et ) ts ae eae iP |

SMITHSONIAN
ENS LET ULTION

<ane?

BEANE ING CRESS

i SR OE Won! ‘o N
Sere

q

UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 244

WASHINGTON, D.C.

1964

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Bagworm Moths
of the

Western Hemisphere

(Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

DONALD R. DAVIS

Associate Curator of Lepidoptera

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, 1964

Publications of the United States National Museum

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two
series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National
Museum Bulletin.

In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with
the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts
in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies
of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and
to specialists and others interested in the various subjects.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate
form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with
the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.

In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer,
separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts)
and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are
either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation.
Since 1902, papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been
published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium.

This work forms number 244 of the Bulletin series.

FRANK A. TAYLOR
Director, United States National Museum

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1964

Contents

Introduction avs
Review of the literature
Life history .
Characters
Classification
Conclusions .
Checklist . ee Ne
Family Psychidae ..........
Species of uncertain generic position .
Adult males known but not examined .
Adult males unknown .
Unidentified larval cases .
Literature cited .
Index

Bagworm Moths
of the

Western Hemisphere'

Introduction

This study is a preliminary revision of the tineoid family Psychidae
of North and South America (including the West Indies). A treat-
ment of such scope has been attempted only once (Gaede, 1936),
and it was at best a very superficial study. Other published accounts
consist mostly of original descriptions, taxonomic notes, and works
treating restricted areas. As a result, the interpretations of previous
authors have been erroneous in several instances; furthermore, a
comprehensive key for the genera and species has never been attempted;
thus, reliable identification of many of these insects has been virtually
impossible.

The purpose of the present study is to re-evaluate the decisions of
earlier workers; to complete and, where necessary, to correct their
conclusions; and to investigate and utilize several taxonomic criteria
in order to facilitate identification and a more comprehensive under-
standing of the insects presently included in this family.

The members of the family Psychidae present numerous problems
that have greatly hindered a satisfactory treatment of the group.
No single factor is unique for the family, and the close interrelation
of many factors make their solution no easy task. The frequency
with which many of these problems are met in the Psychidae demon-
strates why this family has been considered one of the most perplexing
groups, taxonomically, to be found in the Lepidoptera. Some of the
more prevalent problems encountered are:

1. The extreme convergence in superficial appearance among a
majority of the species; or, conversely, the extreme lack of obvious
specific differentiation.

2. The sometimes extreme variation of diagnostic features in both
adults and larval cases (e.g., wing venation in certain species).

3. The rarity in collections of a majority of the known species, with
the consequent necessity of founding new species on the basis of one

1 Modified from a doctoral dissertation submitted to Cornell University, 1962.
af

2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

or a few specimens. (Undoubtedly this lack of adult specimens
results in part from the exceedingly brief period of the year during
which these forms may be collected.)

4. The disappearance or unavailability of the type specimens, a
fact that is all too frequently linked with the inadequacy of the
original description in providing diagnostic characters that can be
relied upon.

5. The lack of biological data, a factor which can be of prime im-
portance in a group that displays so much structural homogeneity.
(This paucity in large part may be due to the extended life cycle of
the larva, a factor which hinders breeding and rearing experiments.)

6. The lack of adequate collecting data, involving not only locality
(especially for types) but also the association of larval cases with
their corresponding adult, a fact of paramount importance in no. 7.

7. The erection of new species solely on the larval case or on the
basis of a few general statements concerning the larva and/or pupa.

8. The polyphagous feeding habit of the larva. (This sometimes
facilitates the rearing of these insects but of course makes it impossible
to interpret precise relationships based on host preferences.)

9. The possibility of hybridization between certain species. (Suffi-
cient evidence is at present lacking to support this supposition.)

Taxonomic keys and discussions of the larvae were omitted because
immature stages of only a few species were available. A preliminary
examination of setal maps, noting color markings and variations, etc.,
revealed only a few minor divergences among some of the species;
thus, it is believed that larval systematics will not profoundly modify
the present classification, which is based essentially on the adult male.

Future work should be concerned especially with the collecting of
all stages of these insects. This work could best be done through
rearings, a procedure that would provide not only an abundant series
of specimens representing all stages but also would furnish material
that definitely could be associated. Genetic information obtained
from attempts to cross certain species and populations may be
difficult to acquire but would be highly desirable.

All the specimens used in this study were borrowed from
the collections of the United States National Museum, the British
Museum, and the sources listed below. The abbreviations used to
indicate where the material is deposited are:

AMNH—American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y.

ANS—Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
BM—British Museum (Natural History), London, England.
CAS—California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
CM—Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

CNC—Canadian National Collections, Ottawa, Ontario.
CPK—Collection of Charles P. Kimball, Sarasota, Florida.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 3

CU—Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

DEI—Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany.
DRD—Collection of the author, Washington, D.C.

INHS—lIllinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts.

MSU—Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

PM—Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
RNH—Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands.
RWH—Collection of Ronald W. Hodges, Washington, D.C.
SNG—Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, Ger-

many.

UM—University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

USN M—United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

ZMH U—Zoologisches Museum der Humbolt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany.

ZSBS—Zoologische Sammlung der Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen,
Germany.

Gross measurements were made with a standard millimeter ruler.
The wing expanse was measured from the extreme apex of one wing to
that of the other side. In the larval cases, only those which were
mature (i.e., which contained evidence of pupal material) were meas-
ured. The diameter in all instances refers to the greatest diameter
observed along the length of the case.

Except in those cases where specific acknowledgment is given,
all photographs were made by the author with an Exakta VX Ila
35 mm. camera. Drawings also were executed by the author, usually
with the aid of a Kenivision Micro-Projector. Illustrations of some
structures (e.g., the male and female genitalia of certain species) have
been included to show the similarities in these organs that may exist
between different species as well as the differences.

Definitions of nearly all the terms used in this study may be found
in the glossary prepared by Torre-Bueno (1950). Terms relating to
the male and female genitalia were in part derived from the discus-
sions of Burrows (1923), Forbes (1923), and Klots (1956). Selected
illustrations (figures 146-148, 310) have been labeled to show the
precise application of many of the terms used in the discussions on
wing venation and genitalia. The terminology used in discussing the
distributions of the various species follows that of Smith (1935) and
Lobeck (1948).

Many individuals and several institutions together have provided
assistance in making this work possible. I wish primarily to express
the gratitude I feel toward Dr. Frank Morton Jones (deceased, May
1962), whose very fine collection and extensive earlier work on the
North American Psychidae provided a firm basis for the present
revision. In addition to his valuable collection, Dr. Jones presented
a fund of a thousand dollars to the Smithsonian Institution for future

4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

research in this family; I am very grateful for having received this
award. Considerable appreciation must be given to Dr. J. F. Gates
Clarke, who first suggested this problem and helped promote and
encourage my research, and to staff members of the United States
National Museum for the many services they have extended me.

I wish to thank Dr. J. G. Franclemont, under whose guidance this
work was performed, for his valuable advice concerning the manu-
script and many perplexing problems, Dr. H. E. Moore, Jr., and Dr.
J. A. Weidhaas, who also were very helpful in reading and criticizing
the paper.

My sincerest appreciation is extended also to the following ento-
mologists and the institutions or firms they represent for their coopera-
tion in the loan of material: Dr. Harold J. Grant, Jr., Academy of
Natural Sciences; Dr. Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum
of Natural History; Mr. Alan Watson, British Museum (Natural
History); Dr. C. Don MacNeil, California Academy of Sciences;
Mr. George T. Okumura, California Department of Agriculture;
Dr. Thomas N. Freeman, Canadian National Collection; Mr. Harry
Clench, Carnegie Museum; Dr. Giinter Petersen, Deutsches Ento-
mologisches Institut; Dr. Frank W. Mead, Florida State Plant
Board; Dr. Ronald W. Hodges; Mr. Charles P. Kimball; Mr. Paul
Koehler; Dr. Richard B. Selander, Illinois State Natural History
Survey; Michigan State University; Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, Museum
of Comparative Zoology; Drs. Pierre Viette and Jean Bourgogne,
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle; Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijks-
museum van Natuurlijke Historie; Dr. Heinz Schréder, Sencken-
bergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft; Mr. Clyde Stephens, United
Fruit Company; Dr. Wilbur R. Enns, University of Missouri; Dr.
W. Forster, Zoologische Sammlung der Bayerischen Staates; Dr.
H. J. Hannemann, Zoologisches Museum der Humbolt-Universitat.

Finally I would like to express my gratitude to my sister, Miss
Carole Davis, for her services in typing the first draft of the manuscript.

Review of the Literature

The first published account of members of this family that defi-
nitely inhabit the Western Hemisphere was issued in 1827 by the
Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who lived for several years on the island
of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles. While residing there, he con-
tributed a few short reports dealing with West Indian biology. In
one, he described a new genus of psychid, Oiketicus, and two new
species, kirbyi (q.v.) and macleayi, which he attributed to the West
Indies.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 5

Historically, the oldest name now considered referable to a species
of Psychidae in this hemisphere is Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis,
which was described first by Haworth in 1803. At the time, the
species was thought to be native to the British Isles; the first published
suggestion that the species had an American origin was not proposed
until 1841 by Edward Doubleday. The oldest name of a psychid
now known to occur within the limits covered by this paper is that of
Fumaria casta (Pallas), 1767.

The bulk of the literature for this region that has accumulated
since these earliest references consists chiefly of descriptions of new
species. To summarize this information and to note the workers
who have contributed in varying degrees to the discovery of the
American Psychidae, an alphabetical list of these authorities follows,
showing the species (as originally proposed) for which they are
responsible and the years that the names were first used. The
number in parentheses after the author’s name indicates the number
of species that are considered synonyms in the present study (this
does not include those species mentioned in the two appendices).

Barnes, William (0), Thyridopteryx alcora, 1905.

Barnes, W., and Benjamin, Foster (2), Manatha jonesi, 1922; Eurukuttarus
polingt, 1924; Otketicus bonniwelli, 1924.

Barnes, W., and McDunnough, James (0), Manatha nigrita, 1913; Prochalia
pygmaea, 1913; Apterona fragilis, 1916.

Berg, Frederico (0), Ozketicus geyert, 1877; Occeticus westwoodii, 1882;
Oeceticus platensis, 1883.

Butler, Arthur (0), Hyaloscotes fumosa, 1881; Thanatopsyche canescens, 1882.

Clemens, James (0), Solenobia walshella, 1862.

Davis, Don (0), Lumacra haitiensis, 1964; L. hyalinacra, 1964; L. quadri-
dentata, 1964.

Dognin, Paul (0), Animula limpia, 1894.

Dyar, Harrison (1), Platoeceticus aphaidropa, 1914; P. symmicta, 1914;
Chalia zacualpania, 1916; Pachytelia pithopoera, 1923; Zamopsyche
commentella, 1923; Pachytelia lepidopteris, 1926.

Edwards, Henry (0), Psyche coniferella, 1877; P. fragmentella, 1877; Oiketicus
davidsoni, 1877; Thyridopteryx meadi, 1881.

Esper, Eugen (0), Bombyx pulla, 1785.

Felder, Rudolph (0), Psychoglene basinigra, 1874.

Freeman, Thomas (1), Hyaloscotes sheppardi, 1944.

Gaede, Max (0), Oczketicus mexicanus, 1936; Thyridopteryx seitzt, 1936.

Grossbeck, John (1), Thyridopteryx pallidovenata, 1917.

Grote, August (0), Hymenopsyche thoracicum, 1865; Oitketicus abbotii, 1880.

Grote, A., and Robinson, Coleman (0), Psyche confederata, 1868.

Guilding, Lansdown (0), Ozketicus kirbyi, 1827; O. macleayi, 1827.

Hampson, George (0), Thantopsyche apicalis, 1904.

Haworth, Adrian (0), Sphinz ephemeraeformis, 1803.

Herrich-Schiaffer, Gottlieb (1), Animula dichroa, 1856; Oeceticus fulgurator,
1856.

Heylaerts, F. J. M. (0), Chalia rileyi, 1884; Eumeta brasiliensis, 1884;
Manatha edwardst, 1884; Chalia ktinckelit, 1901.

6 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Jones, Frank (2), Hurycttarus tracyi, 1911; Psyche cacocnemos, 1922; P.
celibata, 1922; Otketicus towmeyi, 1922; Thyridopteryx vernalis, 1923;
Dendropsyche burrowsi, 1926; Oiketicus dendrokomos, 1926; Platoeceticus
congregatus, 1945; P. watsoni, 1945.

Koehler, Paul (4), Chalia rebeli, 1924; Otketicus elegans, 1931; Platoeceticus
rugosus, 1931; P. tandilensis, 1931; Oiketicus horni, 1938; Chalia
dispar, 1939; Chlania licheniphilus, 1939; Clania daguerrei, 1939; Cochlio-
theca fiebrigi, 1939; Platoeceticus chaquensis, 1939; P. hoffmanni, 1939;
Oiketicus lizeri, 1939; O. oviformis, 1939; Zamopsyche haywardi, 1939;
Clania borsanii, 1953; C. yamorkinei, 1953; Oiketicus ginocchionus, 1953.

Lueas, Pierre (1), Ocketicus poeyi, 1856.

Moeschler, Heinrich (0), Psyche surinamensts, 1878.

Packard, Alpheus (2), Oecceticus coniferarum, 1864; Platoeceticus gloverit,
1869; Psyche carbonaria, 1887.

Pallas, Peter (0), Phalaena casta, 1767.

Philippi, Rudolph (0), Psyche chilensis, 1860.

Schaus, William (6), Ozketicus jonesi, 1896; Chalia tristis, 1901; C. vigasi,
1901; Ozketicus orizavae, 1901; Ovtketicus specter, 1905; Platoeceticus
marona, 1905; Thanatopsyche thoracica, 1905; Thyridopteryx microptera,
1905; Platoeceticus costaricensis, 1911; Chalia pizote, 1927.

Siebold, Carl (0), Psyche helix, 1850.

Townsend, Charles (0), Ozketicus townsendi, 1894.

Vazquez G., Leonila (5), Eurvkuttarus hoffmanni, 1941; Otketicus assimilis,
1942; O. fasciculatus, 1942; O. multidentatus, 1942; O. ochoterenat, 1942;
O. sinaloanus, 1942; O. mortonjonesi, 1949; O. zihuatanejensis, 1951.

Weyenbergh, Hendrik (1), Ozketicus tabacillus, 1884; Psyche bergit, 1884;
P. burmeisteri, 1884; P. casstae, 1884.

Zeller, Phillip (1), Oiketicus gigantea, 1871.

In the United States four workers have been prominent in the
literature of this family. Dyar (1914-26) and Schaus (1896-1927)
were concerned primarily with the Neotropical species, but Dyar
wrote one paper (1923) that briefly treated several North American
bagworms. Schaus described the greater number of species (10),
but at least six of these represent synonyms. Barnes (1905-24),
in collaboration with Benjamin and McDunnough, and especially
Jones (1911-45) focused their attention on the Nearctic species. The
latter author, through extensive collecting and in several short but
informative papers, has contributed more toward the understanding
of this difficult family than any other entomologist of the hemisphere.

In Mexico the efforts of Vazquez (1942-53) should be mentioned;
her major work (a doctoral thesis) is entitled “Estudio Monografico de
las Psychidae de Mexico.’”’ Relying in part on the early collections
of Roberto Miller and Charles Hoffman as well as her own, Vazquez
has described a total of eight new species from Mexico, of which five
have been synonymized here. Twenty-one species are recognized
by Vazquez as occurring in Mexico, but approximately nine of these
names (including the five mentioned above) have been reduced to
synonyms.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 7

Comparatively little work has been accomplished in South America
by entomologists of that area, and nearly all that has been done is the
result of German nationals residing in Argentina. ‘Two of the earliest
workers were Berg (1877-83) and Weyenbergh (1884). Within recent
years Koehler (1924-53) has presented several short papers on the
systematics of Argentine psychids. He has described a total of 17
new species, but, unfortunately, many of these are not represented by
adult males, and so they have been treated in the appendices of this
paper.

Four other European entomologists need to be mentioned.
Heylaerts (1881-1901), although not primarily interested in American
insects, described four new species of bagworms which were sent to
him from this hemisphere. ‘The identities of three have been posi-
tively established; that of the fourth (rileyz) remains highly uncertain.
Heylaert’s major effort in this family culminated in his ‘‘Essai d’une
Monographie des Psychides” (1881), but this was concerned mainly
with the European species. The family Psychidae was cataloged
for the world fauna by Dalla Torre and Strand (1929). This reference
is most useful, but it has become somewhat outdated and it includes
several genera (e.g., Acrolophus) which are no longer assigned to the
Psychidae. The only previous comprehensive treatment of this
family for the Western Hemisphere was that of Gaede (1936). In this
work 17 genera and 68 species (including one genus and species since
referred to the Cossidae) were considered in an extremely superficial
manner.

Life History

The interesting life histories of the various members of this family
demonstrate many phenomena that are unique or nearly so for the
Lepidoptera. To supplement the present author’s limited obser-
vations and conclusions acquired from the rearing of four species,
the works of several entomologists have been summarized rather
freely in the following discussion.

DistRIBUTION.—Present records indicate this family is widely
distributed in the Americas, from as far north as Banff in Alberta,
Canada (approximately 53° N. latitude), southward to the island of
Navarino at the extreme tip of South America (55° S. latitude). In
altitude these insects are known to range in the New World from near
sea level to as high as 2200 meters in the Colombian Andes.

The flightless condition of the female psychid appears to be almost
a contradiction of the very extended distribution that several species
have attained; however, if one examines more closely their various
means of dispersal, the phenomenon can be better understood. One
important present day means of dispersal for bagworms is the acci-

8 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

dental shipment of infested plant stock by human agencies as attested
by the relatively recent introductions of three old world species
(Apterona crenulella f. helix, Epichnopterix pulla, and Fumaria casta)
into widely diverse regions of the Western Hemisphere. In addition,
Solenobia walshella possibly may have been introduced into this
country from Europe during colonial times.

Certain biological adaptations of the Psychidae make such acci-
dental transportation very possible: the ability of the larva to resist
starvation for long periods of time, the polyphagous feeding habit
(including, sometimes, the ability to subsist for brief periods on the
dried leaves of its own case), the habit of firmly attaching the bag
to almost any support for pupation, the high reproductive potential
of a single female, and the occurrence of parthenogenesis in a few
species. The last factor evidently has played a major role in the
establishment of <Apterona crenulella f. helix in this country.
Theoretically, the successful introduction of a single egg is all that is
necessary for a parthenogenetic insect such as A.c. form helix to
become naturalized in certain favorable habitats.

Another means of dispersal of bagworms involves birds. An
unusual observation by Jérgensen (1954) needs more investigation.
He noted the viability of 30 or 40 larvae from eggs of Acanthopsyche
atra L. that reportedly had passed through the digestive tract of a
European robin (/rithacus rubecula). Mature females of this psychid
were fed to these birds, and larval emergence from the fecal droppings
were later observed. Small larval cases of other bagworms also have
been reported attached to the legs of birds.

Wind dispersal of not only newly emerged larvae but also of various
later stages may be an important factor over short distances. Young
larvae, on emerging from the egg, often will spin silken threads and
engage in an activity generally referred to as “‘ballooning,” the com-
mon practice of many species of spiders. Strong breezes are capable
of carrying these tiny larvae with their attached threads over short
distances. Windstorms would be even more effective and could
also aid in the dissemination of the more mature stages. Seitz (1912)
has reported finding, on the treeless pampas of Uruguay, large branches
of trees with living bagworms attached that obviously had been trans-
ported several miles by a violent storm (pampero).

Keaa.—The eggs, which may number from 200 for some smaller
species (Tutt, 1900) to as many as 6756 for the female of Ovketicus
kirbyi (Stephens, 1962), almost invariably are deposited in the larval
case, usually within the pupal shell that the female frequently
abandons. The length of this stage varies considerably depending
on the species; some (e.g., Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) pass the
winter in this state. Stephens (1962) has reported that the egg stage

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 9

of Otketicus kirbyi from Costa Rica is rather constant; hatching
usually occurs within 29-33 days.

Larva.—The length of time required for this stage varies also
with the species and sometimes considerably within a species.
Several bagworms overwinter in this stage (usually as a last instar
larva), but the shortest time spent by any species as a larva is approxi-
mately two to three months. The larval period of some of the larger
tropical species is evidently very extended. QO. kirbyi (in Costa Rica)
has been observed by Stephens to require as long as 382 days for
maturity, with considerable variation in the length of time. Con-
sidering such information, it is perhaps superfluous to mention that
rarely is there more than one brood per year, but a second generation
may be completed by some psychids inhabiting the warmer climates.

Very little is known about the number of larval instars, owing in
part to the concealed nature of the moulting process (performed
entirely within the case) and to the immediate eating of the cast skin
by the larva. Jones and Parks (1928) briefly mention that there
are “four or more molts.” An actively feeding bagworm, when
preparing to shed its cuticula, normally will attach its case and
tightly close the anterior end as if preparing for pupation. Stephens,
in recording the number of times this interruption occurred, concluded
that O. kirbyt underwent approximately 12 to 20 molts during its
larval history.

Apparently this family does not contain a single species which dem-
onstrates host specificity. The polyphagous habit is well represented
throughout the family, recorded hosts of many bagworms being
numerous and widely varied. The more primitive members of the
Psychidae, the so-called Micro-Psychina, are more prone to be scay-
engers, feeding on lichens and other low plant forms, and even resorting
to an insectivorous diet at times. These tendencies also are carried
over to the Macro-Psychina to some extent, but in this group the
higher plant forms are preferred.

Even though the host range of most bagworms is frequently rather
extensive, several species show a great reluctance to change food plants
abruptly within the larval life. For many of these insects there seems
to be a very definite preference for a single food plant, usually the
host upon which the young larva first commenced to feed. Jones and
Parks (1928) stated their belief that ‘“food-plant choice by the young
larvae rests on an inherited preference as well as on early proximity
and reluctance to change. In this way impermanent food-plant races
persisting for a number of years often result.’”’? This reluctance of a
larva to feed successively on different plants probably varies with each
species. The present writer, in rearing numerous larvae of O. platensis,
observed that the insects feed indiscriminately on a wide variety of

10 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

plants (Ostrya, Robinia, Ulmus, Vinca minor, etc.) without any
noticeable cessation in feeding from the changing of hosts.

The construction of a portable case by the larva is one of the most
obvious features of the family. This unusual habit, however, is not
restricted to the Psychidae, but it also occurs in the closely related
family Tineidae as well as in such groups as the Coleophoridae and
Lacosomidae. The basic construction of the case is of silk, which is
spun from the labial glands of the larva. Various types and arrange-
ments of ornaments usually are applied to this foundation. Both
extremities of the case are open and are usually very flexible for a
short distance from either end, thereby greatly facilitating the closing
of the two apertures by the larva inside. The overall appearance of
the case may vary considerably among different species of psychids,
and it frequently may be diagnostic for a given species. In several
instances, however, the architecture of the larval bag definitely is
known to be of no specific importance. The Macro-Psychina fre-
quently differ from the more primitive psychids in having the larval
cases often covered with rather large fragments of plant material; on
the other hand, the sacks of the Micro-Psychina are more tineid-like
in construction: the exterior is nearly bare or it is covered often with
minute fragments of lichens and/or soil particles.

Newly emerged bagworms very soon begin to construct somewhat
conical cases that at first are carried upright. As the larva grows,
the bag is enlarged correspondingly and, because of the increased
weight, is carried in a pendant manner in which the insect clings to
some support by means of its well-developed thoracic legs. The anal
prolegs play an important role in retaining a firm grasp on the case.
The anterior four pairs of abdominal prolegs, having lost a major
part of their function, are reduced to mere vestiges.

Pupa.—All members of this family undergo pupation within the
larval case. In preparing for pupation, the mature larva first firmly
secures the upper end of the case to some support, thereby sealing
the normal entrance. The larva of both sexes then reverses itself
with the result that the head is directed toward the lower end of the
case, and it pupates in this position. The male pupa of the Macro-
Psychina is approximately half the size of the female, and it pos-
sesses the normal sheaths for the various body appendages; that of
the female is very simple, with the leg and antennal sheaths being
present only in the more primitive group. The length of time in this
stage varies considerably within a species, between sexes, and among
the species. In those that do not hibernate in this stage, the interval
for the pupal instar may range from less than a week for some species
to as long as 111 days for the male of O. kirbyi (Stephens, 1962).

ApuutT.—Immediately before the emergence of the adult, the male
pupa gradually pushes itself partly out of the bag. Soon after leay-

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 11

ing the pupal shell, the male is ready for flight, and it may be ob-
served clinging to the pupal remains or to the lower part of the case
exercising its wings. The wing scales of several species are attached
very loosely and often are easily lost at this time, leaving a portion
of the wing membrane transparent. The flight time of the male may
follow either a diurnal, crepuscular, or nocturnal habit, depending on
the species. The response to light also varies accordingly; some
species are somewhat phototropic while others almost never occur
near lights.

For a majority of the members of the Macro-Psychina (those with-
out functional legs), the initiation of the adult stage in the female
does not involve an emergence from the larval case; in fact, seldom
does this form leave the pupal shell until after copulation has oc-
curred. In some of the more primitive members of this group (e.g.,
Fumaria) and in the Micro-Psychina, the females possess a normal
complement of legs, and they are thus capable of leaving both the
pupal shell and the larval case. After emerging, these forms usually
may be observed clinging to the exterior of the case awaiting copula-
tion with a male. In the genera Diplodoma and Narycia, which
presently are considered by most authorities to be the most primitive
members of the family, the female is fully winged and presumably
goes through the same procedure in emerging as does the male.

More than likely adult males are attracted to receptive females by
scent. The distance for this reception may be rather considerable,
and in some instances it is believed to be as much as a mile or so.
Observations by Hardenburg (1917) on Acanthopsyche junodi sug-
gested that females had been visited by males which ‘‘could only have
come from a couple of miles distant.”

The actual mating procedure varies somewhat in this family,
depending upon the location of the emergent female. In the lower
forms, as stated previously, copulation with the male occurs outside
the larval bag. In the higher psychids, mating has to occur within
the case, and the entire abdomen of the male is highly specialized
for this requirement. The typical procedure for such forms may be
summarized as follows. After locating a case containing a receptive
female, the excited male assumes a position at the lower end of the
bag and begins to probe with its abdomen into the aperture of the
case. Normally the only rupture in the female pupal case occurs at
the anterior end, which projectsdownward, as did themalepupa. Thus,
the abdomen of the male must first pass into this opening and extend
the entire length of the female’s body (fig. 145) before coming into
contact with the female genitalia. This remarkable feat is accom-
plished primarily by the telescopic action of the male abdomen,
which is capable of extending itself to three times its normal length.

693—052—64——_-2

12 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

The intersegmental membranes of this region are very developed and
flexible, providing the necessary surface area for expansion. Relying
chiefly upon pneumatic pressure from within its inflated body, the
male extends its abdomen the necessary distance for eventual copula-
tion. During actual union the moth becomes quiescent and remains
suspended, head downward, for a brief period of usually less than
ten minutes (Jones, 1927). After completion of the act, the abdomen
is slowly withdrawn and the male flies away, often capable of mating
again.

In a few old world genera (e.g., Apterona, Luffia, and Solenobia),
parthenogenetic races are known to exist. A considerable amount
of investigation of these insects has been made, primarily by Seiler
(1917-49) and more recently by Narbel-Hofstetter (1946-55). It
has been suggested, although by no means proven, that partheno-
genesis also may occur occasionally in some species which are normally
bisexual.

Egg laying commences immediately after mating. As stated
previously, the eggs normally are deposited within the larval case
and frequently within the pupal shell. In those species that
normally mate outside the case (e.g., Solenobia), the females, after
copulation, introduce the abdomen into the lower opening of the larval
bag and deposit the eggs in an irregular mass, intermixed with wooly
hair shed from the posterior segments of the female. Several authors
have suggested that the eggs actually are not laid but mature within
the parent’s body, the young larvae eventually bursting through the
body wall. Generalizations of this nature should be regarded with
considerable skepticism until more careful observations can be
performed. Following oviposition, the very shrunken female usually
succeeds in forcing her way out of the case (if she has not already
done so) and dropping to the ground eventually to perish.

NATURAL ENEMIES.—Populations of bagworms in some areas of
their distribution apparently can be seriously affected by the predation
and parasitism of diverse organisms. Previous work in this phase of
psychid biology has been quite insufficient, and no conclusions can
yet be drawn concerning such phenomena as the frequency of host
specificity among some of the parasites. One of the few papers
devoted to this area of study has been that of Koehler (1939b). Re-
cently published findings by Stephens have shown the existence of
several new species of parasites attacking Oiketicus kirbyi.

Birds, lizards, and certain arachnids are known to prey upon
members of the Psychidae. Birds have been noted eating both the
larvae and adult females; however, the construction of the larval
case sometimes offers adequate protection from such dangers. Oc-
casionally bagworm cases are found pierced with holes that apparently

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 13

were made by birds (probably woodpeckers) in extracting the contents.
Wolcott (1951) mentions an interesting example of predation by the
lizards Anolis pulchellus and Anolis cristatellus in Puerto Rico.
These animals reportedly swallow the larva inside its bag although
the latter, presumably, is indigestible. The present writer has noticed
that the egg-filled cases of Oiketicus platensis and Thyridopteryx
ephemeraeformis are frequented at times by small spiders of the family
Salticidae. As the young larvae emerged, several were eaten by the
predators. Predaceous mites also have been reported among the egg
masses: these arachnids probably attack the eggs primarily. Stephens
further reports that ants (‘probably Solenopsis’’) will occasionally
feed on the larvae of O. kirbyi.

The Psychidae are parasitized by various other groups. ‘The
most common is the Ichneumonidae, which contain several species of
larval parasites. Other families of Hymenoptera that are known to
attack bagworms are the Bethylidae, Braconidae, and Chalcidae.
Dipterous parasites are known from the families Sarcophagidae and
Tachinidae. In addition to these insects, Stephens has found that a
fungus, Beauvaris bassiana Balsamo, and a protozoan, Nosema
species, are parasitic on the larvae of O. kirbyi.

In the collections of the United States National Museum there are
a few larval cases of Oiketicus toumeyi that have been used for nest
sites by a vespid wasp, identified by Dr. Karl Krombein as
Pachodynerus acuticarinatus (Cameron). Mud nests consisting of
approximately four to eight cells were constructed within the case,
where the larvae of this intruder were reared. In one larval case was
found the female pupal shell of a psychid; in another, the dried re-
mains of a nearly matured larva. Since the bag of the latter was
blocked at both ends by the nests of the wasp, it is possible that the
death of the bagworm was caused indirectly by the presence of the
visitor. The relationship of these two insects is evidently not that
of host-parasite. It is also possible that the wasp makes use of the
case after the original inhabitant has either died or pupated.
Pachodynerus acuticarinatus previously has been reported (Rau,
1940) utilizing for nesting sites the old, vacated cells of another
hymenopteran, Sceliphron.

Characters

The morphological characters that are employed in this family to
delimit genera and species present many problems of character evalu-
ation in defining taxonomic categories. Clench (1959), in working
with a small group of South African psychids, has accurately em-
phasized this predicament. Several species or groups of species, al-
though resembling each other very closely in most features and thus

14 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

demonstrating obvious relationships, sometimes may diverge extraor-
dinarily in respect to other characters that in other families of Lepi-
doptera would be considered of generic or even suprageneric impor-
tance. This prominent divergence of several important characters
throughout the Psychidae adds greatly to the difficulty of precisely
defining the family. This divergence also emphasizes the present
widely accepted principle of systematics that the evaluation of any
character must be appraised for the particular group under considera-
tion. Frequently this principle is applied to the family level, and often
it may be extended to higher categories. Within the Psychidae,
however, as observed in this study, the proper appraisal of supposed
generic characters sometimes has to be decided for a given group of
species. Certain characters may be relied upon to define several
genera, but these same characters may vary within other comparable
units, where they may be of no more than specific importance.

Criteria for generic limits were acquired in this study from the
examination of such groups as Ovketicus and Cryptothelea. ‘The in-
formation gained thereby was then employed in the recognition of
supposed equivalent groups. It is obvious that more characters need
to be investigated and correlated. In the African Monda group,
Clench has discovered very significant generic characters in the
thoracic anatomy as well as in the more traditional morphological
areas of the body. Similar differences also may be present among
some of the New World genera of Psychidae.

In the following paragraphs several characters are discussed under
their various stages in an effort to summarize their applicability to the
systematics of this family.

Maue.—Systematic research in this family has been and still is
predominantly dependent upon the adult male. The paucity of
sufficient characters in the other stages and the extreme specialization
in a majority of the females probably will always make this so.

Antennae: Several characters of value have been noted on this
organ: the presence of lateral pectinations as they may occur along the
entire length of the shaft; the relative length of the pectinations when
present; the relative length and arrangement of the sensory hairs.
One of the few characters that appears invariably to be of generic
importance in the Psychidae is the origin of the pectinations from the
segments of the shaft. The rami may originate basad (Fumaria),
mesad (in most genera), or distally (as is the tendency for Hyaloscotes) .
In most species the rami usually arise more basad from those segments
near the base of the antenna and gradually become more distad in the
outer segments. Thus, as a standard in comparing this condition,
observations near the middle of the antennae have been made in this
study.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 15

Palpi: For our New World psychids, these structures offer limited
use in classification, owing to their extreme reduction in nearly all the
species. Only in the more primitive genera (Epichnopteriz or below)
do they retain an observable size; they may be of generic value, if not
of specific importance, in these groups.

Thorax: As previously mentioned, this region of the body may
bear taxonomically important characters, usually as observed in the
varying proportions and outlines of the lateral sclerites. This feature
has not been fully evaluated in the present study. Dissections
representing four genera (viz, Astala, Cryptothelea, Oiketicus, and
Thyridopteryx) were examined. Relatively minor differences were
noted between the subalar sclerites of the mesothorax, but some of
this may be due in part to intraspecific variation. A thorough study
of the thorax in this regard eventually should be performed.

Wings: Very little divergence exists in the wing color of most
species of psychids. Few genera throughout the world demonstrate
a distinct color pattern, and in the Western Hemisphere this charac-
teristic is restricted primarily to Oiketicus. Normal variation in the
color tone of certain members of this genus (e.g., O. kirbyi) has re-
sulted in a rash of superfluous names.

Of more importance than the actual wing color is the shape of the
wing scales and their distribution over the wing membrane. The
shape of the scale varies according to its relative location on the wing.
Those near the wing base usually tend to be the broadest and possess
the greatest number of apical teeth (if any); a gradual narrowing of
the scales is evident toward the outer margin. Consequently, it is
both necessary and convenient to select a particular area of the wing
to compare and discuss. In this study the discal cell of the forewing
was chosen.

The wing venation is sometimes exceedingly variable in this family;
however, it is believed by the present author that for many species
this feature has been greatly overemphasized. Most of the variation
that is observed usually involves the medial veins. Only occasionally
is the radial system also affected. The exact cause of this inconsist-
ency is not definitely known, but perhaps it is caused by unusual
environmental influences on the larva and/or pupa. In some instances,
the variation that is observed may result, in part at least, from the
rearing of certain species. A study of the importance that rearing
may exert, however, has not been pursued. Only certain species
exhibit pronounced variation; others demonstrate a remarkably con-
stant venation. A very consistent pattern can be observed in Oiketi-
cus kirbyi. The wing veins of 65 specimens (130 wing pairs) of this
species were examined, and only two minor variations from the norm

16 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

were noted. These involved merely the connate condition (versus
typically stalked) of M, and 3; in the hindwing.

Legs: Several important characters are to be noted in the legs of
these moths. The armature of the tibiae is one of the more obvious,
which, unfortunately, has been neglected largely by a number of
earlier workers. ‘The presence or absence of the epiphysis or of the
small tibial spurs occasionally provide absolute species characters (as
in O. platensis), and frequently these are correlated with other charac-
ters in order to aid in defining genera. The condition of the epiphysis
(or the spurs of the tibiae) should not itself be considered a firm basis
for generic separation as some authors erroneously have believed in
the past. Examination of the interspecific variation of this structure
as it occurs in such genera as Solenobia, Hyaloscotes, and Oiketicus
should make this evident.

Leg ratios, involving usually the relative lengths of the tibia and
tarsal segments, often can be rather useful. Characters of this sort
have been applied in the erection of the new subgenus Paraoiketicus.

Tarsal claws may be of considerable taxonomic importance (Clench,
1959). In the American forms, however, no divergences were noted
from the smoothly curved and simple condition except for relatively
minor interspecific differences with regard to size.

Abdomen: The main systematic importance of the abdomen lies in
the structure of the abdominal sclerites, particularly the last (eighth)
sternite. This is frequently of specific importance, but, like so many
other characters, it varies, and so it should be used with the usual
degree of taxonomic discretion. In the specific descriptions of this
study, the eighth sternite has been discussed in connection with the
male genitalia since these structures are closely associated in life and
frequently in slide preparations.

Genitalia: The copulatory organs of the male offer only limited
possibilities for specific and generic delimitation in this family, as
contrasted to their great significance in many groups of Lepidoptera.
In some genera (e.g., Cryptothelea) the genitalia can be relied upon in
delimiting the genus, but for many psychids of both hemispheres
species belonging even to different genera scarcely can be distinguished
on the basis of this apparatus alone. This convergence of structure
may be due in part to the very similar mating habits of the members
of this family.

FrMALE.—In the more primitive psychids, various specializations
have not advanced as far as in the higher members of this family.
In most of the lower forms the female has retained the antennae,
functional legs, and a normally sclerotized body wall with the result
that specific or at least generic boundaries can be determined.
Furthermore, the ovipositor is reasonably elaborate and similar in

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 17

general form to the Tineidae. In the higher psychids, however, all
body appendages have become vestigial and the body wall
largely membranous. The external genitalia, in addition, vary from
poorly developed to almost nonexistent. For these reasons it is
doubtful that practical taxonomic characters, applicable on the specific
level, ever will be discovered for many of the females. One feature of
the female is apparently present in all known species, and thus it
provides a good character for the family as a whole: the anal hair tuft;
however, it is not entirely unique but is believed to occur in certain
tineid moths (e.g., Aearfottia).

Both the internal as well as the external genitalia were examined for
as many species as available. Major differences were observed among
widely separated genera, and minor ones were sometimes found among
closely related groups (e.g., Ovketicus and Thyridopteryx); however,
characters for differentiating species apparently are largely absent
within a given genus. Small differences in the external genitalia of a
few species of Ovketicus, after a sufficient series has been studied, may
be determined to have reliable value; considerable variation, however,
in the structure of this organ is known to exist as noted in approxi-
mately four dissections each of O. kirbyi and O. platensis. No scleroti-
zation is known to occur within the internal organs, but a heavily
chitinized and basiphilic structure, which has not been named, was
characteristically present in the spermathecal duct of all the psychids
examined. This elongate structure in part may serve in keeping the
lumen of this tube open. The most divergent feature of the internal
genitalia were the bifid accessory glands that, owing to their pronounced
variability, are probably not of specific value within a particular genus.

Pura.—Certain external structures (e.g., ridges, furrows, minute
spines, and anal hooks) that evidently are of taxonomic importance
are present on the male and female pupae. These have been
discussed by Jones (1945) and heavily relied upon by Koehler
(1939a). Unfortunately, the structures have not been investigated
sufficiently for inclusion in the present study.

More attention has been given to the female pupa; considering
the extreme reduction of the adult, adequate characters in this form
would be very desirable. In this sex, various rugosities on the
posterior abdominal segments (the pygidium, in particular) have
been employed primarily for specific identification. A review of
the works of Jones and Koehler shows that these minor characters,
like those of the larval case, have limited application in the
classification of the family as a whole. In some instances generic
groupings possibly may be indicated by pupal characters, but this
has not been confirmed. Presently it is believed that such characters
are essentially of only specific importance, and thus they should be

18 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

considered supplementary to the accepted criteria for specific classi-
fication and not a comparable substitute. It is the present author’s
conviction that, because of the various complications involved, the
erection of new species for this family should not be based primarily
on the female stages. If a species is so uncommon that adult males
cannot be obtained easily, it is far better to leave the insect unnamed
until that stage can be collected and studied.

LARVAL CASE.—For some time, the familiar bags which the larvae
construct have attracted considerable attention from various natural-
ists. This has been unfortunate as some workers have described new
species solely from such artifacts. Toa large extent this incorrect pro-
cedure has resulted from the comparative rarity of the adult male and
from the misconception that the architecture of the case inevitably
was diagnostic. It is now realized by most workers that the superficial
appearance of the bags may vary considerably, depending upon the
host to which a particular larva restricts itself. The basic construc-
tion, moreover, is not influenced by such variation, but it may be
identical, or nearly so, for some related species. Thus, if used with
discretion, the structure of the larval case on occasion may have
specific value, but less frequently, generic.

Classification

Because a revision of the new world Psychidae necessarily involves
a study of the most specialized members of the family, a study of this
type can offer little toward an understanding of the classification and
phylogeny of the group as a whole. Several old world genera, includ-
ing some of the most primitive forms of the family, were examined
during the preparation of this work. The results are as yet inconclu-
sive and will be discussed more fully in subsequent papers. The
writer’s intention is eventually to revise the North American
Tineidae and, through such a study and a more complete review of
the old world annectant groups, to arrive perhaps at a more natural
classification for the several families of Tineoidea.

The precise limits of this “family’’ have not as yet been ascertained.
The examinations of several authors in the higher relationships of
the bagworms have been so superficial that diverse opinions concern-
ing the classification have arisen. The majority of these earlier
concepts were reviewed adequately by Tutt (1900, pp. 117-127).

The Psychidae frequently are divided into two groups: the Micro-
Psychina and the Macro-Psychina. Several characters, involving
both morphology and behavior, serve to separate the two groups
(Ford, 1945). Intermediate conditions for some of these characters
exist, however, as both Tutt and Ford have pointed out; thus, the
division is not sharply defined, but it does serve to emphasize certain

19

OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

BAGWORM MOTHS

UOTPeLIVA OYLodseIyUI ( ) qyuosqe — quosoid ++

= i (y= “ts (S-3)2) (GPL EL) Ke Cea" 9€-0€ [esoul xAroydopwAy
— + = (= 3-P | GaL84) eb C0, Cee 9F-ZE [esoul SNOTPOAIO
— a = oa (1)8 ral I I a3 OF-£E jesoul ayoAsdorg
=, ae = (2¢)9 (6)O1 O14 Ok = OF-<é jeoide Bnway
— Ae a (yer | ce) 2 ral T I = bP-LE [esoul oyoksdozwueyy,
— a. — = L Or 0 0 = BIALT [esour BINIUO[O)
+ — = L II 0 0 = FE-EZ Teseq SNpEpseg
oe ae == oa iD TT 0 0 —f+ 6-81 jeo1de-[esour SoyOOSO[BA FT
= =f = (= Z (OT) IT 0 0 = 0£-ZZ [esoul BlBqsY
_ “ii = = 8 ZI 0 0 ae 82-96 Teseq BUIBIOPING)
— - = = (1)8 ral 0 0 “i PETZ Teorde vIoBUIN'y
= CEy= = a 2 Il 0 0 _ ST é ayoAsdorpusq
= = = Ss (8 2) (Ol-1er |? aE i ss fee) [esoul vapoyyoyd Ary
= + = = g ZY T T + 92-1 [esoul euusdlAov Ny
— Gy= = = (1)8 (OL)IT 0 0 = 02-61 [words ayoAsdourez
= = = = (2)8 | (6-TT)8T 0 I a 61-81 [eorde BITBYyoolg
— = = = i Or 0 0 = 02-81 vuoleydy
— — — rie L Or f z = GI Teseq xtoydouyoid gy
[£]0z-ST
a = == = Z IT P G tr [dlr [eseq BIBUINT
[2 ]9€-1z
ai m= = a 9 II F zj “+ [d]#Z-02 BIGoUI]Og
sy pue
$39] tyy-bog samds Jo | sinds Jo
[euoryouny | Weem4oq 1G) [joo Arvyeo | suyoAyo*ou} supaA Jo ‘OU |*oU :eIqT4|‘oU :eIqiy|stIsAqdidg $y W9UI3aS suotjeutyood elouey
:eyeule,y | WoryaeuUO0D | AIOSsI00Y -194U] :3ULM pulpy :BULMeINOT =| 9INVIO]} | OTIORION} Jo‘ou:evuueyuy | Jo UISIIO :euUua\uy
:SULM pulpy “BIOL | -OSOJAL

suajaDipyo nuauab pojuauppunf amos fo hupmung— | AAV,

20 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

phylogenetic tendencies. Usually included within the Micro-Psychina
are such genera as Narycia, Diplodoma (in which the females are fully
winged), Luffia, Taleporia, Solenobia, and several others. The
Macro-Psychina, which is the larger group, commences with such
genera as Fumaria (=Fumea) and Epichnopteriz and includes the more
advanced psychids.

Some authors (e.g., Meyrick, Stainton) have radically separated
these two divisions, placing the Micro-Psychina in the Tineidae and
the Macro-Psychina in the Bombycoidea. Packard (1895), although
dividing the Psychidae into two families (Talaeporidae and Psychidae),
emphasized their close relationship and believed that these two groups
represented a natural series evolving directly from the Tineidae.
Hampson (1893), like Meyrick and others previous, placed the Micro-
Psychina with the Tineidae but realized the former were closely related
to the higher forms. The Psychidae, as thus recognized, were divided
by Hampson into five subfamilies. A few of these (e.g., Chaliinae)
were based on very artificial characters that have since proved
unreliable.

Tutt (1900) believed that the bagworms represented one superfamily
and he included several families that, under present day concepts,
probably would be considered no more than tribes. Ford (1945), in
one of the more recent discussions on this subject, likewise remarks
that one superfamily is represented here; he adds that this group has
“no close relation to other Lepidoptera from which they branched off
in very early times.”

The adult female has become specialized along different lines and
at a correspondingly dissimilar rate than the male. This phenomenon
accounts for the lack of correlation between certain fundamental
characters of the male and female. If the characters of the female are
emphasized in selecting the primary divisions of the family, then a
classification different from that derived on the basis of the adult male
results. Because the male is more conservative than the female in
this family, at least equal if not greater emphasis should be placed on
the male in deciding fundamental relationships.

Forbes (1923) reiterated the common belief that the psychids were
linked closely to the lowest tineoids and divided the group into three
subfamilies. Included in his most primitive subfamily (Lypusinae)
are those bagworms possessing winged females and very distinct palpi.
Forbes rather dubiously has referred one North American insect,
Kearfottia albafasciella Fernald, to this group, largely on the basis of
the anal hair tuft present on the female abdomen; indeed, this tuft
is very similar to that of Narycia. Kearfottia, however, diverges
from these primitive psychids in certain features (especially in the
male and female genitalia) that show closer affinities to the Tineidae.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 2k

How many tineids also possess this anal tuft is not known presently,
but more may be expected. The remaining two divisions recognized
by Forbes have wingless females. The Talaeporiinae contains females
that retain the normal body appendages and mate outside the larval
case. In the Psychinae species exist in which all external appendages
of the female are vestigial and copulation occurs within the case.

The two genera fumaria and Epichnopteriz are related closely as
indicated by the males and the immature stages. The adult females,
however, are very divergent. The female of Fwmaria possesses a
normal complement of legs and antennae that are lacking conspicu-
ously in the vermiform female of /pichnopteriz. Thus, following the
classification of Forbes, wmaria would be placed in the Talaeporiinae,
and Epichnopteriz, in the Psychinae. Other workers, apparently
not realizing the condition of the female in Hpichnopteriz, also have
erred in this manner.

Emphasis on the structure of the male and less familiarity with the
female has resulted in a different partitioning of the family than that
by Forbes. Kozhantshikov (1956), in one of the more recent and
comprehensive works on the family, recognizes two subfamilies based
largely on the anal veins in the forewings. He includes approxi-
mately the same assemblage of species within the family as previous
authors and unites the Lypusinae and Talaeporiinae of Forbes into a
single subfamily, Psycheoidinae. Kozhantshikov’s second division,
Psychinae, corresponds essentially to that of several earlier workers;
however, he places Epichnopterix and Fumaria in the Psycheoidinae
even though the female of the former is similar to that of the higher
psychids. Duponchel and Herrich-Schaffer recognized a _ similar
division approximately a hundred years earlier.

The purpose of this section largely has been to emphasize the diffi-
culty involved in designating major divisions within the family Psych-
idae. At present no substitute scheme of classification can be
offered. The situation is similar to the problem of subordinal de-
limitation in the order Lepidoptera, where, owing to various degrees
of intermediacy, primary divisions are exceedingly difficult to define.
In regard to the Psychidae, this problem extends to the family level.
For the present the system that seems the best to follow is that
which recognizes the two general groups within the family, Micro-
Psychina and Macro-Psychina, with the recognition that various inter-
mediates occur. These divisions have not been given definite taxonomic
rank but can be used with convenience in discussing generalities.

The following family description includes the most primitive
forms (Lypusinae) although the relationships of these are somewhat
in doubt. Seitz (in Strand, 1912) suggested a polyphyletic origin for
the Psychidae but did not elaborate on the subject. Possibly the

22 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Lypusinae as recognized by Forbes represents an evolutionary line
from the Tineidae entirely different from that of the higher psychids
and one that is placed perhaps more correctly within the Tineidae.
Present knowledge, however, appears to indicate an almost continuous
series from the Macro-Psychina down through the more primitive
psychids into the Tineidae. One rather conspicuous interruption
occurs between such forms as Solenobia and Epichnopteriz, but
certain intermediate genera (e.g., Luffia and Fumaria) show evidence
of intergradation. As previously mentioned, an adequate set of
correlated characters as yet has not been proposed for defining the
Psychidae. The inclusion of the entire group within the Tineidae
does not seem logical at the present: such a heterogeneous group
would not be equivalent to other lepidopterous families. Eventually,
before the limits of the two families can be established, a compre-
hensive study will have to be made on the pertinent tineoid groups
as they exist in the Palearctic region. The Acrolophidae, whose
relative position has fluctuated between a subfamily status within
the Tineidae (and sometimes Psychidae) to that of a separate family,
also should be considered in such a study.

In an attempt to clarify or at least illustrate the basic generic
relationships followed in this paper, a diagram is presented on page
25. Because the genera are not arranged alphabetically, an explana-
tion of relationships should be attempted though the relative position
of some groups is very questionable. This arrangement is based
primarily on the male genitalia because these structures, more than any
of those studied, seem to reflect the major evolutionary tendencies of
the genera. Wing venation and leg structure, although frequently
demonstrating conspicuous differences intergenerically, show little
correlation and significance in the overall evolutionary trend. A
comprehensive knowledge of the immature stages and other adult
characters not thoroughly treated in this study (e.g., thoracic anatomy
and the female genitalia) may change markedly the position of some
genera as presented in this preliminary arrangement.

As indicated in the diagram, apparently there are three lines of
specialization within the Psychidae indigenous to the Western Hemi-
sphere. A general tendency prevails, with some exceptions, within
each of these lines toward a reduction in wing venation and tibial
armature.

One phyletic line is that terminating with the genus Dendropsyche.
This group consists of rather slender-bodied, broad-winged moths
with elongate male genitalia. The pulvillus at the base of the valve
is obsolescent and the saccus well developed. The genera Prochalia
and Zamopsyche are believed to represent the most primitive members

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 23

of this line primarily because of the Solenobia-like pattern of case
construction and the lichenivorous feeding habit of the larvae.

The evolutionary series culminating with the genus Coloneura
commences as somewhat robust insects and possesses genitalia with a
prominent basal development (pulvillus) of the valves. The tegumen
and vinculum, in contrast to the preceding group, tend to be relatively
broad and the saccus in some species is reduced in length.

The genera Thyridopteryx and Animula climax a division which
appears to be the most specialized of our new world psychids. Evolu-
tionary tendencies in this group demonstrate such features as: loss
of wing scales; gradual elongation of the forewings with a reduction
in size of the secondaries; modification of the antennae with the outer
segments becoming serrate; reduction in size and occasional loss of
the tibial armature; elongation of the male genitalia with a gradual
basal enlargement of the aedeagus; and other specializations. It
should be mentioned that the general structure of the female genitalia
suggests certain primitive features in this group, but this development,
may have been retained or evolved secondarily in conjunction with
an increasing fecundity. Certainly this division, or at least certain
elements of it, has become the most successful group of psychids in
our hemisphere.

Conclusions

A total of 104 names have been referred correctly to the Psychidae
in the Western Hemisphere. Of this number, 74 species and 2 sub-
species have been considered in this revision possibly to be valid.
In addition, 6 unnamed larval cases, which, in part at least, may
eventually represent new species have been described. In the main
body of this work, 55 species (including 3 which are new) and 2 sub-
species are treated. These are grouped into 20 genera, 6 of which are
described for the first time. In the two appendices 19 names are
discussed; for this group the adult males either have not been dis-
covered or have not been examined by the writer. Several of the
names eventually may fall into synonymy, thus further reducing the
number of valid species.

Readily observable morphological differences among comparable
stages of many species of psychids usually are very slight. Lack of
specific characters in the larvae is probably the result of great similarity
in life history: all species are case bearers throughout the larval stage
and tend to be general feeders.

Speciation, with the formation of genetic barriers, likewise has
occurred in the adult male with little to no morphological differen tia-
tion. The males of most species are unicolorous or possess nearly
transparent wings. Obviously there has been rather limited selective

24 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

pressure toward a more cryptic color pattern that would better
enable the moths to remain hidden from predators during the day.
Evidently little advantage les in this feature for most members of
the family, probably because of the very brief life span (approxi-
mately 3 days) of the males. Thus, in the Psychidae, one finds an
exiguous development of wing pattern observed in several other
families of moths (e.g., Noctuidae) that possess longer adult stages
and are, therefore, in greater need of such protection. It might be
concluded that the function of wing scales (to provide a color pat-
tern) has been largely lost in the Psychidae, with the result that in
many species the scales have become reduced in area, loosely at-
tached, and easily discarded.

Although its relative importance is not known, the determination
of mating pairs in the majority of psychids can not involve super-
ficial features such as recognition characters because the female
imago is unable to make a selection in mating and may accept any
male that attempts copulation. The larval cases, on the other hand,
sometimes display a much greater difference among species, and
possibly do initiate a recognition stimulus, along with an olfactory
response, in the male. The olfactory stimulation, however, is be-
lieved to be of far greater importance in mate attraction, as evidenced
by the fact that the males of all known species of Macro-Psychina
usually possess broadly bipectinate antennae. Such an antenna
provides a greater surface area and, thus, a greater number of ol-
factory receptors, assuming, of course, that these receptors are
evenly distributed over the antenna.

The similarity of male genitalia probably is due to the very spe-
cialized mating behavior. This procedure makes exacting demands
upon these structures, and natural selection largely has prevented
extravagant variation from the selected type. In most families of
Lepidoptera apparently there is not so great a necessity for such
rigidity and compactness of the genitalia, and the result is that more
diverse forms have developed within a given group.

The members of this family are capable of achieving a wide dis-
tribution by means of various adaptations. These methods of
dispersal enable a species eventually to occupy most of the habitats
favorable to its existence, but the methods probably do not provide
an efficient means of gene exchange among widely separated popula-
tions. Itis conceivable that certain widespread species (e.g., Oiketicus
kirbyi) are composed of a number of reproductively isolated sibling
species. However, this should not be assumed until so proven, or
else an even greater number of superfluous names could result, originat-
ing from a failure to recognize what actually may be the normal
variation in a given species.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 25

Thyridopteryx:
Otketicus
Animula
Coloneurs Dendropsyche
Biopsyche
Basicladus Cryptothelea
Hyaloscotes
Thanatopsyche Naevipenna
Astala
Curtorama Apterona
Zamopsyche
itera amopsyche
Prochalia
oe
-
yee Old World
Bee, Intermediates
ets, Be
Epichnopterix
|
Fumaria

Solenobia

‘
~

TINEIDAE

GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF NEW WorLD PSYCHIDAR

26

10.

iil

12.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Checklist

. Solenobia Duponchel

1. walshella Clemens

. Fumaria Haworth

Fumea Haworth
2. casta (Pallas)

. Epichnopterix Hiibner

3. pulla (Esper)
fiebrigi (Koehler)

. Apterona Milliére

4. crenulella form helix Siebold

. Prochalia Barnes and McDunnough

5. pygmaea Barnes and McDunnough
Zamopsyche Dyar
6. commentella Dyar

. Naevipenna Davis

7. aphaidropa (Dyar)

. Cryptothelea Duncan

Platoeceticus Packard

8. surinamensis (Moeschler)

9. watsoni (Jones)

10. macleayi (Guilding)

11. nigrita (Barnes and McDunnough)

12. congregata (Jones)

13. symmicta (Dyar)

14. gloverii (Packard)
jonesi (Barnes and Benjamin)
pizote (Schaus)

. Dendropsyche Jones

15. burrowsi Jones
Lumacra Davis
16. brasiliensis (Heylaerts)
marona (Schaus)
costaricensis (Schaus)
17. kiinckelii (Heylaerts)
18. haitiensis Davis
19. quadridentata Davis
20. hyalinacra Davis
Curtorama Davis
21. cassiae (Weyenbergh)
rebelt (Koehler)
rugosa (Koehler)
Astala Davis
22. confederata (Grote and Robinson)
lepidopteris (Dyar)
23. hoffmanni Vazquez
24. polingi (Barnes and Benjamin)
25. edwardsi (Heylaerts)
carbonaria (Packard)
26. tristis (Schaus)
27. zacualpania (Dyar)
28. vigasi (Schaus)

13.

14.

15.

16.

1.

18.

19.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Hyaloscotes Butler
29. fumosa Butler
30. pithopoera (Dyar)
sheppardi Freeman
Basicladus Davis
31. tracyi (Jones)
cacocnemos (Jones)
32. celibatus (Jones)
Coloneura Davis
33. fragilis (Barnes and McDunnough)
Thanatopsyche Butler
34. chilensis (Philippi)
35. canescens Butler
Animula Herrich-Schiffer
Animula, subgenus sensu stricto
36. limpia Dognin
37. microptera (Schaus)
38. dichroa Herrich-Schaffer
Artipenna Davis, subgenus
39. seitzi (Gaede)
Biopsyche Dyar
40. thoracica (Grote)
41. apicalis (Hampson)
Oiketicus Guilding
Paraoiketicus Davis, subgenus
42. bergii (Weyenbergh)
oviformis Koehler
43. borsanii Koehler
44, geyeri Berg
tabacillus Weyenbergh
jonest Schaus
thoracicus Schaus
45. zihuatanejensis Vazquez
Oiketicus, subgenus sensu stricto
46. toumeyi Jones
mortonjonest Vazquez
47, assimilis Vazquez
48. specter Schaus
49. townsendi Townsend
bonniwelli Barnes and Benjamin
t. dendrokomos Jones
t. mexicanus Gaede
multidentatus Vazquez
50. abbotii Grote
51. kirbyi Guilding
fulgurator Herrich-Schiffer
poeyi Lucas
gigantea (Zeller)
ortzavae Schaus
sinaloanus Vazquez
ochoternai Vazquez
fasciculatus Vazquez
52. platensis Berg
693-052—64—_3

27

28 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

20. Thyridopteryx Stephens
Hymenopsyche Grote
53. meadi Hy. Edwards
54. alcora Barnes
55. ephemeraeformis (Haworth)
coniferarum (Packard)
pallidovenata Grossbeck
vernalis Jones
Adult males known but not examined
1. Psychoglene basinigra Felder
2. ‘“Zamopsyche” haywardi Koehler
3. Oiketicus lizeri Koehler
4. “Chalia” rileyi Heylaerts
5. Oiketicus westwoodii Berg
Adult males unknown
. “Psyche” burmeisteri Weyenbergh
. “Platoeceticus”’ chaquensis Koehler
. Hyaloscotes coniferella (Hy. Edwards)
“‘Chalia’’? daguerrei Koehler
“Oiketicus” davidsoni Hy. Edwards
“‘Chalia’”’ dispar Koehler
. Oiketicus elegans Koehler
. Hyaloscotes fragmentella (Hy. Edwards)
. Oiketicus ginocchionus Koehler
10. ‘‘Platoeceticus’”’ hoffmanni Koehler
11. Oiketicus horni Koehler
12. “Clania”’ licheniphilus Koehler
13. ‘‘Platoeceticus’”’ tandilensis Koehler
14. ‘“‘Clania”’ yamorkinei Koehler

CHONAMNRwWNH

Family Psychidae

Mauer.—Head with divergent, hairy vesture. Mouthparts usually
vestigial; tongue absent or represented at most by minute projections
that do not extend beyond head vesture; labial palpi 3-segmented
in most primitive forms, but usually reduced to minute, hairy tuber-
cules. Antennae less than half length of forewing, either bipectinate
or simple; scape without pecten. Ocelli absent except in few primi-
tive genera. Armature of legs consisting of tibial spurs, which vary
from none to two on middle tibia and from none to four on hindtibia,
tending to become minute and spinelike in higher genera.

Wings typically thinly scaled, becoming translucent or transparent
in many genera. Primaries with accessory cells present or absent;
R; extending to outer margin below apex; base of medius almost
always preserved within cell of both wings, often divided to form
intercalary cell; 1A at least partially present, either curving to fuse
with 2A, or parallel to 2A; 2A and 3A separate at base, then joining

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 29

either for short distance or for entire length. Secondaries usually
with Sc+R, and Rs parallel to wing apex, occasionally with basal
crossvein and/or with outer one near apex of discal cell; 1A fre-
quently disappearing, 2A and 3A present.

MALe GENITALIA.—Uncus absent. Tegumen usually hood-shaped,
often cleft at apex. Valves typically short and broad; pulvillus at
base of valve becoming prominent in higher forms; apex of sacculus
usually distinctly set off from rest of valve. Saccus poorly developed
in primitive psychids, but tending toward great elongation in more
advanced genera.

FEMALE.—Similar to males in most generalized forms with gradual
reduction of all external structures (fig. 144) in higher groups. Anten-
nae, if present, usually simple. Abdomen with dense tuft of long
hair concentrated on seventh segment.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Ovipositor in lower forms greatly extended,
with usually three pairs of elongate apodemes; extremely reduced
in more specialized genera, with apodemes sometimes lost. Internal
genitalia relatively simple in lower groups with bursa copulatrix
reduced in size; ductus seminalis short, usually not exceeding bursa
in length. In higher forms, internal genitalia become more modified,
probably in accordance with increased egg capacity; bursa may greatly
exceed size of spermatheca, and seminal duct may become very
lengthened and convoluted (as in Ovketicus).

Key to Genera Based on Characters of Adult Male

One species, Apterona crenulella form heliz, that has been introduced
recently into the United States at present is not known in this country
from the adult male. Thus, parthenogenetic female specimens
collected within the geographical scope of this treatment cannot be
determined on the basis of the key presented below. Since it was
not possible to devise comprehensive keys for the females or immature
stages, suffice it to say here that the coiled larval case of this species
(fig. 69) is unique among our New World psychids; the known cases
of the other included species are straight and elongate. In case a
male specimen should be found within our area, this form has been
included in the following key.
la. Foretibia with epiphysis present.

2a. Hindtibia with four prominent spurs.

3a. Antennae broadly bipectinate; hindwing with 7 veins; epiphysis basad
and as long as foretibia or nearlyso...... 2. Fumaria casta
3b. Antennae simple and ciliate; hindwing with 6 veins; epiphysis subapical

and approximately one-third length of foretibia.
1. Solenobia walshella

30 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

2b. Hindtibia with two minute spurs or less.
4a. Mesothoracic tibia with one or two small apical spurs.
5a. Costal margin of forewing with sclerotized stigma (fig. 155).
7. Naevipenna
5b. Costal margin of forewing without stigma.
6a. Antennae with less than 25 segments; hindtibia without spurs.
5. Prochalia pygmaea
6b. Antennae with more than 26 segments; hindtibia with one or two
minute spurs.
7a. Hindwing with a basal crossvein present (fig. 167); wings usually
fully scaled, but in few species nearly transparent.
19. Oiketicus
7b. Hindwing without basal crossvein; wings transparent.
18. Biopsyche
4b. Mesothoracic tibia without spurs.
8a. Forewing with 11, sometimes 10, veins; discal scales hairlike.
9a. Wing expanse 25 mm. or more; antennae with more than 25 segments;
hindwing with basal crossvein distinctly present.
29. Hyaloscotes fumosa
9b. Wing expanse less than 20 mm.; antennae with less than 25 segments;
hindwing with basal crossvein absent or sometimes indistinctly
ANCICALE: tha viet eh ... . . 6. Zamopsyche commentella
8b. Forewing with 12 veins; dizoal scales Sblanecotate . . .10. Lumacra
1b. Foretibia without an epiphysis.
10a. Hindtibia with four prominent spurs; 10 veins present in forewing.
3. Epichnopterix pulla
10b. Hindtibia with two minute spurs or less; 10 or more veins in forewing.
lla. Mesothoracic tibia with small apical spur.
12a. Both wings fully sealed; hindwings normally with 8, rarely 7, veins.
13a. Wing expanse 26 mm. or less; forewing unicolorous.
8. Cryptothelea
13b. Wing expanse exceeding 30 mm.; forewing not unicolorous, with

dark discal spot. . . . .. . . .52. Oiketicus platensis
12b. Wings transparent or nearly so; Hindi ings normally with 6 or 7, rarely
8 veins.

