis, 450.
superciliaris aestigma, 445.

sitaungensis, Krimnochelidon concolor,

272

Sitta auto-sitta siamensis, 316, 317.

castanea, 28.

castanea neglecta, 315-318.
castanea tonkinensis, 317.
cinnamoventris, 316.
corallina, 318.

europaea, 28, 317, 339.
europaea delacouri, 315.
europaea montium, 315-318.
europaea nagaensis, 315.
europea nagaensis, 315.
frontalis, 318,

frontalis corallina, 318, 461.
frontalis frontalis, 318.
magna, 314.

magna magna, 314.
montium, 315.

neglecta, 315, 316.

Sittidae, 314.
Siva, Chinese striated, 371.

Shan blue-winged, 369.
Tenasserimese blue-winged, 368.
Tenasserimese chestnut-tailed, 368.
Tenasserimese striated, 370.
Yunnanese blue-winged, 370.

Siva, 347.

castanicauda, 368.

castaniceps striata, 28, 370, 371.
castaniceps torqueola, 23, 371.
eyanouroptera oatesi, 369.
cyanouroptera sordida, 368.
cyanouroptera wingatei, 370.

610

Siva cyanuroptera oatesi, 368, 369.
sordida, 368.
strigula, 17.
strigula castaneicauda, 368.
strigula castanicauda, 368.
torqueola, 371.
wingatei, 370.
smaragdina, Oecophylla, 563.
Smith, Hugh McCormick, 5, 6.
smithi, Niltava, 454.
Snipe, Asiatic painted, 114.
fan-tailed, 126.
pin-tailed, 126.
wood, 127.
socia, Oreocincla dauma, 4381.
Zoothera dauma, 482.
socius, Oreocincla dauma, 431.
solaris, Pericrocotus, 227.
Pericrocotus solaris, 276, 277.
solitaria, Monticola eyanus, 425.
soloensis, Accipiter, 65, 68.
Falco, 65.
somniferum, Papaver, 566.
sonnerati, Penthoceryx, 162.
Penthoceryx sonnerati, 162.
sonneratii, Cacomantis sonneratii, 162.
europaea neglecta, 315,
europaea tonkinensis, 317.
Cuculus, 162.
Penthoceryx sonneratii, 162.
Sordida, Siva, 368.
Siva ecyanouroptera, 368.
sordidus, Criniger gutturalis, 337.
Pycnonotus flavescens, 336.
Sparrow, Malaysian tree, 560.
olive-crowned, 561.
sparverioides, Cuculus, 158.
Cuculus sparverioides, 158.
Hierococecyx, 158.
Hierococcyx sparverioides, 159.
speciosus, Pericrocotus flammeus, 273.
Pericrocotus speciosus, 273.
Sphenocercus apicauda, 140.
apicauda apicauda, 140.
apicaudus apicaudus, 140.
pseudo-crocopus, 146, 147, 148.
seimundi, 141.
sphenurus, 142.
sphenurus sphenurus, 142.
sphenura, Vinago, 142.
sphenurus, Sphenocercus, 142.
Sphenocercus sphenurus, 142.
Sphenurus sphenurus, 142.
Sphenurus apicauda apicauda, 23, 140.
apicauda laotianus, 23, 141.
modestus, 141.
pseudocrocopus, 146.
seimundi seimundi, 141.
sphenurus sphenurus, 142.
Spider-hunter, Assamese white-throated,
542.
Himalayan streaked, 543.
spilonotus, Machlolophus, 312.
Parus, 312.

BULLETIN

186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Spilornis cheela burmanicus, 78.

cheela ricketti, 78.

cheela rutherfordi, 78.
Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaetus, 70.

limnaetus, 70.

nipalensis fokiensis, 70.
Spizixos canifrons, 327.

canifrons canifrons, 327.
Spodiopsar malabaricus nemoricolus,

527.

malabaricus nemoriculus, 527.
squalidum, Piprisoma, 549.
squameiceps, Cettia, 498.

Tribura, 498.

