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Department of the Dnferior:
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

—— Serial Number 39 ——

f

Oa eis

No. 29

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.

1885.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work (Bulletin No. 29) is the thirty-ninth of a series of papers
intended to illustrate the collections of natural history and ethnology
belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum,
of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of
Congress of August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed
by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

The publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the
Bulletins, of which this is No. 29, in continuous series, and the Proceed-
ings, of which the eighth volume is now in press.

The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, each
issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis-
tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.

From time to time the publications of the Museum which have been
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distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientific
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Bulletins 1 to 10 inclusive; volume 19, volumes 1 and 2 of the Proceed-
ings; volume 22, volumes 3 and 4 of the Procedings; and volume 23,
Bulletins 11 to 15 inclusive.

Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-
rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, August 20, 1885.

RESULTS

OF

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS

THE COMMANDER ISLANDS AND IN KAMTSCHATKA,

BY

LEONHARD STEJNEGER.

WITH NINE PLATES.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE,
1885,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pago.

ee CEM MCIROH Genet ats o ena) ela eee enna sae see sete eee aa Seencnise oes 2

Eabiaror CONSENTSe ooo. se eke cocaine soc ae/ so omdeltine Sue San soeiecisecicssd ecaae 5

EEA ABE VER OUR ee cats late 2 Pan ease oes ta cowl saan cic Sacceseeesnauiex sce. 7
I. Review of the species of birds collected or observed by me on the Com-

mander Islands and at Petropaulski, Kamtschatka, 1882-1883 -......... 9

II. Synopsis of the birds reported to inhabit Kamtschatka..........-.......- 311

Appendix to the synopsis of birds reported to inhabit Kamtschatka...... 327

bing CONCLUSIONS as eeeet cc sesh ee Ne siswa one se cece cece oo actocme en cocdlsbek.de emus 333

Map of Kamtschatka and adjacent countries...........---2..---...e--00 eaee- 309

Histor illustrations a. \-c occ <n'ns<sae se ckloasicia’s ajcls alone se dicscaceceiccsiesies otale 361

ea at ea ata inate = mal ola ot iain ieee eee eee RE EE aN) SS

Jaa hmm OF TA me ley
; ¥

twee ee

PREFATORY NOTE.

The following work has been divided into three parts: (1) a review
of the species of birds collected or observed by me on the Commander
Islands and at Petropaulski, Kamtschatka; (2) asynopsis of the birds
reported to inhabit Kamtschatka, and (3) conclusions. The first and
third parts are eminently the “results of my explorations”, while the —
second part is more the “results of my investigations”; however, as
it is a necessary base for the ‘‘ conclusions” it has been thought desir-
able to incorporate it, the more so since it is the first attempt of a com-
plete list of the birds known to have been observed in Kamtschatka.

The systematical nomenclature will be found to deviate not inconsid-
erably from the one usually adopted in the publications treating of the
region in question. The reason is a two-fold one, for in identifying the
birds I have been anxious not to lump together nearly-related forms, re-
presentative species, subspecies, local races, migrating-route races, or
whichever they are termed, giving the separation the benefit of the doubt
whenever there bea doubt, it being my scientific creed that thisis the least
harmful course. In naming the forms thus identified I have strictly ad-
hered to the rules laid down by the “ American Ornithologists’ Union.”
For changes in nomenclature of that origin I am, therefore, only partly
responsible, and eventual critics should not charge against me “ the
pleasure of bringing forward” these changes, which are the necessary
results of the consistent application of the only sound principle upon
which a scientific nomenclature can be based. The systematical ar-
rangement is that which I proposed in “Science Record” 1884, p. 155,
with a few modifications.

The measurements are given in millimeters. The “total length” is
measured by laying the fresh bird on its back on the table in a natural
position without stretching its neck, marking the tips of the bill and of
the tail on the table, and measuring the distance between the two points.
The length of the “tail feathers” is given instead of that of the “ tail,” the
measure being taken by thrusting one arm of the dividers between the

two central tail-feathers to their insertion, measuring from that point to
7

8 PREFATORY NOTE.

the tip of the longest rectrix. The other dimensions have all been taken
with sharply-pointed dividers, the arms of which were about 150™ long;
dimensions too long to be measured with those were taken by a steel
tape measure.

Careful attention has been given to the color of the soft parts which
have been recorded only when they could be described from the per-
fectly fresh bird, and were invariably noted down before skinning it.

Whenever the sex is recorded it has been determined anatomically
by myself, except in a few cases where it was determined in a similar
way by others, in which case it has been included in parenthesis. In
no instance is the sex given from external characters.

For some species a full synonymy has been given, but in most cases
only such authors are quoted who have treated of the birds of Kam-
tschatka and surrounding regions, both on the Asiatic and the Ameri-
can side, directly and particularly. References to general works are
therefore only seldom met with. Whenever it has been impossible for
me personally to verify a quotation the number of the page has been
given in parenthesis. In most cases these have been compared with
the citations of several authors, but the present writer disclaims any
responsibility for figures thus designated, seeing how generally errors
are perpetuated and dispersed by copying references without verifying
them.

I have to acknowledge thankfully the aid I received from every per-
son with whom I came into contact during my explorations in that re-
mote corner of the world. It is especially a pleasure to me to mention
the many valuable additions to my collection kindly placed in my hands
by Governor N. Grebnitski, who, not only during my sojourn on the
islands, assisted me in every possible way, but also later sent me a fine
series of birds brought together during the year 1883~84. Captain
Hunter, an American gentleman, now residing in Petropaulski, also
presented me with a box containing Kamtschatkan birds, and to Mr.
John Malavanski my thanks are due for kind assistance in procuring
specimens from the neighborhood of Petropaulski while I was away on
the islands. To Mr. Carl Osche’s skill as a hunter many of the rarer
specimens are due, and many of the natives took pride and pleasure in
bringing me desirable objects. The officers of the steamer “Alexander”,
belonging to Messrs. Hutchinson, Kohl, Philippeus & Co., as also the
agents of this firm, did all in their power to insure my success. It may
also be but just to mention the benefit I derived from Dr. Dybowski’s
suggestions and communications during the first summer.

J.—REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF BIRDS COLLECTED OR
OBSERVED BY ME ON THE COMMANDER ISLANDS AND
AT PETROPAULSKI, KAMTSCHATKA, 1882-1883.

ORDER CECOMORPH2.

Superfamily COLYMBOIDE.

Family COLYMBIDA.

1. Colymbus holbcellii (REINHARDT).

1827.—Podiceps rubricollis Bonap., Spec. Comp., p. 75 (nec GMEL , 1788).—SwInu., P.
Z. §., 1863, p. 322.—BLaKIsT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 93.—
BuLaKkIstT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 23 (1884).

1849.— Podiceps rubricollis major TEMM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av. (pl. 78 B), (nee P.
major (BODD.), 1783).—P. suberistatus var. major DyBow., J. f. Orn., 1868, p.
339.

1853.—Podiceps holbelliti REINHARDT, Vidensk. Meddel., 1853 (p.76).—NELSON, Cruise
Corwin, p. 114 (polbolli! err- typ.) (1883).

1858.—Podiceps griseigena LAWR., in Baird’s B. N. Amer., p. 892 (nee Bopp., 1783):—
DALL and BANNISsT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 308.—Frvscu, Abh. Brem.
Ver., III, 1872, p. 76.—CouEs, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 201 (1875).—
ELLIOTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 133 (1882).

1858.—Pediceps cooperi LAWR., in Baird’s B. N. Amer., p. 893.—F1nscuH, Abh. Brem.
Ver., IIL, 1872, p. 75.

1858.— Podiceps subcristatus K1TTL., Denkw., II, p. 313 (nee Jacg., 1784).—SCHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl., I, p. 493, pl. 15, fig. 3 (1860).—RaDDE., Reis. Siid. Ost- Sibir.,
II, (p. 381) (1863).—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 219) (1870).

1866.—Podiceps afinis SALVADORI, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., VIII, 1866 (p. 45).

1874.—Podiceps cucullatus TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1874, 336 (nec PALL. 1826).—Id., ibid.
1875, p. 257.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 203.—Jd. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 72
(1877).—Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 49.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 245.

The large Eastern Asiatic representative of Colymbus grisegena Bopp.
is usually designated by the name C. cucullatus PALL.* An examination
of Pallas’s account of the latter in his Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, renders
plain that he only had the European and West Siberian form before
him, and that consequently the name becomes only asynonym of grise-
gena proper.

In the first place about the habitat. Hesays: “ In Rossi et Sibiria

*Taczanowski writes persistently ‘‘ P. cucullatus LATH.” I have not been able to

find such a name in Latham’s writings.
11

12 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

lacubus non infrequens, presertim per campos Ischimenses et Baraben-
ses copiosior. Borealiores regiones vix videtur adire.” Nospecial men-
tion is made of its occurrence in Eastern Asia, and to any one familiar
with Pallas’s work and the explicit way in which he describes the hab-
itat of birds also found in that region the above reference is ample
proof that Pallas did not know of its occurrence in Eastern Siberia.
The description of the colors applies just as well toone form as tothe
other, and needs therefore no further consideration. But not so the
measurements. He gives the total length as 15 inches 7 lines, wing as
6 inches 7 lines, tarsus 1 inch 9 lines, outer toe 2 inches 8 lines ; while
the eastern form has these corresponding dimensions, 20 inches, nearly
8 inches, 24 inches, and 3 inches, while his measurements agree closely
with those of European birds. The length of “rostrum” is given as 2
inches, which probably means the length along the commissure, which
in the eastern form is more than 23 inches long.

This disposes of Pallas’s cucullatus.

Mr. Severzow suggests that the so-called C. longirostris Bp., of which
specimens are known from Italy, may possibly belong to the East-Asi-
atic form, having straggled as far as Italy. Th. Salvadori has left us a
good account.of a specimen of the Italian bird accompanied by meas-
urements. (Catal. Ucc. Sardegna, p. 136, Milan, 1864.) Judging from
what he says, the Mediterranean form must be something entirely differ-
ent, however.

In the first place he describes the bill as different from that of grise-
gena by being recurved like that of “P. auritus LATH.” * ‘ verso lapice
rivolto in alto come nel P.a,”) a feature not at all shared by the East
Siberian form. Finally his measurements indicate quite different pro-
portions. With a bill of excessive length it combines general dimen-
sions inferior to those of the eastern form, although somewhat larger
than the common European bird, as a comparison of his measurements,
as given below, with those of eastern birds in the appended table of di-
mensions clearly proves. Here are the measurements of the specimens
in the museum at Cagliari as given by Salvadori: Commissure, 88™" ;
exposed culmen, 76™ ; fromtip of bill to anterior border of nostrils, 63™" ;
tarsus, 60" ; outer and middle toes, 72™; wing, 180°". The name C.
longirostris Bp. is not tenable, however, as the Sardinian bird certainly
is distinct from Bonnaterre’s (. longirostris of 1790 (Ene. Meth. Orn.,

*Nec Lin. Is the same as Colymbus nigricollis BREEM.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 13

I, p. 54), which, having a bill “ environ deux pouces,” cannot be anything
but the common European form. In that case it will be necessary to
give the Sardinian bird a new name. It might fitly be called Colymbus
salvadorii.*

A comparison of my specimen from Eastern Asia with a good series
of typical grisegena from Europe and typical holbellit from North Amer-
ica has convinced me that they really belong to the latter form. My
material indicates no intergradation, and none has been reported so far
as I know, so that a trinominal like Colymbus grisegena holbellit seems
totally unwarranted for the present at least.

In my private collection is a specimen collected by Dr. Dybowski, at
the Bay of Abrek, Premorskoj Government, Eastern Siberia, of which
measurements are included in the appended table:

Table of measurements.

|
| Re) 2
: 3 a a
iS s i g u 3
6 ° 3 a = oO =
Collection. 4 2 Locality, Ss a Ep 5 ae e
4 8 | 5 7c 8 3 a | 5 3
Be, | g a here Nh ti Se NB ole Baume
2 ac = g | a g g 2
a ey "A ° Ss aes) 8 5
See E mae ea ae | Boles Oe Eee
eel | =
1882. | mm. | mm. | mm. |mm. | mm. | nvm.
U.S. Nat. Mus .../92918 | 1752 | Bering Island_| Nov. 24| Q | 462 |...... {ere atyal| Ree oie [Nem a tee eee
1875. | | |
Stejneger .......- 707 |....-- Bay of Abrek .| June 23 | g'ad.| (522) | 208 | 48| 68| 67 | 76

No. 92918.—Iris, light orange yellow; bill, greenish yellow, at base tinged with reddish brown; cul-
men and nasal foss® blackish brown, becoming paler toward the tip; naked skin of mental angle
greenish yellow. Inner aspect of feet greenish yellow, shaded with dark on the joints; lobes orange-
colored next to the toes; outer aspect, and toes below, blackish. Stomach filled with a green mass,
chiefly consisting of feathers, however.

The Great Red-necked Grebe does not appear at the islands, except as
arare straggler. A single specimen was taken at Saranna, Bering
Island, late in November, 1882.

“The synonymy of the typical Colymbus grisegena will stand as:

1783.—Oolymbus grisegena Bopp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 55 (Ed. Teget.).
1784.— Oolymbus subcristatus JacqQ., Beitr. Gesch. Vég., p. 37.
1786.—Colymbus parotis SPARRM., Mus. Carls. (pl. 9).

1787.—Podiceps rujicollis LATHAM, Syn. Suppl., I, p. 294.
1788.—Colymbus rubricollis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 592.
1790.—Oolymbus longirostris BONNAT., Enc. Meth. Orn., I, p. 54 (nec Be.).
1826.—Oolymbus cucullatus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., IJ., p. 355.
1831.—Podiceps canogularis BREHM, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., p. 958.

14 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

2. Colymbus auritus LIN.

1758.—Colymbus auritus Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 135.—Podiceps a. WHITELY, Ibis

1867, p. 209.—Dytes a. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 114 (1883).
1788.—Celymbus cornutus GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 591 (nec Pauas, 1826).— Podiceps c.
MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 238), (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I.,
p. 492.—RapbpDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 381).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863,
p. 322.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 415.—Da1iL & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I,
1869, p. 308.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 76.—Taczan., J. f.
Orn., 1873, p. 1108.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—IJd., ibid., 1876, p. 203.—Id., Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 72 (1877).—Jd , Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 49.—
“ Braxisr. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.211.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p.
181.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 92.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 21.—Id., ibid., 1882, p.
369.—HARTLAUB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 234.—BLakisT., Amend. List B. Jap.,

p. 8 (1884).

The Horned Grebe is of rare occurrence on the islands, probably only
an accidental straggler and not a regular migrant. It certainly does
not breed there anywhere. The only evidence of its occurrence which
I possess is a skeleton which one of the natives had made several years
ago from a specimen obtained at Bering Island.

This specimen, No. 17273 of the osteological collection of the United
States National Museum (L. Stejneger, No. 1952) measures as follows:

Bill along commissure, 29" ; tarsus, 437".

Superfamily ALCOIDEZ.
Family URINATORIDA.

3. Urinator adamsii (GRAY).

1835.—Colymbus glacialis Ross, Narr. Voy. N. W. Pass., p. — (nec LIN.).—MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., II, 2, p. 238 (part).

1836.—Colymbus hiemalis W1rGM., Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 200 (nec BREHM).

1859.—Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 167,—DaLL & Bannist., Tr.
Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 308.—F1NscH, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 72.—
SWINH., Ibis, 1877, p. 146.—-SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 22.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 181.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 94.—NELSON, Cruise
Corwin, p. 114 (1883).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 345.—
BuakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 33 (1884).

1872. —Colymbus torquatus var. adamsii COUES, Key, p. 334.

The White-billed Loon is a winter visitor to the Commander Islands
of rather rare occurrence, but at least one was observed by me, apart
from the one specimen I obtained for my collection.

This was caught in a rather curious manner. It was found sitting on
the smooth ice of Lake Saranna (November 25, 1882), unable to run upon
or lift from the glib surface. It evidently had mistaken the transparent
and shining ice for open water.—Ritter v. Tschusi-Schmidhofen re-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 15

lates a similar mistake on the part of a flock of coots, Fulica atra L. (Cf.
Journ. f. Orn., 1874, p. 343).

This species is distinguished by the natives from the following as
-« Bolschoj Gagara.”

The specimen measures as follows:

Q jun. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 92916; L. Stejneger, No. 1753. Bering Island, Novem-
ber 25, 1882.

Total length, 777™™; wing, 355™™; tail-feathers, 65™™; exposed culmen, 71™™ ;
commissure, 102™™; bill from tip to posterior border of nostrils, 62™™ ; height of * ill
at fore border of nostrils, 22™™; tarsus, 90™™; outer toe, with claw, 121™™. Weight,
54 pounds.

Remarks.—Iris brown. Bill light bluish gray, towards base somewhat violet ; cul-
men and tomia blackish. Outer aspect of feet blackish brown; inner aspect bluish
white, with dark brownish gray on the joints, on the two inner phalanges of the outer
toe, and on the webs along the outer and middle toes.

The stomach did not contain anything but half a dozen stones of the size and shape
of beans.

The specimen is a bird of the year, but can nevertheless, without
doubt, be referred to adamsii. In the adult winter-plumage this species
and imber are readily distinguishable by the bill, which in the latter is
shorter than the tarsus, while in the former it is longer. This cannot be
done so easy in the young of the year, however, as at that age the bill has
not yet reached its full and final length. The feet, on the other hand, are
already of the same size as those of the adult, while the height of the
bill is also much greater than in the corresponding age of timber, so
that the young adamsii may be identified by the very large feet and the
high bill, features which are very pronounced in the specimen collected
by me. The average length of the tarsus in adult imber measures
about 78™"; the same dimension in my young bird is 90"; in the
former the average length of the outer toe with claw is 111™, against
121™™ in the Bering Island specimen. As to the young of imber the
height of the bill is about 16 to 18™", against 22™" in my bird, which
in that respect even exceeds the old U. imber.

4. Urinator lumme (GUNN.).

1761.—Colymbus lumme Gunn., Act. Nidr. I, pl. ii, fig. 2.—Urinator 1. TURNER, Auk,
1885, p. 159.

1764.—Colymbus stellatus BRUNN., Orn. Bor., p. 39.

1764.—Colymbus borealis BRUNN., Orn. Bor., p. 39.

1766.—Colymbus septentrionalis Lin., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 220.—MIDDEND., Sibir.
Reis. II, 2 (p. 329), (1353).—Kirtx., Denkw., II, p. 282, (1858).—ScHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl., I, p. 496, (1860).—RapDpDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II, (p. 382),
(1863).—SwinH., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 322.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 415.—/d., Ibis,
1863, p. 433.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 163.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 208.—DaLL
& BaAnnist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 307.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver.,
III, 1872, p. 75.—Dat., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 10 (1874).—Taczan.,

16 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 73 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p-
50.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 398.—BLaKisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 211.—Jid.,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 181.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 94.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 115 (1883).—HARTLAUB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 284.—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 8 (1884).—Cepphus s. PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As., II,
p. 342 (1826).—Hudytes 8. NORMANN, in Erman’s Verzeichn. Thier. Pflanz.,
p. 18 (1832).

1774.—Colymbus glacialis Phipps, Voy. North Pole, p. — (nec LIn.).—SWINHOE, Ibis,
1860, p. 67.— Id., ibid., 1861, pp. 268, 345, 410.

1783.—Colyinbus immer BovD., Tabl. Pl. Enl., p 58 (Ed. Teg.) (nec BRUNN., 1764).

1788.—Colymbus striatus GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 586.

1810.—Colymbus rufogularis Mery. & WOLF, Taschb. Deutsch. Vogelk., II, p. 453.

1826.—Colymbus miilleri BREHM, Isis, 1826, p. 984.

1831.—Colymbus stellaris LESSON, Traité d’Orn., p. 637.

1855.—Colymbus microrhynchos BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, p. 300.

List of specimens collected.

f &
- s o
Ba | 6 oe Pm
oS EL g = a
a = ee Locality. 8 & | £
s S ro 3 ° . 8 8
z 8 ; ® o Q ~ =
° 6 tb o 3S = he
oe] iy She Qui ey teers
bB|S|a4 A |Fi/alalea|é] a
|| NNN | | — |
1882. mm. |mm. | mm. | nm. | mm. | me.
89118 | 1147 | Gad.| Bering Island.............-...--. June 3 155 48 50 72 88 605
pag sl WpOR i reels Se SAOYs ss oh eee sees. ata Ang 5 ick. | Wee | ade Monee al eee as 480
|

No. 89118.—Iris reddish brown. Bill black, culmen yellowish gray, lighter towards the base.
No, 92917.—Iris dark hazel. Bill light bluish gray, culmen blackish. Feet bluish white; outer
aspect, webs along the toes, and joints blackish.

The “‘ Gagara” occurs very abundantly on Bering Island during the
summer. Even on very small ponds a breeding pair is regularly found,
and on the greater lakes several pairs take up their quarters, not in
company, however, but each pair by itself, occupying its own corner of
the lake.

On Copper Island suitable localities are very scarce, but in a few
places they breed, nevertheless. Thus, on July 30, 1883, 1 found a pair
at Pestschanoj Ozero, a few miles from the village.

They appear in spring rather late, as the first ones were observed
about the 1st of May, the bulk not arriving before the 7th (1883).
Fresh eggs were taken on June 2, 6, and 21. These measure as fol-
lows:

)

U.S. Nat.

Stejn. | Lg.
Mus. No. .

No. diam.

21778 | 1146| 77.5

21779| 2195| 76

21780 | 2198 | 72
!

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 17

Family ALCIDZ.

5. Uria lomvia arra (PALL).

1822.—Uria brunnichii Cuorts, Voy. Pittor., Aléout., pl. xxi (nee SAB.)—BLAKIST. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 211.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 180.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 91.—SEEB., Ibis, 1882, p. 369.—BLAkIsT., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 32.

1626.—Cepphus arra PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As. II, p. 347.—Uria a. Cassin, Pr. Philada.
Acad., 1862, p. 324.—DaLL & BannistT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—
TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 398.—StTryNEGER, Naturen, 1884,
p. 54.—Lomvia a. COUEs, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p.211.—ELLiorr, Monogr.
Seal Isl., p. 135 (1882).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 117 (1883).

1826.—Cepphus lomvia PALL., Zoogr., Ross. As., I, p. 345 (part).—Taczan., Orn. Faun.,
Vost. Sibir., p. 74 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 51.

1832.— Uria troile K1TTL., Isis, 1832, p. 1104 (nee L1N.).—Jd., Denkw., I, p. 302; II, p. 224
(1858).—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 78.

1884.— Uria lomvia arra RipGw. in B Br. & Ridgw. Water B. N. Amer., IT, p. 485.—
TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 159.

Dr. Coues, in his Monograph of the Alcida, places Cepphus lomvia of
Pallas, with a query as a synonym under Lomvia californica, and re-
marks that “it is possible that this species rather than troile is alluded
to by Pallas under the name of Cepphus lomvia” (Pr. Philada. Acad.
1868, pp. 79 and 80). Of the thick-billed Guillemot, from the Pribilof
Islands, he says: “This bird is, of course, the true arra of Pall: 3”
(Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 211).

But Pallas’s birds are not so easily disposed of, as an inspection of
his descriptions will show. It will be borne in mind that the chief dis-
tinction between the two Pacific forms is to be found in the bill, the one
having a thick, robust beak, with dilated and naked tomia at the base
of the upper mandible, while in the other the bill is slender, weak, and
feathered along the base of the maxillar edge, the latter form being
Bryant’s californica.

Pallas gives a comparison of the bills of the two forms, described by
him as lomvia and arra (Z. R. A., I, p. 347) in which he says: *‘ Contra
in Lomvia Camtschatica angulus rostri frontalis obsolete canaliculatus
et carina sulco excavata [scr.excarata] laterales vero rostri margines longe
citra nares, ad fraenum oris usque nudi; quod non in Arra. Anguli plu-
mosi ultra nares procurrentes, carina curvilinea, nec angulata.” This de-
scription does not leave the slightest trace of doubt that his C. lomvia, at
least as far as his Pacific specimens are concerned, is the thick-billed
form with the naked tomia, and, consequently, that it is not a synonym

‘of californica. This will be the more plain if we look at his description

of the bill of his arra on the same page: ‘Magnitudo et habitus omnino
15861 Bull. 29-2

18 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

C. Lomvie, sed rostrum minus et divertissimum, brevius, compressius,
minus robustum, superius magis curvilineum, ...... bast minus denuda-
tum.”

It may now be asked, what is, then, C. arra? Is it the slender-billed
form, equal to californica, and will it have to take the precedence over
the latter name? Pallas says expressly that the tomia at base are not
dilated and denuded: ‘quod non in Arra.”

I was myself very inuch puzzled by this question, and would proba-
‘bly have answered it in the affirmative had it not been for a specimen
‘which I collected on Bering Island. It (No. 92934) is a bird of the
~year—not much more than six months old—and undoubtedly belong-
‘ing to the thick-billed form, as is evident at the first glance, and
‘Still more so upon a close comparison with the californica of the same
‘age. From this bird it is clear that the thick-billed species in the first
year has the basal part of the tomia feathered and not dilated, the
‘bill being at the same time much shorter and more compressed than in
‘the old birds. Compared with californica of the same age it differs
‘especially in the greater robustness and height of the bill, and espe-
-cially by the much shorter gonys, the relative length of which is par-
‘ticularly diagnostic of the two species. What confirms my opinion
that Pallas’s arra is his lomvia in the first winter, is his expréssion “ su-
perius magis curvilineum,” which will not fit californica in, any stage of
growth. I therefore think that we are justified in retaining the name
‘* arra” for the thick billed Pacific form.

Dr. E. Coues was the first author to point out the differences between
‘the Atlantic and the Pacific forms of the Thick-billed Guillemot (E1-
liott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 211 (1875) ), but he did not recognize it as worthy
-of a special name until in the second edition of his ** Key,” where the
-Atlantic bird is called Lomvia arra svarbag, and the Pacific simply ZL.
arra, but under the system of nomenclature followed in the ‘‘ Key” the
Atlantic should have been called Lomvia svarbag and the Pacifie
Lomvia svarbag arra, as Pallas’s name is later than that given by
Briinnich.

For my own part the inspection of ample material has convinced
me that the two forms are separable, and even better so than troile and
troile californica.

The “Are”* is extremely abundant at the Commander Islands. and is

*The Russian name, derived from the voice of the bird, an angry ar-r-r, is origin-
ally applied to U. troile in Europe, and is consequently not specific for the Pacific
form which Pallas called C. arra.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 19

perhaps at present the most numerous species of the region, although
it is difficult to say whether Lunda cirrhata is not just as rich in indi-
viduals. Next come Fulmarus glupischa and Phalacrocorax pelagicus.
It is by far more numerous, however, on Copper Island than on Bering
Island, there being hardly an Are rookery on the whole northern part
of the latter island, except on the outlying Arij-Kamen and at the
northeastern corner.

They pass the winter away from the shores of the islands, probably
on the open sea not far from them, as is indicated by living individuals
occasionally appearing during the winter and dead bodies regularly
cast ashore after each severe storm of that season.

About the Ist of April, or a little earlier, their enormous flocks ap-
proach the shore and take possession of the rookeries.

When breeding, the long rows of Ares on the narrow shelves of rock,
where they have deposited their many-colored, large, pear-shaped egg,
face the rocky wall with their white breasts, turning their black backs
to the spectator. When flying off the nest they consequently are com-
pelled to first turn round, and, if taken by surprise, this maneuver will
often cause them to throw the egg from the shelf into the water. It
happened several times when I stealthily approached in a boat under
the breeding colonies, that several eggs were thrown into the boat when
the birds rushed off the nests, if the bare rock upon which the egg is
placed can be called a nest, and my Aleutian oarsmen were always ina
roar of laughter when one of these projectiles exploded on the head of
an unfortunate comrade.

A series of eggs of all shades, from white to deep greenish blue, were
collected, and measure as follows:

1224 79 48

| U.S. Nat. | Stejn.| Lg. | Sh.

| Mus. No. | No. diam. | diam.
|

mm. mm.

| 21811 | 1217] 79 50

| . 1218| 81.5 50

1219 | 84 51

1220| 78.5 48

1221.| 81.5 53

1222 | 81 52

1223 | 83 51

bS
oO

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

s | a | $ E
Zi Es 4 S
; S 4 =
5 6 2 E : ear |
~ . m nD _
a | 4 : 3 3 aj zB |e E
us oa Locality. = By D a a | Ss | 2
a | 8 3 = S| & By eel eal 2ecenk eee
a | 3 A a Supe , | & g Oe Ay oped ae
A o oO S ZS ee bo 8 Bs oe n Z
mM = a iv] ~ | 5 = = q 4 we o
: ° 3 ° 3 5 S Lv 3 =
BIS - a a) a) By eo | ies Ta aH |S
| 1883. mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92934 | 1834 | Bering Island.| Jan. 3| 2 jun. ! 422 71 201 45 38 17 13 37 56
92935 | 2548 |....do....----- VSept. 2] gue |-nr-2-|-en-me St pea 19| 9 7| 32 | 41
92936 | Onde donee ee fe Septal ejuvens|sceses es Bae Igy) 2 7 | 30 | 39
| \

No. 92934.—Bill dark, almost blackish, bluish gray, with a light spot on gonys in tront of the angle.
Feet light bluish pearl-gray, with a faint yellowish tinge in front (not greenish, huweve1) ; joints
darker bluish gray, underneath blackish gray.

6. Uria troile californica (BRYANT).

1822.—Uria troile Cuortis, Voy. Pittor., Aléout., pl. xx.— Uria t. BLAKIST. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 211.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 180.—/id., Ibid., X,
1882, p. 91.—BuakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 32 (1884).—Lomvia t. BEAN,
Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 172.

1859.—Uria briinnichii HEERMANN, Pacific R. R. Rep., X, Route to Calif. B. (p. 75),
(nec SAB.).

1861.—Catarractes californicus BRYANT, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 1861, p. 142.—Uvria ¢.
DALL & BANNIST., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p.309.—Finscn, Abh. Brem.
Ver., III, 1872, p.77.— Dat, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 10 (1873).—Id.,
Avif. Aleut. Isl. west. Unal., p. 10 (1874).—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1784, p. 54.

1872.—Lomvia troile var. californica COUES, Key N. Amer. B., p. 346.—Jd., in Elliott’s
Aff. Alaska, p. 210 (1875).—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 135 (1882).—NEL-
SON, Cruise Corwin, p. 117 (1883).

The California Guillemot occurs only in very limited numbers on the
rookeries among the enormous masses of U. arra, the thick-billed spe-
cies. Nothing particularly can be said about the present bird, as it is
practically undistinguishable from the arra when on the rookery. Ap-
parently they arrive, breed, and depart in company with the common
arra, and are also found at sea around the islands like the latter during
winter-time, as the specimen in my collection proves.

List of specimens collected.

S | = | &
a 3 Stil Pie = S
a 5 ® : . fa. | | a
°o =
E|% hue al a ie E Senta ce
a = Locality. = on E g a eS 2
S| 5 | = | a BS p> =| a Be ° 2 2
A| 3% 5 By ables a | tees eda) teas ieee Shy
a | § Sy | ice. nee teal Glial Nieto emian east heres
: o | = 3 ° iC ne ‘2 3 5 o 5 =
Bits E ee) eb a Bo aii eee a | &
1882. | | mm. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89092 | 1022 | Bering Island a May 9° ad. | S80 sce se 192 45 37 23 11 37 | 54
92944 | 1828 Spices x dosages ce lDecs20IN esa | 431 5| 192} 45 38 23 11 40 | 54
| | | | | | |

avo, ee Bie dark brown. Feet light yellowish gray, webs darker. Bill black; angle of mouth
yellowish.

No. 92944.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown, somewhat lighter on the middle of gonys. Feet
light yellowish to brownish gray, joints and webs a little darker, tarsus and toes below blackish.

Sexual organs indistinguishable.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 21

Birds of the year of the two forms, californica and arra, may be distin-
guished thus: Californica has the culmen less curved, the gonys long,
much longer than half the culmen, and the bill lower; the greater un-
der wing-coverts are gray with white edgings; the shafts of the first
primaries above are very light, nearly white; the color of the upper
head and neck is more tinged with brownish. Avra has the culmen more
curved, the gonys short, about half the length of the culmen, and the
bill higher; the greater under wing-coverts darker and uniform gray
without white edgings; the shafts of the primaries dark brownish ;
the color of the upper head and neck more glossy and black.

7. Cepphus columba PALLAS

1790.—Uria grylle 8 LatHaM, Ind. Orn., II, p. 797.

1826.—Cepphus columba PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 348 (part.).—TurNER, Auk, 1885,
p. 159.— Uria c. Cassin, U. 8. Explor. Exped. Ornith., p. 346 (1858).—Jd., in
Baird’s B. N. Amer., p. 912 (1858).—Id., Pr. Acad. Philada., 1862, p. 323.—
Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 330.—DaLL & Bannisr., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I,
1869, p. 309.—Fi1nscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p.78.—Da.t, Avif. Aleut.
Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 11 (1873).—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 10 (1874).—
TACZAN., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 73 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 51.—Id., ibid., 1883, p.393.—BLakisT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap-
_X, 1882, p.91.—BEan, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 172.—NELSON, Cruise Cor.
win, p. 117 (1883).—HaRTLauB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 285.

1832.—Uria grylle KitTitZ, Isis, 1832, p. 1105 (nee Lin.).—IJd., Denkw. Reise, I, pp.

273, 291.—Cepphus g. WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 210.

This is the “‘ Kajurka” of the natives, who do not recognize them by
the Russian name “ Svistun.”

The Pigeon Guillemot is a very common bird all around the shores of
both islands, although not by far so numerous as several other Alcide,
for instance, Uria arra and Lunda cirrhata. They are mostly found in
single pairs. It has been denied that they ever congregate in large
flocks, but this is not absolutely correct, for on several occasions I ob-
served flocks of them, especially on June 4, 1883, when I visited the
small island Toporkof, opposite the village of Bering Island. The
whole islet was covered with hundreds and hundreds of birds in their
full black summer plumage, collected into larger and smaller flocks,
generally consisting of about fifty or more.

In 1883 the first arrivals were noted on the 14th of March. On Cop-
per Island a nest containing two eggs (the usual number) was taken
June 16, measuring 58 by 41™", and 58 by 40™™ (U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
21777; L. Stejneger No. 2211).

Downy young just out of the shell were collected at the same place
on July 20,1883. They are covered with a black down, and are in every

respect similar to those of Cepphus grylle.

i)
by

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Tast of specimens collected.

3 os # ee a | E
Q ; ® E | ov
S| 4 3 ¢ | 2 |e | Btu oleae
aii |p yaaa Locality. = Bo te | 8 CB # a
aiid ||" 4 q ee ea la Cae ba occa er tea ee
5 o o « a a Spelt Ss 3 tS
a Ves re eee a Nelo eer epee
Sli e be eee 5 | Re tale es laa lat ge
ee Lee 2s | ae a bees.
mm.|mm.| mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
39098 | 1037 | Bering Island ....--- May 11,1882| ¢ad. | 347 |....-- | 168) 55! 30] 35 50
92940 | 2017 |...... dowcee nee a May 8,1883| gad. | 385| 13] 169| 51| 20| 35 46
92941 | 2016 |...... dort eae eae May 8,1883| Q ad. | 342} 16 | TBS eB S| he PSA as 49
92942°| 2018 |.....- donee Spee: May 8,1883| Q ad. | 355 Sa g7hl eh oul ec seal eeeeb: 46
92943 | 1469 |...... do eae ee Aug. 15,1882] 9 jun.| 316 |.....- 163| 45: 30| 34 46
92937 | 2774 |.--.-- ORE ee SG GEES listens i esooee lassie 148 (|, |) 28) 84 43
92938 | 2270 | Copper Island.....-. July 20,1883} pull. TGS i ota eet eel eee 14 20 26
92939 | 2269 |...... QD ee ee Jay, 2OVTSSS pms fe BON | sees ees ct ear | “a6 20

|

No. 92940.—Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet deep vermillion; nails black. Fat. Stomach and
crop empty. Only a few feathers in their sheaths.

No. 92941.—Colors as foregoing. Feathers all over the body still partly in their sheaths.

No. 92939.—Iris dark brown. Bill reddish black, with a white knob at the tip; angle of mouth

brownish red flesh-color; interior of mouth pale salmon color. Feet reddish gray; webs lighter; tar-
sus behind blackish.

I have seen it stated somewhere—without now being able to lay hand
on the reference—that the Black Guillemots pass from the white winter-
plumage to the black breeding garb without moult. The idea, how-
ever, is quite erroneous, as amply proven by the remarks above.

8. Cepphus carbo PALLAS.

1826.—Cepphus carbo PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As. II, p. 350.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus. VII, Aug. 5, 1884, p. 225.— Uria c. MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis. II, 2 (p. 239, pl.
xxiii, fig. 6), (1858).—CassIn, Pr. Philada. Acad. 1862, p. 325.—SCHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl. I, p. 496, pl. xvi, fig. 1 (1863).—BRANDT, Mel. Biol. VII, 1869, p.
206.—Swinu., Ibis, 1875, p. 458.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1876, p. 203.—ZId.,
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 73 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877,
p. 51.—BuakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 211.—Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap.
VIII, 1880, p. 180.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 90.—Brakist., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 32 (1884).—Alca c. SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Urinat., p. 17 (1867).

The Pacific Sooty Guillemot seems to be restricted to a very limited
area, not being regularly found beyond the coasts of the Okotsk Sea,
and the Sea of Japan. Pallas’s statement that it is frequent about
the Aleutian Islands, especially Unalashka is incorrect beyond doubt
(ef. my memoir, Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. VII, 1884, pp. 224-227), although
stragglers of a marine species like the present may be expected in the
adjacent waters.

I introduce this species as an accidental visitor to the Commander

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 23

Islands only on the strength of two pairs, which were observed by me
at rather close quarters, but not shot.

In the evening of the 28th of April, 1883, I saw four black ‘“ Kajur-
kas” sitting on stones a little off shore to the south of the so-called
“Reef Mys,” near the village of Bering Island. I had good opportu-
nity of watching them with an excellent field glass, but as the tide
was running out and no boats or bajdarkas in the neighborhood, it was
useless to try to shoot. They were uniform blackish without any white
whatever on the wings, and the light patch on the eye-region was
plainly visible, so that there cannot be the slightest doubt as to the
correctness of the identification. I had been on a sharp lookout for
this species during the whole spring season, and offered the native
huuters a good reward for a wholly black *‘ Kajurka,” without white on
the wings, but without results. That, during the following weeks I
regularly revisited the place where at first I observed them, may be
taken as almost a matter of course, but I never saw them again.

9. Synthliboramphus antiquus (GMEL.)

1783.—Alca antiqua GMEL., Syst. Nat. I, p. 554.—ScHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Urinat, p. 21.
(1867).—Uria a. Kirriirz, Isis, 1832, p. 1104.—TeEmM. & SCHLEG., Faun.
Jap. Av. (p. 124, pl. 80) (1849).—Scn ENcK, Reis. Amurl. I, p. 499 (1860).—
Swuvu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 330.—IJd., Ibis, 1874, p. 166.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 209.—Brachyrhamphus a, DALL & BANNIsT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869,
p. 310.—Dat1, Avif. Aleut. Isl., west Unal., p. 11 (1874).—Buakist. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1378, p. 210.—lJid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap. VIII, 1880, p. 180.—/id.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 90.—Braktst., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 8, (1884).—Synthli-
borhamphus a. FiNscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 80.—DaALtL, Avif. Aleut.
Is]. Unal. eastw., p. 11 (1873).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1876, p. 203.—Id., Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 74 (1877).—TJd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 51.—
Id., ibid., 1883, p. 345.—BEAN, Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 171.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 116 (1883).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 159.

1826.— Uria senicula PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 367.

1837.—DBrachyramphus brachypterus BRANDT, Bull. Scientif., I, 1837, p. 346.

1239.—Mergulus cirrhocephalus ViGOrS, Zoo]. Blossom, Orn., p. 32.

1853.— Uria cana KiTTLitz, Denkw. Reise, I, p. 288.

The Starik (=old man, so called probably from the white hair-like
feathers on the head; hence Gmelin’s name antiquus and Pallas’s sen-
icula) breeds on both islands, but only sparingly at Bering Island. In
fact, the only place where I know it to nest with certainty on the latter
is in the cliffs of the outlying islet Arij Kamen. On Copper Island it
is more numerous, without being common there either.

They seem to pass the winter on the open ocean, not far from the
islands, however, as two were seen and one was shot at Bering Island

24 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

January 3, 1883 (No. 92985). In 1883 they approached land during the
first week of May.

During the voyage from San Francisco to the Commander Islands in
the beginning of May, 1882, these birds were frequently observed on
the ocean on both sides of the Aleutian chain, but out of sight of land.
They would. swim close to the steamer’s side, so near as even to touch it
and to be turned around when striking the vessel; when it had passed
them about a little more than half its length they would suddenly dive,
coming up again away behind us; then they would take to the wing and
drop just a little to the right or the left of our bow, repeating this ma-

neuver over and over again.
List of specimens collected.

; E
é a e
A : a | S
7 3 ® Toa a
B | 3 tances |g =
| 7 = oo & a | 2
<3 z Locality. S = 2 5 | a eo 8
A758 = Bp HOE? |e | era cepa mes saan
: 2 3 < a sm = 8 a i
meistiia S bts Ravel Sats} ae Sach feta wet
ae ee se Ral ise oy ee ke
| mm (aah mm.| mm. | mm.| mm. mm
92985 | 1843 | Bering Island ..-..-.. Jan. 3,1883| diad..| 260 | 0; 185 34 | 14 28 33
92987 | 2201 Copper Island. ...--. June 16, 1888 | (’) ad.|..---- eres a 133 Soe SOM cease
92986 | 2224 |...-... Cot sAs eases July 3, 1883} Sf ad..| 273 | 21) 129 32 | 13 28 | 34
92988 | 2225 |.----- One see sees July 3, 1883] 9 ad..| 260 22 130 36 | 12.5 27 | 29
89142 | 1470 |...... GOL eae July —, 1882 | (¢)ad.|....-- | BEA a feet oe eee es eee jeneaae
| | '

No. 92985.—Iris blackish brown. . Bill light grayish white with a faint bluish tinge, darker grayish at
base; culmen and tip of gonys blackish; interior of mouth, faint bluish white. Feet light grayish
white with a tinge of violet blue; outer aspect of tarsus more bluish; joints and webs dark bluish
gray ; tarsus and toes underneath blackish. Testes very small. Stomach contained Gammarids. (Colors
noted within the first thirty minutes after the bird was killed ; they changed materially—to a bluish
crimson on the bill—not many hours after).

No. 92986.—Iris dark brown. Bill whitish with a light tinge of violet gray; culmen, except the ex
treme tip and base of both mandibles, blackish brown. Feet similarly colored; joints darker violet
gray; webs and underside blackish.

When I got the specimen in winter plumage I had also at hand fresh
specimens of Simorhynchus pygmeus and pusillus. The similarity in
the bill struck me, and I thought it desirable to institute a comparison
‘while the birds were still in the iiesh. The following remarks are an
abstract of the original notes: ‘

With the exception of the brownish, almost blackish, iris, and the scu-
tellation in front of the tarsus, the Synthliboramphus seems to be nearer
related to the Phaleridee than to the Uriinew. The nostrils are essen-
tially as in the former group, particularly S. pygmeus and pusillus, ante-
riorly forming an acute angle while rounded behind; but being a little
shorter they present a somewhat triangular or rather pear-shaped

rd

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 25

form; they are situated a little higher, and the feathering of the face
is extending a trifle farther towards the hind margin of the nostrils
without reaching them, however; on the culmen the feathering goes fur-
ther forward, surpassing the posterior border of the nostrils, but so it
does in S. pygmeus also; the feathering of the mental angle advances
far in front of that on the upper mandible; the nostrils are roofed over
by a prominent nasal shield with a distinctly raised edge, quite similar
to that of S. pygmeus, and, like those of the latter, they are pervious; a
further similarity is the soft and naked cere at the base of culmen,
which is rather larger than in S. pygmeus. The perfect similarity in the
structure of these parts makes it extremely probable that they are
periodically shed as in the Phaleridew. In afresh specimen of Uria cal-
ifornica I find the nostrils situated near the tomia, linear and not roofed
by a prominent scale with raised lower margin; no soft cere is visible, and
the loral feathering fills the nasal groove considerably beyond the an-
terior angle of the nostrils, while on the culmen it recedes as far as the
posterior margin of the nostrils, the culmen thus forming an acute
angle into the feathering of the forehead; the feathering of the mental
angle does not go beyond that of the nasal grooves.

10. Simorhynchus pygmeeus (GMEL.)

1783.— Alca pygmea GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 555.—Phaleris p. STEPH. Gen. Zool., XIII,
pt. i, p. 48 (1825).—Simorhynchus p. BRANDT, Mélanges Biol., VII, 1869, p.
228.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 116 (1883).—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, pp.
35, 55.—TurRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 159.

1801.—Aleca kamtschatica LEPECHIN, Nov. Act. Petropol., XII, 1801 (p. 369, tab. 8).—
Simorhynchus ¢. SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Urinat., p. 25 (1867).—BranptT, Mé-
langes Biol., VII, 1869, p. 227.—F1nscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 81.—
TacZzAN., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 74 (1877). —Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 52.—DyBowskI, Sitzb. Dorpat. Naturf. Ges., 1881, p. —.—IJd., Orn.
Centralbl., 18¢2, p. 41.—J/d., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 349.—Phaleris
ce. BLakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 31 (1854).

1822.— Mormon cristatellus Cuvier, in Choris’ Voy. Pittor., Aléout., p. 18, pl. xii (nec
PALLAS).—Phaleris c. TEMM., Pl. Color., V, pl. 200 (1824).

1823.—Mormon superciliosa LICHTENST., Doublettenverz., p. 89.

1826.— Uria mystacea PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 372.—Phaleris m. CASSIN, Perry’s
Exped. Jap., II, p. 234 (1857).—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 331.—BiakisrT. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 (part).—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 179.—
Tid., ibid. X, 1882, p. 89.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 21.

1826.— Uria crinita PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 301, (nom. nudum).

1826.—Phaleris cristella Born, Isis, 1826, p. 980 (err. typ.).

1868.—Simorhynchus cassini COUES, Pr. Phil. Acad., 1868, p. 45.—Branp?T, Mél. Biol.,
VII, 1869, p. 235.—DaLL & Bannist., Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—
BairD, Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869 (p. 324),-pl. xxxi, fig. 2.

My studies of the moulting of the plumage are based upon twenty-
three specimens collected by me, consisting of birds in all ages and

26 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

nearly at all seasons, probably the largest material of this rare bird at
the command of any ornithologist, and were made on the fresh birds
before and during skinning, so that the results may be regarded as
conclusive upon several points. They may be summed up briefly as
under.

When the young leaves the egg, in the latter part of June, it is cov- |
ered by a dense down, dark fuliginous above, lighter and more grayish
on the abdomen. Such a specimen, No. 92977. only afew days old,
was obtained, together with its father, No. 92973, both taken on the
nest, on June 28, 1883. Another downy young (No. 92976) was col-
lected July 12; it is half-fledged, the new plumage, on the whole, like
that of the adults, being only a little lighter underneath, nearly pure
white on the abdomen, but, before long, this light, or rather pure, color
darkens, as in the young of Lunda cirrhata, and a young (No. 92974)
killed only six days later, but fully fledged and without any trace of
down left, is undistinguishable from the old ones as far as the general
coloration of the plumage is concerned ; the loral tuft, with its malar
and superciliary branches, and the postocular stripe are indicated by
light grayish feathers. The young bird I shot at Dikij Mys, Bering
Island, on August 22, 1882, is identical with the last one, both being
perfect counterparts of the type of Dr. Coues’s Simorhynchus cassini.
If any doubt should still linger concerning the identity of the latter
with S. pygmeus, an inspection of my series will remove it from the
most skeptical mind. 2

In this plumage the young remain until about the end of December,
for No. 92962, shot on the 3d of January, is nearly identical with the
last-mentioned young bird, with the exception of the bill, which is more
vividly colored, and the general aspect of the plumage, which seems
fresher and of a more slate-colored hue, owing to the fact that the
feathers are new, many being still in their sheaths. But on the same
date I obtained five other specimens which show all the intermediate
grades between this and the fully developed plumage with the long
and rich crests, as exhibited by No. 92960, which was shot five days
previous, and by No. 92961, collected on the 30th of December. The
wing feathers are yet in pretty good condition, and are not moulted
now. Alongside with the development of the new contour-feathers and
the ornamental plumes goes the increasing intensity and purity of the
colors of the bill, the nasal shield of which, however, is still dusky.
During the following months the bill assumes still more vivid colors,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 2

the tip becomes nearly pure white, the middle scarlet, and the nasal
shield finally, when the birds, just before the breeding season, appear
at the rookeries, turns into a fine carmine, as shown by No. 92972
(Pl. IV, Fig. 2), a female shot May 6, 1883. But while in this speci-
men the bill shows its highest perfection, the plumage already bears
evidence to the commencing decay caused by the wear of the feathers
while inhabiting the deep nest-holes in the crevices of the rocks, and
the abrasion is particularly visible on the wing-coverts, which were not
shed when the other feathers of the body were moulted, viz, late in winter,
the middle row being light brownish gray, as are also the exposed
parts of the inner primaries. Also the ornamental plumes are on the
decline, and the frontal crest is already thinned out considerably, con-
sisting in the specimen in question of only four plumes, while some
birds in “full dress” may be found having as many asa dozen. Dur-
ing the incubation the plumage becomes gradually more dilapidated,
and when the young are out, the parents

at other seasons so graceful
and beautiful—present a rather miserable aspect, the white plumes on
the head being soiled and glued together, and all the wing-feathers
faded into a dirty gray, with the vanes disconnected and the edges
ragged. All the birds taken on the nest, July 21, were in that deplora-
ble condition, only that the wings were spotted with slaty black as the
new coverts made their appearance now, the middle row being com-
plete already. Also the four or five inner primaries were shed, and the
new ones, in different stages of development—the three innermost full
grown—contrasted favorably against the faded-out remnants of the old
ones. The tail-feathers are still unshed, but their condition plainly
shows that they will be moulted before long. The ornamental feathers
are worn down, the crests are thin, and many of the long plumes have
already disappeared. These specimens prove beyond a possibility of
doubt that the remiges and rectrices are moulted towards the end of
the breeding season, and that the process commences with the inner
primaries*. But not only are the wing-feathers shed now, but also the
contour-feathers ; all over the body protrude now the bluish sheaths
containing the new feathers, which in some places have already burst
through the tips. The post-nuptial moult, therefore, is a complete one.

*That the process is similar in the allied Ptychoramphus aleuticus (PALL. ) is evi-
dent from a specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 100070) collected by Mr. Charles H.
Townsend at the Farallon Islands on September 11, 184. It has just monlted all
the primaries which are full grown, except the first one, which is still partly in the
sheath.

28 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

At this time the brightness of the bill has likewise faded away, the
white tip gets bluish, and the basal parts darken. The upper layers
of the horny covering scale off, but I feel satisfied that'a regular shed-
ing of the basal parts, such as in the Fraterculew does not take place.
-In order to sustain this opinion I quote from my original notes taken
down when examining four fresh birds on Copper Island, July 21, 1883:
‘The nasal shield is blackish brown, but of a peculiar appearance, as if
veiled by a thin translucent crust. This was easily removed with the
knife, and when detatched presented a very thin and translucent piece
of oval shape, but with lacerated edges. In the same manner the small
space between the two ridges behind the nostrils was easily deprived
of a similar crust. In two specimens the covering of the terminal part
of the bill is scaling off in a similar manner, bursting irregularly near
the border of the basal part, and along both sides of the culmen, and
the same process seems to begin on the lower jawalso. The layer under-
neath is not perceptibly softer.”. It should be remarked that the basal
parts were hard, as they were in all the specimens collected in De-
cember and January, and also in the young birds. The reverse was
the case in specimens of Lunda cirrhata and Fratercula corniculata of

corresponding date and age.
It remains now to point out and correct some minor errors of my

predecessors, particularly Messrs. Dr. Dybowski and L. Bureau. As
to the latter’s statement (B. S. Z. F., 1879, p. 63), “ En hiver, ces
lamelles [la cuirasse nasale] se détachent sans doute, et laissent a
découvert une simple membrane nasale,” it may suffice to refer to my
remarks above. In reference to the descriptions given by the former
(Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 41), it is at once apparent that the colors of
the bill and feet are taken from the dried specimens, consequently
being quite erroneous. The bill is not “dark violet towards the tip
and the tip itself whitish violet” in the fresh or living bird, but turns
so after the lapse of some time; nor are the feet ‘reddish or yellowish
ashy gray,” but light bluish gray!

His description of the different crests and ornamental feathers are
not quite correct, as will be seen by comparing them with my figure
(Pl. IV, Fig. 2), which was drawn and colored from the fresh bird,
before skinned, and with Dr. Dybowski’s descriptions lying before me.
It is particularly the note, designated by him as D, 4, a, which is in-
accurate. J*urthermore, he asserts in a very general way, that the
white ornamental feathers on the side of the head stand out like

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 20

crests in the living bird.* I do not know what facilities he had
for observing the living birds, but I can affirm that on five living
birds which I possessed for several days, neither the anteocular nor
the subauricular plumes were ever raised, nor did I observe it in any
of the many birds I had the good fortune to observe in the free state.
That these ornaments may occasionally be raised is not improbable,
but it is not the general manner in which they are carried.

But the most curious blunder of Dr. Dybowski in connection with
this species is the assertion that all the plumes forming the curious
curved black crest on the forehead originate from a single common
shaft: ‘Alle 12 Federchen haben eine gemeinsame Federspule”! Any
one familiar with the structure of birds’ feathers will at once suspect
this wonderful discovery, and consequently I investigated the case
very thoroughly ; in fact, I dissected the crest out of No. 2334 (U.S.
Nat. Mus. No. 102224), which was obtained at Copper Island on July
21, 1883, and the preparation is now in the United States National
Museum. This shows, as might be expected, quite a different state of
affairs, each plume having, as a matter of course, its own separate
shafts, springing from individual follicles, and being in no way connected
with its neighbor, as the roots are inserted about 0.3™" apart from
each other. The specimen in question possesses seven plumes, which
are arranged thus: First come three plumes alongside each other;
just behind the intervals between them are two feathers, forming the
second row; next come two feathers, a third one having dropped out,
if I am not mistaken; in front of the first row are two empty follicles,
the plumes of which must have dropped out only recently; ten plumes
can thus be traced, and are situated in the following order: 2-3-2-3,
thus:

They are consequently arranged in “quincunx,” or, in other words,
in the same manner as all the other feathers. The “plumes” are only
extremely lengthened, but otherwise they are normal contour-feathers !

**“Alle diese drei Federziige stehen beim lebenden Vogel schopfartig vom K6rper
ab.” (1. ¢.).

30 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

¢ é e

Salons - 2 =

g | 2 3 g|4lz : :

ze = Locality. = 2 | 8 a g

a | = 2 Fe ghen ev peat hh shut aes vk ia as

: 2 g 3 Wid Wie he es hao T= Rf a

ie ag g Bl gee aes eee

pie ze ase |eiFle|o 7a |e
| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.) mm.
92960 | 1823 | Bering Island ...-. Dec. 29,1882} cad.| 185 11} 105 33 10 22 30
O9GGE | T8295) dO sce acces Dec. 30,1882; co ad.| 181 3} 109 31 10 21 30
92962 18ST cha Disa. sess noees Jan. 38,1883)!" Go ads) 195) |... -5 106 30 10 22 31
GIO CG ak Ba ee On nate tates elas Jan. 3,1883) of ad.| 190 |.--..-- 113 31 10 22 31
S206 T mat S don A Ol x af satin tata ate Jan. 3,1883| cg ad.| 195 |....-- 108 30 10 22 31
99064. 1183902 sdolece ccs esse oe Jan. 3,18838 | 3 ad.| -195'}....-- 114 35 10 22 32
Gaggs.\| esd lecvdo.c22y2-c2 hue Jan. 5,1883| giad.| 192 |...... 112; 35| 10; 22| 31
O20G9 a eTSBO Use doses 5- ceo: ae Jan. 9,1883| CG ad.! 191 |..-..- 105 33 10 22 32
Q2GTO> a OLSTL a No OMee es ames wee | Jan. 16,1883} CG ad.| 193. 0} 108 33 10 21 32
92973 | 2203 | Copper Island..... June 28,1883| coi ad.| 207 17 | 118 33 10 22 31
8914005) 14754) oe Ove acess sete Juby,. . WBS v(hjads | see ee| sees 110 BO igactss 23 | 3l
89139 MAEM ess oe-ae ssa as July, 1882 | (S)ad. |--eeee|------ 107 20 9 22 30
Sona aes) 2. oss Sse 2ee snag, A882! Gad | see ph a ee Ce alae a ea
92959 | 1808 | Bering Island ....) Dec. 14,1882} @Q ad.| 188 0} 104 29 9 22 30
O2063 | sLe3Sulo-e Ot = sas nceee as Jan. 3,1883] 9 ad.| 184 |...... 105 30 10 22 32
92965 TRANS eed Once css cele a Jan. 3, 1883 Q ad. | O92 eee 106 30 10 Dr eee oe
92971 TOG Ee Ad Ossi accmise sees Jan. 30, 1883 Q ad.| 203 |..--.. 110 31 10 22 31
O2072 820 Pals Von os -sccem sae May 6, 1883 Q ad.| 221 ).-..-. 110 31 10 23 33
92975 | 2285 | Copper Island.....| July 21,1883| 9 ad.|......|...... 4105. |° 27 | ap} pattie.

TOPP2A Sn ORS See Ow eeece ecco enor July 21, 1883 BOS ajcjs =.5\| Som aicte|||ata— emi ssem'nel| eecen tema aes

“pBT4 "| 22661}... ido. 2. de anes! July 18,1883} ¢juv.| 195 9|} 105| 30| 10} 23 33
89099 | 1486 | Bering Island..... Aug. 22, 1882 eves) 21804) 2. oe 107 31 10 21 |- 2
92976 | 2235 | Copper Island-.... July 12, 1883 O pulls MLZ Sl oases 68 ))/eaeeee 9 21 27
Q2977, 302202 eo e Owe wim aes moors June 28, 1883 | f pull.| 128 |....-. | Baceasiaocsee a 17 22

* Preserved in alcohol.

No. 92960.—Iris white. Bill, milky white at tip and at base of lower mandible; rest of the bill,
including culmen, upper tomia, and a median cross-band on lower mandible, vivid blood-red; nasal
cuirass and a small portion in front of nostrils, as well as the soft cere at base, blackish brown. Feet
light bluish gray, with the joints somewhat brownish violet, the tinge of the biue being different from
that of S. pusillus (L. S., No. 1818), mixed as it is with ‘“nentral tint ;’’ soles and webs blackish. Con-
tents of crop and stomach Gammarids. Colored drawing (pl. iv, fig. 1) prepared immediately.

No. 92961.—Iris white. Testes somewhat swollen; crop and stomach contained Gammarids.

No. 92962.—Iris white. Bill, blackish brown on nasal cuirass, and a little in front of nostrils, then
dull red, and at tip horny, brownish white. Feet, light bluish gray, with a faint violet tinge. Testes,
small, not swollen. Lean; crop contained, Amphipods.

No. 92966.—Ivis white. Testes, small, not swollen. Fat. Crop contained small Amphipods.

No. 92964.—As foregoing, but feet a trifle more bluish. Not fat. Amphipods.

No. 92968.—Iris white. Bill somewhat pale, the red portion being hardly deeper colored than red-
dish flesh-color. Feet a little more bluish than usual. Testes small, not swollen.

No. 92959.—Iris white, with a faint, yellowish tinge. Bill dull blood-red, with the base of culmen,
the nasal cuirass, and a small portion in front of the nostrils blackish brown; base of upper tomia
pale brownish gray; tip of upper mandible dark brownish gray ; lower mandible somewhat paler,
almosi esh-colored at base, and behind the brownish tip. Feet, light bluish gray, with a faint brown-
ish tinge on the joints; soles, nails, and webs, blackish; interior of mouth white, with a light flesh-
colored tinge; stomach empty, with the exception of the shell of a small Gastropod and three horny
hooks of a Decapod.

No. 92971.—Stomach and crop filled with Gammarids.

No. 92972.—Iris white. Bill vivid. scarlet, the nasal cuirass tinged with carmine, the rest slightly
mixed with orange; edges and angles of nasal cuirass with blackish marks; tip of both mandibles

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. St

and a narrow space round the base of the lower one milky white, with a faint shade of blue, strongly
contrasting with the red; feet bluish gray, tinged with violet; joints, darker gray; webs and soles
blackish. Eggs in ovarium swollen, the largest one 45™™ in diameter. Stomach and crop, empty.
Lean. New feathers protruding, especially on belly, neck, and head.

No. 92974.—Iris, inner ring, bluish gray, narrow; outer one, faint bluish white; when alive the pupil
was contracted and very small. Bill, blackish brown, underneath the nostrils lighter grayish, as is
also the lower mandible; feet, light bluish gray ; joints, brownish ; webs, dark gray ; soles, blackish ;
colors from the living bird. Testes, very small and nndeveloped. Lones, wellossified. Most feathers
yet in their sheaths Not fat

No. 89099.—Iris white, with a faint yellowish tinge. Bill, reddish black, lighter at base. Feet, violet,
bluish in front, reddish on sides, black behind and below, as are also the webs. Interior of mouth
whitish.

No. 92976.—Ivis, inner ring, narrow, bluish gray; outer one, light bluish white. Bill dark brownish
gray: upper mandible almost blackish ; a faint violet tinge below the nostrils, and on the lower man-
dible towards the base. Feet, gray, strongly tinged with violet; joints darker brownish; webs dark
gray, below, blackish. Extremely fat.

No. 92977.—Iris clear gray with a faint bluish tinge. Bill blackish gray; culmen and middle por-
tion of lower mandible lighter, somewhat violet-gray ; nasal cuirass and angle of mouth, blackish, as
is also the naked eyering. Feet light gray, with a violet bluish tinge; joints darker gray; claws
light, horny gray, with blackish tips; tarsus and toes underneath, blackish gray. Testes, recognizable.
Crop, filled with Gammarids; very fat. A

This little Auk, certainly the prettiest species of the whole family,
has apparently the center of its distribution on the islands visited by
me. On Bering Island it is rather rare, however, though it breeds in
the crevices of the outlying islet Arij Kamen, in a precipice near the
fishing-place Saranna, and probably in several places on the southern
part of the island, for instance, at Dikij Mys. Copper Island, with -
its steep rocky shores, is the favorite home of this bird, however. It
may be found breeding all around the coast where suitable holes and
crevices occur. I know of nesting places near the main village, at
Karabelnij, and on Tschornij Mys. At the latter place it occupied
holes in the basaltic cliff along side those of Gceanodroma furcata, the
latter inhabiting the deeper ones. It could be told at once hy the
peculiar smell emanating from the caverns of the latter bird, which
species was to be found inside.

Notwithstanding the fact that the birds are rather common, it must
be considered good luck to meet them and get opportunity of observing
them, for they are rather shy and live quite retired in their deep holes.

They are early breeders, in that respect being considerably ahead of
their allies, for instance, Lunda cirrhata; so early, in fact, that no eges
could be procured in the latter part of June, when | had the opportunity
to goin search of them. The nests at that time already contained
young ones. These remain in the nest until full fledged. A specimen
having left the nest only a few days previous, was taken alive on boar.l
the steamer when at anchor at Glinka, Copper Island, July 18. This

° | > : : . . .
bird was found early in the morning, concealed in a fold of one of the

sails, the inexperienced youth having probably mistaken it for the

32 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

crevice of a rock. This would indicate that they pass the nights in
holes as long as they stay near land.

When the breeding season is over, they, like all the allied forms,
retire to the open ocean, part of them at least, going to more southerly
latitudes to winter. That many stay in the neighborhood of the islands
is evident from the fact that I obtained numerous specimens at Bering
Island in December and January. A single female came near the
coast on December 14, 1882, and was shot; but from the 29th of the same
month until January 5, 1883, a few could be met with every day.
They could then be seen in small societies of two to four, swimming along
the rocky shores, alternately diving for food, which chicfly consisted of
Gammarids. When diving they raised themselves a little on the water,
and then made asudden jump downward. The weather was not stormy,
but we had during that week a very cold spell. Later in January they
became scarce, but a few specimens were secured, the last one on Jan-
uary 30. They appeared again at their breeding places during the first
days of May.

Owing to the comparative scarcity of this species at Bering Island,
* the natives there are not so familiar with it as are the Copper Islanders,
and have therefore no peculiar name for it, calling it sometimes the
‘‘Malinka Konjuga” (small S. eristatellus), or using the more general
and indefinite term ‘* Petuschka.” The inhabitants of Copper Island
have no Russian name for it either, but itis well known to them under
the Aleutian name “ Turuturk” (pronounce: Too roo-toork).

11. Simorhynchus cristatellus (PALL.)

1769.— Alca cristatella PALLAS, Spicil. Zool., V, p. 18, pl. iii, -et pl. v, figs. 7, 8, 9.—
Uria c. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As. II, p. 370 (1826).—Phaleris c. SCHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl. I., p. 500, tab. xvi, figs. 4 and 5 (1860).—Cornpg, Rev. Mag.
Zool., 1860, p. 402.—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 330.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 209.—DaL_ & BannistT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—DAaALL, Avif.
Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 11 (1873).—Jd., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal.,
p. 11 (1874).—SEEB., Ibis 1879, p. 21.—BLakisT. & Pryer, Tr. As. Soc.
Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 179.—Tid., ibid. X, 1882, p. 89.—PALMEN, Swed. Cat.
Lond. Fish, Exh., p. 201 (1883).—Buiakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 31
(1834).—Simorhynchus c. SCHLEG., Mus. P. B. Urin., p. 25 (1867).—BRanprt,
Mel. Biol., VII, 1869, p. 223.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., ILI, 1872., p. 81.—
Cougs, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 206 (1875).—Taczan., Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p. 74 (1877).-—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 51.—Id., ibid.,
1882, p. 398.—DyBOwsKI, Sitzb. Dorpat. Naturf. Ges., 1881, p. —. —Id.
Orn. Centralbl., 1882, p.28.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 349.—EL-
LIOTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 134 (1882).—S8EB., Ibis, 1882, p. 368.—BEAN, Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 171.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 116 (1883).—
TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 159.—Tylorhamphus c. TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1876, p.
203.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ao

1769.—Alca tetracuka PALL. Spicil. Zool. V, p. 23, pl. iv, et. pl. v, figs. 10, 11, 12.—
Kittu., Denkw., II, p. 214 (1858).— Uria t. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p.
37 1.—Phaleris t. MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 239) (1853).—Swunt., P.
Z.S., 1863, p. 331.—DaLL & BaNnist1., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—
TACZAN., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 74 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 52.

1776.—Alca cristata MULL., Syst. Nat. Suppl., p. 104.

1826.—Uria dubia PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 371.—Alca d. Kitt. Denkw., I, p. 300

ee ee AUDUB., Orn. Biogr., IV (pl. 402).

1878.—Phaleris mystacea BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 210 (part).—SEEB., Ibis,
1879, p. 21.

The changes of plumage of this species are identical with those of
Simorhynchus pygmeus, aud as the latter have been described with con-
siderable detail, I shall content myself by referring to my remarks
under the heading of that species.

I may, however, call attention to a feature of the nuptial plumage of
the present species, which has not been noticed by previous authors, so
far as I am aware. I refer to the numerous and exceedingly fine hair-
like white plumes which are interspersed with the others on the crown
and nape. They are particularly noticeable and numerous on a 2,
shot May 16 (No. 89096). In a ¢, collected June 4 (No. 92955), they
are greatly reduced, and in all probability they are only present during
a very short period.

During the breeding season the bill of this species differs greatly from
that of S. pygmeus, though in winter they are very much alike. The
sides of the mandible, of the maxilla, and the nasal cuirass are swollen,
and the different pieces separated by deep grooves, and at the base of
the maxillar tomium is developed a more or less irregularly rounded
horny and hard piece, which has a superficial resemblance to the “ rosette”
of the genera Lunda and Fratercula, without in any way being homol-
ogous with the latter structure. The “rosette” is more or less soft,
being a kind of wattle lining the angle of the mouth all round, both
above and beneath; the tomial plate of S. cristatellus is hard, horny,
and is only affixed to the upper edge of the basal part of the tomium.
It is only fixed to the edge of the commissure along its lower border,
the upper half being entirely free and concealing the feathers behind it.
These different basal pieces are evidently regularly shed, as in the Fra-
tercuiece, and at the same time. Of all the rich material at my disposal,
no specimen was taken during the more advanced stage of this shedding,
so it is impossible to say just how many pieces fall off separately. So
much is certain, however, that the above-mentioned circular corner-

15861 Bull, 29-——3

34 ORNITIIOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

piece is shed first, and comparatively early, several specimens affording
evidence that it drops off before the birds leave the rookeries. The
material at hand also indicates that the outgrowth in spring and the
change of color of the basal parts of the bill takes place rather late and
very rapidly, much more so than the corresponding process in Lunda
and Fratercula.

As to the condition of the bill and the basal part of the upper tomium
in winter, I refer to fig. 5, on plate iv, and to the following descrip-
tion of these parts which I took down from the fresh specimen (No.
92952) as follows: ‘‘The feathering at the base of the maxilla does not
(as in S. pygmea and pusilla) cover the tomium, which is soft and forms
a whitish, broadened lobe above the corner of the mouth.” No corre-
sponding structure was observed in the other species. This soft lobe,
the ‘“‘matrix” of the horny circular corner-piece, is hardly noticeable in
the dried skins.

List of specimens collected.

.

: ‘ a
° n ~~
: | | é | 3
a : ro 2
3 z 3 a E Z 2
° rd be :
Ae Locality. = fp t | 8 3 Sk
ae) a >S 3 a ° > &
S S 3 re o Be 3 A . °
A 5 a a = 2 ‘ & ® Bb
S Es 5 S r= oo g S =
Peale a bal ate dl areal eee al sen ates Sates
bs e R e/a /Flial/olea ls
mm.|mm.| mm.) mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89097 | 1058 | Bering Island -....-. May 16, 1882} ‘ad. AO S| ena 134 39 11 27 37
92055 |[P Q122n|teacd Occ oe see ss feteee June 4, 1883| cad. 260 9 134 40 12 28 39
92054 2130.22 2d0\-2.hee te ee June 4, 1883) cad. 273 11 134 38 13 29 seals
89096 1) 1057") p-0 dOsecken tine aeintens May 16, 1882) Qad. 249 aie eee 138 37 11 29 40
999565152093, |e sae O's oannan Geecae May 19, 1883 | (Q)ad. | (235) |.-.--- 133 40 12 29 38
OBO57 SO ToS Ads ss cen we ctenee Junel4, 1883 Qad. 266 15 134) 36 12 28 38
99052): S165, 2-4 GO. 5 oo seecsee ss Dec. 2, 1882 Q DAT cn ne= 125 33 11 28 39
92951 "| st Ba2ules ae Ose teeta ase ecee Jan. 1, 1883 2 265 23 126 35 11 27 39
92953) 1875) 255 dO. 22 3t)e eeeeee Jan. 18, 1883 2 58-4. ees 133 35 11 26 37
92958 01938242 e222 dotecsene eeseree Mar. 1, 1883) Qad. tO) | eeemtoks 135 35 11 29 39

No. 89097.—Iris white. Bill reddish orange; tip horny white, shaded with dusky, on upper mandi-
ble. Feet light violet gray ; joints darker; webs blackish; tarsus and toes below black; nails gray
at base, blackish at tip.

No. 92955.—Ivis white. Bill bright reddish orange; tip horny brownish white. Feet light violet
gray; joints darker. Crop and stomach empty.

No. 92954.—Iris white. Color of bill and feet as foregoing number, only that the feet have a more
pure bluish hue. Stomach empty. Very fat.

No. 89096.—Iris white. Bill reddish orange; tip brownish gray; tip of lower mandible somewhat
lighter; interior of mouth white, witha slight tinge of flesh color. Feet light violet gray ; joints darker;
web, soles, and nails black.

No. 92952.—Ivis white. Bill horny brown; both mandibles at base and the gonys lighter; soft edge
at base of upper mandible whitish ; interior of mouth white, faintly tinged with flesh color. Feet vio-
let pearly gray; joints brown; webs and soles dark brownish. Stomach empty.

No. 92951.—Iris white. Bill horny brown; tip of upper mandible more grayish; lower mandible
lighter, almost brownish flesh color. Feet bluish giav, a trifle darker and more violet than in Simo-
thynchus pygmeus ; joints brownish; webs and sulcs blackish. Extremely lean. ?

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 35

No, 92953.—Iris white. Bill brownish gray. Feet light bluish gray. Found dead on beach, Cisoph-
agus, crop, stomach, and intestines filled with a semifluid violet red matter, which I take to be the re-
mains of a cephalopod. Tolerably fat.

No. 92958.—Iris white. Bill, see colored drawing taken immediately from the fresh bird (tab. iv,
fig. 5). Feet bluish gray; joints violet brown; webs and soles blackish. Some of the eggs in the
ovary had commenced swelling. New feathers in their sheaths on upper head and neck.

The present species is a regular breeding bird of both islands, with-
out being very plentiful, however, and seems to be rather scarce on
Copper Island, where S. pygmeus is more common than the “ Konjuga,”
a name by which cristatellus is known on Bering Island. 2

Like most of the members of the family, many winter on the ocean,
not very distant from the islands, as it was among the species which I
picked up on the beach after severe gales.

12. Simorhynchus pusillus (PALL.)

1826.—Uria pusilla PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 373.—Phaleris p. CoInpE, Rev.
Mag. Zool., 1866, p. 403.—Cassin, Pr. Philada. Acad., 1862, p. 324.—DaLu
& Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—BLaKisT. & PRYER, Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 179.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 89.—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 31 (1884).—Simorhynchus p. FINscH, Abh. Brem.
Ver. III, 1872, p. 81.—CovusEs, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 208 (1875).—ELLI-
oTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 134 (1882).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 159.—Ciceronia
p. Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1876, p. 203.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 74
(1877 ).—Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 51.—DyBowskl, Sitzb. Dorpat.
Naturf. Ges., 1881, p. —.—IJd., Orn. Centralbl., 1882, p. 28.—Id., Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1883, p. 350.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 116 (1883).

1831.— Phaleris corniculata ESCHSCHOLTZ, Zool. Atlas, IV (tab. 16).

1837.—Phaleris pygmea BRANDT, Bull. Scientif., II, 1837, p. 347 (nee GMEL., 1788).—
Simorhynchus p. SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Urinat., p. 23 (1867).—SEEB., Ibis,
1884, p. 31.

1837.—Phaleris microceros BRANDT, Bull. Scientif. II, 1837, p. 347.—DaLu & BANNIST.,
Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.—Ciceronia m. PALMEN, Swed. Cat. Lond.
Fish. Exh., p. 201 (1883).—SaunpDErs, Ibis, 1883, p. 348.

1838.—Phaleris nodirostra BONAP., Comp. List, p. 66.

1839.—Cerorhinca occidentalis? ViGcors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Orn., p. 33 (nec BONAP.).

1878.—Mergulus sp. inc., BLAkIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 210.

List of specimens collected.

; | ’ a
Z as eo z
: : 3 A
Bap ies $ | sie) a e
2 | ao o H =
a 2 Locality. x | do 5 £ Se
Sos ee e-| 2 Pualneivileael a
A 3 P a 3 enelleass e els
an | Ss eae $s a A = & # =
: | 3 3 5 =
blo E [ao |ela|eteato le 1s
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92979 | 1818 | Bering Island.-..... ' Dec. 29, 1882 | Cc POSE. ser 92 29 | 9 18 26
SPOS I sal SIG S200 Sok case es | Dec. 29, 1882 | cs PS4 1s eae 93 34 9| 20 27
G2980 | 1825 s\n dO ee eee. Dec. 30, 1882 | Cc 175 3 94 32 9 20 28
OPOBS NN 1Sd0-\ 2 2a s ow as soe 2. Jan. 3,1883 | Cv 16S |-=as8 ee SOG Rear 2e 9 | 19 28
D207 Sil UTGau |e AO eure cjesiue eae Dec. 1, 1882 Q A7sklesecee 92 31 | 9 20 27
DOR OST Boi lees OO seeses goss oe Dec, 29, 1882 g 169 0 | 91 27 | 9 | 21 27
O2984) i 183Gr | sae (OO car cc cassie eeacs Jan, 3,1883 Q iY PS eae | 91 28 9| 19 Soo

36 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

No. 92979.—Iris white. Bill horny brown; gonys and tomia somewhat lighter; extreme tip of lower
mandible whitish. Feet light whitish cobalt blue; joints darker, a little purplish; soles and webs
blackish. Crop contained several small Gammaride ; in the stomach remains of a larger one.

No. 92981.—Iris white. Bill horny brown; tip whitish; gonys reddish flesh color. Feet light bluish
gray; joints marked with brownish violet; soles and webs blackish. Testes large and swollen Stom-
ach and crop empty.

No. 92980.—Iris white, with a faint rosy tinge. Bill horny blackish brown: under mandible lighter ;
tip whitish. Feet light grayish blue, with a faint yellowish tinge, except on the joints, which are darker
and marked with purplish blue; soles'and webs blackish. Testes small, not swollen. Stomach and crop
contained Gammaride and Palemonide.

No. 92983.—Iris white. Bill horny black; extreme tip of lower mandible whitish. Feetlight grayish
blue ; darker blue on the joints; webs and soles blackish. Testes small, not swollen. Several new
feathers in their sheaths on the back. Crop crammed with small Palemonide. Lean.

No. 92978.—Iris white, with a faint rosy tinge. Bill horny black; gonys and base of lower mandible
light flesh color; interior of mouth whitish. Feet light grayish blue; joints somewhat brownish; webs
and soles black. Stomach empty. ;

No. 92984.—Iris white. Crop contained Amphipods.

_ In addition to the above notes on the color of the naked parts, con-
tents of stomach, &c., a series of remarks were taken down from the
fresh birds in order to show the relative proportions of different parts
and other points which might be of interest as showing features not
observable in the dried skins. The original notes read as follows:

No. 92978.—Membrane covering the nasal groove soft, except the prominent ridge forming the hind
and upper border of the nostrils. The cere covering the culmen between the nostrils entirely soft, and
of the color of the bill. No knob.

No. 92979. When the legs are stretched backwards the distal end of the first phalanx of the middle toe
reaches tip of tail; tip of folded wings reach a little beyond the digito-tarsal joint. Middle toe witheut
claw decidedly longer than the outer one; end of inner toe rcaches penultimate phalanx of the middle
toe. Feathering on mental angle reaches as far as the fore border of the nostrils. No knob.

No. 92981.—Proportions similar to those of the foregoing number, only that the wings hardly reach
beyond the tarsal joint. On the bill the cere is raised a little on the culmen, on which several longi-
tudinal furrows are visible, indicating the beginning of the knob.

No. 92982.—Tips of closed wings and end of tail reach middle of basal phalanx of middle toe, legs be-
ing stretched backwards. Middle toe decidedly longer than outer one. Knob very small, but fairly
perceptible. ‘

No. 92980.—Tip of tail reaches first joint of middle toe; the latter without claw longer than the outer
toe. At base of culmen a compressel knob, 1.5™™ long, 0.5™ broad, and 1™™ high, highest behind. The
upper surface of the knob is furrowed lengthwise, as if the knob were Gai of four or five vertical
leaves or layers. This is the original of the drawings.

Almost every one of the specimens had some injuries to their feet, pha-
langes wanting, webs split, &c. No. 92984 had even the whole left foot
amputated, just beneath the heel, and the wound completely healed, and
No. 92980 had the bone of the right tibia in the middle grown out toa
big knot many times as thick as the bone in its normal condition.

All the specimens were lean, several of them even extremely so.

The plumage is still the so-called winter plumage; that is, the lower
surface is still pure white, except in one skin (No. 92981), in which a few
feathers on the abdomen are edged with dusky, asin summer specimens.
But the white ornamental plumes of the face are present in all stages
of development, from mere white specks until fully grown out, as in the
head figured. The sequence of the following numbers indicates the

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. Ot

gradual increase of the number and size of these plumes: 92979, 92984,
92983, 92982, 92981, 92978, 92980.

Considering that most of the above specimens were obtained during
the week between Christmas and New Year, the following conclusions
seem to be justified:

The Least Auk, after the breeding season is over, probably at the
same time as the corresponding process takes place in the allied species,
loses the peculiar knob at the base of theculmen together with the length-
ened and pointed white plumes ornamenting its face and head. About
the end of the year, in some individuals earlier, in others later, a new
knob and new ornamental feathers grow out, and, shortly after, the
moult of the feathers of the body commences. The color of the bill also
begins to change at the same time.

Dr. Dybo wski asserts that he has found Ciceronia pusilla “ nesting”
at the Commander Islands (“ nistend,” Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 28). He
gives no particulars, however, and during my subsequent sojourn on the
island I could learn nothing about it. One thing is sure, that he got no
eggs from there, and I doubt very much that the species has ever been
found “nesting” on the islands. The birds are unknown to the inhabi-
tants, at least to those of Bering Island, which I learned by showing them
my winter specimen. Nor have they any vernacular name for the bird.
In all probability Dr. Dybowski has been misinformed about the date
of his specimen, which, curiously enough, is not mentioned by Taczan-
owski in his lists of the birds from Kamtschatka.

It was on December 1, 1882, that a specimen was brought me from
Ladiginsk, on Bering Island. It was in full winter plumage, entirely
white beneath, without knob, and with only a few traces of white
feathers on the face. A few days before the end of the year several
birds came near the shore, where they now could be seen to swim in
small troops, or more frequently by twos and threes, parallel to the coast
about a hundred yards off shore, according to the depth, usually in three-
fathom water, where they dived with great expertness for Amphipods,
which at that time seemed to be their chief or only food. When diving
they lifted themselves up a little, and went down with a quick jump.

We were having a Severe spell of cold when they made their appear-
ance, and when it was over they disappeared again, none being seen
after the 5th of January. They evidently winter on the open ocean
somewhere about the islands.

5o- ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

13. Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (PALL.)

1769.—-Alca psittacula Pauuas, Spicil. Zool., V (p. 13, pl. ii et pl. v, figg. 4,5,6).—
Lunda ps. Patu., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 366.—Ombria ps. ESCHSCHOLTZ,
Zool. Atlas, IV (p. 3, tab. 17) (1831).—MiIDpEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 239)
(1853).—Swinn., P. Z.8., 1863, p. 331.—BRANDT, Mel. Biol., VII, 1869, p.
237.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 82.—DyBowskI, Sitzb. Dorpat.
Naturf. Ges., 1881, p. —.—Jd., Orn. Centralbl., 1882, p. 40.—Simorhynchus
ps. SCHLEG., Mus. P. B. Urinat., p. 24 (186%).—Phaleris ps. COUES in
Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 204.—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 134 (1882).—
BuakIsT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 89.—BEAN, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1882; p. 171.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 115 (1883).—BLakIsT.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 31 (1884).—Cyclorhynchus ps. TURNER, Auk, 1885,
p. 159.

1860.—Phaleris aleuticus COINDE, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1860, p. 403 (nec PALL., cfr., also
Bureau, Bull, Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 49).

In order to find out the types of the different generic and subgeneric
names of the group Phaleridine we will have to resort to the “method
of elimination.” The matter then stands as follows:

1819. Merrem is said to have established the genus Simorhynchus (nec
Krys & BuAs., 1840, qui Terekia Bp.) upon A. cristatella PALL. As
early as 1868 Dr. Coues asked, ‘‘ Where is this genus named?” but no-
body seems to have been able to give an answer. NordoI know whether
Merrem included more species than cristatella in this apocryphal genus.
Anybody having the opportunity of investigating the matter would
gain the lasting thanks of ornithologists by publishing the results—
preferably a full extract of Merrem’s paper as far as it relates to the
present question—in any of the standard ornithological periodicals.*

1820. Temminck, in the second edition of his ‘‘ Manual,” established
the genus Phaleris, including two species, as he thought, but really
three, as A. tetracula is the young of a third species and not of psitta-
cula, as supposed by him. The three species are pygmaeus (= cristatellus
TEMM., |. c.); psittaculus and cristatellus PALL. (= tetraculus TEMM., l.
c.) The latter is already the type of Merrem’s Simorhynchus, leaving for
Phaleris the other two, pygmeus and psittaculus.

1826. It shall here only be remarked in passing that Boief in this
year restricted the genus Phaleris to pygmeus (cristella TEMM. (!), as he
calls it), including the other species under Fratercula. “lore conclusive

is that, in

* Should ‘‘Simorhynchus MERREM, 1819.” prove to be amyth only, Phaleris TEMM.
would stand as the name of the genus with pygmeus for type, while for cristatellus
should be adopted the subgeneric term Tyloramphus BRANDT.

t Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 39

1829 Kaup* created the genus Cyclorrhynchust for psittaculus,
which leaves pygmeus the type of Temminck’s genus Phaleris. It may
here be added that Bonaparte at last gained the same conviction. He
says:t ‘ Le nom de Phaleris doit appartenir, malgré M. Gray et comine
je Pavais toujours cru, au genre dont camtschatica, Lepechin (cristatella,
Temm. nec Pall.), est le type et ’unique espece.” Also Brandt came af-
terward to the same conclusion (see Mel. Biol., VII, 1869, p. 227, where
the subgenus Phaleris only embraces pygmeus pusillus). It seems that
Eschscholtz§ about simultaneously with Kaup, but certainly not ear-
lier, named the same genus Ombria, but as the certain date seems to
be involved in some doubt (I have seen quoted 1829 and 1831]|), and as I
have no means for investigating the question, I preter the name of Mr.
Kaup as the one the date of which is beyond dispute.

The types of the other genera and the date of their names are too
well known to require discussion here. They may all be tabulated
thus:

_ 1819. Simorhynchus MERREM. Type cristatellus.

1820. Phaleris TEMMINCK. Type pygmeus.

1829. Cyclorrhynchus Kaur. Type psittaculus.

1828. Cerorhinca BONAPARTE. Type monocerata.

1852. Ciceronia REICHENBACH. Type pusilla.

It will thus be seen that each of the species has received a separate
generic appellation. The value of these sections can hardly be re-
garded as equal, some, perhaps, being only of subgeneric importance,
but this does not interfere with the question of which name properly
belongs to each section, inasmuch as all of them are entitled to recogni-
tion. We will therefore have three genera: Cerorhinca, Oyclorrhynchus,
and Simorhynchus, the latter composed of three subgenera: Simorhyn-
chus (= Tyloramphus BRANDT), Phaleris and Ciceronia.

*Kaup, Entwickgesch. Europ. Thierw., p. 155, ‘‘ Alken mit kurzem oben wie unten
bogenformig gewolbtem Schnabel.”

t Nee Cyclorhynchus SUNDEVALL, 1836, qui Rhynchocyclus CaB.

¢ Comptes Rend., XLIII, 1856, p. 645.

§ ‘Zool. Atlas, IV, p. 3.”

|| It seems that ‘‘ part iii” was published in 1829 and “ part iv” in 1831, Ombria con-
sequently dating from the latter year.

40 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Inst of specimens collected.

A { &

é | é, aes.

A | 3 A | 3

a 6 2 E 3 3

lifts 3 g|4|-z : ae

ae os Locality. a = = 8 g | 2

2 s 2 3 gz p | S q n 5

A 9 Al a = 2 to | Ok g a eS

“ui| 2 a | a leeds

: 3 oO ° 3s iS 3 5 3 om

p oO E mM a A E H oO dH =

peat te aes A | Shierw Sg E

| mm. mm. | mm.| mm.| mm. mm.) mm. .

89093 1036 _ Bering Island.-...-.. | May 11, 1882| ciad.| 234 |.....-. 150 43 17 30 | 43
89094 | 1260 io =ddOnsavaonee® at tbieeic | July 11, 1882) of ad. 2564 ees ee 149 | 45 16 31 43
89143 | 1471 Copper Island....... july —, 1882} (f)ad: |-.-..-|..-.-- 147 42 15 29 42
92948 | 2082 , Bering Island....... | May 23,>1883 | (o')ad. }...---].----- 150 43 16 31 42
92950 | 2152 |. FO $s omesaen ce seek June 5, 1883} of’ ad. |.---.- 11 152 47 17 32 44
92047" 21D Talat Once wes ceccte eon June 5, 1883} ¢ ad. 264 0 147 41 18 30 43
890950) "I261.|S2 do. een ce ease | July 11) -1882)| "Qoad. | 244) ).2 0.22 145 40 16 31 44
929462 ))/2020; | ok Olsens Seckc pete | May 9, 1883} 9 ad. 264 Jeeeeee 145 42 18 30 42
92985 NU ZOB Tals so Ores chacacace uiems May 27, 1883 | (9 )ad. | (257) |...--- 147 43 15 30 43
92949 | 2297 ‘Coneen Island....... July 3, 1883) Qad.| 256 6| 144} 44| 14] 29] 40

No. 89093 —Iris white. Bill salmon red; nasal shield darker, grayish brown; soft part along base
of upper tomia whitish flesh color; interior of mouth whitish. Feet bluish white, tinged with yellow;
on the joints a well-defined dusky spot; webs blackish, along the toes bluish white; side of tarsus
and toes, as also the nails, black.

No. 92946.—For the color of the bill, which was more yellowish than any other seen before, reference
is made to the colored drawing pl. f, immediately made from the fresh specimen. Feet bluish gray;
diameter of eggs in ovary 3™™.

Before proceeding to discuss the different changes which the bill and
plumage of this species are subject to, I wish to cali attention to a
structural feature of its bill which hitherto has passed unobserved or,
at least, unrecorded. The reason why it has been overlooked for so
long a time can only be explained by considering the fact that the pe-
culiarity which I am going to describe is only tangible in fresh speci-
mens.

Dr. Dybowski (Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 40) says that ‘‘in this species
the soft parts at the angle of the mouth are wanting altogether.” This
is correct, if only the “rosette” is meant, which, indeed, is wanting in
all the Phaleriding, consequently also in the present species. But it is
not correct if it be understood to mean that no soft parts are situated
near the corner of the mouth.

In fresh specimens there will be found at the base of the tomia of the
upper mandible a soft tumor of lengthened form, commencing a little
behind the posterior corner of the nostrils and following the tomia back-
wards, gradually becoming absorbed into the soft membrane lining the
corner of the mouth. It occupies the space between the nasal shield and
the tomium, and has a slight depression on the upper surface, which,

i tite ee Ml is

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. — 41

when the excrescence dries up, in the prepared skin forms a furrow.
The color is white slightly tinged with flesh color, and in the fresh
bird, therefore, stands out in bold relief against the surrounding parts.
On the lower mandible the feathering does not entirely reach the horny
part of the beak, and the intervening soft skin is also of a similar white
color.

This tumor was perfectly soft in all specimens which I had the oppor-
tunity of examining, but as none of these were taken late in the season,
and I have never seen a winter specimen, I am unable to say anything
about its later development with certainty. In all probability, how-
ever, the surface becomes hardened towards the end of the breeding
season ; it then will scale off irregularly during the course of the late
autumn, leaving only a small and not very prominent soft space, which
again will commence to swell late in the winter, towards the approach
of the propagation time, but, as remarked, this is a hypothesis only.

The shedding of the basal parts of the bill of this species is not so simple
as Mr. L. Bureau has conjectured.* In fact, the basal portion is not
formed by a single piece, as supposed by him, but consists of several
deciduous parts. In the spring these are rather difficult to distinguish
because more concealed by the adjacent feathers and more completely
fused together. Duriig the breeding season, however, the dividing
furrows become more distinct and deeper, showing the following sep-
arate pieces:

1. The soft white swelling at the base of the maxillary tomia, the
tomial tumor. Comp. pl. iv, fig. 6, and pl. v, fig. 1 a.)

2. The nasal cuirass, an irregular piece above and behind the nostrils,
not coutinuous with the corresponding piece on the opposite side.
(Fig. 1 b.)

3. A small unpaired saddle-piece riding at the base of the culmen,
rising knob-like above the latter, and with the ends of its legs just
touching the upper corner of the nasal cuirasses. This piece seems to
correspond to the * orlet” of the bill of the Fraterculine. (Fig. 1 ¢.)

4, A small depressed and angle-shaped space behind and below the
‘orlet” and above the cuirass, between these two pieces and the feath-
ering. (Fig. 1 d.)

The tomial tumor has already been treated of above. It partakes

*“TLes parties susceptibles de se modifier par l’effet de la mue sont du reste fort
simples chez le psittacula: elles se réduisent & une seule piéce cornée, la cuirasse
nasale (pl. v, fig. 2) qui ne fait jamais défaut dans la famille des Mormonidés.” (Bull,
Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 50.)

4? ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

much of the character of the “rosette” in the Fraterculine, and has
probably a similar fate after the breeding season.

The other three pieces are distinctly and separately deciduous, as
shown by the series brought home by me. It will be sufficient in the
following to refer to two specimens only, No. 89095 and No. 92949, as
they are fully representative. Both are females, and taken during the
first part of July, at a time when the young are still in the nests.

In No. 89095 all the basal pieces are very distinctly individualized,
and separated by deep grooves, the post nasal border of the ‘“ cuirass ”
in fact already commencing to separate from the underlying stratum.
This is the bird from which pl. v, fig. 1, has been drawn.

In No. 92949, which was taken alive on the nest, containing an egg
with developed young in it, is already partially moulting, as the “ orlet”
has fallen off, and the intermediate pieces (fig. 1 d) are cracked in a
couple of places, while the cuirass is still firmly attached. In both
specimens the anterior, constantly horny parts, are flaking off in thin
and irregular chips. These being the only facts in my possession con-
cerning the moult of the horny basal pieces of the bill, I abstain from
any generalizations.

As to the moult of the plumage, I have the observation to offer that
the wing feathers are moulted after the hatching of the eggs is finished.
I received living specimens of this species simultaneous with those
mentioned under Simorhynchus pygmeus. The appearance and moult
of the wing feathers in these birds were so completely identical that
every word applied to one species is equally applicable to the other;
hence no need of repeating here what is said under the head of the
latter species.

The living specimens could not be induced to take any food. They
walked semi-upright when moving, like all the members of the family,
and such was their position during rest, too, as I have also often ascer-
tained when watching the free living birds; later on, when growing
weaker, they would lie down on their bellies.

Their pupils were very large, and the white iris in the living bird,
consequently, had the appearance of a narrow ring only. The case was
reversed ip the dead bird, in which the whole eye was white, with a small
black point in the middle.

The pending post-ocular tuft of white feathers was kept close to the
body, not forming a bristling crest. These feathers are erectile o% the
will of the bird, but are usually carried closed together.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 43

The “ Bjele-bruski,” ¢. e., the white-breasts, are common, in suitable
places, on both islands, though not very numerous, breeding in steep,
cracked, and inaccessible rocks both on Bering aid Copper Islands,
especially in those places which are called ‘“ Nepropusk,” that is, steep
rocks rising straight out of the sea prohibiting any passage along the
beach. Such places are found near the main villages on both islands,
and in both places there are nesting colonies of these birds.

They arrive in the Commander Islands about the end of April. In
1883 the first three were observed on Bering Island at the Reef Point
Nepropusk on April 28. On the 2d of May they were numerous at the
same place. It is especially in the early morning that these birds are
seen, the best time being about 4 o’clock during the spring, and also at
the same hour in the afternoon, as the rest of the day, before the breed-
ing has begun, is passed way out at sea, and after that time in the deep
holes of the rock, in which the nests are located. At the time mentioned
they may be observed sitting on the rocky ledges outside the opening of
the nest-cave, usually only solitary pairs, but before the breeding com-
mences often in small companies.

Their voice is a clear vibrating whistle, somewhat resembling that of
Cepphus grylle and columba.

When the full grown young have left the nest all seek the high ocean,
disappearing completely from the island, and not a single specimen
could be secured during the latter part of the summer. Where do they
go in winter? They probably stay on the ocean further south than
their allies, for while Simorhynchus. cristatellus, pygmeus, pusillus,
Lunda cirrhata, and Fratercula corniculata all were obtained during the
winter, not a single Bjelebruschka was seen or heard of, nor was it ever
during that season picked up dead on the beach after heavy gales.

14. Lunda cirrhata PALL.

1769.—Alca cirrhata PALL., Spicil. Zool., V, p. 7, pl. i, et pl. ii, figs. 1, 2, 3.—
KiTTL., Denkw. II, p. 205 (1858).—Bo.au, J.f. Orn., 1880, p. 132.—Lunda e.
PaL., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., II, p. 363 (1826).—Co1npE, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
1860, p. 403.—DyBow., Sitzb. Dorpat. Nat. Ges., 1881, p. —.—Id., Orn.
Centrbl., 1882, p. 40.—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 349.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 115 (1883).—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p. 54.—TURNER,
Auk, 1885, p. 159.— Mormon ec. K1TTLiTZ, Isis., 1831, p. 1104.—Id., Kupfertaf.,
p- 3, taf. 1, fig. 2 (1832) —MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 240), (1853).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 503 (1860).—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 331.—
Datu & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 308.—Datt, Avif. Aleut.
Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 10 (1873).—Zd., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 10
(1874).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1876, p. 203.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p.
75 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 52.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 398.—

44 - ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

BLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 210.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap. VIII, 1880, p.
179.—Tid., ibid. X,1882, p. 88.—SEEB., Ibis, 1579, p. 21.—PALMEN, Swed.
Cat. Lond. Fish. Exh., p. 201 (1883).—SAuUNDERs, Ibis, 1883, p. 348.—
BuiakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 20 (1884).—Fratercula c. Vicors, Zool,
Voy. Blossom, Orn., p. 33 (1839).—CassIn, Pr. Ac. Philada., 1862, p. 324.—
Frxscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 82.—Covrs in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska,
p. 203 (1875),—EL.ioTr, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 134 (1882).

1°29.—Fratercula carinala ViGORS, Zool. Journ., IV, p. 358.

1851.—Sagmatorrhina lathami BONAP., P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 202, pl. 44.

1858.—Sagmatorrhina labradoria Cassin in Baird’s B. N. Amer., p. 904.—DaLu. &
BANNIST., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 309.

List of specimens collected.

E : e

o | eZ a

2 | <j g é %

2 S 3 - E ; g =

i oe 3 Sisal are 5 | 3 E

j a Locality. = ey oo 8 i 3 2

2 | s 5 z g S 3 | 8 ee

A123 a Bo See to a ah ecat coe oe hg doors

aA} s = be hs a elfeceaths ty eee] ae Peeks ates ee

i EH E Bo) Hy eo es hoe en
| |mm.| mm.|mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
89067 | 1040 | Bering Island ....... May 11,1882 | 9 ad. | 385 |...... 193 64 65 35 58
92919 | 2074 |.... GOs se See eee oo ae May 17, 1883 | (Q)ad. | (378) | .--.-- 191 64 58 35 60
92921 | 2133 |. seis e sons see aes June 4, 1883 | Q 367 10 | 187 59 58 33 51
92923;|:2562\i)ss1dolzer se Git Lee- Sept. 6, 1883 | (Q)ad.|......|...... 192} 58| 58] 36 59
eee 5G1*| 2 does o" oh oes leSegre, GRSBScl ad, Vals ee) oat eek cl ean eri Packet ome
929245)/2563))-226 OO asco cee nels seu Sept. 6, 1883 AO 7 || Soa leeced 193 62 60 35 58
O20254 NV Diiaet ae Oss oka aoe eel Sept., 1883 | (d)ad.|-.....|2--.<- 187 60 59 35 60
929026) Ode "se dO sence sere secs sept-, 1883) |9(2)ad.i)--=-50) 2a. - 192 59 57 36 59
HOOPOT STAs) J20 | COaese se eee ate Jan. 19,1883 ; oad. 397 8} 189 53 53 35 61
O2022"KAOO TA! 5.2 <QOys-22 ass sate asee Feb.12, 1883 | ¢ jun.| 391 23 | 198 62 52 36 | 60
wth TORRE dost see ee Web. 24/1889 | duns tose eee hee ee | ET ene aoe
Q2OBS THOU | eee O: seep oats see, ctelale Sept.24,1882 | juv.! S10R |e eoees 144 43 | 37 37 55
2927) neva lalpes. ( COs. eee seeett 4 Sept., 1883 | pull.?]...... Bea sae 186 44 | 35 33 51
SOR0 DsGs [es do sete ly oe | Sept. 6, 1883 | pulJ.? |...... fae se 105| 28 | 31| 29] 47

|
929788 27704 at O% ee see et nee Sept., 1883 | pull.4|...... Jeeeee- 98 20; 33 31 46
92990 | 2565) 2 Morn soc. ssc ghee | Sept. 6, 1883 | pull.4 |...... aban [eco etree | 3t-|- 38 43
| |
*TIn alcohol. t Head only. 1 Only a few downs left.
2 One-quarter downy. 3 One-half downy. 4Seven-eighths downy.

No. 89087.—Iris creamy white. Bill, terminal part bright salmon red, on upper mandible shaded with
brownish, towards the base; basal part light olive green, the cylindrical ridge on culmen more apple-
green; the angle of the mouth and the narrow, naked stripe of skin between bill and feathering, and
a longitudinal stripe on the ‘‘rosette,”’ which is of a somewhat purplish flesh color, vermillion, as is
also. the naked ring round the eyes. Feet vivid salmon red; soles reddish brown; nails black.

No. 92921.—Iris light grayish cream-color. Color of bill similar to foregoing, but red part of bill
more orange, and the green parts, except the crest on the top of culmen, duller and more brownish;
eye-ring also less bright. Feet more orange colored. Fat. Eggs swollen.

No. 92920.—Iris dirty white, with a faint creamy tinge. Bill, fore part vivid salmon red, with dark
brownish shades at tip of upper mandible and between the last groove and the basa] part, which is
dark brown, with the tomium of upper mandible reddish anteriorly and brownish flesh color pos-
teriorly; the brown of the lower mandible is mottled with brownish flesh color; angle of mouth orange
colored, as i3 also the mesial furrow of the “rosette,” which is light flesh color. Feet very pale salmon-
red, brownish beneath. Very lean. Stomach contained a blackish brown, tar-like fluid.

No. 92922.—Iris light yellowish gray. Bill, terminal part orange-red, more brownish towards the
tip; tomia dark brownish, as is also the basal part of both mandibles, which is quite soft; the ‘‘ rosette”
light brownish flesh color; furrows and corner of mouth dull orange. Feet whitish, with a tinge of

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 45

yellowish flesh-color, and shaded with faint greenish blue on tho joints and along the toes; webs light
dirty reddish brown; tarsus and toes beneath dark brown; nails black. The feathers of the ear-tuft
not yet fully out, their bases still in the sheaths. Very lean.

No. 92933.—Iris dark brownish gray. Bill brownish gray, darker on the basal portion, tip blackish;
the ‘‘rosette’’ similarly colored; naked eye-ring blackish; interior of mouth light flesh color. Feet
light pearly gray, each scutellum with a brownish spot, in the middle; webs, soles, and nails blackish.

No. 92930.—Iris grayish brown. Color of bill like that of the foregoing, but a little darker, especially
on the upper mandible. Feet of a middle gray, with a faint tinge of yellowish olive; webs and soles
blackish.

No. 92929.—Iris grayish brown. Colors only a trifle lighter than in the foregoing.

There is still great confusion and uncertainty among authors con-
cerning the changes of plumage and bill ornaments in the two groups,
Fraterculine and Phaleridine. The observations which I have had the
opportunity to make in regard to the moult of the wing-feathers of the
latter, and which are recorded under the head of Simorhynchus pyg-
meeus, are conclusive, and sufficient as far as this group is concerned,
there being no previous investigations published that I am aware of.

The moult of the wing feathers of the Fraterculine have been studied
in Fratercula arctica, among others, by Mr. Gerbe.* The process is said
to be performed in April, at the commencement of the general moult,
and before the season of the propagation begins. The moult is said to
take place in such a manner that the primaries are thrown off simultane-
ously, the secondaries following a few days after, thus reducing the
wings to mere fins, and making the bird incapable of flight for several
days. (Cf. Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 17.)

It will be seen that this process is exactly the reverse of what I have
shown to take place in the Phaleridina, in which the moult occurs after
the breeding, being, besides, gradual and normal in every respect.

None of the specimens of Lunda or Fratercula collected by me,
although from different seasons, were in the act of moulting, and
my material of these species is therefore less conclusive than that of
Simorhynchus pygmeus. The condition of the wing-feathers in the
different specimens, however, indicate, with a probability very nearly
approaching absolute certainty, that the moult of the remiges in Lunda
cirrhata and Fratercula corniculata does not differ materially from that
of the Phaleridine ; consequently that it is a postnuptial, and not a pre-
nuptial moult. This is pretty evident from the fact that my September
specimens have the remiges much blacker, and fresher than those killed
in May, in fact, quite new and perfect, while the female collected in the
beginning of June has the remiges worn, and with all signs of being old

* Observation sur la maniére dont s’accomplit la mue des rémiges chez le Macareux
moine (Rev, et Mag, de Zool., 1875).

46 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS

feathers, ready to be exchanged for new ones after the incubating
season.

I may, therefore, be excused for doubting the correctness of the state-
ment that there is a prenuptial moult of the wing-feathers in Fratercula
arctica, the much more so as the material of the latter, which I have
been able to examine, in no way corroborates the observation of Mr.
Bureau. That the process should be so radically different in the two
species of Fratercula is more than improbable. The question as to the
moult of the remiges of F. arctica may yet be regarded as an open one,
and ornithologists, having the opportunity of making observations
should not omit them in the belief that all is known about the matter.

About the moulting of the rest of the plumage in spring the previous
statements are conflicting. Bureau (1. c.) says that the spring moult is
complete, while Dr. Dybowski (Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 40) asserts that
“in spring the moult is only partial,” and restricted to the outgrowth of
the ornamental feathers, and the moult of the wing and tail-feathers.
Whether the latter statement, about the wing and tail-feathers, pre-
tends to be based upon actual observations cannot be ascertained, and
may therefore be regarded as valueless in view of the remarks above.
As to the moult of the contour-feathers, however, Mr. Bureau is un-
doubtedly correct, as I can testify from actual observation, only with
the addition that the regular time is not in spring, but in the latter part
of the winter. It may be remarked, though, that the individual varia-
tion in this respect is very great, as in so many other sea birds.

Dr. Dybowski has of late (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 348) ad-
vanced another erroneous theory in regard to the moult of Lunda cir-
rhata. Hestates that the young of the latter in the first plumage has the
under surface pure white, and that the same birds early in spring, before
the spring moult, are dark all over, as are the adults. He, therefore,
concludes that a moult must have taken place between these two phases,
“something similar to that which occurs in the young Tetraonide” (!).
In the first place, the young of Lunda cirrhata in the first plumage is not
pure white below; they are of a light gray underneath, gradually deep-
ening towards the chin. The shade of this gray is exceedingly variable,
however; in some quite light, almost whitish; in others much deeper,
corresponding to a similar variability of the intensity of the dark under
surface of the adults; and of the four half-fledged young collected by
me, and partly yet in the down, no two are exactly alike, while the full-
grown young bird obtained in February (No, 92922) is completely inter-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS AT

mediate in color between the former and the old birds, This would
indicate a gradual darkening of the first plumage of the young; at
any rate, no second moult takes place before the regular prenuptial
moult.

In default of a better opportunity, a curious mistake of Mr. Bureau
may be corrected in this connection. He asserts, with the greatest
positiveness, that the female of Lunda cirrhata differs from the male in
being destitute of the long, pendant yellow ear-tufts (Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1879, p. 33). This statement is completely unfounded in, na-
ture, as the female in external structure and coloration is absolutely
indistinguishable from the male. I have seen thousands and thousands
of both sexes during the breeding season, and they are all alike; there
is not a single untufted adult bird on the rookeries at that period.*

As the same author seems to believe that the summer and winter
plumage of this species are identical (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, pl.
iii, fig. 3, which, though having tufts and white mask, is a ‘‘restauration”
intended to illustrate the winter plumage, and p. 33, where he most
positively and most erroneously asserts that the plumage of the adult
male in winter is “‘ absolument semblable 4 celui des noces”), a brief
review of the sequence of the different plumages and their coloration
may, perhaps, not be out of place.

In August and September the downy young, still in the nest-holes,
become clothed with their first feathers in place of the dark fuliginous
down. In this plumage, which is wholly developed before they leave
the nest, the upper surface and the under tail-coverts are more or less
glossy black; the sides of the head are blackish gray ; under surface
deep ashy on the chin and throat, fading backward into a light gray,
the intensity of which differs individually to a considerable extent,
darkening, as it appears, during the course of the winter. About the
middle of February, earlier or later in the different individuals, accord-
ing to the time when they left the egg, the first moult of the contour-

* Mr. Bureau’s positiveness about this point is quite il-ustrative of the usual gen-
eralization of many ornithological writers. He had two specimens (apparently with-
out authenticated dates) before him, said to be females, which had not the ear-tufts
grown fully out (cf. “ aigrettes, dont le point @’implantation est indiqué par une tache
jaune paille”). And upon this extremely scanty material he boldly asserts: ‘ Pallas,
et, depuis lui, tous les auteurs que ont écrit sur cette espéce, considérent @ tort la
femelle comme étant absolument semblable au mAle et pourvue d’aigrettes.” If Mr.
Bureau had taken the trouble of raising the feathers of the ‘‘tache jaune” he would
have found them still in their sheaths, the yellow spot being formed by the tips of
the ear-tufts in the progress of development, (Cf. Bureau, 1. c., pp. 38, 34.)

48 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

feathers commences, the ear-tufts at the same time making their ap-
pearance; these are at first of an isabella-brown color, afterwards chan-
ging into pale straw-yellow, (plate ii, fig. 4). The under parts of the
new plumage are darker (though never glossy), and the contrast be-
tween the under tail-coverts and the rest is, consequently, less con-
spicuous, but the most radical change occurs in the coloration of the
face, which now assumes the white “ mask,” and the young of the year
is now indistinguishable from the old birds as far as plumage is con-
cerned.

As mentioned above, the material at hand seems to justify the con-
clusion that remiges and rectrices are not shed at this moult, but at
the next one, which takes place in September (earlier or later accord-
ing to circumstances), or when the incubation is finished. At this
moult the long ear-tufts are thrown off, the white ‘‘mask” is replaced
by blackish gray feathers; all the other feathers are likewise shed,
without any change, however, in the general color of the rest of the
plumage. It has also been mentioned above that the time when the
moult takes place is very variable in different individuals, a fact which
should always be borne in mind. On the 22d of August, 1882, I ob-
served a single old bird, with large red bill, having already changed
its mask and dropped the ear-tufts, but it was the only one in a large
flock of many hundreds; on the other hand, individuals are found which
have not assumed their winter plumage as late as the end of October.
The adult bird in winter is represented in fig. 2, pl. i.

Parallel with and corresponding to this moult of the plumage the re-
markable shedding of the basal parts of the bill takes place. Mr. Bureau
has the honor of first having pointed out this fact, but for want of suffi-
cient material he had to content himself mostly with hypotheses and as-
sumptions, consequently falling into several errors. Dr. Dybowski
afterwards observed parts of the process, but, not content with the facts
observed, went on speculating, and, needless to say, consequently, also
made grave mistakes. It will, therefore, be expedient to point out and
correct these befoie proceeding to a detailed account of the process as
it actually takes place.

The figures representing the heads of Lunda cirrhata, and accompany-

ing the two articles of Mr. Bureau are not only crude, but in several.

points absolutely erroneous, it being sufficient to compare fig. 4 of pl.
v, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, with those on pl. iii, op. cit., 1879,
particularly the grooves, the crest, and the lower end of the horny

Ss oe

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 49

‘ orlet,”* not to speak of the color of the deciduous parts which are
painted red instead of green, and of the “rosette,” which is made bright
yellow instead of flesh color.

Mr. Bureau asserts (op. cit., 1879, p. 39) that the mental cuirass is
uniform in color with the rest of the under mandible, so that its exist-
ence is hardly suspected when the bird is in full summer or winter dress.
From my drawings and descriptions, it will be seen that such is not the
case. That piece is always differently colored from the rest of the man-
dible (except in the young birds), the latter being always red, while the
former is green in summer and deep brown in winter. It is not more
correct when he says (l. ¢.) that the “ atrophic triangle” is so much re-
duced that its retraction does not sensibly modify the outline of the infe-
rior mandible. A glance at my figures on pl. i shows at once that
the lower outline of the mandible is considerably different in summer
and winter, the gonydeal angle being, in fact, situated at the middle of
the mandible during the latter season, while in summer the correspond-
ing point is placed within the basal third of the mandible.

*T follow Mr. Bureau’s nomenclature of the different basal pieces as closely as pos-
sible. The following is a synoptical table of his terms with reference to the figures
on pl. iii, B. S. Z. F., 1879, together with the equivalents employed by Dr. Elliott
Coues in a review of Bureau’s discovery in the Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1878, p. 89, and
by Dr. Theo. Gill in an article of similar object in Baird’s “‘ Annual Record of Science
and Industry” (‘‘ Harper’s”), 1878, p. 480. In the last column will be found the En-
glish term corresponding to the French appellation, which I propose to adopt.

oe

B 2.8.¥. 1609 phi, PPE MP ra | yy De Sues (Pew Plat ge | te following ace

Figg. land 4a..-.... Ourlet corné ...-.- isin ssebeseeccoce Basal lamella ..... Horny orlet.

Figg. 1 and 4 b.....-- Cuirasse nasale ..| Nasal buckler-.... Supranasalsaddle_| Nasal cuirass.

PAL eres aca Lamelle sous-na- | Subnasal lamelle.| Subnasal lamellew.| Subnusal lamelle.
sale.

Figg. land 4/...-.... Liséré corné.......| Horny selvage....| Mental lamella ...| Horny selvedge.

Figg. land 4g-...-..-.. Cuirasse menton- | Mental buckler ...| Inverted saddle...| Mental cuirass.
niere.

Gs 2 SM eiciascee Rosace .........--- USUISEL LBs te re omere ee cs a folie ae aicieeista Rosette.

SE CLUS a rae toe eee | Ourlet membra- | Membranousboss.|...-...-.----------- Membranous orlet.

: neux.

EHS ID prak sateecht as Membrane nasale.| Nasal membrane..|..........-.-.--.--.| Nasal membrane.