14a. Antennal pectinations abruptly decreasing in length before apex

(fig. 385), antennae becoming strongly biserrate on outer fourth;

meso- and metathoracic tibiae with either one or two minute

apical spurs. ... .. . . . 20. Thyridopteryx

14b. Antennal pectinations igradwally deoressin in length to tip of

antennae; meso- and metathoracic tibia with one apical spur.

15a. Forewing with 12 veins. ...... .. . 16. Thanatopsyche

15b. Forewing with 10 or fewer veins. . ... .. . 17. Animula

11b. Mesothoracic tibia without spurs.

16a. Forewing with 10 veins.

17a. Antennae serrate. ......... . 4 Apterona crenulella
17b. Antennae bipectinate.

18a. Forewings devoid of scales, transparent; hindwings with outer

margin greatly extended (fig. 37) . . . 39. Animula seitzi

18b. Forewings thinly scaled; hindwings normal, evenly rounded

(fig. 31m . 1. 1 1 es ew we es te «1 de Coloneura fragilis

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE al

16b. Forewing with 11 or more veins.
19a. Forewing with 12 veins; hindwing 8-veined.
21. Curtorama cassiae
19b. Forewing with 11 veins; hindwing 7-veined.
20a. Hindwing with Sc-+R; and Rs parallel, without distinct basal
crossvein, although sometimes with vestige of one; posterior
margin of eighth abdominal sternite evenly rounded (fig. 202).
15. Dendropsyche burrowsi
20b. Hindwing with Sc-++ R; and Rs either converging at point above
cell, or connected by prominent crossvein; posterior margin
of eighth sternite more or less truncate (figs. 209-218).
2la. Antennal pectinations arising basad (fig. 377); apex of fore-
wing evenly rounded (fig. 162) ... . . 14. Basicladus
21b. Antennal pectinations arising mesad or beyond (figs. 375, 376) ;
apex of forewing not evenly rounded, somewhat acute
(figs. 160, 161).
22a. Forewing with scales of discal cell either broadly oblance-
olate, or, if hairlike, with apices almost invariably
bidentate (fig. 341); vinculum of male genitalia longer
ine TAU aie ch sane esis MG Oa. esate. og Eee Ake
22b. Seales of discal cell very slender and hairlike (fig. 351)
with acute apices; vinculum broader than long.
30. Hyaloscotes pithopoera

1. Solenobia Duponchel

Solenobia Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep France, Suppl., vol. 4, pp. 201, 428-430,
1842; Cat. Method. Lep. Eur., p. 358, 1844-46.—Zeller, Linn. Ent., vol. 7,
pp. 332, 343, 1852.—Herrich-Schaffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., vol. 5,
pp. 26, 40, 1853; p. 88, 1855.—Stainton, List Brit. Animals Brit. Mus.,
vol. 16, p. 5, 1854; Insecta Britannica, vol. 3, p. 19, 1854.—Frey, Tineen
und Pterophoren Schweiz, p. 13, 1856.—Stainton, Man. Brit. Butterfl.
Moths, vol. 2, p. 285, 1859.—Hofmann, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 4, pp.
35-40, 1860.—Wocke, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 23, p. 68, 1862.—Heinemann,
Schmett. Deutschl. und Schweiz, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 21, 1870; Anal. Tab. Best.
Schmett., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 1, 1877.—Wocke in Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur.
Faun., p. 266, 1871.—Nolcken, Arbeit. Nat. Ver. Riga, new ed. 4, vol. 24,
p. 467, 1871.—Milliére, Cat. Lep. Alpes-Maritimes, p. 295, 1875.—Sand,
Cat. Lep. Berry et Auvergne, p. 154, 1879.—Frey, Lep. Schweiz, p. 335,
1880.—Snellen, Vlinders Nederl., vol. 2, pp. 416, 444-445, 1882.—Barrett,
Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 31, p. 163, 1895.—Chapman, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 32,
p. 79, 1895.—Barrett, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 33, p. 125, 1897.—Durrant,
Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 33, p. 220, 1897.—Reutti, Verh. Naturw. Ver. Karls-
ruhe, vol. 12, p. 305, 1898.—Tutt, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. 2, pp. 155-162
(ete.), 1900.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 353, 1902 [1903].—Rebel
wn Spuler, Schmett. Eur., vol. 2, p. 187, 1910.—Forbes, Cornell Univ.
Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 1438, 1923.—Meyrick, Rev. Handb. Brit.
Lep., p. 835, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 27,
1929.—Fletcher, Mem. Dep. Agric. India, vol. 11, p. 205, 1929.—Mc-
Dunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 103, 1939.—Ko-
zhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 131, 182, 249, 1956.—Sauter,

32 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Ann. Soc. Suisse Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 63, fase. 3, no. 27, pp.
451-555, 1956.—Forster and Wohlfahrt, Schmett. Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 193,
1960.

TYPE oF GENuS.—(Psyche) clathrella Fischer V. Réslerstamm, 1834.
Designated by Tutt, 1900.

Mauge.—Head with rough bristly hairs; palpi reduced, consisting
of two short segments barely extending from beneath head. Antennae
simple, ciliated. Foretibia very short, without epiphysis in majority
of species; present in few species. Middle tibia slightly longer than
that of forelegs, with pair of apical spurs. Hindtibia greatly length-
ened, with paired median and apical spurs.

Wings (fig. 149) relatively long and slender; fully scaled. Forewing
with 11 veins; all veins normally separate with exception of R3; and Ry,
which are completely fused; accessory cell usually present; base of
media always preserved, rarely divided within discal cell (of both
wings) forming intercalary cell; base of 1A present, parallel to 2A-+3A,
but gradually disappearing farther out; 2A and 3A uniting near base,
continuing as fused vein to margin. Secondaries usually with 6 veins
(in one European species only 5 veins present, owing to complete
fusion of M, and M;); Sc+R, and Rs more or less parallel throughout
length with no crossvein present; M, and Ms; either separate or
variously stalked.

MALE GENITALIA.—Tegumen broad, hood-shaped, with shallow
notch at apex. Vinculum somewhat broadened ventrally; saccus
undeveloped. Valves broadened basally with prominent spinelike
process midway along lower margin, sloping abruptly to much nar-
rower distal half. Anellus undeveloped. Aedeagus curved, with base
forked, sending short process caudad, diverging slightly from aedeagus.
Eighth sternite (fig. 188) simple, without furcal arms; much smaller
than eighth tergite (fig. 188a).

Fremaue.—Palpi very reduced, 1-segmented. Antennae varying
in length and segmentation depending on species; either long with
12-26 segments, or short with 3-9 segments. Legs short but all
segments present. Foretibia unarmed; armature of meso- and meta-
thoracic tibia variable, with either 1-2 apical spurs or spurs absent.
Tarsi 3-5 segmented.

Forewings represented only by minute flaplike vestiges. Hind-
wings smaller, almost completely absent.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 296.) Eighth and ninth abdominal
segments long and very protrusible, with three pairs of apophyses;
first pair weakly developed, short, entirely within last abdominal
segment; second pair longest, originating in last segment, extending
usually far forward into abdomen; third pair long, originating in
eighth segment often at level of ostium. Curved, transverse bar

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE oo

situated immediately anterior to ostium, frequently fused with bases
of third apophyses. Seventh segment with caudal hair tufts located
laterally and ventrally. Spermatheca and accessory glands small,
both arising from vestibulum. Ductus seminalis of medium length,
slightly shorter than bursa copulatrix.

1. Solenobia walshella Clemens

Ficures 1, 64, 149, 169, 188, 188a, 243, 296, 319, 361; Map 2

Solenobia walshella Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 1, pp. 132-133, 1862.—
Packard, Guide Study Insects, p. 346, 1869.—Chambers, Can. Ent.,
vol. 5, pp. 74-75, 1873; vol. 8, p. 19, 1876.—Tutt, Brit. Lep., vol. 2, p. 199,
1900.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4072, 1902 [1903]—Forbes,
Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 144, fig. 103, 1923.—Forbes in
Leonard, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 101, p. 539, 1928.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 35, 1929—McDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, part 2, no. 9539, 1939.—Williams, Journ.
Morph., vol. 75, pp. 251-260, figs. 1-2, 1944.—Tietz, Lep. Penn., p. 157,
195?.—Sauter, Ann. Soc. Suisse Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 63,
fasc. 3, no. 27, p. 541, 1956.

Mauz.—(Fig. 1.) Scales of face light brown, those of vertex usually
with whitish tips. Apical segment of palpi 2.5x length of basal one.
Antennae (fig. 361) 27-36 segments, brownish fuscous, spotted slightly
with white. Foretibia (fig. 169) with subapical spur approximately
length of tibia.

Forewings white to greyish white, mottled with almost equal
amount of brownish fuscous; scales (fig. 319) of cell broadly oblance-
olate with usually 3-4 apical dentations; 11 veins present, with
accessory cell; intercalary cell absent in both wings. Hindwings light
grey, 6-veined; M, and M; either stalked or connate. Wing expanse
12-14 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 243.) As described for genus.

Frmate.—Length 6-7 mm. Antennae long with 20-24 segments.
Middle tibia with either one or two apical spurs. Hind tibia
with apical pair. Tarsi 5-segmented.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 296.) Bases of third pair of apophyses
connected by curved transverse bar. Accessory glands bifid with
two small symmetrical lobes; spermatheca and accessory glands much
smaller in volume than vestibulum.

Casr.—(Fig. 64.) 7-10 mm. long; greatest diameter 1.5-2 mm.;
fusiform in outline, of somewhat leathery consistency. Silk greyish
color, covered frequently with tiny sand grains; fragments of lichens,
larval excrement, various small animal remains also may be attached.

Typre.—In the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Type Ltocatity.—Not definitely stated, but the collector, Benjamin
D. Walsh, was a resident of Rock Island, Illinois (Clemens, 1862).

REcoRDED HosTs.—‘Lichens”’ (Chambers, 1873).

34 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

DistriputTion.—(Map 2.) A common species in the eastern part
of its range, S. walshella extends as far west as the Till Plains of
Illinois, south to the Northern Embayed Section of Virginia, and
north to the St. Lawrence Valley Section of southeastern Canada.

Discusston.—As mentioned earlier (see p. 8), the insect presently
recognized as Solenobia walshella is possibly a European introduction
into North America. The specific name of our common Solenobia,
therefore, eventually may fall into synonymy. Sauter (1956) stated
the possibility that S. walshella and the bisexual form of the wide-
spread European species S. triquetrella Hiibner were identical. An
examination of the foretibia, however, is sufficient to separate the
males of these two species: in S. walshella the foretibia of the male
possesses an epiphysis that is lacking in S. triquetrella.

A few authorities have supposed for several years that more than
one species, or more than one race of the same species, of Solenobia are
present in North America. Sauter (1956) mentioned a partheno-
genetic race of “S. walshella”’ from Montreal, Canada, that, according
to him, differed in no morphological way from S. triquetrella.

The taxonomy of S. walshella probably is much more complicated
than is presented here. Considerable more study, emphasizing
genetics as well as life history, will have to be made in order properly
to evaluate this complex.

MaTERIAL EXAMINED.—140 o’, 18 99, 39 cases:

CANADA: QueBec: Old Chelsea, o@ with case, May 5, CNC; 2 &o with
cases, May 5-24; 9, May 8, CM. Onrario: Ottawa East, o& with case, April 6,
CNC.

UNITED STATES: Detaware: Rehoboth, 4 cases, USNM. Watertown, 12
o'o', March 6-April 25, USNM. Wilmington, 2 &o, March 2-5, USNM;
6 cases, USNM. District or Cotumsra: Washington, o, April; 2 @o@ with
cases, March 24; o’, April 20, USNM. I unos: Decatur, 14 oo, March 16-
April 23, USNM. Putnam Co., &, April 30, USNM. Marne: Augusta, 4 2 2
with cases, May 1; 3 2 9 with cases, April 15, USNM. Bar Harbor, 2 9 9
with cases, May 19, USNM. Maryann: Wheaton, o, April8, USNM. Massa-
CHUSETTs: Beverly, 3 cases, USNM. Fitchburg, 9 with case, May 1, USNM.
Jamaica Pond, o& with case, May 12, USNM. Melrose Highlands, o&, May 11,
USNM. New Jersey: Elizabeth, 5 @o, Sept. 4-21; 9, Sept. 14, CM. Essex
Co., &', May 8, USNM. Princeton, 2 6, Aug., CM. Watchung Mts., 7 #§o
with 4 cases, March 30—-April 13, USNM. New Yorks: Aurora, o’, June 4, CU.
Ithaca, 2 oo, May 5-20, CU. Lockport, @ with case, April 17, CU. McLean,
o', May 21, CU. Mecklenburg, 9 with case, May, DRD. Scarsdale, 6 do’,
April 21-May 3, USNM. Ouro: Cincinnati, 4 @o, April 2-24, ANS. Prnn-
SYLVANIA: Ambridge, o&, May 22, CM. Finleyville, 2 @o, May 1-7, CM.
Longwood, a’, April 1, USNM; 2 cases, USNM. New Brighton, o’, May 5,
USNM. Oak Station, 21 #6, April 19-May 5; 5 99, April 19-May 10, CM;
10 o#'o, April 19, USNM;5 2, April 25-May 3, AMNH. Pittsburgh, 8 0d,
April 22-May 6, CM; 3 oc’, April 12-22, AMNH; 5 oa’, April 29-May 11,
USNM. Roxboro, 6 oo, April 25-May 5, ANS. Sharpsburg, 5 oo, April
15-May 22, CM. Virainia: Peninsular, case, USNM.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 35

2. Fumaria Haworth

Fumaria Haworth, Lep. Brit., p. 473, 1812 [1811]— Tutt, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep.,
vol. 2, p. 317, 1900.—Fletcher, Mem. Dep. Agric. India, vol. 11, p. 97,
1929.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 103,
1939.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 189, 1956.

Fumea Haworth, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 340, 1812.—Stephens, Illustr.
Brit. Ent., vol. 2, pp. 81-83, 1829.—Siebold, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 12,
p. 345, 1851.—Healy, Ent. Weekly Intell., vol. 8, p. 59, 1860.—Staudinger
and Wocke, Cat. Lep. Eur. Faun., p. 64, n. 99, 1871.—Heylaerts, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, pp. 68, 72, 1881.—Héfner, Wiener Ent. Zeit.,
vol. 2, pp. 245-246, 1883.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., p. 523, 1892.—Bar-
rett, Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 30, pp. 265-269, 1894.—Tutt, Nat. Hist.
Brit. Lep., vol. 2, pp. 316-320, 1900.—Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lep.
Palaearct. Faun., p. 399, n. 745, 1901.—Rebel in Spuler, Schmett. Eur.,
vol. 2, p. 183, 1910.—Lampert, Grosschmett. und Raupen Mitteleur., p.
295, 1907.— Rebel, Fr. Berg’s Schmett.-Buch, ed. 9, p. 461, n. 414, 1910.—
Strand in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 2, p. 367, 1912.—Dalla Torre, Ent.
Jahrb., vol. 38, p. 144, 1929.—Fletcher, Mem. Dep. Agric. India, vol. 11,
p. 97, 1929.—Meyrick, Rev. Handb. Brit. Lep., p. 478, 1928.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 58, 1929.—Hering in Brohmer,
Tierw. Mitteleur., vol. 1, p. 302, 1932.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World,
vol. 14, p. 487, 1929; vol. 6, p. 1186, 1936.—Bourgogne and Paclt, Casopis,
Acta Soc. Ent. Cesk., vol. 45, pp. 47-48, 1948.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna
SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 130, 132, 189, 1956.—Forster and Wohlfahrt,
Schmett. Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 185, 1960.

Epichnopteriz Herrich-Schaffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., vol. 5, p. 62, n. 2,
1855 (not Hiibner).—Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 27, n. 30,
1861.

Type oF Genus.—Phalaena casta Palias, 1767. Designated by
Fletcher, 1929.

Mate.—Small, usually unicolored moths of various shades of
fuscous. Palpi 1-segmented, elongate, slender, length approximately
4—5x that of diameter. Antennae bipectinate, pectinations arising
from base of each segment. Epiphysis (fig. 170) well developed, vari-
able length. Mid- and hindlegs each possessing pair of very prominent
tibial spurs, one member of pair usually longer than other.

Wings (fig. 150) evenly scaled, 11- and 7-veined with base of medius
undivided in cell of both wings. Primaries usually with 1A only
partially developed, frequently not reaching margin; 2A and 3A
united near base, continuing as fused vein to margin. Hindwing
with crossvein between Sc+R, and Rs absent.

MALE GENITALIA.—Short, ovoid in general appearance. Valves
with pulvilli lacking; apex of sacculus with small spines. Anellus
well developed, bilobed, enclosing aedeagus, which is strongly curved,
without basal dilation. Vinculum triangular, largely membranous.
Saccus undeveloped.

Eighth sternite (fig. 189) very simple, short, broadly transverse,
furcations absent; smaller in area than eighth tergite.

36 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

FremaLe.—Apterous with well-developed legs possessing 5-seg-
mented tarsi and apical pair of claws. Hindtibia with single short,
blunt spur. Other legs lacking armature. Antennae many-seg-
mented, simple. Abdominal plates darkly pigmented; body essen-
tially naked except for thin scattering of pale hairs and dense, posterior
ring of silky hairs.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 297.) Mostly membranous except for
three pairs long, slender apodemes, shortest and longest pair originat-
ing in last abdominal segment; third pair, medium length, originating
in penultimate segment.

Discusston.—As pointed out by Tutt (1900), Dalla Torre (1929),
Bourgogne and Paclt (1948), and others, Haworth in 1812 proposed
the substitutive name Fumea for his genus Pumaria (1811), which
he thought was preoccupied by a genus of plants. Under present
circumstances, however, this is considered to be an incorrect procedure
as the names in botany and zoology are independent of one another.
Thus, by priority the genus Fumaria should be considered the valid
name, and it is so treated in this paper.

2. Fumaria casta (Pallas)
Fiaures 3, 65, 150, 170, 189, 244, 297, 320, 362, 363; Map 1

Phalaena casta Pallas, Nov. Act. Acad. Natur. Curios, vol. 3, p. 435, “‘t. 7, f. 1,
bis 5,” 1767.

Fumea casta (Pallas) Meyrick, Rev. Handb. Brit. Lep., p. 478, 1928.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 58, 1929.—Fletcher, Mem. Dep.
Agric. India, vol. 11, p. 97, 1929 (synonym of F. nitida Haworth).—
Hering in Brohmer, Tierw. Mitteleur., vol. 1, p. 302, 1932.—Jones and
Farquhar, Psyche, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 1-10, 1984.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1186, 1936.—Ford, Proc. S. London Ent.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1945-46, p. 106, 1946.—Forster and Wohlfahrt, Schmett.
Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 186, 1960.

Fumaria casta (Pallas) Fletcher, Mem. Dep. Agric. India, vol. 11, p. 97, 1929
(synonym of F. nitida Haworth)—MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada
and USA, pt. 2, no. 9538, 1939.

Nore: For references to the European literature dealing with the synonymy

of this species prior to 1929, see Dalla Torre and Strand (1929).

Matr.—(Fig. 3.) Body, wings fuscous. Antennae (fig. 362)
with 18-20 segments. Apex of forewing rounded, that of hindwing
more acute. Scales (fig. 320) of cell in forewing broad with dentate
apices of usually 5-6 teeth; scales of secondaries in general more
slender. All veins of primaries separate except R; and Ry, which
are connate; veins of hindwing all separate. Wing expanse 11-13 mm.

MALE GEeniTaLia.—(Fig. 244.) As described for genus.

Fremate.—Approximately 6-8 mm. long. Antennae usually 12-13
segments. Female genitalia (fig. 297) as described for genus.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE oT

Casr.—(Fig. 65.) Approximately 9-13 mm. long. Silk of whitish
grey, heavily covered by small pieces of plant fragments, usually by
segments of grass stems, arranged longitudinally, often surpassing
length of case, projecting in irregular fashion posteriorly.

Typre.—Lost.

Type LocaLiry.—Europe.

ReEcoRDED Hosts.—“‘Consists chiefly of grasses, mosses, lichens,
and other low plants, although the insect may occasionally exhibit
carnivorous tendencies as evidenced by its feeding on scale insects,
and, in the laboratory when very hungry, on the living larvae and
females of its own species” (Farquhar, 1934).

Disrrinution.—(Map 1.) In North America Fumaria casta
occurs primarily through the Appalachian Highlands from south-
eastern Canada to eastern Pennsylvania. In the Old World it is
reportedly widely distributed from North Africa to Finland and
from Asia Minor west to Great Britain. (For a more thorough
discussion of the distribution, see Tutt, 1900.)

Discussion.—This insect reportedly was discovered first in this
country in 1931 near Jamaica Pond, Boston, Massachusetts. The
population, which has since spread to several adjacent states, un-
doubtedly originated as an introduction from Europe. The identity
of this moth in the New World was made first by F. M. Jones, and
its biology in our area was investigated by Farquhar (1934).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—70 oc", 16 99, 41 cases:

CANADA: Overbrook, o, June 10; 3 29, June 15, CM.

UNITED STATES: Connecticut: New Haven, 2 oo, June 12-16, CU.
West Haven, 3 oc’, June, USNM; 2 oc, 3 cases, CU. MassacHusETtTs:
Boston, 45 oo’, May 10—-July 1;9 99, May-June; 23 cases, USNM. Roslin-
dale, o&, June 28, USNM. New York: Locust Valley, Long Island, 6 @0,
June 13; 2 92, June 13, CU. Monroe County, 4 jo with cases, June 18-
July 5, CPK; 2 @o with cases, June 14-18; 2 99 with cases, June 14-24, CU;
20%, July 3-9; 5 cases, USNM. Scarsdale, 2 7 with cases, June 6, USNM.
PENNSYLVANIA: Germantown, Morris Arboretum, 2 cases, USNM.

3. Epichnopterix Hiibner

Epichnopterix Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 399, 1816 [1826]—Tutt, Nat.
Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. 2, p. 347, 1900.—Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lep.
Eur. Faun., pt. 1, p. 398, 1901.—Lampert, Grosschmett. Raupen Mitteleur.,
p. 295, 1907.—Dalla Torre, Entom. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 130, 1927.—Dalla Torre
and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 85, 1929.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR,
vol. 3, no. 2, p. 263, 1956.

Fumea Herrich-Schiffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., vol. 5, p. 61, n. 1, 1855
(not Haworth).—Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 28, n. 21, 1861.

Epichnopteryx [sic] Heylaerts, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 18, p. xevi, 1875; Ann. Soe.
Ent. Belg., vol. 25, p. 72, 1881.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., p. 520, 1892.—
Barrett, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 30, p. 249, 1894.—Rebel in Spuler, Schmett.
Eur., vol. 2, p. 181, 1910.—Rebel in Berge, Fr. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch, ed. 9,

38 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

p. 458, 459, n. 412, 1910.—Strand in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 2, p. 365,
1913.—Meyrick, Rev. Handb. Brit. Lep., p. 477, 1928.—Hering in Brohmer,
Tierw. Mitteleur., vol. 1, p. 301, 1932.—Forster and Wohlfahrt, Schmett.
Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 176, 1960.

Tyree or GENUS.—Bombyx pulla Esper, 1785. Designated by
Kirby, 1892.

Maure.—Moths of small size with slender bodies. Palpi of one
segment, subglobose, length approximately 1.5x that of diameter.
Antennae broadly bipectinate, pectinations gradually decreasing in
length toward apex, arising from base of each elongate segment.
Prothoracic legs shortest in length; epiphysis absent. Mesothoracic
tibiae with prominent pair of apical spurs. Metathoracic legs the
most well developed, two pairs of tibial spurs; one pair situated ap-
ically, other located % distance from apex of tibia.

Wings (fig. 151) with all veins arising separately from cell; both
wings with base of medius undivided within cell. Primaries with 10
veins; R; and , united entire length; M, and 1A absent; 2A and 3A
completely fused, sometimes slightly separated at extreme base.
Secondaries with 7 veins; without crossvein between Sc+R, and
Rs; M, absent as in forewings.

Ma.LE GENITALIA.—Short, stout. Valves with pulvilli absent;
apex of sacculus spined. Vinculum triangular, gradually tapering
to form short, indistinct saccus. Anellus well developed, bilobed,
inclosing aedeagus, which is straight, simple. Eighth sternite simple,
broadly transverse, slightly smaller in area than eighth tergite.

Frmaute.—‘Vermiform; naked; head small, ventral, mouth organs
modified, not functional; legs appear as minute warts; antennae as
warts; eye spots dark; wings obsolete; thoracic segments with whitish
corneous dorsal shields, the head carrying pupal head parts; skin
transparent (some of the internal organs visible); reddish yellow in
tint with faint anterior transverse dorsal abdominal plates” (Tutt,
1900).

3. Epichnopterix pulla (Esper)
Ficures 2, 66, 151, 171, 190, 245, 245a, 321, 364

Bombyz pulla Esper, Schmett., vol. 3, p. 232, table 44, fig. 8, 1785.

Epichnopterix pulla (Esper) Dalla Torre and Strand, Cat. Lep., pars 34, p. 87,
1929 (synonym of EF. plumella Schiffermiller)—Kozhantshikov, Fauna
SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 268, 1956.

Epichnopteryz [sic] pulla (Esper) Meyrick, Rev. Handb. Brit. Lep., p. 377, 1928.—
Hering in Brohmer, Tierw. Mitteleur., vol. 1, p. 301, 1932.—Forster
and Wohlfahrt, Schmett. Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 177, pl. 24, fig. 32; pl. 26,
figs. 7-9, 32, 1960.

Cochliotheca fiebrigi Koehler, Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent., vol. 6, p. 38, 1939 (new
synonymy).

Nore: For references to the European literature dealing with the synonymy

of this species prior to 1929, see Dalla Torre and Strand (1929).

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 39

Maue.—(Fig. 2.) Vesture of wings and body darkfuscous. Anten-
nae (fig. 364) with 17-19 segments; sensory hairs approximately 2.5-
3x diameter of pectinations in length. First tarsal segment equal
length in all legs (fig. 171). Tibial spurs nearly as long as or equalling
length of first tarsal segment. Hindfemur slightly swollen, outer %
distinctly lighter color than rest of leg. Wings evenly, thinly, uni-
formly covered with very narrow hairlike scales (fig. 321). Wing
expanse 11.5-15 mm.

MA.Le GENITALIA.—(Fig. 245.) Apex of tegumen rounded, with
prominent cleft. Aedeagus with base slightly expanded. Eighth
sternite (fig. 190) with anterior and posterior margins curved inward.

Casz.—(Fig. 66.) Length 13-15 mm.; diameter 3-4 mm. Roughly
cylindrical, approximately same diameter throughout; covered with
longitudinally arranged pieces of grass that usually extend entire
length of case.

Typrs.—Lost (B. pulla Esper); in Deutsches Entomologisches
Institut (C. fiebrigi Koehler, lectotype).

Typ LocALITIES.—Europe (B. pulla); Paraguay (C. fiebrigi).

ReEcorDED Hosts.— Poaceae; grasses” (Strand in Seitz, 1913).

DistriBuTIoN.—In the Western Hemisphere this species is known
only from the Argentine Mesopotamia of Paraguay. In the Old
World EF. pulla reportedly is found from Asia Minor west through
Roumania and Italy to Great Britain. (For a more thorough review
of the Old World distribution, see Tutt, 1900.)

Discusston.—In 1939 Koehler described two male specimens of a
small moth collected in Paraguay by Karl Fiebrig. Koehler selected
these two specimens (one of which has been designated as a lectotype
by the present writer) as cotypes of a new species that he named in
honor of Dr. Fiebrig, who was at one time the Director of the Botanical
Gardens of Asuncién, Paraguay. The statement of dedication by
Koehler suggests two possibilities: first, the two cotypes were collected
by Fiebrig in or near Asuncién; second, they were probably collected
on or near the grounds of the Botanical Garden itself. If the latter
possibility is an actuality, the probability follows that Cochliotheca
fiebrigi represents an alien insect that had been introduced into the
locality on imported plant material. This appears to be a correct
conclusion since Koehler’s species has been found to be identical with
the Old World species Hpichnopterix pulla.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—8 <<’, 3 cases:

No specific locality: @ with case, CU; 4 #7, 2 cases, USNM.

FRANCE: Canigou, &, USNM.

PARAGUAY: Asuncion(?), 2 @o, cotypes, C. fiebrigi Koehler, May 21, 1937,
DEI.

40 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

4. Apterona Milliére

Apterona Milliére, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 192, 1857.—Heylaerts,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, pp. 67, 71, 1881.—Speyer, Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., vol. 47, p. 349, 1886.—Heylaerts, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 30, pp. 5, 6,
pl. 10, figs. 4-9, 1887a— Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 518, 1892.—
Tutt, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. 2, pp. 110, 112, 113, 116, 267, 369, 372,
422, 423, 1900.—Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lep. Palaearct. Faun.,
p. 397, n. 740, 1901—Rebel in Spuler, Schmett. Eur., vol. 2, p. 180,
1910.—Rebel, Fr. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch, ed. 9, p. 4538, 458, n. 410, 1910.—
Strand in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 2, p. 363, 1912.—Dalla Torre,
Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 130, 1927—Wehrli, Ent. Zeitschr., Frankfurt,
vol. 41, p. 329, 1927.—Strand, Ent. Zeitschr., Frankfurt, vol. 41, pp. 332,
333, 1927.—Hering in Brohmer, Tierw. Mitteleur., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 48,
49, 50, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 101, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 14, p. 486, 1929.—Kozhantshikov,
Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 314, 317, 320, 448, 1956.

Cochliotheca Rambur, Cat. Syst. Lep. Andalousie, vol. 2, p. 301, 1866 (type=
Cochliotheca helicinella Rambur, 1866; not C. helicinella Herrich-Schiffer,
1845).—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 518, 1892 (synonym of
Apterona).—Pingeler, Iris, vol. 5, p. 137, 1893.—Strand, Ent. Zeit.,
vol. 41, pp. 332-333, 1927—Wehrli, Ent. Zeit., vol. 41, pp. 329-332,
381-383, 1927.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 101, 1929
(synonym of Apterona).—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2,
p. 448, 1956 (synonym of Apterona).—Forster and Wobhlfahrt, Schmett.
Mitteleur., vol. 3, p. 169, 1960.

Typr or GEeNuS.—Psyche crenulella Bruand, 1853. Designated by
Kirby, 1892.

Matze.—Small, delicate moths with slender bodies. Antennae
bipectinate or serrate. Epiphysis absent; tibiae without spurs, or
hindtibiae with short apical spurs. Wings (fig. 152) broadly rounded;
evenly clothed with hairlike scales. Primaries with 10 veins,
secondaries with 7.

Frma.e.—Head inconspicuous, bent beneath thorax; antennae and
wings absent; eyes represented by unfaceted dark spots, legs reduced
to unsegmented stubs. Abdomen whitish grey; dorsum of thorax
and head brownish. Body curved ventrad, nearly naked, very
sparsely covered with small white hairs and characteristic lateral anal
hair tufts.

4. Apterona crenulella form helix (Siebold)
Fiaure 69; Map 1

Psyche helix Siebold, Jahresb. Schles. Gesellsch. vaterl. Kultur, p. 87, 1850.

Apterona helix (Siebold) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 103
(synonym [form?] of A. crenulella)—Niageli, Mitteil. Schweiz. Ent.
Gesellsch., vol. 15, pp. 56-61, 1931.—Narbel-Hofstetter, Rev. Suisse
Zool., vol. 53, pp. 625-681, 1946; vol. 61, p. 417, 1954.—Kozhantshikov,
Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 451, 454, 455, 456, 1956.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 41

Apterona crenulella form helix (Siebold) Hering in Brohmer, Tierw. Mitteleur.,
vol. 1 (suppl.), p. 301, 1932.—Forster and Wohlfahrt, Schmett. Mitteleur.,
vol. 3, p. 170, 1960.

Apterona crenulella Bruand.—Robinson, Calif. Dep. Agric. Bull., vol. 42, no. 1,
pp. 1-9, figs. 1-3, 1953 ‘“(-heliz).”

Nore: For European references dealing with the synonymy of this species prior
to 1929, see Dalla Torre and Strand (1929).

Frmaue.—As described for genus, 5-6 mm. long.

Casze.—(Fig. 69.) Diameter 3-5 mm.; 4-5 mm. in depth. Case
characteristic shape, resembling helical snail shell with 2% to 3% coils;
firmly constructed of white silk overlaid with fine-grained particles of
earth. Three apertures normally present: small apical opening;
large basal opening from which larva protrudes to creep and feed;
large slitlike lateral opening in uppermost whorl through which
shrivelled female reputedly emerges after oviposition.

Typr.—Lost.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Southern Germany.

Recorpep Hosts.—‘ Polypodiaceae: common brake fern [Peri-
dium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn]; Iridacaeae: Gladiolus sp.; Poaceae:
ripgut [Bromus rigidus Roth.], rough stock blue [?], wild oat [Avena
fatua L.J, meadow foxtail [Alopecurus pratensis L.]; Asteraceae:
California mugwort [Artemisia vulgaris var. heterophylla Jepson],
Chrysanthemum sp., Gaillardia sp., giant marigold [Tagetes erecta L. ?},
Zinnia sp.; Brassicaceae: black mustard [Brassica nigra (L.) Koch],
broccoli [Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.], cabbage [Brassica oleracea
var. capitata L.], turnip [Brassica rapa L.], wild radish [Raphanus
raphanistrum ..]; Fabaceae: alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.], Ladino
clover [Trifolium sp. ?], lupine [Lupinus sp.], sweet pea [Lathyrus
odoratus L.], trefoil [Trifolium sp.], vetch [Vicia sp.], wild clover
[Trifolium sp.]; Lamiaceae: horehound [Marrubium vulgare 1.];
Malvaceae: hollyhock [Althaea sp.], Sidalcea sp.; Plantaginaceae:
plantain [Plantago sp. ?]; Plumbaginaceae: statics [Statice sp. 7];
Polygonaceae: sour dock [Rumexz sp.];\ Rosaceae: apple [Pyrus
malus L.], rose [Rosa sp.]; Solanaceae: tomato [Lycopersicon esculen-
tum Mill.]; Violaceae: Viola sp.’’ (Robinson, 1954). “Pinaceae:
Pinus ponderosa Dougl.; Cucurbitaceae: winter squash [Cucurbita
maxima Duchesne]; Fabaceae: beans [Phaseolus sp. ?], Cytisus
scoparius Link, sweet clover [Melilotus sp.]; Fagaceae: oak [Quercus
sp.]; Polygonaceae: rhubarb [Rheum rhaponticum L.]; Ranunculaceae:
peony [Paconia sp.]; Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.)
Nutt.; Rosaceae: almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch], pear [Pyrus
communis L.], raspberry [Rubus sp.]”’ (George Okumura, in correspond-
ence).

Disrrinution.—(Map 1.) According to Strand (1912), in the
Eastern Hemisphere this form is “‘distributed in Central and Southern

42 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Europe and Western Asia as far as Persia and the IJssyk-kul and
extends northward to Livonia.’”’ In the United States it is known
from the following counties in California: El Dorado, Placer, Nevada,
Butte (of the Sierra Nevada section), and Modoc (of the Basin and
Range Province). This insect has also been collected in southern
Idaho, northern Utah, and Nevada. Very recently it has been
discovered near Albany, N.Y.

Discussion.—Robinson (1953) has stated that the first record of
this introduced insect in the United States was an infestation in the
yard of a house in Nevada City, California, June 18, 1940. This
population, which since has extended through parts of four additional
counties in California and into areas of Idaho and Nevada, appears
to consist entirely of the thelyotokic form of Apterona crenulella
Bruand. Although the insect is abundant enough to be considered
a potential pest, no males have ever been observed in this country.

Recently, perhaps within the last two years, this bagworm has been
introduced into the northeastern section of the country. Through
correspondence (along with a shipment of specimens), Dr. John
Wilcox of the New York State Museum has informed the present
writer of two recent infestations. The first individuals were discovered
approximately June 21, 1962, three miles northwest of Albany, N.Y.,
at Loudonville, Albany County. This was reported by a homeowner
who had noticed the insects in large numbers on the side of his house.
A second infestation was found later near the ocean port of Albueny,
which may have been the point of entry of the species into the area.
In other words, this eastern population probably represents another
introduction of Apterona crenulella form helix from Europe, and it
did not originate from our now widely established population in the
western United States.

Several European authors maintain that this species includes a
typically bisexual form (crenulella) and a form (helix) that is composed
only of parthenogenetic females. <A well-confirmed fact is that helix
reproduces without ever mating, and some workers have considered
it a separate species from A. crenulella. The excellent work of Seiler
(1927, 1942) has demonstrated that the parthenogenetic and bisexual
forms of Solenobia triquetrella Hiibner were freely interfertile with the
result that the progeny displayed a descending degree of intersexuality.
This suggests the findings of Goldschmidt on the intersexes in Por-
thetria dispar (L.). It seems reasonable to suspect a similar degree of
interfertility between crenulella and helix as that reported for S.
triquetrella. Largely for this reason I have retained helix as a faculta-
tive, parthenogenetic form of A. crenulella but realize that many
questions remain unanswered. It would be very enlightening to
know what degree of fertility exists between crosses of A. crenulella

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 43

and helix and, especially, to what extent hybridization occurs in
nature. Unfortunately, this information is not available at the
present time.

No morphological distinction has been noted between A. crenulella
and the form helix. The cases of both insects are spiraled and very
similar as are the larval cases of a few other species described in this
genus.

All members of helix are diploid as are the populations of similar
parthenogenetic races in Solenobia and Luffia. Narbel-Hofstetter
(1954) states that this normal somatic number is maintained by the
fusion of the nucleus of the ovocyte II with the first polar body.

Another interesting feature of this species is the feeding habit of the
larva. Generally feeding only at night, the larvae fasten their cases
to the leaf surface and then mine out circular areas that resemble very
closely the damage done by Colephora larvae.

In California this species reportedly overwinters as young larvae
that usually mature by the following summer. Adult females begin
to appear in early July. These disappear and are replaced by young
larvae by the first of August. Prior to overwintering, the larvae
evidently construct whitish, membranous septa within the empty
female pupal shell, whereby each larva is enclosed eventually in a
cell-like partition. The discovery of overwintering larvae in this
condition has misled some observers into believing that this moth is
viviparous and/or paedogenetic.

The diagnosis of the female for this genus and species was sum-
marized from the discussions of Strand (1912), Gaede (1936), and
Robinson (1953).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—168 cases:

UNITED STATES: Catirornia: Nevada City, 58 cases, USNM. Ipano:
Bear Lake Co., 17 cases, USNM. Gooding, 3 cases, USNM. NeEvapa: Elko,
27 cases, USNM. New York: Loudonville, Albany Co., 3 larvae with cases,
June 21, USNM. Uran: Logan, 60 cases, USNM. Lynn, 15 cases, USNM.

Because it is possible for males of this genus and species to be intro-
duced accidentally into this country, a diagnostic description of this
form follows.

Apterona crenulella (Braund)

Fiaures 4, 152, 191, 246, 246a

Psyche crenulella Braund, Mem. Soc. Emul. Donbs., p. 76, ‘‘n. 49, t. 2,’ fig. 49,
1853,

Mate.—(Fig. 4.) Antennae 18-20 segmented; serrations with tufts
of dense cilia; broader segments unsymmetrically biserrate with
broad flattened teeth gradually decreasing to obsolescence toward
apex. All tibiae destitute of spurs. Abdomen with dorsal

693-052—644

44 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

sclerites entire, broadly triangular; ventral sclerites much reduced,
divided longitudinally into pair of slender, curved plates.

Primaries with R; absent (possibly fused with R,); all veins separate
from cell except M, and 3, which are stalked; base of media undivided
in cell of both wings; cubitals directed somewhat posteriorally; anals
reduced with 2A alone appearing as distinct vein to wing margin.
Secondaries with all veins separate; no connecting vein between
Sc+R, and Rs. Wing expanse 12-14 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.— (Fig. 246.) Relatively weakly sclerotized. Apex
of tegumen with shallow depression. Valves with basal area un-
developed; sacculus with small apical spines. Vinculum triangular,
without distinct saccus. Eighth sternite (fig. 191) base almost com-
pletely divided, furcal arms very long, slender.

3. Prochalia Barnes and McDunnough

Prochalia Barnes and McDunnough, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer., vol. 2,
no. 4, p. 171, 1913; Check List Lep. Boreal Amer., p. 125, 1917.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, 1936.—McDunnough, Check List
Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 103, 1939.

Type oF GENuUS.—Prochalia pygmaea Barnes and McDunnough,
1913. Monobasic.

Ma.r.—Antennae broadly bipectinate, pectinations arising from
apical portion of each segment. Foretibia (fig. 172) with long epi-
physis, nearly equalling tibia in length. Middle tibia with single apical
spur. Posterior tibia unarmed.

Forewings (fig. 153) usually 12-veined, may be reduced to 9 because
of a fusion of one or more radials and loss or fusion of medial. Ry, and
R; usually stalked, rarely completely fused ; medial veins separate, with
rare possibility of reduction in number; intercalary cells absent from
discal cell of both wings; anal veins as in Cryptothelea with spur of 3A
usually, but not always, present. Secondaries usually 8-veined with
reduction to 7 because of loss of medial vein; oblique crossvein con-
necting Sc-+R, and Rs absent.

MALE GENITALIA.—Elongate. Valves with pulvilli obsolete; apex
of sacculus minutely spined. Aedeagus simple. Eighth sternite
(fig. 192) with slender furcations somewhat longer than base.

FEeMALe.—Vermiform with all external appendages vestigial.
Head and dorsal area of thorax slightly sclerotized.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 299.) External genitalia almost en-
tirely membranous, extremely reduced. Internally, ductus semi-
nalis quite short, less than bursa in length, bursa itself smaller than
spermatheca in length and volume; duct of spermatheca long, ap-
proximately 2—3x that of seminal duct. Accessory glands apparently
lacking.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE ao

Discussion.—The basis for the generic separation of Prochalia and
the following genus, Zamopsyche, is not supported by ample evidence;
indeed, Zamopsyche could almost be considered a subgenus of Pro-
chalia. The major features of generic importance are the differences
in the wing structure of these two groups. The presence or absence
of tibial spurs alone cannot be considered of generic value, but often
the factor does suggest a large degree of difference in this family.
Likewise, the divergence in wing shape between these two genera
suggests an important separation. I have placed the greatest em-
phasis in delimiting the two genera upon the wing venation, even
though this appears to be quite variable in both groups. The basic
pattern, however, which can be ascertained by examining a series of
specimens, is fundamentally different, and it is believed to be of
generic value.

The instability of the genetic factors controlling the pattern of
venation in these two groups, as well as the great similarity between
them in the female genitalia, male genitalia, larval cases, and other
characters, all suggest a more or less borderline example of generic
differentiation. Prochalia and Zamopsyche are retained as sepa-
rate genera for the sake of uniformity in treatment and because such
a basic venational difference (namely, 12 veins in the forewing of
Prochalia versus 11 in Zamopsyche) is almost never encountered
within any of the New World genera recognized in this paper.

5. Prochalia pygmaea Barnes and McDunnough
Figures 5, 67, 153, 172, 192, 247, 247a, 299, 322, 365; Map 1

Prochalia pygmaea Barnes and McDunnough, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer.,
vol. 2, no. 4, p. 171, 1913; Check List Lep. Boreal Amer., no. 4808, 1917.—
Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, p. 105, 1917.—Dyar, Insec.
Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 4, 1923.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 382, p. 31, figs. 15, 21, 1928—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol.
6, p. 1179, pl. 169b, 1986.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9534, 1939.

Mare.—(Fig. 5) Body and wings brownish fuscous. Antennae
(fig. 365) 18-19 segments. Wings (fig. 153) broader, usually shorter
than in Zamopsyche commentella, uniformly scaled, discal scales
(fig. 322) of forewings relatively broad, oblanceolate with acute
apices. Wing expanse 12-15 mm.

Mate GEeniTatia.— (Fig. 247.) As described for genus.

Frma.e.—aAs described for genus; length 6-7 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.— (Fig. 299.)

Casr.—(Fig. 67.) Length 13-16 mm.; diameter 2-3 mm. Broad
anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; appearing relatively smooth to

46 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

naked eye, granulose under low magnification; greyish silk covered
with tiny fragments of bark, lichens, sand.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum.

Type LocaLiry.—Everglade, Florida.

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—‘‘Lichens” on bark of Citrus sinensis Osbeck
and Quercus species (Barnes and McDunnough, 1913).

Distripution.—(Map 1.) This species has been found over much
of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from South Carolina to per-
haps as far west as Texas.

MaTERIAL EXAMINED.—24 oo’, 6 99, 120 cases:

UNITED STATES: Araspama: Delchamps, 5 cases, USNM. Mobile, 11
cases, USNM. Ftoripa: no specific locality, 2 @o with cases, May 5, USNM.
Southwest Florida, 3 oo with cases, May 15-27, USNM. DeFuniak Springs,
8 cases, USNM. Everglade, &@ with case, May 1-7, type, USNM. Florida City,
13 oo, USNM; 8 cases, USNM. Homestead, 2 oo’, March 7, USNM.
Lakeland, 16 cases, USNM. Orlando, 6 cases, USNM. Punta Gorda, 14
cases, USNM. Gerorata: Screven County, case, USNM, Lovtstana: New
Orleans, 3 oc’, 2 cases, May 23-June 6; 32 cases, 4 99, May, USNM.
Misstssipri: Biloxi, 2 cases, USNM. Sovutu Caro.uina: Summerville, 2 oo
with cases, June 14—-July 7; 22 cases, USNM. Texas: Dickinson, case
(identification questionable), USNM.

6. Zamopsyche Dyar

Zamopsyche Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 4, 1923.—Dalla Torre, Ent.
Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 131, 1927.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 4,
p. 197, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1186, 1936.—
MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 108, 1939.
TYPE OF GENUS.—Zamopsyche commentella Dyar, 1923. Monobasic.
Mate.—Antennae as in Prochalia. Legs also similar except
mesothoracic tibia with apical spur absent. Primaries (fig. 154)
usually with 11 veins, rarely reduced to 10 (due to loss of M;); Rs;
and Ry, usually variously stalked, sometimes connate; M, always
widely separate; M, and 3; either narrowly separated, connate, or
shortly stalked; intercalary cell absent as in hindwing, but spur at
base of discal cell usually rather prominent; anals as in Prochalva,
but base of 1A more obsolescent. Secondaries usually 8-veined,
rarely 7-, with loss of M,; oblique crossvein usually absent between
Sc+R, and R,; but sometimes may be present.
MALe GENITALIA.—Similar to Prochalia.
FrmMALE.—Similar to Prochalia.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 47

6. Zamopsyche commentella Dyar
Ficurss 6, 68, 154, 193, 248, 248a, 298, 323, 366; Mar 1

Zamopsyche commentella Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 4, 1923.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 197, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1186, 19836.—McDunnough, Check List Lep.
Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9535, 1939.

Maur.—(Fig. 6.) Body and wings fuscous. Antennae (fig. 366)
19-20 segmented. Wings (fig. 154) relatively slender, more narrow
than that of Prochalia, outer margin more oblique. Scales evenly dis-
tributed over wing, those of cell in primaries very slender, almost hair-
like (fig. 323). Wing expanse 14-16 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.— (Fig. 248.)

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 298.)

Casz.— (Fig. 68.) Similar to that of Prochalia pygmaca. Length
11-15 mm.; diameter 2-3 mm.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

Typr LocaLiry.—Vienna, Virginia.

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—‘Lichens”’ on bark of Pyrus malus L., Quercus
species, Roystonea species (royal palm), and Ulmus species (F. M.
Jones, from correspondence).

Distrrisution.—(Map 1.) Presently known to occur along the
Atlantic Coastal Plain from Mississippi north to Delaware.

Discusston.—When more information is available, this species
may prove to be a synonym of ‘‘Chalia’’ rileyi. Heylaerts’ original
description of rzleyi calls for a moth with a 10 and 7 venation pattern,
elongate, slender wings, 22-segmented antennae, and other characters
that for the most part could pertain to either Prochalia pygmaea or
Zamopsyche commentella. Unfortunately, no mention is made by
Heylaerts about the armature of the mesothoracic tibia. The de-
scribed number of antennal segments in C. riley is slightly more than
that observed in specimens of either P. pygmaea or Z. commentella;
however, this could be attributed to slightly abnormal variation or
simply to an error on Heylaerts’ part in counting the segments. If
one takes into consideration the variation in venation, Heylaerts’
description of the adult rileyz probably best approximates that of Z.
commentella, and, indeed, specimens of the latter have been examined
that agree in wing structure with Heylaerts’ diagnosis.

It is unlikely that C. rileyi represents an insect that is specifically
distinct from either P. pygmaea or Z. commentella. One described
feature of rileyi, however, is at variance with the other two species.
Heylaerts briefly characterizes the larva of C. rileyi as ‘‘ Eruca carnea,
capite segmentisque tribus antioribus flavis nitidisque, brunneonigro
striatis.”” This diagnosis does not agree with either P. pygmaea or Z.

48 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

commentella, whose larvae have dark concolorous heads and whose
thoracic segments, though variably marbled in light and dark, are
not darkly striate on a glistening yellow background.

Because Heylaerts’ description of C. rileyi is so vague, this species
has been treated separately along with its original description (p. 144).
A more definite statement concerning the relationships of Heylaerts’
species will have to await the rediscovery of this insect from its type
locality, Missouri.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—130'", 3 99, 66 cases:

UNITED STATES: Detaware: Oak Orchard, ?, Sept. 18; 35 cases, USNM.
Sussex County, 4 oo’, Sept. 3-12, USNM. District or CotumBria: Washing-
ton, &, July, USNM. Ftoripa: Ft. Myers, o', Jan. 15, USNM. Mi§ssissiprtr:
Pearl, Rankin Co., o, Oct. 15, USNM. Norta Carorina: Wilmington, <,
Oct. 17; 2 @o@ with cases, Oct. 12-14; 9, Sept. 20; 23 cases, USNM. Sours
Caro.ina: Whitaker, case, USNM. Vireinta: Accomac County, case, USNM.
Chincoteague, case, USNM. Vienna, o’, type, Sept. 28, USNM. Wachapreague,
5 cases, USNM. West Virarnia: Jefferson County, 2 o&o& with case, Sept.,
USNM.

7. Naevipenna, new genus

Platoeceticus, in part, of authors.

Typre oF GENUS.—Platoeceticus aphaidropa Dyar, 1914.

Maue.—Antennae broadly bipectinate, pectinations gradually
diminishing in length to apex; segments short near base, gradually
lengthening toward apex, pectinations arising from middle of segment
or slightly beyond. Prothoracic leg with long, slender epiphysis. Meso-
and metathoracic legs each with single short apical spur. Tip of
abdomen slightly exceeding hind margin of secondaries.

Wings (fig. 155) uniformly scaled, 12- and 8-veined. Apex of fore-
wings rather acute, prominent, sclerotized costal stigma directly
above apex of discal cell; Rs, 3, and , stalked, R; either separate or
connate at base; M, and ; stalked; medial vein undivided within cell
of both wings; anal veins similar to Cryptothelea, spur of 3A absent.
Secondaries with Sc-+-R, and Rs fusing at point midway along cell
and then immediately separating to continue as parallel veins to
margin; M, and 3 stalked as in primaries.

MALE GENITALIA.—Tegumen apex acute and entire. Valves
broad, margins strongly revolute; pulvilli weak; apex of sacculus
minutely spined. Vinculum abruptly tapering to elongate, rodlike
saccus. Aedeagus simple, without basal expansion. Eighth sternite
(fig. 194) with broad base; furcal arms parallel, short.

Frmaute.—Unknown.

Discussion.—This genus and species is superficially very similar to
Cryptothelea (especially C. nigrita), but differs greatly in the structure
of the wings, the armature of the legs, and the male genitalia. In the

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 49

genitalia alone it resembles Dendropsyche burrowsi, but the presence of
the conspicuous stigma in the forewing, which can be observed even in
a fully scaled wing, establishes Naevipenna aphaidropa as being truly
unique among our New World psychids.

7. Naevipenna aphaidropa (Dyar), new combination
FicurREs 7, 155, 173, 194, 249, 249a, 324, 367; Mar 7
Platoeceticus aphaidropa Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 47, p. 253, 1914.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 193, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macro-
lep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, 1936.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71,
p. 122, 1945.

Maue.—(Fig. 7.) Body slender, moderately hairy, brownish fuscous.
Antennae (fig. 367) usually 21-26 segments. First and second pair
of legs (fig. 178) nearly equal in size, first slightly longer. Hindlegs
distinctly smaller. Epiphysis approximately % length of foretibia.
First tarsal segment of all legs 2—2.5x length of second.

Wings (fig. 155) somewhat thinly scaled, brownish fuscous. Fore-
wings with discal scales (fig. 324) of two distinct kinds: thinly scattered,
hairlike type and more dense, broadly oblanceolate type with bluntly
rounded apices; both kinds evenly intermixed throughout both wings.
Wing expanse 17-20 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Tig. 249.) As described for genus.

Casze.—Unknown.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

Typr LocaLity.—Trinidad River, Panama.

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—None.

DistRiBuTION.—(Map 7.) Known from the Panamanian Are,
south to the Guiana Coastal Plain of French Guiana and the Brazilian
Highland of southeastern Brazil.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—6 oC’:

BRAZIL: Salto Avanhandava, SE Brazil, @, Sept. 15, CM.

FRENCH GUIANA: St. Jean, Maroni River, 3 7’, BM.

PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, @, March 29-31, CU. Trinidad River, ¢,
type, March, USNM.

8. Cryptothelea Duncan

Chalia, Oiketicoides, and Psyche, in part, of authors.

Cryptothelea Duncan in Jardine, Nat. Libr., vol. 7, p. 115, 1841.—Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Het., vol. 1, p. 925, 1892—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars
34, p. 187, 1929.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, pp. 99-104,
1945.—Betrem, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 333, 336, 1952.

Platoeceticus Packard, Guide Study Insects, p. 291, 1869; Ent. Amer., vol. 3,
p. 51, 1887.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 516, 1892.—Dyar, U.S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 353, 1902 [1903].—Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 29, p. 344, 1905.—Dalla Torre, Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 131, 1927.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 192, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, 1936—MceDunnough, Check List Lep.

50 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 102, 1939.—Forbes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology,
vol. 90, no. 2, p. 368, 1942.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, pp.
99-123, 1945.—Betrem, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, p. 338, 1952.

Typp oF GENUS.—Oiketicus macleayi Guilding, 1827. Monobasic.

Maur.—Moths of rather slender build. Antennae bipectinate,
pectinations arising mostly mesad, gradually decreasing in length to
apex. Forelegs (fig. 174) greatest in length, without epiphysis.
Mid- and hindtibia each with one apical spur.

Wings broad, unicolorous, various shades of fuscous, uniformly
scaled. Venation (fig. 156) 12 and 8 pattern, individually variable.
Primaries with R,; and , usually stalked, occasionally stalked with
R;; M2 and 3 usually stalked, sometimes connate or even separate;
medius unbranched within discal cell in all species except C. surina-
mensis and C. watsoni; 1A curved downward to fuse with 2A beyond
middle of wing; 2A and 3A connected near their bases, from their
junction 3A continuing as spur toward inner margin. Secondaries
with Sc+R, separate throughout length, not connected by crossvein;
M, sometimes absent, usually arising either at or below junction
of crossvein r-m and M;; base of medius usually undivided within cell.

Mate Genrrauia.—Elongate, slender, with prominent apical notch
in tegumen. Valves slender, pulvilli very reduced or almost non-
existent; apical extremity of sacculus minutely spined. Aedeagus
slender, without bulbous expansion of base.

Eighth sternite with base frequently rather weak; furcations usually
long, slender, often exceeding base in length 2-3x.

FEMALE.—Vermiform, all external appendages vestigial. Head and
dorsal area of thorax slightly sclerotized.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 254.) External structures very weakly
sclerotized, mostly membranous. Ductus seminalis short, % as long
as spermatheca. Bursa small, approximately same volume as
spermatheca.

Discusston.—In this genus the male genitalia and eighth abdominal
sternite are useful in specific determination as well as generic delimi-
tation. The antennal structure also is very helpful in certain
instances.

An examination of the holotype of Cryptothelea macleayi has revealed
that this species is congeneric with, but specifically distinct from, the
other members of the genus Platoeceticus. It is necessary, therefore,
for Platoeceticus to be replaced by the earlier name. This decision is
based on rather circumstantial evidence, which is discussed under
C. macleayt.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 51

Key to the Species of Cryptothelea

la. Primaries with scales of discal cell broadly oblanceolate (fig. 329) ; intercalary
cell frequently present.
2a. Eighth abdominal sternite of male with furcal arms distinctly longer than
undivided base (figs. 196, 197).
3a. Antennae (fig. 372) with pectinations long, sensory hairs 2 to 2.5x diam-

eter of pectinations; male genitalia as in fig. 251 . . . 9. C. watsoni
3b. Antennae (fig. 371) with pectinations short, sensory hairs 1.5x diameter
of pectinations; genitalia as in fig. 252... . . . .10. C. macleayi

2b. Eighth sternite with furcal arms slightly shorter than base (fig. 195).
8. C. surinamensis
1b. Primaries with scales of discal cell narrowly oblanceolate (fig. 327); inter-
calary cell never present.
4a. Antennal pectinations with sensory hairs somewhat appressed and not
exceeding diameter of pectinations in length (fig. 369) . 14. C. gloverii
4b. Antennal pectinations with sensory hairs erect and 1.5x or more diameter
of pectinations in length (fig. 368).
5a. Wing expanse 8-14 mm.; furcations of eighth sternite relatively stout,
approximately 3x length of undivided base (fig. 198).
13. C. symmicta
5b. Wing expanse 16-19 mm.; fureations very slender, approximately 4x
length of undivided portion (fig. 201).
6a. Antennal pectinations (fig. 370) short as in gloveriz; larvae apparently

gregarious ... ... . .12. C. congregata
6b. Antennal peeanenias Ge 368). tae than in congregata; larvae not
SreTamOUs, oo. 6 6S lal hens: anh Seale lel > 20 we Ce mgrita

8. Cryptothelea surinamensis (Méschler)
Figures 8, 70, 195, 250, 325; Map 9
Psyche surinamensis Moschler, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien., vol. 27, p. 669,
1878.
Eumeta surinamensis (Moschler) Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 504, 1892.
Cryptothelea surinamensis (Méschler) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34,
p. 190, 1929.
Clania surinamensis (Méschler) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183,
1936.

Matz.—(Fig. 8.) Antennae quite variable in number of segments,
13-33; sensory hairs erect, evenly spaced in definite rows, approxi-
mately 1-1.5x diameter of pectinations in length.

Wings and body fuscous. Primaries with apex more acute than in
C. gloverti; scales (fig. 325) of discal cell broad, oblanceolate as in
C. watsoni; R; usually connate with R;+,, may be stalked with
latter for some distance; M usually branched within cell of both wings,
rarely simple. Secondaries with faint basal crossvein sometimes
present between Sc+R, and Rs. Wing expanse 18-26 mm.

MALe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 250.) Similar in form to other species of
genus except usually much larger. Eighth sternite (fig. 195) robust
with furcal arms relatively short and stout.

52 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

FremaLe.—Unknown.

Casze.—(Fig. 70.) Length 24 mm.; diameter 7 mm. _ Irregularly
covered with tiny pieces of plant material as well as loosely attached,
larger fragments of herbaceous plant stems.

Typr.—Lost.

Type LocALITy.—Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana.

REcoRDED Hosts.—(?) ‘‘cordinia,’’? from specimen label.

DistriBuTion.—(Map 9.) From the Canal Zone of the Panama-
nian Arc, south to the Guiana Highland of Venezuela, and along the
Guiana Coastal Plain to the Parand Plateau of southern Brazil.

Discussion.—This species is related closely to C. watsona and it
diverges slightly from the other species of Cryptothelea. The simi-
larity in structure of the male genitalia, legs, and general venation,
however, clearly associates this species with the other members of
the genus.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—14 ©’, 2 cases:

BRAZIL: Specific locality unknown, o’, ZMHU. Corcovado, o’, Feb., BM.
Ouro Branco, Minas Geras, 1000-1100 m., 2 oo, Aug. 9, CM. Rio Grande do
Sul, #, PM. Rio de Janeiro, &@, Nov., CM. Santa Catarina, case, BM; o,
USNM.

BRITISH GUIANA: Georgetown, o’, USNM. ‘Pin. Tuschen,” o, USNM.
Rockstone, Essequebo River, 2 7 o', USNM.

FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne, o', USNM.

PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, &@ adult with case, USNM.

VENEZUELA: Rio Caura, ‘‘Campamento e. Magalena,”’ o, April-May,
MCZ.

9. Cryptothelea watsoni (Jones), new combination

Figures 9, 71, 196, 252, 252a, 301, 329, 372; Mar 6

Psyche watsoni Jones, Ent. News, vol. 34, p. 101, pls. 3-4, figs. 13-15, 17, 19,
1923.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 117, 1929.—Gaede
in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, pl. 169b, 1936.

Platoeceticus watsoni (Jones), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., vol. 71, p. 115, pl. 3, fig.
4; pl. 4, fig. 8; pl. 5, fig. 12; pl. 6, figs. 25-27; text fig. 5, 1945.

Maue.—(Fig. 9.) Antennae (fig. 372) very broadly pectinated,
approximately 30 segments; sensory hairs approximately 2—2.5x di-
ameter of pectinations in length, erect, evenly spaced in definite rows.

Wings fuscous; scales (fig. 329) broadly oblanceolate, acute apices.
Venation similar to that of C. gloverii except medial vein sometimes
forked in cell of forewing. Wing expanse 15-21 mm.

MaLe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 252.) Noticeably stouter, proportion-
ately larger than C. gloverii. Lower portion of vinculum almost
truncate, abruptly narrowing to slender, elongate saccus. Eighth
sternite (fig. 196) stout, furcations tapering, divergent.

Fremaue.—As described for genus. Length approximately 11 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 301.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE De

Casre.—(Fig. 71.) Varying 15-20 mm. in length; may be nearly bare
of thatching materials, usually irregularly covered with small frag-
ments of leaves or bark.

Typre.—In the American Museum of Natural History.

Type LocaLiry.—Aux Cayes, Fort Ilet District, Haiti.

RecorpDED Hosts.—‘Polygonaceae: Coccoloba sp. (sea grape)”
(Jones, 1945).

DistripuTion.—(Map 6.) Known only from Haiti of the Greater
Antilles.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 o'<", 1 9, 8 cases:

HAITI: Aux Cayes, Fort Ilet District, @, holotype, Aug. 10, AMNH; o, June
24; o', Aug. 7; 9, 8 cases, USNM.

10. Cryptothelea macleayi (Guilding)

Ficures 197, 251, 371

Oiketicus macleayi Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 375, pl. 8,
figs. 1-14, 1827.

Oiketicus macleaii [sic] Guilding.— Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 222, pl. 34,
fig. 38, 1854.

Cryptothelea macleayi (Guilding) Duncan in Jardine, Nat. Libr., vol. 7, p, 115, 1841.—
Dalla torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 189, 1929.—Jones, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 71, pp. 101, 102, 103, 104, 1945.—Betrem, Tijdschr. Ent.,
vol. 95, pp. 333, 336, 337, 338, 1952.

Lansdownia macleayi (Guilding) Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, p. 69,
1881.

Eumeta macleayt (Guilding) Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, pp. 504, 925, 1892.

Eurycyttara [sic] macleayii [sic] (Guilding) Meyrick and Lower, Trans. Roy.
Soc. 8. Australia, vol. 31, 207, 1907.

Platoeceticus macleayt (Guilding) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183,
169d, 1936.

Mate.—Antennae with pectinations (fig. 371) distinctly shorter
than those of C. watsonz; sensory hairs relatively short, approximately
1.5x diameter of pectinations, evenly spaced in definite rows.

Wings fuscous; scales similar to those of C. watsoni. Venation
variable, showing 10 and 7 pattern in pair of wings on left side of
body and 11 and 7 pattern in right pair; M, absent in all wings,
probably not typical; base of medius not forked within discal cell.
Wing expanse 17 mm.