Urophlexis, 498.

Urosphena squameiceps, 498.
squamicollis, Uroloncha acuticauda, 556.
Squatarola squatarola, 118.
Stachyridopsis rufifrons, 385.

rufifrons rufifrons, 385.

sulphurea, 386.

Stachyris, 312, 385.

chrysaea assimilis, 382, 383.

chrysaea aurata, 383.

nigriceps, 381.

nigriceps coltarti, 381, 382.

nigriceps davisoni, 381.

nigriceps yunnanensis, 381-383.

rodolphei, 384.

ruficeps insuspecta, 384.

rufifrons, 383.

rufifrons insuspecta, 384.

rufifrons rodolphei, 384, 385.

rufifrons rufifrons, 383, 384.

striolata helenae, 381.
stanfordi, Hirundo striolata, 269.
Straphida striata striata, 371.
Straphidia striata striata, 370.
Starling, white-winged, 245.
stayani, Hypothymis azurea, 463.
stejnegeri, Pratincola rubicola, 412.

Pratincola torquata, 412.

Saxicola torquata, 412, 413, 439.
stellae, Harpactes oreskios, 195.
stellaris, Ardea, 43.

Botaurus, 43.

Botaurus stellaris, 43.
stenura, Capella, 126, 127.

Gallinago, 126.

Scolopax, 126.

Sterna acuticauda, 133.

albifrons sinensis, 134.

aurantia, 132.

javanica, 134.

melanogaster, 134.

sinensis, 134.
stertens, Tyto alba, 171.
sthenura, Gallinago, 126.
stictonotus, Otus giu, 174.

Otus scops, 174.

Scops, 174.

Stilt, Eurasian black-winged, 128 .
Stint, long-toed, 125.

Temminck’s 124.

stolidus, Serilophus lunatus, 258.

INDEX

Stonechat, Indo-Chinese pied, 411.
Japanese rufous-breasted, 412.
Yunnanese rufous-breasted, 413.

stonei, Myiophoneus, 405.

Myophonus, 405.

Stoparola melanops, 452.
melanops melanops, 452.
thalassina thalassina, 452.

Stork, black, 45.

Indian black-necked, 46.
Indian white-necked, 45.
st6tzneri, Muscicapa (Alseonax) muttui,
439.
Strachyrhis assimilis, 382.
strepitans, Dryonastes, 361.
Garrulax, 361.
Garrulax strepitans, 303, 361.
Streptopelia chinensis tigrina, 64, 153,
154.

orientalis, 1.
orientalis agricola, 152.
orientalis meena, 152.
suratensis tigrina, 153.
tranquebarica humilis, 154,
turtur agricola, 152.
turtur meena, 152.
Stresemann, Erwin, 27.
stresemanni, Microscelis madagascari-
ensis, 345.
striata, Columba, 155.
Geopelia striata, 155.
Hypotaenidia striata, 108.
Siva castaniceps, 23, 370, 371.
Staphida striata, 371.
Staphidia striata, 370.
striatus, Alcurus, 333.
Aleurus leucogarmmicus, 333.
Ixulus, 370.
Pycnonotus striatus, 334.
Strigidae, 173.
Strigiformes, 171.
strigula, Siva, 17.
striolata, Chelidon daurica, 269.
Hirundo, 269.
Hirundo daurica, 269,
striolatus, Anthus richardi, 513.
Gecinus, 230.
Picus, 230, 231.
Strix badia, 173.
flammea, 183.
leptogrammica newarensis, 182.
strophiata, Siphia, 441, 442.
Siphia strophiata, 441.
Sturnia malabarica, 527.
malabarica malabarica, 527.
malabarica nemoricola, 245, 527.
nemoricola, 527.
Sturnidae, 522.
Sturnopastor capensis floweri, 529.
contra floweri, 529.
contra superciliaris, 529, 530.
floweri, 529.
superciliaris, 529.
superciliaris superciliaris, 529.