SUS Fem eSte sie ee a Tiiséré membra- | Membranous sel- |..........-..--.---- Membranous _ sel-
NeuUx. vage. vedge.

A SOI Mesos Renee Matrice ‘menton- | Mental matrix ....|........-..----0cee- Mental matrix.

; niere. ;

SES Dec aasactcre ses Cuvier, AMmemora- Ves nce cecets ae ncc|cceneccese eee Membranous cas-

neu. que.

The horny subcylindrical protuberance at the base of the culmen is not marked by
a distinctive letter on the figures ; in the text it is called ‘‘ cimier corné,” a term here
transcribed by ‘‘ horny casque.”’

16861 Bull. 29 4

50 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLOKATIONS.

Dr. Dybowski’s mistakes are more serious. In the article in Ornith.
Centrbl., 1882, he says positively: ‘‘ During the further development of
the moult the entire fore part of the bill scales off and assumes a dark
color; the entire head becomes covered with black feathers, and the iris
becomes blackish brown.” And to strengthen his assertion he adds in
a foot-note in thisavery place: “In my collection all these stages of moult
are represented by splendid specimens.” *

Nevertheless, this startling discovery of the shedding of the anterior
part of the bill, too, is not at all based on facts, being a mere supposi-
tion, young birds having been mistaken for adults. Dr. Dybowski him-
self has afterwards become doubtful about this point, which, at first, was
asserted with so great positiveness. His doubts are expressed thus in the
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 349: “Iam convinced that the worn
bill cannot obtain the form it has in spring without having first changed
its entire superficial sheath. Therefore, although I do not possess such a
sheath, I persist in my conviction that the bill is wholly shed,”t (italics
mine). What has become of the ‘splendid specimens of all the stages
of shedding”? It is, then, clear that the ‘‘ discovery” is not founded
upon observation but upon a “conviction.” The mistake rests upon the
circumstance that he got young birds, some with light and others with
dark colored undersides; the latter he took for adults, not taking into
account that the former were obtained in November (B. 8. Z. F., 1883,
p. 348) while the latter were taken later in winter and spring (Orn.
Centrbl., 1882, p. 28).

The wear and tear of the anterior part of the bill is overcome and
remedied by the same process as in other birds, the external horny
layers flaking off irregularly, substituted by the successive growth of
the underlying ones. There is no need of assuming a regular shed-
ding of that part, and most certainly it does not take place; conclu-
sive evidence, besides, is furnished by No. 92920 (pl. i, fig. 2).

The statement of Dr. Dybowski that the iris of the adults changes
from whitish to blackish brown is a result of the same confusion of the
adults and young, and so is the assertion that the color of the whole
bill of the adults is dark in winter.

‘Im weiteren Verlauf der Mauser schiilt sich der ganze vordere Theil des Schnabels
und bekommt eine dunkle Farbe; der ganze Kopf bedeckt sich mit schwarzen Federn
und die Iris wird schwarzbraun. In meiner Collection sind alle diese Mauser-Stadien
durch practvolle Exemplare repriisentirt. (JL. c., p. 40.)

t Je suis persuadé que le bec usé, ne peut parvenira sa forme de printemps qu’aprés
avoir changé en entier son fourreau super Ainsi donc, quoique je ne posséde
pas de fourreaux pareil, je persiste dans ma conviction que le bec mue en entier,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 51

Other misstatements as to the color of the naked and soft parts have
originated in describing them from dried skins, or at least from speci-
mens not absolutely fresh. This is evident, for instance, where the bill
and feet of the young birds are described as black (Orn. Centr., 1882,
p. 29: ‘* Beine immer noch schwarz”), and the rosette of the adults as
‘¢ neeonia-red.”

Another mistake is probably due to lack of material, the stage in
question not being represented in the “splendid” series. I allude here
to his statement (Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 30) that when the horny orlet
falls off it is replaced by black feathers. The fact is that the feathers
which are growing out when the orlet drops off are white, as my speci-
mens conclusively prove; this part drops off before the white face-
mask has changed to black; when that change takes place then the
white feathers on the “‘membranous orlet” are first. exchanged for
black ones.

The series of plain and colored drawings which accompany this ac-
count were carefully prepared on the island from specimens perfectly
fresh and still in the flesh; they were not merely sketches, but Jinished
on the spot, and have not been touched since. I claim for them the
merit of being true in outline and color. They illustrate most of the
different stages of development and transformation, and, in conse-
quence, are frequently referred to in the following, as they certainly
convey a better idea of the specimens than the most explicit descrip-
tion; besides, the descriptions have been given above under the re-
marks following the “ list of specimens collected,” p. 44.

The color and shape of the bill of the downy young (pl. ii, fig. 1) is
exactly that of the more developed young represented in the same plate,
fig. 2. Passing through the stage of fig. 3, the bill grows gradually
during the winter, simultaneously reddening in the anterior part. Birds
hatched very early will have attained a development corresponding to
fig. 4 at the middle of February, while late birds at the same time will
not have advanced farther than the stage represented by fig. 3. The
next step is the swelling and growth and subsequent hardening of the
basal parts accompanied by their changeof color into an olivaceous green.
At the same time the semilunar vertical grooves on the anterior part
of the upper mandible commence to be visible. It seems as if they are
formed by a constant flaking off, as the superficial corneous layer of
the grooves is always more or less lacerated, detached, and in course
of scaling, causing the whitish coloration of the grooves. When this

52 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

process is finished the young bird is essentially like the adults, but
whether partaking in the breeding during the first year I cannot say with
certainty. I am inclined to think, however, that the still immature
birds remain on the high sea away from the rookeries during the breed-

Fic, 1.—Lunda cirrhata, jun. Copper Island, July 30, 1883.

ing season, for I never saw a breeding bird like that shot by me on
Copper Island on the 30th of July (fig. 1, text), which even at that
late date had the grooves only just perceptible; it was shot a distance
off shore, and judging from its conduct and its perfect plumage at that

Fic. 2.—Lunda cirrhata, jun. Bering Island, June 4, 1883.

time was not engaged in the incubating business. In all probability
this is only a very late bird, holding the same relation to pl. ii, fig. 3,
as does fig. 2, text, to pl. ii, fig. 4. But while I feel quite sure that
this bird and others of the same stage did not breed that season, I

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 53

am not so certain in regard to fig. 2, text. That bird was picked out
-of a lot of similar ones which I examined when visiting tbe rookery
on Toporkof Island on the 4th of June, 188%. Here are the remarks
concerning these specimens, written down on the spot: ‘ The bill is con-
siderably shorter and lower, and the casque is arched and not straight
as in the old birds; the colors are less bright, the red being paler and
more orange, and the green more olive, the casque alone being clear
apple-green ; the rosette is less vivid, the red especially less conspicu-
ous and more pinkish; the naked eye-ring is narrower and more dull
colored, while the feet are more orange.” These were evidently birds
of the foregoing year, and their presence on the rookery so late would
seem to indicate that they were going to breed that season, an assump-
tion the more probable, as the eggs in the ovary were quite swollen.
It may be, therefore, that the early-hatched birds breed the next season,
while those reared late in the year—and downy young are found in the
nests as late as the end of September—pass the first summer without
partaking in the reproduction.

Towards the end of the breeding season, and a little before the
moulting of the contour-feathers commences, the green color of the de-
ciduous parts becomes more brownish, the rosette shrinks, becoming
rather pinkish of color, the edges of the different pieces are raised and
hard, and the grooves between them deepened. The distinction be-
tween the apical and basal parts of the lower mandible, which until
then has only been indicated by the difference in color, is now clearly
marked by a sharp and deepened line.

The first part to come off is the horny orlet, the process usually be-
ginning in such a way that the orlet bursts on the culmen where it is
quite narrow, and much more so than shown in Bureaw’s figure (fig. 4a,
pl. ili, B. S. Z. F., 1879), and from the culmen the two detached halves
of the orlet flake off downward to the tomia, exposing the membranous
orlet, which is now covered with rows of about 1"™ long white feathers.
Next comes the nasal cuirass, which, unlike the former, first detaches
itself along the upper margin of the nostrils. This nasal cuirass is
separated from the adjacent pieces all around by deep furrows, except
at two narrow points behind and in front of the nostrils, and in loosen-
ing, these narrow bridges break irregularly. Simultaneously the basal
part of the mandible is shed, first loosening along the feather border,
then along the tomia until it finally breaks at the lately formed line
across the mandible. In Bureau’s figure the horny selvedge is repre-

a

54- ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

sented as a well defined and separate piece; I may therefore remark q

that in all my specimens the lower half of this piece is connected with .
the mental cuirass, and that they are shed together; it must be re-
marked, however, that any violence during the process is apt to break
the different parts irregularly. As to the subnasal lamellae my material .
does not indicate any shedding, and as they are colored reddish like
the persistent part of the bill, and not greenish as the deciduous pieces,
I am inclined to think that they are not shed at all.

These changes occur during the months of September and October,
some individuals commencing as early as the beginning of the former,
while others are not yet through at the end of the latter.

The bird now looks like fig. 2, on pl. i. It will be seen that neither.
is the anterior part shed, nor dark colored, nor the iris changed to
blackish brown, the specimen figured having been obtained on the
19th of January.

In the early part of the next spring the soft parts again become hard
and change color, and as soon as the breeding season is at hand the fully
adult bird looks like fig. 1 on pl. i.

It may be added that the birds take to the open ocean shortly after .
the shedding commences, remaining far from any land until the vernal
transformation is finished. Only severe storms or excessive cold bring
them in winter near the shore. ’

I observed a few individuals which had four grooves on the anterior -
part of the maxilla, but out of a hundred birds. I found only two or three.
These were probably very old birds.

One specimen, No. 92924, shows trace of corresponding grooves on the
lower mandible.

The “Toporvk” (plur. “ Toporki”), together with the “Are” (Uria arra), .
isthe mostnumerous of the many species of the Alcide@ on the islands, and ,
as both are also the largest in size, they become of eminent importance to. .
the natives as sources of fresh meat. This is especially the case on Cop-
per Island, the area of which is more limited, and where the inhabitants
have fewer facilities for preserving the meat of the fur-seals slaughtered
during the short season of the summer. To them the adults, young,
and eggs are most welcome additions to their bill of fare, and, indeed,
I myself was very often gratified by a good meal of fried ‘* Toporki,” for —
the meat, although very dark, is by no means distasteful. I remember -
occasions when I thought I had never eaten anything better, when fur- -

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 5D

seal-totigues and toporok-breasts were esteemed higher than deer-
tongues and goose-breasts are to-day. ;

Butitis not only for food that these birds are used. The skins are care-
fully flayed off, and made into wide and long, very warm and nice gar-
ments, the so-called “ parka,” with the feathers turned inside. About

fifty skins are required for one “parka.” In order to remove the fat

from the skins, they are chewed over and over again by the women and
children until all the fatty matter has been chewed out, that being their
method of tanning. These ‘parki” are rather easily torn, but are ex-
tremely warm and light, as I can testify from my own experience.
Dressed in one I could go driving in a dog-sledge in the severest cold
wtihout feeling any inconvenience, and its lightness would allow me to
keep it on when strolling about, away from the sledge, hunting ptarmi-
gans or other ornithologieal and gastronomical objects.

The yellow feathers of the long ear-tufts are in great demand for
decorative purposes. The seams of a fine ‘‘ Kamlejka” (rain coat made
of seal-guts) is often tastefully adorned with them.

With the beginning of May these birds commence making their
appearance on the coasts of the islands,* looking out for their old
homes, but for a while they stay mostly on the water, not far from land,
until the nests are taken possession of in earnest, which happens about
the beginning of the second week of June.

The natives, heartily tired of their winter food, the salted seal meat,
look forward to the arrival of the Toporki with great impatience, and
as soon as a sufficient number are observed in the neighborhood of the
old rookeries parties start off in order to catch a good supply for food
and clothing, advantage being taken of the peculiar habits of the
birds

I shall in the following attempt a short description of such an excur-
sion:

On a bright afternoon in May—and at that season really some fine,
bright days occur, even on the Commander Islands—we started, a gay
picnic party, consisting mostly of Aleuts and their wives or lady friends,

*Dr. Dybowski states that they do not arrive on the coast of Kumtschatka before
the second week of June (‘Ende Mai. a. St.,”’ Orn. Centrbl., 1682, p. 28). That may
be, but 1t is certain that they appear about five weeks earlier at the islands, for
when, in 1882, I landed on Copper Island on the 5th of May Toporki were already plen-
tiful, and in 1883 they were noted as arrived at Bering Island on the 7th of the same
month. In fact the first egg was found on June the 12th, which corresponds to the
last of May, ‘‘old style.”

56 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

for the small island Toporkoff, about three miles off from the village.
During our passage out only few birds were seen, as it was no “land
day,” but I was assured that they would be in on the following morning.
The Toporki and their allies show during this season, previous to the
breeding, the peculiarity of appearing regularly, as it seems, in great
abundance near shore on one day, while next day they have all disap-
peared, staying away on the high sea for two days, when they again
take a ‘land day.” The natives had calculated that the following day
would be such a regular land day.

The afternoon passed pleasantly ; some were out fishing, the younger
members of the party were playing ball, while I was busily engaged in
securing specimens ot Troglodytes pallescens, AcantMts linaria, &c., be-
sides odds and ends of plants, insects, mollusks, and crustaceans.

Toporkoff, which has received its name on account of being a rookery
of the “Toporki,” is a small island consisting of a level plateau about
30 feet above the surface of the sea, rising abruptly from a 50 to 200
feet broad, sandy or rocky beach. The upper surface of the plateau
is covered with a thick, hummocky sod, which in every direction is
perforated by the numberless holes dug by the “ Toporki” and used
by them for dwellings to rear their young in. ~

Water birds were rather searce near the island, though at a distance
large flocks, like black patches, were seen resting on the sea. Nowand
then a solitary Toporok would cross overhead in its straight flight; a
few cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) aired their wet wings on the
outlying rocks, stretching their long necks in all directions; noisy
gulls (Larus glaucescens) flew up and down, screaming and scolding at
the intruder.

Evening set in, and the picnic party returned, leaving us men with
the bajdarkas. Toporki crossed the island more frequently, but not in
such numbers that it was thought worth while to try catching them.
A camp fire was started for the preparation of the tea, and soon the
indispensable “ samovar” was humming its cheerful tune. My Aleuts
were unusually silent and dull, and we soon crept into the hull of the
bajdarkas, a snug and rather comfortable bed, though smelling con-
siderably from seal-oil, that peculiar smell which characterizes almost
everything on the islands, and to which the outsider will have to adapt
himself, if he wants to feel comfortable during his sojourn on the seal
islands.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 57

The ornithological spectacle at daybreak the following morning was
quite different from what it had been the foregoing day. Hundreds and
thousands of Lunda cirrhata crossed and recrossed the island, coming
from all directions, and disappearing on the opposite side, in order to
return again and again. A wonderful sight! The black birds, with
their conspicuous white face-mask, the long and floating yellow ear-
tufts bent like the horns of a ram, and the large green-and-red-colored
beaks and red legs, looked more like fantastical creatures of the tropics
than inhabitants of the less extravagant north. Their flight seemed to
have no particular aim except to view and review the spot where they
were going to take up their summer abode, for they flew singly upon
their straight courses, no one taking notice of the others. Like black
specks they rose from the horizon heading for the island; the nearer they
came the bigger they grew, until they passed over us, disappearing as
specks again cn the other side, and when first started nothing seemed to
be able to bring them out of their straight course. These clumsy looking,
puffy birds possess, nevertheless, a very rapid flight, so that at the first
acquaintance one is rather apt to shoot behind them, but they do not
rise very high in the air, especially when passing over the upper pla-
teau of the island. pia

The natives take advantage of these peculiarities, and their device
for catching the Toporki is based upon the apparent difficulty of the
bird to make a sudden turn in its straight flight.

A. piece of wide-meshed net-work stretched on a hoop, about 4
feet in diameter, fixed to a light pole, 10 to 12 feet long, is the in-
strument used in catching the Toporki, by suddenly throwing it in
the way of the bird, who flies directly into it, and thus falls to the
ground and is captured. g

When I turned out the Aleuts were already in their places waiting
for the rush of the birds, which had not yet begun. They were scat-
tered pretty evenly around the island, seated on the edge of the bluff,
Their immovable figures, wrapped in the warm “parka,” or the lighter
“kamleika,” were clearly visible against the gray western sky, and
now with the dawning day we discern the net at their side, but,
what is more surprising, each one surrounded by a small flock of
Toporki. These stretch their necks and point with their bills straight
up in the air in quite an unaccountable manner, remaining so long in
that rather unnatural position that we become suspicious. A closer

58 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

inspection reveals that these are only decoys, empty skins held in posi-
tion by a stick protruding between the jaws and with the other end
thrust into the ground.

Before long the sea and the horizon become lively with birds, and
soon the sky above us literally swarmed with these red-and-green-
beaked, white-masked, yellow-horned masses. It was ‘land-day,” in-
deed! I only wondered that they did not suffer collision- with each
other during their »iry sailing, for they were thick as May-flies round
an electric light, and flew both straight and rapid.

When a Toporok crosses overhead of an Aleut he suddenly raises his
net; the bird, unable to turn aside, runs into it with a clash, falls to the
ground, and in a twinkling is added to the heap of other unfortunates
with broken necks.

When full day has set in this sport is at an end, as then the birds fly

higher, and now comes the moment for me and my gun, for we, too,
want fresh Toporki for dinner!
. To the accompaniment of the buzzing breakfast-“ samovar,” I wrote
down my memoranda on fresh colors, individual variation, moulting,
&e., surrounded by hundreds of specimens, selecting desirable objects
for skinning, and preparing colored sketches of the fresh colors of bills,
eyes, &c., before they fade away and dry up.

After a successful hunt we then returned in the “ bajdarkas.”

The eggs are white, without gloss, usually with faint lilac spots,
which are more numerous in a wreath around the blunt end. Owing to
the location of the nests in holes dug in the soil, the eggs are always
more or less stained.

Dimensions of eggs.

S
a
3 f
°
A | a : ;
4 = Locality. Date. g & | State of incubation.
a|s 3 | 3
~ Sy a 7)
| | mm. | mm.
21788s|\ 22404} Copper island: ~o-t.cteseecveae teen aeee | July 12,1883| 71 50 | Fresh
21789 | 2246 }...--. DO See cathe See elmate pees | July 12, 1883 68 48 Do.
21790 | 2283 |...... Gos 23s eee saere cette arse ee July 18, 1883 68 45 Do.
20791 | 2284 |...... OS alanScs wees scene escasaceeeees July 18,1883} 71 50 | Cont. smallembryo,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 59

15. Fratercula* corniculata (NAUM.).

17&8.—Alca arctica 8, GMEL., Syst. Nat., 1., 2, p. 649.
1821,—Mormon corniculata NAUMANN, Isis, 1821 (p. 782, taf. 7, figg. 3, 4).—Ki1TTr1irz,
Kupfertaf., I, p. 3, taf. 1, fig. 1 (1832).—Jd., Denkw., I p. 301 (1858).—M1p-
DEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2, p. 240 (1853).—Cassin, Pr. Acad. Philada., 1862, p.
324.—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 331.—DaLL & Bannist., Tr. Chic. Acad.
I, 1869, p. 308.—Datt, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 10(1873).—Id., Avif.
- Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 10 (1874).—Taczan., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir.,
p. 74 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 52.—BLAKIsST. & PRYER,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 179.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 89.—PALMEN,
Swed. Cat. Lond. Fish. Exh., p. 201 (1883).—SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1883, p. 348.—
BuakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., pp. 29, 31 (1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p.
174.—Fratercula c. KittTu., Denkw. Reise, I], p. 224 (1858).—Id., Journ. f.
Orn., 1858, p. 389.—Frnscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 82.—CouxEs, in
Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 202 (1875).—DyBow..Sitzb. Dorp. Nat. Ges. 1881,
p.—. Id, Orn, Centrbl., 1882, p. 40.—ELLioTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 133,
(1882).—BeEan, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 171.—Taczan., Bull. Soe. Zool.
France, 1882, p. 398.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 115 (1883).--TURNER,
Auk, 1885, p. 159.
1826.—Lunda arctica PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As. II, p. 365 (part).—Fratercula a. BUREAU,
Bull. Soe Zool. France, 1879, p. 23 (!).
1831.— Mormon septentrionale KiTTLitz, Isis, 1231, p. 1105.
1835.—Mormon glacialis AUDUB., Orn. Biogr., III (p. 599, pl. 293, fig. 1) (nec TEMM.,
~ 1820).—Fratercula g. Vicors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Ornith. ‘p. 33 (1839).

List of specimens collected.

} | 6 : 3
a es ses g E
ee. 3 as pie nc ales :
=| A | | 3 o a = 5 2 E
2 Locality. | = 2 Boel ees S a
es |. & | Co 4 ele eae eet S
a 8 | > S a | yas 2 a ©
A 5 8 iS Ee tec sptey en 3 Ba lg
foe ae bic ealie te esl a
Bale ee hs Hl EM SET iy rat GEA es
pues == i aie a
. | mm | mm mm.| mm. | mm.| mm
92980 | 2076 | Bering Island............. | May 26, 1883 |()ad. | (341), 183) 70 | 55 29 30
89088 | 1209 |...... do\ss 26 Ulver ise | June 14,1882| oad. |...-.. aLTSa SOL 50| 30 49
|
89089 | 1063 |...-.- COM See cee nc aetieee se: | May 21,1882] 9 ad. |..-.-.| 177 | 62 51 32 52
89090 | 1136 |..... Of Sete see eee at: | May 31, 1882] 9 ad. | 342 | 173 61 51 29 49
89091 | 11.78) |e. s55- Co peath. csteescs sree June 8,1882| 9? ad. 343°} 188! 65 50 32 51
92932 | 1920 |...... doe | Feb. 24,1883 / ¢ jun.| 357 b a74"| ‘ea |>-40\| at 51

No. 89089.—Iris, dark gray with a tinge of brownish. The soft ‘‘eye-horns’”’ brownish black with a
delicate, silky gloss; naked eye-ring vermilion. Tip of bill, until between second and third groove,
8almon-red along culmen and gonys, elsewhere brownish red; base of bill very Jight and bright lemon
yellow, the callosity at the corner of mceuth bright orange, as is also the interior of the mouth and the
tongue. Feet colored between salmon-red and flesh-color; webs scarcely darker; under side of tarsus
and of outer andinper toes brownish ; that of the middle toe and of the webs only a little deeper red
than the upper surface ; nails brownish black.

No. 89090.—Iris dark brownish gray. Bill: Tip blood-red, brownish behind and below, border of -
hind groove almost black ; basal part light lemon yellow; callosity at corner of mouth bright orange.
Eye-ring vermilion; horn above and below the eye brownish black with silky gloss. Feet reddish
orange, outside paler, livid ; sles reddish brown.

No. 89091.—Iris brownish gray.

No. 92932.—No detailed description of the color of the bill made, as it was drawn and painted imme-
diately (see pl. iii, fig. 3). Feet whitish flesh-color tinged with bluish; webs brownish’ gray, tarsus
and toes below blackish brown. Stomach empty. Very lean.

*The application of the generic name, as indicated in Coues’s second check-list,
seems somewhat far-fetched (in the second edition of the ‘‘ Key” he asks, ‘‘ What appli-

60 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Dr. Dybowski is only partly correct when he (Orn. Centralbl., 1882,
p. 40) describes the feet of this species as “orange yellow” (orangegelb).
The color varies considerably, being much paler before the breeding
season, So pale even that it often approaches dirty flesh-color. The
brightest color is assumed in May or June, during which months the
feet are of an intense red, in some cases tending to salmon color, in
others to orange; but out of the many scores of these birds examined
by me at that time not a single one had the feet yellower than a rich
‘reddish orange,” this being the extreme and the exception. The soles
are usually lighter or darker reddish brown. It is only after the breed-
ing season that the feet of the adult birds assume an orange yellow
color, a change which takes place in the latter part of July, at which
time the webs are even brownish orange, this color lasting until late in
the following winter. In an old bird obtained on February 24, 1883,
(L. S. No. 1915) I find the colors described as follows: ‘“ Feet orange
yellow, webs more reddish; tarsus and toes below dark brown.” In
the young bird during winter the feet are almost white, with brownish
gray webs.

I must also add that I never saw an iris which could be termed
"whitish gray or brownish white” (weisslich grau, oder brdunlich weiss
Dybow., l.c.) It was invariably rather dark brownish gray; in fact so
dark as to almost do away with the color of the iris as a distinctive
character of this group of birds.

From my plate and the description of the fresh specimens, as given
above, it is clear that the coloration of Bureau’s figure of the head (Bull.
Soe. Zool. France, 1879, pl. ii) is entirely erroneous. His “ Figure idéale
de Vadulte en hiver” (l. c. fig. 2) is better, although the outlines of the

cation ?”). Jratercula is probably a*comic diminutive of frater in the sense of amem-
ber of a brotherhood of monks (friars), on account of its plumpness of figure and its
ridiculous grave air. This supposition is confirmed by analagous vernacular names
in different languages. Faber tells us that Fratercula arctica in Iceland is often called
‘‘Prestr” (priest), ‘‘seiner Gebilrden auch seiner Farbe wegen” (Isis, 1827, p. 664).
Compare also the French name Macareux moine (moine = monk), and the Italian Fra-
ticella. Naumann quotes as German vernaculars ‘Das Briiderchen, der Monch,” though
these may possibly have originated in translation, the former from the Latin, the
latter from the French.

The German name for the Sea-Parrots, ‘‘ Maskentaucher” or “‘ Larventaucher,” does
not apply to the bill as the ‘‘mask,” but to the whitish patch of the face, for which
Naumann expressly uses the word ‘‘Gesichtsmaske.” The generic name Larva has
the same application, and Mormon is only the Greek equivalent for Larva; ‘“larvata”
is a common designation for a bird having the face colored differently from the other
parts of the head. Of course, ‘‘Larventauscher” is a mere misprint (ef. Cones, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1878, p. 88).

rT

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 61

soft parts are somewhat wrong, as will be seen by a comparison with
my figure drawn from the fresh specimen. But he commits a rather
curious mistake in the same figure by retaining the summer coloration
of the plumage, when it’is intended to show the bird as it is in winter.
My figures, both of the adult and the young, obtained February 24, 1883,
are taken from the fresh specimens, and are so accurate and detailed as
to make a special description of them superfluous. His suppositions as
to the shedding of the different parts is undoubtedly correct.

*A few corrections to his article (op. cit. pp. 28-31) are necessary,
however. It is superfluous to call attention to the erroneous descrip-
tion of the color of the bill which is given as “ orangé, unicolore.”

““Sommet de la téte dun noir grisatre” (I. ¢., p. 29, top of head of a
grayish black), gives an entirely wrong idea of the color of the cap,
which is blackish brown, contrasted strongly and in a well-defined
straight line across the nape with the glossy black of the neck and back.

The term “horns,” for the deciduous caruncles above and below the
eyes is very misleading. Being hard in the dried specimen, the general
impression is that these “horns” are “horny” in the living bird, and
that this is also the opinion of Mr. Bureau is evident from his expres-
sion, ‘deux appendices cornés, allongés, libres, en forme de cornes Vun
gris de fer.” This is a mistake, however, for the ‘‘horns” are only soft
and flexible caruncles or wattles, covered with a delicately glossed skin,
as if made of silk, which, moreover, is not ‘d’un gris de fer,” but of a
decided blackish brown. The “horns” are soft as late in the season as I
had opportunity of examining specimens. I have no note, however, of
any later than the beginning of August.

The winter plumage differs from that of the summer bird only in the
coloration of the sides of the head, which at that time are blackish in
front of and round the eyes, shading into gray behind and below.

The young in the first plumage are similarly colored, only somewhat
duller, and the color of the under parts is absolute pure white, differ-
ing in that respect from the young of Lunda cirrhata, which is always
grayish, or washed with this color, at least. The downy chicks are still
easier to distinguish, for in cirrhata they are uniform black fading into
a smoky brownish, while the pullus of corniculata has the downs of
the breast and abdomen pure white, in strong contrast to the black of
the other parts, consequently like the chicks of Fratercula arctica.

On the Commander Islands the name “Jpatka,” or “Ipatok,” as it
is pronounced on Copper Island, is exclusively used for this species,

62 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

which here is never called “ Toporok,” a name reserved for Lunda
cirrhata only.

‘The Pacific or Horned Puffin is not very common on the islands as com-
pared with the Tufted Puffin (Lunda), probably because suitable breed-
ing places are scarce, as they require rather deep holes in rocks or be-
tween stones. A few pairs, or where the locality offers more nesting
opportunities, Some small colonies are found scattered among the rook-
eries of the other water birds, sometimes higher, sometimes lower than
the other species, sometimes in the midst of them, according to whére
the holes and cracks in the rocks are situated.

As stated above, the nest-holes are found in the rocks, and I never
Saw a single pair breeding in a hole dug ott of the soft ground, as is
often the case with F. arctica, and invariably, so far as my experience
goes, with Lunda cirrhata.

The voice is an angry orrrr somewhat similar to that of Uria lomvia
arra.

Their attitude, while walking or standing, is upright, although not so
straight as in Uria. While walking they touch the ground with the
toes and webs only, but rest on the whole sole when sitting.

Superfamily LAROIDEA.

Family LARIDA.

16. Larus glaucescens NAUMANN.

1840.—Larus glaucescens NAUMANN, Naturg. Vig. Deutsch], X, p. 351. (nec BRUCH
1853 ?).—Ki1TL., Denkw., I, pp. 359, 225, 335.—DaLL & BaNNIsT., ' Tr.
Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 304.— Barrp, Tr. Chicag. Acad.,*I, 1869 (p. 842).—
Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver. III, 1872, p. 83.—Da.Lu, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal.
eastw., p. 8 (1873)—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 9, (1874).—Swinu.
Ibis, 1874, p. 163.—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis. 1878, p. 217.—Jid., Tr. As. Soe.
Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 189.—/id., ibid., X, 1882, p. 103.—SEEB. Ibis, 1879, p.
23.—BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p.168.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S, Nat.
Mus., 1883, p. 70.—TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1853.—Larus (Glaucus) glaucopterus Brucu, Journ. f. Orn., 1853, p. 101.—Ku1rTTL.,
Denkw. I, p. 335 (1858).

1873.—Larus fuscus PELZELN, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, 1873, Sep. p. 8 (fide
PELZELN in litt.) (nec LIN.).

1882.—? Larus borealis TaczaN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 397 (nec BRUCH).

1833.—Larus leucopterus NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 106 (part ? cfr. Stejneger, “‘ The
Auk,” 1884, p. 360).

Quite a considerable amount of confusion has existed in the nomen-
clature of this species, caused by Bruch, who originally (1853) named a

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 63

bird glaucescens “Licht.,” which was not the glaucescens of Lichten-
stein (?)* Lichtenstein’s name is only a museum name which would
take no precedence over Bruch’s glaucescens of 1853 if no description
had been published prior to that year. In that case the species would
have to stand as glaucopterus Bruch (ex Kittlitz in MSS.), 1853.

Fortunately enough we have a much earlier description of the type
of the Berlin Museum, and that a description which is much superior
to any of the descriptions or diagnoses of Bruch or Bonaparte.

{This description is found in Naumann’s Naturgeschichte der Vogel
Deutschlands, X, p. 351 (1840), and as this original and excellent char-
acteristic of LZ. glaucescens has been entirely overlooked by all authors
up to the present day, I propose to give a full translation of Naumann’s
remarks. He says: .

‘cA much nearer ally [to Z. glaucus| with much greater similarity [to
it than to L. leucopterus| is a species of the same size, the L. glaucescens, of
the Berlin Museum, from North America, where it seems to represent
our glaucus. Although the size and shape (of bill and feet also) of both
are very similar, still Z. glaucescens in the adult plumage is easily dis-
tinguishable by the different color and pattern of the primaries, these
being uniform bluish ashy gray, with large snow-white tips, the border
of the two colors being very distinctly marked across the feathers; the
white tips consequently are much more conspicuous than in glaucus, in
which they pass gradually into the gray color, showing in fact the same
pattern as in Z. marinus, only that in the latter those parts are black
which in L. glaucescens are but bluish ash. Besides, the mantle of the old
L. glaucescens is of a somewhat more saturated gull-blue (similar to the
color of L. argentatus), while in L. glaucus it is much lighter or more
whitish. The young L. glaucescens is likewise distinguishable by the
darker brownish gray of the primaries, the white tips of which, however,
are less distinctly separated from the dark color, although much more
so than in the young of ZL. glaucus; the spots on the mantle are larger
and somewhat darker though more blended into the light edges of the
feathers, the whole region thus being more broadly but at the same time
more indefinitely blotched.” To this he adds in a foot-note: “I am
ignorant of any minute description or figure of this beautiful large
species which in coloration is intermediate between ZL. marinus and
I. glaucus. It belongs to the more recent discoveries.”

Thus Larus glaucescens is *‘hunted down” to the original description!

—

* Bruch’s glaucescens of 1855 is the same as Lichtenstein’s, however,

64 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Mr. H. Saunders, having examined the type of Lichtenstein’s L. chal-
copterus, 1854 (which, however, is only a nomen nudum), pronounces
it indentical with leuwcopterus. What it is, may be regarded as being of
little consequence, however, unless it is the same as Larus (Laroides)
chalcopterus of Bruch, 1855, which Saunders queries. But Saunders,
when putting “chalcopterus Bruch” in the synonymy of leucopterus, and
“Larus (Glaucus) glaucescens Bruch 1853 [nec 1855]” in that of glaucescens
Licht. [—gl. Naumann], is certainly wrong, for there can be no doubt that
chalcopterus Bruch, 1855, and glaucescens Bruch, 1853, are the very same
thing, whatever may be their relations to the same names as applied by -
To prove this con-
clusively I reprint here alongside each other the two monographs of

Lichtenstein to specimens in the Berlin Museum.

Bruch as far as these names are concerned:

Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1853, p. 101.

Ill. Glaueus. Silber-Méve.

10) Consul Boie; glaucus Briinn.
Nord Europa und Grénland.

11) Glaucopterus Kittlitz.

Kamtschatka. Dem vorbergehenden
ganz iibnlich bis auf die Schwungfedern,
welche hier aschgrau sind mit runden,
weissen Spitzenflecken.

12) Leucopterus Faber; glaucoides 'Temm.

Nordische Hemisphiire. Unterscheidet
sich von ZL. Consul durch die kleinere Ge-
stalt und lingeren Schwingen.

13) Glaucescens Licht.

Amerikanische Kiisten des Behring-
schen Meeres und Groénland. Dem vor-
hergehenden ganz dbnlich bis auf die
Schwungfedern, die aschgrau sind mit
runden weissen Spitzenflecken. Das Ju-
gendkleid ist, wie bei L. glaucopterus, dun-
kelgrau. Bei Holb6ll als blosse Farben-
verschiedenheit von L. leucopterus aufge-
fiihrt.

Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1855, p. 281, 282.

VI. Laroides Brehm (statt Glaucus).
bermove.

Sil-

18) Glaucus Briinn., consul Boie.
Nord Europa und Gronland.

19) Glaucescens Licht,, glaucopterus Kittl.

Kamtschatka. Dem vorhergehenden
ganz ihnlich bis auf die Schwungfedern,
welche hier aschgrau sind mit runden
weissen Spitzenflecken.

20) Leucopterus Fab., glaucoides Temm.
[p. 282].
Nordische Hemisphire. Dem L. glaucus

_sehr iihnlich, jedoch durch seine kleinere

Gestalt und die langen Schwingen leicht
zu unterscheiden.

21) Chalcopterus Licht.

Amerikanische Kiisten des Behring-
schen Meeres und Grénland. Dem vor-
hergehenden ganz ihnlich bis auf die
Schwungfedern, die aschgrau sind, mit
runden, weissen Spitzenflecken. Das Ju-
gendkleid ist, wie bei L. glaucopterus,
dunkelgrau.

Notwithstanding Saunders’s identification of the types, the names

chalcopterus and glaucescens Bruch, 1853, are left ont of the synonymy
above, as there is a bare possibility that they may rather belong to L.
kumlieni, or to L. nelsoni, or both (7?)

o>
oo

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

|
}
j
t
|
|

|

‘ Sree eC a es pe re
ae |g | 12) 8 |4 le 3
n | : | Oo j ~~ | | ha vs. a
Bae oS 2 | 5 ‘ og | se | 8 | &o ; ee
ase een ner | ero Bas Bert Ss Laue S |
eet ogee Locality. me | pe en Beet a ‘8 ae) a | 2
= Ee | | ° i 9g eS Cet | QD SS
wm} | Peake Sao oe | teal Sia he
Neca = ja | ep | = =
pie Pesereeie nd Wes oe toe, tema: eat ees
3 | | o | a = | S i: =
Sisbe | [pcmabes hak aks aE) Om ote) Eo ee | 5
Scares Mie ee toy Spek la al) SONS y Cae SLE Ae) ARAL poner et oa ee oka
1882. | (mm. | mm. mm.| mm.) mm. mm. mm. ge mm.
89121 1080 Bering Island.|May 25 f ad.) 626, 20|.....-/...... beescee 2D Sees oe males)
SO1DD Ww 1149°) 1. doseeene | June 1) ¢ NG70) eo | 60| 29] 22 | 452|792| 75 72
89123 | 1208 |...... doP ad | Junel2 | f ad. |...... j-s=---| “S4] 24) 20) 415 | 162} 70 | ~~ 66
92826! | 1741 |.-.... donates Nov. 21) 9 ad. | 603 5|- 51] 24) 20°; 415 | 178 |’ 68 67
‘ee | 1883. | Ni aoe tee |
| | |
92827 | 2219 | Copper Island. July Sele pele te ee leckee | Bierce eave GU n eke oiah renee

No. 89121.— Tris light yellowish gray. Bill intense lemon-yellow; tips of both mandibles whitish;
a vermilion red spot on each side of the angle of the gonys; corner of mouth flesh-color. Naked eye-ring
reddish flesh-color. Feet flesh-colored ; tarsus faintiy tinged with brownish; nails black.

No. 89122. —Iris dirty white with a creamy tinge. Bill yellow with red spot. Feet flesh color ; tarsus
faintly shaded with bluish. :

No. 92826.—Iris faint yellowish white with blackish mottlings. Bill yellowish white, pure straw
yellow on culmen in front of nostrils and along tomia; a reddish orange spot with dusky shadings on
lower mandible; corner of mouth flesh-color, as is also the naked eye-ring. Feet reddish flesh-color,
lighter below ; webs more reddish; nails bluish black.

No. 92827.— Iris dark brown. Bill black; tip, abruptly, light brownish flesh-color; angle of mouth
dull reddish flesh-color; naked eye-ring dark brownish gray. Feet dark brownish gray.

As in.the other members of the genus Larus, there is an increase of
the white on the primaries with the age of the individual. Thus, in
No. 89122 (which is arather young bird, with the tail still uniform gray,
but which has already assumed the bluish mantle), the first primaries
are uniform gray with a brownish tinge, and without any distinct
pattern.

No. 89121 is somewhat older, having the tail wholly white, except
the middle pair of rectrices, which is mottled with gray. In this speci-
men the primaries are very much worn, but the pattern as it was in
the fresh feathers is plainly visible, agreeing closely with several other
specimens in the National Museum; on the first primary is a subapical
mirror, beyond which the tip is gray, with indications of the extreme
tip being white in the fresh feather; the second and third primaries
have only small terminal white spots. In No. 92826 on the first primary
the mirror is considerably larger, having, besides, united with the
white tip in the outer web, and leaving only a narrow bridge of gray
separating the apical and the subapical spot of the inner web; the second
primary has, in addition to the broader white apex in the outer web,
a longitudinal oblong mirror, to which corresponds a larger but not

15861 Bull. 29

D

66 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

so well defined white spot on the inner web; the third primary has
the white tip and the ill-defined white spot, though smaller, on the
inner web, without any subapical spot on the outer web, however. These
feathers are fresh, in fact, not yet fully out, and the gray parts lying
between the spots are of a little more saturated gray than the rest of
the quill.

No. 92827 isa downy young, only a few days old. The general color is
of a very light grayish brown, whitish on the abdomen, and spotted with
blackish on head and upper parts generally. It is very much like the
downy young of Z. argentatus, but has the dark spots and mottlings on
the back much darker.

The Glaucuous-winged Gull (Russ. Tschaika) is the only gull of the
genus Larus proper breeding on the islands. Taczanowski (Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, 1882, p. 397), however, asserts that he has received birds
and eggs of “Larus borealis” from Bering Island, a statement not more
to be relied upon than that of the same author when he gives Somateria
mollissima (!) as breeding on the same island. As he does not mention
LI. glaucescens which is so very common, the inference is justifiable that
he has mistaken this species for borealis, and consequently I put the
latter name in the synonomy with a query. It may be, however, that
some mistake in the labeling has taken place.

The Tschaika is a very common bird and rather numerous, although
less so in winter than during the summer. To the hunting ornithologist
they are a perfect nuisance, following him with their penetrating 1-a,
i-a, ia—gagagagaga, the latter sounds in rapid succession, warning all
the feathered tribes of theeapproaching enemy.

During and after the sealing season they feed chiefly upon the car-
casses of the slain seals, especially on Copper Island, where a constant
fight goes on between the tschaika, the raven, and the blue fox. In
the fall, when only the skeletons are left, the gulls still visit the killing-
grounds, which, at that period, are swarming with the big white larve
of the flesh-fly.

The favorite breeding places on Bering Island are not so numerous
as on Copper Island, where these birds breed everywhere all around the
Shore. On the former island colonies are especially numerous on
Toporkof and Arij Islets, at Zapadnij Mys, some inacessible rocks be-
tween the northern seal rookery and Saranna, at Tonkij Mys, Staraja
Gavan, &ce.

Eggs were found in 1883 on Arij Kamen as early as May 16 (U.S.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 67

Nat. Mus. No. 21798, L. Stejneger 1173) and measure 73 by 54.5 and
73.25 by 55™™,

Compared with eggs of Larus glaucus those collected by me show a
just perceptibly more greenish tinge and somewhat smaller, more nu-
merous, and better defined spots.

17. Larus schistisagus STEJNEGER.

Diagnosis.—White ; mantle dark bluish slate gray. First primary, with a long
white tip, apical and subapical spots being fused together, and a gray ‘‘ wedge” on
the inner web; second, with a subapical white spot on the inner web only, and the
gray wedge further down; third, with the wedge reaching the subapical spot; no
gray wedge on outer web of the four first primaries. Feet pinkish flesh-color. Total
length 670™™, wing 460™™,

1858.—Larus argentatus KirtTL., Denkw., II, p. 225 (part).

1858.— Larus cachinnans KittTi., Denkw., I, p. 336 (nec PALL. ).—SWINH., P. Z. S., 1863,
p. 324.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 421.—Id., Ibis, 1863, p. 428.—STEJNEGER, Na-
turen, 1884, p. 6.

1860.—Larus argentatus var. cachinnans SCHRENCK, Reis. Amutl., I, p. 504.

1867.—? Larus occidentalis WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (nec AUDUB.).

1871.—? Larus fuscescens ‘‘Mus. St. Petersb.”, Meves, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Férhandl., 1871,
p. 787. :

1871.—Larus borealis GRAY, Handl., III, p. 118 (nee Bruch).

1872.—Larus marinus RipGway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1882, p. 60.— BEAN, Pr. U. S&S.
Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 168. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 107 (1883).

1876.—Larus pelagicus TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 263 (nec BRUCH).—
Id., ibid., 1882, p. 395.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 64 (1877).

1884.—Larus schistisagus STEJINEGER, Auk, 1824, p. 231. — BAIRD, BREWER, & RipDew.,
Waterb. N. Amer., II, p. 229, (1884).

In order to find out what my bird is, it may be well first to point out
what it is not.

It is not (compare pl. vi, fig. 3, and description p. 68), Larus cachinnans
PALL., with the eye-rings “ coccineis,” the feet “ pallide flavis,” and the
back like ichtyaetus, “intense leacophea seu coerulescenti-cana.” Nor
is it Saunders’s cachinnans, which apparently is the bird described by
Pallas, being distinguished by its “‘ darker mantle (tban in argentatus),
yellow legs and feet, and the deep orange-red ring around the outside of
the eye”, (P. Z.S., 1878, p. 170). Sclater’s fuscescens (P. Z.S., 1867, p. 315),
has the back “ nigrescenti-cinerea,” but the feet, ‘ lzte flavi.” Does not
this belong rather to affinis than to cachinnans? ‘*Chlamyde nigres-
centi-cinerea,” would hardly do for the latter.

Furthermore, it is not borealis of Bruch (Larus (Glaucus) borealis
“Brandt,” J. f. Orn., 1853, p. 101), which is “ considerably larger than
argentatus, but otherwise similar to this species.” Whether borealis
Brandt, is something different from borealis Bruch, I do not know, but I

68 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

have not been able to find any description of Brandt earlier than Bruch’s
of 1853. Bruch’s borealis, at least, seems to belong to cachinnans Pall.
& Saunders and not to afinis Reink. (ctr. Seebohmn, Ibis 1884, p. 32.)

Nor is it Larus affinis of Seebohm and Harvie Brown (Ibis 1876, p.
452), which has “ yellow legs, and the circle round the eye brilliant ver-
million, or the color of a Seville orange.” Identical with this is evidently
Meves’ Larus cachinnans (Ofr. Vet. Akad. Férhandl., 1871, p. 786), in
which the “legs had a beautiful lemon-yellow color,” and the angle of
the mouth and the eyelids were “ orange-red.”

It is not Larus (Dominicanus) pelagicus Bruch (J. f. Orn., 1853, p.
100), which has the back ‘mostly darker” than marinus, and which is
‘one-fourth smaller than the latter.”

It is now time to look for what it is.

In the first place it is v. Schrenck’s (and Middendorft’s) Larus argen-
tatus var. cachinnans with dark mantle and flesh-colored feet (Reis.
Amurl, I, p. 505). Itis also, most probably, the fuscescens of the museum
in St. Petersburg (fide Meves, t. ¢., p. 787). I also, feel confident that
it is the marinus from the North Pacific, as given from Alaska by Bean
& Nelson. In all probability the borealis Seebohm (Ibis 1884, p. 32),
is the same bird. Captain Blakiston identified that very specimen, as
I learn from his manuscript notes, with the so-called marinus from Japan
and gives the measurement of the wing as 430™°. Finally I conjecture
Taczanowski’s pelagicus (Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1876, p. 263), from
the Bay of Abrek, to belong to the present species. :

Unfortunately only a single specimen was prepared, but several oth-
ers were shot at Petropaulski in the latter part of May, and their char-
acters were noted as agreeing completely with those of the specimen
from Bering Island. ;

This specimen may be described as follows:

3 ad. (U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 92285; L. Stejneger, No. 2007. Bering Island, May 5, 1883.)

Measurements.—Total length, 668™™; tip of closed wings beyond tail, 42™™; middle
claw reaches tip of tail, legs stretched backward. Weight, 4 lbs. Wing, 467™™ ; tail-
feathers, 191™™; chord of culmen, 57™™; bill along gape, 81™™; bill from fore border
of nostrils, 26°"; height of bill at fore border of nostrils, 22"™; tarsus, 71™™ ; middle
toe with claw, 71™™.

Notes on color of unfeathered parts (see the colored drawing, pl. vi, fig. 3;
which was made immediately after the bird was shot; it was not
skinned before the next morning, when the eyelids were found to have
changed into a vivid red flesh color) —Iris clear Naples-yellow or rather
w yellowish cream color. Bul deep gamboge yellow with whitish tips

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 69

and tomia; an orange red spot on each side of the lower mandible ;

angle of mouth yellowish flesh color. Naked eye-ring, reddish violet

gray. Feet pinkish flesh color; nails horny black with whitish tips.
New feathers were coming out on head, neck, and back, the whole

plumage bein g@ quite fresh and new.

The whole plumage, except the wings and the mantle, dazzling white.

gee ae Eee on
SEES SS ee oe
SSS Sen LSS s
SSeS SSS
° e eS = ma
> = ST

Se
ey

nore

Sa

NW NN
/ Me

ZZ

ZZ

=

SSS

SSS
AA ZA[ENEZeAZZZEE

EZ

Wf
i
i

Te
SSE SE z

__
een

————=

i)
Uy
y y}) )

]
Mh

LH
if

u)

WSs S
ZZ

]

Fic. 3.—First three primaries of Larus cachinnans.

The latter pure bluish slate gray without any mixture of brownish, of a
shade just between the same parts in Larus occidentalis and L. domini-
canus, being a little lighter than the lightest LZ. marinus I have seen, and
easily distinguishable from the latter by the pureness of the gray, which
has a decided inclination to bluish. The coloration and pattern of the

wings are essentially similar to those of L. marinus and cachinnans and

70 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. =

may be described in detail as under. JI may mention that for conveni-
ence I adopt Saunders’s terms ‘‘ mirror” and “ wedge,” the former signi-
fying the white subapical spot, the latter meaning the gray color on the
webs from the base upwards. Itis further to be remarked that the tips
are very little worn.

First primary with the tip almost wholly white, a trace of the black
crossbar only visible as a small spot near the edge of both webs; shaft

Fic. 4.—First three primaries of Larus schistisagus.

black in the black portion and in the white also ; a well-defined bluish
slate-colored wedge in the inner web reaches near the tip by about
twice the length of the white apex. The second primary has a small
apical white spot, and the “ mirror” is reduced to a rounded spot in the

inner web close to the edge; the gray wedge of considerably greater _

a i a ee lh te ne ee» o

a a

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. al

extent than on the first primary. In the third the wedge occupies still
more of the inner web and reaches the posterior border of the mirror
which is larger than on the foregoing and of a different shape, still

without reaching the shaft or the outer web, however.* The fourth is
essentially similar, and in the fifth a gray wedge occupies most of the
outer web too, thus reducing the black to a subapical cross band, pre-

iN
Ww

Fic. 5.—First three primaries of Larus marinus.

cisely as in a specimen of L. marinus now before me. None of the fore-
going (1-4) primaries have any distinct gray on the outer web.

This species is so puzzlingly intermediate between DL. marinus and
cachinnans that it is difficult to say to which of these it is most closely
allied, but on the whole I am inclined to look upon it as nearer to the
former, with which it is placed at first sight on account of the darkness
of the mantle, which in the live bird appears to be wholly black.

* Not well represented in the drawing, Fig. 4.
P sg

a2 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

In size it is somewhat intermediate between marinus and argentatus.
My specimen comes very close to average measurements of marinus,
while having wings an inch longer than the male specimen from Japan,
collected by Captain Blakiston (No. 1085, Hakodadi, March 1, 1878),
and determined by Saunders as marinus, but which I suppose belongs
to the present species. The bill is decidely slenderer than in either of
these species, while of the same shape.

The colors of the naked parts are essentially the same, for although
the angle of mouth and the eye-ring are rather pale in my specimens,
these parts may possibly assume more vivid colors later in the season.
The feet are more reddish than in marinus, being even slightly more so
than in argentatus, and without the faintest trace of yellowish.

As already remarked, the shade of the mantel is rather dark, being
only a trifle lighter than that of marinus, or intermediate between occi-
dentalis and dominicanus, and exactly of the same tint as in occidentalis, —
only considerably deeper and darker. It consequently needs no com-
parison with argentatus or cachinnans, in this respect differing from
them nearly as much as they do from marinus.

Characteristic of the wing pattern is the presence of a well-developed
‘¢ wedge” on theinner web of the first primary as distinctive from marinus,
as well as the absence of a similar wedge on the outer webs of the sec-
ond to fourth primary, in which it differs from cachinnans and argenta-
tus. The mirror on the second primary is also peculiar, resembling,
however, the pattern of the corresponding quill in ZL. cachinnans. In
the third primary the large white spot at the end of the gray wedge is
very characteristic. It may thus be seen that while the second primary
shows less white than in marinus and argentatus, the third has more of
the same color than is the case in the latter two species and in cachin-
NANS.

On the 20th of April, 1883, I observed for the first time, among nu-
merous L. glaucescens on the reef at Staraja Gavan, eastern shore of Ber-
ing Island, a few gulls of about the same size, but with the tips of the
wings black, and the mantle dark, almost blackish. Four days later I
met a couple of birds on the western shore, near the village, and on
May 2 and 5, I observed them at the same place, the latter date some ,
twelve to twenty individuals, partly in company with glaucescens, partly
by themselves. The same day the specimen described above was ob-
tained. They were not seen on the island since, and were in fact, un-
known to the natives, so that it is safe to say that this species only ©
visits the Commander Island occasionally, inasmuch as a “Tschaika”

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. cn

with blackish back is wholly unknown to the inhabitants of Copper
Island also.

When I arrived at Petropaulski, Kamtschatka, on the 14th of May,
1883, I found the same species pretty common on the ice, covering the
lake, or rather lagoon, to the north of the town, but as the ice was
very dangerous, the birds were either out of range, or if shot, impossi-
ble to get at. Two were obtained, however, but being too badly dam-
aged to be preserved, only notes of the colors were taken. The color
of the feet of the living bird was also observed through a powerful
binocular, and noted, being in all cases the same uniform pinkish flesh
color.

From the inhabitants I learned that this bird breeds at Babuschkin
Kamen, in the Bay of Avatscha, and on Staritskof Island, south of the
entrance to that bay.

Two additional specimens have been received since the above was
written, an adult (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 101665) and a@ young changing
into the adult plumage (No. 101666), both from Petropaulski. The
mantle is slightly lighter than that of the type specimen, but otherwise
they agree. The feet are now dark pink, and have evidently been
pinkish flesh color in life, as were all the birds of the species I have
seen. This character at once distinguishes JL. schistisagus from L. affi-
nis, which is said to have the feet yellow, and also from LZ. marinus, in
which the flesh color is very pale and rather grayish.

In the following the first measurement is that of the adult bird (No.
101665), the second one that of the young (No. 101666); length of wing
is not given, as both birds are moulting the primaries :

Millimeters.
BMletO aera era erie, Se ence | Sue Ares Reds enol mens ete eieeiNe 163-180
Ohrordaomeulm ents jester tae ie ite eee ete ae Caio e se SO oR Ns Se walte a 58- 56
Beh ed) 0) Eng EPRI YO Ce See iste aie wleteia ef ria aor ainie siaceeie gen ainte 2 hee emis e aie ain ieee 79- 83
LEO UTIGINO SULLLS weer rote pe ee are areata a one ees Gsm ee miner cicrciatailnare ia cePajwisiafeieicice 28— 27
Horeht attore border Ol, NOStTIS.2 =.=. 22-35 -4=5 aise no =< ose eee einen 20— 22
BEN ares UI Stes aes tee eer ce NE GTR yet elt Sect eete de asmioeerere 69- 76

18. Larus kamtschatchensis (BoNApP.).

1826.—Larus niveus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 320 (nee Bopp., 1783, qui Gavia alba
GUNN.).—BonaP., Consp. Av., II, p. 224 (1856).—WHITELY, Ibis, 1869, p.
210.— BLAKIST. & PRykR, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 189 (part).—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 104.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 341.

1854.—Gavina kamtschatschensis BONAP., Naumannia, 1854, p. 215 (efr. Id., Consp. Av.,
II, p. 224, and Rey. & Mag., 1857, Extr. No. 2, p. 10).

1878.—Larus delawarensis SAUNDERS, P. Z. S8., 1878, p.176 (part; nec ORD).—SEEB.,

Ibis, 1879, p. 24.—Biakist. & PrRyYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 104.—
Buiakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 20 (1884).

1878.—? Larus californicus SAUNDERS, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 175 ( part; nee LAWR.).—SEEB.,
This, 1879, p. 24.

74 . ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

I cannot help thinking that Pallas’s Larus niveus really belongs here,
having nothing to do with either canus or with californicus. Notwith-
standing the fact that the name is preoccupied, the question of theiden-
tity af Pallas’s bird is of real importance.

In the first place I concur unconditionally with Mr. Saunders (P. Z.
S., 1878, p. 175) in the view that Pallas’s niveus is something entirely
different from canus, his remarks so far being quite conclusive. I also
feel convinced that Mr. Saunders was right in referring the Japanese
specimen to Pallas’s bird, but I do not believe that either of them are
correctly placed with L. californicus LAwR.

Both on Bering Island and Kamtschatka I collected a sea gull which
corresponds so closely with Pallas’s niveus as to leave no doubt in my
mind that here at last is the bird to which belongs that most unfortu-
nate nanic. A careful comparison of my specimens with numerous ex-
amples of canus, brachyrhynchus, californicus and delawarensis proves
conclusively that they are more closely related to the last-named spe-
cies than to any of the foregoing; but although evidently the Asiatic
representative of delacarensis it is sufficiently distinct to deserve
recognition by name. The future will have to decide, if it should be
a trinominal. Let us hope, then, that no intergradation can be proven
as Larus delawarensis kamtschatchensis would be an awkward appella-
tion indeed.

This Asiatic form is in some respects intermediate between delawar-
ensis and californicus, thus explaining how Saunders came to identify
it with the latter. The color of the mantle is absolutely identical in
tint and shade with that of californicus, consequently being considera-
bly darker than in delawarensis, representing in fact a similar difference
as that between cachinnans and argentatus. On the other hand, the col-
oration of the wing is much more like that of delawarensis than cali-
fornicus, the black occupying a much larger area compared with the
gray than in the latter. As to size and shape the bill differs in no way
from that of delawarensis, but in coloration it disagrees with both the
American species, the dusky ring before the tip being rather faintly
indicated and fading almost completely outin the dried specimen, while
in the two other species mentioned it keeps distinct for years and years.

A young bird (No. 92888, Bering Island) in transitional plumage, just
assuming the bluish mantle, is in almost every respect an exact coun-
terpart of a young delawarensis from Tehuantepec, Mexico, in the same
state of plumage. But even in these the difference in shade of the gray

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 75

of the mantle is very perceptible, while the Mexican bird has a distinct
ring on the bill, hardly appreciable in the specimen from Bering Island.

According to the above, the present form may be characterized as
similar to L. delawarensis, but with the mantle of californicus.

_ Of course, the reference of Saunders’s californicus from Japan to the
species in question is merely hypothetical, as there is as much possi-
bility for a Californian species occasionally straggling to Japan as for
a European appearing in the same manner in America. Much less doubt
is felt as to the other Japanese specimen, a young bird which Saunders
determined as delawarensis.

Pallas’s name niveus being preoccupied we will have to look out for
another name. It may possibly be Middendorft’s L. canus var. major
(1853), but as I have serious doubts as to the pertinency of that name,
and Saunders refers it to canus, and not to the Eastern Asiatic form,
considered by him to be niveus = californicus, the varietal name given by
the great Siberian traveler may rest in peace where Saunders has left it.

In 1854 Bonaparte, speaks of a new species in the following terms:
(Naumannia, 1854, p. 215) “Gavina kamtschatchensis, Bp., qui est la race
kamtsehadale du Lurus canus L.” <As this is all he says about it the
name isa “nomen nudum,” and consequently not entitled to recogni-
tion. But two years later we find in Bonaparte’s Conspectus Avium
(II, p. 224), as also in an article in the “ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie”
for 1857, a statement that the name is a synonym, partially so at least
of L. niveus PALL., and as the description and the habitat assigned fit
our bird we feel no hesitation in adopting it.

List of specimens obtained.

2 | | s | | —
A | i} ES aesh| olen GS
: ; et a 5B = =
eet A @ | 2 ar} ° mm = S =
43 eo | Locality. | = | oo SO) alam: gS ° oO
5 | 8 [PRASSE IRs Sies elie PSN AN OMA TEL ANSE! anes
we | Weasel srs ca See ere ALE Rete lace heres z as
Bene =" | eo hei aha Rv ccm Mince Neer | eereeel, SC EROS aoe ees
: ° ) ues Ss Seas ei s =
bis | EB peel a | - | Fees sp ee 4) eee a it
= | | é iF al ET gs Kine anf eae
| | | mm.) mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.) mm.
a | | 1883.
92889 | 2052 | Petropaulski, K...|May21| ¢ ad. 512 69 | 378 | 153 44 21 59 50
92890 | 2728 |.... do........----- Ot wlSihciadell se see lessees 3501) 144 41 21 57 | 49
92880 | 2068 Bering Island....- May 29/|(c)jun.| (482)).--.-- | 370 | 1372) .42 | 20 59 50
} a |
MOLGET S| 2 ==. = | Petropaulski, K.-..| 1884. | BOS Pees" | Seen | @) | 149 39 | 21 56) Sooo
| | | | | t |
1 Moulting. 2 Very worn.

No. 92889.—Ivis grayish cream color. Bill ocher-yellow tinged with olive, and with a dusky spot on
both mandibles towards the tip. Naked eye-ring vermillion. Feet pale lemon-yellow with a bluish
green tinge which is stronger on the joints. Testes large, swollen. PI. vi, fig. 4.

No. 92890.—Bill pale straw-yellow, greenish gray towards the base; angle of mouth orange. Eye-ring
dull reddish. Feet pale straw-yellow; webs more vivid,

76 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

he present species seems not to be common on the coast of Kam-
tschatka, where it probably breeds, however. The specimens procured
by me were obtained in the harbor of Petropaulski in May and October,
when only a few were seen at the time.

Another specimen was shot on Bering Island during my absence in
Kamtschatka and preserved. It was probably only a straggler, as the
species does not breed on the island.

Since the above was written, Capt. E. J. Hunter had the kindness to
send me another specimen shot, in the fall of 1884, at Petropaulski. It
closely resembles No. 92890, but the mantle is a shade deeper. The
measurements are embodied in the table above.

19. Larus canus LIN.

1758.—Larus canus LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 186.—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p.
243) (1853).--SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I., p. 509 (1860) (part ?).—SwINHOE,
P. Z. S., 1871, p. 420.—SaunprErRs, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 177.—BLakIsT., &
PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 189 (part ?).—fid. ibid., X, 1862, p.
104.—Buakist., Amend. List. B. Jap., p. 20.

A single specimen, evidently a straggler, was collected by me on
Bering Island during the early part of the winter 1882. It is in every
respect, color, and size a typical canus, being absolutely identical with
a specimen from Denmark in the collection of the National Museum.
In fact, [ have seldom seen two members of the Larine family so alike as
these two from the most extreme region’ of the Palearctic continent.
The Danish bird is a trifle larger, but it may have been a male, as the
sex is not given on the label.

The measurements of my specimen are as follows:

Q ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92894; L. Stejneger, No. 1747. Bering Island, November 26, 1882.

Total length, 472™™; wings beyond tip of tail, 30™™; wing, 337™™; tail-feathers,
139™™ (fresh, unabraded); chord of culmen, 35™™; bill from nostrils, 18™™; tar-
sus, 55™™,

Tris cream color, with dark gray shadings. Bill, olive yellow, tip purer yellow ;
angle of mouth, orange red. Naked eye-ring, dusky red. Feet, grayish olive yellow;
joints darker, somewhat bluish; webs purer yellow.

The gullet was crammed with fish spawn, several Orchestie and other Gammarida,
plenty of a small, blackish-brown chrysalis of a dipterous insect common on sandy
beaches, and a small fish.

20. Larus ridibundus LIN.

1766.—Larus ridibundus LIN., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 225.—NorpM., in Erman’s Verz.
Thier. Pflanz. Reis. Erde, p. 18 (1835).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p.
244) (1853).—Kirrr., Denkw., II., p. 200 (1858).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl.,
I., p. 510 (1860).—RappE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II, (p. 387) (1863).—
SAUNDERS, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 200.—BuLakisT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap.,
V{II, 1850, p. 190.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 105.—Biakist., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 10 (1884).—Chroicocephalus r, Swinu., Ibis, 1863, p. 428.—/d., ibid.
1874, p. 165.—Id., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 421.—Biaxist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.
217.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 24. i

\ d
eer Ss ee

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ie

1776.—Larus atricilla PALL., Spicil Zool., V, p.28 (nec Lin.).—Jd., Zoogr. Ross. As.,
II, p. 324 (1826).—Fatcx, Reise, III (p. 354) (1786).

1820.—Larus capistratus TrmM., Man. d’Orn., 2 ed., Il, p. 785.—Chroicocephalus c.
SwHINH., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 326.—DyBow. & PaRvEXx, J. f. Orn., 1868, p.
338.—Taozan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 111.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—Id., ibid.,
1875, p. 257.—1d., ibid., 1876, p. 202.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p.
264.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 397.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 65 (1877).

1857.—Larus brunneicephalus? CASSIN, Exp. Jap. Perry, II, p. 233.

Having no true L. ridibundus from Europe at hand I shall make no
attempt, at present, at separating the eastern bird from the western. I
will only point to the fact that even the smallest dimensions of my
birds and of a series of specimens from Japan (together with numerous
measurements in Blakiston’s manuscript notes from the latter country)
are considerably larger than the maximum of a series of some thirty
specimens as given by Schlegel (Mus. P. B. Lari, p. 38). It was this
large size which induced Cassin to regard the specimen from Japan
(and I have re-examined and re-measured it and find it agree perfectly
with others from the same locality and from Kamtschatka) as belong-
ing to brunneicephalus JERDON. Middendorft’s L. ridibundus var. major
‘is probably the same thing. The pattern of the first three primaries is _
essentially the same as that given by Saunders (P. Z.S., 1878, p. 201, fig.
12), only that on the third primary at least the outer half of the light
portion is a distinct and rather well-defined bluish gray of the same

color as the back.
List of specimens collected.

. ja | c E
) | 8
% 6 3 loskeet ot a a | a
ae Locali 3 Salas pe, a | E
ce é ocality. = lI, @ | oo 5 a 2
3 a S sre 5 | eS) ‘ al 2
A > Se eal : o | 5 2 | ©
‘ 3 8 a |-a |, & 1) eel iaaecs B Ss
Nn = a ee al £ a a es 3 zB | og
5 2S Ou tose iS a a a <
bela E Ge eet ee ies aon seine
pape So | ie et _— 2
mm. | mm. |} mm. |} mm. | mm. | mm. | mn.
92892 | 2595 | Petropaulski... ...--. Sept. 18,1883 Qad.| 415 40) 3i7| 180) 387) 47 42
G2608 (97197) =:d0.2.. 22s -.0.5 eek Sept. 28, 1883 | Qad.|......)...--. *984| 116| 34] 45|......
OSG t aL O74de lh - dons wae c sees ewe. Oct. 1,1883 Gad eer | vain 4308 | 128 | B4 |. 44) .- 22-5

*Moulting. tTo tip of second primary ; the first one still growing and shorter than the second.

No. 92892.—Iris dark brown. Bill pale salmon red; tip in front of nostrils dark brownish. Feet and
ayes etmilarly colored; tarsus in front brownish gray, and toes a little more livid than the webs; nails,

ackish.

No. 92893.—Bill and feet vermilion, the former somewhat dusky towards the tip.

This spécies occurs abundantly in the vicinity of Petropaulski, where
it breeds. It was not seen on the islands during my stay there, but I
was informed that a few have been observed occasionally at Lake
Saranna.

78 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

21. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris STEJNEGER.

1769.— Larus ryssa PALL., Spicil. Zool., V, p. 28.

1826.—Larus rissa PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 321 (nec BRUNN 1764.)

1832.—Larus tridactylus KiTTL., Isis, 1832, p. 1104.—Id., Denkw.., I, pp. 248, 287; II, p.
225 (1858).—COINDE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1860, p. 401.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis,
1878, p. 217.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 24.—Id., ibid., 1884, p. 32.—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p.34 (1884).—Jissa t. DALL & BANNIST., Tr. Chicag.
Acad. I, 1869, p. 305.—Frscu, Abh. Brem. Ver. III, 1872, p.84.—DALL, Avif.
Aleut. Is]. Unal. eastw., p. 8 (1873).—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p.9
(1874).—BLakisT. & PryeErR, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 190.—/id., ibid.,
X, 1882, p. 105.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 398.

1853.—Larus (Rissa) brachyrhynchus BRucu, Journ. f. Orn., 1853, p. 103, sp. 31, (nec
GOULD, 1843, nec RICHARDS., 1831).— Rissa brachyrhyncha TACZAN., Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1876, p. 264.—Jd., Orn., Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 65 (1877).

1854.—Rissa nivea BONAP., Naumannia, 1854, p. 212 (nec PALLAS, 1826, nee Gray,
1845).—Larus (Rissa) niveus BRuCH, Journ. f. Orn., 1855, p. 285, sp. 36.

1€56.—@issa kotzebui BONAP., Consp., Av., I, p. 226 (nec 1854 quee brevirostris BRANDT ).—
STEJNEGER, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 60. 2

1872.— Larus tridactylus var kotzebui COUES, Key, p. 314.—Id., in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska,
p. 199 (1875).

1880.—Missa tridactyla kotzbuei RipGw., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 206.—BEAN, Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 167.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 105 (1883).

1884.— Rissa tridactyla pollicaris STEJNEGER, in B. Br. Ridgw., Water B., II, p. 202.—
TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

In the Journal fiir Ornithologie for 1853 (p. 103) Mr. Bruch enumerated

monographically the species of the subgenus Rissa as follows:

30. tridactylus Lin. Northern coasts of the whole earth.

31. brachyrhynchus Gould. North America. The hind toe, however, is somewhat better
developed than in the foregoing species.

32. brevirostris Brandt. Northwestern coast ef America. The feet are bright coral-red,
and the bill is yellow.

In the “ Naumannia” for the following year (1854) Bonaparte reviewed
Bruch’s paper, and in offering his list, with the ‘‘ erreurs et omissions
que j’ai pu y reconnaitre,” he treats the Risse (p. 212) as follows:

40. tridactyla L., ex Hemisph. bor.

41. niven Pall.,ex borealib. As. or. Am. oce.
42, Kotzebuii Bp., ex Am. s. occ. Californ.

It will be seen that the differences from Bruch’s enumeration are:

(1) The change of the name “brachyrhynchus Gould” into “ nivea
Pall.” :

(2) The change of the name ‘“brevirostris Brandt” into “ kotzebuit
Bp.” This is the first occurrence of the latter name! :

(3) The habitat of the second and third species is given with more
detail than in Bruch’s list. When Bruch, in 1855, (Journ. f. Ornith,

p- 285), presented his “ Revision der Gattung Larus Lin.,” he evidently

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 719

only revised his former list, availing himself of additional material and
critical notes of his friends, especially of Bonaparte’s.

This is also evident from an inspection of the subgenus Rissa, which
in the “ Revision” has the following aspect:

35. tridactylus Lin. The high North.

36. niveus Pall., brachyrhynchus Gould. Northwest coast ot America. The hind toe
better developed.

37. brevirosiris Brandt. Northwest coast of America. Also with better developed
hind toe; bill, yellow; feet, coral-red,

The only changes are evidently caused by Bonaparte’s criticism, and
amount to—

(1) The adoption of Bonaparte’s “niveus Pall.,” and the reduction
of * brachyrhynchus Gould” Bruch (No. 31 of the first list) to a synonym
of the latter; and

(2) The designation of Northwest America as the habitat of this
species.

But he does not deem it necessary to provide “ brevirostris Brandt,”
with the new name kotzebuii.

We are now justified in concluding (a) that No. 30, Bruch, 1853 ; No.
40, Bonaparte, 1854, and No. 35, Bruch, 1855, are unquestionable syn-
onyms; (b) that the same is the case with No. 31, Bruch, 1853; No.
41, Bonaparte, 1854, and No. 36, Bruch, 1855; and with (c) No. 32,
Bruch, 1853; No. 42, Bonaparte, 1854, and No. 37, Bruch, 1855.

We are, in my opinion, further justified in concluding (d) that Bruch’s
* brachyrhynchus Gould,” and Bonaparte’s “ niveus Pall.” is the Pacific
representative of the Atlantic tridactyla with a somewhat better de-
veloped hind toe.

It will be seen that “ brevirostris Brandt ” Bruch, with yellow bill and
coral-red feet is the one upon which Bonaparte originally bestowed
the name kotzebuti. That this view is absolutely correct is proved by
Bonaparte’s own words on p. 217 of the same article (Naum. 1854*),
where hesays: “ * * * ne vaudrait-il pas mieux appeler Hotzebut
* * * Ja bonne espece des cétes Nord-ouest de VAmérique a laquelle
on applique le nom plus que douteux de brevirostris, Brandt ;” that is:
“ Would it not be better to give the name kotzebui to that good species
from the northwest coast of America, to which has been applied the
more than doubtful name brevirostris Brandt.” That Bonaparte by
‘‘on” means Bruch cannot be doubted.

* Reprinted in his paper entitled ‘‘ Notes sur les Larides,” in Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1854, p. 10.

80 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

It was only two years after that Bonaparte (Consp. Avium, II, p. 226)
transferred the name kotzebui to the black-legged representative of
tridactyla in the Pacific.

The above conclusions were made under the supposition that ‘“ No.
31, brachyrhynchus Gould,” of Bruch, 1853, is not the true brachyr-
hynchus of Gould (which is the red-legged brevirostris Brandt, with the
red color of the legs faded into yellow), but the black-legged Pacific
representation of &. tridactyla.

Somebody might, however, advocate that Bruch’s brachyrhynchus
ought to be considered the same as Gould’s species, as nothing in the
short diagnosis really contradicts such an opinion. It might be said,
with all probability of being correct, that Bruch was under the same
impression as was Dr. Otto Finsch still in 1872,* viz., that R. tridactyla
proper is an inhabitant.of the whole northern hemisphere, and that
in the Northern Pacific two other Risse occur, besides. one with yel-
low legs (brachyrhynchus GOULD), another with red legs (brevirostris
BRANDT). This being the case, Bonaparte’s “41 nivea Pall.” would
also become a synonym of the true brachyrhynchus Gould. In defense
of this opinion might be quoted Bonaparte’s Conspectus Avium, in
which he indeed gives his No. 41 as a synonym of brachyrhynchus
=brevirostris, then for the first time properly located and understood.

This theory, if correct, would make no change in the results, above
arrived at, as it would only prove that both Bruch and Bonaparte were
wholly unacquainted with the North Pacific Kittiwake up to 1856,
that their numbers, 31, 32, and 41, 42, were identical, and, conse-
quently, kotzebuii, 1854, the synonym of brevirostris BRANDT.

As Rissa kotzebui Bp., 1856, is proved to be preoccupied, this sub-
species is left without a name. I, therefore, have proposed to call it
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. Were it not for the inconstancy of the
character derived from the greater or lesser development of the hind
toe, the two forms would have to stand as distinct species. As the
case is now, they can only be recognized as subspecies. It may, how-
ever, be mentioned that the Pacific form does not differ only in the
development of the hind toe, as the black tips of the first primaries
are longer, and the bill, on the average, longer and differently shaped
than in the Atlantic bird. Besides, I have been unable to find in any
specimen of a large series of pollicaris the black of the tips of the
second and third primaries running down along the edge of the outer
- web.

*Abhandl. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, pp. 84, 85, sps. 107, 108, 109.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 81

List of specimens collected.

1 (
|

| | | |
6 | | ' | |
ole ah helena nauet
2 ° © | | i once
5 | 4% § Buea e bos |
z 2 Locality. = op ep rea it
3 & ° a 1 % 4
we ° ° oso oO | et ite in| a
A Nout a | a = tp eee? yO Bo
wb 3 2 Se RO rete betta, Ih) eis ee
; 3 S (oe oom ies de ae Been
b |S = ja |e |e p-aeiyo] 4a
a err eee SALE ~ = | eae eee ee -| jane
' | |
| mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm.
92895) | 2090: |, Bering Island... .¢2.:2-...-...-. May 25, 1883 | (¢) ad. | (445) | 325. 184; 39 | 36
89124 | 1200 |..... ADRS A ELA, eens ote June 13,1882}; Qad.! 450; 298 139; 39) 36
92896 | 2638 | Staritskoff Island, Kamtschatka. Sept.23,1883) juv. |...-. 318 ; 128 | 32/5 33
92897 | 2637 |...... Bit een as es yh. oS Sept. 23,1883 juv. |..-... FAC a ae Se OT Yea PMMA
! |

_ No. 89124.—Iris dark brown. Bill clear yellow, in front of nostrils tinged with apple-green; tip
whitish ; angle of mouth and the interior of the gape deep orange-red; eye-ring vermilion. Feet
blackish brown, on the outside darker, brownish black; naked part of tibia on the inner side bright
orange-yellow, as are also one or two irregular spots on the inner corner of the web between middle and
inner toe.

The Pacific Kittiwake, called by the natives “ Gavaruschka,” on
account of its loquacity, is a common breeding bird, both on the islands
and along the Kamtschatkan coast, but as all places do not suit these
noisy birds or supply all their requirements the rookeries are compara-
tively few, a compensation for which is found in the astonishing num-
ber of individuals inhabiting each rookery. For such are chosen steep
walls, rising perpendicularly out of the deep sea, and especially high
pinnacles standing lonely amidst the foaming breakers, provided they
are fitted out with shelves and projections upon which to place the
nests.

As Copper Island offers such localities all around its shore, the
Kittiwake is pretty well distributed all over that island. On Bering
Island. on the other hand, only the southern part has suitable rook-
eries, but here the red-legged Gavaruschka excludes it from Cape Man-
atee to Peregrobnij. The first rookery of any importance on the west-
ern shore is among the cliffs of Dikij Mys.

The only rookery I had the opportunity of visiting on the coast of
Kamtschatka is situated on a pinnacle-shaped rock, called the sentinel
(Tschasovo}), close to the island south of the entrance to Avatscha Bay,
called Staritskoff Island. It is the same visited by v. Kittlitz; more
than half a century ago, and as I have nothing to add to his interesting
account (Denkw., I, p. 214, seqv.), I shall only remark that I found the
Kittiwake as numerous at the present time as it was on the day when
he lost his gun on the ‘‘ Tschasovoj.”

15861 Bull. 29-6

82 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

>

To Bering Island they arrived in 1883, about the 1st of April, when
flocks were observed at Tolstoj Mys. I found the first young ones
hatched on Copper Island, August 2, 1883.

22. Rissa brevirostris (BRUCH).

1843.—Larus brachyrhynchus GOULD, P. Z. 8., 1843, p. 106 (nee RicHaRDSs., 1831); Id.,
Zool. Voy. Sulphur, p. 50, pl. 34 (1844).—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., II, 1872,
p. 84.

1845.—Rissa nivea GRAY, Gen. Birds, III, p. 655 (nec Pall.).

1853.—L[arus] brevirostris* BRucH, Journ. f. Ornith., 1853, p. 103, sp. 32.—CouEs, in El-
liott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 199 (1875).—ELLioTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 133 (1882).—
Rissa brevirostris LAWRENCE, in Baird’s Birds of N. Amer., p. 855.—DALL. &
BANNIST., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 305.—Finscu, Abh. Brem., Ver., III,
1872, p. 85.—Da..., Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. east, p. 8 (1873).—NELSON, Cruise
Corwin, p. 105 (1883).—STEJNEGER, Pr.-U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 60.—Zd.,
Auk, 1884, p. 358.—TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1854.— Rissa kotzebuti Bonap., Naumannia, 1854, p. 212, (mee 1856).

1860.—Larus warneki COINDE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1860, p. 401.

My specimen is absolutely identical with those from the Prybiloff

group.
- The Red-legged Kittiwake—Krasno-nogaja Gavaruschka—is in every
respect, both structurally and in its habits, a true Rissa. Like its
black-legged cousin, it only selects steep and inaccessible rocks, and in
none of its habits at the breeding-place could I detect any marked dif-
ference. They also arrive at the islands about the same time, hatching
their young simultaneously with the other species. Those birds which
are not engaged in breeding do not seem to straggle about to such an
extent, however, as do the black-legged ones, and in fact I never saw
a red-legged Kittiwake at any season on the northern part of Bering
Island.

The two species usually keep apart from each other. In the great
rookery at Dikij Mys only one solitary red-legged bird was seen among
the thousands and thousands of black-feet, while a still greater colony at
Gavaruschkaja Buchta consisted of red-legs exclusively. “RR, kotzebui
[= R. pollicaris] was observed in countless numbers along the western
shore; but as soon as we had doubled Cape Manatee we met as large

* One will almost invariably find quoted “ Rissa brevirostris BRucH.” He, however,
regarded the names ‘‘ Rissa,” ‘‘Gabianus,” ‘‘ Dominicanus,” *‘‘ Glaucus,” &¢., a8 sub-
generic terms (he calls the groups ‘ Familie,” not genus), not to be included in the
name. In his two monographs nowhere will be found the specific name connected
with the subgeneric, but invariably by an ‘‘ LZ.” as an abbreviation for Larus. See
L. leucopterus, L. glacialis, L. consul, L. glaucopterus, under Glaucus; L. Hartlaubii
under Gavia; L. tridactylus under Rissa, &c. His own direct remarks (J. f. Orn., 1255,
p. 274) are to the same effect and are absolutely conclusive.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ; 83

or still larger flocks of R. brevirostris, among which not a single black-
legged individual could be detected. -* * * And thus the red-
legged form completely excluded the other along the eastern shore.”
(Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 60.)

On Copper Island, however, I found the two species breeding to-
gether on the same rocky wall—the black-feet always higher up than
the present species. The two kinds were easily distinguished ‘when
sitting on the nests, brevirostris having the gray of the mantle of a
“perceptibly darker shade than pollicaris.

Only one specimen was brought home. Quite a series, however, was
procured at Tolstoj Mys, Bering Island, on the 27th of August, but the
terrible storm of wind and rain which we encountered in the afternoon,
and which lasted for three days, spoiled the specimens and made prepa-
ration impossible. We had enough to do in taking care of the boat, the
tent, guns, and collections already prepared.

The measurements of this specimen are as follows:

Ad., U.-S. Nat. thé. No. 89125; L. Stejneger No. 1488. Dikij Mys, Bering Island,
August 23, 1882.

Total length, 402™™; wing, 324™™; tail-feathers, 132™™; culmen, 29™™; tarsus,
ane

Iris dark brown. Bill lemon yellow, greenish towards tip; angle of mouth and in-
terior of gape orange-red. Naked eye-ring and feet vermilion red.

It may be well to state here that the color of the feet in the fresh bird
during the summer is pure vermilion, and not oran ge-red, as often given
(as by Mr. H. Saunders, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 165). In the dried skin the
red color soon changes to orange-red, and later to a yellowish-drab, as
in the figure of Gould’s brachyrhynchus (I. ¢.). There are not two species,
one with yellow legs and another with red ones, as supposed by Dr.
Finsch (J. ¢.).

23. Sterna camtschatica PALL.

1826.—Sterna camtschatica PaLL.; Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., IT, p. 335 (nec Finscu, Abh.
Naturw. Ver. Bremen, III, p. 85 (1872) que. S. aleutica BAIRD).—KITTL.,
Denkw., I, p. 322, and II, p. 200 (1858).—TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 362.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 63 (1877).—STEINEGER,
Naturen, 1884, p. 8.

1835.—Sterna longipennis NorpM. in Ermann’s, Verz. Thier. Pflanz., p. 17 (nec FINSCH,
J. f. Orn., 1867, p. 339, quie 8. frontalis GRAY; nec Cougs, Key, p. 321 (1872),
que S. paradisea BRUNN.).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 246, tab. 25,
fig. 4), (1853).—Scurenck, Reise Amur-Lande, I, p. 512 (1860).—RappkE,
Reis. Stiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 389), (1863).—SwInHor, P. Z. S., 1863, p.
329.—SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternae, p. 23 (1864).—Buastvus, J. f. Orn.,
1866, p. 80.—E. v. Homey., J. f. Orn., 1870, p. 439.— PRZEWALSKI, Putesch.
Ussur. Supp. (n. 223), (1870).—HartLaus & Fryscu, J. f. Orn., 1872, p.
112.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 111.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—Id., ibid.,

84 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

1875, p. 257.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 202.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p.
261.—Id., ibid., 1882, p.397.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 62 (1877).—
SAUNDERS, P. Z.8., 1876, p. 650.—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 23.—Id., ibid.,
1880, p. 194.—F1nscu, P. Z. 8.,1879, p. 15.—Jd., Ibis, 1881, p. 540.—Bakist.
& Pryk&rR, Tr. Asiat. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 188.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882.
p. 103.—STEIJNEGER, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 70 (part), Ibis, 1883, p,
582.—Id., Naturen, 1884, p.8.—BLakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 10 (1884),
1858.—Sterna glacialis KittLitz, Denkw. Reise, I, p. 322.

Dr. Otto Finsch has most erroneously identified Baird’s aleutica with
Pallas’s camtschatica, thus extending the range of the former species so
as to embrace both the American and the Asiatic-shores of the North
Pacific, while it really is of a very limited distribution on the American
side only. Finsch’s identification was evidently made from the descrip-
tions only, he having never seen a specimen of the true aleutica ; but
an actual comparison of my Kamtschatkan birds with a large number
of Sterna aleutica proves, beyond doubt, that the two species are per-
fectly distinct, not only in color but also in proportions. In fact,
Hartlaub and Finsch were perfectly correct (Orn. Centr. Polynes., p.
220) when referring Pallas’s camtschatica to longipennis.

The difference in coloration between the latter and S. aleutica is
chiefly the uniform black forehead, crown, and nape, while aleutica
in full breeding summer plumage has the forehead and a superciliary
stripe pure white. The size is about the same, but the proportions of
bill and feet are rather different. In alewtica the bill on the average
is shorter, the tarsus also shorter, but the middle toe very considerably
longer. This character is very conspicuous, and will serve to distin-
guish the two species in all plumages.

That Nordmann’s longipennis is the same as Pallas’s camtschatica can _
hardly be doubted. When considering the description given by the
latter we must remember that he had not seen the bird himself, Steller’s
manuscript notes being his only source, and that the measurements are
evidently wrong, probably belonging to some other bird. The dimen-
sions “ caude 3” and ‘“‘digitt medii 1” 7” are, of course, not more cor-
rect than “5” are correct for the tail of Sterna caspia, as given on a pre-
vious page. “ Rostrum nigrum,” “Color fere St. Hirundinis” and “ Pedes
fusco-rubri” fit the Kamtschatkan “ Martischka,” as it is still called
by the natives (cfr. “Larus Martyschka, Steller MS.”), so well as to
allow no doubt as to what bird is meant.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 85
List of specimens obtained.
3 a | E
A | ; | 3 a
a : oS a 5
E | SOc sl alps Z :
2 oO a i) =
a 2 Locality. Ss 50 =o B s z
3 a ° = A 2 3 °
SiS 2 ee atte |e , | 3 | d 3
feels F Bis ies en Vee s| eon eel a 1S nll eae
a) = a A $ a A r A A s
S ° a f=} ned
Bert 3 Ee a a e Ee A oO a a
mm.) mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92898] 2055 | Avatscha, Kam...-.. May 24,1883 | 9 ad. 350 22 | 274) 149 33 22 28
92900] 2073 | Bering Island. ...--. May 27,1883 | (9)ad.| (370)]...-.. 254 | 161 31 21 93
92899192192 --- 00.22... -.-- eet June 21,1883 | 9 ad. 348 29 | 279 146 36 22 23
101670} -.--.- Petropaulski, Kam -.| Tey atte: | Measeellasaacs 260 | 113 30 21 22
HOLST =22-2. 22: ores cone ss 4 | 1884 | fuinidel oh al eee 255| 115| 28|- 20,|...---
| |

No. 92898.—Iris very dark nee Bill black. Feet blackish aa. Tmretes of largest egg in
ovary 5™™. Very fat.

No. 92899.—Iris dark brown. Bill black, with areddish tinge shining through in front of the nostrils,
on the gonys at base of upper mandible, and at the angle of the mouth; the extreme tip whitish. Feet
dark reddish brown. Eggs in the ovary, swollen, but small. Lean.

As already stated in my preliminary report, the Kamtschatkan Tern
occurs on Bering Island, but I was wrong in giving it as breeding there.
The four pairs of terns stated to have bred there I found out the next
vear to belong to the following species (S. paradisea BRUNN).

In Kamtschatka I met this species in the middle of May, 1883, at the
mouths of the rivers falling into the Bay of Avatscha, but they were
not very numerous. During my visit in the autumn J saw but once a
large flock, about the first of October, in the Rakovaja Guba, Avatscha
Bay.

Since the above was written Capt. E. I. Hunter had the kindness to
send me two birds of the year, collected at Petropaulski. The strue-
tural differences pointed out above will serve equally well for distinguish-
ing the young. The measurements are embodied in the table above.

24. Sterna paradiszea BRUNN.

1764.—Sterna paradiswa BRUNN., Orn. Bor., p. 46 (nec Keys. & Buas., 1840 que doug-
alli).— TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1819.—Sterna macrura NAUMANN, Isis 1819 (p. 1847).—DaLL & BANNIST., Tr. Chic.
Acad. I. 1869, p. 306.—Dat1, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unalasch. eastw., p. 10(1873).—
Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unalasch., p. 9 (1874).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin,
p. 109 (1883).

1820.—Sterna arctica TEMM., Man. @’ Orn.,2 ed.,I., p. 742.—PALMEN, Spec. Cat. Swed.
Lond. Fish. Exhib., 18838, p. 202.

1883.—Sterna longipennis STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 70 (part. nec NORDM. ).

The Arctic Tern occurs and breeds in smal! number on Bering Island.
In 1882 only four pairs were observed. They breed at the great lake a
few miles to the east of the village.

86 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

There are but few authentic records of the occurrence of this species
in the eastern parts of Asia... Middendorff quotes it from Taimyr and
Radde from the delta of the Upper Angara, but later travelers have
not found it there. Swinhoe did not obtain it in China, nor has it been
found in Japan, the Amur-province, the Kuriles, the shores of the
Okotsk Sea, or Kamtschatka. Mr. Nelson, however, (Cruise Corwin, p.
109) noted it on the northeastern Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean and
Nordenskjéld collected a specimen there, at Pitlekaj, July 5, 1879. The
species has been found on several of the Aleutian Islands belonging to
America.

The specimen collected by me measures :

g ad., U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92901; L. Stejneger No. 2129.. Bering Island, June 5,

1883.—Total length 371™™. Tail beyond wings, 8™™. Wing, 280™™. Tail-feathers,
185™™, Culmen, 32™™, Tarsus, 17™™, Middle toe with claw, 22™™. Iris dark
brown. Bill carmine, tip sightly dusky. Feet vermilion, tinged with carmine.

Family STERCORARIIDZE.

25. Stercorarius parasiticus (LIN.)

1758.— Larus parasiticus LIn., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 136 (mec Less. qui longicaudus).—
Stercorarius p. DALL & BANNIST., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 303.—CouEs,
in Elliott’s Affairs Alaska, p. 196 (1875),—Ex.tiort, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 132
(1882).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.—Lestris p. Dauu., Avif. Aleut.
Isl. west. Unal., p. 9 (1874).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 'p.
262.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 341.—/d., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 64 (1877).

1773.— Larus crepidatus BANKS in Hawkesw., Voy. II (p. 15).—Silercorarius c. (?) BLAKIST.
& PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. X, 1882, p. 105.—BEAN, -Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1882, p. 169.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 110 (1883).—BuaxkistT., Amend.
List B. Jap., p. 35, (1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 32.

1826.—Catarractes parasita PaLu., Zoogr. Ross. As. IJ, p. 310.—Lestris p. MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., Ll, 2 (p. 241) (1853).—Swinn., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 328.

On the Commander Islands the dark form is the most common. A
few only with white lower surface were seen, and one secured. This
species is found mostly on Bering Island where it breeds on the great
tundra, or rather swamp, near the village. In 1883 the first ones made
their appearance on the 4th of May. In the autumn they seem to feed
to a great extent on the berries of Empetrum nigrum, and their excreta
at that time are colored dark blue. The natives call them by the
Russian name “ Rasbojnik.”

ote

Mr

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 87

List of specimens collected.

é HE é
A og 3
oe : 3 FS a
8 S$ 2 é ao ; =
A A : 3 g a et x | z
S 2 | Locality. S BD Ep a & 2 Remarks.
mH ° i] nen = °
aS o Ps o | ® Rv a { : -
z = a ee m2 : Sens a | ©
: 3 eS eter ane ae | te ) & | g Bo
2 = a eI 2 8g a ra = ees
: ° | ne a 5 eS | ws
Bilas - melo ch cE hE hens lee lee
| -1882. | | mm. |mm.|mm.| mm.) mm.| mm. | mm.
89083 | 1122 | Bering | May 30 | c’ad.| 356+80 |...... 305 | 212| 29 43 43 | Dark phase.
Island.
89084 | 1123 |....do-..) May 30, Qad.) 420455 )...... WerS1S0198200) \ ye SO era) eens: | Do.
89085, | 141] |.--.do..-| Aug. 7 | Qad.| 410+65 preeee eco) ell 31 44 43 | Do.
89086 |! 1412 |....do..-; Aug. 7|Qad.| 420+70!...... 322 | ‘202 29 | 43 43 Do.
1885.
92902 | 2162 |.--.do.-..| June 11 | fad.| 389-+65 40 | 320] 182 30 44 41 | Light phase.
! |

No. 89084.—Iris dark brown. Bill brownish black; more greenish gray at base of upper mandible.
Feet pure black.

No. 89085.—Ivis, dark hazel. Bill, horny gray; blackish at tip. Feet, black.

No. 92902.—Ivis, dark brown. Bill, blackish brown, lighter brownish gray at base of lower mandible ;
nasal shield and culmen, still lighter. Feet, black, the left tarsus with a whitish spot infront. Testes,
small.

One egg was collected on May 29, 1882 (No. 1115, U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 21799), and measures 57 by 41.25"".

26. Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL.

1819.—Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXII, p. 157.—TuR-
NER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1822,—Lestris buffonii Born, Isis, 1822, p. 562.—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 241)
(1853).—Swinu.. P. Z. 8., 1863, p.328.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, p. 262.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 341.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 64
(1877).—Stercorarius b. DALL & BANNIST., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p.
304.—CovuEs, in Elliott’s Affairs Alaska, p. 197 (1875).—ELLIoTT, Monogr.
Seal Isl., p. 132 (1882).—Brakist., Amend1List B. Jap., p. 35 (1884).—SEEB.,
Ibis, 1884, p. 176.

1826.—Stercorarius cepphus StEPH., Gen. Zool. XII, i, p. 211.—Lestris c. PALMEN, Swed.
Cat. Lond. Fish. Exh., p. 201 (1883).

1828.—Lestris parasitica LESSON, Man. d@’Orn., II, p. 288 (nec LIN. ).—Stercorarius p. (?)
BLAKIST. & PrRyeER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 105.— NELSON, Cruise
Corwin, p. 111 (1883).

The Long-tailed Jeger in the adult plumage resembles very closely
the light phase of the foregoing species, but even young birds of the
two species may be easily distinguished.

Some stages may at once be recognized by the coloration alone.
Tt has been given as an unfailing mark that in Richardson’s Jeger the
shafts of all or most of the primaries are white, while in longicaudus only
the two first ones are so colored. Such is certainly the rule, but the

88 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

examination of a very large series of both species has convinced me
that all transitional stages occur, as birds are found having the two,
three, four, five, or six first primaries with white shafts, and that these
characters, consequently, are of little value. The coloration may be
depended upon as a safe guide for the identification in the following
Cases :

If the bird has wholly black legs, tarsi included, then it belongs to
parasiticus (crepidatus), even if light colored underneath. This char-
acter, however, is only safe when applied to rather fresh specimens, as
the light tarsi often darkens so much in museum specimens that it is
difficult to decide upon the original color.

If the bird is sooty all over, it is parasiticus.

If it has the tarsi light blue (Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 331, gives the
color as yellowish olive; that is only the case in dried specimens, not
in the fresh bird), simultaneously with uniformly soot-colored under wing
coverts, then it certainly belongs to longicaudus.

In all other cases the proportions of the different parts of the bill are
the only reliable characters. 8S. parasiticus is recognizable by having
the gonys shorter and the nasal shield longer, while in longicaudus these
proportions are reversed. The length of the gonys,as compared with
the breadth of the bill across the points of the loral antiz is a good
character of the bird when still in the flesh, and so is the position of the
angle of the gonys in its relative position to the nostrils, the former
being placed much in front of the anterior border of the nostrils in
parasiticus, while in longicaudus it is placed right below that same point.
But museum specimens may be identified by measuring the distance
from the anterior border of the nostrils to the tip of the bill and com-
pare it with the length of the nasal shield along the culmen. In longi-
caudus the two distances are of equal length, while in parasiticus the
nasal shield is much longer.

These characters hold good at least in birds one year old just before
the second moult, and in the adults. Whether young ones in the first
plumage are distinguishable in the same manner I cannot say with cer-
tainty, as I have no access to a specemen of longicaudus of that age, but
[ have little doubt that they are, as the essential characters of parasiticus
are very well borne out in several young specimens before me.

co
Co

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

» E
S We 8
Z tras as 3
a 6 3 S :
g | 4 liecrross 2 r= as z E
: 2 Locality. Ss ba 1 ba & ©
+ be ° : 4 oO ~ ’ °
w 3 3 Z o 252 3 d 3 >
Z 5 q gq = DQ C o oO 2
#38 g Bai) uae pei cr neal e lee ca
a ee 2 5 Sees a el edi Le
bf e R a PES) Bela yoe) a ag
a | we (eats y
| |
| 1883. | mm | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92905 | 2127 | Bering Island......- ; dune 5] oad. | 385+175 42 | 310) 302 27 41 37
B2003) 2193) es= One chs aici saa June 21 | gad. | 400+120 30} 310] 265 27 43 38
92904 | 2226 | Copper Island.....-. July 3 2 horn.| 3814117 28 | 311] 238 26 44 | 39
| | { I |

No. 92905.—Iris dark brown. Bill black. Tarsus light grayish blue; naked part of tibiz, toes, and
webs black. Stomach empty. Extremely fat.

No. 92903.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown, lighter at base, and nasal shield tinged with olive.
‘Tarsus and hind toe light grayish blue; tibiz, toes, and webs black. Testessmall. Stomach contained
an Arvicola rutila. Rather fat.

No. 92904.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown, nasal shield olive gray. Naked part of tibiw, tar-
sus, and portion of toes nearest to the tarsus, light grayish blue, remainder, including hind toe, black.
Eggs in ovary very small and undeveloped. In stomach only a few fish-bones.

The Long-tailed Jeeger does not breed on the islands. Those which I
met were only adult males or birds of the first year. I should not be
surprised, however, if this species in a near future might be induced to
settle on Bering Island on account of the enormous increase of Arvicola
rutila, which has been introduced into the island within the last ten
years.

Superfamily PROCELLAROIDE.
Family DIOMEBDEID.

27. Diomedea albatrus PALL.

1769.—Diomedea albatrus PALL., Spicil. Zool., V, p. 28.—Id., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 308
(1826).—SWINH., Ibis, 1864, p. 423.—SrExnB., Ibis 1884, p. 176.—TURNER, Auk,
1885, p. 158.

1820.—Diomedea chinensis TEMM., Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., I, p. ex.

1835.—Diomedea brachiura TEMM., Pl. Color., V, livr. 94, pl. 554.—TEmMM. & SCHLEG.,
Faun. Japon. Aves (pl. 66) (1849).—Kirtt., Denkw., I, pp. 234, 248.—
SwInu., Ibis 1860, p. 67.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 431.—TId., ibid., 1864, p. 423.—
Id., ibid., 1867, p. 226.—ld., ibid., 1870, p. 366.—Id., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 329.—
Id., ibid., 1871, p. 422.—Cassin, Pr. Acad. Philada., 1862, p. 326.—FINSCH,
Abh. Brem. Ver. III, 1872, p. 88.—DaALL, Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p.
8 (1874).—Cours, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 194 (1875).—Taczan., J. f.
Orn., 1876, p. 202.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir, p. 65, (1877).—Id., Bull,
Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 40.—Biakist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 218.—
Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 190.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 106.—BEAN,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p.170.—ELuiort, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 131 (1882).—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. i11 (1883).—BLaxisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p.
35 (1834).

Pallas’s description of Diomedea albatrus is based upon a specimen
sent from Kamtschatka to the Academy of St. Petersburg by Steller,

a

90 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

and the description leaves no doubt whatever that it is the bird subse-
quently called Diomedea brachiura ; the measurements alone are quite
conclusive. ;

There cannot be the slightest doubt that plate 963 of ‘ Planches En-
luminures” represents the young of the present species, and as Tem-
minck bestowed the name chinensis on that figure, the latter name, as
given in 1820, would take the precedence over the same author’s
brachiura, which is fifteen years later, had it not been for Pallas’s name.

Not having seen a specimen purporting to be Swinhoe’s derogata I
am unable to form an opinion as to its validity.

List of specimens collected.

: | =
: : Krk a S)
a | 6 z Ay Vote am be 3
a1 ; 3 3 da i|e Als —
Bs 2 Locality. = oe eo | a 9 ©
=I a ° & ° = oH 3
7; ~ 2 z — a eS o a >
‘ = a a — = th a co Ss Z
M — © s 2 a = 5 a os
= rit LAS E 8 eae eS a | a ely
B24 o D Bt Na a Se ae |
| 1882. | mm. | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92906 | 1660 | Bering Island........-.- Sept. 21 | fad. | 925 | 2370) 575 | 147] 131 98 136
92907 | 1225 | Copper Island..-....--..-- June 22 jun. | ST0ul areas 560 | 144] 1382] 105 |.-.....

No. 92906.—Bill reddish violet; nail whitish. Feet grayish blue with dusky on the joints and webs.
No. 92907.—Ivis dark brown. Bill violet flesh color; nail more bluish white. Feet as the bill, only
somewhat tinged with brownish gray. Sexual organs undeveloped.

The Albatros— by which name it is known to the natives also—by no
means is a rare visitor to the Commander Islands, where I never saw
D. nigripes AUD., a species which, on our northward voyage from San
Francisco, left us before we reached the Aleutian Chain. They do not
remain near the islands during the winter—at least I saw none—but
the first ones were observed as early as the middle of March. These
were old birds in the white plumage, and on April 14th not less than
eight were seen at one time near the village. During the summer, how-
ever, the black young birds of the foregoing year are more numerous
than the adults, of which a few remain all summer, though without
breeding, of course. In the middle of the immense flocks of Lunda,
Fratercula, and Fulmarus, which in quiet weather rest on the surface
of the sea, covering many acres, can always be seen one or two of these
comparatively gigantic dark birds, which, however, are the first ones
to take the wing at the approach of a,boat or a bajdarka, This species
is remarkably shyer than D. nigripes.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXi LORATIONS 91

I also saw it in Kamtschatka, on the Bay of Avatscha, and suspect
that it isa young bird of this species which has been reported by Mr. Ta-
ezanowski under the name of nigripes AUD. as having been taken in
Kamtschatka.

Family PROCELLARID ZS.

28. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa STEJNEGER.

1769.—Procellaria glacialis PALL., Spicil. Zool., V. p. 28.—Id., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p
312 (nec LIN.) (1826).—SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p.517 (1860).—Taczan.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 40.—ld., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 65
(1877).—Fulmarus g. BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 218.—SEEB., Ibis,
1879, p. 25.

1838.—Procellaria pacifica AYDUB., Orn. Biogr. V (p. 331) (nec GMEL., 1788).—TACZAN., ©

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 398.—ulmarus p. CASSIN, Pr. Philada. Acad.,
1862, p. 327.—BLaAkIsT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 190.—
Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 106.—Buaxist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 21 (1884).
1883.—Priocella tenuirostris NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 112 (part. nec AUD. ; efr. STEIN-
EGER, Auk, 1884, p. 233).
1884.—Fulmarus glacialis glupischa STEJNEGER, Auk, 1884, p. 234.—TuRNER, Auk, 1885,
p. 158. f

An examination of thirty-six specimens of arctogzean Fulmars has
given the following results :

(1.) Both in the Atlantic and in the Pacific two very easily distinguish-
able forms occur, one almost uniform dark ashy or nearly sooty, the other
white with pearl-blue mantle. The former is not to be confounded with
the young bird of the latter, as enormous breeding colonies of the sooty
form exclusively are met with. The young birds of the white forms
have the head and the greater part of the lower surface suffused with
light gray, yet they can never be mistaken for the dark ones, and I
doubt very much if any intergradation between the fully matured adults of
the two forms or phases can be proven. I have observed thousands and
tens of thousands of the dark form breeding, not finding a single one pet-
ceptibly lighter, although a small colony of the white form was breed-
ing in the neighborhood, but separate from the dark ones; nor were any
of the light phase perceptibly darker than usual; and in no case were
white and dark birds paired together.

(?.) The Atlantic and Pacific birds show hardly any—even an aver-
age—difference in the shape of the bill, the form of the nasal tubes, We.,
upon which to base a separation of them, but there seems to be a decided
difference in the coloration of that member. In all the birds, dark and
light ones, from the Pacific the bill is light-colored, only with a little
duskyon the borders of the different lamelle and on the culmen between

92 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

the nasal tubes and the nail, and the nasal tubes themselves are always
light-colored, never dark, much less any other part of the bill. The re-
verse is the ease in the different forms of the Atlantic birds, in which
the nasal tubes seem to be dark-colored, and in a great many, if not
all, dark-colored individuals, the whole bill has a brown color. There
seems also to be a constant difference in the color of the iris of the two’
races, as it is given as yellow for the old Atlantic bird, while in the Pa-
cific variety itis invariably dark brown, although it should be stated that
Faber describes the Icelandic birds as having the irides “‘nigro fuset.”
The accounts of the exact colors of the light parts of the bill in the
Atlantic birds are very uncertain and unsatisfactory. In the Pacific
race I found two very different styles of color of the bill. All those
which I examined at the breeding places, whether dark or white, had a
whitish bill with faint bluish, greenish, and pinkish shades, conse-
quently a kind of mother-of-pearl color. A faithful picture was pre-
pared by me from a fresh specimen and is reproduced as fig. 2, on pl.
vi, giving an exact representation of the color as it was invariably found
in the adult breeding birds from early spring until August, at least,
when I observed the last ones. The other style is represented in fig.
1, pl. vi, also colored trom the fresh specimen, an old white bird from
Bering Island, obtained in February. The bill is absolutely yellow
with tinges of greenish. and orange brownish. As this was the only
winter bird I got, I cannot say whether this difference in the colors of
the bill is due to season, but I really suspect it is, as 1 saw none among
the thousands and thousands of summer birds with yellow bill, although
I had excellent opportunity for observation, and I paid a special and
careful attention to the subject, as will be seen. Most of the Atlantic
observers record the color of the bill as yellow; is that not due to the
fact that they had winter specimens before them? Faber, one of the
most conscientious observers, describes the color of the bill of the Ice-
landic bird (in summer plumage, as he only got afew winter specimens)
as being “ grisescens, dertro adunco flavescenti. * * * nares * *
* nigre.” (Beytr. Arct. Zool., IL, Isis, 1824, p. 786), which seems to con-
firm my opinion of a seasonal change in the color of the bill, as Nau-
mann, a not less careful observer, describes the bill of the old bird as
beautiful and rich yellow with the nasal tubes slaty black, he having
probably had only winter birds taken off the coast of Germany (Naturg.
Vog. Deutschl., X, p.594: “Der Schnabel * * * an seinem gros-
sen Haken und dem Spitzentheil des’ Unterschnabels sehr sch6n hoch-

»

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ; 93

gelb, ins Orangefarbene spielend, der tibrige Theil, welchen die dunkele
Liingenfurche an der Seite in zwei gleiche Halften zu theilen scheint,
blaszgelb, der hintere Theil des Oberschnabels nur der Schneide ent-
lang hochgelb, nach oben blasser, hier vom Schieferschwarz der Nasen-
rohren ss *)*)* begrenzt. * * *% Ofr. also Kumlien’s description
of the bill of the white phase “ during the latter part of August, Sep-
tember, and fore part of October”: “ bright yellow bill,” Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., No. 15, p. 101.)

(3.) While the white phases of the Atlantic and the Pacific races are
indistinguishable as far as the color. tion of the feathering is concerned,
the dark phases are very readily distinguished, the Pacific one being
much darker all over. Its color is a saturated, plumbeous ash, more
or less tinged with sooty brown (in Museum specimen the color soon
turns brownish all over on account of the oxydation of the fatty matter,
I suppose). The dark phase of the Atlantic bird is somewhat lighter
and of a more ashy hue. Both forms have, when alive, or freshly
killed, a tender, silky, olive-greenish gloss on the mantle as described
by Mr. Kumlien (Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 15, p. 101) in the Atlantic
- race, and also observed by me in the birds of the Commander Islands.

(4.) There seems to be a decided difference in the geographical range
of the two phases in both oceans; it appears that the dark phase in
both instances is a particularly western bird, while’ the light colored
ones seem to have a more eastern distribution.

If the dark form had occurred breeding in Iceland, where Faber found
the white one exceedingly numerous, he could scarcely have escaped
mentioning it. Nor does it seem to have been found in Saint Kilda*
by John Maegillivray, and the form, at present, breeding on the Fer
Islands seems also to be the unmixed light phase; in fact, I do not
think the dark form has been found breeding in any number before in
Davis’s Straits and adjacent waters, where it occurs in great abundance.
In the Pacific a similar distribution obtains, the dark form being com-
paratively scarce on the American side, while it is by far the predomi-
nating form on the Asiatic shore, at least as far south as Kamtschatka.

The dark phase was found by me on the Commander Islands in countless

*From Mr. Dixon’s interesting account of ‘‘The Ornithology of Saint Kilda,” pub-
lished in the Ibis for 1885, pp. 69, seqv., received since the above was written, it is
learned that the “natives assert that there are two kinds, a light and a dark one,
but the latter is rare.” This substantiates my view as to the scarcity of the dark
form in the east. On p. 94 Mr. Dixon has published a condensed account of the con-
clusions I have arrived at, and which I communicated to Mr. Seebohm during his visit
in Washington last autumn.

94 — ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

numbers. In the colonies breeding on Bering Island not a single light
bird was to be seen, and the same was the case at the rookeries on the
northern part of Copper Island, for example, that close to the village.
At Glinka, near the southern extremity of the latter island, were found
a few small white colonies, but the percentage of the light-colored birds
was quite trifling, as I estimated it to be between 1 and 5 per cent. The
accounts of the birds taken in Kamtschatka and the Kurile Islands are
exceedingly meager, but indicate the dark phase as far as they go.

(5.) In the Atlantic occurs a smaller race, F. glacialis minor KI ERB.,
besides the typical F’. glacialis, which also has two phases. In the Pacific
another race occurs, which is fairly distinguishable from F. glacialis
glupischa, viz, F. g. rodgersvi, characterized by its pale color and the great
amount of white. The latter seems to be a northern form, apparently
without any dark phase.

The question now arises as to the real nature of the two phases. A
name is easily found and we may take our refuge under the shelter of
“dichromatism.” ‘This does not solve the question, however, which is
a most interesting one. What is dichromatism, its causes, its nature?
We have one kind in raptorial birds, especially the owls, another among
the herons; a third kind is that of Stercorarius parasiticus, and we
may in this connection also quote the Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus), be- -
sides many other cases, but only future studies of the living birds will
enable us to obtain satisfactory results.

List of specimens collected.
WHITE PHASE.

= ; E
°
Ai | 3 d 2
rae = S 8 a
5 g = | re WEES go Oy ees =
Pho Be ais eae eee a6 = piss 5
ao 2 Locality. 2 j~ 80 5p Paeel i e 2
i s 3 3 3 = | 3 ° a 2
: 2 a a = to | oo | & Zs 3 a
Oe i = | 44 Ben yee aT RES cared ay | S5e nee
anes | 2 S 3 a 8 =
p ne e [= 2 a = E A o dH S
| | mm. |mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92908 | 1900 Bering Island ....... Feb. 7, 1883 | oJ ad. ATL) Pe eon Ly 36 Doi Neeakoe
92909 | 2267 | Copper Island....-.. July 14,1883 | 9 ad. | 458|+ 27| 328] 122} 36] 51 |.--...
DARK PHASE.
ee : ep SSI 3 -
89138 | 7212 | Copper Island-...-.-.- | June 8, 1882 Qad. | 425) 312) 312) 120 OMe ee 62
92910 | 2008 | Bering Island ...-.-.. | May 4, 1883 Se | ea eee | 3380) 132 ESO 50 65
92911 | 2233 | Copper Island...-..- | July 5, 1883 | fad. | 480 15 | 333 | 131-| 37 | 51 67
| I |

No, 92908.—Iris dark brown. Bill light greenish lemon-yellow, the middle of each piece or lamella
orange brownish, and the edges blackish: along tomia of lower mandible and chin-angle flesh-color.
Eye-ring Gark brownish gray. Feet whitish with a faint greenish tinge; joints, tarsus behind and
toes below, outer web and anterior border of inner web blackish brown; nails horny white. Stomach
filled with feathers. Exceedingly lean.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 95

No. 92909.—Ivis dark brown. Bill whitish, tinged with flesh-color and without dusky on the sutures;
nail tinged faintly with yellowish. Feet very light and pure whitish flesh-color, without any trace
of dusky above or below, and without trace of any bluish or greenish tinge; joints more reddish;
nails light horny brownish. *

No. 89138.—Iris dark brown. Bill greenish white, with the sutures and the space between the nostril
and the nail, as also the tip of the latter, blackish. Feet dirty white with a faint greenish blue tinge;
the joints and the cutside of the tarsus, as also the webs, except the base, blackish; tarsus behind
and toes below black,

No. 92910.—Bill whitish with a faint tinge of greenish blue and yellowish, here and there with a
light rosy shade; sutures and terminal part of nail blackish. Feet whitish with a faint greenish
tinge; webs of the same color, their outer edge being narrowly bordered by black; along hind side of
tarsus and under side of toes only trace of blackish.

No. 92911.—luis dark brown. Bill exactly as the colored drawing of No. 2008 (the foregoing, pl. vi,
fig. 12), only that the dusky on the lower mandible forms a continuous line between the nail and the
malar apex. Feet whitish with a wash of bluish flesh-color, with brownish on the joints, and the fore
border of the webs blackish ; tarsus behind and toes below dark brownish gray. Very fat.

The “Glupisch” is ore of the commonest summer visitors to the
islands, and breeds in enormous numbers in suitable places, that is to
say, in high and steep rocky bluffs and promontories boldly rising out
of the sea 300 to 800 feet high, and I have spent hours under their rook-
eries listening to their whinnying voice and watching their high and
elegant flight in sailing out and in and around the cracked rocks like
bees at an immense bee-hive. I have mentioned above that nearly all
‘the birds belonged to the dark phase, and that only a very small per-
centage of white birds breed, apart from the dark ones, on Copper Island.