Mate GENITALIA.— (Fig. 251.) Similar to C. gloverii. Lower angles
of vinculum rounded, sloping more gradually to saccus than in C. wat-
soni. Eighth sternite (fig. 197) similar to that of C. watsona but with
furcal arms more slender.

Frema.tze.—Not examined.

Casr.—Not examined. In the original description of O. macleayi,
Guiding indicates that the larval case is approximately 20 mm. long,

54. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

with a diameter of 5 mm.; the general surface is rather smooth with
a few projecting fragments of lichens.

Typr.—In the British Museum.

Typr LocaLiry.—West Indies.

RxEcorpDED Hosts.—None. Guilding mentions that the larvae
lived among the old branches and trunks of trees.

DistriBuTiIon.—This species is represented only by the type speci-
men, which bears no locality data, but originally it was reported from
the West Indies.

Discussion.—The original description of C. macleayi is lacking in
many details that would have helped to prevent the considerable con-
fusion associated with this insect for over a hundred years. Since
the nomenclatural history has been discussed adequately by Jones
(1945) and later by Betrem (1952), many of their comments will not
be mentioned here. Because of the historical importance, however,
it should be restated, that most of the confusion centering around the
originally monobasic genus Cryptothelea and its type species macleayi
was initiated by Walker in 1855. At that time he reported from
Australia two specimens of “Psyche macleayi,’’ which were described
as having the “hind tibiae without spurs” (p. 955); thus they definitely
were not true macleayi as presently recognized and they probably
were not even congeneric with Guilding’s species.

Since 1855 macleayi has been involved in a nomenclatural tangle
with such genera as Clania, Eumeta, Lansdownia, and Hurycyttarus;
consequently, the genus Cryptothelea has been misapplied to several
Old World species. At the present, no evidence supports a belief
that C. macleayi originated in the Old World, and thus, the original
locality as given by Guilding (“India Occidentalis”’) should not be
seriously doubted. The possible origin of the two species Guilding
originally described in the genus Ocketicus has been mentioned earlier
by both Jones (1945) and Betrem (1952), and it is also discussed
briefly in this paper under O. kirby.

A unique specimen, which was designated the holotype of
C. macleayi by W. H. T. Tams, has provided the basis for the specific
description, even though the identity of this moth may be somewhat
questionable. Such a decision should be accepted because the true
identity of this specimen and of C. macleay? itself probably will never
be decided for certain. Additional collecting on the island of St.
Vincent or on adjacent islands may prove of very little value, especially
if more than one species of Cryptothelea (e.g., watsont and true macleay?)
is found.

All available evidence, what little there is, indicates that the
specimen selected by Tams as the holotype of C. macleayi very prob-
ably represents the species. The specimen, which is deposited in the

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 35

collections of the British Museum, was purchased originally along
with the Lansdown Guilding collection. A circular specimen label
that bears certain catalog numbers of the museum indicates the
source of the acquisition; further, the wing expanse of C. macleayi as
originally given (17 mm.) is the same, or nearly so, as that of the
presently recognized holotype. Guilding’s drawings of the adult
male and larval case of macleayi suggest a species of Platoeceticus;
one would suspect that this genus and Cryptothelea were congeneric.

In 1854, Westwood redescribed macleayi as O. macleaiz, basing his
description on what he considered to be ‘‘a typical specimen’’ in the
collections of the British Museum. His description and drawing of
the forewing agrees in all important respects with that of the left
forewing of the presently accepted type, except for the median vein,
which was figured as being divided within the discal cell. Assuming
that the specimen described by Westwood and the one currently
known as C. macleay? are the same, however, it should be emphasized
that he did not examine a cleared wing and, thus, he was unable
clearly to see the veins in the cell. Westwood evidently failed also
to notice the discrepancy in venation between the right and left
forewings. A similar error was made by Jones (1945) in examining
the same specimen; he counted the veins in the rzght wing and con-
cluded that 11 veins were present and not 10 as Westwood had
reported. The present writer believes that both reports were correct,
although incomplete, and that the unique specimen presently identi-
fied as C. macleayi is the same moth previously described by West-
wood.

Meyrick and Lower (1907), misled by Walker’s reference to macleayt,
included this species in their ‘‘Revision of the Australian Psychidae’’;
however, in contrast to Walker’s description, their reference is
based actually upon C. macleayi and not upon Walker’s two Australian
specimens. These two authors repeated Westwood’s description and
further stated that “‘ The type is unique, and is in the British Museum.”’

Two important factors create some doubt concerning the acceptance
of this moth as the holotype of C. macleayi. First, the specimen is
completely devoid of labels that provide either an original determina-
tion or the source ‘‘India Occidentalis.”” A more significant point is
found in Guilding’s description of this moth: ‘‘Tertia species ni fallor
mox decubenda.”’ Conceivably the specimen presently considered
as C. macleayi actually represents this third, undescribed species, and
this ‘‘tertia species’? of Guilding is specifically distinct from true
C. macleayi. Strong possibilities also exist, however, that Guilding’s
undescribed moth either was conspecific with C. macleayi or was far
removed from the genus Cryptothelea, perhaps not even a member of the
Psychidae.

56 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Because neither of these two factors actually refute the acceptance
of the specimen in question as the holotype of Cryptothelea macleayi
and because considerable more evidence exists to support the validity
of such an acceptance, I have followed the decisions of Tams (unpub-
lished) and, more recently, of Betrem (1952) in approving the identity
of this specimen as C’. macleayt.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 <.

This specimen bears no other labels except a type determination
label written by Mr. Tams and a circular label which indicates that
this specimen was deposited in the collections of the British Museum
on July 17, 1837, and was accessioned under the number 113.
Beneath this number in the Museum’s register is the statement:
‘purchased with the Lansdown Guilding Collection.”

ll. Cryptothelea nigrita (Barnes and McDunnough), new combination

FicurEs 10, 73, 201, 254, 300, 326, 368; Map 2

Manatha nigrita Barnes and McDunnough, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer.,
vol. 2, no. 4, p. 170, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1913.—Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., vol. 37, p. 105, 1917.—Barnes and Benjamin, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep.
N. Amer., vol. 5, no. 1, p. 46, 1922.

Psyche nigrita (Barnes and MeDunnough) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11,

4, 1923.

ie nigrita (Barnes and McDunnough) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World,
vol. 6, p. 1183, pl. 169d, 1936 —McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9524, 1939.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 111,
pl. 3, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 6; pl. 5, fig. 10; pl. 6, figs. 19-24; text fig. 3, 1945.

Maty.—(Fig. 10.) Antennae 24-25 segmented; pectinations (fig.
368) about 1.5x length of those in C. gloverii; hairs erect, ranging in
length 1.5-2x diameter of pectinations on which borne.

Wings brownish fuscous, more thinly scaled usually than C. gloveria,
thus appearing lighter in color. Wing venation similar to that of
C. gloverii; scales (fig. 326) of discal cell similar, slightly more slender.
Wing expanse 14-17 mm.

Mate GeNrITALIA.—(Fig. 254.) Aedeagus usually shorter than in
C. gloverii. Arms of eighth sternite (fig. 201) markedly more elongate
than in that species.

Frmaty.—As described for genus. Length approximately 10 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 300.)

Casn.—(Fig. 73.) Length 18-20 mm.; diameter 5-6 mm. General
structure frequently somewhat shaggy in appearance because of diver-
gent, posterior projecting fragments of grass leaves; occasionally sacks
may be almost bare.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

TYPE LocALity.—Everglades, Florida.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 57

RecorpEeD Hosts.—‘‘Kuphorbiaceae; tung leaves [Aleurites sp.?],”’
from specimen label. ‘‘Poaceae; grasses” (Barnes and McDunnough,
1913).

DistripuTion.—(Map 2.) Presently restricted to three states of the
Gulf Coastal Plain from Florida to Mississippi.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—94 0’ 7, 1 9, 54 cases:

UNITED STATES: Atasama: Delchamps, 8 cases, USNM. Mobile, 2 cases,
USNM. Ftoriwa: Coconut Grove, o&, March 17; 25 cases, USNM. Elfers,
Anclote River, o&, April 5, USNM. Englewood, @ with case, CU. Everglade,
of, April 15, AMNH; @, April 8-15, ANS; o, type, April 8-15; 3 oo, April 8-15,
case, USNM. Florida City, 2 7c’, May 18-28, AMNH. Ft. Myers, 2 od,
April 24-30, USNM. Gainesville, 2 7o, Aug. 30, CPK. Homestead, 3 0,
March 10—May 8; 2 oa’, June 25, July 10; 10 #7, Aug. 19-Oct. 14, CPK;2 7A,
April 10, May 1, USNM. Lakeland, o& with case, May; 9, May 12; 2, 12 cases,
USNM. Lake Placid, 4 7 o@, Jan. 3-Feb. 11, CPK; &, March 15; 3 0, April
27—May 11, CU; 24 #¢, March 27-April 4, RWH; o, Nov. 12, CPK; o, Dec. 14,
CU. Orlando, o, Sept. 8; 2 cases, USNM. Punta Gorda, 3 oo, April 18-25;
12 cases, USNM. Royal Palm State Park, o', USNM. St. Petersburg, 13 0,
March 8-May 23;2 @o, Aug. 2, Sept.;6 oo, USNM. Tampa, 4 cases, USNM.
MississIPPI: Biloxi, 6 fo’, May 1-21; 2 cases, USNM; o’, May 10; case, ANS.

12. Cryptothelea congregata (Jones), new combination

Fiaurss 72, 199, 255, 370; Map 6

Platoeceticus congregatus Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 1138, pl. 3,
fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 7; pl. 5, fig. 11; pl. 6, fig. 13; text fig. 4, 1945.

Mate.—Antennae (fig. 370) with pectinations relatively short as in
C. gloverii, sensory hairs longer, finer, more erect as in C. nigrita;
composed of about 25 segments.

Wings dark fuscous. Scales of discal area narrowly oblanceolate as
in CO. gloverii. Venation essentially as in C. gloveriz except, in forewing,
R; separate from R3-+4, actually arising closer to M;. Wing expanse
“16 to 18 mm.” (Jones, 1945).

Mate GENrITALIA.—(Fig. 255.) Similar to C. glover. Eighth
sternite (fig. 199) resembling that of C. nigrita, with very elongate,
slender furcations.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Caszn.—(Fig. 72.) Approximately 15-20 mm. length, 5-6 mm.
diameter; irregularly covered with small grass fragments. The bags
in general usually do not present as shaggy an appearance as those of
C. nigrita, which is also a grass feeder.

Typr.—Present deposition unknown. In his original description,
Jones stated that the “type, with some paratype material is returned
to Dr. Alfonso Dampf in Mexico City.”

Typr Locatity.—Morelos, Mexico.

58 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Recorpep Hosts.—Not definitely known. Jones (1945) provides
some information by quoting from A. Dampf that the larval cases were
sometimes found “‘on the trunks of leafless burseraceous trees.”’

DistrrBuTION.—(Map 6.) Presently known only from the state of
Morelos, northern Sierra del Sur Section, between Puente de Ixtal and
Taxco.

Discussion.—Cryptothelea congregata seems to possess the gregarious
habit of attaching the larval cases in a dense cluster that may contain
several dozen bags. Jones (1945), however, points out the possibility
that this behavior may only be a local condition induced by a scarcity
of suitable permanent supports in a very arid region. Jones reported
(in correspondence with Dampf) that ‘in late December these clusters
may be found in crevises or partly concealed by scales of bark, on the
trunks of (then) leafless burseraceous trees which occurred in scattered
growth under semi-desert conditions between Puente de Ixtla and
Taxco in the state of Morelos, Mexico, at an altitude of about 1,000
meters.” He further mentioned that the larvae may aestivate
within these bags for a considerable period of time (at least three
months) before pupating.

MatTERIAL EXAMINED.—3 microscope slides (co structures), 51 cases:

MEXICO: Morelos, 45 cases, 3 microscope slides (antennae, wings, o'genitalia),
USNM;; 6 cases, ANS.

13. Cryptothelea symmicta (Dyar), new combination
Fiaures 11, 198, 256, 328; Mar 6

Platoeceticus symmicta Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 47, p. 254, 1914.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars. 34, p. 193, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, 1936.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
vol. 71, p. 110, 1945.

Platoeceticus gloverit Vazquez, Anales Inst. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 304, 1941,
(not Packard; in part).

Mauz.—(Fig. 11.) Antennae about 18 segments; sensory hairs
irregularly scattered, relatively long, fine, twice diameter of supporting
pectinations in length.

Wings brownish fuscous. Primaries with scales of cell (fig. 328) narrowly
oblanceolate as in CO. gloverii; R; usually connate with R3-++4, sometimes
stemmed to latter; M, and ; usually separate, occasionally appearing
nearly connate; M, arising from cell distinctly closer to M, than Rg.
Secondaries with M, frequently atrophied. Wing expanse 8-14 mm.

MaLeE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 256.) Small, usually about % to % size
of genitalia of C. gloverit. Saccus very slender, elongate.

Eighth sternite (fig. 198) somewhat stout, basal portion nearly as
long as slender furcations.

Frmate.—Unknown.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 59

Typr.—tIn the United States National Museum.

Type LocaLity.—Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama.

REcoRDED Hosts.—‘‘Musaceae; Musa X paradisiaca L. (banana) ,”’
from specimen labels.

Distripution.—(Map 6.) ‘This species has been recorded from
the most southern portion of the Gulf Coastal Range in Mexico and
through parts of the Central American Ranges of Mexico, Guatemala,
and Honduras.

Discussion. ‘Three specimens identified by Vazquez as C. gloverii
from Mexico (Cordoba and Presidio) have been examined and deter-
mined to be Cryptothelea symmicta. The specimens were small
(12-14 mm. wing span) and easily separated from C. gloverii by their
different antennal structure (long, erect sensory hairs). Vazquez’s dis-
cussion (1941) of C. gloverit is thus based in part upon a different
species, but specimens of typical C. glovertt also may have been in-
cluded in her study.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—160'o':

GUATEMALA: Specific locality unknown, o', May 15;3 &@o, USNM.

HONDURAS: Specific locality unknown, 2 oo’, April 1, USNM; 2 d@,
Aug. 24, Sept. 8, USNM. La Lima, 3 oo’, Feb., USNM.

MEXICO: Specific locality unknown, ao’, Aug. 10, USNM. Cordoba,
Veracruz, 2 oo’, Aug. 17, Oct. 8, USNM. Teapa, Tabasco, o’, March, BM.

4. Cryptothelea gloverii (Packard), new combination
Fiaures 12, 74, 156, 174, 200, 253, 253a, 302, 327, 369; Mar 6

Platoeceticus gloverti Packard, Guide Study Insects, p. 291, 1869.—Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 516, 1892.—Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 321, 1893; U.S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4067, 1902 [1903].—Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 37, p. 105, 1917.—Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 4,
1928.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 29, figs. 15, 21,
1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 192, 1929.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, pl. 169c, 1936.—McDunnough,
Check List Lep. USA, pt. 2, no. 9523, 1939.—Clausen, Entomophagous
Insects, p. 422, 1940.—Vazquez, Anales Inst. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 304,
figs. 14-17, 18-20; pl. 3, figs. A-F, 1941 (in part)—Jones, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 105, pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig.5; pl. 5, fig. 9; pl. 6, figs. 14-18;
text fig. 2, 1945.—Vazquez, in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol.,
pp. 331, 332, 339, 1953.

Psyche gloveriti (Packard) Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2,
p. 119, 1894 (group Platoeceticus).

Manatha jonesi Barnes and Benjamin, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer., vol. 5,
no. 1, p. 47, 1922.

Platoeceticus jonest (Barnes and Benjamin), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer.,
vol. 5, no. 3, p. 188, 1924.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull.
382, p. 29, fig. 15, 1928.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep, World, vol. 6, p. 1184,
1936.—MecDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9525,
1939.

693-052—64—_5

60 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Chalia pizote Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 29, no. 8, p. 185, 1927 (new
synonymy) .—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Otketicoides pizote (Schaus) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 100,
1929.

Oiketicoides tristis Vazquez, Anales Inst. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 296-298, figs.
1-3, pl. 1, figs. A-C, 1941 (not Schaus, 1901).

Ma.r.—(Fig. 12.) Antennae 22-24 segmented; pectinations (fig.
369) rather stout, blunt, with scattered hairs slightly appressed, short,
approximately equalling in length the diameter of pectinations from
which they arise; antennae thus present a somewhat ‘‘stubby” appear-
ance under low magnification.

Wings dark to brownish fuscous. Forewing with R; connate or
stalked along with Rs; and 4; discal scales (fig. 327) mostly elongate,
narrowly oblanceolate with sharply acute apices. Secondaries with
M, and M; usually stalked, occasionally connate. Wing expanse
14-18 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 253.) Arms of eighth sternite (fig. 200)
comparatively shorter than those of C. nigrita.

Frmaur.—As described for genus; length 9-10 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 302.)

Caszn.—(Fig. 74.) Length 15-23 mm.; diameter 5-6 mm. The
texture of the bag varies according to the nature of the food; it may
be covered with fragments of scale insects, bark, fruit rinds, leaves,
or it may be comparatively bare.

Tyrrs.—Lost (Platoeceticus gloverit). In the United States Nation-
al Museum (M. jonesi and C. pizote).

Type tocauity.—Florida (P. gloverit); San Benito, Texas (JM.
jonest) ; Cayuga, Guatemala (C. pizote).

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—‘‘Coccidae: Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll.”” (Clau-
sen, 1940). ‘Coccidae: Washington palm scale; Ebenaceae: Dz-
ospyros virginiana L.; Fabaceae: Acacia sp., Prosopis sp.; Fagaceae:
Quercus sp.; Juglandaceae: Carya sp.; Lauraceae: Persea gratissima
Gaertn.” (from specimen labels). “Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L.”
(Packard, 1869). ‘Rosaceae: Crataegus sp.’ (Barnes and Ben-
jamin, 1924). “Liliaceae: Yucca sp.; Anacardiaceae: Spondias mom-
bin L.; Fabaceae: Hrythrina sp.; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L.;
Rosaceae: Rosa sp.” (Vazquez, 1941).

DistriputTion.—(Map 6.) Widely distributed through the Atlan-
tic and Gulf Coastal Plain, from South Carolina south to the Central
American Ranges of Guatemala and Honduras.

Discussion.—The short, somewhat appressed, antennal sensory
hairs of Cryptothelea gloverit impart to this insect a feature that ap-
parently is unique among New World psychids. Chalia pizote differs
from C. gloverit in no observable way, and it likewise possesses this
characteristic feature of the antennae.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 61

In describing their new species Platoeceticus jonesi, Barnes and
Benjamin seemingly were very careful to compare it with C. nigrita
and not with the more closely related form C. gloveri?. Jones (1945)
expressed his opinion that P. jonesi and C. gloverii represented the
same species. I have concluded, for reasons similar to Jones’, that
these two names are conspecific and do not deserve even racial status.

Vazquez, in her paper on the Mexican Psychidae (1941), evidently
has illustrated and described the species C. gloverii erroneously as
Oiketicoides tristis. She begins her descriptions of this taxon with
a quotation of Heylearts’ diagnosis of Ovketicoides and then proceeds
to the specific description, wherein she clearly has mistaken the hind-
legs for the prothoracic pair. Her illustrations and written descrip-
tion—‘‘Patas (fig. B, Lam. 1) del color general cuerpo, ‘las anteriores
con una espina en las tibias’ y de tamafio menor que las posteriores’’—
indicate this error. Figure B, plate 1, shows a leg labelled “pata
anterior” with a small apical spur on the tibia, a characteristic that is
not found on the foreleg of any of the psychids of this hemisphere.
Furthermore, her illustrations of the male genitalia are definitely
Cryptothelea glovertt. A male specimen, now deposited in the American
Museum of Natural History and identified by Vazquez as Oiketicoides
tristis, has been re-examined and determined to be C. gloverii.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—200 oo’, 10 99, 107 cases:

UNITED STATES: Arizona: White Mts., 7 cases (identification question-
able), USNM. Ftoripa: Brooksville, case, USNM. Coconut Grove, 4 0,
USNM. Crescent City, 7, Aug.13, USNM. Deep Lake, Allen River, March 14,
AMNH. Ft. Meade, o, April, USNM. Ft. Myers, #, May 1-7, USNM.
Freeport, case, USNM. Gainesville, 7, May 5, USNM. Homestead, 2 0,
March 6-10; 10 oo’, Sept. 9-Oct. 14, CPK. Jacksonville, #, July 8, ANS;
case, USNM. Key West, o, Feb. 24; o, Oct.; 4 oA, 23 cases, USNM. Lake
Placid, 3 oo’, March 29-May 5, CU; 20d’, Feb. 8, March 21, CPK; 20 oo,
March 27-April 3, RWH; o&, Nov. 12, CPK. Miami, 3 oo, Aug. 12-22; &,
USNM. Orlando, 2 oo’, March 17, May 28, USNM. Paradise Key, &, Feb.
22; «1, USNM. Port Sewal, 2 oo’, Feb. 1-9; &#, Nov. 19, AMNH. Rockledge,
o', April 20, USNM. Royal Palm State Park, 7, Jan. 20; 3 &o, March 20-29;
o', USNM. St. Petersburg, o, April 28; o, June; o, Oct., USNM. Sebring,
o', Sept. 10, MCZ. Siesta Key, 2 oo’, April 20, 29; o&, Oct. 25, USNM. Weeki
Wachi Springs, o', May 13, CPK. Gerorara: Savannah, 2 oc, June 10, 19,
CU. Lovistana: New Orleans, 7 oo’, April 10-May 13; 2 #7, Sept. 15-20,
27 cases, USNM. Miu£ssissippi: Biloxi, o&, June 13, CU; «7, USNM. Gulfport,
9 oo with cases, June 20-26; o& with case, July 24; 8 99 with cases, June 25;
29 cases, USNM. Long Beach, 5 oo with cases, Sept. 11-24, USNM. Sours
Caro.ina: Charleston, 207’, May 24, 28; 9, Sept. 10; 12 cases, USNM. Myrtle
Beach, o’, June 25, MCZ. Texas: Brownsville, 6 @o, April 13-May 29, 10
cases, USNM; 2 od’, April 13, BM. Corpus Christi, 3 #6, April 15-May 22;
9 &o, July 10; 8 7c, Aug. 3-Sept. 25, CU. Kingsville,2 7, April 15, CU.
Mercedes, 13 oo’, Aug. 24-Nov. 4, AMNH; 81 cases, CPK. San Antonio, 5
oo’, April 1-May 31; 32 cases, ? (identification questionable), USNM. San
Benito, o’, type, M. jonesi, Aug. 1-7; 3 & oc, May 8-23; 2 &#o%, June 16-23;

62 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

3 oo’, July 8-31; 17 oo, Aug. 1-7; of, Sept. 8-15, USNM. Victoria, 3 <7,
June 24, CU; o&, July 4, USNM.

GUATEMALA: Cayuga, a’, type, C. pizote, May; 2 io, May; a, Sept.; 2
oo", USNM; o’, May; o, Aug., BM. Chejel, #, Aug. USNM. Qeuriflia, 3,
May, BM.

HONDURAS: Lancetilla, Tela, @, April 30, MCZ.

MEXICO: Motzorongo, o, Sept., AMNH.

9. Dendropsyche Jones

Dendropsyche Jones, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, vol. 74, p. 509, 1926b.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 197, 1929——Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, 1936.

Type or GENUS.—Dendropsyche burrowsi Jones, 1926. Original
designation and monobasic.

Maxr.—Antennae bipectinate to tips, branches diminishing in
length apically from middle. Legs slender; first pair longest; third
pair shortest. No tibial spurs or spines. Posterior end of abdomen
exceeds hindwing margin % to almost % length of abdomen.

Wings (fig. 157) rounded, 11 and 7 venation. No veins stalked
to cell; R3+-4 completely fused, R; separate at base; all medial veins
arising separate or nearly so from cell; base of medius undivided
within cell of both wings, or faintly forked in primaries; 1A and 2A
anastomosing beyond middle, coincident, straight to margin; 3A
uniting with 2A near wing base, no spur to hind margin present.
Sce+R, and Rs of hindwings completely separate, parallel or weakly
connected by faint crossvein about midway along discal cell.

Mater GENriTaALiIA.—Elongate, narrow; valves proportionately very
broad, pulvilli obsolescent, apex of sacculus minutely spined. Vincu-
lum gradually tapering to very slender, elongate saccus. Aedeagus
simple. Eighth sternite with heavy basal portion, slender furcations
equal to base in length.

Fremate.—Unknown.

15. Dendropsyche burrowsi Jones
Fiaures 13, 75, 157, 202, 202a, 257, 257a; Map 7

Dendropsyche burrowsi Jones, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 74, p. 509, pl. L.,
figs. 1-7, 1926b.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 197,
1929.— Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, 1936.

Matr.—(Fig. 13.) Body very slender, densely hairy, uniform
fuscous color. Antennae with about 18 segments. First tarsal
segment of all legs long, more than twice as long as second segment.

Wings evenly, very thinly scaled; wing scales narrow, hairlike.
Secondaries with faint crossvein individually variable; in some speci-
mens present in one wing, absent in other. Wing expanse 12-13 mm.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 63

Mate qeniratia.—(Fig. 257.) As described for genus. Eighth
tergite (fig. 202a) unusually large, elongate, faint notch at narrow,
posterior end.

Case.—(Fig. 75.) “Length, 10 to 12.5 mm.; widest at the col-
lapsible mouth (2.5 to 4 mm.), thence tapering to a diameter of
about 1 mm. at the distal end. Many small fragments of vegetable
matter (principally bark) are embedded or partially embedded in
the silk; on the widened flexible mouth these fragments are larger
and less enswathed in the silk, than on the firm-textured, tapering,
tubular portion, where they scarcely project above the surface.
The case is probably carried upright, not suspended, by the living
larva’’ (Jones, 1926).

Typn.—In the British Museum of Natural History.

TyPrE LocaLity.—Georgetown, British Guiana.

ReEcorDED Hosts.—“‘On bark of lime trees” (Jones, 1926).

Disrripution.—(Map 7.) Known only from the Guiana Coastal
Plain of British Guiana.

Discussion.—Neither adult specimens nor larval cases of this
insect were available for study, but microscopic slides of the abdomen
and genitalia kindly were sent to me for examination by the British
Museum. Asa result, the foregoing generic and specific descriptions
are taken largely from the original description of F. M. Jones (1926)
with some deletions and additional comments.

10. Lumacra, new genus
Chalia, Clania, Cryptothelea, Eumeta, Oiketicoides, and Platoeceticus, in part, of
authors.

Tyrpr or GeNus.—LHumeta brasiliensis Heylaerts, 1884.

Maur.—Body moderately robust; densely hairy; brownish to
dark fuscous. Antennae (fig. 373) broadly bipectinate, pectinations
long, slender, gradually diminishing in length toward apex, arising
apically at least on segments of outer half of antenna; sensory hairs
erect, very long, fine. Foretibia (fig. 175) with prominent epiphysis,
extending almost entire length of tibia; first tarsal seement doubling
second. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae completely unarmed. Ab-
domen exceeding hindwings by nearly } its length.

Wings (fig. 158) broad, usually evenly scaled, but apical third of
primaries hyaline in one species. Primaries 12-veined, relatively
acute apex, outer margin straight to slightly convex; R; and Ry,
stalked; R,; usually connate, may be stemmed to R;-+,4; base of
medius either simple or forked within cell of both wings; M, and 3
normally stalked; anal veins similar to that of Cryptothelea, spur of
3A usually prominent. Secondaries normally with 8 veins; Sc+R,
and Rs connected by oblique crossvein either below or beyond apex
of discal cell; M, and 3 either connate or stalked.

64 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

MALE GENITALIA.—Apex of tegumen rounded, entire. Valves
broad, pulvilli well developed, partially covered with minute spines;
apex of sacculus with small spines. Vinculum with lower angles
often folded, thus much darker than remainder of sclerite; sloping
either abruptly or gradually to saccus. Aedeagus simple, without
basal dilation. Eighth sternite with undivided basal portion broad;
furcal arms divergent, short, stout.

FrmMate.—Unknown.

Discusston.—One of the important, but by no means unique,
features of this new genus is the presence of an epiphysis on the fore-
tibia. This character thus has been emphasized in the formation
of the generic name “Lumacra’”’ (leg with a thorn).

It is possible to divide this genus into two groups based essentially
on the male genitalia and the eighth abdominal sternite. The lack
of correlation of other characters prevents me from giving these two
groups subgeneric ranking. They are presented merely to emphasize
certain fundamental relationships.

Key to the Species of Lumacra

la. Vinculum of male genitalia gradually tapering to indistinct saccus; lower
angles not darkened (fig. 261).

“QUADRIDENTATA”’ GROUP

2a. Forewings with apical third largely devoid of scales, semitransparent

Gigs tO). So. sone cia & ewe eee « 2 20. Li hyalinacra

2b. Forewings uniformly seated a toaheness ... . .19. L. quadridentata

Ib. Vineulum abruptly narrowing to cieerncr rodlike saccus; lower angles
conspicuously darkened (fig. 258).

“BRASILIENSIS” GROUP

3a. Base of medius prominently divided within cell of both wings.
16. L. brasiliensis
3b. Base of medius undivided in cell of forewing, but occasionally divided for
short distance in secondaries.
4a. Se+R, and Rs converging briefly beyond cell in secondaries; intercalary

cells absent . . . ... . .18. L. haitiensis
4b. Sc+R, and Rs parallel evond eee inerealany cell sometimes present
in hindwing 5 «0. « 4 ¢ an kb SOMO OERSS Sale Eokunckela

THE “‘BRASILIENSIS”? GROUP

Included in this group are the species Lumacra brasiliensis, L.
haitiensis, and L. kitnckelii, which possess genitalia that are nearly
identical but which diverge from each other in certain minor features
of the wing venation.

MALeE GENITALIA.—Vinculum with lower angles folded, appearing
quite dark; abruptly constricted to form rodlike, moderately long

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 65

saccus. Highth sternite with very short, stout, often widely divergent
furcations.

16. Lumacra brasiliensis (Heylaerts), new combination

Figures 15, 79, 158, 175, 205, 258, 258a, 330, 373; Mar 8

Eumeta brasiliensis Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p.
XL, 1884.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., vol. 1, p. 504, 1892.
Cryptothelea brasiliensis (Heylaerts) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34,

p. 188, 1929.

Cryptotheles [sic] brasiliensis (Heylaerts) Costa Lima, Insetos Brazil, vol. 5, p.
193, 1945.

Clania brasiliensis (Heylaerts) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183,
1936.

Platoeceticus marona Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 345, 1905 (new
synonymy).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 192, 1929.
— Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, 1936.——Jones, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

Platoeceticus costaricensis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 7, p. 634,
1911 (mew synonymy).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p.
193, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, 1936.
— Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

Matr.—(Fig. 15.) Body vesture fuscous to dark fuscous. Antennae
(fig. 373) 30-34 segments.

Wings same color as body. Primaries with discal scales (fig. 330)
oblanceolate, usually with acute, sometimes bidentate, apices; medial
vein divided for considerable distance in both wings. In hindwings
Se+R, and Rs connected near middle of cell by oblique crossvein,
approximately parallel to margin. Wing expanse 23-37 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 258.) Saccus comparatively longer, more
slender than in L. kiinckelit and L. haitiensis.

Casz.—(Fig. 79.) Approximately 30 mm. length, 8 mm. diameter,
undoubtedly attaining greater overall size; heavily covered with
short, thick twigs, longitudinally arranged in irregular fashion, few
small fragments of lichens attached; external silk covering absent.

Typrs.—In the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden,
Netherlands (lectotype, FE. brasiliensis); United States National
Museum (P. costaricensis and P. marona).

Typs Locauity.—Brazil (Z. brasiliensis); Juan Vinos, Cachi, Costa
Rica (P. costaricensis); St. Laurent, French Guiana (P. marona.)

ReEcorpeEpD Hosts.—‘‘Mosses,”’ Costa Lima, 1945.

Distripution.—(Map 8.) Occurring over a wide area from the
Central American ranges of Guatemala and Costa Rica, south along
the Andean system to Peru, and through the Guiana Coastal Plain
to the Brazilian Highland as far south as the state of Santa Catarina.

Discussion.—The only fundamental difference between the type
specimens of Platoeceticus marona and P. costaricensis is one of size:

66 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

the latter specimen exceeds the former in wing expanse by about 9 mm.
This character is quite variable and uniformly distributed in the series
of 18 males examined. In no case, between any two consecutive
specimens, was there a separation of wing measurments of more than
2mm., but the total range observed was 14 mm.

The lectotype specimen of Humeta brasiliensis was examined and
found to be conspecific with the two species of Schaus.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—18 co’, 1 case:

BRITISH HONDURAS: Camp Sibun, Cayo District, 3 7, July 28, DRD.

COSTA RICA: Cachi, &, Nov., USNM. Juan Vinas, o’, holotype, P. costari-
censis, Feb., USNM; 2 oa, Feb., BM.

GUATEMALA: Cayuga, o', USNM. Quirigua, &%, July, USNM.

BRAZIL: Specific locality unknown, <, lectotype, L. brasiliensis, case, RNH.
Blumenau, Sta. Catarina, &, ZSBS. Neu Bremen, Sta. Catarina, 7, Feb. 18,
CU.

COLOMBIA: Specific locality unknown, 2 7 oc’, BM. Rio Micay, W. Colom-
bia, o, ZSBS.

FRENCH GUIANA: St. Laurent, Maroni, o&, holotype, P. marona, o,
Nov., USNM.

PERU: La Oroga, R. Inambari, SE Peru, o, Oct., BM.

17. Lumacra kitnckelii (Heylaerts), new combination

Ficures 16, 80, 206, 259, 331; Mar 8

Chalia kiinckelii Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 45, p. 97, 1901; Nouv.
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 4, vol. 10, pp. 225-232, 1908.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Chalia kiienkeli |sic] Koehler, Sonderheft Zeitschr. wissen. Insektenbiol., vol. 19,
p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 8, fig. 20a-e, 1924.

Chalia kiinckeli [sic] Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, p. 460, 1939.

Oiketicoides kiinckeli [sic] Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 100,
1929.— Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. 17, p. 349, fig. 5, 1931.—
Costa Lima, Insetos Brasil, vol. 5, p. 193, fig. 87, 1945.

Maue.— (Fig. 16.) Vesture of body light yellowish brown to light
fuscous. Antennae of approximately 32 segments. Color of wings
same as body. Discal scales (fig. 331) of forewing oblanceolate with
either acute or sharply bidentate tips; base of medius usually un-
divided within cell of both wings (one specimen examined with medius
shortly divided in hindwing). Secondaries with Se-+R,; and Rs con-
nected near middle of cell by oblique crossvein, then separate to
margin. Wing expanse 20-26 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 259.) Saccus slender, relatively short.
Furcal arms of eighth sternite (fig. 206) as long as undivided base of
sternite.

Casz.—(Fig. 80.) Length 35-40 mm.; greatest diameter 7 mm.
Main body of case characteristically shingled with short (7-10 mm.),

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 67

slender, herbaceous stems along long axis of bag; sticks near posterior
end long (20-30 mm.), projecting far beyond tip of case.

Lectrorypr.—tIn the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
designated by the author.

Type Locatity.—Ceres, Prov. of Sante Fe, Argentina.

ReEcorDED HostTs.—‘‘Poaceae: Aristida sp.’? (Costa Lima, 1945).
“Asteraceae: Baccharis cordifolia DC” (Heylaerts, 1901).

DistrisuTion.—(Map 8.) This species occurs over much of the
Parand4 Paraguay Plain of Argentina and Paraguay.

Discussion.—A lectotype for this species has been selected from
three syntypes and the specimen is now deposited in the collections
of the Paris Museum. This taxonomic action is in accordance with
Heylaerts’ published statement (1908) on the type deposition of
Chalia kiinckelii: ‘Les spécimens types font partie des collections du
Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Paris.’”’ Koehler (1924) has stated
that the type is in the Buenos Aires Museum, but this is not possible
as none of Heylaerts’ syntypes were ever deposited there.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—5 o'<", 2 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, o&°', USNM. Ceres, o, lectotype; 0, lecto-
paratype, case, PM; a’, lectoparatype, case, RNH.

PARAGUAY: Villarrica, o', Feb., USNM.

18. Lumacra haitiensis, new species
Fiaures 17, 207, 260, 332; Map 7

Mauze.—(Fig. 17.) Body vesture light brown. Antennae with ap-
proximately 31 segments. Wings light fuscous; broad as in L. brasili-
ensis. Discal scales (fig. 332) in forewing oblanceolate with mostly
bidentate apices, few scattered scales with bluntly rounded tips;
base of M undivided within cell of both wings. Se+R, and Rs in
hindwing connected near middle of cell by oblique crossvein, converg-
ing at point beyond cell again to diverge, continuing to margin as
two separate veins. Wing expanse 27 mm.

Mate GuniTatia.—(Fig. 260.) Saccus stouter, relatively shorter
than in ZL. brasiliensis and L. kiinekelit. Arms of eighth sternite
(fig. 207) nearly as long as those of L. kiinckelit but distinctly more
divergent.

Casz.—Unknown.

Hoxrotyrrn.—In the United States National Museum, no. 66369.

Typ Locauity.—Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

ReEcorDED Hosts.—None.

DistriputTion.—(Map 7.) Known only from the type specimen,
which was collected February 19-28, 1922, at Port-au-Prince, Haiti,
at an elevation of about 300 feet.

68 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Discussion.—The outer convergence and separation of Sc+R, and
Rs in the secondaries is possibly, but not probably, attributable to
intraspecific variation. ‘The precise definition of this character will
have to await further collecting of the species. In addition to this
venational feature, L. haztiensis can be separated from L. kiinckelit,
which it most resembles, by a distinctly different eighth sternite and
by the relatively broader primaries. L. haitiensis can be distinguished
easily from L. brasiliensis by the absence of intercalary cells in the
wings.

THE ““QUADRIDENTATA”’ GROUP

This group is comprised of only two species, Lwmacra quadridentata
and L. hyalinacra, both of which previously were undescribed. As in
the first group, these two species exhibit very similar genitalia, but
they differ remarkably in their pattern of scaling.

MAL& GENITALIA.—Vinculum with lower angles not doubled, thus
no darker than rest of sclerite; gradually tapering to indistinct saccus.
Eighth sternite furcations noticeably more slender than previous
eroup.

19. Lumacra quadridentata, new species

Figures 18, 204, 261, 333; Map 9

Maun.—(Fig. 18.) Body and wings fuscous. Antennae 24-27
segments, Wings fully scaled. Discal scales (fig. 333) of forewings
broadly oblanceolate with variable apices, usually quadridentate;
scales over rest of wing also broad and strongly dentate; median vein
undivided within cell of both wings. Wing expanse 20-21 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 261.) As described for group.

Casre.—Unknown.

Hototypn.—In the British Museum of Natural History.

TyPE LocaALity.—St. Jean de Maroni, French Guiana.

REcoRDED Hosts.—None.

DistriputTion.—(Map 9.) Presently known from the Orinoco
Plain of Venezuela, east along the Guiana Coastal Plain to French
Guiana.

Discussion.—This new species is represented presently by only
three specimens, consisting of two paratypes (both with abdomens
missing) and the holotype (male genitalia on slide no. 47, DRD).
Lumacra quadridentata can readily be separated from the three species
of the “brasiliensis” group by the distinctly different genitalia, and
from L. hyalinacra in possessing fully scaled primaries. It can be
further distinguished from most members of this genus by the char-
acteristic dentate scaling in the discal cell which the specific name has
indicated.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 0’:

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 69

FRENCH GUIANA: St. Jean de Maroni, o’, type, BM.
VENEZUELA: Caracas, oc’, paratype, ‘“‘Berg Avila, P. Cor. Vogl,” ZSBS; ¢,
paratype, ‘“‘Berg Avila, P. Cor. Vogl,’’ 22-26-5-36, USNM.

20. Lumacra hyalinacra, new species

FicurEs 19, 203, 262, 334; Map 7

Matz.—(Fig. 19.) Body and greater part of wings dark fuscous.
Antennae with 24 seements. Forewings unevenly scaled ; outer one-third
semitransparent, with a sparse scattering of very narrow, curved scales,
most possessing minutely bidentate apices; basal two-thirds and all of
hindwing uniformly covered by broad scales with variable tips; scales of
discal cell (fig. 334) of primaries usually with bluntly rounded apices,
becoming tridentate further out; base of medius not distinctly forked
in either wing. Secondaries 7-veined, M, absent; Sc+R, and Rs
parallel throughout length, connected by crossvein slightly below
apical corner of cell. Wing expanse 22 mm.

MALe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 262.) As described for group.

Case.—Unknown.

Hoxtotyprn.—In the United States National Museum, no. 66370.

TYPE LocALity.—Juayua, El Salvador.

RecorpEep Hosts.—‘‘Rubiaceae: coffee [Coffea arabica L.],’” from
specimen label.

Disrripution.—(Map 7.) Known from only one specimen, the
holotype, which was collected June 15, 1953, by “P.A.B.” The
specimen label bears the additional data ‘‘No. 396; 53-9575 P.”

Discussion.—This insect is one of the most singular species of the
New World psychids; it is distinguished easily from all other species
included in this study by the transparent tips of the primaries (hence
the name “hyalinacra’’) and by the fully scaled secondaries.

The loss of M, in the hindwings is not believed to be significant but
due to merely individual variation, which is suggested by the con-
spicuous gap between Rs and M, as well as the partially atrophied
condition (not reaching margin) of M, in the primaries. Further
collecting of this unique insect should clarify the uncertainty.

11. Curtorama, new genus

Platoeceticus, in part, of authors.

TypPE or Genus.—Psyche cassiae Weyenbergh, 1884.

Mater.—Antennae bipectinate nearly to apex; segments relatively
short, pectinations tend to arise basad. Legs (fig. 176) slender;
tibiae without armature. Tip of abdomen equalling or slightly
exceeding hindmargin of secondaries.

Wings (fig. 159) moderately rounded, uniformly scaled. Primaries
with 12 veins; R; and , stalked, R; shortly stemmed at base; M,

70 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

and ; stalked; base of M simple in cell of both wings; anal veins as in
Cryptothelea, base of 1A partially atrophied; 3A usually continuing
toward hindmargin after separating from 2A as faint spur. Second-
aries with 8 veins; Sc+R, and Rs either anastomosing at a point or
connected by crossvein midway along discal cell, continuing as parallel
veins to margin; M, and ; either connate or shortly stalked.

MALgE GENITALIA.—Tegumen broadly acute, apex entire. Valves
with pulvilli well developed, minutely spined; sacculus with few
minute spines at apex. Vinculum rectangular, abruptly constricted
to form elongate, slender saccus. Aedeagus simple, without basal
expansion. Highth sternite with stout divergent furcations.

FrmaLe.—Body vermiform, all external appendages vestigial.
Head and dorsum of thorax slightly sclerotized. Body naked except
for anal tuft.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 303.) Two pairs of apodemes present;
posterior pair slender, extending into apical segment of abdomen;
anterior pair within penultimate segment, basal portion rodlike,
remainder expanded into broadly sclerotized areas, extending ven-
trally, uniting nearostium. Internal genitalia with bursa enlarged, ex-
ceeding volume of spermatheca several times; ductus seminalis short
(less than length of bursa), stout; accessory glands bifid, well devel-
oped, arising from vestibulum.

Discussion.—This genus closely resembles Zuwmacra both in general
appearance and in the structure of the male genitalia, but it differs
from that genus in the loss of the epiphysis and in the basal origin of
the antennal pectinations. Another feature of the antenna that
characterizes this genus is the very short rami, which has suggested
the name ‘“Curtorama.” Curtorama also superficially resembles the
predominantly North American genus Astala, but it differs primarily
from the latter by the retention of M, in both wings.

21. Curtorama cassiae (Weyenbergh), new combination

Fiaures 14, 76, 77, 78, 159, 176, 208, 263, 263a, 303, 335, 374; Map 7

Psyche cassiae Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 27, p. 9, figs. 1-6, 1884.

Platoeceticus cassiae (Weyenbergh) Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt-Rend.,
vol. 31, p. viii, 1887—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., p. 516, 1892.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 192, 1929.—Koehler, Physis,
vol. 17, p. 462, 1939.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 121, 1945.

Chalia rebeli Koehler, Sonderheft Zeitschr. wissen., Insektenbiol., vol. 19, p. 25,
table 3, fig. 24; table 8, fig. 20a-e, 1924 (new synonymy).

Platoeceticus rebeli (Koehler), Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. 3, pp. 350, 352, fig. 8,
1931.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1183, pl. 169d, 19386.
—Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 461, 471, fig. 12, 1939—Jones, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE i

Platoeceticus rugosus Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. 3, pp. 351, 352, fig. 7,
1931 (new synonymy).—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p.
1184, 1936.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

Prochalia rugosa (Koehler), Physis, vol. 17, pp. 461, 471, fig. 8, 1939.

Matr.—(Fig. 14.) Body moderately stout, densely hairy; dark
fuscous. Antennae (fig. 374) usually with 26-28 segments; pecti-
nations relatively short, somewhat stocky. Foreleg greatest in length,
first tarsal segment approximately doubling second. Meso- and meta-
thoracic legs with first tarsal segments slightly exceeding second, dis-
tinctly less than twice its length.

Wings rather heavily scaled, fuscous. Forewing with discal scales
of two types: either long and slender with very pointed apices; or
shorter and broader with sharply bidentate tips. Wing expanse
20-23 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 263.) As described for genus.

Fremate.—Length 13 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 303.) As described for genus.

Casz.—(Figs. 76-78.) Length 15-27 mm.; diameter 5-7 mm.
Exterior of case densely covered by short (4-10 mm. long) sections of
slender twigs, laid obliquely across bag, somewhat spirally arranged.
The tips of these small twigs frequently are sharply pointed and some-
times project in a divergent fashion outward, thus often presenting a
rather jagged outline to the case. One larval case, bearing a Weyen-
bergh determination label, differs from the foregoing description in
being heavily covered with leaf fragments.

Typrs.—In the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (lectotype,
Psyche cassiae, designated by the author); Zoologische Sammlung
der Bayerischen Staates (cotypes, Chalia rebeli and Platoeceticus
TUgOSUS) .

Typ Locauities.—Cordoba, Argentina (P. cassiae); Buenos Aires,
Argentina (C. rebeli); “la sierra alta de” Tandil, Province de Buenos
Aires, Argentina (P. rugosus).

REcORDED Hosts.—‘“‘Asteraceae: Cynara cardunculus L.; Poaceae:
grasses” (Koehler, 1931). Fabaceae: ‘Cassia aphylla Cav.” (Weyen-
bergh, 1884).

Distrinution.—(Map 9.) Present records indicate that this species
occurs in the Parané Plateau of Uruguay and west through parts of
the Parand Paraguay Plain of Argentina.

Discussion.—The adult males of Curtorama cassiae and Platoeceticus
rebeli have been compared and found to be identical. In separating
these two “species,” Koehler relied primarily on the pygidium of
the female pupa. According to him, these two insects could be
distinguished by the fact that the pupa of P. rebeli possessed two anal
hooks and that of C. cassiae bore only one. The female pupa of

72 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

C. cassiae was not available for study, but the specimen upon which
the original description of P. rebeli was based was examined. This
pupa possessed two very minute anal hooks of unequal lengths.
Very likely the relative development of these small protrusions may
vary; perhaps the specimen of C. cassiae that Koehler (1939) described
represented such a variation. The present author currently believes
that C. cassiae and P. rebeli are synonymous.

For similar reasons Prochalia rugosa also has been synonymized
under Curtorama cassiae. The differences of the larval cases and the
pygidia of the female pupae between P. rugosa and C. cassiae are
too insignificant to be of specific importance.

MatTeriat EXAMINED.—9 oc, 1 9, 28 cases:

ARGENTINA: Specific locality unknown, case, RNH. Buenos Aires, 3 @o¥,

12 cases, ZSBS. Cordoba, o’, lectotype, Feb., RNH. Sierra de la Ventana,

9, 5 cases, ZSBS. Tandil, 10 cases, ZSBS. Tucuman, 6’, BM.
URUGUAY: Specific locality unknown, 4 oo’, CU.

12. Astala, new genus

Eurukutturus, Eurycyttarus, Manatha, Pachythelia, Platoeceticus, and Psyche,
in part, of authors.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Psyche confederata Grote and Robinson, 1868.

Maur.—Body and wings usually various shades of fuscous. An-
tennae (fig. 375) broadly bipectinate; pectinations gradually de-
creasing in length toward tip, arising from middle or slightly above
middle of each segment; sensory hairs erect, very fine, 3-5x diameter
of pectinations in length. Vesture of thorax variable; wooly or less
so. Legs (fig. 178) without epiphysis or tibial spurs. Forelegs
greatest in length; first tarsal segment of forelegs longest, longer than
that of second pair of legs. End of abdomen slightly surpassing
hindmargin of secondaries.

Wings (fig. 160) uniformly scaled except in A. hoffmanni. Fore-
wings 11-veined; apex slightly acute or moderately rounded; discal
scales broad or extremely slender, hairlike; if hairlike, majority
with bidentate tips; R; and , stalked, R; most frequently separate;
in both wings M, absent, M; and M; usually separate, base of medius
undivided in cell (in one specimen of A. confederata intercalary cell
present); base of 1A vestigial, becoming prominent at point where it
bends abruptly down to join 2A, occasionally short spur continuing
toward outer margin; 2A angulate at juncture of 1A; 2A and 3A
separate at base, fusing for some distance, finally forking again, 3A
continuing down toward hindmargin as short spur. Secondaries
7-veined; S+ M R, and Rs connected by crossvein; Mz, and , some-
times shortly stalked.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE ts

Mate GENITALIA.—Tegumen undivided at apex. Valves with
pulvilli moderately to well developed, minutely spined; sacculus with
apical spinules. Vinculum quadrate, longer than broad, abruptly
narrowing to relatively elongate, rodlike saccus. Eighth sternite
furcations slender, usually slightly curved, knoblike tips, somewhat
divergent.

Frmate.—Vermiform, all external appendages vestigial. Head,
dorsal area of thorax somewhat sclerotized. Body naked except for
circular mat of hairs near posterior tip of abdomen.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 305.) Similar to that of Cryptothelea.
External structures weakly sclerotized, mostly membranous. Duc-
tus seminalis extremely short, less than 4 length of spermatheca.
Bursa copulatrix slightly exceeding spermatheca in volume. Acces-
sory gland strongly bilobed, arising from median oviduct opposite
seminal duct.

Discussion.—It has been necessary to erect two new generic
names for the New World species formerly included in the genus
Eurukuttarus, which was found to consist of two distinct groups.
This Old World genus cannot be used for either group because it was
diagnosed erroneously by Hampson and, consequently, has been mis-
applied by several authors to certain species of our hemisphere.

Hampson (1891) originally stated that Hurukuttarus lacked a
spine on the foretibia and that vein 6 (M,) was absent in both wings.
The type species of Hampson’s genus, Hurukuttarus pileatus, con-
sists of only two specimens, both without abdomens, in the collection
of the British Museum; one of the specimens is the holotype. The
present author examined the foreleg of the holotype and the entire
second specimen, which resulted in the discovery of a very prominent
epiphysis. The inclusion of our species under this genus and the
correct generic placement of /’. pileatus, thus, became somewhat doubtful.
According to Hampson’s key in the ‘‘Moths of India’ (1892), £.
pileatus would then fall under the genus Acanthopsyche, subgenus
Oeceticoides. Such a placement seems unlikely, but this problem has
not been pursued.

In addition to the epipysis, /. pileatus differs further from Astala
in the fact that the antennal pectinations arise basad. These two
features separate the two genera adequately. The male genitalia and
abdominal plates of /. pileatus, when eventually described, may serve
to further separate “Hurukuttarus” from both Astala and Basicladus.

The genus Astala represents a somewhat heterogeneous-appearing
group of moths that, however, are related closely as shown by their
very similar male genitalia, antennae, leg and wing structure. The
diversity is observed almost entirely in scale structure and pattern.

74 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Astala confederata, with its broadly and closely scaled wings, seems to
represent one extreme of the group, and A. vigasi, a very frail-looking
and thinly scaled insect, the opposite. The nearest species to A.
vigasi, both morphologically and distributionally, is A. zacualpania,
which is somewhat intermediate between A. vigast and A. edwardsi
or A. tristis in general habitus.

Because these differences appear to be gradual and particularly
because strong similarities unite these species, all members included
herein are believed to represent a single genus.

Some uncertainty arises in separating Astala from the almost
morphologically identical group Hyaloscotes. Superficially, the two
species of Hyaloscotes appear rather remote from all members of
Astala, except A. vigast and A. zacualpania. Hyaloscotes, however,
may be separated from these two Mexican species on the basis of the
male genitalia and the different structure of the wing scale apices. In
addition, there may exist reliable generic differences in the female
genitalia. The females of Astala confederata and A. edwardsi possess
genitalia that are less sclerotized and accessory glands that are less well
developed than those of Hyaloscotes pithopoera. Before sucha basic
distinction can be confirmed, it will be necessary to examine the
females of more species belonging to these two groups.

Whether or not this separation is justified will depend also upon
further knowledge of the immature stages. For the present, however,
the recognition of two separate genera appears to be the best procedure
to follow, especially when one considers the great lack of morpho-
logical divergence that is demonstrated by many members of this
family.

Key to the Species of Astala

la. Forewings with discal scales slender, somewhat hairlike (fig. 339).
2a. Vesture of thorax consisting of whitish hairs. . . . . . . . 26. A. tristis
2b. Vesture of thorax greyish to fuscous.
3a. Wings and body densely sealed, fuscous in color (fig. 23).
25. A. edwardsi
3b. Wings and body more thinly sealed, greyish.
4a. Wing expanse 16 to 20 mm.; wings semitransparent (fig. 26).
28. A. vigasi
4b. Wing expanse 23 to 28 mm.; wings more heavily scaled (fig. 25).
27. A. zacualpania
1b. Forewings with discal scales broader, oblanceolate (fig. 336).
5a. Wings with outer marginal area largely devoid of scales and translucent
(figs 21) - 2 ese ee ee ee ee. a 23 A hetmanns
5b. Wings more evenly scaled.
6a. Outer marginal fringe of wings white; larval case smoothly cylindrical.
24. A. polingi
6b. Outer marginal fringe fuscous; larval case irregularly covered with
longitudinally arranged sections of smallstems. . 22. A. confederata

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 75

22. Astala confederata (Grote and Robinson), new combination
Ficures 20, 81, 160, 178, 211, 264, 264a, 305, 336, 375; Map 4
Psyche confederata Grote and Robinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., vol. 2, p. 191,
1868.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 515, 1892—Dyar, Ent.
News, vol. 4, p. 321, 1893.—Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,

vol. 2, p. 119, 1894.

Eurycyttarus confederata (Grote and Robinson) Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull 52,
no. 4068, 1902 [1903]—Holland, Moth Book, p. 363, pl. 41, fig. 8, 1905.
—Forbes, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 144, fig. 102, 1923;
in Leonard, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 101, p. 539, 1928.
—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, pl. 169b, 1936.

Pachytelia [sie] confederata (Grote and Robinson) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst.,
vol. 11, p. 2, 1923.

Eurukuttarus confederata (Grote and Robinson) Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 29, figs. 15, 21, 1928—Dalla Torre and Strand
Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 131, 1929—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada
and USA, pt. 2, no. 9526, 1939.—Vazquez, in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex.,
VII-Cienc. Biol., pp. 330, 334, 335, 336, 338, figs. 6a,b, 1953.

Pachythelia lepidopteris Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 14, p. 146, 1926 (new
synonymy).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 161, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1180, 1936.

Maue.—(Fig. 20.) Body and wings dark fuscous. Body with
somewhat sparse covering of hairs. Antennae (fig. 375) 22- to 24-
segmented. Abdomen reaching to hindmargin of secondaries.

Wings closely scaled; discal scales (fig. 336) of forewing moderately
broad, oblanceolate, apex usually acute. Primaries with spur 1A often
atrophied. Secondaries with oblique crossvein between Sc+ Ry, Rs closer
to apex of discal cell than in other species; M, and 3 usually widely
separate, rarely connate. Wing expanse 16-20 mm.

Mate Genrratia.—(Fig. 264.) As described for genus. Eighth
sternite (fig. 211) base sharply flared out.

Frmaue.—As described for genus. Length 7-10 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 305.)

Casn.—(Fig. 81.) Length 15-20 mm.; diameter 4-5 mm. Silk
greyish white, heavily covered, interwoven with minute plant frag-
ments, characteristically overlaid by many longitudinal pieces of
grass culms, other small stems attached firmly anteriorally, diverging
somewhat as they project backward, extending usually most of bag
length.

Typres.—Lost (Psyche confederata); in the United States National
Museum (Pachythelia lepidopteris).

Typr Locauity.—Texas (Psyche confederata); Colima, Mexico
(Pachythelia lepidopteris).

RecorvDEeD Hosts.—This species is probably a general grass feeder
as the structure of its case indicates. Cases with pupae have been
recorded (from specimen labels) on the bark of oaks, apple trees, and
Castanea dentata Marsh.

693-052 646

76 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

DistrisutTion.—(Map 4.) This is a widely occurring species,
found from the Appalachian Highlands of Canada(?) and the eastern
Interior Plains through much of the Atlantic Plain, south and west
to the southern portions of the Intermontane Plateau Systems of
Mexico. One rather disjunct locality in North Dakota may represent
only a very local and perhaps temporary infestation.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—170 o", 9 99, 80 cases:

CANADA: Specific locality unknown, o, BM.

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Peppersauce Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts.,
4500-5500 ft., 18 cases, USNM. Redington, &, USNM. Connecticut:
South Kent, 2 cases, USNM. Tolland, 5 cases, USNM. Dernaware: New
Castle County, 2 oo, June 19-21, USNM; case, BM. District or CoLUMBIA:
Washington, 10 cases, USNM. Gerorata: Dalton, 3 cases, USNM. Louvurtstana:
New Orleans, 2 oo with cases, June 5; 9, June 6, USNM. Sabine River,
opposite Orange, Texas, @, June 20, CU. Maryuanp: Cecil County, 4 #0,
case, June 20-July 5, USNM. Plummers Island, o, June 16-19, USNM.
Massacuusetrs: Martha’s Vineyard, ?, July 8, UJSNM. Newton, o, June 25,
MCZ. Peabody Academy, 3 oc’, MCZ. South Natick, 2 o&o and case,
MCZ. Myicuicean: Clayton, o, June 18, MSU. Flat Rock, 3 oo, June 16-
20, MSU. Hudson, o’, June 17, MSU. Prattville, @, June 23, MSU. Mrs-
sisstpPi: Biloxi, o with case, USNM. Clinton, @, June 19, B. Mather.
Missouri: St. Louis, &@ with case, July, USNM. New Jersey: Specific locality
unknown, co’, USNM. Angelesea, 5 co’, Aug. 21, AMNH. Edgewater
Heights, &«, AMNH. Montclair, #, June 8, USNM. Torus River, o& with
case, May 27, USNM. New York: Specific locality unknown, 2 70%, BM; &,
Oct. 18, ZMHU; o&, AMNH. Brooklyn, Bergen Beach, <&, July 20, USNM.
Ithaca, o, July, CU. Staten Island, #, Aug. 5, USNM. Norra Daxora:
Fargo, co’ and 4 cases, USNM. Ouro: Columbus, 2 oo’, June 1, 28, USNM.
PENNSYLVANIA: Finleyville, 16 7, June 6-21, CM. Flinton, 3 @o, July 6-
12, USNM. Hanover, 3, June 15-30 USNM. Longwood, 2 9? 9, June,
USNM. New Brighton, 10 7, June 16-July 11, USNM; 2 oo, June 19,
ANS. Oak Station, 7 oo’, June 14-24, CM. Philadelphia, 9 @o, June 10-12,
AMNH; 5 oo", May 30-June 10, PAS; 3 0’, June, CU. Pittsburgh, 3 #0’,
June 12-29, INHS; 26 oo, May 20-July 20, CM. Roxboro, case, ANS.
Swissvale, 3 oc’, CM. Sourn Carouina: Isle of Palms, case, USNM. TerEn-
NESSEE: Townsend, White Oak Sink, 4 cases, USNM. Texas: Austin, 7 7’,
May 2-18, USNM. Dallas, o&', MCZ; case, USNM. Kerrville, case, USNM.
Point Isabel, 12 cases, USNM. San Antonio, @#, May 2; 21 oo’, April 18-
May 22; 5 99, April; 7 cases, USNM. Vircinra: Accomac County, 0,
July 5, USNM.

MEXICO: Nayarit: Tepic, 2 oc’, Sept. 6-11; 9, Aug. 15; 3 cases, USNM.
Couma: Colima(?), 2 oo (type and allotype, Pachythelia lepidopteris), June;
o', USNM.

23. Astala hoffmanni (Vazquez), new combination
Fiaures 21, 82, 212, 265, 337; Mar 7

Eurukuttarus hoffmanni Vazquez, Anales Inst. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 302, figs.
12-13; pl. 1, fig. D, 1941; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., ViI-Cienc. Biol.,

pp. 335, 338, 1953.
Maur.—(Fig. 21.) Body relatively robust, densely covered with
long greyish white hair, also present to some extent on anal area of

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 77

hindwing. Antennae with 22-30 segments. Abdomen extending
slightly beyond secondaries.

Wings with basal two-thirds fuscous, with closely arranged, broad
scales; outer third or fourth of both wings translucent because of
sparse scattering of extremely slender, hairlike scales; marginal fringe
fuscous. Primaries with apical angle relatively acute; discal scales
(fig. 337) broad, 3-4 minutely lobed apices; M, and 3 of both wings
either separate or connate. Wing expanse 16-22 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 265.) Tegumen rather broad at base.
Vinculum somewhat gradually narrowing to slender saccus.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Casn.—(Fig. 82.) Length 21 mm.; diameter 4-5 mm. Surface
of bag irregularly covered by short, closely appressed plant stems,
small pieces of bark. Fragments, for most part, laid longitudinally.

Typr.—tIn the American Museum of Natural History.

Typr LocaLity.—Southern slopes of the Malinche Hills, state of
Puebla, Mexico.

ReEcorpEep Hosts.—None.

Distrisution.—(Map 7.) Presently reported only from the
states of Puebla and Guerrero in the Volcanic and the Sierra del
Sur Sections of Central Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 o'’, 1 case:

MEXICO: GueErreERo: Ahucuipan(?), Tepecoacuileo, o, Dec. 4, collected

by Dampf, USNM. Puesua: Cerro de la Malinche, o& with case, holotype,
collected by Hoffmann, AMNH.

24. Astala polingi (Barnes and Benjamin), new combination
Figures 22, 83, 266, 338; Map 4

Eurukuttarus polingt Barnes and Benjamin, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer.,
vol. 5, no. 3, p. 186, 1924.—Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, pp. 33-39, 2 pls.,
1925.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, pl. 31, figs. 15, 21,
1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 131, 1929.—McDun-
nough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA., pt. 2, no. 9531, 1939.—Vazquez,
Anales Inst. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 301, figs. 8-11; pl. 3, figs. G-H, 1941.

Eurycyltarus polingt (Barnes and Benjamin) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World,
vol. 6, p. 1180, pl. 169c, 1936.

Mauzn.—(Fig. 22.) Body relatively robust, abundantly clothed
with very light brown, almost whitish, hairs, becoming darker along
abdomen. Antennae approximately 29- to 30-segmented. Abdo-
men distinctly extending beyond hindmargin of secondaries.

Wings fuscous, lighter in color toward outer margin (especially
in forewing) owing to nature of scaling; outer marginal fringe of both
wings white; discal scales (fig. 338) of primaries rather broad, mostly
with tridentate apices; scales in outer third forewing very narrow,
giving effect of much more sparsely scaled condition; apical angle

78 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

relatively acute; M, and 3 usually shortly stalked. Secondaries with
M; and ; either connate or shortly stalked. Wing expanse 19-22 mm.

MaLe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 266.) As described for genus. Most
similar to A. edwardsi and A. tristis.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Casz.—(Fig. 83.) Length approximately 35 mm.; greatest diam-
eter 4 mm. Nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorally;
covering somewhat smooth in normal observation, but slight magni-
fication reveals mosaic of minute plant fragments firmly embedded
in silk, giving case rather tough texture; posterior end usually with
few larger fragments applied longitudinally; variously colored,
shades of grey and white.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

Typre LocALity.—Indian Oasis, Sells P. O., Arizona.

RecoRDED Hosts.—Possibly feeds on grasses or other low vegeta-
tion. Cases collected on ‘‘tar weed [Madia sp. ?]’ (Barnes and
Benjamin, 1924).