611

Sturnus contra floweri, 529,
malabaricus nemoricola, 527.
nigricollis, 530.

styani, Aegithina tiphia, 22, 323.
Hypothymis azurea, 462, 463.
Siphia, 462.

subaffinis, Phaeoradina, 470.
Phylloscopus, 470.

subconnectens, Garrulax erythrocepha-

lus, 355.

subfureatus, Apus affinis, 189, 191.
Cypselus, 191.

Micropus affinis, 191.

subminuta, Hrolia, 124.
Limonites minutilla, 125.
Pisobia, 125.

Tringa, 125.

subochraceum, Pellorneum, 378.
Pellorneum ruficeps, 378.

subruficollis, Rhytidoceros, 218, 219.

subsessor, Mirafra assamica, 265.

substriolata, Hirundo striolata, 268.
Lillia, 268.

subundulata, Munia punctulata, 557.
Uroloncha punctulata, 558.

subviridis, Machlolophus spilonotus, 312.
Machlolophus xanthogenys, 312.
Parus, 312.

Parus spilonotus, 312.
Parus xanthogenys, 312.

sulphurea, Mixornis gularis, 384-388.
Stachyridopsis, 386.

sultanea, Melanochlora sultanea, 313.

sultanea = flavocristata, Melanochlora,

Silige

sultaneus, Parus, 318.

sumatranus, Criniger ochraceus, 338.
Corydon, 260.

Corydon sumatranus, 260.

sumatrensis, Cyornis tickelliae, 448, 450.
Siphia, 450.

Sunbird, Doi Ang Ka green-throated, 537.
Indian scarlet-throated, 533.
Indo-Chinese black-throated, 535.
Indo-Chinese purple, 538.
Indo-Chinese purple-naped, 541.
Indo-Chinese purple-throated, 540.
Szechwanese blue-throated, 536.
Tenasserimese scarlet-throated, 534.

superciliaris, Abrornis, 467.

Abrornis superciliaris, 468.
Abroscopus superciliaris, 468.
Dimorpha, 445.

Muscicapa, 445.

Rallina superciliaris, 104.
Rallus, 104.

Seicercus superciliaris, 467.
Sturnopastor, 529.
Sturnopastor contra, 529, 530.
Sturnopastor superciliaris, 529. .
Suya superciliaris, 495.

superciliosa, Phylloscopus, 473.
Phylloscopus superciliosa, 473.

superciliosus, Phylloscopus supercili-

osus, 473.

612

Surniculus lugubris, 166.
lugubris dicruroides, 166.
suscitator, Turnix, 100.
Suthora feae, 310.
poliotis feae, 310.
Sutoria sutoria, 487.
sutoria patia, 487.
Sutoria phyllorrapheus, 487.
Suya erythropleura, 495.
Superciliaris superciliaris, 495.
Swallow, Indian wire-tailed, 268.
Khasya Hills striated, 268.
upper Burmese striated, 269.
white-bellied house, 267.
Swallow-shrike, ashy, 515.
Swift, Burmese white-rumped, 190.
Indian brown-throated spine-tailed,
189.
Indian crested tree, 192.
Malayan house, 191.
Malaysian palm, 191.
Swiftlet, Hume’s gray-rumped, 188.
swinhoei, Chlidonias hybrida, 132.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia, 132.
Melittophagus, 208.
Melittophagus leschenaulti, 208.
swinhoii, Melittophagus, 208.
sylvatica, Columba, 148.
Ducula aenea, 148.
Muscadivora aenea, 148.
Sylvia lanceolata, 485.
(Phyllopneuste) schwarzi, 472.
sylvicola, Tephrodornis gularis, 284.
Sylviidae, 465.
Syrmaticus humiae burmanicus, 97.
humiae burmannicus, 5, 97.

Tachornis batasinensis infumatus, 191.
batassiensis infumatus, 191.

Tailorbird, Himalayan yellow-bellied,
489.

Indo-Chinese black-throated, 489.
Indo-Chinese long-tailed, 487.

Tan, Charles, 8, 26.