The Fulmar is the first one of the non-resident water-birds to arrive
at the rookeries in early spring, usually in March, the order of arrival
being Fulmarus, Uria arra, Lunda cirrhata, Pratercula corniculata. One
specimen of the white form was obtained on Bering Island, February
7, which would indicate that the advance guard had already reached
the islands by that time, or else, what I am rather inclined to believe,
that many of the birds pass the winter on the open ocean not so very
far from the shores they inhabit in summer.

The eggs are dull white without spots, measuring as follows:

|

Locality.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No.

Date.
Long diameter
Short diameter.

| Collector’s No.

=
>
:
>

mm.
Zis0oreecsael Oop pers islands sear. 72 Saas sess e sc sae mains Sears ae cee inane July 12, 1883 | 75

218C7 | 2244 |...-..- ORS ae as ee ase cre iat Sania era aclewsine = Hoe clase Sake cle oF July 12, 1883} 71.5
21808 | 2247 |...-.- COs goon Sete ua ca eeeineae dae mmine eins site bot ata cedcaien | July 13, 1883 | 71.5 |
21809 | 2257 |...... adem tetera See hast ea ret els ae ee | July 13, 1883 | 68

21810 | 2258 |...... doweances ee ores eee em mete meet nd <b bok i July 13, 1883 | 71.

_
© ©
on

xO
=

oy!
o

48.5

or

These eggs all belonged to birds of the dark phase.

96 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

\

29. Puffinus tenuirostris (TEMM.)

1769.—? Procellaria nigra PALL., Spicil. Zool., V., p. 28.

1826.—Procellaria acquinoctialis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p.°314 (mee Lin.).

1836.—Procellaria tenuirostris TEMM., Pl. Color., V, Liv., 99, text only (nee Audub.,
1¢39).—TEMM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 131, pl. 86), (1849).—ScHLEa.,
Mus. P. B. Procell., p. 27 (1863).—WNectris. t. Cassrn, Pr. Acad. Philada.,
1862, p. 8327.—DaLu & BannistT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., 1, 1869, p.303.—Batrrp,
Tr. Chic. Ac., I, 1&69, (p. 322), pl. xxxiv, fig. 2.—Puffinus t. FInscu, Verh.
Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 88.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1978 p. 218.—/id.,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 191.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 107.— BLakIsT.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 23 (1884).—Priocella t. (!) NELSON, Cruise Corwin,
p. 112 (1883) (nee AUDUBON!! cf. STEJNEGER, Auk, 1884, p. 233).—COUEs,
Auk, 1884, p. 80.

1854.—Puffinus curilicus Licut., Nomencl. Mus. Berol., p. 100 (part).—Procellaria ec.

KitTu., Denkw., I, p. 296 (1858).

The ‘ Tschornij Glupisch” is rather scarce on the islands, although I
feel convinced that a few breed there. I saw a small flock on the 22d
of August, 1882, at the entrance of Lissonkovaja Buchta, southern part
of Bering Island, leaving the whale carcass upon which they were sit-
ting at our approach. A specimen was obtained on Copper Island in
June, 1883. It had been captured by one of the natives on the 17th of
June, skinned and dried flesh side out, awaiting my arrival. [ made
afterwards a tolerably satisfactory (considering the circumstances) skin
out of it. Its dimensions are:

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92912; L. Stejneger, No. 22097 Karabelnij, Copper Island, June 17,
1883. Wing 28™™, Tail-feathers91™™. Chord of culmen33™™, Tarsus 54™™, Middle
toe with claw, 60™™,

Another specimen of the Slender-billed Shearwater was secured on
Bering Island by one of the natives and prepared by him for Dr. Dy-
bowski, in 1882, before my arrival to the islands. Remarkably enough,
neither Taczanowski nor Dybowski have mentioned the species in their
recent catalogues of birds from that region. JI had the opportunity of
examining the specimen and made the following notes:

Chord of culmen 34™™, Commissure 49™, From anterior border of nostrils to tip _
of maxilla 24™™, From malar apex to tip of mandible 32™™", Height of bill in front
of nostrils7.5"™. Tarsus 54™™, Middle toe with claw 63@™, Wing290™™, Tail-feath-
ers 92™™, Graduation of tail 21™™, Upper surface dark sooty brown, almost black on
wing and tail feathers, lighter and more grayish below. Chin and upper throat almost
whitish gray. Feet (in the dried specimen) on the outer side dark brownish, pale on
the inner side, almost black below.

The specimen obtained by me is similarly colored but the chin and
throat are not so light.

r

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 97

30. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (VIEILL).

1817.—Procellaria leucorhoa VIEILL., N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXV, p. 422.—BLakIstT. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 218. -Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap. VIII, 1880, p. 191.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1¢82, p. 106.—Buakist., Amend. List B.Jap., p. 35 (1884).—SExEB.,
Ibis, 1884, p. 33.—Cymochorea l. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 113 (1883).—
TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1820.—Procellaria leachii TeEMM., Man. @’Orn., 2 ed., II, p. 812.—ScHRENCK, Reis.
Amurl., I, p. 515 (1860).—Thalassidroma t. DALL & BANNIST., Tr. Chic. Ac.,
1869, p. I, 303.—Da.t., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 8 (1874).—Taczan.
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 66 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877,

. 40.
ee pelagica PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 316 (mee LINN.).
1858.—Thalassidroma scapulata KitTu., Denkw., I, p. 191 (Brandt, Icon. ined. pl. iv,
fig. 5).

1 can find no structural character that will satisfactorily separate the
species which usually have been kept apart in the two genera Oceano-
droma and Cymochorea. Even the type of the latter, leucorhea Vieill.,
comes very close to Oceanodroma, but still more so does C. melania BP.,
which has the graduation of the tail fully as great as in O. furceta, and
the outer rectrices tapering toward the tip which is just perceptibly
more truncate than in the latter. This also has the notch of the trun-
cated end of the other rectrices a trifle deeper than in typical Cymo-
chorea. O. furcata and C. melania also agree in the stoutness of the
bill. The tail of furcata is a little longer than in leucorhoa and melania
as compared with the wing, the formula of which is somewhat variable,
but, on the whole, identical in the three species. Even the coloration
is not so radically different as might appear at first sight, for the species
of Cymochorea are more or less washed with ashy gray, a color espe-
cially noticeable in fresh birds, while mm old museum specimens the color
turns brown, as I suppose, from oxydation of the fat contained in the
feathers. This is a fact which should always be borne in mind when
comparing old skins of water birds. The white feathers turn yellow, and
the gray ones become brownish, as I have invariably found it to be the
ease in Laride, Tubinares, and Alcide.

Oceanodroma, as the older name (1852), will therefore take precedence
over the younger, Cymochorea (1864), which can only be retained as a
subgeneric term designating the group, the dominating color of which is
fuliginous in contradistinction to the light ashy tint of the typical species
of Oceanodroma.

The “ Malinka tschornaja Sturmofka,” or ‘‘ small black Petre,” is onthe
Commander Islands only known from Copper Island, where it breeds at

15861 Bull. 29——7

98 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ;

Tschornij Mys, together with O. furcata. I was not so fortunate, how-
ever, as to obtain any specimen during my stay there, but the occur-
rence of the species is beyond doubt.

31. Oceanodroma furcata (GMEL. ).

1788.—Procellaria furcata GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 561.—KiTtTt., Denkw., II, p. 319
(1858).—ScHLeG., Mus. P. B. Procell., p. 3 (1863).—BLakisT. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 218.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 191.—Tid., ibid., X,
1882, p. 106.—Biakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 35 (1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884,
p. 33.—Thalassidroma f. GOULD, Zool. Sulphur., p. 50, pl. xxxiii (1844).—
Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 83.—Daut, Avif. Aleut. Isl., Unal.
. eastw., p. 7 (1873).—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 9 (1874).—Oceano-
droma f. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 113 (1833).—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1834,
p. 55.—TUuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.
1826.—Procellaria orientalis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 315.

List of specimens collected.

sg | 3 &
a s | ene § ey
s S 3 Zz 2

= | A 3 © | 5 a o

carla Locality. = s ar (es g 2 o

a 5 3 ro 3 os & S : =

A 5 fq A ist D a ® os 2 o

j 2 2 S 3 Ze pore ees x 2D Ss

Bete = H eR a) ABA | ee ge a ee a

ES valitics e ye Se dee ers pe, ce eid
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.\ mm.
89136 | 1196 | Copper Island ...-- 1882) | occ osteo mile sae oe 161 97 15 26 28
92914 | 2132 | Bering Island..-...- June 7,1883 | ¢ ad. 220 0 | 156 94 16 27 29
92915 | 2240 | Copper Island....... July 12,1883 | gad. | 232] 0] 159| 98] 15] 27} 29
2013 22M ee ne OO wamate mnie mersice=i July ¥8, 1883 | 9 ad. | 235 0} 164 107 16 26 28

No. 92914.—Found dead on the beach. Bill and feet black. Extremely emaciated. Testes very
small, undeveloped.

No. 92915.—Ivis dark hazel. Bill and feet black.

No. 92913.—Ivis dark hazel. Bill and feet black.

The Fork-tailed Petrel breeds on Copper Island, where it is known
by the natives as the ‘Sturmofka.” Ido not know of its breeding at
any place on Bering Island. On July 12, 1883, I visited the precipitous
rocks of Tschornij Mys, between Karabelnij and Glinka, on the eastern
side of Copper Island, where a small colony of these graceful petrels
were breeding. The eggs, a single one in each nest, were deposited in
deep holes in the steep basaltic rocks, 3 feet or more deep, and it was
only with great difficulty that a few could be secured. The birds were
taken on the nests, and in some the females, in others, the males were
sitting.

The eggs, which were in different stages of incubation, are white with-
out gloss; No. 21786 has plenty of the minutest dark specks evenly
dusted over the blunt end; in No. 21785 these specks are a little larger,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLO

purplish black, and form a circlet around

RATIONS. 99

the blunt end, while some

few lilac spots shine through from the deeper layers.

The eggs measure:

Locality.

le S. Nat. Mus. No.

| Stejneger No.

2A SDs ea2a 7p COpperi island coc sce a eee seo Scece deeeet cesses

21786 | 2238 |...... doe ee setae e GH got et en EE eee Dine July 12, 1883 32.5
21787 | 2939 |...... doi es eee nN SB LOIN cr Mare eI Taly 12,1883 34 |

Date.

Long diameter
Short diameter.

| mm.
eee eee July 12,1883 34

3
bo (no
ans

no
>
a

——$ $e

——EE—

ORDER GRALLA.

Superfamily SCOLOPACOIDER.

Family CHARADRITDA.

32. Heematopus osculans SwINH.

1826.—Hematopus hypoleuca Pauu., Zool. Ross. As., II, p. 129 (part).

1853.—Hematopus ostralegus MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 213), (nee Lin.).—
ScurENcK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 413 (1860).—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 63.—Id.,
ibid., 1861, pp. 261 and 342.—PrzEw. Putesch. Ussur. (n. 157) (1870).

1863.—Hematopus longirostris SWINH., Ibis, 1863, p. 406 (nee VIEILL.).—Jd.,P. Z.S.,
1863, p. 310.

1871.—Hematopus osculans Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 405.—Jd., Ibis, 1875, p. 129.—
Td., ibid., 1575, p. 453.— PELz.. Ver. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, 1873, Extr., p. 6.—
TACZAN., Bull. Soe Zool. France, 1876, p. 249.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 339.—Id.,
Orn. Faun. East Sib., p. 53 (1877).— BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 219.—
lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VII, 1880, p. 193.— Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 109.— SEEB.,
Ibis, 1879, p. 26.—BuakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 11 (1884).

The eastern Oyster-catcher is nearly related to the European species
H. ostralegus L., and more nearly so, perhaps, to the form occurring in
New Zealand and Australia, H. longirostris VIEILL. It has the black
edgings of the upper tail coverts in common with the latter, but as to
the length of the bill and the amount of white on the wing-feathers it
is intermediate between both. As I have seen no intergradation, how-
ever, I shall keep these three forms apart as distinct species, although
the probability is that it at last will be found necessary to apply a tri-
nominal to the eastern bird, H. ostralegus osculans (SWINH.). One
of my birds, No. 92884, has, in fact, the shaft of all the primaries
as in ostralegus, but as the bird is a young one nothing can be con-
cluded from it. On the other hand, the black on the upper tail-coverts
forms two to three broad terminal cross-bars on each feather, the white
interspace being strongly tinged with rusty buff. In adult birds from
China I find only more or less broad black edging on these feathers,
and in one specimen these are nearly obsolete, too, and so are they in
an example of longirostris from New Zealand ; but as the edges are very

100 2

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 101

worn and abraded, the black may have been much more conspicuous in
the fresh plumage. Further abrasion might perhaps have obliterated
the black edgings altogether, a possibility to be taken into account by
persons comparing these closely allied forms. I find that Naumann
describes the bill of the young of the year of H. ostralegus as having the
tip of the bill yellow. In my birds, when fresh, this part was decidedly
dark, and the dusky color is still very pronounced in the dried speci-
mens. It may also be worth stating that my examples have no whitish
patch on the fore part of the neck, as is common in the European bird
when young.
a', Rump white..
b!. Upper tail-coverts pure white, without black edgings; bill shorter.
H, ostralegus LIN.
b*. Tips of upper tail-coverts edged with black ; bill considerably longer.
c!. Shafts of primaries from the third white before the tip ; second primary with
a broad white stripe along the border of the inner web.
FH, osculans SwIinu.
c?, Shafts of all the primaries wholly black; second primary without white stripe

OMG OMIM TS TT ATOM ayer cte ears rat oe ead oleate al = AI, longirosiris VIEILL.
a?, Rump dark, of the same color as the back.....--...-.-.------ H., palliatus TeMM.

List of specimens obtained,

6 a
A =; S
a S$ 2 oF See . §
g A 3 2 sou [eres : 8
d 2 Locality. S oo o0 a a 3
~ La] ° A ° ~ °
3 3 3 rs o Be 3
A S q a Sq 2 Ly Bs a
. od Oo a a oN ° °
aa : Hole ee pe dee
ie e | a H/ae,EF/]ea, «8
‘ = mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92884 | 2607 | Velutschka, East Kamtschatka ..| Sept. 21,1883} 9 jun.) 460 2) 267) 103 T7
92989 | 2608 | Saranna, East Kamtschatka ..-... | Sept. 22, 1883 | od jun.| 440 0 | 245) 105 72
: |

No. 92884.—Tris ‘‘raw umber.” Bill orange-red; tips dusky. Naked eye-ring orange. Feet pale
bluish flesh-color.

The Oyster-catcher occurs only regularly along the coast of the penin-
sula, where I saw specimens shot in the latter part of May, 1883. Dur-
ing a short trip to Velutschka and Saranna, September, 1883, we met a
few families, out of which I only got two young birds on accountof their
extreme shyness. The Russians of Kamtschatka apply to this bird
especially the name “ Petuschok” (pl. “ Petuschki”), a chicken, a term
used for Simorhynchus pygmeus by the natives of Bering Island, for
Leucosticte griseonucha by those living on the Prybiloff Islands (accord-

102 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

ing to H. W. Elliott), and to other birds in different parts of the
vast empire where the Russian tongue is spoken.

This bird comes only as a rare visitor to the islands during the migra-
tion seasons. This is rather strange, as it inhabits the nearest coast of
the mainland, and as the Komandorski group offers every favorable con-
dition to these bright, noisy, and shy fellows. Besides, an allied species
(H. bachmani AuD.) frequents the American islands of the Aleutian
chain.

On the 19th of June, 1883, about noon, I observed two Oyster-catchers
on the low sandy beach opposite the village of Bering Island. Cross-
ing the river I followed them for more than 3 miles, but their shyness
prevented me from securing a specimen. The pursuit had then to be
given up, as I was compelled to return in order to attend to the me-
teorological observation at 3 p. m. A native hunter, whom I immedi-
ately sent out, promising him a good reward, likewise failed. They
were not seen afterwards.

33. Arenaria interpres (LIN.).

1758.— Tringa interpres LIN., Syst. Nat., 10ed., I, p. 148.—Strepsilas i. MipD., Sibir. Reise,
II,2 (p. 213) (1853).—Dys. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 337.—DALL. &
BANN., Tr. Chic. Acad., 1869, I (p. 290).—F1nscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p.
62.—CouES, in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 180 (1873). —Taczan., J. f.Orn., 1873,
p. 101.—Jd., ibid., 1574, p. 336.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 247.—Id.,
ibid., 1883, p. 339.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 51 (1877).—BLakIsT. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 219.—/id., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1#80, p. 193.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 108.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 26.—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal Isl.,
p. 129 (1880).—Bran, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 163.—NELSON, Cruise Cor-
win, p. 82(1883).—BuaxisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 11 (1884).—Arenaria i.
TURNER, Auk, 1285, p. 157.

1810.— Morinella collaris Mey. & WOLF, Taschb. Deutsch. Vog., I, p. 383.—Strepsilas ec.
Kirr.., Denkw., I, p. 287; II, p. 401.—Cornpr, Rev. Mag., Zool , 1860, p.
400.

1826.—Tringa oahuensis BLOXH., Voy. Blonde, App. (p. 251).

1826.—Charadrius cinclus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As,, II, p. 148.

T have carefully compared my specimens with others from the Pacific
and find them to agree in all essential points with birds from the At-
lantic. Those from the latter in the collection of the National Museum
are a trifle brighter colored, a circumstance due to the less worn state
of their plumage. No foundation for even a subspecific division could
be detected. Arenaria melanocephala is a good species.

SS ee

et et

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 103

List of specimens collected.

F
A .
o se Oo
5 ° a | a
A a 3 © a | 2
3 2 Locality. a eb te | s
mone 5 3 2 | &
Scars a 5 Bah capente
Ra = a x = ees rm
C 3 | & aS
Sis - B a |F |e
mm. | num. | mm.
Soda MOSM berinolslandtso-scej.sese-cos<ccesse-ccesle aa! | May 25, 1882.| ¢ ad. | 234 152} 62
92767 | 1420 |...... ieee eee EE one Aug. 12, 1882.| ¢ ad. | 223 149 60
92768 | 2084 |....-. oped ae aah ht en es May 29, 1883.|(¢)ad.| (221), 152, 63

No. 89047.—Iris brown. Bill brownish black. Feet intense vermilion, without the slightest trace
of orange ; joints and naked part of tibia dark brown; nails black ; under side of toes orange.

No. 92767.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish olive-gray, a narrow space at base of lower mandible
reddish flesh-color. Feet orange red, joints dusky,

The natives call the Turnstone “ Krasnonogoj Kulik,” 7. e., red legged
Sand-snipe, and their Aleutian name of it is “Kidmalgikh.” It makes its
appearance early in May (in 1883 the first ones were observed on the
7th), and the beach, especially on the north shore of Bering Island,
fairly swarms with them. In June they disappear, and only a few re-
main during the summer. These, I suppose, to breed, although I did
not succeed in finding any of their nests. However, as early as the
latter part of July, even larger flocks than those seen in spring, return
from the north. From this time and until late in autumn enormous
masses of them may be seen on the killing grounds, near the seal rook-
eries, where thousands of putrified careasses of the slain fur-seals
swarm with myriads of the white larve of the flesh-fly, upon which
the pretty turn stones feed and grow exceedtagly fat. At sunset they
retire to the beach, where they pass the night, not, however, without
having performed a soldier-like drill by flying up and down the end-
less tundra, now in full body, now again in detached divisions, and with
admirable precision turning and maneuvering as if obeying the com-
mand of a leading officer.

34. Charadrius squatarola (LIN. ).

1758.—Tringa squatarola Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 149.—Charadrius sq. MipD., Sibir.
Reise, II, 2 (p. 290) (1853). ;

1766.—Tringa helvetica Lin., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 250.—Squatarola h, K1TTL.,
Denkw., II, p. 401 (1858).—Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil., 1858, p. 195. —SCHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl., I, p. 409. (1860).—SwINu., Ibis, 1860, p. 63.—Jd., ibid., 1261,
pp. 51, 342.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 404.—/d., ibid., 1870, p. 360.—Id.. ibid., 1875,
p. 452.—Id., P. Z. S. 1863, p.309.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 403.—RappkE, Reis.
Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 322) (1863).—Dys. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn. 1868, p.
337.—PRzEW., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 151) (1870).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873,

104 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

p. 101.—/d., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 249.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost,
Sibir., p. 53 (1877).—BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 219.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc.
Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 192.—Jid., ibid., X, 1832, p. 108.—BEaN, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1882, p. 163.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 84 (1883).—BLAKIST., Amend.
List B. Jap., p. 11 (1884).

1826.—Charadrius hypomelanus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 138.

1826.—Charadrius pardela PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 142. ©

List of specimens collected.

6

a : | |

3 S 3 ¢

g | & Bc ee :

: a2 Locality. = o oo a

S 5 S Z 8 S

a -

a 2 a | @ a4 eo |

wm 3 a es = A 5

Bo es e | a a e A.

| mim. | mm. | mm.

92770 | i638") Boring Inland... 82occ thee de eee ee Sept. 14,1882 jun. | 292) 184 72
89069 | 1645 |...... fle (ce usaee Deu ap ee eo Sete eee Sept. 18, 1882 Q | 296] 195 72
92769 | 1654 !...... dO: Ae AE EE Oe ewes see Sept. 21,1882; ¢ 303 | 190 75
92771 | 2789 |...... DON ei ot eee ean oes ee oe ee Sept. —, 1889 Bete St eter 197 81

No. 92770.—Iris blackish brown. Bill olive black. Feet dark gray.

The Gray Plover was only observed on Bering Island during the fall
migration, at which time they seem to arrive regularly. Several flocks
were met after the middle of September. I saw a single bird still on
the 28th of October in a flock of Charadrius fulvus.

35. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (GM.).

1783.— Charadrius fulvus GM., Syst. Nat., I, ii, p. 687.—PrzeEw., Putesch. Ussur. (p. 152)
(1870).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 403.—Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 162.—Id., ibid.,
1875, p. 452.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 101.—Jd., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 246.—Jd., ibid., 1883, p. 339.—Jd., Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., p. 51 (1877).—BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 218.—Jid., Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 191.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 107.—CouEs, in
Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 179 (1873).— ELLIoTT, Monog. Seal Isl., p. 129 (1882).
—STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.—BLaxkisT., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 10 (1884).

1822.-- Charadrius pluvialis Horsr., Tr. Linn. Soc., XIII, p. 187 (mee Lin.).—PALL.,
Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 141 ( part) (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p.
210) (1853).—Cass. in Perry’s Explor. Exped. Jap., II p. 247 (1857).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 410 (1860).—CoINDE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1860,
p. 40.—Swinu., Ibis, 1262, p. 307.—RappkE, Reis. Siid. Ost—Si .., II (p. 322)
(1863).

1830.—Charadrius virginianus JARD. & SELB., Ill. Orn., II (pl. lxxxv).

1849.—Charadrius auratus orientalis TEMM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Aves (p. 104, pl.
lxii).—Ch. orientalis WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 204.

1849.—Charadrius virginius BLYTH, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. Beng. (p. 262) (nee BorKH.).—
SwInu., Ibis, 1860, p. 358.—Id., ibid., pp. 51, 342.—TId., ibid., 1862, pp. 254,
307.—Jd., ibid., 1875, p. 452.

1856.—Pluvialis longipes Br., Compt. Rend., 1856 (p. 417).—Charadrius 1. Swinu., P.
Z. S., 1862, p. 319.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 309.—Zd., Ibis, 1863, p. 404.—Id., ibid.,
1870, p. 360.

1862,— Charadrius mongolicus BLAKIST., Ibis, 1862, p. 330 (nec PALL.).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 105

1880.—Charadrius dominicus fuluus RIpGw., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 198.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 84 (1883).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885 ,p. 157.
?.—Charadrius affinis Born, Oken’s Isis (fide Giebel; cfr. Bp. & Gray; ubi?).

The present form is distinguished from its near American relative,
Ch. dominicus MULL., which also has the axillaries smoky gray, by the
ereater brightness of the yellow color. The Asiatic Golden Plover is,
however, the form which occurs most commonly in Alaska, occupying
the whole shore line of Bering Sea, while the true dominicus only
breeds in the interior and along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The
individuals of fulvus breeding in America migrate in winter along the
Asiatic coasts, thus giving evidence of the way in which the species
once immigrated into Alaska.

List of specimens collected.

3
Bean 3 =
5 6 2 : A a
anne 2 S a 5 z
eral ae Locality. a oS a o a
a m ° a 2 ~
4a | 2 2 zi = D : $
a | 3 g : ene asl
ane = = ae |e =
aS e R a Fes ep ees
mm. mm. | mm. | mm,
OTe ECO TialF Bering lislands sacs. ss secmeesn ele eee May 15,1883] (c')ad.| (233) |.----- 149 62
Prins |) PIbI All eee LO eRe Oc ENCE ener June 3 1883] cdad..| _ 258 12 | 167 59
89070 | 1650 |...... Oereat: Leste vel eitite Sept: 21,1882) yg | 237 |A..- 156 58
92773 | 1674 | ..... CP eat esi ee oer Me eae me | Oct. 81882) di |.....--.].-.--- 161} 63
92775 | 1673)|..5.-- Ot eee eae et ee ees Octet S82! her: cama ees areal eee 160 61
92774 | 1675 |...... COneseECtl sl Asser eae Pee Oct: 81882; it Oeta|ce maven pee Ss 158 58
S277 282790) lsc oe CO Bae rel RE ak eee Sey ate GHB ee sone eSebacel asone 160 59
|

No. 92776.—Iris dark bazel. Bill black. Legs dark olive gray; feet more blackish. Extremely fat.
New feathers on the shoulders stillin their sheaths. Claw of middle toe of backwards stretched legs
' reached 15 ™™ beyond the tips of closed wings. -

No. 89070.—Iris. dark brown. Bill black, olive at the angle of mouth. Tect dark bluish gray ; toes
more dusky.

The Asiatic Golden Plover visits Bering Island both on going north-
ward in spring and southward again in autumn, but is not known to
breed there, although suitable localities might easily be found; nor are
they numerous during the migration either, but the small flocks remain
in fall for a considerable time. They arrive about the middle of May,
coming again after the 15th of September. In 1882 the last ones were
observed on the 28th of October. -.

16. Aigialitis mongola (PALL.).

1776.—Charadrius mongolus * PALu., Reise Russ. Reichs, II (p.700).—dAigialites m.
Swinu., P.Z.8., 1870, p. 140.

* Mongolus, a, um -adj., pertaining or belonging to the Mongols (Mongoli, the inhab-
itants of Mongolia), formed in accordance with the classie Hispanus, a, um, from His-
pani, the Spaniards, and Hispania, Spain,

106 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

- 1826.—Charadrius mongolicus PaLu., Zoogr. Ross. Ass., II, p. 136.—Mrpp., Sibir. Reise, -
II,2 (p.211, taf. xix, figs. 2,3).—SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., p. 411 (1860).—
RappF, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 324) (1863).—PRzEw., Putesch. Ussur.
(n. 153), (12870) —Finscu, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1873, extr., p. 18.—
Agialites m. SwWinn., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 310.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 140.—Id., ibid.,
1871, p. 404.—Id., Ibis, 1870, p. 360.—HaRTING, Ibis, 1870, p.384.—Id., P. Z.
§., 1871, p.110.—Pruiz., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, 1873, extr., p. 6.—SEEB.,
Ibis, 1879, p.25.—BLakistT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 192.—
Td., ibid., X, 1882, p. 108.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 85 (1883).—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B.Jap., p.10 (1884).—Zudromias m. TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 248.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 397.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 397.—Id., Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., p.52 (1877).—STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.
71.—Id., Naturen, 1884, p.51.—BoGpan., Cousp. Av. Ross., I, p. 73 (1884).

1872. —Agialitis ruficapilla? BLaxist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (nec TEMM. ).—SEEB.,
Ibis, 1879, p. 25.

DESCRIPTION.— ¢ ad. Breeding plumage (U.S. N.M., No. 89051; L. Stejneger, No. 1041.
Bering Island, May 11, 1882).

“Forehead white, divided by a black line which, commencing from the culmen, borders
the white frontlet above, then descends in front of the eye, uniting with the broad
black loral stripe, which extends backwards under the eye,and occupies the ear-
coverts; from the hind part of these a very narrow blackish line descends on the
lower neck, uniting with the corresponding line from the other side, encircling the
white chin and throat which, thus, on all sides are bordered with blackish; fore part
of crown and a stripe over the eyes, behind communicating with the neck-ring, pale
rufous; hind part of crown and nape brownish gray separated from the same color of
the back by a rather narrow ring of a bright cinnamon rufous, which widens ante-
tiorly so as to embrace the whole juglum and fore breast; shoulders and back brown-
ish gray, with a just perceptible silky gloss of olive, fading into a lighter shade on the
rump; wing-coverts and tertials of the same color; flanks brownish gray, with broad
white edgings, remaining under plumage white, except tibia which are strongly
tinged with rufous. Primaries blackish brown, fading into brownish gray on the in-
ner ones, from the seventh with a mesial white spot in the outer web; shaft of the
first primary white, those of the others only mesially so; large coverts, with white
tips, forming a cross-bar. Tail-feathers dark brownish gray, this color fading grad-
ually on the lateral ones; the outermost on each side white, with a wedge-shaped
gray spot in the inner web near the tip; tips of all the rectrices, except the middle
pair, edged with white.

For colors of naked parts and for dimensions, see ‘list of specimens
collected.”

A few of the white feathers of the forehead are slightly tipped with
black. It seems as if the whole forehead had been black, the black edg-
ings of the feathers having been worn away. This would account for
the great variation of the extent of the white and black of the forehead
in these birds, and such an assumption is supported by the fact that a
specimen from Japan killed in April has almost the whole forehead black,
while this color is still more reduced in specimens killed later than that
described above. It is at least. quite certain that the black forehead
does not indicate the full summer plamage. The two other males of
my collection differ from the above only in being a little less brightly

~

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 107

colored, the eye-stripe decidedly paler, and the rufous breast-band nar-
rower, showing, besides, only a faint trace of the black line separating
the band from the white of the throat.

Q ad. Breeding plumage (U.S. N. M., No. 89052; L. Stejneger, No. 1042, Bering Island,
May 11, 1882).
Differs from the male in having the rufous parts much paler. The black markings
on the forehead are almost absent, and under the eyes and on the ear-coverts replaced
by blackish.

Other females of the collection show the markings on the head quite
distinct, but of a dark brownish gray, and not black color. The collar
is also much narrower.

The young bird in first plumage,

(No. 89050), resembles somewhat the adults. The brownish gray of the
back is paler, and each feather narrowly edged with isabella color, with
which also the lower parts are suffused; on the pectoral region a buff-
ish tinge replaces the rufous collar, and the black markings are absent
from the head, the cheeks and ear-coverts being slightly dusky; fore-
head between bill and eyes whitish, suffused with isabella color.

No. 92781 has only partly assumed the feathers. These are essen-
tially as in the specimen just described, but the isabella-colored edgings
are broad and the isabella suffusion stronger. Head and neck still
downy, whitish, on forehead and cheeks suffused with isabella color;
the latter parts with some blackish markings: crown of the head dark
brownish gray, mottled finely with isabella color.

List of specimens collected.

S a

a x cs :

5 A 2 © a a 2

A | ow Locality. = a be Bs S

»~ ° ~ A o ~

Ss 2} 2 t > ® po] a

A ° A q = a0 eh a

Bi 2 o oS a a

. oS = a ° re ic z

Bers - a ae |E |} EF] 2

mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
SOaKS | LO4ats | SBering sland) ee eee ee esctlosie/=n5 = = May 11,1882} ¢ ad. TOO See 130 53
89053) | 1052 |... .-- DOP oe Bs Josette ete se os May 15,1882 | ¢ ad. 201 E Saece 131 56
92778 | 2078 |..-.-. Oy AoE Nese ce Os ai one chee aca May 14, 1882 | (os) ad. | (UST) \eamo= 127 52

| |

89052 | 1042 |-.-.-- OOPS aads cs wed te oseste cee 1 May 11,1882 | 9 ad. | 190 |-...... 132 53
89054 | 1053 BLY Ot a ciscea eee eee oe eae eters May 15,1882 | 9 ad. eee Sao rast
89055 | 1061 Re Ol mere coitus esa neiseee ecee ce ucee es | May 19,1882 | 9 ad. 206 |o---2- | 133 | 57
89137 | L214 Copperlslan de scat sec cae seuiece e's ¢ | June 19, 1882 | 9 ad. SIF | eats to 130 53
OPTR0 Re olsniberinvalsland!.o- 2. necpessscecserccsecs | June 4,1883 | 9 ad. | 201 | B28) 50
O27 9s 2218) | CopperIsland: 5. .-.-2252-.2.2--2---2- July 2,1883 | 9 ad. | 191 6| 128 50
SS050F 16565|- Bering Island -25- 2-22 ccc-sce- cess. | Sept. 22,1882 | f jun.| 224 ].-....- 121 51
SSOC Oo IGbIs Baek dove vate oho bate cabec cue cicws Septarce. Soleo pM. melon |lehera cer fe exis el | = ateteece
O2781")|2242)'- Copper Island) 2.22. 25-5. 22 -be canes. 5. July 18, 1883 Pulls a2 |e me Gie|Pesece

108 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS

No. 89053.—Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet somewhat bluish gray, toes darker.

No. 89054.—Feet faint yellowish gray, toes darker.

No. 89137.—Feet gray with a tinge of brownish, toes more blackish.

No. 92780.—Ivis dark hazel. Bill black. Feet dark gray with an olive tinge; toes darker, blackish.
Shot on the nest. Very fat. <A large naked ‘‘broeod-patch”’ on each side of the abdomen communicat-
ing behind.

No. 92779.—Feet gray, with a purplish-olive tinge; toes, especially the jo'nts, darker, nearly black-
ish. Molting; new feathers protruding on crown and nape.

No. 89049.—Iris dark brown. Bill, angle of mouth, and ring round the eyes black. Legs clear
gray; tarsus tinged with yellowish, toes with blackish, and soles with reddish.

No. 92781.—Iris dark hazel. Bill olive-black. Feet gray, with a tinge of yellowish olive; toes
darker.

The Mongolian Plover is a very common summer resident on the Com-
mander Islands, in fact, one of the most characteristic birds of their
fauna.

It is one of the brightest and handsomest shore birds, and is always
gladly welcomed when making its appearance during the first half of
May. Iused then to watch with delight these elegant runners, wonder-
ing at the almost incredible rapidity with which they move their legs
when chasing each other over the pebbly beach, or trying to escape the
approaching hunter. Very soon, however, the pairs retire to the
place chosen for the summer home, and, as soon as the eggs are laid,
the birds become more shy, and do not expose themselves as much as
they did before. They do not fly directly from the nest either, but
run away a distance from it before taking wing. It is therefore ex-
ceedingly difficult to find the nest, and I do not wonder that none of
the Russian travelers have procured the nest and eggs. I myself
only succeeded in finding a few nests with eggs, to be described further
on. The eggs were found during the first days of June and young ones
about the middle of July. About this time the families retire from the
beach and are now met with in the interior, where they ascend the mount-
ains in search of tender insects. I frequently met them at an altitude
of 1,000 feet or more above sea level. About the middle of September
the families return to the lowlands and to the beach, soon afterwards
leaving the islands.

The cail-note is a clear, penetrating “ drrrriit!”

While at Glinka, on Copper Island, in July, 1883, a young bird of this
species, not yet fully feathered (the same one described above), was
brought tome alive. Allowed to runfree on the floor it immediately com-
menced a very animated pursuit of the rather numerous flies, which
were caught with remarkable precision and rapidity and devoured
with an unsatiable appetite. The little fellow did not pay any attention
to the presence of several persons in the small room, but when the dog

ORNITILOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 109

rose from his nap in the corner, the swift-footed fly-killer suddenly
dropped flat on the floor, with withdrawn neck, making himself as small
and flat as possible, and remained thus perfectly immovable until the
dog turned his head the other way, when he ran off to the darkest cor-
ner of the room, where he remained until the former laid down in his
old place. Then he started the fly-hunting again; the dog rose once
more, and the same performance was repeated. Within half an hour,
however, he had learned that the dog did not take any notice of him
whatever, and consequently he afterwards paid as little attention to the
dog as to man.

The nest, spoken of above, was found on the islet Toporkof, on the
4th of June, 1883, and contained three eggs. They were lying, with
their pointed end inwards and downwards, in a slight hollow in the
ground between thestems of four Angelica archangelica. Dry particles
of the leaves and stems of this plant, and numerous seeds of the same,
formed the nest, being evidently brought together by the bird itself.
The situation of the nest was about 40 feet from the line of high water,
and about 14 feet above the level of the sea.

One of the eggs was quite clear; the second contained a small embryo
in which only the large eyes were distinguishable; the third had a larger
foetus, with well-developed wings, legs, &e.

In geuveral appearance the eggs recall those of Agialitis semipalmata,
being larger, however, and of a somewhat deeper ground color, in two
eggs of set No. 21772 more olive, in the others more butt. The spots
are, on the whole, smaller than, in average, specimens of the former,
being in that respect more like 4. hiaticula. They, consequently, are
more unlike eggs of Hudromias morinellus than those of typical dAigia-

lites.
Dimensions of the eggs.
S
a 6
é | 2
= 5 : A
S 0 Locality. Date. Diameters.
3 a :
a | a
b | 4
Millimeters.
Iie oinmMiSeVveLnoje ebering: Silanes se ance moe aan era aioe e ae | July —, 1882 | 36.5 by 27
21770 | 1156 | Village, Bering Island .......4.2--2.-2+-+ eyeliner | June 4,1882/36 by 26.5
| 87° by 27
186 by 27.25
21772 | 2124 | Toporkoff, Bering Island...... we oe cape Magee Wee rita June 4, 1882} 37.25 by 27
36) obby 27
37 ~—Ssobby 27

er

110 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Family SCOLOPACID A.
37. Gallinago gallinago (LIN.).

1758.—Scolopax gallinago Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 147.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., IT,
p. 174 (1826).—TemM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Aves (p. 112) (1849).—MIp-
DEND., Sibir., Reise, II, 2 (p. 224) (1853).—ScureNcK, Reis. Amurl., I, p.
426 (1860).—RappE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II, (p.337) (1863).—DyBow. &
PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 333.—PRzEw., Putesch., Ussur. (n. 174) (1870).—
Gallinago g. Licur., Nomencl. Mus. Ber., p. 93 (1854).

1801.—Scolopax coelestis FRENZEL, Beschr. Vég. Wittenb. (p. 58).

1816.—Gallinago media Lracu, Syst. Cat. M.B. Br., Mus. p. 31 (nee Bock, 1779).—
SWINH., Ibis, 1865, p. 294.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 206.

1837.—Gallinago uniclavus HoGs., J. As. Soc. Beng., VI (p. 492).—SwInu., Ibis, 1860, p.
66.—Id., ibid., 1861, pp. 56, 343.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 259.—Taczan., J. f.Orn.,
1874, p. 325.—Id., ibid., 1875, p.255.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p.
257.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 340.—J/d., Orn., Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 59 (1877).

1838.—Gallinago scolopacinus BONAP., Comp. List., p. 52.—SwInu., Ibis, 1863, p. 415.—
Id., ibid., 1865, p. 347.—Id., ibid., 1867, p. 234.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 362.—Id.,
ibid., 1874, p. 163.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 314.—Finscn, Verh. Zool. Botan.
Ver. Wien, 1872, p. 266.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 106.—Id., ibid., 1874,
p. 336.—Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 257.—Jd., Orn. Fauna East.
Sibir., p. 59 (1877).—BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 222.—Jid., Tr. As.
Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 197.—Jid., ibpy., X, 1882, p. 114.—-SEEB., Ibis, 1879,
p. 27.—Buakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 12 (1884.)

1856.—Gallinago japonica BONAP., Compt. Rend., XLII (p. 579).

1856.—Gallinago burka BonaP., Compt. Rend., XLIII (p. 579).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863,
p. 314.—Id., Ibis, 1865, p. 231.

? 1857.—Gallinago stenura CASSIN in Perry’s Exped. Jap. II, p. 227 (nec TEMM.).

1883.—Gallinago grallinaria? STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 69.

The specimens collected by me have been carefully compared with a
good series of typical @. gallinago from Europe, several skins from Japan
and India, and a large series of G. wilsontt from North America, includ-
ing Alaskan specimens. The result has been that the Bering Island
birds, as also the Japanese, most decidedly belong to the European
species, both in regard to number of tail-feathers, white lining of the
wing, less heavy black cross-bars on the axillaries, less pronounced
cross-bars on the outermost tail-feathers, and the greater breadth of the
latter. In the birds from the Old World the outermost rectrices are
almost twice as broad as those of G. wilsonii, a character which seems
to me to be the most reliable one for distinguishing the two forms. The
average length of the bill is greater in gallinago, but I have before me
specimens of G. wilsonti in which the-bill is considerably longer than in
some from the Old World. Nevertheless the two forms are entitled to
full specific.rank.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. FEL

List of specimens collected.

* | = e
5 | So : a
: ‘ rd | 4 8 i
d | 6 3 Re ah Baas s
og |B seis Beton ent jovse oe s | 3 é
D Locality. > Neres 50 B a 3 o
3 | he S | 5 8 a a os S
% 2 o = a 2 S o a es
4 3 3 IS Pee riltauees th Se oe ae =|
Soto 4 “ Vacate lp eet Pea al geal. [ive ch
< aS 4 a ord
bl S E a Et Seah Ie eet ress pedi (ea, Nhe Sed
=e | is es
| | mm. mm.| mm. | mm.) mM.) mm.) mm,
92782 | 2153 | Bering Island..----- June 9,1883' f ad.| 269] 12|°124) 58} 67) 33) 35
ROUT OF Ww O Tals 22-0, ote ckiccgscs see Aug. 15,1882 gad. | 270 |....-- 180) ¢ (57:|-\ Tul 182 36
Beconoalal5o2) esse domcesee eae Sept 621882). jun. 268) |b. 12a) GB no8S:| © 32 35
SS0ma 40 Tal ee dow snase~ tenes Se Aug. 6,1882| 9 ad. | 255 |...... 123; 57| 66) 30 35
I ee Sept. 10,1882 9 268 |...... 122) 56| 64] .31 34
89075 | 1653 |:---do Ban ReSeEN Sept. 21,1882 9 jun.| 264 |...... 121| 59}. 65] 38 36

No. 92782.—Bill brownish gray, blackish attip. Feet gray, strongly tinged with yellowish olive.
Not fat.

No. 89072.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown at tip, olive gray at base, lower mandible more
yellowish. Feet light olive gray, more bluish on the joints, more yellowish in front of tarsus and toes.

No. 89071.—In the crop remains of a Luwmbricus, and in the stomach stoncs and remains of a Helix
shell.

The common Snipe is tolerably common on Bering Island, and breeds
in all suitable places, low swampy tundras, both on the extensive north-
ern low lands and in the broader valleys of the southern part. In 1883
they were not observed before the 10th of May, but were at that time
exceptionally numerous, being evidently migrating and prevented from
landing in Kamtschatka on account of the enormous amount of snow
covering the whole country down to the water’s edge at that time.

The “bleating” sound of the Bering Island Snipe is identical with
that of the European bird, being surprising! y like the bleating of a goat.
On clear sunny days, between 10 and 12 o’clock in the forenoon, i the
early part of the summer, this bleating could be heard almost any where
in the swamps surrounding the village, so I had spleudid opportunities
for observing the birds during their singular performances. Very often
the Snipe would rise so high in the air as to become almost invisible to
the unaided eye, but still the strange sound rang vigorously down to the
observer. Not only this power of the sound, but even more so the nat-
ure of the tune itself convinced me that it originates from the throat
and not in any way either from the tail or the wing-feathers, as sug-
gested by many European writers. It is true that the wings are in a
state of very rapid vibration during the oblique descent when the note
is uttered, but this circumstance does not testify only in favor of the
theory of the sound being produced by the wing, as the vibration most
conclusively accounts for the quivering throat-sound. Anybody stretch-

112 | ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

ing his arms out as if flying, and moving them rapidly up and down
and simultaneously uttering any sound is bound to “bleat.”. Having
heard, however, from my early days, of the wing or tail theories as the
only orthodox ones, I did not feel convinced of the correctness of my
own opinion until one evening I heard another bird of the same family
produce a very similar note while sitting on the ground. Referring to
the observation recorded under Arquatella couesi, I here only remark
that the sound was so similar as to leave no doubt whatever in‘my mind
that it had a similar origin in both cases.* It may be that a Snipe has
never been observed bleating on the ground, but the fact that a so nearly
allied bird is capable of producing essentially the same sound while in
that position is an argument in favor of the more natural explanation
of the sound originating from the organ which in almost all other
instances is adapted to that purpose.

38. Arquatella couesi. Ripew.

1826.—Trynga arquatella var. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 190. °

1869.—Tringa maritima DALL & BaANn., Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869 (p. 291) (nee BRUNN).—
BAIRD, ibid. (p.717).—HARTING, P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 116.—Finsca, Abh. Brem.
Ver., III, p. 65 (1872).—Datt, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 4 (1873).—
Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl west Unal., p. 6 (1874).—PALMEN, Swed. Cat. Lond.
Fish. Exh., p. 203 (1883).

1880.—Arguatella couesi RipGw., Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1880, p. 160.—Btan, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 164.—NELSsON, Cruise Corwin, p. 85, cfr. p. 56 e (18838).

1883.—Arquatella sp. STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 69.

1884.—Tringa crassirostris BOGDAN., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 88 (nec TeEMM. & SCHLEG.)

The Aleutian Sandpiper is a perfectly good and distinct species,
readily distinguished in ail plumages from Arquatella maritima, with
which it until a late date usually has been confounded. Having noth-
ing to add to the excellent exposition given by Robert Ridgway in
the Nuttall Bulletin for 1880 (p. 160), of the characters. of this and
allied species I only refer to that very important paper. It may, how-
ever, be well to emphasize that this species takes ‘the place of Arqua-
tella maritima BRUNN. in the Pacific, and that A. maritima is not found
on this side at all. All earlier references to that species as occurring
in Bering Sea or adjacent waters properly belong either to cowesi or
ptilocnemis.

Arquatella ptilocnemis Cours, from the Prybilof Islands, does not
winter on the Commander Islands, as conjectured by Mr. W. H. Elliott
(Monogr. Seal Islands, p. 129), nor does it visit them during the migra-

*JT would not be surprised if the ‘‘drumming” sound of Bonasa umbellus is capable
of a siinilar explanation, but having had no opportunities of observing the bird myself
I offer this remark only as @ hint for ornithologists with better facilities.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. IAS

tion. Dr. G. Hartlaub, in a very important contribution to the Alaskan
Avifauna (Beitrag zur Ornithologie von Alaska, Journ. f. Ornith., 1883,
p. 279), shows that A. ptilocnemis winters along the northwestern coast
of North America. He reports one specimen having been procured by
Messrs. Krause at Portage Bay on the 27th of December, and two
females on January 27. The travelers remark that the species was not
seen in large flocks before the end of April, and that it was absent

during the summer.
List of specimens collected.

3 Peg 2
Beil 3 2 dj 5
3 4 ee 3 g a e a | 3 | 5
5 | m Locality. a oF Bp a & _ | 3
s S ° so Go es 3 = - +»
A | 3 Fi Sp eee Ieee saat Ieee aa Pee ee
. 2 2 See lees = : S D os
Bele eee Sy cele lake hens
palo - eo ee Pe ee
| mn | mm mm | mm mm | mm mm
89033 | 1031 | Bering Island .....-- May. 10,1882) fad. | 198 |......|......|....-. Woes ce [Renee (stom
$9035 | 1039 |...... dows eens. May 11,1882| ¢ ad. | 196 |...... 118 | 57| 27) 24 27
92703 | 1085 |...-.. dG ates cas. May (24,1862) |2o0ad® |a2% 26) 2. ae lsae ee |en aes leeeee lanosca eae oen
SGI Tell Oye seo d ops n 24 Sec oe May 29,1882) ¢ ad. | 191 |..... Inte SEGA eye oe 26
89043 | 1468 |...-- Ose sel eas Aug. 15,1882} ¢ ad. | 215 eee 120] 58] 29 | 25 28
89044 | 1657. |...... do...-...--..-..| Sept. 22, 1882! gad. | 204 |...... Ibe Veeco le Senate Veep bens
89045 | 1658 }...... donee essere Sept. 22,1882|,¢ ad. | 208 }...... (ee 5 Sela Gu ue o4ulteen og
92785 | 1695 |...... dose seen case: Oct. 24,1882] gi ad. | 204 ]...-.. 118-| 58) 25{ 23 | 27
92787 | 2001 |...... dOveee se eee Apr. 4,1883| f ad. | 203 |...... lied Gil e 56e ena eros tue 7
92786 | 2004 |...... dove esr as Apr. 28,1883] ¢ ad. | 209 9 | LOS4 57, |9) 226 [i 28 26
89038 | 1048 |...... ozs: Sateen sacs May 14,1882| 9 ad.| 212 |...... ETO Ie os 8h ee Sonics 27
89182 | 1108 | ....- Oise eee May 29,1882! 9 ad. | 207 |...... 123 | —58 | 30] 24] 27
89034 | 1187 |...-.. doseseeee Seti tes May 29,1882) 9 ad. | 211|...... 51982)" Stl) Deel aed) oe
89037 | 1345 |...... ont eat Aug. 1,1882| 9 ad. | 209 |....-. 118 | 55-| -27|- 25:|° ‘98
92788 | G50 aeons. Oe eee: Sept. 22,1882] 9 ad. | 214]._.... | 123] 59) 29} 23) 99
92784 | 1694 |.....- Open ee: 22 See Oct. 24,1882} 9 DISH eee Se lee ee eee ee ee ee a
89036 | 1044 |...... osssee eee tes May. 13,1882] 9 ad. | 206 |...... 118 | » 57)" 29°] -.93 28
89042 1410 |...... doa eee PANIC Gel BBD |e ere 205), |(teenee 12% WAN60s|2 Qh ee 25 28
89039 | 1263 }..---- donezke: Re Duly) 171882) jy jonscs ens -oleescee ALON 445 ogee ro4 28
89040 | 1344 |...... dbcerccceeorsss Ac open SS) tarps |My |e ee see eee 15 |. 22|) 295
92790 | 2178 |...--. donee ees anew WSSA ple fe OT tees Lae eee 1b \ zi} 26
92789 | 2241 | Copper Island-.....-- | July 13,1883) pull. 132 |.----- G2R eee. 17 23 26
| |

No. 89035.—Bill blackish gray with an olive tinge, yellowish olive gray towards the base. Feet, yel-
lowish olive gray; toes darker.

No. 89181.—Iris dark brown. %

No. 92785.—Bill olive blackish towards tip, yellowish towards base. Feet olive yellow, joints
darker olive.

No. 92786.—Bill olive blackish at tip, yellowish at base. Feet dull olive yellow, joints darker olive
gray. Tip of tail reached middie of basal phalange of middle toe, legs being stretched backwards,
while tip of wings reached the tarsal joint. New feathers protruding all over the body. Testes large,
swollen. Very fat. In the stomach, remains of a Lwmbriceus and a larva of a beetle.

No. 89037 is the mother of the chick No. 89040.

No. 89040.—Ivis dark brown. Bill olive gray, blackish at tip. Feet brownish gray.

No. 92790.—Bill olive black. Feet violet gray.

No. 92789.—Bill blackish brown, lighter and more olive at the base, Feet, gray with a light olive

linge,
15861 Bull, 29——8

114 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The *‘Lajdinij Kulik,” or Beach-Snipe, as it is called by the natives, is
one of the few residents of the Commander Islands, which is found there
during both summer and winter, and is the only member of the order
Gralie wintering on the rough shores of these storm beaten regions.
During the whole winter small flocks, consisting of ten to thirty individ-
uals, are to be seen at low water eagerly picking up Gammarids among
the stones close to the breakers. In March their ranks are re-enforced by
new comers which have wintered on more hospitable shores, and in thé
latter part of the month enormous flocks of five hundred or more swarm
along the beach, especially on the north shore. About one month later
the great flocks dissolve into small companies, which, following the
water courses, disperse over the whole island, settling’ in pairs on suit-
able places at the beaches, on the tundras, or on the mountain plateaus,
this bird being in fact one of the most numerous and the most equally
distributed species of land birds on the islands. About this time, that
is to say, about the middle of April, the brightly-colored summer
plumage is assumed, and now commences that poetic time which makes
even the dull shore bird sing as-spiritedly as any of the true singing
birds, Oscines, and sweeter than many of them. It was in the late
afternoon of the 28th of April, 1883, that I first witnessed this sing-
ing performance of the Sandpiper. The bird rose from the Rhododen-
dron tundra on the northern slope of Kamennij Valley, and while flying
about on quivering wings, sometimes remaining quite still in the air,
it uttered a loud, agreeable, and melodious twitter, which really must
be called a “song,” whereupon, with outstretched wings, it descended
obliquely, seating itself upon the top of a tussock. Sitting there, with
puffed plumage and pendant wings, it produced a loud “bleating,” so
much like that of Gallinago gallinago as to completely convince me that
the analogous note of the latter is produced by the throat in exactly the
same manner. During the “bleating” the whole bird was quivering
with a tremulous motion as if in a high state of excitement. The voice
was slightly more melodious than that of the snipe, but 1 was not fully
convinced of the identity of the bird until it was lying bleeding among
the Rhododendrons before me. It was a male, No. 2004 of my collection.

The first eggs are laid about the middle of May. On the 17th of June
I got a newly-hatched chick. Like so many other members of the same
order, the mother shows great love for her offspring, trying all sorts of
devices to divert the attention of the approaching hunter from the
young ones to herself, risking her own life in order to save theirs, Once

-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. tS

I caught one of the downy chicks alive. Holding it in my hand I
watched the behavior of the distressed mother. At first she feigned
’ lameness, crying piteously, running about with hanging wings, stumbling
and rolling over at-every second step. As I did not follow her she came
nearer and nearer, at last so close that a stroke of a stick saved me a
discharge of the gun.

39. Actodromas acuminatus (HORSF.).

1821.—Totanus acuminatus HORSFIELD, Tr. Linn. Soc., XIII (p. 192).—Tringaa. SWINH.,
P.Z.S., 1863, p.316.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 409.-——Id., Ibis, 1363, p. 412.—Id., ibid ,
1875, p. 455.—Taczan., J.f. Orn., 1874, pp. 332, 336.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 201.—
Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 252.—Id., ibid., 1382, p. 397.—Id., Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 55 (1877).—BLakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 221.—
Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 195.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 112.—
Buiakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 3 (1884).—BoGpan., Consp. Av. Ross., I,
p. 91 (1384).—Actodromas a. Ripew., Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 222.—Id.,
Nomencl. N. A. B., p. 68 (1881).— BEAN, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 164.—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 86 (1884).

1839.— Tringa australis JARD. & SELBY, Iliustr. Orn., IL (pl. 91)

1853.—Tringa rufescers MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 221) (nee VIEILL.).

1863.—Tringa pectoralis SWINH., Ibis, 1863, p.97 (mee SAY).

1873.—Tringa crassirostris TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1573, p. 103 (nec T. & S.).

List of specimens collected.

: : ef
F | ss | Z
: =} A : S|
alee: $ hee siya bees
2 : g Se eee ae Bo Sethe
i 2% Locality. = u en Ber] a = 2
Boles Seon mera acer ks el aiell Saleen,
A 2 A (sr tn ae Gel ey | D es
. D D | ce | aes ° Se) (ren
Cees o Lag he |e leet a1 eee lee
be) 6 B fice seu Rete severe. | eral ieee seal ines
| | | | mm.| mm.| mm. mm.| mm.| mm.) mm.
89029 | 1646 | Bering Island.....| Sept. 19, 1882 Q jum.) 211 |...... OTT 50) en 24526 | 28
89031 | 1652 |...... do _-........ | Sept. 21, 1882 | 9 jun.| 201 | Ey ae | 127| 54| 24] 28 | 30
89032 | 1659 |..... domeedss asses | Sept. 23, 1882 | 9 jun.|} 200 |._.... | 2323)| S55) / i 2Bulh “27 28
| | | } } |
92794 | 1676 |...-.. doveeettae ate eOcteme 7.2 16028 | en june aaee | ieee | 185 | 59)| »25'). 29 31
£9028 | 1637 |.....- dors Peeeeenee |\Sept. 13;, 1882 || jun: |) 226) |-.--.- | 136 | 59] 25] 30 32
89030 | 1641 |..._-. down ster oe. | Sept. 15, 1882 | jun. 210 | 0 | 126 | 56t pene leanes 30

No. 89029.—Irisdark brown. Bill blackish brown, more brownish, or rather dark reddish gray, at the
mouth angle, and somewhat lighter gray at base of lower mandible. Feet ocher-yellow, tinged with
olive, and with darker joints.

No. 89028.—Bill blackish brown, lighter towards base, which, especially on the lower mandible, is
olive gray. Feet gray, strongly tinged with yellowish olive; joints purer and darker gray. Stomach
contained Gammaride.

No. 89030.—Outstretched legs, with the tip of toes, reached 30™™ beyond the tip of tail.

Of this species I only obtained young specimens on Bering Island
during the autumnal migration of 1882. From the middle of September
and during the following three weeks they were observed both on the
tundra near the great lake and on the rocky beach of the ocean search-
ing forGammarids. They were very shy and mostly single or in small
families. Larger flocks were never seen.

116 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

40. Actodromas damacensis (Honrsr.).
1821.—Totanus damacensis Horsr., Tr Linn. Soe., XIII (p. 192), (nec Taczanow-
SKI). —Tringa d, SWINH., P. Z. S., 12963, p. 316.—/d., ibid., 1871, p. 409.—Id., .
Ibis, 1863, p. 413.—Jd., ibid., 1875, p. 455.—BLakisr. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878,

p- 221.
1853.—Tringa subminuta MIDDEND., Sibir-Reise, II (p. 222, tab. xix, fig. 6).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 424, (1860).—Swinu., Ibis, 1862, p. 255.—Id.,

ibid., 1863, p. 97.—RappF, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sib., II (p. 333), (1863).—DyBow.
& PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 337.—Taczan.,-J. f. Orn., 1873, p 103.—Id.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 253.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 333.—Id., Orn.
Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 56 (1877).—BLakisT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X,
1882, p. 112.—Buakisr., Amend. List B. Jap.. p. 37 (1884).—SEEB., Ibis,
1884, p. 34.—BoGDAN., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 92 (1884).—Actodromas s.
STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat..Mus., 1883, p. 71.

1871.—Tringa salina DRESSER, B. of Eur., pt. vii, T. min., p. 4 (nec PALL.).

1879.—Tringa ruficollis SEEBOUM, Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (nee PALL.).—BLAKIST. & Pr., Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 195.

Having heard of no doubt concerning the identification of Horsefield’s
damacensis with Middendorff’s subminuta, I adopt it without further
comment. 3

Dresser is certainly wrong when, in his admirable * History of the
Birds of Europe,” he identifies Pallas’s salina with the present species.
Not only does the description of the color, “ collum a gula ad pectus
totum ferrugineum,” prohibit such an identification, but also the meas-
urements, as the middle toe is only given as 94’, that is 0.76 inch. In
Dresser’s salina the middle toe is 0.9 inch.

It is difficult to say what Taczanowski’s damacensis is (Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1876, p. 253). .So much is certain, that it is not the same
as Horsefield’s bird, provided the latter be identical with swhminuta
Mipp. He gives four distinct species from Eastern Asia, viz, Tringa
subminuta, salina, temminckii, and damacensis. Having had specimens
of all four, the latter is not likely to be asynonym of any of the foregoing,
the more so as it seems that he has had all of them both in spring and
autumnal plumage (cfr. J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 103). The probability is,
therefore, that his damacensis rests upon a specimen of the true western
minula, which also seems to occur in the interior of Asia, without reach-
ing the borders of the Pacific Ocean, however.* The only difficulty
arises from his identification of Pallas’s T. cinclus with damacensis
TACZAN. He says: “Il n’y a aucun doute que la description de Pallas
sapplique a cette éspéce,” while, in my opinion, there cannot be the
slightest doubt that Pallas’s cinclus belongs to A. temminckit. Pallas
describes it as having the wings blackish, “‘remige prima raehi alba,”
and the tail elongated, ‘“‘rectricihbus lateralibus albis.”. These are the

*Cfr. SWINHOE’S statement (P. Z.S., 1871, p. 409), under the head of salina, ‘I
have seen the trae 7. minuta in summer plumage, from Lake Baikal.” Cfr. also
the list of specimens of minuta in SAUNDERS’s Collection, among which one from Baical
by Dr, Dybowski (Dresser /. ¢.).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. bay

essential character of temminckii, and if Taezanowski’s bird agrees with
Pallas’s description in these points, then certainly it belongs to tem-
minckii, and neither to minuta nor any of the other three species.

A glance at the dimensions given in the “list of specimens collected”
shows at once that the birds from Bering [sland are correetly identified

~

as the Long-toed Stint.

Much confusion concerning these small waders has arisen from the
fact that most writers have ignored the structural differences by which
they are easily and surely kept apart, while they have relied more
upon characters of the plumage, so variable in these birds, and so
extremely difficult to describe with the necessary precision. A synop-
tical table of the species occurring on the Asiatic shores of the Pacific
Ocean may not be out of place, the more as all belong to the fauna of
the Commander Islands.

a’. Middle toe with claw Longer than exposed culmen; tip of outstretched toes reaching
far beyond the tip of tail.

b'. Tail reaching to the end of folded wings, simply graduated; middle toe with
claw shorter than tarsus; shafts of all primaries white medially.

A. acuminatus.

b?. Tail reaching beyond the tips of folded wings, the four outer pairs of tail-feathers
being equal in length, or the outermest even longer than the next ones ; middle
toe with claw longer than tarsus; shaft of first primary only, white,

A. damacensis.
a*, Middle toe with claw equal to exposed culmen; tip of outstretched toes reaches
the tip of tail.

b'. Tail doubly emarginated, the outermost feathers being longer than the next ones;
shafts of all primaries white; outer tail-feathers light brownish gray; legs
pei ss )fed Af ees oy 2 Rca ae = aret S Shale ES a day Ui oate aes Bee loos A. ruficollis.

b*. Tail simply graduated, or the outermost tail-feathers at least not longer than the
next ones; shaft of first primary only, white; two or three outer tail-feathers
on each side white; legs yellowish gray.................---. A, temminckii.

List of specimens collected.

: é | E
Z ; ot | | &
Z > 3 z gi a
s ° ; 5
alte é g |4|¢ e/g |%
: 2 Locality. co ea of a © q a
~ ° q ° q = S
es Ss ° rs 2 ee se S 2
q 3 A a a 2 ep a a
; 2 2 x a Ee = 2
Nn S a rs ~ al 2 ral a i
: ° b oO 5 3 e aS K erat
p oO = n A H a eR S
rine mm.| mm.| mm.| mm. | mm.
|
92797 | 2102 | Bering Island ....-......... May 23, 1883 | (co) ad. | (153) |.-...- 85 39 17 23
92798 | 2104 |...--. Oye teers eae May 23, 1883 | (¢) ad. | (143) Sor ese 85 39 17 25
g9021 | 1103 |...... dope ie ce ect! May 29, 1882} Q ad. | 153 |...... 92! 40! 18 25
89022 | 1104 eet GO aseee cas eeee a cca May 29, 1882 ad. | 152 | Jeeets 87 39 | . 18 25
89024 | 1415 | ener GOs See aeosee oars Aug. 7, 1882 ad. | 158 11 88 40 19 24
‘ | |

No. 89021.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish; olive-brown at base of lower jaw. Feet grayish yellow
with joints darker olive.

No. 89024.—Colors as in foregoing specimen, Tip of tail reaches scarcely beyond the tarsal joint of
the outstretched legs,

i118 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The Long-toed Stint arrives at Bering Island in large flocks during’
the latter part of May, and are then met with on sandy beaches, where
the surf has thrown up large masses of sea-weed, busily engaged in
picking up the numerous small crustaceans, &c., with which the weeds
abound. Most of the birds stay only a few days, going further north,
while a small number remain over summer, breeding sparingly on the
large swamp behind the village. My efforts to find the nests were
unsuccessful, but I shot birds near Zapornaja Reschka on the 17th and
22d of June, and on the 7thof August.

41. Actodromas ruficollis (PALL.).

1776.—Tringa ruficollis PALL., Reis. Russ. Reichs, III (p. 700).—BLaxist. & PRYER,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 112.—Buakisr., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 37
(1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 34 (nec 1879, que damacensis).—BOGDAN., Consp.
Av. Ross., I, p. 93 (1884).

1823.—Tringa albescens TEMM., Pl. Color., V, livr. vii, pl. 41, fig. 2.—Swinu., P. Z.-S.,
1863, p. 316.—Id., Ibis, 1663, p. 413.—Zd., ibid., 1870, p. 363.—Id., ibid., 1875,
p. 455.—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 221.—Jbid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII,
1880, p. 195.

1826.—Trynga salina PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 199 (nec DRESSER, 1871, que dama-
censis). —DYBOWw. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 337.—Taczan., J. f. Orn.,
1873, p. 103.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 253.—Id., ibid., 1888, p.
340.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 56 (1877).

1853.—Tringa minuta Mipp., Sibir. Reise, IH, 2 (p. 221, part).—ScHRENCK, Reise
Amurl., I, p. 423 (1860).—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, pp. 342, 358 (nec LEISL.).—Id.,
ibid., 1862, p. 255.—WHUITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 206.

1862.—Tringa temminckii BLAKIST., Ibis, 1862, p. 330 (nec LEISL.).

1883.—Actodromas damacensis STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71 (nec HORSF.).

Specimens from Japan, China, and Senjavin Straits have been at

hand for comparison.
List of specimens collected.

: | | ; E
zi | eo &

; ro A ° k

5 is 2 tte aye | Gaal ae

° 5 el co ee 8

- 2 Locality. = Sp Suultmae 3 zi 4

aioe s Spanier @: |. 891,8

A = | a A = 3 . 2 | 2 a

. oO Cc a = oD 7 = °

mM = a y + a A fH fl rg a

. ° oO ° x b j = aI

Bat E B RT Eta eel ae

mm. | mum mm. | mm. | mm. | mm,
92795 | 2115 | Bering Island.-...-.....--. |} June 3,1883| fad. | 158 0 97 44 18
89025 | 1099 | scuee GOK ae se dearay arene May 29,1882) 9 ad. | 151 }....-. 99 | 45 19
89170 | 1100 |...... dois vans s eee .....| May 29,1882] 9 ad. | 15! |....-. 100 | 45 | 19 19
89171 | 1101 |....-- dose Sees ae ese ee | May 29,1882] 9 ad. | 152] -.....) 102] 45] 19 18
| }
89172 | 1102 |...... Gost soso ates: Bore May 29,1882] 9 ad. | 165 ]...... | 105| 47 | 18.5 18
92796 | 2569 |...--. GOs See eee see | peat 9/1883) p june Bien. feces | ay 43 | 18 | 18
| |

No. 92795.—Iris dark brown. Bill olive-black, as are also the feet. Very fat. Testes large, swollen.
No. 89025.—Bill black. Legs grayish black.
No, 92796,—Iris dark brown, Feet blackish gray.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 119

This species arrives at Bering Island late in May in rather large
flocks, but does not stay long. None were met with during the whole
summer, until, in the first half of September, they took a short rest on
the shores of our island before continuing their long travel to the south-

ward.
42. Actodromas temminckii (LEISL.).

1787.—Tringa pusilla LATHAM, Suppl. Syn. B., I, p. 292 (mee Lin.).
_1812.—Tringa temminckii LEISLER, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl., II (p. 63).—
MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 221)—(Z. temmingii) Kirty., Denkw.,
II, p. 196? (1858).—ScuRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 442 (1860).—RapDDE,
Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 332) (1863).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 317.—
Id., ibid., 1871, p. 409.—Id., Ibis, 1860, p. 66.—Id., ibid., 1861, p. 342.—Id.,
ibid., 1862, p. 255.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 412.—DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn.,
1868, p. 337.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 103.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 254.—/d., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 57
(1877).—Actodromus .t. BONAP., Cat. Parzud., p. 15 (1856).—Actodromas t.
STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.
1826.—Tringa cinclus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 201 (nec LIN.).
1882.—? Tringa damacensis TACZAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 396 (nec HoRsF. ).

My specimens agree perfectly with examples from Scandinavia and

India.
List of specimens collected.

S | | | a | E
=e Baha ee ae gies
o 5 oO

a | Locality. Sai he eoi Cea es | Sobel

+ = ° | a : ~ S °

3 S 3 Hein tes 2 o | cs =

se eae | 5 faa ea fica Feat aa ee he eerste

: ® ® Hares « a We ae s =

ot es a leronla Rapailfe ne feral lo ares rage ue i

Earls E | w Bei/aeiFia}s§s | ea
Pan ee | BY Pe Sa Fee i acics aes cea

. | mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. | mm.

92798 | 2094 | Bering Island.............. May 28, 1883 | (¢*) ad.| (142) |.....- | 91) 46] 18] 18
92800 | 2116 |....-. Qo meee eset aasese June 3, 1883 fad. | 155 Dale OB) eA 7a ese et 7
92801 | 1686 |...... Oe ae aeaetiae. Oct. 15,1882 | gad. | 152 | oR aaae | 93) 46] 17 | 18
89023 | 1414 |....-- Goes hea son sett sues Aug. 9,1882 | jun. | 144 |...... | 94) 43] 18| 17.5

No. 92800.—Iris dark brown. Bill olive black, lighter olive brownish at base, especially on lower
mandible. Feet olive yellow, jointsmore dusky. Fat. Testes very large, 10™™ long; swollen.
No. 92801.—Iris dark brown. Bill olive black, lighter below at base. Feet yellowish gray. Tip of out-
stretched toes reaching the end of the tail; tips of closed wings only the end of the under tail-coverts.
No. 89023.—Iris blackish brown. Bill olive gray at base, blackish at tip. Feet light gray, with a faint
tinge of yellow; joints darker gray; nails black. Tip of outstretched toes scarcely reaching the end of
tail; tips of closed wings reach the end of tail.
Like the foregoing species, only met with on Bering Isand during the
migration seasons; mostly only single individuals either alone or among
»
the flocks of the foregoing two species. A young bird was shot on the
tundra August 9, 1882, and it may possibly have been hatched on the
island. At all events, Temminck’s Stint is a rare bird compared with

the two others,

120 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

43. Pelidna alpina pacifica (COUEs).

1813.—Tringa alpina Witson, Am. Orn., VII (p. 25, pl. 56, f-2).—BLAKIsT., Ibis, 1262,
p. 330.—SWInu., Ibis, 1866, p.136, Id., ibid., 1870, p.363.—WHITELY, Ibis,
1867, p.205.—HarrinG., P. Z.S., 1871, p.115.—Scolopax a. PALLAS, Zoogr.
Ross. As., II, p. 176, (part).—Pelidna a. STEINEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883,
p. 69.

1849.—Tringa variabilis TEMM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Aves (p. 108).

1858.—Tringa alpina var. americana CASSIN, Baird’s B.N. Amer., p.719.—Pelidna a. a.
DaLtL & BANNIST., Tr. Chicago Ac., I, 1869, p. 291.—BraANn. Pr. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 165.—NELsON, Cruise Corwin, /p. 88 (1883).—HARTLAUB,
J.f. Orn., 1883, p. 280.

1860.—Tringa cinclus SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p.121.—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 66.—
Td,, ibid., 1861, p. 412.—Id., ibid., 1863, pp. 97, 411.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 455.—Id.,
P.Z.S., 1863, p.316.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 253.—BLa-
KIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 221.—/id., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 195.—
Lid., ibid., X, 1882, p.111.—Biakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 37.(1884).

1861.—Tringa subarquata SWINH., Ibis, L861, p. 342, (nec GULD.).

1861.—Pelidna pacijica COUES, Pr. Acad. Philada., 1861-(p. 189).

1862.— Tringa chinensis SwInu., Ibis, 1862, p. 255 (nee GRAY ?),.

1871.—Tringa cinclus var. chinensis SWINH., P. Z.S., 1871, p.408 (nec TACZAN. 1873).

1876.—Tringa damacensis BLAKIST., Ibis, 1876, p.334 (nec HORSF. ).

As I have already remarked in my “ Contributions, &c., No. 1” (Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 69), the specimens of the Dunlin collected
by me on Bering Island are distinguishable from the typical Pelidna
alpina by its purer colors. Upon a close examination I now find that
my birds agree in every particular with the American form, not only
in size, but also in coloration, the bright rusty of the upper parts pre-
dominating more and the black of the lower parts being more restricted
and of a deeper shade. From all data accessible to me I regard it as
certain that all references to a larger form of Pelidna alpina or cinclus as
occurring in the coast regions of Eastern and Northeastern Asia* belong
to this form, also including Swinhoe’s chinensis, with which Taezanow-
skis variety of the same name is not identical, being referable to a
smaller race, afterwards by him given as Tringa schinzii. IT have been
able to compare large series, and am inclined to think that Pelidna paci-
jica is entitled to full specific rank.

In explanation of the change of name in this form a few remarks may
not be out of place:

In 1822 C. L. Brehm deseribed as Tringa schinzii a small race of
Pelidna alpina L., from Central Etrope. Bonaparte, on the other
hand, in 1826, in his ‘* Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson’s

* Birds from Amoy, China, have already been referred to americana by Mr. Harting
(1. ¢.), and Dr, BEAN has determined specimens from Plover Bay, Tschutski Peninsula,
to belong to the same form.

| . ts
aati ni i alias eae

i Bi tlt |

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 121

Ornithology,” wrongly applied the name given by Brehm to a North
American species, the bird called Actodromas fuscicollis (VYEILL.) in
current lists. He perpetuated his error in his Amer. Ornith. (1833),
Compar. List (1838), and Catal. Method. (1842). This bird, which
Schlegel in memory of the mistake called Tringa bonapartei, is there-
fore known in synonymies as fringa or Pelidna schinzii BONAP. (nee
BREHM),,in contradistinction to the true P. schinzii of Europe. Proba-
bly being unaware of Schlegel’s name, Brehm in 1855 (Naumannia, p.
292) bestowed a new name on the form misnamed by Bonaparte as
schinzii, calling it Pelidna americana, and significantly adding in brack-
ets “Tringa Schinzii Bp.” Brehm’s P. americana, consequently, is only
a synonym of Tringa fuscicollis VIEILL.

Three years afterwards J. Cassin, in “The Birds of North America,”
separated the American representative of the European Dunlin as
Tringa alpina var. americana which Coues, in his Monograph of the
Tring (Proc. Acad. Philada., 1861), raised to spevitic rank as Pelidna
americana (CASSIN). From the explanation above it is evident, how-
ever, that this appellation is preoccupied, and another name is necessary.
Fortunately there is no need of a’ new one, for Dr. Coues (l. ¢.) indi-
cated P. pacifica as a separable form which has not later been recog-
nized. I have myself examined his type (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 9540),
and finding it in every essential a true P. americana CASS. (nec BREHM),
I propose to revive pacifica as the name for the Red-backed Sandpiper.
Pelidna alpina pacifica is also a more fitting name, since it has been
shown to inhabit both the Asiatic and the American shores of the Pa-

cific Ocean.
List of specimens collected.

| l | |
is | | | &
= | | | o
4 | s ee te ects aren oer a
2 3 ie 1 ow E
A | | Locality, 3 ie % eae é hee
~~ H ° q ee >
S eye 3 rg 3 | 2 hal es
A ea | a & er lance or z zs | 2
: 2 | o os a g nm |
Beale pores nate ces eet ay Sar "chet ies othe
Sea e a }A ||P le} rm la | §
ray 2 an Siva ear se Sian tela ee hoe
| mm.| mm.) mm.) mm. | mm. | mm.
89046 | 1087 | Bering Island.....-..-..... May 26,1882) ¢ ad. | 208 | 122 55) || <3 27 | 23
89180 | 1106 ..---. Ose eters | May 29,1882| ¢ ad.| 192] 110} 50| 32| 25 22
Sei filia| 2) UO) Nee Se a ae sor aa | May 28,1883 (o')ad. | (193)} 114] 52] 37] 27 23
92792 |'2103 |.--... dors asses sts | May 28,1883 (cf) ad. | (191)| 113| 53] 36|- 27 24
89179 | 1105 |....-. Gore Saat yee he | May 29,1882) 9 ad. | 210] 118 Houle SOnl 26 23
92793 | 1690: |...... open ere ee eee | Oct. 22,1882) 9 | 201| 120} 54 | 36| 27 24
| | | |

No. §9046.—Invis dark brown. Bill and feet olive black.
No. 92793.—Tip of middle claw reached 7™™ beyond the tip of tail, legs being stretched back-
~ wards, and the la ter reached beyond the tips of folded wings for a similar distance.

122 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The Red-backed Sandpiper visits Bering Island only while passing
through during the spring and autumnal migrations. It arrives, to-
gether with other Sandpipers, in the latter part of May, but does not

stay long.
44. Calidris arenaria (LIN.).

1766.— Tringa arenaria LIn., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, 251.—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II 2 (p.
219) (1853).—Calidris a. LEACH, Syst. Cat. M. B. Br. Mus., p. 28 (1816).—
Ki1TL., Denkw., I, p. 254.—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 359.—Id., ibid., 1861, p.
342.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 414.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 363.—Id., ibid., 1875, p.
454.—Id., P. Z. 8., 1&63, p. 315.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 408.—DyBow. & PARVEX,
J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 388.—DaLi. & BANNIST., Tr. Chicag., Ac., I, 1869, p.
292.—PRzZEW., Putesch., Ussuri (n. 168) (1870.—Taczan., Bnll. Soe. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 249.—Id., Orn., Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 52 (1877),—FINSCH,
Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 65.—BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.
221.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 196.—Tid., ibid., X, 1662, p. 113.—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 88 (1882.)—Buakis‘., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 11,
(1884).

1766.—Charadrius calidris Lin., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I p. 255.—Trynga ec. PALL., Zoogr.
Ross. As., II, p. 202 (1826).

1826.—Trynga tridactyla PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 198.

Rare during the migrating season. A single male was shot out of a
small flock on Bering Island September 19, 1882. Iris dark brown.
Bill and feet olive black. Total length,186""; wing,111™"; tail-feathers,
49°"; expos. culmen, 24""; tarsus, 24°"; middle toe with claw, 17™™.

45. Limosa lapponica baueri (NAUM.).

1826.—Limosa barge PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., LI, p. 180 (part).

1834.—Limosa baucri NAuM., Vég. Deutschl, VIII, p. 429.—PELz., Wiener Sitzungs-
ber., 1860, XLI, p. 326.

1844.— Limosa lapponica var. nove zelandie GRAY, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., B. (p. 13).—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 89. ;

1844.—Limosa australasiana GRAY, Gralli Brit. Mus. (p. 95).

1847.— Limosa nove-zelandic: GRAY, Gen. B., IE, p. 570.

1848.—Limosa foxii PEALE, U. S. Expl. Exp. B. (p. 231).

1848.—Limosa uropygialis GOULD, P. Z. 8., 1848, p. 38.—Swinu., Ibis, 1863, p. 409.—
Id., ibid., 1870, p. 362.—Id., tbid., 1875, p. 453.—Id., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 312.—
Td., ibid., 1871, p. 406.—Bairp, Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869 (p 320), pl. 32.—
DaLL & BANN,, ibid., p. 293.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 63.—
Dati, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 4 (1873).—Jd., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west
Unal., p. 6 (1874).—Taczan., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 255.—Id.,
ibid., 1883, p. 340.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 1 (1877).—BLakisT &
PrYER, Ibis, 1875, p. 220.—Z. wropigialis Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880,
p. 194.—HaRrtT ., J. f. Orn, 1883, p. 279.—PALMEN, Swed. Cat. Lond. Fish.
Exh., p. 203 (1883).—BoGpan., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 87 (1884).

1849.—Limosa rufa TEMM. & SCHL., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 114).—BoGpan., Consp. Av.
Ross., I, p. 86 (1884).

1858.-—Limosa lapponica Cassin, Pr. Acad, Philada., 1858, p. 196.—Swinu., Ibis, 1861,
p. 409.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 97.—Id., ibid., 1867, p. 388.—BLAKIST. & PRYER,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 110.—BuakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 11
(1884).

1861,—Gallinago punctata ELLMAN, Zoologist, 1861 (p. 7470).

- ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 123

I see no reason for lumping the eastern and western forms of this
species together, as they are fairly separable by the darker rump and
heavier-barred flanks and axillaries of the former. As a rule baueri
is paler than the typical lapponica, but a specimen from Bering Island,
No. 92818, is fully as deeply colored as average European specimens,
being, however, the darkest of an extensive series.

The name given by Naumann is undoubtedly older than those given
by Gray or Gould. It is not a museum name only, as Naumann, when
publishing it, indicated a character by which he thought it separable.
That this character afterwards failed, does not invalidate the name;
hence there is no good reason for rejecting it.

List of specimens collected.

S a z

A | ‘3 aa

. : a . °

alee a) ale ; | g =

ai 2 {aes 4 8 E | g 3

is 2 Locality. = Ea wy > a 5 2

a B o a = ~ ° s °

A +s S | = x 2 . 3 £ @ o

- s a a = on bo I S B =

mM 3 oO | : 3 = 8 5 a 2 s

‘ ea S | A ° ne = a K a S

b | o Nese Moet Iie ee ol ol ee | LR at [oe
| mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. | mim. | min. | mm.
89064 | 1158 | Bering Island ....-... June 4,1882;| do ad. B88) (seca ee 214 79 80 55 33
S906 oN POG at eCOst 3) oe ce June 8,1€82) of ad. aooelessce= | 222 81 81 55 37
S90GGe | WERO ass -dOtes ca ee | June 8,1882 ¢ ad. 390: |eaae 222 76 89 54 35
G281G 4 2095)| 22s dOl se. 2 3 aa sc5 52. May 21,1883 (<)ad. | (876) |..---- 222 78 7& 53 34
ORI E2LO Te | 2a GO.2ome0ise--scioas June 12,1883 ¢ ad. 372 To) 213h 5 49 78 55 | 34
S2S1Galea Gow sees G Or sean ceelse mae Septs—- 883i iseeccaclaaerie| ce esme | 213 74 86 56 36

No. 89064.—Ivis dark brown. Bill blackish brown at tip, light reddish gray at base, especially light
on both rami of the lower mandible. Feet uniform brownish black.

No. 89065.—Basal half of bill flesh-color, terminal half blackish brown.

No. 92817.—Bill blackish brown, brownish flesh-color at base below.

The Pacific Bar-tailed Godwit is a regular visitor to the Commander
Islands during the migratory seasons. In 1883 I observed the first ones
on the 10th of May on the sandy beach at Fedoskija, Bering Island, and
specimens were obtained again during the latter part of September.
While on Copper Island, in 1883, I saw one solitary bird at Glinka,
about the middle of July, and another at Pestschanij on the SOth of the
same month, so that it may be that a few remain to breed. It is, how-
ever, not uncommon among Arctic waters that individuals, not disposed
to breed, stay at some more southerly locality during the whole summer.

Genus PSEUDOTOTANUS Hume.

Syn. :=1878.— Pseudototanus Humr, Stray Feath., VI (p. 488).
=1834.—Pseudoglottis STEJNEGER, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., I, 1884, p. 223.

Bill rather stout, long, longer than tarsus, culmen slightly recurved ;

124 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

groove on the upper mandible only reaching the middle of the bill;
lower mandible with a well-pronounced gonydeal angle. Malar apex
reaching forward beyond the loral apex; mental apex reaching beyond
the middle of the nostrils.

Feet not very long, moderately strong ; tarsus longer than middle toe
with claw, scutellate in front and behind; naked part of tibize abont
the length of the two basal articles of the middle toe, scutellate at the
upper end, reticulate nearer to the titio-tarsal joint; outer and middle
toes united by a large basal web, middle and inner ones by a smaller
membrane, as large, however, as the usual web in Totanine birds be-
tween the outer and middle toes; border of the toes distinctly serrated.

Wings pointed, normally totanine; first primary longest.

Tail of normal length, square.

This genus, which originally was established by Hume, afterwards
receiving by me the name Pseudoglottis, on account of the superficial
resemblance of the type species to the type of Nilson’s subgenus Glottis,
belongs to a group of the Totanine waders characterized by the semi-
palmated toes, and takes a position somewhat intermediate between the
genera Terekia and Symphemia. The basal webs are fully as well de-
veloped as in any of these recognized genera.

Though distinct from both these genera it seems perhaps somewhat
nearer related to Symphemia than to Terekia, notwithstanding the fact
that up to the present date the type species has been given as a syno-
nym of the type of the latter genus.

The three genera may be easily recognized by the following

SYNOPSIS.

al, Bill extremely long, longer than tarsus plus the two basal articles of the middle
toe; naked portion of tibiz reticulate in front; feathering on the mental angle
not reaching as far forward as the feathering of the forehead or the hind border
of the nostrils; groove on the upper mandible long, reaching almost to the
UL Piicstsate a See Sas Sete bled ae ws AEE AO erase re SE tegen erate cton rome erappst pe obees Terekia.
a*, Bill never longer than tarsus plus the first basal article of the middle toe; naked
portion of tibize scutellate in front above; feathering on the mental angle
reaching far in front of the feathering of the forehead and beyond the middle
of the nostrils; groove on upper mandible does not reach beyond the middle

the bill.
b'. Culmen recurved, longer thantarsus.s.2--2 22-42 see ee ae Pseudototanus.
ib3, Culmentstraicht; shorter than-tarsusics-o: 22 senee see ee eee ea Symphemia.

46. Pseudototanus guttifer (NORDM.).

1835.—Totanus guttifer NORDMANN in Erman’s Verzeichn. Thier. Pflanz, Reis. Erde,
p. 17. ;
1854.—Xenus guilifer LICHTENSTEIN, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., p. 91.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 125

1856.— Terekia gutlifera BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XLIII, p. 597.

1876.—Totanus haughtoni ARMSTRONG, Stray Feath., LV (p. 344).—HARTING, Ibis, 1883,
p. 133, pl. iv. a

1878.—Pseudototanus haughtoni HUME, Stray Feath., VI (p. 488).—Id., Game B., India,
III (p. 403), (1880).

1884.—-Pseudototanus guttifer STEJNEGER, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., I, 1884, p. 223, pl. x.

A new specific name was prepared for this bird besides the new gen-
eric term, as | had not been able to find any description which would
fit. Nor could I in any list detect any recognized species which it
could possibly be. Swinhoe’s lists of Chinese birds, Blakiston’s of
those from Japan, and Taezanowski’s papers on the avifauna of Eastern
Siberia did not contain any name with which it could be identified.
Even Gray’s “Hand Jist” and Schlegel’s “Scolopaces, Mus. P. B.”
failed. Thinking it rather improbable, however, that so. conspicu-
ous a form should have escaped detection, as it, by no means, could be
regarded as a form of restricted local occurrence, I, as a last refuge,
went through all the synonyms of Totanine birds given in the * Hand
list.” In going through the synonymy of Terekia cinerea Iwas struck
by the suggestive name guttifera NORDM.

A specimen of Terekia cinerea was then lying on the table before ine,
but a glance at its dark uropygium, the gray neck slightly streaked
with dusky, its whole coloration and small size as compared with the
white rump and lower back, rounded black spots on the breast, the
blackish mottled coloration of the upper parts and the much superior
size of my bird, which is nearly as large as Totanus nebularius (= glottis
BEHST.), made the idea of a confusion of these two species appear so
absurd that I proceeded further on through the list. As I did not sue-
ceed in finding what [ looked for, I once more returned to Terekia cinerea
and its synonym guttifera. The latter name seemed to me so inappro-
priate to the Terek Sandpiper that I sent to the library for Erman’s
“ Naturhistorischer Atlas,” although I did it more in order to convince
myself than with the hope of finding the original description of my
bird.

: Nevertheless, v. Nordmann’s description proved to belong toit. It
was my good luck to revive this very distinct form (so distinet that it
constitutes the type of a new genus) after having been forgotten almost
completely for forty nine years.

As already indicated, its resemblance to Terekia is so slight that no
further comparison is needed. In general style it somewhat resembles
Totanus nebularius (glottis BECHST.), and if specimens haye been col-

126 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

lected since Erman’s time they have, in all probability, been confounded
with the latter species. A closer comparison will soon show how differ-
ent they are.

(1) In 7. nebularius only the outer toe is united with the middle one
by a membrane; in Ps. guttifera both the outer and the inner toes are
united with the middle one by large webs.

(2) In 7. nebularius the tarsus is longer than the exposed culmen, while
in guttifera the tarsus is much shorter than the culmen.

(3) In 7. nebularius the naked part of the tibia is equal to the middle
toe without claw ; in Ps. guttifera it is much shorter, scarcely exceeding
the two basal joints of the middle toe.

It will thus be seen that 7. nebularius stands much higher on its legs -
than Ps. guttifera.

(4) In 7. nebularius the bill is much more slender; the gonys without
any distinct angle; malar apex of the feathering on the lower mandible
does not extend in front of the loral apex of the feathering on the max-
illa. Ps. guttifera has a much stouter bill, broader and higher at the
base; at the beginning of the symphysis the gonys forms a distinet
angle; the malar apex extends in front of the loral apex.

(5) In 7. nebularius the under wing-coverts are gray or white, barred
. or edged with dusky, while in Ps. guttifera all the under wing-coverts
are pure white.

(6) In ZT. nebularius the tail-feathers are white, except the two middle
ones, which are gray, and all more and less transversely banded or mot-
tled with dusky, except the lateral ones, which are nearly uniform white.
In Ps. guttifera all the tail-feathers are light gray, with a narrow sub-
marginal border of a somewhat darker gray, but without any transverse
spots or bars.

(7) In 7. nebularius the fore neck and throat are finely streaked with
small lanceolate blackish stripes, and the breast white, unspotted. In
Ps. guttifera the fore neck and throat are similarly but less densely
streaked, while the breast is dotted with large rounded black spots.

Besides these there are many other differences. T. nebularius is con-
siderably larger, the white of the lower part of the back reaches much
higher up on the back, the coloration of the dark parts of the upper
surface is different, &c., but the differences pointed out above will be
sufficient to convince the most skeptical that the two species are dis-
tinct, and will enable anybody to separate them with the greatest
ease,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ae

A comparison of the original description of v. Nordmann* with that
of my bird given below will prove the correctness of my identification.
Description. g ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92¢08, L. Stejneger No. 2088. Bering Island

May 22, 1883.

Upper parts of the body, except the rump, blackish brown more and less edged with
whitish, as the white edges are differently worn away; thus the crown is almost uni-
form brownish black with a few white streaks; the neck is more uniformily and finely
streaked longitudinally, while on the back the light edges become broader backward ;
in many feathers on the latter part the whitish edges have the inner border waved
or indented, the outline of the feathers by abrasion being correspondingly scalloped.
Among the dark feathers, and mos'ly concealed by these, are left a number of uni-
form sandy gray feathers, the remainder of the winter plumage. The other parts of
the body are white; the rump and the middle of abdomen unspotted; sides of the
head and neck, forehead, and superciliaries heavily streaked with blackish, most
densely on the lores; chin with a few faint roundish spots, throat and fore neck strongly
marked with terminal, somewhat lanceolate, streaks; on the jugulum and the breast
the spots become subterminal, broadeniog so as to form rather large rounded drops
with a somewhat flattened basal border; on the anterior half of the flanks the spots
are still broader, almost assuming the character of cross-bars. Primaries blackish
brown, from the seventh lighter, brownish ash, as are also the secondaries, and with
white edges, which gradually become broader on the interior web of the secondaries
the nearer they are to the body ; white edges on the tertials with indented borders
and the feathers scalloped; primary coverts with only a very narrow white terminal
edge, the other upper wing-coverts with rather broad white edges, shafts of the
primaries brown, mesially lighter; that of the first one wholly white; all under wing-
coverts uniform pure white. Tail light ashy gray, whitish at the base, and indistinctly
mottled with darker gray along the edges which are whitish; the mottlings hardly
visible on the middle pair; shafts of rectrices white, even those of the middle pair;
upper tail-coverts white, submarginally marked with dusky ; under tail-coverts white
with two or three small and irregularly placed dark spots or streaks.

Totallength, 287™™; wing, 173™™; tail-feathers, 67™™ ; exposed culmen, 53™™; tarsus,
43mm; middle toe with claw, 35™™,+

A single specimen was shot on Bering Island on the 22d of May, 1883,
during my absence in Kamstchatka. It was prepared by my faithful
Nicanor, one of the natives, whom we usually styled “the professor.”
At the same time, two days later, I myself shot another specimen on the

* As this. description may be diffienlt for many ornithologists to consult, a reproduc-

tion is herewith given:

124. Totanus guttifer. Nov. spee. Supra fuscogriseus, sparsim albido-maculatus,; collo pectoreque albis,
nigro-guttatis; eauda alba, obsolete grisco-signata.

Ausmessung: Liinge 12”, Liinge des Schnabels vom Mundwinkel beinahe 2”, Héhe des Schnabels an
der Wurzel 3”, Linge der Fliigel 6” 3”, Liinze des Schwanzes 2// 3’, Hohe der Ferse 1/9’, Linge der
Mittelzehe 1”, Liinge der Hinterzehe beinahe 3”.

Am nichsten mit Zot. glottis verwandt, doch ist unser Vogel kleiner, der Schnabel starker, zur
Spitze nach oben gebogen, die Schwimmhaut zwischen den Zehen und die Fiisse bedeutend kiirzer.
Oberk6rper grau. mit spavsamen weisslichen Flecken. Auf dem Kopf und Nacken strichférmige, auf
der weissen Kehle. dem Vorderhals und der Brust grosse schwarze, tropfenartige Plecken; Schnabel
schwarz. Unterkérper beinahe einfarbig weiss, die spitzen iiber den Schwanz hinausreichenden
Schwingen schwirzlich; mittlere Schwanzfedern mit grosseren schwirzlichen Abzeichen.

Das vorliegende Exemplar dieser sehr ausgezcichneten Ait wurde in der Umgegend ven Ochozk im-
Monat Juli von rman erlegt. In der Sammlung der Akademie der Wissenschaftin zu St. Peters
burg befinden sich zwei Individuen, welche wahrscheinlich aus derselben Gegend sind. (Nordmann,
in Erman’s Verz. Thier. Pflanz. Reise um die Erde, p. 17.)

t This measurement disagrees greatly with that given by Nordmann, 1 inch, this
latter being probably only a misprint,

128 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

delta of the Avatscha River, Kamtschatka, but unfortunately it was so
damaged as to be completely unfit for preparation. It is most likely,
however, that the bird may hereafter be observed more frequently,
attention having once been called to it, as very likely it has often been ~
confounded with the Greenshank.

Besides the specimens from Okotsk, mentioned by v. Nordmann, no
occurrence of this most interesting form has been reported from North-
ern and Northeastern Asia, as far as lam aware of. It will probably
be found in all the coast districts of Eastern Asia during the migrations,

47. Totanus nebularius (GUNN.).

1769.—Scolopax nebularius GUNNER., in Leem, Lapp. Beskr., p. 251.— Totanus n. STEIN-
EGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 37.—Id., ibid., 1803, p. 71.—Id., Naturen,
1884, p. 9.

1787.—Scolopax glottis LATH., Synops. Suppl., p. 292 (nec LIn., que Limosa lapponica).—
Totanus g. MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 213) (1853).—Cassin, Pr. Acad.
Philada., 1858, p.196.—ScuHreENCK, Reis. Amurl ,I, p. 414 (1860).—RappDrE,
Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., IT (p. 427) (1863).—Swinu., Ibis, 1863, p. 406.—d., ibid.,
1870, p. 364. —Id.,ibid., 1875, p. 453.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 311.—Ia., ibid. , 1871,
p. 405.—DyBow. & Parvex, J. f., Orn., 1868, p. 337.—Taczan., J. f. Orn.,
1873, p. 102.—Id., ibid., 1674, p. 386.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p.
250.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 397.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 1 (1877).—
BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 220.—Jid, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p.
193.—lid., ibid., X, 1882, p, 109.—Buakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p 36, (1884).

1831.—Totanus glottoides Vicors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 1735. —SwinH., Ibis, 1860, p. 66.—Id.,
ibid., 1261, p. 343.

I have had some doubts whether the Greenshank from Eastern Asia
ought not to stand as Totanus nebularius glottoides, but not having suf-
ficient material, I, at present, abstain from taking such a step. As -
far as I now can see, there is no difference in size, but it seems as if the
eastern birds have the rump and the axillaries more heavily barred
than the western ones, though I am bound to say that one of my birds
from Bering Island has the axillaries pure white.

List of specimens collected.

¢ | | | | [&
A | ee | 3
é [S22 | = | a eae
a} : F jee
ae rece Va|« tae, a eae seal
e m Locality. = oe oo | ae} 8 g
2 3 5 eeereyRean nae Nese selon le
ANS | a [Pati Sr eet | aha) oe a
a eG ¢ Sal oges 5 = = @ |
wa s foes 5 ° iS ‘a 4 & fe
b|s [aS tocando ae aes | §

he a = i | | 7 Tsien +7 SE, eles

/mm.| mm.) mm. mm. mm. | mm.

89067 | 1075 | Bering Island.............. May 23,1882] § ad.| 318 | 178 | 79 54 59 Bi}

92809 | 2089 |.-.--- GGls see cseee ne aoe May 23, 1883 (or) ad: | (321): 1804) 72)" 5 60 | 35

92807 | 2086 |....-- UO cect sete ete aecaes oe May 20,1883 (9) ad. | (341) | 192 77 | 56 61 | 37

89068 | 1195 |...... 10! = ese Shae tones June 6, 1882 Q ad.| 344 192 SI | 52 57 | £6

No. 89067.—Ivis dark brown. Bill blackish brown, lighter brownish gray towards the base, espe-
cially on the lower jaw. Feet yellowish gray, joints bluish.

No. 89068.—Bill blackish brown, basal half lighter, cn upper mandible with a bluish, on lower one
with a reddish, gray tinge. Feet dirty olive gray, joints darker, more bluish gray,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 129

The Greenshank occurs regularly on Bering Island during the spring
migration, but does not breed there as far as I know of.

LT also found them rather numerous on the delta of Avatscha River,
Kamtschatka, in the latter part of May, 1883.

48. Totanus ater (SANDER).

1766.—Scolopax fusca LiN., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 243 (mee 1758, que Guara
alba.).—Limosa f. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 187.—Totanus f. MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 214) (1853).--Swinu., Ibis, 1862, p. 254.—Id., ibid., 1863,
p. 97.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 453.—Id., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 319.—Id., ibid., 1863, p.
311.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 427.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 406.—RavDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-
Sibir., IJ (p. 327) (1863).—DyBow. & Parvex, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 337.—
PRzZEW., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 160) (1870).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p.
102.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 250.—Id.,
ibid., 1883, p. 339.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 54 (1877).—BLakIstT. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1872, p. 220.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 193.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 110.—Buiaxist., Amend. List B.Jap., p. 11 (1884).—Boe-
DAN., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 96 (1834).. ”

1779.— Scolopax atra SANDER, Naturforsch., XIII (p. 193).

In the tenth edition Linneus described the young of Guara alba as
Scolopax fusca, basing it upon Catesby’s “Nat. Hist. Carolin., plate
83.” In the twelfth edition he applied the identical name, Scolopax
fusca, to quite a different bird, the European Dusky Sandpiper, usually
known as Totanus fuscus. It therefore has become necessary, accord-
ing to the A. O, U. rules, to adopt the name next in date, which, fortu-
nately, is a very appropriate one.

List of specimens obtained.

6 | | £
a | i
; 3 | | a 9
Sf g Yh oe = Pee | 4
a | 4 beg é | a gE) 4 hae
a Locality. a a |) oe | A & | 2
m1. S| g Pal Nhe Bs | ee aah lee
5 © | a 8 Zo lo tsp les 2 Bg jos
H o © 3S Si ties ae 2 n Ss
o <i Poel one ie ow R | sg
: 3 a ialees or sl a ns a =
io ee Boi | Ev | we Bet at ase
| | mm.| mm. | mm. | mm mm.) mm
92810 | 2085 Bering Island....-......... May 20, 1883 | (v7) ad.) (303) | 156 49 54 53] 35
92812 | 2069 Pe GORGE es eee Bike ode | May 20, 1883 | (2) ad.) (329) | 162 68 61 58 | 49
92811 2097 |...... amas esti pa May 20,1883 | (9) ad.| (304;| 159] 69| 56| 55| 37

During my absence from Bering Island in the spring of 1883 three
specimens in summer plumage were shot and prepared. The species
may be regarded as a rather rare visitor, as it was not known to any
of the residents on the islands. Like so many other rare migrating |
visitors to Bering Island in the spring of 1883, its appearance probably
was due to the abnormal amount of snow in Kamtschatka at that time.

15861 Bull. 23——9

130 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

e

49. Totanus glareola (LIN.).

1758.—Tringa glareola Lin., Syst. Nat., LO ed., I, p. 149 (nee PALL., 1826).—Totanus 9.
TemM., Man. d’Orn., 1 ed. (p. 421) (1815).—TEMM. & Scuu., Faun. Jap.
Av. (p. 110) (1849).—MrIppEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 215) (1853).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 416.—Swrnu., Ibis, 1860, p. 66.—Id., ibid., 1361,
p. 343.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 407 (1860).—Id., ibid, 1870. p. 363.—Id., ibid, 1874,
p, 458.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 311.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 406.—RapDE., Reis.
Siid. Ost-Sibir., I] (p. 324) (1863).—WHITELY, Ibis, 1567, p. 205.—DyBow. &
PaRrveEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p.337.—PRZEW., Putesch. Ussur (n.162).—TACZAN.,
J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 102.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool.,
France, 1876, p. 251.—Id., ibid., 1823, p. 339.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir.,
p. 54 (1877).—BuakisT. & PRYER; Ibis, 1878, p. 220.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap.,
VIII, 1880, p. 194.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 110.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1883, p. 71.—Buaxist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 36 (1884).

1822.—Totanus afinis Horsr., Tr. Linn. Soc., XVIII (p. 191).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863;
p. 311.—Id., Ibis, 1866, p. 294.

1866.—Trynga littorea PALL., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., II, p. 195.

The specimens collected by me have been compared with a fair series
of birds from China, India, and Europe, and found to be identical.

List of specimens collected.

alr. eae SE Be
Se] £ E
eins < 3 2
= 5. 2 5 s a a S
a |% E 2/2/ 8 5 | & é
: 2 Locality. = as to = a = G
218 5 s 8 | 3 eo°R 218
~ a 2 o . mn
A 2 a a = og th Be S 5 s
na 3 a 4 a is = oe z 3
alee z R aoe) BoB S| a eis
ae aah Sire
| |
| mm. | mm. mm. | mm. | mm ‘mm. mm.
9082 | 1182 | Bering Island.....-. June 6,1882| of ad. | Hay neeee | 192} 53| 26| 37 31°
92802 | 2092 ...--- hig cee aes | May 23,1883 |()ad. | (215)| -. | 120] 53] 28 | 37 31
92803 | 2166 |...... dost: June 12, 1883} gad. | 217 o| 123) 52) 29| 98] 30
89079 | 1064 ...--- doc-- osc. 2---2--| Mav=21, 1882) Q ad. | 218 | ----- 121 51| 80 39 | 32
| | | | | |
89080 | 1092 |...--- COs bot heose ae May 29,1883 | 9 ad. oO meas 120 52 30 40 35
g90st | 1148 |...... dose | June 3, 1882) Q ad. | 228 |.-...- 123 | 9°54) 87 = BT Oat
| | | | |

No. 92803.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish olive ; below at base, lighter brownish olive. Feet, hght
grayish olive. Very lean.

No. 89079.—Feet greenish to yellowish olive; lower part of tarsus and toes with a tinge of bronzy

brown.
No. 89080.—Feet greenish yellow.

This species is a rather common one on Bering Island, breeding on
the great swamps of the northern part and in the broader and deeper
valleys, for instance in Kamennij, Staraja Gavanskij Pad, &e. They
arrive after the middle of May, and their musical performances or
“playing” was often watched by me during the latter part of the
month.

This sandpiper was not observed on Copper Island, where in fact
few or no suitable places for it are found.

ahah tt i Ni lait ieee

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 131

50. Actitis hypoleucos (LIN.).

1758.—Tringa hypoleucos LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 149.—Actitis h. Borg, Isis, 1822,
p. 560.—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, I, 2 (p. 215) (1853).—ScuHrenck, Reis.
Amurl., I, p. 417 (1860).—Rappr, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 320) (1363).—
SCHLEG., Mus.P. B. Grallw, p. 80 (1865).—DyzBow. & PARVIEX, Je. tf. Orns,
1868, p. 337.—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 163).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873,
p. 102.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.— Id., bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 250.—
Id., ibid., 1883, p. 339.—Id., Orn, Faun. Vost. Sibir., p- 53 (1877).— Tringoides
h, SWINH., Ibis, 1860. p. 66.—Jd., ibid., 1861, p. 343.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 259.—
Id., Ibid., 1°63, p. 408.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 363.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 163.—
Id., [bid., 1875, p. 453.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p.312.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 406.—
Biakist. & PrYeER, Ibis, 1878, p. 220.—Jid., Tr. As. Soce., Jap., VIII, 1880,
p. 194.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 110.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.
71.—Buaxist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 36 (1884).

1826.—Trynga leucoptera PALt.., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 196.- :

It is true that Mliger united in his genus Actitis both Limosa, Totanus,
Tringa, Pavoncella, and the bird of the present genus, but there is no
more reason for dropping his name altogether than for disregarding
Linneus’s Tringa, and there are no more reasons for quoting ‘Actatis
Bore nec ILLIGER” than for “ Tringa BARD nec Lin.” Tiger (Prod.
p. 262) enumerates as species of his genus Actitis: “ Scolopax Limosa,
Totanus, Tringa pugnax, Hypoleucos Lin.” Of these the two first had
already, by earlier writers, been separated as types of Limosa and To-
tanus, leaving in 1811 Tringa pugnax and hypoleucos the occupants of
the restricted genus Actitis. In 1816, LEACH established the genus
Pavoncella for the former of these two species, so that hypoleucos, by
elimination, has become the only type of Actitis ILLIG., to the exclusion
of Tringoides BONAP., 1831,* which is a pure syhonym of Actitis.

List of specimens obtained.

g a é
A : g °°
aeElae 3 F ace 2
3 A : 3S o aig eee 8 —
es Zz Locality. = ep = 5 Res a F
s | 9 S [3 Sle 3S = teens
A 2 a a eal 3 Py | & zg 2 2S
: o a Co Atel | iD D ° a x
=| 2 A He (eu aay Soleo Le alcm: [es
So ee Be ee) ee ee
mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89041 | 1553 | Bering Island ....._-| Sept. 9,1882 | ¢ 20SBH Soo 104; 53 25 25 23
92805 | 2091 j..-... domewnass rate May 22, 1883 | (¢’) ad., (107) |.-.--. 103} 54; 25] 25 2d
92804 | 2101 |..-... GOs ce scsce Fcene May 24, 1883 | (co) ad.| (188) |.....- 104) 57 24 24 23
|

No. 89041.—Iris dark brown. Bill dark brownish gray, blackish toward tip, reddish at base of lower
mandible. Feet light gray with a faint tinge of yellowish green.

* Saggio Distr. Meth. Anim. Vertebr,, p. 58.

>

132 . ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The common sandpiper occurs on Bering Island only during the mi-
grations, in spring and autumn, but seems to be rather rare, and the
three specimens collected were the only ones seen.

‘

51. Terekia cinerea (GULD.).

1774.—Scolopax cinerea GULDENST., N. Comm. Acad. Petrop. (XIX, p. 473, tab. xix.)—
Limosa ¢. MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., IJ, 2 (p. 216) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis.
Amurl., I, p. 419, (L860).—RADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 330) (1863),.—
Terekia c. Gray, List Gen., p. 88 (1841).—SwinH., Ibis, 1863, p. 97.—Jd., P.
Z. S., 1863, p. 312.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 406.—DyBow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn.,
1868, p. 337.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 102.—Jd., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 250.—J/d., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 53
(1577).—Brakist. & PryeEr, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 110.—BLAKIsT.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 36 (1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 33.

1822.— Totanus javanicus Hors¥., Tr. Linn. Soc., XIII, p.327.—Terekia 7. Swinu., P. Z.
S., 1862, p. 319.

1826.—Limosa recurvirostra PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 181.

The ouly specimen of the Terek Sandpiper or Godwit was secured on
one of the last days before I left Bering Island.

It wasea male, shot near Ladiginsk, Bering Island, on the 9th of Sep-
tember, 1883. Iris blackish brown. Bill blackish olive; yellowish olive
at base of both mandibles. Feet, including webs, bright orange yellow.
Total length, 231°"; wings beyond tail, 2"™; wing, 125""; tail-feathers,
52™"; exposed culmen, 39"™; tarsus, 26™"; middle toe with claw, 21™™.

52. Heteractitis incanus (GM.).

1788.—Scolopax incana GMEL., Syst. Nat., 1, p. 658.—Heteroscelus i. COUES in Elliott’s
Affairs Alaska, p. 187 (1875).—ELLiotT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 130 (1882).—
BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 165.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 89
(1883).—Actitis i. FINscH, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 64.—Heteractitis t.
STEINEGER, Auk, 1884, p. 236.—TurNmER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1826.—Trynga glareola var. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 194.—Kirty., Denkw., I, p.
287 (1858).

1831.—Totanus pedestris Lusson, Tr. @’Orn., p. 552 (part).

1841.—Totanus fuliginosus GOULD, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 130.

1844.—Scolopax undulata FORSTER, Descr. Anim. (p. 173).

1844.—Scolopax pacifica FORSTER, Descr. Anim, (p. 173).

1847.—Totanus oceanicus LESSON, Compl. Oevr. Buff. (p. 244).

1248.— Totanus polynesie PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exp. (p. 237).

1858.—Heteroscelus brevipes Baird, B. North Amer., p.734, pl. 88 (nec VIEILL.).—Id.,
Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869 (p. 734).—DaLt & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad.,
I, 1869, p. 293.—Tringa b. Krrr1u., Denkw., I, p. 258.

It was most unfortunate that Cassin, in 1858, united H. incanus
with brevipes, which he had previously so well distinguished, and it is
still more unfortunate that he has been followed almost unanimously
by later authors. I propose to prove that there exists two well-defined
species, distinguishable both by structural characters and by differences

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 133

in color, distinguishable in-all plumages, adults.and young, summer
and winter specimens.

The reason why Cassin failed to maintain the distinction between the
two species was partly that he overlooked the structural differences,
partly that he mistook the adult barred summer plumage for that of

the young, while it is the young plumage which he regarded as the
breeding dress.

If the ornithologists interested in this question will place before
them their specimens, or series of specimens, I would propose to
them to measure the length of the nasal groove from the loral apex of
the feathering to the foremost end of the furrow. Specimens in which
the groove is as long as about two-thirds of the length of the exposed
eulmen from the feathering, belong to Heteractitis incanus ; specimens
in which this groove is only half as long as the exposed culmen are true
Hi. brevipes. If the collection is large enough we will find, when dividing
it into two series, according to the above character, that each of these
contain specimens, some of which are distinctly barred underneath,
partially or wholly, others being only more or less uniformly clouded
with gray on fore neck, throat, and flanks. If now comparing the,
barred specimens of both series, we will find the following differences in
color: In those with the long nasal groove, incanus, the whole under
surface, including middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts, is dis-
tinctly and uniformly barred with blackish gray, and the back is purer
gray; in the specimens with the short groove the middle of the abdo-
men and the under tail-coverts are pure white, the dark bars on the
other part being lighter and finer, while the back is more tinged with
brownish. Upon taking measurements we will find that the long-
grooved, heavy-barred incanus average larger than the short-grooved,
lighter brevipes.

If we now compare the two series of unbarred specimens we will
find that the long-grooved ones are purer gray and average larger
(incanus) than the short-grooved ones, which are appreciably browner
and smaller.

Anybody taking the trouble of still closer examining his specimens
will soon find additional characters, and will especially appreciate the
distinct and regular white bars—two or more on each feather—on the
upper tail-coverts of the-unabraded plumage, in brevipes, in contradis-

tinction to those in ircanus, in which these feathers are either uniform
gray or with a very narrow light edging.

134 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

These facts ought now to convince the most skeptical of the validity
of the two species. To those who have got no material, or only an in-
sufiicient series, I would say that the above process was the one fol-
lowed by me in handling my series, and that the characters are perti*
nent and without the slightest sign of intergradation throughout the
whole lot of more than twenty specimens, while the table of dimensions
below conclusively prove the points above alluded to.

It is a matter of regret to me that so many of the labels of the un-
barred birds in my series have no definite data as to the exact time of
their capture. Nevertheless I think it pretty clearly established by the
facts, accessible to me, that the barred plumage is the full adult breeding
plumage, while the clouded under side represents the young bird of the
year, and possibly the adults during the four months from December to
March. It is furthermore clear from an inspection of the specimens
that there is no sexual difference either in color or dimensions. No.
87243, collected on the Fiji Islands in ‘“* winter,” shows some new feathers
with bars, and v. Pelzeln (Novara Exp., p. 130) mentions a specimen from
Tahiti, shot on the 25th of February, which most probably is a true
ancanus in transition to the barred plumage.*

Turning to the question of the geographical distribution of the two
species we already, at the outset, feel the mischief done by the untimely
“Jumping,” asin many cases where no description is given, it is impos-
sible to tell which bird more recent authors have had before them.

It may, however, be stated at once that H. brevipes, the short-grooved
species with the white under tail-coverts in the adult summer plumage,
does not occur in America or in any of the outlying islands belonging
to that continent. All the specimens from Alaska and the Aleutian
Islands, down to California, belong to H. incanus, and so does the bird
from the Galapagos Islands (Gould’s 7. fuliginosus).

This species, incanus, also occur in the greater part of the Polynesian
Islands, especially the more eastern ones. As I havealready said, it is
very difficult to trace the habitat with certainty, as most authors have
confounded the two species, and only a few have given short notes as to
the coloration or size of their specimens. The following references seem,
however, to belong to the present species, the heavy-barred bird: Pau-
motu Islands (Peale); Marquesas Islands (Lesson); Tahiti (v. Pelzeln,
Forster); Tongatabu (Forster); Palmyra (Streets) ; Samoa, Upolu, and

*His specimen from Ualan is certainly brevipes, and so is probably that from
Puynipet.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 135

Savai (Hartlaub, Finsch); Fiji (Peale, Walden). This is probably also
the species occurring: on the Hawaiian Islands. It may also be re-
marked that a bird recorded by Finsch and Hartlaub from the Pelew
Islands seems to belong here.