DistrRrBuTion.—(Map 4.) Presently known only from Arizona
in the Basin and Range Province and Guerrero in the Sierra del
Sur Section of central Mexico. This species may also occur in the
Davis Mts., Texas (see A. edwardsi).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—50 o'", 11 cases:

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Baboquivari Mts., 11 cases, USNM. Indian
Oasis, Sells P. O., &, holotype, April 1-15; 46 @o, April 1-30, USNM.

MEXICO: Guerrero: Mexcala, Rio Balsas, o&', Dec. 13, USNM. Zumpango
del Rio, 2 @o, Dec. 15, USNM.

25. Astala edwardsi (Heylaerts), new combination
FIGuRES 23, 84, 213, 267, 339; Map 1

Manatha edwardsi Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p. ci,
1884.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 502, 1892.

Platoeceticus edwardsii [sic] (Heylaerts) Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4067,
1902 [1903] (synonym of P. gloveri Packard).

Eurukuttarus edwardsii [sic] (Heylaerts) Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, p. 33, pls. 2,
3, 1925.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no.
9530, 1939.

Eurcyttarus edwardsi (Heylaerts) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1180,
pl. 169b, 1936.

Psyche carbonaria Packard, Ent. Amer., vol. 3, p. 51, 1887.—Kirby, Cat. Lep.
Heter., vol. 1, p. 515, 1892.—Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 320, 1893.—
Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 119, 1894.

Eurycyttarus carbonaria (Packard) Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4069, 1902
[1903].

Pachytelia [sic] carbonaria (Packard) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 2,
1923.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 79

Eurukuttarus carbonaria (Packard) Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, pp. 33-39, 2 pls.,
1925 (synonym of H. edwardsi).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 131, 1929.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA,
pt. 2, no. 9530, 1939 (synonym of E. edwardsi).

Mauz.—(Fig. 23.) Body and wings dark fuscous; body relatively
robust, densely hairy. Antennae usually with 27-28 segments.
Abdomen slightly surpassing secondaries.

Wings abundantly scaled, scales (fig. 339) very slender, hairlike,
usually minutely bidentate at apex; marginal fringe fuscous. Pri-
maries with apex moderately rounded; spur of 1A not present. Wing
expanse 19-22 mm.

MA.e GENITALIA.—(Fig. 267.) As described for genus.

Frmaute.—As described for genus. Length 12 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Similar to that of A. confederata except even
less sclerotized.

Casn.—(Fig. 84.) Length 23-27 mm.; diameter 4 mm. Very
similar in structure to A. polingi.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum (Psyche carbonaria
and M. edwards).

TypE Locautity.—Texas (Psyche carbonaria and Manatha edwards).

RecorpEepD Hosts.—None; may feed on various grasses and other
types of low vegetation.

DistriBpuTion.—(Map 1.) Presently restricted to the southern
Interior Plains of Oklahoma and Texas.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—24 o'o’, 1 9, 23 cases:

UNITED STATES: Oxztanoma: Norman, o’, Oct. 12, DRD. Texas: Spe-
cific locality unknown, o’, holotype, A. carbonaria; @, holotype, A. edwardsi;
4 ao, 9, USNM; o&, AMNH; o' with case, BM. Alpine, Musquiz Canyon.
12 cases, A. polingi?, USNM. Blanco, @ andecase, USNM. Dallas, case USNM.
Davis Mts., near Ft. Davis, 5000 ft., 5 cases, EH. polingi?, USNM. Ft. Worth,

8 oo with 1 case, USNM; 4 oa’, Oct. 21-Nov. 7, USNM. Nueces River,
o', USNM. Plano, o&', Nov., USNM. San Antonio, @ and 2 cases, USNM.

26. Astala tristis (Schaus), new combination
Ficures 24, 214, 268, 340; Map 7

Chalia tristis Schaus, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, p. 45, 1901.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Maue.—(Fig. 24.) Body somewhat slender. Head and thorax
clothed with long whitish hairs, vesture of abdomen slightly darker,
pale brown. Antennae approximately 26- to 27-segmented. Abdo-
men exceeding posterior margin of secondaries by about \ its length.

Wings fuscous. Primaries with discal scales (fig. 340) variable,
ranging from a slender, hairlike type with usually minutely bidendate

80 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

apices, to a broader, oblanceolate scale with more deeply bidendate
tips. Wing expanse 17-18 mm.

MALz GENITALIA.—(Fig. 268.) As described for genus.

Frmaue and Casr.—Unknown.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

TypE LOCALITY.—Jalapa, Mexico.

REcoRDED Hosts.—None.

DistrinpuTIoN.—(Map 7.) Presently known only from the states
of Veracruz at the southern extremity of the Atlantic Plain and
Colima of the Sierra del Sur Section of central Mexico.

Discussion.—This species closely resembles A. edwards: but differs
overall in its slightly smaller size and very distinctly in the paler color
of the thoracic vesture.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 o'<".

MEXICO: Couma: Colima(?), &, May, USNM. Veracruz: Jalapa, 4,
holotype, &, USNM.

27. Astala zacualpania (Dyar), new combination
Figures 25, 215, 270, 341; Mar 7

Chalia zacualpania Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 35, 1916.—Gaede
in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Oiketicoides zacualpania (Dyar) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p.
101, 1929.

Matu.—(Fig. 25.) Body relatively slender. Antennae with about
27 segments.

Forewings thinly scaled, somewhat variable in shape, apex notice-
ably more extended in some specimens, causing outer margin to be
more oblique; scales (fig. 341) of discal cell hairlike with minutely bi-
dentate apices; R; usually separate; M, of secondaries either connate
or shortly stalked to M3. Wing expanse 23-28 mm.

Mate ceniratia.—(Fig. 270.) As described for genus.

FrEMae and Casr.—Unknown.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum.

Type LocaLiry.—Zacualpan, Morelos(?), Mexico.

REcORDED Hosts.—None.

Disrripution.—(Map 7.) Known from only two states, Guerrero
and probably Morelos, in the Volcanic and Sierra del Sur Sections
of central Mexico.

Discussion.—The type locality of this species is somewhat ques-
tionable. Dyar gave the locality merely as ‘Zacualpan” without
designating in which of three states—Mexico, Morelos, Veracruz,
each containing a village of this name—the particular site was located.
He did state, however, that R. Miller was the collector of the type
specimen. ‘This fact, plus consideration of road conditions and likely

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Sl

routes of travel in these areas, strongly suggests the town of Zacualpan
in the state of Morelos as the most probable place of origin for the
species.

MatTERIAL EXAMINED.—6 od’:

MEXICO: GuerReERo: Ayotizinapa, Tixtla Valley, 1300 m., o&, Jan. 23,
USNM. More.os(?): Zacualpan, o, holotype, March; 2 @o, March, USNM;
o', March, DEI; oc’, March, ZSBS.

28. Astala vigasi (Schaus), new combination
Ficures 26, 216, 269, 342; Map 7
Chalia vigast Schaus, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, p. 45, 1901.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Ma.r.—(Fig. 26.) Body very slender. Antennae with approxi-
mately 23 segments, majority of pectinations arising subapically.

Wings thinly scaled, translucent. Primaries with apex extended ;
scales (fig. 342) of cell as in A. zacualpania, hairlike with usually
bidentate tips; R; either connate or shortly stalked to R3-++-4. Huind-
wing M, and 3 either separate or connate. Wing expanse 16-20 mm.

Mate ceniTatia.—(Fig. 269.) Similar to A. zacualpania, but
more slender. Vinculum proportionately more elongate.

Frmae and Case.—Unknown.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum.

Typer Locatity.—Las Vigas, Mexico.

RECORDED HOSTs.—None.

DistrinutTion.—(Map 7.) Definitely known only from the state
of Veracruz of the Atlantic Plain in East Central Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 o'':

MEXICO: Specific locality unknown, 2 @o, March 13, 14, USNM. Las
Vigas, Veracruz, o’, holotype, USNM.

13. Hyaloscotes Butler

Pachythelia, in part, of authors.

Hyaloscotes Butler, Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 314, 1881.—Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Het., vol. 1, p. 290, 1892.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 354,
1902 [1903].—Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344, 1905.—
Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, p. 161, 1925—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep.
Cat., pars 34, p. 197, 1929.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada
and USA, pt. 2, p. 103, 1939.

Hyaloscotus [sic] Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, 1936.

TyPE oF GENUS.—Hyaloscotes fumosa Butler, 1881. Original
designation and monobasic.

Matn.—Body slender build; covered with long, greyish to light
brown hair. Antennae (fig. 376) broadly bipectinate; pectinations
decreasing in length gradually toward apex, arising from middle of
each segment, tending to arise more apically in segments in distal

82 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

third of antenna; shaft, branches sparsely covered with very slender,
almost hairlike, scales, closely appressed; sensory hairs very fine,
erect, arranged in definite rows. Legs (fig. 177) somewhat similar
in size, hindlegs smallest; first tarsal segment longer in forelegs than
in posterior pairs. Foretibia with or without epiphysis. Meso-
and metathoracic tibia without spurs.

Wings (fig. 161) broad, translucent, evenly, thinly covered with
long, sharply acute, hairlike scales, giving wings a light fuscous to
greyish color; apices of both wings evenly rounded; 11 and 7 veined,
M, absent, base of M undivided within cell of both wings. Primaries
R,; and 4 stalked, R; connate at base or separate; M2 and 3 separate;
1A sometimes with base partly atrophied, curving down to fuse with
2A; 2A and 3A separate at wing base, uniting for short distance,
finally separating, 2A joining 1A, 3A continuing toward hind margin.
Secondaries with oblique vein connecting base of Se and Rs; M;
connate or separate.

MALE GENITALIA.—Very broad, relatively short. Apex of tegumen
rounded, entire. Valves with pulvilli moderately developed; apex of
sacculus with few to several minute spines. Vinculum broader than
long, constricting abruptly to form relatively short saccus. Aedeagus
simple and stout. Eighth sternite broader than long; furcations
parallel or slightly divergent, usually longer than undivided base.

Frematye.—Vermiform; all appendages of body vestigial; dorsum
of head and thorax darkly sclerotized, remainder of body wall mem-
branous; posterior end of abdomen with dense encirclement of hairs.

FEMALE GeniTaLia.—(Fig. 304.) External genitalia weakly sclero-
tized, mostly membranous, two pairs of sclerotized areas, inner pair
tapering anteriorally into abdomen as apophyses. Internal genitalia
with ductus seminalis very short, less than \% length of prominent
spermatheca; accessory glands large, irregularly forked; bursa copu-
latrix rather small, approximately equalling spermatheca in volume.

Key to the Species of Hyaloscotes

la. Wing expanse 26-30 mm.; foretibia with slender epiphysis . 29. H. fumosa
1b. Wing expanse 18-22 mm.; foretibia unarmed . . . . 30. H. pithopoera

29. Hyaloscotes fumosa Butler
Fiaures 27, 177, 209, 271, 271a, 351, 376; Map 4

Hyaloscotes fumosa Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 314, 1881.—Kirby,
Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 290, 1892——Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ.
N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, p. 114, 1893—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no.
4073, 1902 [1903]; Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 3, 1923.—Jones, Ent.
News, vol. 36, p. 163, pl. 4, 1925.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 197, 1929.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA,
pt. 2, p. 103, 1939 (synonym of H. fragmentella Henry Edwards).

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 83

Hyaloscotus [sic] fumosa Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, pl. 169f,
1936.

Maue.—(Fig. 27.) Antennae with approximately 29 segments;
pectinations extremely long, slender. Foretibia with slender epiphy-
sis, nearly equalling tibia in length.

Primaries R; usually connate to base of R3-+-4, sometimes slightly
separate. Secondaries with M, usually separate from Ms, in one in-
stance observed connate. Wing expanse 26-30 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 271.) Sacculus minutely toothed at apex.
Saccus broad at base, tapering gradually to tip. EHighth sternite
(fig. 209) with lateral margins nearly straight; furcations paralled to
slightly divergent.

Frmaute.— Unknown.

Casr.—Unknown, but may be represented by the larval case of
H. fragmentella.

Typr.—lIn the British Museum of Natural History.

Tyre LocaLiry.—Mt. Shasta, California.

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—None.

Distrisution.—(Map 4.) This species is represented by only five
males, all of which were collected by Lord Walsingham in 1871 from
the Pacific Mountain System of northern California. One specimen,
the holotype, is labelled “Mt. Shasta’”’; the others, merely ‘Siskiyou
Co.”

Discusston.—This insect differs from the following species in a
very fundamental character: the presence of an epiphysis, which, by
itself, as mentioned previously, cannot be considered the sole basis
for generic separation. Other, very similar features, such as genitalia,
scale structure, antennae, and general habitus provide ample reason
for maintaining these two species in a single genus.

Dyar (1923) has synonymized H. fumosa under H. fragmentella
Henry Edwards (and its supposed synonym H. coniferella Henry
Edwards), giving H. fragmentella priority. This association prob-
ably will prove correct when the pertinent stages of all three are
better known and, in addition, the distribution of H. pithopoera is
more fully understood. The exact relationships cannot be stated
definitely at present as the known larval cases in this genus are in-
separable on a specific level. Thus, it is possible that some of the
cases currently identified as H. fragmentella and H. coniferella actually
pertain to H. pithopoera, which was described from Idaho. For
these reasons, H. fragmentella and H. coniferella are discussed sep-
arately (pp. 148-149, 152).

The flight time of this species is probably in the interval from mid- to
late summer, which can be ascertained from Lord Walsingham’s
itinerary in California and Oregon during the years 1871-1872 (Hssig,

84 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

1941). He reports in his diaries that he was on Mt. Shasta approxi-
mately from August 1 to September 1 and in Siskiyou County from
July 29 to September 15.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 o'':

UNITED STATES: Catrrornia: Siskiyou County, 3 70’, BM.

30. Hyaloscotes pithopoera (Dyar)
FIGURES 28, 85, 161, 210, 272, 304, 352; Map 4

Pachytelia [sic] pithopoera Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 3, 1923.

Hyaloscotes pithopoera (Dyar) Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, p. 164, 1925.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 197, 1929—-McDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9533, 1939.

Pachythelia pithopoera (Dyar) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 161,

1929.

Hyaloscotus [sic] pithopoera (Dyar) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p.
1185, 1936.

Hyaloscotes sheppardi Freeman, Can. Ent., vol. 76, no. 9, p. 186, 1944 (new synon-
ymy).

Mate.—(Fig. 28.) Considerably smaller than H. fumosa. Anten-
nae with 18-22 segments; pectinations relatively shorter than in
preceding species, appearing more stout. Foretibia without epiphysis.

Primaries with R; usually separate from base of R3-+-4, may be
connate as observed in one wing. Hindwing with M, separate from
M; in all specimens studied. Wing expanse 18-22 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 272.) Apex of tegumen bluntly rounded.
Tip of sacculus with 2-6 spinules. Saccus rod-shaped, base not
expanded; relatively longer than in H. fumosa. Eighth sternite (fig.
210) with lateral margins strongly concave; furcations strongly
divergent.

Fremaue.—As described for genus. Genitalia (fig. 304) with inner
pair of sclerotized areas prominently forked at tapered, proximal ends.
Bursa elongate, slender.

Casr.—(Fig. 85.) 21-27 mm. length; 5-6 mm. greatest diameter
anteriorally, tapering gradually toward posterior end; covered longi-
tudinally with short pieces of leaves, grass blades.

Typrs.—In the United States National Museum (H. pithopoera);
Canadian National Collection (H. sheppardi).

TypE Locauity.—Collins, Idaho (H. pithopoera); Shawbridge,
Quebec (H. sheppardt).

ReEcorpDED Hosts.—Probably feeds, at least in part, on grasses, as
evidenced by case construction.

DistTRIBUTION.—(Map 4.) Reported from the Appalachian High-
lands of the extreme Northeastern United States, west to the Rocky
Mountain System, from Colorado north to Alberta, Canada.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 85

Discussion.—The type specimen along with two slide preparations
of Hyaloscotes pithopoera have been re-examined closely with the
resulting discovery that certain minor morphological features, although
taxonomically important, were given incorrectly in Dyar’s original
description.

In separating his new species from H. pithopoera, Freeman (1944)
presented the following diagnosis: ‘‘Sheppardi is closely allied to
pithopoera Dyar but in this latter species, the apex of the sacculus is
not spined as correctly stated by Dyar (1923) and kindly confirmed
by Mr. Carl Heinrich, U.S.N.M., Washington, D.C. The anterior
arms of the eighth ventral plate of pithopoera are parallel and not
divergent from their bases as in sheppardi.”

Dyar erroneously described both of these ‘‘key” characters in H.
pithopoera. The present author remounted the abdomen and male
genitalia of the type specimen of this species since Dyar’s preparation,
like his drawings, was carelessly executed. Under high magnification
the termination of the sacculus, although somewhat pointed, was
observed to be spined and the number of spinules was observed to be
slightly variable (two spinules on one sacculus and three at the apex of
the other). Dissection of one specimen of ‘“‘sheppardi” from Maine
showed four spinules on one sacculus and six on the opposite one.
Furthermore, the eighth sternite of H. pithopoera was identical to that
of “sheppardv’’ with divergent furcations. This re-evaluation has
proven H. sheppardi to be a synonym of Dyar’s species.

For the reasons discussed under H. fumosa, the identification of the
larval cases that are recorded below as HZ. pithopoera is not positively
certain. Conceivably, when adequate material from the type locality
of H. fragmentella and especially H. coniferella are known, these two
insects (or one of them) and H. pithopoera will be found to be con-
specific.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—8 oc’, 4 99, 34 cases:

CANADA: Atperta: Banff, Sulphur Mt., 5000-7000 ft., @, July 7, CU.
Lazzan, Mt. St. Piran, 5500 ft., o&, July 20, CNC. Qursec: Shawbridge,
2 oo, June 22-29; 9 with case, June; 3 cases, USNM;; case, CNC.

UNITED STATES: Cotorapo: Webster, Park County, 2 cases, USNM.
Ipauo: Collins, @, holotype, H. pithopoera, with case, USNM. Marne: Augusta,
o& with case, June 11; o, June 20, USNM. Montana: Gallatin County,

near West Yellowstone, 2 cases, USNM. Wasuineton: Winthrop, Okanogan
Co., &, July 26 (USNM).

14. Basicladus, new genus

Eurukuttarus, Eurycyttarus, Pachythelia, Platoeceticus, and Psyche, in part, of
authors.

Typr oF GENuS.—Eurycyttarus tracyi Jones, 1911.
Maur.—Body with densely hairy vesture; brownish fuscous.

86 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Antennae (fig. 377) broadly bipectinate, gradually decreasing in width
to apex, pectinations arising basally from each segment; sensory hairs
erect, very slender, approximately 4x diameter of pectination in length.
Legs (fig. 179) unarmed. Forelegs greatest in length, first tarsal
segment longest, greater than that of mesothoracic legs; second pair
of legs with femur slightly but distinctly longer than that of forelegs.
Posterior end of abdomen equalling extent of secondaries.

Wings (fig. 162) evenly scaled, brownish fuscous. Forewing with
scales of cell very slender, hairlike, with acute tips; apical angle,
outer margin of both wings strongly rounded; primaries 11-veined;
R, and , occasionally connate, usually stalked; base of M simple
within cell of both wings; 1A completely absent; 2A smoothly curved
beyond departure of 3A spur, not angulate. Secondaries 7-veined;
Rs either fused with Sc+R_ for short distance or connected to it
by oblique crossvein as in B. tracyi; Mz. and 3 usually separate, but
may be connate.

Mate Genirauia.—tIn general, weakly sclerotized. Tegumen
without apical cleft. Valves with bases extended internally into
prominent apodemes; pulvilli only slightly developed, minutely spined ;
sacculus with apical spinules. Vinculum gradually tapering to
rather elongate saccus. Aedeagus simple. Highth sternite with
shallow base; furcal arms long, slender, divergent, either with or with-
out distal knobs.

Frmaute.—Unknown.

Discusston.—Basicladus differs from the preceding genus Astala
in certain major features that are believed to be of generic value:
the loss of 1A and the smoothly curved 2A in the forewing; the
decidedly different structure of the male genitalia; the basal origin of
the antennal pectinations; and, most obvious, the broad, bluntly
rounded wings. Aséala, in contrast, possesses an angulate 2A and
has some vestige of 1A, pectinations that arise near the middle of
each segment, and wings with the apical angle more produced.
EKurukuttarus pileatus, closely resembling Astala in venation, agrees
with Basicladus in only one feature, the point of origin of the antennal
pectinations. Thus, Hurukuttarus also is very distinct from Basi-
cladus.

The basal origin of the antennal pectinations, which is believed to
be of generic importance in the Psychidae, has suggested the name
‘“‘Basicladus” (basal branch).

Key to the Species of Basicladus

la. Wing expanse 16-19 mm.; saccus as long as main body of genitalia (fig.
DIED) ©: ee vai cia) Scalar meee we oe pied cack cel set ee eae eobacaien, to see, S 31. B. tracyi
1b. Wing expanse 10-13 mm.; male genitalia with saccus less well developed
(fig STA) ee aie orice alec eeas ttn nace sen eer arene 32. B. celibatus

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 87

31. Basicladus tracyi (Jones), new combination
FicureEs 29, 86, 87, 162, 179, 218, 273, 273a, 348, 377; Mar 3

Eurycttarus [sie] tracyi Jones, Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 198, pl. 6, 1911.

Platoeceticus tracyi (Jones) Barnes and MecDunnough, Check List Lep. Boreal
Amer., no. 4802, 1917.

Pachytelia traceyi [sic] (Jones) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 2, 1923.

Eurukuttarus tracyi (Jones) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 131,
1929.

Eurukuttarus traceyi [sic] (Jones) MecDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9527, 1939.

Eurycyttarus tracyi (Jones) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179,
pl. 169b, 1936.

Psyche cacocnemos Jones, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 131, pls. 7-8, 1922 (new synonymy) .—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 114, 1929.

Pachytelia [sic] cacocnemos (Jones) Dyar, Insee. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 2, 1923.

Eurycyttarus cacocnemos (Jones) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1180,
pl. 169b, 1936.

Eurukuttarus cacocnemos (Jones) MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9529, 1939.

Matzr.— (Fig. 29.) Body robust, densely hairy, vesture consisting
mostly of light brown hairs with slight admixture of greyish white.
Antennae with 28-34 segments. Legs of variable length. Abdomen
with caudal segments somewhat widely tufted laterally.

Wings fuscous. Primaries with apex reduced, strongly rounded.
Secondaries with Rs variable, fused with Sc+-R, for short distance as
in B. celibatus or touching at point or connected to it by oblique vein
as in Astala. Wing expanse 16-19 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 273.) Internal apodemes of valves
relatively short and stout. Saccus long with apex dilated or simple.
Furcal arms of eighth sternite (fig. 218) variable, sometimes stouter
than illustrated, with distinctly clubbed tips.

Casr.—(Figs. 86, 87.) Length 25-30 mm., width variable, de-
pending upon amount of extraneous material applied, usually 6-8 mm.
Covering of case usually consisting of grass or sedge leaves and stems,
attached anteriorally, applied longitudinally in overlapping fashion.
Blades usually cut short, but may surpass length of bag.

Types.—In the United States National Museum (Psyche cacocne-
mos and Hurukuttarus tracy?).

Type tocauity.—Jacksonville, Florida (P. cacocnemos); Biloxi,
Mississippi (£. tracy).

ReEcoRDED Hosts.—‘‘Sarraceniaceae: Sarracenia sledget Macfarl.
(flower petals); Poaceae: grasses,’’ Jones (1911). ‘‘Grasses, sedges,
and rushes” (Jones, 1922). ‘‘Arecaceae: palm,’ (from specimen
label).

Distrisution.—(Map 3.) Found through parts of the Atlantic
Plain from North Carolina to Mississippi.

88 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Discussion.—This insect reportedly (Jones, 1911) overwinters
in the last larval instar and feeds for a short time in early spring before
suspending its case from some tree, shrub, or other support. The
adults emerge in late spring. In 1921 Jones reared a few Florida
males of the type series of P. cacocnemos in Delaware and observed
them to emerge from September to November. This was submitted
as a possible biological difference from the spring-emerging F. tracy.
All wild captures of this species, however, including the short-legged
forms, demonstrate a spring emergence.

In separating P. cacocnemos from E. tracyt, Jones (1922) relied upon
the following distinguishing characteristics in P. cacocnemos: wings
darker than E. tracyi; legs shorter and more slender; primaries api-
cally more acute; secondaries proportionately longer and narrower.
The case of P. cacocnemos was thought to be narrower, with the plant
fragments less uniform in size, often possessing long slender pine
needles loosely diverging from the case. Jones also thought that the
smaller subcostal cell (with Rs fused for a short distance to Se+R,)
was perhaps a specific difference.

I consider all of these differences to be variations of a single species
since intermediate conditions exist for each character and there appears
to be no correlation among any of them. The coloring of the wing
depends largely on the relative number of intact scales. Specimens
with a short subcostal cell were found to have legs approaching the
longest extreme. The cases themselves, although slightly variable, are
certainly much less so than certain other species of psychids, e.g.,
Oiketicus abbotir.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—17 o'<", 43 cases:

UNITED STATES: Atasama: Delchamps, case, USNM. Mobile, 3 oo,
April 4-23, 4 cases, USNM. Theodore, 4 cases, USNM. Frorma: Charlotte
Harbor, 3 cases, USNM. Crestview, case, USNM. De Funiak Springs, 3 cases,
USNM. Ft. Myers, 2 cases, USNM. Homestead, @ with case, April 30, USNM.
Jacksonville, 7, holotype, B. cacocnemos, Sept. 28; 2 7%, Sept. 14-Oct. 4; &, 2
cases, USNM. Lakeland, case, BM. Royal Palm State Park, o, April 11, 7
cases, USNM. Tampa, case, USNM. Mississippi: Biloxi, o, holotype, B.
tracyi, May; 2 oo’, May; o with case, May 14; 8 cases, USNM; case, ANS.
Norra Carouina: Leland, 3 oo, June 19-20, USNM. Wilmington, &, May 15,
USNM. Sours Caronina: Summerville, 4 cases, USNM.

32. Basicladus celibatus (Jones), new combination

Ficures 30, 88, 217, 274, 344; Map 4

Psyche celibata Jones, Ent., News, vol. 33, p. 130, pls. 7-8, 1922.—Dalla Torre
and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34. p. 114, 1929.

Pachytelia [sic] celibata (Jones) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 2, 1923.

Eurycyttarus celibata (Jones) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1180,
pl. 169c, 1936.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE &9

Eurukuttarus celibata (Jones) McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA,
pt. 2, no. 9528, 1939.

Mate.—(Fig. 30.) Moth of small size, rather slender body; light
brown body hairs about equally mixed with much paler, whitish hairs.
Antennae 23- to 24-segmented.

Wings brownish fuscous. Primaries with apex slightly less rounded,
more extended than in B. tracyi. Secondaries with Rs fusing to Se+ Ri
for short distance, producing relatively short subcostal cell; Rs
usually arising separate from Sc-+R, at discal cell, may be stalked
with latter vein in rare instances; M; and Mz; usually separate, occa-
sionally connate or shortly stalked. Wing expanse 10.5-12.5 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 274.) Valves with apodemes relatively
longer, more slender than in B. tracy?. Saccus shorter, more tapering.
Lateral margins of eighth sternite (fig. 217) not deeply excavated ;
furcations gradually tapering to pointed apex.

Casr.—(Fig. 88.) Length 11-15 mm.; diameter 2-3 mm. Bag
slender, roughly cylindrical; exterior overlaid with thin flakes of pine
bark, usually with number of elongate sections of pine needles or
small plant stems arranged longitudinally.

Typre.—In the United States National Museum.

Type Locatiry— De Funiak Springs, Walton County, Florida.

REcoRDED Hosts.—Ericaceae: Vaccinium corymbosum L., from
specimen labels. Probably a general feeder on low vegetation. Cases
usually are found attached rather low to the trunks of such trees as
oaks and pines (Jones, 1922).

DistriputTion.—(Map 4.) Through the Atlantic Plain from North
Carolina to Florida.

Discussion.—No adult females of this species are known but F. M.
Jones has reared more than 40 males from an even greater number of
cases gathered at De Funiak Springs. Jones concluded from the
scarcity of females that perhaps female larvae sought out different
situations for pupation (hence the specific name “‘celibata’’). This
difference in habit between the sexes has been noted for certain
European species (Hofmann, 1860).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—26 ©’, 46 cases.

UNITED STATES: Fuoripa: specific locality unknown, 2 cases, BM. De
Funiak Springs, o, holotype, June 21; 23 oo, June 3-28, 35 cases. USNM.
Paradise Key, case, USNM. Walton County, o&, June 20, PAS. Norra
CaroLina: Ammon, o& with case, July 7, USNM. Wilmington, o, 8 cases,

USNM.
15. Coloneura, new genus

Apterona, Cochliotheca Rebelia, in part, of authors.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Apterona fragilis Barnes and McDunnough, 1916.
Maur.—Moths of small size, slender body. Antennae (fig. 378)

90 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

broadly bipectinate, gradually tapering to apex. Foretibia (fig. 180)
without epiphysis; legs not spurred.

Wings (fig. 163) rounded, uniformly, very thinly scaled, translucent;
usually 10- and 7-veined. Primaries with radial, medial veins all
separate; base of medius undivided within cell, vestigial branch
sometimes faintly observed; 1A mostly obsolete, faint vestige curving
down to join 2A; 2A and 3A united near base of wing, fused for some
distance, 3A separating again as spur along hindmargin. Secondaries
Sc+R, uniting with Rs just before apex of cell, separating again as
very short spur to costal margin; M, absent; M2 and M; separate; base
of M undivided.

MALE GENITALIA.—Relatively broad, apex of tegumen evenly
rounded. Valves with pulvilli prominent, minutely spined; apex of
sacculus with small spines. Vinculum gradually narrowing to mod-
erately long saccus. Aedeagus simple, without expanded base.
Eighth sternite (fig. 219) with relatively long, slender furcal arms.

FrmaLe.— Unknown.

Discussion.—The sole species of this genus, Coloneura fragilis,
represents an insect that diverges greatly from moths of the genus
Apterona as typified by A. crenulella, and so the species has required a
new generic placement. Coloneura fragilis, with its broadly bipectinate
antennae and relatively unique venation, contrasts sharply with A.
crenulella, which possesses simple antennae and very different vena-
tion in both the fore- and hindwings. Further, these two groups differ
considerably in genitalic characters and in leg structure: Apterona has
shorter, stockier tarsal segments.

The unique and extremely short subcostal vein in the hindwing of
C. fragilis has suggested the name ‘‘Coloneura” for this genus.

33. Coloneura fragilis (Barnes and McDunnough), new combination
Fiaures 31, 163, 180, 219, 275, 275a, 345, 378; Map 1

Apterona fragilis Barnes and MeDunnough, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer.,
vol. 3, no. 1, p. 34, pl. 3; fig. 21, 1916.—Barnes and McDunnough, Check
List Lep. Boreal Amer., no. 4808, 1, 1917.—Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol.
11, p. 5, 1923.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 105,
1929.—MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 95387, 1939.

Rebelia fragilis (Barnes and McDunnough) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 76, 1929.

Cochliotheca fragilis (Barnes and McDunnough) Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World,
vol. 6, p. 1179, pl. 169b, 1936.

Matye—(Fig. 31.) Head and thorax sparsely clothed with long,
whitish hair. Antennae (fig. 370) 17- to 18-jointed, pectinations long,
slender, arising mesad from each segment. Abdomen only slightly
surpassing posterior margin of secondaries. Scales of both wings

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 91

(fig. 345) uniformly very fine, hairlike, brownish to greyish fuscous.
Wing expanse 10-11 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 275.) As described for genus.

Casr.— Unknown.

Typre.—In the United States National Museum.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Redington, Arizona.

RECORDED Hosts.—None.

Disrripution.—(Map. 1.) Presently known from the Basin and
Range Province of southern Arizona and New Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—16 oC:

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Specific locality unknown, o’', USNM. Ma-
dera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 4880 ft., @, July 9, RWH; 10 oc’, June 11-14, CU.
Paradise, o’, July, USNM;2 oc’, USNM. Redington, o&,type, USNM. NEw
Mexico: Jemez Springs, o, June 14, ANS.

16. Thanatepsyche Butler

Thanatopsyche Butler, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, p. 9, 1882.—Kirby, Cat. Lep.
Heter., vol. 1, p. 524, 1892.—Dalla Torre, Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 131,
1927.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 1838, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, 1936.

Tyrer oF GeNus.—Thanatopsyche canescens Butler, 1882. Mono-
basic.

Mate.—Body densely clothed with long hair. Antennae (fig.
379) bipectinate, pectinations gradually decreasing in length to apex;
sensory hairs relatively short, stout, equalling or slightly exceeding
diameter of pectinations in length, uniformly spaced in definite rows.
Foretibia (fig. 182) without epiphysis; mid- and hindtibiae each with
an apical spur.

Wings (fig. 164) more or less transparent with sparsely scattered
scales, most heavily concentrated along veins causing latter to stand
out prominently. Forewing 12-veined; discal scales usually narrowly
oblanceolate, truncate apices or nearly so; R3 and 4 stalked, R; usually
connate at base; in rare instances R, and » stalked or R, stalked along
with R; and 4; M, arising from cell much nearer R; than M:2+3;
M; and 3 always stalked; base of M variable, branched or unbranched
within cell of fore- and hindwings; 1A curved downward, fusing with
2A % distance along hindmargin; 2A and 3A joined near wing base,
3A completely fused, not continued as spur. Secondaries 8-veined,
Sc+R, and Rs usually joined at base, separated along most of cell,
joining again just beyond apex of cell, finally separating as Sc+R,
and Rs before reaching outer margin of wing; Mg, stalked with M;
in all specimens examined.

Mate GENITALIA.—Apex of tegumen acute. Valves with pulvilli
moderately developed; apex of sacculus minutely toothed; posterior

693-052—647

92 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

margin abruptly narrowing, producing prominent notch % distance

from base. Aedeagus slender, without expanded base. Eighth

sternite with posterior margin sharply truncate; furcations convergent

or parallel, slender, acutely pointed, variable in length.
Frmaute.—Unknown.

Key to the Species of Thanatopsyche

ta: Vesture of thorax sgréyish “white ts! < fle. te ee oe Ge es 35. T. canescens
lip, Vestine of thorax blaclo-..2 s\.cua ts sms uoueie. mente recliners 34. T. chilensis

34. Thanatopsyche chilensis (Philippi)
FIGURES 33, 224, 277, 277a; Map 8

Psyche chilensis Philippi, Linn. Ent., vol. 14, p. 290, 1860.—Walker, List Lep.
Insects Brit. Mus., vol. 32, suppl. 2, p. 405, 1865.—Butler, Trans. Ent.
Soe. London, p. 9, 1882.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 114,
1929.

Thanatopsyche chilensis (Philippi) Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 524, 1892.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, pl. 169c, 1936.

Matz.—(Fig. 33.) Vesture of body unicolorous, black, denser
than that of 7. canescens. Antennae black, usually 40-44 segments.
Base of M within discal cell frequently divided. Wing expanse 29-—
36 mm.

Matz GeniTatia.—(Fig. 277.) Very similar to that of 7. canescens
but larger. Eighth sternite (fig. 224) equal to that of 7. canescens in
length but with broader base; furcal arms shorter and convergent.

Casu.—Philippi in the original description states that the mature
bag is approximately 63 mm. long, 16-18 mm. in diameter, and is
spindle-shaped. The case may sometimes be nearly bare with only
traces of small pieces of bark; it is brownish grey with the consistency
of parchment.

Typr.—Lost.

Type LocaLity.—Chile.

Recorpep Hosts.— Die Raupen scheint die zarte Rinde der
Zweige zu fressen, und lebt auf sehr verschiedenen Gewdachsen, na-
mentlich Pflaumen—und andern Obstbiumen, Rosen, selbst auf
Lebensbaum, aber auch auf wildwachsenden Baiumen und Stréuchern”
(Philippi, 1860).

Disrripution.—(Map 8.) Recorded from the Vale of Chile and
the Coastal Range of central Chile.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—l11 oc.

CHILE: Specific locality unknown, o&*, CAS; #7, ZMHU;20° 7, ZSBS. Banos
Cauqueas, co", Nov., CAS. Santiago, 2 7, BM; 0, July; &, CAS; &, Feb. 22,
USNM. Valparaiso, ¢, CAS.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 93

39. Thanatopsyche canescens Butler
FIGURES 32, 89, 164, 182, 225, 276, 379

Thanatopsyche canescens Bulter, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 9, 1882.—Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 524, 1892.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 183, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181,
pl. 169d, 1936.

Maur.—(Fig. 32.) Vesture of head and abdomen black; thorax
covered with long greyish white hair; legs and thorax less abundantly
clothed than T. chilensis. Antennae black, approximately 37-40
segments. Wing expanse 22-27 mm.

MALgE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 276.) As described for genus. Eighth
sternite (fig. 225) equal to that of 7. chilensis in length, but more
narrow and less massive; furcal arms parallel and longer than in 7.
chilensis.

Casz.—(Fig. 89.) Length approximately 38-40 mm., diameter
6-7 mm. Fusiform in outline; silk greyish white, thin, paper-like
consistency, essentially naked with only sparse scattering of dark
brown, tiny plant fragments; near middle of bag a zone of small
outwardly projecting segments of stems present, probably quite
variable.

Typr.—In the British Museum.

TyPE LOcCALITY.—Chile.

RecorpED Hosts.— Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia sagittaefolia
Remy, and other shrubs” (Butler, 1882).

Distrisution.—Presently recorded only from Chile and perhaps
from the Vale of Chile, although the exact localities are not known.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—14 o'<', 1 Case:

CHILE: Specific locality unknown, 60° oc", USNM; 2 oo, case, BM. Aurau-
canie(?), 5 oo, USNM. Pamehue(?), «1, USNM.

17. Animula Herrich-Schiaffer

Animula Herrich-Schaffer, Samml. bekannt. Aussereur. Schmett., pp. 3, 8, 59,
fig. 520, 1856.—Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, pp. 45, 66, 69,
1881.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 506, 1892.—Dalla Torre,
Ent. Jahrb. vol. 36, p. 131, 1927—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182,
1936.—Betrem, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 332, 336, 1952.

Type oF GENUS.—Animula dichroa Herrich-Schaffer, 1856. Mon-
obasic.

Maur.—Body robust, densely covered with dark wooly hair.
Antennal (fig. 380) pectinations relatively short, gradually decreasing
in length to apex; arising from middle or slightly beyond middle of
each segment; sensory hairs long, slender, arranged in definite rows.

94 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Forelegs (fig. 181) without epiphysis; first tarsal segment long,
approximately 3x length of second. Middle and hindtibiae usually
with prominent apical spur, sometimes unarmed (A. seitzz); first tarsal
segment of these legs doubling second in length. Abdomen usually
surpassing hindmargin of secondaries by nearly half its length.

Wings (fig. 165) largely free of scales, transparent. Primaries
elongate, tornus usually indistinct or absent; outer margin strongly
oblique, as long or longer than hindmargin; either 9- or 10-veined;
R, and , very short, usually fused, sometimes dividing just before
margin; R; and , either fused or separate, R; connate at base; discal
cell prominent, very near costal margin; base of medius undivided
within cell of both wings; M, and 3 completely fused, occasionally
connate with Cu,; base of 1A usually atrophied, outer third curving
down to fuse with 2A; 2A strongly angulate at juncture of 1A; 2A and
3A separate at extreme base, then fusing with short spur sometimes
given off toward hind margin. Secondaries slender in outline, termen
strongly rounded; usually with 6, sometimes 5, veins (A. seitz?); all veins
arising separate from cell; Sc+R; and Rs separate at base, fusing
midway along cell, usually continuing as one vein to margin; M2 and ;
fused.

Mate GENITALIA.—Elongate. Apex of tegumen not extended,
usually bluntly triangular. Valves with pulvilli slightly developed;
tip of sacculus with usually two minute spines. Vinculum relatively
slender, approximately 2x as long as wide. Saccus well developed,
rodlike. Aedeagus base sometimes slightly enlarged. Eighth sternite
with furcations long, slender; undivided base weak with only a narrow
bridge connecting two furcations.

Fremate.Unknown.

Key to the Species of Animula

la. Tibiae without spurs; M2,+3 and Cu, of primaries arising equidistant from
Cure ee . . . . . 39. A. seitzi
1b. Mesothoracic aiid TiccaLleeaicic tibide Baal ith simple apical spur; M2+3
arising much closer to Cu; than does Cuz

2a. Rz and , stalked; male genitalia with greatest width above middle, near
apex of tegumen (fig. 281) ... . ... . .36. A. limpia

2b. Rz and , completely fused; greatest width Of genitals below qmidale.
3a. Saccus less than 4% ienete of main body of genitalia (fig. 278); eighth
sternite with lateral mans of base not greatly extended (fig.
22) a en . . . . 38. A. dichroa
3b. Saccus more fen 14, engin ne main Sibody of Benitalin (fig. 279); eighth
sternite with lateral margins of base greatly extended (fig.
D938) ga ee wl el RS a a ee ah aes ee Le Ss Acimerepters

Animula, subgenus sensu stricto

Tyrr oF suBGENUS.—Animula dichroa Herrich-Schaffer, 1856.
Mauu.—Meso- and metathoracic tibiae each with single apical spur.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 95

Primaries with outer fourth of costa only slightly curved; M,+;
narrowly separate or connate with Cu;. Secondaries 6-veined, less
than % area of forewings, not extending as far as apex of cell in pri-
maries; usually more heavier scaled than forewings, never with dense,
apical patch of scaling.

36. Animula limpia Dognin
FicurReEs 38, 90, 165, 222, 281, 380; Map 8

Animula limpia Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 38, p. 241, 1894.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.— Gaede in Seitz, Macro-
lep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, 1936.

Mate.—(Fig. 38.) Antennae with 36-38 segments. Primaries 10-
veined with outer margin not as strongly oblique or evenly curved as
A. dichroa; veins usually with heavy scattering of dark, broad scales;
R; and ,invariably stalked. Secondaries more sparsely scaled than in
other species. Wing expanse 24-30 mm.

Mae GENITALIA.—(Fig. 281.) Greatest width above middle
near apex of tegumen. Saccus relatively long, over % length of
main body of genitalia. Eighth sternite (fig. 222) with furcal arms
usually parallel.

Casu.—(Fig. 90.) Length 32-40 mm.; diameter6-S mm. Exterior
partially naked, sparse scattering of minute plant fragments, rather
short (5-7 mm. long), slender segments of twigs, applied, for most
part, longitudinally along case; walls of case thin, greyish white,
consistency like that of parchment.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum.

TyPr LocALity.—Loja, Ecuador.

RecorpEeD Hosts.—None.

Distrinution.—(Map 8.) This insect is known only from the
Andes of southern Ecuador.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—10 od’, 5 cases:

ECUADOR: Loja, o&, holotype, 2°, with cases, May, July 138; 2%° 0, May
23, June; 20'o', 30° o"' with cases, USNM.

37. Animula microptera (Schaus), new combination
FIGURES 39, 223, 279; Map 8

Thyridopteryx microptera Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 345, 1905.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, 1936.

Maur.—(Fig. 39.) Very similar in appearance and structure to A.
dichroa. Antennae with approximately 39 segments. Wing expanse
24-26 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 279.) Greatest width below middle;
relatively more slender, with saccus proportionately longer than

96 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

A. dichroa. Eighth sternite (fig. 223) furcations parallel to slightly
divergent; sides of base extended some distance laterally.

Casre.—Unknown.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

TyprE LocALIty.—St. Jean, French Guiana.

ReEcoRDED HOSTS.—None.

DistripuTion.—(Map 8.) Presently known from three widely
scattered localities: from the Atlantic Plain of Veracruz, Mexico, and
the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela, to the Guiana Coastal Plain of
French Guiana.

Discussion.—After much more collecting has been done in the
group, this species may be reduced to a synonym of A. dichroa. For
the present, however, good genitalic differences separate these two
very closely related species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 oC:

FRENCH GUIANA: St. Jean, Maroni, holotype, @’, USNM.

MEXICO: Rinconada, Veracruz, «7, USNM.
VENEZUELA(?): Merida, o«', USNM.

38. Animula dichroa Herrich-Schiffer
Fieures 40, 181, 221, 278, 278a

Animula dichroa Herrich-Schaffer, Samm]. bekannt. Aussereur. Schmett., p. 59,
fig. 520, 1856.—Heylearts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, p. 69, 1881;
Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p. xevii, 1884.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1,
p. 506, 1892.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, pl. 169d, 1936.—Bet-
rem, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 332, 336, 1952.

Maue.—(Fig. 40.) Antennae with 34-37 segments. Primaries with
tornus absent, outer margin smoothly curved; veins largely devoid of
scales, R; and, fused; R, and , fused, sometimes faintly separating just
before margin; usually 9-veined. Wing expanse 26-28 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 278.) Greatest width below middle;
saccus relatively short, less than 4 length of main body of genitalia.
Eighth sternite (fig. 221) furcations slightly to strongly convergent.

Casr.—Not examined. Described by Heylaerts (1884c).

Typr.—In the British Museum of Natural History.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Venezuela.

RECORDED HostTs.—None.

DistrriBuTION.—No precise records for this species are known. It
has been recorded from Colombia and Venezuela.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 oC’:

Locality unknown, 2 oo’, BM.
COLOMBIA: Specific locality unknown, &’, RNH.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 97

Artipenna, new subgenus

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Thyridopteryx seitzi Gaede, 1936.

Mauz.—Tibiae of all legs completely lacking in armature.

Primaries with outer fourth of costa sharply curved to wing apex;
outer margin relatively straight, with rather distinct tornus, hindmar-
gin subequal in length; 10 veins present; R3-++, completely united, R;
connate at base; M.+3 widely separate from Cu,, equalling distance
of Cu, from Cuy. Secondaries elongate, narrow (hence, subgeneric
name “Artipenna’’), and approximately % area of primaries; termen
somewhat acute, extending as far as apex of discal cell in forewings;
5(?) veins present; Cu, extending from very prominent cell into
wing apex; M,+3 and Cu, arising from cell above and below Cu,
at equal distances; M, absent(?); above, cell bends outward almost
to costal margin, sending off short vein (Sc+-R,+Rs) from anterior
bend to margin.

39. Animula seitzi (Gaede), new combination
Ficures 37, 220, 280; Map 8
Thyridopteryx seitzi Gaede, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, pl. 169e, 1936.

Matr.—(Fig. 37.) Primaries completely transparent except for
scattering of dark scales along costal margin. Secondaries mostly
transparent, terminal third densely scaled, dark fuscous; inner
margin with long white hairs. Wing expanse 16 mm.

Mae GENITALIA.—(Fig. 280.) Greatest width near middle of
genitalia, lateral margins nearly parallel. Saccus well developed,
approximately % as long as main body of genitalia. Base of aedeagus
very slightly enlarged. Furcations of eighth sternite (fig. 220)
parallel to slightly divergent; apices noticeably enlarged.

Case.—Unknown.

Typr.—In the Senckenberg Museum.

Type Locauiry.—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ReEcorRDED Hosts.—None.

DistripuTion.—(Map 8.) This species is represented by a single
specimen, collected by Adalbert Seitz, from Rio de Janeiro (of the
Parana Plateau).

Discussion.—The above descriptions are somewhat incomplete
owing to the lack of available study material. It is possible that
the hindwings of the unique specimen are deformed to some extent,
but at present this cannot be decided. The wings of the type were
not available for examination; however, the writer was able to study
photographs of the specimen as well as slide preparations of the legs,
abdomen, and genitalia. The foregoing subgeneric and_ specific
descriptions were acquired from these materials and from the original

98 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

description (Gaede, 1936). As shown in the photograph of the male
(fig. 37), the head and the right hindwing are now missing.

This species obviously is related closely to the other three members
of Animula. Certain important divergences, however, have made it
necessary to erect a new subgenus for this insect. The more impor-
tant of these differences, demonstrated by A. seitzi, is the absence
of tibial spurs and certain venational characters in the forewings
(e.g., relative position of M,-+3) and perhaps also in the secondaries,
but a cleared preparation of the latter will have to be examined
before a conclusion can be drawn.

18. Biopsyche Dyar

Thyridopteryx, in part, of authors.

Biopsyche Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 178, 1905.—Schaus, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344, 1905.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep.
Cat., pars 34, p. 183, 1929—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2,
p. 316, 1956.

Hymenopsyche Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 248, 1865 (in part).

Typp or GENUS.—Thanatopsyche apicalis Hampson, 1904. Orig-
inal designation and monobasic.

Matzs.—Antennae (fig. 381) broadly bipectinate at lower half,
tapering gradually outward, becoming serrate for outer third or
fourth of length; segments numerous (over 30), very short, pectina-
tions arising for most part mesad, becoming apical for distal third
of antenna. Thorax clothed with dense, wooly hair. Epiphysis
(fig. 183) present on foretibia, %; or more length of tibia. Meso- and
metathoracic tibiae each with single apical spur.

Wings (fig. 166) mostly transparent with greater or lesser concen-
tration of scales along costal and hind margins of wings, frequently
along veins. Primaries elongate, 12-veined; Rs; and 4 variously
stalked, rarely completely fused; intercalary cell absent from both
wings; base of 1A usually atrophied, curving abruptly down, connec-
ting with 2A halfway out along hindmargin, usually sending short,
faint spur toward outer margin; 2A and 3A separate at base with 3A
joining 2A, separating as short spur toward hindmargin. Secondaries
approximately half size of primaries, triangular, either 7- or 8-veined
because of variation in union of M, and 3; Se+R, and Rs converging
at point beyond apex of cell, immediately separating again; M2
and M; stalked or fused throughout length.

MALe GeniTaLiA.—Tegumen with shallow apical notch. Valves
with pulvilli slightly developed, sparsely spinulose; apex of sacculus
minutely toothed. Vinculum abruptly narrowing to elongate saccus.
Aedeagus with membranous, bulbous basal expansion. Eighth

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 99

sternite with shallow base; furcate arms rather long, parallel, with
curved, knoblike tips.
Frmate.—Unknown.

Key to the Species of Biopsyche

la. Epiphysis % length of foretibia and arising 2 distance from base; vesture of

head completely fuscous . . . .... . 41. B. apicalis

lb. Epiphysis % length of foretibia ea asia m distance from base; head
vesture largely fuscous with area around antennal bases greyish white.

40. B. thoracica

40. Biopsyche thoracica (Grote), new combination
Fiaures 35, 36, 91, 282, 347; Map 6
Hymenopsyche thoracicum Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 249, 1865.
Thyridopteryx thoracicum (Grote) Gunlach, Contr. Ent. Cubana, p. 276, 1881.—
Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892.—Dalla Torre and Strand,
Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World,
vol. 6, p. 1182, 1936.

Mate.— (Figs. 35, 36.) Antennae with 33-40 segments. Dorsum
of head with two areas (around bases of antennae) of greyish white
hairs. Pronotum clothed with greyish white hairs; neck, remainder
of head, thorax, abdomen clothed with fuscous hairs. Epiphysis 4
length of foretibia, arising from basal fifth of that segment.

Wing membrane very smooth, lustrous, reflecting at times with a
somewhat milky sheen. Forewing with outer half of costal margin
and inner half of anal area usually with sparse scattering of broad to
somewhat narrow, short scales (fig. 374). Secondaries with costal
area sparsely covered with rather broad scales; anal area with long
hairs, scattering of short broad scales near hindmargin; scales of both
wings dark fuscous. M, and 3 of hindwing frequently fused, sometimes
separating just before reaching hindmargin. Wing expanse 18-25
mm.

Mae GENITALIA.—(Fig. 282.) As described for genus; very
similar to B. apicalis.

Casr.—(Fig. 91.) Length 20-25 mm.; diameter 7-10 mm.
Roughly covered with short sections of small twigs, spines, oriented
in a somewhat spiral pattern.

Typr.—In the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Cuba.

RECORDED Hosts.—‘‘Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia Blanco”’
from specimen label.

DisTRIBUTION.—(Map 6.) Cuba.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—7 6’ 0', 24 cases:

CUBA: Specific locality unknown, 2 oo, holotype, paratype, ANS; 2 oa’,

2 cases, USNM. Havana, o, July 15-18; o, 22 cases, DEI; o&, April 12,
USNM.

100 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

41. Biopsyche apicalis (Hampson)
FicurEs 34, 166, 183, 226, 283, 283a, 346, 381; Map 6

Thanatopsyche apicalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 180,
1904.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, 1936.

Biopsyche apicalis (Hampson) Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 178, 1905.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 183, 1929.

Maue.—(Fig. 34.) Antennae with approximately 40 segments.
Pronotum clothed with white hairs; head, remainder of thorax, abdo-
men with fuscous hairs. Epiphysis % length of foretibia, arising about
% distance from base of that segment.

Membrane of wing not as lustrous as B. thoracica; wings more
abundantly scaled: scales (fig. 346) browner, slightly narrower (in
corresponding positions) than in B. thoracica; veins darkly outlined
(because of heavier scaling); dark area of scaling along terminal
half of costal margin quite prominent. M, and ; of hindwing stalked
¥ or more their length, not completely fused in any of four wings
examined. Wing expanse 22-26 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 283.) As described for genus.

Casn.—Unknown.

Typre.—lIn the British Museum of Natural History.

Tyre Locatity.—Abaco, Bahamas.

ReEcorDeED Hosts.—None.

DistrisutTion.—(Map 6.) Bahama Islands.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 61:

BAHAMAS: Specific locality unknown, #7, BM; 7, USNM. Bimini, «7, CM.

19. Oiketicus Guilding

Oiketicus Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 15, p. 373, 1827.—Double-
day, Entomologist, no. 7, p. 97, 1841.—Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 219, 1854.— Walker, List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 961, 1855.—
Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 25, pp. 45, 66, 69, 1881.—Kirby,
Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892——Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ.
N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 118, 1894.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 352,
1902 [1903].—Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344, 1905.—Dalla
Torre, Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 181, 1927.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep.
Cat., pars 34, p. 193, 1929——Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6,
p- 1184, 1936—MecDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2,
p. 102, 1939.—Forbes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 90 no. 2, p. 368, 1942.—
Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 260, 1942.—Betrem,
Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, p. 334, 1952.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3,
no. 1, p. 320, 1956.

Oeketicus [sic] Lefebre, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 11, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1842.—
Pagenstecher, Geogr. Verbreit. Schmett., p. 434, 1909.

Oeceticus [sic] Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Rep. Argent., Lep., vol 5, p. 395, 1878.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 14, p. 483, 1929.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 101

Type oF GENUS.—Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1827. Original
designation.

Maue.—Relatively large-size moths, containing some of largest
members of family. Body very stout, densely hairy. Antennae
(figs. 382, 384, 385) with segments short, broadly bipectinate, pecti-
nations diminishing in length gradually to apex or decreasing abruptly
about 4 way out, sharply biserate, with various intermediate conditions.
Foreleg equalling or slightly exceeding mesothoracic leg, differing in
structure between subgenera; epiphysis present in all species except O.
platensis. Mesothoracic tibia with 1-2 minute spurs. Hindlegs
most reduced in size, femur varying in outline from slightly expanded
in most species to globose in O. zihuatanejensis; 1-2 small apical spurs
present. Abdomen exceeding hindmargin of secondaries some
distance, frequently by about % length.

Wings variously scaled; may be transparent and without scales, or
unicolorous and moderately scaled, or more heavily scaled and possess-
ing distinct color pattern. Venation (fig. 146, 167) rather variable in
certain species. Forewings more or less elongate, usually with
prominent apex; 12—veined; R; and , stalked, R; usually connate or
stalked; base of M forked for some distance; 1A curving down,
joining 2A, sometimes giving off short spur before juncture; 2A
occasionally sending off 1-2 slender spurs toward hindmargin; 2A
and 3A connected by crossvein near basal third of wing, 3A directed
down toward margin. Hindwing triangular, outer margin weakly
rounded, straight, or excavated; approximately % the area of forewings;
normally 8-veined; Sc usually giving off 1-2 short spurs toward costal
margin; Sc + R, and Rs connected by basal crossvein, also by second
vein slightly beyond apex of discal cell; M, and 3 either connate or
stalked; base of M divided within cell (in O. zihuatanejensis, M may
be simple or even absent); 1A often partially atrophied, sometimes
connected to 2A by faint crossvein.

Mae GENITALIA.—Elongate, apex of tegumen cleft or entire.
Valves with pulvilli well developed, minutely spined; apex of sacculus
with several spinules. Vinculum elongate, gradually tapering to
long, slender saccus. Aedeagus base strongly dilated or only slightly
so. Highth sternite with furcal arms, broad, stout, usually slightly
divergent.

Frma.e.—Vermiform, all body appendages vestigial or completely
absent. Dorsum of head and thorax sclerotized, darker than rest
of body; usually completely naked except for characteristic posterior
ring of dense hair.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 310.) Very similar to Thyridopteryz.
External genitalia with pair of short, rodlike apodemes; dorsal pair

102 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

of broad, irregularly shaped sclerotizations present on eighth seg-
ment. Internal genitalia with bursa several times larger than sper-
matheca; ductus seminalis extremely long, convoluted; spermatheca
normal; accessory glands variously bilobed, arising posterior to
vestibulum; vestibulum frequently bilobed.

Discussion.—This genus presents the greatest difficulty in species
delimitation of all the New World genera, largely because of the
paucity of reared and associated material representing the immature
stages as well as the adults. The lack of reliable, morphological
specific characters and the variation expressed in color and size have
added greatly to the problem. So little field work has been accom-
plished in this complicated group that any assumptions on probable
patterns of speciation and evolution would have to be based on slight
and probably misleading evidence. The principal areas of uncer-
tainty involve the forms of the West Indies and especially of Mexico.

Key to the Species of Oiketicus

la. Tarsus of foreleg (figs. 184, 186) exceeding tibia in length; epiphysis approx-
imately 4 length of tibia and extending to, or surpassing, apex of that
segment; primaries either unicolorous or semitransparent (subgenus

Paraotketicus).
2a. Wings devoid of scales, semitransparent; medius undivided within cell of
SCCOMGAMIES 4 ca, Shs, fay ei bctaceh ies sien arto ye tenes sw plo oue 45. O. zihuatanejensis

2b. Wings usually evenly scaled, rarely semitransparent; base of medius con-
sistently forked in both wings.
3a. Antennal pectinations gradually decreasing in length to apex (fig. 384).
4a. Larval case smoothly cylindrical (fig. 94) ....... 43. OQ. borsanii
4b. Larval case elliptical in outline (figs. 92, 93), usually covered with few
scattered fragments of plant material......... 42. QO. bergii
3b. Antennal pectinations diminishing in length before apex with outer
fourth of shaft bisserate (fig, 385) .. 22 .4%..5.26% 44. OQ. geyeri
1b. Tarsus of foreleg (fig. 185) distinctly less than tibia in length; epiphysis usu-
ally less than % length of tibia and never extending to distal end of that
segment; primaries usually with distinct color pattern (fig. 58), but some-
times with wings semitransparent (subgenus Ozketicus).

5a. Wings semitransparent with usually no color pattern detectable.
6a. Larval case with relatively few, scattered twigs arranged longitudinally
along case (fig. 98); adult with termen of secondaries only slightly
SINMALS: wes “arse gavlonsdi cass Gites cteiaeti steers vernon meee om nas 46. O. toumeyi
6b. Larval case with exterior covered by heavy thatching of short twigs
arranged in circular fashion around bag (fig. 100); secondaries with

termen strongly sinuate to excavate..........- 47. O. assimilis
5b. Wings more heavily scaled with characteristic pattern easily observable.
(a. Koretibia, without: epiphysis... citsus st keen elie te te 52. O. platensis

7b. Foretibia with epiphysis.
8a. Wings of pale pattern, thinly scaled with outer areas normally appear-
ing rather translucent; relatively broad wing (fig. 49); wing expanse
AA HS MMM osc sages Gee) eile ua oRoler wi anicyis: we) te Ie 48. O. specter

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 103

8b. Wings with more contrasting pattern and more heavily scaled (fig. 50,
etc.); expanse 28-52 mm.
9a. Architecture of larval case consisting of dense covering of twigs
applied longitudinally (figs. 101, 103, ete.); wings of male rela-
tively broad; lighter areas of wing yellowish brown (QO. town-
sendt).

10a. Forewings with discal cell only partially darkened (fig. 50).
O.t. townsendi and O.t. dendrokomos
10b. Forewings with cell completely filled with dark scales (fig. 51).
O.t. mexicanus
9b. Larval case (figs. 108, 112, ete.) with heavy thatching of short twigs
arranged in circular pattern around case; wings comparatively
slenderer with lighter areas usually of brownish to fuscous color.
lla. Exterior of larval case almost invariably without layer of silk
covering twigs; primaries with lower margin of dark apical
area straight and usually continuing without interruption

into discal cell (fig. 52) ; wing expanse 28-37 mm.
50. O. abbotii
1lb. Exterior of case with firm sheet of silk covering underlying
structure of twigs; primaries with lower margin of dark apical
area curved and indented at point of juncture with lower
margin of cell (fig. 55) ; wing expanse 35-52 mm. . 51. O. kirbyi

Paraoiketicus, new subgenus

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Orketicus geyert Berg, 1877.

Maur.—Antennal pectinations gradually decreasing in length to
tip or strongly biserrate in outer fourth. Prothoracic leg (figs. 184,
186) with tibia short, tarsus exceeding it in length; first tarsal segment
longer than second, sometimes over 2x as long; epiphysis approximat-
ing tibia in length, arising near base, reaching or slightly surpassing
distal end. Mesothoracic leg with tibia and tarsus nearly equal.
Metathoracic leg with femur dilated, sometimes extremely so.

Wings usually uniformly and thinly scaled, unicolorous, or essentially
lacking in scales (O. zihuatanejensis). Forewing (fig. 146) with spurs
from 2A to hindmargin absent. Outer margin of secondaries evenly
rounded or slightly sinuated.

MAtLe GENnrTaALtA.—Relatively shorter, broader than other subgenus.
Saccus not as long in proportion to total length of genitalia. Aedeagus
comparatively shorter, stouter; gradually enlarging toward base.

Casre.—Usually evenly cylindrical, gradually tapering toward
posterior end; broadly fusiform in O. bergii; surface usually smooth,
uniform, little or no extraneous vegetable or mineral matter attached ;
usually ight greyish to brownish color; structure a comparatively hard,
firmly packed silk in all species except in male cases of O. bergii in
which walls are rather papery.

Discussion.—This subgroup could be considered distinct enough
almost to merit a separate generic status if it were not for certain

104 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

intermediate or unique characters expressed by O. zihuatanejensis.
The tarsal segments of this species are very similar to those of true
Oiketicus. Most of the other leg characters, the genitalia, and es-
pecially the larval case are related distinctly to those of O. geyeri.
The general structure of the foreleg, the wing venation (the condition
of the base of media of the secondaries in particular), and the overall
habitus of O. zihuatanejensis suggest a possible third group within
the genus. The close biological affinity of the larva, however, at
least as evidenced by the similarity of case construction, obscures the
uniqueness of such an additional group. Consequently, only two
subgenera presently are recognized.

42. Oiketicus bergii (Weyenbergh), new combination
Figures 41, 92, 93, 146, 228, 229, 284, 284a, 308, 348, 384; Mar 9

Psyche bergii Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 27, p. 17, figs. 9-11, 1884.—Hey-
laerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p.c, 1884.—Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 516, 1892.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars
34, p. 114, 1929.—Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 3, no. 17, p. 350,
1931.—Gaede in Sietz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179, 1936.

Oiketicus oviformis Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, p. 462, 1939 (new synonymy).

Clania oviformis (Koehler), Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 16, no. 1, p. 23 fig. 6, 1953.

Mate.—(Fig. 41.) Antennae (fig. 384) with 32-35 segments,
pectinations gradually decreasing in length to antennal apex; length of
longest pectination (at 8th segment) 0.9-1.0 mm. Body vesture
light fuscous. First tarsal segment of pro- and mesothoracic legs
2x length second segment. Middle and hindtibiae each with two
apical spurs. Abdomen equalling or slightly surpassing hindmargin
of secondaries.

Wings (fig. 146) evenly scaled; light fuscous in color. Apex of
forewing not as extended, outer margin not as oblique as O. geyeri;
discal scales (fig. 348) slender, apices bluntly rounded to distinctly
bidentate; venation as in O. geyeri. Secondaries with outer margin
evenly rounded. Wing expanse 21-23 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 284.) Very similar to O. geyeri except
relatively smaller.

Frema.e.—As described for genus. Length 17 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 308.) Vestibulum elongate, similar
in shape, size to spermatheca, accessory glands arising midway along
length.