Tanaka, 27.

Tarsiger cyanurus albocoeruleus, 418.
eyanurus cyanurus, 418.
cyanurus practicus, 417.
cyanurus rufilatus, 417, 418.
eyanurus ussuriensis, 418,

Tchitrea affinis indochinensis, 464,
paradisi, 464.
paradisi affinis, 464, 465.

paradisi indochinensis, 464.

Teal, Eurasian green-winged, 52,
Indian cotton, 53.

Javanese whistling, 47.

tectirostris, Bhringa, 294.
Bhringa remifer, 294.

Tectona, 25.

temia, Corvus, 307.

Crypsirhina, 307.
Crypsirina, 307.
temmincki, Myiophoneus, 404.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

temminckii, Erolia, 124-126.

Myiophoneus, 404.

Myophonus, 404.

Myphonus caeruleus, 403, 404.
Pisobia, 124,

Tringa, 124.

tenebrosus, Dryobates cathpharius, 243.

tenellipes, Acanthopneuste, 478.
Phylloscopus, 477, 478.

tennellipes, Phylloscopus, ATT.

tenuirostris, Oriolus, 296.

Oriolus chinensis, 296, 297.
Oriolus indicus, 296.

tephrocephala, Cryptolopha burkei, 466.
Cryptolopha burki, 466.
Seicercus burkii, 465, 467, 481.

tephrocephalus, Cryptolopha burkii, 465.
Culicipeta, 465.

Seicercus burkei, 466.
Seicercus burkii, 466.

Tephrodornis, 349.
gularis annectens, 283.
gularis pelvica, 283.
gularis sylvicola, 284.
gularis vernayi, 282, 283.
pelvicus, 282.
pelvicus verneyi, 282.
pondiceriana thai, 282, 460.
pondicerianus, 282,
pondicerianus thai, 282, 460.

tephrogenys, Criniger, 339.

Criniger tephrogenys, 338.

tephronotus, Lanius, 518.

Lanius schach, 518.

Tern, black-bellied, 133.
Chinese whiskered, 132.
Chinese white-fronted, 134.
Indian river, 182.

Terpsiphone affinis, 464, 465.
incei incei, 465.
paradisi incei, 465.
paradisi indochinensis, 464, 465.

Tesia, golden-headed, 497.

Tesia cyaniventer, 497, 498.
cyaniventer cyaniventer, 497.
Olivea, 497.

Tetrao chinensis, 88.
pintadeanus, 86.

thai, Dicrurus macrocercus, 290.
Tephrodornis pondiceriana, 282, 460.
Tephrodornis pondicerianus, 282.

thaiacous, Oriolus luteolus, 298.
Oriolus xanthornis, 298.

thalassina, Eumyias thalassina, 452.
Muscieapa, 452.

Stoporala thalassina, 452.
Stoporola thalassina, 452.

Therciceryx lineatus hodgsoni, 222.
phaeostricta, 224.

Thereiceryx faiostricta faiostricta, 224.
faiostrictus faiostrictus, 224.
lineata hodgsoni, 222.
lineatus hodgsoni, 228.
lineatus intermedius, 223.
phaeostricta saigonensis, 224.

INDEX

thermophilus, Anthus campestris, 514.
Thick-knee, Indian great-billed, 129.
thompsoni, Cerasophila, 345.
Microscelis, 345.
thoracica, Dumeticola, 501.
Dumeticola thoracica, 501.
Tribura thoracica, 501.
thoracicus, Bradypterus thoracicus, 500,

Threskiornithidae, 47.

Thriponax javanensis feddeni, 250.
javensis, 250.
javensis feddeni, 250.

Thrush, black-breasted, 428.
Burmese spangled whistling, 404.
chestnut-bellied rock, 424.
Chinese blue rock, 426.
Chinese spangled whistling, 403.
Himalayan lunulated-backed moun-

tain, 431.

Himalayan spangled whistling, 404,
Indian blue rock, 424.
Indo-Chinese lesser long-billed, 433.
Indo-Chinese orange-headed ground,

428.