The true brevipes, on the other hand, isa more Asiatic species, to which
is referable all or most of the records from Kamtschatka, Japan, Okotsk,
Baikal, Bonin Islands, Liu-Kiu Islands, Formosa, China, Philippine
Islands, probably also the Marianne and the Caroline Islands,* from
Borneo, Timur, Ceram, and Australia.

Comparative table of dimensions.

I.—HETERACTITIS INCANUS.

3 3 5
a g < Ce e
x ° 2 A 2
5 Beda 3 Bclne ee eae 2
Ss ¥ o o Baalesis ia
1 i) 2 Locality. a a 3 5 ®
+” i a ° S 2 = 3
Ros ° S ° e ° wa th =
A 2 3 a th om g ~ 3 2
B 5 ® ® : a =D 2 of D Zs
= a a a BP rl aicipce ies aos
B 5 o eS a) e H Aiwa |};a |S
mm. | mm. | mm. | num. mm. mm.
82430*| Belding. .|------ | Cerros Island, Cal...) Apr. —,1881| 9? 170 73 37 Zeal aeas 31
*| Cooper .-| 71 Shoskwater Bay,| May 9,1854| 9 | 166 74 39 26 34 31
felaaia fan BS |
| |
7344) ‘| Nelson -.| 3 | Sannak Isl., Alaska.| May 15,1877) Q | 173 77 38 26 35 31
54602*| Dall ..... 1649 | Nulato, Alaska .... | May 27,1868) ¢ | 167} 73| 38] 25| 34) 31
92813*| Stejneger| 2066 | Bering Island.....-- May 29, 1883 (o)| 161 77 39 26 33 31
G21 lbeeedoee st) 2067) (sea doce ect = eae: May 29,1883 |()| 165] 73| 37| 24] 33, 31
S90 7ins ee Oma el 140) Owen e scister sas <te's June 1, 1882}.-..| 164 74 39 22 34 | 32
89078*|."...do....| 1141 |--= Osea eee eisai June 1,1883| ¢ 172 78 39 25 | 34 | 81
64272*| Elliott ...|....-- St.George I.,Alaska. | July 29,1873 |....| 172| 77) 38) 25) 33 aan
! | |
87244*| Goward..|...... Fiji Islands ......... Summer.....|....| 177| 77| 39| 24] 35]. 31
15724 | Pealet..-|...-.. Oe ero ne eae senna cee g | 180} 79, 42) 28] 35] 32
896461) Bendire..| 54 | Fort Klamath, Oreg.) Aug. 25,1882; 9 | 163 70) 36 24 34] © 29
92815!) Stejneger, 1647 | Bering Island -.----.. Sept. 20,1882) g | 161| 68) 37 24 32 30
67321}) Streets -- 12 | Palmyra Island ....-. (Dec.) foresee OL: 72 38 26 34 | 31
87243 t| Goward..|...... Fiji Islands. ...-.-.-- Winter. ....- eae t65 80 32 24), 34) 31
yi eNelson=’=:)|'1292) | Alaskaxes=.. 5-0-0 = eaSeee eraser | Seaiees| jie WAU ee ces) 38 25 35 32
Godel Ado as\bcTo) |e eds. sso ak een Lee eet s d| Ws} 78| 36; 23| 34] 31
21432] Gruber ..| 21432|Farallones, California.|...........--- eae tGG: 80} 38) 24 34 | 30
SERA | ee el eee ee ees
Average measurements of eighteen specimens ..........- 168 | 76 38 | 25 | 34 | 31

* Cf. Finsch’s statement about the birds collected Ly him on the Eastern Carolines,
the Marshall, and Gilbert Islands: ‘* Die Verfiirbungsverhiiltnisse sind sehr auffallend,
da Exemplare Mitte Juni noch keine Spur eines Sommerkleides zeigen.” (Vig. d.
Siidsee, p. 56 (1884)). Of course, the summer plumage which Finsch expected to see
is that of incanus, while the specimens in question belong to brevipes !

136 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Bo Comparative table of dimensions—Continued.

Il.—HETERACTITIS BREVIPES.

: | | i .
° a E
aus | is 4
3 & S 2 AON ee Seas a
al : Bs 2 BE | 8 |we 2
- 2 Z Locality. a a ea [on ®

=) . ° ° °
3 ° i) ° oe o | a a 2
A > niet : © oy a Od ae 2
a oO 3 Fe of 2 S | En D Ss
ats 3 : Bay) Beings SRN OB ee) satan
b 5 S B oe) Poe a ac + ee
mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. |mm.
15819§| Heine -- | 5l>| Hakodadi. --.22-..-- May —,1854}..-.| 160! 69 34> 26 )3 a5 tee

89076§| Stejneger’ 1089 | Bering Island...--.- | May 28,1882} ¢ | 160 69 37 | 18 33 30

67301§) Bernstein 10271 | Halmaheira ..-...--.. Nov. —,1861| ¢ | 165 67 39 | 19 33 30

91400t} Jouy.--.- 783 | Matsumoto, Japan.-.| Nov. 15,1882) 2 | 154 69 35) ee 34 30

21226t| Rogers ..| y177 | Bonin Islands....... Lorem tester ets naeelie OS 66 36) 19 33 30.

Average measurements of five specimens||.-..----------- 161 68 36 | 18 34 30

*Specimens with the whole under surface, including under tail-coverts uniformly barred with dark
gray.
t Type of Totanus polynesice PEALE.
+t Specimens without bars underneath.
Specimens barred on fore neck, throat, and flanks.
| For additional specimens receivcd after the table was prepared, see under the following species.

List of specimens collected.

S | E
4 | % 3
C : re :
| o} s =
: z Locality. 4 Ey Sn 3 = F
ea | ° A — ° °
S 1S) | ° J o | 3 3 Bs +
4 ° A RB Sl Per ees B 5 Ors
5 2 g S St) ee S 2 2 re
a 3 | a tS Fe ae Se aaa et
i acd: al - RD BoB | ee | er ee
| | mm. mm.| mm.| mm.! mm.| mm.
89077 | 1140 Bering Island.......--.----- {June A) 382.1 342 | 267; 164| 74/ 35) 34 32
89078 | 1141 |...... ats ee eee pen ae | June 1, 1882 | ¢ ad.! 286 172| 78| 39| 34 31
92813 | 2066 |------ Oo! Jee set sat eee | May 27, 1883 |() ad. (270) | 161 qe 39 3 3L
92814 | 2067 | eee COieea st eaeecee eee | May 29, 1883 |(c*) ad. | (268) | 165. 73 37 33 31
92815 | 1647 | aed ae donee st ee eae | Sept.20,1882 | ¢jun.| 256] 161| 68| 37| 32 30

No. 89077.—Iris dark brown. Bill brownish black, lighter brownish gray at base of lower mandible.
Feet ocher yellow, with a faint greenish tinge on the joints.

No. 92815.—lnis dark brown. Bill olive gray, blackish at tip. Feet yellow, with a faint greenish
tinge ; nails black.

The Wandering Tattler, the “Tschornij Kulik” of the Russians,
comes to the islands during the latter part of May, and may then be
met with on the stony beaches close to the water’s edge, in pairs or in
very small troops. At the time of their arrival they are less shy than
totanine birds generally, but their conduct changes_after awhile, so
that I only once, on Copper Island, in the middle of July, observed a
single specimen during the summer, although I feel suspicious that
they breed there.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 137

This bird makes quite a different impression on the observer from
the other totanine waders, and its habits seem to be rather peculiar,
in many respects reminding one of the Oyster-catcher. It carries its
body much in the same manner as Actitis hypoleucos, but very seldom
flirts its tail up and down like the latter, nor has it as much of the peculiar
movement of the head and neck as the common sandpiper. It is a
much more quiet bird, very often standing immovable for a long
while staring down into the water. Its flight is graceful and very rapid.
Its voice loud and harsh, almost screaming. I only met it among
rocks and stones, seldom, if ever, on the sandy or gravelly beaches.

53. Heteractitis brevipes (VIEILL. ).

1817.—Totanus brevipes VIEILL., N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VI, p. 410.—Cassiy, Exp. Jap.
Perry, II, p. 229 (1857).—Jd., U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 339 (1858).—Jd., Pr. Acad.
Philada., 1858, p. 195.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 321.—Swinu, Ibis, 1863, p. 407.—
Id., ibid., 1867, p. 390.—Id., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 312.

1826.—Trynga glarecola PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 194, pl. lx (nec Lin. ).

1831.— Totanus pedestris LESSON, Tr. d’Orn., p. 552 (part).

1844.—Totanus pulverulentus MULL., Naturk. Verhandl. (p. 152).—TEMM. & SCHLEG.,
Faun. Jap. Av., p. 109, pl. 65 (1849).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 214)
(1853).—SwinH., Ibis, 1860, pp. 132, 259.—Td., ibid., 1861, p.343.—TId., ibid.,
1862, p. 204.—RappE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 326) (1863).—Wuirety,
Ibis, 1867, p. 205.—Actitis p. DyBow. & Parvex, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 337.—
Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 102.—Jd., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 250.—Id.; ibid., 1852, p. 397.—1d., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir.,
p. 54 (1877).

1848.— Totanus griseopygius GOULD, P. Z.S., 1848, p. 39.

1871.—Totanus incanus SWINH., P. Z.S., 1871, p. 405 (nec GMEL.).—TId., Ibis, 1874, p.
163,—Id., ibid., 1875, p 453.—Biakist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 220.—Iid.,
ibid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 192.—IZd., ibid., X, 1882, p. 109.—Brak-
ist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 11 (1884).— Heteroscelus incanus BOGDAN., Consp.
Av. Ross., I, p. 98 (1884).

The distinctive characters which separate this species from the fore-
going have been pointed out under the head of the latter.

The specimen obtained by me on Bering Island agrees in every par-
ticular with specimens from Japan and Halinaheira, while those of
incanus as closely agree with the examples from America and Poly-
nesia.

The dimensions of the specimen collected are as follows:

g ad. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 89076, L. Slejneger, No. 1089; Bering Island, May 28, 1882.
‘Total length, 265™™; wing, 160™™; tail-feathers, 69™™; exposed culmen, 37™™; tar-
sus, 33™™; middle toe with claw, 30™™,

Remarks.—Ivris dark brown. Bill blackish gray, light brownish gray at base of lower
mandible. Feet light ocher yellow, joints with a faint greenish tinge.

138 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Only one specimen of this bird was obtained, although I was fully
aware of the difference between the two forms, and consequently on the
lookout for both.

I afterwards received from Kamtschatka three young birds col-
lected in the fall of 1884. The characters pointed out at once distin-
guishes them from incanus.

Measurements.
a. |
a |
D
=
az | ¢ :
= Ge Locality. £
ns low 2 ~
A | q a m oO
eel ecg é oh : 8 B i}
mite a S
boreal KE ere hae | o | a | a
Senses i Saal = 5 P re | =
| | | mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. mm.
101661 | jun. | Petropaulski, Kamtschatka ..............------- 1884 | 161 67 | 38 | 34 30
101662 | jun. |.---.. eet peice cee eee sis eae calaisins as aeaieenre 1884 | 164 66 38 32 27
101663 | jun. |...... G62 eR ee a ee See | 1884 | 155] 64) 37 | 33 28
| | |

54. Numenius pheopus variegatus (Scop.).

1786.— Tantalus variegatus SCOPOLI, Delic. F. Fl. Insubr., II, p. 92 (ed. NEwT.).—Nu-
menius v. SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p.34.—BuLakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 39 (1884).

1788.—Scolopax luzoniensis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 656.—Numenius l. SwInu., P. Z.S.,
1571, p. 410.

1817.—Numenius atricapillus VIEILL., N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, p. 303.

1826.—Numenius phwopus PALu., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 169 (part).—ScHLEG., Mus. P.
B. Grall., p. 93 (part).—Swinu., Ibis, 1877, p. 146.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis,
1878, p. 223.—lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 198.—TJid., ibid., X, 1882,
p. 116.

1840.—Numenius uropygialis GOULD, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 175.—Swinu., Ibis, 1863, p. 409.—

( Td , ibid., 1866, p. 187.—BoGpan., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 84 (1884).

1856.—Numenius tahitiensis CASSIN, Exped. Jap. Perry, H, p. 228 (nec GMEL.).—SWINH.,

P. Z.S., 1863, p. 318,
1883.—Numenius melanorhynchus TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, p. 340 (nec Br.,
1856, qui ex Greenlandia). ,

The two specimens which I secured at Bering Island I have carefully
compared with specimens of typical phwopus from Europe, and with
numerous specimens of the eastern representative from China and
Japan, and also with a specimen in the National Museum, obtained from
Mr. Harting, and determined by him as N. luzoniensis. The characters
of the dark and strongly streaked rump and the barred under tail-
coverts are well developed, and were it not that the occurrence of nw-
merous intermediate specimens have been recorded, I should consider
the two forms good and distinct species.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 139

List of specimens obtained.

2 . fie E
3 Bp | ® 3
aD | =
A i et 2 | "3
z : = ; | aie! |
i). 3 2 Bie) cence Bh e é
apher eee Locality. = ep tp a is a= | -
2 = 3 s e | ~ om 3
3 3 3 rc LO eel nae | 5 . se
a 3 | qa S ae \ Cd | th < ' ss 4 2 =
wa | & = 4 Sie | orate leete eee ls A\ 38
: Ss = ei ° ‘a iS ies eect a e
eS ee (ia S| Bs. Pe Bra sa aes
| | |mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
| | | | | |
92819 | 2183 | Bering Island ......- June 20,1883) Pad. } 439 | 6) 232). 95) 76 58 | 40
92820 | ZQO Meee ONaent ce sence oe June 211883) Orvad= |e sence |eos-e 238 99 | 84 65 41
| | |

No. 92819 —Iris dark brown. Bill brownish black, below at base reddish gray. Feet clear bluish
gray, joints darker gray. Eggs swollen.
No. 92820 —Colors as foregoing. Eggs large, swollen.

The Eastern Whimbrel is a visitant to the islands during the migra-
tions, in spring and autumn, but, being very wary and their stay short,
they are only seldom seen. During the latter part of May, 1882, I
observed a flock on the flat sandy borders of the river, behind the
village, but the birds disappeared in the fog before I could secure a
specimen. During the following spring two females were secured at
Emilianovski Mys, on the northern shore, as late as the 20th and 21st
of June. They were single, and their eggs large and swollen, so that
there is a probability that a few pairs remain during the summer and
breed.

In the fall, September 3, 1883, a large flock was observed on the
mountain plateau, north of the village, feeding upon the berries of ~
Empetrum nigrum. Two young birds were taken on the steamer in
the beginning of August, when at sea between Kamtschatka and Ber-

ing Island.
55. Phalaropus lobatus (LIN.).

1758.—Tringa lobata LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 148, efr. p. 824.—Phalaropus l.
TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1766.—Tringa hyperborea LIN., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 249.—Phalaropus h. DyBow.
& PaRvVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 338.—BatrD, Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869 (p.
706).—TACZAN, Bull. Sec. Zool. France, 1876, p.251.—IJd., Orn Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p. 55 (1877).—Brakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 21 (1884).—Lobi-
pesh. DALL & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I., 1869, p. 209.—Taczan, J. f.
Orn., 1873, p. 102.—Id., ibid., 1875, p.256.—Da.u, Avif. Aleut. Isl. West.
Unal., p. 5 (1874).—Swinu., Ibis, 1875, p. 455.—Covurs in Elliott’s Aff.
Alaska, p. 180 (1875).—BuLakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.221.-—Tid., Tr As,
Soe. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 196.—J/id., rbid., X, 1882, p. 113 —BrEan, Pr. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 166.—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 129, (1882).—NEL-
SON, Cruise Corwin, p. 91 (1553).

1810.—Phalaropus cinereus MEY. & WOLF, Taschb. Deutsch. Vogelk., II, p. 417.—Mip-
DEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2, p. 215 (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 418
(1860).—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 65.

1826.—Phalaropus ruficollis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 203.

1826.—Phalaropus cinerascens PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 204,

140

ORNITHOLOGICAL .EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

20. *

S | | 5
ay < | 2
a 6 ® A q 4
5 7; . + Ri ial eee a o =
= : & bo eels & | g E
A = Locality. = oer een ole ©
5 S S 3 | & 3 5 S
Za S$ ra | a = : $s nD ze °
. d Q a I a at 2 D =
Eval Bea TNR ela) el | ae eee
Bb |S E oe Hi. SP ee | pede ead aad
Bele th sae =| j z oo
mm. |}mm.\| mm.) mm. mm. | mm.
| |
89177 | 1097 | Bering Island..........-.- May 29,1882 | ciad.| 184] 104] 52 | 21| 20 21
89178 | 1098 |...... COs eee eee | May 29,1882 | gad. | 180} 103| 47| 19] 20 20
89020 | 1121 |..... GOA. ee ee eee | May 30,1882 | g ad.| 177| 101} 48); 21] 21
89173 | 1093 |...... COs ee eee eee | May 29, 1882 | 9 ad. |...... (ps1 0F| Merb 2h ee 08 emo 22
89174 | 1094 |...... OMe eo ee May 29,1882 | 9 ad. | 196] 113] 53) 22) 2 20
89175 | 1095 |...... dOisseceeleeceese May 29, 1882 | 9 ad. | 187] 109; 50/ 21) 21 20
BSL E6a| MOOR 123. Ome esctceaaee woes May 29, 1882 | 9 ad. | 194 |- 106} 54] 20] 20 20
89019 | 1120 |...... Goin ae ae May 30,1882) 9 ad. | 187] 110| 51'}j....-. 22 21
92621 | 1965-|.....- don wre ee ey | Saly20,1882 | juv. | 165] 80| 35; 18| 20] 20
92822 | 1266 |...... OURS eee ence es July 17,1882 | pull. | See tee PCa PARI e nS 21
| | | | |

No. 89177.—Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet grayish blue; joints blackish.

No. 89020.—Ivis dark brown. Billblack. Veet grayish blue; outer aspect of tarsus, outer toe, and the
joints darker; soles and outer web blackish.

No. 92821.—Iris hazel. Bill blackish. Feet flesh-colof; outer aspect and joints dark grayish. A few
downy feathers still on the neck.

No. 92822.—Like the foregoing.

The Red-necked Phalarope is one of the commonest breeding summer
birds on Bering Island.

In 1882 they arrived in large numbers on the 29th of May, and during
_ the following week all the smaller ponds on the tundras all over the

northern part of the island were crowded. In 1883 the new-comers

made their appearance five days earlier, as the first ones were shot on
May 24. am
56. Crymophilus fulicarius (LIN.).

1766.-—Tringa fulicaria Lin., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 249.—Phalaropus f. NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 91 (1883).—Srrs., Ibis, 1844, p. 33.—BLakisr., Amend.
List B. Jap., p. 37 (1884).—Crymophilus f. StEINEGER, Auk, 1885, p. 183.

1788.—Tringa glucialis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 675. ‘

1809.—Phalaropus rufus Becust., Naturg. Deutschl., [V., p. 381.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross.
As., II, p. 205 (1826).

1840.—Phalaropus rufescens.—Krys. & BLAs., Wirbelth. Europ., p. 1xxii.—MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 216) (1853).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p,
251.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 55 (1877).

1880.—Lobipes wilsonii? BuakisT. & PryeER, Tr. As. Soe. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 196.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 113.

When on my boat expedition around Bering Island I observed a flock
of Phalaropes, August 21, 1882, several miles at sea. No specimen could

be secured, but Ido not think I was wrong in my identification,

ee

as

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 141

OrpDER CHENOMORPHA.

Superfamily ANATOIDEZ.

Family ANATID.

57. Anser segetum middendorffi (SEVERZ.).

1853.—Anser grandis MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise., IT, 2 (p. 225, th. xx, fig. 1) (nec GMEL. ).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 462 (1860).—RappkE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir.,
II, (p. 354) (1863).—DyBow. & PaRVEX, J.f. Orn., 1868, p. 338.—TaAczan.,
J. f. Orn., 1873, p, 168.—Id. ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 256.—Id.,
Orn. Faun. ros Sibir., p. 67 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p.
42.—Id. , tbid., 1883, p. 343.

1873.—Anser Madonaangi SEVERZOW, Turkest. Jevotn. (pp. 70, 149).—Jd., J. f. Orn.,
1874, p. 435.—Id., Ibis, 1876, p. 416.

1875.—Anser segetum var. serrirostris TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1874, p. 333 (nec SWINH. ).

1875.— Anser segetum Swinu., [bis, 1875, p. 456 (part).—BuLakist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878,
p. 212 (part) —Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 182 (part).—A. segitum.
Id., ibid., X, 1882, p. 94 (part).—BLaKkIsT., Chrysanth., 1883, p. 27 (part).—
(segetum) Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 8 (part).

The state of things in regard to the species of geese of Eastern Asia
is in a deplorable condition, and with my scanty material I can hardly
expect to solve the question. With all our doubts it is, however, most
fortunate that the geese have not suffered the common fate of difficult
birds of that region, viz, to be lumped together under one heading. | If
that had been the case it would have been hopeless to try to unravel
the confusion. This confusion goes even so far that Taczanowski, who, in
1877, enumerates as No. 372 Anser grandis PALL., and as No. 371 An-
ser grandis MipD., nec PALL. (!), still in 1883 speaks of Anser grandis
Mipp., a form which already, ten years before, was called Anser midden-
dorfi by his countryman, Severzow.

As already stated, my material is rather scanty, consisting of the
following specimens: Four birds from Europe, referable to A. segetum
and to A. segetum arvensis. Three birds from Bering Island, which cer-
tainly belong to A. middendorffi (= grandis MIDD.), as will be shown be-
low. One specimen from Shanghai, which I take to be a typical A. ee
tum serrirostris tor reasons to be discussed further on.

142 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

It is at first sight evident that these birds belong to two groups, one
with rather slender bills, to which all the European specimens are re-
ferable,* the other with much heavier bills (‘* huge bills,” as Swinhoe
says), to which all the eastern birds belong. In coloration I can detect
no difference, except that the eastern specimens have the heads per-
ceptibly more brownish, a feature which, according to Schrenck’s state-
ment, is not constant. This brown wash seems to me to be due to a
similar cause to that which colors the heads of the swans more or less
rusty. This is especially striking in specimens which still have the
white semilunar spots on the feathers bordering the bill, in which
these white spots are tinged exactly in the same manner as in the swans.
A white-fronted goose before me presents the same feature. If in the
swans the rusty color is due to external staining, then the same is the
case with the brown color of the heads of the eastern geese. As the
rest of the plumage is essentially the same both in the western and the’
eastern birds, the whole question as to their distinctness becomes a
question of size.

Before proceeding further a comparative table of dimensions may not
be out of place.

= |
| as NN |
3 | a ieee?
a Sie Suri
U.S. Nat Mus. No. = Collector’s name. Locality. = eo |
5 : 2 |
2 | ieeighe ae | 3
3S | S | 5B
o = | ty. &
| % +5 Tala hha |
| mm
O28 24 soe ee wasrare 2022 | L. Stejneger.-.-....-. Bering Island.......| May 10, 1883 | dg ad. | 850
QORo tt sec tetas 2028 |<... do. oc tee ans oe eS leone doc ars | May 10,1883} 9 ad.) 772
LOIZOF see eta! 147} Dt: “Geebnitebt oc J-codes| sede soh0 oats sevaes | May 22,1884 (9) ad.!......
85758..... Yara 58 il\lanP eo douyeenss-ece cece | Shanghai ....-...... Dee. 27,1880} 9 ad. | (711)
B4009 2 ees e ae eee | eee Mus. Stockholm ....-- ‘‘Suecia”’ (63°) ...... | July 21,1859! gf ad. |.....-
DULG 2s am rane ert ee ane Schltiteriss-c<2 219-5 a2 PiGermanyye=- seems anes s eee | Ot ad. foe hie
BAG eae sek ease |i Se Bia Qo: 22eeGa Ate ee laste do eee | @ ad ete
OM Gsm doen seea | neereel Seen OOo tan ee orecaeee: |bateas GO. echneenate toe cd? ad faa

*T am not prepared to pass any opinion at present upon the two alleged European
races. So much is certain from my material at hand, that the number of lamellee does
not correspond with the greater or less development of the yellow color on the bill.
Au old male with a very narrow and well-defined yellow ring behind the nail, even
narrower than on Naumann’s pl. 287, vol. xi, has not less than twenty-six lamella.
As my specimens agree mutually io all characters in which they are separate from
the eastern ones, it suffices here to handle them as one group. :

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 143

| | | wy So ea leas | = :
| eas Paes BE] @
\fsaze. | s | om atid clin ee) & =
ree | aw | | a a las | o 7D
. o eee x | 4 Teese) |} a
ls | - 8 2. | 28 | 4 ) = (23 | 3 g
leew] B £ Sb ros iy 2s om = lea | e oS
U.S. Nat.Mus.No.j 2 1 = miles Woon gle ane oes a s
° or) 4 5 SOp je-=o) alae oa ee eeO
2 a ° Se ieee heel Caleta ees s H
nD cee a . S ow | ae i. 5 ~~ Z ae Oe
| 2 ray o ° > fe 3 = Ba ea et
co on ; So xs |e 2 | 3 =s 5

Bea 8 = a Ze |es = B07 AP BGs gees lt ee zc 8
et || se = !e x “= om | Om | & os 5

| es s ees : Y Sada Neca hae ee ,
- - & faa) oa 4 feo fan R Ea G

|
|
|

>
=
>
=
>
>
~
>
=

mm. | mm. | mm, | mm mm. mm.

| mm. | mm. , mm. mm. | mm.

opddee a eeee ee] AON ADs e143) | 7S) 72) ba] 194) 18 | 40} aml 96] 88 | 20
GRR eats ina, sak |. 28 | 463 | 134] 68| 66) 48] 18|...... 987-1 $24). B6i “2821 320
| | | | | | j }
ADL NG ets Su el se 435| 122| 63) 67/ 47; 18] 16; 35| 24, 85| 81) 28
Eprseee e212: |..... | 500] 145| 60] 64| 45] 16]. | 36| 25| 82 | s2| 20
| | | | |
AGRO IES Stes ee atu: | ) 4-185] 63} 68) 42|/ 15) 41] 32) 2] 85] 84) 24
RNB AE Oe on, esces | 470 | 134| G1} 62| 40] 16) 13 | 30] 20 ]..2... | so} 22
BG an decane: acfo-s eee | 445 | 128} 60] 63 | 42 (pop lde Wee dos B08) VOD neces 74) 24
Bare eg 2 te | 410 | 121| 60} 62 | 40| 16| 13 | 30 | 20 eee 26
| | 1 |
* Moulting.

The difference in the dimensions of the bills of the two groups is so
striking that no further comment is necessary. It will, however, be
seen that the eastern birds show quite a considerable difference too in
the bill, as the latter in the Chinese bird is not longer than in the Euro-
pean forms, while its height and breadth are almost identical with the
corresponding dimensions of my Bering Island birds. There is also an-
other difference. If the measurement of the total length (28 inches)
given on the label is reliable, the Shanghai bird is a considerably smaller
bird, having, however, both wings and tail longer than even the inale
bird from Bering Island. In the coloration I can see no tangible differ-
ence.

I will not deny even the probability of these differences being only
individual variation within the same species, but I do not feel justified
in uniting them under the same name, as long as there exists a possi-
bility of their being distinct. Should this be proven, I would be rightly
blamed if adding to the present confusion by unnecessarily lumping
them together. This course is the safer one also for the reason that
most writers on the birds of Eastern Asia recognize two or more forms
of A. segetum.

The next question is, what names shall be applied to the two forms.

In the first place it may now be regarded as a well established fact
that Gmelin’s and Pallas’s grandis, which has the bill near!y 4 inches
long, is a bird quite different from either of the two forms here discussed.
That Middendorfi’s grandis, however, is identical with the specimens
from Bering Island can hardly be doubted, so well do their measure-

144 ORNITHOLOGICAT, EXPLORATIONS.

meuts agree with those given as taken from typical Amur specimens.*
They will therefore have to stand as A. segetum middendor fii.

The Chinese specimen is probably entitled to the name A. segetum
serrirostris + on account of its locality. It is difficult to make anything
out of Swinhoe’s description. He says (P. Z.8., 1871, p. 417): ‘They
are of large size, and peculiar in having huge bills approximating that
of A. grandis. I have handled several, and they were all so distinguish-
able.” The “A. grandis” with which Swinhoe was acquainted was only
Middendorft’s “ grandis” (cf. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 323), as the true grandis of
Pallas and Gmelin at that time had not yet been rediscovered. If the
“hugeness” of the bill in his specimen only approximated that of gran-
dis, it must have been somewhat similar to that of the Shanghai bird
in the National Museum.

Not knowing of the occurrence in Eastern Asia of a slender-billed
form like the typical A. segetum, I have referred all instances of the
latter name to serrirostris, where it has been used in opposition to A.
middendor ffi.

It seems as if both forms occur in Japan. In the different lists of
the birds of Japan, published by Blakiston and Pryer, we find repeat-
edly: “There seem to be two forms, a large and a small, possibly sepa-
rable.” Captain Blakiston has most liberally placed his manuscript
notes in my hands for a critical review, but as only measurements of the
bills of a few specimens are given I can throw very little light on the
present question. The measurements given all belong to A. middendor ffi
(80"™" and 34 to 2% inches = 77 to 70™).

Finally, I give the detailed description of my two birds as they were
taken down from the fresh specimens less than an hour after their
death:

g ad., U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92824, L. Stejneger No. 2022; Ladiginsk, Bering Island, May

10, 1883.
Tip of middle toe (without claw) reaches 72™™ beyond tip of tail, legs being

* The measurements given by Severzow of the billof males from the Amur (Ibis, 1876,
p. 417) , 1” 9/’—2” © may probably rest on a mistake ora misprint. Schrenck gives
commissure 3 inches (= 76™™), and culmen 2” 9/// — 2” 10! (= 70-72™™),

t The following is a partial synonymy of this form:

Anser segetum serrirostris SWINH.

1853.—Anser segetum MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II (p. 225).—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 67.—Jd., ibid., 1861, p.
344.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 253.—Id., ibid., 1867, p. 892.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 456 (part).—Id., P. Z.S..
1863, p. 323.—SCHRENCK, Reis. Amutrl., I, p. 462 (1860).—RADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., Il (p.
356) (1863).—Dybow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 338 —BLAKIST & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 212
(part) ?.—Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VILL, 1880, p. 182 (part) ?.—(A. segitum) Tid., ibid., X, 1882,
p. 94 (part) ?.—BLAKIST., Chrysanth., 1883, p. 27 (part) !.—(segetum) Id., Amend. List Is. Jap.,
p. 8 (part)?.

1871.—Anéser segetum var. serrirostris SwWINH., P. Z, S., 1871, p. 417.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 108.
Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 67 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool, France, 1877, p. 42.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 145

stretched backwards. Weight 10 pounds.* Iris dark brown. Bill brownish black,
with a clear yellow band across the bill.

Not long after the drawing (pl. vii, fig. 1) was made the color changed to a brownish orange, paler
and more approaching flesh-color anteriorly. Feet orange, with more yellowish webs, and black
nails. Rather lean.

No trace of white on feathering bordering the bill.

9 ad., U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92825, L. Stejneger, No. 2023; Ladiginsk, Bering Island,
May 10, 1883. i
‘Middle toe reaches 68" beyond the tail. Weight 8} pounds. Iris dark brown.
Color of bill very much as in the specimen above, the yellow, however, being of a
paler shade, and not extended behind the nostrils. Feet asin the foregoing. Rather
fat. Eggs swollen, the largest one having a diameter of 15™™,
Feathering along the base of bill with faint traces of white semilunes, these, how-
ever, being strongly tinged with rusty.

Grebnitski’s specimen (No. 101207) is very much like the latter, but
there are faint yellowish mottlings along the lower border of the nos-
trils, and no trace of white on the feathers encircling the bill.

This goose, which is said to be very common in many parts of Kam-
tschatka, is not of regular occurrence on Bering Island even during the
migrations. The appearance of a small flock in May, 1883, out of which
the present pair were shot, was due to the same cause which brought
so many Kamtschatkan species over to the islands. From Governor
Grebnitski I afterwards received a specimen shot on Bering Island
May 22, 1884.

58. Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.).

1827.—Anas albifrons BONAP., Speechio Comp., p. 70.—Anser a. Sw1nu., Ibis, 1875, p.
456.—Id., Ibid., 1877, p. 146.—BLakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1378, p. 212.—/id.,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 182.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 95.—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 8 (1884).

1852.—Anser gambeli HARTL., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 7.—DaLL & BANNIsT., Tr.
Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 294.—Datt, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 5
(1873).—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 6 (1874).

1852.—Anser erythropus BArRD, Stansbury’s Rep., 1852 (p. 321) (nec LIn.).—SCHLEG.,
Mus. P.B. Anser., p. 110 (1867).

1872.—Anser albifrons var. gambeli CoUuEs, Key, 1 ed., p.282.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin,
p- 93 (1883).—Turnrr, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1875.— Anser brachyrhynchus Sw1Nu., Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (nee BAILL. ). —BLAKIST. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 212. —Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 182.—Jid., ibid., X,
1882, p. 95.—SEEB., Ibis, 1883, p. 369.—BLakist., Chrysanth., 1883, p. 27.—
Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 33 (1884).

Schlegel has already pointed out that the Japanese white-fronted
geese belong to the large American form which, by Hartlaub, has been
called gambeli, and Nelson gives it as occurr.ng on the Siberian coast of
Bering Sea. The specimen obtained by me on Bering Island confirms
these statements, since it certainly belongs to the typical A gambeli, as

“ Cfr. Severzow (Ul. ¢.), ‘*10-104 1h.”
15861 Bull. 29-——10

1435 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

will be seen from the measurements given below; it matches average
North American specimens in every particular.

On the average the American birds are larger and their bilis bigger
than true A. albifrons, although the difference is much less than be-
tween the latter and erythropus. In the United States National Mu-
seum, however, there is a specimen said to be from Abydos, which is
fully as large as the average American birds. The locality is not un-
doubted, however, and the specimen may have come from America. On
the other hand, a winter specimen from Texas is not larger than typical
albifrons, but is probably a migrant from Greenland, where this form
breeds and where A. gambeli is not known to occur.

At all events, the measurements which I have taken have convinced
me that gambeli is only a race or subspecies of albifrons, while the latter
may be regarded as specifically distinct from erythropus.

The specimen from Bering Island measures:

9 ad., U.S. Nat Mus. No. 92826, L. Stejneger No. 2021; Kamennij valley, Bering Island,
May 10, 1883.

Total length 685™™. Closed wings beyond tail 20™", Middle toe (without claw)
reaches tip of tail, legs being stretched backwards. Wing 417™™, Tail-feathers,
124™™, Bill, from tip to frontal feathering, 51™™; along gape to angle of mouth
52™™; to posterior angle of nostrils37™™. Breadth of billat middle of nostrils 18™™ ;
height at base 29™™, Tarsus 78™™, Middle toe with claw 76™™.

The following notes were taken down immediately after the bird was
shot and a colored drawing (pl. vii, fig. 2) made:

Weight 6% pounds. Iris very dark brown. Bill, milky white; the anterior part and
tomia witha very faint rosy tinge; the posterior parts with a hardly perceptible wash
of bluish ; a square figure on culmen, edges of nostrils, a small spot beneath them,
and the basal two-thirds of the lower half of the under mandible, cadmium yellow ;
naked skin on mental angle and corner of mouth of the same color, but paler; a
stripe along the forehead pale brownish yellow ; nail cream colored; naked eye-ring,
dark brownish gray. Feet vivid cadmium yellow ; webs somewhat paler and purer
yellow; nails horny white. Fat.

The colors changed about an hour after the colored drawing was fin-
ished, the white becoming flesh-color.

This specimen was shot on the same day on Bering Island as the pair
of the foregoing species, but in a different part of the island. At least
three were seen. It seems to occur regularly during the spring migra-
tion, and has already been mentioned by Steller from Bering Island.
In 1882 I had the opportunity of examining two specimens shot on Lake
Saranna, Bering Island, in April. They were prepared by Mr. Greb-
nitski, who had them forwarded to St. Petersburg. The culmen of the

male measured 51™",

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 147

' 59. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (RICH.).

1826.—Anser canadensis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 230.

1831.—Anser hutchinsiti RICHARDS. in Sw. & Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer., If, 470:—Bernicla
h. DaLL & Bannisv., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 295.—Finscu, Abh. Ver.
Brem. III, 1872, p. 20.—SEEB., Ibis, 1882, p. 309.—BLAKIsT. & PRYER, Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 96.—BuakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., pp. 9, 33
(1884). c A

1836.—Anser lewcoparcius BRANDT, Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb., I, 1836, p. 37.—A.
(Bernicla) l. Id., Descr. and Icon. Anim. Ross. Noy. Aves, I, p. 13.—Bernicla
l, BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 —Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880,
p. 183.—Branta l. STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1833, p. 70.

1872.—Branta canadensis var. hutchinsii CoUES, Key N. Am. B., p. 284.—TurNER, Auk,

‘1885, p. 158. 4

A comparison of undoubted specimens of the true hutchinsit with
skins from the Aleutian Islands and Brandt’s original description, con
taining the dimensions of lewcopareius, convinces me that these two
names are absolute synonyms, being different, however, from what has
usually been called leucopareia by American writers. In 1858 Baird
(Hist. N. Amer. B., p. 765) headed a species leucopareia to which he
gave the name occidentalis in the text, suspecting it to be different from
Brandt’s bird, as it really was. Afterwards the name leuwcopareia was
applied by Dr. Coues to a small short-billed race, specimens of which
were obtained at the Prybiloff Islands, and herein American authors
have afterwards followed him when speaking of the same form as
occurring in Alaska, or, during the migrations, in more southern
localities along the western coast. This race, which probably is a
northern and northwestern form of occidentalis, in the same manuer as
hutchinsiti seems to be a northern and northwestern form of the true
canadensis has been called Branta minima by Robert Ridgway. Both
this and hutchinstt (= leucopareia) inhabit Alaska, and hence the con-
fusion.

Several marks have been given as distinctive of the two small forms,
hutchinsti and minima, ec. g., the absence or presence of a white ring
round the lower part of the neck, the absence or presence of a black
“bridge” separating the two white cheek-patches, &¢., but none of
these characters hold good through an extensive series. The really
distinctive marks seem to be the relative length of the bill, it being
longer in hutehinsti, besides the lighter surface of the latter form, the
color of the breast fading gradually into the white of the belly, while in
minima the limit is abrapt and well marked. Both forms have sixteen
tail-feathers, and are about of the same size,

148 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Captain Blakiston was correct in identifying the birds from Japan as
leucopareia, and so was Mr. Seebohm when he afterwards referred them
to the true hutchinsii, but he is entirely wrong when saying (Ibis, 1882,
p. 369): “A skin sent (No. 2621) proves to be of this species (hutchinsit),
and not of B. leucopareia. The former has sixteen tail-feathers, with the
wing 16 inches long, whilst the latter is said to have eighteen tail-
feathers, with the wing 18 inches long.” He evidently confounds leuco-
pareia with B. occidentalis BAIRD, which, like canadensis, is said to have
eighteen to twenty rectrices,(?) and the wing measuring from 16.25 to 18
inches, while leucopareia (= hutchinsii) has only sixteen tail-feathers,
and the wing from 13.60 to 16.35 inches long. I find in Captain Blakis
ton’s manuscript notes measurement of birds from the Kuriles agree-
ing closely with those of true hutchinsti. Mr. Seebohm has apparently
been led to make the above statement by not being aware that Baird’s
leucopareia (B. N. A., p. 765) is the same author’s occidentalis, which is
different from Brandt’s leucopareia.

List of specimens collected.

: <= ne et
cry | | | = uw | 2
| | | | es oe hes
. . a ! ~ _
a | . | = t ~ | 3S ° =
Sia | ~ | sap es = Ran Te & fAs @¢s
Saat = py) elude tenet Be lec) & (Se i oe
Ro hileem-ny © <duocality: 4 = ral eee = 5 Sola Sep, ee ee
oe ey | S A 2° S AS | 6 (| o | g
ZA = = aa hares = Bie} Oath er Wes Geese
eae Fonte e la] w]e |e |S8) a esis
i} ea a A Ly ey ee ee al al ak es
; S 2 ris | i Be ee S| Sa a es
P oO = DN a S | = H|A | A |A fa)
eae |— | - = t
mm. mm. | mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm. mm.
:
89109 | 1259 | Bering Island | July 11, 1882 |......-..|...--.|.-.--- eee | 34 | 40 27 18
O280 7 aL21650| a nO se aee ee | June 9,1883. gad-.-| 657 0 390 108 32 37 | 24 | 17

No. 89109.—Head only. :
No. 92827.—Billand feet black. Testes small, hardly 10%" long. Rather lean. Weight 4} pounds.
Number of rectrices 15.

Hutchinson’s white-cheeked goose is probably the only one of the
Leucoblepharon group which breeds in the Palearctic ornis. As already
announced in my preliminary report (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 70), I
found it breeding in small numbers on Bering Island, where I observed
them repeatedly on the large swamp east of the village, and where
afterwards an adult was shot and one of the six downy young captured.
My hope that the latter might escape being eaten by any of the six
hundred dogs of the village was not fulfilled.

In 1883 the first arrivals were announced on the 2d of May, and on the
9th of June a male was killed near Saranna. ;

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 149

This species has also been found breeding on the Kurile Islands, and
seems to pass the winter in Japan. It is nowhere common in the Old
World, where it probably is only an immigrant of comparatively late
date.

60. Branta nigricans (LAwR.).

1826.—Anser brenta PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 229 (part). .

1846.—Anser nigricans LAWRENCE, Aun. Lye. N. Y., 1V, 1846, p: 171.—Bernicla n.
DatL & BannisT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p.295.—Datu, Avif. Aleut.
Isl. west Unal., p. 6 (1874).—Bran, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1852, p. 166.—NEL-
son, Cruise Corwin, p. 94 (1883).—BLakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 33,
(1e84).

1858.—Anas bernicla KittTt., Denkw., II, p. 384 (nee LIn.).

1878.—Bernicla torquata BLAKIsT. & PRYER, Ibis 1878, p. 212 (nee VIEILL.)—Jid., Tr.
As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 183.—Jid., ibid., x. 1882, p. 96.

1882.—Bernicla brenta nigricans Cours, Check-list, 2 ed., p. 112.,—SrxEB., Ibis, 1884,
p. 32.

The Black Brant has already in “The Ibis” for January of last year
been shown to occur in the eastern part of the Palzarctic region, as it
winters in Northern Japan.

On the islands visited by me it only occurs during the migrations, and
even then very sparingly. A young female, the only specimen caught
during my stay, was obtained late in fall, when swimming at sea, a
little off the northern shore. It kept company with some individuals of
Phalocrocorax pelagicus, no others of its own kind being seen in the
neighborhood. The cesophagus contained green alge and leaves of a
Zostera. It was very fat. The measurements are as follows:

Q jun., U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92828, Stejneger, No. 1712; Severnij, Bering Island, Novem-

ber 8, 1882. :

Total length 568™™, Tail beyond wings 15™™, Wing 330™™, Tail-feathers 88™™.

Bill along gape 36™", Tarsus 64™™, Middle toe, with claw 55™™, Weight 5 pounds.
Tris dark brown.

2

61. Olor cygnus (LIN.).

1758. Anas cygnus LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 122 (part).

1779. Anas olor PALL., Sv. Vet. Acad. Handl., XL, p. 27 (nec GMEL., 1788).—Cygnus
o. Id., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 211 (part) (1826).

1809.—Cygnus musicus Becust., Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl., IV, p. 830.—MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reise, II, 2(p. 224) (1853).—Scurenck, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 455 (1860).—
SWINH., lbis, 1862, p. 254.—Jd., ibid., 1875, p. 456.—Jd., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 323.—
Id., ibid., 1871, p. 416.—BLakIsT., Ibis, 1862, p. 332.—Id., Chrysanth., 1883, p.
26.—Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p.23 (1884).—Rappk#, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir.,
II (p. 348) (1863).—DyBow. & Parvex., J. f. Orn., 1568, p. 338.—PrzEw.,
Putesch. Ussur. (n. 189) (1570).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 108.—Id., ibid.,
1874, p. 336.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 44.—Iu., ibid., 1883, p. 343.—
Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 63 (1877).—BLakist. & PrykEr, Ibis, 1878,
p. 211.—lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap. VIII, 1880, p. 132.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 94,

150 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

No specimens of this swan were procured, but I identified several
heads in Petropaulski as belonging to the Hooper, which, in fact, is the
common species of this region. During the winter 188283, swans
were repeatedly observed on Bering Island, but as they were extremely
shy none were obtained, nor was it even possible to get so near to them
as to be able to identify the species with absolute certainty. I have
little doubt, however, that they belonged to the species in question, and
not to the following.

The first ones were observed on October 15, 1882, when a flock of six.

individuals was seen flying over the village, Bering Island, from west
to east. Two seem to have passed the winter at Severnij, where they
were observed on January 10 and March 18, 1883. Another was re-
ported from Zapadnij, April 24, 1883.

62. Olor columbianus (ORD).

1515.—Anas columbianus ORD in Guthrie’s Geogr. 2d Amer. ed. (p. 319).—Olor c. TurR-
NER, Auk, 1885, p. 157. *
1831.— Cygnus americanus SHARPLESS in Doughty’s Cab. Nat. Hist., I, No. 8, p. 185.—
Dalit & BANnIstT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 293.—Dat., Avif. Aleut. Isl.,
west Unal., p. 6 (1e74). —Olor a. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 92 (1883).
On November 3, 1882, one of the natives of Bering Island brought me
a young swan, shot at Fedoskija, which puzzled we not a little.
According to all information, the two species of swans of Eastern Asia
shouid be Olor cygnus and Olor dewickii, and the specimen, therefore, ought
to belong to one of them. The young of these species have been con-
sidered difficult to distinguish, but in my ‘*‘ Monograph of the Cy gnine”
(Pr. U.S. Nar. Mus., Stat. 1882, p. 174 seqv.) [had pointed out a character,
which I was now going totry. A close examination showed me that
my specimen, a young male, in its gray plumage, was just a little larger
than the largest O. bewickii ever measured by me (more than twenty),
being much smaller, however, than young O. cygnus (= musicus) of the
same age. But, while agreeing better with bevwickii as to size, the bill
was essentially that of O. cygnus, not high at the base, with nearly per-
pendicular processus maxillaris of the nasal bone, as in the former, but
rather depressed and with the said processus decidedly oblique, as in
the latter. In addition to these features the bird was remarkable for
having the feet colored white; not light gray, but decidedly white. I
at first fancied it to be a smaller eastern representative of O. cygnus,
but heads of adults of the latter from Kamtschatka convinced me that
eastern specimens of the Hooper are as typical as those from Europe.

oY ee ee

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 151

The measurements agreed, however, still better with those of Olor
columbinaus (= americanus), and a careful comparison with specimens
of the latter in the National Museum renders it absolutely certain that
the bird shot on Bering Island belongs to this American species. This
is the first record of the Whistling Swan having been obtained in Asia.

The young American Whistling Swan agrees with O. cygnus in having
the bill depressed at base and the processus mavillaris of the nasal bone
much oblique, thus being easily distinguished from Olor bewickit. It is,
however, much smaller than O. cygnus, and the outline of the culmen
is different, being slightly concave in the latter, while straight or rather
convex in O. columbianus.

My specimen is a perfect counterpart of examples from various parts
of America in the National Musuem, being only a trifle lighter and
with whitish feet. In the latter respect it seems to agree with No. 81230
from Alaska, which in all probability had the feet equally light when
alive. Jn all other respects the Bering Island bird matches No. 85579
(cfr. description and measurements in my Monograph, tom. cit., p. 212).
A comparison of the measurement of the two specimens will be appended
below.

The following notes on the color of the naked parts were written down
immediately after receiving the bird: Iris dark brown. Bill and lores
whitish flesh-color, tinged with reddish in front of the nostrils, with
bluish behind those, and with yellowish at the base, and on the naked
eye- ring; terminal half of the portion between nostrils and tip, includ-
ing the nail, as also the borders of the nostrils and tomia, blackish ;
naked skin of mental angle flesh-color. Feet white, with a faint bluish
tinge, and with a yellowish wash on the lower part of tarsus in front,
and on the sides of the toes; webs, under surface of feet, and upper
portion of tarsus mottled with dark gray; claws horny white, black
towards the tips.

152 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Table of dimensions.

[Taken from the fresh specimens.]

ort a os
Bee |e Ss
eo | 2
~ 0 .og
oEbN e¢Soo
ASS |4Re
2 Za | a sa ,
Olor columbianns. a ''9 Ey, A S
S ws = | S KS
a = } 43 SE
os Soy
Ae. | Aas
wea | ,S¥R
mS | Oe eg
On -= Daw
p b
mm. mm
otallon Cth SU sacske ene dee ent ae a ain be oeicte Sn simminlon Sacleieryele ats oniain eevee 1183 1165
Tip ofttalsbeyond closed wings scenes casks oye cee seme ce see Seis eaicies erate otal 63 40
engthof bill:alons gape 2. 5. 22..cosFaece Janke ede Sees Banos ansiai qe aseeaeieen ora sleet 84 88
Gength from’ tip to the front:of the nostrils...2 <6. 2- soca cece cceel ee semeniance 39 45
Eength to‘the foresborder of theleyere se < secon ssee qc adacnlemts acioesee~aceeeeeeee 108 113
Breadth of bill atithemiddleof the nostrila-- 25. ese sasac ae seen ast aan cece 31 | 29
Length of toes with claws:
Qutiertoe 22 sac Shab e i sok coke occ c coe seta wan te aaa po clasaee oases sae Sere 130 126
Maddie st6e chert si seecceh c keeG cate, vas dase eeeea ek eee eee aa aeeeee 138 128
PNNOV LOG as sac len n Rees anos Seaticge tac S pia Manco eat sa ncaeeaecesene Beatle 107 112
EEC LOG o- a orwisen es siaicie tomtaceias esloc supesan' semen seme -aciaticies smoke can Mecano | 26 26
MENS UMOLtATSUs snes ce sacs eee Ds Thcirek shee bk eta Seno aa ee he eee eae | 110 112
een rth: ofewin Pe cae cee sk ape cicte Sores wach areca ne sone ea amelie ae aor Sena See eee | 510 |- 550
Length of longest tail-feathers. Soo. as acacia adsee ns sence eeseae Cs trcenene eee | 137 134
Stretehvolwings 2: = else a sciak 2 date ae eee bas See Renee eed ok ee 2060

The weight of the Bering Island specimen was 124 pounds.

It was most likely an accidental straggler, as, in all probability, the
other swans observed during the winter belonged to the species common
in the region, O. cygnus.

63. Anas boschas LIN.
1758.—Anas boschas L1N., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 127.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 225

(1826).—MIDDEND, Sibir. Reise, H, 2 (p. 229) (1853).—Kairti., Denkw., IT, |

p. 294 (1858).—ScnrenNck, Reis. Amur. I, p. 472 (1860).—Swinu., Ibis, 1861,
p. 344.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 254.—J/d., ibid., 1577, p. 146.—Jd.,.P. Z.S., 1863, p.
324.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 417.— BiakistT., Ibis, 1#82, p. 332.—Jd., Chrysanth.,
1883, p. 27.—Rappr, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir. II, (p. 363) (1863.)—DyBow.
& Parvex, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 338.—Datit & Bannist., Tr. Chicag.
Acad., I, 1869, p. 296.—PrRzrw., Putesch. Ussur. (n._ 197) (1870).—DaLu.
Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 5 (1873).—Taczan., J. f. Orn. 1873, p. 109.—
Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 69 (1877).—J/d., Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 45.—TId., ibid., 1883, p.343.—BLakistT. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 213.—Tid., Tr. As. Soe. Jap., VII, 1880, p. 183.—Tid., ibid., X.
1882, p. 96.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 22.—HARTLAUB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 281.—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 95 (1883).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

The Wild Duck is known by the natives as “ Selesenn,” being very
numerous on Bering Island, and the only member of the group Anatine
wintering there, although in limited numbers,

+

aca &

+ >
Lt a> Es en

~

dong hy

Oar a a

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 153

On Copper Island it is only met with during the migrations, as there
are few or no localities suitable for it to breed.
In Kamtschatka it is, of course, of common occurrence.

List of specimens.

; E
°

4 | <
o A q q
5 ° | . oO Sa
ee 3 | zg | 8 5
+ 2 Locality. Bra ele | Oe 2
E Ee = | e i ;
~ . 5 Q o
Ree a [eos SRE hs | a ae re
Biol S ¥ peut Ui igg tha pat net ant ceed
pb | o A | wi | aes Hla le] Ss
| mm.|mm. mm. mm | mn.

89117 | 1045 | Bering Island ................--- May 13, 1882] ¢ ad.| 283] 92! 55] 46] GL

101210 G. ones dae Ese ae April—,1884 | (°) ad. ia 95/ 55| 44| 97

REMARKS.—lIris dark brown. Bill olive; nail black, TFeetlight salmon red; webs blackish towards
the middle.

Eggs were taken during the first part of June and measure as follows:

U. S. Nat. Mus, No. 21795, Stejn. No. 1172, Toporkoff Island, June 6, 1882; belonging
to a clutch of nine; 60 by 41.5™™; 59 by 42.5™™,
Mus. No. 21781, S. No. 2194, Kamennij Vall., Bering Island, June 19, 1883; set com-

plete: 56.5 by 44™™ ; 56.5 by 44™™; 56.25 by 42.5™™; 55 by 43™™; 56 by 42™™; 56 by

42,5™m; 56 by 42.5™m,
64. Dafila acuta (LIN.).

s acuta Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 126.—NORDMANN in Erman’s Verz. Th.
PA, p. 18 (1835).— Tema. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 128).—MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 233) (1853).—Kitri., Denkw., II, p. 292 (1858).—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 481 (18% :0).—R ADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir. II
(p. 371) (1863).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 324. Sane Putesch. Ussur,
(n. 204) (1870).—Finscu, Abh. prec Ver., III, 1872, p. 66.—Dajila a. Cassin,
Exp. Jap. Perry, II, p. 231 (1857).—Swinu., Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Id., ibid.,
1867, p. 399.—Id., ibid., 1877, p. 147.—Id., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 418.—Braktsr7.,
Ibis, 1862, p. 332.—Jd., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (18384).—WaITELyY. Ibis,
1867, p. 207.—DaLL & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 297.—Ta-
CZAN., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 109.—Id., ibid., 1874, p.337.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p. 69 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 45. —Ia., sbid., 1283,
p. 343.—BLakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.213.—Jid. Tr r. As. Soc. Jap., VIII,
1880, p. 184.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 97.—SrEs., This: 1879, p. 22.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 96 (1883).

1816.—Anas caudacuta LEACH, Syst. Cat. M. B. Brit. Mus., p. 38.—PALu., Zoogr. Ross.
As., I, p. 280 (1826).

The Pintail (Russ. “ Vostrochvost”) arrives at Bering Island during
the latter part of April. In 1883 I observed the first ones, while on a
sledge trip to the southern end of the island, between Comandore and
Polovino, on the 23d of April. Four days later they were seen in-the
neighborhood of the village. From this time on they were found every-
wherein suitable places, as this species is undoubtedly the most numerous

154 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

among the fresh-water ducks on the island. Still, on the 20th of May
I found them in flocks, but soon the pairs dispersed over the tundras

and the swamps of the valleys, and already the 4th of June a nest -

with seven eggs was secared on Toporkoff Island; six days after, an-
other nest with five eggs was taken.

I have no sure record of its having been found breeding in Copper
Island, where, in fact, localities suitable for fresh-water ducks are
rather scarce. But I have little doubt that a few pairs breed in Pest-
schanij or in Gladkovskij.

The eggs measure as follows:

3
a
a
=| :
a |
evel a Diameters. Date. Locality. Remarks.
b | @
mm.
21784 | 2143 | 50 by 37 dune: 9; 1883)| Bering sland. 22. ssne= eso ceee oes oeeae Whole clutch.
| 50.5 by 36
50 by 36.5
{ | 50 by 37
50 by 36.5
21796 | 1162 | 53 by 39 June 6,1882].-..... Gees Sa ocrngceenauccconcMnDooSSDDONbE Clutch con-
P | 56 by 39 | - tained nine
53 oby 38.5 eggs.
| 54.5 by 39
53.5 by 38
54 by 39
53 by 38 |
21797 | 1114 | 54 by 38 May 29, 1882 |...... OR ithe cds smear eawen See eem sees
53. by 38
List of specimens.
ee | |
D ‘ 3 a
S ° 2 . 5
| A 2 eC a zB g
3 oe Locality. = gp a g a
a m ° a = °
a = 3 3 2 3
oO a 5 — th Ss s
w = a i = SHE &
oS i aS i]
5 8 | E a |a|Fi]a|aea
| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92832 13979) Boringisland’)-eo.sosscenccece ensce Aug. 3, 1882 | 9 juv.| 508 | *200 90 44
89105 | AGO Ae tO ee cee is te cio eee Ang. 5,1882; f juv., 505 , *165 87 | 42
101208 | G. 121 |...--. DOs Saat sans cia sgh nice Paaiee aie June —, 1884 | (\") ad.| ...-.. 263 167 52
101209 | G. 95 | alae COiet Acenincee asses sec sceneeae May 20, 1884 | Cop )padi}cs 5... 254 | 109 | 50

> *Primaries not yet fully out.
No. 92832.—Iris dark brown. Bill bluish gray, blackish towards tip. Feet brownish gray, lighter and
somewhat yellowish on the front of tarsus and toes. ;

No. 89105.—Iris blackish brown. Feet brownish gray, with a greenish tinge, and more yellowish on
front of tarsus and toes.

act

nr ee

4

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 155

65. Nettion crecca (LIN.).

1758.—Anas crecca LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed. I, p. 126.—Patu. Zoogr. Ross. As., IT, p.
263, (1826).—TremM. & ScHLEG. Faun., Japan, Av. (p. 127) (1849).—M1p-
DEND., Sibir. Reis., II. 2 (p. 230) (1853).—Kirr.., Denkw., II, p. 292 (1858).—
ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., II, p. 474 (1860).—Rappk, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir.,
II (p. 367) (1863),—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 324.—DyBow. & ParvEx, J. f.
Orn., 1868, p. 338.—PRzEWw., Put. Ussur. (n.205).—BLakIsT., Ibis, 1876, p.
339.— Querquedula c. SwINH., Ibis, 1861, p.345.—Id., ibid., 1865, p. 347.—Id.,
ibid., 1867, »». 399.—Id.. ib'd., 1870, p. 366.—Id., ibid., 1877, p. 147 —WHITELY,
Ibis, 1867, p. 207.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—
Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 70 (1877.)—/d., Bull. Sve. Zool. France, 1877,
p. 46.—TJd., ibid., 1883, p. 343.—BLaAkIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 213.—Jid.,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap. VIII, 1880, p. 184.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 97.—SEEB., Ibis,
1879, p. 22.—BLakiIsT., Chrysanth., 1883, p. 27.—Jd., Amend. List B. Jap.,
p. 9 (1884).— Nettion c. BLakisT., Ibis, 1862, p. 332.

List of specimens.

5 |

A

a : << a

5 ° 2 2

a A 3 3 a El 8

33 2 Locality. s ep tn 2 a

B76 3 Bice (us a 2

A 5 S Fhe gy eh

wn = a a 3 bp = 2

: Oo a K ° eS 3 K

ba oO & L BR oe ay

|mm. |mm.|mm.| mm

89106 1038 | Bering Island..................--- _...| May 11,1882} gad. | 368] 183| .66| 35
89107 | 1049 }...-.. GON an tec teen sma codon Saeecee sates | May 14,1882} Qad. 338 168 61 33
89108 | 1409 |...... COpeme ace amen ae Seem meiyas eAcn ge. SO eIES2ilr Guuvenle sees inesess leeeaes 31
92834 | 1408 |...--. GON at Roses = eae aan aies Oe Aug. 5, 1882 2 338 162 58 | 31
TOV lei Ges0h| vane douse ose e aaietat aetoth P | Apr. —1884 |(Q)ad. |...... 175| 60 36
92835 | 2636 | Velutschka, Kamtschtka ............. | Sept. 21,1883 2 saan 168 62 34

No. 89106.—TIris hazel. Bill black, with a small light spot between the nostrils and the tomium.
Feet ligLt brownish gray; webs darker brownish.

No. 89107.—Iris hazel. Bull olive gray, blackish towards the point; culmen, except a V-shaped space
along the angle of the forehead, with black spots; basal two-thirds of upper tomia ocher yellow, as also
the lower jaw and mental angle. Feet brownish gray; webs darker than in the foregoing number.

No. 92834.—Iris dark yellowish gray.

The common Teal (7schirok of the Russians) is the commonest fresh-
water duck of the region next to the Pintail. It breeds numerously in
all suitable places on Bering Island, and a young bird, nearly fledged,
which I shot on Copper Island July 26, 1883, proves that it also breeds
there, where the localities will in any way allow it to do so, as for in-
stance at Pestschanij Osero.

In 1883 the first Teal was seen in a flock of Anas boschas, near the
Village, on the 13th of April, and another was observed on the southern
Kitovaja Reschka. The weather had changed the foregoing day from
cold to mild, with rain and southerly wind. Between the 22d and 27th
of April I found them very numerous along the southeastern shore,

between Oape Tolstoj and Bujan.

156 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS,

In the beginning of August the young ones were already fit for food.
I need not say that the young teals were looked upon as a very wel-
come change in our somewhat uniform diet of corned beef and salmon.

Anegg cut from the oviduet, June 11, 1883 (No. 2196; U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 21803), measures 43 by 33.5™™.

66. Querquedula querquedula (Lin.).

1758.—Anas querquedula LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 126.—PAtt., Zoogr. Ross. As., IT,
p. 264 (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 229) (1853).—Rappk, Reis.
Siid. Ost-Sibir., I (p. 371) (1863).—Swinu., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 324.—DyBow.
& ParRveXx, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 338.—PRrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 202)

(1870).— Prerocyanea g. TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1873, p.110.--Jd.. Orn. Faun.

Vost. Sibir., p. 70 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 46.—Id., ibid.,
1883, p. 343.

1758.—Anas circia LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 127.—Querquedula c. SwiNnu., Ibis,
1863, p. 434.—Id., ibid., 1867, p. 407.—Id., P. Z. S., 1870, p. 427.—Id., ibid.,
1871, p. 418.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1874, p. 337.—BLaKIsT. & PRYER, Ibis,
1878, p. 214.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 185.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882,
p- 98.—BuakIsT., Amend. List B.Jap., p. 34 (1884).—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p.
175.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p. 9.

The Garganey Teal is a bird of rather rare occurrence every where,
and in Eastern Asia it is not more numerous than elsewhere. It has
not been taken on the islands, and a male in very fine plumage, shot
on a hunting excursion to Avatscha on the 25th of May, 1883, was the
only specimen I obtained in Kamtschatka.

The measurements of this individual are as under:

U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 92,833; L. Stejneger, No. 2056. ¢ ad. Avatscha, Kamtsch., May
25, 1883.
Total length, 380™™; tail beyond wings, 5™™; wing, 193™™; tail-feathers, 66™™;
exposed culmen, 38™™; tarsus, 30™™; middle toe with claw, 42™™,

The following notes were taken down from the fresh bird: Iris yel-
lowish brown; bill dark pear! gray, with .an olive wash on culmen
and anterior half; feet gray, with a faint brownish tinge on the joints;
webs blackish. Rather fat. Testes very large, swollen.

67. Eunetta falcata (GEORGI).

1775.— Anas falcata GEORGI, Reis. Russ., I (p.167).—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 259
(1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir., Reis., IJ, 2 (p. 231) (1853).—Kurtri., Denkw. II,
p. 307 (1858).—ScCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 476 (1860).—RADDE, Reis.
Siid. Ost.-Sibir., II (p. 369) (1863).—ScHLEG., Mus. P. B. Anser, p. 72
(1866).—DyBow. & Parvex, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 338.—PRzEw., Putesch.
Ussur. (n. 201).—BuakIsT., Ibis, 1876, p. 335.—Mareca f. CASSIN, Exp. Jap.
Perry, II, p. 231 (1857).—unetia f. Swinu., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 419.—Id.,
Ibis, 1874, p. 164.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p. 9. —Querquedula f. Tac-
ZAN., J. £. Orn., 1873, p. 109.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—Id., ibid., 1875, p.
257.—/d., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 69 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool. France,
1877, p. 45.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 343.—BiakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 214.—
lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 105.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 98.—BLa-
KisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).—Nettion f. STEINEGER, Pr. U. S,
Nat. Mus., 1883, p, 71. ,

~

SP Sete de Se

eon Str tee

a

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 157

1776.—Anas falearia PALL., Reis. Russ. Reich, II (p.701).—TEMM. & SCHURG., Faun.
Jap. Av. (p. —) (1849).—Swiya., Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Id., ibid., 1862, p.
254.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 324.—Querquedula f. BLAKIST., Ibis, 1862, p. 332.

1860.— Querquedula multicolor Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (nee SCOPOLI ?).

List of specimens obtained.

3 a
A a
a ; 3 a ‘
er, 5 Siaiiee a | §
a 2 Locality. € Se on | = 3S a
+ be 2 a a ° a a
8 3S ° ro Olea aes 3S 5°
A 5 a | =| wo | & g
= 2 ® S Eh oes a = 2
ae lores = Bh) heals Wile (liter
Bilas = - BP Pe ee
mm. | mm.| mm. mm. mm.
89112 | 1157 | Bering Island ..-.........-....-. June 4, 1682) |" fi ad. ||) 4850) 2-0. eed) sen senle nase
92839 ! 2047 | Petropaulski, K.................. | May 19, 1883 | of ad. 494 | 0} 245 71 43
| |
92840 | 2053 | Petropaulski. K.............---- | May 19, 1883 | Sad. |...... ese 243 73 43
92841 | DOG PAwatschamke asso cee s aos cise cette | May 25, 1883 | ¢' ad. 483 | ee dee 240 69 41

No. 89112.—Iris dark hazel. Bill uniform horny black. Fect delicate light olive gray, with yellow-
ish tinge on the scutelle of the tarsus; joints darker grayish; webs and under side blackish brown.
Contents of stomach, leaves of plants.

No. 92839.—Bill blackish gray, with an olivaceous tinge. Feet, middle gray, joints darker, webs
blackish. Tip of middle claw—legs being stretched backwards—20™ beyond tip of tail. Extremely
fat. Testes large, swollen. M£sophagus contained grass.

The Faleated Teal (Kassatoj Selesenn of the Russians), perhaps the
prettiest species of the whole group, is a regular summer visitant to
Kamtschatka, but seems not to be very numerous. During my trip to
Petropaulski in the spring of 1883 I obtained several adult males, but
it must be remembered that the rivers and lakes were not open yet, and
that snow covered the ground everywhere, so that the ducks which had
already arrived were compelled to await the opportunity of getting at
their summer resorts, therefore congregating in large numbers at the
mouths of the rivers.

It has been observed on Bering Island during the spring migration,
and a few pairs may perhaps even breed, for instance, in the upper part
of Kamennij Valley, but it is at all events a very rare bird there. A sin-
gle specimen, a beautiful male, was procured on the 4th of June, 1882.

68. Mareca penelope (LIN.).

Be ie con Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p.126.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p.
251 (1826). genta: in iBdvant s Verz., Th. Pfl., p. 18 (1835).—TrEMM. &

SCHLEG., Faun. Jap Av. (p. 127) (1849).—MIppEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p.

229) (1853).—Kitry., Denkw., II, p. 292 (1858).—Scnrenck, Reis. Amurl.,

Ie pee4aal pee —Rappk, Reis. Stid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 363) (1863).—

SwInH., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 321.—Przuw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 199) (1870).—

Buak., This ie p. 335.— areca p. CaSsIN, Exp. Jap. Perry, IIf, p. 231
(1857).—Swinu., Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Id., ibid., 1867, p. 399.—Id., ibid., 1870,

p. 366.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 457.—Id., P. Z, 8., 1871, p. 418,—BLakISsT., Ibis,

'

158 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS,
1862, p. 332.—Id., Chrysanth., 1883, p. 27.—/d., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9
(1884).—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 407.—Da.1, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw.,
p. 5 (1873).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—Id., ibid , 1874, p. 337.—Id.,
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 70 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p.
46.—TId., ibid., 1483, p.344.—CouEs in Elliott, Affairs Alaska, p E91 (1875).—
HARTING, Fauna Prybil. Isl., p. 29 (1875).—BLakisT and PRYER, Ibis, 1878,
p. 213.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 184.—Jid., rbid., X, 1882, p. 97.—
ELLIOTT, Monogr. Seal-Isl., p. 150 (1882).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 96

(1883).
List of specimens collected.
é | | Popranke 4 ES leas
A : 3
a 3 = | | ; a | a
A S | 3 a are 3 -
A 2 Locality. x gp | tp | | 3 S| a
2 | 8 s > 8 | be | ee oa
eal Ae got aay alg | 28
a a YS ba Se at rh 121), Teed ce seen reese ati
; 3 | S Be ae S| as
Bp oO E | mM H | Ee eet | & | & | =
= — |—_——_ rn —
| |
mm. | mm. mm. | mm.| mm.| mm.
92829 | 2081 | Bering Island......-.-..--. May 23, 1883 |(c*) ad.| (481) | 246} 96] 35| 40 49
92830 | 1084 |...... donseeteeh a ees Oct. 13,1882 | jun. | 420] 238; 80| 29 | 35 45
| |

No. 92830.—Iris hazel. Bill bluish-gray; tips, including nail, blackish. Feet blwish-gray with a
faint yellowish wash; webs blackish.

The ‘ Svistsch” or ‘¢ Svistun,” of the Russians, visits Bering Island
during the spring migration, but, as it seems, not regularly or in equal
numbers every year. Thus in the spring of 1882 pone were seen, while
during the following spring, from the latter days of April to the first
week of June, they were numerous along the beaches of the northwest-
ern part of the island, from Ladiginsk to Tonkij Mys.

69. Miareca americana (GMEL.).

1788.— Anas americana GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p.526.—Furyscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872,
p. 66.—TurnerR, Auk, 1885, p. 158.—Mareca a. DALL & BANNIsT., Tr. Chi-
cag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 298.—BatrD, Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869 (p. 783).—
BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 166.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 96
(1883).

A single individual of the American Widgeon was found dead among
the sand dunes near the village, Bering Island, on the Ist of May, 1883.
It was moulting, the old plumage very worn, and new feathers protrud-
ing all over the body. Some storm had probably carried it astray, as
this species is not known as an inhabitant of the Asiatic side of the
Pacific Ocean. So far as I am aware, this is the first record of its hav-
ing ever been obtained in Asia. It was a female, and very lean.

This specimen is almost ideutical with No. 31947 U.S Nat. Mus. ;
a female from Lower California; shot in February, 1860. The only dif-
ferences are that the chin and upper throat are more brownish and not
spotted, and the chin partly shaded with black,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 159

The measurements are as follows:

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92331, L. Stejneger, No. 2009. Dering Island, May 1, 1883. 9 ad.
Total length, 44¢™™; tips of closed wings reach tip of tail; wing, 234™™; tail-

feathers, 73™™ ; exposed culmen, 34™™; tarsus, 41™™ ; middle toe, with claw, 50™™,
Bill dark plumbeous blue ; tips, including nail, tomia, and lower mandible, black ;

feet plumbeous, with a faint yellowish tinge; webs blackish.

70. Spatula clypeata (LIN.).

1758.—Anas clypeata LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p.124.—PaL.., Zoogr. Ross. As., IT, p.
282 (1826).—NORDMANN in Erman’s Verz., Thier. Pfilanz., p. 18 (1855).—
TemM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 128) (1849). —MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis.,
II,2 (p. 233) (1853).—Kairrn., Denkw., II, p. 294 (1358).—SCHRENCK, Reis.
Amurl.,I,p. 481 (1860).—Rappr, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 3383) (1863).—
Swinu., P. Z. S8., 1&63, p. 324.—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 206), 1370.—
BLakisT., Ibis, 1876, p, 335.—Rhynchaspis c. SWINH., Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Jd.,
ibid., lsn2, p. 254 —Id., ibid , 1867, p. 382.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—
Td., ibid., 1674, p.337.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost Sibir., p. 20 (1877).—Jd , Bull.
Soe. Zool. France, 1277, p. 46.—Jd., ibid., 1885, p. 343.—patula ¢. BLAKIST.,
Ibis, 1862, p. 332.—/d., Amend. List LB. Jap., p. 9 (1884).—WHITELY, Ibis,
1867, p. 2U7.—DaLL & Bannist., Tr. Chicag. Ac., I, 1869, p.297.—Swinu., P.
Z. S., 1871, p. 41*.—Id., Ibis, 1875, p. 457.—BLakisT. and PRYER, Ibis, 1878,
p. 214.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 185.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 9o.—
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 96 (1883).

List of specimens collected.

——

: | | ee tl
Bo | | 8
ei es 3 Bee | 4
aecceel Se ata ees ‘
a | 2 é g (2) Ble
: sts Locality. = Ie Pee | eral e etn ma eles
a i= | c a ~
z, = 2 phe st Soda octal oa 3 °
cal 4 5 | &@ lea)/e2ten]s]e¢
: 2 ov | = P=) = °
N = a ete ee — | A _ a
: ° ® 4 eS nw
Benliom | Los fot let | ee de ek es
| He ene at Peet af tio] ue ais ee | RO | n
| I bie -mm. | mm. | mm.|mm.
92838 | 2033 | Petropaulski:............-.------ May 5,1883| gad.| 473/ 0| 228) 77| 65
92837 | 2038 |.....- doen cea: ee SOLE < May 17,1883 | fad. | 520} 10| 237] 8 63
$2836 2114 | Bering Island ..---.---..-------- May 31,1883 | ciad. | 499{ 10 | 236 83 65
|

7

No. 92838.—Iris, pale yellow; bili black, with the extreme point of the mental angle pale yellowish;
feet pale reddish orange; webs violet gray, when alive, the violet tinge disappearing as scon as dead,
the color of the web becoming brownish afterwards. Not fat. Tips of tail, tips of closed wings, and
middle claw, lecs stretched backwards, meet in one point.

The Shoveller, known to the natives by its Russian name, “ Soksun,”
is one of the rarer ducks on Bering Island. <A few pairs breed probably
in the open valleys on the southeastern shore, as, for instance, at Pol :-
vino. In 1883 the first ones were observed by me, on the 24th of April,
on the beach between Polavino and Slastnoj. At the village they were
seen at the end of May, and during the first week of June.

During my stay in Petropaulski, from the middle of May, 1883, to the

160 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

end of the month, I found this duck very common at the mouth of the
rivers, Which at that time were still partly ice-bound. It was then, by
far, easier to approach than any other of the many kinds of ducks assem-
bled there waiting for the general breaking up of the rivers.

71. Aythya fuligula (Lin.).

1758.—Anas fuligula LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 128.—PaLL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II,
p. 265.—TEMM. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Avy. (p. —) (1879).—MInDEND., Sibir.
Reis., II, 2 (p. 47) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 4%4 (1860).—
RADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II, (p. 375) (1863).—Platypus f. DyBow. &
PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 339.

1816.—Anas cristata LEACH, Syst. Cat. M. B. Br. Mus., p. 39 (nec GMEL. 1788).—
Fuligula ¢, SWINH , Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Id., ibid., 1862, p. 254.—ZJd., ibid., 1867,
p. 399.—Id., P. Z.8., 1863, p. 324.—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur.(n. 209)(1870).—
TaczaNn., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—Jd., ibid. , 1874, p. 337.—/d., Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p. 70 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 47.—Jd., ibid., 1883,
p- 344.—B1akIst, Ibis, 1887, p. 147.—Jd., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9.—BLak-
Ist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1872, p. 214.—lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 126.—
fid., ibid, X, 1882, p. 99.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 22.—Fulix c. Swinu., P. Z.S.,
1871, p. 419.

1826.—Anas colymbis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 266.

Although not uncommon in Kamtschatka this duck is only of casual
occurrence on Bering Island where a single pair was shot on the 7th
of June, 1883, in Kamennij Valley, being in company with several A.
marila. Only the male was fit for preservation. It is probable that
another male was shot during my absence in Petropaulski, in the latter
part of May.

The measurements are as follows:

g ad. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92845; L. Stejneger No. 2134. Bering Island, June 7, 1883.

Total length, 417™™. Tail beyond wings, 17™™. Wing, 199™™; tail-feathers, 53™™;
culmen, 41™™; tarsus, 36™™; middle toe with claw, 61™™.

Iris clear gamboge yellow. Bill grayish-blue; nail black. Feet gray, with a faint
olive tinge; joints darker; webs blackish. Very fat.

72. Aythya marila (LIN.).

1761.—Anas marila Lin., Faun. Svecica, 2 ed., p. 39.—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p.
328) (1853).—RADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 375) (1863).—PrzEw.,
Putesch. Ussur. (n. 210) (1870).—Fuligula m. Swinh., Ibis, 1861, p. 345.—Id.,
ibid., 1862, p. 254.—IJd., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 324.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1¢67, p. 208.—
TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 202.—Id., Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., p. 70 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 47.—I¢d.,
ibid., 1883, p. 344 (marita, err. typ.).--BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 214.—
Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 185.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 98.—BLa-
KIsT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).—Platypus m. DyBow. & PARVEX,
J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 339.—Fulix m. Swinu., P. Z. §., 1871, p. 419.—I/d., Ibis,
1875, p. 457.

: ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 16]

The Seaup Duck of the region is in every particular identical with
the common form inhabiting the Atlantic portion of the palearctic con-
tinent, the true A. marila, from which is distinguishable a representa-
tive of the American Aythya affinis (EYTON), found in Chinaand Japan,
and entitled to recognition as Aythya affinis mariloides (V1G.). Nor must
A. marila be confounded with its American subspecies Aythya marila

nearctica STESNEGER, which differs from the true marila in exactly the
Same manner as does A. afinis from A. affinis mariloides. The differ-

! ence in size and in the light markings on the primaries is easily ob-
: servable both in the males and the females. The males have the same

additional distinguishing characters, and their differences may be tabu-
lated thus:

a Size smaller; reflections on head chiefly purple; flanks narrowly vermiculated
with dusky.
b'. Primaries from the fourth quill without whitish on the inner web, the latter
being only a trifle paler than the rest of the quills.

1. A. affinis (EYTON).

Hab.—Nearctic Region, generally.
b?, Primaries from the fourth with a distinct white area on the inner web.

la. A. affinis mariloides (V1GORS).

. Hab.—-Pacific coast of Asia, from Japan southward.

a*, Size larger; reflections on head green; Flanks uniform white without dusky ver-
miculations,
b'. Primaries from the fourth quill with a distinct white area on the inner web.

2. A. marila (LIN.).

Hab.—Palearctic Region, generally.

b?, Primaries from the fourth quill with a grayish—but not white—area on the
’ inner web,

2a. A. marila nearctica STEJNEGER.

Hab.—Nearctic Region. Specimens examined from
Alaska, Pacific coast, Guatemala, Arctic and Atlan-
tic coasts, and interior of the United States.

: Quite extensive series have been examined and the characters found
to hold good in every single instance. As will be seen, the Palearctic
forms agree in the pattern of the wing, having a quite pronounced
white area on the inner webs of the inner primaries, a design only
faintly marked in their American representatives, which have the cor-
responding area dull brownish gray.

15861 Bull. 29———11

162 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

¢ 5

E rd °

Z| 3 3 é

Bie 2 6 | 3 5 :

: A Locality. o oe ep i o

w fH ° A ~ : oS

= £ 2 1) = eS a a eS

Sones g Nal ies “yy a Sete eal te

Aa fe OAL Ceara ay a) eden ipa

Ei le E RD Bt ete (tL EN ihe

mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. | mm.

89111 | 1144 | Bering Island....-.......-. June 2,1882| fad..| 465] 211 55 41 38 67
“99842 | 1480 |.....- dots a ees June 20, 1882 | (#) ad.|.-.--- 212| 55] 43] 39 67
89101 | 1145). .0... GO asess tee taee eae June 2,1682|} 9 ad..| 436] 200 54 43 37 62
92843 | 148] |..-... OOS se osae cr easnies ants June 20, 1882 | (9) ad.|.----- 204 62 41 3 65
89100 | 1139,|...... OO ease seen eeeee June 1,1882| 9 ad..| 436} 215 56 44 40 67
92844 | 1401 |.....- Hottie wrertc re: tease: Aug. 5,1882} pull...| 218 |......)---4.- 24| 28 33
Boece 1402) [eee ee OO. nace ceeen ee scat see| AU. ONLOsa) | spill aes 290 eeseeellsecmnee|eceeea| Cesena

No. $9111.—Ivis rich brown-yellow ; bill clear bluish gray; nail and naked skin on mental angle
black; feet dirty gray with a faint tinge of bluish; webs and soles blackish.

No. 89101.—As foregoing, but bill with a shade of brownish black on culmen., and feet more dis-
tinctly bluish.

No. 92844.—Tris dirty yellow; bill dark bluish gray; lower mandible flesh-colored ; feet gray, with
a slight greenish tinge; webs blackish, yellowish along the toes.

The Scaup Duck is known to the natives by the Russian name
“* Tschernik,” being one of the most numerous ducks breeding on Be-
ring Island. They arrive in the beginning of May (in 1883 on the 5th),
and soon disperse over the island, taking up their residence at the
numberless lakes, lakelets, and ponds. In the beginning of August the
young are seen swimming with their parents.

The eggs measure as follows:

Par
Ai :
Ao a 2
ae bn Diameters. Date. Locality. Remarks.
: ~~
2 mn
ea
mm.
21793 | 1394] 63 by 43 July 1882 | Bering Island ..-.....-...---
66 by 43.5
21792 | 1161 | 62.5 by 43 June 6, 1882 |..-.-.. do seers cece ipiee soe Full elutch.
63 by 43
62 by 43
62 by 42
64 ~=by 42

63.25 by 42.5

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 163

73. Clangula clangula (LIN.).

1758.— Anas clangula LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 125.—Patu., Zoogr. Ross. As., II,
p. 271 (1826).—TremmM. & Scuiec., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 128) (1849).—
MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., I, 2 (p. 287) (1853).—Kitti., Denkw., II, pp. 248,
278 (1858).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 481 (1860).—Rappr, Reis. Siid.
Ost-Sibir., II, p. 374 (1863).—Fuligula c. PRzew., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 207)
(1870).— Bucephala ¢. Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 419.—/d., Ibis, 1877, p. 147.
—Glaucion e. TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 110.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—
Id., Orn. Vaun. Vost. Sibir., p. 71 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877,
p- 47.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 344. :

1758.— Anas glaucion LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 126 (nec PALL.).— Clangula g. SWINH.,
This, 1861, p. 345.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 208.—DyBow. & ParveEx, J. f.
Orn., 1868, p. 339.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 215.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc.
Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 186.—id., ibid, X, 1882, p. 99.—BLakisT., Amend. List B.
Jap., p.9 (1884).

1826.—Anas hyemalis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 270 (nee Lin. 1758).

TAst of specimens collected.

| | 5
6 | | a
A z ks br
Ph 5 © d
B | y 5 se ates ele
a 2 Locality. = bo & a g 4
+ a oS 3 q ° 4g
a 8 ° oS 2 Be 3 2,
Miles 8 a a | wo | a | 3
Sule 5 Be shale lage diese ieee
5b |S ‘ = a H|H|/E/]a]|ea
af imm. | mm.) mm. | mm. | mm.
92869 | 1762 | Bering Island -................-..| Nov. 29, 1882] g jun | 468 |.....- 202 } ° 83 33
92870 eels) ese = Ome ae area sess sca: Dec. 38,1882] 400 29 194 68 33
|

No. 92869.—Iris light brownish-yellow. Bill olive black, above the nostrils lighter olive-gray. Feet
yellowish-brown, joints and underside darker brownish; webs blackish-brown. In stomach only

plenty of small stones.
No. 92870.—Bill olive-black, lighter olive-gray between nail and nostrils and on the culmen between

the latter.

The * Gogol” of the Russians occurs in small numbers on Bering Island
during the winter. They do not breed there, and the latest observed—
three femaies and two males—were seen at Saranna Reschka on March
18, 1883. It was one of the most difficult ducks to approach, on account
of its extreme shyness.

CHARITONETTA* n. gen.
(Type Anas albeola Lin.)

< 1758.—Anas Lin., Syst. Nat., 10, ed., I, p. 124.

< 1824.—Clangula STEPHENS, Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, p. 184.

< 1828.—Tuligula BoNnaP., Syn., p. 394.

< 1858.—Bucephala Barrp, B. North Amer., p.797 (type A.albeola Lin.) (nee Buce-
phalas Baw, 1827, qui Verm., nee SMITH, 1829, qui Rept., nec Bucephalon
LEsson, 1836, quod Acaleph.).

* Xapic, yapiros, grace; vyrra, 77, a duck.

o

164 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Bill short, somewhat depressed; nostrils in the anterior portion of the
posterior half of the bill, not pervious, rather narrow, and with an acute
tubercle visible at the posterior corner, lamella not visible below tomia;
border of frontal feathering angular.
longer than middle one; tip of inner toe, without claw, reaches only
to the second joint of middle tee; hind toe very short. First primary
longest; none of the primaries sinuated in the inner web. ‘Tail rather
long, more than twice the length of the tarsus; reaches beyond the
folded wings by nearly twice the length of culmen, graduated, of 16
rectrices. Feathering of the head of the male particularly puffy.

The Buffle-head is as well entitled to generic rank as the other genera
among the Fuligulina, differing, as it does, in many important structural
features from the two species Clangula glaucion and islandica. The

Outer toe without claw, decidedly .

chief differences may by tabulated thus:

Charitonetta.

Nostrils behind the middle of the bill,
being situated in the anterior portion of
the posterior half.

Nostrils rather narrow and the tubercle
visible.

Lamellx not at all visible below tomia.

Outer toe, without claw, decidedly
longer than middle one.

Tip of inner toe, without claw, reach-
ing only to the second joint of middle toe.

Tail rather long, more than twice the
length of the tarsus, reaching beyond the
folded wings by nearly twice the length
of the culmen.

Clangula.

Nostrils in front of the middle of the
bill, being situated in the posterior por-
tion of the anterior half.

Nostrils rather broad, tubercle not visi-
ble.

Tips of lamellz visible below tomia at
the middle of the commissure.

Outer and middle toes of equal length.

Tip of inner toe, without claw, reaching
considerably beyond second joint of middle
toe.

Tail rather short, not twice as long as
the tarsus, reaching beyond the wings by
less than the length of the culmen.

The above characters are taken from the birds when still in the flesh,
and the accompanying figures, showing the difference in the bill of the

two genera were drawn before the birds were skinned.

ei i

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 165

HG. 6.—Charitonetta albeola, S ad. Bering Island, January 19, 1883.

Fic. 7.—Clangula clangula, f jun. Bering Island, Noyember 29, 1882.

166 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

74. Charitonetta albeola (LIn.).

1758.—-Anas albeola Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 124.—Bucephala a. DALL & BANNIST.,
Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 298.—Clangula a. BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1882, p. 167.—HarTLAvB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 282.—TURNER, Auk, 1885, p.
158.

A beautiful male of this pretty species was obtained at Severnij, Ber-
ing Island, on the 19th of January, 1883. It was in company with
another male and a female of the same species. As the Buffle-head is
a strictly American bird, its appearance on the coast of the Commander
Islands must be regarded as merely accidental. None of the inhabit-
ants had ever seen it.

This is the first recorded instance of this species ever having been
met with in any part of Asia.

The dimensions of this specimen were as follows:

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92871; L. Stejneger No. 1873. 3 ad. Bering Island, January 19,
1883.

Total length, 372™™; tail beyond folded wings, 55™™; wing, 171™™; tail-feathers,
76™; graduation of tail, 27™™; bill from tip to frontal feathers on culmen, 28™™;
tarsus, 35™™; middle toe with claw, 59™™,

Remarks.—Iris dark brown. Bill bluish gray, lighter and somewhat tinged with
yellow at tip, on culmen, along tomia, and round the nostrils, darker at base and on
the naked skin of the chin-angle. Tongue light flesh-colored. Feet flesh-colored, with
a light tinge of violet-rosy ; webs a little darker brownish, dirty-looking; nails
black. Stomach contained gravel only. Very fat.

75. Histrionicus histrionicus (LIN.).

1758.—Anas histrionica LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 127.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II,
p. 273 (1826).—TEMM. and ScCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av., p. 129 (1849).—Mip-
DEND., Sibir. Reis., I, 2, p. 637 (1853).—Kirry., Denkw., II, p. 347 (1858),—
SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 483(1860).—RADDE, Reis. Stid. Ost-Sibir., IT,
p. 374 (1863).—Swinu., P. Z.8.,1863, p. 324.—Clangula h. WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 208.—DyBow. & PARVEX, Journ. f. Orn., 1868, p. 339.—BLaAKIST., Ibis,
1876, p. 335.—Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).—SwiNu., Ibis, 1877, p.
147.—BuakIstT. and PrYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 215.—Jid., Tr. As. Soe. Jap., VII,
1880, p. 186.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p.99.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 22.—HaRtL., J.f.
Orn., 1883, p. 283.—Fuligula h. PRZEW., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 208).—Harelda
h. Frnscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 67.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p.
110.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 257.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p. 71 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 47.—Id., ibid.,
1883, p. 344.—Histrionicus h. TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1758.—Anas minuta LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 127.—Histrionicus m. NELSON, Cruise
Corwin, p. 98 (1883).

1853.—Anas histrionis MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2, pl. xxii.

1855.—Clangula torquata BREHM, Vogelf, p. 385.—Histrionicus t. BARD, Tr. Chicag.
Acad., I, 1869 (p. 799).—Da.u and BannistT., Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p.
289.—Datu, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 5 (1873).—CouEs in Elliott’s
Alask. Affairs, p. 191 (1875).—Etiiotr, Monogr. Seal-Isl., p. 130 (1882).

The above synonymy shows, at least partly, how this species has been
placed now in one, now in another genus, by those authors who are
afraid of many genera, merely because they are many. Nothing indi-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 167

cates more plainly that the Harlequin Duck is misplaced in all of them,
and Histrionicus, in fact, is one of the best marked genera in the whole
group. Besides all the other characters, it has.a peculiarity of its own,
which at once distinguishes it from all others of its kind, the soft, naked
membrane at the base of the upper mandible overlapping the tomium
and concealing the corner of the mouth and the base of the lower man-
dible for a distance of not less than 9™™,

This membrane shrinks considerably when the skin is prepared and
dried. The true size and structure of the nostrils and many other parts
of the bill are usually distorted in museum Specimens. I, therefore,
wrote down a synoptical comparison of the bills of Histrionicus minutus
and Harelda hyemalis, with the fresh specimens before me, which I

think it may be of some interest to reproduce ; the notes are as follows:

Harelda.

Nail of upper mandible distinct, ete
ed, narrower than the bell.

Tomia of upper mandible bent upwards
toward the tip.

Lamelle of upper mandible few, dis-
tant, and, in the hind part of the commis-
sure, long, pendant, and visible below the
tomium,

Edges of nostrils not swollen or raised
above the surface of the bill.

Base of upper mandible without over-
hanging membrane.

Upper mandible of equal breadth to
a point beyond the nostrils.

Frontal feathering proceeds farther on
the bill, almost as far as the hind border
of the nostrils, the mesial apex being
rounded and the lateral border with a
prominent but obtuse angle above, while
concave below.

Lower mandible with a distinet ‘‘nail.”

Lamelle of the lower jaw few, distant,
and very prominent, distinctly visible
outside of the tomia when viewed from
below.

Lateral outlines of lower jaw, viewed
from below, decidedly curved inward.

Length of symphysis less than the
breadth of the lower jaw at the hind
border of the symphysis.

Feathering on mental angle pointed
anteriorly.

Distance from mental feathering to tip
of lower jaw less than from the former to
corner of mouth,

Histrionicus.

Nail of upper mandible indistinet, flat,
occupying the whole breadth of the bill.

Tomia of upper mandible straight to
the tip.

Lamellie of upper mandible numerous,
close together, and not visible below the
tomium.

Edges of nostrils swollen, raised above
the surface of the bill.

Base of upper mandible with a soft,
naked membrane overlapping the tomium.

Upper mandible diminishing in breadth
gradually from the base.

Frontal feathering does not proceed so
far on the bill as the hind border of the
nostrils; mesial apex pointed; loral bor-
der convex.

Lower mandible without distinet “nail.”

Lamelle of lower jaw numerous, close
together, and hardly perceptible outside
of the tomia when viewed from below.

Lateral outlines of lower jaw, viewed
from below, straight, converging grad-
ually from the base.

Length of symphysis greater than the
breadth of the lower jaw at the hind bor-
der of the symphysis.

Feathering on mental angle rounded
anteriorly.

Distance from mental feathering to tip
of lower jaw much greater than from the
former to corner of mouth,

168 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

.

I have compared the birds collected by me, and numerous specimens
from Alaska, with birds obtained from the Atlantic shores, without find-
ing any tangible difference.

List of specimens collected.

3 a
A Pi E
i - s
a 3, 2 | a :
°o Oo,
a | ‘a Locality. 4 eo = s sé
~ mM ° A we) rs)
aes : Sires Bit eal Sno i
A | 8 8 at ges) Bie Ned pal
eas E wie le |e) see
p oO E n a E a o H |=
mm. |}mm.imm.|mm.| mm.) mm. | mm.
89110 | 1059 | Bering Island....-..... .-.-| May 18, 1882] ¢ ad. 434 | 200 98 28 40 5&
Q2R62 Ah S Oued Oeae ceccce cnet socteeee Nov. 18, 1882} ¢& ad. 439 203 104 29 39 60
92860350750) cies OO occ see eeccea= os eels Nov. 25, 1882} ¢ ad. 446 196 95 26 40) \|peeans
QQE5On | METS oe -eaG accostsemescece ck eecee Jan. 20, 1883] ¢& ad. 425 197 87 27 38s eeseme
O2861 51956) 22-0, cen eacecee aise cesses March 22,) ¢ ad. 438 198 100 27 SOM ceeee
1883
O2BA5 Neh CoO er OO) ereeetae eee eater Nov. 18, 1882} @ jun.| 412} 183 73 27 39 |Pacsce

No. 89110.—Iris dark hazel. Bill, bluish gray; tip lighter, with a yellowish wash all over; naked
skin of mental angle, violet black. Feet brownish gray; joints darker; webs blackish.

Mo. 92862.—Ivis dark hazel. Bill bluish white, tinged with yellowish, beeoming dark, bluish gray
behind the middle of the nostrils. Feet grayish brown; joints darker; webs blackish. In the crop a
Cottus, 50™ long, a small crab and two Littorine.

No. 92861.—Iris dark hazel. Bill in front of nostrils, as also the swollen border of the latter, light
bluish gray, basal part dark olive gray; nail hardly appreciable (except to the touch, as it is hard
while the rest of the bill soft), 14™™ long, and faintly tinged with yellowish; chin-angle blackish.
Feet grayish brown; webs and below blackish.

No. 92863.—Iris dark hazel. Bill dark bluish gray; toma and borders of nostrils lighter ; chin-an-
gle black. Feet light-yellowish gray, with darker joints; tarsus behind, webs, and below, blackish.

The color of the soft parts of the adult No. 92862 and the young No. 92863, both males, and shot on
the same date, is noteworthy.

The “ Kamenuschka,” as the Harlequin Duck is styled on the islands,
inhabits the rocky shores of the Commander Islands in large numbers
all the year round, and larger or smaller flocks may almost at any
time be seen diving and swimming near the breakers where the high
and inaccessible promontories tower up from the sea, or long, shallow,
and stony reefs stretch out from the shore for a quarter of a mile and
more. It loves the surf and rocks, and is perhaps more expert in diving
“at shot” than any other duck, not being particularly shy, however.

I watched their large assemblages during the whole spring of 1883,
and noted solid flocks at Bering Island as late as the middle of June,
and on Copper Island, on July 1, the latter, however, consisting of adult
males, all in their most beautiful plumage. Nevertheless, it is not found
breeding on the islands. The natives or residents knew of no instance

of its eggs or small young having ever been taken or seen; nor did I suc-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 169

ceed in finding any evidence of its breeding; so that I have little doubt
that the numerous flocks which remain over summer consist of birds
not propagating during that season, for some reason or another. It ig
also probable that the flocks observed on July 1, and later, exclusively
consisting of males in full adult plumage, are composed of adult males
having already left the females and young on the breeding haunts, which
- I suspect to be the interior mountainous parts of Kamtschatka. It is
probably the occurrence during the breeding season of similar flocks
which has given rise to the supposition of the breeding of birds, like
Eniconetta stellert and Somateria spectabilis, in the latitudes of Kam-
tschatka and the Aleutian chain.

76. Harelda hyemalis (Lin.).

1758.—Anas hyemalis Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 126 (nec PALL. ).—Harelda h. Tur-
NER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1766.—dAnas glacialis LIN., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p.203.—PaLu., Zoogr. Ross. As., II,
p. 276 (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2, p.236 (1853).—RappDE, Reis.
Siid. Ost- Sibir., II (p.374) (1863).—Harelda g. Swinu., P. Z.8., 1863, p.
324,.—Id., ibid., 1871, p.419.—Id., Ibis, 1877, p. 147.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 208.—DaLu and BannistT., Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p. 298.—BatrrD, Tr.
Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p. 800.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 67.—
Dat, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw. p.5 (1873).—Id., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west
Unal. p. 7(1874).—CougEs, in Elliott’s Affairs Alaska, p. 191 (1875).—Taczan.,
J. f. Orn., 1876, p. 202.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 71 (1877).—Jd., Ball.
Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 48.—Id., ibid, 1853, p.344.—BLAKIST. and PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 214.—Iid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 186.—Jid., ibid., X,
1882, p.100.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p.23.—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal-Isl., p. 130
(1882).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p.99 (1883).—HartTL., J. f. Orn., 1883, p.
282.—BLaAKkIsT., Amend. List Birds Jap., p. 20 (1884).

As the changes of the different plumages of this species are now very
well known, no further remarks are here required. I may mention, how-
ever, that the males commenced assuming their dark nuptial plumage
about the middle of April, most of them being in full change in the lat-
ter part of this month. The time varies a great deal in different indi-
viduals, so that while two males shot on the 2d and 3d of June were in

full nuptial plumage, another shot three days later had not passed
through more than half the change.

170 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected. ~

6 | =

A | | oa

g iS £ . | a J

a 9 5 a H o

A a Locality. 4 Ep oa 3 sa A
° A 2 5 +
s 3 Zo o @ a a o

A 5 a a = ena eee 2 3 | 2

ae 2 2 S 3 A 2 8 a |

Bilt 2 4 6) ee |S ae Paes

pices e a a EFla|lo|a|4
mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
8113 | 1143 | Bering Island ....-..-- June 2,1882| gad. |*422+111 214 |} 204 28 Boul ssc
89114 | 1149 | .-..-.-.- OO Pe hesikiesa apes June 3,1882| fad. | *428+88 |] 209 193 26 31 55
89015: |) 1166s) = -2-< CO: Rese os ayn eee June 6,1882; fad. |.-..-----. 225 | 203 27 36 53
92864 17737] ....-- Oe St tere seer Dec. 16,1882} cad. | *460+91 | 214 220 28 OU eae ee
92865 | 1879 | -.--... Cos Aoasenieeseeeee Jan. 22,1883 | jf ad. | *4454+89, 216 | 187 27 BD! |sscane
BOLUG | 1113 +}) --2 = Come = theese nee May 29,1882] 9 ad. 382 199 61 25 34 54
92866 | 1749 | .-...-- Coico seeks: Nov. 26, 1882 | 2 387 188 56 26 32 52
92867 | 1413 |) -s---- OOS ack tn secs Aug. 7,1882) pull. 285 Nessaeeleesoee 18 27 35
92868 | 2332 | ...-.. dO pease era dinlly:. 8, 1883) "pall. 2-2 -e =| taco ee 110] "Sely r eae

*From tip of bill to tip of tail-feathers next to the middle pair + the length of the latter beyond the
others.

No. 89113.—Ivis light yellowish hazel. Bill bluish black with a broad, angulate band behind the
nail of a rosy flesh-color shaded with bluish toward the nail and on the culmen ; on the lower man-
dible the nail is more bluish and the rosy band more orange. Feet light bluish white; joints darker
bluish gray; sole, webs, and nails blackish.

No. 92864.—Iris light hazel. Bill black with the rosy band fading into light flesh-color on the lower
mandible. Feet pure bluish white; joints dark bluish gray ; sole and webs blackish. Tips of closed
wing reach tips of shorter tail-feathers; toes, stretched backwards, reach eud of longest white tail
feathers. Outer toe longerthan middle one; inner toe, without claw, reaches second joint of middle-
toe. 2
No. 98116.—Ivis light yellowish hazel. Bill bluish gray, darker towards the tip; nail blackish ;
naked skin of mental angle dirty flesh-color. Anterior side of tarsus, tees, and webs along the toes
bluish white ; posterior surface of tarsus, joints, webs, and under side ef toes blackish. In the aviduet
was an egg 55™™ long. Two largest eggs of the ovary measured 32 and 25™™, :

No. 92867.—Iris dark brown. Bill dark gray, with greenish tinge. Feet Kght bluish gray, with yel-
lowish tinge; darker on tarsus and joints; webs blackish.

The “ Safka” is one of the commonest ducks on Bering Island, and
is a resident throughout the whole year. It breeds on all the lakes
and lakelets of the island.

It also frequents the neighboring Copper Island, but no instance of
its having bred there was known by the natives.

The eggs of a full clutch, consisting of six (No. 2199, U. S. N at. Mus.
No. 21783), measure as follows: 54 by 37.5™™, 51 by 39", 50 by 36.25™™,
53 by 38.5™™, 51 by 37™™, 53 by 34™™.

77. Bniconetta stelleri (PALut.).

1769,— Anas lelleri PALL., Spicil. Zool., VI, p. 35.—Id., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 238
(1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II 2 (p. 234) (1853),.—Polysticta s. DALL
and BaNnnist., Tr. Chicag, Acad., I, 1869, p. 999.—Da.t, Avif. Aleut. Isl.
Unal., eastw., p.6(1873).—Ja., Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 7 (1874).—NEL-
SON, Cruise Corwin, p. 99.—Somateria s. TACZAN., Orn Faun. Vost. Sibir.,
p. 72-(1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 48.—Id., ibid., 1883, p.
344.—Eniconetla 8. TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

———"

jets tates it te died

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 171

1786.—Anas dispar SPARRMANN, Mus. Carlson. (tbb. 7 and 8).—Someteria dispar BLaK-
‘IsT., Ibis, 1876, p. 335.—Id. Seer List B. Jap., p. 29 (1884).—BvakistT. and
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 215. ated Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—Jid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 100.

The bill of this species is very Eee and would alone justify its
separation as the type of a distinct genus. Especially characteristic
wre the soft lobes formed by the tomia of the upper mandible in their
anterior half. When dried they roll up so as to inclose the lower man-
dible and become hard, the lateral outline thereby being considerably
changed, becoming unduly narrowed towards the tip.

List of specimens collected.

; aa i ez

° | a ig

ete s | 2 | s

a S 2 = : E oO A=

Sluis 3 3 dis Bo | E

3 a Locality. = oh be | 8 ee) ©

& 5 3 8 | & 3 a : =

a | 3 5 Peat Sal eerie a, eed! lees

. 2 o ss cee eran a ay A a so

passles = A repo alt tas ebieaete litre tonilie Seto = Nepean | ees

Sr © | E o | a) a4 Bilsoe.| a | a

| lew Sel aah ee a
| |

: | |mm. mm. | mam. | mm. | mm. | mm.) mm.
92854 | 1790 | Bering Island....-.. | Dec. 10, 1882) giad.| 485 |.----- 205 | 90 37 3G iit aa
92852517975) «2-2. dos sssaeen se Dec. 18, 1882 i cht ad.| 445 | afelersy t= 213 94 36) 41 63
92855 | 1798 | ...--- doses eres | Dee. 13, 1882} giad.| 455 |..... 919°" 951 +88; 405/61
92853) | 1938 || 42... AGksE Meese: |Mar. 4,1883] ‘fad.| 462!....-- PI S74 aa taleso 59

i

OP SSL LIGBE |v eee tare Ota aa ee ae Apr. 2, 1883 | co ad.|} 440 | 44 209 88 38 | 40 tees
92857 | 1740) ------ COn2ssse2 cece Nov. 20, 1882] ¢ jun.| 392 |----- 189} 69| 937 | | 38 | -----
92856 | 1746 | ....-- dona ee Nov. 24, 1882) f jun.| 482 |...... 198 | 74| 36 | 39 57
92858 | 2003 | ...... dome sla tacks: Apr. 25, 1883] Qad.| 450} 42| 208! 80| 38) 40|......

No. 92854.—Ivis dark brown. Bill, light bluish gray; nail somewhat yellowish ; skin of mental angle
lightasthebill. Feet gray, witha tinge rather brownish than bluish; joints and tarsus behind darker ;
webs blackish.

No. 92851.—Ivris dark brown. Bill, light bluish gray ; naked mental angle, hardly darker toward the
feathering. Feet brownish gray; webs and below blackish. The crop contained green Alge, four
different species of Mollusks, at least six species of Amphipods, and one Idotca.

No. 92857.—Iris dark brown. Bill, grayish blue, as is also the naked space of the mental angle.
Feet of a brownish pearl- er ay, darker on the joints and behind; webs blackish. New feathers in their
sheaths, especially in the head, in the armpits, and on the rump.

No. 92856.—Like foregoing, only feet pure gray without any brownish tinge. New feathers on head,
breast, and scapular region.

No. 92858.—New feathers in their sheaths all over the body. Extremely fat.

Nothing special is to be remarked about the plumage and the color
of the specimens enumerated above, except that a narrow whitish spot
is found in two of the old males on the outmost pair of rectrices, near
their tip, while wanting in the other specimens (cf. also Keyserling
und Blasius, Wirbelth. Europ., p. 230, and Naumann, Naturgesch.
Vog. Deutschl., XII, p. 247). Another noteworthy feature is that in
No. 92853, an adult male, the firs primary in the left wing has the.

greater part of the inner web pure white, while some of the inner pri-

maries aud the hand-coverts likewise show signs of partial albinismus.

172 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. —

Steller’s Duck made its appearance in 1882, about the Ist of Novem-
ber, at which time large flocks were observed, but no specimen was
secured before the 20th, although several were Shot, because the cur-
rent would carry them away. They remained all winter round the
coast, preferring the rockiest parts and the places where the breakers
were most violent. Although very numerous during the whole winter,
in spring their number was enormously increased, and immense flocks,
covering many acres, could be seen floating on the sea, a quarter to
a half of a mile off the shore, during April. The favorite places at

that time were Tonkij Mys on the western coast, and the whole line of

reefs from Staraja Gavan to Tolstoj Mys on the eastern side. Towards
the end of this month their number decreased considerably, and I find

among my notes that on the 20th of April, and the 2d, 4th, and 5th of

May only a few were seen. On the 8th, half a dozen males and females
were observed at Toporkoff Islet, but on the 10th large flocks were again
met with between Kamennij Reschka and Tonkij Mys. They disap-
peared altogether about the 25th of May.

Prot. W. H. Dall, in a very important paper on the Avifauna of the
Aleutian Islands, from Unalaschka eastward (p. 6), speaks of this bird
as a resident and breeding bird of the Aleutian Islands, and more espe-
cially of Unalaschka. I cannot help thinking, however, that there is
some mistake concerning the identification of the species. It is alto-
gether improbable that this bird, which is known as a breeding bird
from very high Arctic latitudes, should rear its young on the eastern
Aleutian Islands. If the egg found on the 18th of 1 May, 1872, really
belonged to this species, the occurrence can ouly be regarded as a very
anomalous one. I am not aware that later observations corroborate
Professor Dall’s statement. ;

During its stay at Bering Island, Steller’s Duck is, next to Clangula
glaucion, the shyest bird of the whole duck tribe. Usually the adult
males keep apart from the females and the younger males, and their
flocks are almost always farther out at sea than those of the lat-
ter.

As to the change of plumage in this species I have only a few remarks’

to offer. The young males in November had not yet all the new feathers
of their first winter plumage fully developed. At the end of April the
females were in full moult, while the males were not, and among the

inany thousands not a single young ‘male was observed at that time to
show a trace of a new white plumage.

len eel

Aa Tce ati nT Mae aR aE oe Berl

—. -.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 173

78. Somateria v-nigra GRAY.

1769.—Anas mollissima PALLAS, Spicil. Zool., V, p. 28 (nec LIN.).—Somateria m. TAc-
ZAN., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p.71 (part) (1877).—J/d., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 48.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 398.

1826.—Somateria cutberti PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., LI, p. 235 (part).

1855.—Somateria v-nigra GRAY, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 212, pl. evii.—DaLL and BANNIST.,
Tr. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 300.—Datt, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. westw., p.
7 (1874).—Bean, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 167,—NELSON, Cruise Cor-
win, p. 101 (1883).—TurRNmER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1856.—Somateria v-nigrum BonaP., Compt. Rend., XLIII, 1856, p. 650.—STEJNEGER,
Naturen, 1884, p. 51.

The only adult male I obtained was shot on the 3d of July, being
still in its white and elegant breeding dress. But under the white
feathers the brown post-nuptial plumage, which is only assumed for a
very short time, had already made its appearance, and a few of the dark
feathers were so far out as to show themselves between the white ones
on the back, although still partly in their sheaths. It would therefore
seem asif the Pacific Hider assumes its post-nuptial plumage somewhat
later than its Atlantic cousin, of which old males, with the dark plum.
age almost fully developed, are known from various parts of Scandi-_
navia as early as the latter part of June, notwithstanding that the

breeding of the two species takes place at exactly the same time.

List of specimens obtained.

a = 2 E
7 a 3
: : A a
4 Wh heres Le z 5
: en col- S 3
3 7“ Locality. lected. a 0 8 RE 8
a ° o a be S a »
A 5 A = & é s a a 2
5 © Sie erccs Sp fy g n z
aries Meil soail al bipe| myth eobnat Albes
Ear Ftc BD Se et |i otf vee sie ete al eeet
| mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92848 | 2223 | Copper Island.......| July 3,1883| Gad.| 623 55 | 304 94 55 52 80
284 T2000 O\ce ace Soe eiem-\-i=e | JAINOLLS ASSsi((e) Assesses scence 302 94 49 Hab esoene
92850 | DZS OM ee Oy AO eais ste eae eines July 25, 1883 Dull eee3aGaleece ee see el eanee 22 28 33

No. 92848.—Iris dark brown. Bill bright and pure orange, deeper brownish-red orange towards the
base ; lower mandible paler; nail cream-colored. Feet pale brownish orange; joints dusky ; webs black-
ish brown. New (brown) feathers in their sheaths on different parts of the body, on the sides of the
rump, shoulder region, and especially neck and head. Weight, 44 pounds.

No. 92850.—Tris blackish brown. Bill plumbeous, with an olive tinge; nail horny yellow. Feet very
dark yellowish gray; webs blackish. Gullet filled with Gammaride.

The Pacific Eider is now rather scarce on the Commander Islands.
On Copper Island there are only a few places where it at present breeds,
in very restricted numbers, namely, at Gladkovskij and at another creek
nearer to Karabelnij. From there I got a male in perfect plumage, a fe-

174 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

male, a downy chick, and an egg. On Bering Island it does not occur at
all, except as a rare visitor during the winter. Taczanowski, it is true,
asserts (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 398) that he has received a
female and eggs from Bering Island, but this certainly is a mistake, as
the bird and eggs, in all probability, are from the place, mentioned
above, on Copper Island. I need not mention to anybody familiar with
the water birds that his determination of the bird as S. mollissima is en-
tirely wrong. This species, of course, does not at all occur in the North
Pacifie. I repeat that the Eider does not breed now on Bering Island,
and has not bred there within the memory of the present inhabitants.
The “ Pistrak” was well known to the Copper-Islanders, who considered
it a great delicacy, while only a few of the men on Bering Island had
ever seen it. The only one I myself observed, while on Bering Island,
was a white male near Zapadnij on the 9th of March, 1883.

The downy young is in every particular a counterpart of the chick of
S. mollissima of the corresponding age. :

The only egg procured (No. 2,210, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 21,782) measures
70 by 48 millimeters.

79. Oidemia americana Sw. & RIcH.

1814.—Anas nigra Witson, Am. Orn. VIII (p. 135, pl. 72) (mee LIN.).

1831.—Oidemia americana Sw. & RicH., Faun. Bor. Am., IT, p. 450.—DALL & BANN.,
Tr. Chic. Ac. Se., I, 1869, p. 300.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., LI, 1872, p.
68.—Dat., Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 6, (1873).—BLakIisr. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p. 215.—Jid., T. A. S. J., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882,
p. 100.— SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 23.—TaczANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, p. 344.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 102 (1883).—BLakIsT.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1834).—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

During winter this species occurs at the islands, but sparingly, and
usually at sea far from the shore. I was therefore unable to procure a
specimen, but identified the species beyond question by means of my
binocular. The yellow knob at the base of the bill could not be mis-
taken; it was not nigra.

80, Oidemia deglandii Bp.

1814.—Anas fusca Witson, Am. Orn., VIII, (p. 137, pl. 72) (mec LIN.).—KiTTL.,
Denkw., I, p. 260 (1858).—WMelanetta f. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 102.

1850.—Oidemia deglandii BONAPARTE, Rev. Crit. Degland (p. 108).

1852.—Oidemia velvetina Cassin, Tr. Phil. Ac., V, 1850-51, p. 126.—Finscu, Abh.
Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 68.—Swinu., Ibis, 1875 p. 457.—BLAKIST. &
Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 100.—Melanetta v. DaALL & BANN., Tr.
Chie. Ac., I, 1869, p. 300.—Datt, Avif. Aleut. Isl., Unal. eastw., p. 6 (1873).