Casr.—(Figs. 92, 93.) Length 21-30 mm.; greatest diameter
6-7 mm. Exterior of case sometimes naked, usually with sparse scat-
tering of tiny plant fragments concentrated at either end of bag;
elliptical shape, greatest diameter at area % to % distance from

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 105

anterior end; walls of case thin, flexible in male, distinctly thicker
and firmer in female.

Typrs.—Lost (P. bergit). In the Zoologische Sammlung der Bayer-
ischen Staates (cotype, O. oviformis).

Type tocaLity.—Argentina (P. bergi); Mendoza, Argentina
(O. oviformis).

RecorpEep Hosts.—‘‘Fabaceae: Cassia aphylla Cav.’ (Weyen-
bergh, 1884); “Prosopis strombulifera Benth.” (Koehler, 1939).

DistRiBuTION.—(Map 9.) Present records indicate that this insect
occurs from the Argentine Pampas west to the Andes.

Discusston.—The larval cases, with their unique structure and
peculiar sexual dimorphism, are very distinctive. The adult moths,
however, have differentiated far less and are identical to, or superfi-
cially very similar to, certain other members of this subgenus. The
antennae of O. bergit (and of the following species O. borsanit) are
somewhat distinct in that they are characteristically less broadly
pectinated than those of the other members of the genus Ovketicus.

Since the original description of P. bergii offers relatively few diag-
nostic characters for this species, the description largely has been
ignored by later workers. Certain essential characters mentioned in
this description, however, seem to show that “Olania’” oviformis, a
species later described by Koehler, is actually Weyenbergh’s species.
Several adult males and larval cases of C. oviformis were examined
and were found to agree with Weyenbergh’s description of P. bergit.
The original drawing of the larval case, its measurements, and the
overall description of the male are essentially the same.

Six additional male specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina,
representing perhaps three new species, also could have been named
at this time, but, because of the paucity of diagnostic characters in
the adult and the lack of knowledge of the immature stages, this has
not been done. In regard to general structure, these moths are very
similar to O. bergii and O. borsanii.

MatTERIAL EXAMINED.—4 6’, 1 9, 21 cases:

ARGENTINA: Cordoba, 2 cases, BM; 6 cases, ZSBS; 3 cases, USNM. Cor-

doba, Rio Cebajjos, 9, ZSBS; case, BM. Mendoza, 4 oc, ZSBS. Prov. of
Mendoza, 6 cases, ZSBS. San Juan, case, BM; 2 cases, USNM.

43. Oiketicus borsanii (Koehler)
Fiaures 42, 94; Map 9
Clania borsanii Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 16, no. 1, p. 23, fig. 7, 1953.

Mauzr.—(Fig. 42.) Similar in all observable respects to O. bergit.
Wing expanse 24 mm.

106 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

MALE GENITALIA.—Not examined. Koehler (1953), illustrating the
genitalia of this species, indicates that the genitalia (especially the
saccus) are somewhat shorter than that in O. bergia (=oviformis).
This, however, may not be of specific importance.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Caszn.—(Fig. 94.) Length 28-40 mm.; diameter 4-6 mm. Struc-
ture of bag very similar to that of O. geyerz; exterior completely naked,
walls very firm; elongate-fusiform shape, greatest diameter at anterior
end, gradually tapering posteriorly.

Lecrotyrr.—In the Zoologische Sammlung der Bayerischen
Staates, designated by the writer.

Typr Locatity.—Mendoza, Argentina.

RecorpED Hosts.— ‘Fabaceae: leguminosas arboreas’”’ (Koehler,
1953).

Distripution.—(Map 9.) Presently known only from the Prov-
ince of Mendoza in the Monte region of the Parana Paraguay Plain
of western Argentina.

Discussion.—The larval case of this insect serves to separate
O. borsanii from its closest relative O. bergii, but the adult males of
these two species, as far as can be determined, are inseparable. There
seems to be no reason to suspect that an error in the rearing or associ-
ation of these males has occurred, but it would be desirable if more
males of 0. borsanii could be reared and thus definitely be associated
with these very characteristic cases.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 o'’, 11 cases:

ARGENTINA: Mendoza, <o, lectotype, ZSBS. Prov. of Mendoza, <o’, 10

cases, ZSBS.
44. Oiketicus geyeri Berg

Ficures 43, 95, 96, 184, 230, 287, 307, 349, 385; Map 11

Oiketicus geyert Berg, Anales Soc. Cient. Argent., vol. 4, p. 98, 1877; Bull. Soc.
Nat. Moscou, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 18, 1877.—Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg., vol. 25, p. 69, 1881.—Berg, Anales Soc. Cient. Argent., vol. 13,
p. 217, 1882.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, pl. 169e, 1936.—Koehler, Physis, vol.
17, p. 468, 1939.—Forbes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 90, no. 2, p. 368,
1942.—Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 262, figs. 1-4, 3a, 5-6,
1942; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol., pp. 334, 335, 336, 339,
fig. 5, 1953.

Oeceticus |sic] geyert Berg, Burmeister, Deser. Phys. Rep. Argent., Lep., vol. 5,
p. 402, 1878.

Oiketicus tabacillus Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 27, p. 20, figs. 12, 13,
1884.—Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p. xciv,
1884 (synonym of O. geyeri).—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892
(synonym of O. geyert).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194,
1929 (synonym of O. geyeri).

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 107

Oiketicus jonest Schaus, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 154, 1896 (new synon-
ymy).—Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 266, figs. 3b-e¢
1942; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Ciene. Biol., pp. 335, 339, 1953.

Thanatopsyche thoracica Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344, 1905 (new
synonymy).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, 1936.

Matr.—(Fig. 43.) Antennal (fig. 385) pectinations gradually
decreasing in length before apex, biserrate in outer fourth. Body
vesture light brown to dark reddish brown. Foreleg (fig. 184) with
first tarsal segment over twice length of second. Metathoracic leg
with first segment of tarsus doubling second in length.

Wings moderately and evenly scaled, ranging in color from light
brown to fuscous. Forewing with scales (fig. 349) of cell long,
slender, with narrow, rounded apices; venation relatively constant;
R3-+4 invariably stalked; M, and, stalked or connate. Hindwing with
basal crossvein sometimes absent; outer radial crossvein usually
beyond apex of discal cell; M, and 3 as in forewing; outer margin
sinuate, curving slightly outward at middle. Wing expanse 25-47
mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 287.) Apex of tegumen consisting of
three evenly rounded lobes, median one very minutely clefted.

FrmaLe.—Length approximately 35 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 307.)

Casp.—(Figs. 95, 96.) Length 45-90 mm.; greatest diameter
7-12mm. _ As described for subgenus.

Typrs.—Lost (0. geyert and O. tabacillus); in the United States
National Museum (O. jonesi and T. thoracica).

Types LocaLity.—Patagonia (0. geyeri); Argentina (0. tabacillus) ;
Sao Paulo, Brazil (O. jonesi); Omai, British Guiana (7. thoracica).

ReEcoRDED Hosts.— ‘Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana Willd., Acacia
cavenia Hook. and Arn.’ (Berg, Anales, ete., 1877). ““Cupres-
saceae, Juniperus sp.” (from specimen label).

Distrrpution.—(Map 11.) Widely distributed; occurring from the
Volcanic Section of Central Mexico through the Central American
Ranges, southeast along the Guiana Coasts to French Guiana, and
south through much of the Amazon and Paran4 Paraguay Plains and
the Brazilian Highland.

Discuss1on.—Orketicusjonesi and Thanatopsyche thoracica are nothing
more than color variants of O. geyerit. This and the slight variation
observed in the male genitalia are of no greater significance than that
present in any other species represented by an adequate series.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—83 6’, 1 9, 22 cases:

GUATEMALA: Cayuga, o, Jan.; 2 oc’, Feb.; 6 7c", USNM.

HONDURAS: Lancetilla, Tela, 1, Feb. 25, MCZ.

MEXICO: Specific locality unknown, 2 7 o&’, USNM. Chichen Itza, 9 ao,

693-052—64—_8

108 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Feb. 28-March 18, USNM. Colima, o&, May 24, BM. Guadalajara, 4 #7,
May; ?, April18, case USNM; 4 cases, AMNH. Misantla,case, BM. Tabasco,
2 wo, Feb. 14, DEI.

ARGENTINA: Chaco Austral, Ingenio Las Palm., case, DEI. La Rioja, 4
o'o', BM; case, CU; o&,9 cases, USNM. Tucuman, o’, May 1-15, BM.

BOLIVIA: Cochabamba, case, ZSBS.

BRAZIL: Amazon, de Teffé 4 Tonantins, &, Nov., USNM. Castro, Parand4,
4 fo, Jan; 4 oo, BM; o, Feb., USNM. Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon,
2 3, May, BM. Kourou River mouth, o&, Feb., BM. Neu Bremen, Sta.
Catarina, 4 oo, Feb. 16-March 10, CU. Nova Teutonia, 9 &#0, Jan. 15-28;
o', Feb. 11; 4 oo’, Dec. 4-9, USNM. Obidos, co’, Aug. 21,CM. Pelotas, o,
Jan. 29; 4 cases, CU. Ponta Grossa, Parand, o’, March, MCZ. Rio, 3, BM.
Sao Paulo, Alto de Serra, o&, Oct.; 2 7c ,Nov.; 2 fo, Dec., BM.

BRITISH GUIANA: Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewyn Valley, 0, April; 3 7,
May; ao, July, BM.

FRENCH GUIANA: St. Jean de Maroni, 0’, July; 7, BM.

URUGUAY: La Estanzuela, #, Jan., MCZ.

VENEZUELA: San Esteban, 0, June, BM.

45. Oiketicus zihuatanejensis Vazquez
Ficures 44, 45, 97, 186, 227, 286, 286a; Map 10

Otketicus zihuatanejensis Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 22, no. 1, p. 323,
photos 1-5, pls. 1-8, 1951; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol.,
pp. 325, 333, 336, 339, fig. 7f, 1953.

Matu.—(Figs. 44, 45.) Antennae with approximately 40 segments;
pectinations decreasing gradually in length toward apex, strongly
biserrate in outer fourth or fifth. Hairs of body dark fuscous. Fore-
leg with (fig. 186) tibia relatively broad, flat; first tarsal segment 1.5x
length of second. First tarsal segment of middle leg slightly longer
than second. Femur of hindleg greatly dilated, globose. Tibiae of
second and third legs each with pair of apical spurs.

Wings essentially lacking in scales, semitransparent; venation
extremely variable (see Vazquez, 1951). Primaries with outer margin
strongly oblique; either 11- or 12-veined; R3 and Ry, normally stalked,
sometimes partially atrophied or completely fused; M,. and ; usually
completely fused, occasionally separate or stalked, M, in various
stages of atrophy. Cu, in few examples dividing just before margin.
Secondaries normally 8-veined, may be reduced down to 4; Se+R,
often partially atrophied; basal crossvein, spurs of Sc absent; M,
frequently missing, sometimes M,; base of M simple in cell, occasion-
ally absent; termen evenly rounded. Wing expanse 25-30 mm.

Mate Genitatia.—(Fig. 286.) Apex of tegumen with shallow,
distinct notch.

Femate.—Not examined. Length ‘18 to 19 mm., in alcohol”
(Vazquez, 1951).

Caszr.—Length “35 to 53 mm.” (Vazquez, 1951); diameter 6-7
mm. As described for subgenus.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 109

Typr.—In the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico City.

TYPE LocaLity.—Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico.

ReEcorDED Hosts.—‘‘Fabaceae: Caesalpinia palmert Wats. ; Bursera-
ceae: Bursera sp. (cuajiote)’”’ (Vazquez, 1951).

Distripution.—(Map 10.) Known only from Zihuatanejo, in the
Sierra del Sur Section of west central Mexico.

MatTERIAL EXAMINED.—2 o'Q’, 1 case:

MEXICO: Guerrero: Zihuatanejo, 2 oo’, June 18, 29, case, (USNM).
Oiketicus, subgenus sensu stricto

TyPsE or SUBGENUS.—Oiketicus kirbyi, Guilding, 1827.

Mauzr.—Antennal pectinations rather abruptly decreasing in length,
strongly biserrate outer half to 4% length. Prothoracic leg (fig. 185)
with tibia long, greater in length than tarsus; first tarsal segment
slightly longer than second, never doubling it in length; epiphysis
somewhat reduced, usually arising distance from proximal end,
never reaching distal end of tibia, or epiphysis absent (O. platensis).
Mesothoracic tibia conspicuously longer than tarsus. Femur of
hindleg dilated.

Wings usually with distinct pattern. Primaries with discal cell usually
completely filled with dark scales; outer margin of cell devoid of scales,
forming irregular hyaline bar; apical third or fourth of wing with dark
area of scales fanning out from cell; this area usually approaches cell in
color, extending from apex of cell to wing apex and from midway along
lower margin of cell to tornus; cell 2A with dark patch of scaling;
remainder of forewing usually of a much lighter fuscous or brown color.
In some species (0. toumey? and O. assimilis) wing scales deciduous or
nearly so, but in some a faint pattern can be detected. Spurs from 2A
to hindmargin frequently present. Secondaries unicolorous, outer
margin various, often rather deeply excavate.

MALE GENITALIA.—Relatively long, slender as compared to Paraoi-
keticus. Saccus very long, sometimes equalling remainder of genitalia
in length. Aedeagus slender, neck region very elongate, abruptly
enlarging to bulbous base.

Casr.—Variously ornamented; never naked or smoothly cylindrical
as in Paraotketicus. Exterior frequently covered by thatching of small
sticks, which may be covered by thin layer of silk; sometimes leaves
are only extraneous material incorporated into structure.

46. Oiketicus toumeyi Jones
Fiaures 46, 47, 98, 99, 238, 289, 314, 350; Mar 10

Otketicus toumeyi Jones, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 12, 1922; Ent. News, vol. 33, p
133, pls. 7-8, 1922.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 25
figs. 15, 19, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 117,

110 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

1929.— Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, pl. 169f, 1936.—
McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9517, 1939.—
Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 268, figs. 44, 46, 1942; in
Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-—Cience. Biol., p. 339, 1953.

Oiketicus mortonjonest Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 20, nos. 1-2, p. 339,
figs. 1-2, 1-8, 1949 (new synonymy); in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-
Cienc. Biol., pp. 325, 330, 333, 336, 339, fig. Ze, 1953.

Matr.—(Figs. 46, 47.) Body vesture yellowish brown. Antennae
33- to 38-segmented; apical third strongly biserrate. Epiphysis less
than ¥% length fore tibia. Tibiae of meso- and metathoracic legs
each with single apical spur.

Wings slender, usually semitransparent, with a few sparsely scat-
tered dark scales; some specimens with more scales persisting, thus
demonstrating somewhat clearly the characteristic color pattern of
this subgenus; venation varying slightly, essentially only in outer
medial veins of secondaries. Forewing apex extended, termen strongly
oblique; discal scales oblanceolate with acute or bluntly rounded
apices. Secondaries with basal crossvein and one or two subcostal
spurs present; outer radial crossvein distinctly separated from apex of
cell; termen shallowly excavate to nearly straight. Wing expanse
28-35 mm.

MALe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 289.) Very slender. Valves with pulvilli
well developed. Neck of aedeagus smoothly curved.

Frmate.—Length approximately 27 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 314.)

Casz.—(Figs. 98, 99.) Length 60-90 mm.; diameter at widest part
10-12 mm. Elongate fusiform, composed of greyish-white silk,
frequently largely exposed because of small amount of attached ma-
terial used in construction; extraneous material consisting of short
(approximately 15 mm.) segments of slender twigs applied longi-
tudinally, or covered by leaf fragments tightly appressed to surface;
sometimes mixture of both.

Typres.—In the United States National Museum (0. towmeyt) ;
Instituto de Biologia, Mexico City (O. mortonjonesi).

Type LOcALITIES.—Tucson, Arizona (O. towmeyz); Camino entre
Ixtapan de la Sal y Tonatico, Mexico (O. mortonjonest).

RecorpDED Hosts.—‘‘Asteraceae: Baccharis ramulosa (DC) A.
Gray” (Vazquez, 1949). “Cupressaceae: Juniperus sempervirens;
Fabaceae: Mimosa sp., Robinia neomexicana A. Gray’’ ((from speci-
men labels), “Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC” (Vazquez, 1949).
“Rosaceae: Prunus Armeniaca L., Pyrus malus L.; Sapindaceae:
soapberry bush [Sapindus sp.]; Simaroubaceae: Arlanthus altissima
(Mill.) Swingle’”’ (from specimen labels).

Distripution.—(Map 10.) This species occurs from the Basin and
Range Province of southern Arizona, south to the states of Colima

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE lel

and Veracruz in the Sierra del Sur Section and Atlantic Plain, re-
spectively, of southern Mexico.

Discuss1on.—Vazquez’s published photograph of the type of 0.
mortonjonest appears to be nothing more than a rather heavily scaled
example of O. towmeyi. In the collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum there are specimens of O. towmeyi from Tucson,
Arizona, in which the wings are intermediate in scaling between
Vazquez’s type and the typical, nearly scaleless form of O. towmeyt.
In the same collection from Misantla, Mexico, two specimens agree
very closely with typical O. towmeyi. Further, the larval cases of
O. mortonjonesi and QO. toumeyi are indistinguishable. For these
reasons, it is believed that these two names represent the same
species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—58 o'<", 1 9, 89 cases:

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Baboquivari Mts., 18 oo, June, July; 9
cases, USNM. Redington, «1, USNM. Tucson, ’, holotype, June 19; 34 70,
May 20-Aug. 1; 9, July 4; 54 cases, USNM; a’, June 15, BM; o, May 20,
ANS; Santa Rita Mts., 26 cases, USNM. New Mexico: Las Cruces, 5 cases,
USNM.

MEXICO: State unknown. Aranjuez, case, USNM. Mexico: Tonatico,
case, USNM. Veracruz: Misantla, 2 7%, USNM.

47. Oiketicus assimilis Vasquez
Fiaures 48, 100, 237; Map 10

Oiketicus assimilis Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 268, figs. 32-35,
45, 1942; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol., pp. 324, 339, 1953.
Matn.—(Fig. 48.) Antennae approximately 35-segmented with
apical % strongly biserrate. Vesture of body dark brown. Epiphysis
about ¥% length of foretibia.

Wings slender, semitransparent, with a sparse scattering of dark
fuscous scales. Discal scales of forewing linear oblanceolate, bluntly
rounded to truncate tips; outer margin of primaries as in O. towmeyi,
that of hindwing decidedly more excavate, range of variation not
known. Wing expanse 35 mm.

Mate GEeNnrTaLia.—As described for genus.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Casrn.—(Fig. 100.) Length 60 mm.; greatest diameter 15-20 mm.
Heavily ornamented with circular thatching of short twigs and very
small leaf fragments, imparting extremely irregular, spindle-shaped
outline to case, partially covered by very thin, incomplete sheet of
ereyish white silk.

Typr.—In the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico City.

Tyrer tocauity.—Not definitely stated; either Patzcuaro,
Michoacan, or Tepoztlan, Morelos, Mexico.

112 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

ReEcoRDED Hosts.—None.

Distripution.—(Map 10.) Presently known only from the states
of Michoacan and Morelos in the Volcanic Section of central Mexico.

Discussion.—This species, when better known, either may turn
out to be a synonym of O. towmeyi, since the adult males of the two
species scarcely can be told apart, or its status as a sibling species
may be confirmed. There appears to be a difference in the shape of
the wing scales: those of O. assimilis are more slender. This character,
however, needs to be studied from a series of specimens, as the shape
of scales has been observed to vary in some species of Ozketicus (e.g.,
O. geyert and O. townsendz). On the other hand, the striking difference
between the larval cases strongly suggests separate status for these
two insects. An extensive series of cases of 0. towmeyi was studied,
and none were observed even to approximate those of O. assimilis.
Differences in food plants, in some species, cause a great range of
variation in the general appearance of a species’ case; however, the
basic construction of a larval case is not known to change because of
these reasons alone. Since this fundamental behavior seems to be
an inherited characteristic, O. toumeyi and O. assimilis are considered
separate entities.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 @’, 1 case:

MEXICO: Specific locality unknown, o@ with case, April 4, USNM.

48. Oiketicus specter Schaus
Figures 49, 235, 236, 285, 285a 353; Map 9

Oiketicus specter Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344, 1905.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936.

Maur.—(Fig. 49.) Antennae with apical third strongly biserrate;
Foretibia with epiphysis approximately } as long as tibia. Mid- and
hindtibia each with single apical spur.

Wings relatively broad for genus, normally uniformly but somewhat
thinly scaled; outer fourth frequently semitransparent in rubbed
specimens. Primaries with discal scales (fig. 353) oblanceolate,
possessing rounded or minutely clefted apices; cell dark fuscous;
lighter areas of wing light to medium brown; hyaline bar very oblique,
parallel with termen; venation rather constant; Me2 and 3 of both
wings usually stalked, sometimes connate. Secondaries with outer
margin rounded or very slightly sinuate. Wing expanse 44-53 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 285.) Darkly sclerotized, very elongate.
Valves with pulvilli only moderately developed. Vinculum very
eradually narrowing to saccus, as long or longer than main body of
genitalia. Aedeagus with sharp bend in upper portion of neck.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE es

Frma.e and Cass.—Unknown.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum.

TypE LocaLity.—Mérida, Venezuela.

REcoRDED Hosts.—None.

DistripuTion.—(Map 9.) Known from the Maracaibo Basin of
Venezuela south through the lower altitudes of the Andean System
to Peru.

Discusston.—The large size, broad wings, and wing scaling sepa-
rate this species rather easily from all other members of Otketicus.
Superficially, however, certain large specimens of O. platensis may
closely resemble O. specter but differ decisively in the condition of
the epiphysis and in the distribution ranges. These two species
can be separated further by the relative obliqueness of the hyaline
bar, that of O. specter being more slanted.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—14 o'':

COLOMBIA: Popayan, o’, USNM. South Antonio, 2 7, April 18, BM.

PERU: Hecda Taulis, 6°50’ S., 79°10’ W., @, April 18, BM.

VENEZUELA: Mérida, 0, type, 2 io, USNM; 4 &#o’, BM; 2 #7, PM;
o', ZMHU.

49. Oiketicus townsendi townsendi Townsend
Fiaures 50, 101, 102, 147, 148, 290, 309, 356; Map 12

Otketicus townsendi Townsend, Zoe, vol. 4, p. 356, Jan. 1894.—Dyar, Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 198, 205, May 1894.—Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., vol. 15, pp. 208-209, 1895.—Dyar, Can, Ent., vol. 27, p. 242, 1895;
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4063, 1902 [1903]—Cockerell, Entomologist,
vol. 46, p. 73, figs. 1-6, 1913.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 52, pp.
5-6, 1926.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 283, p. 21, figs. 15,
18, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929.—Gaede
in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, 1936.—MeDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9515, 1939.—Vazquez, Anales Instit.
Biol., vol. 18, no. 1, p. 280, 1942.

Otketicus bonniwelli Barnes and Benjamin, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., vol. 19, p. 24,
1924 (new synonymy).—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382,
p. 22, figs. 15, 18, 1928—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p.
193, 1929.— Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, 1936.

Otketicus townsendi var. bonniwelli Barnes and Benjamin.—Jones, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 52, p. 5, 1926.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9515a, 1939.

Mauzr.—(Fig. 50.) Vesture of body dark yellowish brown. An-
tennae with outer fourth biserrate, 34-41 segments. Epiphysis weak,
approximately \% foretibia in length. Mid-, hindtibiae each with
single apical spur.

Wings relatively broad, evenly scaled; venation with little variation,
usual 12 and 8 pattern. Primaries with outer margin not strongly
oblique, hyaline bar slanting parallel to it; discal scales (fig. 356)
oblanceolate, distinctly carinate, with variable apices usually minutely

114 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

bi- or tridentate, sometimes subacute; cell largely fuscous with
noticeable infusion of tawny scales along upper margin, in some
specimens invading almost half of cell; dark apical area beyond cell
abruptly fading to light brown along outer margin of wing; lighter
areas of forewing yellowish brown; Mg and 3 usually shortly stalked in
both fore- and hindwings, rarely connate or separate; spurs of 2A
absent. Secondaries almost invariably with cell R, stalked, outer
radial crossvein rising beyond apex of discal cell; Sc usually with one
or two costal spurs; outer margin evenly rounded to slightly sinuate.
Wing expanse 35-32 mm. (x=39.35 mm., n=48).*

Mate GeEniratia.—(Fig. 290.) Valves with pulvilli reduced.
Aedeagus smoothly curved.

Fremate.—Length 30-35 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 309.)

Casz.—(Figs. 101, 102.) Length 55-100 mm.; diameter 11-15
mm. Spindle-shaped, usually % of underlying silk surface exposed;
remainder of bag covered by several short sections of twigs arranged
longitudinally; leaf fragments also may be attached.

Typr.—lIn the United States National Museum (0. townsendi and
O. bonniwellt).

Type Locatity.—Las Cruces, New Mexico (0. townsendi); El Paso,
Texas (O. bonniwelli).

REcoRDED Hosts.—‘‘Fabaceae: Robinia sp.” (Jones, 1928);
“Prosopis odorata 'Torr. and Frem., Prosopis sp.” (from specimen
labels).

Distripution.—(Map 12.) Known only from the Open Basin
Section of southern Arizona and New Mexico and the extreme western
part of Texas.

Discussion.—On the basis of present knowledge, this species can
be divided into a subspecies of slightly larger moths, O. t. dendro-
komos, inhabiting the Big Bend region of Texas, and a subspecies of
darker moths, O. t. meaicanus, occurring farther south in central
Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—45 <<", 2 99, 91 cases:

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., &, June 1-7, USNM.
Prescott, o&', USNM. ‘Tucson, 4 cases, USNM. New Mexico: Specific locality
unknown, 2 99, May 27, July 6, USNM. _ Las Cruces, 25 oo, April 4—June 1;

o', type, O. townsendi, May 24; 50 cases, USNM; oc’, BM. Texas: El Paso,
13 oo, April 20-29; o, type, O. bonniwelli; 2 oo, 37 cases, USNM.

*Standard statistical symbols used in this paper:
X=sample mean
n=total number of individuals measured
t=(sample mean minus population mean) divided by standard deviation
of sample mean
P=probability

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 115

Oiketicus townsendi dendrokomos Jones, new combination

Ficures 104, 105, 306; Mare 10

Oiketicus dendrokomos Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 52, p. 2, pl. 1, 1926a.—
Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 22, figs. 15, 18,
1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 193, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, pl. 169e, 1936.—
MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9516, 1939.

Matr.—Body and legs as in 0. ¢t. townsendi. Antennae usually with
39-42 segments. Wings similar to those of O. t. townsendi except in
size and venational differences; Mz, and 3 of both wings usually separate
or connate, seldom stalked. Secondaries with cell R, usually sessile;
outer radial crossvein usually arising slightly below or from apex of
cell. Wing expanse 35-49 mm. (x=43.3 mm.; n=44).*

Mate Genrrauia.—As described for O. t. townsendi, but relatively
larger.

Frmate.—Length approximately 40 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 306.)

Casn.—(Figs. 104, 105.) Length 75-115 mm.; greatest diameter
13-18 mm. Exterior of case heavily covered with series of usually
long (10-50 mm.), comparatively large twigs, somewhat loosely
attached at upper ends, diverging slightly as they project posteriorally,
imparting rather shaggy appearance to bag; case more strongly
dimorphic than 0. ¢. townsendi; posterior fourth to third of male case
bare of any ornamentation; that of female heavily covered by sticks
throughout.

Typy.—lIn the United States National Museum.

Type Locauiry.—Alpine, Brewster County, Texas, altitude 4485 ft.

Recorpep Hosts.— Fabaceae: Robinia sp.; Platanaceae: Platanus
sp.; Tamaricaceae: Tamariz sp.; Verbenaceae: Aloysia wrightii Heller’’
(Jones, 1926).

Distrinution.—(Map 10.) Presently restricted to the Great Bend
Section of Texas.

Discussion.—The taxonomic status of O. t. dendrokomos is at present
very questionable. This insect differs in no appreciable way from the
nominate race O. t. townsend? except size, in which there is a conspicu-
ous overlap of intermediates. Eventually, this population may be
found to represent a group that is isolated genetically from both
O. t. townsend? and O. t. mexicanus, and thus it would deserve considera-
tion as a separate species; or its present position as a race may be
considered too extreme and it may be reduced to a synonym of
O. townsendi. In the absence of any evidence other than size, O. t. den-
drokomos has been treated in this paper as a subspecies of O. townsendt.

*For explanation of symbols, see ftn., p.114.

116 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Jones (1926) has stated that the male of O. dendrokomos differed
from the male of O. townsendi (and O. bonniwelli) in the fact that in
the former species the lower margin of the discal cell is darkened in
the primaries whereas in the latter species the entire cell is filled
solidly with blackish brown. This observation is not correct as the
two insects agree closely in their color pattern, with the discal cell of
both being only partially darkened.

The prime difference of size between O. t. dendrokomos and O. t. town-
sendi involves both larval case (and larva) and adult male. Wing
measurements were made of 44 males from Alpine, Texas (type locality
of O. t. dendrokomos); the average expanse was 43.3 mm. with a range
of 33-49mm. Forty-three specimens of 0. t. townsendi were measured,
of which 41 were captured either at El Paso, Texas (type locality of
O. bonniwelli) or at Las Cruces, New Mexico (type locality of O. town-
sendi). The range of this sample was 35-42 mm. with a mean of
39.35mm. The difference, tested by Student’s t-test (Simpson, et al.,
1960), was found to be very significant: t=6.728, P<.001.* The
means of the larval cases show an even greater difference. For
O. t. dendrokomos the male cases averaged 90 mm. in length with an
observed range of 75-110 mm. (n=10); the female cases exhibited a
mean of 102 mm. with a range of 80-115 mm. (n=17). In 0. t. town-
sendi the larval cases were considerably smaller with a mean of 65.5 mm.
for the male sacks (n=31) and 80.4 mm. for the female (n=12); the
size range of the male was 55-80 mm. and 75-100 mm. for the female.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—52 o'', 1 9, 31 cases:

UNITED STATES: Texas: Alpine, 40 &# <7, April 23-June 7; o”, type, May 5;
3, May 3; 8 7°, USNM; @, May 6; 2 #o@ with cases, ANS. Alpine, Mitre
Peak, 24 cases, USNM. Musquiz Canyon, 20 miles W. of Alpine, 5 cases, USNM.

Oiketicus townsendi mexicanus Gaede, new combination
Ficures 51, 103, 355; Map 10

Oiketicus mexicanus Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, pl. 169f,
1936.

Oiketicus townsendi form dendrokomos Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1,
p. 280, figs. 25-31, 41; pl. 1, figs. E-R; pl. 2, fig. E, 1942, (not Jones, 1926) ;
in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol., pp. 329, 330, 332, 333, 334,
335, 336, 339, fig. 3, 1953.

Oiketicus multidentatus Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 289, pl. 3,
fig. 10, 1942 (new synonymy); in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cience. Biol.,
pp. 325, 339, fig. 7a, 1953.

Maun.—(Fig. 51.) Antennae with 32-40 segments; outer fourth
serrate. Vesture of body light yellowish to dark brown. Epiphysis
sometimes well developed, ranging from % to % length of foretibia.
Meso- and metathoracic legs each with apical spur.

*For explanation of symbols, see ftn., p. 114.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE HF

Wings similar to O. ¢. townsend? in shape and general pattern, but
with more fuscous scaling, distinctly darker. Primaries with discal cell
completely filled with dark, fuscous scales, usually broadly oblanceolate
(fig. 355), flat to slightly carinate, with bluntly rounded to slightly
dentate apices; dark apical area beyond cell gradually becoming lighter
toward wing margin; remainder of wing yellowish brown as in (0. t.
townsendi; costa relatively straight; apex acute; termen and venation
similar to other subspecies; M> and 3 in both wings usually stalked or
connate, rarely separate. Secondaries with cell R; invariably stalked;
termen slightly excavate to nearly straight. Wing expanse 36-45 mm.

MALeE GENITALIA.—Very similar to O. t. townsendz.

FrMALE.—Not examined.

Casz.—(Fig. 103.) Length 70-90 mm.; diameter approximately
15 mm. Very similar to typical subspecies in size and construction;
bag heavily covered with sections of twigs, 20-30 mm. long usually,
loosely applied longitudinally; posterior 15-20 mm. of male case bare.

Typr.—In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat
(O. meaicanus); American Museum of Natural History (O. multidentatus).

Typr LocaLity.—Mexico (0. mezxicanus); Misantla, Mexico (0.
multidentatus) .

Recorprep Hosts.—‘‘Pinaceae: Araucaria sp., Pinus leiophylla
Schlecht. & Cham., Pinus oocarpa Schiede, Pinus teocote Cham. &
Schlecht.; Taxodiaceae: Tarodium mucronatum Tenore; Anacardi-
aceae: Schinus molle L.; Asteraceae: Baccharis conferta H. B. & K.,
Montanoa tormentosa Cerv., Stevia sp.; Fabaceae: Acacia sp., Prosopis
guliflora (Swartz) DC.; Fagaceae: Quercus sp.; Oleaceae: Ligustrum
japonicum Buch.-Ham.; Rosaceae: Rosa sp.’ (Vazquez, 1942).

DistrrputTion.—(Map 10.) Recorded from the Volcanic Section
and Atlantic Plain of central Mexico, from Guadalajara east to
Misantla, Veracruz.

Discusston.—Fortunately, I was able to examine Gaede’s type
specimen of O. mexicanus and I am convinced that it is identical with
the other members of this taxon. Previous workers (e.g., Vazquez,
1942, 1953), misled by the brief and inadequate original description,
erroneously had applied this name to the light color phase of
QO. kirbyi, from which the type of O. mexicanus clearly differs.

The wing outline of this subspecies is quite similar to that of 0.t.
townsendi: the front costa is straight and the hindwings are relatively
broad and rounded. The termen of the primaries, likewise, is not as
strongly oblique as observed in most specimens of O. kirby. The
wing pattern is also similar to that of the typical subspecies, but it
differs primarily in its darker shade, especially of the entire cell.

In Mexico some variants of O. kirbyi approach O. t. mexicanus in
appearance, and a few specimens in poor condition can be determined

118 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

with only questionable certainty. However, the principal feature
that separates these two sympatric species is the pronounced difference
in the architecture of their larval cases. The case of O. t. mexicanus,
with longitudinally arranged twigs and complete absence of external
silk covering, is quite distinct from O. kirbyi, a feature that further
suggests the subspecies’ close affinities to O. townsendi.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—16 o'G’, 2 Cases:

MEXICO: Specific locality unknown, o, type, O. mexicanus, 7, ZMHU;
o', AMNH; o&, USNM. Jatisco: Guadalajara, «1, USNM. Mexico: Cha-
pultepec, 2 oo’, April 6-20; 2 cases, AMNH; o, April 3; &, USNM; Lomos
de Chapultepec, 40°o’, March 20-April 5; 2 &o, USNM; Molino del Rey,
Chapultepec, o, April 2, USNM. Verracruz: Misantla, o, type, O. multiden-

tatus, AMNH.
50. Oiketicus abbotii Grote

Figures 52, 53, 106, 107, 108, 109, 232, 292, 313, 358; Map 12

Oiketicus abbotii Grote, N. Amer. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, p. 52, 1880.—Slossen,
Ent. News, vol. 3, p. 49, 1892.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500,
1892.—Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 321, 1893.—Neumoegen and Dyar,
Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 118, 1894.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Buil.
52, no. 4062, 1902 [1903].—Grossbeck, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 37, p. 104, 1917.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull.
382, p. 21, figs. 14, 15, 1928.—MeDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and
USA, pt. 2, no. 9514, 1939.

Oiketicus abboti [sic] Holland, Moth Book, p. 361, fig. 208, 1905.—Dalla Torre
and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 193, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep.
World, vol. 6, p. 1185, 1936.

Maue.—(Figs. 52, 53.) Antennae usually with 28-32 segments,
outer two-fifths strongly biserrate to serrate. Vesture of body light
brown to fuscous. Epiphysis reduced, approximately ) to % length of
foretibia. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae each with single, minute
apical spur.

Wings elongate, uniformly scaled. Primaries with scales (fig. 358)
of cell broadly oblanceolate, more or less rounded apices; discal area
and beyond usually dark fuscous (sometimes much paler in certain
Florida specimens), lower margin of dark apical area straight, usually
continuing without interruption to lower margin of cell; lighter areas
of forewing, entire hindwing, usually much paler, light brown to
fuscous color; hyaline bar nearly but not quite parallel, strongly
oblique outer margin. Venation relatively constant; primaries
normally with 12 veins; rarely 11 (because of complete fusion of M2
and ;); 2A frequently with spur toward hindmargin. Secondaries
almost always 8-veined, sometimes Se+R, not reaching margin;
basal crossvein present, well developed; Se with 1-2 costal spurs;
outer margin slightly excavate to nearly straight. Wing expanse
28-37 mm., Xx=34.1 mm. (@=—92).*

*For explanation of symbols, see ftn., p. 114.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 119

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 292.) Valves with pulvilli moderately
developed. Aedeagus smoothly curved.

Frema.e.—Length 24-30 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 313.)

Casze.—(Figs. 106-109.) Length 60-70 mm.; diameter 13-20 mm.
General appearance quite variable, depending upon particular host
plant; basic architecture rather constant. When small twigs are in-
corporated into structure, these consistently are placed transversally in
circular pattern around case; rarely is silk used externally; on Acacia
thin sheet of greyish silk may be present; on oak, bag usually heavily
covered with projecting leaf fragments; on mangrove, sacks may be
largely bare, with just few attached leaves.

Typr.—In the United States National Museum.

TYPE LocALITy.—Texas.

REcoRDED HostTs.— ‘Cupressaceae: cypress [?Cupressus sp.]; Ac-
eraceae: Acer negundo L.; Fabaceae: catsclaw [? Acacia greggit A.
Gray]; Fagaceae: live oak [Quercus sp.]; Myricaceae: bayberry
[Myrica sp.]; Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis L.; Rosaceae:
Rosa sp.; Ulmaceae: Celtis sp.” (Jones, 1928). ‘Cupressaceae:
Juniperus sp.; Pinaceae: Pinus sp.; Arecaceae: palm[?]; Liliaceae:
Smilax sp.; Annonaceae: Annona glabra L.; Fabaceae: Acacia
farnesiana (L.) Willd., Acacia contorta DC, Acacia sp., Robinia sp.;
Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua L.; Rhizophoraceae: Rhi-
zophora mangle L.; Salicaceae: Salix sp.; Sapindaceae: Aesculus sp.;
Solanaceae: Solanum pseudo-capsicum L.”’ (from specimen labels).

DistripuTion.—(Map 12.) Occurs over a great part of the Atlantic
Plain from North Carolina to Texas.

Discussron.—In southern Florida occurs a form of this moth that
is paler in color than most specimens from other parts of the range.
This distinction is not very definite, however, for specimens as far
south as Everglades, Florida, show intermediate coloring and occur
occasionally as dark as the other extreme of this species. This pattern
of variation should not be given nomenclatural recognition; it is men-
tioned only as a noticeable, regional variation of the moth.

In regard to wing size and outline, Otketicus abbotii is remarkably
uniform throughout its range in the United States. Probably the
species extends farther south into Cuba and perhaps other West
Indian Islands, but this cannot be confirmed. Specimens from this
area most closely resembling O. abbotii are represented by a few moths
from Jamaica. In general, through the West Indies, there seems to be
a gradation of forms from 0. abbotii to O. kirbyi. To consider these
species as races of a single species, however, is still premature. When
more information, especially evidence of hybridization of these two

120 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

moths in the Greater Antilles or other regions, is available, the taxo-
nomic relationships of both O. abbotit and O. kirbyi will have to be
re-examined.

The difference between the mean wing measurements of O. abbotii
(as sampled from the United States) and O. kirbyi (sampled throughout
its range) has proven to be highly significant (P<.001), as tested by
the procedure already mentioned (see p. 114).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—109 oo’, 3 99, 238 cases:

UNITED STATES: Atasama: Mobile, o&, July 28; o&, May 24; 2 cases.
USNM. Ftorrpa: Specific locality unknown, 4 co’, AMNH; o, USNM,
Southern Florida, &, MCZ. SW Florida, 3 cases, USNM. Charles Harbor,
2 oo, AMNH. De Funiak Springs, 6 cases) USNM. De Land, 8 cases,
USNM. Everglades, &, May 16-23, USNM. Fort Meyers, &, March 30,
AMNH; 6 cases, USNM. Gainesville, 2 cases, AMNH. Jupiter, case, AMNH.
Key West, 6 oo’, April 27-29; 9, April 16; 11 cases, USNM. Lakeland, 4 cases,
USNM. Little River, 4 cases, USNM. Lower Matacumbe Key, 6 eases,
USNM. Lutz, o, March 4; 8 oo’, Aug. 15-Sept. 23, CM. Marco, case,
AMNH. Orlando, 5 oo’, Feb. 25, USNM. Palm Beach, case, USNM. Port
Sewall, 2 cases, AMNH. Punta Gorda, o’, 11 cases, USNM; case, BM. Royal
Palm State Park, o& March 11; 4 oo’, April 11-May 2; 4 cases, USNM. St.
Petersburg, o', March 28; 10 oo’, April, USNM. Stemper, 2 @o’, March 9,
12, CM. Tallahassee, o&, AMNH. Termandia, case, USNM. Geroraia:
Savannah, o', ?, May 29, USNM. Tybee Island, case, USNM. Louisiana:
New Orleans, co’, May 25; o, June 2; o’, July 1; co, 22 cases, USNM. Mussis-
sIPpPI: Biloxi, &, May 1; o', June 11, USNM. Norru Carouina: Wilmington,
6 cases, USNM. Sours Caronina: Summerville, 4 cases, USNM. Texas:
Specific locality unknown, <o’, type, collected by E. L. Graef, USNM. Browns-
ville, 12 #7’, Sept. 14-Oct. 6; 9, Sept. 2; 37 cases, USNM. Harris County, 0,
April, USNM. San Antonio, 23 oo’, March 31—April 14; 4 &@o, July 16-25;
2 oH, Aug. 10, 25; 4 7, Sept. 16-23; 90 cases, USNM. Taft, case, USNM.
Virainia: Accomac, oc’ with case, June 24; 2 oc’, 2 cases, USNM.

51. Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding
Ficurss 54, 55, 56, 57, 112, 167, 185, 233, 234, 288, 310, 311, 312, 357, 382; Map 12

Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 374, 1827.—
Doubleday, Entomologist, no. 7, p. 97, 1841.—Duncan in Jardine, Nat.
Libr., vol. 7, p. 110, 1841.—Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20,
p. 221, pl. 34, fig. 2, 1854——Lucas im Sagra, Hist. Cuba, vol. 7, p. 303,
1857.—Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 32, p. 80, 1871.—Heylaerts, Ann.
Soc. Ent Belg., vol. 25, pp. 45, 69, fig. 2, 1881; Compt.-Rend., vol. 31, p.
Ixxxviii, 1887—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929.—
Forbes, N.Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 150, 1930.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936—wWolcott, Journ. Agric. Univ.
Puerto Rico, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 506, 1936—Forbes, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. 90, no. 2, p. 368, 1942.—Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13,
no. 1, p. 370, 1942.—Costa Lima, Insetos Brasil, vol. 5, pp. 188, 190, 192,
figs. 82, 84, 85, 1945.—Martorell, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 29,
p. 544, 1945.— Wolcott, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 32, no. 3,

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE eal

p. 738 (1948), 1951.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 320,
1956.

Otketicus kirbit [sic] Walker, List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus., pt. 4, p. 961, 1855.—
Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892.

Oeceticus [sic] kirbii [sic] Druce, in Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Amer. vol. 1,
p. 229, 1887.

Oeceticus [sic] fulgurator Herrich-Schaffer, Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., pl. 84, fig.
519, 1856; p. 59, 1858.—Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Rep. Argent., vol. 5,
p. 401, 1878 (synonym of O. kirbiz).

Oeceticus [sic] fulgerator [sic] Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 247, 1865.

Otketicus fulgerator [sic] Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892 (synonym of
O. kirbit).

Oiketicus fulgurator Herrich-Schaffer.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Cat. Lep., pars
34, p. 194, 1929 (synonym of O. kirbyt).

Oiketicus poeyi Lucas in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, vol. 7, p. 303, pl. 17, fig. 6,
1857.—Herrich-Schiffer, Corresp.-Blatt Zool.-Mineral. Ver. Regensburg, vol.
20, p. 133, 1866; vol. 25, p. 41, 1871.—Gunlach, Contr. Ent. Cubana, pp.
276-277, 1881.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892 (synonym
of O. kirbit)—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929
(synonym of O. kirbyi) —Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184,
pl. 169e, 1936.

Oeceticus [sic] poeyt Lucas.—Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 247, 1865.

Psyche (Oiketicus) gigantea Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 32, pp. 49, 80, pl. 2, figs.
1-5, 1871.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892 (synonym of O.
kirbii).

Oiketicus gigantea (Zeller) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194,
1929 (synonym of O. kirby).

Oiketicus orizavae Schaus, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, p. 45, 1901 (new synon-
ymy).—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1185, 1936.—Vazquez,
Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 288, 1942; in Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex.,
VIil-Ciene. Biol., pp. 335, 339, fig. 7d, 1953.

Otketicus sinaloanus Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 274, fig. L;
pl. 1, fig. D; pl. 2, figs. B, D, H, J, L, N, Q, U; pl. 3, figs. 8, 12, 14, 16; pl. 4,
fig. 17, 1942 (new synonymy); im Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex. VII-Cienc. Biol.,
pp. 324, 339, fig. 7b, 1953.

Otketicus ochoterenat Vazquez, Anales Instit. Bio., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 277, pl. 1, figs.
A-C; pl. 2, figs. A, C, H, I, K, M, P, R-T; pl. 3, figs. 7, 11, 18, 15; pl. 4, figs.
18, 20-21, 1942 (new synonymy); zn Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex. VII-Cienc.
Biol., pp. 324, 339, fig. 7b, 1953.

Oiketicus fasciculatus Vazquez, Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 290, figs. 36-
39, 1942 (new synonymy); 7m Mem. Congr. Cient. Mex., VII-Cienc. Biol ,
pp. 330, 339, 1953.

Mate.—(Figs. 54-57.) Antennae 35- to 43-segmented, outer half
to outer third strongly serrate. Epiphysis moderately developed
(fig. 185), % to % length of tibia. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae
armed with usually single apical spur.

Primaries uniformly scaled, comparatively long, slender, with acute
apex, very oblique outer margin; discal scales (fig. 357) smooth,
broadly oblanceolate with evenly rounded to shghtly acute apices,
ranging in color from light to dark fuscous; apical area beyond cell

122 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

usually dark to termen, gradually fading outward in rubbed specimens ;
lower margin of this area slightly curved, never continuing uninter-
rupted to lower margin of cell, but, instead, with small pale indention
of margin where it joins cell; light area of forewing pale brown to
fuscous. Secondaries usually darker, especially on outer half: outer
radial crossvein beyond apex of discal cell; termen slightly to strongly
excavate. Wing venation remarkably constant; M2 and 3; strongly
stalked in both wings. Wing expanse 35-52 mm., xX=42.95 mm.
Qiao

MaALz GENITALIA.—(Fig. 288.) Very elongate, similar to O. specter.

FrmaLe.—Length 30-40 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Figs. 310-312.)

Casr.—(Fig. 112.) Length 60-110 mm.; greatest diameter usually
20-35 mm. Cases heavily constructed of short, usually stout sections
of twigs, and a few tiny leaf fragments arranged in circular pattern
around beg; over this irregular outline a thin but firm covering of
ereyish-brown silk laid down.

Typr.—Lost (O. kirbyi, O. fulgurator, O. poeyi); in the United
States National Museum (0. orizavae); Instituto de Biologia, Mexico
City (O. fasiculatus, O. ochoterenai, O. sinaloanus).

Typr LocaLtiry.—West Indies (O. kirbyi); Brazil (O. fulgurator) ;
Cuba (O. poeyi); Orizaba, Mexico (0. orizaba); Presidio, Veracruz,
Mexico (OQ. fasiculatus); Guadalajara, Mexico (0. ochoterenat);
Mazatlan, Mexico (0. sinaloanus).

RecorpEp Hosts.—“‘Bignoniaceae: Tabebwia pallida Miers, Tabe-
buia rigida Urban; Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.,
Montezuma speciosissima Sesse & Moc., Ochroma lagopus Sw.; Boragi-
naceae: Cordia sulcata DC.; Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia
L.; Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa L.; Flacourtiaceae: Casearia
sylvestris Sw.; Lauraceae: Persea americana Mill.; Nyctaginaceae:
Pisonia albida (Heimerl.) Britton; Pinaceae: Thuja orientalis L.;
Rubiaceae: Randia aculeata L.; Sapindaceae: Cupania americana L.;
Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum paucitlorum Lam.; Verbenaceae: Petztia
domingensis Jacq.”’ (Martorell, 1948). ‘‘Cupressaceae: Cupressus sp. ;
Fabaceae: Acacia sp.; Taxodiaceae: Taxodium sp.” (Vazquez, 1942.)
“Oleaceae: Fraxinus sp.” (Wolcott, 1951). ‘Fabaceae: Calliandra sp. ;
Musaceae: Musa sp.’ (from specimen labels).

DistrrputTion.—(Map 12.) A very common neotropical species,
ranging widely from the Volcanic Section of Central America, through
the Central American Ranges and several islands of the Greater
and Lesser Antilles, south into almost every major physiographic

* For explanation of symbols, see ftn., p. 114.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 123

area of South America except the southern regions of the Paran&
Paraguay Plain and the Patagonian Plateau.

Discussion.—In this troublesome genus, Oiketicus kirbyt presents
the greatest difficulties.

Comparatively little is known about the variation in case construc-
tion of this common species; owing to the paucity of rearing data,
few bags can be linked with certainty to the adults. Within certain
parts of the range, various forms of cases have been found, notably
some that lack the outer covering of silk and have a small number
of twigs incorporated in their construction. Such larval cases have
been found in Cuba (see p.157). They may belong to other species
or they may represent extreme variations of O. kirbyi. For the
present, until proven otherwise, it is probably best to assume that
these cases pertain to other species and that the larval case of OQ.
kirbyi consistently 1s swathed in silk.

The loss of the type material, the absence of any designation more
definite than “India Occidentalis” as the type locality, and the
inadequacy of Guilding’s description and illustrations make positive
specific identification and application of the name ‘‘kirbyi’”’ somewhat
doubtful. However, specimens from areas of the West Indies that
are very similar to specimens from Central and South America
remove most of the doubt.

The original locality of O. kirbyi has been referred rather doubt-
fully to Jamaica by some authors (Forbes, 1942, and Wolcott, 1951).
Frank M. Jones, investigating the origin of O. kirbyi, concluded that
St. Vincent of the Lesser Antilles probably was the type locality.
The present writer concurs with the latter.

The author of both the genus and species of Oiketicus kirbyi,
Rev. Lansdown Guilding, was an English clergyman who resided
on the island of St. Vincent. In his paper on Ocketicus kirbyi, Guilding
states that he observed this insect, among others, from 1817 to 1826.
Author of at least twelve papers and one book dealing with West
Indian biology, he based his studies on the one island of St. Vincent.
It seems reasonable that this island is the type locality for O. kirbyi
as well as Cryptothelea macleayi (Guilding). Jones (1945), however,
rightfully has cautioned that the origin of O. kirbyi and/or C. macleayi
may have been elsewhere since Guilding probably made visits to
adjacent islands. Moreover, the presence of a botanical garden
on St. Vincent during Guilding’s tenure offers the additional possi-
bility of accidental introductions of such insects as bagworms.

Guilding’s illustration of O. kirbyi also has presented problems
because it is unlike almost any known specimen of this species or
any native psychid of that area. The moth was pictured as being
uniformly dark; although the primaries lacked a darker discal spot

693-052—64—_9

124 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

or hyaline bar, the drawing definitely represented a true Oiketicus
as presently understood. There exists in the British Museum a
tattered specimen from St. Lucia that, approximating Guilding’s
figures and description, possesses extremely dark wings in which
the discal spots (now largely obliterated) perhaps were not as con-
trasted as in most O. kirbyi. In addition, two specimens from
Jamaica, although resembling O. abbotii in wing outline, are remark-
ably unicolorous, the cell being only slightly darker than the rest
of the forewing.

A total of only 14 males of the genus Oiketicus were available for
examination from the West Indies. This small series reflected con-
siderable variation that seemed to be identical with, or most similar
to, O. kirbyi. For this reason I have not extended O. abboti’s range
into the West Indies, but further collecting and study may do this.
Since some hybridization may have occurred in the past between
O. kirbyi and O. abbotit in this general area, a clear separation of these
two insects may have been further obscured.

Four specimens from Cuba were studied. Three of these, like
some of the Jamaica specimens, were similar in size to O. abboti but
possessed deeply excavated hindwings as in O. kirbyi. A fourth,
very dark specimen (Paris Museum) with a wing expanse of 46 mm.
is identical with “typical” O. kirbyi from South America, and thus,
it definitely establishes the presence of this species in Cuba. The
type of O. poeyi, recorded from Cuba, is presumably lost, but from its
original description and from existing specimens, its status as a
synonym of 0. kirbyi seems almost certain.

The nomenclature of Oiketicus kirbyi has been complicated further
in Mexico by the assignment of names to several variants that also
can be observed within a large series of specimens from South America:
O. orizavae, O. fasciculatus, O. ochoterenai, and O. sinaloanus, all of
which are synonymized.

Oiketicus orizavae, originally described from one specimen, appears
to be nothing more than a rubbed and slightly stunted variant of
O. kirbyi. Specimens showing intermediate conditions are from
Misantla and Jacala, Mexico.

Oiketicus fasciculatus was described from a single, somewhat torn
specimen and represents the darker and more common variety of
O. kirbyi. The associated case of O. fasciculatus, like that of Guild-
ing’s species, characteristically is covered with an external sheath
of silk.

Oiketicus ochoterenai and O. sinaloanus are very similar. Although
no keys for separation or specific diagnostic characters originally
were provided by Vazquez (1942), apparently the relative sinuation
of the secondaries and the maculation of the larva (especially the head)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 135

were considered to be of prime importance. Vazquez stated that the
amount of curvature of the termen of the hindwings is a fixed charac-
ter, but this has been observed to vary considerably as demonstrated
by large series of specimens of O. kirby and O. platensis. Among
those species represented by sufficient series, only in Ozketicus abbotii
does this character appear relatively stable. The head maculation
of the larva also may be quite variable as demonstrated by specimens
of O. toumeyi. Further, the larval cases of O. ochoterenai and O.
sinaloanus are identical and are of the standard O. kirbyi construction.

Specimens identified by Vazquez as Oiketicus ochoterenai intergrade
into a light phase of O. kirbyi, which was discussed in Vazquez’s
papers (1942, 1953) as Oiketicus mexicanus Gaede (see discussion
under O. townsendi, subspecies mexicanus). These insects represent
the lightest extreme of color variation of O. kirbyi, and perhaps they
do inhabit a definite geographical range in the higher and more arid
regions along the Mexican Plateau. Further collecting and ecological
studies may validate a subspecific name for this somewhat regional
color phase of O. kirbyi, but on the basis of present information
there appears to be a gradual intergradation to the “typically” dark
specimens of O. kirbyi as represented by examples from Misantla,
Mexico.

As in the West Indies, specific demarcation may be complicated
further in Mexico by hybridization between O. kirbyi and O. townsendi
mexicanus.

In an attempt to summarize what is known at present about the
Orketicus kirbyi complex, a few general observations can be stated.
First, there is a considerable amount of color variation in O. kirbyi
that apparently is correlated with the climate of its habitat. Such
a phenomenon is not unexpected for such a widespread species and
is In accordance with Golger’s Rule. In the more arid sections of
its distribution, O. kirbyt appears as a light phase and in the more
humid sections (Costa Rica and Panama) it occurs as its darkest
extreme. Pale forms nearly as light as some of those from central
Mexico (Guadalajara) also occur in Loja, Ecuador, which provides
a good reason for not naming this form as it occurs in Mexico.
Throughout most of its range O. kirbyi evidently occupies a rather
humid environment, and thus most specimens are dark.

Such reasoning at present is not sufficient to explain the color
variation observed in 0. abbotii. Some of the palest specimens occur
in southern Florida, whereas the darkest forms, which are from
Texas, have been collected in areas (San Antonio and Brownsville)
that are certainly more arid. Further collecting (especially in
Texas) may aid in understanding this difference.

126 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Another observation concerning O. kirbyi that should be mentioned
involves the apparent circular transition in general appearance of the
three species QO. abbotii, O. kirbyi, and O. townsendi. In the south-
western United States, specimens of O. abbotiz and O. townsendi are
abundantly distinct, and the two species apparently are allopatric.
However, as pointed out previously, the morphological distinction
between O. abbotii and O. kirbyi in the West Indies is vague, and
there appears to be a transition of one into the other. Through the
Lesser Antilles, South America, and a major portion of Central
America the typically large and dark form of O. kirbyi predominates.
In Mexico a similar phenomenon occurs as witnessed in the Greater
Antilles: the dark phase of O. kirbyi extends along the eastern coast
as far north as the state of Veracruz, becomes lighter in the higher
altitudes, and merges in appearance with O. townsend. mexicanus,
which in turn changes to an even paler form northward, represented
in the United States by 0. t. townsendt.

The possibility that Oiketicus kirbyi is a single polytypic species
encompassing both O. abbotii and O. townsendi may be suggested by
the above information, but such a conclusion does not seem reasonable
because the larval cases are apparently diagnostic for each species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—180 oc’, 8 9 9, 35 Cases:

CENTRAL AMERICA

Costa Rica: Specific locality unknown, &, Nov. 25, ZSBS. Guapiles, o,
Nov., USNM. La Emilia, #7, Nov. 16, ANS. Palmar, 2 oo’, March 11, 12;
5 oo’, 229, USNM; o&, May 23, FSPB.

Honpuras: La Cambre, co’, March 20-22, BM.

Mexico: Colima, 2 70°, USNM; o&", May, BM. Cuernavaca, o’, May, BM;
4 oo, May 11-14, DEI; 2 &#o, May; a’, June; o&, July, USNM; o, May,
SNG;2 &o’, May, ZSBS. Guadalajara, Jalisco, 2 7, May 10, 24, AMNH;
3 0, June 4-20;2 oc’, 9, case, May 24, USNM; 7, 1500 m., PM. Jacala,
Hidalgo, «&, June 21, MCZ. Mexico City, @, USNM. Misantla, Veracruz,
200, PM; 3 oh, USNM. Orizaba, & (type, O. orizaba), USNM. Villa
Juarez, Pueblo, @, May, ZSBS. Zacualpan, &, May, DEI.

PaNnaAMA: Almirante, o, June 5; 9, 12 cases, USNM. Canal Zone, 2 &c,
July, CM. La Chorrera, o, April, USNM.

WEST INDIES

Antiaua: 11 cases, USNM.

Cusa: 2 oc’, ANS; co’, PM; o&’', ZMHU.

JAMAICA: Kingston, o', Aug. 27, USNM. Montego Bay, a’, Dec. 24, BM.
Mt. Mansfield House, Gordontown, o’, July 12, CM. Runaway, o, Feb. 24,
BM. Sandy Gully, St. Katherine, #, March 27, AMNH.

Purrro Rico: 2 cases, ZMHU. Mayaguez, oc, May 14, USNM.

Santa Lucta: o', BM.

ToBaao: 2 oa’, BM.

TRINIDAD: o', USNM.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 127

SOUTH AMERICA

Braziu: Specific locality unknown, 2 oo’, BM; @, ZMHU. Alto de Serra,
Sao Paulo, 2 7c, Nov., BM. Amatura, R. Solimoes, #, Feb. 19, CU. Breves,
Para, o', Jan. 13, BM. Calama, Rio Madeira, 2 oo’, BM. Campo Bello,
Rio de Janeiro, 2 7c’, USNM. Cariacica, Espirito Santo, 7, ZMHU. Castro,
Parana, o&', BM. Corcovado Rio, o&, Feb., BM. Espirito Santo, 6 od,
USNM. Fonte Boa, Amazonas, o’, June; 2 fo’, July; 7, Nov., BM. Hyu-
tanahan, Rio Parus, co’, Jan.; o’, Feb.; o, April, CM. Mawajo, Amazon, 0,
USNM. Nova Friburgo, 7, USNM. Rio, S. Brazil, 7, BM. Rio de Janeiro,
2 &o', CU; &, BM. Sdo Paulo, 3, Jan; oc’, Nov.; 2 oo’, BM; &, March,
CM; 2’, Nov., SNG; o’, Oct; &, Dec., USNM. Santa Catarina, 7, BM; oa,
ZMHU. Taperinha, Amazonas, 2 o'o’, USNM.

BritisH GurIANa: Specific locality unknown, o&’, BM.

Coutomsia: Juntas, Rio Tamana, Rio San Juan, Chaco, o’, Feb., BM. Muzo
R. Cantinero, o«', BM. Nari River, Antioquia, 3 7o%, USNM. Novita, Rio
Tamana, Rio San Juan, Chaco, o&, BM. Popayan, o&', USNM. Rio Dagua,
W. Colombia, 7 7c’, ZMHU.

DutcH Guiana: Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewym Valley, o, March, BM.
Moengo, Boven Cottica R., 5 &@o', May 22-26, CU.

Ecuapor: Guayllabamba, 2 oc’, Jan. 30, Feb. 20; 2 99, March 13, 27;
10 cases, RWH. Loja, 5 o&o’, Sept.; 4 @o&’', USNM. Loxa, 3 oo’, BM.
Naramkapa, o&, Nov., USNM. Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha,
o', Nov., ZSBS. Zamora, o, USNM.

FRENCH GUIANA: Specific locality unknown, o, BM. St. Jean, Maroni
River, o', Feb.; o&, July-Aug.; 3 7c’, BM; 2 oo, USNM. St. Laurent,
Maroni River, <&, March, USNM.

Paraauay: Villarica, 7, BM.

Peru: River Tabaconas, N. Peru, o&, BM. San Gaban, o&, March-April,
BM. Yahuamango, SE Peru, 3 oc’, Feb., March, BM.

VENEZUELA: Aroa, 5 oo’, USNM. Caracas, 2 oo’, May 14, USNM.
Ciudad Bolivar, 0, June 8, BM. Maracay, o, Jan.—Feb.; 2 oo, April-May;
oa, June-July; 2 io, July; #, Aug.; &#, Nov.;2 #@o¢%, ZSBS. San Esteban,
o', June; o’, July, BM.

52. Oiketicus platensis Berg
Ficure#s 58, 110, 111, 231, 291, 315, 354; Map 12

Occeticus [sic] platensis Berg, An. Soc. Argent., vol. 14, p. 276, 1883.—Caride
Massini and Brethes, An. Soc. Rural Argent., vol. 52, no. 4, p. 207, 1918.
Oiketicus platensis Berg, Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 29,
p. lx, 1885.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892——Abderhalden
and Landau, Zeitschr. Physiol. Chem., vol. 71, pp. 443-448, 1911.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 194, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,

Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, pl. 169e, 1936.

Oiketikus [sie] platensis Seitz, Ent. Rundsch., vol. 36, pp. 48, 52, 1919.

Otketicus kirbyi Berg, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 35, p. 230, 1874 (not Guilding, 1827) ;
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 213, 247, 1875.—Katter,
Ent. Nachr., vol. 1, p. 190, 1875.—Berg, Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., vol. 4,
p. 98, 1877; vol. 138, p. 217, 1882; vol. 14, pp. 275-277, 1882.—Koehler,
Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 3, no. 17, pp. 351, 352, fig. 1, 1931.

Oeceticus [sic] kirbii [sic] Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Rep. Argent., vol. 5, p. 400,
1878.

128 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Oicocestis [sic] kirbyi Koehler, Sonderheft Zeitsch. Wiss. Insektenbiol., vol. 19,
no. 2, p. 25, 1924.

Oiceticus [sic] kerbyi [sic] Lahille, Minist. Agric. Rep. Argent., cire. 583, p. 97,
1926.

Oiketicus kirbyi subspecies platensts Berg.—Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 470, 471,
1939.

Ma.e.—(Fig. 58.) Antennae with 28-41 segments; apical third
strongly serrate. Body vesture light brown to fuscous. Prothoracic
tibia with epiphysis absent. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae with 1-2
apical spurs.

Wings fully sealed; relatively short, broad for genus. Primaries
with discal scales (fig. 354) broadly triangular, with rather blunt,
rounded apices; cell dark fuscous; hyaline bar not strongly oblique,
giving outer margin of discal spot a somewhat truncated appearance ;
paler areas of wings light to dark brown. Venation relatively constant,
12- and 8-veined. Outer margin of secondaries evenly rounded or
slightly sinuate; in few specimens margin excavated. Wing expanse
S147 mm, <= 36.7 mim, (n2—69).*

MALe GENITALIA.—(Fig. 291.) Valves with pulvilli well developed.