Japanese lunulated-backed moun-
tain, 432.

long-tailed plain-backed mountain,
480.

Siberian slate-colored ground, 429.
white-browed, 427.
white-throated rock, 423.
thunbergi, Motacilla flava, 507.
Ticehurst, C. B., 27.
ticehursti, Aceros undulatus, 218.
Bradypterus luteoventris, 502.
Rhyticeros undulatus, 218.
tickelli, Arboricola, 88.
Arborophila rufogularis, 88.
Cyornis, 450.
Drymocataphus, 380.
Drymocataphus tickelli, 380.
Hypsipetes, 341.
Ixos macclellandi, 341.
Ixos meclellandi, 341.
Microscelis virescens, 341, 342.
Pellorneum, 380.
Pomatorhinus, 390.
Pomatorhinus (Orthorhinus), 389.
Pomatorhinus hypoleucos, 389. 390.
Pomatorhinus hypoleucus, 390.
Ptilolaemus tickelli, 220.
tickelliae, Cyornis banyumas, 449, 450.
Tiga javanensis, 248.
javanensis intermedia, 248.
tigrina, Columba, 158.
Streptopelia chinensis, 64, 153, 154.
Streptopelia suratensis, 153.
tigrinus, Lanius, 521.
Timalia pileata bengalensis, 389
pileata intermedia, 377, 388, 389.
Timaliidae, 346.
Timelia pileata jerdoni, 389.

613

tinnunculus, Cerchneis, 83.
Falco, 82.
Falco tinnunculus, 82.
tiphia, Aeegithina, 322.
Aeginthina tiphia, 323.
Aegithina, 322.
Aegithina tiphia, 322, 323.
Motacilla, 322.
Tit, Indian sultan, 313.
Lao green-backed great, 311.
Tenasserimese yellow-cheeked, 312,
tonkinensis, Sitta castanea, 317.
Sitta europaea, 317.
topela, Lonchura punctulata, 557.
Munia, 557.
Munia punctulata, 557.
Uroloncha punctulata, 558.
Toria nipalensis, 143.
torquatus, Gampsorhynchus, 362.
Gampsorhynchus rufulus, 362.
torqueola, Siva, 371.
Siva castaniceps, 23, 371.
torquilla, Iynx, 254.
Totanus glareola, 122.
ochropus, 123.
trailii, Oriolus trailii, 299.
trailli, Oriolus trailli, 299.
traillii, Oriolus traillii, 298, 299.
Pastor, 298. }
transfluvialis, Paradoxornis gularis, 23,
309. ;
transfluvialis, Psittiparus gularis, 309,
310.
Seaeorhynchus gularis, 309.
Treron apicauda, 140.
bicincta praetermissa, 146.
curvirostra nipalensis, 143.
griseicapilla, 145.
magnirostris, 142.
nepalensis, 143.
nipalensis, 143. A,
phoenicoptera annamenslis, 147.
phoenicoptera phoenicoptera, 147.
phoenicoptera viridifrons, 146.
pompadora phayrei, 144.
vernans griseicapilla, 145.
viridifrons, 146.
Tribura luteoventris saturatus, 502.
squameiceps, 498.
thoracica saturata, 502.
thoracica shanensis, 501,
thoracica thoracica, 501.
Trichometopus brevirostris, 293.
tricolor, Kittacincla macrura, 421.
Kittocincla macrurus, 421.
Lanius, 516, 517.
Lanius schach, 516, 518, 519.
tridactyla, Ceyx, 198.
tridactylus, Ceyx, 198.
Tringa chirurgus, 112.
glareola, 122.
hypoleuca, 124.
hypoleucos, 124.
nebularia, 122.
ochrophus, 123.

614

Tringa ochropus, 123.
ocrophus, 123.
subminuta, 125.
temminckii, 124.

Tringoides hypoleucos, 124.

tristis, Acridotheres, 524.
Acridotheres tristis, 330, 524, 526.
Paradisea, 524.

trivirgatus, Astur indicus, 64.
Lophospizias, 66.