1863.—G@demia americana SWINHOR, Ibis, 1863, p. 485 (nee Sw. & Ricw.).—Id., P. Z.
S., 1871, p. 419.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 175

The systematic name by which this species is most commonly known
is Oidemia (or Melanetta) velvetina Cassin, “ 1850.” Bonaparte’s O. deglan-
dii was published the same year, and ornithologists deciding the prior-
ity by the number of the page must accept the latter name. But other
authors will also be compelled to accept it, as Cassin’s name was not
published before 1851, for his paper was first read before the Academy
of Sciences at Philadelphia on December the 24th, and on the last day
_of that year the committee reported in favor of its publication in the

Proceedings (ef. Phil. Ac. Se. Proe., V, 185051, pp. 123 and 126), con-
sequently, the publication can not have taken place in 1850, and may
not have been effected before 1852, since the title page of the fifth vol-
ume is dated from the latter year.

The only bird obtained by me was a young male of the year, closely
agreeing in every respect with a specimen from -Shanghai in the U.
S. National Museum, and both have the only reliable character by which
young and females of this species, O. deglandii, can be distinguished from
those of the true O. fusca, viz, the shorter distance between the lateral
feathering of the lores and the nostrils, it being 5™™ or less in the for-
mer against 6™™ or more in the latter. Through the courtesy of Gov-
ernor Grebnitski, I received this year two old males in splendid plum-
age, obtained at Bering Island in March and April, 1884, showing the
distinctive characters of O. deglandii in their greatest development. The
distance alluded to above is quite within the given limit; the lateral
swelling of the naked part of the maxilla beneath and behind the nos.
trils, so noticeable in fusca, is here absent, and the knob shows a devel-
opment which may be regarded: as excessive even in O. deglandii, so
much so that it is protracted anteriorly into a kind of a horn overhang-
ing theculmen. In fact, the National Museum, which possesses quite a
series of this species, has no specimen which, in that respect, can even be
said to approach the two Bering Island birds, which are entirely alike.

The regular occurrence of O. deglandii on the Pacific coasts of the Old
World may thus be regarded as established beyond the slightest doubt.
There seems, however, to be good reasons for also admitting the true

. JSusea as an inhabitant of the eastern shores of Asia, the probability then
being that the latter occurs more to the northward and along the west:
ern shore of the Okotsk Sea to China, while 0. deglandii reaches from
Alaska across the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka, the Kuriles, and Ja-
pan, where it winters and meets O. fusca proper, sometimes even travel-
ing as far as China, while, on the other hand, a stray individual of
Jusca occasionally finds its way to Alaska,

176 | ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. .

The East Asiatic bird has universally and indiscriminately been reg-
istered as O. fusca. Just how many of these references really belong
to it and how many to deglandii is difficult to say. I have, therefore,
given the chief quotations in the foot-note.*

Tast of specimens. ,

SH et .

e oe E

S gS =

Bnd E F

2 ° i) =

B Ea ; : oF .

| ss Locality. Date. o 2 @ fe

2/3 E , |fe8/ , 13

i= ze ;

hl ag s |], | 8 }aes| & Ls

Ea ee NSC Ne eave eet Tp este aes

Be de a |F | a] o | H | -4
92,847 | 1692] Bering Island..........' Oct. 23,1882 | fjuv.| 237 68 39) leeeaeee ss 47 72
101, 205 |G. 78)|.-...-- (Gb) egdon sh sosdese | March, 1884 | (o*) ad.| 275 90 46 5 47 76
101, 206 |G. 79|...... do ........--.-.---| April, 1884 | (¢@)ad.|..--.. 80 44 4.5 46 78

,
No. 92847.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish gray. Feet reddish gray; tarsus behind and joints
more grayish; webs more blackish. In stomach only small stones.

The “ Turpan” is not a common winter visitor to the islands, it being
mostly seen in fall and spring, and then mostly too far from the shore

to be easily secured.
81. Merganser merganser (LIN.).

1758.—Mergus merganser Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 129.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross, Asiat.,
II, p. 286 (1826).—TrmMM. and ScHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. —) (1849).—
MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, IT, 2, p. 238 (1853).—Kittu., Denkw., II, p. 248
(1858).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 485 (1860).—Swinu., Ibis, 1861, p.
344.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 323.—RADDE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 378)
(1863).—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 212) (1870).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873,
p. 110.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p.72 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1877, p. 48.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 345.

1766.—Mergus castor LI1N., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 209.—Swinu, P. Z.8., 1871, p. 416.—
Id., Wbis, 1875, p. 456.—BLakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 215.—Jid., Tr. As.
Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—Jid., ibid., X, 1881, p. 101—Btakist., Amend.
List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).

The Goosander from Kamtschatka and Bering Island, the “ Bolschoj
Krachal” of the inhabitants, is the true merganser, indistinguishable
from the bird occurring in the western portion of the Palsearctic region.

*Anas fusca LIN., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 123 (1758. )—Oidemia f. SWINH., P. Z. S., 1863,
p, 824.—Id., ibid., 1871, p, 419.—Id., Ibis, 1875, p. 457.— WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 208.—Finscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 69.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873,
p. 110.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 71 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool.,
1877, p. 48.—BLAKIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1873, p. 215.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap.,
VIII, 1880, p. 187.—Jid:, ibid., X, 1882, p. 100.—BLaKisT., Chrysanth., 1883,
p. 27.—Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).—Anas carbo PALLAsS, Zoogr.
Ross. As., II, p. 244 (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 236) (1853).—
Ravpg#, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir, II (p. 373) (1863).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. LUG

From the American form, the occurrence of which on the mainland of
Alaska along the Bering Sea has not yet been reported,* it differs not
only in lacking the black stripe dividing the white wing-speculum,
but the border line of the feathering on the bill is so differently ar-
ranged in the two forms, and so constant, that the appellation of Mer-
ganser merganser americanus is not defensible.

In order to make these differences better understood, I tabulate them

as follows:

Merganser americanus.

(1) The distance from the loral apex
to the angle of mouth is equal to half
the distance from the loral apex to the
posterior corner of the nostrils;

(2) The distance from the loral apex to
the posterior corner of the nostrils is

(a) about equal to half the distance from
the anterior corner of the nostrils to the
tip of the bill,

(b) and considerably longer than the dis-
tance from the loral apex to the tip of
the naked frontal angle;

(3) The distance from the frontal apex
to the posterior corner of the nostrils
is shorter than the distance from the loral
apex to the same point.

(4) Wing-speculum white, divided by
a transverse black bar.

7

Merganser merganser.

(1) The distance from the loral apex to
the angle of mouth is equal to or longer
than the whole distance from the loral apex
to the posterior corner of the nostrils;

(2) The distance from the loral apex to
the posterior corner of the nostrils is

(a) about equal to one-third the distance
from the anterior corner of the nostrils to
the tip of the bill,

(b) and shorteror equal to the distance
from the loral apex to the tip of the
naked frontal angle ;

(3) The distance from the frontal apex
to the posterior corner of the nostrils is
equal to the distance from the loral apex
to the same point.

(4) Wing-speculum white, undivided.

This species is rather common in Kamtschatka, but being more an
inland bird than M. serrator it occurs on Bering Island in limited num:

bers only.

In 1883 the first new-comers—the species does not winter on the

islands—were observed on April 15.

A male (U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No. 92872; L. Stejneger No. 2027) shot on
Bering Island, May 17, 1883, measures as follows : Total length (654)™™,

Wing, 297™™ ; tail-feathers, 110™"; culmen, 55™™ ; tarsus, 52™™,

toe with claw.

Middle

*It bas been obtained at Alexandrovsk, Kenay (Finsch); Ft. Yukon, Sitka, Una-
laschka (Dall); Kodiak (Bean); Chilcoot (Hartlaub).

15861 Bull. 29 12

178 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

83. Merganser serrator (LIN.).

1758.—Mergus serrator Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 129.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p.
286 (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reis., II, 2, (p. 238) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis.
Amurl., I, p. 486 (1860).—BLakist., Ibis, 1562, p. 332.—Jd., Amend. List
B. Jap., p. 10 (1884).—Rappy, Reis., Siid. Ost-Sibir., I (p. 379) (1863).—
SwIinu., P. Z.S8., 1863, p. 323.—-Id., ibid., 1871, p. 416.—Zd., Ibis, 1875, p.
456.—DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 339.—BairD, Tr. Chic. Acad.,
I, 1869, (p. 814).—DatL& Bannist., Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p.301.—PRzEw.,
Putesch. Ussur. (n. 213) (1870).—F 1nscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., ITI, 1872, p. 72.—
TaczaANn., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 111.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 337.—1d., Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., p. 72 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1877, p. 49.—Id., ibid.,
1883, p. 345.—DaL1, Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 7 (1874).—BuakistT
& PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 216.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—
Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 101.—HaRrTLAvB, J. f. Orn., 1883, p. 283.—NELSON,
Cruise Corwin, p. 103 (1883).—Merganser s. TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1761.—Mergus serratus LIn., Faun. Suec., 2 ed., p. 48.—SWwIinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 67.—Id.,

ibid., 1861, p. 344.

This is the “Krakhal” of the inhabitants. It is a very common breed-
ing bird on Bering Island, rearing its young on all suitable lakes and
rivers. A few stay over all winter. On Copper Island it is rare, for
want of suitable localities. It breeds, however, in a few places, thus,
for instance, in Pestschanij Valley, near the village.

List of specimens collected.

: oa
6 3
a é 3 E
5 a 3 a na oOo.
a n Locality. S ep to s £ E
~ hw ° a a ~ 7 oo
a 2S js ° oS so CS a oO —
A 3 | A 5 = | eo | g B |
a | 2 S cof ae oe hes ae ete
: oO ° os Ss a oct
BS | e R = | Eb arto) eee
| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.) mm
89103 | 1127 | Bering Island ...........-- May 30,1882) g ad..! 568} 245|/ 77| 58] 52 65
92873 | 1478 |.----- 0) iS ti 3s cae June 20, 1882 | (c’) ad |------ 250 80 62 45 67
92874 | 1479 |..-... GO cstbiscneadadescicces June 20, 1882 | (9) adj.----- 223 73 51 39 | 59
89104) 1427 |. - =. GG seesecem sere oe Aug. 12,1882 | pull..-| 185 |......|....-- 19 21 27

No. 89103.—Iris consists of two differently colored rings, the outer fiery red, the inner more brown-
ish. Upper mandible, blackish brown, reddish toward base and edges; lower mandible, blood red.
Inner aspect of legs, deep orange-red ; joints, shaded with brown; outside and below, reddish brown;
webs, brownish livid.

No. 89104.—Inner ring of iris, darker; outer one, lighter gray. Bill, grayish brown; nail, lighter.
Feet, light brownish gray; webs, a little darker, and yellowish along the toes. ;

83. Mergus albellus LIN.

1758.—Mergus albellus Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 129.—PaLu., Zoogr. Ross. As., UJ,
p. 289.—Tremm. and ScurnG., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. ——) (1849).—MIDDEND.,
Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 238) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 486 (1860),—
Swinu., Ibis., 1861, p. 344.—Jd., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 322.—RADDE, Reis. Siid.
Ost-Sibir., II (p. 379) (1863).—DyBow. and ParveEx, J. f. Orn., 1868, p.339,.—

s ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 179

PRZEW., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 214) (1870).—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1874, p.
337.—Id., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p.72 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 49.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 345.—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 23.—WMergellus a.
Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 416.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 111.—BLakisr.
& PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 215.—Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—
Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 101.—Buaxkist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 9 (1884).
The Smew is only a visitor to Bering Island during the spring mi-
gration, but is not a regular one. A pair was shot there during the ab-
normal spring of 1885, abnormal, at least, as far as ornithology is con-
cerned. Another pair was sent me this year by Governor Grebnitski,
and a remark on one of the labels indicates that the Smew was rather
numerous during the spring of 1884.

List of specimens collected.

3 5

& &

a : | 2

S S 2 ; ; E-|

a | 4 3 3 a g 8

S a Locality. & op op oy E

3 B ° I ” dj o

ee é er ce oe lee ec les

i ° a a = on | SS © S i

Beal e Fg halter ci res i ceeds cree tla

. [=} a ES 3 crt

pb 5 e a a E-l a Oo a a
| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92875 | 2028 | Bering Island ........-.-. May 20, 1883. (gf) ad. | (494) 190 74 29 32 55
101213 | G.85|...... Ao ere ey eae. ee May 8,1884.| (¢)ad.|...... 187, | qr 78s|7 180i es gael) eee
92876 | 2029 | ...-. Kot Sa tet iaase oars May 20, 1883.| (?)ad.| (390)! 177! v1! 26! 32 50
109212'|(G.i83)|. sal COM ese See accel ae. May, —1884.| (Q)ad.|...---} 172 67 | 27 30 48

OrnpDER STEGANOPODES.

Superfamily PHALACROCORACOIDEZ.

FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDA.

84. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus PAL.

1826.—Phalacrocorax perspicillatus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 305.—GovuLpD, Zool,
Sulphur, p. 49, pl. xxxii (1844).—Taczan., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 66
(1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 41.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1883, p. 65.

1850.—Graculus urile REICHENB., Natat. Novit., pl xvii, figs. 2311 and 2312 (nec GMEL. )
(Cf. Bonap., Consp. Ay., I, p. 168, and A. B. MeyEr, Index Reichenb., p. 44;
no nane on the plate!)

When Steller was wrecked on Bering Island ,in 1741 he found this
Species very numerous.*

It has now been totally exterminated on the island, and I have nothing
to add to what I have said in my preliminary report concerning this
species (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.65): “It is not to be doubted that
the Phalacrocorax perspicillatus does not cecur on the islands at present.
The natives, however, remember very well the time when it was plenti-
ful on the rocks, especially on the outlying islet Aij Kamen. About
thirty years ago, they say, the last ones were seen, and the reason they
give why this bird has become exterminated is that it was killed in great
numbers for food. They unanimously assert that it has not been seen
since, and they only laughed when I offered a very high reward for a
specimen.”

If the stupidity of the bird has caused its extermination on Bering
Island within a hundred years of its discovery—being in every respect a
fitting analogue to the history of the extermination of the great north-
ern Sea cow (Rytina gigas)—very little probability exists that it should
have escaped the fate of this sluggish mammal. There is a bare possi-

* Hane speciem Stellerus nusquam nisi in Beringii infausta insula, ubi naufragus
vixit, observaverat. Copiosissimi ibi sunt, nunquam tamen Camtschatezx littora
adeunt. Uti magnitudine, ita et stolitalc congeneres superant, quumque carne sua
tres facile famelicos una impleat, magno naufragis solatio fuere. (Pall., Zoogr., 1. c.)

180

4
>
]
1
d
7
:
a

ee ditt

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 181

bility that it may still be found on some uninhabited, never or seldom
visited, rock or island of the Aleutian chain, but it is altogether im-
probable that it should have escaped detection by such energetic and
successful travelers as Prof. W. H. Dall, Mr. L. M. Turner, and the
other gentlemen who have collected in that region. 5

I myself have no doubt that we have to register the Spectacled or
Pallas’s Cormorant in the same category as the Great Auk (Plautus im-
pennis) and the Labrador Duck (Camptolaimus labradorius), to which,

before long, several other species will have to be added.

- 85. Phalacrocorax urile (GMEL.).

1788.—Pelecanus urile GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 575.—Carbo (Pelecanus) urile KiTTt., Isis
1832, p. 1104.

1788.—?? Pelecanus violaceus GMEL, Syst. Nat., p. 575 (nec LAwr., 1858).—Phalacro-
corax v. TACZAN., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 341.

1826.—Phalacrocorax bicristatus PALu., Zoogr. Ross. As., Il, p. 301 (nec TeEMM. &
SCHLEG., qui pelagicus).—K11TTL., Denkw., II, p. 224 (1858).—Id., J. f. Orn.,
1858, p. 389.—Swinu., Ibis, 1874, p. 164.—Buakisr. and PRYER, Tr. As. Soc.
Jap., X, 1882, p. 102.—NeELsoNn, Cruise Corwin, p. 103 (1883).—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 10 (1884).—Graculus b. Barrp, Tr. Chie. Acad., I,
1869 (p. 321, pl. 33).—DaLni & BaNnnist., Tr. Chic. Acad., I., 1869, p. 302.—
Frnscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 86.—Dat1, Avif. Aleut. Isl. west
Unal., p. 7 (1874).—CouEs, in Elliott’s Affairs Alaska, p. 192 (1875).

1260.—Carbo pelagicus COINDE, Rey. Mag. Zool., 1860, p. 401.

The name of the present species has been involved in great uncer-
tainty and confusion. Some authors have called it Ph. violaceus(GMEL.),
a name which, by the American ornithologists, almost unanimously has
been referred to what Pallas called Ph. pelagicus. The latter have
mostly used the appellation bicristatus PALL., which, on the other hand,
by the authors of Fauna Japonica and many of their followers has been
misapplied to pelagicus, while urile GMEL. was doubtfully referred to
the present species or to perspicillatus PALLAS, or to both.

This uneertainty as to the proper location of Gmelin’s wrile has arisen
from a slip of the pen on the side of the author of the “Arctic Zool-
ogy,” which, like many other elephants, was swallowed whole by
Gmelin.

Gmnelin’s Pelecanus urile is based entirely and solely upon the “ Red-
faced Corvorant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 584, C.; Red-faced Shag, Lath. syn.,
Ill, 2, p. 601, n. 17; urile, Steller Camtschate., p. 157,” the latter quota-

- tion evidently being referable to James Grieve’s English edition of
Kraschenninikoff’s “The History of Kamtschatka” (Gloucester, 1764).
In the diagnosis he says: “gutture et orbitis albis, facie nuda et ceru-
lescente rubra,” which, as compared with Pallas’s diagnosis of Ph. per-

182 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

spicillatus (Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 305) “facie nuda rubro coerulescen-
tique varia, circulo cutaneo oculos ambiente albo,” has caused the belief
that wrile, at least partially, was referable to perspicillatus. -

Lt we now turn to the “ Arctic Zoology,” p. 584, we find the following:

“GO. Rep-rACED CorvoraANT. Ouril of the Kamtschatkans, Deser. de la Kamtschatka, 493.—Latham, iii.
““P, With 2 slender bill; upper mandible black; lower red: from the bill to the
eyes is a space covered with a bluish red, naked skin: round each eye a white
eutancous circle: * * * on the fore part of the neck a few white slender feathers ;
* * * tail consisting of twelve feathersonly. * * * LENGTH of one I measured
thirty-one inches. Steller compares its size to that of a goose.

‘“‘Inhabits the high precipices on the coasts of Kamtschatka.”

We then proceed to the French edition of Kraschenninikoft’s “ De-
scription du Kamtschatka” (Paris, 1763), the one cited by Pennant,
from which we quote as follows (p. 493): “T/Ouril est de la grosseur
Wune Oie ordinaire: * * * Ila aussi sur le cou, par places, de longues
plumes blanches & minces comme des cheveux. Les yeux sont entourés
W@une petite membrane rouge, comme dans les Cogs de bois. * ee

From the above it seems unquestionable that Pennant’s, “a white cu-
taneous circle,” is only a slip of the pen for “a red cutaneous circle”
(entourés Wune petite membrane rouge), a conjecture we shall find con-
firmed if looking still closer into the matter. It may be well, however,
to remark here that it also is evident that Pennant had a specimen
which he had measured, and from which he took the characters ‘“ pill
slender,” and “tail consisting of twelve feathers.”

Next comes Latham’s description. (Synops., II, pt. 2, p. 601. Lon-
don, 1785—same year as the Arctic Zoology.)

“Red-faced Corvorant, Arct. Zool., p. 584, c. Urile, Hist. Kamtsch., p. 157. 17.

‘This is somewhat less than the Corvorant: Length two feet ten inches [34 inches].
Bill three inches and a half long; the base of a reddish green, the end black: round
the eye a bare skin of a reddish colour: * * * on the middle of the neck before
a few slender white narrow feathers thinly interspersed among the others, many of
them two inchesand a half inlength: * * * tail six inches in length, consisting
of twelve feathers. * * *

“Inhabits Kamtschatka.”

From his reference, the English edition of the “ History of Kamt-
schatka,” p. 157, we only quote: ‘The fowl urile, of which there is
great plenty in Kamtschatka, * * * has a red membrane or skin
round the eyes,” this latter expression being evidently the translation of
Steller’s “ periophtalmiis cinnabarinis,” as given in a foot-note.

tis plain from the above that Latham also had a specimen before
him, and I think there can be little doubt that it was the same as de-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 183

scribed and measured by Pennant,* the description of which agrees in
every particular with the bird afterward described by Pallas as bicris-
tatus. ,

We have now concluded (1) that the “Ouril” and “ Urile” of the
‘Description of Kamtschatka” is the bicristatus ; (2) that Pennant’s and
Latham’s “ Red-faced Corvorant or Shag” was based upon the above
partly, and partly upon a specimen belonging to that very species; (3)
that the character given by Pennant as ‘‘a white cutaneous circle”
was only a slip of the pen; (4) that the name wrile, given by Gmelin,
and also the erroneous diagnosis, are based on the above; in other
words, that wrile is the older name for bicristatus, and that urile is not
a synonym of perspicillatus, not even in part. The latter conclusion
is also apparent by a comparison of the characters given, except the
white (!) eye-ring.

Urile is said to have the bill slender; in perspicillatus it is robust.
Urile has 12 rectrices only, while perspicillatus is said to have 14.
The former is given as having white slender feathers on the fore part of
the neck only, while the characteristic feature of the latter is the long
and straw-yellow feathers on the head and neck.

There remains now only to dispose of the name violaceus GMEL., which
is absolutely of the same date as wrile, occurring on the same page.

In this case, too, Gmelin bases his name and diagnoses upon the same
two works as above; his diagnosis, “ P. niger violaceo-nitens, capite
cristato.” “‘ Habitat circa Camtschatcam, vicinasque insulas,” being a
literal translation of the whole text of Pennant relating to the species,
viz: “ P. With the body wholly black, glossed with violet csior. Found
about Kamtschatka and the isles.” Latham does not add anything, ex-
cept the remark, ‘the size not mentioned.”

It will be seen that it is impossible to determine the bird from the
above description, so we may safely do away with a name which has
caused so much confusion, being fortunate enough in having a name of
the same date and of indisputable pertinency.

Mr. Taczanowski, in a recent memoir (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883,
p. 341) says: “ Les deux espéces voisines des mersde Kamtschatka, sont
si distinctes entre elles et si bien caractérisées par Pallas, quwil est éton-
nant qwelles soient confondues par plusieurs ornithologistes modernes.”
Schlegel es oe P. B., 1. ¢.) cannot be said to have confounded ue as he

* The difference in Fae eee ana 34 stiehee in a ale of any account, if we
remember that the measurements are taken from a mounted specimen.

184 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

quotes neither Ph. pelagicus PALL. nor Ph. bicristatus PALL. among the
synonyms of his Ph. violaceus. Swinhoe, in 1874 (Ibis, p. 164), clearly
pointed out the difference between the two forms, and was followed by
all later writers on Japanese ornithology. Professor Baird, in 1869 (Tr.
Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, p. 321), correctly kept the two species separate,

retaining for the one Pallas’s name bicristatus, while applying Gmelin’s -

name violaceus to pelagicus PALL., and herein he has been followed by all
later American authors without exception. The only modern ornitholo-
gist, of any consequence, who has confounded the two species is evidently
Mr. Taczanowski himself, quoting, as he has done, pelagicus PALL. as a
synonym of bicristatus PALL. (see Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 41).

Mr. Taczanowski then proceeds to give a comparative table of the
distinctive characters of the breeding males of the two species; but,
although generally correct, he falls into some errors in describing the
colors of the naked parts. In wrile (=bicristatus) the naked skin of the
face is not ‘d’un rouge minium,” but bright reddish orange, while the
‘‘peau nue sur la naissance de la mandibule inférieure, au bord de la
machoire, et de la gorge,” is not ‘“noiratre,” but beautiful blue. The
difference in color of the naked parts is truthfully represented in the
colored drawings, pl. viii, figs. 1 and 2, made by me from the fresh
specimens less than an hour after they were killed. The drawings also
represent the difference in the coloration of the iris in the two species.

It is not only in the coloration of the naked parts of the faces that
the two species differ. They are easily told apart by structural differ-
ences in almost all ages, and even the downy young and the eggs are
easily distinguishable.

But before proceeding to a detailed comparison, I want to call atten:
tion to the measurements of the two forms, as given in the paper of Mr.
Taczanowski (op. ¢., p. 343). In the first place, the measurements of
the “longueur totale” and the “vol” are transposed; this typographical
error is obvious and easily disposed of. Looking at Taczanowski’s table
we find, however, that the measurements given show pelagicus to be a
larger bird than wrile (bicristatus). But so is not the actual fact, as
urile decidedly is the larger one of the two. An inspection of the meas-
urements given by me under the headings of the two species will prove
that such is the case.* I may add that the dimensions accompanying
Pallas’s description of bicristatus and pelagicus likewise show the former

*The weight of an adult urile (No. 92877) was 5 pounds, while an adult specimen
of pelagicus at the same time only weighed 2 pounds 5 ounces.

» ‘ ‘ _
‘nlp Read ct at tl it Ei a et

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 185

to be the larger species. The opposite result of Taczanowski’s table can
only be accounted for by supposing that the measurements of the two
species have been transposed in the same manner as those of the total
length and the stretch of the wings.

Nobody, however, who has ever seen the adults of both species when
fresh, or nearly so, mistook them for being the same species. The diffi-
culty has arisen from the young plumage, in which both species are very
- much like each other. In the adult of the present species the feather-
ing of the forehead does not reach the base of the bill, thus, rendering
it very easily separable from Ph. pelagicus ; butin the young urile (=bi-
cristatus) the forehead is as fully feathered as in pelagicus. Nevertheless,
it is the outline of the feathering at the base of the bill which will fur-
nish us with the best character, as in the young pelagicus it forms a
well-pronounced malar apex below the angle of the mouth, while in
urile it runs down in nearly a straight line without forming so conspicu-
ous an apex.

A difference in the wing formula, as supposed by Mr. Swinhoe, can-
not be verified in a large series, there being hardly two individuals of
exactly the same relation between the primaries.

But also the young in the nest are rather easily distinguished even
before they have got any feathers. I give the following remarks as
I wrote them, with the downy young of both species, just taken out of
their nests, before me:

Tn urile the limit between the whitish
color of the gular portion and the lead-
colored skin of the remaining portion of
the body is very distinctly defined,

while in pelagicus this limit is much more
irregular and has a quite different out-
line.

The dusky down of urile is tipped with the down in pelagicus being uniform

brownish gray,

On the outside of the thighs is a large
spot dotted with white down,

Of structural differences, is especially to
be mentioned, in wrilethe greater breadth
of the bill at base,

Even the eggs of the two species cannot be confounded.

black, so as to give the whole bird a much
darker appearance.

while white down is altogether missing
in pelagicus.

compared with the much narrower shape
of the bill at base in pelagicus.

Not only are

those of wrile considerably larger than those of pelagicus, but the green
color, when looked at through the shell, is totally different, being much
more bluish in the former, against yellowish in the latter.

186 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The difference between the adults will be best understood from the
colored drawings (pl. viii, figs. 1 and 2), and no further remarks are
thought necessary, except perhaps, that the irides in the adult are
totally different colored, being brownish in urile, while green in pelagicus.

The color of the plumage and its general characters are pretty much
the same in both species, except that the purplish bronzy gloss on the
scapulars is stronger and more violet in wrile than in pelagicus, and that
the latter has a more purplish tinge on the upper neck. !

Before leaving the subject I may perhaps mention a structural char-
acter which I noted in the fresh birds, viz, that in wrile the outer—
longest—toe is proportionally much longer than in pelagicus, its last
joint reaching considerably beyond the tip of the nail of the middle toe,
while in the latter species the end of the nail just reaches the joint.

I had no opportunities of investigating the changes of plumage and
the moult of the present species. The extensive series in the National
Museum enables me, however, to state that the changes exactly cor-
-respond to those of the following species as examined by me. A de-
tailed account of these observations will be found under the heading

of that species.
List of specimens collected.

|
|
|

2 | a
A ow
B og “4 3
s s | v : E : a
iso | 3 3 | 4d lor Z S
45 sae Locality. | = op fen EI g =
ee beng ae 3 | 8 | 5 0 [aie at ee
fof-8 a (earl aah eal ach) a eee
a} s Was aoe id Songhai | ome ae
z ra | NE ENO 3 ES 3 5 im os
Bio | Ee mR ee) At ee Boar et
ae A ae es Seer: a
mm. |mm.|mm.|mm.|mm. | mm. | mm.
92877 | 2261 | Glinka, Copper Island.) July 14, 1882 | # ad. | 791] 188] -300] 171 54 79 62
92878 | 2287 | Saint Mathew, Copper | July 25,1883] jun. | 778} 176 | 296] 171 53 77 61
| Island. | |
92879 | 2262 | Glinka, Copper Island.| July 14,1883 | pull.| 348 |..----|..--..|..-.-.|.----- 43 31

No. 92877.—Liis light, of a ‘‘ raw umber” color. Bill, a upper mandible brownish-black, with a stripe
on culmen, flames on the sides, and at base horny, yellowish white, at base, blue; lower mandible
horny yellowish; tip blackish; base faint bluish. Forehead, lores, and eye-region, naked and
smooth, and bright orange, connected with the rugated wattles which are orange-red and encircle
the gular sac by a narrow orange-colored stripe bebind the mouth; the soft parts next to the bill all
«round and the gular sac of a bright blue, tinged with violet, and decpening in color from the forehead
down to the gular sie. ect uniformly brownish black without eny kind of spots or mottling.
Interior of mouth blue. Not fat. Weight, 5 pounds.

No. 92878.—Iris as in the foregoing specimen. Bill dark horny brown, towards base as also the
naked parts of the face light flesh-color, with a faint tinge of bluish on the lower mandible; the eye-
ring with an olive tinge. Veet uniformly brownish black ; webs lighter, dark brownish, without
blotehings. Weight, 4.6 pounds.

No. 92879.—Skin of body whitish next to the lower mandible, violet blackish on the rest of tha body,
somewhat lighter on the feet, and still more so on the belly and the inside of the tibia. 2

The inhabitants of the islands distinguish the present species as
“ Bolschoj Uril” in contradistinction to the * Malinkij Uril,” whieh is

sa

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 187

Ph. pelagicus. Being not only the rarer of the two species, but also the

most difficult to shoot, no specimen was obtained from Bering Island,

where it is only known to breed with certainty on Arij Kamen which
also was the last refuge of Ph. perspicillatus. On Copper Island it is
more numerous, especially towards the southern end of the island, but
is by no means common, compared with the number of Ph. pelagicus in-
the same locality.

Three eggs (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 21765, L. Stejneger No. 2263) were
taken from a nest at Peresjejek, Copper Island, on the 14th of July, 1883.

_ All three were perfectly clear, measuring 61 by 40, 63.5 by 39, and 66

by 37°". Another egg from Bering Island (Mus. No. 21766; L. Stejne-
ger No. 2328) measures 61 by 39".

86. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Patt.

1826.—Phalacrocorax pelagicus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 303.—Swinu., Ibis, 1874,
p. 164.—Id., ibid., 1877, p. 147.—BLakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 216.—Jid.,
Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 187.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 102.—Taczan.,
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 341.—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 158.

1849.— Carbo bicristatus TEMM. & SCHL., Faun. Jap. Av., pl. 84 (nec PALL.).—SWINH.,
Ibis, 1861, p. 410.—Phalacrocorax b. SWINH., Ibis, 1861, p. 408.—Id., ibid.,
1863, p. 434.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 325.—WuITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 211.—
BuakistT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 216.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p.
188.—Graculus b. SwWINnH., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 420.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1876,
p. 203.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 41.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., p, 66 (1877).

1867.—Phalacrocoraz wolus Swinu., Ibis, 1867, p. 395.

1872.—Graculus violaceus Frnscu, Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872, p. 86 (nec GMEL. ).—
Phalacrocorax v. NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 103 (part) (1883).

1874.—Graculus bairdii DaALL, Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 8 (nee COOPER).

It will be seen that in the above synonymy all American references are
left out, except those relating to the occurrence of the species on the
Aleutian Chain. A close inspection convinced me that my birds, and
also those from the other Aleutian Islands, are distinct from the race oe-
curring on the coasts of the mainland of Alaska, being in fact nearer to
the southern race, the so-called Ph. pelagicus resplendens. This fact, how-
ever, has no bearing upon the name of the Kamtschatkan bird, which
certainly is the bird to which Palias originally gave the name pelagicus.
It is the Alaskan form which required a new name, and it has, conse-
quently, been named by Mr. Ridgway Ph. pelagicus robustus.

I made a few observations regarding the change of plumage in this

. . . - - .
species which may be of some interest, as this part of the natural his-
tory of the Pacific birds seems to have been unduly neglected.

It will be necessary first to remark that these birds raise two broods

188 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

during the summer. This is not to be understood as a positive state-
ment that the same parents rear two sets of young every year—although
I believe that most of them do—but simply that I have found the colo-
nies of this species having eggs and downy young at two different times.
The first season commences early in May, the young of this brood
being fully fledged in the latter part of July. In the middle of this
month, however, the colonies again contained all stages, from fresh eggs
to newly-hatched young. During the first days of August I found
downy young of almost the same age and still without feathers, while
on the 21st of August, 1882, I visited a numerous colony at Poludjonnij,
Bering Island, in which the oldest young were about half fledged.
These would not be able to fly before the first week of September. Be-
tween the two periods, young in all stages of development will be found
in the colonies, but proportionately few in number. It will thus be seen
that it is safe to assume that the difference in age between the earliest
and the latest born young in one year amounts to three months, at least.

We are now prepared to understand that we can find two birds un-
dergoing the corresponding moult at times as much apart as the birth-
days of the same two birds. If the first moult occurs, say, ten
months after the bird broke the shell, the ‘bird born in the middle of
May will moult in the middle of March next year, while the one born
in the middle of August will not moult before the middle of June next
year. And this conclusion is borne out fully by the observed facts. As
will be seen from the details relating to the birds collected by me, as
given below, I shot birds in the latter part of February, both younger
and older, which were just in the first stage of moulting,* while, on the
other hand, I have a skin before me in full moult from young to adult
plumage, as late as July, a discrepancy hardly to be accounted for, ex-
cept by the above explanation.

When about ten months old, the first plumage, which is of the dark
grayish sooty color, with some green and purplish .reflections in the
fresh plumage, changes into the resplendent garb of the adult,t from
which it then is undistinguishable, except by not having the bright

*In fact, I should not have been able to ascertain the fact had it not been that I
always was on the lookout for the moult when skinning the fresh bird, and making
my notes right on the spot.

+Mr. N. S. Goss in a paper in ‘The Auk” (1884, p. 164) thinks that the birds ( Ph.
pelagicus resplendens) must be two years at least in acquiring the adult plumage, be-
cause many of the young birds were still of a brown color on the 6th of June, The
explanation is simply that the greater part had not yet commenced their moult as
early as that date.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 189

colors of the naked parts of the face and by, lacking the white feathers
on the neck and thighs. In the following spring, or when about twenty-
three months old, it begins to breed.

The white plumes on neck and thighs belonging to the breeding
plumage are generally assumed during the early part of the winter;
still, many of them were undeveloped in a female shot on the 26th of
- April, 1883. These white feathers do not exclusively belong to the
adult plumage, as a young female, shot in February, has the thighs of
the sooty plumage broadly streaked with white feathers, which are not
dense enough, however, to form a continuous patch. Evenin the young,
only a few days old, the down on the thighs is distinctly white, in
strong contrast to the brownish color of the down on the rest of the
body. The ornamental white plumes disappear in the course of sum-
mer, when the breeding process is over, at which time also the gradual
moult of the wing and tail-feathers commences.

During winter the color of the naked parts in the young changes from
an ashy flesh-color toa dark grayish brown, while at that time the
adults have the caruncles of a dull brownish orange, which color, towards
the breeding season, changes into a deep vermilion, while the skin be-
tween the caruncles remains dark grayish brown. Mr. Taczanowski
Says * that the red caruncles disappear after the breeding season, and
that the naked sides of the face are then covered more or less with
feathers. This is, however, not the case, his mistake evidently being
caused by having before him young birds in their second plumage, say
between thirteen and twenty months old.

List of specimens collected.

: os a | oS
a a 2 : E oe &
S a ro Fa
a 2 Locality. = en & | 3 =
3 i ° A
a} 8 S g Oeil 3 a 8 ;
A 2 A a a 2 bi 2 2 a a
: ® a s os = S : g S D
A) a = Pion llaici al ln et ler tu Pell ba tetane eed is aces
b |S e coos | te ih EN |) ee hee lec. (eet Cet
mm. | mm.) mm. mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
89120 | 1169 | Bering Island ....... June 8,1882| ¢ ad. W2Gbliccecets 270 | 132 49 75 53
SON NGS |aoo-dOn sec sale ene June 8,1882} 9? ad. (AN al eesoas 261 144 45 62 49
S2851G ELA Tae -dOv seco se eco. se5 Feb. 21,1883} 9 ad. 714} 140 | 260| 142 48 69 53
PabeBaeO00bE Mos: dO, 2525222 228k. IPA pes 26; 1983). Orad I 678) 146" |stean | a -ecle ase atuee se oll, are
S288 205 926i|5 ep On a2 se Ses Feb. 21,1883 | 9 jun.| 672 133 | 243 135 44 67 50
92880 | 2265 | Copper Island...-.-.- July 14,1883) pull. Bie |Peeeae|| me sen les eeee | eee 42 | 30

* Tom. cit., p. 342.

190 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

No. 89120.—Ivris yellowish green. Bill horny blackish brown, lighter at base; caruncles along border
of bill, on the lores, around the eyes, and on the chin-angle brownish vermilion. Feet jet black.

No. 89119.—Colors exactly like foregoing.

No. 92881.—Bill blackish brown; lower mandible and especially the tomia lighter; naked parts of
face dark grayish brown with brownish orange warts. Feet black. Nail of outer toe fells 23™™ short
of tip of tail, legs being stretched backwards. New feathers in their sheaths, but still concealed under
the old ones, all over the back, nape, and head. None of the white plumules in ths sheaths. Very fat,

No. 2005.—Ivis deep sea-green. Naked skin of face dark grayish brown with brownish vermilion
papillae. Feet black. Backwards stretched toes reach tip of tail; tip of closed wings hardly reach the
heel-joint, nor do they reach the tips of upper tail coverts, the distance being 21™. All the white
plumules are new, those on neck and head still partly or wholly in their SneanS Largest eggs in
ovary of the size of small peas. Extremely fat.

No. 92882.—Bill horny blackish brown, lighter along tomia; naked parts of face dark grayish
brown. Feet black. New tertials and feathers on the crown of the head in their sheaths. The white
plumules on the thighs show no traces of being new. Nail of outer toe fells 10™™ short of tip of tail,
legs being stretched backwards.

No. 92880.—Colors of naked skin exactly as in the downy young of Ph. wrile, No. 92879.

The Pelagic Cormorant is a very abundant resident of both islands,
breeding on all the most rugged and steepest promontories which
rise immediately from the sea, as well as on the outlying islets and
stones. Many of them winter around the coast, but they are not by far
so common at that season as during summer.

Although very plentiful at the present date, their number is said to
have been vastly greater before 1876, when their endless myriads in
some places were real “ landmarks,” which could be relied upon even in

foggy weather, such a point, for instance, being the northern cape of

Copper Island, as Captain Sandman informed me. But during the
winter of 1876~77 thousands and thousands were destroyed by an ap-
parently epidemic disease, and masses of the dead birds covered the
beach all round the islands. During the following summer comparatively
few were seen, but of later years their number has again been increas-
ing, though people having seen their former multitude think that there
is no comparison between the past and the present. From Bering
Island the reports are similar, with the addition that the stone-foxes
would not eat the corpses. As the “ Uril” forms a not inconsiderable
part of the fresh food of the natives during the time of the year when
the fur-seal (Callorhinus ursinus) is not slaughtered, especially now
when * Nerpi” (Phoca vitulina) are getting scarce, the people were very
much afraid that these birds might be totally exterminated, like Phala-
crocorax perspicillatus.

ee

* ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 191

A The eggs measure as follows:
: g | 2
:. a e Locality. Date. Diameters.
; az]
4 wn D
7 rhs
=
X Millimeters.
BlgGo ees MB OLIN SUSAN tease at antes alas amie ole ee necse n'a \naseelsisalciels|=cieee June 8,1882| 56 by 37.5
, 56.5 by 37.5
3] 53 by 37
59 ~=by 37
mots eorGs4 a CODPEDEslandyewesaiacecictecicis «scale cejceisalceisweceleigsswiestysicr July 14,1888 | 59 - by 34.75
58 by 35

Of the latter set one ege was perfectly clear, the second contained a
very small embryo, while the third one, which was broken, contained a
somewhat larger foetus.

ORDER RASORES.

Superfamily TETRAONOIDE.

Family TETRAONIDZE.

87. Urogallus parvirostris kamtschaticus (KITTL.).

1858.— Tetrao kamtschaticus KirrLirz, Denkw. Reis., II, p. 354, fig. on p. 353.
1870.—Tetrao parvirostris GRAY, Handl. B., I, p. 276 (mee Bp.).

1883.—Tetrao camtschaticus TACZANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 333.*
1884.—Tetrao urogalloides BOGDANOW, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., I, p. 24 (part).

The Kamtschatkan Capercalzie has been shown by Mr. Taczanowski
to be distinct from the bird called by Middendorf 7. wrogalloidest, and I
have only little to remark in addition to his very full and accurate de-
scriptions (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, pp. 333-338). It is evident,
however, that he lays too much stress on the difference in the gradua-
tion of the tail in the two forms, since my specimen is exactly inter-
mediate, and hence I conclude that the two forms are not more than
subspecifically distinct.t

*Taczanowski quotes erroneously “ Kittliz, Reis. Russ. Amer., I, p. 314;” the cor-
rect citation is as given above.

tIt is strange that many authors still persist in using this name after it has been
shown that Prof. Sven Nilsson, long before Middendorff, applied wrogalloides to the
hybrid between the Black Cock and the Capercalzie so common in Scandinavia.
Whether applied to a bybrid or not, the name is preoccupied, and Bonaparte’s substi-
tute, parvirostris, should be adopted without delay. Its synonymy is as follows:

Urogallus parvirostris (BP.).

1826.—Tetrao urogallus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., Il, p. 56 (part).

1853.—Tetrao urogalloides Mipp, Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 195, tab. xviii) (nee NILss.).—SCHRENCK,
Reise Amurl., I, p. 396 (1860).—Rappr, Reise Sud. Ost-Sibir. II (p. 299) (1863).--ELLIor,
Monogr. Tetr., pl. vi (1865).—Dys. & Parv., J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 336.—Taczan., J. f. Orn.,
1873, p. 98.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 242.—_Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 47
(1877).—BoGpan., Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., I, p. 24 (1884).

1856.—Tetrao parvirostris BONAP., Compt. Rend., XLII, p. 880.

Pallas in a note (op. cit., p.58) mentions this species as a smaller variety, which the
Russians call ‘‘ Rock Capercalzie.” Upon this has been founded the following alto-
gether unwarranted quotations: ‘‘ Tetrao urogallus var. minor Pallas Zoogr. R. A., I,
pp. 58,59” (Elliot, Monogr. Tetraon., text to pl. vi), and ‘ Tetrao urogallus var. rupes-
tris Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, II, p. 58, Nota 2” (Bogdanow, Consp. Av. Imp.
Ross., I, p. 24).

{Of the genus Urogallus we then have two well-defined species. It does not seem
that Urogallus urogallus has been studied closely enough as to its local varie-

192

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 193

The downy chicks of this form, which is rather common on the main-
land of Kamtschatka, have not yet been described so far as I know. I
was fortunate enough to obtain two, the larger of which may be de-

scribed as follows:

Pullus (U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 92705; L. Stejneger, No. 2300. Petropaulski, Kam., begin-
ning of July, 1883).

Above pale rusty ochraceous, more or less spotted with blackish; underneath pale
buff, more yellowish on jugulum and abdomen, unspotted ; the spots on the upper
surface are arranged as follows: On the forehead an arrow-shaped blackish spot and
a double one on the lores; just on the border between forehead and crown a large
horseshoe-shaped spot with the opening turned toward the beak; on the crown a
somewhat indistinct cross-streak, and a similar one across the nape; on the ear-coverts
two very distinct spots, and behind them, on the side of the neck, a larger rusty
brown spot circumscribed by black ; along the middle of the hind neck a longitudinal
streak ; back more or less mottled with dusky, which color on the posterior part of
the back forms into two indistinct parallel longitudinal bands of a more rusty hue.
The remiges and the larger coverts are out, with more or less regular mottlings of
dusky and pale rusty in both webs and broadly margined with rusty cream-color,
which also runs up along the shafts; the tips of the light margins of the great
coverts are nearly white, so as to form a conspicuous band across the wing. Chin,
throat, and tibiew pale buff, as the rest of the under surface, and without dark mark-
ings.

The two specimens are exactly alike in every particular.

List of specimens obtained.

S £2 (oe [ates
A Aa le a ae
- 3 . tA |
ei3 | 2} 2 ee - 13) 8 82) 2
p | & i © A |box| | - Hove oles
pe eeall eae ee Locality. Date. a a SAS S Sl
8 5 | so a 2, | as Ge 7 g 3 3 Bu 3
Alis| aq . © ee Molla seat io B |a~o| 3
: ® ow | 80 St r) HH Sra oh
a a Boe a2 | & i Isom]
n oS 4 = oe ed oon Fay ers q Hes! 3
: ° SD . > eS | eis e | 5 Re ed - oO
p }O| wa H | fe | & = Oo IA RB
= a < s
| | 1883. | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. | mm. /mm. | mm. | mm
92704'2059|(¢)ad| Petropaulski...... March) 375| 315| 37| 2%/ 68 73| 100/ 96| 21
92705/2300| pull. |....do..........---. July | 70) 25] 9| 6, 23| 2 [areal Pt, Saal ton ace
92706|2301) pull. |....do.....-.-...... July 61 12 8 | 5 21 | 22y rie aie | we cael Monat e

ties. There are apparently at least two forms in Europe (being now without sufficient
material, I shall only hint at Tetrao eremita, described in ‘‘ Svenska Vetenskaps Aka-
demiens Handlingar for 1789” (p. 179), which is ‘smaller than the usual bird, and ashy
gray, with somewhat darker head and neck”), and one East Siberian variety which may
be called Urogallus urogallus taczanowskii. It isdescribed by Mr. Taczanowski thus:
“Les males obtenus d’Irkutsk se distinguent par plusieurs détails des oiseaux de
l'Europe, c’est-a-dire: ils ont les pattes’ beaucoup plus velues, et les doigts couverts
jusqu’a la derniére articulation ; ils ont le bec un peu plus court, plus renflé sur les
cétés au devant des narines; le plumage en général plus mou avec un dessin géné-
ralement plus fin. Les femelles ont les plumes des pattes plus abondantes que dans
les femelles européennes, mais la différence n’est pas aussi grande que chez les males;
leur bec est aussi plus large 4 la base” (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 243). The
other species is Urogallus parvirostris (BP.) with its two subspecies U. parvirostris
kamischaticus (K1TTL.), and Urogallus parvirostris sachalinensis (BOGDANOW) ( Tetrao
urogalloidis var. B. sachalinensis BOGDAN., Consp. Ay. Imp. Ross., I, 1884, p. 122).

15861 Bull. 29 13

194 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

88. Lagopus lagopus (Lin. ).

1758.—Tetrao lagopus Lin., 8. N., 10 ed., I, p. 159.—PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 56
(part) (1826). z

1788.—Tetrao albus GMEL., Syst. Nat., 1,2 p. 750.—Lagopus a. MIDD., Sibir. Reise, II, 2
(p. 190) (1883).—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl. I, p. 395 (1860).—RaDDE, Reisen
Siid. Ost-Sibir. (p. 294) (1863).—BairD, Trans. Chic. Acad., I, 1869 (p.
663).—DaLL & BAnn., ibid., p. 937.—Frxscu., Abh. Brem. Ver., III, 1872,
p. 62—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 98.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876,
p. 242.—1d., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 47 (1877).—BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1882, p. 163.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 0 (1883).—STEJNEGER, Na-
turen, 1804, p. 8.—BOGDAN., Consp. Av. Ross., I, p. 32 (1884).

1788.—Tetrao lapponicus GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 751.

1815.—Tetrao saliceti TEMM., Gall. et Pig., II, p. 208.—KirrL., Denkw., I, p. 249
(1858).—ADAMS, Ibis, 1878, p. 436.

1817.—Tetrao subalpinus Nitss., Orn. Syec., I, p. 307.—? Lagopus s. NORDQUIST in Nor-
DENSKJ., Voy. Vega, Amer. ed., p. 433 (1882).

1883.—Lagopus alpinus NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 82 (nec NILSSON).

List of specimens collected.

} .
A | | Bi
2 | Z 4 Wate he : a 3
4 ° o a mo =]
5 \ese2 | Locality. a Lorie % a a
BS | Soyoil Teer re sha tae allparaee eae
A | ° | a | CS _ = on "
wa SU! & eee’ $ = A =
: °
5 | 6 | = & ia l|a;,e) es
| | : mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92707 | 2042 | Petropaulski ..------------ ---srrr0t 07 May 19, 1883 | ¢ ad. 417 72) 203 | 120
92708 | 2048 | Suen CO ee eee enlaces = cine wie (gi= ia May 19, 1883 | & ad. | 410 65 | 200 110
| |

No. 92707.---Iris dark brown. Bill horny blackish, plumbeous. Crop contained buds of willows, cat-
kins of alder, and a hip of Rosa ka mtschatica.

A few sinall flocks were met with on a hunting expedition in the neigh-
borhood of Petropaulski on the 19th of May, 1883. They were exceed-
ingly shy, and as the snow was 4 to6 feet deep on the ground we had to
hunt the grouse in sledges drawn by ten dogs, and to shoot from the
sledge. A strange way of hunting grouse! Only the males had com-
menced assuming the dark plumage, the head and neck being already
brown, all the brown feathers still partly in their sheaths.

This species does not occur on the islands.

e9. Lagopus ridgwayi STEJNEGER.

1826.—Tetrao lagopus PaLL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p.63 (part).
1883,—La,,opus albus STEJNEGER, Pr. U. §.Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 72(nec GMEL. ef. ‘The
Auk,” 1884, p. 82).

1883.—Lagopus alpinus DyBOWSKT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1833, p. 368.

1884.— Lagopus ridgwayt STEJNEGER, Proe. Biol. Soe. Washingt. I, April 10, 1884, p. 98.—
Id., Amer. Naturalist, XVII, 1884, p. 774 —Id., Zeitschr..Ges. Orn., I, 1884,
p. 89 pl. v.—Id., Ibis, 1885, p. 50.

1884.—Lagopus rupestvis subsp. insularis BOGDANOW, Consp. Av. Ross, p. 34.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 195

I consider myself excusable in making the mistake of calling this
bird Lagopus albus, when I wrote my preliminary report on the islands,
although it really belongs to the Attagen: group, so differently colored
is it from all other Rock-ptarmigans. Of course, if I had looked closer
at the structural characters, such an error could not have happened, but
the specimens were not at hand when I wrote my report, and the general
color, jn connection with the statement of Prof. W. H. Dall (Notes
on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially those west of Una-
lashka, 1874, p. 5) that L. albus is the only species of grouse found on
the Aleutian Islands,* led me to make such a blunder. As soon as I
got winter specimens the mistake was plain, but I never dreamed of a
new species of ptarmigan before it came to actual comparison of speci-
mens.

It seems from the blackish prexstival plumage of this species, espe-
cially the almost uniform blackish preepectus, that it is more nearly al-
lied to L. muta than to L. rupestris, in spite of its brown color ; but it is
a perfectly good species and affords a most interesting proof of the pa-
learctic relationship of the Commander Islands on the one hand, and of
their remarkable isolated zoological position on the other. It would
almost seem as if the isolation, as a factor in the development of new spe-
cies or forms, is effective in inverse proportion to the size of the isolated
area. The ptarmigans of Europe have been separated from each other
on three or four different mountain systems, probably as far back as the
end of the Glacial period. Still the difference between L. mutus from
Scandinavia and L. mutus vulgaris from Southern Europe is rather slight.
It is at present hardly possible to tell how long a time has elapsed since
the Commander Islands have been separated from the mainland ; but,
even if that took place still earlier, the distinctness of many of the
birds appears very remarkable.

Before entering on a more detailed comparison with allied forms,
some remarks upon the changes of plumage among these birds may not
be out of place.

In my preliminary report (p. 74), I concluded ‘that no marked sea-
sonal plumage can be distinguished, except the white plumage of the
winter and the dark one of the summer,” for the reason that these birds

* It now turns out that the species inhabiting the American islands of the Aleutian
Chain belong to two different races, L. rupestris nelsoni STEIN., and L. rupestris atkhensis
(TURNER), and that alba does not occur at all on the islands. Itis first on the Shuma-
gin Islands that alba is found. I have myself examined a 2 in breeding plamage ob-
tained by Dr. T. Bean on Unga.

196 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

are ‘subject to an uninterrupted change from the moment when the
first dark feathers make their appearance in spring until the last one
has disappeared in fall.” Additional material and subsequent observa-
tions force me to modify this statement to the effect that there are two
very different summer plumages indeed—one preestival and one post-
estival, which, however, on account of the uninterrupted change dur-
ing the whole summer, are, during the middle part of the season, so
blended and mixed together as to justify the expression that there is no
marked limit between them. As to my failure in recognizing a third
summer plumage I refer here to some remarks further below.

The first dark feathers of the summer plumage of the male make
their appearance on the upper part of the head about the beginning of
May. Still, in the middle of June, the greater part of the lower sur-
face, except the jugulum and prepectus, are white, and many white
feathers of the old plumage are mixed among the dark ones on the
upper parts. These dark feathers are more or less uniform blackish ;
an explicit description of this plumage will be found further on, sub No.
89059. In some males the moulting proceeds more rapidly, in others the
process takes longer time. A male shot on the 11th of June, 1883, had
much more white than the one referred to above. From this time
feathers, more regularly transversely banded, and vermiculated with
brown, protrude between the first ones; similarly colored feathers take
the place of the white ones below; the first blackish feathers are also
shed, until the bird, a little later than the middle of August, has as-
sumed its full summer plumage, in which even the abdomen and the
tibie are blackish, there being no other white feathers than those of
the wings. This perfect plumage lasts hardly fourteen days, as the
white feathers of the new winter plumage, simultaneously with the last
brown ones, now commence protruding from their sheaths. In the mid-
dle of October the bird has the white and brown similarly distributed
as in the middle of June, and betore the middle of November the perfect
white plumage is completed.

The moulting of the wing-feathers takes place about the time when the
summer plumage is most perfect, that is to say, about the middle of
August. The new primaries have then blackish shafts, a color which
in the following spring fades away, so that the old feathers when shed
have almost wholly white shafts.

The late Prof. Sven Nilsson was the first who discovered that the
ptarmigans yearly shed their claws as regularly and completely as they

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 197

moult their feathers, an observation fully sustained by my specimens.
In the birds shot in July and August, before shedding, the middle claw
measures 18 to 20™™, while in a specimen shot on the 23d of August,
and which has just thrown the old ones away, the length of the new
claw is only 11™™. Most interesting is, however, a male, shot the same
day, as it has the claws only half shed, the old claws having loosened
from their base and forced 2 to 3™ out, still covering the tip of the new
ones, except on two of the toes, in which they have already fallen off
(No. 89062).

The old tail-feathers, the white ends of which are wholly worn away,
are shed a little later, and replaced by new black ones, with broad white
terminal edges in October specimens.

A similar change takes place in the plumage of the females, as the
first broad-barred plumage is succeeded by a finely mottled garb, which
they assumed later than the males, and which does not seem to reach
its full development, as the white feathers protrude before it is finished.
In spring the moult of the females commences earlier and takes place
more rapidly than in the males.

Since the preliminary report was written I shot another male, on the
19th of October, which at a close examination fully convinces me that
there is no distinct third summer plumage, in this species at least.
Strange enough, I at first regarded this specimen as a proof against
this opinion, so that at one time I really believed in a third summer
plumage, as maintained by Professor Newton, because the aspect of
the bird, on a superficial look, certainly seems different, especially
lighter. But if placed alongside those shot in August it will be seen
that the brown feathers on the back are exactly like those of the birds
in the perfect dark plumage, and that the light appearance is caused
by the new white feathers which are protruding from below the brown
ones and shining through them.

I believe that this is the explanation of the third summer plumage
in the allied forms also, and the material at hand seems to indicate the
same. Iam led to this belief by the fact that L. ridgwayi is the species
which seems to have the most highly developed dark plumage of all
forms known to me; further, that it, more than others, shows a tendency
to retain a dark color even in winter, consequently warranting the
presumption that it ought to have the third fall plumage, if such a thing
occurred at all among the allied species.

This tendency to assume a dark color in winter needs further ex-

198 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

planation. Among the ptarmigans shot on Bering Island during the
winter 188283 a considerable proportion are found having a number of
dark feathers among the white ones. Some of these feathers were
wholly dark colored, other ones only partially so, with larger or smaller
dark spots on the white feathers, sometimes symmetrically, sometimes
only on one web, sometimes obliquely over both. Not less than about
6 per cent. among some seven hundred specimens examined were thus
marked, males and females, a proportion which held good throughout
the winter, at the beginning, in the middle, and at the close.

Such dark feathers among the white ones also occur in the allied
species, though not to such an extent, that I am aware of, and has
probably given rise to the theory that the dark feathers of the fall
plumage fade into the white winter garb without moulting. But if
any proofs are needed against this hypothesis my specimens will fur-
nish them. In the first place, I found partially dark feathers in their
sheaths, and in the second place, these dark feathers of the winter

plumage are totally different from those of the fall plumage of which
they ought to be the remnants! The postestival plumage of the males
is of a saturated ferruginous brown, with fine, but distinct, blackish
vermiculations and cross-bands. The dark feathers of the male’s win-
ter plumage are almost wholly black, sometimes with some faint and
indistinct brownish undulations and shadings, consequently more like
the feathers of the prevstival or spring plumage. The ground color of
the summer plumage of the females is of an ochraceous orange color,
with rather broad blackish cross-bars; the dark feathers among the
white ones in winter are brown, very finely undulated and vermiculated,
and consequently very much like those of the fall plumage of the male!

One of these females (No. 92717) had a very well pronounced black
loral stripe too, as had in fact not a few of them, but upon dissection
1 found the ovary normal; no trace of sterility, nor indication of any
disease.*

The most interesting specimen in regard to this dark winter plumage
is a female (No. 92714), the sex of which was also determined by dissec-
tion, and which had the ovary well developed and normal. Besides
having a mere indication of a black eye-stripe and several brown feath-
ers on the hind neck, the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth primaries
and the eighth primary covert on each wing are not white, as is otherwise

* This case shows how hyper-cautious the collector must be in indicating the sex.
He should make it a rule never to mark the sex upon a label if he has not examined
the specimen by dissection.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 199

the case in all plumages, both summer and winter, butshow the following
coloration :

The ground color is a delicate creamy yellow, becoming whitish to-
ward the tip of the interior feathers. The outer web has a series of
dusky spots, while the inner one is marbled rather coarsely with black-
ish, darker toward the base, where the feathers appears dusky with faint
light mottlings, while the tip is without dark markings.

Proceeding now to the comparison of L. ridgwayi with allied forms it
will be well to bear in mind that there are at least four different stages
which must be compared with corresponding stages of the other kinds.
It would not do to compare a preestival ZL. ridgwayi with a posteesti-
val muta, or a female of the former with a male of rupestris. It
is, however, on similar comparisons that the present most generally
adopted views concerning this interesting group of birds are based. It
may furthermore be remarked that we are not satisfied with the nega-
tive results furnished by the fact that we hardly can distinguish ptar-
migans in their white winter plumage.* Nor do we consider all the
rock-ptarmigans identical, even if the distinguishing marks pointed
out by the late Professor Sundevall do not hold good. He paid es-
pecial attention to the greater or lesser extent of the white markings
on the exterior tail-feathers, but later authors have denied the value of
this character and proved a great individual variation in this respect.
Nevertheless, it seems to me that the characters will average as indi-
cated by him. An observation by me, and verified on a large series of
specimens, seems to prove, that the females have more white at the base
of the exterior rectrices than the males.

It has already been mentioned that LD. ridgiayi is sufficiently distin-
guishable from L. rupestris by the uniform black prepectus of its prees-
tival plumage, agreeing in this respect with muta and its allies. From
these it is distinguished in its summer plumage not only by the saturated
brown color, but especially by lacking every trace of whitish or grayish
edgings of the feathers, there being in the postestival plumage only
some faint indications of lighter rusty at the end of a few feathers. I
have seen Norwegian specimens of LZ. muta almost without whitish
edgings, but it was in every case plainly due to abrasion, while in the

* This assertion does not seem quite superfluous in view of the following compari-
son of Dr. O. FincH: ‘‘ One specimen [of alba] in the uniform white winter plumage
from Alexandrovsk is not in the least distinguishable from European specimens
(from Russia and Norway) in the museum in Bremen. The distribution of the spe-
cies [alba] consequently embraces the whole Arctic region, as is also the case with Z,
alpinus NIL8s,

200 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

new species they are wanting, as well in the first and not fully grown
feathers, as in those of the more advanced season; besides, the two
birds could never be confounded on account of the different ground
color, this being decidedly grayish in L. muta.

There is one point, however, in which LD. ridgicayi seems to difter from
all the known forms of both muta and rupestris, and that is, that in
the perfect summer plumage of the male the feathers of the abdo-
men and the tibiz are of a dull, smoky black, a coloration I have not
been able to find in any of the numerous specimens of the other species
examined by me; nor have I been able to find it mentioned in any de-
scription, all of which expressly state that the abdomen is always white.

As might be expected, the female of LD. ridgwayi differs only very
little in color from the females of its congeners. In the prestival
plumage the light bars are, perhaps, a little more distant, and the
yellow color a shade richer and more brownish orange than in rupestris.

A small chick taken on Bering Island, August 5, 1882, shows a great
difference from one of corresponding age from Quickjock, in Norwegian
Finmarken (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 33550, July 25, 1862), as it is rich brown-
ish orange with much broader barring and fewer white spots than the
rather dull-colored specimen from Norway. A very striking difference
also prevails in the coloring of the wing-feathers, which in the pullus of
ridgwayi are distinctly and broadly barred with orange and blackish,
especially the inner ones, while these feathers in muta are grayish brown,
with minute yellowish gray vermiculations and scarcely any indication
of cross-bars. On the other hand, the Norwegian specimen is distinctly
barred over the whole breast, while in the Bering Islander the more
distant dark cross-bars are confined to the sides of the breast only.

The general size does not differ from its nearest allies, but the bill is
considerably longer and stouter, in the latter respect intermediate be-
tween L. alba and the members of the Attayen group, and, as to the bill,
probably approaching ZL. islandorum (FABER).

All taken into consideration, I regard ZL. ridgwayi as a well-defined
species; in fact, as the best circumscribed form in the whole group, L.
hyperborea (SUND.) not excepted.

gad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89059, L. Stejneger No. 1167. Bering Island, June 6, 1882.

Most of the nasal, mental, and malar feathers, b.east, flanks, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, primaries, secondaries, and most of the wing-coverts, a few feathers on the
lower back, and uropygium, and also the two longest upper tail-coverts, still white, the
shafts of the remiges being almost wholly white. The remainder of the plumage is
of a dull blackish brown, with ferrugineous brown transverse bars round the neck,
the feathers of the lower back and uropygium finely mottled with the same color; a

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 201

similar mottling is partly seen on many other feathers especially on those of the
shoulders,

First primary shorter than sixth; second shorter than fourth, longer than fifth ;
third equal to fourth, longest. (See list of specimens collected. )

g ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89062, L. Stejneger No. 1487. Bering Island, August 23,
1882.

Primaries, secondaries, most of the wing-coverts, and the remnants of the feathers
covering the tarsus, white, more or less soiled and abraded, except the new feathers
in the wings. Forehead and crown black, with ferrugineous brown edging; chin
smoky black, with whitish edging. Middle of breast and abdomen, including the
peculiar loose and downy feathering of the latter, and the tibie, smoky black, the
Jatter whitish at the base and somewhat grayish at the tips, giving these parts a
cloudy appearance. The remaining plumage, including the under tail-coverts, dis-
tinctly crosswise vermiculated with black and saturated ferrugineous brown, except
on the longest upper tail-coverts, and the sides of the abdomen where the design is
so indistinct as to become a fine mottling only ; in some of the feathers of the back
the terminal or subterminal brown is of a somewhat lighter shade. Tail-feathers
black to the base, and the white tips wholly worn away. The inner primaries are
new and not yet fully out. They have blackish shafts, while those on the three first
priznaries, still left from the foregoing winter plumage, are almost wholly white.

List of specimens collected.

RNC eS a a ae

z 3 g
a 2 rs ie
3 | 2 3 pleas Z| 3
eae Locality. St 2 bt | od A 5 ;
a he ° A Se = q oO
et ee = Birla ei vac Wace vae lace tre
S o o a = aL oo al Cas} 3
eles ae a H Se Baca see ed
b |S a n a |e Fil. ei eae pees
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
82059 | 1167 | Bering Island..-..-.-------- June 6,1882 | f ad. | 390 |.----- 187 | 102 | 10.0 |Type!
92713 | 1342 |..---- GO eee seenlaler ain (oala sei July 29, 1882 | ¢ ad. 382_||.<<c ce 193 | 107 | 11.2
89058 | 1419 |..-.-. OO erste selaisernininins=ininio els Aug. 10,1882 | ¢ ad Bove eee 197 | 112 | 10.5
89062 | 1487 |------ GO) 2.202 - ewe ses-iees Aug. 23,1882 | ci ad. | 385 jocteee 191 | 108 | 12.0 |Type!
89060 ; 1489 |..---- CO Pere een aera Aug. 23, 1882 | o ad. S98) nse 190 | 111 | 10.5
92716 | 1689 |.----- GO eseet cesar eal Oct. 19,1882 | ¢ ad. | 396 |...--- 197 | 111 | 11.2 |Typel
92991 | 2083 |.----- GO ea sent eeeaee aa May 25, 1883 | (fo) ad. |.....-]------ 197 | 103 | 11.0
92992 | 2164 |....-- COME pee re actetae rata) June 11,1883 | df ad. | 391 59 | 200] 112} 11.3
92709 | 1867 |..---. Oana nets seeliareiniare June 11,1883 | gf ad. | 411 73 | 201 | 106 | 10.7 |Type!
89061 | 1165 |...... COeee eee eee eee June 6,1882 | @ ad. Oil enters 182 | 100 | 10.0
89057 | 1418 |.-.-.-- GWidoenaosaosnosesseone Aug. 10,1882 | Q ad. | 376) .--- 187 94 | 10.5 |Type!
92710 | 1677 |.-.--- COt seein ces am eale et -ler Oct. 9,1882 | Q ad. |....--|------ 186 94 | 10.5
92714 | 1869 |...--- GOeesereee secre ace Jan. 9,1883 | 9 ad.| 384 60 | 185 98 | 9.5 |
92717 | 1868 |...--- Ome eeee eee reae eat Jan. 11,1883 | 9 ad. | 375 63 | 179 91| 9.5
ea Pea ty i7( 9 easeee GGneasaeribsenasecasseso Jan. 19,1883 | 9 ad. 381 75 | 187 93 | 9.3 |Type!
92715 | 1891 |-.---- CO Were reas acer oss Jan. 29,1883 | 9 ad. 358 78 | 182 91 | 9.7 |
92711 | 1940 |..---- AG ee ener ae Paros Soot ad 384 | 2-2 5-- 189 89 | 9.5
89063 | 1399 |...--- GOteet aero see an eens Aug. 5,1882 | pull. AT On| Betta 93 SS Satay

No. 92713.—Iris dark brown. Contents of gullet: seeds of Polygonum.

No. 89060.—Naked portion of toes light pearl gray.

No. 92716. —In the gullet only buds of a Saliz.

No. 92709.—Bill horny black. Gullet crammed full with ends of Empetrum nigrum, and a few leaves
of Rhododendron chrysanthum.

No. 92717.—Gullet crammed with ends of Empetrum and buds of a Salix.

No. 92712 —In gullet leaves of Empetrum and a few ones of Rhododendron.

No. 92715.—Contents of gullet same as of foregoing specimen.

No, 89063,—-Iris dark brown, :

902 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The “ Kuropatka” or “ Kuropaschka,” as the natives call the ptarmigan,
is very common on both islands, although much more numerous on Ber-
ing than on Copper Island. During the winter of 1882-83 two hunters
shot not less than fourteen hundred of them,* and our bill of fare during
the whole time from November to March was every day distinguished
by ptarmigan in some or another style, and not seldom was its palatable
meat served twice aday. The natives, however, do not appreciate it as
it deserves, as it is too dry for them, and, if taken ill, they will, by far,
prefer a tender old ‘‘ Tschaika” (sea-gull). It is well so, as otherwise
not many ptarmigans would be left. It happened several times that,
after an absence of an hour and a half, I returned home with between
thirty and forty birds on the sledge. In March the flocks are loose, and,
leaving the low-lands, they are then mostly found on the mountains about
600 to 1,000 feet above sea level. Toward the end of April the flocks
disband completely, and the cry of the males is heard everywhere among
the mountains, while the hen keeps herself better concealed. Ona short
trip in dog sledge to the south end of the island during the latter part
of April I shot as many ptarmigans as I cared for, but they were all
single birds and males, without exception. .

The habits of the present species do not show any difference from
those of the allied ones. It feeds chiefly upon the leaves of Hmpetrum
nigrum, partially also on those of Khododendron chrysanthum, more sel-
dom on Betula nana and Salix, and, in the autumn, on berries and the
seeds of Polygonum, the latter being a favorite food of the chicks.

On the 6th of July, 1883, I found a nest on Copper Island, close to
the seal-rookery at Karabelnij. It was a rough affair consisting of dry
grass and a few feathers, with a diameter of 140™. It contained nine
quite fresh eggs (No. 2321, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 21804), resembling
those of the allied species. The long and short diameters measure as
follows: 46 by 33™™, 48 by 32.25™™, 46 by 33™™, 45 by 32.5™™, 45 by
32™™, 45 by 32™™, 45.5 by 32™™, 45 by 32.25™™, 45 by 31.5”.

Two eggs of another set, collected in July, 1882, on Bering Island
(No. 1393, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 21805) measure 46.5 by 32.25™™, 47 by

82mm,

*STELLER gives the following account of the occurrence and tameness of this bird
(PALL., Zoogr. 1. c.): In insula Beringii gregari#, hominem minime formidantes, ut
fustibus occidi et in uno loco intra hore spatium ad 80 sclopo occidi potuerint, magno
naufragorum solatio. The natives even now occasionally kill them with sticks.

/
Pe ee ee ey ee Le

4

ORDER ACCIPITRES.

Superfamily ACCIPITROIDE:.
Family FALCONID.

90. Falco rusticolus LIN.

1758.—Falco rusticolus L1n., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 88.—IJd., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p.
125 (1766).—F aBricivs,Fauna Greenl., p.55 (1780),—Monr, Islandsk Naturh.,
p. 19 (part) (1786).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 268 (1788).—LaTHaM, Ind.
Orn., I, p. 28 (1790).—STRINEGER, Auk, 1885, p. 188.

1764.— Falco islandus BRUNNICH, Orn. Bor., p. 2, No. 9.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 271.

1776.— Falco islandus fuscus MULLER, Prodr. Zool. Dan. (p.73 et p. vili, fide Fabr.).

1780.—Faleo fuscus FABRICIUS, Fauna Groeul]., p. 56.

1783.— Falco gyrfalco BODDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (pl. 210), p. 13 (nee Lin.).—Taczanow-
SKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 331.

1788.—Falco candicans 8 islandicans GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 275.—SCHLEGEL, Rev.
Crit., p. i (1844).—/d., Abh. Zool. Anat., TI, p. 14 (1884).

1800.—Falco islandicus DAUDIN, Tr. d’Orn., II, p. 100.—BrrEHM, Lehrb. Vég. Eur., p.
44 (1823).

1800.—Falco groenlandicus DAUDIN, Tr. d’Orn., L, p. 107.—BRrEuM, Isis, 1826, p. 990.

1854.—Falco arclicus HOLBOLL, Zeitschr., Ges. Nat., III (p. 426) (nec F. communis
arcticus GMEL., 1783).

1862.—Falco gyrfalco groenlandicus SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Falcones, p. 13.

1862.—Talco gyrfalco islandicus SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Falcones, p. 14.

1873.—Falco holballi SHARPE, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 415.

1882.— Hierofalco gyrfalco sacer BEAN, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 161 (nec Forst.).

‘ Falco gyrfalco-eandicans
1883.—} Falco candicans-qgyrfalco
1884.— Hierofalco islandus a. holbelli GURNEY, List Diurn. B. Prey, p. 111.

‘ Sernonm, Brit. B. Eggs, I, p. 16.

The Gray Gyrfalcon, as Mr. Gurney appropriately calls this form of
the cireumpolar species, usually referred to as Falco gyrfalco, was the
only form obtained on Bering Island during the winter. It was at that
season by no means uncommon, and fed chiefly on the numerous field-
mice which now infest that island; but, being very shy, specimens were
only secured with great difficulty. Whether this species also breeds
on the island, I am unable to say, but the female, shot as late as May
5, had the ovaria in such a condition as to make it probable that she
was going to breed there. This specimen was just changing from the
young to the adult plumage.

The adult female (No. 101193), a very fine specimen in perfect plumage,
was collected by Mr. Grebnitski after my departure and kindly pre-

sented to me.
203

204 - ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

I have been unable to distinguish, at present, the alleged races of
this particular form, the Greenland holbelli and the typical Icelandic
bird. My specimens from Bering Island are rather light, however,
and may, perbaps, be nearest related to the Greenland race, if any
average differences exist. I should, however, be inclined to the belief
that in such case the Pacific bird might be entitled to separate recogni-
tion. The paucity and smallness of the dark spots on the under parts
would seem to indicate such a possibility, but, as remarked above, I
shall not venture to separate the possible races of the Gray Gyrfalcon,

at present.
List of specimens obtained.

| | | z g 3
s | Bf hi Li g
Ss mt I 3
a } od * Bo oe]
BS 1% 3 | 2 | ais | 2 1°8 E
nm Locality. = ep % | 8 bone gre 2
+ ba ° a 2 2 og £ 4
3s gs 5 go 2 Be 3 S$ a ao
A a g § | oe |e | aimee | renee Sees ed
© o a : q a |o
cae A 4 |2/e}el{ele | sis
Bt ile = nD Bee) ESleehe aH |x
eS wa Es NS RE Pa a
mm.|mm.! mm. | mm.| mm. | mm. | mm
92719 | 1795 | Bering Island ..... Dec. 13, 1882 cg 524 62 | 370 202 23 64 51
92748"). 1930) | ste dO. Soe ne ee 3 Feb. 28, 1883 Jc 515 52 374 210 22 65 49
92720) 1959; |pae docs oases e. cerac Mar. 23, 1883 co OLS ees. ae 360 205 22 66 51
O27 21g P20 | pedo cere eens seee May 5, 1883 Q 573 76 395 | 228 25 64 49
101193 Gps] edo seo st sees Jan. —, 1884 |(9) ad.|..--..}.----. 413 234 25 66 61
1
* Grebnitski.

No. 92719.—Bill and cere bluish white; tip, including tooth, horny black; naked eye-ring white,
faintly tinged with bluish. Feet white with a faint tinge of blue and yellow; nails uniform, horny
black. Contents of crop: two Arvicole.

No. 92718.—Bill very light bluish gray; tip, including tooth, blackish; naked eye-ring bluish
white with a strong yellowish wash behind the eye. Feet dirty white with a slight tinge of blue and
yellow (not green. however!). In the stomach a ball of hairs of Arvicole. Rather fat. Weight, 4
pounds. New feathers in sheaths protruding all over the body, especially on the back.

No. 92720.—Ivis dark brown. Bill light grayish blue, tip and tooth blackish ; cere and naked eye-
ring light bluish gray with a yellowish tinge. Feet dirty bluish white with a yellowish wash. Testes
not swollen. Crop and stomach filled with remains of several Arvicole. Not fat. Weight, 4 pounds.
New feathers in sheaths here and there all over the body.

No. 92721.—Bill light bluish gray, terminal half of both mandibles dark horny blue; naked eye-ring
light bluish gray; cere gray with an olive shade. Feet bluish white, yellowish underneath. Ova
swollen, the diameter of the largest being 5.5™™. Crop and stomachempty. Extremelyfat. Weight,
44 pounds. New feathers protruding.

91. Falco islandus BRUNN.

1764.—Falco islandus BRUNNICH, Orn. Bor., p. 2, Nos. 7 and 8.—FaBRIcIus, Fauna
Greenl., p. 58 (1780).—LaTHAM, Suppl. Synops., I, p. 282 (1787).—STrJNE-
GER, Auk, 1885, p. 187.

1783.—Falco gyrfalco BODDAERT, Tab). Pl. Enl. (pl. 446), p. 26 (nec LINN.).-—Accipiter
gyrfalco SCHAFFER, Mus. Orn., p. 7, pl. i (1789).—BREHM, Lehrb. Vog. Eur.,
p. 43 (1823).—Paxwas, Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 324 (1826).

17386.—F alco rusticolus MoHR, Islandsk Naturh., p. 19 (part).

1788.— Falco islandus 6 albus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 271.

1788.— Falco islandus y maculatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 271.

1788.—Talco candicans GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, p. 275.—DaLt & BannistT., Tr. Chic,
Ac., I, 1869, p.271.—Biak. & Pr., Ibis, 1878, p, 249,—PaLMEN, Swed, Cat,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 205

London Fish. Exhib., p. 304 (1883).—SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1823, p. 350.—DyYBow-
SKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 351.—Hierofalco c. STEJNEGER, Pr. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.

1790.—Falco islandicus LATHAM, Ind. Orn., I, p. 32.—AUDUBON, Birds Am. (pl. ccclxvi)
(1831).

1806.—Falco grenlandicus TURTON, Gen. Syst. Nat., I (p. 147) (nec Daupin, 1800).—
Hancock, Ann. N. H., II, p. 249.

1854.— Falco islandicus candicans HOLBOLL, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., III (p. 426).

1860.—Falco gyrfalco var. candicans SCHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 228.—Hierofalco g. c.
NELSON, Cruise Corwin, pp.77 and 56 e (1883.)

1874.—Hierofalco holballi SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., I, pl. xiii, right-hand figure.

The White Gyrfalcon breeds on Bering Island, though in limited num-
bers only. A pair had their nest in a steep and inaccessible rock in the
so-called ‘‘ Nakovalnaja,” a couple of miles from the main village. One
of the old birds (No. 89126) was shot on the 27th of August. Itis pure
white underneath, spotted above, with black streaks on the crown and
blackish, cordate spots on back and wings; the tail is uniform white,
with dusky mottlings along the edges. This bird is the whitest of a
large series in the National Museum.

The other specimen (No. 92722), a female, shot May 2, 1883, is pure
and unspotted white below; the dark spots on the upper surface are
brownish and very much faded and rather few; the form of these spots
shows that the bird is in the “ tear-dropped” stage; the streaks on top
of head are very narrow; tail uniform white, with only faint brownish
mottling along the edge.

The breeding of the White Gyrfalcon under latitude 55° is very inter-
esting, and affords additional proof of the distinctness of this species as
compared with F’. gyrfalco and its allies. As to the name here applied,
Falco islandus, I reter to my article in “The Auk,” 1885, p. 185.

List of specimens obtained.

3 | 3 | 3
Z = eee E 3
a 6 ® & co) =
5 4 8 © oes | ro | a g BE 5
4 2 Locality. = 2 |b | 8 a & 33
+ a 8 Aus ~ es
3 3 o 2 iS a A |

Z 5 A 5 a a ee 2 a} 8
“| & 2 . ea) a ate gs | 2\s

aiHe se 5 8 Sy eee Gees) ean PnGl, eo ees
Bono E ah SUD |es gl ee ol eta lies
us a | | 5

| mm. | mm. ‘mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.

89126 | 1627 | Bering Island ...--.- Aug. 27,1882 (o')tad.-....- poe ete eA O0n e285? |SoaD74 1h t70K ot
Spey Ola | erent bypeocascoaue cet May 2,1883}| 9 | 598 | 84 413 | 233] 24) 66 le 5

No. 89126.—Bill bluish white, with a faint yellowish tinge, dark bluish gray at tip; cere dark
bluish gray. Feet white, with a faint bluish tinge above, and a more yellowish’ cast below; nails
dark bluish gray, whitish along the edges.

' No. 92722.—Bill very light bluish gray, tip and tooth darker; cere and naked eye-ring with a faint
yellowish wash. Feet white, with a faint bluish and yellowish tinge, both colors independently dis-
cernible; claws light horny brownish gray, at tip and below whitish. Extremely fat. In the crop
was found meat, fat, and feathers of a gull.

206 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

92. Falco pealei RipeGw.

1854.—Falco polyagrus Cass., Ilustr., pl. 16 (dark figure !).

1873.— Falco communis var. pealci,RiDGW., Bull. Essex Inst., V, 1873, p. 201.

1874.— Falco gyrfalco RipGw., Am. Nat. VIII, 1874, p. 434 (nec LIn.).—DALL., Avif.
Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 3 (1874).

1881.—Falco peregrinus pealei RiDGW., Nomencl. N. A. Birds, p. 37, —Id., Ibis, 1882, p.
297 ( foot-note).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 78 (1883). PR GHNER: Auk, 1885,

p. 157
List of specimers obtained.

. nea “ a | ' g me

zi fae Bec hol Sag | g
4 . & | tH mo .
4 é 3 E | |e - a
» | : | | oo | E ot
A a 3 o ase 3 Z| HE LES inl
ee = Locality. a | a xo aa | 2 | 38 8 5 “
i 2 2 z a > | 3 a S oO 2° a
3 a ys ea Reta la Sheol ES Bolg 2
wa & a eee nce Bin oer a |s 2
3 3 bs * Ora |/a ie Fen ESN (ates ao| &
5 Oo E a Bi ibe tee Ee res | a

| } | | | |
mm. | mm. mm. mm. | mm. | mm. mm, | mm.

92726 | 1876 | BeringIsland|Jan. 19,1883! gad. 442 7! 342| 161] 22| 50| 48| 1045

92724 | 1800 |....do....... Dec. 9,1882|(9) ad. ...... fore | 385) 194) 26) 59) “SE fevxs
92725 | 2080 |....do...... | May 18, 1883 | (2) ad.| (502)!...... 382] 196 | 25 oT 5G) satarae
92723 | 1862 |....do......./Jam. 9,1883| 9 jun.| 482} 40] 380) 195| 25] 56) 55| 1158
Dybowskd-< 2) 22 do -. 22.0: Lape & 14801¢¢) fun! 2.2: ficass | 330! ¥70-'|-.---- 49 | 48 |e.s...
@rébniteki: :<)-2.:d0:<, -s |act3-< 222-528: |) jan. 498) | (50) | 378 | 200: | tsce: 56 | 52 | (1145)

No. 92726.—Iris dark brown. Bill with the terminal half bluish gray, darkening toward the tip and
tooth, behind fading into the light yellowish gray color of the basal half; cere bright yellow; naked
eye-ring pale yellow. Feet vivid golden yellow ; claws blackish gray. Stomach contained feathers og
asea bird. Extremely lean, probably resulting from an old shot wound. Weight, 2} pounds. New
feathers in the sheaths protruding all over the body.

No. 92724.—Bill bluish white. Culmen, tip, and tooth horny bluish black; cere and naked eye-ring
yellow. Feet yellow; claws black.

No. 92723.—Irisdark brown. Bill, cere, and naked eye-ring very light bluish gray with a faint yel-
jowish tinge ; terminal half of culmen and of upper tomia, including the tooth, as also the tip of lower
mandible, horny blackish blue. Feet pale straw yellow with a faint greenish tinge; claws horny
black. Stomach containing a few feathers only; in the crop a piece of meat. Very fat. Weight, 34
pounds.

The “ Tschornij Jastrip” (i. e., Black Hawk), as the natives call the
present bird in Russian, or “ Agulekh,” as they name it in Aleutian, is
a common resident of both islands, breeding in high and inaccessible
cliffs.

Peale’s Falcon, first described by Mr. Ridgway in 1873, seems to
form a constant and well-circumscribed offshoot from the peregrinus
stock, the constancy of its characters securing for it the title of species
and the benefit of a binominal only.

All the specimens of this form which I have seen are remarkably uni-
form, both in the adult and the young plumage. The two adult females
which I procured are in every respect counterparts of the typical female
(U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 63413) described by Mr. Ridgway in “The Ibis,”
1882, p. 297 (foot-note). The adult male has not been described, as far

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 207

as I am aware, so that the following description may not be out of
place:

gad. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 92726; L. Stejneger No. 1876. (Bering Island, Kamtschatka,
January 19, 1883.) ;

General color of upper surface clear plumbeous, darker, nearly blackish slate on the
interscapuleum, the transition to the lighter color of the lower back and the uropy-
gium formed by the light margins and cross-bands on the posterior interscapulars ;
the crown and nape are considerably darker than the lower back, but still distinctly
plumbeous, and not blackish, with well defined, narrow, black, shaft-streaks ; lower
back rather indistinctly barred with dark plumbeous, the bars becoming deeper and
more distinct on the uropygium and upper tail-coverts, and only half as broad as the
light interspaces. Upper surface of the wings, primaries excepted, anteriorly black-
ish slate, gradually turning into plumbeous posteriorly, harmonizing with the adjacent
parts of the back; the lesser wing-coverts, consequently, are nearly uniform blackish
slate with slightly paler margins; those following have narrow, light cross-bars in
addition, while on the larger coverts and the secondaries the light and the dark bars
are of about equal breadth ; primaries and primary coverts black, externally witha
plumbeous tinge, the latter ones, as also the inner ones, of the former, narrowly tipped
with whitish ; the inner webs of the primaries with withish (more or less mottled with
dusky), lense-shaped cross-spots, except on the terminal one-fourth. Tail light plum-
beous, darkening somewhat toward the tip and covered by distinct blackish bars, gen-
erally narrower than the light interspaces; tips dirty whitish. Lower surface white,
from the breast backward lightly tinged with plumbeous and witha general, but faint,
wash of buff allover; chin and throat nearly immaculate, only a few black, hair-fine
shaft-streaks on the latter; on the jugulum these streaks become gradually heavier
and more numerous, and most of them widening at the lower end into small ‘ tear-
drops;” breast, sides, and flanks transversely barred with blackish, the bars on the
breast, however, not being continuous, as they consist of series of transverse spots of
a somewhat cordate form, near the tip of the feathers, but not reaching the edges; —
the width of these bars averages 3 to4™™, and the white interspaces 4 to 5™™; further
back, on belly, thighs, crissums, and under tail-coverts the dark cross-lines gradually
become more plumbeous, more distinct, and narrower, the black linesaveraging about
gmm, the light interspaces 4 to5™™, Under wing-coverts and axillaries barred with
very sharply defined black and white bands of nearly equal width, except on the axil-
laries, where the white predominates. Mustache, subloral region, the feathers bor-
dering the naked eye-space, and a postocular streak slaty black ; subocular and auric-
ular region exactly like the top of the head, the dark shaft-stripes being a trifle less
distinct perhaps, connecting with the white of the throat behind the mustache.
For colors of bill, feet, and iris, as well as dimensions, see under ‘‘ List of specimens
obtained.” Second primary longest, first one scarcely longer than third; only the
first with inner web emarginated.

The young female, No. 92723, agrees in every particular with the type
(U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 12022), the brown color being only somewhat
darker, which is probably due to the fact that the type is mounted and’
has been on exhibition for many years.

Two young specimens had been collected on Bering Island during the
winter previous to my arrival there, one, the male, belonging to. Dr,
Dybowski, the other, the female, to Mr. Grebnitski. With the kind
permission of these gentlemen I made an accurate description of the
two birds, which is here appended, the dimensions being incorporated
with the “ List of specimens obtained.”

*

208 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

fo jun. (Bering Island, April 5, 1882).

Upper surface blackish brown, faintly tinged with bluish slate, and with faint
buffy edges to each feather, which are lighter and broader, nearly whitish, on
neck and fore part of the crown; forehead buffy white, with the shafts black; a
stripe underneath and behind the eye, and a large patch underneath and behind
the mouth blackish brown; chin and cheeks buffy white, the latter with blackish
brown longitudinal stripes. Lower surface blackish brown, with buffy white edges
on each feather which, besides, is crossed by one or two broad angular bars of
similar color, the angle pointing towards the tip of the feather; these cross-bars are
concealed, however, by the overlying feathers; on the abdomen and flanks these
bands are reduced to rounded spots situated near the margin of the feathers and some-
what exposed ; under tail-coverts buffy white with black transverse bars. Upper
aspect of the wing similar to the rest of the upper surface, each primary having
numerous buff transverse spots on the inner web towards the margin; under wing-
coverts like the under surface of the body, except that the whole margin and not the
edges alone are light colored, and that the angle of the light cross-bar points towards
the base instead of the tip of the feathers. Tail brownish black tinged with slate
gray, with buff-colored transverse spots along the margin of the inner webs, and
corresponding dots of the same color on the outer webs; all tail-feathers narrow ly
tipped with whitish. First primary equal to third, and 10™™ shorter than the second,
which is longest ; fourth 23™™ shorter than third.

Q jun. (Bering Island.)

Agrees closely with the foregoing in general coloration, but the under wing-
coverts show less light, the buffy margins and spots being much narrower. On the
under side of the body the pattern of the individual feather is somewhat different,
as those of the breast have the concealed angular cross-bands reduced to marginal
spots, while those on the belly, as a rule, have only such a spot left in one of the
webs, and often wanting altogether. First primary 2 to 3™™ longer than third, and
about 7™™ shorter than second, which is longest; fourth 24™™ shorter than third;
inner web of first only sinuated.

93, Archibuteo lagopus (BRUNN.).

1764.— Falco lagopus BRUNNICH, Orn. Bor., p. 4.—Accipiter 1. PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As,, I,
p. 360 (1826).—Buteo l. MIDDENED., Sibir. Reis., II, 2 (p. 126) (1853).—Dy-
BOw., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 351.— Archibuteo 1, DALL. & BANNIST.,
Tr. Chic. Acad., I, 1869, p. 272.—Taczan J.f.Orn., 1872, p.347.—Id., Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 123.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 330.—Jd., Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., p. 10 (1877).— BLaAKkIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 248.—Jid., Tr. As.
Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 238.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 182.—BLakist., Amend.
List B. Jap., p. 67 (1884).—Aquila 1. SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 43.

1882.—Archibuteo lagopus sancli-johannis BEAN, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., V, July 25, 1882, p.
162 (nec GMEL.).—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 79 (1883).

The Rough-legged Buzzard did not put in its appearance during my
sojourn, and it was only with a query that my manuscript notes re-
ferred to this species as being probably the “ brown hawk,” which the
natives told me was occasionally seen. A fine specimen was, however,
included in the valuable collection which Mr. Grebnitski had the kind-
ness to send me in 1884, thus insuring beyond doubt the correctness of
the identification. As yet, the species is only an occasional yisitor to

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ~ 209

the islands, but it would not be surprising to learn, in a not distant fut-
ure, that it had become a breeding bird. The Arvicole were introduced
only a few years ago, but are now so extremely abundant that they
might afford food for a numerous colony of birds of prey.

The specimen in question shows no appreciable difference from birds
of Europe, Japan, or Northwestern America. The suspicion of Tacza-
nowski, that the Kamtschatkan specimen, which presented some pe-
culiarities of coloration, might belong to a separate race (Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, p. 330), seems, therefore, not well founded. On the other
hand, after comparison, I agree perfectly with Mr. Nelson (I. ¢), that
the Alaskan specimens are indistinguishable from the palzarctie form.

The specimen, alluded to above, measures as follows:

“9” U, §. Nat. Mus. No. 101194; Grebn. No.65. Bering Island, January, 1884.

Wing, 430™™; tail-feathers, 243™"; culmen from cere, 25™™; commissure, 41™™ ;
tarsus, 77™™; middle toe without claw, 35™™,

94. Halizwetus leucocephalus (LIN.).

1766.—Falco leucocephalus LiN., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, p. 124.—Kuirt.., Kupfert, I, p. 4
(1832).— Aquila l. Pits. Zoogr. Toke! Ae” I, p. 347 (1826). a reedee: , Denkw.,
II, p. 278 (1858). A Balenis 1, STEPH. in Shaw, Gen. Zool., XIII, 2, p. 13
(1826).—DaLu & Bann.. Tr. Chic. Ac., I, 1869, p. 272, Finscu, Abh,. Brem.,
Ver., ITI, 1872, p. 22.—DaLt, Avif. Aleut. Is]., Unal eastw., p. 2 (1873).—
Avif. Aleut. Isl., west Unal., p. 3 (1874).—BEan, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882,
p- 162.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 30 (1883).—HartTLauB, J. f. Orn., 1883,
p. 263.—STEJNEGER, Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 66.—J/d., Naturen, 1884,
p. 8.—PaLMin, Swed. Cat. Lond. Fish. Exh., p. 203 (1883).—SauUNDERS, Ibis,
1883, p. 350.—TuRNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1826.— Aquila pelagica PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 143 (part).

The Bald Eagle inhabiting Bering Island is here recorded under the
name of H. leucocephalus, though I am, by no means, satisfied as to the
propriety of so doing, since all the specimens which I have obtained and
those which I have had the opportunity of examining—altogether eleven
specimens—indicate certain differences from typical leucocephalus, which
make me believe that we will have to recognize ultimately a northwestern
race of this bird, somewhat corresponding to the northwestern race of
the gray sea eagle, which Faber has designated as H. albicilla borealis. 1
do not deem the material quite sufficient, however, to decide the question,
for, although twenty-four specimens are not a despisable number of so
large a bird, the fact that the sexing in many cases is evidently un-
reliable, while in others no determination of the sex has been attempted
by the collector, makes it less valuable and conclusive than would other-

wise have been the case. It may therefore be considered best only

210 * ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

to present the facts as they are before me, leaving the question open
for future investigation. Any one looking at the Bering Island birds
will at once be impressed by their much larger size as compared witb
specimens from the Americancontinent, the extremely powerful bill and
claws being particularly striking, in proof of which I submit the follow-
ing tables of dimensions. I may remark that the sex is given in paren-
thesis, when not verified by Mr. R. Ridgway or myself by dissection, and
furthermore that the specimens from the States are the largest ones I
could pick out. All specimens with black tails are recorded as young,
while those with the rectrices white, or more white than black, are given

as adult.
TABLE I.—Specimens from Bering Island.

Oo [Ho Se
5 S | | é | 88 (8s | -
Zi 5 | B s° |A S 3 ;
a | sc PA |FeA! O¢
Sipe ee 5 2 g | SE. "838
a a So Locality. 2 S| 27 Sen) 3
3 iH 8 S & |S8| sei <9
Z 3 3 _| 212 | 8 less) 23
. o 3 2 Qo 7 g 25 Sea ho
D — | A “a = SW). /a o|w
: 3 8 3 | 3 B | ae [S85] k
b 5 a A Fila! 6 les a
| “mm. | mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
101198 | Gr. 74 | (¢jad. | Bering Island...... Feb., 1884, 635; 310| 53] 31] 28| -44
101196 | Gr. 77 | (co) jun. |------ dosste eee .|Mar., 1884! 650| 346] 51 30| 27 42
92739 | St. 1685 quatre ce doe na Oct. 15,1882) 715 | 390 | 55| 34| 30] 47
101195 | Gr. | PUM |e DOE se: tae Oct., 1883 | 677 |; 350 54 34 29 47
101197 | Gr. 24 | (Q) jun. |...... dOtsoed Satie See Oct., 1883) 705| 380| 58} 83] a1 47
92740 | St. 1783 CG jm: esse nO ree ee ae Dec. 5,1882|) 648 | 332 | 52 32 29). 42
92741 | St. 1781 | @ jum. |...--- do sese eee Dec. 2,1882| 705| 370| 59| 33] 31 49
|
| Grebn. jun;-|'..---- Ose ieee Sena ocerecstelcter 680 | 350 58 35 31 47
| Grebn. Spa Setar OO ee ee cee bee e eee eee 690 | 375 57 36 31 47
Grebn. US ssa dO ..----------|.2-0--.-50--- 700 | 370 57 39 31 49
Grebn. | (co) ad. |...--. dott cet te See ee 600} 310) 52) 32) 28 41°
TABLE II.—Typical H. LEUCOCEPHALUS from the United States.
; | o® |no | w%
Ss | | | os & 5 OH °
a $ | | B 13? jam3|o
a | a & E_ ls. 8| & E
s| 4 sii ¢ la |ae\ *Sl aa
a oo Locality. 2 So | og aes Ss
ee | i 3 = s SO |) 2.) a0
Be hAaS 3 | 1 oa) ed eaves
eel 8 a | S wo | | aa Es
g 3 ley S = | 3 |p | Se SAS] &
pb 5 wn A e a Oo |mo & <3)
ce ala Sadan —-—- — eee eee | !
11986 | Drexler...|(9) ad. , Philadelphia, Pa.....].... -- , 1857; 650; 314| 54] 31] 29 42
GSO eos = tara jun. | Washington, D.C...-|-.......-..--- 625 | 315 53 32 29 42
77911 | Horan ...-|(9)jun.|------ (eee eesnnooctsca| seo 45- , 1879} 570) 281 50 28 26 38
$7398 McDonald} 9 jun. Virginia .--..-.-...-. Apr. 8, 1884| 670} 330 54°) 31 28 45
12017 | Drexler (f) ad. Philadelphia, Pa...-.|..-. -- , 1857] 575 | 252 47 28 25 38
92501 | Ridgway..| oad. Fairfax County, Vir- | Nov, 29, 1883| 575 | 255| 48) 28| 25| 38
| ginia. |
MOOR anes eee (9) ad. | ouisian a) es ee ul eee eee 610 | 288 49 27 24 38
41237 | Drexler...| ad. | Washington, os Casca|5-cmssseesies 585 | 287 60 |Szevee 25| °37

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. Oat

TABLE III.—Specimens from Southern Alaska.

|

; lod |e oe
zi S g | 88 B8 ola:
Oe S| 32 (Pcé\e
: oe = Sealab g os S\2 E
a 5 g | 2 | Be onl os
2 3 a Locality. Sg a> Foes oss: o.6
4 H a | oe BO ory
3 B 5 8 ° me!
ra 3 a ‘ ® 8 af ject! oe
a ao SS ces joa |
wa a £ A 4 8 |S (ees! gs
: °° a 8 = a SB | eu (Sho! %
b 5 BD A Fila] o |ae fq a
—
70093 | Panslin... (9) ad. | Kodiak .-.-.-.-.--2+4) -. .------. | 635| 313| 51! 30] 27|°- 40
45835 | Bishoff.... (9) ad. | Sitka.......22..-2--. Feb., 1866; 650] 302| 54° 33) 29/ 41
45838 | Bishoff....|(o) ad. |....do.........-.-22--- Jan., . 1866; 635| 296; 50) 30| 27| 39
BaGOUelt Binlois <<) onde) Rodiaks os 2 irs bs 2 645| 305| 53| 32] 29] 43
45836 | Bishoff.-..\(¢)jun.| Sitka................. Apr. 1866) 615] 305] 51) 30) 26) 38

It will be seen that the difference between the dimensions of the
specimens of Table I and those of Table IL is quite considerable, the
females of the latter being about the size of the males of the former.
A comparison of the specimens furthermore shows, that there is a not
less marked difference in color. The adults from Bering Island lack
the peculiar chocolate brown characteristic of the southern birds, the
brown of the former being rather a smoky brownish black.

So far the two apparent forms seem easily distinguishable, but here
the specimens, the dimensions of which are given in Table III come in
between, and, in this case especially, the uncertainty in regard to the sex
interferes, making it impossible to reach a conclusion. Two specimens
are labeled ‘“ 6,” two others are said to be “?,” but here is evidently
an error, for it can hardly be doubted that Nos. 70093 and 45838 are of
the same sex, notwithstanding the statement of the collectors to the con-
trary, and I am strongly inclined to think that all the five birds enumer-
ated in Table III belong to’the same sex. But here is where the
difficulty comes in, for it depends upon their sex to which of the above
forms they are referable; their size is about that of the males from
Bering Island and that of the females from the south, so that they
belong to the former group if males, to the latter if females. Nor does
the color help us out of the difficulty. The Kodiak and Sitka birds are
darker than southern specimens, though still perceptibly ‘‘ chocolate”
brown. At present, however, I am inclined to regard these birds as
belonging to the southern race.

Finally I submit, the “remarks” relating to the specimens collected
by me.

No. 92739.—Bill black; lower mandible and cere yery dark olive gray, corner of
mouth orange, Feet vivid yellow,

212 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

No 92749.—Total length, 893™™ ; tail beyond tip of closed wings, 77™™; stretch of
wings, 2.188". Weight, 10} pounds. Stomach empty. Exceedingly fat. ‘

No. 92741.—Total length, 1.010™; tail beyond closed wings, 105™™; stretch of
wings, 2.330. Weight, 14} pounds. Bill horny black; towards the base fading
into yellowish; cere dark olive; corner of mouth yellowish orange ; naked eye-ring
yellow. Feet golden yellow. Stomach empty. Exceedingly fat,

The Bald Eagle is not so abundant on Bering Island as it used to be,
judging from the numerous deserted nests which are pointed out by the
natives, and it is only in the southern and more mountainous part of
the island that one is now sure to find it. My researches have proven
that this is the eagle of which Steller speaks as inhabiting the island,
and not Thalassoaétus pelagicus,as Pallas erroneously supposed. Think-
ing it of interest to embody all the results of my investigations here, I
simply reprint the following from my preliminary report, having no
additional evidence to offer:

‘‘ Steller, in his description of Bering Island, mentions a sea eagle in
the following terms: ‘ Von seltnern, an der sibirischen Kiiste nicht
gesehenen Vo6geln habe ich dort [Bering Island] einen besondern
Seeadler mit weissem Kopf und Schwanz * * * angetroffen
* * * jener nistet auf den héchsten Felsen, und sie haben im An-
fang des Junius Junge, die ganz mit weisser Wolle bedeckt sind.’
This is the same bird of which he speaks in his ‘ Beschreibung von
dem Lande Kamtschatka’ (1774), pp. 193-194, as follows: ‘Eine Art
unbekannter und sehr schéner Adler, so aber in Kamtschatka viel
seltsamer vorkommen als in America und den Inseln im Canal, dahero
auch solche bis diese Stunde noch nicht erhalten kénnen. Es ist der-
selbe so gross als der Halietus, ganz schwarz, ausgenommen den Kopf,
Uropygium, schwarze Fiisse * und Schenkel, welche so weiss als Schnee
sind. Er macht sein Nest auf hohen Felsen, aus Reisern im Diameter
von einen Faden einen Schuh dicke und legt seine Eyer gegen den An-
fang des Junii, zwey an der Zahl. Die Jungen sind ganz weiss, ohne
einige Flecken; und stiesen die beyde Eltern, da ich auf Birings
Kilande das Nest besahe, dergestalt auf mich zu, dass ich mich kaum
ihrer mit dem Stock erwehren konnte. Ohnerachtet ich den Pullo
keinen Schaden zugefiiget, verliesen die Alten dennoch das Nest und
baueten sich ein anderes an einen Felsen wohin_niemand méglich zu
kommen.’

‘“‘T think there can be little doubt that the bird thus described is a

“This is completely senseless, I conjecture it to be a misprint for ‘‘Schwanz-
edern,”’

©

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 913

Haliwetus leucocephalus (Linn.) in spite of the white ‘thighs,’ which
perhaps is only a lapsus calami of the person copying the original
manuscript, this being, as we know, only a rough draft of Steller’s, in
éommon with the ‘black feet.’ The following are my special reasons:
1. The habitat given by Steller agrees exactly with that of H. leucoce-
phalus, while T. pelagicus is common in Kamtschatka, and does not oc-
cur at all in America; 2. ‘ White head’ can only be said about leucoce-
phalus and not of pelagicus, which has merely the forehead white; 3. If
Steller had intended to describe the pelagicus he would not have over-
looked the white shoulders, a much more conspicuous feature than the
white forehead; 4. Even if Steller’s manuscript contained the words
‘thighs white’ it would be of little importance, as it seems that he
did not kill the bird and only made the description from the living
animal. In pelagicus the whole abdomen is white. The supposition
here advanced seems the more plausible, as a pair certainly belonging
to this species still breeds in the neighborhood of the place where
Steller and his comrades wintered.” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883,
p. 66.)
95. Halizwetus hypoleucus RiIpGway.
1883.— Halliwetus sp. STEJNEGER, Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883; p. 67.
1883.-—- Halliwetus hypoleucus ‘‘Stejneger MSS.,” Ripe@w., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p,
90.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p.3.

1884.— Haliaétus albicilla subsp. hypoleucus? GURNEY, List Diurn. B. Prey, p.58.

‘The type specimen of the present species is still unique, and its status
consequently somewhat doubtful. But, before proceeding to discuss it,
the original description by Mr. R. Ridgway may be advantageously re-
printed as follows:

“Young 2 (No. 89127, collector’s No. 1055, Bering Island, May 15,
1882). Ground color of pileum, nape, upper back, rump, with lesser
_ and middle wing-coverts dirty white, spotted with grayish brown, the
spots of the latter color being chiefly subterminal, but often occupying
the tips of the feathers; upper part of rump with white largely pre-
dominating; greater wing-coverts and longer scapulars uniform dusky,
bordered terminally with mottled dirty grayish white; tertials uniform
slate-dusky ; upper tail-coverts mottled dusky terminally, mottled white
basally ; remiges uniform brownish black; rectrices blackish dusky, the
inner webs much mottled with pale grayish and buffy white. Side of
head with a broad and distinct stripe of nearly uniform brown, occupy-
ing the entire orbital and auricular regions. Entire lower parts white,
all the feathers with distinct dusky shafts; those of throat streaked

4

e

214 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

with pale brown, those of jugulum and upper breast with a large ter-
minal spot of dusky, many of the feathers of sides and abdomen with
small and usually indistinct brown terminal spots; thighs and crissam
dirty white, the feathers with dusky terminal spots, these largest on
crissum, and on upper and inner portions of thighs coalesced so as to
form the predominating color. Under side of wing white, spotted with
dusky.” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 90.)

My remarks on the fresh bird read as follows:

Iris faint yellowish white. Bill horny brown; cere yellow, on culmen shaded with
horny brown. Feet vivid golden yellow.

Dimensions.—Total length, 890™™; stretch of wings, 2.220"; wing, 630™™; tail-
feathers, 322™™; culmen from cere, 56™"; radius of curvature from cere to tip, 35™™;
height of upper mandible at fore border of cere, 29™™; external chord of hind claw,
44mm,

In my preliminary report (Proc. U.S. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 67), when
comparing it with the young of H. leucocephalus, I stated that ‘the
size is not inconsiderably less than that of the bald eagle, as the speci-
men in question represents the largest size of its kind, being not larger
than an old male of the said species. The bill is fully equal in size to
that of a young leucocephalus, and the feet likewise; but the body, tail,
and wings are smaller.”

My friend, Mr. R. Ridgway, on the other hand, thought that it com-
pared better with the adult male of H. albicilla “as for size and pro-
portions” (1. ¢., p. 91, foot-note), at the same time indicating as a pos-
sibility that it might be “the eastern representative” of the latter
(l. c., p. 90), a statement which has evidently induced Mr. Gurney to
reduce it to a subspecies, as H. albicilla hypoleucus, though adding a
query, itis true. Mr. Ridgway, however, has now reversed his opinion
after having seen the enormous eagles which I brought back from Bering
Island, tle subjects of my comparison, while at the time, when he wrote
his remarks, he had only specimens of the much smaller form for com-
parison. His remarks, that the “ bill and feet are much larger than in
a specimen of the bald eagle of equal size so far as other measurements
are concerned,” are therefore in complete harmony with those of mine,
that “the size is in some respects inferior to that of the bald eagle, the
bill holding fully the size of that of a young H. leucocephalus, and the
feet likewise, but the body, the wing, and tail being smaller.” What
we both wished to express and emphasize was the disproportion be-
tween the dimensions of the other parts and those of the bill and feet.

In this connection 1 will call attention to another character of the

——

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 915

specimen under consideration, in which it differs from all the other
specimens of both H. leucocephalus and albicilla, viz, the great length
of the culmen of the cere, as also the great breadth of the back of the
bill, just-between the horny part and the frontal feathering. The
former dimension is 20™™, and the latter, as measured at the middle,
is 13™™, figures considerably larger than the maximum dimensions of
even the most gigantic specimens at my command.

No satisfactory explanation having as yet been found for the curious
concomitancy of the new dark tail-feathers with the yellowish irides and
the rather light colored cere, I only reiterate Mr. Ridgway’s remarks
(l. ¢., p. 91, foot note) :

‘¢ The middle rectrices have been moulted, and those of the new dress
are just making their appearance. They are even darker in color than the
old ones, although similarly marked, which would indicate either that the
individual in question would not have attained its perfect plumage the
next year, or else that the adult does not have a white tail. That the

‘specimen is not in its first year is clearly indicated by the character of
the plumage, as well as by the date of its capture (May 15); while that
it is probably more, than two years old is strongly suggested by the light
color of the bill and cere which in H. albicilla and H. leucocephalus do
not become yellowish until the bird begins to assume a portion of its
adult livery.”

The most striking feature of the bird, however, is the general white
color of the plumage, and after having examined the ample material of
the National Museum I must still repeat what I said when first calling
attention to the bird, viz, that ‘I have never seen a young Halicetus
with the whole lower surface almost white, and the upper side with dark
tips and edgings on a whitish bottom, such as my No. 1055.” (LZ. ¢., p.
67.)

It is but fair to state, however, that I have seen a bird, a young
female leucocephalus, which was shot in Virginia April 8, 1884, by Col.
M. MeDonald, which, in regard to general coloration, is intermediate
between the average style of leucocephalus and my bird. Still there is
a considerable distance between the two specimens. They are appar-
ently of about the same age, but the Virginia bird had the usual dark
bill and cere, and brown irides, and the proportions, both of body and
bill, are normal.

If the present bird is nothing more than a very extraordinary indi-
vidual variety of H. leucocephalus, its true habitat is somewhere outside

216 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

of Bering Island, to which island it then comes as an accidental visitor
only. It should especially be looked for toward the northern part of
Kamtschatka, since in that country there is a vague rumor that white-
bellied eagles live on the great Karaginski Island. It must be borne
in mind that Kamtschatka is peculiar for the development of the white
color in the plumage of its birds, a very interesting instance of which
is the pure white Astur candidissimus DyB.

The negative fact that I did not procure more than the single speci-
men is therefore no evidence against the validity of the species. It will
be seen that nothing has happened since the establishment of the name
that changes its status. The same reasons for supposing it to be dis-
tinct then, exist to-day. _

Halicwetus hypoleucus is therefore retained for further attention and
investigation.

96. Halizetus albicilla (LIN.).

1758.— Falco albicilla Lin., S. N.,10 ed., I, p. 89.—Kuirtu., Kupfert., I, p. 4, pl. ii, fig. 2
(1832).—Id., Denkwiird., II, p. 278 (1858).— Aquila a. PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross, -
As., I, p. 347 (1826).— Halietus a. TeMM. & ScCHL., Faun. Jap. Av. (p. 13)
(1847).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 223(1860).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 120.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 329.—BLaKkIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p.
247,—Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 237.—TJid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 180.—
Boxau, J.f. Orn. 1880, p. 114.—BLakist., Chrysanthemum, 1882, p. 427.—-
Id., Amend. List B. Jap., pp. 19, 66 (1884).—DyBowsk!I, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, p. 351.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p. 8.

I did not myself succeed in getting a specimen of this species during
my sojourn at the islands, and was consequently highly gratified by re-
ceiving the following year a specimen from Mr. Grebnitski. This was
the more welcome as it was an adult male, so that there cannot be any
possible doubt as to the identity of the species. On Bering Island the
species is only an occasional visitor from Kamtschatka.

The specimen was particularly acceptable, since I was thereby enabled
to ascertain the value of the statement of Kittlitz, that the Kamtschat-
kan specimens, collected by him, were much paler than European birds.
I was the more prepared to suspect the eastern birds of being distinct,
since Pallas, in speaking of a Kamtschatkan variety which he consid-
eres different, asks: “An species distincta ? ”

The specimen collected by Mr. Grebnitski contradicts entirely the
statements of v. Kittlitz and Schrenck (I. ¢.), it being so far from lighter
than average European specimens that the new feathers which are
coming out seem to be unusually dark. The remains of the old plum-
age are very bleached, however, and as v. Kittlitz’s specimens prob-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS At%

ably were obtained during the latter part of the summer, bleaching may
account for their lighter color. (Cf. that Schrenck’s very dark birds
were obtained in January and February.) As to the differences pointed
out by Pallas (Z. R. A., I, p 37), who seems chiefly to refer to the form
of the tail, I can only state, that I am unable to see them.

A glance at the subjoined dimensions will convince us that the speci-
men is very small, not exceeding the average of the smaller Central
European form. This fact is particularly interesting when we consider
that it is in this very region that H. leuwcocephalus obtains its greatest
development. The H. albicilla from Bering Island looks like a pygmy
alongside its gigantic white-headed cousins.

“3g” ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 101199; Grebnitski No. 61. Bering Island, November,
1883.