Fremate.—Length 25-33 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.— (Fig. 315.)

Cast.—(Figs. 110, 111.) Length 55-75 mm.; diameter 20-25 mm.
Broadly fusiform, very loose construction, circular thatching of small
leaves, petioles, and short, slender twigs, usually overlaid by thin,
more or less incomplete sheet of grey silk; some specimens show no
exterior silk covering.

Typr.—Lost.

Type LocaLity.—Argentina.

RecorDED HOoSsTS.— Fabaceae: Cytisus sp.; Rosaceae: Prunus
persica (Li.) Batsch., Pyrus malus L.”’ (from specimen labels). Apoc-
ynaceae: Vinca minor L., Corylaceae: Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.
Koch; Fabaceae: Robinia pseudo-acacia L.; Ulmaceae: Ulmus ameri-
cana L.

DistrrputTion.—(Map 12.) At present known only from the south-
ern portion of South America below the 20° line of latitude; commonly
occurring through the Paran4é Paraguay Plain and the Parana Plateau
of southern Brazil.

Discussion.—Orketicus kirbyi is not known definitely to occur in
Argentina. All specimens from that country previously identified as
O. kirbyi were found, upon examination, to be O. platensis; thus all
references in the literature to O. kirbyi occurring in Argentina are
believed to pertain to O. platensis. Some authors (e.g., Berg, Koehler)

*For explanation of symbols, see ftn., p. 114.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 129

have, in part, regarded O. platensis as a synonym of, or a subspecies
of, O. kirbyi; in these instances their usage is quite clear.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—85 o'c", 6 99, 97 cases:

ARGENTINA: Specific locality unknown, o’, Jan. 12; #@, USNM; 2 oa, case,
BM. Belgrano, 2 oo’, BM. Buenos Aires, 6 oo’, 3 cases, BM; 4 oA,
AMNH; 2 oa, 26 cases, USNM; 9 oc’, 5 cases, ZMHU; Palermo Park, &,
April, MCZ. Goya, 7, BM. La Rioja, 2 7@¢@%, PM; 18 oo, 6 29, 10 cases,
USNM. Mendoza, 10 oo with cases, March 7; 50 cases, USNM. Salta, o,
BM. Tucuman, ao’, June; 2 oo’, BM; 4 oo’, USNM. Villa Ana, Sante Fe,
o', Feb.; &, March; o’, April 6, BM.

Boutvia: Cochabamba, case, ZSBS.

Braziu: Specific locality unknown, o&, USNM. Iguassu, Parana, <, Oct.,
BM. Pelotas, &, DEI; o&, March 19; 6, April 5; 4 #o@, CU; &, March 19,
MCZ. Rio de Janeiro, &, BM; Rio Grande do Sul, «1, USNM. Sao Paulo,
Ypiranga, 2 7, Aug., USNM.

ParRaGuay: Sapucay, co’ with case, Aug. 26, USNM.

Urvuauay: Carmelo City, 2 oo, March 22, MCZ. Montevideo, 2 074,
April 6, CU.

14. Thyridopteryx Stephens

Thyridopteryx Stephens, Illustr. Brit. Ent., vol. 4, p. 387, 1834; Trans. Ent.
Soe. London, vol. 1, ser. 1, p. 76, 1836.—Doubleday, Entomologist, vol. 1,
no. 7, p. 97, 1841.—Walker, List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus., pt. 4, p. 959,
1855.—Morris, Synop. Lep. N. Amer., Smiths. Misc. Coll., pt. 1, p. 142,
1862.— Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892—Neumoegen and
Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 118, 1894.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 52, p. 353, 1902 [1903].—Schaus, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 344,
1905—Forbes, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 144, 1923.—Dalla
Torre, Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, p. 131, 1927.—Forbes in Leonard, Cornell Univ.
Exp. Sta. Mem. 101, p. 539, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181,
1936.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, p. 102,
1939.—Kozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 320. 1956 (synonym
of Otketicus).

Hymenopsyche Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 248, 1865 (type, Oeceticus
[sic] contferarum).—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892 (synonym
of Thyridopteryx).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 184
(synonym of Thyridopteryx).—WKozhantshikov, Fauna SSSR, vol. 3, no. 2,
p. 320, 1956 (synonym of Otketicus).

Tyrpe or GeENus.—Sphinz ephemeraeformis Haworth, 1803.
Monobasic.

Ma.e.—Medium to relatively large moths, very stout, densely
hairy body. Antennae (fig. 383) broadly bipectinate, individual seg-
ments short, stocky; those of basal fourth broader than long, gradually
longer, more slender toward apex; pectinations more or less com-
pressed, long near base of antenna gradually diminishing in length
before apex, distal fourth or fifth strongly serrate. Prothoracic legs
(fig. 187) longest, without epiphysis. Meso- and metathoracic legs

130 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

with 1-2 minute apical spurs. Hindlegs most reduced, femur sub-
globose, tarsal segments very short, compact. Abdomen exceeding
hindmargin of secondaries by usually half its length.

Wings mostly transparent, nearly devoid of scales in flown speci-
mens, some scaling concentrated in anal area of hindwing, less in that
of forewing; venation (fig. 168) extremely variable, at least in Thyri-
dopterys ephemeraeformis. Primaries elongate, usually 11-veined; R;
and , almost always long stalked; My, and ; usually completely fused in
both wings, frequently separating near margin; M, widely separate
from M.-+;; base of M divided within cell of both wings; 1A curving
abruptly down to connect with 2A, with often a short spur toward
outer margin; 2A and 3A separate near wing base, then joining and
immediately separating, with 2A continuing to outer margin, 3A a short
spur directed toward hindmargin. Secondaries ovoid-triangulate,
approximately % area of primaries, outer margin more or less evenly
rounded; frequently 7-veined, often 6 veins, depending on fused or
separate condition of Se+R, and Rs at apex of wing; Sc frequently
with 1-2 spurs arising near an oblique crossvein usually present mid-
way along cell between Sc+R, and Rs; Rs converging with Sce-+ R, be-
yond apex of cell, usually separating again, sometimes remaining fused
to margin; 1A completely atrophied or with faint vestige curving
abruptly downward into 2A somewhat as in forewing.

MALs& GENITALIA.—Elongate. Apex of tegumen with shallow cleft.
Valves with pulvilli moderately to well developed, partially covered
with spinules; apex of sacculus minutely spined. Vinculum long,
narrow, gradually tapering to elongate saccus. Base of aedeagus
prominently expanded.

Eighth sternite with furcal arms well developed, more or less parallel ;
base relatively robust, nearly truncate at posterior margin.

Frmatp.—Vermiform. All body appendages vestigial, reduced to
tiny tubercules or completely absent. Dorsum of head, thorax lightly
sclerotized; remainder of body membranous, whitish. Posterior end
of abdomen with complete circle of dark, woolly hair.

FrMALB GENITALIA.W—(Fig. 316.) External genitalia largely mem-
branous, single pair of short rodlike apodemes extending from about
level of ostium into terminal segment (9+10); dorsum of eighth
abdominal segment with two broad, symmetrical pairs of apodemes
along anterior margin, which taper forward into seventh segment.
Internal genitalia with extremely long, convoluted ductus seminalis;
bursa large, several times volume of spermatheca; spermatheca as in
other psychids examined; accessory glands arising posterior to vestib-
ulum, branched.

Discussion.—In 1865 Grote described a new genus and species
of psychid from Cuba, Hymenopsyche thoracicum. He correctly

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 131

distinguished his new genus from ‘‘Oeceticus’’ [sic] but made no mention
of a more related genus, Thyridopteryx. This latter name evidently
was unknown to Grote, for instead of designating his new species
as the type of Hymenopsyche, he selected Oeceticus coniferarum Harris,
a name which is now known to be a synonym of T. ephemeraeformis.
Thoracicum is a valid species that does not belong in either Oiketicus
or Thyridopteryz but instead is very close to Biopsyche apicalis,
where it has been placed. Because of Grote’s original type designa-
tion, Hymenopsyche has to be synonymized with Thyridopteryz and
thus it is no longer available for thoracicum.

A general pattern of wing venation is difficult to summarize for
Thyridopteryz as a whole because of the extreme variation of one of
its species, 7. ephemeraeformis. Among our new world psychids
probably no species is more variable in venation than this one. Jones
(1923) has demonstrated that a composite based upon the examination
of fifty males of this species would show a range from 14- and 8-veined
wings, with a whole series of cells and crossveins, to 9- and 5-veined
wings, without any accessory cells. Also, as often observed, the vena-
tion of the wings on one side may differ from that of the other side.
Thyridopteryx meadi, which apparently possesses a rather stable
venation, is helpful in arriving at a typical pattern for the genus.
T. alcora also seems to display a stable pattern but no series of this
species is available for studies of this nature.

Key to the Species of Thyridopteryx

la. Wing membrane semitransparent, somewhat opaque. . . . 53. T. meadi
1b. Wing membrane transparent, not opaque.
2a. Tornus distinct; forewing with majority of scales in cell 2A relatively broad
with dentate apices (fig. 359)... .. ... . . 54. T. aleora
2b. Tornus indistinct or absent with termen ampatiily curved i hind margin;
majority of scales in cell 2A slender with acute apices (fig. 360).
55. T. ephemeraeformis

53. Thyridopteryx meadi Henry Edwards
Ficures 61, 113, 114, 240, 295, 318; Mar 5

Thyridopteryx meadi Henry Edwards, Papilio, vol. 1, p. 116, 1881.—Barnes and
MecDunnough, Check List Lep. Boreal Amer., no. 4800, 1917.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—MeDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9522, 1939.

Thyridopteryx meadii [sic] Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892.—Dyar,
Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 321, 1893.—Neumogen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent.
Soc., vol. 2, p. 119, 1894.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4066,
1902 [1903]—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 27, figs.
15, 20, 1928.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, 1936.

Maur.—(Fig. 61.) Body more slender than in other two species;
vesture black. Antennae with 30-37 segments, more than % of segments

L32 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

broader than long. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae with minute
apical spur.

Wings very sparsely scaled, semitransparent, membrane more
opaque than in other species. Forewing R, stalked with R;+4;
discal scales, when present, very narrowly oblanceolate with acute
tips. Hindwing usually with M, and ; stalked for considerable
distance, separating just before margin. Wing expanse 20-33 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 295.) As described for genus.

Fremaun.—Length approximately 22 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 318.)

Case.—(Figs. 113, 114.) Length 30-40 mm.; diameter 6-8 mm.
Somewhat variable in appearance, completely covered by small, flat,
firmly attached fragments of leaves, or by short (usually less than 6
mm. long) sections of twigs laid obliquely on bag and somewhat spirally
arranged. All possible intergrades exist between two conditions.

Typr.—In the American Museum of Natural History.

TyrrE LocaLiry.—Mojave Desert, California.

RecorDED HoSsTS.— Fabaceae: Prosopis sp.; Zygophyllaceae:
Larrea tridentata (D.C.) Coville’ (Jones, 1928).

Distripution.—(Map 5.) Known from the Intermontane Plateau
and Pacific Mountain Systems of the southwestern United States.

Discussion.—Thyridopteryx meadi seems to be associated largely
with a single food plant, the extremely abundant ‘creosote bush,”
Larrea tridentata, of our southwestern deserts. This shrub is capable
of surviving long periods of drought; it grows over extensive areas,
often in almost pure strands, from southern California to southwestern
Texas and thence south into Mexico.

With the information available from various correspondents of the
late Dr. Frank M. Jones, especially Dr. C. T. Vorhies, formerly of the
University of Arizona, it is apparent that the life history of 7. meadi
is quite variable. This fact is important not only in understanding the
seasonal fluctuation of the insect but also in contributing to a better
understanding of the life histories of other psychids, in particular
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis.

As Larrea tridentata responds to rainfall with new vegetative growth,
the life cycle of T. meadi likewise is speeded to maturity by the presence
of moisture and more abundant, succulent food. During periods of
drought the larvae become lethargic. Vorhies observed some larvae
that suspended and closed their cases in mid-September as if for pupa-
tion; in July of the next year they were still larvae and had not moved
or opened their cases although apparently still in healthy condition.
He further noted that sprinkling egg-filled cases with water re-
sulted, within a few hours, in the hatching of the enclosed eggs. In
one limited area of dense infestation, where newly hatched larvae

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 133

abounded in late April, Vorhies found that larval growth had been
completed and the moths had emerged when he examined the same
infestation in early July. Thus, the larval period may last only <«
few weeks, or it may be extended over several months. Vorhies has
observed both the hatching of eggs and the presence of larvae of various
ages as late as October 16 and as early as March 31, which indicates
winter survival of both eggs and larvae. The main period of adult
emergence is probably during June and July but varying dates have
been reported from March 31 to October 19.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—20 oc’, 2 2 9, 128 cases:

ARIZONA: Specific locality unknown, 40 cases, USNM. Tueson, 2 <7, June 10,
July 9; o&, Sept. 12; 9, May 1; 9, Oct. 1; 65 cases, USNM. Phoenix, 5 #o,
June 14, ANS.

CALIFORNIA: Cabazon, 9 cases, USNM. Los Angeles, 5 cases, USNM. Mojave,
10 miles north of, 5 @jo&%, June 28-July 25, USNM. Mojave Desert, 7 #0,
July 10-12, USNM. San Bernardino Mts., 2700 ft., @ with case, USNM.
Whitewater, Colorado Desert, 4 cases, CU.

Texas: El Paso, 3 cases, USNM. Terlingua, 12 miles north of, case, USNM.

04. Thyridopteryx alcora Barnes
Ficures 60, 115, 239, 293, 293a, 359; Map 5
Thyridopteryx alcora Barnes, Can. Ent., vol. 37, p. 214, 1905.—Jones and
Parks, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 32, figs. 15, 20, 1928.—Dalla
Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—MeDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9521, 1939.

Maur.—(Fig. 60.) Very similar to 7. ephemeraeformis in genera
appearance. Vesture of body fuscous to black. Antennae 36- to
40-segmented, segments longer than broad beyond basal fourth.
Middle, hindtibiae each with single, small apical spur.

Apex of primaries not as extended as in 7. ephemeraeformis, thus
outer margin less oblique, less curved; tornus more prominent than
in other species. Wings of flown specimens in general with somewhat
more abundant scaling than 7. ephemeraeformis; membrane trans-
parent; majority of scales (fig. 359) of cell 2A in forewing relatively
broad with dentate apices, those at base of cell usually quadridentate,
gradually tridentate further out; M,+ 3 sometimes separating before
margin in both wings. Wing expanse 24-26 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—(Fig. 293.) Very similar to 7. ephemeraeformis
except vinculum tapering more abruptly to saccus.

Frmate.—Unknown.

Casn.—(Fig. 115.) Length 30-40 mm.; diameter 7-9 mm. All
cases examined completely overlaid with small stems, twigs arranged
in oblique manner, thereby resembling stick cases of 7. meadi. In
T. alcora sticks relatively longer, posterior ends frequently diverging
from bag, thus imparting to case a bulkier appearance.

134 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Typru.—tIn the United States National Museum.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona.

RECORDED HosTs.—None.

Distripution.—(Map 5.) Presently known only from the Basin
and Range Province of southern Arizona.

Discusston.—The adults of this moth, like those of T. meadi, seem
to emerge either in early summer or in late summer and early fall.
Jones (1928) reports finding full grown larvae and pupae in May and
the moths emerging in June. One specimen (the type) was collected
in August.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—6 oc’, 21 cases:

ARIZONA: Specific locality unknown, case, USNM. Baboquivari Mts., @ with
case, July 1-15, case, USNM. Dewey to Salome, en route, case, USNM. Pepper-
sauce Canyon, 3 cases, USNM. Roosevelt, case, USNM. Santa Catalina Mts.,
4 fo, June 20-24; o, type, Aug. 24-30; 3 cases, USNM. Santa Rita Mts., 10
cases, USNM.

55. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth)

Figures 59, 116, 117, 118, 144, 145, 168, 187, 241, 242, 294, 316, 317, 360, 383;
Mar 5

Sphinz ephemeraeformis Haworth, Lep. Brit., p. 72, 1803.

Aegeria ephemeraeformis (Haworth) Stephens, Illustr. Brit. Ent. Haust., vol. 1, p.
145, 1828.

Thyridopterye ephemeraeformis (Haworth) Stephens, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
vol. 1, p. 76, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1836— Wood, Index Ent., p. 239, pl. 52, fig. 1658,
1839.—Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 97, 1841.—Gosse, Zoologist, vol. 2,
pp. 537-540, 1844.—Walker, List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus., pt. 4, p. 959, 1855.
—Morris, Smiths. Mise. Coll., pt. 1, p. 142, 1862—Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phila., vol. 6, p. 221, 1866.—Lintner, First Ann. Rep. Insects N.Y., vol. 1,
p. 81, fig. 13, 1882.—Kellicott, Can. Ent., vol. 16, p. 180, 1884—Kilman,
Can. Ent., vol. 16, p. 200, 1884.—Riley, Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., Ent., no. 10,
p. 22, 1887.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892.—Dyar, Ent.
News, vol. 4, p. 321, 1893.—Packard, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, p. 54,
1893.—Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 118, 1894.
—Tutt, Ent. Rec. Journ. Var., vol. 7, pp. 121-123, 1 pl., 1895; Nat. Hist.
Brit. Lep., vol. 2, p. 374, pl. 5, 1900.—Girault, Ent. News, vol. 12, pp. 304—
305, 1901.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4065, 1902 [1903]. Holland,
Moth Book, p. 361, pl. 41, fig. 12, 1905—Howard and Chittenden, U.S. Dep.
Agric., Bur. Ent., circ. 97, 10 pp., 11 figs., 1908.—Harris, Psyche, vol. 16,
pp. 65-67, 1909.—Haseman, Missouri Agric. Coll. Exp. Sta. Bull. 104, pp.
309-330, figs. 1-16, 1912.—Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37,
p. 104, 1917.—Sharp, Cambridge Nat. Hist., Insects, vol. 2, p. 394, 1918.
—Jones, Ent. News, vol. 34, pp. 97-100, 1923.—Forbes, Cornell Univ. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 144, figs. 101, 105, 1923.—Jones and Parks, Tex. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 19, figs. 15, 16, 1928.—Forbes in Leonard, Cornell
Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 101, p. 539, 1928.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep.
Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181,
pl. 169c, 1936—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2,

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 135

no. 9519, 1939.—Tietz, Lep. Penn., p. 156, 195?.— Metcalf, Flint, and Metcalf,
Destructive and Useful Insects, p. 771, 1951.

Occeticus [sic] coniferarum Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 351, 1864.
—Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 5, p. 248, 1865.

Thyridopteryx contferarum (Packard) Kirby, Cat. Lep., vol. 1, p. 501, 1892
(synonym of T. ephemeraeformis).—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4065,
1902 [1903].—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep., Cat., pars 34, p. 184, 1929.—
Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, 1936.—MeDunnough, Check
List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9519, 1939.

Thyridopteryz pallidovenata Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, p.
104, 1917 (new synonymy).—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34,
p. 185, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, 1936.—
McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9519, 1, 1939.

Thyridopteryx vernalis Jones, Ent. News, vol. 34, p. 100, pls. 3-4, figs. 11, 12, 1923
(new synonymy).—Jones and Parks Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, p. 27,
figs. 15, 20, 1928.— Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1181, pl. 169d,
1936.—McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9520,
1939.

Mauz.—(Fig. 59.) Body vesture fuscous. Antennae with 28-33
seements; basal third with segments broader than long; beyond that
segments become lengthened. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae usually
with pair of apical spurs, sometimes with shorter member of pair
absent.

Wings in general almost devoid of scales except for concentrations
along costal margin and anal area of both wings; membrane trans-
parent; venation extremely variable. Forewing with apex produced,
termen strongly curved, tornus indistinct or absent; scales (fig. 360)
of cell 2A, for most part, long, slender with acute apices; a few bidentate
scales sometimes present, especially toward base of cell. Wing
expanse 17.5-36 mm.

Mater GeniraLia.—(Fig 294.) As described for genus.

FemMaLe.—(Fig. 144.) Length 20-24 mm. As described for genus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—(Figs. 316, 317.)

Casn.—(Figs. 116-118.) Length 30-50 mm.; diameter 10-15 mm.
Elliptical, greatest diameter usually at or near middle; ornamentation
quite variable, dependent upon food plant, never with external sheet
of silk; when sticks incorporated in architecture, they are applied
longitudinally and usually are of moderate length (15 mm. or less),
occasionally may be longer; on cedar, cases frequently adorned with
fruit of host.

Typn.—Lost (Sphina ephemeraeformis and Oiceticus coniferarum);
in the American Museum of Natural History (Thyridopteryx pallido-
venata); United States National Museum (7’. vernalis).

Typr LocaLiry.—Great Britain(?) (S. ephemeraeformis); ‘Middle
States” (O. coniferarum); Fort Myers, Florida (7. pallidovenata);
Seaford, Sussex County, Delaware (7. vernalis).

136 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

RecorpDED HostTs.—‘Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.)
B.S. & P., Juniperus communis L., Juniperus virginiana L., Thuja
occidentalis L.; Pinaceae: Lariz laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, Picea spp.
(spruces), Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus spp. (pines), Pinus strobus L.,
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.; Taxodiaceae: Tazodium distichum (L.)
Rich.; Iridaceae: Iris sp.; Liliaceae: Smilax rotundifolia L.; Poaceae:
Zea mays L.; Aceraceae: Acer sp. (maples), Acer negundo L.; Acer
platanoides L., Acer pseudo-platanus L., Acer rubrum L., Acer sacchari-
num L., Acer saccharum Marsh.; Anacardiaceae: Rhus spp. (sumacs);
Asteraceae: Ambrosia trifida L., Erigeron canadensis L., Hupatorium
ageratoides L., Helianthus decapetalus L., Vernonia noveboracensis (L.)
Michx.; Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris L.; Bignoniaceae: Catalpa
bignoniodes Walt.; Brassicaceae: Lepidium virginicum L.; Capri-
foliaceae: Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus caerulea Raf.; Cheno-
podiaceae: Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth, Rumex obtusifolius L.; Corna-
ceae: Cornus sp.; Corylaceae: Betula papyrifera Marsh., Carpinus
caroliniana Walt.; Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana L.; Ericaceae:
Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch; Fabaceae: Cercis canadensis,
L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Robinia pseudo-acacia L., Robinia vis-
cosa Vent., Trifolium sp. (clover), Wisteria chinensis DC.; Fagaceae:
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., Castanea vesca Gaertn., Fagus
grandifolia Ehrh., Fagus laciniata Vignet., Fagus purpurea Ait., Fagus
sylvatica L., Quercus alba L., Quercus coccinea Muenchh., Quercus
macrocarpa Michx., Quercus nana Sarg., Quercus palustris Muenchh.,
Quercus prinus L., Quercus subobtusifoha A. Camus; Hamamelidaceae:
Hamamelis virginiana L., Liquidambar styraciflua L.; Lauraceae:
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees; Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipi-
era L.; Malvaceae: Gossypium sp. (cotton), Hibiscus syriacus L.;
Moraceae: Humulus lupulus L. (hops), Maclura pomifera (Raf.)Schneid. ;
Oleaceae: Mrazinus americana L.; Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca americana
L.; Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis L., Platanus orientalis L.;
Ranunculaceae: Clematis sp.; Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus cathartica L.;
Rosaceae: Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic., Crataegus sp. (thorns),
Crataegus oxyacantha L., Cydonia oblonga Mill. (quince), Physocarpus
opulifolius (L.) Maxim., Prunus americana Marsh., Prunus armeniaca
L. (apricot), Prunus cerasus L. (cherry), Prunus domestica L. (plum),
Prunus maritima Marsh, Prunus persica (.) Batsch (peach), Prunus
serotina Ehrh., Prunus virginiana L., Punica granatum L., Pyrus
communis L. (pear), Pyrus malus L., Rosa sp.; Salicaceae: Populus
alba L., Populus balsamea L., Populus deltoides Marsh., Populus nigra
var. ttalica (Muenchh.) DuRoi, Populus tremuloides Michx., Salia sp.
(willows), Salia babylonica L., Salix fragilis L., Salix lucida Mubl.;

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Lod

Sapindaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum L.; Tiliaceae: Tilia sp. (linden)
Tilia europaea L., Tilia americana L., Tilia heterophylla Vent.;
Ulmaceae: Ulmus americana L., Ulmus campestris L., Ulmus fulva
Michx.’’(Tietz, 195?). ‘‘Pinaceae: Cedrus sp.; Arecaceae: Roystonea
sp.; Aquifoliaceae: Jlex sp., Ilex crenata Thunb.; Anacardiaceae:
Mangifera indica L., Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi; Annonaceae:
Annona glabra L.; Asteraceae: Anthemis cotula L.; Casuarinaceae:
Casuarina sp.; Fabaceae: Bauhinia sp.; Juglandaceae: Carya sp.
(pecan); Lauraceae: Persea sp. (avocado); Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia
sp. (crape myrtle); Malvaceae: Thespesia populnea (l.) Soland.;
Myrtaceae: Callistemon sp., Melaleuca sp., Psidium guajava L.; Poly-
gonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera (.) Jacq.; Rosaceae: Prunus amygdalus
Batsch, Pyracantha sp.; Rubiaceae: Jzora sp.; Rutaceae: Citrus sp.
(orange); Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis Sonn.; Verbenaceae: Lantana
sp.’”’ (from specimen labels).

Distrinution.—(Map 5.) This species is very common over much
of its range, which is restricted primarily to the eastern half of the
United States. In addition, it is represented by unique specimens from
Haiti, the Bahamas, and Islapa, Mexico. In the United States 7.
ephemeraeformis is known to occur in the Appalachian Highlands as
far north as New York, and south and west through the Atlantic and
Interior Plains to Texas and Nebraska.

Discussion.—Because of the relative abundance, wide distribution,
and polyphagous habit of the voraciously feeding larva, Thyridopteryx
ephemeraeformis has become the most economically important psychid
in North America, where it is primarily a pest of woody ornamentals.
Through much common usage and extensive scientific application of
the name, the identity of this moth is firmly established. The
earliest references, however, cast some doubt on the original applica-
tion because it assigned this species to Great Britain. Apparently,
not until 1841 was the fact definitely established (by Doubleday) that
T. ephemeraeformis occurred in the New World. The precise origin
and identity of Haworth’s original specimen probably will never be
known. Wood (1839) supposedly figured the type specimen, and his
illustration superficially resembles the presently recognized insect.
He stated that this specimen was ‘‘taken by the late Mr. Bolton in
Yorkshire” and provided it with the common name “beltless clear-
wing.’ Assuming that the present application of the name and the
origin of the type specimen are correct, conceivably the original moth
represented a temporary and accidental introduction into Great
Britain. More than likely, however, the type specimen of 7. ephemer-
aeformis actually was collected in the United States but for some reason

138 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

mistakenly was accredited to the British fauna. Occasionally the fact
has emerged that material collected by John Abbott from Georgia
and sent to Francillon, a London dealer, sometimes was mislabelled
by the latter with the result that the insects later were described as
originating in England. Thus, there is a reasonable possibility that
the type locality of T. ephemeraeformis is Georgia. Whatever the
case, the application of this name as it is presently recognized should
be retained because of its widely accepted usage. Because of the loss
of the type specimen, moreover, the name of this common American
insect probably will never be seriously challenged.

Thyridopteryx pallidovenata was first described from Ft. Myers,
Florida. Its diagnostic features were its larger size and its supposedly
paler wing veins. In later years a belief developed that this insect
could be further separated from 7’. ephemeraeformis by the disjunct
populations of the two species: 7. ephemeraeformis being limited in its
southward distribution to the extreme northern part of Florida and
T. pallidovenata occurring in only the southernmost portion of that
state. This misconception probably originated because more collect-
ing was done in southern Florida than in the central and northern
localities. Additional specimens gradually have accumulated which
show that 7’. ephemeraeformis is evenly distributed throughout the
state, as would be expected. Records from the Florida State Plant
Board list the occurrence of this species in approximately 19 different
counties with no concentration in any area.

The wing veins of ‘typical’ 7. pallidovenata are no paler, on the
average, than those of specimens from a large series of 7. ephemer-
aeformis. The “paleness’ depends largely on the relative number of
intact scales present along the veins, a condition that is very variable.

Specimens previously identified as 7. pallidovenata from southern
Florida are, on the whole, larger than examples of 7. ephemeraeformis
from more northern localities. There appears to be a gradual de-
crease in size from south to north, with some variation occurring at
all latitudes. The smallest (wing span 17.5 mm.) specimen examined
by the present writer came from New York. Specimens only slightly
more southern—from Delaware—attain a maximum expanse of 29
mm., which is as great as some Florida examples from Dade County.
The largest moth available in this study, from the Bahamas, meas-
ured 36 mm. across the primaries. As more collecting (especially in
Florida) is done, the supposed size difference of J. pallidovenata
probably will have even less significance than it now has. For the

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 139

foregoing reasons, 7’. pallidovenata is not considered to be a valid
species separate from 7’. ephemeraeformis.

Another species which was considered distinct but which has been
synonymized herein is Thyridopteryx vernalis. This insect differs
from ZT. ephemeraeformis even less than does T. pallidovenata, and,
for all purposes, is identical with the former. TZ. vernalis supposedly
represented a spring facsimile of 7. ephemeraeformis; it, therefore,
was considered a good biological species since potentially it was iso-
lated genetically from the almost exclusively fall-emerging 7. ephe-
meraeformis. Indeed, if the fact were positively established that
T. vernalis was consistently a spring-emerging population or that it
had developed genetic barriers against crossing with typical T.
ephemeraeformis, the validity of 7’. vernalis as a species would be more
certain. This has not been demonstrated, however, and the avail-
able evidence shows that the situation is more nearly the opposite,
namely, that J. ephemeraeformis, like T. alcora and especially T.
meadi, possesses a life cycle that occasionally may vary. Thus, as
now understood by the present author, 7. ephemeraeformis is
predominantly a fall-emerging insect but one that may be represented
by spring adults on certain occasions because of local and scattered
environmental changes that modify the life cycle. Many of these
spring-emerging specimens probably have no great significance and
are not perpetuated because they are isolated individuals.
In the warmer coastal and southern areas of this species’ range, how-
ever, survival through the winter in the larval stage is possible; thus,
spring populations are probably able to survive indefinitely. Indeed,
after examining the distribution records of J. ephemeraeformis, the
writer finds this speculation to be justified. Isolated records from
Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas indicate the presence of
spring and summer males in these areas. Relatively abundant
spring material has been noted from Delaware, Florida, and Missis-
sippi (in correspondence), evidently representing, in part at least,
established populations. However, it is believed that these spring
populations, as in the other members of the genus, are not isolated
rigidly from the autumn form and that some gene flow does occur
between the two seasonal groups because of life cycle fluctuations in
both directions. Thus, the spring emerging forms of 7. ephemerae-
formis are no more entitled to a special name than are the seasonal
forms of 7. alcora or T. meadt.

963-—-052—64—_10

140 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—353 o' 0", 15 9 Q, 288 cases:

UNITED STATES: Atasama: Mobile, 2 cases, USNM. Pleasant Hills,
case, USNM. Detaware: Specific locality unknown, 4 cases, USNM. Concord,
o', May 28, USNM. New Castle County, o with case, Sept. 26, BM; 29 #0,
Sept. 1-29, 15 cases, USNM. Rehoboth, o’, June 10; 2 cases, USNM. Seaford,
o (type, T. vernalis), May 25; 2 &o, May 14, 16; 3 cases, USNM. Sussex
County, 3 oo, April 28-May 12; 7 cases, USNM. Wilmington, 31 070, Sept.
11-30; 138 cases, USNM. ODisrricr or CotumBia: Washington, 24 oo, Sept.,
USNM. Ftoripa: Biscayne Bay, &%, AMNH; o&, USNM. Crescent Beach,
3, June 5, CM. Florida City, o&, March 26, USNM. Homestead, 2 #0,
March 6, FSPB. Lake County, o&, Nov. 21, FSPB. Miami, ¢&, March 17,
ANS. Moultrie, #7, June 22, CM. Orlando, o, Sept. 20, USNM. St. Peters-
burg, o, April, USNM. Geroreria: Rome, o, June 29, USNM. Tallulah, 2
cases, USNM. Iurnots: Carbondale, oo, Sept. 6, USNM. Oconee, 22 #0,
Sept. 1-80, USNM. Kansas: Specific locality unknown, 15 oo, Sept. 7-
Oct. 26, USNM. Lawrence, o&, Oct. 1, DRD. Lovurstana: Harahan, o, July
25, MCZ. Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, 3 oo’, Sept. 5, USNM.
Shreveport, 2 oc’, Sept. 23, USNM. Maryann: Oak Hall, case, USNM.
Salisbury, o, case, USNM. Tilghmanus Island, &, May 14, case, USNM.
Massacuusetts: Boston, Harvard Arboretum, #7, MCZ. Mussissrppr: Lanedale,
case, USNM. Missouri: Chesterfield, oc, Oct. 9, UM. Columbia, 3 #0,
Aug. 22-Oct.6, UM. Deer Park, Boone Co., o&, Sept. 16, UM. Sapp, o, June
2, UM. St. Louis, 2 #7, Sept. 27; 6 #@o', USNM. Nesrasxka: Omaha, 23
cases, CAS. New Jersey: Specific locality unknown, 2 9 9, @, DRD. Eliza-
beth, «, AMNH. Lakehurst, case, USNM. New Brunswick, 5 oa’, Sept. 5-
Oct. 7, AMNH. New Lisbon, 3 oc’, Sept. 24—Oct. 1, ANS; case, USNM. NEw
York: Specific locality unknown, o’, BM;3 <0, case, ZMHU. New York City,
2 oo, AMNH; 10 cases, DRD. Norru Carorina: Wilmington, 30 #0,
Sept. 1-Oct. 9, 20 cases, USNM. Oxtanoma: Oklahoma City, 7 oo, Aug. 24—
Sept. 12; 25 cases, DRD. PENNsyLvaNia: Chester County, 7 oc’, Sept. 6-25;
20 cases, USNM. Edgewood, <o, Sept. 16-19, CM. Finleyville, 34 oo, Sept.
15-Nov. 14; 2 2 @, Sept. 15-30, CM. Pittsburgh, 34 oa’, Sept. 9-22;9 9 9,
Sept. 31;5 #@ fh, CM. Tulleytown, 9 70, Sept. 4-11, ANS. West Grove, 0,
Sept. 25, USNM. Sovurn Carorina: Summerville, 2 cases, USNM. TerExas:
Specific locality unknown, 2 ? 2, USNM. Amarillo, 3 cases, AMNH. Brazos
County, case, USNM. College Station, 8 oo, Sept. 1-16; 7 cases, USNM.
Dallas, case, BM; 10 oo, Sept. 12-19; 28 cases, USNM. Dickinson, o, April
29; 2 cases, USNM. Elkmont, case, USNM. Fort Worth, 8 cases, USNM.
Houston, 2 cases, USNM. Kerrville, 3 cases, USNM. San Antonio, 10 cases,
USNM. Virainra: Accomac, 11 oo, Sept. 25-Oct. 7, USNM. Ballston, 0,
Sept. 12, USNM. Charlottesville, o, Sept. 25, USNM. Chincoteague, 2 oo,
May 16, 18; 9 cases, USNM. Suffolk, o, Sept. 17, USNM.

MEXICO: Islapa(?), #7, BM.
BAHAMAS: Specific locality unknown, &, BM. Nassau, o, Jan. 3, BM.
HAITI: Port-au-Prince, 7%, ZMHU.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 141

Species of Uncertain Generic Position

Adult Males Known But Not Examined

Five species exist that I have been unable to treat or describe
properly because of the absence of material or of adequate descrip-
tions. They will continue to occupy a questionable taxonomic
status until the male moths have been adequately diagnosed and
illustrated. Most of the names may represent valid — species.
Arranged alphabetically, the five names are followed by the original
descriptions or a summary thereof, along with additional comments
of my own.

1. Psychoglene basinigra Felder
FIGURE 62

Psychoglene basinigra Felder, in Reise der Novara, Zool. Theil Bd. 2, Abth. 7,
Heft. 2, p. 8, pl. 83, fig. 22, 1874.

Animula basinigra (Felder) Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 506, 1892.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 185, 1929.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1182, pl. 169d, 1936.

Maty.—(Fig. 62.) Body robust, greyish hairs on thorax. Wings
unevenly scaled; outer third of both wings devoid of scales, trans-
parent; basal third densely covered with dark scales. Primaries
with 11 veins; R; and , stalked for considerable distance; R,;
apparently absent; base of M simple within cell; M, and M, arising
equidistant from cell on either side of base of medius; M, and ,
connate. Secondaries 8-veined; M, and , stalked. Wing expanse
approximately 18 mm.

Frema.e and Casp.—Unknown.

Typr.—tIn the British Museum.

TyPrE LOcALITY.—“‘Brasilia.”’

RECORDED Hosts.—None.

Distripution.—Known only from Brazil.

Discussion.—With the exception of a brief diagnosis by Gaede
(1936), there is no other written description of this genus and species.
The original reference consists of a listed name (with locality) and
a colored figure. The above, very incomplete description is my own,
based solely on the original drawing, and a wing sketch by F. M.
Jones, who examined the type while at the British Museum.

If the original locality reference is correct, this species and perhaps
also the genus is unique among New World psychids; only two species,
Lumacra hyalinacra and Astala hoffmanni, approach it in pattern.

142 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Species that closely resemble P. basinigra in superficial appearance
presently are known to exist only in the Old World.

Heylaerts (1884a) described two species of psychids, basalis (from
the Staudinger collection) and dimidiata (from the Oberthir collec-
tion), and erroneously placed them in the genus Animula, giving as
the habitat “Patria incognita.” Probably because of their resem-
blance to P. basinigra, Gaede (1936) believed there was a possibility
these two insects were native to the Western Hemisphere. The
two species were not described thoroughly by Heylaerts, but sup-
posedly they differ from P. basinigra by having one less vein in the
hindwing. Because there is no firm reason to suspect a New World
origin for A. basalis and A. dimidiata, they have not been included
in this paper. Indeed, after examining certain Old World specimens,
I believe it more likely that the original habitat of these two species
is South Africa, but this cannot be stated with much confidence.

2. ‘“‘Zamopsyche’’ haywardi Koehler
Ficure 119
Zamopsyche haywardi Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 470, 471, fig. 4, 1939.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Macho: Cabeza, patagias, tégulas, térax y abdomen de color pardusco; del
mismo color se presentan la faz ventral y los fémures y tibias, estas ultimas con
pelos mas ralos; tarsos desnudos.

Ala anterior pardusea, mds ennegrecida en la parte ancha de las células hasta
las De; sobre éstas una linea angulada transparente (sin escamas). Alas poster-
iores uniformemente pardas. Faz inferior como la superior, algo mds pdalida.

Aspecto general como O. Kirbyi Guild., diferencidndose muy bien por la nerva-
dura, caracteristicas del cesto y crisdlida femenina.

Exp. al. 28 mm.

Holotipo y tres paratipos con sus cesto (coleccién del autor).

Cestos cotipos: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Zoo-
logia agricola, colecci6n Lizer y Trelles, Hayward, British Museum, Breyer,
Kohler.

Habitat: Carranza-La Rioja (Hayward), Cuesta de la Chilea-Andalgala (I<6hler) ;
28. XII 36, Cérdoba (Kohler).

Cesto: Muy prolijamente confeccionado, de pedacitos de ramitas delgadas;
éstas estdn fijadas transversalmente sobre el cesto y siempre cubiertas por un
buen tejido, muy fuerte con excepcién de la parte superior en la cual quedan
unos palitos sin tejido superpuesto; la parte posterior consiste de un tubo de
seda sin revestimiento de particulas vegetales; todas las puntas de las ramitas
estan cubiertas por la seda; la superficie exterior tejida, parece como gruesamente
granulada, 8-9 mm de ancho por 26-32 mm de largo.

Crisdlida hembra: Muy poco inclinado el cremdster, trunco; con 6 a 8 cerdas
cortas; depresién anal con pocos surcos y lineas radiales dentro y sobre su borde;
ventralmente con las dos verrugas anales achatadas, rugosas; sin surco anal bien
delimitado; debajo de las verrugas anales y arriba de la apertura genital, marcada
como depresién linear de un campo finamente punteado se hallan otras dos ver-
rugas, rugosas y muy sobresalientes, que terminan en una punta cada una (no

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 143

son los ganchos anales comunes!) ; la demas superficie transversalmente y median-
amente rugosa; la apertura genital se halla colocada en el iltimo segmento que se
prolonga como placa genital en forma de un tridngulo hasta mas de la mitad del
segmento siguiente, interrumpiendo la continuidad del mismo. La parte inter-
sticial transversal y finamente rugosa; el penultimo segmento con finas rugosi-
dades longitudinales; antes del intersticio un peine de espinas dorsales, dirigidas
hacia atras.

Discussion.—This species certainly does not belong in the genus
in which it originally was placed because it actually is very remote
from Zamopsyche. After the male has been examined more thoroughly
the species probably will prove to be a rather small species of Otketicus.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—8 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Andalgola, 2 cases, BM; case, DEI. Carranza, La Rioja, case,
BM; case, DEI. Dunes of San Jose, La Rioja, 3 cases, USNM.

3. Oiketicus lizeri Koehler
Ficure 120
Otketicus lizert Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 465, 471, figs. 2, 6, 1939.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Macho: Sumamente parecido al O. kirbyi poeyi, pero el borde exterior del
ala posterior mds escotado. Caracteristicas de colores y dibujos casi iguales
diferencidindose el color por ser més negruzco en general.

Exp. 33 mm.

Holotipo en la coleecién del autor.

Cesto: Muy parecido al de O. kirbyit Guild., del cual se diferencia por la dis-
posicién de los palitos usados en la confeccién del revestimiento del habitdéculo;
éstos no son transversalmente dispuestos sino en forma longitudinal-oblicua,
radial y desde la apertura hacia atrds; las partes anal y superior no estan cubiertas
por el tejido sedoso exterior; alrededor de la apertura vemos los palitos dispuestos
radialmente, formando algo asi como un eapucho sobre el cesto. 16-19 mm de
ancho por 70 a 80 mm de largo.

Crisdlida hembra: Cremaster algo inclinado; sin ganchos anales ni verrugas
desarrolladas; la depresién anal imprecisa; toda esta zona gruesamente rugosa;
una faja de gruesas rugosidades antes del borde superior del tltimo segmento;
otra sobre el margen inferior del pentltimo, la placa genital, limitada debajo por
una doble linea ondulada, se extiende como prolongacién del ultimo segmento en
forma de una lengua hasta el antepentltimo segmento, donde se encuentra la
apertura sexual. Cuatro cerdas sobre la granulacién posterior del cremaster,
dos lateral-dorsales sobre el segundo y otras dos sobre el siguiente segmento’

Plantas alimenticias: Quebracho, Santa Marfa, palmera, aromo, espinillo,
tusca, etc.

Habitat: Salta (Kohler), Tabacal (Daguerre), Valderramas-Metdn (Kohler),
Reconquista (I<6hler).

Cotipos: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Zoologfa
agricola, colecciones Lizer y Trelles, Breyer y del autor.

Nota: El adulto de esta especie nace a fines de noviembre, después de haber
invernado en estado de crisdlida; la especie O. kirbyi inverna en estado de huevo
y da el adulto de fines de enero a principios de marzo.

144 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Chaco Austral, Ingenio Las Palm, case, DEI. Reconquista,
case, DEI. Valderramas, case, DEI.

4. *Chalia’’ rileyi Heylaerts

Chalia rileyi Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p. ceviii,
1884.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 508, 1892—Dyar, Ent. News,
vol. 4, p. 321, 1893.—Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,
vol. 2, p. 120, 1894.—Dyar, Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4070, 1902 [1903].—
Forbes, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, p. 144, 1923.—Gaede in
Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1178, 1936.

Apterona rileyt (Heylaerts) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 11, p. 5, 1923.—
McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, pt. 2, no. 9536, 1939.
Otketicoides rileyi (Heylaerts) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p.

101, 1929.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Mas. Flavo-griseus, dense hirtus; capite flavo-brunneo; antennis brevibus,
longitudine marginis anterioris tertii, ciliis longioribus a medio apicem versus
decrescentibus, 22-articulatis; pseudopalpis brevibus brunneo-griseis; thorace
(abdomen deest) bruneo-griseo piloso. Pedibus bruneo-griseis tarsisque flavis.
Tibiis anterioribus spina maxima. Alis concoloribus flavo-griseis, anguste
brunneo-marginatis fimbriisque longis atque brunneo-griseis.

Alis anterioribus elongatis basi multo angustiori, apice subrotundato, margine
anteriori fere recto ut margo interior; margine exteriori obliquo; costis 10; la et
Ib ut apud genus Chalia Moore, 2 et 3 ex margine inferiori, 4, 5, 6, 7 et 8 (ex
eodem puncto) ex margine exteriori, 9 ex margine superiori cellulae mediae; 10
libera ex basi. ‘Cellula intrusa’ nulla.

Alis posterioribus elongatis, margine anteriori subrotundato; margine exteriori
obliquo, in medio paulo truncato; margine interiori subobliquo, apice anguloque
anali non productis; costis 7 liberis: 7 tota libera ex basi. Cellulae mediae parte
anteriori brevi et angustiori, parte posteriori latiori longiorique.

Expansio alae anterioris 5 mill.; id posterioris 4 mill.

Feminam non vidi.

Involucrum cylindricum, longitudine 11 mill., cinereum, omnino granis sabulosis
(fragmentisque lignosis aut lichenum?) obtectum.

Eruca carnea, capite segmentisque tribus antioribus flavis nitidisque, brunneo-
nigro striatis.

Habitat: Unio Americana, Missouri.

Male, larva cum involucris in Museo Prof. C. V. Riley.

Espéce trés petite, pas plus grande qu’une E’pichnopteryx pulla Esp. de petite
taille.

Les chenilles furent trouvées sur le troue de pommiers et de pérchers dans le
Missouri.

Discusston.—This insect already has been discussed rather fully
in connection with Zamopsyche commentella, a species which eventually
may be considered identical to C. rileyi. Since the type of C. rileyr
has been lost, specimens of this moth will have to be collected from
the type locality before the problems of its identity and possible
synonymy can be resolved.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 145

5. Oiketicus westwoodii Berg
Ficures 63, 121, 122

Oeceticus [sic] westwoodit Berg, Anales Soc. Cient. Argent., vol. 13, p. 217, 1882.

Otketicus westwood [sic] Berg.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 500, 1892.—
Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 195, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz,
Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936.—TKoehler, Rev. Soe. Ent. Argent.,
vol. 3, pp. 351, 352, fig. 3, 1931.—Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 468, 471,
fig. 4, 1939.

Casr.—(Figs. 121, 122.) Length 55-90 mm.; greatest diameter
10-15 mm. Walls of case very thin, flexible; variously ornamented
with small leaf fragments, sometimes with sparse scattering of tiny
twigs. Larval bags frequently completely bare of vegetation and re-
semble somewhat those of O. geyeri, but differ radically from O. geyeri
in structure of case wall.

The following is quoted from Koehler (1939):

Crisdlida hembra: Cremdster muy poco inclinado; sin gancho anal y con finas
lineas radiales; surco anal en forma de Y invertida; en su bifurecacién inferior,
esta limitada por una linea curva con rugosidades; lateralmente del sureo fina-
mente rayado; las verrugas anales alargadas, poco elevadas y de superficie rugosa,
su exterior algo rayado; la placa genital esté dividida en dos mitades por una linea
que baja de la apertura gential, se extiende hasta el borde de la cireunvalacién
anal, donde se bifurea, formando dos brazos laterales que forman casi una linea
recta, hasta que se unen con el surco marginal, dorsal, sobre el antepentltimo
segmento una rugosa verruga transversal, alargada. Superficie total lisa.

Macho; Poseemos dos ejemplares masculinos sumamente mutilados que no
permiten una descripcién exacta, pero no dejaremos pasar la oportunidad para
decir que su parecido es muy grande con el adulto O. geyert, diferencidndose por
su color rojizo algo anaranjado, muy brillante; esté cubierta con escamas mas
densamente que la especie de comparacién. Patas, palpos, abdomen, todo del
mismo color.

RecorDED Hosts.—‘‘Fabaceae: Piptadenia communis Benth., Pip-
tadenia cebil Griseb., Prosopis sp.” (Berg, 1882).

Discusstion.—The above description of the case is not the original,
but it has been summarized from available material which agrees
with the original diagnosis and which is believed to be identical with
typical O. westwoodii. In addition to case dissimilarities, Berg
separated O. westwoodii from O. kirbyi (=platensis?) on the basis
of the larva. He stated the larva was very similar to that of O. kirbyi,
but that it could be distinguished easily from that of the latter by the
presence of white dots on the dorsum of segments 4-6, features that
are hardly noticeable in O. kirbyi.

In time, after much more collecting and rearing has been done,
O. westwoodii and O. horni may be shown to be conspecific since their
larval cases seem to represent nothing more than two extremes of
structural variation.

146 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Some evidence exists that the cases of this species (or at least of
larva bags quite similar to O. westwoodii) are sexually dimorphic.
In a group of cases collected by Paul Koehler on Prosopis species from
La Rioja, Argentina, this dimorphism was very obvious. From a
series of 49 bags, 27 leaf-covered bags had been made by larvae that
produced male moths, and 20 leafless cases contained females. I
found only two exceptions, bags that had produced females but were
heavily covered with leaves. No intermediate conditions were pres-
ent in this series.

I examined one adult male that had been identified questionably by
Koehler as 0. westwoodii. This specimen is indistinguishable from
the males of O. geyeri, and it actually may represent that species. In
addition, this specimen possibly may have been the moth upon
which Koehler’s description (1939) was based.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 Go’, 65 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Specific locality unknown, @ (identification questionable), ZSBS.

Catamarca, 3 cases, DEI; 6 cases, ZSBS. Coronel Vidal, 7 cases, DEI. La
Rioja, 49 cases, USNM.

Adult Males Unknown

Many names in this family unfortunately have been proposed
on the basis only of the larval case and sometimes on the female pupae.
The males of these supposed species still are unknown, or they can
not be associated with the described pupae and/or cases with any
certainty.

Female pupae apparently have some characters that may be of
taxonomic importance (Koehler, 1939); however, this needs to be
studied further in a greater variety of species. The importance may
be limited primarily to specific identification and may not be ap-
plicable as a generic criterion. The taxonomic significance of the
larval case is even less than that of the pupa; considered alone, it is
generally a poor and sometimes misleading specific criterion. There
are instances, however, in which the case may be of prime importance,
but these examples are in a definite minority.

In New World psychids, the characteristics of the adult male
furnish the basis for both specific and generic separation. Also,
certain species known only from the immature stages, even if recog-
nized as specifically valid, cannot be referred safely to the correct
genus. Thus, I have thought it preferable to include species based
on female specimens or immature stages in this separate section.

In a description of a larval case little possibility exists for diagnostic
features to be overlooked or for errors to originate because of mis-
interpretation of structure. For this reason and the fact that the

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 147

literature subsequent to the original descriptions has been so meager,
to redescribe the species included in this section has seemed unneces-
sary. Consequently, the original descriptions of 14 species in which
the adult has never been described are presented in alphabetical order.
All except one (Psyche burmeistert) have been examined and illustrated
by the writer. Ten names appear to represent distinct and valid
species, but the status of the remaining four is questionable.

Six more or less distinct types of cases, which are unnamed, are
also included, largely to attract the attention of future students and
collectors to these unique structures. The writer hopes that these
unknown larval bags eventually will be named after the adult males
have been reared and properly described.

1. “Psyche”? burmeisteri Weyenbergh

Psyche burmeisteri Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 27, p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8,
1884.—Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Compt.-Rend., vol. 28, p. e¢,
1884.—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., vol. 1, p. 516, 1892.—Dalla Torre and
Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34, p. 114, 1929.— Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent.,
vol. 17, p. 350, 1931.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1179,
1936.

Fremaue.—Length 9-9.5mm. Vermiform; head shield dark brown;
thoracic shield barely visible.

Pupa.—Male very dark brown, nearly black, not more than 6-7 mm.
long. Female rather slender, 8-11 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. greatest
diameter; color light to dark brown.

Larva.—Much lghter in color than previous species (Psyche
cassiae); eyespots light brown or sepia colored; first three segments
ereyish with a few comparatively small black spots. Thoracic legs
lighter than P. cassiae because of smaller diameter of spots. Other
body segments much darker, spots of 4th, 5th segments hardly visible.
Size of larva about same as previous one (15-16 mm. length, 2.5 mm.
diameter), somewhat more slender and longer. Uncommon in
vicinity of Cordova (less common than P. cassiae), feeds on Cassia
aphylla, and several other plant species.

Casz.—Length 20 mm.; diameter 6-7 mm. Exterior of bag
largely bare, grey, few long, slender twigs longitudinally arranged,
loosely attached to anterior portion of case. Form of bag resembling a
somewhat rigid cone, anterior necklike portion (beyond edge on cone)
considerably softer, more flexible.

Discussion.—The original Dutch description of this species was
too lengthy and verbose to be included here in its entirety, and so an
English summarization has been presented. Very few diagnostic
characters are to be noted in Weyenbergh’s discussion of P. bur-
meisteri; the original drawing of the larval case appears unlike any

148 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

previously described bag, which eventually may serve to characterize
this species as was the circumstance with Ovketicus bergii.

2. Platoeceticus chaquensis Koehler
FicureE 123

Platoeceticus chaquensis Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 460, 471, pls. I, IV, figs. 5,
11, 1939.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Cesto: De forma alargada, ovalada; cubierto longitudinal-radialmente con
palitos, pecfolos de hojas y ramitas delgadas de la planta alimenticia. No esta
cubierto con tejido de seda.

Largo 21-25, m/m ancho mdéximo 7-9 mm.

Crisdlida hembra: Cremdster casi derecho y sin inclinacién ventral; doble
gancho anal fuertemente doblado; depresién anal suave, con el surco en forma
de Y invertida, debajo del cual se halla una If{nea transversal, fina y curvada;
dos verrugas anales, pequefias, redondas y lisas, colocadas mas arriba de la
terminacién del surco anal; placa genital sin limitacién por lineas; apertura
genital alargada en el medio del segmento pentltimo; superficie general lisa,
solamente en el tltimo segmento con muy pocas lineas transversales.

Planta alimenticia: Quebracho blanco (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco).

Habitat: Reconquista, Obligado, Chaco (Kohler).

Cotipos: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Zoologia
agricola del Ministerio de Agricultura, colecciones Lizer y Trelles, Breyer y
Kohler.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 Cases:
ARGENTINA: Reconquista, case, BM; case, DEI.

3. Hyaloscotes coniferella (Henry Edwards)
Figure 124

Psyche coniferella Henry Edwards, Proc. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 142, 1877.—
Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 320, 1893.—Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, p. 163,
pl. 4, fig. B, 1925.

Chalia coniferella (Henry Edwards) Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4071,
1902 [1903] (synonym of H. fragmentella Henry Edwards).

Oiketicoides coniferella (Henry Edwards) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 100, 1929 (synonym of H. fragmentella Henry Edwards).

Hyaloscotes coniferella (Henry Edwards) McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada
and USA, part 2, no. 9532, 1939 (synonym of H. fragmentella Henry Edwards).

The following is quoted from the original description:

Chrysalis case a little over an inch in length, thickened anteriorally and com-
posed of fragments of the leaves of pine, about three lines in length, laid in rows
on the silken web and overlapping each other, in the manner of P. graminella
and other European species. The fragments diminish in length on the posterior
layers. Grass Valley, Cal., on palings and trunks of pine trees.

Discussion.—As noted previously under Hyaloscotes fumosa, H.

coniferella is probably equivalent to H. fragmentella as well as H.
fumosa. If this proves to be the case, after verification of the im-

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 149

mature stages of H. fumosa and additional knowledge of the geo-

graphical distribution of H. pithopoera, the valid name for this species

would be H. fragmentella, which has page priority over H. coniferella.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 case:

Cauirornia: Mt. Shasta District, case, RNH.

4. *“*Chalia’’ daguerrei Koehler
FicureE 125
Chalia daguerre? Woehler, Physis, vol. 17, pp. 462, 471, fig. 3, 1939.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Como para otas especies, es también ésta dificil de colocarla definitivamente
dentro de un género, mientras no se dispone de ejemplares masculinos. De
acuerdo con los rasgos generales y las caracterfsticas del cremaster de la crisdlida
ubicamos esta especie tal como la presentamos.

Cesto: Revestido de pedacitos de liquen; melidas en término medio: 18-23 mm
de largo, 7-8 mm de ancho maximo.

Crisdlida hembra: Cremdster casi derecho; la depresién anal sin surco anal en
forma de Y; en su lugar una ligera depresién puntiforme; los dos ganchos anales
inclinados fuertemente sobre una plaquita central, limitada hacia abajo por un
corto surco céncavo y lateralmente por simples lineas derechas; el borde superior
abierto; algo mas arriba una ligera depresién puntiforme que reemplaza el surco
anal; mas arriba y en ambos lados—en lugar de las verrugas anales—dos campos
finamente punteados de forma ovoide; la apertura genital alargada con dos surcos
finos de igual largo, laterales y paralelas; en ambos lados, ventral, hay debajo y
arriba lateralmente y transversalmente un campo de superficie punteada, el
superior tres veces mds ancho que el inferior.

Planta alimenticia: Liquenes.

Habitat: Rivadavia, Chaco salteno (Daguerre).

Cotipos: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales.

Discusston.—“Chalia” daguerrei and “Clania” yamorkinei, a name
also included in this section, eventually may apply to the same species
since the pygidia of the female pupae (as described by Koehler)
differ only slightly and their larval cases are essentially identical.

MaTERIAL EXAMINED.—8 cases:
ARGENTINA: ConcorpiA, Entre Rios, 8 cases, ZSBS.

5. ‘*OGiketicus’’ davidsoni Henry Edwards
FIGcurRE 126

Otketicus davidsoni Henry Edwards, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 142, pl.
5, 1877.—Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p. 320, 1893.—Beutenmueller, Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 9, art. xiv, p. 209, 1897.—Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
52, no. 4064, 1902 [1903]—Barnes and MeDunnough, Check List Lep.
Boreal America, no. 4797, 1917.—Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat., pars 34,
p. 194, 1929.—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936.—
McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada and USA, part 2, no. 9518, 1939.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Chrysalis case about one and a half to one and three-fourths inches in length;
stout, a little thickened in the middle, and composed of pieces of sticks or twigs

150 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

from one-third to one and a quarter inches in length, laid side by side longitudi-
nally, one or two pieces nearly always extending posteriorly some distance beyond
the termination of the case. The fragments with which the case is covered,
are of different lengths, and are about fifteen in number, the interstices being
filled with wood dust (most probably produced by the jaws of the insect itself),
closely woven into the silken groundwork of the case. The edges of the pieces
of wood are always neatly rounded by the insect and all outstanding branches
are bitten off. Chrysalis, with the abdominal portions, light chestnut brown,
with the wing cases almost black. It is nearly tubular in form, smooth, with
some small hooks on the abdominal segments. Length, 0.65 inch.

Discovered by Prof. Geo. Davidson on Mt. Diablo, on the branches of Castaneop-
sis chrysophylla, Doubl (chinquapin chestnut).

Discussion.—Since the case construction of this insect shows
little affinity to that of any other known species of Oiketicus, O. david-
soni probably is misplaced in the genus to which Edwards originally
ascribed it. The larval case is very similar to that constructed by
some of the Old World species of Clania. Considering the fact that
past efforts to rediscover this species in its original locale have proven
futile, it is possible that O. davidsoni represents an Old World species
which at one time was introduced accidentally into California and
that now the American population is extinct.

Beutenmiiller (1897) presented a rather crude and obscure descrip-
tion of a partially developed male moth, which he based on a specimen
dissected from a pupa of one of the types in the Edwards collection.
Unfortunately, any further examination of the legs or genitalia that
might shed some light on the generic placement of this species is
prevented since the present location of the specimen is not known.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 Case:

Cauirornia: Mt. Diablo, case, BM.
6. ‘*Chalia”’ dispar Koehler

Figure 127
Chalia dispar Koehler, Physis, vol. 17, p. 460, fig. 1, 1939.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Cestos masculinos jévenes y femeninos adultos cubiertos con finfsimas particulas
vegetales y de consistencia blanda. 3mm de ancho por 12-14 de largo.

Cestos masculinos viejos cubiertos con palitos longitudinales en forma muy
tipica: tienen diferentes largos, pero bastante iguales espesores y estén fijados
antes de la metamorfosis de la larva en crisdlida; el cesto mismo cuelga de la
corteza de drboles, etc., por medio de un hilito fuerte de seda y se mueve con
facilidad con el menor viento.

3,5 a 5 mm de ancho por 25 a 40 mm de largo.

Habitat: Palos Blancos, Sierra Maiz Gordo, Salta (Kohler).

Cotipos: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Zoologia
agricola, colecciones Lizer y Trelles, Breyer y Kohler.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 151

Discussion.—Two larval cases in the Deutsches Entomologisches
Institut, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are structurally very similar to C.
dispar, if not conspecific (see p. 158).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Sierra Maiz Gordo, Salta, case, BM; case, DEI.
7. Oiketicus elegans Koehler

FIGurE 128

Oiketicus elegans Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 3, pp. 351, 352, fig. 4, 1931.
—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936.—Koehler,
Physis, vol. 17, pp. 464, 471, fig. 10, 1939.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Cesto de 22 a 28 m;m. de largo; muy esbelto, muy duro y sin punta en su parte
posterior. Esta parte inferior es truncada. Su color es gris, algo tirando a
azul, anillado de gris claro y mds oscuro en forma irregular. No tiene ningtn
revestimiento de particulas vegetales. La fijacién del cesto (al crisalidar la oruga)
es muy tfpica, pues el anillo del tejido, que asegura el cesto, no sale del margen
sino de la superficie interior del habitdculo.

Alimentacién: Leguminosas arbéreas (aroma, espinillo, etc.).

Un cesto holotipo y 3 cestos paratipos en la col. Breyer. ex Stgo. del Estero,
4 cestos paratipos en el Museo Nacional, ex Chaco.

As in other species, Koehler (1939) has described the female pupa
of this moth in a later paper, and this is as follows:

Crisélida hembra: Es completamente lisa y brillante, el cremdster casi negro;
este Ultimo casi sin inclinacién ventral; sin ganchos anales; debajo de la leve
depresi6n anal en cuyo centro se halla el pequefio surco anal derecho, se encuentra
una muy poco pronunciada elevacién quitinosa; muy pocos y finos surcos trans-
versales en la faz ventral del Ultimo segmento; un fuerte surco que se inicia en
ambos lados de la pequefia, poco alargada, apertura genital, se aleja progresiva-
mente del borde posterior del segmento para perderse lateralmente en la superficie
lisa.

Habitat; Ademds del habitat original (Santiago del Estero) poseemos ahora
ideotipos de las siguientes localidades: Rio Negro (Kéhler), Cérdoba (Hayward),
La Rioja (Kohler), Catamarea (Kéhler), Rio Bermejo, Salta (Kéhler) Chaco
de Anta (Daguerre).

La enorme superficie de distribucién de esta especie que llega desde el limite
norte de nuestra Reptiblica y aleanza hasta las zonas deshabitadas del sur de
Rio Negro y Neuquen se debe a la igual distribucién de la tusca, espinillo y otras
leguminosas arbustivas, que sirven de alimentacién a la oruga.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—9 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Rio Bermejo, Salta, 5 cases, USNM; 2 cases, BM; case, DEI.
Rio Negro, case, DEI.

152 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

8. Hyaloscotes fragmentella (Henry Edwards)
Figure 129

Psyche fragmentella Henry Edwards, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 142, 1877.
—Kirby, Cat. Lep. Heter., p. 515, 1892.—Dyar, Ent. News, vol. 4, p.
320, 1893.—Jones, Ent. News, vol. 36, pp. 163, 164, 1925.

Chalia fragmentella (Henry Edwards) Dyar, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, no. 4071,
1902 [1903].

Eurycyttarus fragmentella (Henry Edwards) Barnes and McDunnough, Check
List Lep. Boreal America, no. 4805, 1917.

Pachytelia [sic] fragmentella (Henry Edwards) Dyar, Insec. Inscit. Menstr.,
vol. 11, p. 2, 1923.

Oiketicoides fragmentella (Henry Edwards) Dalla Torre and Strand, Lep. Cat.,
pars 34, p. 100, 1929.