Trochalopteron erythrocephalum melan-

ostigma, 353.
melanostigma melanostigma, 354.
milnei sharpei, 353.
phoeniceum ripponi, 352.

Trochalopterum milnei sharpei, 353.
ripponi, 352.
sharpei, 353.

trochiloides, Acanthiza, 476.
Phylloscopus, 476.
Phylloscopus trochiloides, 476, 477.

Trogon, Annamese red-headed, 194,
Burmese red-headed, 193.
Stella’s orange breasted, 195.

Trogon erythrocephalus, 193.
maculatus, 164,

Trogonidae, 193.

Trogoniformes, 193.

Tropicoperdix chloropus, 91.
chloropus chloropus, 91.
chloropus cognacgi, 92.
chloropus olivacea, 91, 92.

Trotter, E. W., 5.

tubiger, Glaucidium brodiei, 178.

Turdidae, 400.

Turdinulus epilepidotus bakeri, 397.
epilepidotus laotianus, 398.

Turdinus brevicaudatus, 395.
crispifrons, 394.

Turdus aureus, 432.
aureus angustirostris, 431, 432.
blanfordi, 100.
boulboul, 426.
boulboul boulboul, 426.
cochinchinensis, 325.
dauma, 431.
dauma subsp., 431.
diardi, 357.
dissimilis, 428.
moluccensis, 262, 263.
obscurus, 427.
obscurus obscurus, 427.
philippensis, 426.
sibiricus, 429.

Turnicidae, 100.

Turnix blanfordii, 100.
maculatus maculatus, 100.
suscitator, 100.
suscitator blakistoni, 101.
suscitator interrumpens, 100, 101.
tanki blanfordi, 100,
tanki blanfordii, 100.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tusalia, Columba (Macropygia) tusalia,
150

Macropygia, 150.
Macropygia tusalia, 151.
Macropygia unchall, 150, 151.
tyrannula, Erpornis zantholeuca, 372,
3738.

tyrannulus, Herpornis xantholeuca, 372.
tytleri, Cisticola, 497.
Cisticola exilis, 497.
Hirundo rustica, 268.
Tyto alba javanica, 171.
alba stertens, 171.
Tytonidae, 171.

Ulula newarensis, 182.
undulatus, Rhyticeros, 218.
Rhytidoceros, 218.

unicolor, Cyornis, 451.

Cyornis unicolor, 451, 453.
Muscicapula unicolor, 451.
uniformis, Harpactes oreskios, 195.

Pyrotrogon oreskios, 195.
Upupa epops indica, 213.
epops longirostris, 213.
epops saturata, 212.
longirostris, 213.
Upupidae, 212.
Urocissa erythrorhyncha magnirostris,
302.
flavirostris robini, 303.
occipitalis, 302.
occipitalis magnirostris, 302.
Uroloncha acuticauda, 556.
acuticauda acuticauda, 556.
acuticauda squamicollis, 556.
Uroloncha punctulata subundulata, 558.
punctulata topela, 558.
striata acuticauda, 556.
Urophlexis squameiceps, 498.
Urosphena laurentei, 499.
squameiceps squameiceps, 498.
ussuriensis, Tarsiger cyanurus, 418.

varians, Crypsirhina, 307.
venningi, Corythocichla brevicaudata,
395, 396.
ventralis, Hoplopterus, 116.
vernalis, Coryllis vernalis, 189.
Loriculus, 139.
Loriculus vernalis, 139.
' Psittacus, 139.
vernayi, Mesia argentauris, 351, 352.
Tephrodornis gularis, 282, 283.
verneyi, Tephrodornis pelvicus, 282.
vicina, Zosterops palpebrosa, 553.
Vijjakich, Luang, Sri, 11.
Vinago sphenura, 142.
vindhiana, Aquila, 71.
Aquila rapax, 71.
violaceus, Simotes (Holarchus), 79.
virens, Bucco, 221.
Megalaema, 221.
Megalaema virens, 222.
Megalaima virens, 221.