Wing, 608™™; tail-feathers, 258™™; culmen from cere, 51™™; radius of curvature
from cere to tip, 27™™ ; height of upper mandible at fore border of cere, 26™™; external
chord of hind claw, 39™™,

97. Thalassoaétus pelagicus (PALL.).

1826.— Aquila pelagica PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 343, pl.1.—KiTTL., Kupfect., I,
p. 3, tab. ii, fig. 1 (1832).—Jd., in Liitke, Voy. aut. Monde, Atlas, Part. hist.
pl. xiii.—Jd., Denkw., I, p. 330; I, pl. ad p. 364 (1858).—MIDDEND., Sibir.
Reis., II, 2 (p. 125) (1853).—Halietus p. Temm. & SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Av.
(p. 11, pl. iv) (1847).—Cassuy, Illustr. Birds, p.31, pl. vi (1854).—ScHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl. , I, p. 222 (1860).—ScuiueG., Mus. P. B. Aquile, p. 14 (1862).—
SWINHOE, P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 260.—Id. ibid., 1871, p.339.—Id., Ibis, 1874, p.
150.—HOMEYER, Journ f. Orn., 1868, p.248.—PRZEWALSKI, Putesch. Us-
suri, Suppl. (p. 52) (1870).—Finscu, Abh. Brem., Ver., III, 1572, p.24.—
Dat, Avif. Aleut. Isl. west Unal., p. 4 (1874).—Davib & OustT., Ois. Chine
(p. 13).—Taczan., Journ. f. Orn., 1876, p. 190.—IJd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, p. 120.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 329.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 8
(1877).—BuakisT. & PrYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 18¢0, p. 238.—Jid., ibid.,
X, 1882, p. 180.—BLakisT., Chrysanthemum, April, 1353.—Jd., Amend,
List B, Jap., p. 66 (1884).—SEEBOouM, P. Z.S., 1884, p. 409.—Thalassoaétus p.
STEJNEGER, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p.65; Auk, 1884, p. 82. —Jd., Naturen.
1884, p. 7, fig.—DyBowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 351.

1830.—Falco leucopterus TEMMINCK, PI. Color., I, pl. 489.

1832. —Falco imperator KirTLitz, Kupfert., I, p. 3.

1858.— Aquila ossifraga KirTLitz, Denkwiird., II, pp. 366, 406 (nec BRUNN., 1764).

As I have shown elsewhere (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 66, and
this work under Haliwetus lewevcephalus), Pallas was very much mis-
taken in giving Bering Island as the true habitat of this bird. This
inistake arose from his having misunderstood Steller’s description of
the bald eagle as referable to Th. pelagicus. The habitat is especially
the mainland of Kamtschatka, where it is abundant, but also all the
countries bordering the Okotsk Sea.

918 - ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

On Bering Island it is only an occasional visitor, being chiefly an in-
land bird preferring the quiet rivers and lakes surrounded by dense
forests. During my sojourn on the islands two individuals were re-
ported as seen, one early in the spring, the other about the 8th of June,
1883. A specimen obtained by Mr. Grebnitski the year previous to my
arrival was examined by me, and the measurements are embodied in
the following—

Table of dimensions.

| | ~ !
6 | . 28 2 |o |e :
a | | § 5¢ 6 alo dd
ans 3 ise S Seie.| +
=i Re eae és) gop biel oS Siskel s
See Ng | 4 B/E 28 be Beles] a
S 2 BS Locality. | bo a | aied sane 35
@ | § rg 8 3s | glee] . olesse| S
2 | 3 3 5 oi Soe 1Sa 818) Seles s
rye calaels g a) 8 |S (8 eel 2 Ss Sse ss
; 3 z 3 iS 3S |pilsS| & ls [erm | &
Biel cots A | a |EF | 4 joes 6 Be i lo
1883. | mm | mm | mm mm mn) mm mmimm mm mm
92732 | 2057 | g ad. | Petropaul- | May 24, 962 600| 320/| 63/39] 99 /| 74 | 35 | 43 | 110
ski, Kam- | -
tschatka. |
92738 | 2043 | di ad. |....do.........:- |.May 21 954 | 610 | 320) 65|.-..) 98 |... | 37 | 45) 108
92731 | 2062 | 9 ad. |....do........... | May 25| 1042) 648] 320] 70 | 44} 102 |....] 40 | 48 | 130
92735 | 2185 | ad. | ...do......-.-:- Jmne: —)|2es. oc | 630 | 330 | 67|....| 103 | 82| 38 | 45| 99
92736 | 2309| ad. |....do......---.- daly — |2. 2-255 | 590} 315.| 66 | 39 |...... --.| 36 | 43 | 105
92787-| 2308 | “ad.-‘|-...do..-..-..--- Jaby | cease | 585] 3800/66/41 | 97) 75|37| 42] 95
99784 | S10 To ade Nes erdOuse. coer Sulyo seekers | 605 | 313/67 |....! 97 | 67| 37 | 43| 85
92738 | 2311 | juv. |..--do.........-. Tully: SSA est | 255.) 65 | 58°):95-.--1-- EO g9 87 Jou
Greb. |....--- Bering Island. | .-.-.--.-- a 630 | 340 | 68 | 41 }.....- ----| 37 | 44 |....
| |

No. 92732.—Tail beyond closed wings, 120™™; stretch of wings, 2.220™. Iris, cream color. Bills,
cere, and naked eye-space, as also the feet, intense golden yellow, bill tending to orange, and without
trace of dusky. Testes small. Not fat.

No. 92733.—Tail beyond closed wings, 115™™; stretch of wings, 2.250". Iris pale cream color. Bill,
cere, and naked eye-space orange yellow, slightly dusky at tip of upper mandible. Feet yellow, tarsus
somewhat paler; claws horny, bluish gray. Testes small, not swollen. Not fat. Weight, 12 pounds.

No. 92731.—Tail beyond closed wings, 110™™; stretch of wings, 2360™. Iris, yellowish cream color.
Bill, cere, and naked space of face yellow, the bill somewhat tinged with orange. Feet bright golden
yellow; claws horny whitish, blackish only along the back. A naked ‘‘breeding patch,” 140 by 90™™,
on the anterior part of the belly. Ova very small, only a few being swollen, and measuring about 5™™.
Rather fat.

A most interesting specimen is No. 92738, a downy young, just as-
suming the first plumage, the feathers coming out copiously on head,
upper neck, interscapular region, wings, breast, anal region, and tail.
The predominant color of the feathers is a dull blackish brown, slightly
lighter brownish on the middle of the feathers of the top of the head;
the inner webs of the wing-coverts are lighter, some at the base whit-
ish, secondaries and scapulars margined with lighter brown. The tail-
feathers, of which only the tips are visible, are white near the end, mot-
tled with blackish further up. The down covering the rest of the body

ha al

,
Cee a ee we

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS F19

is of a smoky brownish gray. It will be seen from the table of meas-
urements that the bill is as big as that of a full grown Haliwetus leuco-
cephalus, notwithstanding the fact that the knob at the tip of the upper
mandible has not yet disappeared. The lores are naked, with only a
few scant bristles.

During the first days of June, 1883, after I had left Petropaulski,
one of the natives secured for me the contents of a nest and one of the
parents, No. 92735. In the nest were two eggs containing nearly
hatched young, and as the hunter accidentally broke one of the eggs,
he only sent me the foetus in alcohol. - The down of the latter (No.
92990) is pure silky white all over.

98. Pandion haliztus (LIN.).

1758.—Falco haliwtus Lin., S. N., 10 ed., I, p. 91.—KiTT.., Denkw., II, p. 197 (1858).—
Accipiter h. Patuas, Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 355 (1826).— Pandion h. SCHRENCK,
Reis. Amurl., I, p. 227 (1860).—SwInuHOE, Ibis, 1860, p. 46.—TId., ibid., 1861, p.
24.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 209.—TId., ibid., 1865, p. 347.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 86.—Id.,
ibid., 1874, p. 426.—Td., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 260.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 340.—RappE,
Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p.97) (1863).—PRzEW., Putesch. Ussuri (p. 52)
(1870).—Taczan., Journ. f. Orn., 1872, p. 346. —IJd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, p. 121.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 384.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 9
(1877).—BuLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 247.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII,
1880, p. 238.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 181.—BLaxkIstT., Chrysanthemum, Sep-
tember, 1882, p. 427.—Id., ibid., January, 1883, p. 36.—Id., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 66 (1884).—Boxav, Journ. f. Orn., 1882, p. 330.—DyYBowskI, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 351.—SEEBOHNM, Ibis, 1884, p. 183.

The Osprey, liké the other raptores feeding on salmon, is very
abundant in Kamtschatka. To the islands, however, this species only
comes as an occasional visitor. A specimen was recorded, as seen
on Bering Island, May 24, 1883, during my absence in Petropaulski,
where, as will be seen from the list of specimens collected, on the same
day I secured two specimens, it being then very numerous at the few
open places on the rivers and along the coast.

It will be seen from the measurements given below that the eastern
birds are not smaller than European examples. Two Japanese speci-
mens in the collection are still larger, so thatethe existence of a smaller
race, “orientalis,” in Japan seems to be out of the question, as already
remarked by Captain Blakiston.

With the Japanese specimens those collected by me agree very well
as to color, the spots on the breast being even darker and larger, if
anything, in the latter, and the shafts of the rectrices are brown at the
lower end. They are consequently referable to the Old World typical

220

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

halietus, and very easily distinguishable from the North American caro-.
linensis. Third primary in all the specimens is longer than the second.

In my specimens the iris was of a clear yellow without orange. ' Mr.
_ Ridgway assures me that in the two specimens of the American bird
(carolinensis) he has collected the irides were scarlet (cf. Hist. North Amer.
B., III, p. 184, foot-note). I should like to be informed whether the Old
World form at any age has a similarly colored iris.

List of specimens collected.

6 : 3
A 5 3
a ~! ° ~
5 i : E 5
Pert ee dee | 8 BE | 4
# 2 a Locality. a & & 4 se
Bit ae |e Sel et ee aie ae a aes
: a eh & 3 =
n 3 y & = 5 z = 3
. 3 & iS o
SiS [ow Aa UEC Oe aie aes a
2 ; Nba es Saeserae
: mm. | mm.| mm. | mm mm. | mm
92727 |. 2051 |. f ad.| Petropaulski, Kam- | May 23, 1883 484 | 204 30 59 45 543
| tschatka.
92728 2075 | oi ad.|..-.-. G03 45-5. 4St eee May 24, 1883 480 | 200 30 5S eek t Se 535
92730 | 2060 | ad, Xe ANG: See Ee kane | May 24, 1883 465 | 200 30 57 42 550
92729 | 2635; Q Velutschka, Kam- | Sept. 21, 1883 490 | 218 34 58 4GF sce oe
| tschatka. |
101660 |....-. ad. | Petropaulski, Kam: |.... .. , 1884 485 | 202 32) 59 _ 44 |..2---
tschatka.

No. 92727.—Wings beyond tip of tail, 37™™. Iris bright yellow. Bill in front of nostrils black; at
base, cere, and mouth grayish blue sharply contrasted with the black tip; naked skin above the eye
somewhat lighter grayish blue; eye-ring blackish. Feet very light blue with a greenish tinge ;
anterior border of the distal scales of the toes, as also the claws, blackish. ;

Superfamily STRIGOIDE/E.

Family STRIGID A.

99. Asio accipitrinus (PALL.).

1771.—Stryx accipitrina PALL. Reise Russ. Reichs, I, p. 455 (nec BECHST. ).—Asio accipi-

trinus NEWTON in Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, 4-ed., I, p. 163 (1872).—BLakIsT. &
PryeEr, Ibis, 1878, p. 346.—Jid., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 236.—Jid.
ibid., X, 1882, p. 178.—SrEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 41.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, pi
75 (1883).—BLakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., pp. 18, 65 (1824).—TURNER, Auk,
1885, p. 157.--MurpbocH, Auk, 1225, p. 201.

1772.— Strix brachyotusI. R. ForsTER, Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 384.—Mipp:, Sibir. Reise., II,

2 (p. 130) (1852),—ScurRENCK, Reise. Amurl., I, p. 246 (1860).—RADDE, Reis-
en Siid. Ost-Sib., II (p. 122) (1863).—Otus b. SWINHOE, Ibis, 1861, pp, 26,
327.—Id. ibid., 1863, p. 89.—1d., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 262.—Jd, ibid., 1871, p. 344.—
WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 195,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS? 221

1791.—? Strix palustris Becust.,Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., II (p. 344).—Brachyotus p.
DrBow. & ParRvVEXx,J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 331.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1872, p.
350.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 334.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 132.—Id.,

. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 18 (1877).—DaLu., Notes Avif. Aleut. Isl. west

Unal., p. 4 (1874).—DyBowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 355.

1826.—Stryx egolius PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 309.

1856.—Brachyotus cassinii BREWER, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1856 (p. 321).—DALL
& Bannist., Trans. Chic. Acad.,I, 1269, p. 273.—Dau1, Notes Avif. Alent.
Isl., Unal. eastw., p.2 (1873).

This owl seems to be a resident, though not very numerous, and rather
rarein winter. It was observed frequently in May and June, 1883, near
the village on Bering Island, and the natives of Copper Island informed
me that they use to see it in Pestschanij Valley, when, in August, they
dig for the roots of the Saranna lily.

List of specimens collected.

gl | Bs
| ~
A |
: z | os
a | 2 oa | 43
a 2 gp Locality. Date. | 3s »
= 8 3 | | S 2
a 2 g ab | Sh a
ey = K Fh 3 | & =
. | S
p 5 B e | e BH
mm mm mm mm.
92705 n 759! |. oy ad.| Bering Wsland= 2. sce. clos-cewfen cen ae alain Nov. 25,1882 | 312] 148 }...... 363
OTSA hy PO aM alee area tell tala em Onsen eehrcec ecto Seater Dec. 30, 1882 |...... weleeani|eeatets 352
92756 | 2120.| ftad. |..--.. ODF at ie rinace See tea acee em aecel: June 3,1883| 320 | 145 20 387

No. 92755.—Iris light yellow. Bill and cere horny black.
No. 92754.—Iris bright yellow.
No. 92756.—Iris bright yellow. Stomach contained remains of Arvicola rutila. Testes large, swollen.

100. Nyctea nyctea (LIN.).

1758.—Strix nyctea Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 93.—PaLu. Zoogr. Ross, Asiat., I, p.
312 (1826).—MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 130) (1853).—ScHRENCK,
Reise. Amurl., I, p. 247 (1860).—Rappr, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p.
124) (1863).— Surnia n. PRZEW., Putesch. Ussur. (p. 52) (1870).— Nyctea n.
Licut., Nom. Mus. Berol., p.7 (1854).— TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1798.—Strix nivea THUNB., Sv. Vet. Acad. Férhandl., 1798 (p. 184).— Nyctea n., DyBow.
& ParvEXx, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 331.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 13872, p. 349.—Id.,
ibid. 1874, p. 334.— Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 129.—Jd., ibid., 1883,
p. 332.—Id., Orn. Fauna. Vost. Sibir., p. 16 (1877).—DaLi & BANN., Trans.
Chic. Acad., I, 1869 (p. 273).—Datu, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw., p. 2
(1873).—DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 355.

1872.—Nyctea scandiaca NEWT. in Yarr. Brit. Birds, ed. 4, I. p. 187.—Buanist. &
PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 235.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p.
177. Bran, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 161.—NxELson, Cruise Corwin, p.
76, (1883).—BuLakiszr., Amend List B. Japan, p. 28 (1884).

The snowy owl is only of late getting to be numerous on Bering Island,
and was a few years ago regarded as a rather rare bird, although it was

222 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

known to breed in the interior, e. g., in the Kamennij Valley. But since
the introduction of the two kinds of Muride, Mus musculus and Arvicola
rutila, especially the latter (see my ‘‘ Contributions,” &c., Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1883, p. 88), with which the whole island now is literally swarming,
the numbers of the owl have been gradually increasing, so that during
the winter of 1882-’83 they were very common and a conspicuous feature —
in the landscape. I know of at least twenty-four individuals that were
killed in the neighborhood of the village, and still they were as numer-
ous at the end of the winter as when the cold weather set in. They
made their first appearance on the hill round the village about the mid-
dle of November, and from that time they were a common sight on the
pointed tops of the sand-dunes or among the hummocks of the tundra,
hunting Arvicola in broad sunlight. A specification of the contents of
the stomachs examined by me is given below. The birds themselves
were excessively fat, caused by the rich and easy supply of food, their
entrails being firmly wrapped up in a mass of tallow, while the whole
body was covered with a thick layer of firm and whitish fat.

They remained in the neighborhood of the village until the beginning
of May, on the 2d day of which three individuals were still to be seen.
Most of them then retired to the higher mountains in the interior of the
southern part, but a few pair bred not far from the sea shore. Thus,
for instance, a pair was seen during the whole summer in the neighbor-
hood of the great seal rookery; and on the 3d of September, 1883, a
family of five individuals had taken posts close to the road between the
rookery and the village.

On Copper Island, where they only occur occasionally during the cold
season, they were as rare during the winter 1882~’83 as ever. On that
island no mice are found. .

From the above it would seem as if the increase of the Arvicola has
been the direct cause of the increase of the owl, consequently, that the.
‘‘ increase in the procreative powers is owing to the abundant supply of
food,” and that it is not “to be traced rather to the cause (whatever it
be) which renders the small rodents in that very year so much more pro- ,
lific than common” (COLLETT, Orn. Rem., Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christiania,
1872, p. 224, Extr., p. 38; Id., Nyt. Mag. Natur., 1877, p..169). I may
add here that none, even the oldest, of the residents can remember
ever to have seen the snowy owl so plentiful as it occurred last winter.

The specimens are all rather heavily barred, even the lightest male
being very much so,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 223

List of specimens collected.

i %
; Es 8
rns g Sree
a ea 3 = gy B
a 2: Locality. a op a a
@| § 8 Sst ha calligses -
a S a a = & 5 $
oor © o oo res o8 oF
a | 2 e | 42/212 \al2l
BETES E a Bolca fees 13a
lbs. | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92742 | 1742 | Bering Fplandigosce ccs celeiisi-2 25-2 |NOVee22, 1082 Can ilseeacs O68) |Z5e2 2 410 215
92744 | 1754 |....-. OOo sa2sboseke ee Sie ie ieyeote Nov. 26, 1882 cs 54 OUSul se ceca 408 210
92745 > D85Te Ree ses OGse se sees econ eteiSeswe ons Jan. 7.1883 o 44 560 54} 415 218
92751 | 1870 |...... GO eee see a eee ee Seicedewse Jan. 15, 1883 | co 4} 532 35 435 216
92747 | 1899 |....-. OO ae ethe cine s Societe ne ow isiee Feb. 5,1883| o 43 | 557 69 | 405 204
92746 | 1928 |...... COs semecmee ce sae cine econ es Feb. 21, 1883 Cc 4§ | 577 65 | 428 215
92748 | 1766 |...... Got te ee se ceeesee OR Oh. cis Nov. 30, 1882 2 6 628) |S2as2- 468 245
92752 | 1812'}...... doesecss 2h Jee eeee eee Roseee Dec. 21, 1882 2 54 609) |===--- 457 250
92750 | 1863 }...... GOs tee eeee ieee each dosce ee Jan. 9, 1883 Q 54 597 45 | 450 228
92753.) 1864 |....-. dons See nt Sse toest es Jan. 9, 1883 2 5} | 590 55 | 460 233
92749 | 1865 |.....- Oi sos tact os ete cee Pee mics Jan. 9, 1883 Q 52 | 610 41 | 453 240
92743 | 1833 |..----. OOH ae ss ois tase eee sorte Jan 2, 1Ses |seeee see 44 555 50 | 417 215

No. 92742.—Ivis bright yellow. Bill and claws horny blackish blue. Ear-opening 22 by 13™™. In
stomach six Arvicole ; no trace of feathers.

No. 92744.—Stomach cuntained four Arvicole ; no feathers.

No. 92745.—In stomach two Arvicole, and no feathers.

No. 92747. In stomach two Arvicole.

No. 92746.—Stomach contained several Arvicole.
No. 92748.—Stomach crammed with Arvicole ; no feathers.

No. 92752.—Stomach completely empty.

No. 92750.—Stomach contained feathers and a few fragments of bones apparently of an lamellirostral
bird.

No. 92753.—In the stomach remains of Arvicole.

No .92749.—Contained one Arvicole.

No, 92743.—Had two Arvicole in the stomach.

From the above list of the contents of the stomachs, it would seem
as if Arvicola was almost their only food. But it is but fair to state
that I have seen this owl chase sea ducks, especially Histrionicus hi-
strionicus, out at the reef, very much in the same manner as does the
falcon. On January 7, 1883, I found on the beach the remains of a
Harelda hyemalis, eaten by a snowy owl. The footprints in the snow
were very recognizable from the impression of the feathers of the toes
and by the direction of the inner toe at a right angle with the other
oues. It may be that even the snowy owl sometimes gets tired of too
uniform a diet. ¢

The Russian name by which the snowy owl is known by the natives
on the islands is “ Sitsch,” which, according to Pallas, in Russia is

applied to Nyctala tengmalmi.

ORDER PICARIA. —

Superfamily CUCULOIDEZ.

Family CUCULID &%.
101. Cuculus canorus telephonus (HEINE).

1826.—? Cuculus borealis PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 442 (part).

1861.—Cuculus striatus SWINH., Ibis, 1861, p. 259 (part ; nec DRapP.).

1862.—? Cuculus swinhoei CaB., Mus. Hein., IV, i, p. 39 (part, nom. nud.).

1863.—Cuculus telephonus HuInrF, Journ. f. Orn., 1863, p. 352.

1871.—Cuculus canorus SwWINH., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 395.—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878,
p. 227.—lid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 2U5.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882,
p. 180.

1872.—? Cuculus canorinus CaB., J. f. Orn., 1872, p. 236.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 237.

1875.—Cuculus canorinus SWINHOE, Ibis, 1875, p. 451.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p.
182.—Id., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71 (part).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1882, p. 395.—DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 368.

Most of the English writers agree that they have not. been able to
separate the Eastern Asiatic bird from Cueulus canorus of Europe, while
Cabanis, l. c., expressly states as his view, that the latter does not occur
in Eastern Asia at all.

The birds which I have collected are easily enough distinguishable
from European specimens, and it seems to be the rule that the eastern
bird has finer and narrower, dark bars on the lower surface; but as
intergradation has been satisfactorily proved, the eastern form can
only be designated as a race.

I am rather doubtful whether Cabanis’s canorinus of 1872 (from Bai-
cal), and the birds (from Eastern Siberia generally), designated by Ta-
czanowski by the same name, really belong to our race. The latter
author (l. ¢.) deggribes bis specimens as differing from the European
form ‘par les bandes des parties inférieures du corps plus fines et plus
nombreuses, et les taches blanches sur les rectrices plus petites, elles man-
quent complétement sur les médianes, sur les suivantes elles sont 4 peine

distinctes; les subcaudales sont plus rayées de foneé.” Now it is the
224

\

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 225

feature of my birds, that, although the dark bars underneath are finer
and narrower, they are by no means more numerous ; the whitish spots
on the rectrices are rather larger, and are well marked, even on the
middle pair, and the subcaudales are not more, but less, streaked than in
the European specimens. But there is one reason more why I cannot
apply the name canorinus to the present form, viz, that the bird thus
named is apparently different from the species to which Cabanis in 1862
originally. applied the name. The canorinus of Museum Heineanum
(said to be the same as Miiller’s C. canoroides) is described as being
somewhat smailer than canorus, besides differing from it by “subalari-
bus minus crebre fasciolatis mediis sere unicoloribus tanquam fasciam longi-
tudinalem albidam formantibus.”. Now Taezanowski expressly states
that his birds are of the same size as those from Europe, and does not
mention the peculiar coloration of the under wing-coverts. In my birds,
at least, these feathers certainly are narrowly and uniformly barred.
It would almost seem from the description of Taczanowski, quoted above,
that the Siberian bird forms a separate race, the proper name of which
would be Cuculus canorus borealis (PALL.).*

As to the name applied by me to the Kamtschatkan bird I have to
offer the following remarks: In the Ibis for 1861 Mr. Swinhoe described
wv Cuculus from Talien Bay as striatus DRAP., stating at the same time
that his birds were larger, and had a weaker bill than the Indian spec-
imens. These birds he afterwards recognized as erroneously identified,
referring them then partly to C. canorus (Cf. Ibis, 1863, p. 395). In the
mean time Cabanis and Heine had proposed the name C. secinhoei for
the same specimens, under the impression, however, that they belonged
to striatus proper, or, at least, striatus of Jerdon and of Cabanis, as a
race. But it seems evident from the synonymy (P. Z. S., 1871, p. 395)
that Swinhoe, even in 1871, by striatus understood a bird widely differ-
ent from that of the two authors quoted above, and partly identical
with the so-called C. himalayanus Jerdon and C. kelungensis. Never-
theless, it may be safer to reject the name given by Cabanis and
Heine, since itis based upon no description or already described species,
and also since it seems that the authors insist upon comparing C. swin-
hoei with striatus or micropterus (cf. J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 355). The next

*The only question is, whether it is admissible to restrict Pallas’s name thns, as
it was only partly given to this bird: ‘‘Per universam Rossiam et Sibiriam,etiam in
borealibus * * * etiam in Camischatca adest, * * * Nusquam copiosiorem audivi,
quam in Dauuria.”

15861 Bull. 29——15

226 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

name in time, Heine’s C. telephonus, seems perfectly pertinent, as it is
based upon a skin from Japan, being ‘‘ subtus fasciis tenuioribus ac
paucioribus quam C. canori fasciatus.”.

The cuckoo is rather numerous in the neighborhood of Petropaul-
ski, where in 1882 I heard its well-known note as late as July 11. In
1883 it had not arrived when I left the town on the 28th of May. Vis-
iting the same place again in the middle of September I found that
they had already departed.

I could not detect the slightest difference in the voice or habits from
those of the common European form.

On treeless Bering Island this bird only occasionally makes its
appearance during the migrations; although apparently especially
adapted to live among trees, it is by no means absolutely confined to
places where such occur, for I have several times found its western re-
presentative, during the latter part of June, on the high plateaus of the
Norwegian mountains above the limit of trees, where it could only
deposit its eggs in the nests of the ground-breeding Anthus pratensis
and Savicola oenanthe.

Three exemplars were shot the year before I visited the island, and
on June 13, 1882, I got a single male, which was shot at Bolschaja
Reschka, on the northern shore, while picking up Gammaride between
the bowlders of the beach. The stomach was found crammed with these
crustaceans, a rather strange food for a cuckoo! I had, however, the
same experience with a specimen of the next species.

A native of Germany, who had been residing on Copper Island for
about ten years, stated that he had heard the cuckoo’s voice there once.

List of specimens.

S <
od A
a | 6 g wo) ae
3 | 4 3 3 3 ees
4 Locality. 5 5p bs = 5
=| 3 5 rg 2 See
a 2 a a = th a Z
“| 2 o | 3 al =
eel a | se) cope eee he ae
BLS = a) et Be aes
——| es | _ =
| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
39056 | 1201 Bolschaja Reschka, Bering Island ..----. June 13, 1882; of ad. | 349} 225) 175 24
89145 | 1243 | Petropaulski, Kamtschatka...-.-...----- June 30,1882) ¢ ad. | 350 | 226 | 174 24

No. 89056.—Iris yellow. Bill horny black ; lower mandible, bluish in the middle, and yellow towards
the base; angle of mouth yellow, as also the naked ring round the eye; inside of mouth orange-red.
Feet deep yellow.

No. 89145.— In the stomach was found remains of three or four specimens of a Bombus.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 220

In order to show that there is no appreciable difference in dimensions
between the two forms, except perhaps in the size of the bill, which
seems to be larger in the eastern bird, I submit the following

Table of dimensions.

°}
A a
a oD
aa | g|é
a &p Locality. Date. | & © Remarks.
+s | = so
3 eS 3 oO
mec US o | & | 3
eee pili ivi
Sal. ;}F | a | wz
mm. | mm. | mm
S203 Ne uraden |G erman yy eccl/-jaisinaaicieeisai= = emit t=): May —, 1851) 219} 162 20
56708 gad’! iz... GO atiore tence sia tiere fe nie Ree cell een Sete 227 | 162 PA
NEGsoatoMaAd en PHTANCO man mAaterne efee eee atcrarsetaibielletaiclatstcie clslcieleres= 221) 176 22
DSS ME HAG PEN elandescvasscsecseaetne ans ewsaes [Petcsceeap tga Lek | 218! 169 20
BG7TO9T NO eu) | eG ermanyy qcise\con = isc +a oaeclonl [foleta eirleee | 204 162 19
BAGS! |e cee teu a dots: =. Pass caucus aphe ke ve. ate 210 | 164 | tains | Hepatic phase.

102. Cuculus peninsule sp. n.

Diagnosis.—Allied to Cuculus kelungensis SWINH., from Japan, but the gray color
much lighter, the under surface, including the under tail-coverts, only
very faintly tinged with buff; the under wing-coverts nearly white, with
faint and few gray cross-bars, and the inner webs of the primaries with
more numerous, broader, white cross-spots, and more white at the base.

Dimensions: Total length, 318™™; wing, 197™™; tail-feathers, 144™™,

Type: 9, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89128.

Habitat: Kamtschatka; accidental in the Commander Islands.

Synonymy : 1882.—Cuculus indicus TACZANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 395

(nee BLYTH); DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 368.
1883.—Cuculus canorinus STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 182
(part; nec CAB.).

Among the stragglers from the mainland to the Commander Islands
I got two female cuckoos, which are quite different from the form de-
scribed on a previous page as Cuculus canorus telephonus. One is in the
usual gray plumage, while the other represents the hepatic or rufous
phase. In those points in which this form differs from the other allies
the two skins agree perfectly, leaving no doubt whatever about their
belonging to the same species.

Comparing them with the form mentioned above, I find them to differ
in the following poirts:

1. They are considerably smaller.

2. The under wing-coverts are quite differently marked, the middle
and smaller ones being uniform white, without bars, while the inner

228 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

and larger arm-coverts are marked with some few and distant cross-
bars, against the uniform and narrow barring of canorus.

3. Only the six first primaries have white cross-bars on their inner
webs, the white bases of the following quills forming a distinct and large
white speculum on the under surface of the wing. In the other form
eight primaries at least are distinctly barred, the white speculum being
much less pronounced. Besides, the white bars are narrower and more
numerous than in the bird in question; the bars or spots, é. g., on the
inner web of the first primary are only five in the latter, while in the
former their number is seven, at least.

4, The dark cross bars of the under surface are more blackish, broader,
more distant, and, consequently, fewer.

5. The spots on the tail-feathers are rather larger and more distinct.

The two first points agree with Cabanis’s description of canorinus,
1862 (the alleged canoroides MULL.), but his ‘“‘subtus faseiis ut in C.
canoro crebricribus angustis,” compared with point 4, as above, prevents
them from being united. It may be that they will turn out to be races of
the same species, but at present a decision is hardly possible. It must
be borne in mind that I consider C. canorinus Cabanis of 1862 and C.
canorinus Cabanis of 1872 to be two different birds.

This is the same species which Taczanowski and Dybowski record
from Kamtsechatka as ** Cuculus indicus Cab.,” but I need only quote a
few words from Cabanis’s description (Mus. Hein., IV, i, p. 35), to show
that his indicus does not belong here, as he describes it as “‘subtus fas-
ciis aliquantulum angustioribus seu tenuioribus,” and “tectricum suba-
larium fasciolis ut in C. canoro tenuissimis creberrimis.” This is cer-
tainly nothing but the Indian Cuculus canorus, which, if really separable
from the European bird, should stand as Cuculus canorus indicus, by
which name it was originally designated by Blyth (Jour. As. Soc. Beng.,
1846 (p. 19)). In fact, the name indicus may perhaps finally be found
to belong to the foregoing species (C. telephonus), from which it seems to
differ chiefly by a somewhat smaller size, and a weaker and shorter bill.

Cuculus peninsule comes nearest to the bird which is recorded from
Japan as C. himalayanus, but which I think should properly stand as C.
kelungensis Swinhoe, or perhaps C. saturatus kelungensis. The chief dif-
ferences have been mentioned in the diagnosis, the two forms being easily
distinguished by comparing the under side of the wing, which on the
whole is much lighter in the Kamtschatkan bird. The difference in the
number of white bars on the primaries is apparently not so great, since

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 229

in C. peninsule the lower ones are fused together, having entirely swal-
lowed up the intervening black spaces; the white spots, in this form,
are much broader than the black separating them, while, in the Japanese
birds, the proportion between the white and black is exactly the reverse.
In dimensions, in the broad and distant bars on the lower surface, and
in the scanty barring on the under wing-coverts, the two forms agree
very well.

The rufous specimen (No. 92699) has the bars underneath still broader
and blacker ; the upper surface is more deeply hazel than the corre-
sponding stage of C. canorus, the rump being quite chestnut, strongly
and broadly barred with black; the brown coler descends on the sides
of head and neck, and strongly tinges the throat.

As already stated, two stragglers of this species were shot by me on
Copper Island, cne in 1882 the other in 1883. Both were met on the
eastern shore near the beach, the former at the main village, the latter,
which was in the hepatic stage of plumage, a little north of the settle-
ment Karabelnij. No note was heard.

Dimensions.
Tara Orie
A | 2 :
| ms A a
a4 6 | 2 aioe - bog
a or {avian 6 |/4|z Ba
| 2 Locality. | a 2 59 8 A 8
3 EB | S S a DB * Lo]
Pore eet 2 5 a 2 $ 2
EA SS | ql a a rm OG oH e
a | 3 | Ksioiataesd iors Sonera aha ede haben Ida
Sues | e D Hila |E]al pe
|
| | | mm. |mm.|mm. | mm. | mm.
89128 | 1213 | Copper Island, main village....-- | June 19, 1882 | 9 ad. 31S) eee 197 | 144 22
92699 | 2215 | Copper Island, Sabatschi Mys, | July 1,1883 | 9 310. 454) 198%) isa iee- one
| | Karabelnij. |

No. 89128 (Gray plumage).—Iris, outer ring cream colored, inner grayish brown. Naked eye-ring
bright yellow. Bill horny black; basal third of upper mandible (except nasal tubes) and two-thirds
of the lower are yellowish ; angle of mouth, and lower jaw along the chin angle, orange yellow. In-
side of mouth pale orange-red. Feet light cadmium yellow. Contents of stomach, Gammaride!

No. 92699 (Hepatic plumage).—lIris light cream colored, inner ring tinged with brownish gray, outer
one slightly so with greenish. Bill blackisu bluish gray, lighter on lower mandible; tubercle in the
middle of nostrils olive-yellow; angle of mouth and base of lower jaw orange-yellow. Interior of
mouth delicate orange-red. Naked eye-ring bright golden yellow. Feet orange-yellow, claw of outer
toe dusky. Eggs small.

In Petropaulski I was told of a cuckoo said to be distinguishable
trom the common one especially by its quite different voice. This is the
present species, but I never met with it in Kamtschatka, where it has
been collected by Dybowski.*

* Of, also Kitriivz, Denkwiird, H, p. 198: ‘‘ Das an unsern Wiedehopf erinnernde
Geschrei, das man hier dem Kuckuck zuschreibt, und das auch wirklich neben jenem
andern [the common cry of the European cuckoo] von ihm herzuriihren scheint.”

230 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. .

Superfamily PICOIDEZ.

Family PICIDA.

103.—Dryobates purus STEJNEGER.

1858.—Picus major Kitt., Denkw., I, p. 321 (mec LIN.).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1882, p. 395.

1883.—Picus major kamtschaticus DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 368
(nee Picus kamtschatkensis, BP. )

1884.—Dendrocopos purus STEJNEGER, Auk, 1884, p. 35.

This species is closely related to D. major (L1N.), but differs in having
the breast and upper abdomen very pure white, the white of the lateral
rectrices without, or almost without, dark markings, and possessing a
white spot on the outer webof each of the longest primaries near the tip.

The greater purity of the white of the lower surface and the greater
extent of the same color on the lateral tail-feathers distinguish this
species easily from its allies. In the description of D. cissa Pallas ex-
pressly says that the lateral rectrices are white “nigro transversim varie-
gate” and “ pectore sordescente.” Specimens of D. major from Central
Europe, the only ones at present accessible to me, have the lateral tail-
feathers strongly barred, and lack the white spot near the tips of the
outer web of the longest primaries. The markings are, however, also
found in Dryobates japonicus (Seeb.), but the Japanese bird has a very
dark lower surface, and transverse markings on all the lateral tail-
feathers; besides, the Kamtschatkan form has a stouter and longer bill.

Dryobates purus is especially conspicuous for the uniform white color
on the lateral tail-feathers. In two of the specimens are seen some
traces of transverse bars on one or both of the two external feathers, but
no traces of similar bars or spots are found on the two following pairs.

The dimensions may be seen from the following

List of specimens obtained.

3 | gi
A a od | a a
% : | 2 | : z é g
5 S | 3 3 z I 3
A te Locality. = tea corer) Sp 8 a ee:
sane | SUA ares" crags a ve
A ° a | 5 a re th on R
. o | oO | a 7 So
AY re | fe fet ae Sires oe See erect
Shh ay 2 |e |ae/F/ es | @
i pe anata ee eee 4 ia Katt, ey ee | |
| | mm.|mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92702*| 2019 ; Saranna, Bering Island..-.-...--.. May 8,1883; gad. | 253 | 45; 147 86.) goles
92701*| 2024 | Ladiginsk, Bering Island-.-.-.---. May 9,1883| ¢ ad. 241 43 | 139 86 28
92703*! 1700 | Severnij, Bering Island ...-..-.--. Oct. 26,1882) Q ad. | 251 |...... 132 86 30
| |

*Types of Dendrocopos purus.

ieee be ie

ten

231

No. 2019, ¢.—Iris crimson. Bill plumbeous, darker above; lower mandible below at base whitish.
Feet gray with an olive tinge, not at all bluish. Rather fat. Inthe stomach remains of a coleopterous
insect.

No. 2024, ¢.—Colors as the foregoing. Not fat.

No. 1700, 9.—Iris carmin-red. Bill bluish gray.
crammed with the white large larve of the flesh-tly.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Feet same color, only a little darker. Stomach
‘So fat as a woodpecker can possibly be.”

The following table of dimensions is added for comparison with the:
allied forms:

|
|
|
|

es { |
3 E Biiitise euiiles lana Rare
= ' : Bena laes ge
= | Names of species. Locality. | 2 a eee | a 2
Z parte = »>i|e&|s
LB = 2 5 ee ae
p ae e FES ene
| mm | mm mm.
88703 | Dryobates japonicus Japanese sso eee | Jouy.-..|July 4,1882/ ¢ ad. | 131 een 27
91328 |..---- dobre rena ase eer TAO eae ee oles do! .-:-| Nov. 7, 1882 | cad. | 181°) 79 26
91329 |..... do Slow leeee ack sent do ...., Nov. 20,1982; gad. ; 133 931] | 25
STSSD yore - Men a Boe cattle do ....|Dec. 4,1882| Q ad. | 129) 81] 24
PSs eae Opa. eee shee Pd OR eee tee Meee: do ....| Dec. 12,1882} 9 ad. | 131! 83 23
91332 BLOM eet ue asthe elt Vp aeag at amie eat do ....| Dec. 12,1882; @ ad. | 132) 85 25
18939 | D. major.....-..------ rance esses scr | rouebe |e ace iaessia o ad. | 147 | 92 25
18940 |....-. Oe a ese eae: FAO see | edo ee seer ccs es 9 ad. | 141 | 89 24

My surprise was very great when, on the 26th of October, 1882, I
held in my hand the female of this elegant bird, shot on the killing-
It had been
seen in the neighborhood for about fourteen days feeding on the enor-
mous masses of the white larve of the flesh-fly, with which the whole
ground swarms at this season for more than a square mile. In spring
again I obtained two more specimens, two males, from different places
on the northern part of the island. These birds of the forest are, of
course, only stragglers from Kamtschatka, where the species is not un-
common. In the latter part of May and again in September, 1883, I
observed several individuals in the neighborhood of Petropaulski.

ground at the northern seal rookery on Bering Island.

104. Dryobates immaculatus STEJNEGER. ~

1858.— Picus minor K1TTL., Denkw., I, p. 321 (nec LINN).
1882.—Picus kamtschatkensis TAczAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 396 (nee
Bp.\.—DyBow., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 368.

1883.— Dendrocopos immaculatus STEJNEGER, Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash., II, April 10, 1884, p.
98,

On a previous occasion I have briefly indicated that the Picus kam-
tschatchensis BP. is not the Kamtschatkan bird at all. As will be shown
more elaborately below, the form named thus by Bonaparte in 1854 is

‘Bar ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

-only the well-known Siberian bird, Pallas’s pipra, of which the name,
given by Bonaparte, is but a synonym.

The type of his species was a bird *“tué le 93° septembre 1853, aux
environs @Okhotsk, sur le bord de la mer asiatique de ce nom,” and
the locality, Kamtschatka, is only a guess caused by the very erroneous
idea that the birds of the peninsula are identical with those occurring
on the other side of the wide Okotsk Sea, the same idea that caused
the determination of Parus baicalensis as kamtschatkensis. The deserip-
tion and plate of Malherbe from the type show furthermore, beyond
possibility of doubt, that bis bird is identical with the Siberian form,
having ‘‘transverse cordiform spots of a brownish fuliginous color on
the under tail-coverts,” and the plate shows distinctly two dark cross-
bars on the outer tail-feathers, and one on each of the two following
pairs, together with a well-marked black subocular stripe. A com-
parison with Seebobm’s description (Ibis, 1880, p. 181) makes the identity
apparent. He says: ‘‘The under tail coverts are slightly streaked with
black; the outside tail-feathers have two rudimentary cross-bars.” It
would almost seem as if the type in Malherbe’s possession had those
features even more distinct than the bird described by Mr. Seebohm.
Palias’s words agree in the same manner: “Crisso punctato” and “sub-
caudales guttulis cordatis nigricantibus.”

The bird which I procured in Petropaulski has no trace of spots on the
crissum or the under tail-coverts. On the outermost pair of rectrices,
which are white to the very base, is one single rudimentary and narrow
eross-bar near the tip, while the two following pairs have none, a
just perceptible spot on the margin of the inner webs indicating the
place where the bar is situated in allied forms. The fourth pair has a
white tip about 5™™ broad, beginning on the outer web, about 13™™ from
the tip. From the base of the lower mandible, in a line with the direc-
tion of the bill, the feathers have dark gray bases and pure white tips,
thereby forming a rather olsolete grayish malar stripe, mottled with
white, scarcely connected behind with the large black patch on the side
of the neck. The white space behind the brownish ocular patch is so
nearly connected with that on the other side as to almost form a contin-
uous white band across the upper neck. Back white, unbarred. The
whole lower surface pure white without the slightest trace of stripes or
spots. The white cross-bars on the inner secondaries are not partict-
larly broad, being only 4™™, and the rounded white spots on the inner

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 233

webs of the primaries are quite separate and not confluent along the
inner margin of the quill.

This beautiful bird needs no further comparison with the allied forms
than is given above. The Japanese form seems to be related to it in a
Similar way as is Dryobates mini r hortorum (Brm., 1831) (=striolatus
Mace., 1840) to the Scandinavian true D. minor (Lin.) (= D. minor bor-
ealis SUNDEV.), and is probably indistinguishable from D. minor pipra
(Pall.) from Siberia. Should intergradation with the Siberian form
really occur, the question will arise whether our new form should stand
aS D. minor immaculatus or D. pipra immaculatus. This is a point of
the trinominal nomenclature which is not yet decided upon by the lead-
ing trinominalists.

v. Kittlitz (U. ¢.) states that ‘ Picus minor ist hier [Petropaulski, lat-
ter part of September] nicht selten, jedenfalls hiufiger als der ebenfalls
hier einzeln vorkommende Picus major” (=wy P. purus), which is con-
trary to my experience, as the specimen which I collected was the only
one I saw during my stay in Petropaulski. It was shot on the wooded
peninsula sheltering the harbor, where it flew restlessly from one birch
(Betula ermani) to another.

The dimensions of this specimen are:

3g ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92700, L. Stejneger No. 2757. Petropaulski, October 9, 1883.
Total length, 167™™; tail beyond wings, 24™™; wing, 97™™; tail-feathers, 61™™;
exposed culmen, 18™™,
Remarks.—Iris bright hazel. Bill pure gray, darker above; a narrow dark stripe
along the gonys. Feet gray, with a light greenish tinge.

OrpER PASSERES.
Family ALAUDID&.

105. Alauda blakistoni STEJNEGER.

1826.—Alauda coelipeta PALL., Zoogr. Roos. Asiat., 1, p. 524 (part).

1858.—Alauda arvensis KiTTL., Denkw., II, p. 198 (nec Lin.).—Taczan., Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1882, p.389.—DyBow., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 361.

1882.—Alauda cantarella BLAkIsT. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, X, 1882, p. 166
(nec Bp.).—Alauda —— ? BLakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 59 (1884).

1884.— Alauda sp. STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, p. 5.

1864.—Alauda blakistoni STEINEGER, Pr. Biol. Soc. Washingt, II, p. 98.

One needs almost apologize when creating a new species among the
Palearctic Alaude. The group is a most perplexing one, and consider-

able confusion exists in regard to the East Asiatic forms. But it is '

thought that the naming of the present bird will tend to clear the
confusion which has arisen from the untimely zeal of ornithologists in
uniting distinct forms on insufficient evidence. I cannot refer the
specimens from Kamtschatka to any form known to me, and I will not
be found guilty of applying to them a name which I do not consider
properly belonging to them. Taking the name of a form which seems
to agree best, but yet not exactly, would only add to the confusion. In
this connection it may be proper to remark that the “reducing” and
“uniting” of species is often made upon inspection of a single specimen,
but this is a proceeding which, in many cases, proves to be even more
unsafe than to base a new species on a single type.

In a previous paper (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 68) I called atten-
tion to four larks in the first instalment of my collection, forwarded to
the United States National Museum in 1882. Since that time more ma-
terial from Eastern Asia has accumulated, enabling me to make a fair
comparison of the allied forms.

The ten specimens collected by me show much less variation in color
and dimensions than is usual in larks. Having at hand a series of typi-
cal Alauda japonica from Japan, and arvensis from Europe, besides spec-
imens of coelivox from China, intermedia Swinu. from Vladivostok, and
cantarella from Palestine, I have little hesitation in pronouncing the
Kamtschatkan form different. Compared with European specimens its
average size agrees with the larger ones of the latter, while in color it

234

ee

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 235

comes much nearer to the Japanese species, the rusty tinge of which is
rather conspicuous. My birds show, however, two very peculiar feat-
ures, viz, dark blackish brown scapulars and interseapulars, the lighter
edges being conspicuous on the inner webs, and the rusty colored hind
neck only dotted with small dark spots, forming a light color between
the strongly-marked pilewm and the dark color of the upper back ; be-
sides, the spots on the fore neck and upper breast are smaller and
darker, and, consequently, more distinct. The bill is somewhat longer
and stouter than in japonica.

The specimens from Vladivostok collected by Mr. Jouy and Dr. Dale
are paler and smaller, thus being referable to A. intermedia SWINH.
They seem to occupy the same position to the Kamtschatkan species, as
A. cantarella Br. (nec SWINH., nec TACZAN., que intermedia) does to
the typical arvensis. The birds from Vladivostok have the dark color of
the scapular region more confluent and not so distinctly streaked as can-
tarella. A.coelivoa is sufficiently distinct by its considerable smaller size.

Lists of measurements of the material examined is added for com-

parison.
List of specimens collected.

. | | \
eae | Eni ee: | F
Z | | z Waal edie
She Locality. < 2 a1 s 8
4 | 8 | S 2 |38|&8 \3\¢%

: 9 A A a 2 oy eS 2
ee | a i ith ep Ne era ie izes
Bas E Be hee ee

|

| mm | mm. | mm. | mm. | num.
89027 | 1020 | Bering Island .......------------- May 9,1882| ¢ ad. | 186 |.----- 114| 76 12
89026 | 1117 |.----- Obese sear betes cee ane May 30,1882| ¢ ad.| 187 |--.--- 119| 74 14
g9153 | 1242 |, Petropaulski........---.--------- June 30, 1882] ¢ ad. | 183 |.-.... 112 | 70|_ = 48
89154 | 1249 |..---- OMe enya ance BAA ee ea July 4,1882| f ad. | 173 |.----. 116s 68 13
92658 | 1995 | Bering Island .-. ....------------ Apr. 19,1883} g@ ad. | 193 |.----- 115 | 69 14
92661 | 2040 Petropaulski .-.-.-..------------- May 19,1883) gf ad.| 197! 26) 118 73 13
92659 | 2049 |....-. Oe eee ee ecian sa cisietos May 19,1883} oad. | 187 24) 115 | 71 12
92657 2079 | Bering Island ....-..------------- May 13, 1883 | (co) ad. |------ ess2=> 119 | 75 13.
92662 | 2041 | Petropaulski-....------------- ....| May 19,1883} 9 ad.| 187 | 29} 107| 70 12
92660 | 2046 |.----- OSes eee eee nina | May 20,1883] 9 ad. | 185) 22) 110 69 12

Average measurements of eight males ...-----.---------------- Sia eset 116 72 13

Average measurements of two females ---.----------------++++-- ASGB eae 109 70 12

No. 89027.—Iris dark brown. Feet light reddish brown; tarsal joint with a strong tinge of dark
gray; toes below livid.

No. 89026.—Iris hazel.

No. 89153.—Bill brownish flesh color; tip, culmen, and sides of upper ma ndible blackish brown. Feet
pale reddish brown ; tarsal joint dark grayish; nails blackish gray.

No. 92658.—Ivis dark hazel. Bill, upper mandible dark-brownish gray ; along tomia and whole lower
mandible pale yellowish gray. Testes targe, swollen.

No. 92661.—Iris brown. Bill horny blackish brown; tomia and back of lower mandible paler, gray-
ish. Feet reddish gray; joints darker gray ; below livid. Testes large, swollen. Stomach containing
seeds.

No. 92662.—Iris, bill, and feet as foregoing. Largest egg 2™™ in diameter.

236 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Tables of dimensions.

A.—ALAUDA JAPONICA.

é |
Sih ice | Re
a q 3 3 | a
5 A A 8 3 gg
a m n Locality. = bp g
+4 he he o & = 2
3 iS 9 so
4 : 3 z Elelel?
‘ 3 3 is Media: bie eee
Pp oO oO E n e a [<3]
mm. | mm. | mm ‘
S1SG4 | CNouyssees se oe |t OlLel WOKORAMA s.5 co cme ee einen Jan. 3,1883| of ad. | 106 63 ll
ST SDOM ose CO ena oe 999 | Yubuts, Yezo ..............-.- Sept. 15,1882] ¢ ad. 99 64 12
OUGo1 Saeko soot hee 1000 | Sapporo, Yezo .....-..-....--. June 23,1882} of ad. | 104 66 12
S465 CS idaient ete? 912)'|) Yokohama: fo3244 ee ce eee Jan. 3,1883} ? ad. 92 58 13
SI466 2 dose Wale OIF jute Oat cetee eee Ss ches Jan. 3,1883| Q ad.| 98 65 12
TART 12 Aah 08 1A Nee! eeelen vaca k eee Be Jan. 3,1883] 9 ad.| 93] 58 11
Average measurements of three males......-.-........2.-----------0------ === 103 64| 12
Average measurements of three females ............--.-..---2--- eee ee eee eee 94 60 12 7
B.—ALAUDA INTERMEDIA.
86159 | Jouy & Dale..| 222 | Vladivostok .................. June15,1881} of ad. | 106 67 11
SEIGON| tO awesato2 Desi llssaeen GOB iscee seer seoaee vaak June 27, 1881} ¢& ad 107 69 12
Averace messurements Or ‘two MAaleAsys coc sac 5 settee ene ab els ee eeemen es oecieee 106 68 12
C.—ALAUDA CGLIVOX.

37788 | Swinhoe --.--.]..---- HOrmosa ste ee aas) eteeeea sae Mar. —, 1862 |........ 91 57 14
86112 | Jouy & Dale..| 175 | Hong-Kong....-....--.-.----. Oct. 9,1881] of ad. 92 56 13
D.—ALAUDA ARVENSIS.

! | | men Pcl ier.

FETUS emia lotsa «| jects Hurope ee see ae aa assis ville teas sew see Selene 110 72 12

PeA19) | azar ee oe sje| enor | Hungary, Europe. ....--.-...-| —— —, 1860}..-..--. 104 63 il

37766 | MPristram<cese|e>-e- |} Sidon «Syriate.( 3: ase cov eee ce Dec. 1,1863} 9 108 | 64 11
E.—ALAUDA CANTARELLA }.

pis AAD AE TN RET A CE 2 SO Bs Se al pe en

37807 | Tristram -.... | 723 | Beersheba, Palestine .....-.... Feb. 4, 1864 | 2 | 107 68 | 10

The skylark is one of the first spring arrivals among the migrating
birds of Kamtschatka, often making its appearance long before the
snow has melted away from the ground. In 1885 the first specimen
on Bering Island was shot on the 19th of April, while sitting on the
beach picking up small crustaceans, and when in the middle of May I ar-
rived at Petropaulski the larks were plentiful on the few bare spots from
whence the males rose on quivering wing, singing their ‘wild, joyous

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 237

notes,” fascinating the listener by the cheerfulness if not by the beauty
of their music, notwithstanding the 5 to 6 feet depth of snow on the
ground.

As already stated, the lark occurs also on Bering Island, where a
few may be heard during the summer between the village and Ladi-
ginsk, among the sand dunes covered with a luxuriant growth of
Hlymus.

Family CORVIDAL.

106. Corvus behringianus (DyB.).

1826.—Corvus corax PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 880 (part).
1883.— Corvus corax behringianus DyBowskKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 363.
1884.—Corvus grebnitskiti STEJNEGER, Pr. Biol. Soc. Washingt., II, p. 97.

I have not been able to detect any difference between my specimens
and those from Central Europe in respect to dimensions, size, or shape
of the bill, size of the nasal bristles, or luster of the plumage.

The only distinction I can see is the different wing formula, which in
all specimens examined by me is constant. Going over the literature,
besides, I find it unanimously stated that in the European bird the
third and the fourth primaries are the longest, the third being decidedly
longer than the fifth, while in all my ravens from the Commander
Islands the fourth and the fifth are the longest, the latter being a trifle
shorter than the former, but considerably longer than the third, the
difference in the two forms consequently being very well marked. At
the same time the first primary seems to be reduced in length, as it falls
between the eighth and the ninth, in one instance even between the
- ninth and tenth, while [ think the rule in the European species is that
it falls between the seventh and the eighth.

These differences may have originated in the insular habitat of the
present form, but wliatever may have been the cause, the difference is
now established ; and it does not invalidate the distinctness of the form
that we are able to point out its probable cause. If the suggested
explanation be true, it would be a most remarkable fact, showing the
effect of insular isolation even on so powerful a flyer as the raven. As
we here have a case of “ breeding in and in” within a small stock, it is
interesting to observe that it has not had the same influence as on the
Fer Islands, where it seems to have produced a race of partial albinos.

A comparison with the large series of skins of C. corax carniverus
from North America, especially with those from Alaska, has not been
neglected, the result being that the Commander Islands birds are distin-

238 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

guished from the American race in the same manner as are the Euro-
pean specimens, besides differing in the wing formula, which is alike
in the American and the European forms. In all the specimens examined
by me the third primary was equal to or longer than the fifth, and never
shorter.

Since the above was written I have learned that Dr. Dybowski has
named the bird from Bering Island Corvus corax behringianus. As the
name given by him has a priority of about two months it must stand,
although being rather unfitting, as the bird is more common on Copper
Island than on Bering Island. I see no reason for regarding it as only
a subspecies, as no intergradation is known, or is likely to occur.

List of specimens obtained.

5 | | A =
z | | | & Sees
a rd | | e ° $
4] oO | F ow ae
Sey 3 er iicelvait ae | 2 ees
43 a2 Locality. = Saal eree 5 Pe oa 6
Z Ss | 5 3 | & B 3 |ea| 3s
za | & | es Ba ea epee ees
wel "| & eet eee ar a | o- & 2
: 6 1 aie a BS a
b|S5 | E eo) dN Nee thoes. Weg ates &
| mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm. | mm.
92757 | 1736 | Bering Island..--...-....-. Nov. 15, 1882.] oi ad. | 685 |--.... 450 | 252 837|toreac
92759 | 1799 |....-.. CO soo ects Sao emaiee Dec. 12, 1882.| ¢o ad. 715 50 | 460 255 77 68
92758 | 1972 |....-. AOE eee nae soe Apr. 11, 1883.| ¢o ad. 690 35 | 440 250 81 68
62760 | 1817 |.----.- GO? ase ete ee ee sae Dec. 25, 1882.| 9 ad. 660 |......| 426 | 235 75 60

No. 92757.—Ivis dark brown. Bill and feet black; toes helow yellowish gray.
No. 92759.—Outstretched toes almost reach tip of wings. Caught in a trap set for foxes.
No. 92758.—Testes swollen. Weight 5 pounds.
No. 92760.— Weight, 44 pounds.

The raven (‘vordén” of the natives) is a resident on both islands, but
is not numerous on either, although they are rather common near the
killing-grounds of the seal-rookeries during and after the sealing season,
bat at that time all the ravens of the island are collected on these
places. During the summer and autumn they feed almost exclusively
upon the numberless carcasses of the slaughtered seals, fighting and
quarreling at that time with the stone foxes and the glaucous-winged
gulls. During the winter the supply of food is more scanty, and they
are, during the hard season, restricted to what the ocean throws upon
the beach, although of later years the introduction of Arvicola rutila
has added a new and welcome dish to their bill of fare.

Early in the spring they commence building their nests in a hole, ora
crack of some steep and inaccessible rock, the pairs being either single
or in small colonies of three or four.

‘ %
+ gate on cee eta:

ete il te als

~~

i,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 239

Being acquainted with Dybowski’s statement respecting the crow-
like voice of the Siberian raven, I paid special attention to the sounds
uttered by ourisland form. I can most emphatically state that the latter
has a voice which in no respect is like that of a crow (Corvus corniz),
and the common notes “kro6h” and ‘“korr” are in fact almost identical
with that of the Norwegian C. corax, while the bell-like, sonorous ‘klong,
klong” is higher and a little less sounding. It has, however, another
very peculiar note, which I have never heard before. It often happened
on Copper Island that, when engaged in climbing high up on the steep
mountain peaks, J was startled by a sonorous and distinctly articulated
“‘hal6, hal6!” so like the voice of a human being that I repeatedly
looked around to discover the supposed Aleut before raising my eyes
to the skies, where the black scavenger amused himself by hallooing to
a neighbor on the other side of the valley, who would then answer with
a similar “hal6!” It was only distinguishable from the human voice
by its somewhat more metallic sound.

I need hardly add that the raven here, as in most places where he
has been for some time in contact with man, is extremely shy and diffi-
eult to get at within shot range.

107. Corvus corone levaiJlantii (LEss.).

1831.—Corvus levaillantii Less., Tr. d’Orn , p. 328.

1846.—Corvus culminatus GRAY, Cat. Nep. Hodgs. (p. 102) (nec SYKEs, 1831).

1858.—Corvus corone KiTTL., Denkw., I, p.313, and II, p. 412.—Swinu., Ibis, 1874,
p. 159.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 232.—Iid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap.,
VIII, 1580, p. 212.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 141.—Buakist., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 14 (1884).

1858.— Corvus sinensis Moors, Cat. B. Mus. E. Ind. Co., II, p.556.—Swinu., Ibis, 1862,
p. 260.—Id., ibid., 1863, pp. 95, 383.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 348.—Td., P. Z. S..,.
1863, p. 305.—Id,, ibid., 1871, p. 385.

1861.— Corvus japonicus SWINH., Ibis, 1861, p. 337 (nec japonensis BP.).

1862.— Corvus japonensis SWINH., Ibis, 1862, p. 260 (nee Br.).

1864.—Corvus colonorum SwWinH., Ibis, 1864, p. 427.—Id., ibid., 1866, pp. 296, 402.

1875.— Corvus orientalis TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1875, p. 251.—IJd., ibid., 1876, p. 198 (nee
EVERSM.).—DyBow., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 362.

The specimens of the Carrion Crow collected by me at Petropaulski
agree in every respect with skins from Japan. The latter has been
stated to be the same as the European C. corone, but a careful com-
parison has led me to a different conclusion. While agreeing with the
European bird in size the color is quite different. In the true corone
the gloss all over is most decidedly purplish, while in the Kamtschat-
kan and Japanese specimens before me the !uster is equally decidedly
greenish. In fact, the latter come, in this respect, nearer to the big.

/

240 ‘ ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

billed C. japonensis ; besides, the Eastern bird seems to have the first
primary longer and the tail a trifle more rounded than true C. corone.

I have for comparison a skin from India, received from the Gov-
ernment Museum, Madras (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 60495, ¢, May 8, 1867),
which in every particular, in size as well as in color, matches my eastern
specimens referred to above. It is marked C. culminatus, the identifi-
cation being made at the Madras Museum, but that it is not the bird
so named by Sykes is evident from the size alone, his culminatus being
a considerably smaller bird. I feel, however, justified in referring this
bird to corone levaillantii of Sharpe’s Catalogue of B. Brit. Mus., III,
p. 39,* a conclusion in which I feel the more confident as I perceive
that the same excellent author has identified a pair from Ussuri in the
British Museum (collected by Dr. Dybowski) as belonging to the species
in question. It is therefore apparent that Taczanowski’s C. orientalis
of 1875 and 1876, as quoted above, belongs to the present form. Whether
this name of his earlier publications relates to the same is not clear, as
Sharpe has been unable to separate a specimen, which the British
Museum received from Dr. Dybowski as C. orientalis (Balryna, EH.
Siberia, May 18, 1872) from the true corone. It thus appears as if Tac
zanowski has not distinguished the two forms.

The occurrence of levaillantit in Japan alongside the large-billed
C. japonensis seems to indicate that they are not geographical races of
the same species, but that they belong each to a different stock.

List of specimens collected.

hl | | | lb hel | Re
A Balt e ¥
Do eo | “4 ©
5 5 = é iS B a Z Z
o cs H
a 2 Locality. = oO bo 8 a lye a
2 118 s Se Bu he ee
alse q | g = 41 Bl ap ae as
ets f 4} te | see ieee eta
5b 185 E R aA | aol | a he
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92765 | 2712 | Petropaulski ..........-.-......- Sept. 27, 1883 | & ad. 500 65} 335] 200 54
92763 | 2729 |...--- GO fe ecse cee teecoeees ee ae Oct. 1,1883| ¢ ad. 555 45 | 343] 203 56
92764 | 2746 |...--- GO i sees aro oeeee ae sclo aae Oct. 2,1883! oi ad. 520 52 | 330] 203 56
92762 | 2602 |.-..-.- GO eet ee cpa etna eee Septs20 1883 | CO e enol nce 330 | 198 53
92761 | 2760 |...... AGS Cea eee Ook oneesy oe ee 324] 195| 52
92766 | 2713 |------ OO jas Jos ees see ae oes bees Sept. 27,1888 | Q jun.} 494 45 | 307] 180 47

Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black.

* By a typographical error the length of the tail of levaillantiiis given as 9.5 inches,
which is half an inch longer than the maximum length of the table of dimensions;
the average length of the tail of the twenty-seven specimens is nearly 8.5 inches.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. QAL

The Carrion Crow is as common in Petropaulski at the present day
as it was former'y, according to the narratives of earlier travelers. They
perform the same duties in Kamtschatka as do the vultures and turkey-
buzzards, of more southern regions, and the more intelligent of the in-
habitants, interested in the cleanliness of the town, object when any-
body disturbs these public scavengers.

The Black Crow does not occur on the island, except as a rare strag-
gler from the mainland. The cosak on Bering Island, Alexander Se-
livanoff, who, of course, was very familiar with these birds from his
native place, Petropaulski, observed a single crow near the southern
seal-rookery early in the spring of 1883.

108. Pica kamitschatica STEINEGER.

1826.—Corvus pica PALL., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., I, p. 389 (part).—Kirt., Denkw., II, p.
320 (1858).

1850.— Pica caudata Br., Consp. Av., I, p. 382 (part).

1858.— Pica leuconotos Bee J..f..Orn. oe p. 173 (part).

1876.—Pica media BLAKIst., Ibis, 1876, p. 333 (nee BLYTH).

1882.— Pica leucoptera STEINEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182 (nee GouLp). —DyBow.,
Bull. Zool. Soc. France, 1883, p. 362.

1884.—Pica camtschatica STEINEGER, Pr. Biol. Soc. Washingt., II, p. 97.

The Kamtschatkan Magpie is the largest form with which I am ac-
quainted, and exceeds in size even the Central Asiatic P. leuconotos BRM.*
Unfortunately I have no Japanese specimens for comparison, but judg.
ing from Sharpe’s table of dimensions, in his Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
III, p. 64, they do not seem to be larger than the average European bird,
and Taczanowski (J. f. Orn. 1875, p. 251) informs us that the specimen
from Ussuri (op. cit., 1876, p. 198, identified as P. japonica) “is much
smaller than Daurian and Baiealian Magpies (P, leuconotos),” and that
“the wing and the tail are not so lustrous colored, being in that re-
spect superseded even by the European Magpies.” As the Kamtschat-
kan bird, besides its superior size, is one of the most brilliantly colored
forms, it would seem improper to unite it with its southern neighbor.

A close comparison of adult specimens with South Chinese and
Daurian specimens shows that P. kamtschatica differs from both P.
sericea GOULD and leuconotos BRM. by havin g the feathers of the throat
black to their very base, while the two latter forms have them distinetly
white on their basal half. From the Chinese birds it is easily distin-
guished, (1) by having the primaries white to their very tips, while those
in P. sericea have a rather ne pees edge; (2) bya ELE and puree

*Cab. Journ. £ Orn. , 1858, p. 173, = Spe one GOULD, 1362,
15861 Bull. 29 16

242 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

white band on the rump; (3) by a more greenish gloss on the wings;
(4) by much shorter tarsi, and, on the whole, much weaker and smaller
feet; and (5) by the absence of white on the feathers of the throat.

It seems to me that the Chinese bird is a rather well defined form,
the distinguishing marks of which are very well pointed out in Gould’s
original description, the greater extent of the blue gloss on the wing
and the remarkable stoutness of the feet being especially characteristic
features. It has, besides, a rather long bill. These characters hold good
even in the young birds, which differ from the young P. kamtschatica in

having the rump uniform black, while in the latter it has a broad whitish
band.

From leuconotos our new bird differs in having a decidedly longer and
stouter bill, the white on wing and rump still more developed, and the
feathers on the throat entirely black. With the European form it
agrees in having the throat-feathers entirely black,* but differs in the
greater amount of white on wing and rump, the larger size, and the
longer and stouter bill. In contradistinction to the young eastern bird,
the young ones of the European form have the uropygium dark. In
Northern and Eastern Europe (Northern Norway and Russia), there
occurs a race which has more white on the primaries and on the rump
than in the common central European bird, being otherwise undistin-
guishable. This race should stand as Pica pica borealis, while the
Spanish race with black rump, which has already been described by
Brehm from that country, is entitled to the name Pica pica‘melanotos
(BRM., 1858).

Whether the different forms of Magpies mentioned intergrade, and to
what degree, I am, at present, unprepared to state. It must not be for-
gotten, however, that if we accept the theory of hybridization as an ex-
planation of the intergradation in similar cases, the same theory will be
very applicable to the present group of birds. In fact, I see very little
difference between the case of Magpies, and e.g., that of the Grey Shrikes.
In the mean time it does not seem proper to call the present bird Pica
pica camtschatica until the intergradation is proved.

*Itis said that sometimes a European bird may be found having those feathers more
or less white at the base. This would indicate that the common European form has
sprung from an original stock having this feature. Suchan individual, showing char-
acters lost a long time ago by the species as a species, is liable to come up even among
the best differentiated species, but, of course, they do not prove any intergradation
with another allied form, which has still preserved the original feature.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 243

Tables of dimensions.

A.—PICA KAMTSCHATICA.

: a
6
Z fh B 3
nD S Se EB : oO
: 2 Locality. o oD op 8 & 3
3 S 3 so § S 3 FS -
A 8 a g = - oo | Z 3
. oO oO a Li be a zo ° Q
ete. a Wont a | vwahor la eee, tara aretha [Pees
Boo e | eo |H|al|F sla | | @
| mm.,\mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89144*| 1237 | Petropaulski.-........-..-.| June 29,1882) § ad.| 525 |...--. | 217 | 284 | 34 42
92695 | 2727 |..---- Or Bare Rca emie aes e | Sept. 30,1883 g@ ad.| 525 | 185 | 218 | 274 | 35.5) 45
92698 | 2596 |..--.- CO) Fea ecae cme es eietey Sept. 18,1883) 9 jun.| 458] 155 | 206 | 229 | 32.8 | 43.5
92697 | 2603 | ees Ome ea a cee seeaeearnce | Sept. 20, 1883 | of juv.|.-----|.-.--. 214 | 253 | 36 | 445
92695 | 2755 |-..---- Oyen oeeae ecicee Oct. 8, 1883 | juv.| 435 | 128] 206) 217| 31.7] 43
| J
*Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black.
B.—PICA SERICEA.
6
A ce ro A
a s 3 o
5 A 3 Shad zg | 4
43 | Collector’s name. | 2 Locality. = Ol | °
A : Seiten Me aeees
: 3 8 3S ep sit 3 S
Z Z 2 Te lee eee
b 5 5 R a
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
86103 | Jouy & Dale ...-.- 166 | Hong-Kong ......-- Oct. 10,1881 | 9 ad. | 209) 236 | 33 48
21102 | Captain Rodgers..! 222 |....do..---...--+..--. Ip Vtars sn G55) seen oe 199 | 231 | 33.3 | 46.7
85803 | Jouy & Dale .-..-- 43 | Shanghai........... | Aug. 1,1881 | 9 juv.| 201 | 212] 35.6| 46.5
BoS0ON |e = Oss ce cin cece AG Se One asta enter at Ato T1881) |S ec a. | 198 | 206 | 33:8] 49.8
C.—PICA PICA.
A
5 |
ae ie
Seana
Number of specimens. eae, |
5D & | z a
elzie|i
| EF | a |e | a
: mm.|' mm. mm, mm
Average measurements of four male adults from Central Europe -.-.-----.--. 186 | 226 29.3) 42.7
Average measurements of four female adults from Central Europe ..----.---) 183 | 220 | 29.5 42.9
| |

_The Magpie is a common resident of Petropaulski.

On the 18th of May, 1883, I examined a nest built on the first branches
of a Salix, about 9 feet above the ground, which under the tree was 7
covered with 2 feet of snow. The structure which was not yet finished
inside, consisted of dry sticks, forming a globular mass, the exterior
diameter of which was about 30 inches. The nest, which was exactly
like that of P. pica, contained no eggs at that time. The owners were
shy, leaving the nest when I was still a great distance off.

244 - ORNITHOLOGICAL FXPLORATIONS.

They breed at least twice during the summer, and I suspect that the
young (No. 92695), which I shot as late as the 8th of October, and which
still was partly downy, belonged to a third brood.

No difference in the note from that of the European bird could be de-
tected.

It is not known that the Magpie has ever been met with on the islands.

Family FRINGILLID 2.
109. Hypocentor aureolus (PALL.).

1773.—Emberiza aureola PALu., Reise Russ. Reichs., II, App. (p. 711).—Id., Zoogr. Ross.
Asiat., II, p. 52 (1826).—Kitti., Kupfert., p.17, tf. 22, f. 1 (1833).—Id.,
Denkwiird., I, p. 197 (1858).—MippEnp.,, Sibir. Reise, IT, 2 (p. 188) (1853).—
SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 277 (1860).—RappDE. Reisen Siiden Ost-
Sibir. (p. 157 tb. iv, fig. a-h) (1863).—Swinu., Ibis, 1863, p. 378.—Id., ibid.,
1870, p. 354.—PRzEW., Putesch. Ussur. (no. 41) (1870).—BLak. & PRYER,
Tr. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 230.—Id., ibid., X, 1882, p. 170.—BLakisT.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 17 (1884).— Euspiza a. SwINu., Ibis, 1860, p. 62.—
Id., ibid., 1861, pp. 45, 334.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 451.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p.
354.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 387.—DyBow. & Parvex, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 335.—
Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 90.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., Orn. Fauna
Vost. Sibir., p. 38 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 178.—Id.,
ibid., 1882, p. 393.—BLak. & PryYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 243.—Bo.Lau, J. f. Orn.,
1880, p. 127.—Id., ibid., 1881, p. 59.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182.—
Id., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.

This species is commonly given as Huspiza aureola, the name Huspiza
being ascribed to Bonaparte with the date 1838. In his Comp. List,
1838, Bonaparte, however, created the genus name for Emberiza ameri-
cana GM.; but having employed for this species the name Spiza as early
as 1824 (Obs. Wils., No. 85, in Journ. Phil. Acad., IV, 1, August, 1824),
the latter must stand, and Huspiza becomes only its synonym. The con-
fusion arose from Bonaparte himself, who, in 1828 (Ann. New York
Lyc.), used the name Spiza for a genus having HE. amena for type, this
being renamed by Baird (B. N. A., p.500), and called Cyanospiza, as the
older appellation of Vieillot, Passerina was considered untenable be-
cause preoccupied by Linnzeus in Botany. In his Consp. Av., I, p. 468,
Bonaparte united #. aureola with americana in the same genus. A care-
ful comparison of the two forms will convince one, however, of their gen-
erical distinctness. Spiza americana hasamuch stouter bill, the mandible
especially being higher and more denuded at the base; the feet are much
stouter and stronger, the tail proportionally shorter, less furcate, and
with the single feathers remarkably pointed, a feature not at all indi-
cated in aureola. Besides, only the second and third primaries are sin-
uated on the outer web, while in Hypocentor the fourth is also sinuated.

ORNITIIOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 245

As HE. americana is the type of Huspiza, the next name, Hypocentor,
proposed by Professor Cabanis, must be adopted. The synonymy of
this genus stands as follows:

Hypocentor Cas.

<1773.—Emberiza PALL., Reise Russ. Reichs., II (p. 711).

<1819.—Passerina VInILu., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXV, p.1 (x Passerina DEGL.
& GERBE, Orn. Eur., I, p. 300 (1867).

<1850.— Euspiza BoNaP., Consp., I, p. 468 (nec 1838, quie Spiza, Be., nec CaAB., 1850,
que Granativora BP.).

=1851.—HAypocentor Cas., Mus. Hein., I, p. 131.

The Gold-ammer, as this species might be termed, is only of ocea-
sional and rare occurrence on Bering Island during the migration sea-
sons. Thus several specimens were shot during the spring of 1882.
Remarkably enough, not a single one was seen during the same season
of the following year, although 1383 brought such an abundance of rare
stragglers.

Around Petropaulski it is one of the commonest summer birds, but
seems to ariive rather late, as in 1883 it had not made its appear-
ance on the 28th of May, and before the middle of September most of
them had left their northern summer homes again. <A single young
bird was shot by me on the last day of the same month.*

It is especially frequent in the elder groves on the slopes behind the
town, alongside with Carpodacus and Calliope, in comparison with which
it is a poor songster, however, its melancholy ttine strongly contrasting
trasting with the merry concert of the others.

List of specimens obtained.

|
A | | en
; ; co | ce
a S - ee F B
a 2 Locality. x So | |e 3
+ a ° Ren ae 2 ~
a S 5 is) o Be ; a
A S$ q a = 2 n 2
: o oO 3 | = op :
eile F Mie sles |e | elias
Sis e | a2 | Ala | Ee |e
| | | mm mm. | mm. | mm
. 88997 | 1175 | Bering Island...............22-22----0-- June 9,1882| gad. | 162 |...... 79| 59
388996 | 1176 |....-.. COseeteacace sclssows welt ce osicsaees June 9,1882) ¢ ad. | NGS? esse 77 58
88995 | 1177 [estes QD ere ais on neeelaniee Lise Weeclcee. June 9, 1882 | Gaon | aL Soil eeee aie 79 62
88998 | 1199 |..-.--.- COP ee ea caer s Sa es (cates Sate June 12, 1882| ¢ ad. | 49) ese 77 57
92649) |°2299: || Petropaulski <= 2. fo. 2-26. eae July —,1883| ad. |.-..-.|..---- 79 60
92647 | 2726 |...... ane ee ane eR Le | Sept. 30,1883| juv. | 46] 37] 1] 55
| | I

No. 88997.—Iris dark brown. Bill horny brown, lower mandible flesh colored. Feet pale brown.
No. 92647.Iris dark brown. Bill dull flesh-colored, above brownish gray. Feet pale brownish
gray.

*T am indebted to Messrs. Sharpe and Blakiston for the identification of this speci-
men,

246 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

110. Hypocentor rusticus (PALL.).

1776.— Emberiza rustica PALL., Reise Russ. Reichs. (III, App., p. 698).—Jd., Zoogr. Ross.
Asiat., IT, p. 43 1826).—KiTrtL., Kupfert., p. 17, tf. 22, fig. 2(1833).—IJd., Denk-
wiird., I, pp. 314, 330, IL, p. 200 (1858).—Muipp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 139)
(1853).—ScHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 278 (1860).—BLakisT., Ibis, 1862,
p. 3238.—Rabpk, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II, (p.173) (1863).—Swinu., P.
Z.8., 1863, p. 301.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 388.—Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 161.—Id., ibid.,
1876, p. 333.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 202.—DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn.,
1868, p. 335.—PrRzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 46) (1870).—Taczan., J. f. Orn.,
1873, p. 89.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Jd., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 36
(1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 175.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 393.—
BiLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 243.—Jid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880,
p. 229.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 169.—Bouau, J.f. Orn., 1880, p. 128.—Id., ibid.,
1881, p. 59.—BuakistT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 17 (1884).

A male in fine spring plumage was shot on Bering Island during my
absence in Petropaulski, May 21, 1883, and was prepared by my native
assistant, who also measured the total length and examined the sex.
Two weeks later I shot another specimen on the large tundra behind the
village of Bering Island, this one being a female.

This beautiful species is only a rare straggler on the island, and its
appearance in the spring of 1883 was due to the same meteorological
circumstances which at that time brought so many rare birds over to
the treeless island from the dense weods of Kamtschatka.

On the peninsula I met it in the fall of the same year. Single indi-
viduals were observed in the dense elder and birch thickets round Pe-
- tropaulski. The birds were then silent and very shy, and kept them-
selves very quiet near the ground on the lowest branches. None were

seen after the 5th of October, when the last one was shot.

List of specimens collected.

¢ De apee

a = | a

a S ® | | - :

S A | 8 o | & | a

A n Locality. = = te | 8 2

+ % S 8 a e a

3 Ss ° La) a) S 3

Aa 2 A a alan wm | &

: o oO S a '

a We a Waal. boat Hoes

foe) & D Aj} a |e] a

| nm. mm. | mm. | mm,

92644 | 2071 | Bering Island...............---2-2.---. May 21, 1883 | (*) ad. | (150) /...... 73) 61
92645 | 2128 |...... pk Racers aests ees ic nee Ree Jane 6,188! Qad.| 148: 31! 74! 58
92648 | 2640 | Petropaulski .................-.....--..| Sept. 25, 1883| .. ... 152| 31] 74| ~ 60
92646 | 2747 |....-. GO iss ogra eee Boa ee OE HEE RE 157 | 41]. °75 |< 61

No. 92645.—Ivis dark brown.’ Upper mandible horny blackish brown, except tom’a, which, like the
lower mandible, are brownish flesh-colored. Feet light and clear grayish brown. Exceedingly fat.

No. 92646.—Bill horny blackish brown at base, and most of lower mandible rose flesh-color. Legs
light grayish flesh-color, joints darker.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 247

111. Hypocentor variabilis (TEMM.).

1835.—Emberiza variabilis TeEmMM., Pl. Color, III, livr. 98, pl. 583, fig. 2.—TEMM. &
ScHLEG.,Fauna Japon. Aves (pl. 56) (1847).—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Trans. As.
Soc., VIII, 1880, p. 230.—Tid. ibid., X, 1882, p. 171.—Bakist., Amend. List B.
Jap., p. 17 (1884).—Luspiza v. SWINH., Ibis, 1875, p. 450.—BLAKIsT. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 243.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 1387.—
Td., ibid., 1882, p. 393.—Id., J. f. Orn., 1831, p. 184.

1858.—Zonotrichia musica KiTTL., Denkw., II, p. 201.—Hart.., J. f. Orn., 1859, p. 50.

I refer this species with much doubt to Hypocentor, and should, in
fact, prefer to see it made the type of a distinct genus. It has a large bill
with a remarkably long gonys; the tomia of the upper mandible are
very little inflected, the nasal grooves are nearly filled with hairy feath-
ers, and at the base are several rather strong bristles. The wing is
rather short and much more rounded, the first primary being interme-
diate between fourth and fifth. The hind claw is very small.

There can, in my opinion, be no doubt that this is the Zonotrichia
musica of v. Kittlitz, described by him from Kamtschatka, as he (1. c.) gives
a very recognizable description of the old male: ‘It was light bluish-
ash colored, only on the lower surface gradually becoming whitish ;
back and wing feathers black with broad edges of the same beautiful
ash color as the rest of the plumage; bill and feet yellowish flesh-col-
ored, the former grayish above; iris dark brown.”

The only bird of this species which came within my observation was
an adult male, an accidental straggler from Kamtschatka, shot by me in
a small ravine close by the village of Bering Island on the 11th of June,
1883.

Although terribly damaged by the shot, and thus making a very poor
specimen for the collection, it suffices for the following measurements
and remarks :

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92643, L. Stejneger No. 2158.

g ad. Testes very large, swollen. Total length, 168™™; tail beyond wings, 38™™ ;
wing, 86™™; tail-feathers, 74™™.

Bill blackish brown, tomia and lower mandible flesh-colored. Feet light brownish
flesh-colored ; claws ae

The plumage is similarly colored to that described by v. Kittlitz above, but the
black markings on the interscapular region are rather small and nearly obsolete.

This peculiar plumage, so unlike the general style of Old World
Emberizine, reminds one strongly of some of the forms inhabiting the

248 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS, :

western shores of South America.* In fact, this bird seems really to be
not so very distantly related to those groups of the same family which
have been considered peculiar to the New World, and v. Kittlitz was
not so very far out of the way in his generic determination as he perhaps
might seem to be.

112. Plectrophenax nivalis (LINN.).

1758.— Emberiza nivalis Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 176.—PAL.., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., II,
p. 32 (1846).— Plectrophanes n. Mipp., Sibir. Reise, (II, 2, p. 136) (1853).—
SCHRENCK, Reise Amutrl., I, p. 275 (1860).—RaAppE, Reisen Stiden Ost-Sibir.
(p. 156) (1863).—Swinu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 301.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 889.—Id.,
Ibis, 1875, p. 451.—DyBow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p.335.—F mnscu, Abh.
Nat. Ver. Bremen, TII, 1872, p. 54.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 86.—Zd.,
ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Jd., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 35 (1877).—Id., Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 174.—TId., ibid., 1882, p. 393.—Cougs in Elliot, Aff.
Alaska, p. 176 (1875).—HARTING, Fauna Prybiloy, p. 17 (1875),—BLakIsvT.
& PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 244.—Jid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p.
231.—Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 172.—ADAMs, Ibis, 1878, p. 426.—Bo.Lau, J. f.
Orn., 1881, p. 60.—/d., ibid., 1882, p. 336.—ELLIoTT, Monogr. Seal-Isl, p. 128
(1882).—Bran, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1582, p. 149.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin,
p. 68 (1883).—BLakIsT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 62 (1884).— Plectrophenax
n. TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

The snow-bunting is the ‘‘sniegirok” (plur. sniegirki) of the natives,
and is one of the few passerine birds which are resident on the islands
during the whole year. It must at once be remarked, however, that
only a few remain during the winter, feeding upon what the beach may
offer, contenting themselves for the greater part with Gammaride and
other small crustaceans, while the bulk emigrates at the beginning of
the cold season. During the whole winter single individuals, or two
together, but never even small flocks, were seen at low tide on the sandy
beaches close to the water’s edge, being at that time just as much a
‘“Jimicoline” bird as Actodromas couesi, both in respect to food and the
locality. During this season they were silent, and even more shy, per-
haps, than usual, but from the beginning of March the males would
commence practicing to find out if they had forgotten the song of the
foregoing year. The snow-bunting has a pretty voice,and when [ again
heard its sweet cadences after the long winter on the storm-beaten

*T refer here especially to Phrygilus unicolor (D’ORBIGN.), the male of which, in
general coloration and size, is an almost perfect counterpart of my specimen. In fact,
the likeness is so great that a superficial observer might take them for the same or
very nearly related species, and any one adopting color as the leading characteristic
of the genera would be forced to put Z. variabilis from Japan into the South Ameri-
can genus Phrygilus,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 249

island I fancied it the loveliest of the songsters, carrying my dreams far
away to sunnier regions by his soft and unpretentious melody. At this
time he only sings when sitting on the ground, preferring some project-
ing rock or stone, but later, during the breeding season, he will sing
when rising into the air on quivering wings like a lark; but how Boie
could compare his modest and gentle warbling with the vigorous and
intricate trill of the skylark is rather incomprehensible to me.

On the 28th day of March, 1883, a small troop of new arrivals were
observed on Bering Island, but they did not become abundant until three
weeks later. They never came in large flocks, and soon disbanded.
The single pairs then disperse over the island, settling wherever there
are steep cliff-walls or ragged bluffs in the interior, or along the coast,
far up on the mountains and down below at the beach, but always avoid-
ing the wet tundra or the flat, dreary, mountain plateaus of the northern
part. Ifthe season is open and otherwise favorable, the first eggs will
be laid shortly after the middle of May; the young will be out in the

beginning of June, and in July I have found the fresh eggs of a second
brood.

The measurements of the eggs taken are as follows:

i See ee MAO E et Osan tae = oe = =
3
Za
nH
ale |
es = Diameters. Date. Locality. Remarks.
3 |
4 EL |
“t a
ie 2 | |
Pp | | |
pees |S ES ee . =| 5 aeaas el | a eee
Millimeters.
218)2 | 1230 | 24 by 17.5 | June 15,1882 | Copper Island ......-..-.-.. Nestcontained five eggs.*
| 24.5 by 17 |
21812 bis | 2518 | 23.5 by 18.5 | July 3,1883! Bering Island............-- | irs ee nner esc Perms
21813 | 1297/24 by18 |June 4,1882/ Copper Island .............. | Full clutch.
24.5 by 18 |
| 24.25 by 18
| | 24.75 by 18 |
21814 1229 26 by 17.75 | June oe Pe doles ea aoe Do.
26 by 17.25 |
27 by 17.5 |

* Dimensions of nest: External diameter, 110™™; internal diameter, 70™™.

250 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

<= = —

aid

A p

oO = s

5 ° 2 + .

a | 4 ; 3 é | 4 z

pi a Locality. > 2 oo a

S ° § oe 8 3

4 S a A oe . o

é oo oD oS i on ss

ence Ee BSI seal et na ad

pe how e a ae |} Be] a

| | | mm.| mm. mm.

ge9901 1033, | Bermg Island <--.-.:23-22<.-+<:<2--20e-252 May 10,1882| y ad. | 176] 110 66
£9001 | 1060 |...--- Oneal PS et hee te ee May 19,1882| fad. | 190/ 120 78
89000 1086 |....- Ls ae ae ee | May 24,1882) f ad. | 185 | 113 72
92650 -| 1693 |.---.. Oe RSS Sateen eee ah eee ae | Oct. 23,1882] ¢ 198'| 113} 78
92651 | 1778 |.-.--. dO Seu: faa Anese esas eanaeebes anaes | Dec. 13, 1882 |..-...-. abs Y (i) este | P
9265252 2220n .COpperSland . pps. ance = dene seem ee July 2,1883] juv. |-----. 98 | 63
92653 | 2217 | Se ee Ot set ser tee eee eae EER eae | July 1,1883| juv.| 144| 83) 40

No. §89001.—Liis d.rk brown. Bill black, corner of mouth yellow. Feet brownish black.

No. 92650.—Bill yellow, tip and culmen blackish. Feet brownish black.

No. 92653.—Iris dark brown. Bill light brownish yellow, dusky on cnlmen, and with a greenish
tinge in front of nostrils; angle of mouth pale yellow. Feet gray, with a purplish tinge above and
yellowish below. =

No. 92652.—Differed from the feregoing only in having the more dusky on the upper mandible.

113. Calcarius lapponicus (LIN.).

1758.—Fringilla lapponica Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 180.—Plectrophanes 1. SwWAINs.
& Ricu., Faun. Bor. Am., II, p. 245, pl. xlvili (1831).—MIbpD., Sibir. Reise, II,
2, (p. 186) (1853).—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 276 (1860).—Swinu., Ibis,
1861, p. 334.—Jd., P. Z.S., 1871, p. 389.—RADDE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir. (p.
156) (1863).—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 40) (1870).—Finscu, Abh. Nat.
Ver. Bremen, III, 1872, p.54.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 86.—Id., ibid.,
1874, p. 335.—Jd., Ornith. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 35 (1877).—Jd., Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, 1882, p. 393.—CougEs in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 177 (1875).—-
HaRrTING, Fauna Prybil., p. 17 (1875).—ApDams, Ibis, 1878, p. 425.—H. W.
Eviott, Monogr. Seal Isl., p. 128 (1882).—Centrophanes 1. SWINH., P. Z. 8.,
1863, p. 301.—BEAN, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 150.—NELSON, Cruise Cor-
win, p. 69 (1883.)—Calcarius 1. TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1773.—Fringilla calearata Pauu., Reise Russ. Reichs., II, App., p. 710.— Passer calca-
ratus Id., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., II, p. 18, (1826.)—Plectrophanes calcaratus
Kittu., Denkw., I, p. 337.

The “ Tschelutschjék,” as this bird is called by the natives, is one of
the commonest of the land birds on the Commander Islands, and cer-
tainly the commonest on Bering Island, being pretty evenly distributed
over all the lower parts of the country. Its monotonous and melan-
choly chirp is in many places the only sound heard besides the howl-
ing of the wind and the murmur of the distant breakers, making the
fog-clad tundras still more desolate and gloomy. But the Longspur
is also found among the earth-huts and the houses of the village,
where he represents the house sparrow, and I have seen him on the

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 251

snow-fields as well as on the outmost stones of the surf-washed reef, and
found their snug nests both in the dampest place of the large swamp
and on the dry, sunny bluffs of the sand-hills or on the lichen-covered
slopes of the mountains. In the interior, and higher up in the mount-
ains, the Snow-ammer takes his place, however.

About its occurrence in Kamtschatka I can only say that I meta
single, exceedingly shy individual at the graveyard of Petropaulski
during the first half of October.

They had already commenced their breeding business when I arrived
at the islands, in May, 1882, and it was, in fact, the first bird of my col-
lection. When the autumn storms commenced, the families gathered
together in small flocks and left our inhospitable islands for milder
regions, and in the latter part of October only some few solitary birds
were seen, but these also soon disappeared. Not a single one remained
on its native island during the winter, and not before the 21st of April
did we hear the well-known chirping of the few first arrivals. It was
not until after the lapse of several days that the bulk of them landed,
and the flocks very soon dissolved into pairs eager to begin the old story
of love and parental happiness and sorrows. ‘There were enough of
enemies bringing on the latter, among them the collector of the National
Museum. The eggs taken measure as follows:

s
A
Zs
5 A Diameters. Date. Locality. Remarks.
a le
bla
Millimeters.
21776 | 1197 | 22.5 by 17 June 11, 1882 | Bering Island............. Full clutch.
23 by 16.25
22.9 DAL,
21775 | 1183 | 23 by 15 June 9,1882)...... CO s2eerseeeee cece see Do.
22.5 by 16
22 by 15.5
21774 | 1160 | 22 ~=by 16 June 6,1882]...... COs ae ee cacao ees ae Nest contained two eggs.
QSL et | eee eee ae | June 6, 1883 |..-... OP roan ate eteee eee Clutch of four eggs.
20.5 by 15.25
21. by 15
20 - by 15
21815 | 2111 | 22 by 17 May 23, 1883 |....-. do: sesesetesessiceese Full clutch.
21.75 by 16, 25 :
21.75 by 17
21816 | 2112 | 22 by 15.5 | May 30, 1883 |...... MOM ease or eck See nae Do.
23. by 15
23 «by 15.5

252 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

3
A 5
6 f ro
Boies 2 s . .
| 3 3 | 4 g
3 = Locality. a op be a
5 | 8 = aioe 3
Beth S g 8 = | w | &
es ies r= 4 = 4 =
on NO o ° 3
P| oO e n a E A
|
| mm.| mm. mm
S0167" 1002 || "Copper. Island 42.5.2 saizes tae as eee May 6,1882| fad.| 174) 98 64
89168 | 1003 |...... gS) Au aS, Se eo ee cea May 6,1882| gad.| 170] 99| 68
89169 1004 |...... OOS Se ere ee ee Sime May 6,1882| gad.| 167|° 97} 67
890054) s1013h)| Beringelsland’ tease erent ee eee eae May 9,1882|} gad.} 165| 95 66
9004 | 1018 |...... 1G SYN Se ea 2 ee eI ai May 9,1882| g¢ad.| 156| 97| 66
89002 | 1011 |.-.... domeineeet Seat ers eee tere Been May 9,1882| 9 ad.| 162| 90! 60
89003 | 1019 |...... BO esas a BS eee May 9,1882| Qad.| 159| 94| 62
890311216)" Copperwsland 22-255: -ce a 4.ce see Spee = eo June 21, 1882| 9 ad. | 155 90 61
92655" ("1704 "| "Bering Island! .2 <b. Jose cece. es seieemoeae eee Oct. 31,1882| fad. | 172 96 65
|
92654 | 1687 |.....- ose espe oe ke nee is eee? Oct. 16,1882} fjun.| 161) 90 | 65
92656 | 1699 |...... Oy as SARI So Bs ee ET EOE a Oct. 26,1882/ 9 jun.| 162} 86) 62
SSOUS 81262 Whose dos ease geet Lt a eae Peper July 15,1882] ¢juv.| 157| 87 58
89016 | 1264 |...... LG Tee es ete Se ae ete RR oe Be ae July 18,1882] ¢ juv.| 108| 57 20

No. 89004.—Iris dark brown. Feet brownish black.

No. 89131.—Bill brownish yellow with blackish tip. Feet dark brown.

No. 92654.—Ivis dark hazel. Billreddish gray, black at tip of upper mandible. Feet dark brownish gray,

No. 92656.—Bill light brownish gray, tip blackish. Feet blackish brown.

No. 89015.—Iris dark brown. Bill brownish gray with a yellow spot along the middle of upper
tomium. Feet reddish pearl gray.

No. 89016.—Bill dark gray, tomium of upper mandible, angle of mouth, and tip of mandibles whitish.
Feet brownish flesh-color, tarsus behind and toes below yellowish.

The specimens from the Commander Islands are very bright-colored,
the chestnut, black, and white being of greater purity than is perhaps
usual. This is, however, the only difference which can be detected in
a large series, and individuals just as bright are not unfrequent from

other localities.
114. Acanthis* linaria (LIN.).

1758.—Fringilla linaria Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 182.—KirtTit., Denkw., I, p.
321 (1853).— Passer 1. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 25 (1826).—dAigiothus 1.
Swinn., P. Z. L., 1863, p. 299.—Acanthis 1. DyBow. & PaRvex, J. f.
Orn., 1868, p. 335.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 92.—Id., ibid., 1874, p.
335.—Id., Ibid., 1876, p. 200.—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1676, p. 180.—
Id., Lbid., 1882, p. 394.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 39 (1877).—Dy-
BOWSKI, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 365.—dAgiothus 1. BLAKIST. &
PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 245.—Bo.au, J. f. Orn., 1880, p. 127.—Id., ibid., 1882,
p. 335.—BEAN, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 149.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p.
68 (1883).—Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 371.

1880.—Linota rufescens (?) Buakist. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p.
233 (nec VIEILL. ).—Id., ibid., X, 1882, p. 174.

1883.—Acanthis innominalus DyYBOwSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 366.

This form seems to be the common breeding bird on the mainland of
Kamtschatka, where I got a very young specimen near Petropaulski on
the 4th of July, 1582.

* About the generic term see ‘‘Notes on the genus Acanthis,” in ‘‘The Auk,”
1884, p. 145,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 253

I do not think that it breeds on the islands, however, as it was not
met with from the end of May until the beginning of November. Be-
tween the 21st and the 28th of May, 1882, I met a few small troops, con-
sisting of three to five individuals, but their behavior convinced me
that they were not thinking of breeding; they were probably on their
way westward. During the winter, from November till March, this race
was the most common of the three forms occurring on the island, al-
though never met with in flocks of more than six individuals. They
were always moving rapidly and distinguished themselves by a remarka-
ble shyness.

Having discussed the affinities of the birds in question further on
under the heading of A. exilipes, as also in a previous paper (Auk,
1884, p. 148), I content myself here by only giving some comparative
measurements of birds from different parts of the cireumpolar realm.
Among these are several specimens marked JL. ordinaria, parvirostris,
or betularum in Sundevall’s own handwriting. It will be seen that only
such specimens have been selected for measurement, the locality, date,
and sex of which were stated by the collector. Five specimens collected
by myself, the sex of which I was unable to determine, are kept separate
in the list of specimens collected. It is too often the fault of authors
pretending to give the results of “careful comparisons” that they mix
birds of different sex and age, and from different seasons, together,
without stating the known particulars pertaining to every single speci-
men, thus depriving the public of the means by which an intelligent

judgment respecting the value of the conclusion arrived at, can be

formed.
List of specimens collected (sex determined).

a.—SUMMER SPECIMENS.

|

3 | |
6 - |
Z fe | | | "a
a 6 ® 2 $
Ele 6 | phos ool uy
| n . 2 } x 3S q 5 °

as ze Locality. — a of a a
4 a ° a 8 = °

- 2 = Ea © | S S
a 3 A g x & wm | & | @

: o oS 3 | 2
28 é Br dey Me eta
tine e a | a | mR = oe |

— | a
| mm. ye | mm, | mm. | mm. | mm.
89006 | 1065 | Bering Island .......--..--..-.--- May 21, 1882| ¢ ad. | 126 ZBI eo cel a a
s9082 PATE |e aAe: Ae FD ue en SEE ALCS May 28, 1882) ¢ |127 | 7 | 72 |...... lane
Ss se Ss |
PAV OLED Onan cees See uislse ace el eine seo eacicet lpeseee 126.5} 7.2 | 72.5 |.....- Sener
89013 | 1066 | Bering Island ..........-.---.---- May 21,1882| 9 |122'| 8 |70 | 55 9
89010 | 1067 |...... Fit setae eS Rae aD | May 21,1882 9 /|124 | 7 |75 |58 10
89011 | 1082 |...... aed eet area Cent ne. 2 2 May 25,1882; 9 |122 | 7 | 70 | 55 11
S014 fT TDR Seu da tas ea nerety ae anne er as My DB 1EB2) | Oo aie|sauene Kame Teese ys oa) tenors
PAV OLA g Biseatae ieee tae Poe [la nee wees Oe eee a 122.7) 722 | 70.7 | 557 |. 10

254

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected—Continued.

b.— WINTER SPECIMENS.

Furcation of tail.

11

biog iA oi er (a ea
Oe 3 =
n ° o _ -
| aA 3 3 eet 2
A | 2 Locality. 2 & | % | & 8
8 § 8 Z g I 3
eOlee e Ala phe “tae
ao | 4 A “4 a alee
a) 3 |a|/a|F|a
mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92594 | 1793 | Bering Island .-----.------------- Dee. 13, 1882| gf ad. | 183 7 75 58
92604 | 1859 |------ Oe ee eee Jan. 9/1883| gad. |128 | 7 | 75 | 61
92589*| 1941 |.----- OO seewie sates en _....| Mar. 7, 1883] ot ad. | 122 7.5 | 70 54
92602 | 1960 | aeeooe G0s2caesceece ect sos oe -clomeae = Mar. 22,1883} of ad. | 131 7.5.| 73 58
92610 | 1861 |..---- QO Loe cp oncene eee coee eae Jan. 8,1883) co |------ 7 73 56
92618 | OTN tear Ome eee teas sa = mel inicng Feb. 21, 1883 cs 133 7 74 61
92615 | 1913 [oseeee GOseo esses = see wore _.-.| Feb. 21, 1888 Jo 132 eb: 74, —) Gl
92623 | 1951 |....-- ig roe ior ees Mar.-12, 1888 | — gi. | 129: | 8-5] TA) oe
ACT OTHE ee eee eee oer ee ee 130 | 7.5|73 |.58
a | — | >—|
92595 | 1714 | Bering Island --.----------------- Noy. 8, 1882 9 130 We) | nee aoe
92587 | 1787 |-----= dots essere coe ees | Dee: 10, 1882} 9 120 | 7.5| 71 | 55
92588 | 1788 |.----- Obs eee eens oa seen Dee. 10, 1882 2 120 ti 71 56
92586 | 1789 |..---- Tih ea ee gd tat | Dec. 10,1882| 9 |125 | 7 | 70 | 56
92605 |'1786 |.----- GOs ses rae eee ie aed ttens Dec. 10, 1882 2 126 7 71 55
92607 | 1796 |.----- QO se ee ease eee ea | Dec. 18,1882) Q 132.) 7. levee eis58
92616 | 1260 |..---- QO Sern cee cnt eiclacnisys Jan. 8, 1883 2 126 6.5 | 70 55
92590 | 1898 |.----- owe alee Ee eee Feb. 5,1883| @ 128 8 a 55
92612 | 1918 |.-.--- QO cso ete see eae ae eens Feb. 24,1883| 9 126. | 7 | 69 | 55
92608 | 1937 |.----- GOs cient esses Sele alee Mar. 4, 1883 Q ~ 1126 7 71 55
92611 | 1936 |-..---- UO te eee ee se Sere epee | Mar. 4,1883; 92? 128 7.5 | 74 58
92593 | 1956 |..-.-- aaa eee ee | Mar.18,1883| @Q |128 | 7 | 72 | 57
92591 | 1957 |.----- GOSS eee eee caer | Mar. 21,1883} 122 | 7 |70 | 58
‘Average 2-23-82 1sees-tngo2s|-22-4eanen een | SoS ia 125.9) 7.2|71 | 55.8
Soe UTR. 6 SPS aa a prac i
*Hybrid (2).
List of specimens collected (sex undetermined).
pie tase ee A Se eS 2
3 ree | are |
9009 1091 | Bering Island...----------------- | May 25, 1882 |.--.---- | 125 | 7 70 57
92598 | 1718 |..---- dois cites eect ere cesar Nove 8.1882 |en-ce =< ys | 7.5|71 | 54
92585 1729 |.----- Od ee ee ec eee mae _.. | Nov. 18, 1882 |.------- | 123 To enO | 56
92613 | 1785 |.----- GO aa eee oo Ee Nea saan Deo. 10,1882) |-s-ec2 =" (127 E 7.5.\ 71 || 56
92606 | 1844 |..---- Ghieian ee leieeeh ene as Saeco Tan 188s) [seca 129 | 8 e 58
89161 | 1246 | Petropaulski..----.------ ------- July 4,1882| juv. | 129 | 55

: ORNIT

HOLOGICUAI.

Tables of dimensions.

VU XPLORATIONS.

1.—PALZARCTIC SPECIMENS (BETULARUM).

A.—WINTER SPECIMENS.

25D

5 5 . s | ~
- q : S a a
we a S | 2 b | n <=
S | A 3 2 3 3 ee laos
i a pa Locality. =| + = reais aed
” & & ° Ss Pr lao
a s s 3 yy 5 kes ce!
A 3 3 | a Ae ae pals
Saale tls Eee Bele Pee Sale
b O 5 Am [tote Pleat el alec re
mm. |mm. mme| mm,
|
52436 | Sundevall...|. 11 | Stockholm ...........-..-. Mar. 22,1864] gf ad.| 7 UST STS OY
52437 Nice. 4dOle sta LOU Seas Goss. sas sek secece Jan. 22, 1859 Cc Cael Te | 57 12
Sal SoN sen COm aes Ob |e eis Oeste a acieeeee see Oct. —,1853| of 8 73 57 11
ATV OTAGO a! 3 ke ete toy ceean aeaaentele <2 se ne Tete |oe Pa ubie claneOsT
34139 |....do ....2- Dy \aee dt Mophstisecsas abet ees Tes ABELs| 7 7 eae Gok | Tg eo
SAA Du eed ope see ipl au GO ecee eee Mar. 24,1863} 9 T.5:bg 43" 5b. eh 28
ST | ACV ETA OR eee etoile ee easy oO | bate I 72| 72 | 56.5 | 0 °
B.—SUMMER SPECIMEN.
34138 | Sundevall.../...... Sweden, 62° latitude...... June 3, 1857 | oad. | 7.5 | 75 | 55 | 10
}
|
2.—NEARCTIC SPECIMENS.
A.—WINTER SPECIMENS.
Onn - | a é
Beit og ye e la
at || 3 | o | = Hi +
5 | a A | 3S 3s | Soles
3 | a 2 Locality. 3 eles a €
S| ° ke | S oe 2 | 3 =
A | 3 | 35 a SUE tea esa pacer ti es
ae z Z A pe eee =
pe 5 5 . Es 2 |e} F la) &
= Ripe as oy i at (eee s [eee
mm mm.|mm.|mm.
39364 | B. R. Ross 823 | Fort Simpson ..........-.----. Apr. 26, 1860 | #ad.| 7.5 77 | 59 | 10
60970 Schmidt ...-.- 1129 | Green River, Wyo ...--.------ | Oct. 10,1870 | fad. ---| 72/55 | il
83404 | Merrill ...... 480) GRortiShawscnce, nee setae Jan. 3, 1880 fad.) 7.5 75 | 59 | 9
86903 | Rosevelt..... | 441 | Garrison, N.Y .......----.--- Jan. 16,1875) fad.| 8 174 | 58 9
88050 | Shufeldt ...- 287 | Fort Laramie, Wyo..-..-.----. Nov. 6, 1878 | doad.| 8 | 75..| 59 9
| Taee = Sameer
| Asvera get ss is. Goes kas 29.| someones Ooe oul ees 7.8 74. 8| 58 9.6
73303 | Purnenssses: | 1490 | Fort Yukon, Alaska ........-. | Apr. 15,1877 | 9 ad. 7.5) 68 56 | 11
68645 | Bean ....-. lemseraf Fort Runyon, Va...-.-. .----- | Feb. 19,1875! 9 ad,| 8 |°74 | 60° |--.-..
83397 | Boardman :...)...... New Brunswick .....-.....--. Jan. —, 1879 Q ad. 8 | 76 | 62 | 12
| |
88399 | Nelson: 2525525 1036))|-Rhoderisland'2.<2 se. -2- sees Mar. —, 1875/9 ad.| 7 | 68 | 58 | 12
| BASY OL AL Gites cis Sece men sail ee saisme cous asl Seu tale 7.6 71.5] 59° 1

256 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

2.—NEARCTIC SPECIMENS—Continued.

B.—SUMMER SPECIMENS (fuscescens COUES).

|

4
: z = | 3
a q ° o = | ~
3 5 A esos 3 | 8 le ly
: 2 2 Locality. =. Stee US les
~ HH | fo} g Pat] }
3 ° ° } 3 S aa
A 2 3 a a = _|2& ie
ce o oO | oO S Ho op 7 3°
‘a z 3 bares S| Sle) lee
p 5 | © e oe )m| Ee |e
| mm mm. mm.) mm
180024) Cones cenus-ss|seeses | Groswater Bay, Labrador ...-. | July 23,1860) fad.! 7.5 73 | 58 | 10
POGDES |i s-fdGs eo a.2 ee) ae: eats dos Macleay Oh ae | July 24,1860 | fad.| 7.572 | 56 | 9
DSEOO edb. 2 See | 1454 hoc ocy doce) be ocek eae sees | July 17,1860| dad|7 | 72 | 55 | 9
51914 | McIarlane .._| 3479 | Rendezvous Lake, Arct. Am..| June —, 1865 | ¢ ad.) 7. 5) 73 sees en.
58428 | Bischoff ...... [het Fort Kenay, Alaska.......... | May 28.1869! fad.} 7.5 70 | 56 | 9
73304 | Turner ..-..... 1615 | Fort Yukon, Alaska .....-...-. | May 3, 1877 dad. 8 | 73 | 57 g
86526 | McKay ....... | 4] Nushagak, Alaska ...........- June 21, 1881 | J ad.| 7. 5 70 | 55 | 10
| Average ...... fake [oe ed a Or esha 7.5) 71.9, 56.3| 9.2
} } SS OS OS ee
Kennicott ....| 685 | Fort Resolution, Arct. Am....| June 13 —— | ? ad.| 7.5, 69 | 53 8
180977; Coues ......-- | ae Groswater Bay Labrador. ....; July 17, 1860 | ? ad.| 6 67 | 54 1/210
27446 Lockhart -.--. | 195 | Fort Yukon, Alaska ..-....... June 30 — 9 ad.) 7. 5| 70 | 58 8
43318 | McFarlane ... 1600 | Fort Anderson, Arct. Am....., June 8, 1864) 9 ad.| 7.5 69 | 55 | 10
81367 | Bean.........- | 3339 | Chugachik Bay, Alaska. ease July 1, 1880} 9 ad.| 7 | TLS 58S.
| — ——_ -— ———
ASV Orage sae t Semtse foes Sec aan ee aoe eet iad 69. 2 55.6, 9.4
|
*Type! t Bill very worn.

115. Acanthis linaria holboellii (BREHM).

1826.— Passer linaria PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 25 (part).

1831.—Linaria holboellii BREuM, Handb. Vig. Deutschl., p. 280.—Acanthis h. TACZAN.,
J. f. Orn., 1874, p. 324.—IJd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 180.—IJd., Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 40 (1877).—DyBow., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p.
365.

1883.—Acanthis intermedius DYBOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool, France, 1883, p. 365.

The long and slender-billed Red Poll is a resident of Bering Island,
and is probably the only form which remains there during the summer.
It may be, however, that it leaves the island late in winter, as I did not
get a single specimen between the 2d of January and the middle of
April, although every Red -Poll which came within shot range was
brought down for identification.

A careful comparison with American specimens (cf. my memoir in
The Auk, 1884, p. 148) and with typical specimens of Sundevall’s magni-
rostris shows no tangible difference. They are rather typical both in
size and color, and represent the distinctive characters from the linaria
vera pretty well.

Below I give, besides a list of the specimens obtained by me and their
dimensions, a table of measurements taken from Scandinavian speci-
mens, three of which are marked *“ magnirostris” in Sundevall’s own
handwriting.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 257

List of specimens obtained.

A.—SUMMER SPECIMENS.

eS 3 2 Se a | 4

A | 2 Locality. = So Saul cs 5 3 °

21% 3 Sri a(S eee g aah

z|% dae ae ag f[qai/2|4&)]wrl | 8

mM = a 4 + = = A =|

B/S Es &jeal|a|/a\)eF]/a) &

mm. | mm. \mm.| mm. |mm.| mm.
89008 | 1090 | Bering Island.......--.---. May 28, 1882 Js VSG osm 9 70 55 11
92609 | 2168 |...-.. OO seo eee nso erect ee June 13, 1883 cg 137 25.| 9 75 58 12
89007 | 1076 |..-..-- GOseeesewsstesehoetoenk May 23, 1882 9° PSGy lees 9 72 61 14
B.—WINTER SPECIMENS.

92592 | 1701 | Bering Island............-- Oct. 27,1882) fad. | 139 |...... 9 74 | 57 10
92597 | 1702 |.--..- QOp eo sie es eke tw cca sai Oct. 28,1882) of ad. | TI5- cane 8.5 75 60 10
92596 | 1728 |..-.--. CO weate ss tec seeoeesese Nov. 13, 1882| of ad. SZ |eseoss 8.5 75 58 11
92600 | 1794 |...--. GO. eee eso eR iiss Dec. 13,1882) ¢ ad. | 136 >| sce 9 78 60 11
92599 | 1845 |....-. GOL ss85 = Fossa acta Jan. 2, 1853 s lapel eecs 9 76 60 12
92601 | 1846 |..-.-. GOs aseecces secisemeiae Jan. 2,1883 cs | pe Dl eee 8 76 59 | 12
92603 | 1792 |....-: GORE e es caen ees Be Dec. 13,1882] ¢ ad. TST lessees 9 74 58 11
926253), L707 |. =-'-:-.5 dO) Seseaiseats de eztate | Dec. 4, 1882 2 |

BB soseoc 9 | 73 57 11

No. 92609.—Ivis dark brown. Bill horny brownish black; tomia and base of lower mandible below
yellowish gray; angle of mouth yellow. Feet blackish brown. :
No. 92592.—Bill orange yellow; culmen and anterior half of gonys horny brown.

Table of dimensions of Scandinavian specimens.

A.—WINTER SPECIMENS.

5 g a
oO . lo!
. g : 3 a Ss
nD a ° o ~~ s ~
E A A 3S 3 g mee een
A 2 n Locality. s bo A g be
43 a rf 3 s a a 5
3 8 ° O° ro 5 ce 4
A 2 3 A a & Sariitrss 3S
vi a a é Hla | eile |e
. ° =)
b 5 5 E a |a | Ele |] &
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
34141 | Sundevall..... 1 |eStockholm.2 2. ss5c..<<- Mar. 20,1863) gad.| 9 17 58 8
Sassuh a= dO sass. 3 - Welposees G0prestavecatescace Oct. 30, 1853 ¢ 9 71 56 12
341345) 5€0;j54e2c55 3 Snlb-s seni GO sses-bie ssl case Oct. 14, 1855 2 9 72 57 11
B.—SUMMER SPECIMENS.
Stejneger .-.... 116 | Western Norway..-.--- July 30,1873 | ¢ ad. 8 75 55 a
ossdodesetets ss LTA pees dos Bee sy. July 21,1875| ¢ad. | 8 75 | 56 10

15861 Bull. 29——17

258 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

116. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (COUES).

1860.—Fringilla (Acanthis) linaria var. canescens SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 296.

1861.—Cannabina canescens SWINH., Ibis, 1861, p. 335 (nec GOULD).— A’giothus c. Id., P.
Z.S., 1863, p. 299. —Acanthis c. DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 335.—
Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 92.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336—1d., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 189.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 40 (1877).—DyBow-
SKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 366.

1861.—Aigiothus exilipes COUES, Pr. Phil. Acad., 1861 (p. 385).

1872.—Agiothus linaria var. exilipes COUES, Key, p. 131 (1872).

1874.—Aigiothus canescens exilipes RiDGw., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, X, 1874, p.
372.—BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 149.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin,

p. 67 (1883).

1871.—Aigiothus borealis SwInH., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 386 (nec VIEILL. ).—Id., Ibis, 1874, p.
160.

1880.—Linota linaria BLAKIST. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc., VIII, 1880, p. 233.—Jid., ibid.,
X, 1882, p. 174.

The smaller white-rumped Red Poll is only a winter visitor to Bering
Island from more northern regions. They were found in very limited
numbers from November to March, flitting hastily from one dry stem of
Archangelica, on the seeds of which they mostly feed, to another.