Hyaloscotes fragmentella (Henry Edwards) McDunnough, Check List Lep. Canada
and USA, part 2, no. 9532, 1939.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Chrysalis case about an inch in length, tapering gradually to its posterior
extremity, and composed externally of portions of leaves and bark, mostly ovate
in shape, and from one to two lines in greatest diameter, in most cases laid flat
on the silken web, and not overlapping each other. Chrysalis, pale, tawny,
shining, smooth, of uniform thickness throughout. Length 0.40 in. On trunks
of pine trees, Strawberry Valley, Siskiyou County.

Discussion.—This insect undoubtedly belongs in the genus
Hyaloscotes, as does H. coniferella, and probably represents the
immature stage of H. fumosa. For additional comments, see the
discussions of these two species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—6 cases.

CaurrorNia: Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou County, 2 cases, BM. Plumas County,
4 cases, USNM.

9. Oiketicus ginocchionus Koehler
Figure 130
Oiketicus ginocchionus Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 16, p. 22, 1953.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Cesto: aspecto general muy poco diferente del de O. kirbyz (Guild.). Llegado
al tamafio mayor se presenta cubierto de ramitas de su planta alimenticia de
tamafio bastante uniforme; se hallan casi a lo largo del habitdculo y todas cubiertas
con un poco de finisimo tejido sedoso. Asi tiene todo el cesto un aspecto gris
y mate; por eso y por ser monéfago se caracteriza facilmente. Tamano: 8 mm de
espesor y 45 mm de largo.

Terminalia de la crisdlida 2? : Cremdster levemente inclinado y mostrando tres
verrugas de superficie y contorno gruesamente rugosos; la sutura entre ellos en
forma de Y invertida forma la depresién anal; en el margen posterior de cada
segmento anal se hallan finas rugosidades; la placa genital redonda y con muy
pocas cerdas en los tiltimos uritos; el mismo segmento dorsalmente con un peine
de tres pias en el margen rugoso de este sitio.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 153

Planta alimenticia: ‘‘olivillo’”’ (Plazia argentea).

Habitat: Laguna Brava, Mar del Plata (Ginocchio leg.), Pampa (Kohler).
Coétipos: col. del autor.

Especies dedicada a su descubridor.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—10 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Pampa, 10 cases, ZSBS.
10. ‘‘Platoeceticus’”’ hoffmanni Koehler

Figure 131

Platoeceticus hoffmanni Woehler, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem,
vol. 6, p. 41, fig. 4, 1939¢e.—Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Habitaculum: Sack mit verhiltnismassig grossen Blattstiicken bedeckt und
an der Aufhangestelle auch noch mit frei abstehenden Stengelteilchen besetzt;
ohne Seidengewebe tiber den Pflanzenteilechen, Ein zweiter, kleinere und noch
nicht voll entwickelter Sack weist diese Stengelteilchen noch nicht auf. Es
ist schwer zu sagen—auf Grund von nur zwei Exemplaren in verschiedenen
Entwicklungsstadien—ob diese finalen Stengelteilchen einen Standard darstellen,
oder ob sie nur eine Zufallsbekleidung sind. Jedenfalls ist aber die Blatterbe-
deckund gut charakteristisch und geniigend fiir spatere Identifizierungen.

Zum Verpuppen wird das breitere Sackende mit einem vielfach verwobenen
Seidenfaden verlaingert und mittels einer stark verwebten Seidenhaftscheibe an
der Aufhingestelle befestigt; der Seidenfaden ist etwas linger als der halbe Sack.

Dimension: 166 mm.

Puppe: (2-Pygigium): Die letzen zwei Segmente ganz fein punktiert, Vorder-
rand des vorletzten fein langsgerunzelt; Genitalrille genau zwischen beiden
Segmenten gelegen auf einer glatten Genitalplatte, zu der einige kurze Leisten
konvergieren. Analfeld, gréber gekérnt, von zwei schwach gekrimmten, nach
oben zusammenlaufenden Leisten eingeschlossen, an deren unteren Enden sich
zwei kurze, kaum vorstehende Kremasterspitzen befinden. Ausserhalf der
Umfassungsleisten und auf der Hohe des Zentrums der gabelfé6rmigen analrille
sitzt je ein kleiner, grob punktierter Hécker. Dimension: 10 x 2.6 mm, Farbe
hellbraun.

Habitat: Havana, Cuba, W. H. Hoffmann, XII. 1921.

Cotypen: 2 Sicke und eine 9-Puppe im deutschen Entomologischen Institut,
Berlin-Dahlem.

Laut Originaletiquette wurde ein Sack gefunden, festgesponnen an einem
Felsen, waihrend der andere im Hohlraum eines Rinderhufes festgetreten war.

Discusston.—The generic position of this species seems reasonable,
although it is difficult to be certain. The larval case is very similar to
that of Cryptothelea (= Platoeceticus) gloverii and C. watsoni, and the
species may be conspecific with either if later it should be proved that
these two occur in Cuba.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 Cases:

Cusa: Havana, 2 cases, DEI.

154 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

ll. Oiketicus horni Koehler
Figures 132, 133

Oiketicus horni Koehler, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem, vol. 5, p. 248,
fig. 1, 1938.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Habitaculum: o& Hart gewobener, membranéser Sack von hellrétlich, staub-
erauer Farbe. Bedeckung besteht sparlich aus vereinzelten Leguminosen-
Fiederblattchen, die nur mit ihrem starkeren Ende am Sackbefestigt sind und
langsgerichtet, radial abstehen. Besonders dicht ist die Verkleidung rund um
die Aufhangestelle herum, wo die Blattchen wie eine Kapuze befestigt sind.

Dimension: 60 x 18 m/m (ohne die Bekleidung).

2 Etwas grésser und fast unbekleidet, so dass es im grossen und ganzen einem
weiblichen Sack von O. geyeri Berg ahnelt, wobei aber das Fehlen der Querrieselung
und die gréssere Glitte den Sack von horni sp. n. charakterisiert.

Dimension: 50 x 11 m/m bis 61 x 13 m/m.

Ndhrpflanze: Prosopis spec. (Espinillo).

Habitat: Anta (Salta), P. Kohler leg., Ingenio Las Palmas, Chaco Austral,
E. Pfeiffer leg.

Cotypen in der Sammlung des Deutschen Entomologischen Instituts und in
der des Verfassers.

Discuss1on.—This name is discussed briefly under 0. westwoodia
(p. 145) because the two possibly may represent variations of the same
species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—3 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Anta, Salta, 2 cases, DEI; Rivaderia, Salta, case, DEI.

12. *Clania” licheniphilus Koehler
Figure 134

Chlania [sic] licheniphilus Koehler, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem,
vol. 6, p. 40, fig. 6, 1939.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Habitaculum; Liinglich, weich, fast glatt und von grauweisslich griiner Farbe.
Der Sack ist mit allerfeinst zerkleinerten Flechtenstiickchen bekleidet, die glatt
angesponnen sind und ihm eine fein gekérnelte Oberfliche verleihen. Dimen-
sionen: 15x 3,5 mm. Sdcke des @ und @ gleichartig.

Puppe: (?-Pygidium): Oberflicher der beiden letzten Segmente feinst
gekérnt; ventral einige, wenige erhabene Langsleisten; Genitalrille in der Mitte
des vorletzten Segmentes umgeben von einer glinzend glatten Genitalplatte, die
breit am Oberrand des Segmentes einsetzt, sich in der Nahe der Genitalrille stark
verschmalert, um sich dann an der unteren Segmentgrenze nochmals zu ver-
breitern.

Diese glatte Platte erreicht nicht das Analfeld. Dieses ist gréber punktiert;
die gabelférmige Analrille setzt ihre beiden unteren Arme in zwei langlichen
Warzen fort und diese enden an der Basis der beiden Kremasterspitzen. Diese
sind gut ausgebildet und leicht hornartig gebogen. Dimensionen: 7,5 x 2 mm.
Farbe gelbbraun.

Nadhrpflanze: Vermutlich Flechten.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 155

Habitat: Havana, Cuba. W.H. Hoffmann. III. 1922.

Cotypen: (der Sicke und ?-Puppen) im Deutschen Entomologischen Institut,
Berlin-Dahlem.

Laut Bemerkung Hoffmann’s auf einer Etiquette, finden sich die Sacke an
Baumstimmen und imitieren Stacheln.

Ein mannlicher Sack mit vorgeschobener Puppe weist auf ziemliche Kleinheit
des befliigelten Tieres hin. Die Raupe ist leider nicht gut genug erhalten, um
eine zufriedenstellende Beschreibung geben zu kénnen.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 Case:

CusBa: Havana, case, DEI.

13. *“*Platoeceticus” tandilensis Koehler

Figure 135

Platoeceticus tandilensis Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 3, pp. 350, 352,
fig. 6, 1931—Gaede in Seitz, Macrolep. World, vol. 6, p. 1184, 1936.—
Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, p. 122, 1945.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Cesto de 18 a 21 m/m.; consiste inicamente de fragmentos de hojas de grami-
neas. Estas puntas de hojas, que sirven de revestimiento al cesto, tienen diferente
largo, pero nunca son mas largas que el cesto entero; estan dispuestas longitudinal
y paralelamente. Hacia atrds estan libres y todas terminan mds 0 menos a la
misma altura.

Alimentacién: Gramineas; una vez crecidas, las orugas comen los pétalos de
las flores de Pavonia cymbalaria 8. H. Malvacea. Un cesto, holotipo y paratipo
en la col. A. Breyer, 1 paratipo en la col. Strassberger. Fueron encontrados en
las sierras altas de Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, 7. XII. 1929.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 Case:

ARGENTINA: Tandil, Prov. of Buenos Aires, case, ZSBS.

14. “*Clania’’? yamorkinei Koehler

Fiaure 136
Clania yamorkinei Koehler, Rev. Soc. Ent. Argent., vol. 16, p. 22, fig. 5, 1953.
The following is quoted from the original description:

Cesto: confeccionado con trozos irregulares de musgo y liquen. Se parece algo
al cesto de la C. daguerrei Khir. por lo irregular de los trocitos empleados. Por lo
mismo varia la longitud y el espesor del cesto: 18-22 mm de largo y unos 6 mm
de didmetro.

Terminalia de la crisdlida 9: lisa y finisimamente rayada; punta pigidial doble
e inclinada; depresién anal en forma de Y invertida y en ambos lados acompa-
fada por finas verrugas; sin placa genital bien definida; la depresién sexual alar-
gada y hacia atrés con una plaquita finamente rugosa en ambos lados; a la altura
de éstas, dorsalmente, existe una ptia dirigida hacia atrds; en el segmento anterior
con un peine grueso de seis ptias fuertes encima de una gruesa placa rugosa.

Planta alimenticia; liquenes y musgos.

Habitat; Alto Parana (II-1949, S. Yamorkine Kohler).

Cotipos; Col. del autor.

693-052—64——_11

156 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Nota; dedicada a su descubridor Sr. Sergio Yamorkine, agradeciendo multiples
atenciones.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—10 Cases:

ARGENTINA: Misiones, 10 cases, ZSBS.
Unidentified Larval Cases

The following six descriptions refer to larval cases that are unnamed
and should not be named until adults can be associated with them.

Case No. 1

Oiketicus species

FIGURE 137

Otketicus sp.(?) Jones and Parks, Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 382, p. 25,
fig. 1, 1928.

Casr.— (Fig. 137.) Length 60-90 mm.; greatest diameter 20-30
mm. Heavily covered by cross-thatching of short stout twigs laid
mostly transversely around bag. Exterior of case, for most part,
rather densely swathed in greyish-white silk.

RECORDED Hosts.—Juniperus pachyphloea Torr., Juniperus sp.

Discussion.—In structure this larval case appears to be distinct
from any of the species of Otketicus previously recorded within the
United States. An adult male of this species has been reared, but
no positive determination can be made because of the extremely poor
condition of the specimen. The genitalia were examined, but these
are very similar within this group and thus offer no specific diagnostic
characters. In construction the cases are nearly identical with those
of O. kirbyi, and possibly they may represent the northern limits of
that widespread insect.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 a’, 8 cases:

Arizona: Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts., case, PAS. Continental, case, USNM.

Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 4 cases, USNM; case, 5500-6000 ft., USNM.
Manzanita, Santa Rita Mts., & with case, Jan. 26, 6000 ft., USNM.

Case No. 2
Oiketicus species
FicureE 138

Casz.—(Fig. 138.) Length 110 mm.; greatest diameter 35 mm.
Bag mostly of a thick, densely wool covering of silk into which woven
sparsely scattered fragments of twigs, leaves. Texture of case very
spongy because of thick, loose mat of greyish-white silk.

REcORDED Hosts.—None.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Loe

Discussion.—This unique specimen structurally is very different
from any known species. It is possible, though unlikely, that the
specimen may represent an unusual variation of O. kirbyz. Another
possibility is that this is the larval bag of one of the largest New
World psychids, O. specter. The case of O. kirbyi, as now known, is
relatively distinct, consisting of a cross-thatching of twigs covered by
a thin but firm layer of silk, and the larval bag of O. specter is unknown
at present.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—1 case:

“‘W. Cordillera, de los Cruces,’’ case (9), 2200 meters, collected by A. H.
Fassl, BM.

Case No. 3

Oiketicus species
Ficures 139, 140

Casr.—(Figs. 139, 140.) Length 60-80 mm.; greatest diameter
15-20 mm. More or less spindle-shaped in outline; exterior of case
largely naked except for sparse scattering of dried mosslike vegetation,
small thorns concentrated toward posterior end. ‘Texture of case un-
usually thin, parchment-like. Color, light grey to dark fuscous.

RECORDED Hosts.—‘“‘on barberry bushes.”

Discussion.—This series of larval cases evidently represents an
undescribed species, probably belonging to the genus Ovketicus.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—20 Cases:

CuiLe: Puerto Eugenia, north side of Navarino Island, 20 cases, collected by
Junius Bird, USNM.

Case No. 4

Oiketicus species
Fiacure 141

Casz.—(Fig. 141.) Mature cases 60-70 mm. length, greatest
width usually 10-13 mm. Outline of case slender fusiform, with either
few, closely appressed, interwoven fragments of leaves, or more leafy,
attached leaves widely diverging. Color in general rather dark, very
few to almost no twigs incorporated into structure. Overlying
sheath of silk absent.

ReEcORDED Hosts.—“‘an Mandelbaum.”

Discussion.—Several larval bags have been collected in Havana,
Cuba, by W. H. Hoffmann. All of them undoubtedly belong to the
same species, but they have not been associated definitely with any
known species. The cases lack a heavy thatching of twigs and are
without any whitish silk covering on the exterior, and thus they
appear more similar to the known cases of O. abbotii and O. toumeyr

158 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

than to any other species. Perhaps they are evidence of the
occurrence of O. abbotit in Cuba.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—12 cases:

Cusa: Havana, 12 cases, DEI.

Case No. 5
FIGuRE 142

Casr.—(Fig. 142.) Length main body of case 20-25 mm. ; diameter
approximately 6 mm., uniformly cylindrical throughout length.
Structure of case consisting of a tightly appressed covering of 10-12
elongate twigs, arranged longitudinally; a few twigs projecting con-
siderable distance posteriorally, total length more than 40 mm.

ReEcoORDED Hosts.—None.

Discuss1on.—The two specimens described here already have been
mentioned under “‘Chalia” dispar, which they resemble very closely.
Since no adult males of either species are known, to make a specific
comparison is difficult, but probably they belong to the same genus,
if not to the same species. The proper generic name and position
for these two larval cases, like that of ‘‘Chalia’” dispar, await the
discovery of the adult moth.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—2 Cases:

Braziu: Rio de Janeiro, 2 cases, collected by R. Fischer, DEI.

Case No. 6
FiGcurE 143

Casr.—(Fig. 143.) Length 12-14 mm.; diameter 2-3 mm. Ex-
terior of bag usually covered with long, slender stems of grasses
and other herbaceous plants, applied longitudinally, frequently ex-
tending entire length of case, sometimes projecting in irregular fashion
beyond posterior end. A few specimens examined were nearly devoid
of larger stems, exposing underlying surface of case, which was densely
covered with minute plant fragments.

ReEcoRDED Hosts.—None.

Discussion.—Of the species known to occur within the general
geographical area of this unidentified insect, “Clania’”’ licheniphilus
most closely approximates it (at least in comparison with a few of
the above bags, which are nearly bare), but the two forms are believed
to be specifically distinct. Structurally, these larval cases most
closely resemble those of Old World genera such as Fumaria and
Epichnopteryx. Eventually this unnamed series of cases may be
found to represent another example of the introduction of a Palearctic
psychid into the New World.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—8 Cases:

Harrr: Aux Cayes, 4 cases, March 15, 16, 18, AMNH. Petionville, 4 cases,
Jan. 26-28, 1922, 1500-3000 ft., AMNH.

Literature Cited

ABDERHALDEN, E., and Lanpau, B.
1911. Uber die Zusammensetzung des Gespinstes von Oeceticus platensis
(Berg). Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, vol. 71, pp. 443-448.
Barnes, W.
1905. New species of North American Lepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol.
37, pp. 213-216.
Barnes, W., et al.
1911-1924. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of
North America, 5 vols.
Barnes, W., and Bensamin, F.
1924. Anew Oiketicus from Texas. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 19, no. 1,
pp. 24-25.
Barnes, W., and McDunnoveu, J.
1917. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, pp. 124-125.
Barrer, C. G,
1894. The British species of the genus Psyche, and its allies. Ent. Monthly
Mag., vol. 30, pp. 249-251, 265-269.
1895. Occurrence of Solenobia wockii Hein. in Britain. Ent. Monthly Mag.,
vol. 31, pp. 163-164.
1897. Further notes on the British species of the genus Solenobia. Ent.
Monthly Mag., vol. 33, pp. 125-129.
Brera, C.
1874. Ueber den Bicho canasto (Ozketicus kirbyi Guild). Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., vol. 35, pp. 230-237.
1877a. Contribucién al estudio de la fauna entomolégica de Patagonia.
Anales Soc. Cient. Argentina, vol. 4, fase. 2 (Aug.), pp. 87-102.
1877b. Beitrige zu den Lepidopteren Patagonien’s. Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat.
Moscou, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1-22.
1882a. Farrago Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna
Argentina y pafses limitrofes. Anales Soc. Cient. Argentina, vol.
13, fasc. 5 (May), pp. 213-223.
1882b. Analecta Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna
de la Reptiblica Argentina y otros pafses Americanos. Anales Soc.
Cient. Argentina, vol. 14, fase. 6 (Dec.), pp. 275-288.
Berrem, J. G.
1952. The genotypes of the Indo-Australian Psychidae (Lepidoptera).
Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 331-340.
BEUTENMULLER, W.
1897. Notes on some species of North American moths. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 9, pp. 209-212.
Bourcoange, J., and Pacur, J.
1948. Fragmenta Lepidopterologica. Casopis Ceskoslovenské Spoleénosti
Entomologické, vol. 45, pp. 47-50.
BRuAND, C. T.
1853. Essai monographique sur le tribu des Psychides. Mem. Soc. Emul.
Donbs., 127 pp.
BurMEISTER, C. H. C.
1878. Description physique de la République Argentine d’aprés des observa-
tions personnelles et etrangéres . . . traduite de |’Allemand par
EK. Maupas (et E. Daireaux), vol. 5 (Lépidoptéres), pt. 1, vi-+ 524
pp.
159

160 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Burrows, C. R. N.

1923. Notes on the psychids. Ent. Rec. Journ. Var., vol. 35, pp. 41-43,
57-62, 116-118, 129-134.

1924. Upon the suggested relationships of psychids. Ent. Ree. Journ.
Var., vol. 36, pp. 81-85, 97-99.

Butuer, A. G.

1881. An account of the sphinges and bombyces collected by Lord Walsing-
ham in North America during the years 1871-72. Annals Mag.
Nat. Hist., 5th ser., vol. 8, pp. 306-318.

1882. Heteroceras Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds,
Esq., part I: Sphinges and bombyces. Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
pp. 1-30, 1 pl.

CaripE Massin1, P., and Bretuss, J.

1918. Metodo biologico contra las plagas aplicado al ‘‘Oeceticus platensis’’—
bicho de canasto. Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, vol. 52, no. 4, pp.
207-215, 8 figs.

CHAMBERS, V.

1873. Micro-lepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 5, pp. 72-75.

1876. Micro-lepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-19.
CHAPMAN, T. A.

1896. Concerning Solenobia triquetrella, etc. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 31,

pp. 79-80.
CLAUSEN, C. P.
1940. Entomophagous insects, 688 pp.
CLEMENS, B.

1862. New American Micro-lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol.
1, pp. 131-137.

1866. Notes on Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila-
delphia, vol. 6, pp. 221-222.

1872. The Tineina of North America, edit. H. Stainton, xv-++ 282 pp.

Curncnu, H. K.

1959. African Psychidae of the Monda group. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africa,

vol. 60, nos. 8-4, pp. 240-256.
CockERELL, T. D. A.

1895. Onsome insects collected in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Annals
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, pp. 204-210.

1913. Illustrations of American Lepidoptera. Entomologist, vol. 46, no.
598, p. 73, 1 pl.

Costa Lima, A. M.
1945. Insetos do Brasil, vol. 5 (Lepidopteros), pp. 186-194.
Datta Torre, K. W. von

1927. Das System der Psychiden. Ent. Jahrb., vol. 36, pp. 129-131.

1929. Nomenklatorische Bemerkungen zu den Psychiden nach Katalog von
Staudinger und Rebel 1901. Ent. Jahrb., vol. 38, pp. 143-144.

Datia Torre, K. W. v., and Stranp, E.
1929. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, pars 34, 211 pp.
Doenin, P.

1894. Hétérocéres nouveaux de Loja et environs. Annales Soc. Ent.

Belgique, vol. 38, pp. 238-243.
DovusBLepDAy, E.

1841. Remarks on some North American Lepidoptera. Entomologist, no.

7, pp. 97-101.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 161

Druce, H.
1881-1900. Heterocera, 3 vols. In F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Biologia
Centrali-Americana.
Duncan, J.
1841. Exotic Moths. Vol. 23 (Entomology, vol. 7) in W. Jardine, The Nat-
uralist’s Library.
DuPpoNncHEL, P. A. J.
1842. Histoire naturelle des lépidoptéres ou papillons de France. Supplé-
ment, vol. 4, 554 pp.
1844-1846. Catalogue méthodique des lépidoptéres d’Europe . .. pour
servir de complément et de rectification 4 Vhistoire naturelle des
Lépidoptéres de France, xxx+ 523 pp.
DurRRANT, J. H.
1897. Notes on the specimens of Solenobia triquetrella and Chalybe pyrausta
in the Doubleday collection. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 33, p. 220.
DyAr, H.-G:
1893. On the larval cases of North American Psychidae. Ent. News, vol. 4,
pp. 320-321.
1894. A classification of lepidopterous larvae. Annals New York Acad.
Sci., vol. 8, pp. 194-232, 6 figs.
1895. Notes on some southern Lepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 27, pp.
242-247,
1902 [1903]. A list of North American Lepidoptera. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 52, pp. 352-354.
1905. New genera of South American moths. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.
29, pp. 173-178.
1914. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of
the Panama Canal Zone. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 47, pp. 139-
350.
1916. Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 51, pp. 1-37.
1923. The North American short-winged Psychidae. Insec. Insc. Menstr.,
vol. 11, nos. 1-38, pp. 1-5.
1926. New Lepidoptera from Mexico, I. Insec. Insc. Menstr., vol. 14, nos.
7-9, pp. 140-148.
Epwarps, Henry
1877. Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, no. 20: Notes on the case-bearing moths
(Psychidae) with notices of Californian species. Proc. California
Acad. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 140-148, 1 pl.
1881. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Papilio, vol. 1, no. 7,

pp. 115-121.
Esper, E.
1777-1794 [1830]. Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen . . . mit Beschrei-
bungen. . . Europaische Gattungen, 11 Thiel.
Essia, E. O.

1941. Itinerary of Lord Walsingham in California and Oregon, 1871-1872.
Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 97-113, 2 figs. (maps), 1 pl.
Farquuar, D.
1934. Notes on a psychid new to North America (Fwmea casta Pallas,
Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Psyche, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-29.

162 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

FELDER, R.
1864-1875. Heterocera (in part). Jn Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte
Novara um die Erde, in. . .1857-59. . . . Zoologischer Theil,
Bd. 2, Abth. 7 (Lepidoptera), 5 Hft [in 2 vols.].
FLEeTcHeER, T. B.
1929. A list of the generic names used for Microlepidoptera. Mem. Dep.
Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, ix+ 246 pp.
Forses, W. T. M.
1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Cornell
Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68, 729 pp.
1928. Lepidoptera. In M. Leonard, A list of the insects of New York.
Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 101, pp. 532-687.
1930. Insects of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Heterocera. Sci.
Surv. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 12, pt. 1, 171 pp., 2 pls.
1942. The Lepidoptera of Barro Colorado Island, Panama, no. 2. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 265-406, 16 pls.
Forp, L. T.
1946. The Psychidae. Proc. Trans. 8. London Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., pp.
103-110.
Forster, W., and WouHLFAnHRT, T.
1960. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas, vol. 3, pp. 156-204.
FREEMAN, T. N.
1944. A new psychid from Quebee (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Canadian
Ent., vol. 76, no. 9, pp. 186-187, 1 pl.
Frey, H.
1856. Die Tineen und Pterophoren der Schweiz, xii-+430 pp.
1880. Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz, xxvi+454 pp.
GAEDE, M.
1929. Psychidae. Jn A. Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 14
(Fauna Africana), pp. 481-488.
1932. Psychidae. In A. Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 10
(Fauna Indoaustralica), pp. 729-742.
1936. Psychidae. Jn A. Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 6
(American Region), pp. 1177-1186.
GIRAULT, A.
1901. Eggs of Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis. Ent. News, vol. 12, no. 10,
pp. 304-305.
Gossn, P. H.
1844. Notes on the habits of Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Stephens).
Zoologist, vol. 2, pp. 537-540.
GrossBECcK, J. A.
1917. Insects of Florida, IV: Lepidoptera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 37, 147 pp.
Grote, A. R.
1865. Notes on the Bombycidae of Cuba. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia,
vol. 5, pp. 227-255.
1880. Oitketicus abbotii. North Amer. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 52-53.
Grote, A. R., and Roprnson, C. T.
1868. Descriptions of American Lepidoptera, no. 4. Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., vol. 2, pp. 179-206, 2 pls.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 163

GuILpine, L.
1827. The natural history of Otketicus. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15,
pp. 373-380.
GUNDLACH, J.
1881. Contribucion 4 la entomologia Cubana, vol. 1, 445+ xxi pp.
Hampson, G. F.

1891. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri District. Pt. VIII of
Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the
British Museum, iv+144 pp., 17 color pls.

1892. [1893]. The fauna of British India, vol. 1 (Moths), pp. 289-304.

1904. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, pp. 165-188.

HARDENBERG, C,

1917. South African bagworms: Their transformation, life history, and

economic importance. Ann. Natal Mus., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 619-686.
Harris, J. A.

1909. Note on the bag worm Thyridopteryr. Psyche, vol. 16, no. 3, pp.

65-67.
Haseman, L.

1912. Theevergreen bagworm. Agric. Exp. Sta. Univ. Missouri Bull. 104,

pp. 309-330, 16 figs.
Haworth, A.

1803-1828. Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens digestionem novam Lepidopt-
eroram quae in Magna Britannia reperiuntur .. . adjunguntur
dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalem spectantes, xxxvi-+
609 pp.

1812. <A brief account of some rare insects announced at various times to
the Society as new to Britain. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp.

332-340.
HAT YC.
1860. Larvae of Fumea carnivorous Ent. Weekly Intell., vol. 8, no. 190,
p. 59.

HEINEMANN, H.
1859-1877. Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz... nebst
analytischen Tabellen zum Bestimmen der Schmetterlinge, 2 Abth.
Herinea, E. M.
1928. Psychidae. Jn Brohmer, Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, vol. 6, pp.
47-50.
HERRICH-SCHAFFER, G. A. W.
1843-1856. Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa,
zugleich als Text, Revision und Supplement zu J. Hiibner’s
Sammlung Europiischer Schmetterlinge, 6 Bd.
1850-1858 [1869]. Sammlung neuer, oder weinig bekannter, Aussereuro-
paiischer Schmetterlinge, Bd. I-II, Lief. 1, 128 color pls.
1864-1871. Die Schmetterlinge der Insel Cuba... . Corresp.-Blatt.
Zool.-Mineral. Ver. Regensburg, Jahrg. 18-25.
Heyvarrts, F. J. M.
1875. Verslag. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 18, p. xevi.
1881. Essai d’une monographie des Psychides de la fauna Europeene. Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 25, pp. 29-73.

164 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Hry.agrts, F. J. M.—Continued
1884a. Observations synonymiques et autres relatives a des psychides avec
descriptions de novae species. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull.
Compt.-Rend. Séances, vol. 28, pp. xxxiv—xli.
1884b. Notes synonymiques relatives a des psychides. Annales Soc. Ent.
Belgique, Bull. Comp.-Rend. Séances, vol. 28, p. xciv.
1884c. Le fourreau, la chrysalide du o& et la femelle de l’Animula dichroa
H.-S. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull. Compt.-Rend. Séances,
vol. 28, pp. xcevii-xeviii.
1884d. Quatre espéces nouvelles de psychides de la République Argentine.
Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull. Compt.-Rend. Séances, vol. 28,
pp. ¢c—ci.
1884e. Psychide nouvelle de l’ Amérique Septentrionale. Annales Soc. Ent.
Belgique, Bull. Comp.-Rend. Séances, vol. 28, pp. ci—cii.
1884f. Remarques psychidologiques. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull.
Comp.-Rend. Séances, vol. 28, pp. cevii-cex.
1885. Une Psychide nouvelle. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull. Compt.-
Rend. Séances, vol. 29, pp. lix—lx.
1887a. Psyche helicinella H.-S. et les psychides 4 fourreau heliciforme.
Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 30, pp. 3-8.
1887b. Notes Lépidoptérologiques. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, Bull.
Compt.-Rend. Séances, vol. 31, pp. vii-ix.
1887c. Trois notes par F. J. M. Heylaerts. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique,
Bull. Compt.-Rend. Séances, vol. 31, pp. Ixxxvili-lxxxix.
1901. Description d’une psychidae inédite de la République Argentine,
Chalia kunckeliit. Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 45, p. 97.
HOFner, G.
1883. Beobachtungen itiber Verkommen und Lebensweise verschiedener,
besonders Gebirge und Alpen bewohnender Schmetterlings-Arten.
Wiener Ent. Zeit., vol. 2, pp. 245-250.
HoFFMANN, O.
1860. Ueber die Naturgeschicte der Psychiden. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr.,
vol. 4, pp. 1-53.
Houuann, W. J.
1905. The moth book, xxiv-+479 pp., 48 color pls.
Hooker, J. D., et al.
1893—. Index Kewensis ....
Howarp, L. O., and CuiTTrENnpDEN, F. H.
1908. The bagworm (Thyridopteryxr ephemeraeformis Haw.). U.S. Dep.
Agric., Bur. Ent., circ. 97, 10 pp., 11 figs.
HiUBNER, J.
1816-[1827]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic] (Anzeiger, etc.),
431+ 72 pp.
Jones, F. M.
1911. A new North American moth of the family Psychidae (Lepid.).
Ent. News, vol. 22, pp. 193-194, 1 pl.
1922a. A new North American psychid (Lep., Psychidae). Ent. News,
vol. 33, no: 1) p.l2:
1922b. Two new psychids, and notes on other species (Lepidoptera, Psy-
chidae). Ent. News, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 129-135, 2 pls.
1923. Variations in Thyridopteryx. Ent. News, vol. 34, pp. 97-103.
1925a. North American psychids: edwardsii Heyl. (carbonaria Pack.) (Lepi-
doptera, Psychidae). Ent. News, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 33-39, 2 pls.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 165

1925b. Hyaloscotes fumosa Butler (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Ent. News,
vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 161-164, 1 pl.
1926a. Our largest Psychidae, Oiketicus dendrokomos (Lepidoptera, Psy-
chidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 1-6, 1 pl.
1926b. A new psychid (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from South America. Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, pp. 509-511, 1 pl.
1927. The mating of the Psychidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 53, pp.
293-312.
1934. The identity of an introduced psychid, Fumea casta Pallas (Lepidop-
tera, Psychidae). Psyche, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 30-34, 1 pl.
1945. Platoeceticus and a remarkable new species of the genus. ‘Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 71, pp. 99-124.
Jones, F. M., and Parks, H.
1928. The bagworms of Texas. Texas Exp. Sta. Bull. 382, pp. 1-26.
J@RGENSEN, J. L.
1954. Larver af Acanthopsyche atra L. klaekket af fugleekskrementer
[with English summary]. Flora og Fauna, vol. 60, pp. 122-127.
Katrer, F.
1875. Biologische Mittheilungen, III: Ueber die Psycheart Oiketicus kirbyi
Guild. Ent. Nachrichten, vol. 1, no, 24, pp. 190-193.
Keuuicort, D.§.
1884. Occurrence of the basket-worm in Ontario. Canadian Ent., vol.
16, no. 9, p. 180.
Kinman, A. H.
1884. (Letter, correcting Kellicott’s misidentification (1884) of Phobetrum
pithectum A. & 8.] Canadian Ent., vol. 16, no. 10, p. 200.
Kirsy, W. F.
1892. A synomic catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera, pp. 500-524, 925.
Krors, A. B.
1956. Lepidoptera. Zn Tuxen, Taxonomist’s glossary of genitalia of
insects, pp. 97-111.
KorH.LeEr, P.
1924. Fauna Argentina, II teil: Heterocera. Sonderheft Zeitschr. Wissen.
Insektenbiol., vol. 19, 28 pp., 8 pls.
1931. Los Psychidae Argentinos. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. 3, pp.
347-352.
1939a. Notas sobre Psychidae Argentinos. Physis, Buenos Aires, vol. 17,
pp. 457-471.
1939b. Parasitos de ‘‘Psychidae”’ Argentinos. Physis, Buenos Aires, vol. 17,
pp. 473-495.
1939¢. Neotropische Psychiden aus dem Deutschen Entomologischen
Institut. Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem, vol. 6, no. 1,
pp. 38-42.
1953. Nuevas especies de Heterocera. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. 16,
pp. 15-24.
KozHANTSHIKOY, I. V.
1956. Fauna SSSR. Nasekomye Cheshuekrylye. Chekhlonosy-Meshech-
nitsy (sem. Psychidae), vol. 3, no. 2, 516 pp.
LAHILLE, F., and Joan, T.
1926. Contribution al estudio del bicho de cesto (Oeceticus kirbyi Guild).
Minist. Agric. Rep. Argentina, Seccion Propag. Informes, circ. 583,
pp. 1-98, 11 pls.

166 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

LAMPERT, K.

1906-1907. Die Grossschmetterlinge und Raupen Mitteleuropas, mit beson-
derer Beriicksichtigung der biologischen Verhdltnisse, xx+308
pp., 95 color pls.

LEFREBRE, M. A.

1842. Communication verbale sur la pterologie des lépidoptéres. Annales

Soc. Ent. France, vol. 11, pp. 5-35, 3 pls.
LINTNER, J. A.

1882. Injurious lepidopterous insects. First Ann. Rep. Insects New York,

vol. 1, pp. 81-167.

Loseck, A. K.
1948. Physiographie provinces of North America.
Lucas, H.

1857. Tribu des Psychides, in F. E. Guérin-Méneville, Animaux articulés a
pieds articulés, pp. 723-726, pl. 17, fig. 6. In R. de la Sagra,
Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de Ile de Cuba.

MarTorELL, L. F.

1945. <A survey of the forest insects of Puerto Rico. Journ. Agric. Univ.

Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, vol. 29, pp. 69-600.
McDunnovag, J.

1939. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of
America, part 2 (Microlepidoptera). Mem. S. California Acad.
Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 102-103.

Metcatr, C. L.; Fuint, W. P.; and Metcatr, R. L.

1951. Destructive and useful insects, xiv-+ 1071 pp.
Meyrick, E.

1928. Revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, pp. 475-479, 833-837.
Meyrick, E., and Lower, O. B.

1907. Revision of the Australian Psychidae. Trans. Roy. Soe. South
Australia, vol. 31, pp. 192-208.

MI.Luibre, M. P.

1857. Création d’un genre nouveau, g. Apterona, et histoire des insectes
qui le composent. Annales Soe. Linn. Lyon, vol. 4, pp. 181-202, 2
pls.

1872-1875. Catalogue raisonné des lépidoptéres du départment des Alpes-
Maritimes, 3 pts.

Moscuusr, H. B.

1878. Beitrige zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam, II. Verh. Zool.-

Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. 27, pp. 629-700, pls. 8-10.
Morris, J. G.

1862. Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North America, Part I:
Diurnal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. Smithsonian Mise. Col-
lections, vol. 4, art. 2, xxvii-+358 pp.

NAGELI, A.

1931. Einige Mitteilungen uber Apterona helix Sieb. (Lep). Mitteil.

Schweizer Ent. Ges., vol. 15, pp. 56-61.
NARBEL-HoFSETTER, M.

1946. La cytologie de la parthenogenese chez Apterona helix Sieb. Rev.
suisse Zool., vol. 53, pp. 625-681.

1954. La cytologie de la parthenogenese chez Luffia ferchautella Stph. Rev.
suisse Zool., vol. 61, pp. 416-419.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 167

NEuUMOEGEN, B., and Dyar, H. G.

1893. <A preliminary revision of the bombyces of America north of Mexico.
Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 97-118.

1894. Preliminary revision of the bombyces of America north of Mexico,
Psychidae. Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 118-120.

NOLCKEN, J.

1867-1871. Lepidopterologische fauna von Estland, Livland und Kurland.

Naturforscher Verein Riga, neue folge, hft. 2-4, abt. 2, vili+850 pp.
PacKARD, A. S.

1869. Guide to the study of insects, and a treatise on those injurious and
beneficial to crops, viii+702 pp.

1887. Notes on certain Psychidae, with descriptions of two new Bombycidae.
Ent. Amer., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51-52.

1893. Studies on the life-history of some bombycine moths, with notes on
the setae and spines of certain species, III. Annals New York
Acad. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 41-92.

1895. On the phylogeny or classification of the Lepidoptera. Jn A. 8.
Packard, Monograph of the bombycine moths of America north
of Mexico. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 51-83.

PAGENSTECHER, A.

1909. Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge, ix+451 pp.,

2 maps.
PATGAS, bso.

1767. Phalaenarum bigae quarum alterius femina artubus prorsus destituta,
nuda atque vermiformis, alterius glabra quidem et impennis
attamen pedata est, utriusque vero sine habito cum masculo
commercio foecunda ove parit. fig. (Psyche). Nov. Act. Acad.
Natur. Curios, vol. 3, pp. 430-437.

Puiuiprl, R. A.

1860. Beschreibung einiger neuer Chilenischer Schmetterlinge. Linnaea

Ent., vol. 14, pp. 265-297.
PUNGELER, R.

1893. Ueber zwei Psychiden-Arten aus Sizilien. Iris, Deutsche Ent.

Zeitsch., vol. 5, pp. 133-140.
RamBour, J.

1858-1866. Catalogue systematique des lépidoptéres de 1’Andalousie, 2

pts., ix+412 pp., 22 colored pls.
Rav, P.

1940. Some mud-daubing wasps of Mexico and their parasites. Annals

Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 590-595.

REBEL, H.
1910a. Friedrich Berge’s schmetterlingsbuch, ed. 9, vit+A114+509 pp., 53
color pls.
1910b. Psychidae. Jn A. Spuler, Die Schmetterlinge Europas, vol. 2,
pp. 171-188.
Revrti, C.

1898. Uebersicht der Lepidopteren-Fauna des Grossherzogthum’s Baden,
ed. 2. Verh. Naturw. Ver. Karlsruhe, vol. 12.
Riuey, C. V.
1887. The bag-worm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw.). Bull. U.S.
Dept. Agric., no. 10, pp. 22-28.

168 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Rosinson, D.
1953. Garden bagworm Apterona crenulella (-heliz) in Nevada and Placer
Counties, California. Bull. Dept. Agric. California, vol. 42, no. 1,
pp. 1-9.
Sanp, M.
1879. Catalogue raisonné des lépidoptéres du Berry et l’Auvergne (Cher,
Indre, Creuse, Puy-de-Déme, Cantal) (France centrale), v-+206 pp.
SAUTER, W.
1956. Morphologie und Systematik der schweizerischen Solenobia Arten.
Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 63, no. 27, pp. 451-550.

Scuaus, W.
1896. New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journ. New
York Ent. Soc., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 147-154.
1901. New species of Heterocera from tropical America, I. Journ. New

York Ent. Soc., vol. 9, pp. 40-48.

1905. Descriptions of new South American moths. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 29, pp. 179-345.

1911. New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica, VIII. Annals Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 7, pp. 612-634.

1927. New species of Heterocera (Lepidoptera) from Central and South
America. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 185-186.

SEILER, J.

1923. Die Parthenogenese der Psychiden. Zeitschr. Indukt. Abstamm
Vererbungsl., vol. 31, pp. 1-99.

1927. Ergebnisse aus der Kreuzung parthenogenetischer und zweigeschlecht-
licher Schmetterlinge. Biol. Zentralblatt, vol. 47, no. 7, pp.
426-446.

1937. Die Solenobia-Intersexe und die Deutung des Phinomens der
Intersexualitait. Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 283-307.

1942. Resultate aus der Kreuzung parthenogenetischer und zweigeschlecht-
licher Schmetterlinge. Arch. Klaus-Stift. Vereb.-forsch., vol.. 17,
pts. 3-4, pp. 5138-528.

1949. Resultate aus einer Artkreuzung zwischen Solenobia triquetrella
F. R., S. fumosella Hein. mit Intersexualitit in F,, Arch. Julius-
Klaus Stiftung, vol. 24, pp. 124-154.

Seitz, A.
1919. Die Zucht von Orzketicus platensis Berg. Ent. Rundsch., vol. 36,
pp. 48, 52-54.
SHarp, D.

1918. The Cambridge natural history, edit. S. Harmer and A. Shipley,
vol. 6 (Insects), pt. 2, pp. 392-395.
SreBoLp, C, T. E. von
1850. Bericht tiber die Arbeiten der entomologischen Sektion im Jahre
1850, IV: Lepidoptera, Bemerkungen iiber Psychiden. Jahresb.
Schles. Gesellsch. vaterl. Kultur, pp. 84-88.
1851. Bemerkungen iiber Psychiden. Stettiner Ent. Zeitung, vol. 12, pp.
341-345.
Stmpson, G. G.; Roz, A.; and Lewontin, R. C.
1960. Quantitative zoology, 440 pp.
Stossen, A. T.
1892. A long-lived basket maker. Ent. News, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 49-51.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 169

Smiru, G. H.
1935. Physiographic diagram of South America.
SNELLEN, P.
1882. De Vlinders van Nederland. Microlepidoptera, systematisch beschre-
ven, 2 vols., xiii+ 1196 pp.
SPEYER, A.
1886. Ein Beitriég zur Kenntniss der Psychiden mit spiralig gewundenen
Raupengehdusen. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., vol. 47, pp. 325-350.
Srainton, H. T.
1854a. List of the specimens of British animals in the collections of the
British Museum. Lepidoptera, pt. 16, p. 5,
1854b. Insecta Britannica. Lepidoptera: Tineina, vol. 3, viii-++313 pp.
1856-1859. A manual of British butterflies and moths, 2 vols.
STAUDINGER, O., and REBEL, H.
1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des palaearctischen Faunengebietes, ed. 3,
2 vols.: xxx-+411 pp.; 368 pp.
STAUDINGER, O., and WockgE, M.
1861. Catalog der Lepidopteren Europa’s und der angrenzenden Linder,
I: Macrolepidoptera, bearbeitet von... O. Staudinger; II:
Microlepidoptera, bearbeitet von . . . M. Wocke, xvi+192 pp.
1871. Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europaeischen Faunengebeits, I:
Macrolepidoptera, bearbeitet von . . . O. Staudinger; II: Mi-
crolepidoptera, bearbeitet von . . . M. Wocke, xxxviii+426 pp.
STEPHENS, C. 8.
1962. Oitketicus kirbyi (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) a pest of bananas in Costa
Rica. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 381-386, 2 figs.
STEPHENS, J. F.
1828-1834. Illustrations of British entomology . . . . Haustellata,
vols. 1-4.
1836. On the apparent identity of Sphinx ephemeraeformis of Haworth
with Psyche plumifera of Ochsenheimer, XVII. Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, vol. 1, pp. 76-78.
STRAND, E.
1912. Psychidae. In A. Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 2
(Fauna Palaearctica), pp. 351-370.
1927. Bemerkungen zu dem vorhergehenden Artikel von Dr. Wehrli iiber
eine verkannte Psychidenart. Ent. Zeitschr., Frankfurt, vol. 41,
no. 15, pp. 332-333.
TiETz, H.
[1951?] The Lepidoptera of Pennsylvania. Bull. Agric. Exp. Stat., Pennsyl-
vania State College, xii-+194 pp.
TorRE-BvuENO, J. R.
1950. <A glossary of entomology, ix+336 pp.
TowNsEND, C. H. T.
1894. Notes on lepidopterous larvae. Zoe, vol. 4, pp. 353-358.
Tort, J. W.
1895. The “basket caterpillar’ and “bagworm.’’ Ent. Rec. Journ. Var.,
vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 121-123, 1 pl.
1900. A natural history of the British Lepidoptera, vol. 2, pp. 102-434.

170 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Vazquez, L.

1941. Estudio monografico de las Psychidae de Mexico, I: Generos Ozketi-
coides Heyl., Hurukuttarus Hamps., Platoeceticus Pack. Anales
Instit. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 295-310.

1942. Estudio monografico de las Psychidae de Mexico, II: Genero Ozketicus
Guilding. Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 257-300.

1949. Estudio y descripcion de una especie nueva de psiquido, Ozketicus
mortonjonest spec. nov. Anales Instit. Biol., vol. 20, nos. 1 and 2,
pp. 399-406.

1951. Un nuevo psiquido Mexicano del genero Ovketicus. Anales Instit.
Biol., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 323-333.

1953. Las mariposas de la familia Psychidae en Mexico. Jn Memoria del
Congreso Cientifico Mexicano, VII-—Ciencias Biologicas, pp.
323-342.

WALKER, F.

1854-1866. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection

of the British Museum, 35 pts.
WeEstwoop, J. O.

1854. Descriptions of some species of lepidopterous insects belonging to the
genus Oiketicus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 22, pp. 219-243, 4
pls.

WEYENBERGH, H.

1884. Biologische en Systematische Beschrijving van Vier Nieuwe Argen-

tijnsche Psychiden. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 27, pp. 9-24, 1 pl.
WiuuiaMs, J. L.

1944. The comparative anatomy of the internal genitalia of three psychid
moths. Journ. Morph. Philadelphia, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 251-260.

1947. The anatomy of the internal genitalia of Fwmea casta Pallas (Lepi-
doptera: Psychidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 73, pp. 77-84.

WILuIs, J. C.
1955. <A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, liv-+ 752 pp.
Wockg, M. F.

1862. Reise nach Finmarken, II: Microlepidoptera. Stettiner Ent. Zeit.,

vol. 23, pp. 30-78.
Wotcort, G. N.

1951. The insects of Puerto Rico. Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol.

32, no. 3, p. 738.

Woop, W.

1839. Index entomologicus; or, a complete illustrated catalogue . . . of
the lepidopterous insects of Great Britain, xii+267 pp., 54 color
pls.

ZELLER, P. C.

1852. Sieben Tineaceen-Gattungen. Linn. Ent. Berlin, vol. 7, pp. 325-367.
1871. Lepidopterologische Beobachtungen im Jahre 1870. Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., vol. 32, pp. 49-81, figs. 1-5.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE at

Map 1.—Distribution of species

@ Fumaria casta A Zamopsyche commentella
QC) Apterona crenulella form helix J Astala edwardst
% Prochalia pygmaea Coloneura fragilis
> s
~he

N dee

yes

7

Map 2.—Distribution of species Map 3.—Distribution of species

@ Solenobia walshella ye Cryptotielia nigrita @ Basicladus tracyi

693—052—64—\—_12

ie U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

GOODE BASE MAP SERIES, COPYRIGHT UNIV. OF CHICAGO,
Map 4.—Distribution of species

@ Astala confederata A L[Lyaloscotes pithopoera
L] Astala polingi WE Basicladus celibatus
% LHyaloscotes fumosa

GOODE BASE MAP SERIES, COPYRIGHT UNIV. OF CHICAGO,
Map 5.—Distribution of species
@ Thyridopteryx meadi A T.alcora % =. ephemeraeformis

3

17

RE

THE WESTERN HEMISPHE

4

OF

MOTHS

AGWORM

/

B

paspsoy) ayorsdog @ suppoidp ayoksqdorg a

114920]3 D9]d yloid kar) ®

DIMM UAS pajayjojd har) mh

satsods jo uolyNqyst¢|] —9 dvy\

WV
d
9 . Vy
\ Be \
| C
A,
a) =
f
e ,
4 e
& un © e
3
@
iY © e
. o
e :
e a i
ft ST :
{ ' i 1
} | /
t ( | :
Sy x .
re \ | a
< \ | 3
: e
‘ NSS \ | i
ay eA Be = eigen ee StS Sane,

vipsadsuos vajayjojghiy W

1U0SJDA2 DITA y101d Kay A

S37IN 3LNLVLS

——_—

oo coe oot oor 001 °
}
; e
Fa- 4
a Ean )
4 ¢ aeak
S-y)
4 Mae Ww Ss .
5 Eafe
aA 7
1S UV 1 erat
t are ' cq LA
Sian | viene es
5,07 o \ y
Seren lie fs I
A a pT eZ aay X-
¢ es ees
cA Ae nen “5
Seo 5. he setieae
=e = Wk
S x ay SDS
“y Dd SS
-/ + ie ‘
) 5 \ + : Q
ed ¢ y
et oe i
~ = a ee by
EF XN ° ‘
@ Le ; ? '
x \ ; ra
5 . } 1
Be et ee eet ee
A ¥ oS) \ nt ees
a / \ 4
, / \
y 2
e i eal
e :
r
I
i
\
PS sse 2.) e
| I
! i
Pea tn, i
' Se | i
' |

44

2

MUSEUM BULLETIN

NATIONAL

U.S.

174

1SD810 DIDISK Hh Sst vip OW piovuyvoky virounyT XA

piuvdjvnivz vjvisp @ tuupufoy voip

sotdads yo uonnqiusiq—/ dvi

SISUATIUDY DLIDIU nT A

SITIW FJiNivis

1S2044NG ayrksqdospuagy O
vdoupivy dv DUUag1aav AT ©

oot

oon

001

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE if

“I
Or

= : LEE =a) Cumapdey

Map 8.—Distribution of species

@ Lumacra brasiliensis % =Animula microptera
A Lumacra kiinckelii CQ) Animula seitst

VV Animula limpia HE Thanatopsyche chilensis

}
300 RiLOMET EAS
|
| SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION
|
|
|
|
|
60 - as WEST LONGITUDE 2

60 50 40

GOODE BASE MAP SERIES, COPYRIGHT UNIV. OF CHICAGO.

Map 9.—Distribution of species
Otketicus borsanti
Otketicus specter

@ Cryptothelea surinamensis A. Curtorama cassiae

A

VW = Lumacra quadridentata vy Oiketicus bergit

+ wi

177

HEMISPHERE

STERN

ag
‘

OF THE WE

MOTHS

WORM

1
7

BAC

SNUDITNAULE pu ISUMO] SN J1JI4TC)

v

S
)
L ia
4 r. A PoaeN fe
‘ Near L785 pay )
we ae
ee '
eo ; eS co foes
A ( 1 oly iz a
a. eos | Rc
\L is ~ SA cian S
Dates en al
eee Copel Sw,
b 3 UN 7, Pee
. a ' _ = acs
s$- 4 ne {
= - y
— eee
CS ai arr “64 $
oy J es
} ef ae zl ~
5 Me y
( i
oS ee
~ C= as
< So a
Ey
AL \ f
S ae ‘
Ke % { Sane
> we ‘
; ;
7
Ey
y i } a
i) ey ‘
| / \
| - |
| : i (oe
' Deis oa 4 | e
| > ee j
I 5 | “~ Sean j
7 de i
eee ! 7 i
@ | | '

SOUMLOYOAPUAP TPUISUMO} SNIMIYIC) Ba
SIPTMAUSSD SNITAYIC) 4

satoads Jo uonnqinsiq—O] dv]

wauno} snouayiQD ®@
sisualauvjonyrs SNIYP4IC)

SJTIW JLNIVLS

eo oO

oor

oom

001

A

~I

JY

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN

Oo

ak
{SP as
SHES

LO

Dieo

Map 11.—Distribution of Orketicus geyert.

244

i PO ay

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 179

OIKETICUS TOWNSENDI TOWNSENDI ee
OIKETICUS ABBOTII R Ys

— OIKETICUS KIRBYI _§ ;
Uy OIKETICUS PLATENSIS i
“a 2e
ah a

Fao

Map 12.—Distribution of Oiketicus townsendi townsendi, O. abbottit, O. kirbyt, O. platensis

pt pt pt
Nr OO ANA HP WH HE

_
ww

16.
ie
18.
12:
20.

Ficures 1-21.—Adult Males

Solenobia walshella, Ithaca, New York, wing expanse 14 mm.

Epichnopterix pulla, Europe, wing expanse 15 mm.

Fumaria casta, Overbrook, Ontario, wing expanse 12 mm.

A pterona crenulella, Europe, wing expanse 13 mm.

Prochalia pygmaea, Florida, wing expanse 13 mm.

Zamopsyche commentella, Wilmington, North Carolina, wing expanse 14 mm.

Naevipenna aphaidropa, SE. Brazil, wing expanse 18 mm.

Cryptothelea surinamensis, Cayenne, French Guiana, wing expanse 25 mm.

Cry ptothelea watsoni, type, Aux Cayes, Haiti, wing expanse 21 mm.

Cry ptothelea nigrita, Lake Placid, Florida, wing expanse 16.5 mm.

Cryptothelea symmicta, Cordoba, Mexico, wing expanse 13 mm.

Cryptothelea gloverit, Lake Placid, Florida, wing expanse 17 mm.

Dendropsyche burrowsi, type, Georgetown British Guiana, wing expanse approximately
12-13 mm. (negative courtesy of British Museum).

Curtorama cassiae, lectotype, Cordoba, Argentina, wing expanse 22 mm.

Lumacra brasiliensis (type of L. costaricensis), Juan Vinos, Cachi, Costa Rica, wing
expanse 36 mm.

Lumacra kiinckelit, lectotype, Ceres, Argentina, wing expanse 25 mm.

Lumacra haitiensis, type, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, wing expanse 22 mm.

Lumacra quadridentata, paratype, Caracas, Venezuela, wing expanse 20 mm.

Lumacra hyalinacra, type, Juayua, El Salvador, wing expanse 22 mm.

Astala confederata, San Antonio, Texas, wing expanse 17 mm.

Astala hoffmanni, type, Puebla, Mexico, wing expanse 16 mm,

180

Ww bo

-

mn

WWWNH WKH WH WW WF LW to
SDOAND

wm S&S
ee

WWW
ON

a 8

Ficures 22-42.—Adult Males

Astala poling, paratype, Pima Co., Arizona, wing expanse 20 mm.

Astala edwardsi, Ft. Worth, Texas, wing expanse 21 mm.

Astala tristis, type, Jalapa, Mexico, wing expanse 18 mm.

Astala zacualpania, type, Zacualpan, Mexico, wing expanse 23 mm.

Astala vigast, Mexico, wing expanse 20 mm.

Hyaloscotes fumosa, paratype, Siskiyou Co., California, wing expanse 27 mm.

Hyaloscotes pithopoera, Augusta, Maine, wing expanse 19 mm.

Basicladus tracy1, type, Biloxi, Mississippi, wing expanse 16 mm.

Basicladus celibatus, Lake Placid, Florida, wing expanse 10 mm.

Coloneura fragilis, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, wing expanse 12 mm.

Thanatopsyche canescens, Chile, wing expanse 27 mm.

Thanatopsyche chilensis, Chile, wing expanse 29 mm.

Biopsyche apicalis, Bahamas, wing expanse 22 mm.

Biopsyche thoracica, Havana, Cuba, wing expanse 29 mm.

Biopsyche thoracica (same specimen as fig. 35).

Animula seitzt, type, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, wing expanse 16 mm. (photograph courtesy
of Senckerbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft).

Animula limpia, Loja, Ecuador, wing expanse 25 mm.

Animula microptera, wing expanse 25 mm.

Animula dichroa, wing expanse 28 mm.

Otketicus bergii, Mendoza, Argentina, wing expanse 21 mm.

Otketicus borsanti, lectotype, Mendoza, Argentina, wing expanse (left forewing) 9 mm.

183

Figures 43-63.—Adult Males

Otketicus geyert, Sao Paulo, Brazil, wing expanse 43 mm.

Otketicus zthuatanejensis, Zihuatanejo, Mexico, wing expanse 30 mm.

Otketicus zthuatanejensis (same specimen as fig. 44).

Otketicus toumeyt, Tucson, Arizona, wing expanse 30 mm. (note faint pattern of fore-
wings).

Otketicus toumeyi (same specimen as fig. 46).

Otketicus assimilis, Mexico, wing expanse 35 mm.

Otketicus specter, Merida, Venezuela, wing expanse 52 mm.

Oiketicus townsendi townsendi, Las Crucas, New Mexico. wing expanse 42 mm.

Otketicus townsendt mexicanus, Chapultepec, Mexico, wing expanse 44 mm.

Otketicus abbotiit, San Antonio, Texas, wing expanse 35 mm.

Otketicus abbotii, Key West, Florida, wing expanse 36 mm. (pale form).

Oiketicus kirby1 (7), Montego Bay, Jamaica, wing expanse 36 mm.

Otketicus kirbyi, Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil, wing expanse 48 mm.

Otketicus kirby1, Quernavaca, Mexico, wing expanse 40 mm.

Otketicus kirbyi, Loja, Ecuador, wing expanse 34 mm.

Otketicus platensis, La Rioja, Argentina, wing expanse 36 mm.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, New Jersey, wing expanse 26 mm.

Thyridopteryx alcora, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, wing expanse 26 mm.

Thyridopteryx meadi, Mojave Desert, California, wing expanse 23 mm.

Psychoglene basinigra, type, Brazil, wing expanse 1$8 mm. (negative courtesy of British
Museum).

Otketicus westwoodit (?), wing expanse 39 mm.

184

Jo SIT
Oe Bw tee

Ficures 64-83.—Larval Cases

Solenobia walshella, length 7 mm.

Fumaria casta, length 10 mm. (total length 15 mm.).

Epichnopterix pulla (Europe), length 15 mm.

Prochalia pygmaea, length 14 mm.

Zamopsyche commentella, length 13 mm.

A pterona crenulella form helix, diameter 4-3 mm.

Cryptothelea surinamensis, length 20 mm.

Cry ptothelea watsoni, length 19 mm.

Cry ptothelea congregata, length of cluster 47 mm.

Cry ptothelea nigrita, length 20 mm.

Cryptothelea gloverii, length 18 mm.

Dendropsyche burrowsi, length approximately 10-12 mm. (negative courtesy of British
Museum).

Curtorama casstae, length 18 mm.

Curtorama cassiae (cotype, Chalia rebeli), length 21 mm

Curtorama cassiae (cotype, Chalia rugosa), length 18 mm.

Lumacra brasiliensis, length 32 mm.

Lumacra kinckelii, length 52 mm.

Astala confederata, \ength 20 mm.

Astala hoffmant, length 20 mm.

Astala polingi, length 27 mm.

Figures 84-103.—Larval Cases

84. Astala edwardsi, length 36 mm.

85. Hyaloscotes pithopoera, length 21 mm.

86. Basicladus tracyi, length 30 mm.

87. Basicladus tracyi (Psyche cacocnemos), length 25 mm. (total length 36 mm.).

88. Basicladus celibatus, length 14 mm.

89. Thanatopsyche canescens, length 40 mm.

90. Animula limpia, length 32 mm.

91. Biopsyche thoracica, length 27 mm.

92. Otketicus bergii, male, length, 21 mm.

93. Ortketicus bergit, female, length 30 mm.

94. Oiketicus borsanii, length 35 mm.

95. Oiketicus geyeri, male, length 64 mm. (note characteristic subapical region of case
from which adult emerges).

96. Otketicus geyert, female, length 90 mm.

97. Otketicus zithuatanejensis, length 51 mm.

98. Oitketicus toumeyt, length 80 mm. (reared on Prosopis juliflora).

99. Ortketicus toumeyt, length 70 mm. (reared on Ailanthus altissima).

100. Orketicus assimilis, length 60 mm.

101. Ortketicus tozwwnsendi townsendi, length 77 mm.

102. Otketicus townsendi townsendi, length 85 mm. (reared on Prosopis odorata).

103. Orketicus townsendi mexicanus, male, length 85 mm.

188

104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Hee
Tule
aS
114.
alee,
116.
Inez
118.
19:
120.
1
22s

123.

Ficures 104-123.—Larval Cases

Otketicus townsendi dendrokomos, male, length 80 mm.
Ortketicus townsendi dendrokomos, female, length 120 mm.
Otketicus abbotit, length 60 mm. (reared on Platanus occidentalis).
Otketicus abbotit, length 60 mm. (reared on Thuja occidentalis).
Otketicus abbott, length 58 mm.
Oiketicus abbotit, length 70 mm. (reared on Acacia sp.).
Otketicus platensis, length 55 mm.
Otketicus platensis, length 72 mm.
Otketicus kirby1, length 100 mm.
Thyridopteryx meadt, length 40 mm.
Thyridopteryx meadt, length 28 mm.
Thyridopteryx alcora, length 40 mm.
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, length 50 mm. (reared on Prunus sp.).
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, length 53 mm. (reared on Pinus sp.).
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, length 46 mm. (reared on Juniperus sp.).
“Zamopsyche” haywardi, length 35 mm.
Otketicus lizert, length 62 mm.
Otketicus westwoodit, female, length 70 mm.
Otketicus westwoodi1, male, length 50 mm.
Otketicus chaquensis, length 27 mm.
191

Figures 124-143.—Larval Cases

Hyaloscotes coniferella, length 25 mm.

“Chalia” daguerret, length 23 mm.

“Oiketicus” davidsoni, length 35 mm,

“Chalia” dispar, length 23 mm. (total length 40 mm.),
Otketicus elegans, length 31 mm.

Hyaloscotes fragmentella, length 23 mm.

Otketicus ginocchionus, length 55 mm.
“Platoeceticus” hoffmani, length 16 mm.

Otketicus horni, length 67 mm,

Otketicus horni, length 62 mm,

“Clania” licheniphilus, length 15 mm.
“Platoeceticus” tandilensis, length 15 mm.
“Clania” yamorkinet, length 23 mm.

Oiketicus sp., unknown case no. 1,' length 90 mm.
ength 115 mm.

Oiketicus sp., unknown case no. 2,
3, length 80 mm.

Otketicus sp., unknown case no.
Otketicus sp., unknown case no. 3, length 58 mm,
Otketicus sp., unknown case no. 4, length 75 mm.
Unknown case no. 5, length 24 mm. (total length 45 mm.).
Unknown case no. 6, length 12 mm. (total length 19 mm.).

192

ao
3 oe
xd - : :
i oe z
Tk i 5 | :
| 7 ae | |
> oSe a mae f tT ce é \
Ke A f aa a Sega
Lr ce
if f j , mes eee scp en Ree, = = ——— vi
| é A é
> LS k ‘
a

IA+2A
146

n

Vv

at

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

Figures 144-148

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, adult female, length 25 mm. (note ovipositor, anal
hair tuft, egg tubes through semitransparent body wall, rudimentary legs and
head).

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, male mating with female (inside pupal case, which
has been removed from larval case; note extended intersegmental membrane of
male abdomen and cephalic end of adult female)

Otketicus bergii, wing venation.
i.c.=Intercalary cell.

Otketicus townsendt, caudal end of male abdomen (extended condition), ventral view.
Scale represents | mm.
py =pulvillis vin=vinculum
sa =saccus 8. st=eighth sternite
tg-—tegumen

Lateral view of fig. 147.
ae =aedeagus va=valva
sl=sacculus ves =vesica

195

196 U.S: NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Ficures 149-160.—Wing venation: 149, Solenobia walshella; 150, Fumaria casta; 151,
Epichnopterix pulla; 152, Apterona crenulella (Europe); 153, Prochalia pygmaea; 154,
Zamopsyche commentella; 155, Naevipenna aphaidropa; 156, Cryptothelea gloverit;
157, Dendropsyche burrowsi; 158, Lumacra brasiliensis; 159, Curtorama cassiae; 160,
Astala confederata.