INDEX

Vireo, 349.

virgatus, Accipiter, 67.

Accipiter virgatus, 67.
viridanus, Picus viridanus, 232.
viridifrons, Crocopus, 146.

Crocopus phaenicopterus, 146.

Crocopus phoenicopterus, 146.

Treron, 146.

Treron phoenicoptera, 146.
viridis, Cochoa, 434.

Gecinulus, 25, 238, 239.

Gecinulus grantia, 239.

Gecinulus viridis, 238, 239.

Porphyrio porphyrio, 110.
Vivia innominata malayorum, 252.
vivida, Xanthiscus flavescens, 335.

Xanthixus flavescens, 335.
vividum, Pellorneum nipalense, 378.

Pellorneum ruficeps, 378.
vividus, Perecrocotus peregrinus, 279.

Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, 279.

Pericrocotus peregrinus, 278, 279.

Pycnonotus flavescens, 335.

Xanthixus flavescens, 335.
vociferus, Elanus caeruleus, 56.

Falco, 56.

Volvocivora lugubris saturata, 284, 285.
melanoptera, 284, 285.
melanoptera avensis, 284.
melaschistos, 285.

Vultur bengalensis, 75.
calvus, 74.

Vulture, Indian king, 74.

Indian white-backed, 75

Wagtail, Amur pied, 502.
Amur yellow, 506.
Amur yellow-headed, 508.
Baikal yellow, 507.
Chukotsk pied, 504.
Davurian pied, 504.
eastern gray, 505.
forest, 509.
Himalayan pied, 505.
Wan, Nai, 26.
Warbler, Amur gray-naped grasshopper,
486

Amur thick-billed reed, 482.

Assamese greater white-tailed wil-
low, 479.

Bengalese exiled fantail, 497.

black-browed reed, 485.

buff-bellied willow, 470.

Burmese buff-breasted bush, 502.

Burmese golden-spectacled __ fly-
catcher, 465.

Chinese paddy-field, 484.

Chinese singing bush, 500.

Chinese yellow-breasted willow, 481.

continental striated marsh, 487.

eastern ashy-throated willow, 475.

eastern Himalayan dull-green wil-
low, 476.

gray-cheeked flycatcher, 467.

615

ee aan gray-breasted bush,

Indian great reed, 483.
Indo-Chinese white-throated _ fly-
catcher, 467.
Japanese crowned willow, 478.
Japanese great reed, 483.
Kamchatkan Arctic willow, 475.
Kansu dull-green willow, 476.
Kansu gray-breasted bush, 500.
lanceolated grasshopper, 485.
Malayan common fantail, 496.
Nepalese orange-barred willow, 473.
Nepalese yellow-rumped willow, 474.
ee oa streaked-breasted willow,
pale-legged willow, 477.
Scaly-headed bush, 498,
Shan gray-breasted bush, 501.
Siberian Arctic willow, 475.
Siberian dull-green willow, 477.
Siberian dusky willow, 470.
Siberian inornate willow, 473.
sap oii streaked-breasted willow,
Szechwanese greater white-tailed
willow, 479.
Szechwanese
willow, 481.
Tenasserimese lesser’ white-tailed
willow, 480.
Thai black-throated flycatcher, 469.
ee chestnut-crowned flycatcher,
thick-billed willow, 472.
Yunnanese golden-spectacled fly-
catcher, 466,
Yunnanese pale-footed bush, 499.
Watercock, Chinese, 107.
Weaverbird, Indo-Chinese striated, 564.
weigoldi, Luscinia svecica, 416.
Wells, Kenneth E., 27.
en Muscicapula melanoleuca,
Wetmore, Alexander, 27.
White-eye, chestnut-flanked, 551.
Chinese dark-green, 552.
Karen golden-green, 553.
Yunnanese golden-green, 554.
whitei, Cyornis, 449.
Cyornis banyumas, 449, 451.
Cyornis whitei, 450.
Muscicapula banyumas, 450.
whiteleyi, Chelidon, 270.
Delichon urbica, 270, 271.
Wigeon, Eurasian, 53.
williaminae, Niltava, 454.
Williams, W. Leigh, 26.
Williamson, Walter James Franklin, 4,
D2
williamsoni, Zosterops simplex, 552.
wingatei, Siva, 370.
Siva cyanouroptera, 370.