Though connected with the large Greenland form hornemanii HOLB.
(canescens auct. nec GOULD), which it very closely resembles in coloration
by intermediate forms, it is sufficiently distinct to be designated by a
separate name. A. hornemanii proper is restricted as a breeding bird
to Greenland, from whence it in winter visits the most northern parts of
Eastern America. Itis by far a larger bird, as the following comparison
shows: The wings of the five males from Bering Island average (cfr.
the table below) 72™™, the tails 57.6™™, and the bills 6.4™™, while the
average dimensions of six males in winter plumage of the Greenland
form, give 85.3 (average of 86, 86, 82, 86, 87, 85) ™™ for the wing, 66.3
(66, 64, 66, 69, 67, and 66) ™™ for the tail, and 8™™ (the bills in all six
being equal) for the bill. This gives a difference of 13.3™™ in the wing,
8.7™™ in the tail and 1.6™™ in the bill, differences which are quite con-
siderable in so smallbirds. It will be observed, however, from the tables
given below, that the American specimens of exilipes are a trifle larger,
and even some larger examples from Eastern America might have been
added to the list had it not been that I restricted the table to specimens,
the locality, date, and sex of which was marked down on the label by
the collector. Nevertheless, the difference between the two forms is so
great that I have been somewhat doubtful whether they might not be
regarded as fairly established species.

The present form occurs in the eastern part of Asia, having been found

ey

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 259

in winter as far south as North China and Japan, and is usually quoted
by authors treating of the birds of these regions as A. canescens.

Its chief habitat seems, however, to be the Arctic portions of North
America, where it has been found in abundance from Alaska to the
Atlantic coast. By some authors it has been suggested that, the true
exilipes also occurs through the whole of Siberia and Northern Russia to
Finmarken, in Northern Norway, but, as far as I can judge, it has been
confounded with a pale northern form of linaria, the A. linaria pallescens
(Homey.). (Cf. a paper of mine in “The Auk,” 1884, p. 147, ‘‘ Notes
on the genus Acanthis.”) In fact, it is almost easier to confound evilipes
with the non-conspecific linaria than with the Greenland form with
which it is here considered to rank only as a subspecies; but this state-
ment only relates to the young and immature specimens, and perhaps
a few hybrids from places where both species breed in the vicinity, of
each other, but never to the adults which are easily distinguished by
the color of the rump, this being, in evilipes, unstriped, pure white, or
suffused with a delicate rosy tinge. The size of both species is essen-
tially the same, except that exilipes has a much shorter and differently
shaped bill, so that pure-bred young may easily be distinguished by a
somewhat careful observer. I have, for the preparation of these remarks
and of the memoir in “The Auk,” quoted above, handled about two
hundred and twenty specimens of both forms (not including holboellit
and rostrata), and among the whole lot there was hardly more than one
specimen the identification of which gave any serious trouble, that being
an adult male with red breast, and showing intermediate features sug-
gesting its probable hybrid origin. For more particulars I refer to the
tables of dimensions under the next foregoing species.

I can detect no difference in the intensity of the red color of the breast
in Asiatic and in American specimens, as I have specimens from both
regions, which are colored rather richly, while others show only the
faintest possible trace. In fact, I can match all my Bering Island skins
with their counterparts from the other side of the Pacific Ocean.

260 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.
List of specimens obtained.
ae
A a
. C=] . -
B los g i §
Se i : ° 3 a 3
is 2 Locality. S ee op a
S 5 8 Z 8 5
7 ad a 7S ° -
E So 8 a a} 4 eo
wa = a I = = a
Biles E ao |e |a lB
mm. | mm. | mm.
92621 | 1751 | Bering Island ...-....------------ Nov. 27, 1882 | @ ad. | 128| 6.5 71
92619 | 1942 |...... OO'eo ee eee eee eee Mar. 8,1883 | ¢& ad. 123 | 7 71
92620 | 1917 |.....- Oe soceeetec eer meme eek me Feb. 24, 1883 cs 122; 6 73
92624 | 1961 |.....- TO scene See tee eta Mar. 22, 1883 rofl 132 | 6.5 71
92614 | 1935 |...... Osean eee see een ere ae Mar. 4, 1883 Ss 129 | 6 74
Average of five males -..-....|....--..--.---|.-=-.-6- 327 | 6.4 792
9262; | 1962 | Bering Island .-...........--..--- Mar. 22, 1883 2 122 | 7 69
92617 | TOLL: | ~~. Ob seems temic re aes ee eco ease Feb. 18, 1883 2 126 | 6.5 71
Average of two females......|---.-.--------|-------- 124 6.8 70

a
3
~
Set
- Oo.
2 | ak
3 | $a
Be |es
& | §*
ae
A |
mm |mm.
55 9
57 10
59 12
55 10
62 | -13
57.6 | 10.8
55 li
55 12
55 11.5

No. 92621.—Iris dark brown. Bill orange-yellow, culmen and tip of gonys blackish. Feet blackish

brown.
No. 92619.—Extremely fat.

No. 92624.—Bill yellow, culmen and anterior half of gonys horny brown.
No. 92617.—Bill pale orange-yellow, culmen, tomia, and gonys dark brownish.

Table of dimensions of specimens of A. exilipes from America.
A.—TYPICAL SPECIMENS FROM THEMACKENZIE RIVER.

Testes swollen. Bill yellow, culmen and gonys horny brownish gray.

S :
3 : 4
a 8 é 3 E ;
S| a A : 3 o 3 a
‘ n m Locality. = = S a a
+ uw B ° y
gj 8 3 s |e | | §
a 3 3 8 2a he Os :
5 = v4 = 4 =
° tA S
b 5 6 e oe | |F |] a | &
mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. —
19686* B. R. Ross.! 171 | Fort Simpson, Mackenzie | Apr. 30,1860) ¢ 6.5 | 75 61 10
| River.
197001;-.-.do....-- L5G Seeccs GOeeeee er eeeseee eee Apr. 28, 1860} 9? 6 TL 59 11
19684 |....do ..... 168 |...... dosed, Js). Yor Btses EEh Apr. 28,1860] 9 6.5 | 73 | 59 10
03502) |e ead Ores= 1 968) << GO peeeeecnen- aaehases Feb. 14,1861} 9 7 T1 56 9
B.—WINTER BIRDS FROM ALASKA.
50000! | WEL Dall-|. 628-) INulato 24-<.-- sae. sees = Feb. 10,1867| gf ad. | 6.5] 75 61 9
DOA ae Om ei PANES BS Se CO Seeechooaee eerie Feb. 5,1867| gf ad. | 6.5) 74 59 8
73315 | Turner..-..| 1610 | Fort Yukon..-.......-...---. Apr. 8,1877| gf ad. | 6.5) 75 59 10
76840 |....do-..-. 1061 | Saint Michael’s.........-... Apr. 19,1876; ¢ ad. | 6.5 | 73 55 9
76846 |... do...-. 1059/5) ssa OO wee a mijseteadasaus Apr. 19, 1876 | ¢ ad..| 7 76 65 10
ANOIAPO fos as ose ecsess| thease see ee [eo eee 6.5| 75 | 60 | 9
50004 | W.H. Dall.|..... Nalate sic ossst eae Feb. 11,1867| 9 ad.| 7 | 73 | 59 11
70838 | Turner....| 1049 |...... dO soe Stes see ears 881876) rade let 72 58 _8
faolOkiees 6005.22) —senes Morte kon) shige oeeaes Mar. 3,1877| 2 ad. | 7 70 60 10
ANOLE 96 eka sons sce ese osaeerrablsnemacte | 7 | 72 59 | 10
: * Male type. t Female type.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 261

Table of dimensions of specimens of A. exilipes from America—Continued.

C.—SUMMER BIRDS FROM ALASKA.

iS :
é ‘ a
2 a 3 3 g
s | A 8 3 2 a
: a 2 Locality. a ba A a 2
ath og Blot Brig? |e lige
A 3 3 3 ae Bish Bie lhe cls
Ha = = Er ry S A ie H
b 5 5 e R a@{|/PFia | &
mm. |} mm. | mm. | mm
67816 | Turner....| 55 | Saint Michael’s............. July 7,1874| df ad. | 7 73 59 10
OSA |S aee Ow. cadet ocs 2 we) eons OPENS ontielatcerateseek be June 1,1876| ¢ ad.| 7 75 60 10
81362 | Bean...... 8752 | Chamuisso Island ......-..--- Aug. 31,1880} ¢ ad. | 7 72 58 8
86525 ; McKay ...|...... INUshagakeemate vate cece. June 7,1881; ¢ ad.| 6.5) 72 59 8
88747 | Murdoch..| 402 | Point Barrow ..-.......--..- June 16, 1882| ¢ ad. | 7 71 56 11
88745" 23. dOuss soc 486 |....-. don aceascusase sevse ns July 3,1882| ¢ ad. 7 71 58 10
EAN OTALO sas nets apm epson ates eee factor 6.9 | 72.3) 58.3 10
70848 | Turner....|...... HortimVukonseesse-seac eet May 9,1876| 9 ad.| 7 GO arose | awit
88746 | Murdoch..| 390 | Point Barrow .......--..--. June 13,1882; 9 ad. | 7 73 | 55 | 9
AN CLARO = sess see aces see eces tence jrtseeeee 7 71.5) 56.5) 10

117. Leucosticte griseonucha (BRANDT).

1826.— Passer arctous var. y PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 23.

--1841.—Fringilla (Linaria) griseonucha BRANDT, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb., X, 1841, No.
16, p. 19.—KiTTL., Denkw., I, p. 278 (1858).

18—.—? Montifringilla pustulata CaB. in Ersch. & Grub. Ene., L. (p. 215).—Fringilla
p. Kirt., Denkw., I, p. 278 (1858).

1850.—Montifringilla griseinucha Br. & SCHLEG., Mon. Lox., p. 35, pl. 41.—F1Nscu,
Abh. Nat. Bremen, III, 1872, p. 57.—Leucosticte g. Bpr., Consp. Av., I, p.
537 (1850).—CaB., Mus. Hein., I, p. 154 (1851).—Batrp. B. N. Amer., p.
430.—Id., Trans. Chic. Ac. Se., I, 1869 (p. 317, pl. xxviii, f. 2).—Jd., in Coop.
Birds Calif., I, p. 161 (1871).—DaLL & BANN., Trans. Chic. Ac. Sc., I,
1869 (p. 282).—DaL., Avif. Al. I. eastw., p. 3, (1873).—IJd., Avif. Al. I. west,
p. 4 (1874).— Ripew., BuX. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 77.—Id.,
Nomencl. N. A. B., p. 21 (1881).—BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 148.—
TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 393.—NELsoNn, Cruise Corwin, p. 67
(1883).—DyBow., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 364.—STEJNEGER, Auk,
1884, p. 82.—Id., Naturen, 1884, p. 34.—TURNER, Auk, 1885, p. 157.

1872.—? Montifringilla speciosa FINSCH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, III, 1872, p. 60.

1872.—Leucosticte tephrocotis var. griseinucha COUES, Key, p. 130.—Id., Birds N. West,
p. 111 (1874).—Jd. in Elliott’s Aff. Alaska, p. 174 (1875).—B. B. & Ripew.,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, p. 508 (1874).—H. W. ELiiott, Monogr. Seal Isl., p.
127 (1882).

1875.—Leucosticte tephrocotis HARTING, Fauna Prybiloy, p. 16 (1875).

1843.— Leucosticte griseogenys GOULD, P. Z. §., 1843, p. 104.

1883.— Leucosticte brunneinucha STEINEGER, Pr, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71 (nec BRANDT,
(ef. ‘‘ The Auk,” 1884, p. 82))).

Compared with skins from the other Aleutian Islands and from the
Prybiloff Islands, my specimens show very littie difference. There
seems to be a tendency to a darker shade of the brownish and a clearer

262 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

tint of the gray colors, especially noticeable in the winter specimen, but
some summer birds are easily matched by those from the Prybiloff Isl-
ands. The bill is, in my birds, just a little larger than usual in the other
ones, but the difference is too trifling to be taken into account. I have
not mentioned that the birds from the Commander Islands apparently
have the rosy color of the rump extending less far on the back, as this
difference possibly may originate from a different make of the skins.

This is one of the few true American forms of birds occurring on the
Commander Islands, being in Kamtschatka replaced by the entirely
different Leucosticte brunneonucha (BRANDT), a species I never met with
on the island, and which I do not believe occurs there.*

On Bering Island it cannot be said to be numerous, except, perhaps,
in a few places where the localities are very favorable, for instance, at
a rugged rock, called Kasarma, a little south of Poludjonnaja Seal-rook-
ery. Other places where they have been met with are Kitovaja Nepro-
pusk, about 6 miles northwest of the village, at the steep cliffs near the
fishing place Saranna, at Tolstoj Mys, on the southeastern end of the
island, and a few similar localities. During winter they were seldom
seen, although I do not believe that they had left the island.

Copper Island, being one mass of rugged and cracked rocks and cliffs,
with steep, often quite perpendicular, walls jutting up straight out of the
ocean, is the favorite haunt of these stone-loving birds, which may be said
to be fairly common on that island, occurring in pairs around the whole
isle during the breeding season.

In the latter half of June I found the parents feeding their young,
and on the 7th of July I shot three full-fledged young at one shot, while
they were sitting high up on a rocky shelf, almost invisible on account
of their resemblance in color to the stones, crying piteously for food.
The nature of the latter may be seen from the contents of the gullets,
as stated below under remarks, annexed to the list of specimens ob-
tained. The females had very large “breeding patches,” No. 92637 hav-
ing almost the whole abdomen and breast destitute of feathers.

The “Aleutian Rosy Finch” delights especially in steep and high rocks,

*In my preliminary report of 1882 (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71), the bird of the
islands was erronerously given as L. brunneonucha, caused by an oral communication
from Dr. Dybowski, that the latter species was the common form, he having in four
years only once obtained a single specimen of griseonucha, which was a bird mounted
for aparlor decoration, in the possession of the company’s agent, on Bering Island.
Not having my specimens at hand when writing my report, I referred them as above,
wrongly enumerating the species of Leucosticte as an Old World form.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 263

especially close to the sea and inaccessible to any other beings than those
provided with wings. In fact, I do not think that a single pair breeds
in the interior of the islands, but after the young are out, the whole
family will often move inland, following the rivulets up to the backbone
of the mountains in the search for insects. Thus I met asmall troop on
the 10th of July, 1883, on Copper Island, pretty near midway between
the two shores. The call-note of the young birds was deeper and lower
than that of the adults, being almost thrush-like.

Many pairs, perhaps most of them, produce two broods in the year, and
in the beginning of July, when they had finished the first one, I found
several pairs in hot pursuit of their love affairs.

List of specimens obtained.

5 oO
Bo : z
5 5 £ : a 5 =
a 2 Locality. a es te 5 g
3 3 3 ro 2 me 3
aS g a [gt e | mw |
n A a 4 3 a A a
b 5 e B Hi}a|eE |] a
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
92634 | 1858 | Bering Island...............0...0..--- Jan. 8, 1883 | fad. 205 40 | 122 85
$9129 11226: | "Copper Island! :-2.--.c2:-csscs--c+ea0- June 23, 1882} ad. 2045 Seema 123 85
926359'/(20965| bere /Neland=.222s2-sscmecsacece cee es May 21, 1883 |(<)ad. | (197) |...--- 120 84
926415 |-2207n Copper Island <- 2s. 2 256--se os coace June 29, 1883 | tad. 214 38 | 122 88
92640 | 2228 |....-- Ose Senso sne ee eames aos dan Sees July 5,1883 | cad. 213 30; 123 88
92637 | 2205 |...... GOW setae cece Saseeececaar een June 28, 1883} Qad. 196 35 111 77
92639 | 2208 |...... Groh cciiewasnaae shiek aceaencesins June 29, 1883 | Pad. 210 34 | 119 84
92638 | 2212 |...... QO ete Ssersae tack che see eae June 30, 1883 | Qad. 200 34 114 79
89130 | 1473 |...... WO nye neA nena tase ene oats eaasies Ju'y —, 1882 ad. =: |beescalsencee 124 83
92636 || 2517 |.-.... Ope rsac sect sachsen cee steow ae July 11, 1883 AON else esen eee se 112 80
92642 | 2232 |...... DOA ee ete earn eee July 7,1883| juv. | 209] 31] 116 85

No. 92634.--Iris dark hazel. Bill orange-yellow, tip of both mandibles blackish. Feet black, both
above and below. Stomach filled with coarse sand mixed with a few seeds. Tip of wings reaches tip
of outer toe of the legs stretched backwards.

No. 89129.—Ivis hazel. Bill brownish black. Feet black, under side of toes with a yellowish tinge.
In the stomach small black seeds.

No. 92641.—Bill black; a small faint yellowish spot at base of the tomia of the upper mandible, and
another near the base of the gonys.

No. 92637.—Bill horny blackish brown, lower mandible lighter, especially at base tinged with yel-
lowish; angle of mouth and adjoining parts of mandibles pale yellow. Feet black. On abdomen and
breast a large, naked patch. Gullet crammed with an enormous mass of food, consisting of (1) sev-
eral dozens of a Coleopterous insect, and (2) a similar number of larve, &c., (3) besides leaves and
buds of Cochlearia, and (4) some seeds.

No. 92638.—Bill at base of culmen, tomia,and gonys yellowish, the remaining parts olive blackish
brown. Gullet filled with leaves of some Ericaceous plant; no trace of insects.

No. 92642.—Iris dark hazel. Bill ochraceous yellow, dusky towards the tip; angle of mouth lighter
and brighter yellow. Feet very dark grayish brown.

264 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

118. Fringilla montifringilla LIN.

1758.—Fringilla montifringilla Lin., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., I, p. 179.—TeMM. & SCHLEG.,
Fauna Japon. Aves (p. 87) (1847).—MInbD., Sibir. Reise, II, 2(p. 153) (1853),—
KittL., Denkw., I, p. 321 (1858).—ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., I, p. 299 (1860).—
SwIinH., Ibis, 1861, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1864, p. 423.—Jd., ibid., 1874, p. 160.—
Id., P. Z. §., 1862, p. 318.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 298.—Jd., ibid., 1871, p. 385.—
RADDE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 192) (1863).—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p.
201.—DyBow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 335.—PRzEW., Putesch. Ussur.
(n. 62) (1870).—F1nscu, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 261.—Taczan.,
J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 91.—Jd., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 199.—Id., Orn.
Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 39 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 179.—
Id., ibid., 1879, p. 138.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 393.—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878,
p. 244.—Tid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1680, p. 281.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882,
p. 172.—Bo.uau, J. f. Orn., 1880, p. 125.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 3384.—STEINEGER,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.—DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p.
364.—BLAKIST., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 17 (1884).— Passer m. PALL., Zoogr.
Ross. Asiat., II, p. 18 (1826).

List of specimens collected.

=
yy
an] 8 aces Z
4 2 Locality. s bo a 3
e & ° A 28
sls 3 Bi2i,ilé
. i a a = ao et
n Ss a i 8 a =
= ° oo a
belie e B Fay: {| gikbes etted
F mm. | mm.| mm.
SG018" | 083 | Baring Tatand.o-. wet h or cere ceca eee May 11,1882 | ¢ ad. | 156| 92 67
92631 | 1666 |...... iy ee Beta, acs UM IAS, ey Roe in eee Nov. 24,1882 | f ad. | 162! 87 63
92628 | 2106 |-..... doo ey aE eh eee May 22,1883 | ft ad. | (156)| 89 63
92630 | 2107 |.....- des ok na eee May 25,1883 | ¢ ad. | (162)| 90 63
92627 | 2108 |...... dpe he Seed, reek. See May 25,1883 | ¢ ad. | (163); 91!. 65
92632 | 2109 |...... Gt eh ee on ea ee eee ...-| May 25,1883 | 2 ad. | (153)! 84 | 59
92629 | 2110 |...... GO Rete Fado prcad ge eae bes oe age May 25,1883 | 2 ad. | (149)| 85 | 59
\ 1

No. 92631.—Iris hazel. Bill orange yellow, bluish black at the tip. Feet clear brown.

The Brambling is a regular visitor to Bering Island during the mi-
gration in spring and fall, but is nevernumerous. The few individuals
observed mostly kept company with the Longspurs. During the spring
of 1883 they were more common and remained longer than usual, on
account of the snow covering Kamtschatka, three being shot on the Ist
of June.

In size they agree completely with specimens from Western Europe,
being perhaps a trifle brighter in color.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 265

119. Chloris kawarahiba (TEMM.).

1826.—Coccothraustes chloria PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 13 (part).

1836.—Fringilla kawarahiba TEMM., PI. Col., III, livr. 99, pl. 588, fig.1.—TEMM. &
SCHLEG., Fauna Japon. Aves (p. 89, pl. 49) (1847).—Chlorospiza k. WHITELY,
Ibis, 1867, p. 202.—Swinu., Ibis, 1874, p. 160.—Biakist. & PRYER, Ibis,
1878, p. 244.—Jid., Trans. As. Sec. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 232.—Jid., ibid., X,
1882, p. 173.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1881, p. 185.—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1682, p. 394.—DyBow., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 366.—BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 62 (1884).

1850.—Chlorospiza kawariba Bp., Consp. Av., I, p.514.—Ligurinus k. Cas., Mus. Hein.,
I, p. 158 (1851).— Fringilla k. Kittu., Denkw., II, p. 196 (1858).—Carduelis
k, HOMEYER, J. f. Orn., 1879, p. 174.

The Japanese Greenfinch may occasionally be found on Bering
Island as an accidental straggler. A fine male was caught on board
the steamer while at sea, between Kamtschatka and the island men-
tioned, on the 13th of June, 1882.

Another specimen, in a very faded and worn plumage, shot in the be-
ginning of July, 1883, was sent me from Petropaulski, where it is said
not to be uncommon, although I never met it there.

List of specimens collected.

Locality.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
Collector’s No.
When collected.
Sex and age

Total length.
Tail-foathers.

Wing.

mm.| mm. | mm.
Jo ad. 151 88 8

89017 | 1203 | At sea between Bering Island and Kam- | June13, 1882
tschatka.

92626) (2302\| Pb etropaulsil cee. oceasecasenseac-essos~ scl July —, 1883 Bsa |e scan 88 55

———

No. 89017.—Iris dark brown. Bill flesh-colored with the tip faintly tinged with blue. Feet brownish
flesh-color.

120. Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskii subsp. nov.

1770.—Loxia erythrina PALL., Nov. Comm. Petrop., XIV (p. 587, th. 23, fig. 1) (part).—
Pyrrhula e. Id., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., II, p. 8 (1826).—KirT., Denkw., II, p.
197 (1858) (cf. BOLLE, J.f. Orn., 1859, p. 47).—Mrpp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2
(p. 150) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 294 (1860).—Rappk, Reisen
Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 185).—PrzEw., Putesch. Ussur. (n. 55) (1870).—
Fringilla e. KitTu., Kupfertaf., p. 23, tb. 32, fig. 1 (1833).—Carpodacus e. Br.,
& SCHLEG., Mon. Lox., p. 12 (1850).—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1862, p. 318.—Jd.,
tbid., 1863, p. 299.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 387.—Id., Ibis, 1863, p. 95.—TAczan.,
J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 93.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 336.—Id., ibid., 1881, p. 185.—Id.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p.181.—Id., ibid., 1879, p. 138.—Id., ibid., 1882,
p. 394.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 41 (1877).—Davip & OusT., Ois.
Chine (p. 350) (1877).—_STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 181.—DyBowskI, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 366.

1868.—Carpodacus erythreus DyB. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 335.

266 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

I have been obliged to separate this bird as a subspecies, it being dis-
tinguishable chiefly by the much brighter red which suffuses the plum-
age of the red males all over. In brightly colored specimens, for in-
stance the type, the whole upper surface is of a rather bright pome-
granate red, being only slightly duller in the scapular region, while the
wings and the whole under surface are more or less suffused with rose
color, throat and breast being intensely rose red.

The type is U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89162.

In regard to the above synonymy it must be remarked, that I regard
most of the Siberian references as only doubtfully relating to this form.
Comparison of material in European collections may decide which ref-
erences should be eliminated.

There can be no doubt that males of this species breed in the gray
plumage. I found these breeding gray males almost as common in Pe-
tropaulski as the red ones, their conduct and song being exactly the
same as that of the latter, and dissection showed that the genital organs
were well developed and fully mature. It seems to be a question
whether these mature gray birds will ever assume the red plumage,
and I should be most inclined to believe that we have here to do with
a kind of dichromatism. The two males here alluded to are very
gray and pale, much less tinged with ochraceous olive than a female
from India, and they are completely destitute even of the slightest trace
of a reddish suffusion anywhere. No. 89164 has among the old bleached
and abraded rectrices a new one, unabraded, deeply colored, but of full
length, and not so young as to show any trace of the outer follicle from
which it sprung. This feather is probably grown out to replace an ac-
cidental loss; but if the bird at the following moult was going to assume
the red plumage, this feather, I think, would have shown the character
of the latter. It is, however, exteriorly edged with greenish yellow
without a trace of red.

The same individual shows another peculiarity in the coloring of the
tail, as all the old rectrices have the tips decidedly darker, in strong
contrast to the remaining part of the feathers, thus forming a well
marked terminal band, the more distinct as there is a faint indication
of a subapical lighter one. In none of the other specimens is there
any similar pattern, nor is it indicated on the new rectrix of the same
bird, mentioned above.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 267

List of specimens collected.

6

A |

oO : ©

a | 3 ean ees g

a an Locality. = a & A

3 S 5 o 8 B g

¥; £ 2 xy = , S$

: 3 a a 3 eo | 4 a

ae e Biel Sra ua aetna

p oO E nD a E a o

mm. | mm. | mm

9268352303) |) Petropsulski.os. .2. 062 2225 see oo = July —, 1883 adveleos.s 82 59 | Red.
89162 | 1239 |...... Ope aeganis ses em eS cue ssmeue eeeies June 6,1882| oad. |...... 81 57 | Do.
89163 | 1244 |...... QO) gence ee ese ee we eee ala eocias June 30, 1882| ¢ 145 84 56 | Gray.

89164 | 1250 |...... dO re mecenes Shale host nny... 4 bane July 5, a 3 152| 79| 56] Do.

No. 89162.—Iris dark hazel. Bill brownish gray; lower mandible light. Feet brownish gray.
No. 89163.—Iris, bill, and feet as foregoing. Testes large, swollen, size of a pea.
No. 89164.—Testes large, well developed.

The Scarlet Rose Finch is one of the commonest summer birds in the
vicinity of Petropaulski, where it makes itself conspicuous by its sweet
and pleasant song.

In 1883 I did not meet it there at all, as it had not arrived when I
left Kamtschatka in the spring, and had already departed when, in the
autumn, I once more landed in Petropaulski.

It did not occur on the island during my stay, and no instance of its
capture there has been recorded.

Family HIRUNDINID &.

121. Clivicola riparia (LIN.).

1758, — Hirundo riparia Lin., Nat. Syst., 10 ed., I, p.192.—PALt., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 535
(1826).—MIpp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 189) (1853).—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl.,
I, p. 389 (1860).—-RaDDE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir. (p. 281) (1863).—Cotyle r.
SwInu., Ibis, 1861, p. 328.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 89.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 287.—
Id., ibid., 1871, p. 346.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1872, p. 353.—Id., ibid., 1874, p.
334.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 20 (1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, p. 134.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 385.—BLaKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 231.—
Tid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 211.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 139.—
SEEBOHM., Ibis, 1879, p. 30.—BLakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p- 21 (1884).

The Kamtschatkan specimens collected by me agree very well with
birds from Western Europe, although being a shade darker. They also
agree with them in the extent of the furcation of the tail, the distance
between the tips of the longest and shortest tail-feathers being as great
as the length of the hind toe with claw. In all the American specimens
examined by me (sixteen) the same distance is hardly longer than the hind

268 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

toe without claw, this being the case even in specimens from Alaska. It
will therefore be well not to unite the two races, the American form being
Clivicola riparia cinerea (VIEILL.).

List of specimens obtained.

¢ |

Bes ee =

Ss is, = : a

= ‘ 2 & 5

Sie Locality. Ss of a

a | § 8 ro =

a adie g a | |

aw) s a x | A | se

Bp oO e a E H

mm. | mm,

926923). 2304.) SP etropamiskise a. seua ceaceema cae ausecenencta Oemetice July —, 1883) ad. 104 54
92691 || 2305)... 22. COs akin ale anc ose ceca e oa cone nea eane sewn July —, 1883} ad. 102 55

It occurs in the vicinity of Petropaulski, but is not, as it would seem,
verycommon. It bas been said to visit the island of Bering occasionally,
but I have doubts as to the correctness of the statement, as no speci-
mens seem to have been obtained. It is certain that it was not seen
there during my sojourn.

Three sets of eggs were obtained, measuring as follows:

U.S. Nat. lStajadver
Mus. No. | No.

Diameters.
Millimeters.
21801 2280 | 18.25 by 12
17 by 12.5
16. 75 by 12. 75
17. ~by 12
19 by 12.25
21802 2281 | 17.75 by 12. 25
2282 | 17.25 by 12. 25
21773 2279 | 18 by 12.5
17.5 by 12.5
16. 75 by 12.5
17 by 12.5
18 by 12.25
16. 25 by 12

All the eggs were very evenly and regularly speckled with minute,
black dots. These could be washed away completely from the fresh eggs,
while now, a year afterwards, they are difficult to remove, if-it can be
done at all.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 269

122. Chelidon tytleri (JERD.).

1826.—Hirundo domestica var. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., I, p. 530 (part).

1853.—Hirundo rustica var. rufa MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 188) (nec GMEL. ).

1858.—Hirundo rufa KittTuitz, Denkwiird., II, p. 196 (nec GMEL.).

1862.—Hirwndo rustica RADDE, Reise Siiden Ost-Sibir. (p. 278) (mec LIN.).

1864.—Hirundo tytleri JERDON, Birds of India, III, p. 870.

1876.—Hirundo americana BLAKIST., Ibis, 1876, p. 331.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Trans. As.
Soe. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 211 (nec WILSON).

1882.— Hirundo erythrogastra BLAKIST & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, X, p. 139 (nec
Bopp. )—B.akist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 47 (1884).—Chelidon erythro-
gaster STEJNEGER, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 72.

1882.— Hirundo guituralis TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 385 (nec Scop. )—.
DyxBowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 357.

1883.—Hirundo saturata ‘“‘Stejneger MSS.,” Ripew., Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883,
p. 95.

1885.—Hirundo rustica subsp. tytleri SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X, p. 140.

A careful comparison with a large series of American specimens of
Ch. erythrogastra shows the following differences :

1. As will be seen from the tables below, the dimensions agree pretty
well, except that the lateral rectrices, although subject to great indi-
vidual variation, are, on the average, considerably shorter in the Ameri-
can species, while the middle ones are of the same length.

2. The darkest American male is perceptibly paler than even the
females of the Kamtschatkan form. In the latter species the color of
the chin and throat is as deep as in the most richly colored specimens
of the true European rustica, and the difference between the color of
these parts and that of the breast and abdomen is very slight, and
much less abrupt than in Ch. erythrogastra, and the trace of the black
breast-band is more strongly indicated than in the latter. In tytleri
the brown of the forehead reaches considerably higher up on the head,
and the feathers of the tibia are whitish, strongly contrasted with the
rich chestnut-rufous of the abdomen, while in erythrogastra they are
hardly paler than those of the surrounding parts.

There seems thus to be little need of confounding these two birds,
which may be considered distinct species, as no intergradation is known
to occur. Nor is it likely that any will be found.

As to the Asiatic relatives of the Kamtschatkan species it may be re-
marked that Taczanowski describes two different forms, one darker,
from Dauria and the Baical, and the other, a paler form, from Amur,
Ussuri, and China. From the descriptions given by v. Schrenck, and es
pecially by Taczanowski in J.f. Orn., 1875, p. 244, I have little hesitation
in referring the latter to a form very closely allied to the Japanese true

270 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Ch. gutturalis, with which they probably are even identical. I have be-
fore me two skins collected by Swinhoe at Amoy, China, in April, 1861;
which agree pretty well with the description given by Taczanowski, and
on the other hand only differ slightly from Japanese specimens in hav-
ing the pectoral black band perhaps a little more developed, the chest-
nut color only forming a patch on the middle of it, not interrupting it.
The upper surface has, besides, a faint greenish tinge, only seen in
young specimens of the Japanese form (¢. Taczanowski: ‘ Der rost-
liche Fleck auf dem schwarzen Brustbande,” and “der schmale griine
Schiller der oberen Theile des Kérpers”). The measurements are given
below.
Birds from Dauria and Baical, or specimens of Jerdon’s tytlert (Birds
of India, III, p. 870, 1864) never came under my inspection, and the
descriptions are extremely meager. The probability is, however, that
they are identical with the Kamtschatkan bird. It is difficult to make
out from the scanty information if they differ from the latter, but it
seems as if they, like the Egyptian savignii, have the spots on the rec-
trices rufous-colored, and a more conspicuous black preast-band. Pal-
las describes a variety from Eastern Siberia as having “ arcus dilatatus
juguli chalybeato-ater, includens aream testaceam ovalem,” and ‘ macula
omnium rectricum, preter 2 medias, interioris vexilli rhombea, magna, Jer-
yugineo alba.” This is most probably the Daurian and Baicalian bird, as
Taczanowski, in speaking of the lighter colored form (gutturalis, see
above), says that the latter has “not even a trace of rusty color on the
pure white spots of the rectrices,” wherefrom we may infer that the speci-
mens of the dark form had such a tinge on those feathers. He also
adds that in the light colored form, “the rusty patch on the black
breast-band is as large as in the Siberian swallows from the above-men-
tioned localities” (Dauria and Baical). Furthermore, Mr. Blyth, when
speaking of tytleri (Ibis, 1866, p. 336), compares it with Ch. cahirica
(=savignii), giving as the distinctive character that it ‘‘ has much less of
the black gorget,” not mentioning any difference in the color of the
spots on the rectrices. The gorget is therefore smaller, but it is evi-
dently there, and this can hardly be said of the Kamtschatkan birds, in
which it is barely indicated. *

*Mr. R. Bowdle Sharpe, after the above was written, has examined the types of H.
saturata, pronouncing them to be tytleri. The reason why I now accept this view as
correct is that the National Museum has lately received from Captain Blakiston’s col-
lection a specimen obtained at Petropaulski which has the white spots on the tail
decidedly tinged with rufous. See also further on under ‘* Conclusions.”

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 271

. Fables of dimensions.

Aa.—CHELIDON ERYTHROGASTRA &.

: u B
s ® ©
e e 3 | 3
g a s g & | &
A a fe a
a a 2 Locality. S & bp 8 8
” & 7 2 =|
aes |e le | 2 | 3
: 3 3 § & rd to | & | £
2 3 a = We late acl eaely Sea toes
p oS o e n a e A mn
mm. | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.

6019 | Heerman. ...|-....-| Sacramento, Cal .......22-)......--.--2--- Oeadeyleacece 128 | 107 42
11008 | Drexler.....| 378 | Fort Bridger, Utah ......- May 19,1858] oi ad. |.-.---- 126 95 43
45932 | Bishoff-.....-.}.-.--- Sitka: Alaskarcececes eae June —, 1866| of ad. |.-.... L197, 40
54440 | Dall .. .-.---- 1741 | Kutlut, Alaska -.......... June 22,1868) of ad. |...... 122 94 43
65481 | Herendeen..| 42 | Unalashka, Alaska....... June 9,1873| oad. |.-....- 123 | 100 44

Average measurements of five males .....-..-...-....-----.--.|..-.----|------ 124 95 42
b.—CHELIDON ERYTHROGASTRA 9.

2191 | Baird -...... 2191") CarlislePas:--2-s2---22-% May 1,1845} 9 ad. |...... 121 71 42
65482 | Herendeen. - 28 | Unalashka, Alaska -...... June 7,1873| 9 ad. |-..-..- 118 78 41
77185 | Smith....-.-. 158 | Cook County, Ilinois. ---. May 13,1870} 9 ad. |...-.. 113 81 40
70879 | Turner .|------| Saint Michael’s, Alaska. ..; June 22,1876| 9 ad. |...... 119 79 40
88329 | Wells-..-.-.-.|------ GrenadayWral=-<5-. 5-5. - Apr. 3,1882\| 9 ad. |-5--:- 112 70 39

Average measurements of five females......-.....--.2.-----.2-|/:--.----]-2--5- 17| 76 40
B.—CHELIDON GUTTURALIS.

87749 | Swinhoe .-.-.].-.-..- Amoy, China............. ADE; — SOTA |socewcceeceeee 114 88 40

37834 |..... dove ele: be ealeeehes da ee ee ut VAC) =A S874 | sea seek ebees s 117] . 96 41

C.—CHELIDON TYTLERI.*

89165t| Stejneger -..| 1234 | Petropaulski, Kamtschat- | June 28,1882} gad. | 192} 118] 102 38

ka.
89166t|..-.- domensas 1235 |...... GOieeeesee neces June 28, 1882; 9 ad. | 175 | 116 87 41
92694 |..... doysts--- 2296) |eemene OMe asa eiatetstera= Aug. —, 1883 | (co) ad. |.....- 124} 116 41
92693 |..... doieeses 2297 |------ dOmeee esse ani Aug. —, 1883 | (9) ad. |..---. 119 82 44
Average measurements of two males.........--.---..--.------|--eeee--|-nenae 121 | 109 40
Average measurements of two females .......-..--...--.---.-- | Rees pease 118 84 42

*In most cases the right lateral tail-feather is longer than the corresponding rectrix on the left side.
Here the measurements of the longest one is invariably given, as also in the tables above.

The Brown-bellied Swallow breeds abundantly in and about Petro-
paulski, where I met it during the months of June and July, 1882.
When, in 1883, I left the town, on one of the latter days of May, they
had not yet arrived from the south, and at my arrival there again in
the middle of September the last one had already disappeared, so that

272 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

their whole sojourn lasts less than three months. Mr. Joseph Lugebil
has kindly informed me that the swallows arrived on June 3, and dis-
appeared August 19,

During the migration in spring a few stragglers sometimes pay a fly-
ing visit to Bering Island. Thus two were reported from the North
Rookery on June 19, 1883, and another was observed at Ladiginsk
three days later.

A single egg left in the nest was procured in the fall. It was white,
heavily spotted with lilac and Sepia brown, resembling those of Ch.
erythgastra and rustica. The dimensions are 18 by 13.5™™,

Family MUSCICAPIDA.
123. Butalis sibirica (GMEL.).

1788.—Muscicapa sibirica GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 936.—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I,
p. 377 (1860).—Rappg., Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir. (p. 271), (1863).—Heini-
chelidon 8. SWINH., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 288.—Id., ibid., 1870, p. 244.—Boav.J.f.
Orn., 1880, p. 122.— Butalis s. Swrnu. P. Z. S., 1871, p.379.—Taczan., J. f.
Orn., 1872, p. 446.—Id., tbid., 1875, p. 249.—Id., Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876,
p. 168.—Jd., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 31 ter. (1877).—(?) BLaxkistT. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1878, p.234.—Id., Trans. As. Soc. J apan, X, 1882, p. 148. —DyYBowskI,
Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1883, p. 362.—SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 37.—BLAKIST.
Amend. List B. Jap. p.50 (1884),

1826.— Muscicapa fuscedula PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 462.—DyBow. & PARVEX, J.
f. Orn., 1868, p. 333.

1853.—Muscicapa pondiceriana Mipp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 188).

1858.—Muscicapa infuscata KittTL. Denkw., H, p. 197 (nee HARTL.) (of. J. f. Orn., 1859,
pp. 48 and 51).

1867.— Muscicapa cinereoalba WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 199 (nec TEMM. & SCHLEG.).

The great “bird-wave” of the Spring of 1883 caused one mornin g
the whole northern part of Bering Island to swarm with these inhabi-
tants of the mosquito-suffering Kamtschatka. During two weeks they
could be met with everywhere, but especially in deep ravines or between
the sand dunes, in fact, in all places sheltered from the chilling “ norther.”

Always in movement, flitting from one dry stalk of the large Archan-

gelica officinalis to another, or from cluster to cluster of the yellow flow-

ers of the lovely Rhododendron chrysanthum, their small parties of four to

Six individuals gave the otherwise uninviting places a new attraction.

Not only was their ’st, ’st, and chee-rrek tek, tek! heard in the immediate

neighborhood of the village, but all over the northern portion. A few

extracts of my journal will give an idea of this phenomenon, which, dur-
ing the spring of 1883, made Bering Island a sort of Heligoland from an

ornithologcial point of view. Under June 8, I find: ‘A large number of

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 973

gray Fly-catchers must have arrived yesterday or last night, as six speci-
mens were shot to-day and at least ten or twelve observed. Yesterday
the wind was south, changing during the night to east, variable in force
from very light to fresh.” The following day I saw at least nine and
shot five. The 10th two were shot and several seen. ‘Counted more
than twenty on the 11th; shot but four. And thus some were observed
almost every day until the 21st, when the last was seen and shot. It
may be, however, that several lingered around the shores of the island
for a still longer time, as a few days afterward I left Bering Island in
order to visit Copper Island.

List of specimens collected.

|
|
|

6 | aia “ | z
7 | eae |

Zz | 2 | eth se ti

Nee BOCs sv el eats eres aa ete

72 a Locality. S a ate g s

& S | [=| | ~

3 So 1 | 3 ert is au 3

A > o a Ve See | & | . oD

. o ® | co a HUA et ce atret

mh Fees hey Sele cei liter loge oes

p 5 | E l- Bh ae | E x
mm, mm, nm. mm.
92543 | 2140 | Bering Teland.......--.----2--200000207+ June 8,1883| ¢ ad. 140. 17) 85 55
92545 | 2142 |.-..... Gira oe eriere eee eee ea eae UNOS, lees ciisd 138 17 83 54
92538 | 2150 |.-.--- Coe eae eae aes rene | June 9,1888 gad. 133 18/- 79 54
925467 (2154 |) -c2it GO Seats dae se cee anos Sea Sele ans oes Junel10,1883 ff ad. 188 17 82 54
92542 | 2161 |.--... GOyssem asses aeonc sect ea cows ne June 11,1883 f ad. | 137 20 82 52
92547 | 2169 |.--.-. Oisose aaa eer Fo ees June 12,1883 gad.) 141 21 84 57
92540 | 2135 |.....- ayes se eeens ois Pa enes ois June 8,1883 9 ad.! 131. 15| 82 51
92537 | 2139 |..--.. Oe tee a seme earn eam heer June 8,1883 9 ad 137 20 80 | 54
92536 | 2138 |..-... NOSE nme are Meee ane eae = pi June 8,1883 9 ad.| 135 17/ 82 54
92541 | 2144 |...--. seh ate won Gases ah UTR S 1S. |June 81883, 9 ad. 136 19 79 51
92539 | 2145 |...-.. OTS eis chee cor ae eas eae aleise June 9,1883; 9 ad. | 136 21 82 54
92544 (29155) \e 55-5. MLO. Coe epee ts be ap aclte eae ae June 10,1883 9? ad. | 133 16 79 52

|

92535 | 2180 |.....- Horan ine capes wt ahaa Tune 7,183 9 ad.| 138 16) 88 BL
Average measuremelts Of Six Males Son.—-- «does tn so ne em a 138 18; 82 | 54
Average measurements of seven females ..-...--....-.--.--.---..----- 134 18; 81) 52

No. 92543.—Tris dark brown. Bill horny brownish black, below at base yellowish gray; angle of
mouth yellow. Feet dark grayish brown; toes below yellow. Testes large, swollen.

No. 92545.—Colors similar. Testes large, swollen.

No. 92541.—Ova small, not swollen.

No. 92535.—Eggs small.

From the table above it will be seen that the difference in size be-
tween the two sexes amounts almost to nothing. The difference in color
is also very inconspicuous, the females, on the average, being a shade
darker than the males.

124. Erythrosterna albicilla (PALL.).
1826.—Muscicapa albicilla PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 462, th.—Lrythrosterna albicilla
SwInuH., P. Z. S., 1862, p.317.—/d., ibid., 1871, p. 3830.—Davip & OwsT., Ois.
Chine (p. 120, pl. 79) (1877).

15861 Bull. 29 18

274 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

1837.—Muscicapa leucura Swains., Nat. Hist. Flyeatch., p. 253 (nee GMEL.).—Erythro-
sterna 1, SWINH., Ibis, 1860, p. 357.—Id., ibid., 1863, p, 92.—Id., ibid., 1870, p.
247,—Id., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 290.—IJd., ibid., 1871, p. 380.—Taczan., J. f. Orn.,
1872, p, 448.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—J7d., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 31, ter.
(1877).—DyBowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 362.

1858.—Muscicapa parva Kittu.. Denkw., II, p. 308 (nee Becust.) (cf. HARTL., J. f. Orn.,
1859, p. 50).—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 374 (1860).—RaDDE, Reisen
Siiden Ost-Sibir. II, (p. 267) (1863).—DyBow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p.
3a0.

1860.—Thamnobia niveiventris SW1INH., Ibis., 1860, p. 54.

1861.—Erythrosterna mugimaki SwInu., Ibis, 1861, p. 330 (nec TEMM. & SCHLEG.).

1881.—Muscicapa luteola BOLAU, J. f. Orn., 1831, p. 56 (nee PALL.).

The White-tailed Flycatcher was not seen by me in the vicinity of
Petropaulski, but occurs, without being very common, however, in the
woods farther in the interior.

When, in the spring of 1882, I returned to Bering Island from a short
trip to Petropaulski, on the steamer Alexander II, a fine male of this
bird was caught alive on board, 50 miles off the shore of Kamtschatka.
Curious enough, a female of the same species was shot on Bering Island
at Ladiginsk that same morning, and brought to me upon my arrival,
It is the only one from the island, where, of course, it is but a casual

visitor.
List of specimens collected.

6 D

alee. 3 2

g| 8 5 gad died z

= 2 Locality. = oo Be 5 a

os S ° s S aa 3

7 ~ a = Oe hoe een aes

: 3 a =p (= el (ee Bello = heal Cr,
81s e Bt Shs | eels
Behe | - =
mm.| mm.) mM.) mM

92548 | 2064 | Fifty miles off Kamtschatka........--.--- May 29, 1883.| fad.) 135} 26| 69 52
92549 | 2065 | Bering Island...........-.-.--.-----------| May 20, 1883-| 9 ad.| 124 |....-- 64 47

Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black.

Family MOTACILLID A.

125. Anthus gustavi SwInH.

1860.--Anthus arboreus var. G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8., 1860, p. 350.

1863.—Anthus gustavi SWINHOE, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 90.—Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 442.—SEEB.,
Ibis, 1877, p.129.—Id., ibid., 1878, p. 341.—TWEED., Ibis, 1877, p. 258.—
SHARPE, Ibis, 1879, p. 262.—BLakisT. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, X,
1882, p. 153.—A. (Agrodroma) g. SWINH., P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 273.—Corydalla g.
Id., ibid, 1871, p. 366.—Taczan., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 28 bis (1877).—
Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 389.—Id., Ibis, 1883, p. 575. ;

1869.—Anthus batchianensis G. R. Gray, Handl., I, p. 251.

1873.—Anthus cervinus TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 112.

°1875.—Anthus seebohmi DrEssER, Birds of Eur. (pt. xlv).—Fr1nscu, Ibis, 1878, p. 58.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 275

1853.—Anthus sp. STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.

1883.—Anthus japonicus (?) Ripaw., Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 95, (nec TeEMM. &
SCHLEG. ). . <

1883.—Anthus stejnegerti Ripaw., Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 95.—Id., ibid., p. 369.

1883.—Pipastes agilis DYBOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 361 (nec SYKES, nec .
SWINHd. !).

Anthus stejnegeri shares the fate of Anthus seebohmi. As the gentle-
man in honor of whom the latter name was given was compelled to re-
duce it toa synonym of Anthus gustavi, so will I have to reduce the
name given in honor of me to a synonym of the same species. Well, it
is a funeral, but it is for the benefit of all concerned, and therefore
we are not very sorry for it. But these and many other funerals could
have been avoided, if the first describers of a species had used such
terms for the colors they intended to indicate, as would enable
other people to recognize the bird from their description. It very
often happens that in a diagnosis the author says chestnut where he
ought to have used rusty, buff, or some similar term. Is it too much
to ask that a man who introduces a new name into science should know
the names of the colors? As the earlier descriptions of this species are .
more or less defective, and especially so the original description of
Swinhoe, I think it advisable to reprint here Mr. Ridgway’s careful and
detailed description (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 95), from specimens
collected by me on Bering Island.

Adult, summer plumage: Above light raw-umber brown, very distinctly streaked
with black, these markings broadest on the back, the exterior feathers of which have
the inner webs chiefly dull whitish, producing, when the feathers lie in natural posi-
tion, a distinct stripe on each side of the interscapular region; scapulars much less
distinctly streaked with dusky, and without light edgings; middle wing coverts
dusky, broadly and very distinctly streaked with brownish white; greater coverts
more narrowly tipped with brownish white or very pale buff, and edged with light
brown; remiges dusky, edged with light brown; middle rectrices similar, but others
dusky, the outer pair mostly dull brownish white, or pale dull bufi, with a dull
brownish dusky space along edge of basal half of inner web; next feather with the
outer web pale dull brownish buff, and the inner web with the terminal portion and
stripe along shaft, nearly to the base, of the same color. Lower parts buffy white,
the whole jugulum yellowish buff, of varying intensity, and distinctly, though not
always sharply, streaked with dull black; superciliary stripe and side of head gen-
erally pale buff, the auriculars more brownish, especially along upper margin, where
somefimes streaked with dusky ; a small dusky spot immediately in front of eye, and
throat sometimes bordered along each side by an interrupted series of narrow black-
ish streaks (these usually, however, nearly or quite obsolete); sides and flanks
steeaked with blackish, and longer lower tail-coverts also sometimes streaked. First,
second, and third quills longest, and nearly equal (first, however, usually longest),
fourth decidedly (.15 of an inch or more) shorter.

The most characteristic feature of this bird, and especially strongly
marked in the living bird, the feathers of which are not out of their proper

276 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

places as in the skinned specimens, are the two distinct stripes on each
shoulder, the outer one black, the inner yellowish white, caused by one
row of feathers on the shoulder having the outer and inner webs thus
differently colored. Equally well marked is a round black spot on each
side of the neck, which in the skin is dissolved into a cluster of smaller
dark spots, but which in the living bird run together into a solid patch.

To the remarks of Mr. Ridgway I have nothing to add, except that
the individual variation is still larger in the series collected during the
second summer. No. 92666 is especially conspicuous for the rich deep
buff of the under tail-coverts and the outer rectrices. In none of the
specimens, however, occurs a color which, even approximately, can be
called “ chestnut.”

List of specimens collected.

Pues 3 5
S| a 8 é |a la z
A | 2 Locality. 2 » |e | a 3
+» & ° a 2° ~~
3 Ss ° Lo] Ss Be eA a
A 3 B 8 a 2 to |
cate = Phebe Ne teak Baers
Be E Rn Ss |e /F/ ae
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
eee 1118) Bern Mslan@ecsss J. ese aoemoerieee ee May 30,1882; fad. | 166 |.---.. 85 59
88091") 1119 |.....- do. shen shes Ate be cite My Wee May 30,1882} gi ad.| 165 |...... 83 60
88989*) 1174 |...-.. QO eek he eee eS RUE Le June 6,1882| gad.| 162 |....-- 85 58
Sse ot Copper Island’: sac aso ase Se ciseee ce June 18, 1882] ¢ ad. |. 172 }...-. 85 60
92666 | 2121) Bering Island a: se cess epee dee ore June 4,1883| gad. | 164 33 86 61
92668 | 2126 |...-.. AG tee has a Se aa June 4,1883| g¢ad.| 163| 34] 85 59
92673 | 21381 |s-.<.. Oy eee gas Seance Pee eee ae June 7,1883| of ad. 157 31 81 57
92671 | Los Sees ae OO ee See eee nest esceieemenEeeee June 9,1883| of ad. 161 27 84 57
92672 | 2160 |...... AO eee ecco ene tae ee me ren June 11,1883} gad. | 169| 33] 85 58
99669) |) 2170\ ss. G0: sch tetete aie es eee se cee seen June 14,1883] gad. | 157 28 82 57
92670 | TT alec ae GO sak eS ceee seco ates cote eee June 15,1883] ¢ ad. 170 34 84 59
92665,|°2221-l"Copper sland -=-22-sna0<--s22s-beeeeeer July 7,1883| gad. | 160-|--...- 83 55
89135") 1231 |.---.- GO Soo ea aie eee rece cease | June 24,1882} 9 ad. |..--.-].-.--- 79 53
92667) | 21252) Boring lsland®. 2455. -esemecsee ame | June 4,1882/ Qad. | 162] 32] 82 56

*Types of Anthus stejnegeri RIDGW.

No. 88990.—Iris dark brown. Bill flesh-color; culmen and tip horny brown. Feet brownish flesh-

color.
No. 89134.—Bill blackish brown; basal half of the lower mandible flesh-colored.

Schlegel’s Titlark is one of the commonest land birds on the Com-
mander Island,* and may, during the summer months, be found every-

*Dr. Dybowski has committed a curious avd most serious blunder by confounding
this bird with the Tree-pipit. He states that the latter (P. agilis) occurs on the isl-
ands, while of A. gustavi he says, ‘‘ cette espece se recontre seulement 4 Kamtschatka,
et n’a pas 6té trouvée sur les iles.” (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 361.) The fact
is quite the reverse.

et

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 217

where in the lower places where grass grows abundantly, whether the
ground is the swampy tundta or the dry sand dunes; but also on the
sloping hillsides, sometimes even on the more elevated Hmpetrum and
Rhododendron tundra is the “ Inkatschugi”* of the Copper Islanders to
be met with, but never higher up on the mountains.

Rather shy, but always in movement and cheerful, the Titlark makes
itself a conspicuous feature, especially on the few sunny days, when,
rising high in the air, it trills its very well-meant but rather monotonous
and unmelodious song (if this wooden-sounding chirping really can be
called a song) while on the wing. Besides this, it has another short
song, somewhat like tsirrrrr’, tsip, tsip, tsip, and the call-note is a short
tsip, tsip! The warning-cry is similar, but louder and harsher.

The arrival at the islands in spring takes place in the latter part of
May, and the pairs soon select their homes and commence the breed-
ing business, and the first eggs in 1883 were obtained as early as the
30th of May; on Copper Island, I met fully-fledged young on the 9th
of July, 1883. They do not content themselves with one brood, how-
ever, the eggs of the second laying being frequently found in July. The
nest which I took on Copper Island, on July 13, had not yet received
the full number, as it only contained two fresh eggs.

The nests consist of dry grasses exclusively, and never contained a
single feather, in that respect constantly differing from those of Calca-
rius lapponicus and Plectrophenax nivalis. The dimensions of the nests
average: External diameter, 90"™; internal diameter, 45™™.

The eggs are very much like those of Anthus ludovicianus, with the
usual great variation, the general coloration showing all shades between
olive gray and violet gray. In Nos. 21768 and 21767 the mottlings are
evenly distributed all over the egg, while, in 21818 they run together
into a ring around the thick end. One egg of the latter set is curiously
long and narrow.

* An Aleut name, as they have no Russian appellation for this bird. On Bering
Island, where the Longspur is more conspicuous, the Titlark is simply called ‘ another
kind of tschelutschék” for distinction,

278 3 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Dimensions of the eggs.

|
|
|

S
A :
é | yj
a g, Locality. Date. Diameters.
a| s
won
Praia
| Millimeters.
PIFGT 2209} .Glinks, Copper tsiand jee eencaaeeee eane ease eee ery July 13,1883 | 20 by 15
21768 | 2222 | Karabelnij, Copper Island ...-.-...--.-------------------- June —-, 1883 | 20 by 15
| 19.75 by 15
91818 | 1391 | Severnij, Bering Island. ......2--..----.-+---cse-ss+--e-2- July —,1882 | 20 by 157
| : 21. by 15
| 26 by 14
20 by 14.75

|
| |
126. Pipastes maculatus (HODGs.).

1844.— Anthus maculatus HopGs., Gray’s Zool. Misc. (p. 83).—Brooks, Ibis, 1876, pp.
499 and 504.—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 34.—BLakIsT. & PRYER, Trans. As.
Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 219.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 153. —STEJNEGER, Na-
turen, 1884, p. 6.—Buakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 52 (1884).

1847.—Anthus arboreus var. TEMM. & SCHLEG., Fauna Japon. Aves (p. —, pl. 23).—
DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 334.—BoLau, J. f. Orn., 1881, p.
56.—Anthus arboreus MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise II, 2 (p. 163) (1853).—K1TTL.,
Denkw., I, p. 335 (1858).—ScHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I, p. 335 (1860).—
RavDDE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir. (p. 223) (1863).—PRzEw., Putesch. Ussur.
(p. 37) (1870).

1860.—Anthus agilis SwInH., Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (nec SYKES qui A. trivialis L.).—Id., ibid.,
1861, pp. 36, 333.—Id., ibid., P. 1863, p. 310.—Jd., P. Z: S., 1863, p. 273.—
STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182.—Pipastes a. SWINH., Ibis, 1870, p. 347.—
Id., ibid., 1871, p. 366.—Id., ibid., 1877, p. 144.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873,
p. 84.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 194.—Id., ibid., 1881, p.
183.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876 p. 159.—Id., ibid., 1878, p. 136.—
Id., ibid., 1882, p. 389.—Jd., Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., p. 29 bis (1877).—
Davip & OusT., Ois. Chine (p. 308) (1877).—SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 34.

1883.—Anthus gustavi DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 361 (nee SWINH.).

The Tree-pipit is one of the commonest summer birds on the birch-
clad heights surrounding Petropaulski. Its chirping note is heard
everywhere. This noisy fellow is a great annoyance to the ornithologist,
who cautiously creeps along the shrubberies and bushes, as its anxious
ery warns the nobler game he watchfully pursues, like the gulls on the
sea-shore, who often frustrate the prettiest scheme of the gunner by
their malicious outcry.

In 1883 I noted its arrival at, and departure from Petropaulski. The
first birds arrived during the 23d of May. Next morning they were
already heard singing in several places, and some specimens were Sse-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 279

cured. In the autumn the last one was seen on one of the last days of
September. ;

None were seen on the islands.

As a good and detailed description of this bird in summer plumage is
difficult to find in the literature, I have thought it useful to present the
following one, originally prepared by Mr. Robert Ridgway :

gd ad., summer plumage, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89152; L. Stejneger, No. 1238. Petro-
paulski, Kam., June 29, 1882.

Pileum grayish brown (more fulvous anteriorly), distinctly streaked with black,
the series of streaks along each side of crown much the broadest; nape, back, scapu-
lars, rump, upper tail-coverts and middle pair of tail-feathers uniform brownish gray;
the feathers of the back, also the longer upper tail-coverts, with very indistinct darker
shaft-streaks, the rump tinged with light olive green; wings brownish gray, but de-
cidedly tinged with yellowish olive, especially on outer edges of primaries and their
coverts; middle coverts blackish dusky (in distinct contrast with prevailing color of
wing), broadly margined terminally with dull whitish; greater coverts also blackish
centrally, but this mostly concealed, and the tips of the feathers somewhat lighter
than their edges, but not sufficiently so to produce a distinct bar. A distinct super-
ciliary stripe of dull buffy whitish, bordered below by a dusky loral and postocular
line; a broad and continuous malar stripe reaching to side of neck, with whole chin
and throat absolutely immaculate buff, the throat bordered on each side by a subma-
lar black streak, broken posteriorly into rather sparse specks; jugulum fainter buff,
but this soon fading into dull white on breast and other lower parts; entire jugulum
and upper breast very heavily spotted with brownish black, their markings begin-
ning very abruptly (with a concave outline) and continued backward along the sides,
but becoming gradually narrower, until on the flanks they form narrow and rather
indistinct streaks; whole belly, anal region, and crissum absolutely immaculate.
Rectrices (except middle pair) brownish dusky, the outer pair with most of the outer
web and a considerable portion of the inner web (extending along shaft for about
32mm), the next with a terminal spot only about 10™™ long, the other rectrices without
whitish on inner webs; outer webs of all strongly tinged with olive yellow toward
bases.

First, second, third, and fourth quills longest, and very nearly equal, and reaching
about 10™™ beyond tips of tertials.

List of specimens collected.

6 a
A ae a .
g s 2 SI a i zi
4 2 Locality. = a | tp a S
elves 8 3 | S| & =
4 | 3 ls ee (ee eal eect
- o oD S oS or 7
a | 3 Le olagal Seal als
= oS) e | 2jijea|a|F |e
| mm.) mm. mm. | mm,
89159" 238s |Neebropanlska -s-si assess oaceasee essa ae June 29, 1882} fad.| 162 |..---. 84 64
92663 | 2054 |...... One eenes ae ee ares se ese Ps May 24,1883| gad.| 167/ 30] 87 | 62
92664 | 2298 |...... omen ere ot le ey) stn ae ees juliye 1 SES) eras eee [eee 86} 65

No, 89152.—Iris dark brown. Bill horny brown, lower mandible at base, and angle of mouth, flesh-
colored. Feet brownish flesh-color.

No. 92663—Ivis dark brown. Upper mandible and tip of lower mandible horny blackish brown,
basal part of the latter flesh-colored. Feet light grayish flesh-color, joints a little darker. Testes
Jarge, swollen

280 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

It will be seen that the above measurements do not differ from those
of P. trivialis (LIN.).

127. Budytes flavus leucostriatus (Hom.).

1826.—WMotacillu flaveola PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 501 (part).

1853.—Motacillu flava Mipp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 168).—ScHRENCK, Reise Amutrl.,
I, p. 345 (1860).—RappgE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 229) (1863).—ADAMs,
This, 1878, p. 423.—Boxav, J.f. Orn., 1880, p. 120.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 333.—
Budytes f. SWINu., Ibis, 1861, p. 411.—/d., ibid., 1862, p. 260.—Id., P.Z. S.,
1863, p. 274 (part).—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 364.— Barb, Trans. Chic. Acad., I, I,
1869 (p. 312, pl. xxx, fig. 1).—DALL & Bann., ibid., I, 1269, p. 227.—F Inscu,
Abh. Brem. Nat. Ver., III, 1872, p. 37.—Taczan., J.f. Orn., 1875, p. 252.—
Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 150.—Id.. ibid., 1882, p.389.—Id., Orn.
Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 34.—Fryscu, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1872, p.
257.—BEAN, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 147.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882,
p. 182.—Id., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.72.—DyBowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, p. 360.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 62 (1883).—TuRNER, Auk,
1885, p. 157.

1878.—Budytes leucostriatus HOMEY., J. f. Orn., 1878, p. 128.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool,
France, 1878, p. 128.

1882.—‘‘ Budytes lewcostria Hom.,” TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 389.

E. v. Homeyer, in 1878 (J. f. Orn., p. 128), described a specimen from
Baikal as B. leucostriatus, of which he said that ‘ it is the largest of ail
the Budytes” (ulna 3” 3//=84™™ and tarsus 11!’ = 28™™). But
although these measurements are considerably larger than those of my
birds, and though the latter on the whole in many respects differ from
his description, I hesitate very little in referring them to this form.
Homeyer made up his diagnosis from one specimen only (unfortunately
he does not state in what season the bird was collected), and the indi-
vidual variation among the Budytes are so great as to easily account for
the differences. I, therefore, think that Taczanowski from whom v. Ho-
meyer received his type specimen is right in referring all the Eastern
Asiatic Budytes with white superciliary streak to this form to which he
also has referred the Kamtschatkan bird.

Looking at the tables below we will find that the dimensions of the
specimens collected by me are somewhat inferior to those given by v.
Homeyer, but that they agree pretty well with two splendid specimens
of the true flavus from Germany in the National Museum’s collection,
except that the bills and toes of the former are considerably larger.

As to the color, it nay be remarked that my specimens, in the intensity
of the yellow color, come very close to those from Germany, but that the
tint of the yellow is somewhat different, being in the latter, especially
in one of the specimens, of a rather orange tinge, while in the former
the yellow is of a more greenish character, the sides especially being

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 281

marked with olive. The gray of the upper head is less clear in the
Kamtschatkan bird, and the white on the chin is, perhaps, on the whole,
of a greater extent; butin this respect there is great variation, specimens
of both forms being found quite alike. The character, however, which
to me seems worth most consideration, is the decided blackish color of
the eye-streak and the ear-patch, these parts being only brownish gray
in the European specimen before me.

I have also compared my specimens with a fine series of the Alas-
kan bird, most of which were collected by Mr. Lucien M. Turner,
at Saint Michaels. These are of the same size, having bills and toes
somewhat intermediate between the European and the Kamtschatkan
examples. In color they are rather duller, especially showing a uni-
versal tendency to olivaceous dusky spots on the breast, and although
the eye-streak and the ear-patch, on the whole, are as dark as in my
birds, still a few show this character less pronounced. It is proper
to add that I have seen European specimens which were almost as
dull colored as those from Alaska.

While it in some instances might not be safe to refer a specimen to
one or the other form without having a series of both forms at hand,
or without knowing the locality, still there is enough difference to war-
rant their subspecific separation. It may, besides, be well to bear in
mind the seeming difference of the Kamtschatkan specimens, especially
in regard to the longer bill. It is a question well worthy the atten-
tion of later investigators and collectors.

List of specimens collected and their dimensions.

3 | ob |

A 3 i a A

2 g 6 2 | se Bee : 2

4 a A e \ © gis | x &

a 2 a Locality. = ee Basel a 5

S s s 5 Z S | & S oS 3

Beals Sale g Be ge Soe ie te le Sve

2 Weel ee s BE ee ese eee ae er

lhe Cara |S E R A }/e|/F}/aleala

mm. \mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89148 | Stejn -| 1253 | Petropaulski..-..--. July 11, 1882! gad: | 173 |...--- 80 69 13 25
39149 pedo} as pladt tease Ons osccccenecms July 4,1882) ciad.| 166 |...... 77 71 13 25
92674 ao .--| 2072 | Bering Island -.... May 23, 1883 | ( c'ad.) | (162) |.-.-... 79 70 12 25
OoGuia ee doses | e090 see do- teen. s- see May 24,1883 | (c’ad.) | (170)|.----. harelale + 71d s 25
89150 |..do ...| 1254 | Petropaulski-....-.. July 11,1882] Q ad.| 158 |..-... 75 65 13 24
92675 |..do ...| 2098 | Bering Island ...:. May 22, 1883 | (Qad.) | (164) |.---.. 76 66 13 25
92678 age ere ele Seite ON ca ctatays mere ees = June 3,1883} 9 ad.| 155 39 76 62 13 24
92676 |..do ...| 2156 |....do..... aie Oso June 10,1883! 2 ad.| 170 49 76 66 12 25
Average measurements of four males......-.--.......----]------ eats 79 70 13, 25
Average measurements of four females.........---........|.-.---|-.---- 7G) |e 66 13 | 24
|

ae
¢ = ee
282 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.
Dimensions of BUDYTES FLAVUS LEUCOSTRIATUS, from Alaska.
3 7
A 2 a
Z z 3 7 e|z
, oS oOo a =
s een . = Locality. = = te A 5
a 3 5 Zs o S S .
5 di A _ z 2 D ao
3 S 5 a a oD : 5 3
2 = P| K = & cra aly) wes =
: o o ° a 4 aS
b rs) e D H|/E/\/s{[a]ea
mm.| mm.) mm.| mm.| mm
67821 | Turner -.... 50 | Saint Michael’s, July 7,1874 | oad. | (173) 78 69 11 25
Alaska. | ;
COLGS "ope GO: ees Gare SORE as ose eek cs Soom eineeaee Geel = ae 78 66 11 24
70787 |.--.do ..----- | L1S9 7 Sse-dOleseaeee Tales June 12,1876 | ¢ ad. |.------ 79>) 267 11 24
(BYS 2G beeen (emer es © ILS Zien otras LO fete er ere ee June 1, 1877| oad. |...--- 79 67 11 24
TAU TESS SB Ae tees: GEO) easel) SOssse- ace Se | Junle 2,1876| 9 ad. | (165) 76| 69 11 } 23
WSLTD | sasdOrecee nea Leas Pree MELO Shee a tans See | eee meeree ame 0 ade hae 75 | 63 18 23
86522 | McKay .....| 28 | Nushagak, Alaska-| June20,1881| 9 ad. |-.---. 72; 61 11 24
SVB: oo down ace Peas eee doi Si.L Aoeree | June 28, 1882 | 9 ad. |...... 73 | --63| 12 26
Average measurements of four males .......-...-----..-..------|------ 78 67 11 24
Average measurements of four females ..........-.-..-.--------|------ 74 64 12 24
Dimensions of BUDYTES FLAVUS.
5
A 4 4
z 6 3 vi ee
A | Collector's | @ 3 “s | 4 A ce
8 een s Ss Locality. a ED | i a &
zi § ° Fe NR ce alan San
: e 8 we 3 ck = So 8
2 3 4 cor igh pea Se sparc
b 5 - 2 8 eFlalalea
: ; | |
-mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
88500 | v. Berlepsch-.| 3461 | Kurhesse,Germany.| Apr. 18,1878} oad. | (168) 76 67 11 23
88901) |= 55 d0cs-5--5I 2205 | Hanover, Germany.| June16,1876| dad. | (172); 80 73 11 23
Average measurements of two males..-..------.----------+------ Fie ssa. eae (ee pe | 23

Budytes leucostriatus is a common breeding bird in the environs of
Petropaulski, being found during the months of June and July every-
where on the low marshy grounds surrounding the lakes, fresh-water
ponds, and brackish lagoons of the vicinity.

On Bering Island their appearance is only occasional during the spring
migration, notwithstanding Dr. Dybowski’s statement that they breed
there. None were seen in 1882, but in 1883, about the 20th of May, a
small flock arrived, of which several were shot for me. It is to be
remarked that they had not arrived at Petropaulski on the 27th, in
which place the ground was still covered with deep snow, though being
situated much more southerly than the islande On Bering Island I
now and then saw single individuals until June 10, when I observed
two and shot one, at which time all the rest seemed to have left.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 283

The birds shot on the island agree perfectly with those collected on
the mainland of Kamtschatka. The Alaskan tribe is not known to mi-
grate southward along the American coast. The probability therefore
is that they travel over to the Asiatic side, thus following, in their mi-
gration to and from the summer haunts, the route by which they at an
earlier date have invaded the nearctic regions. I have evidence at
hand that a migration route from the Tschuktschi Peninsula crosses
the mainland from Anadyr to the Siberian coast of the Okotsk Sea,
thus completely avoiding Kamtschatka. The Alaskan Budytes prob-
ably follow this route, thus being separated from the Kamtschatkan
stock, which probably takes another route. This would account for the
difference between the examples as shown above. If this really be the
case (and that can only be decided by specimens collected during the
migration seasons on the Okotsk coast) the Kamtschatkan bird will have
to be recognized as a separate race, as the theory here advanced rests
upon the supposition of the Alaskan bird being identical with the form
of the Northeastern Siberia.

We have here before us a plain case demonstrating the necessity of
recognizing the finest differences between the related forms, if the aim
of collecting specimens and studying them is to find out the laws ruling
the living nature. If the ornithological system and the ornithological
science has for object only the convenience of the museum director in
determining the names to be put on the label, then it may be proper and
convenient to ignore the finer characters, and throw different forms into
the same pot, because it is difficult to trace a sharp line between them,
or because there are individuals which the perplexed director does not
know how to enter upon the register. But it is time that sucb an
ornithology should be done away with. The birds are not there for
the sake of the museums, but the museums for the birds.

128. Motacilla melanope PALL.

1776.—Motacilla melanope PAuu., Reise Russ. Reich., II, p. 696.—Id., Zoogr. Ross,
Asiat., I, p.500 (1826).—TWEED., Ibis, 1877, p. 310.—BLaAKIsT. & PRYER,
Ibis, 1578, p. 287.—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 35.—STEINEGER, Naturen, 1882,
p. 182.—Calobates m. Sw1nu., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 364.—TWEED., P. Z. 8., 1877,
p. 546.—C. melanops SwInu., Ibis, 1874, p. 157.

1884.—Motacilla sulphurea var. melanope SEEB., Ibis, 1884, p. 39.

1788.—Motacilla tschuktschensis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, p. 962.

1850.—Pallenura javensis By., Consp., I, p. 250.

1853.—Motacilla sulphurea MIDDEND., Sibir. Reise, II (p. 168).—SCHRENCK, Reise
Amurl., I, p. 344 (1860).—Rappg, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 227),
(1863).— Pallenura s. Tacz., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 82.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335,—Id.,
Ornith. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 34 (1877).

284 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

1847.—Motacilla boarula Temm. & SCHLEG., Faun. Japan, Aves (p.59) (nec ScopP.,
1769).—K1TTL., Denkw., I, p. 321, 1858.—Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 55.—/d., ibid.,
1861,pp. 35 and 333.—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 309.—Id., ibid., 1866, p. 138.—Id., P.
Z.S., 1863, pp. 274 and 334.—BLakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p, 55 (1884).—
BLAKIsT., Ibis, 1862, p. 318.—DyBow. & PaRVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 334.—-
BuakisT. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 220.—Jid., ibid., X,
1882, p. 155.—Bouau, J. f. Orn., 1880, p. 120.—Id., tbid., 1881, p. 55.

1855.—Pallenura robusta BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, p. 280.—Jd., J. f. Orn., 1657, p. 32.

1875.—Budytes nove-guinee A. B. MEYER, Isis, Sitzungsber., April, 1875 (fide Salva-
dori).

Not having sufficient material for determining whether the eastern
and the western bird really are separable as races, or not, I leave the
name and the synonymy as above, without further remarks, as, in that
case, it would be the European bird, to which a trinominal appellation,
viz, M. melanope grisea (MULL.), should be applied.

The Gray Wagtail is acommon summer bird round Petropaulski, where
it may be met with along all the small creeks and rivulets. They had
not made their appearance in 1883 when I left on one of the last days
of May, but a few birds were still observed during the first days of
October of the same year.

Occasionally this species occurs on Bering Island during the migrat-
ory season, and, on account of the extraordinary spring of 1583, they
were comparatively numerous during the second week of June. It is
even possible that a few of them stopped to breed at some creek in the
interior of the southern part, as a young bird was taken on board the
steamer Aleksander on the 14th of September when about 20 miles south-
west of the island.

They were rather shy and difficult to shoot.

List of specimens.

6 D
Zi be: a
a 6 ® E
= A 3 oO a ro
4 x Locality. = oo te a Remarks.
~ i] oO os a °
3 2 ° oc oO Bs
rs ° A aR = 5
: ® 5 @ =
wo} a | S Me Sil oleae
Bi io. e a a | a
mm. | mm
89147 | 1248 | Petropaulski..| July 4, 1882| gi ad. | 178 |.-.--. Tris dark brown.
92679 | 2146 | Bering Island.| June 9,1883} 9 ad. | 178 63 | Iris dark brown. Fect grayish brown.
92680 | 2147 |....do .-.--.-.- June 9, 1883| 9 ad. | 191 65 | Feet alittle lighter. Eggs swollen.

129. Motacilla ocularis SwINH.

1853.— Motacilla alba var. lugens Mivp., Sibir. Reise, IJ, 2 (p. 166) (nec KITTL., neo
SCHRENCK, nec TEMM. & SCHLEG.).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 285

1860.—WMotacilla ocularis Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 55.—I/d., ibid., 1863, pp. 94, 309.—Id.,
P. Z. S., 1863, p. 275.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 364.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1873, p.
82.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 252.—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, p. 150.—Id.,ibid., 1882, p. 389.—Jd., Orn. Fauna Vost Sibir., p.
33 (1876).—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1878, p. 345.—Td., ibid., 1883, p. 92.—Id., ibid.,
1884, p. 39.—Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 414.—Jd., ibid., 1883, p. 145
(part). — Bwan, ibid., 1882, p. 147.—NELSON, Crvise Corwin, p. 62, pl.
(1883).—STEINEGER, Naturen, 1834, p.5.—BriakisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p.
54 (1884).

1871.—Motacilla baicalensis var. temporalis SwInH., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 363.

On the 10th of June, 1882, I obtained on Bering Island a Gray-backed
Wagtail, the sex of which could not be determined, and which at the
time was referred to the same species as the other Wagtails (lugens), the
last of which, in 1883, were observed just a month previous.

This late appearance led to a careful comparison, after my return to
Washington, the result of which was that I now consider it to belong to
ocularis.

As I have only one specimen of the latter species in good summer
plumage, it must be admitted that my material has been rather scanty,*
but as it agrees pretty closely with my Bering Island bird, not only in
size but also in all the other points in which the former differs from
typical summer specimens from Kamtschatka, it is thought that the
conclusions arrived at are correct. It is next to be remarked that the
difference of time between the date of the two birds is only sixteen days,
and that the specimens from Kamtschatka selected for the comparison
are the gray-backed females, one of which was killed only sixteen days
earlier in the season than the Bering Island bird, and furthermore that
the specimen of ocularis was collected by E. W. Nelson at Plover Bay,
on the Tschuktschi Peninsula, and designated as a malet(U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 89676).

As already stated, the specimens from Bering Island and Plover Bay
agree completely as to size and coloration,t so that any detailed compari-
son between them is superfluous. In these two specimens the back is
“absolutely uniform plumbeous-gray.” But placed alongside the Kam-
tschatkan specimens a brownish tinge is quite perceptible, while in the
latter the color is purer bluish and occasionally clouded with blackish,

*T have since had the opportunity of comparing large series and find my conclusions,
as set forth in the following, fully substantiated.

+As both sexes of ocularis have the back gray in summer, there is no reason for sup-
posing that the determination of the sex of the present specimen is erroneous (cf.
Ridgw., Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 146).

{ Cf. also Ridgway’s statement (l. c.) that No. 89676 ‘‘agrees minutely with No.
88988 in coloration.”

286 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

especially on the anterior part of the back, of which black clouding the
two supposed ocularis have not the slightest trace. A further comparison
convinees us that in the latter the black cap is confined to the posterior
half of the head and part of the nape, while in the females of lugens it
occupies also the upper neck. The black of the upper tail-coverts in
the latter is likewise not only more extended, but also more intensive
in color. Considering the great variation in these birds in the amount
of the white on the wing, it would be rather useless to undertake a
detailed description of the differences. But it may be stated, how-
ever, that,on the whole, the two ocularis seem to have the white less
developed than is the case in those birds with which they have been
compared.

The dimensions, as given in the tables below, show that our two birds
in question are somewhat intermediate in size between the males and
females of lugens, as represented by the average measurements on page
291, the tail being perhaps a little longer in proportion to the wing, and
it is noteworthy that we find the same relations between the ‘meas:
urements of the two forms as given by Taczanowski (Bull. Soe. Zool.
France, 1882, p. 389). It may finally be stated that the bills of the two
ocularis are somewhat sinaller; being on an average 1™™ shorter than in
the males, and 0.5 ™™ shorter than in the females of the true lugens.

These differences, together with the unusual late appearance of the
bird, make me believe that Iam justified in identifying No. 88988 as be-
longing to ocularis, and not to lugens, aud it is altogether probable that
the differences pointed out above are really diagnostic for separating
examples of the former from females of the latter species.*

Dimensions of the specimen collected.

S ; ars
2 ao *
3 | 3 a Boo
oe elles a 3 5 | q
Ge | n : = | & x
a5 he b Locality. 3S | & oe
3 3 3 3 | a
7 - » eee | 5 o
lee 3 3 a| al
wn a = a pe oh Sea
: ° v | | "
Bp 1S 5 | e es) Benet
= letersi
| Dinka | mm. | mm.
88988 | 1477 | Stejneger ...| Bering Island -.--... .-...--..----------- | Jane 10, 1882 ? ad. | 90 | 92
| ] } |

* A straggler was shot at La Paz, in Lower California, by Mr. Belding, on the 9th of
January, 1882, and identified by Mr. Ridgway (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., IV, p. 414) as. ocu-
laris, adetermination which, in my opinion, is undoubtedly correct. I have compared
it with fall specimens from Kamtschatka and find it differing in the same manner as .
above, viz, the back has a much more decided wash of brownish and the bill is ab-
solutely smaller.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 287

Dimensions of M. OcULARIS.

a s us
g | 6 E 2 ai
Ble i a S o S
a n nD i = a0 4
3 hw we Locality. rs « s
5 |e = S rai eerie
aoe eeegs | e |gl2hke
| a | or 3
Salo 3 | e as lees
d i bars eee
| mm. | mm.
STIG 2068|o 2-2 san ys CHINE 2 aye eh tA ere See Ae agen ase jun.| 94| 91
Baie oa Swinhioo's,/(eA tami 8 te oe yee Ayes aan Ch le eee Son leeeass
57977 | 356 | Scammon ...| Plover Bay, Siberia .............-.--....|.-...--.......)...... 87 92
89676 | 1984 | Nelson......'-..... Ossie ho an Sete gern ae | June 26,1881 fad.) 90 94

Only one lonely straggler was procured on Bering Island, a full month
after the last M. lugens had been observed. Neither Kamtschatka nor
the islands seem to be in the regular route of this species, as but one
specimen is reported from the peninsula by Taczanowski. I myself did
not meet it there. See also further on under “ Conclusions.”

130. Motacilla lugens KitTt.

1826.—Motacilla albeola var. PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 507.

1833.—Motacilla lugens K1rtt.., Kupfert., p. 16, tb. 21, fig. 1 (nec Temm. & SCHLEG.,
Fauna Japon., 1847 ).—Id., Deukwiird, II, p. 199, and p. 371 (1858). —‘* Inur-
GER” GLOGER, Abiind. Vog., p. 148 (1833).—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1878, p. 347
(in part only).

1833.— Motacilla lugubris GLOGER, Abiind. Vig., p. 148 (nec TEMM., 1820).—Krys. &
Buas., Wirb. Eur., I, p. xlix (1840).—ScHLEG., Rev. Crit., p. 68 (1844)
( part).—CaBaNn., Mus. Hein., I, p. 12 (1850).

1844.—‘* Motacilla albeola var. camtschatcas PALL.,” SCHLEG., Rev. Crit., p. 68.—Zan-
DER, Naumannia, 1858, p. 241.

1850.—‘‘ Motacilla albeola var. camtschatica PaLt.,” Bonap., Consp., I, p. 250 (nee
SWINH., 1863, P. Z.S., p. 275, que M. ocularis).—SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl.,
I, p. 338 (1860).

1851.—Motacilla alba lugens ZANDER, Naumannia, 1851, LV, p. 13.—SCHRENCK, Reise
Amurl., I, p. 338 (nec MIDDEND. ).

1851.—Motacilla leucoptera ‘‘ BREHM,” ZANDER, Naumannia, 1851, IV, p. 14.

1863.—Motacilla ocularis SWINH., P. Z. S.,1863, p. 275 (part).—Ripew., Pr. U. S. Nat.
Mus., VI, 1883, p. 144.

1876.— Motacilla japonica BLAKIST., Ibis, 1876, p. 333 (nec SWINH.).—BOLau, J. f. Orn.,
1880, p. 119.

1878.—Motacilla amurensis SEEB., Ibis, 1878, p. 345, pl. ix.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 91.—Id.,
ibid., 1884, p. 39.—Borav, J. f. Orn., 1881, p. 55.—TId., ibid., 1882, p. 333.—
BuakIst. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, X, 1882, p. 155.—BLaAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 13 (i884).

1882.— Motacilla kamtschatica STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182.—Id., ibid:, 1884, p. 5.—
Id., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.71.—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882,
p. 388.

1883.— Motacilla blakistoni SEEB., Ibis, 1883, p. 91.—Jd., ibid., 1884, p. 33,

Both v. Kittlitz, 1833, and Temmincek, 1840, give Pallas as the au-

288 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. -

thority for the name Motacilla lugens, which, by later writers, has been
ascribed to Iliger; but, as far as I can detect, neither Pallas nor Illiger
have ever published such an appellation, which, probably, is a museum
name only.* It will, however, stand on v. Kittlitz’s authority, as it is
unmistakably based upon the typical Kamtsechatkan bird, and both the
description and the figure are equally conclusive. That Temminck
afterward confounded lugens with the Japanese species cannot make the
name untenable for the species to which it clearly belongs.

It cannot be too often repeated that M. lugens TEMM. & SCHLEG. is
inapplicable to the Japanese species, as it was given by v. Kittlitz to
the quite distinct Kamtschatkan bird fourteen years earlier, and that
Swinhoe’s name japonica must stand for the former.

Various authors have considered the Black-backed Kamtschatkan
Wag-tail identical with the Japanese species, while others, @. 9., Robert
Ridgway, referred it to Motacilla ocularis Swinu. It is, however, a
distinct form, easily distinguishable in the male summer plumage,
although the females and the winter plumage are very difficult to
separate from those of ocularis.

Little need be said as to its difference from M. japonica. The latter
species has well-marked black cheeks, white chin, and both males and
females have the back black.

On the other hand, it is the unanimous assertion of those who have
met ocuiaris in the interior of Siberia and on the Tschuktschi Peninsula,
that the males of the latter, even in summer, have a gray back like
that of the females, and that they never met a black-backed one. Dr.
Dybowski informed me that he has collected numerous specimens of
this species in all plumages, but never a male which was not gray, and
that he has examined a series of about twenty summer birds, collected
in Tschuktschi Land, by the Russian Expedition for observing the
Transit of Venus, all of which, both males and females, were uniform
gray on the back. It is furthermore stated that the true ocularis is a
somewhat smaller bird than the Kamtshatkan form, the males being
hardly larger than the females of the latter.

The adult males of these three forms, in summer plumage, may,
therefore, be distinguished thus :

* Cf. also Seebohm’s ‘‘Rat-hunting” in Ibis, 1878, p. 349. Seebohm ‘lost the
scent (of M. lugens ILLIGER) altogether in Middendorff’s ‘Sibirische Reise,’ p. 166
(1851).” It may, however, be traced back to the same year as ‘‘ M. lugens PALL.,” viz,
to 1833, when it oceurs in Gloger’s ‘‘Abiind. Vogel,” as cited above,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 289

a’. Cheeks and ear-coverts black. Back black; black of throat not reaching base

Gee emer etecn eke a aefele taint ciate tian eee 1, japonica.
a*. Cheeks and ear-coverts white.
b'. Back black; black of throat reaches base of bill............-......... 2, lugene.
b?. Back gray; black of throat reaches base of PotD eros a As en a 3, ocularis,

This difference in the color corresponds with the difference in their
geographical distribution. From what can be learned from the litera-
ture, their occurrence in the summer plumage is about as follows:

1. M. japonica in Japan and the neighboring tracts of the mainland.

2. M. lugens in Kamtschatka and the adjacent islands; Japan.

3. M. ocularis, Baikal, Dauria, and the Tschuktschi Peninsula.

As to the probable differences between the females of lugens and the
males of ocularis, I refer to what is said under the head of the latter
species (p. 286), proposing here to give a description of the different
plumages of lugens :

Old g.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92685; L. Stejneger No. 2037. Petropaulski, May 17, 1883.

Iris blackish brown. Bill and feet black. Second and third primaries equal and
longest, first very little shorter, considerably longer than fourth.

Posterior half of head, upper neck, back, and upper tail-coverts glossy black with
a bluish tinge, on the left half of uropygium a gray patch, caused by feathers of the
winter plumage not yet moulted; the lateral upper tail-coverts with broad white
margins on their outer webs. A line through the eye, behind connected with the
black of the upper neck, chin (the white at the base of the feather shining through,
however,) throat, jugulum, and prepectus are, likewise, black with bluish gloss.
Forehead and anterior half of crown, on the sides extended backward into a, broad
stripe behind and above the eye, further, the malar, subocular, and auricular regions
as also the sides of the neck, and finally the lower surface, behind the prepectus,
and the flanks pure snowy white, the latter suffused with gray. The wings are
remarkable for the great extent of the white color, the four first primaries being
wholly white, except for the terminal 2zomm, which, together with a narrow stripe on
the outer web along the shaft, are black, so that more than the basal two-thirds of the
inner webs are white from margin to shaft. On the following primaries the black
increases on the inner web, while the white edging of the outer one is getting broader.
The large arm-coverts, as also the middle-coverts, are pure white, while the primary
coverts have a black stripe on the outer web for the basal two-thirds. The lesser
wing-coverts are dull black with the exterior edges shaded with gray ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pure white. Tibial feathers blackish, the upper ones broadly
tipped with white. The three middle pairs of rectrices are deep black, the interior
one with a pyre white edging on the outer web tapering towards the tip; the two
lateral pairs are white with a black edging on the inner webs falling short of the tip,
in the external pair by one-third of the feathers’ length, in the following by one-sixth.

This is the most developed plumage of the old male, described by Mr.
Seebohm as M. blakistoni.* The evidence is another male (No. 92684),

*Mr. Seebohm has added two Syhonyms to the species in question, describing the
middle state as M, amurensis, the very old as M. blakistoni. When describing the
first one he remarks that “in the present condition of ornithological literature, loaded
with synonyms, any one who adds a name to the almost exhaustless list is guilty of
a crime.” We cannot agree with him there. It would have been a much greater

15861 Bull. 29 19

290 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

shot on the same day, out of the same flock, being intermediate in color
between that described and the “amurensis” state, as it has much less
white on the primaries, a little less on the primary coverts, while the
arm-coverts and middle ones are fully as white; the lesser ones are
blackish with broader and more distinct gray edges.

Old ¢.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92688; L. Stejneger No. 2058. Petropaulski, May 24, 1883.

Iris very dark brown. Bill and feet black. Primaries exactly as in the male.
‘Ova small.

Differs from the old male, described above, in having the back, including scapu-
lars, plumbeous gray, strongly mottled with black, and more whitish on the chin.
‘The wing-feathers are quite similarly colored, only that the first primary on the basal
‘half of the inner web has some faint dusky mottlings; the wing-coverts are also
‘similar, except the lesser ones, which are gray. The lateral pair of tail-feathers is
pure white without black, and the following has the black margin of the same extent
-as in the lateral pair of the male; the third pair has a small terminal white streak
‘on both sides of the shaft.

This would be the female M. blakistoni.

The following plumage is that most commonly met with. I have
‘nothing to add to Mr. Robert Ridgway’s descriptions of the specimens
brought home by me, which are therefore only reprinted from his article.

Adult g.—U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 88986; L. Stejneger No. 1034. Bering Island, May 11, 1882.

Posterior half of crown, with occiput, glossy blue black ; back, scapulars, and upper
‘tail-coverts, duller black, the rump mixed black and plumbeous gray; lesser wing-
-coverts, uniform ash gray. Forehead, anterior half of crown, and broad superciliary
stripe, pure white ; beneath this, a distinct black line, confluent with the black of the
“occiput, and extending thence forward along upper edge of auriculars to the eye, and
from the latter across lores to the bill, but loral- stripe rather indistinet anteriorly ;
‘side of head below this black line, pure white; chin also white, but more or less
‘mixed with blackish; throat and jugulum, uniform blue back, with astrongly convex
‘posterior outline; rest of lower parts, pure white, but tinged laterally with bluish
gray. Lateral upper tail-coverts with outer webs very broadly edged with white ;
‘middle rectrices black, the outer webs distinctly edged with pure white; next three
‘rectrices, on each side, uniform brownish black; two outer rectrices (on each side) ~
pure white, the inner web of the first with or without a very narrow edging of blackish
along the middle portion, that of the second with a broader and more extended —
blackish edging. Exposed portion of middle and greater wing-coverts and outer web

‘erime if he had united these birds with other forms, for instance, japonica or ocula-
ris. Asitis he has attracted special attention to these birds, and furthermore, we
have his elaborate descriptions and a good plate. I venture to say that on the con-

_trary it has been to the benefit of science, against which the load of the easily-
located synonyms is a trifle. It is not this kind of synonyms which is troublesome,
but those like Motacilla lugens TEMM., nee KITTL., nec ILLIG., nec and so forth, which
make gray hairs for the ornithologist. It may here be remarked that the phase ‘‘blakis-
toni” has already, in 1859, been described by Zander as leucoptera BREHM, ‘‘aus Japan.
* * * Halsseiten weiss * * * durch die Augen ein schwarzer Streif. * * *
Die kleinen Deckfedern der Fliigel schwarz, die mittleren und grossen ganz weiss,
von den letzteren bloss die erste am Schafte etwas grau,” &c. See, however, under
“‘Conclusions,” about the possibility of MW. amurensis being distinct.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS, 291

of tertials (except first), pure white, appearing as a continuous, unbroken, elongated
patch on the closed wing ; inner webs of tertials, blackish; secondaries, grayish brown,
the outer webs édged with white, but inner webs with no trace of white edging toward
ends; primaries and their coverts, with alulz, also grayish brown (or brownish gray)
edged with white. Bill, uniform deep black. Feet dullerblack. Ivis dark brown.

Adult 2.—U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 88987; L. Stejneger No. 2031. Bering Island, May 11, 1882.

Similar to the adult ¢ as described above, but nape, back, and scapulars, uniform
plumbeous gray, instead of black; chin black.

Specimens in autumnal plumage.— $.—U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 92689; L. Stejneger No. 2597.
Petropaulski, September 18, 1883.

Iris dark brown. Bill black, yellowish gray on basal half of lower mandible.
Feet black.

Differs from the male in summer plumage in having the posterior half of the head
and the back gray, the former with a slight yellowish wash and mottled with black ;
the white parts on the head are also suffused slightly with yellowish; the mentum is
white, and the black feathers of the throat narrowly edged with whitish. Remiges
and rectrices edged more conspicuously with white.

The female (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92690) killed on Staritskof Island, at the entrance
of Avatscha Bay, Kamtschatka, September 23, 1883, by L. Stejneger, is similar, but has
the yellowish tinge extended over the back, throat, and inner wing-feathers. The
black on the throat is still more restricted.

List of specimens collected.

A.—DURING THE MONTHS OF MAY AND JUNE.

|
{
'

é Peart |
a : | & |
Bae 5 = Pea
= 5 Z, = Ve nee Hens
a q a 8 és | 4} | Ve
es 2 2 Locality. o a oe a i
e a 5 g 8 | | 3
A = 3 5 alanine | 3
: ° 2° a 3 a= | | so | o#
w & & v ee A ae
3 3 ; a i Sia ltetiey eae eS
p o od Ee MD a a Iie a
mm | mn mm mm.
88986 | Stejneger.| 1034 | Bering Island ............-.-.. May 11, 1882 | gad.| 203 |.....- | 94 98
88985 |....do ..... O10} eae LO Sees cee erties UA 09 BN May 9,1882] gad.| 196 |...... | 95 91
89146 |....do ..... 1233 | Petropaulski........-.------- Tune 27, 1882| ¢ad.| 207 |.....- | 91|- 90
92682 |..-.do -..-- 2010) PE Berne vislands 222-5 seste= se May 5,1883| fad.; 202 |...... rei 97
92683 |-.--do ..... 2030 | Petropaulski ................ May 15, 1883 | Sad.| 208 |...-.-. 95 97
92684 |....do ..... 2036 |...... COME ease cae mn eter, | May 17, 1883! fad.|......|...... | 97 97
O26Rar Eee do).4-25- 20K bees dO nessa ecco ay Lik Seay lic agate OTD: 70 97 101
88987 |....do-.... 1035) Bering sland -2.csscs cece ces May 11,1882) Qad.| 189 |.----. 89 92
92686)" 2-00. =-22 2032 | Petropaulski.........-....... May 15,1883 | Qad.| 195 63 87 91
O268%ii\222-C0) 2-208 20381) |2s22 23 CLO sees See ol Seal ee May 15,1883 | Qad.| 192 |...... 89 8&
92688 |....do ....- 2058 |...... ote ie Wage vehy May 24,1883} Qad.| 198 |...... | 90 86
S268Li|522:doy2228 2105) [22223 OnE e a eee bata aed May 22,1883 | ? ad.| (200) |...--- 93 94
Average méasurements of 7 males ........--. 222-0200 eee e ee cen e ee nee 205 Bee ete 95 96
Average measurements of 4 females ............22...02000-eeeeeeeceeee OSM eee = 89 84

B.—DURING THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER.
a EE ee

92689 | Stejneger.| 2597 | ‘Petropaulskiesees5seesusen Sept. 18, 1883 | fad.| 212 66 96 97
Staritskof Island, Kam-
92690 | sacl) aacine | 2641 | ESCHALK Also em aeoceca anise cee Sept. 23,1883} 9 |-.....|...... 93 97

———_—=— nm eee

292 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

The Black backed Kamtschatkan Wagtail is regularly seen on Bering
Island during the migration season, usually making its first appearance
in the early part of May, disappearing, however, towards the end of
the month. They are only seen single, or a few together, and although
convenient breeding places and plenty of food might be easily found,
still they never remain to rear their young on the stony beaches of
the Commander Islands.

Around Petropaulski they are numerous. In 1883 they arrived in
the neighborhood later than usual, on account of the deep snow, which
covered the country down tothe very water’s line. The first were seen
in that year on the 15th of May, when I shot three out of a small flock
of six. But I had already observed the first Wagtail on the much more
northerly Bering Island eleven days before. Inthe autumn of the same
year the last one was seen at Petropaulski about the first of October,
but most of them had already left more than a week before that time.

In habits and voice it resembles very much the European WM. alba,
but seems to prefer the sea-shore to the banks of the creeks and rivulets
which are the favorite resorts of its coquettish cousin, M. melanope.

Family TROGLODYTID 43.
131. Troglodytes pallescens (Ripew.).

1882.— Troglodytes fumigatus? TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 386 (nec TEMM. ).
1883.—Anorthura pallescens “Stejneger, MSS.,” Riwew., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p.
93.—Zroglodytes p. STEJNEGER, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., I, 1884, p. 11.

1823.—Troglodytes n. sp. DYBOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 357.

g ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 88994; L. Stejneyer No. 1644. Bering Island, September 20,
1882.

Above dull smoky brown (far less rusty than in A. alascensis), uniform on pileum,
nape, and upper back, but lower back and rump barred with dusky, the wing-coverts
and upper tail-coverts still more distinctly barred with the same ; middle wing-coy-
erts tipped with a small deltoid spot of pure white; outer webs of five outer primaries
spotted with brownish white, the remaining quills with outer webs plain dull brown.
Tail brown, crossed by six or seven rather wide bands of blackish, the last three or
four rendered more distinct by a decided lightening of the brown against their pos-
terior edge; on the middle rectrices, however, the bars much less distinct and more
irregular. Lores and indistinct superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, throat, jug-
ulum, and sides of breast dull light-brownish buff (much paler and duller than in
A. alascensis), the middle of breast and upper part of belly much paler, or inclin-
ing to brownish white ; sides, flanks, and crissum brownish white, broadly and dis-
tinctly barred with dusky, the sides more tinged with brown. Auriculars dusky
brown, streaked with the color of the throat. Bill brownish black, more brown on
lower basal portion of mandible. ‘‘Iris dark brown.” Legs and feet dark brown.
(Ripew., 1. ¢.)

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 293

2 ad.—U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92532; L. Stejneger No. 1703. Bering Island, October 31,
1882.

Indistinguishable from the male described above, except by being a trifle smaller.
Juv.—U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 92523; L. Stejneger No. 2229. Copper Island, July 5, 1883.

Head above dark gray with a brownish tinge; loral space blackish; superciliary
stripe only recognizable behind the eye; ear-coverts suffused with blackish. Back
and rump a shade more rusty than in the adult, the black bars less distinct. Ground
color of the lower surface similar to that of the adults, but as the dusky edges of each
feather are much broader, the young seems dusky below with spots of pale buff, the
throat being almost uniformly suffused with dusky ; besides, the flanks and abdomen
are more brownish. Wingsand tails mostly like those of the adults, the longest tertial
having the inner web uniform blackish-brown edged with brownish buff and without
cross-marking ; the white spots on the smaller wing-coverts less pure.

Troglodytes pallescens needs no comparison with Troglodytes neglectus
Brooks, from Cashmere, which has ‘the entire back from the mantle
downwards distinctly barred with dusky blackish, remains of some of
these bars even occurring on the hind neck,” which has “ about twelve
bars distinguishable on the centre tail-feathers,” and “the throat and
chest dusky brown, with blackish cross-bars.”

Nor sbould any comparison with Troglodytes fumigatus TEMM. from
Japan be necessary. But as the Troglodyte from the Pacitic coasts have
been sorely confounded by prominent writers, and especially of late by
Mr. Taczanowski* it may not be out of place to indicate the differences :

1. T. fumigatus is decidedly smaller, with, both absolutely and pro-
portionately, much smaller bill.

2. The general color of fumigatus is much darker and richer, both
above and below, being in fact one of the deepest colored species of
the group, while pallescens ranks among the palest and dullest.

3. In fumigatus the dusky cross-bars are more distinct and reach
further forward, both on the upper and the lower surface, forming very
distinct spots on the chest and in some species even on the throat. The
bars on the tail are more numerous, and the longest tertiary has the
inner web of the same color as the outer web, and is also distinetly barred

*Since this article was written Mr. H. Seebohm (Ibis, 1884, p. 41) has made a
rather curious statement in regard to the forms here mentioned. He said: “To dis-
tinguish it[T. parvulus var. fumigatus] even as a variety from 7, alascensis and T.
pacificus can only be regarded as hair-splitting, the extremes in a series of any one
variety overlapping the extremesof the nearest allied varieties.” Not half a year
before Mr. Seebohm committed the same ‘“‘ hair-splitting ” (Hist. Brit. Birds, I, p.506),
and he does not state how great the additional material is upon which his new dis-
covery is founded. The series of specimens from both sides of the Pacific I have had
the opportunity of examining amounts to about sixty, and in view of these Mr. See-
bohm’s opinion is inexplicable to me. (Cf. what is said below about the intergra-
dation. See also Ridgway’s very important article in Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 370,
on the same subject.)

294 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

with blackish dusky. The light spots on the sides of the neck are very
pronounced, while only the ear-coverts are perceptibiy light spotted in
pallescens.

It might reasonably have been expected that the Wren occurring on
the two westernmost islands of the Aleutian chain should belong to the
same species as those inhabiting the other ones, viz, 7. alascensis. As
my friend, Robert Ridgway, however, has already given (I. c.) a careful _
comparison of the two forms, I shall here only repeat the most strik-
ing differences between the adults, viz, that pallescens has the posterior
half of both surfaces distinetly barred with dusky, while in the brighter
rusty colored alascensis the whole upper surface is quite uniform, eith-
out any trace of bars, having, besides, a still longer bill.*

The most interesting feature of the two species is perhaps, however,
the fact that the young are even more widely distinct than the adults.
' The young of alascensis are of the same general bright rusty color as
the adults,with the dusky edgings of the feathers on the lower surface
very pale and indistinct, and the crown of the head is not differently
colored from the back.

It might be thought impossible that the short-billed, dark-colored
Jumigatus with the very distinct blackish bars should ever have been
confounded with the long- billed, bright-colored alascensis,which has no
cross-bars whatever on the upper surface, but, nevertheless, we often
see the latter quoted as a mere synonym of the former, and Taczan-
owski, in 1881, still maintains that fumigatus breeds yearly on the
Aleutian Islands (J. f. Orn., 1881, p. 180). For completeness’s sake I
have therefore appended a second tabie of dimensions containing the
measurements of specimens from the American Aleutians and from
Alaska.

It may be stated here that, although I have examined a series of more
than forty specimens, I failed to detect any individual presenting inter-
mediate characters. The complete isolation of the habitats of the three
forms make their intergradation, a priori, more than improbable.

In order to give a true idea of the general color of pallescens it may
finally be said that it comes very near to pale specimens of 7. troglodytes
from Central Europe, from which it is distinguished by the pattern of
the longest tertiary, the markings on the back, the indistinctness of the

* Cf. Frnscu, Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, III, 1872, p. 31, where he states the re-
verse. Itis to be remarked, however, that his specimen, from Kodiak, is T. pacijicus,
and NoT T, alascensis, as he determined it.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 295

superciliary stripe, the well-defined light spots on the auriculars, &c.,
not to speak of differences in the proportions; and from the barred
race from Western Norway, which I have called Troglodytes troglodytes
bergensis, it is, besides, distinguished by its duller color.

I have in another place (Naturen, 1884, p. 34), made the statement
that, besides T. pallescens, [had obtained a specimen of another Trog-
lodytes, which I suspected might be fumigatus, referring to what is No.
92554 of the following list. My reason for so thinking was that the
bill was differently shaped from that of the other specimens which I had
seen, being strongly curved at the tip. The other differences which I
indicated vanish upon a close examination, and the curvature of the bill
is easily explained by the fact that the tip of the lower mandible is
broken off. It certainly belongs to the species here in question.

List of specimens collected.

S a
: ; 3 2 8
s/s Mewes ey ee ie B |
S a Locality. = at & 5 & 5
s 8 $ 3 5 mB e 3 ;
I ° a 8 = 2 th eS 3 3
mg 2 pa edi ey MSO ce been a
Eine E yen sleet ee Nees nee yl teces
mm. | mm. | mm.) mm. mm. | mm,
88994 | 1644 | Bering Island.............. Sept. 20,1882] fad. | 114 |.....- 53 36 13 19
92534 | 1807 |------ donee sera ester ected: Decs 1251889) uade told Si yess se. | 54 | 35 | 14 | 19
92519 | 2213 | Copper Island ............. | June 30, 1883 | fad. | 115 Domo2 35 14 | 19.5
92520 | 2214 |...... done deci hs 2 July 1,1883| fad. | 117 | 23 | 52 | 34 | 18.7] 18.3
PAV OPA PE oooh aisha sini aesteewaceenise le Sic coe L1G, 2h Denia Soalle Leda wtses
92532 | 1703 | Bering Island............-. Oct. 31,1882] 9 ad. | 106 |...... Bl ieee woot ee
92533 | 1914 |.....- Oe ee Ee eee eke Feb. 21,1883] 9 ad. | 114 |...... SOs 34 peewee | 19
92531 | 2015 |...... does ee We Nays F530. May 8, 1883] 9 ad. | 113 |...--- AQ) aS eases | 19
92521 | 2204 , Copper Island -...........-. June 28, 1883 ; 9 ad. | 113 23 49 34 «(18 | 18.5
FAGy OR ROM senna Ba! Mckee ases tae Weck wie | 111.5} 23 | 49.7) 345 138 | 18.6
89132 | 1472 | Copper Island ............. July —, 1882} jun. |...--- PB Ait yR| 35 | 13 | 19
92523 | 2229 )...... OL Pen eee Rises LY | July 5,1883/ 9 juv.| 104 | 16 | 48 | 29 | 11 | 18
92529 | 2230 |...... dot. Byala tien ob en | July 5,1883| ¢ juv.| 106 Tah PoOb ees 9.7 18.5
92528 | 2934]...... Dopreee esse ..-..|July 8,1883| f juv.| 116 | 18 | 51 | 82 | 10.5) 19
92524 | 2973 |...... MOM sereate acest ne | July 20,1883] juv.|113 | 24 | 60 | 35 | 11 | 195
92526 | 2274 |...... Op See Rees Pras oe | July 20,1883 fjuy.| 115 | 23 | 53 | 36 | 11.2) 19.2
92525 | 2275 |...-.- GOP Se piso tt Me | July 20, 1883) gf juv.| 114 | 23 | 54 | 36 | 12 | 18.5
92522 | 2276 |...... Go ........2-.-.--..---| July 20,1883 | gf juv. | 118 Bey 51) lesbo) dale | ag
92527 | 2277 |...... do ......2.............| July 20,1883| 9 juv.| 115 | 25 | 49 | 34 | 11.5 18.8
92530 Be seep AOpen urn e a July 23, 1883 | juv. 121 | 2 | 52 | 87 | 12.7) 19.5

No. 88994.—Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown, at the base of lower mandible lighter, more gray-
ish. Feet brownish gray, darker behind, more yellowish below the toes.

No. 92519.—Bill blackish brown, tomia, base of gonys, and angle of mouth yellowish. Feet light
grayish brown, joints darker.

296 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

No 92532.—Tris dark brown. Bill blackish brown, basal half of tomia and angle of mouth yellowish.
Feet brownish gray. In the stomach remains of spiders and a land snail.

No. 92531.—Feet of a yellowish brownish flesh-color.
No. 92521.—Feet light and clear grayish brown, joints darker,

patch” on abdomen and breast.
No. 92523.—Ivis very dark brown.

Extremely fat.
Not fat.

A large naked ‘breeding

Bill dark grayish brown, lower mandible pale brownish flesh-
color; angle of mouth prominent; bright neaple-yellow. Feet pale brownish gray.
No. 92528 belonged to the same family as Nos. 92523 and 92529.

Table of dimensions.

I.—TROGLODYTES FUMIGATUS TEM.

2 ; A
g a Ss = a 2 |
= Ai 3 g he
4 2D a Locality. es oA a 3
~ be he o 3 aa |
Ss ° ° ° ro a Al gees
A Ss S A A “ o Q =
: 3 3 5 ws 0 S Ee
Zz z 5 = | et ae
b 5 o E m | EF |e || se
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.
91363 | Jouy ...-. 787 | Tate Yama, Japan Nov. 17, 1882 | ad. 50 Ota LO: ie | all tens
913640) 5-2 dress | S28) |leeoe ee GO viiacsi ere eeeraacetee Dec. 2, 1882 is ad. Lleol alk 17
M1566) |22200)45- 5. eisai Se ee GOR oes ree ase ae Dec. 4,1882 '¢ ad. 49 36 | 11 18
IA VOTAMCs sc aac iota eerie ncaa ciee eal eee 50| 36] 10.9 | 17.6
91365 |....do..... 834 | Tate Yama, Japan Dec, 4,1882|9 ad.| 45| 32|10.5| 15.5
S1s67 ee dowes 839 |.....- GO eee ee ee omens | Dec. 4,1882|9 ad.| 47| 32 10 16.2
} —— ———
| AVOLPA POs cac oe 2ooalsSites wae aeene soa tees 46 $2| 10:2) 15.8
88640 |....do..... STL, |PRUgis MANBAY 222) cacts sence: July 20,1882) ¢ 49| 33|10.8| 18.5
' |
II.—TROGLODYTES ALASCENSIS Barrp.
61330 | W.H.Dall.|.....- Unalashka, Alaska Oct. 21, 1871 Id ad.| 51 34 15 20
GlS27)|5- =. doses: 94 | Amaknak Island, Alaska ....) Oct. 22,1871 | ad.| 49 35 14 20
61635-)2522d0) 2222. 288 | Iliulink, Alaska......... Dec. 3,1871|\¢ ad.} 49 32 13.5 19.5
68324 | Adams ...|...... Saint George’s Island, Alaska.|..-...---..--.- J ad.| 51 36 14 19.5
73508 | Nelson....|------ Akontan Island, Alaska May 13,1877 | ad. | 52 33 15 19
vesoteborner ssc) -Iv3')|*Adaska oot cSa2 22 bees cabecc CS eciaaeeeee do ad.} 49 32 14 19
78869 |....do..... VIG WPee G0t25 tee Soe ea eas sso |o ad.| 51 33 15 18.5
WSSt0")| see dor s/ee 2 ees COs fase ose ticeenaces ale secear cen aes Cadel 34 15.5 19
AVCTA 20 et ec ceeces since lericcmseecccesc| seater 50.4 | 383.6} 145 | 19.3
78871 |....do..... APA Miaaicis hI WORSE set re ede eel a Qad.|51 | 32 |14 | 19.3
81340 | Bean...-.- 3897 | Iliuliuk, Alaska......... Oct. 13,1880 9 ad.| 48 | 32 | 14 18.7
49.5 | 32 14 19

The natives of the Commander Islands used to call this species, pecu-
liar to the islands, the “ Limaschinka,” which means a little ‘‘ chew of

tobacco,” obviously in allusion to its color, size, and shape.

On Bering Island the Limaschinka is rather scarce, but it is said that
it was a common bird along its rocky beaches not many years ago.
It seems probable that the growing multitude of the red Arvicola is

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 297

the cause of the diminution. An argument in favor of this opinion
is the fact that the only place where the bird is still found in propor-
tional abundance is on the small islet Toporkoff, where the Arvicola
has not yet made its appearance, nor have its numbers diminished on
Copper Island, where it is still common, and where there are no field-
mice to disturb it.

In general manners of movement, flight, &e., it closely resembles the 7.
hiemalis and T. troglodytes. Itis, however, strictly confined to the rocks,
particularly the steep rugged walls near the shore, and they are fre-
quently met with among the large stones close to the water’s line.
It creeps among the rocks in search of its food, and builds its nest
and rears its young in a deep hole or crack, usually where the stone is
most weathered and brittle, but always so that it is safe from anything
larger than a mouse and which cannot fly. I knew of several holes in
which there were nests, but it was, in every case, quite impossible to
get at them. Its voice is agreeable and vigorous, remarkably so ¢ m-
pared with the size of the bird. Like that of 7. parvulus, it has a great
resemblance to the*song of the canary, but it differs from that of the
European species in being of a somewhat higher and more metallic
sound.

It is needless to remark that the bird is a resident on the island.

Family PARID Ai.
132. Parus kamtschatkensis (BoNApP.).

1826.—Parus carbonarius PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 556 (part).

1826.—Parus palustris PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 557 (part).

1850.—Pecila kamischatkensis BONAP., Consp. Av., I, p. 280 (nee TACZAN., 1872, &e.,
nec SEEB., nec BLAKIST.).—K1TTL., Denkw., I, p. 321 (ef. Bourne, J. f. Orn.,
1859, p. 47).—Taczan., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 390.—DyYBowskKI,
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1883, p. 361.—Parus k. MapARAsz, Zeitschr. Ges.
Orn., I, 1884, p. 77, pl. iv.

1880.—Parus wiemuthi DyBowsk1, MSS.

This bird is a most elegant and distinct species, as already remarked
by Bonaparte. It is rather strange that Taczanowski and others could
apply the name kamtschatkensis to the northeastern form of borealis, as
Bonaparte (I. c.) describes it as “albo-canescens,” while Taczanowski him-
self states that his birds were “schiefer-aschgrau,” slaty ash-colored. It
is one proof more that it usually promotes more confusion to adopt an

older name, the description of which does not exactly fit, than to give

298 | ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

a new name, which may later turn out to be asynonym. The Pecile*
kamtschatkensis of Taczanowski should stand as Parus baicalensis
(SwinH.), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871 (p. 257).t

Parus kamtschatkensis Bp. is one of the most striking looking birds
in the group of the Chickadees. Its light color looks almost pure white
when the lively fellow, busily engaged in the search for insects at the
end of the green branches, flits from birch to birch, and the pretty black
cap gives it a most exquisite appearance.