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 197

Ficures 161-172.—Wing venation and legs: 161, Hyaloscotes pithopoera; 162, Basicladus
tracyi; 163, Coloneura fragilis; 164, Thanatopsyche canescens; 165, Animula limpta;
166, Biopsyche apicalis; 167, Oiketicus kirbyt; 168, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis;
169, Solenobia walshella; 170, Fumaria casta; 171, Epichnopterix pulla; 172, Prochalia
pygmaea. (Figs. 169-172, scale=1 mm.)

198 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

178

A la A

//\ \ if — /
FI aX / : i \ Ven [\ \
/ \ / Mf | \ IY \ \ if \
Yi \ : If \ ‘ | , hs // \ \ ff \ \
pi HE \\ff \\EN
iT ¥ | \ | A , ron i Dy
rf | nh aU ty Pt a f Z &
by ( if % 4 i @
t ef we * { _ £183
{ \
ne Ad
& Xe w

Ficures 173-183.—Legs: 173, Naevipenna aphaidropa; 174, Cryptothelea gloverii; 175,
Lumacra brasiliensis; 176, Curtorama cassiae; 177, Hyaloscotes fumosa, paratype; 178,

Astala confederata; 179, Basicladus tracyi; 180, Coloneura fragilis; 181, Animula dichroa;

182, Thanatopsyche canescens; 183, Biopsyche apicalis. (Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 199

\
| y \
ne oS /
(J Bi mr»
W r 5 184 i ¢
f : ( f I85
\ =
{ |
| { |
| a Q /
is6 i 187
«
]
I88 ae :
a 89 we | L cage
I88a 192 bee 5
; 191 :
195 | se
194 eS
(] (|
202
rae)
I98 199 200 5056
|
ae : \

Ficures 184-202a.—Legs and eighth abdominal sternites of male: 184, Ocketicus geyert;
185, O. kirby1; 186, O. sthuatanejensis; 187, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis; 188, Solenobia
walshella, 8th sternite; 188a, 8th tergite; 189, Fumaria casta; 190, Epichnopterix pulla;
191, Apterona crenulella (Hurope); 192, Prochalia pygmaea; 193, Zamopsyche commentella;
194, Naevipenna aphaidropa; 195, Cryptothelea surinamensis; 196, C. watsoni; 197, C.
macleayt, type; 198, C. symmicta; 199, C. congregata, paratype; 200, C. gloverii; 201, C.
nigrita; 202, Dendropsyche burrowsi, type, Sth sternite; 202a, 8th tergite. (Scale=1
mm.; figs. 188-202a same magnification as fig. 201.)

200 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

a —

] * [? | / :
\ \ \ i
\ \ / | \ /
\ / } — ; _
203 \ / 204
/ L Se
=. » es a | |
[=< 205 206 |
or ———
\\ |
207 / iia moe eh
| 208 | 209 210
\ | ? \\ /} | |
ff / }
\ fl : ]
\ = = 2 ; ) a / a
Se (
\
aes 22) | 213 | hb oe
a ae, en ose ee eae
¢) C)
=. = | |
\ | . \
—— \ eee, / Ny ; Se
| 216 | - 2I | NN | ae
215 7 J 2B \ 219
= l nn \
\ )
{ \
| 220 | |
I | | ‘
ae. ea \ 222
o =e 2 a

Ficures 203-222.—Eighth abdominal sternites of male: 203, Lumacra hyalinacra, type;
204, L. quadridentata, type; 205, L. brasiliensis; 206, L. kiinckelit; 207, L. haitiensis,
type; 208, Curtorama cassiae; 209, Hyaloscotes fumosa, paratype; 210, H. pithopoera;
211, Astala confederata; 212, A. hoffmanni, type; 213, A. edwardsi; 214, A. tristis;
215, A. zacualpania; 216, A. vigasi; 217, Basicladus celibatus; 218, B. tracyi; 219,
Coloneura fragilis; 220, Animula seitzi, type; 221, A. dichroa; 222, A. limpia, type.
(Scale=1 mm.; figs. 203, 204, 206-219 same magnification as fig. 213; figs. 220-222
same as fig. 221.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 201

225
224
22D
228
226
229
230
23
Cor
234
232 BAS
COO
236
239
SL | 240
= 24| 242
ZO

Ficures 223-242.—Eighth abdominal sternites of male: 223, Animula microptera; 224,
Thanatopsyche chilensis; 225, T. canescens; 226, Biopsyche apicalts; 227, Otketicus
zihuatanejensis; 228, O. bergii; 229, O. bergii (2); 230, O. geyeri; 231, O. platensis; 232,
O. abbotii; 233, O. kirbyi; 234, O. kirbyi; 235, O. specter; 236, O. specter; 237, 0. asstmulis;

238, O. toumeyi; 239, Thyridopteryx alcora; 240, T. meadi; 241, T. ephemeraeformis;
242, T. ephemeraeformis. (Scale=1 mm.; figs. 223-226 same magnification as fig.
223; figs. 227-242 same as fig. 229.)

202 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

4

omacer yh tg ge SO

249a

Ficures 243-249a.—Male genitalia: 243, Solenobia walshella; 244, Fumaria casta (same
scale as fig. 245); 245, Epichnopterix pulla; 245a, aedeagus; 246, Apterona crenulella
(Europe); 246a, aedeagus; 247, Prochalia pygmaea; 247a, aedeagus; 248, Zamopsyche
commentella; 248a, aedeagus; 249, Naevipenna aphaidropa, type; 249a, aedeagus.
(Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 203

\

bs

250 |

252a
25!

Ficures 250-255.—Male genitalia: 250, Cryptothelea surinamensis; 251, C. macleayt, type;
252, C. watsoni, paratype; 252a, aedeagus; 253, C. gloverii; 253a, aedeagus; 254. (Ge

nigrita; 255, C. congregata. (Scale=1 mm.)

693-052—64—__14

204 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

2574

, ‘ 26!
\ ~ 260

Ficures 256-261.—Male genitalia: 256, Cryptothelea symmicta; 257, Dendropsyche burrowsi,
type; 257a, aedeagus; 258. Lumacra brasiliensis; 258a, aedeagus; 259, L. ktinckelt1;
260, L. haitiensis, type; 261, L. quadridentata, type. (Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 205

262. Lumacra hyalinacra, type; 263. Curtorama cass lae;
24a. aedeagus; 265, 4. hoffmanni, type;
266). (Scale=1 mm.)

Figures 262-267.—Male genitalia:
263a, aedeagus; 264, Astala confederata:
266, 4. polingi, paratype; 267. 4. edwardsi (same scale as fig.

206 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

Ficures 268-273a.—Male genitalia: 268, Astala tristis, type; 269, A. vigasi; 270. A.
zacualpania; 271, Hyaloscotes fumosa, paratype; 27la, aedeagus; 272, H. pithopoera
(same scale as fig. 271); 273, Basicladus tracyi (same scale as fig. 268); 273a, aedeagus.
(Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 207

qT C

| | 276

274

ats 2754

2frTa

Ficures 274-278a.—Male genitalia: 274, Basicladus celibatus; 275, Coloneura fragilis (same
scale as fig. 274); 275a, aedeagus; 276, Thanatopsyche canescens; 277, T. chilensts;
277a, aedeagus; 278, Animula dichroa; 278a, aedeagus. (Scale=1 mm.)

208 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

279 280 28)

Figures 279-283a.—Male genitalia: 279, Animula microptera; 280, A. seitzi, type; 281,
Animula limpia; 282, Biopsyche thoracica; 283, B. apicalis; 283a, aedeagus. (Scale=1
mm.)

209

WESTERN HEMISPHERE

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE

LS

286a

Ficures 284-286a.—Male genitalia: 284, Oiketicus bergii; 284a, aedeagus; 285, O. specter
(Scale =1 mm.)

285a, aedeagus: 286, O. zihuatanejensis; 286a, aedeagus.

210 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

288

29!
290

Figures 287-291.—Male genitalia: 287, Oiketicus geyeri; 288, O. kirbyi; 289, O. toumeyt;
290, O. townsend? townsend; 291, O. platensis. (Scale=1 mm.; same magnification as
fig. 288.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE All|

292

2935

294 295

Figures 292-295—Male genitalia: 292, Oiketicus abbotii; 293, Thyridopteryx alcora;
293a, aedeagus; 294, T. ephemeraeformis; 295, T. meadi. (Scale=1 mm.)

Ne U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

209)

300

301 302

Ficures 296-302.—Female genitalia: 296, Solenobia walshella; 297, Fumaria casta; 298,
Zamopsyche commentella; 299, Prochalia pygmaea; 300, Cryptothelea nigrita; 301, C.
watsoni; 302, C. gloverit. (Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 213

Ficures 303-309.—Female genitalia: 303. Curtorama cassiae (type of Chalia rebelt);
304, Hyaloscotes pithopoera; 305, Astala confederata; 306, Oiketicus townsendi dendro-
komos; 307, O. geyeri; 308, O. bergit; 309, O. townsend? townsendi. (Scale=1 mm.)

tA U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

apo. po

gl.s
ov.la
sp
.
C
SS
du.sm

310

Ficures 310-315.—Female genitalia: 310, Oiketicus kirbyi (apo. ant=apophysis anterior;
apo. po=apophysis posterior; erp. bu=corpus bursae; du. bu=ductus bursae; du.
sm=ductus seminalis; gl. s=glandula sebacea, accessory gland; ov. la=oviductus
lateralis; sp. =spermatheca; vst=vestibulum); 311, O. kirbyi; 312, O. kirby1; 313, O.
abbotii; 314, O. toumeyi; 315, O. platensis. (Scale=1 mm.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 215

| | / |
\ ee )
) ) o>
\
So
(|
\/ s /
a
} 316 }
‘\ fs =
~ I
\ i

322 a 325
323 r A /
VV
|
326 S27 328 329 330
NE IV / Vv -?

) ) /

334
331 332 nee

Ficures 316-334.—Female genitalia and wing scales: 316, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformts;

317, T. ephemeraeformis; 318, T. meadi; 319, Solenobia walshella; 320, Fumaria casta;
321, Epichnopterix pulla; 322, Prochalia pygmaea; 323, Zamopsyche commentella;

324, Naevipenna aphaidropa;

325, Cryptothelea surinamensis; 326, C. nigrita; 327,
C. gloverit; 328, C. symmicta; 329,

9, C. watsoni, paratype; 330, Lumacra brasiliensis;
331, L. kiinckelii; 332, L. haitiensis, type; 333, L. quadridentata, type; 334, L. hyalinacra,

type. (Figs. 316-318, scale 1 mm.; all wing scales 108%; figs. 319-334 from discal
cell of forewing.)

216 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

336 337 338 |
| 399
539 340

—————
——
a
at ee
> Sm
Se
——

| } |
342 343 344 one 346
341 ; _
( | im (|
\ \ | \
\ y vo! y /
347 348 po

352

360
356 357 358 359

Ficures 335-360.—Wing scales: 335, Curtorama cassiae; 336, Astala confederata; 3377,
A. hoffmanni; 338, A. polingi, paratype; 339, 4. edwardsi; 340, A. tristis; 341, A.
zacualpania; 342, A. vigast; 343, Bastcladus tracyt; 344, B. celibatus; 345. Coloneura
fragilis; 346, Biopsyche apicalis (from cell 1A of forewing); 347, B. thoracica (from cell
1A of forewing); 348, Oiketicus bergii; 349, O. geyeri; 350, O. towmeyr; 351, Hyaloscotes
fumosa, paratype; 352, H. pithopoera, type; 353, Otketicus specter; 354, O. platensis;
355. O. townsendi mexicanus; 356, O. t. townsendi; 357, O. kirbyi; 358, O. abboti; 359,
Thyridopteryx alcora (from cell 2A of forewing); 360. T. ephemeraeformis (from cell 2A
of forewing). (All wing scales 108%; figs. 335-345, 348-358 from discal cell of

forewing.)

BAGWORM MOTHS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Py

Sire 373 374

Ficures 361-374.—Antennae: 361, Solenobia walshella, male; 362, Fumaria casta, male;
363, F. casta, female; 364, Epichnopterix pulla; 365, Prochalia pygmaea; 366, Zamopsyche
commentella; 367. Naevipenna aphaidropa; 368, Cryptothelea nigrita; 369, C. glovert;
370, C. congregata; 371, C. macleayi, type; 372, C. watsoni, paratype; 373, Lumacra
brasiliensis; 374, Curtorama cassiae. (Scale=0.5 mm.).

218 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 244

YO
ae)

Ficures 375-385.—Antennae: 375, Astala confederata; 376, Hyaloscotes fumosa, paratype;
377, Basicladus tracyi; 378, Coloneura fragilis; 379, Thanatopsyche canescens; 380,
Animula limpia; 381, Biopsyche apicalis; 382, Oiketicus kirbyi; 383, Thyridopteryx
ephemeraeformis; 384, O. bergii; 385, O. geyeri. (Scale=0.5 mm.)

Index

(Names of new genera and species, page numbers
of principal accounts in ?talics)

abboti [sic], Oiketicus, 118

Aleurites sp., 57

abbotii, Oiketicus, 5, 27, 88, 103, 118, | Alopecurus pratensis, 41

124, 125, 126, 157, 158,

179 | Aloysia wrightii, 115

(map), 184 (pl.), 191 (pl.), 201} Althaea sp., 41
(fig.), 211 (fig.), 214 (fig.), 216 | altissima, Ailanthus, 110, 188

(fig.)
abies, Picea, 136
Acacia cavenia, 107
contorta, 119
farnesiana, 107, 119
greggii, 119
Acanthopsyche, 73
atra, 8
junodi, 11
Acer sp., 136
negundo, 119, 136
platanoides, 136
pseudo-platanus, 136
rubrum, 136
saccharinum, 136
saccharum, 136
sp., 60, 117, 119, 122
Aceraceae, 119, 136
Acrolophidae, 22
Acrolophus, 7
aculeata, Randia, 122
acuticarinatus, Pachodynerus, 13
Aesculus hippocastanum, 137
sp., 119
Aegeria ephemeraeformis, 134
ageratoides, Eupatorium, 136
Ailanthus altissima, 110, 188
alba, Populus, 136
Quercus, 136
albafasciella, Kearfottia, 20
albida, Pisonia, 122
albidum, Sassafras, 136

Ambrosia trifida, 136
Amelanchier canadensis, 136
americana, Cupania, 122
Fraxinus, 136
Persea, 122
Phytolacea, 136
Prunus, 136
Tilia; 137
Ulmus, 128, 137
amygdalus, Prunus, 41, 137
Anacardiaceae, 60, 117, 136, 137
Animula, 19 (table), 23, 25, 27, 30, 93,
94 (key), 142
basinigra, 141
dichroa, 5, 27, 93, 94, 96, 183 (pl.),
198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 207 (fig.)
dimidiata, 142
limpia, 5, 27, 94, 95, 175 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 197 (fig.),
200 (fig.), 208 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
microptera, 27, 94, 95, 175 (map),
183 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 208 (fig.)
seitzi, 27, 30, 94, 97, 175 (map),
183 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 208 (fig.)
Animula, subgenus, 27, 94
Annona glabra, 119, 137
Annonaceae, 119, 137
Anolis crisiatellus, 13
pulchellus, 13
Anthemis cotula, 137
aphaidropa, Naevipenna, 26, 49, 174
(map), 196 (fig.), 198 (fig.), 199

alcora, Thyridopteryx, 5, 28, 131, 133, (fig.), 202 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217
189, 172 (map), 184 (pl.), 191 (fig.)
(pl.), 201 (fig.), 211 (fig.), 216 Platoeceticus, 5, 48, 49
(fig.) aphylla, Cassia, 71, 105, 147

693-052—64——_15

219

220

apicalis, Biopsyche, 27, 99, 100, 131,
173 (map), 183 (pl.), 197 (fig.),
198 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 216 (fig.),
218 (fig.)
Thanatopsyche, 5, 98, 100
Apocynaceae, 128
Apterona, 12, 19 (table), 25, 26, 40, 89,
90
crenulella, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 90, 180
(pl.), 196 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 202
(fig.)
crenulella f. helix, 8, 26, 29, 40, 171
(map), 187 (pl.)
fragilis, 5, 89, 90
helix, 40, 43
rileyi, 144
Aquifoliaceae, 137
aquilinum, Pteridium, 41
arabica, Coffea, 69
Araucaria sp., 117
Arecaceae, 87, 119, 137
argentea, Plazia, 153
Aristida sp., 67
armeniaca, Prunus, 110, 136
Artemisia vulgaris var. heterophylla, 41
Artipenna, subgenus, 27, 97
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, 148
assimilis, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 102, 109, 111,
177 (map), 184 (pl.), 188 (pl.),
201 (fig.)
Astala, 15, 19 (table) 25, 26, 31, 70, 72,
74 (key), 86, 87
carbonaria, 26
confederata, 26, 72, 74, 75, 79, 172
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 198
(fig.), 200 (fig.), 205 (fig.), 213
(fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
edwardsi, 26, 74, 78, 80, 171 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 205
(fig.), 216 (fig.)
hoffmanni, 26, 72, 74, 76, 141, 174
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 200
(fig.), 205 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
lepidopteris, 26
polingi, 26, 74, 77, 79, 172 (map),
183 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 205 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
tristis, 26, 74, 79, 174 (map), 183
(pl.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
vigasi, 26, 74, 81, 174 (map), 183
(pl.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.), 216
(fig.)

INDEX

Astala—Continued
zacualpania, 26, 74, 80, 174 (map),
183 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
Asteraceae, 41, 67, 71, 110, 117, 136, 137
atra, Acanthopsyche, 8
Avena fatua, 41
babylonica, Salix, 136
baccata, Gaylussacia, 136
Baccharis conferta, 117
cordifolia, 67
ramulosa, 110
balsamea, Populus, 136
Basicladus, 19 (table), 25, 27, 31, 73,
85, 86 (key)
cacocnemos, 27
celibatus, 27, 86, 87, 88, 172 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 207 (fig.),
216 (fig.)
tracyi, 27, 86, 87, 89, 171 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 197 (fig.),
198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.),
216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
basinigra, Animula, 141
Psychoglene, 5, 28, 141, 184 (pl.)
bassiana, Beauvaris, 13
Bauhinia sp., 137
Beauvaris bassiana, 13
Berberidaceae, 136
Berberis vulgaris, 136
bergii, Oiketicus, 27, 102, 103, 104, 105,
106, 148, 176 (map), 183 (pl.),
188 (pl.), 195 (fig.), 201 (fig.),
209 (fig.), 213 (fig.), 216 (fig.),
218 (fig.)
Psyche, 6, 104, 105
Bethylidae, 13
Betula papyrifera, 136
Bignoniaceae, 122, 136
bignoniodes, Catalpa, 136
Biopsyche, 19 (table), 27, 25, 30, 98,
99 (key)
apicalis, 27, 99, 100, 131, 173 (map),
183 (pl.), 197 (fig.), 198 (fig.),
201 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
thoracica, 27, 99, 173 (map), 183
(pl.), 188 (pl.), 208 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
Bombacaceae, 122
Bombycoidea, 20
Bombyx pulla, 5, 38, 39

INDEX

bonniwelli, Oiketicus, 5, 27, 113, 114,
116
Oiketicus townsendi var., 113
Boraginaceae, 122
borsanii, Clania, 6, 105
Oiketicus, 27, 102, 105, 176 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.)
botrytis, Brassica oleracea var., 41
Braconidae, 13
brasiliensis, Clania, 65
Cryptothelea, 65
Cryptotheles [sic], 65
Eumeta, 5, 63, 65, 66
Lumacra, 26, 64, 65, 67, 68, 175
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196
(fig.), 198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 204
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
“brasiliensis” group, Lumacra, 64, 68
Brassica nigra, 41
oleracea var. botrytis, 41
oleracea var. capitata, 41
rapa, 41
Brassicaceae, 41, 136
Bromus rigidus, 41
burmeisteri, Psyche, 6, 147
‘“‘Psyche,”’ 28, 147
burrowsi, Dendropsyche, 6, 26, 31, 49,
62, 174 (map), 180 (pl.), 187
(pl.), 196 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 204
(fig.)
Bursera sp., 109
Burseraceae, 109
cacocnemos, Basicladus, 27
Eurukuttarus, 87
Eurycyttarus, 87
Pachytelia [sic], 87
Psyche, 6, 87, 88, 188 (pl.)
caerulea, Sambucus, 136
Caesalpinia palmeri, 109
Calliandra sp., 122
Callistemon sp., 137
campestris, Ulmus, 137
canadensis, Amelanchier, 136
Cercis, 136
Erigeron, 136
Sambucus, 136
Tsuga, 136
canescens, Thanatopsyche, 5, 27, 91,
92, 93, 183 (pl.) 188 (pl.), 197
(fig.), 198 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 207
(fig.). 218 (fig. )
capitata, Brassica oleracea var., 41
Caprifoliaceae, 136

221

carbonaria, Astala, 26
Eurukuttarus, 79
Eurycyttarus, 78
Pachytelia [sic], 78
Psyche, 6, 78, 79
cardunculus, Cynara, 71
caroliniana, Carpinus, 136
Carpinus caroliniana, 136
Carya sp., 137
Casearia sylvestris, 122
Cassia aphylla, 71, 105, 147
cassiae, Curtorama, 26, 31, 70, 176 (map),
180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196 (fig.),
198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 205 (fig.),
213 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
Platoeceticus, 70
Psyche, 6, 69, 70, 71, 147

casta, Fumaria, 5, 8, 26, 29, 86, 171
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196
(fig.), 197 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 202
(fig.), 212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217

(fig.)
Fumea, 36
Phalaena, 6, 35, 36
Castanea dentata, 75, 136
vesca, 136
Castaneopsis chrysophylla, 150
Casuarina sp., 137
equisetifolia, 99, 122
Casuarinaceae, 99, 122, 137
Catalpa bignoniodes, 136
catappa, Terminalia, 122
cathartica, Rhamus, 136
cavenia, Acacia, 107
Ceanothus cuneatus, 41
cebil, Piptadenia, 145
Cedrus sp., 137
Ceiba pentandra, 122
celibata, Eurukuttarus, 89
Kurycyttarus, 88
Pachytelia [sic], 88
Psyche, 6, 88
celibatus, Basicladus, 27, 86, 87, 88,
172 (map), 183 (pl.), 188 (pl.),
207 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
Celtis sp., 119
cerasus, Prunus, 136
Cercis canadensis, 136
Chaleidae, 13
Chalia, 49, 63, 144
coniferella, 148
daguerrei, 149
dispar, 6, 150, 151, 192 (pl.)

222

Chalia—Continued
fragmentella, 152
kiinckeli [sic], 66
kiinckelii, 5, 66, 67
kiienkeli [sic], 66
pizote, 6, 60
rebeli, 6, 70, 71, 213 (fig.)
rileyi, 5, 144
tristis, 6, 79
vigasi, 6, 81
zacualpania, 5, 80, 81
‘“‘Chalia”’ daguerrei, 28, 149, 192 (pl.)
dispar, 28, 150, 158
rileyi, 28, 47, 48, 144
Chaliinae, 20
Chamaecyparis thyoides, 136
chaquensis, Oiketicus, 191 (pl.)
Platoeceticus, 6, 148
“Platoeceticus,’’ 28
Chenopodiaceae, 136
chilensis, Psyche, 6, 92
Thanatopsyche, 27, 92, 93, 175
(map), 183 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 207
(fig.)
chinensis, Litchi, 137
Wisteria, 136
Chlania [sic] licheniphilus, 6, 154
Chrysanthemum sp., 41
chrysophylla, Castaneopsis, 150
Chrysophyllum pauciflorum, 122
Citrus sinensis, 46
sp., 137
Clania, 54, 63, 150
borsanii, 6, 105
brasiliensis, 65
daguerrei, 6, 155
oviformis, 104, 105
surinamensis, 51
yamorkinei, 6, 155
“Clania” licheniphilus,
192 (pl.)
oviformis, 105
yamorkinei, 28, 149, 155, 192 (pl.)
clathrella, (Psyche), 32
Clematis sp., 136
Coccidae, 60
coccinea, Quercus, 136
Coccoloba sp., 53
uvifera, 137
Cochliotheca, 40, 89
fiebrigi, 6, 38, 39
fragilis, 90
Coffea arabica, 69

28, 154, 158,

INDEX

Coleophoridae, 10
Colephora, 43
Coloneura, 19 (table), 23, 25, 27, 89
fragilis, 27, 30, 90, 171 (map), 183
(pl.), 197 (fig.), 198 (fig.), 207
(fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
Combretaceae, 122
commentella, Zamopsyche, 5, 26,
46, 47, 144, 171 (map),
(pl.), 187 (pl.), 196 (fig.),
(fig.), 202 (fig.), 212 (fig.),
(fig.), 217 (fig.)
communis, Juniperus, 136
Piptadenia, 145
Pyrus, 41, 136
confederata, Astala, 26, 72, 74, 75, 79,
172 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 205 (fig.),
213 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
Eurukuttarus, 75
Eurycyttarus, 75
Pachytelia [sic], 75
Psyche, 5, 72, 75
conferta, Baccharis, 117
congregata, Cryptothelea, 26, 51, 47,173
(map), 187 (pl.), 199 (fig,), 203
(fig.), 217 (fig.)
congregatus, Platoeceticus, 6, 57
coniferarum, Oeceticus [sic], 6, 129, 131,
135
Oiceticus [sic], 135
Thyridopteryx, 28, 135
coniferella, Chalia, 148
Hyaloscotes, 28, 83, 85, 148, 152,
192 (pl.)
Psyche, 5, 148
contorta, Acacia, 119
Cordia sulcata, 122
cordifolia, Baccharis, 67
Cornaceae, 136
Cornus sp., 136
Corylaceae, 128, 156
corymbosum, Vaccinium, 89
Cossidae, 7
costaricensis, Lwmacra, 26
Platoeceticus, 6, 58, 65
cotula, Anthemis, 137
Crataegus sp., 60, 136
oxyacantha, 136
crenata, Ilex, 137

30,
180
199
215

INDEX

crenulella, Apterona, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43,
90, 180 (pl.), 196 (fig.), 199 (fig.),
202 (fig.)
Psyche, 40, 48
cristatellus, Anolis, 18
Cryptothelea, 14, 15, 16, 19 (table), 25,
26, 30, 44, 48, 49, 51 (key), 52,
54, 55, 63, 70, 73
brasiliensis, 65
congregata, 26, 51, 57, 173 (map),
187 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 203 (fig.),
217 (fig.)
gloverii, 26, 51, 52, 538, 56, 57, 59,
153, 173 (map), 180 (pl.), 187
(pl.), 196 (fig.), 198 (fig.), 203
(fig.), 212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217
(fig.)
jonesi, 26
macleayi, 26, 50, 51, 63, 123, 199
(fig.), 203 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
nigrita, 26, 48, 51, 46, 57,171 (map),
180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 203
(fig.), 212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
pizote, 26
surinamensis, 26, 50, 51, 176 (map),
180 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 203 (fig.), 215
(fig.)
symmicta, 26, 51, 58, 173 (map),
180 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 204 (fig.),
215 (fig.)
watsoni, 26, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 158,
173 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
199 (fig.), 203 (fig.), 212 (fig.),
215 (fig.) 217 (fig.)
Cryptotheles [sic] brasiliensis, 65
Cucurbita maxima, 41
Cucurbitaceae, 41
cuneatus, Ceanothus, 41
Cupania americana, 122
Cupressaceae, 107, 110, 119, 122, 136
Cupressus sp., 119, 122
Curtorama, 19 (table) 25, 26, 69
cassiae, 26, 31, 70, 176 (map), 180
(pl.), 187 (pl.), 196 (fig.), 198
(fig.), 200 (fig.), 205 (fig.), 213
(fig.), 216 (fig.)
rebeli, 26
rugosa, 26
Cydonia oblonga, 136
cymbalaria, Pavonia, 155
Cynara cardunculus, 71

223

Cytisus scoparius, 41
sp., 128
daguerrei, Chalia, 149
Clania, 6, 155
‘‘Chalia,” 28, 149, 192 (pl.)
davidsoni, Oiketicus, 5, 149, 150
‘‘Oiketicus,” 28, 149, 192 (pl.)
decapetalus, Helianthus, 136
deltoides, Populus, 136
dendrokomos, Oiketicus, 6, 115, 116
Oiketicus townsendi, 27, 103, 114,
115, 177 (map), 191 (Qpl.), 213
(fig.)
Oiketicus townsendi f., 116
Dendropsyche, 19 (table), 22, 25, 26,
62
burrowsi, 6, 26, 31, 49, 62, 174
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 204 (fig.)
dentata, Castanea, 75, 136
dichroa, Animula, 5, 27, 93, 94, 96, 183
(pl.), 198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 207
(fig.)
dimidiata, Animula, 142
Diospyros virginiana, 60, 136
Diplodoma, 11, 20
dispar, Chalia, 6, 150, 151, 192 (pl.)
‘‘Chalia,”’? 28, 150, 158
Porthetria, 42
distichum, Taxodium, 136
domestica, Prunus, 136
domingensis, Petitia, 122
duplex, Pseudaonidia, 60
Ebenaceae, 60, 136
edwardsi, Astala, 26, 74, 78, 80, 171
(map), 183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 200
(fig.), 205 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
Eurcyttarus, 78
Manatha, 5, 78, 79
edwardsii [sic], Eurukuttarus, 78
Platoeceticus, 78
elegans, Oiketicus, 6, 28, 151, 192 (pl.)
ephemeraeformis, Aegeria, 134
Sphinx, 5, 129, 134, 135
Thyridopteryx, 5, 8, 13, 28, 131,
132, 133, 134, 172 (map), 184
(pl.), 191 (pl.), 195 (pl.), 197
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 211
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218
(fig.)

224

INDEX

Epichnopterix, 15, 19 (table), 20, 21,| farnesiana, Acacia, 107, 119

22, 25, 26, 35, 37
fiebrigi, 26
plumella, 38
pulla, 8, 26, 30, 38, 180 (pl.), 187
(pl), 196 Gigs); 199 (ig); 202
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
Epichnopteryx [sic], 37, 158
pulla, 38, 144, 197 (fig.)
equisetifolia, Casuarina, 99, 122
erecta, Tagetes, 41
Ericaceae, 89, 136
Erigeron canadensis, 136
Erithacus rubecula, 8
Erythrina sp., 60
esculentum, Lycopersicum, 41
Eumeta, 54, 63
brasiliensis, 5, 63, 65, 66
macleayi, 53
surinamensis, 51
Eupatorium ageratoides, 136
Euphorbiaceae, 57
Eurcyttarus edwardsi, 78
europaea, Tilia, 137
Eurukuttarus, 72, 73, 85
earbonaria, 79
cacocnemos, 87
celibata, 89
confederata, 75
edwardsii [sic], 78
hoffmanni, 6, 76
pileatus, 73, 86
polingi, 5, 77
traceyi [sic], 87
tracyi, 87
Eurycttarus [sic] tracyi, 6, 87
Eurycyttara [sic] macleayii [sic], 53
Eurycyttarus, 54, 72, 85
carbonaria, 78
cacocnemos, 87
celibata, 88
confederata, 75
fragmentella, 152
polingi, 77
tracyi, 85, 87, 88
Fabaceae, 41, 60, 71, 105, 106, 107, 109,
110, 114, 115, 117,122, 128, 132,
136, 137, 145
Fagaceae, 41, 60, 117, 119
Fagus grandifolia, 136
laciniata, 136
purpurea, 136
sylvatica, 136

fasciculatus, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121, 122,
124
fatua, Avena, 41
fiebrigi, Cochliotheca, 6, 38, 39
Epichnopterix, 26
Flacourtiaceae, 122
fragilis, Apterona, 5, 89, 90
Cochliotheca, 90
Coloneura, 27, 30, 90, 171 (map),
183 (pl.), 197 (fig.), 198 (fig.),
207 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
Rebelia, 90
Salix, 136
fragmentella, Chalia, 152
Eurycyttarus, 152 -
Hyaloscotes, 28, 82, 83, 85, 148,
149, 152, 192 (pl.)
Oiketicoides, 152
Pachytelia [sic], 152
Psyche, 5, 152
Fraxinus americana, 136
sp., 122
fulgerator [sic], Oeceticus [sic], 121
Oiketicus, 121
fulgurator, Oeceticus [sic], 5, 121
Oiketicus, 27, 121, 122
fulva, Ulmus, 137
Fumaria, 11, 14, 19 (table), 20, 21, 22,
25, 26, 35, 158
casta, 5, 8, 26, 29, 36, 171 (map),
180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196 (fig.), 197
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 202 (fig.), 212
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
nitida, 36
Fumea, 20, 26, 35, 36, 37
casta, 36
nitida, 36
fumosa, Hyaloscotes, 5, 27, 30, 81, 82,
84, 148, 149, 152, 183 (pl.), 198
(fig.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.), 216
(fig.), 218 (fig.)
Hyaloscotus [sic], 83
Gaillardia sp., 41
Gaylussacia baccata, 136
geyeri, Oeceticus [sic], 106
Oiketicus, 5, 27, 102, 103, 104,
106, 112, 145, 146, 178 (map),
184 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 201
(fig.), 210 (fig.), 218 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
gigantea, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121
Psyche (Oiketicus), 121

INDEX

ginocchionus, Oiketicus, 6, 28, 152,
(pl.)
glabra, Annona, 119, 137
Gladiolus sp., 41
Gleditsia triacanthos, 136
gloverii, Cryptothelea, 26, 51, 52, 53,
596, 57, 59; 153, 173 Gmap), 187
(pl.), 196 (fig.), 198 (fig.), 203
(fig.), 212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217
(fig.)
Platoeceticus, 6, 59, 153
Psyche, 59
Gossypium sp., 136
granatum, Punica, 136
grandifolia, Fagus, 136
gratissima, Persea, 60
gregoii, Acacia, 119
euajava, Psidium, 60, 137
haittensts, Lumacra, 5, 26, 64, 65, 67, 174
(map), 180 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 204
(fig.), 215 (fig.)
Hamamelidaceae, 119, 136
Hamamelis virginiana, 136
haywardi, Zamopsyche, 6, 142, 191 (pl.)
““Zamopsyche,” 28, 142
Helianthus decapetalus, 136
helix, Apterona, 40, 43
Apterona crenulella f., 8, 26, 29,
40, 171 (map), 187 (pl.)
Psyche, 6, 40
heterophylla, Artemisia vulgaris var., 41
Tilia, 137
hippocastanum, Aesculus, 137
hoffmanni, Astala, 26, 72, 74, 76, 141,
174 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
200 (fig.), 205 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
Eurukuttarus, 6, 76
Platoeceticus, 6, 153
“Platoeceticus,’’ 28, 153, 192 (pl.)
horni, Oiketicus, 6, 28, 145, 154, 192 (pl.)
Humulus lupulus, 136
hyalinacra, Lumacra, 5, 26, 64, 68, 69,
141, 174 (map), 180 (pl.), 200
(fig.), 205 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
Hyaloscotes, 14, 16, 19 (table), 25, 27,
74, 81, 82 (key), 152
coniferella, 28, 83, 85, 148, 152, 192
(pl.)
fragmentella, 28, 82, 83, 85, 148,
149, 152, 192 (pl.)
fumosa, 5, 27, 30, 81, 82, 84, 148,
149, 152, 183 (pl.), 198 (fig.), 200
(fig.), 206 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)

225

192 | Hyaloscotes—Continued

pithopoera, 27, 31, 74, 83, 84, 149,
172 (map), 183 (pl.), 188 (pl.),
197 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.),
213 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
sheppardi, 5, 27, 84, 85
Hyaloscotus [sic], 81
fumosa, 83
pithopoera, 84
Hybiscus syriacus, 136
Hymenopsyche, 28, 98, 99, 129, 131
thoracicum, 5, 99, 130
Hymenoptera, 13
Ichneumonidae, 13
Ilex crenata, 137
sp., 137
indica, Mangifera, 137
Iridacaeae, 41, 136
Iris sp., 136
italica, Populus nigra var., 136
Ixora sp., 1387
japonicum, Ligustrum, 117
jonesi, Cryptothelea, 26
Manatha, 5, 59, 60
Oiketicus, 6, 27, 107
Platoeceticus, 59, 61
Juglandaceae, 60, 137
juliflora, Prosopis, 110, 117, 188
Juniperus communis, 136
pachyphloea, 156
sempervirens, 110
sp., 107, 119, 156
virginiana, 136
junodi, Acanthopsyche, 11
Kearfottia, 17, 20
albafasciella, 20
kerbyi [sic], Oiceticus [sic], 128
kirbii [sic], Oeceticus [sic], 121, 127
Oiketicus, 121
kirbyi, Oicocestis [sic], 128
Oiketicus, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15,
17,24) 27,554,101, 103, 1095 117;
118, 119, 120, 127, 148, 145, 152,
156, 157, 179 (map), 184, (pl.)
191 (pl.), 197 (fig.), 199 (fig.),
201 (fig.), 210 (fig.), 214 (fig.),
216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
Kochia scoparia, 136
kiienkeli [sic], Chalia, 66
kiinckeli [sic], Chalia, 66
Oiketicoides, 66

226

kiinckelii, Chalia, 5, 66, 67
Lumacra, 26, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 175
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 200
(fig.), 204 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
laciniata, Fagus, 136
Lacosomidae, 10
Lagerstroemia sp., 137
lagopus, Ochroma, 122
Lamiaceae, 41
Lansdownia, 54
macleayi, 53
Lantana sp., 137
laricina, Larix, 136
Larix laricina, 136
Larrea tridentata, 132
Lathyrus odoratus, 41
Lauraceae, 60, 122, 136, 137
leiophylla, Pinus, 117
Lepidium virginicum, 136
Lepidoptera, 1, 7, 14, 20, 21, 24
lepidopteris, Astala, 26
Pachytelia [sic], 5
Pachythelia, 75, 76
licheniphilus, Chlania [sic! 6, 154
“‘Clania,’’ 28, 154, 158, 192 (pl.)
Ligustrum japonicum, 117
Liliaceae, 60, 119, 136
limpia, Animula, 5, 27, 94, 95, 175
(map), 183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 197
(fig.), 200 (fig.), 208 (fig.), 218
(fig.)
Liquidambar styraciflua, 119, 136
Liriodendron tulipifera, 136
Litchi chinensis, 137
lizeri, Oiketicus, 6, 28, 143, 191 (pl.)
lucida, Salix, 136
Luffia, 12, 20, 22, 43
Lumacra, 19 (table), 25, 26, 30, 63, 64
(key), 70
brasiliensis, 26, 64, 65, 67, 68, 175
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196
(fig.), 198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 204
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
“brasiliensis” group, 64, 68
costaricensis, 26
haitiensis, 5, 26, 64, 65, 67, 174
(map), 180 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 204
(fig.), 215 (fig.)
hyalinacra, 5, 26, 64, 68, 69, 141,
174 (map), 180 (pl.), 290 (fig.),
205 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
kinckelii, 26, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 175

INDEX

Lumacra—Continued
kiinekelii—continued
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 200
(fig.), 204 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
marona, 26
quadridentata, 5, 26, 64, 68, 180
(pl.), 204 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
“‘quadridentata” group, 64, 68
Lupinus sp., 41
lupulus, Humulus, 136
Lycopersicon esculentum, 41
Lypusinae, 21, 22
Lythraceae, 137
macleaii [sic], Oiketicus, 53, 55
macleayi, Cryptothelea, 26, 50, 51, 53,
123, 199 (fig.), 203 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
Eumeta, 53
Lansdownia, 53
Oiketicus, 4, 5, 50, 53
Platoeceticus, 53
‘‘macleayi, Psyche,” 54
macleayii [sic], Eurycyttara [sic], 53
Maclura pomifera, 136
macrocarpa, Quercus, 136
Macro-Psychina, 10, 11, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24
Madia sp., 78
Magnoliaceae, 136
malus, Pyrus, 41, 47, 110, 128, 136
Malvaceae, 41, 136, 137, 155
Manatha, 72
edwardsi, 5, 78, 79
jonesi, 5, 59, 60
nigrita, 5, 56
Mangifera indica, 137
mangle, Rhizophora, 119
maritima, Prunus, 136
marona, Lwmacra, 26
Platoeceticus, 6, 65
Marrubium vulgare, 41
maxima, Cucurbita, 41
mays, Zea, 136
meadi, Thyridopteryx, 5, 28, 131, 139,
172 (map), 184 (pl.), 201 (fig.),
215 (fig.)
meadii [sic], Thyridopteryx, 131, 191
(pl.)
Medicago sativa, 41
Melaleuca sp., 137
Melilotus sp., 41
mexicanus, Oiketicus, 5, 116, 117, 125
Oiketicus townsendi, 27, 103, 114,
115, 116, 125, 126, 177 (map), 184
(pl.), 188 (pl.), 216 (fig.)

INDEX

Micro-Psychina, 18, 20, 21

227

Oeceticoides [sic] , subgenus, 73

microptera, Animula, 27, 94, 95, 175] Oeceticus [sic], 100, 131

(map), 183 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 208
(fig.)
Thyridopteryx, 6, 95
Mimosa sp., 110
minor, Vinea, 10, 128
molle, Schinus, 117
mombin, Spondias, 60
Montanoa tormentosa, 117
Montezuma speciosissima, 122
Moraceae, 136
mortonjonesi, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 110, 111
mucronatum, Taxodium, 117
Muehlenbeckia sagittacfolia, 93
multidentatus, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 116, 117,
118
Musa paradisiaca, 59
sp., 122
Musaceae, 59, 122
Myrica sp., 119
Myricaceae, 119
Myrtaceae, 60, 137
Naevipenna, 19 (table) 25, 26, 30, 48
aphaidropa, 26, 49, 174 (map), 196
(fig.), 198 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 202
(fig.), 215 Cig.), 217 Cig.)
nana, Quercus, 136
Narycia, 11, 20
negundo, Acer, 119, 136
neomexicana, Robinia, 110
nigra, Brassica, 41
nigrita, Cryptothelea, 26, 48, 51, 56, 57,
171 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
199 (fig.), 203 (fig.), 212 (fig.),
215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
Manatha, 5, 56
Platoeceticus, 56, 61
Psyche, 56
nitida, Fumaria, 36
Fumea, 36
Noctuidae, 24
Nosema sp., 13
noveboracensis, Vernonia, 136
Nyctaginaceae, 122
oblonga, Cydonia, 136
obtusifolius, Rumex, 136
occidentalis, Platanus, 119, 136
Thuja, 136
ochoterenai, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121, 124
Ochroma lagopus, 122
odorata, Prosopis, 114, 188
odoratus, Lathyrus, 41

coniferarum, 6, 129, 131, 135
fulgerator [sic], 121
fulgurator, 5, 121
geyeri, 106
kirbii, 121, 127
platensis, 5, 127
poeyi, 121
westwoodii, 5, 145
Oeketicus [sic], 100
Oiceticus [sic] coniferarum, 135
kerbyi [sic], 128
Oicocestis [sic] kirbyi, 128
Oiketicoides, 49, 63
fragmentella, 152
kiinckeli [sic], 66
pizote, 60
rileyi, 144
tristis, 60, 61
zacualpania, 80
Oiketicus, 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 (table),
25, 27, 29, 30, 54, 61, 100, 101
(key), 105, 112, 113, 124, 129,
Lely 143, 150) 1565 157
abboti [sic], 118
abbotii, 5, 27, 88, 103, 118, 124, 125,
126, 157, 158, 179 (map), 184
(pl), “191 ‘ly 201 (figs, 211
(fig.), 214 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
assimilis, 6, 27, 102, 109, 111, 177
(map), 184 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 201
(fig.)
bergii, 27, 102, 108, 104, 105, 106,
148, 176 (map), 183 (pl.), 188
(pl.), 195 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 209
(fig.), 213 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218
(fig.)
bonniwelli, 5, 27, 1138, 114, 116
borsanii, 27, 102, 105, 176 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.)
chaquensis, 191 (pl.)
davidsoni, 5, 149, 150
dendrokomos, 6, 115, 116
elegans, 6, 28, 151, 192 (pl.)
fasciculatus, 6, 27, 121, 122, 124
fulgerator [sic], 121
fulgurator, 27, 121, 122
geyeri, 5, 27, 102, 103, 104, 106, 112,
145, 146, 178 (map), 184 (pl.),
188 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 210
(fig.), 213 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
gigantea, 6, 27, 121

228

Oiketicus—Continued

ginocchionus, 6, 28, 152, 192 (pl.)

horni, 6, 28, 145, 154, 192 (pl.)

jonesi, 6, 27, 107

kirbii [sic], 121

kirbyi, 4,5, 8, 9; 10,12; 138; 25,17,
24, 27, 54, 101, 103, 109, 117, 118,
119, 120, 127, 143, 145, 152, 156,
157, 179 (map), 184 (pl.), 191
(pl.), 197 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 201
(fig.), 110 (fig.), 214 (fig.), 216
(fig.), 218 (fig.)

kirbyi platensis, 128, 129

lizeri, 6, 28, 743, 191 (pl.)

macleaii [sic], 53, 55

macleayi, 4, 5, 50, 53

mexicanus, 5, 116, 117, 125

mortonjonesi, 6, 27, 110, 111

multidentatus, 6, 27, 116, 117, 118

ochoterenai, 6, 27, 121, 124

orizavae, 6, 27, 121, 122, 124

oviformis, 6, 27, 104, 106

platensis, 9, 138, 16, 17, 27, 30, 101,
102, 109, 118, 125, 127, 145, 179
(map), 184 (pl.), 191 (pl.), 201
(fig.), 210 (fig.), 214 (fig.)

poeyi, 6, 27, 121, 122, 124

sinaloanus, 6, 27, 121, 124, 125

sp., 156, 167, 192 (pls.)

specter, 6, 27, 102, 112, 122, 176
(map), 184 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 209
(fig.)

tabacillus, 6, 27, 106, 107

thoracicus, 27

toumeyi, 6, 13, 27, 102, 109, 111,
112, 125, 157, 177 (map), 184
(pl.), 188 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 210
(fig.), 214 (fig.), 216 (fig.)

townsendi, 6, 27, 112, 113, 114, 115,
116, 118, 126, 195 (fig.)

townsendi var. bonniwelli, 113

townsendi dendrokomos, 27, 103,
114, 715,177 (map), 191-(pl);
213 Cig.)

townsendi f. dendrokomos, 116

townsendi mexicanus, 27, 103, 114,
115, 116, 125, 126, 177 (map),
184 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 216 (fig.)

townsendi townsendi, 103, 115, 116,
117, 126, 179 (map), 184 (pl.),
188 (pl.), 210 (fig.), 213 (fig.), 216
(fig.)

westwoodi [sic], 145, 191 (pl.)

INDEX

Oiketicus—Continued
westwoodii, 28, 145, 184 (pl.)
zihuatanejensis, 6, 27, 101, 102, 103,
104, 108, 177 (map), 184 (pl.),
199 (fig.), 209 (fig.)
“Oiketicus”’ davidsoni, 28, 149, 192
(pl.)
Oiketicus, subgenus, 27, 109, 121
Oiketikus [sic] platensis, 127
Oleacae, 117, 122, 136
oocarpa, Pinus, 117
opulifolius, Physocarpus, 136
orientalis, Platanus, 136
Thuja, 122
orizavae, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121, 122, 124
Ostrya, 10
virginiana, 128
oviformis, Clania, 104, 105
“Clania,’”’ 105
Oiketicus, 6, 27, 104, 106
oxyacantha, Crataegus, 136
Pachodynerus acuticarinatus, 13
pachyphloea, Juniperus, 156
Pachytelia [sic] cacocnemos, 87
carbonaria, 78
celibata, 88
confederata, 75
fragmentella, 152
lepidopteris, 5
pithopoera, 5, 84
traceyi [sic], 87
Pachythelia, 72, 81, 85
lepidopteris, 75, 76
pithopoera, 84
Paeonia sp., 41
pallida, Tabebuia, 122
pallidovenata, Thyridopteryx,
135, 138, 139
palmeri, Caesalpinia, 109
palustris, Quercus, 136
papyrifera, Betula, 136
paradisiaca, Musa, 59
Paraoiketicus, subgenus, 16, 27, 103, 109
pauciflorum, Chrysophyllum, 122
Pavonia ecymbalaria, 155
pentandra, Ceiba, 122
Persea americana, 122
gratissima, 60
sp., 137
persica, Prunus, 128, 136
Petitia domingensis, 122
Phalaena casta, 6, 35, 36
Phaseolus sp., 41

5 23)

INDEX

Physocarpus opulifolius, 136
Phytolacca americana, 136
Phytolaccaceae, 136
Picea abies, 136
sp., 136
pileatus, Eurukuttarus, 73, 86
Pinaceae, 41, 117, 119, 122, 136, 137
Pinus leiophylla, 117
oocarpa, 117
ponderosa, 41
sp., 119
strobus, 136
teocote, 117
Piptadenia cebil, 145
communis, 145
Pisonia albida, 122
pithopoera, Hyaloscotes, 27, 31, 74, 83,
84, 149, 172 (map), 183 (pl.),
188 (pl.), 197 (fig.), 200 (fig.),
206 (fig.), 213 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
Hyaloscotus [sic], 84
Pachytelia [sic], 5, 84
Pachythelia, 84
pizote, Chalia, 6, 60
Cryptothelea, 26
Oiketicoides, 60
Plantaginaceae, 41
Plantago sp., 41
platanoides, Acer, 136
Platanaceae, 115, 119, 136
Platanus occidentalis, 119 ,136
orientalis, 136
Spry 5
platensis, Oeceticus [sic], 5, 127
Oiketicus, 9, 13, 16, 17, 27, 30, 101,
102, 109, 118, 125, 127, 145, 179
(map), 184 (pl.), 191 (pl.), 201
(fig.), 210 (fig.), 214 (fig.)
Oiketicus kirbyi, 128, 129
Oiketikus [sic], 127
Platoeceticus, 26, 48, 49, 50, 55, 63, 69,
72, 85
aphaidropa, 5, 48, 49
cassiae, 70
chaquensis, 6, 148
congregatus, 6, 57
costaricensis, 6, 65
edwardsii [sic], 78
gloverii, 6, 58, 59, 153
hoffmanni, 6, 153
jonesi, 59, 61
macleayi, 53
marona, 6, 65

229

Platoeceticus—Continued
nigrita, 56, 61
rebeli, 70, 71, 72
rugosus, 6, 71
symmicta, 5, 58
tandilensis, 6, 155
tracyi, 87
watsoni, 6, 52
Platoeceticus group, 59
“Platoeceticus” chaquensis, 28
hoffmanni, 28, 753, 192 (pl.)
tandilensis, 28, 155, 192 (pl.)
Plazia argentea, 153
Plumbaginaceae, 41
plumella, Epichnopterix, 38
Poaceae, 41, 57, 67, 71, 87, 136
poeyi, Oeceticus [sic], 121
Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121, 122, 124
polingi, Astala, 26, 74, 77, 79, 172 (map),
183 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 205 (fig.), 216
(fig.)
Eurukuttarus, 5, 77
Eurycyttarus, 77
Polygonaceae, 41, 93, 137
Polypodiaceae, 41, 53
pomifera, Maclura, 136
ponderosa, Pinus, 41
populnea, Thespesia, 137
Populus alba, 136
balsamea, 136
deltoides, 136
nigra var. italica, 136
tremuloides, 136
Porthetria dispar, 42
pratensis, Alopecurus, 41
prinus, Quercus, 136
Prochalia, 19 (table), 22, 25, 26, 44, 46,
47
pygmaea, 5, 26, 30, 44, 45, 47, 171
(map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.), 196
(fig.), 197 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 202
(fig.), 212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217
(fig.)
rugosa, 71, 72
Prosopis juliflora, 110, 117, 188
odorata, 114, 188
sp., 60, 114, 182, 145, 146, 154
strombulifera, 105
Prunus americana, 136
amygdalus, 41, 137
armeniaca, 110, 136
cerasus, 136
domestica, 136

230

Prunus—Continued
maritima, 136
persica, 128, 136
serotina, 136
virginiana, 136
Pseudaonidia duplex, 60
pseudo-acacia, Robinia, 128, 156
pseudo-capsicum, Solanum, 119
pseudo-platanus, Acer, 136
Psidium guajava, 60, 137
Psyche, 49, 72, 85
bergii, 6, 104, 105
burmeisteri, 6, 147
cacocnemos, 6, 87, 88, 188 (pl.)
carbonaria, 6, 78, 79
cassiae, 6, 69, 70, 71, 147
celibata, 6, 88
chilensis, 6, 92
confederata, 5, 72, 75
coniferella, 5, 148
crenulella, 40, 43
fragmentella, 5, 152
(Oiketicus) gigantea, 121
gloverii, 59
helix, 6, 40
nigrita, 56
surinamensis, 6, 51
watsoni, 52
“Psyche” burmeisteri, 28, 147
“Psyche macleayi,”’ 54
(Psyche) clathrella, 32
Psyche, subgenus, 32
Psycheoidinae, 21
Psychidae, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29 (key),
30 (key), 31 (key), 55
Psychoglene basinigra, 5, 28, 141, 184 (pl.)
Pteridium aquilinum, 41
pulchellus, Anolis, 13
pulla, Bombyx, 5, 38, 39
Epichnopterix, 8, 26, 30, 38, 180
(pl.), 187 (pl.), 196 (fig.), 199
(fig.), 202 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217
(fig.)
Epichnopteryx [sic], 38, 144, 197
(fig.)
Punica granatum, 136
purpurea, Fagus, 136
pygmaea, Prochalia, 5, 26, 30, 44, 44,
47,171 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
196 (fig.), 197 (fig.), 199 (fig.),
202 (fig.), 212 (E.), 215 (fig.),
217 (fig.)

INDEX

Pyracantha sp., 137
Pyrus communis, 41, 136
malus, 41, 47, 110, 128, 136
quadrideniata, Lumacra, 5, 26, 64, 68,
180 (pl.), 204 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
“quadridentata” group, Lumacra, 64, 68
quebracho-blanco, Aspidosperma, 148
Quercus alba, 136
coccinea, 136
macrocarpa, 136
nana, 136
palustris, 136
prinus, 136
sp., 41, 46, 47, 61, 117, 119
subobtusifolia, 136
ramulosa, Baccharis, 110
Randia aculeata, 122
Ranunculaceae, 41, 136
rapa, Brassica, 41
raphanistrum, Raphanus, 41
Raphanus raphanistrum, 41
rebeli, Chalia, 6, 70, 71, 213 (fig.)
Curtorama, 26
Platoeceticus, 70, 71, 72
Rebelia, 89
fragilis, 90
Rhamnaceae, 41, 136
Rhamnus cathartica, 136
rhaponticum, Rheum, 41
Rheum rhaponticum, 41
Rhizophora mangle, 119
Rhizophoraceae, 119
Rhus sp., 136
rigida, Tabebuia, 122
rigidus, Bromus, 41
rileyi, Apterona, 144
Chalia, 5, 144
‘‘Chalia’’, 28, 47, 48, 144
Oiketicoides, 144
Robinia, 10
neomexicana, 110
pseudo-acacia, 128, 136
sp., 114, 215, 19
viscosa, 136
Rosa sp., 41, 60, 117, 119, 186
Rosaceae, 41, 60, 110, 117, 119, 128,
136, 137
rotundifolia, Smilax, 136
Roystonea sp., 47, 137
rubecula, Erithacus, 8
Rubiaceae, 69, 122, 137
rubrum, Acer, 136
Rubus sp., 41

INDEX

rugosa, Curtorama, 26
Prochalia, 71, 72
rugosus, Platoeceticus, 6, 71
Rumex obtusifolius, 136
sp., 41
Rutaceae, 60, 137
saccharinum, Acer, 136
saccharum, Acer, 136
sagittaefolia, Muehlenbeckia, 93
Salicaceae, 119, 136
Salix babylonica, 136
fragilis, 136
lucida, 1386
sp., 119, 136
Salticidae, 13
Sambucus caerulea, 136
canadensis, 136
Sapindaceae, 110, 119, 122, 137
Sapindus sp., 110
Sapotaceae, 122
Sarcophagidae, 13
Sarracenia sledgei, 87
Sarraceniaceae, 87
Sassafras albidum, 136
sativa, Medicago, 41
Sceliphron, 13
Schinus molle, 117
terebinthifolius, 137
scoparia, Kochia, 136
scoparius, Cytisus, 41
seitzi, Animula, 27, 30, 94, 97, 175
(map), 183 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 208
(fig.)
Thyridopteryx, 5, 97
sempervirens, Juniperus, 110
serotina, Prunus, 136
sheppardi, Hyaloscotes, 5, 27, 84, 85
Sidalcea sp., 41
Simaroubaceae, 110
sinaloanus, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 121, 124,
125
sinensis, Citrus, 46
sledgei, Sarracenia, 87
Smilax rotundifolia, 136
sp., 119
Solanaceae, 41, 119
Solanum pseudo-capsicum, 119
Solenobia, 12, 16, 19 (table), 20, 22, 25,
31, 34, 43
triquetrella, 34, 42
walshella, 5, 8, 26, 29, 33, 171
(map), 180 (pl.), 196 (figs.), 197
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 202 (fig.), 212

231

Solenobia—Continued
walshella—continued
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
«“Solenobia walshella,’’ 34, 187 (pl.)
Solenopsis, 13
speciosissima, Montezuma, 122
specter, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 102, 112, 122,
176 (map), 184 (pl.), 201 (fig.),
209 (fig.)
Sphinx ephemeraeformis, 5,
135
Spondias mombin, 60
Statice sp., 41
Stevia sp., 117
strombulifera, Prosopis, 105
strobus, Pinus, 136
styraciflua, Liquidambar, 119, 136
subobtusifolia, Quercus, 136
suleata, Cordia, 122
surinamensis, Clania, 51, 155
Cryptothelea, 26, 50, 51, 176 (map),
180 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 203 (fig.),
215 (fig.)
Cyptothelea, 176 (map)
Eumeta, 51
Psyche, 6, 51
sylvatica, Fagus, 136
sylvestris, Casearia, 122
symmicta, Cryptothelea, 26, 51, 58, 171
(map), 180 (pl.), 199 (fig.), 204
(fig.), 215 (fig.)
Platoeceticus, 5, 58
syriacus, Hybiscus, 136
tabacillus, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 106, 107
Tabebuia pallida, 122
rigida, 122
Tachinidae, 13
Tagetes erecta, 41
Talaeporidae, 20
Talaeporiinae, 21
Taleporia, 20
Tamaricaceae, 115
Tamarix sp., 115
tandilensis, Platoeceticus, 6, 155, 192
(pl.)
“Platoeceticus,” 28, 155
Taxodiaceae, 117, 122, 136
Taxodium distichum, 136
mucronatum, 117
sp., 122
teocote, Pinus, 117
terebinthifolius, Schinus, 137
Terminalia catappa, 122

129, 134,

232

INDEX

Thanatopsyche, 19 (table) 25, 27, 30, | toumeyi, Oiketicus—continued

91, 92 (key)
apicalis, 5, 87, 100
canescens, 5, 27, 91, 92, 93, 183
(pl.), 188 (pl.), 197 (fig.), 198
(fig.), 201 (fig.), 207 (fig.), 208
(fig.)
chilensis, 27, 92, 938, 175 (map),
183 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 207 (fig.)
thoracica, 6, 107
Thespesia populnea, 137
thoracica, Biopsyche, 27, 99, 173 (map),
183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 208 (fig.),
216 (fig.)
Thanatopsyche, 6, 107
thoracicum, Hymenopsyche, 5, 130
Thyridopteryx, 99, 131
thoracicus, Oiketicus, 27
Thuja occidentalis, 136
orientalis, 122
thyoides, Chamaecyparis, 136
Thyridopteryx, 15, 17, 19 (table), 23,
25, 28, 30, 98, 101,-129, 131
(key)
alcora, 5, 28, 131, 188, 139, 172
(map), 184 (pl.), 191 (pl.), 201
(fig.), 211 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
coniferarum, 28, 135
ephemeraeformis, 5, 8, 138, 28, 131,
132, 183, 134, 172 (map), 184
(pl), 191" (pl:),. 195: (pl), 197
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 201 (fig.), 211
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 216 (fig.), 218
(fig.)
meadi, 5, 28, 131, 139, 172 (map),
184 (pl.), 201 (fig.), 215 (fig.)
meadii [sic], 131, 191 (pl.)
microptera, 6, 95
pallidovenata, 5, 28, 135, 138, 139
seitzi, 5, 97
thoracicum, 99, 131
vernalis, 6, 28, 135, 1389
Tilia americana, 137
europaea, 137
heterophylla, 137
Spe loa
Tiliaceae, 137
Tineidae, 10, 20, 22, 25
Tineoidea, 18
tormentosa, Montanoa, 117

184 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 201 (fig.),
210 (fig.), 214 (fig.), 216 (fig.)
townsendi, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 112, 113,
114, 115, 116, 118, 126, 195 (fig.)
Oiketicus townsendi, 103, 115, 116,
117, 126, 179 (map), 184 (pl.),
188 (pl.), 210 (fig.), 213 (fig.),
216 (fig.)
traceyi [sic], Eurukuttarus, 87
Pachytelia [sic], 87
tracyi, Basicladus, 27, 86, 87, 89, 171
(map), 183 (pl.), 188 (pl.), 197
(fig.), 198 (fig.), 200 (fig.), 206
(fig.), 216 (fig.), 218 (fig.)
Eurukuttarus, 87
Eurycttarus [sic], 6, 87
Eurycyttarus, 85, 87, 88
Platoeceticus, 87
tremuloides, Populus, 136
triacanthos, Gleditsia, 136
tridentata, Larrea, 132
trifida, Ambrosia, 136
Trifolium sp., 41, 136
triquetrella, Solenobia, 34, 42
tristis, Astala, 26, 74, 79, 174 (map),
183 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.),
216 (fig.)
Chalia, 6, 79
Oiketicoides, 60, 61
Tsuga canadensis, 136
tulipifera, Liriodendron, 136
Ulmaceae, 119, 128, 137
Ulmus, 10
americana, 128, 137
campestris, 137
fulva, 137
sp., 47
uvifera, Coccoloba, 137
Vaccinium corymbosum, 89
Verbenaceae, 115, 122, 137
vernalis, Thyridopteryx, 6, 28, 135, 139
Vernonia noveboracensis, 136
vesca, Castanea, 136
Vicia sp., 41
vigasi, Astala, 26, 74, 81, 174 (map),
183 (pl.), 200 (fig.), 206 (fig.),
216 (fig.)
Chalia, 6, 81
Vinea minor, 10, 128

toumeyi, Oiketicus, 6, 13, 27, 102, 109, | Viola sp., 41

111, 112, 125, 157, 177 (map),

Violaceae, 41

INDEX

virginiana, Diospyros, 60, 136
Hamamelis, 136
Juniperus, 136
Ostrya, 128
Prunus, 136
virginicum, Lepidium, 136
viscosa, Robinia, 136
vulgare, Marrubium, 41
vulgaris, Berberis, 136
walshella, Solenobia, 5, 8, 26, 29, 33, 171
(map), 180 (pl.), 196 (fig.), 197
(fig.), 199 (fig.), 202 (fig.), 212
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
“walshella, Solenobia,’”’ 34, 187 (pl.)
watsoni, Cryptothelea, 26, 50, 51, 42,
53, 54, 153, 173 (map), 180 (pl.),
187 (pl.), 199 (fig.) 203 (fig.), 212
(fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
Platoeceticus, 6, 52
Psyche, 52
westwoodi [sic], Oiketicus, 145, 191 (pl.)
westwoodii, Oeceticus [sic], 5, 145
Oiketicus, 28, 145, 184 (pl.)
Wisteria chinensis, 136

233

wrightii, Aloysia, 115
yamorkinei, Clania, 6, 155
““Clania,”’ 28, 149, 155, 192 (pl.)
Yucea sp., 60
zacualpania, Astala, 26, 74, 80, 174
(map), 183 (pl.) 200 (fig.), 206
(fig.), 216 (fig.)
Chalia, 5, 80, 81
Oiketicoides, 80
Zamopsyche, 19 (table), 22, 25, 26, 45,
46, 148
commentella, 5, 26, 30, 46, 47, 144,
171 (map), 180 (pl.), 187 (pl.),
196 (fig.), 199 (fig.), 202 (fig.),
212 (fig.), 215 (fig.), 217 (fig.)
haywardi, 6, 142, 191 (pl.)
‘‘Zamopsyche”’ haywardi, 28, 142
Zea mays, 136
zihuatanejensis, Oiketicus, 6, 27, 101,
102, 103, 104, 108, 177 (map), 184
(pl.), 199 (fig.), 209 (fig.)
Zinnia sp., 41
Zygophyllaceae, 132

O

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

“NIDA

3 9088 01421 3359