lesser white-tailed

616

Woodcock, Eurasian, 128.
Woodpecker, Assamese
green, 233.
black-and-buff, 242.
Burmese four-toed golden-backed,
249.
Burmese gray crowned pied, 246.
Burmese great black, 250.
Burmese green bamboo, 238.
Burmese heart-spotted, 247.
Burmese lesser yellow-naped, 234.
Burmese rufous, 241.
Burmese rufous-bellied pied, 242.
Burmese three-toed golden-backed,
248.
Indian bay, 239.
Khun Tan lesser yellow-naped, 235.
Lao greater yellow-naped, 238.
Lao lesser yellow-naped, 236.
northern great gray, 251.
striped-breasted pied, 244.
Thai black-naped green, 232.
Thai greater yellow-naped, 236.
Thai plain-breasted scaly-bellied
green, 230.
Thai spotted-breasted pied, 245.
western red-rumped green, 229.
Yunnanese crimson-breasted pied,
248.
Wood-shrike, Indo-Chinese white-tailed,
282 :

black-naped

Thai prown-tailed, 282.
Wryneck, Chinese, 254.

Xanthiseus flavescens vivida, 335.
Xanthixus flavescens berliozi, 335.
flavescens flavescens, 335.
flavescens vivida, 335.
flavescens vividus, 335.
xanthizurus, Criniger, 338, 339.
xanthodryas, Acanthopneuste borealis,
475.
Xantholaema haemacephala indica, 228.
haematocephala, 228.
xantholeuca, Erpornis xantholeuca, 372.
Horpornis, 372.
xanthopygaeus, Picus, 231.
xanthorhynchus, Chalcites xanthorhyn-
chus, 165.
xanthornus, Coracias, 298.
Oriolus xanthornus, 298.

BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

xanthotis, Aethorhynchus, 321.
Xenorhynchus asiaticus, 46.

asiaticus asiaticus, 21, 46.
Xylia, 25.

ba Phu Kha ferruginous-collared,
72.
Yuhina flavicollis rogersi, 372.
Yungipicus hardwickii canicapillus, 246.
nanus canicapillus, 246.
yunnanensis, Actinodura egertoni, 364.
Anthus hodgsoni, 510.
Anthus trivialis, 510.
Hypsipetes concolor, 344.
Pratincola torquata, 413.
Pteruthius erythropterus, 23, 350.
Saxicola torquata, 413.
Stachyris nigriceps, 381-383.

zantholeuca, Erpornis, 372, 373.
Erpornis zantholeuca, 372.

zanthopygia, Muscicapa, 444.

zanthopygia, Siphia narcissina, 444.
Zanthopygia narcissina, 444.

Zapornia nigrolineata, 104.

zeylonensis, Ketupa, 177.

Ketupa zeylonensis, 177.

Zoothera dauma aurea, 4382,
dauma dauma, 431,
dauma socia, 432.
dixoni, 480, 432.
marginata, 433.
marginata marginata, 433, 434.
marginata parva, 433.

Zosteropidae, 551.

Zosterops aureiventer joannae, 554.
erythropleura, 551-553.
erythropleurus, 551.
erythropleurus erythropleurus, 551.
japonica simplex, 552, 553.
japonica sinensis, 552.
mesoxantha, 553.
palpebrosa auriventer, 554.
palpebrosa cacharensis, 553.
palpebrosa joannae, 554.
palpebrosa mesoxantha, 552-555.
palpebrosa palpebrosa, 558, 554.
palpebrosa vicina, 553.
simplex, 552,
simplex williamsoni, 582.
sinensis, 552.

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