In spring and summer they were rather scarce, and, therefore, I sup-
pose them to breed only in the pine woods, but during my stay in Petro-
paulski, in September and October, I found them numerous in all the
birch and elder groves of the surroundings. They were usually met in
small flocks of from four to ten individuals, rapidly passing through the
woods, announcing their approach by the vigorous call-note by which
the troup managed to keep together. Whenever any of them had been
too deeply absorbed in the search for food or in a struggle with a big
spider, and found himself left behind, he would sing out an anxious and
inquiring t@, t@, which immediately was answered by one or more of
his comrades with a similar but more rapidly uttered sound, if within
hearing range, whereupon he, with a satisfied t@, ta-@-@-@-@!, would
hurry off to jo them. In all the numerous flocks I met there never
was a Single bird of a different kind.

No specimen of this bird has been obtained from the islands, but it
may sometimes be met with as a straggler from Kamtschatka. The
Cossak, Aleksander Selivanoff, on the 4th of May, 1883, informed me that
in the neighborhood on the village on Bering Island he had seen a small
bird of the size of a Red-poll, but quite white, and with a black head.
While he was fetching his gun, in order to secure it for me, it disap-
peared. It can hardly have been any other bird than the Kamtschat-
kan Chickadee.

* TaczanowsFki writes Pecilia, but Pecile is the original spelling of Kaup. Besides,
Pecilia is preoccupied in 1801 for a fish and in 1802 for a lepidopterous insect. Ihave
been unable to find any structural character which will separate these birds from
Parus. ‘

+ The synonymy would then be: Pecilia kamtschatkensis Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1872,
p. 443 (nec Bp., nec BLAKIST., que japonica).—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 33 bis
(1877).—Jd., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 163.—Parus palustris subsp. camischat-
kensis SEEB., Ibis, 1879, p. 32.—Peacilia borealis ? TAczAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1882, p. 392.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 299

List of specimens collected.

COMHDHHOMDOHHH DMM OD’

é | | S| ‘
Zieg es | | z | va tee
= je [eae gerd Mentaay eet es EF |e
= z Locality. = Ee | 3 a 2
ilies 3 | ba essai al Rh ceaea I oe I kes gy
alos OE Ree ean (le ets h Dee ieee mee
i 3 ma [Preah Wiese alice haaliecs w
= z }a le l|al/el]a |] wa
| mm. | mm. num.) Tyum.!| mm
92562 | 2599 | Petropaulski, Kamtschatka...-.-- Sept. 19, 1883 Ss 130 | 36| 61 | 58
92568 | 2714 |...... dog ethie tt CET NG we nS 1 Sept.27, 1883, | 133 | 28} 66] 59
92573 | 2743 |_..... LOT ee UNG I a fies Oct. 2,1883| ¢ | 131 | 32} 62] 59
PanrOMnereS oss 6cd Ol carn se see eae ees se aaseneue- Oct. 6,1883| ¢ | 130] 29) 65] 58
92563 | 2600 |_..... Oe ee See EE Oa EY. Sept. 19,1883; 9 | 125; 382] Gl] 57
92564 | 2601 |...... ORR ROR eect Hennes Sept. 19,1883; 9 | 12 | 32) 61) ° 57
92565 | 2604 |... AOR ets eal Seer cee Sept. 20,1883; 9 | 126 | 29} 57 | 54 |
92566 | 2605 |._._.. OReRER ieoe eee as cen Sept. 20,1883/ @ | 127| 33] 62| 57 |
92567 | 2606 |...... Ate ame eka Mae BA sae Ae tm) Sept. 20,1883) 9 125, (BL 620), 551
92569 | 2720 |.....- One Mena seh cide Seeee cee ee ute Sept. 29,1883 | @ 132 | S30 62h UT
92570 | 2724 |.....- DOR Ae aoe ae amraeeee Ne eee Sept. 30,1883 9 126 28 63 56
92574 | 2744 |...... COM eee see en OC PAT BSSi sent) (seat Melee le Garay
92583 | 2758 |...... AOR ONE Aah Te Bek cag. vei Oct. 9,1883| 9 | 121| 26] 60| 54
92584 | 2761 |...... OMA ime ete ma cy ce) Ocha lON 883g Ou | Meta eae 62) 54
92571 | 2725 |...... OG see see ee eae ena ae Sept. 20, 1883 |...... 128; 33] 63] 56
92572 | 2742 |...... owe Seana RM deh Ceti ey Oct. 2, 1883)|_2..-. 132) |) 283s) 168) 059
92575 | 2745 |...... Ls es Genera te ip uee ma Uta (OY RAO STISTSE A Resear eS eee 61] 58 9
92577 | 2749 |.....- LOR eee eee ee rae VOct: (7alsssi|zscnee 131| 383) 62] 59 8
92578 | 2750 |...--- Boe eG Paskee en Bw Oct) 7, 1888/2. a6)! Shite. eee ee
92579 | 2751 |...... etn eet Ga tare syne an Ooty Mussa hla Nene 61| 55 9
92580 | 2752 |--.--- dO. ------------.-- 2-202 --eee- OGtiven 1883) Pee nos aestelsect ae 62'| 56 9
92581 | 2753 |..---- GO. -------2---- ---o ee nnn e- 2s: VOGte ris ASSo asec. Sees 63 | 59 8
92582 | 2756 |.----- (Msc costo cdeodescuseosodasesaee | Oct. 7, 1888 |......|....--|------ lneonle mG? 10
| |

Family SYLVID&.

133. Acrocephalus ochotensis (MrIpD.).

1853.—Sylvia (Locustella) ochotensis MIDDENDORE, Sibir. Reise, IJ, 2 (p. 185).—Calamo-
dyta o. TACZAN., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 387.—DyBowskI, Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1883, p. 358.

1858.—Sylvia certhiola KirTiitz, Denkw., II, p. 199 (nec PALt.).

1874.—Locustella subcerthiola SWINHOE, Ibis, 1874, p. 154.—Davip. et Oust., Ois. Chine
(p. 249) (1877).

1883.—Acrocephalus dybowskii STEJNEGER, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1888, p.92.—Id.,
Naturen, 1882, p. 181.

The additional material I collected since submitting my preliminary
report gives little need for further comment. All the additional speci-
mens were taken during early summer. The female (No. 92559) is the
palest one, with a decided cinereous tinge on the nape, corresponding
closely with the male described by Mr. Taczanowski (1. ¢.).

With the same author I agree in his opposition to including this spe-
cies in the genus Locustella.

300 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

6 ; a
Papi 3 3 a
a 6 o ‘
g | 2 3 gj |e Z
: 2 Locality. = Ea = q =
= 3 3 Z 8 S S
2 o > S
a) 3 Sd Se ee ies
S o 8 3S | = oo vA
et s Moloch Sb aeaa lees
Sirs = 2 |}a|/a|/BF]e
cai ob [eee paEeD! 2 3 pitas
|
‘ | mm. |mm. | mm. | min.
89151 | 1251 RGiropad ska een secs eae ee eee ee |July 5,1882! g ad.! 149/...... 70 57
Q2559L9184 | Berinedisiandias 20-26 .csecnesassoeeae | June 21, 1883 | ad.| 152 34 57 52
| |
92560 | 2329 |.-..-... MLO Nee ayant create cree e eens June 28, 1883 | (¢*) ad. |.-----|.----- 70 56
QpobS 2asl aieem a= COP at eaeen Shas onan soe omiceees aes July 13, 1883 | (¢') ad.|-..-..|...... 69 56
92561 | 2307 | Petropaulski .............. See ee cee July —, 1883 BO. | socaselbncces 70| 56
| | |

No. 89151.—The type of Acrocephalus dybowskii STEJNEGER. Iris hazel. Feet clear yellowish
Heeea ee. brown Bill horny, blackish brown; basal half of lower mandible light gray, to-
wards base yellowish, as is also the angle of mouth. Feet clear grayish brown, on the inner side
tinged with yellowish ; toes below yellow. Eggs swollen.

Of this bird which was rather numerous in the vicinity of Petropaul-
ski, I have already given an account in my “ Contributions,” &c., Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 92, which need not be repeated here.

On the 21st of June I obtained a female on Bering Island. It was
shot among the high grass near the beach, between Severnaja Seal-
rookery and Saranna, and was in company with two others of its kind.
Two others were shot and prepared on Bering Island, when I was ab-
sent on atrip to Copper Island. They were both said to be males. It

is only an occasional visitor to the island.

134. Locustella hendersonii (Cass.).

1858.—Sylvia locustella KirTL., Denkw., IT, p. 198 (nec LATH.).

1858.—Lusciniopsis hendersonii Cassin, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1858, p. 194.—Locustella
hendersonit SWINH., Ibis, 1263, p. 444.

1863.—? Locustella minuta SwInu., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 93.

1875.—Locustella lanceolata Swi1nu., Ibis, 1575, p. 449.—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, p. 36.—
BLAKIsT. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 222.—/id., ibid.,
X, 1882, p. 158.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 183.—Taczan., Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, 1882, p. 388.—DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p.
358.—B.LakIstT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 22 (1884).

Seebohm (Brit. Mus. Cat., V, p. 119) describes the under. wing-cov-
erts and the axillaries as “pale chestnut.” In my bird there is not a
trace of such a color; in fact these feathers are of a pale buffish white.
They agree much better with Cassin’s description, where they are
stated to have “a tinge of a very pale reddish.” I have examined Cas-
sin’s type in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, and found it

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 301

to agree perfectly with my birds, which I consider sufficiently distinct
from their western representative,

It was, as I thought, under rather peculiar circumstances that I
made the first acquaintance of the Grasshopper-warbler. From what I
had read about the habits of allied species, and conjectured from the
manners of Acrocephalus ochotensis, I listened for this bird about and
after sunset, wherever willows were abundant, in the marshy valley
bottoms. I recollected the many poetical accounts of ornithological en-
thusiasts waiting in the wet swamps for the moon’s rising over the
white vapors, when the males of Locustella nevia would commence their
strange chirping, and, invisible to the bewitched naturalist, mock
round him like mischievous elves, now pitching their ventriloquous notes
to the left, now to the right, until the gunning poet in bewilderment
and despair sends a shot at random in the direction from whence
the creaking thrills seem to proceed. So I tried patiently to get
enchanted, bewildered, water-soaked, and mosquito-bitten too; but no
Locustella !

It was a very hot day in the summer of 1882, in fact, the last day of
June, that I took an ornithological morning ramble to a broad valley
just behind the rounded hills, upon the sloping base of which Petropaul-
ski is situated. The weather had been dry and warm for a consid-
erable time ; the vegetation was longing for rain, and the soil was gray
and dusty. At last I determined to return, when the tropical rays of
the sun at noon had silenced all birds, and the only living being in the
neighborhood not seeking the cool shade was the mosquito-phobeous
naturalist. Suddenly I was struck by the vigorous and rather pro-
tracted chirp of a heat-despising cricket. Something in its note led me
to wish to get hold of the producer, so I cautiously proceeded in the
direction of the sound. Zirrrrr....-- ! But who describes my astonish-
ment when I found that the supposed cicada was a small bird facing
the sun from the top of a broken and dead bireh! As he did not mind
the noise I made, when breaking my way through the five-feet-high
grass, if LT only took care to stop whenever he interrupted his curious
love-song; his fate was soon sealed. It is needless to say that I now
became an attentive listener to the grating sound of the locusts, and
half an hour later I was rewarded by another male, which I shot from
the outer branches of a leaf-clad Betula ermant.

302 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

List of specimens collected.

3
A MN
a 2 3
Ss S A :
A | 4 3 § | 2 5
3 a Locality. = bo m0 s
3 8 ° a ~
A < = = = 3
- fe a a = hb Ss
mM = a K | sg 8 rs
: ° S
Bed e B ee te ones
8915911240) | Petropamloki:ss cose 2cehscewee se wesc css oeete es | Jnne 30, 1882) gf ad.| 125 DO mecnee
89160 | 1241 |...... db Shetek octet ee ee June 30, 1882| gad.| 120] 58 46

No. 89159.—Iris dark hazel. Bill blackish brown; lower mandible brownish flesh-color. Feet flesh-
color; toes above brownish; below yellowish.
No. 89160.—Tris, bill, and feet as foregoing.

135. Phyllopseustes borealis (BLAS.).

1826.— Motacilla trochilus PALL., Zoogr. Ross, Asiat., I, p. 494 (part, nec LIn.).

1853.—Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) eversmanni MIDD., Sibir. Reise, I, 2, (p. 178, tb. xvi, fig.
1-3) (nec BONAP.).—RADDE, Reisen Siiden Ost-Sibir., II (p. 263) (1863).—
DyBow. & PARVEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 334.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p.
60 (1883).

1858.—Phyllopneuste borealis BLastus, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313.—Jd., Ibis, 1862, p.
68.—SwINHOE, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 356.—TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1871, p. 231.—Tac-
ZAN., J. f. Orn., 1872, p. 358.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., 1875, p. 245.—
Id., Bull, Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 141.—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 388.—Jd., Orn.
Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 26 (1877).—BairD, BREw. & Ripew., B. N. Amer., I,
p. 70 (1874).—Davip & OUSTAL., Ois. Chine (p. 271) (1877).—STEIJNEGER,
Naturen, 1882, p. 182.—Jd., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 71.—Phylloscopus b.
SEEB., Ibis, 1879, pp. 9 and 36.—BLakist. & PRyER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
VIII, 1880, p. 223.—Jid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 159.—NELSON, Cruise Corwin, p. 60
(1883).—BuiaxkisT., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 56 (1884).—Sylvia 6. PALMEN,
Cat. Fish. Exp., Lond. Swed., p. 204.

1858.—Sylvia chloris Kirryirz, Denkw., I, p. 314, and II, p. 200.

1860.—Phylloscopus sylvicultric Swinu., Ibis, 1860, p. 53.—Id., ibid., 1866, p. 295.—
Phyllopneuste s., Id., ibid., 1863, p. 307.—Id., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 295.

1869.—Phyllopneuste kennicotti BAmRD, Trans. Chic. Acad., 1869, I, 2 (p. 313), pl. xxx,
fig. 2.

1872.—Phyllopneuste magnirostris FINscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, III, p. 32 (nec
BuytH).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 808

List of specimens collected.

E | | 4 | Se
° | | n °
A , | 20 : ‘
é | 6 ey xa é Ee g
5 7 S BRS , eS Pa] - g
a ; S Leelee z Se alee 3
k & Locality. = co | && A ae 2 B
@ | 8 | g [essa eves ol ass ge) Sis
A oa | o econ & e ; Oo & D a
; 2 3 a = oe eo | Sf] % g S
72) = a areal eco as | et & aa] a a
i 3 = ea Ealmio Macs Ki a x x
5 |3 E [aa et | eke ie a | a | a
| 1 eore cory z
mm.) mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | Mmm.
§8993 | 1184 | Bering Island ..-...... | June 9,1882| fad.) 124 |......| 67 10 49 10 20
89157 | 1252 | Petropaulski.......-.. | July 6,1882| fad.| 127 eee 69 8 49 10 | on
89158) | 1245 |...... one eee seer ise July 4,1882|¢ad.| 134 |...... MO WAS) 54) 10 20
89133 | 1215 | Copper Island.....-..-. | June 20, 1882 | ¢ ad.| TION essere | 69 11 48 10 oy
92551 | 2141 | Bering Island.........| June 8, 1883 ¢ ad.| 129 | 24} 64] 10] 48) 10 21
92552 | 2148 |...... Papeete eee: | Tune 9,1883|fad.| 134| 34| 68] 10] 48| 10| 21
92553) | 2173!) <2. Goss eee eae ee June 15, 1883 | fad.| 139} 25 err Oe SI A e2a
\ | |
92550 | 2174 | _.... doecetaee eaetas _| June 15, 1883 | ¢* ad. 140 | 24¢| 92 | oan |) 50°) 10 20
92554 | 2179 | ._... Osea bs sda els. | June 17, 1883) fad.| 131) 25| 66) 10; 47; 10} 20
QIsH HOTS es dose esses cess oe. | sue 191883) Hradsl 133) 493 goin dae) 49 seI0 20
| | | |
92556 | 2639 | Petropaulski--...-.-.---- | Sept. 25,1883; gf | 1382) 21 67 ALS ten 9) 9 | 20
| Taal inssall
Average measurements of eleven males..--.- -- ---| 132 25 69 10 49 10 | 20
|

No. 84993.—Ivis dark brown. Bill horny brown, tomia and base of lower mandible yellowish ; angle
of mouth chrome yellow. Feet dark grayish brown, toes below yellow.

No. 92551.—Testes large, swollen.

No. 92553.—F cet clear yellowish brown.

No. 92556.—Iris dark brown. Bill above horny brown, below and at base orange-yellow. Feet
brownish gray, tarsus behind and toes below yellow.

The above specimens have been carefully compared with a series
from Alaska and another from China. But as both are too imperfectly
labeled by the collectors, nothing definite can be said. Both series
show inferior dimensions, which may be ascribed to the occurrence of
females, while the Kamtschatkan series unfortunately only includes
males. But it would seem as if the Alaskan birds have a comparatively
smaller bill and smaller size altogether, and I should not be surprised if
a larger and better determined series of specimens from Alaska would
prove them entitled to rank as a subspecies under the name of Ph. borealis
kennicotti (BAIRD). The case is absolutely parallel to that of Budytes
flavus leucostriatus, offering the same suggestions as to the migratory
route of the Alaskan birds.

304 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Tables of dimensions.

A.—SPECIMENS FROM ALASKA.

yale | = SH
6 | [e eo | 6
A g ' cS | 8 | a
% | 3s 2 | =& : A
5 5 ete , | 3 gS. "| Be] £ | 3
& 2 aol Locality. 5S 2 me é °
3 S eu 5 cz Fret hes Fer ah 2
A 5 S| 5 ie a es | ae,.2 | @ | g
os 2 |2 By eel ost apes ae ree eee
5 ) | 3 p os
b o o e o|EF ja a} ale
| mm. | mm.|mm.|mm. | mm.
45909*| Pease......- 178 | Saint Michael’s, | Aug. 16, 1866 |...-.- 60.) 9) AB 91) p= 120
| Alaska. | | |
75416 | Nelson ..... ASS) ie OO setae nace | AraipxQans77 (2.22.2 €O | 7 42 | 9 20
M5154. sont. 2. HBO LE Aone oh Ow | Aug.31, 18771 gf -{| 65> 9|- 46) 8) 1 \o0
Average measurements of three adults -.--...----..------ aes = 62 | 8 44) 9 | 20
73417 | Nelson ...- 463 | Saint Michael’s, | Aug.31,1877; juv.| 59 10| 41] 8&5 18
; |
| | Alaska. | | |
UA EE, m if
B.—SPECIMENS FROM CHINA.
eT ? LA Sa a, RS iis | | | |
86088 | Jouy & Dale.| 147 Hong-Kong .-.....-- | | Sept. 25, 1881 }.-..... CAs lL fare ita 20
BGE092 he Ado eseke! 152 | Kowloon, China...... Sept. 28,1881} Qad.| 63/ 410 | 41} 9.5 20
| |
86110 e dOwe sac hy si | Hong-Kong.......-.- | Oct. OSS Beenos 64 | 11) 45/ 10 20
88504 | Swinhoe... | (1) | Amoy, China ........ fw See ae ene aae | ee |. | eae tee 19
Gebab Hannelore wie |o8 8 br oa eee eae | May —, 1866 |...... ae has | 46| 9.5 20
Average measurements of five specimens........--..-------..-. | 65 10 45 | 10 | 20
| | |
* Type of PA. kennicottt Bairv. + Labeled Phyllopneuste sylvicultria.

The Arctic Willow-warbler is one of the commonest summer birds in
the neighboring birch and elder groves of Petropaulski.

They are not known to breed on the islands, where they have been
collected only during the spring migration. In 1882 I shot only one
specimen on each island, but during the “ bird-wave” of 1883, they were
plentiful in the northern part of Bering Island.

The birds occurring on the islands belong to the same stock as those
inhabiting the mainland of Kamtschatka. As already mentioned, the
individuals from Alaska seem to travel on a route not touching Kam-
tschatka.

136. Phyllopseustes xanthodryas (SWINH.).

1863.— Phylloscopus xanthodryas SWINHOE, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 296.— SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1877,
p. 71.— BuakistT. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VIII, 1880, p. 223.— Sid.,
ibid., X, 1882, p. 159.—Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 283.— BLAKIST.,
Amend. List B. Jap., p. 16 (1884).— Phyllopneuste x. SwWINH., P. Z. §., 1871,
p. 355.— Davip & OusT., Ois. Chine (p. 258) (1871).

This species is said to be distinguished from Ph. borealis in having
the underparts more yellowish, a larger size, and a longer first pri-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 305

mary. The latter two distinctions are formulated by Seebohm (Cat.
Brit. Mus., V, p. 38) thus: “ Exposed portion of bastard primary 0.3 to
0.35 inch [7.6 to 8.9™™] in adults; 0.4 to 0.45 [10 to 11.4™™] in birds of the
year” in borealis, against “0.5 to 0.6 inch” [12.7 to 15.2™™] in wanthodryas,
and “length of wing 2.7 to 2.4 inches” [69 to 61™™| in borealis, against
2.85 to 2.6 inches” [72 to 66™™] in xanthodryas.

Comparing these measurements with those of borealis given by me in
the table under the head of the latter species, it is evident that the
individual variation, even in the same sex, is as great as the difference
between the maximum of the larger and the minimum of the smaller spe-
cies, as given by Seebohm. It will furthermore be seen that the average
measurements of the first primary in my series is equivalent to the min-
imum length of the corresponding feather of the young bird, as stated
by Seebohm, and that only one or two, out of eleven, have a bastard pri-
mary as small as the maximum given by the latter author. It is there-
fore evident that, for instance, No. 89158, in regard to the dimensions,
should rank as Ph. ranthodryas. It agrees, however, so closely with the
others of the same series in color that there can be no thought’of sep-
arating it from these.

Below are given the dimensions of two genuine Ph. xanthodryas col-
lected by Mr. Jouy in Japan, one a bird in summer plumage, the other
one shot in the autumn. They are both males, as are all my specimens
of borealis. A comparison of their dimensions gives the same results as
above; they differ in no way, the largest of the two being even a trifle
smaller than the largest borealis. The first primary is, however, in both,
longer than the average of borealis, although in the smaller specimen
it is a little shorter than the longest first primary in borealis. But the
color is decidedly much more yellowish than in the ele en specimens
belonging to the latter species.

It may here be well to remark that not only are the two Japanese
specimens completely uniform in color inter se, but there is not the slight-
est difference between the specimen No. 92556 of borealis in autumnal
plumage and the other ten obtained during the spring and summer
months.*

Finally it may be stated that there is no difference in color whatever

* That the relative length of the second and sixth primaries is of little value is evi-
dent from the fact that in No. 75416 from Alaska the sixth is longer than the second,

20

306 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

between the two Japanese specimens and No. 92557 * shot at Petropaul-
ski on the last day of September, 1883, the dimensions of which are
given below. It is superior in size to the smaller of the Japanese birds,
while its color is of exactly the same yellowish shade, and the length
of the first primary is considerably [2.6™™] greater than the maximum
length of the same portion of the quill in the young borealis.

My reasons for referring this single specimen to the Japanese species
may be clearly seen from the above statements without further comment.
But the question presents itself whether there is no intergradation be-
tween the two forms. The dimensions certainly intergrade, but not
having seen or heard of intermediately colored forms I abstain from
naming the present bird Ph. borealis canthodryas.

Dimensions of the specimen collected.

3 . 2
A a Sa shee
Z : 3 Se
5 « S » ; E S :
| A A 4 3 als kal £
fs 2 2 Locality. = bo g BE | 2
= he iH ° A 2 &| +
° ° ° oO ma So =
e 8 3 = aes 32| 8
: ® ® ° ° a e to OH ot
nH = = a & 2 tA 8 aA tA
: ° ° 2 s K Ss
b 5 5 - q/alal]Fe \|a A
mm, | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
92557 | Stejneger 7 2722 | Petropaulski ---..------ Sept. 30, 1883 | ad. 132 24 67 | 14 48
Table of dimensions of specimens from Japan.
Onl a ee ee
3 .
4 Bp a
a 5 : =] 13 oe
5 a S 2 s E £3 ne
a A A : 3 3 4fcs 6g| &
Pec a 2 Locality. o po oe a ni 8
3 P ei E 8 | & eee
A 2 » 3 = @ on s
‘ o Srl a a = a oh 32 o
EM rahe he Be Se ee
2 ° °
Biche On e &2ia|aea|F |e -
| | mm. |mm. | mm. | mm. | mm
88624 | Jouy ..--. 573 | Fuji, Japan.--...-...-- July 20, 1882 | ad. |....--|------ 71| 15 52
91374 |...do .-.-- 682) |: Tapanereseeesee ee eaaee Oct. 3, 1882 |¢ ad.|.-.--.|------ 65| 12 47

Only one specimen was obtained in the neighborhood of Petropaul-
ski, the species thus presumably being scarce. It was the last Willow-
warbler I saw during the autumn of 1883.

*The yellow color of these birds is of a very different tint from that of the young
borealis, being of a clear yellow, suffused with greenish, while in the latter the yellow
is duller and tinged with buff. It may perhaps not be unnecessary to state that No.
92557 is not a bird of the year, ;

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 307

Family TURDID&.

»
137. Turdus eunomus TEMM.

1836.—Turdus fuscatus PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., I, p. 451, tab. xii (nee VIEILL., 1807).—
MIpD., Sibir. Reise Zool., I, 2 (p. 172) (1853).—ScHRENCK, Reise Amurl., I,
p. 354 (1860).—Swinu., P. Z. 8., 1862 (p. 317).—Id., ibid., 1863, p. 280.—Id.,
ibid., 1871, p. 366.—Id., Ibis, 1863, I, pp. 93, 277.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 157.—
BLakIsT., Ibis, 1862, p. 319.—Zd., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 17 (1884).—
Buakist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 241.—Jid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VILL
1880, p. 227.—Jid., ibid., 1882, p. 167.—RappkE, Reisen Siid. Ost-Sibir. (p. 236)
(1863).—PRZEWALSKI, Putesch. Ussur. Suppl. (n. 96) (1870).—F 1nscu, Verh.
Zool. Botan. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 257.—Taczanowskl, J. f. Orn., 1872, p.
457.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 246.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 193.—
Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876 (p. 147).—Id., ibid., 1882, p. 388.—Id.,
Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 31 (1877).—Hrueuin, J. f. Orn., 1874, p. 397.—
Borau, J. f. Orn., 1880, p. 121.—Id., ibid., 1881, p. 56.—Id., ibid., 1882, p.
334.—Jovuy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 279.

1831.—Turdus eunomus TEMM., Pl. Color., II, 87 livr., pl. 514.—DyBowskr & PARVEX,
J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 333.

1877.—Turdus dubius DrEssER, Birds of Eur., (pt. lviii).—SrEBouM, Ibis, 1879, p. 3.

A single specimen of this handsome Thrush was obtained on Bering
Island between the sand-dunes opposite the village on the 3d of J une,
1883. It is only a rare straggler from Kamtschatka.

At Petropaulski I met a small flock of this species May 15, 1883, and
shot, but only wounded, one.

Specimen collected.

6 F

A Sp

a : co :

5 6 2 a e aes

a A S o q co ape

43 2 Locality. = 2p 1 x g

GI & ° A 2 zB)

A = 2 te & o &

: 3 a Neetu = a th a

2 2 ot | 4 Soy a | a 2

bis e he et hte yee

mm. | mm.| mm. | mm.

SOUL On eBerme sland: saeco oeekee seme. oO. June 3, 1883 Pad. 244 50 123 86

*Tris dark brown. Bill horny black,” except the basal three- fourths of upper tominm and lower
mandible, except tip, pale orange. Feet pale grayish brown. Very fat. Stomach contained remains of
Staphylinide. :

138. Turdus obscurus GMEL.
1788.—Turdus obscurus GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 816.—MIDD., Sibir. Reise, I, 2 (p.
169) (1853).—RappE, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sib. (p. 235) (1863).—DyB. & PaRV., J.
f. Orn., 1868, p. 333.—Swinu., P. Z. S8., 1871, p. 367.—Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 443.—
TACZAN., J. f. Orn., 1872, p. 440. —Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id., ibid., 1875, p.
246, Pa Fa cae 1876, p. 193.—Jd., ibid. 1881, p- 182.—Jd., Bull. Soe. Zool.
Fr. 1876, p. 148.—Jd., ibid., 1882, p. 388. aig Orn. Fauna Viokt: Sibir., p. 32
« (1877).— Dav. & OusT., Ois. Chine (p. 153) (1877).— SEEB., Ibis, 1879,
p. 4.—Buak. & PRrYEr, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1820, p. 227.—Jid., ibid., X,
1882, p. 165.—Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 277 (part).—Buak. Sane a
List B. Jap., p. 59 (1884).
1826.—Turdus pallens PALL., Zoogr. R. As., I, p.457.—TemM. & SCHL, F. Jap., Av. (p.
63, pl. xxvii) (1847), —KIr1.. Doalew: , Il, p. 234 (1858). _ Swine. , Ibis, 1860,
p. 56,

308 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

As a whole, my specimens are considerably paler than a series of birds
from Japan, collected by Mr. Jouy. Since the latter are autumnal
specimensin fresh plumage, the difference may only be seasonal, however.

The coloration is very much the same in all the specimens, except in
No. 92511, which is much brighter and deeper tinged, both above and

underneath, than any of the others.
List of specimens collected.

b &
a : a a
a | & 3 Zag ei
S 2 Locality. S Se is s
a 5 2 < a 5 S
A 3 fa Z 3 ie a
: g 8 8 =| to | &
“wl é 4 | Se) Be
b | 35 E 8. (Sy er eee
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
92511 | 2149 | Bering Island..---.---------s+%+---+777" June 10,1883} ¢ ad. | 215 41 | 121 81
92513 D750 Ween On peor mee en cee seem eaane nam June 11,1883! ¢ ad. | 228 40 | 125 86
92509 | 2170 |.----- Gi eS 8 Se soca os toot June 13,1883 | 9 ad. | 226 38 | 119 79
92508 | 2175 |.----- GO. cbt ec Sets cw eo celidwleim noosa en June 13, 1883 | Q ad. | 227 40 | 120 82
92510 | 2176 |.--.-- DOscksccewecaksecsecasleeWclawene hms = June 15,1883} 9 ad. | 221 83 | 124 78
92512 | 2181 | -..25~ GOsn ston cee se see easw dame emnecces June 17,1883 | Q ad. | 228 32 | 126 83

No. 92513.—Iris dark brown. Bill horny blackish brown; lower mandible, except tip, which is dusky,
tomia, and angle of mouth pale orange-yellow. Naked eye-ring and lower eyelash light yellowish gray.
Feet, including claws, clear yellowish gray.

Nos. 92508, 92509, 92510.—Very fat. Eggs small, undeveloped.

No. 92512.—Feet more yellow than any of the foregoing.

A few individuals of this Thrush usually visit Bering Island in the
spring, without any regularity, however. In 1883 the first was ob-
served on one of the first days of June, and during the week between
the 10th and the 17th of the same month, two males and four females
were secured. They were extremely shy, and always single.

139. Ianthia* cyanura (PALL.).

1776.—Motacilla cyanurus PAL., Reisen Russ. Reichs, II (app., p. 709).—Id., Zoogr.
Ross. As.. I, p. 490 (1826).—Lusciola c. Trem. & SCHLEG., Fn., Jap. Av. (p. 54,
pl. 21) (1847).—L. (Nemura) c. SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., II, p. 361 (1860).—
Sylvia (Nemura) e. Mipp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 177, tb. 15, f. 5) (4853).—
Rappz, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibir., II (p. 258) (1863).—Nemura c. BuAKIsT., Ibis,
1862, p. 318.—DyYBow. & ParveEX, J. f. Orn., 1868, p. 334.—PRZEW., Putesch.
Ussur. (n. 53) (1870).—TaAcZAN., J. f. Orn., 1872, p.364.—Id., ibid., 1874, p.
335.—Id., ibid., 1875, p. 246.—Id., ibid., 1876, p. 193.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost.
Sibir., p. 27 (1877).—Borau, J.f. Orn., 1880, p. 117.—Id., ibid., 1881, p. 55.—
STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 180.—Ianthia c. SWINH.,- Ibis, 1863, pp. 91,
298.—1d., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 290.—Id., ibid., 1871, p. 359.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867,
p. 197.—Davip & OUST., Ois. Chine (p. 231, pl. 28) (1877).—BLakIsT. &
PrYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 239.—Jid., ibid., Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VI, 1880, p.
9224.—I. (Nemura) c. Tid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 161.—Tarsiger c. Jovy, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 281.—BLAKIST., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 58 (1884).

* Nemura, Nemoura, and Nematura are all preoccupied in zoology and are therefore in-
applicable. The propriety of uniting the type of Zanthia and its nearest allies with the

forms comprising the genus Tarsiger seems rather doubtful to me.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 309

1860.—Nemura rufilata Swinu., This, 1860, p.54 (nec Hopes.).—Janthia r. Id., ibid.,
1861, p. 1861, p. 329.—Jd., ibid., 1862, pp. 261, 264.—Id., P. Z. 8., 1862, p. 316.

One of the rarest stragglers which the “ bird-wave” forced over to the
inhospitable shores of Bering Island was a specimen of this delicately-
built and exquisitely-colored species. It was secured during my ab-
sence in Petropaulski and prepared by my faithful native assistant,
Nikanor, or “the professor,” as he was usually styled. The determi-
nation of the sex (by dissection) and the measurement of the total
length were also made by him.

Even in Kamtschatka the Bluestart is a rare bird, and I believe that
this is the first record of it having been taken there. One hot day in
July, 1882, when seeking the shades of the birches on the hillock oppo-
site Petropaulski, I met a splendid male of this lovely bird, the only
one I have ever seen alive. I had just laid down for a moment’s rest
in the dense grove when he perched on a branch right over my head,
wagging his sky-blue tail rapidly up and down. I did not dare wait
until I could get a longer shot, for if he took to the wing he would have
been gone forever. So, feverish with excitement, I lifted my gun, but
aimed nevertheless too well. When at last I found the mutilated body,
literally without head and tail, I could have cried at my misfortune
but for the hope that another might soon get within range of my cane-
gun. But the other did not come, and the chirping titlarks found me
on several succeeding days posted in vain at the same spot. The re-
mains, however, were sufficient for identification.

Dimensions of specimen. collected.

Locality.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
Collector’s No.
When collected.

Sex and age
Total length.
Tail-feathers.

mm.| mm.) mm.
925187}52070; |) Bering: Tsland. 52.-2--2cc2 occu seekouecnces ccc: May 21, 1883 | (*) ad.| (123) | 72 | 59

140. Melodes calliope (PALL.).

1776.—Motacilla calliope PaLu., Reise Russ. Reich., III (p. 697).—Lusciola ec. Tem. &
SCHLEG., Faun. Jap. Aves (p. 57) (1847).—Sylvia c. Kirrt., Denkw., I, p.
314, II, p. 199 (1858).—Melodes ec. Buasivs, List B. Eur., p. 10 (1862).—
Erithacus c. BLAKIST., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 58 (1884).

310 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. -

1788.—Twrdus camtschatkensis GMEL., Syst. Nat., I, 2, p. 817.—Sylvia (Calliope) kamtschat-
kensis Miwp., Sibir. Reise, II, 2 (p. 174) (1853).—Lusciola (C.) k. SCHRENCK,
Reise Amurl., I, p. 359 (1860).—Calliope camischatkensis SWINH., P. Z. S.,
1871, p. 359.—Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1872, p. 433.—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 335.—Id.,
ibid., 1876, p. 193.—Id., ibid., 1881, p. 181.—Id., Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., p. 27
(1877).—Id., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 143.—Id., ibid., 1830, p. 136.—
Id., ibid., 1882, p. 388.—Davip & OvstT., Ois. Chine (p. 235) (1877).—
BuAKIst. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 289.—id., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII,
1880, p. 225.—lid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 161.—STEsNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 181.—
Id., ibid., 1884, p. 6.

Kamtschatka’s Nightingale, one of the loveliest birds I ever saw or
heard, breeds plentifully round Petropaulski, especially in the sunny
alder-groves on the slopes above and behind the town. In the late
spring-of 1883 I shot the first male arrivals on the 22d of May. It was
absolutely silent, creeping shyly among the lower branches ef the bushes.
Durifg the following autumn I met several in the latter part of Sep-
tember. They were found especially in a narrow valley on the eastern
side of the graveyard, the same place where Kittlitz, more than fifty
years ago, had collected his specimens during the same season of the
year. About the 1st of October all had left. .

A single straggler was shot on Bering Island January 29, 1883.
It has the throat and chin white, with some mottlings of the lovely
scarlet, which adorns these parts in the adult male. On the island it is
only an accidental visitor.

List of specimens collected.

4 — —EESSS——

6 “
i gf
a 2 3 7S
= 2 2 . : E ;
ae} 3 Bs el re
SS 2 Locality. = a oe a 4
eS B 2 = S = =
A S S a x o : 3
. 2 a os « 2 to oS
Be |r FS a sk an ee rab
tae E <q |s |a|/F]a
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
89155 | 1232 Petropaulski .......-.-------++---------| Jume 27, 1882 | dad.) 167 |------ 79 63
89156 | 1236 |.----. Oise ee cee see arise cents se isiecaisieleletn June 29,1882) f ad. | 175 |..---- 79 64
92514 | 2050 |.-..-- WO: Oise ce eee eae aes eee eres - em May 22,1883| fad. | 172 45 |... en} evecns
92517 | 2330 | Bering Island.-..-...-----------------+-- June 29, 1883 | of 2ad.|..----|------ 76 57
92515 | 2306 | Petropaulski ...-..--.-----------+------ July —, 1883 Oe eee | eaters 77 65
92516 | 2593 |.----- WO eect mee ae eee ciepiciniele’= mem imioin Sept. 18,1883) of 170 38 78 62
2642 |....-. CO) caesar Soest ease melee noletee eee Sept. 25, 1883 | 164 34 | -sece|----=0
|

No. 89155.—Iris dark brown. Bill brownish black. Feet grayish brown, hind part of tarsus shin-
ing whitish. 6

No. 89156.—As foregoing. Inside of mouth blackish brown.

No. 92514.—Iris dark brown. Bill horny grayish black. Feet dark pearl gray, below lighter with -
a livid tinge. Inside of mouth blackish. Testes large, swollen, dark olive gray.

No. 92516.—Bill horny blackish brown, paler at base of lower mandible; angleof mouth pale yellow;
interior of mouth pale orange. Feet of a dark silvery gray with a brownish violet tinge, and tarsus
white behind. Testes small, black.

No. 2642.—Bill horny blackish brown, pale flesh-color at base of lower mandible. Otherwise like
the foregoing. 4

IL—SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS REPORTED TO
INHABIT KAMTSCHATKA.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS REPORTED TO INHABIT
KAMTSCHATKA.

The chief sources of our knowledge of the Kamtschatkan ornis are
the explorations of Steller, Vossnessenski, v. Kittlitz, Dybowski, and my-
self, but the localities from which reliable information has been gathered
are very few and limited, considering the area of the country, the greater
part of which is still a terra incognita. We know next to nothing about
the distribution of the species all along the western coast, and absolutely
nothing about the birds on the eastern side north of Nischnij Kam-
tschatka. We know very little, if anything, about the relations of the
two coasts of the peninsula inter se ; we do not know much more about
the birds of the mountains and their vertical distribution ; and we are
ignorant of the northern limits of most of the species.

The following list, therefore, only attempts to enumerate the species
which have been recorded from Kamtschatka (including the Commander
Islands) without going into details. The figures in parenthesis following
the name refers to the page of this volume where the references belong-
ing to the species will be found. The other species are provided with
the necessary references.

A few names, more or less generally credited to Kamtschatka with-
out there being any reliable authority for the statements, are given
without a number.

COLYMBOIDEAL.

1. Colymbus holbcellii (REINH.) (p. 11).
2. Colymbus auritus (LIN.) (p. 14).

ALCOIDE 4.

3. Urinator adamsii (GRAY) (p. 14).
Whether U. imber also occurs is doubtful, but not improbable.
4. Urinator arcticus (LIN.).
Colymbus arcticus KiTTL., Denkw., I, p. 330.—Taczan., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, p. 398.
313

314 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

5. Urinator lumme (GuUNN.) (p. 15).

6. Uria lomvia arra (PALL.) (p. 17).

7. Uria troile californica (BRYANT) (p. 20).
Cepphus mandtii (LIcHT.).

Schlegel (Mus. P. B. Urinat., p. 19) enumerates as No. 5 of Alca grylle an “‘Individu
au plumage parfait, et au miroir dun blanc pur; mais au ventre varié d’un petit
nombre de plumes blanches, restes du plumage d’hiver, Kamtschatka, 1862.” There
can be no doubt that this specimen is referable to mandtii, which, consequently,
sometimes comes as far down as Kamtschatka, provided the locality be correct.

8. Cepphus columba PALL. (p. 21).

9. Cepphus carbo PALL. (p. 21).

10. Brachyramphus marmoratus (GM.).
TaczaNn., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 345.

11. Brachyrampus kittlitzii BRANDT.

The original specimens came from Petropaulski (Brandt, Mel. Biol., |
VEL, pp. 215): |

Taczanowski (I. c.) mentions two specimens of a Brachyramphus ob-
tained in Kamtschatka by Dr. Dybowski as different from marmoratus,

without determining the species. They probably belong here.
12. Synthliboramphus antiquus (GM.) (p. 23).
Ptychoramphus aleuticus (PALL.).

According to Lichtenstein’s “Nomenclator Avium Musei Berolinensis” (1854), p.
105, the collection of the Berlin Museum contains a single specimen from ‘‘Kam-
tschatka.” The locality needs confirmation, however.

13. Simorhynchus pygmeus (GmM.) (p. 23).
14. Simorhynchus cristatellus (PALL.) (p. 32).
15. Simorhynchus pusillus (PALL.) (p. 35).
16. Cerorhinca monocerata (PALL.).
Chimerina cornuta DyBow., Orn. Centrbl., 1882, p. 28.
17. Cyclorhynchus pstittaculus (PALL.) (p. 38).
18. Lunda cirrhata PALL. (p. 43).
19. Fratercula corniculata (NAUM.) (p. 59).

LAROIDEA.

20. Larus glaucescens NAUM. (p. 62).
21. Larus glaucus BRUNN.

Taczan., B. 8. Z. F., 1883, p. 341.
22. Larus schistisagus STEIN. (p. 67).

This is, in all probability, the bird which Taczanowski has recorded .
as ‘ Larus pelagicus Bruch,” a name which belongs to L. dominicanus as
asynonym. It is also probably the same which Schlegel records from
Kamtschatka as ZL. occidentalis, and Finsch (Ibis, 1879, p. III), as L.
affinis.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 315

? Larus borealis BRANDT.
TACZAN., B.S. Z. F., 1882, p. 397.

“Des Oiseaux et des wufs de Vile Behring.” Probably L. glaucescens is meant; or
else it is L. cachinnans with an erroneous locality, for this latter species does not
breed on Bering Island.

23. Larus cachinnans PALL.

At the entrance to Avatcha Bay I observed a number of these birds
during the latter part of September, 1883.

24. Larus kamtschatchensis (BP.) (p. 73).
25. Larus canus LIN. (p. 76).
26. Larus ridibundus Lin. (p. 76).
Rhodostethia rosea (MACGILL.).

Two specimens in immature plumage are in the museum of Mayence, said to have
come from Kamtschatka.

Mr. Howard Saunders gives a detailed account of them in the Ibis for 1875, pp. 484—
487, but doubts the correctness of the statement as to the locality, as follows:

“The history of these specimens is not very satisfactory. They were purchased
some years ago from the Maison Verreaux, and were stated to have come from Kam-
tschatka. When thelate M. Jules Verreaux was staying with me, in 1870, I had a good
deal of conversation with him about Laride and the Biirch collection, and I remember .
his expatiating upon the beauty, and especially the lovely rose-tint, of two specimens
which he had sent to the Mayence Museum ; he also persisted that they really did
come from Kamtschatka, and that he had them from a Pole who had been there. It
was impossible to contradict him; but for various reasons, upon which I need not
enlarge, I was skeptical as to the locality, and continue to be so. It is true that
another Arctic species (Xema sabinii) has been found breeding in both continents; but
then its range can be traced from Greenland right across the American continent, and
it is quite natural that it should pass into Siberia; whereas the Americans, with all
their energy and research, have hitherto failed to acquire a single specimen of Rho-
dostethia rosea, either in their own Alaska possessions or in those portions of Kam-
tschatka visited by the United States Telegraph Surveying Expedition, which was
accompanied by most able naturalists. In fact, what little we do know about this
gull tends to show that its habitat is extremely restricted ; but upon this point it is
needless to say more, as our Arctic expedition will, we trust, give us some further
account of it.”

Now that we know that N ordenskjold’s Vega expedition obtained a
Specimen on the northeastern coast of Siberia, and the Point Barrow
party collected numerous specimens at that locality, the occurrence of
stragglers of the species in question on the coast of Kamtschatka is

not stranger than its accidental appearance in Yorkshire or in Heligo-
land. ~

27. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Srrsn. (p. 78).
28. Rissa brevirostris (BRUCH) (p. 82).
29. Gavia alba (GUNN.).
Taczan., B.S. Z. F., p. 1883, 341.
‘30. Sterna camtschatica PAL. (p. 83).
31. Sterna paradisea Brinn. (p. 85).

316 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

?? Sterna leucoptera SCHINZ.

The statement of Pallas that this spécies (St. fissipes, Z. R. A., II, p. 338) ‘also
occurs in Kamtschatka” is tuo vague to be accepted without confirmation.

32. Stercorarius parasiticus (LIN.) (p. 86).
33. Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL. (p. 87).

PROCELLAROIDEA.

34. Diomedea albatrus PALL. (p. 89).
35. ? Diomedea nigripes AUDUB.
TaczaN., B.S. Z. F., 1882, p. 398.

This species is enumerated with a query, since there is a probability
that the bird recorded from “les rivages du Kamtschatka” is nothing
but a young D. aldatrus.

36. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa STEJN. (p. 91).
37. Puffinus tenuirostris (TEMM.) (p. 96).
? Gistrelata desolata (GM.).

A specimen in the Leyden Museum is said by Bonaparte (Consp. Av., I, p. 189)
and Schlegel (Mus. P. B. Procell., p. 13) to have come from Kamtschatka. Like
similar statements it requires confirmation.

38. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (YIFILL.) (p. 97).
39. Oceanodroma furcata (GM.) (p. 98).

SCOLOPACOIDE.

40. Hematopus osculans (SWINH.) (p. 100).
41. Arenaria interpres (LIN.) (p. 102).
42. Charadrius squatarola (LIN.) (p. 103).
43. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (GmM.) (p. 104).
44. Aigialitis mongola (PALL.) (p. 105).
45. Gallinago gallinago (Lin.) (p. 110).
46. Gallinago hyemalis (EWERSM.) ?
TaczaNn., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 340.
47. Arquatella couesi (Rinew.) (p. 112).
48. Actodromas acuminatus (HorsF.) (p. 115).
49. Actodromas damacensis (HorRSsr.) (p. 116).
50. Actodromas ruficollis (PALL.) (p. 118).
51. Actodromas temminckii (LEIsSL.) (p. 119).
52. Pelidna alpina pacifica (CoUES) (p. 120).
Tringa cinclus Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 125.
53. Calidris arenaria (LIN.) (p. 122).
54. Limosa lapponica baueri (NAUM.) (p. 122).
55. Limosa egocephala melanuroides (GOULD).

Limosa melanura KitTt., Denkw., II, pp. 294, 314.—L. melanuroides Taczan., B.
S. Z. F., 1883, p. 340.—Boepan., C. A. I. R., I, p. 85.

56. Pseudototanus guttifer (NORDM.) (p. 124).

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 317

57. Totanus nebularius (GUNN.) (p. 128).
58. Totanus ater (SANDER) (p. 129).
59. Totanus glareola (LIN.) (p. 130).

60. Pavoncella pugnax (LIN.).
Trynga pugnax PALLAS, Z.R. A., II, p. 191:

“In Camtschatca raro apparent.” Dybowski’s hunter secured two
specimens on Bering Island during the spring migration of 1883.
61. Actitis hypoleucos (LIN.) (p. 131).
62. Terekia cinera (GULD.) (p. 132).
63. Heteractitis incanus (GM.) (p. 132).
64. Heteractitis brevipes (VIEILL.) (p. 137).
65. Numenius cyanopus (VIKILL.).

N. arguata Mivp., Isep. Russl., p. 125.
N. australis SCHRENCK, R. Amurl., I, p. 433; Bogpan., C. A. I. R., I., p. 82.
N. tahitiensis TAczAN., B. S. Z. F., 1532, p. 397, and 1883, p. 340.

66. Numenius phzopus variegatus (SCOP.) (p. 138).
67. Phalaropus lobatus (LIN.) (p. 139).
68. Crymophilus fulicarius (LIN.) (p. 140).
It may be added here that Merck observed this species, “ circa Cam-

tschatcam,” according to Pallas (Z. R. A., I, p. 205).

GRUOIDE2.
69. Grus grus orientalis (BLYTH)?

Steller (Beschr. Kamtsch., p. 142) speaks of the crane, and “ Grus vul-
garis” is said by Pallas (Z. R. A., II, p. 106) to have been observed in
Kamtschatka during the migrations. The natives of Bering Island
also told me of a bird, according to their description evidently a Crane,
which is occasionally seen at the island. The specific name as given
above is merely conjectural, of course.

ANATOIDEZ.

70. Anser segetum middendorffi (SEVERZ.) (p. 141).
A. 8. MIDD., Isep. Russl., p. 126.

Taczanowski mentions two species of Geese of this group from Kam-.
tschatka: “A. grandis MipD.” and “A. segetum Lin.” Probably both
belong to the present species.

71. Anser albifrons gambeli (HaRTL.) p. (145).
A, a, Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 126.

72. Chen hyperboreus (PALL.).
Anser h. PALLAS, Z. R. A., II, p. 228:

‘‘Rarissimi apparent in Camtschatca.” During the early autumn of
1883 the native hunters on Bering Island observed what they called
“Swans with black wings,” probably individuals of this species,

318 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

73. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (RIcH.) (p. 147).

“Anser pictus,” Kirry., Denkw., Il, p. 384, by the inhabitants called

“‘Bjeloscheika” (= white-throat), is probably this species.

74. Branta nigricans (LAwR.) (p. 149).
75. Cygnopsis cygnoides (PALL.).

PALLAsS, Z. R. A., II, p. 219.—Taczan., B. 8S. Z. F., 1883, p. 343.
76. Olor cygnus (LIN.) (p. 149).
77. Olor columbianus (ORD) (p. 150).
78. Anas boschas (LIN.) (p. 152).
79. Dafila acuta (LIN.) (p. 153).
80. Nettion crecca (LIN.) (p. 155).
81. Querquedula querquedula (LIN.) (p. 156).
82. Eunetta falcata (GEORGI) (/p. 156).

Anas f. Mrivp., Isep. Russl., p. 126.
83. Eunetta formosa (GEORGI).

Taczan., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 343.
84. Mareca penelope (LIN.) (p. 157).
85. Mareca americana (Gm.) (p. 158).
86. Spatula clypeata (LIN.) (p. 159.)
87. Aythya fuligula (LIN.) (p. 160).
88. Aythya marila (LIN.) (p. 160).

2? Aythya ferina (LIN.).
During the spring of 1883 a Duck was described to me by a Bering Island hunter as

being exactly like the ‘‘ Tschernick” (A. marila), but with red instead of black head.
He had seen a pair in Kamennij Valley. They may have belonged to this species.

89. Clangula clangula (LIN.) (p. 163).

90. Charitonetta albeola (LIN.) (p. 166.)

91. Histrionicus histrionicus (LIN.) (p. 166).
92. Harelda hyemalis (LIN.) (p. 169).

93. Eniconetta stelleri (PALL.) (p. 170).

94. Somateria v-nigra GRAY (p. 173).

95. Somateria spectabilis (LIN.).

STELLER, Beschr. Kamtsch., p. 188.—Pau.as, Z. R. A., II, p. 237.—Taczan.,
B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 344.

96. Oidemia americana (Sw. & RICH.) (p. 174).
97. Oidemia deglandi BP. (p. 174).

98. Merganser merganser (LIN.) (p. 176).

99. Merganser serrator (LIN.) (p. 178).

100. Mergus albellus LIN. (p. 178).

PHALACROCORACOIDEZ.

101. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus PALL. (p. 180).
102. Phalacrocorax urile (Gm.) (p. 181).
103. Phalacrocorax pelagicus PALL. (p. 187).

?? Phalacrocorax carbo PALLas.

Z. R. A., II, p. 297: ‘“* Vulgares usque in Camtschatcam.” Perhaps the Japanese
form may occur on the western shore near the southern extremity of the peninsula,

e

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 319

TETRAONOIDEA.

104. Urogallus parvirostris kamtschaticus (KITTL.) (p. 192).
? ? Falcipennis falcipennis (HARTL.).

Occasionally ‘‘ Kamtschatka”’ is given as the habitat of this species. It seems not to
occur there, however, and the statement is probably due to some earlier author who
ignorantly supposed that al] the countries surrounding the Okotsk Sea belonged to
Kamtschatka. It must be remarked, however, that also Bogdanow (Consp. Av. Imp,
Ross., I, p. 30) (1884) gives Kamtschatka as the habitat of this bird.

? ? Bonasa albigularis BREHM.

Brehm, in Naumannia, 1855, p. 287, described it in the following words: ‘‘ Bonasia
albigularis, mento albo. Kamtsthatkalis.” In J. f. Orn., 1860, p. 393, is a statement
that the specimen was originally brought from Kamtschatka by Tilesius. No one
else has found the Hazel Grouse in Kamtschatka. The specimen may be from Siberia,
though, and is possibly identical with Menzbier’s B. griseiventris, in which case
Brehm’s name would have priority; even Pallas says, ‘‘in Camtschatca, Stellero
observante, deest.”

‘¢Graue Rebhiiner befinden sich allein um Werchoi Ostrog, doch sehr selten” (Steller,
Beschr. Kamtsch., p. 193.) Gray Partridges! May they not, perhaps, be one of the
two mentioned ?

105. Lagopus lagopus (LIN.) (p. 194).
106. Lagopus mutus (MONTIN)?
TaczaNn., B. S. Z. F., 1883, p. 338.—L. alpinus BoGpan., C. A. 1. R., I, p.
33.—DvypB., B.S. Z. F., 1883, ). 368.

The Ptarmigan found in the mountains of the peninsula has not been
satisfactorily determined. It would be no surprise if it should prove
to be distinct. It is pretty safe to say, however, that it is not typical
mutus.

107. Lagopus ridgwayi STEJN. (p. 194).

ACCIPITROIDEZ.

108. Falco rusticolus LIN. (p. 203).
109. Falco islandus BRUnn. (p. 204).
‘110. Falco pealei Ripew. (p. 206).
111. Falco peregrinus TUNST. ?
Taczan., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 330.

The description of an adult male given by Taczanowski seems to
indicate F. pealet. The exact identification cannot be made without
examining the specimen, and JF’. peregrinus is therefore retained with
a query.

112, Falco subbuteo LIn.
PatLas, Z. R. A., I, p. 332.—Hypotriorchis s. TACZAN., B. S. Z. F., 1882,
p. 384.—DyB., ibid.; p. 352.

113. Astur candidissimus DyBow.
Accipiter astur Patuas, Z. R. A., I, p. 370.—Astur palumaribus, ‘‘ weissliche
Varietit,” KitrL., Denkw., II, p. 344.—4A. atricapillus ‘albino complete,”
Taczan., B. S. Z. F., 1883, p. 332.—Astur candidissimus DyBow., ibid.,
p. 353,

320 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Steller is the first author to mention the White Hawk: ‘Eine beson-
dere Sorte weisser Habichte” (Beschr. Kamtsch., p. 194).

? Astur palumbarius (LIN.).

Taczanowski (B. 8. Z. F., 1883, p. 331), under the heading of Astur atricapiilus,
mentions having received a ‘‘ young female from Bolszeiethk [Bolscheretschk ?], dif-
fering from a female from Quebec, in similar plumage, by having the general color
much clearer,” &c. The identification of this specimen is extremely doubtful; it is
probably only a young of A. candidissimus.

114. Accipiter nisus (LIN.).
TaczaNn., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 332.—DyB., ibid., p. 355.
115. Archibuteo lagopus (BRUNN.) (p. 208).
116. Aquila chrysaétos (LIN.).
Aquila nobilis PALLAS, Z. R. A., I, p. 341.—A. ch, Taczan., B.S. Z. F., 1883,
p- 329.—DyB., ibid., p. 351.

? Aquila clanga PaLuas (Z. R. A., I, p. 351; ‘‘ usque in Camtschatcam ”) is
probably the same bird which Steller mentions as ‘‘ Naevia” (Beschr. Kamtsch., p.
193). But where refer it ?

117. Halizetus leucocephalus (LIN.) (p. 209).
118. Halizetus hypoleucus Ripew. (p, 213).
119. Halizetus albicilla (LIN.) (p. 216).

Aquila a. Munpp., Isep. Russl., p. 123.
120. Thalassoaetus pelagicus (PALL. ) (p- 217).

Aquila p. Munpn., Isep. Russl., p. 123.
121. Pandion haliztus (LI1N.) (p. 219).

Falco h. Muvp., Isep. Russl., p. 123.

STRIGOIDEZ.
122. Asio otus (LIN.).

Otus vulgaris TACZAN., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, p. 385.
123. Asio accipitrinus (PALL.) (p. 220).
Megascops scops (LIN.).
Scops kamtschatkensis Bp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854 (p. 543).
Scops giu SCOPOLI.—SHARPE, Brit. Mus. Cat., II, p. 47 (1875).

“‘A French specimen collected by Mr. Swainson is in the Cambridge Museum, and
nearly equals in intensity the type of Scops kamtschatkensis in the Parts Museum. I
carefully compared this with ordinary European examples, and ean affirm with cer-
tainty that it is nothing but a more than ordinarily rufous Scops giu ; no authority for
its Kamtschatkan habitat exists beyond the assertion of the late M. Jules Verreaux.

‘In the Paris Museum there is another specimen marked as from Kamtschatka, and
absolutely identical with ordinary European specimens.” (SHARPE, l.¢. pp., 50, 51.)

The locality requires confirmation.

? Diula sp.
Stryx barbata Patuas, Z.R.A., I, p. 318.—“‘ Stellero frequenter ad Lenam
inque Camtschatca observata.”
124. Nyctea nyctea (LIN.) (p. 221).
125. Surnia ulula (LIN.).
Strix nisoria K1TTL., Denkw, II, p. 409.
S.u., DALL. & BANNIST., Tr. Chicago Acad., I, 1869, p. 274.—Taczan., B.S,
Z, F., 1883, p. 332.—DyBow., B,§, Z, F., 1883, p. 355,

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. ok

The latter says that “ils ont les raies blanches caudales distinctement
plus larges et @une nuance plus pure,” and Dall mentions a specimen
from Petropaulski as ‘“ remarkably light colored.” The Kamtschatkan
bird may be subspecifically separable.

CUCULOIDEZ.

126. Cuculus canorus telephonus (HEINE). (p. 224.)
C. c. MIDD., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
127. Cuculus peninsule STEJN. (p. 227.)

PICOIDEZ.

2? Dryocopus martius (LIN.).

Dryopicus martius DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 368.
No specimens obtained ; only determined from the voice.
128. Dryobates purus STEJN. (p. 230.)
129. Dryobates immaculatus STEJN. (p. 231.)
? Dryobates sp.
Picus cirris PALLAS, Z. R. A., I, p. 410:
‘Per omnem Rossiatu et Sibiriam, usque in Camtschatcam abundat.” Not con-
firmed by later explorers. When considering the greater or lesser probability of the
occurrence of a form of Dryobates leucotus in Kamtschatka, it must be borne in mind

that this species is represented in Japan, as are likewise the two other species of the
genus inhabiting the peninsula.

130. Picoides albidior STEIN.

Picus tridactylus KiTTL., Denkw., 1, pp. 327, 329.
Picoides crissoleucus VACZAN., B.S. Z. F., 1882, p. 396.

MICROPODOIDEZ.

131. Micropus pacificus Lath. ?

Cypselus—K1TTL., Denkw. I, p. 338.
? “ Cypselus pacificus LaTu.,” DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 356.

The species is only mentioned by Dybowski with a query and no fur-
ther details. Kittlitz describes it as ‘ etwa von der Grosse des C. melba,
doch von meist dunkler Farbe des Unterleibes.”

PASSEROIDE.

132. Alauda blakistoni S1EJN. (p. 234.)
A. arvensis MipD., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
133. Nucifraga caryocatactes (LIN.).

Corvus caryocatactes PALL., Z. R. A., I, p.398.

N. c. Kitti., Denkw. I, p. 335.—Taczan., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, p. 392.
134. Corvus corax LIN.

Corvus corax Pauu., Z. R. A., I, p. 380.—Kirti., Denkw.,I, p. 313.
Corvus corac kamtschaticus DyBow., B. S. Z. F., 1883, p. 362.

The difference of the present bird from the typical corax is not clearly
stated by Dr. Dybowski.
15861 Bull. 29——21

322 ORNITIIOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS,

135. Corvus behringianus (DYBOwW.). (p. 237.)
136. Corvus corone levaillantii (LrEss.). (p. 239.)
137. Pica camischatica STEIN. (p. 241.)
?? Corvus glandarius PALLAS.
Z. R. A., I, p. 394: ‘‘Dantur vero in Camtschatica australiore.”
2? Cyanocitta stelleri (Gm.).
CaB., Mus. Hein., I, p. 221 (1851).
The only specimen in the Museum Heineanum is given as coming from ‘‘ Kam-

tschatka” (p. 222), but the locality is in all probability erroneous, as in many other
instances in the same collection.

138. Hypocentor aureolus (PALL.) (p. 244.)
Emberiza a. Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
139 Hypocentor rusticus (PALL.) (p. 246.)
140. Hypocentor variabilis (TEmMM. & SCHL.) p. (247.)
141. Emberiza sehceniclus (LIN.).
Schenicola arundinacea TACZAN., B. S. Z. F., 1882, p. 392.—DyB., ibid., 1883)
p. 364.
142. Plectrophenax nivalis (LIN.) (p. 248.)
143. Calcarius lapponicus (LIN.) (p. 250.)
144. Acanthis linaria (LIN.) (p. 252.)
145. Acanthis linaria holbeellii (BREHM.) (p. 256.)
146. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (COUES) (p. 258.)
147. Leucosticte brunneontucha (BRANDT).
Fringilla b. Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
KiTTL., Denkw., I, p. 336.—Taczan., B. S. Z. F., 1882, p. 393.—DyB., ibid.,
1883, p. 364.
148. Leucosticte griseonucha (BRANDT) (p. 261.)
149. Fringilla montifringilla (L1.) (p. 264.)
150. Chloris kawarahiba (TEMM. & SCHL.) (p. 265.)
151. Coccothraustes coccothraustes (LIN.)?
Coccothraustes vulgaris Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 124.

According to Middendorff this species was observed or collected (?)
by Vossnessenski at the Kamtschatka River (57° N. Lat.), March 18,
1848 (old style, = March 30, new style). Has not been observed since.

152. Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatica (TACZAN.).
Pyrrhula rubicilla PALL., Z. R. A., I, p. 8.—Kittx., Denkw., I, p. 322.—P. k.
TACZAN., B.S. Z. F., 1852, p. 395.—DyB., ibid., 1883, p. 367.
153. Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskii STEIN. (p. 265.)
154. Pinicola enucleator (LIN.).

. Cf. Bonap., Coll. Delattre, p. 20.
Loxia enucleator Kirtu., Denkw., I, p. 336.
Corythus enucleator TACZAN., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, p. 394.
Corythus enucleator kamtschatkensis DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 307.

Bright specimens have already been separated by v. Homeyer as P.
flammula, but they hardly constitute a race.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. o20

155. Loxia sp. ? °

Loxia leucoptera DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 367.
Loxia bifasciata DyB. & Tacz., B.S. Z. F., 1884, extr. p. 2.

‘Une femelle ou un jeune” (!) from Bering Island (Dyb.). The de-
termination of the species is entirely unreliable. The only information
as to the occurrence of a Cross-bill in Kamtschatka is furnished by
Pallas, who, under Lowia crucirostra (Z. R. A., II, p. 4), says: “In Cam-
tschatca cum sylva deest hyeme tota gregaria apparet, voce et cantu
rariore.”

156. Clivicola riparia (LIN. ) (p. 267.)
Hirundo r. Mipp., Isep. Russl., p. 125.
157. Chelidon tytleri (JeRDoN) (p. 269.)
Hirundo rustica (rufa) Mrpp., Isep. Russl., p. 125.
158. Chelidon kamtschatica (DyBow.).
Hirundo k. Dysow., B. 8. Z. F., 1883, p. 356.
Hirundo borealis Dyn. & Tacz., B.S. Z. F., 1884, extr. p. 7.
We have seen the type of this species, and are inclined to regard it
as valid.
?? Hirundo lagopoda PAL.

“Ad Camtschatcam usque,” says Pallas (Z. BR. As, I, sp. 533): Nothing definite is
known, however, and the statement is very doubtful, though it may be remembered
that it is said to occur at Gischiginsk.

159. Ampelis garrulus Lin.
Bombycilla garrula Kirti., Denkw., I, p. 338.—Taczan., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, P,
392.—DyB., ibid., 1883, p. 368. .
“La nuance des parties supérieures du corps est un peu plus claire que
dans les Oiseaux d’Europe.” Taczan., 1. ¢.

160. Lanius cristatus (Lin. ?).

Lanius phoenicurus KiTtT1., Denkw., II, p. 313.—Otomela ph. DyB. & TACzZ.,
B.S. Z. F., 1884, extr. pp. oy
Otomela superciliosa DyBow., B. 8. Z.-F., 1883, p. 362.

161. Lanius sibiricus (BoGDAN.).
Lanius major Taczan., B. 8. Z. F., 1882, p. 392.—Dys., ibid., 1883, p. 361.
162. Butalis sibirica (GM.) (p. 272.)
163. Erythrosterna albicilla (PALL.) (p. 273.)
164. Anthus gustavi Swinu. (p. 274.)
165. Anthus japonicus (TEMM. & SCHL.).

A. ludovicianus K1rtt., Denkw., II, pp. 340, 357, 385.
A. j. DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 361.

?? Anthus blakistoni ( SWINH.).
Given by Gray (Handl., I, p. 251) as occurring in Kamtschatka, but it is probably
only A, jap nicus.
166. Anthus cervinus (Pal ).

Motacilla cervina Pauy., Z. R. Awl ps oll
4. c. DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1853, p. 361.

324 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS,

167. Pipastes maculatus (HoGps.) (p. 278.)
Anthus arboreus MivD., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
168. Budytes flavus leucostriatus (HOMEY.) (p. 280.)
2? Budytes citreolus (PALL.).

Motacilla citrinella PALLAS, Z. R. A., I, p. 5038:
“Ex regionibus ad Lenam, Camtschatca et insulis versus Americam sparsis habui.”
This species -s not now known east of the Jenisej. What species can Pallas have
had?

169. Motacilla melanope PALL. (p. 283.)
170. Motacilla ocularis SwInu. (p. 284.)
171. Motacilla lugens KITTL. (p. 287.)

M. alba Miwp., Isep. Russl., p. 124.
M. japonica DyB. & Tacz., B. 8. Z. F., 1884, extr. p. 11.

172. Troglodytes pallescens (RiIDGw.) (p. 292.)
I cannot now lay hands on any reference of a Wren having been
taken on the mainland of Kamtschatka, but I believe that I have seen
such a record somewhere, unless it be the vague statement by Tacza-
nowski, J. f. Orn., 1881, p. 180. The total absence of a species of this
genus, which is represented both in the Kurils, and in the Commander

Islands, would be very strange.
2? Calamophilus sibiricus Bp.
Bre., Compt. Rend., XLIII, 1856, p. 414.

“Au Kamtschatka vit une race particuliére de Mésange des roseaux, pour le moins
aussi distincte de la nétre que les Mésanges du Japon le sont de leurs analogues
européens.

“Calamophilus sibiricus, Bp., dilutissime cinamomeus, pileo vix cinereo. Fem. fere uni-
color, macula dorsali magna nigra; subtus candida.”

The locality is probably as unreliable as many others from the same source.

173. Parus ater LIN.
TACZAN., B.S. Z. F., 1882, p. 390.
‘“ Deux individus ont la nuance roussatre plus forte qu’a Vordinaire
sur le dessous du corps.” DyB., ibid., 1883, p. 361.
174. Parus kamtschatkensis (Bp.) (p. 297.)
175. githalos caudatus (LIN.)?
Mecistura caudata TACZAN., B.S. Z. I’., 1882, p.392.—DyeB., ibid., 1883, p. 361.
The Long-tailed Tits from Kamtschatka probably belong to the Siber-
ian race indicated by Mr. Seebohm.
176. Sitta albifrons TACZAN.

Sitta uralensis KiTTu., Denkw., I, p. 321.
S. albifrons TACZAN., B.S. Z. F., 1882, p. 335.—DyB., ibid., 1883, p. 357.

It should be remarked that Temminck’s Sitta sericea (Man. d’Orn., 2
ed., IV, p. 645) is based in part upon a specimen from Kamtschatka.

?? Cinclus pallasii TEMM.

Schrenck (Reis. Amurl., I, p. 335) speaks of this species as occurring in Kam-
tschatka. The statement is wholly unconfirmed and probably incorrect. Itis based

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 325

upon the statement of Pallas (R. A., Z. I., p. 424) that ‘‘ Sturnus cinclus” ” per om-
nem Rossiam et Sibiriam, in Camtschatcam. . . . non infrequens observatur.”

177. Acrocephalus ochotensis (MIDD.) (p. 299.)
178. Locustella hendersonii (Cass.) (p. 300.)
179. Phyllopseustes borealis BLAs (p. 302.)
180. Phyllopseustes xanthodryas (SwInu.) (p. 304.)
181. Phyllopseustes homeyeri DyBow.
Dysow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 358.
We have no means of ascertaining the status of this alleged species.
22? Hylocichla aliciz (BarrD).

This species has been attributed to Kamtschatka by Mr. E. W. Nelson, but the
statement is evidently based upon a mistake. Cf. my notes in ‘‘The Auk,” 1884, p. 166.
182. Turdus eunomus TEMM. (p. 307.)

Turdus pilaris, ‘in Camtschatea, Stellero teste,” Pallas, Z. R. A., I. p. 456, is evi-
dently T. eunomus.

183. Turdus obscurus Gm. (p. 307.)
Turdus chrysolaus DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 359.
? Phoenicurus auroreus (PALL.).
Motacilla phanicurus PaLuas, Z. R. A., I. p. 476:

‘*Stellerus etiam in Camtschatca et Curilis insulis dari prodidit” It is not improb-
able that this Red-start may occur towards the southern extremity of the peninsula.
184. Ianthia cyanura (PALL.) (p. 308.)

185. Cyanecula suecica (LIN.).

C. cerulecula DyBow., B.S. Z. F., 1883, p. 359.
186. Melodes calliope (PALL.) (p. 309.)

Sylvia c. MipD., Isep. Russl., p. 125.

APPENDIX TO THE SYNOPSIS OF BIRDS REPORTED
TO INHABIT KAMTSCHATKA.

327

APPENDIX TO THE SYNOPSIS OF BIRDS REPORTED TO INHABIT
KAMTSCHATKA.

While the foregoing list is going through the press I receive the
‘‘ Liste des Oiseaux du Kamtschatka et des iles Comandores, par le Dr.
B. Dybowski et L. Taczanowski” (Extr. du Bulletin de la Société Zoo-
logique de France, t. LX, 1884), which necessitates some additional re-
marks on my part.

Aquila nobilis PALL. is given as distinct from A. chrysaétos, and both
as occurring in Kamtschatka.

‘‘Archibuteo lagopus ferrugineus,” is given as occurring on Bering Isl-
and against A. lagopus from Kamtschatka. As to the identity of the
Bering Island bird, see this work, p. 208. Ayrchibuteo ferrugineus is a
perfectly good species from Western North America, south of Wash-
ington Territory, which not even the wildest trinominalist ever thought
of uniting with A. lagopus. Indeed, to use Dr. Coues’s words, it is
‘Cone of the handsomest and most distinctively marked hawks of North
America, somewhat recalling Buteo albocaudatus.” It is “‘ pure white
underneath, from bill to end of tail, the legs rich rufous or bright chest-
nut, barred with black, in marked contrast; usually a few chestnut
bars or arrow-heads on the belly and flanks, and the breast with sharp
shaft lines of black.” Taczanowski says of his birds that ‘Ils ont tous
VYabdomen largement brun, tout le devant des parties inférieures isa-
belle-roussatre, varié de stries brunes,” &c. It is unnecessary to remark
that they have not the faintest relation to A. ferrugineus. Dybowski’s
and Taczanowski’s misidentification is most extraordinary !

Falco peregrinus.—F rom the comparison with the bird from Bering
Island (Falco pealei) it appears as if the Kamtschatkan bird might be
the typical peregrinus.

Astur palumbarius.—The authors concede, as suggested by me on p.
320, that their atricapillus is only the young candidissimus.

Asio otus should be stricken out of the list. The authors state that

it was “‘inscrit par erreur au lieu de lV’O. brachyotus.”
329

330 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

Chelidon t,tleri.—The authors have treated of the two Kamtschatkan
- swallows in an extremely confused manner. After Mr. Taczanowski,
in 1883 condemned Hirunda saturata, which the authors call “ Hirundo
rustica, saturata Smith.” (distinguée récemment dans les publications
de l’Institution Smitlsonienne!!) as identical with H. gutturalis, the
authors now go so far as to even separate it from the Baical form to
which they apply the new term H. baicalensis. We now know that both
are identical with Ch. tytleri. But the other form is treated of in a
still more peculiar manner. In 1883 Dybowski described a swallow from
Petropaulski as new under the name of H. kamtschatica. In the diag-
nosis he says: ‘* Abdomen et sous-caudales blancs, les deux plus longues
de ces derniéres traversées par une large bande antéapicale noiratre,
avec un léger éclat d’acier.”. This form the authors now give as a syn-
onym (Extr., p. 8) of H. saturata, which they describe as “Subtus in- .
tense rufa.” But the very specimen (I do not think there exists in
collections more specimens than the type which I have seen myself)
is redescribed as Hirundo borealis (“‘pour cette forme qui parait iné-
dite”), as is evident from the diagnosis: “Subtus alba, subcaudalibus
binis posterioribus fascia apicali nigra.”
After this the synonymy of the two forms stands thus:
CHELIDON TYTLERI. |
Hirundo saturata
Chelidon saturata
Hirundo gutturalis Taczanowski.
Hirundo rustica, saturata

Hirundo baicalensis . byork et Taczanowski.
Hirundo rustica, baicalensis

} Ridgway, Stejneger.

CHELIDON KAMTSCHATICA.

Hirundo kamtschatica Dybowski.

Chelidon kamtschatica, Stejneger.

Hirundo borealis

Hirundo rustica, borealis tDsnowsk et Taczanowski.
Hirundo rustica, kamtschatica

The authors assert that this form “n’est que de passage et se rend
plus au nord pour le temps de la nidification.” It may be permitted to
ask from what source the authors have derived their knowledge as to
where this bird breeds.

Turdus chrysolaus is now dropped as a Kamtschatkan bird, the authors
asserting that it “nous parait étre le jeune du 7. obscurus Gm.”

Lagopus ridgwayi.—Most curiously all references to a ptarmigan
occurring on the islands have been dropped altogether.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 331

33.1. Stercorarius pomarinus.—This species is given in the “Liste”
(p. 3, No. 111) under the name of Lestris pomarina, as occurring in
Kamtschatka and Bering Island. If the information is reliable, this
constitutes a veritable addition to the number of Kamtschatkan species.

Diomedea nigripes “ Audub.” is now given as the only albatros from
Kamtschatka and Bering Island. I need hardly add that the identifi-
cation is entirely erroneous, but it proves that I was completely justi-
fied in the suspicion expressed by me above under No. 35 (p. 316).

78.1. Chaulelasmus streperus.—This species is given as obtained on
Bering Island. It has probably been taken during the spring migra-
tion, 1883, while I was in Petropaulski.

Merganser merganser.— The authors identify the Kamtschatkan and
Bering Island birds as “ Mergus merganser americanus,” saying, however,
that ‘‘ Le male adulte ne se distingue de celui de la forme européenne
que par la couleur de ’abdomen, rosée au lieu de saumon, et par le vert
brillant du sommet de la téte et du cou, remplacé par le violet.” Com-
pared with what has been said above of the two species (p. 176 seqv.)
it is plain that Messrs. Dybowski and Taczanowski are entirely mistaken
in their identification.

Brachyramphus kittliteii.—The “ Brachyramphus sp. ?” of the former
lists has now been changed to “ Synthliborhynchus sp. ?” (Synthiiborhyn-
chus sic!). What is it, after all, if it is not B. kittlitevi ?

Cerorhinca monocerata has been dropped altogether, without good
reason, as it seems.

_The effect of this “Liste” upon the foregoing synopsis is as follows:

We have to eliminate Nos. 35 and 122, and to add Stercorarius poma-
rinus and Chaulelasmus streperus. The number of well authenticated
birds is, therefore, still 186, as in my synopsis.

II—CONCLUSIONS.

333

It is not my intention, in the present connection, to enter into a de-
tailed discussion of the components of the ornis of the Commander
Islands, referring such conclusions to a subsequent number of my
‘Contributions to the History of the Commander Islands,” but a few
remarks as to their position in relation to the peninsula may not be out
of place here. ;

From the second part of this book, compared with the first table,
given below, it is evident that the ornis of the islands is chiefly Kam-
tschatkan, since only eleven species have been taken on them which
do not belong to the Kamtschatkan fauna. Of these eleven only five
species are of American origin, of which three are merely accidental
stragglers; three are Aleutian (one extinct), and three are peculiar to
the islands.

The rest of the ornis is Kamtschatkan, although among the regular
inhabitants the proportion between land and water birds is consider-
ably different from what we find on the Kamtschatkan mainland, which
is well wooded while the Commander Islands can hardly show a shrub
6 feet high. That an enumeration of the birds actually taken on the
islands does not bring this difference out very strikingly is due to the
fact that a great many land birds, especially during the migrations, are
blown over to the islands across the not more than 100-mile wide strait
which separates them from the peninsula. ~

In now turning our attention to the fauna of the peninsula itself, we
will have to base our conclusions and calculations upon the list given
in the second part of this book. Meager as it is, and uncertain as
the status of many of the forms enumerated still are, it is thought of
sufficient accuracy to allow certain more general conclusions to be made,
which may serve as a base for future investigations.

* In order to obtain a correct idea of the ornis of Kamtschatka it will

be necessary first to eliminate from the above list certain species which

do not properly belong to it. The Commander Islands, though zoolog-

ically a part of Kamtschatka, show a certain admixture of American

forms on account of their neighborhood to the other Aleutian Islands,

besides possessing forms peculiar to themselves. It would, therefore,
330

336 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

manifestly obscure the results were we to take into account those spe-
cies which never have been observed on the peninsula proper, nor are
likely ever to occur there except as accidental stragglers. These forms
are contained in the following table, but it must be observed that it
does not embrace all species which have only been recorded from the
islands and not from the mainland, since such forms which have, prob-
ably, only been overlooked on the latter, especially Circumpolar, Pale-
. arctic, Pacific, and Kast-Asiatic forms, may be regarded as truly Kam-
tschatkap.

TABLE I.—Birds, American or peculiar to the Commander Islands, which
do not occur in Kamtschatka.

Heteractitis incanus.

Olor columbianus.

Mareca americana.

Charitonetta albeola.

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus.
_Lagopus ridgwayi.

Falco pealei.

Halizetus leucocephaluc.
Corvus behringianus.
Leucosticte griseonucha.
Troglodytes pallescens.

This virtually reduces the number of Kamtschatkan birds to 175.
Before entering into a discussion of their geographical distribution it
may be well to show to which geographical categories the different

species belong. 3

TABLE IIl.—Circumpolar forms.

Colymbus auritus.

Urinator adamsii.
arcticus.
lumme.

Larus glaucus.

Gavia alba.

Sterna paradisxa.

Stercorarius parasiticus.

longicaudus.
pomarinus.

Oceanodroma leucorrhoa.

Arenaria interpres.

Charadrius squatarola.

Calidris arenaria.

Phalaropus lobatus.

Crymophilus fulicarius.

Chen hyperboreus.

Anas boschas.

Dafila acuta.

Chaulelasmus streperus.

Spatula clypeata.
Histrionicus histrionicus.
Harelda hyemalis.
Eniconetta stelleri.
Somateria spectabilis.
Merganser serrator.
Lagopus lagopus.
Falco rusticolus.

islandus.
Archibuteo lagopus.
Aquila chrysaétos.
Asio accipitrinus.
Nyctea nyctea.
Plectrophenax nivalis.
Calearius lapponicus.
Acanthis linaria.

holbellii.

Pinicola enucleator. © -
Ampelis garrulus ?

I a ts

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. | 337

TABLE III.—Paicarctic forms.

Larus canus. Falco peregrinus?
ridibundus. subbuteo,

Gallinago gallinago. Accipiter nisus,
Actodromas temminckii. Halizetus albicilla,
Totanus nebularius, Pandion haliztus,

ater. Surnia ulula.

glareola. Nucifraga caryocatactes.
Pavoncella pugnax. Corvus corax,
Actitis hypoleucos. Emberiza scheniclus?
Olor cygnus. Fringilla montifringilla.
Nettion crecca, Coccothraustes coccothraustes?
Querquedula querquedula. Loxia, sp.
Mareca penelope. Clivicola riparia.
Aythya fuligula. Anthus cervinus.

marila, Motacilla melanope?
Clangula clangula. Parus ater?
Merganser merganser. Zigithalos caudatusf
Mergus albellus. Cyanecula suecica.

Lagopus mutusf
TABLE IV.—Pacific forms.

Uria lomvia arra. Larus glaucescens.
troile californica. schistisagus.
Cepphus columba. cachinnans.
carbo. kamtschatkensis.
Brachyramphus marmoratus. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris,
kittlitzii. brevirostris.
Synthliboramphus antiquus. Diomedea albatrus.
Simorhynchus pygmaeus, Fulmarus glacialis glupischa,
cristatellus. Puffinus tenuirostris.
pusillus. Oceanodroma furcata,
Cerorhinca monocerata. Arquatella couesi.
Cyclorhynchus psittaculus. Somateria v- nigra.
Lunda cirrhata. Phalacrocorax urile,
Fratercula corniculata. pelagicus,

TABLE V.— American JSorms.

Colymbus holbeellii. Branta nigricans.

Pelidna alpina pacifica. Oidemia americana,

Anser albifrons gambeli. deglandi.

Branta canadensis hutchinsii. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes.

TABLE VI.—Siberian forms.*

Charadrius dominicus fulvus. Hypocentor rusticus.
Egialitis mongola, Lanius sibiricus.
Gallinago hyemalis ? Anthus gustavi.
Terekia cinerea. Phyllopseustes borealis.

Hypocentor aureolus,

* By “Siberian forms” are meant species inhabiting the whole portion of the Palw-
arctic region east of the Ural Mountains, besides a few forms which have pushed their
outposts farther west, toward the Baltic, but without reaching the Atlantic Ocean.

15861 Bull. 29--—92

338 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

TABLE VII.—East Asiatic* or peculiar forms.

Sterna camtschatica.
Hezematopus osculans.
Actodromas acuminatus.

damacensis.

ruficollis.
Limosa lapponica baueri.

egocephala melanuroides.
Pseudototanus guttifer.
Heteractitis brevipes.
Numenius cyanopus.
pheopus variegatus.
Grus grus orientalis?
Anser segetum middendorffi.
Cygnopsis cygnoides.
Eunetta falcata.
formosa.

Urogallus parvirostris kamtschaticus.

Astur candidissimus.

Halixetus hypoleucus.

Thalassoaétus pelagicus.

Cuculus canorus telephonus.
peninsula.

Dryobates purus.

immaculatus.

Picoides aibidior.

Micropus pacificus ?

Alauda blackistoni.

Corvus corone lavaillantii.
Pica camtschatica.
Hypocentor variabilis.
Leucosticte brunneonucha.
Chloris kawarahiba.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatkensis.
Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskii.
Chelidon tytleri.
kamtschatica.
Lanius cristatus.
Butalis sibirica.
Erythrosterna albicilla.
Anthus japonicus.

‘Pipastes maculatus.

Budytes flavus leucostriatus.t
Motacilla ocularis.
lugens.
Parus kamtschatkensis.
Sitta albifrons.
Acrocephalus ochotensis.
Locustella hendersoni.
Phyllopseustes xanthodryas.
homeyeri.
Turdus eunomus.
obscurus.
Janthia cyanura.
Melodes calliope.

The number of species of each group and their percentage, aS com-~-
pared with the total number of Kamtschatkan birds, 175, may be tab-

ulated thus:

TABLE VIII.

39 species are Circumpolar, or BDO See oe eee 22.3 per cent.

37 species are Palearctic, or about -sosecs eases == 21.1 per cent.

28 species are Pacific, or SHOUT ce on een cee be eee cent. ,
8 species are American, or abOUbs see eis Sees ea 4.6 per cent.
9 species are Siberian, or Mi Yninlieeeeeacees sone coadboSe 5.1 per cent.

54 species are East Asiatic or peculiar, or about.--..--- 30.9 per cent.

This includes all the birds which are supposed to have been obtained
in Kamtschatka. The ornis of a country does not properly consist of
all these, as in most cases a considerable number of occasional and ac-

Gio ye a ok
*Such forms are regarded as East Asiatic which, ordinarily, do not occur west of

the Jenisej River.

+This form, belonging to an exclusively

Palearctic group of birds, is here treated

as Asiatic, notwithstanding the fact that a small colony breeds in Northern Alaska.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 339

cidental visitors enter the faunal lists, which, strictly, should be kept
aside as foreign elements. The list of Kamtschatkan birds, however,
appears to embrace but very few forms which do not occur regularly in
one or the other part of the peninsula. There are apparently four
causes of this peculiarity of the list, the first being that comparatively
few irregular visitors find their way to it on account of its isolated po-
sition ; second, that no general migration route between countries to
the north and south seems to pass through the region ; third, that the
extreme districts which adjoin neighboring regions are entirely unex-
plored ; and fourth, that, since Steller’s time, no ornithologist who was
a hunter himself has resided in the country for more than a few months.
In thickly settled countries, where all the common birds are known,
every unusual and rare visitor is soon found out and reported (ef. 165
occasional visitors, against 211 regular inhabitants of the British ornis);
but not so in Kamtschatka, where the 175 names may practically be re-
garded as representing the number of species actually belonging to the
fauna.

But not all of these throw particular light upon the relationship of
the ornis, except in a general way. Many forms are so generally dis-
tributed over large areas and show so little variation that they are less
fit to illustrate those features of the geographical distribution, which
are of special interest. Others again are so closely limited in their dis-
tribution by the character of the localities they inhabit as to give
very unreliable material for comparison. This is eminently true of
many water birds, a great many of which in their distribution char-
acterize the faunal areas of the ocean and not those of the land. They
will therefore have to be considered Separately. It will be seen that
in this case, at least, the habits have a considerable influence upon
ithe geographical distribution ; the old-fashioned system, chiefly based
upon teleological characters, may therefore, in this connection, offer
some advantages over those aiming at morphological characters for
their basis. For this purpose we shall partly apply a division of the
birds into “ Swimmers,” “ waders,” “game birds,” “ birds of prey,” « pi-
carians,” and “‘perchers,” in the old sense of these appellations, a
course which, in some measure, will facilitate a comparison of some of
the results here arrived at with those of earlier writers.

The old observation that the proportional number of species of water
birds (swimmers and waders) increases toward the Arctic region is
confirmed by the following table, which shows that of all the birds oe-

340 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

curring in Kamtschatka the species of water birds are more numerous
than those of the other divisions together:

TABLE IX.
70 swimmers, OF.--.-.- 2-2-2 ee + cee eet eee erent 40. per cent.
29 waders, or about......--------------08 eee seer eee 16.6 per cent.
3 game birds, or about.....----------+--+++--+75--°" 1.7 per cent.
15 birds of prey, or about...--. ------ +--+ -----+ 2-207" 8.6 per cent.
6 picarians, or about ...--.------------+++-20 +7007" 3.4 per cent.
52 perchers, or about ---..---------+----+e2erer erro 29.7 per cent.

Recalling what we said above in regard to the peculiarity of birds
living at the sea characterizing the marine regions rather than the
terrestrial provinces of the earth, we at once direct our attention to the
70 species of Kamtschatkan “ swimmers” or ‘natatores” of some sys-
tematists.

The swimmers are divisible into two categories, marine and fluviatile
natatores, the former group being, of course, the one of interest in the
present connection. It embraces the following species:

TABLE X.—Kamtschatkan Marine Natatores.

1. Uria lomvia arra. 18. cachinnans.

2 troile californica. 135 kamtschatkensis.

3. Cepphus columba. 20. canus.

4, carbo. 21. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris,
5. Brachyramphus marmoratus. 22. brevirostris.

6. kittlitzii. 23. Gavia alba.

7. Synthliboramphus antiquus. 24. Stercorarius pomarinus.
8. Simorhynchus pygmeus. 25. Diomedea albatrus.

9 cristatellus. 26. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.
10. pusillus. 27. Puffinus tenuirostris.
11. Cerorhinca monocerata. 28. Oceanodroma leucorhoa.
12. Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus. 29. fureata.
13. Lunda cirrhata. 30. Eniconetta stelleri.

14. Fratercula corniculata. 31. Somateria v- nigra.

15. Larus glaucescens. 32. spectabilis.
16. glaucus. 33. Phalacrocorax urile.

17. Larus schistisagus. 34. pelagicus.

Of these thirty-four species there are only two, viz, Cepphus carbo and
Larus kamtschatkensis, which have not been observed on both sides of
the Pacific Ocean. The peculiar character of these birds is furthermore
evident from the fact that most of them are exclusively Pacific in their
distribution, only seven species, viz,

Larus glaucus, Oceanodroma leucorhoa,
canus, Eniconetta stelleri, and
Cavia alba. Somateria spectabilis,

Stercorarius pomarinus.

being inhabitants of the Atlantic shores too. In other words, about

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 341

80 per cent. of the marine natatores are peculiar to the Pacific. Even
more striking, perhaps, is the proportion of the genera, since of twenty
genera not less than six, or 30 per cent., are peculiar.

Not less remarkable is the fact that nearly all the Pacific forms are
to be found among the marine natatores, since of the one hundred and
forty-two species which belong to other categories only one, viz, Arqua-
tella couest, a wader, can be designated as Strictly and exclusively Pacific.

If we now look at the remaining swimmers, fluviatile and fluvio-ma-
rine, we will find that the great majority of them, or 70 per cent., are
Circumpolar or Palearctic, only the following eleven species Wott
exceptions:

TABLE XI.—Fluviatile Natatores not Circumpolar nor Palearctic.

Colymbus holbeellii. Cygnopsis cygnoides.
Sterna camtschatica. Eunetta falcata.
Anser segetum middendorffi. formosa.
albifrons gambeli. Oidemia americana.
Branta canadensis hutchinsii. deglandi.
nigricans,

Of these more than one-half (six) are species which are also generally
distributed in America. While, therefore, these forms indicate a certain
influence of that continent, the character and real insignificance of this
influence is manifested by the fact that in the other divisions only two
species are American, viz, one wader and one percher, Pelidna alpina
pacifica and Acunthis hornemannii ewilipes. The number of American
forms is surprisingly small indeed.

While thus the American element is smaller than might, perhaps, be
expected, the Circumpolar and Palearctic forms are quite predominant,
_ as a matter of course, making not less than 43.4 per cent. of the whole
number of species, or nearly 52.5 per cent. of all the species, minus those
of the water birds which are peculiarly Pacific. (Table LV.)

Table XII is prepared to show ata glance the number and percent-
age of the species of each division as contained in the different ornitho-
geographical categories.

342 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

TABLE XII.
| wo
Swim- | . | Game Birds of | . S
are. Waders. bide: prey. Picarians.| Perchers. ie u
© oO.
eons! 2 } 3
che les lo) seeders ele teem
Bl Gee era ey gre § 1/32) 3/4] 8 (hha ee
| i q =I g el eg g mH I be i ~
5 ° 5 D = o 5 o 5B o 5 o ° o
z\ me |a| me |a| & |e] avec | ed |e eae es
| Tape plea a a
Circumpolar ....-------- 21 | 30. Balai 1| 33.3 | 6] 40. 0| 0. 6| 11.5 39 | 22.3
Palearctic ..------------ TSS 7 7 | 24. 1| 33.3 | 6) 40. 0| 0. 12 | 23.1 37 ee
Pacific ...... ----------- 27 | 38.6 1 3.0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 28 | 16.
American.....--------- 6 85.6 7);. i AND) ane 0. 0; 0. 0) 30: 1 2. 8 4.6
Siberian ..-..--.-.----- 0 0. 4 | 14. 0 0. Ou) ei0; 0; 0. 5| 9.6 9| 5. 1
East Asiatic or peculiar | 5| 7.1 | 11 38. 1] 33.3| 3 | 20. 6 |100. | 28 | 53.8 54) 30.9
Total number... -- 70 | 29 | | 3 15 | 6 52 175 |

ee eee ee eee a ee

The preponderance of East Asiatic and peculiar forms, both on the
whole, and especially in those groups which are of most value for the
study of the geographical distribution, is clearly demonstrated by this
table. We are, therefore, justified in taking the birds contained in this
category as a basis in attempting an analysis of the Kamtschatkan ornis,
and a comparison of it with that of adjacent countries.

Referring to Table VII, page 338, for an enumeration of the species, the
geographical relations of which we are going to discuss here, we may at
once tabulate those forms which we regard as peculiar to the peninsula.

TABLE XIII.— Species peculiar to Kamtschatka.

Urogallus parvirostris kamtschaticus. Picoides albidior.
Astur candidissimus. Pica camtschatica.
~ Haliwetus hypoleucus. Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatkensis.
Dryobates purus. Parus kamtschatkensis.
immaculatus. Sitta albifrons.

It will be seen that this enumeration only comprises residents and none
of the several migratory birds which have not yet been reported from
any other country, or which breed nowhere except in Kamtschatka.
Some one might urge that a species which only breeds in Kamtschatka
is peculiar to that country. This is true to a certain degree, but our
knowledge of the localities where many or most of the species in ques-
tion breed, or do not breed, is at present so imperfect as to make the
above selection advisable.

The other residents (the exact number of which, as compared with
that of the migrants, cannot be ascertained at present), are nearly all
Circumpolar or Palearctic species of wide distribution. Most of these
are species which retain a great uniformity all over their enormous
range, except a few ones, for instance, Coccothraustes, Parus ater, Aigr-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 343

thalos caudatus, and Lagopus muta, which we suspect to be really dis-
tinguishable, not having had the opportunity of a personal inspection of
specimens.

All the peculiar forms attributed to Kamtschatka, according to Table
XIII, are very closely related to Palearctic forms, with the exception
of Haliwetus hypoleucus, the status of which is somewhat doubtful, so as
to justify us in excluding it from the present discussion. But these
forms belong to a class quite different from those mentioned above, being,
as they are, of considerable variability, so as to possess representative
conspecies or subspecies in the different provinces of the Palearctic
region.*

We have therefore simply found what we, @ priori, might have ex-
pected, viz, that those variable forms which in other countries have
been modified, more or less, would show corresponding modifications
when occurring in a country of so peculiar a character and so great iso-
lation as the Kamtschatka Peninsula.

The character and amount of this modification is remarkable in sev-
eral respects. In every instance it consists in an increase of the white
color as compared with the nearest allied forms. In fact, all the pecu-
liarly Kamischatkan birds possess a greater amount of white than any of
their allies, wherever these may reside. So extreme is this tendency to-
wards whiteness that one species, Astur candidissimus, has become
entirely white, while another, Parus kamtschatkensis, is nearly so.

The example of the Kamtschatkan ornis shows conclusively that the
theory of climatic conditions producing the geographical subspecies,
races, or whatever they may be styled, does not hold good, at least as
far as the increase of the white color at the cost of the others, espe-
cially of black, is concerned. It was already recognized long ago, as far
back as Gloger’s earliest days, that the Siberian ornis generally showed
a tendency toward an increase of the white color. A similar tendency
seemed to obtain in forms living nearer the Arctie, and consequently
it was concluded that the white color was due to the increased cold.
Finding now that the peculiar Kamtschatkan forms are considerably
whiter than in any other part of Siberia, the natural inference would be
that Kamtschatka had a climate much severer than any other place.
Since we know that such is not the case, however, the logical conclu-
sion is that the theory of the cold being the direct cause of the increase

*It is interesting to remark in this connection, that all the peculiar forms (with the
above exception) have nearly allied representatives in Northwestern Europe.

344 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

‘of the white color must be erroneous. Nor can ii be the northerly posi.
tion, for these white forms are found at 53° north latitude. The pecu-
liarities of a continental climate will not suffice for an explanation,
‘since Kamtschatka is a peninsula surrounded by great sheets of water
on nearly all sides. :

It may be well to remark that this increase of white is not in the
nature of a bleaching or fading of the darker color. They are simply.
replaced by pure white, and the parts of the body which in the allied
forms are white have this color still purer and more dazzling in the
Kamtschatkan forms. In the same manner the other colors seem to be
purer and, in many instances at least, to be more intense also. The
color which seems to suffer most reduction is the black one, but, as re-
marked, it is only in extent, not in intensity. Without offering any
theory for the solution of the question, at present, I would only call
attention to the fact that, while the black color of the feathers is due
to a pigment, the white color is not, it being caused by the accumula-
tion of colorless air-filled cells. In respect to the changes within the
individual feathers we know as yet next to nothing, and not until it has
been ascertained what are the causes and the nature of the changes in
the individual feather, can a trustworthy theory be advanced concern-
ing the modifications of the color in the species generally.

As already indicated, the rest of the resident species are widely dis-
tributed Circumpolar and North-Palzarctic forms which consequently
occur in the neighboring countries as well, and therefore are of little
interest in the present connection. A few words only need be said
about three of these species. The Raven of Kamtschatka has been
separated as peculiar under the name of Corvus corax kamtschaticus.
Not having seen specimens we are unable to appreciate the alleged dif-
ferences from the common stock. This may be our fault, or that of the
description, but we should not be surprised if the race ultimately should
prove to be valid, and only remark that the Raven has not yet been
found in Japan proper, specimens having only been obtained in the
Kuril Islands. The other species worthy of a few remarks is Leuco-
sticte brunneonucha. A bird which has been called by that name is well
known from Japan, and the National Museum possesses specimens from
Vladivostok, on the Asiatic mainland, on the opposite side of the Japan
Sea. It is reported from the Kuril Islands, and also from the eastern
coast of the Kamtschatkan Peninsula. The genus Leucosticte is Asiatic
and American in its distribution, and most of the species show a great

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 345

tendency to split up into geographical subspecies or races. We have
not had an opportunity of comparing Kamtschatkan specimens with
those from more southern localities, and shall therefore abstain from
any further remarks beyond calling attention to the importance of hay-
ing a very careful and tninute comparison made, and to the fact that
Pallas’s “ Passer arctous var. 7, 1” from the Kurils, has not been redis-
covered yet. The third species alluded to is Surnia ulula, which is not
known from Japan. Descriptions of Kamtschatkan Specimens indicate
some differences, chiefly increased amount of the white color, which may
ultimately secure for them recognition as a race.

When now directing our attention to the migratory summer visitors,
their distribution and their mi gration routes, we sadly miss satisfactory
information as to the ornis to the north and east of Kamtschatka. Sev-
eral travelers have collected on the western and northern shores of the
Okotsk Sea; but, in the first place, they remained only a short time in
a few localities, and there is no special list from that region with suffi-
cient details concerning localities, &e. Still worse is the fact that what
scanty information we have is next to worthless. Middendorff and vy.
Schrenck are the chief collectors in that region, but, unfortunately,
they are also the chief sinners in « lumping” allied forms, so that for
the solution of questions of this character it is impossible to tell with
certainty which forms they had before them, except perhaps in a few
cases (cf. later on in regard to the Swallows, p. 347). No example could
more strikingly illustrate the deplorable results of that kind of science,
- and none could more forcibly demonstrate the necessity of those nicer
distinctions which ornithologist of the other school, with becoming tole.
ration, have styled “ hair-splitting.”

Fortunately, the ornis of the country to the south of Kamtschatka is
in a better condition, thanks to Capt. Thomas Blakiston’s more than
twenty years of intelligent collecting and study in J apan. The Kuril
Islands, it is true, are still very little known, but also from there we
have, through Mr. Blakiston, received much valuable information.

As a matter of course, most of the summer visitors to Kamtschatka
oceur also in Japan, either breeding, transient, or wintering, and when
the specimens from the two countries are absolutely identical it may
be safe to assume that the Kamtschatkan birds migrate southward
directly to Japan along a route following the Kuril chain of islands.
There are, however, a number of species regularly occurring in Kam-
tschatka as summer visitors which do not pass through Japan on their

346 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

way southward. Once in a while a single straggler is likely to be cap-
tured in the latter country, but they do not occur there regularly twice
a year when going south and north. Nor will the assumption of insufii-
cient observations help us explain the absence of these species from the
Japanese fauna, several of the forms being so conspicuous ‘that it is
absolutely impossible they could have been overlooked if regularly pass-
ing through, as will be seen by an inspection of the table. A few forms,
nearly related to species breeding in Japan, may, perhaps, have been
overlooked in the latter country, and are therefore in the table indica-
ted by a ? in front of the name.

TABLE XIV.—Summer visitors to Kamtschatka which do not pass through
Japan on their way southward or northward.

Sterna paradisza. ?Chelidon kamtschatica.
?Actodromas temminckii. Lanius cristatus (?)
Pseudototanus guttifer. Erythrosterna albicilla.
Pavoncella pugnax. Anthus gustavi.

?Cuculus peninsule. Budytes flavus leucostriatus.
Calearius lapponicus, ?Phyllopseustes homeyeri.
Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskii. Cyanecula suecica

Chelidon tytleri.

It is doubtful whether Butalis sibirica should not be included in this
list, as it does not seem to be common in Japan. As it has been taken
there, however, it has been thought safer to exclude it.

From the above list is also omitted Emberiza scheniclus, since we do
not know the exact status of the Kamtschatkan birds. Taczanowski
assures us that they are typical, but we are nevertheless by no means
certain that they do not belong to the form occurring in Japan.

The migration route over the Kuril Islands and Japan seems to be so
natural that it is greatly perplexing to find that it is not the only one
for all the birds of Southern Kamtschatka going south in autumn and
returning north in spring again. But while we are forced to admit that
they take another way, the fact is an additional evidence in favor of
the theory of comparatively narrow and limited routes.

It is at present impossible to fix the direction of this migration route
in general, and we shall indulge in no guess-work.

One species, however, may perhaps be traced part of the way, and
may therefore merit detailed consideration, since its history seems to
contain some valuable hints. We refer here to Chelidon tytleri, which
js known from Kamtschatka, Dauria, and India. Messrs. Middendorft

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 347

and v. Schrenck usually mix such forms together under one name
which we regard as species or subspecies worthy of separate names
(¢f. also the remarks above, on p. 345). So also in the present case, as
the eastern Chelidones are lumped together as Hirundo rustica var. rufa.
Usually it is nearly impossible to extricate the observations belonging
to the different forms, but in this case the difference between Ch. gut-
turalis and Ch. tytleri was too great for even v. Schrenck to ignore alto-
gether, though he by no means suspects them of being separable, much
less understands the importance of keeping them separate*.

Fortunately his remarks enable us to decide which forms he and Mid-
dendorff collected at two very important localities. Speaking of the
‘* Hirundo rustica var. rufa,” which he found throughout the Amur
Valley (Reise Amurl. I, p. 387), he observes that it was “much paler
than the old male among Middendorff’s specimens from Udskij Ostrog,
and only slightly darker than the old male of the European Barn Swal-
low. * * * The black band of the fore neck is only narrow and con-
tains some rusty brown spots.”t }

This description is quite sufficient for identifying the Amur Valley
bird as Ch. gutturalis, while on the other hand, the remark plainly
shows that the bird Middendorff collected at Udskij Ostrog, at the mouth
of the Uda Valley, is Chelidon tytleri. This determination is extremely
interesting since the valleys of the two rivers Amur and Uda are close
together, only being separated by the Bureja Mountains, but the direc-
tion of the Amur and Ussuri is southern, while Uda comes from the
west. The Stanovoj Mountains, which until this point run close to the
shore of the Okotsk Sea, make here a sudden bend to the westward, lead-
ing over to Dauria and Transbaikalia. According to Middendorff (Ise-
piptesen Russl., p. 125) Vossnessenski met “ Hirundo rustica var. rufa”
at Ajan. We also know that Ch. tytleri is common on the western coast
developed and understood, and before the recent theories of the bird migration, which
are so closely connected with the former, had been conceived, is perhaps not so very
surprising. That Taczanowski, however, stil], in 1883, refuses to recognize the differ-
ence between gutturalis and tytleri (= saturata) (ef. his foot-note on p. 356, Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, 1883, in regard to the latter form), and fails to see the necessity of
tracing the geographical distribution of each one separately, is a matter both of sur-
prise and regret.

t ‘‘Viel blasser als das alte Miinnchen unter den Middendorffschen Exemplaren vom
Udskoi Ostrog, und nur wenig dunkler als das alte Minnchen der europiiischen Rauch-

chwalbe. * * * Das schwarze Band der Kropfgegend ist nur schmal und trigt
einige rostbraune Flecke.”

348 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

of Kamtschatka. We know that it does not travel southward over the
Kuril Islands and Japan. It seems, then, a pretty safe conclusion, that
the Swallow, at least, crosses the Okotsk Sea from some point on the
western coast of Kamtschatka, and that when arriving on the opposite
coast of the Okotsk Sea it meets the Stanovoj Mountains, it follows the
eastern slope of that range southward, turning westward at Udskij
Ostrog where the mountains also turn westward.

I have remarked above that this case may offer a hint as to how the
other species migrate, which do not pass over Japan. Ido not mean to
say, however, that the other species probably follow exactly the same
route; in fact, I do not intend to propose any theory as to them, since
what we know about them is too fragmentary. ‘To illustrate this I may
mention Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskii. _Middendorff met it at
Udskij Ostrog and v. Schrenck in the Amur Valley. But as the species
breeds there, it is—with our present kngwledge—impossible to say
whether the Kamtschatkan individuals migrate along the Uda only, or
if they also go by the Amur route. If only the Amur birds had a sin-
gle character of their own, no matter how slight, no matter how keen
and trained the eye of the expert must be to discover it, what an ad-
vantage! And still there are people who call the search for such fine
distinctions “hair-splitting!” Could we possibly get more forcible ex-
amples to illustrate the absolute necessity of diligently practicing this
noble art of “ hair-splitting” than the above ones of Chelidon tytleri
and Carpodacus grebnitskit?

To the north, or rather the northeast of Kamtschatka, lies a country
larger than Great Britain, which is totally unknown, at least as far as
its birds are concerned. Roughly speaking, it is situated between 60°
and 66° north latitude, and between 195° and 180° west longitude,
being the whole river area of the Anadir and its numerous tributaries.
Although bordered to the northwest by the northern arm of the Stan-
ovoj Mountains, this vast area is undoubtedly inhabited by a consider-
able number of Siberian forms of migratory birds, but as we know
absolutely nothing of the ornis of the region its relation to that of
Kamtschatka can only be guessed at.

Still further to the northeast is the Tschuktschi Peninsula, the orni-
thology of which is a little better known. We have scattered notes by
the many travelers who stopped a few days in Plover Bay. Norden-
skidld, wintering at Pitlekaj, has furnished valuable observations cover-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 349

ing nearly a year. Finally the Russian Transit-of-Venus Expedition
brought home a few species of birds from Tschukotskij Noss.

Seanty as this material is, both on account of the limited extent of
the explorations and the northern situation of the country (64 to 679
north latitude), it is better than nothing, and will suffice for some in-
teresting observations. It will be necessary first to give a list of the
suinmer visitors of that region, which are of importance in the present
connection. We have, consequently, left out all the strictly American
forms which in summer visit the Tschuktschi Peninsula.

TABLE XV.—Palearctic Summer Visitors (Land Birds and Fluviatile
Waders) known to occur on the Tschuktschi Peninsula.

Arenaria interpres. Anthus gustavi.
Charadrius squatarola. japonicus (7)
dominicus fulvus. cervinus.

Aigialitis hiaticula (?) Budytes flavus leucostriatus.

Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus, Motacilla ocularis.

Eudromias morinellus. Phyllopseustes borealis.

Actodromas acuminatus. Turdus iliacus (?)
temminckii. naumanni (7)

Pelidna ferruginea.* Saxicola enanthe.

Calcarius lapponicus.

In spite of the meagerness of this list, it confronts us at once with
the very important fact that it contains a number of species which
have not yet been obtained in Kamtschatka, and most of which, prob-
ably, do not occur there regularly, viz:

Aigialitis hiaticula (?) Motacilla ocularis.
Eudromias morinellus, Turdus iliacus (?)
Pelidna ferruginea. naumanni,
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus. Saxicola cenanthe.

In this connection I wish to recall what I have said previously in
this work (p. 283 and p. 303) in regard to Budytes leucostriatus and
Phyllopseustes borealis, viz, that there seems to be a slight difference
between the stock inhabiting Alaska (and the opposite shore of Asia)
and the one which passes the summer in Kamtschatka, indicating that
the former never touches the latter country during their migrations.

* = Tringa subarquata GULDENST. Briinnich’s name has the priority as will be
seen from the following list of the chief synonyms:
1764.—Tringa ferruginea BRUNN., Orn. Bor., p. 53.
1775.—Tringa subarquata GULD., Novy. Comm., Petrop., XIX (p. 471, pl. 18).

1809.—Numenius pygmeus BECHST., Naturg. Deutschl., IV, p. 148.
1826.—Trynga falcinella PALL., Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 188.

350 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

We know for certain that none of the above species migrate southward
along the American coast, not even those which regularly visit Alaska
in summer. They must, therefore, migrate south through some part of
Northeastern Asia, since they do not stay near Bering Strait in winter.
That all of them should have been overlooked in Kamtschatka is not
probable. It may, at least, be taken for granted that they do not
regularly pass up and down the eastern coast twice a year.

It is, in this connection, a significant fact that these same birds do
not regularly occur in Japan either, with the possible exception of two,
viz, the birds which in Table XV are called Agialitis hiaticula and
Turdus naumanni. The former is not found in Japan; on the other
hand, the nearly allied Agialitis placida is common in winter about
Yokohama, and the bird which Nordenskidld brought home from the
winter quarters of the ‘“‘ Vega” may have been this species and not the
true hiaticula. The true Turdus naumanni TEMM. is included in the
Japanese fauna, but Blakiston and Pryer say that it “‘ does not seem to
be abundant.” It is to be remarked that Middendorff met this species
on the western shore of the Okotsk Sea, at Ajan, and in the Stanovoj
Mountains (544° and 594° north latitude), but that he erroneously calls
it Turdus ruficollis.

In regard to Eurynorhynchus pygmeus it must be observed that, al-
though several specimens have been obtained in Japan, it is not known
to occur there regularly. Still the fact that this bird, in spite of its
most extraordinary bill, has escaped notice in other places until recently,
makes it less safe to base any conclusions upon the negative evidence
of its not having been recorded from a given locality. This species
needs close watching everywhere in Eastern Asia, for not only is it a
rare and curious bird, but it is confidently expected that considerable
light will be thrown upon the migrations of that region when the route
of the Spoonbilled Sandpiper shall have been mapped out.

The migratory inhabitants of the Tschuktschi Peninsula, which in
fall go south to winter in some part of Eastern or Southern Asia, are
most likely to follow the southern coast of the peninsula westward, or
to cross the Bay of Anadir, in both cases reaching the great river sys-
tem of Anadir. A glance at the map will convince us that they do not
cross the range of the Stanovoj Mountains, which here separate the
Anadir system from that of the Kolima. The direction of this mount-
ain range is southwest, and parallel with it is another mountain sys-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 351

tem along the coast. Between these and in the same direction runs
the river, notably the tributary Orlovka. A route following the latter
points directly towards Penschinsk at the innermost northeastern cor-
ner of the Okotsk Sea. The Stanovoj Mountains, here approaching
the coast, bend westward and run parallel with the coast, but at some
distance from the sea, as far as Okotsk; but at the latter place, whence
the coast bends southwest again, that lofty mountain chain moves out
close to the shore. At about 55° north latitude, the mountains again
turn westward, the valley of Uda leaning on their southern slope.
Since we know that the birds alluded to do not move southward from
Penschinsk, through Kamtschatka, and since their escape westward is
effectually prevented by the snow-clad Stanovoj Mountains, the route
between the mountains and the coast becomes the only available road
to the south. Arriving at Udskij, they have the choice of at least two
routes.

We shall now take one of the above species as an illustration of the
hypothesis here mapped out, selecting for that purpose Motacilla ocu-
laris, the Wagtail, with gray back in both sexes and at all seasons. We
remark at the outset that one specimen of this species has been taken
in Kamtschatka* and another one on Bering Island; but these were evi-
dently stragglers, as was the specimen which was collected by Mr.
Belding at La Paz in Lower California. This species is a regular breed-
ing bird on the Tschuktschi Peninsula, and all the various parties
which have collected at Plover Bay obtained or observed it. It is true
that we know of no authentic record of this species, as distinguished
from the other eastern white Wagtails, having been collected at any in-
termediate point, but from v. Schrenck’s description of the specimens
which Middendorff collected at Udskij Ostrog it is clear that the latter
are true ocularis. But there seems to be no other possible way than
that indicated above, when the birds do not migrate over Kamtschatka
and Japan. From Udskij Ostrog they must follow the same route to
Dauria and Baikal which we have indicated on a previous page when
discussing the migration of Chelidon tytleri. The evidence is that the
species is common in the districts just mentioned, while it is missing
in the Amur Valley and farther east, it being undoubtedly a black-
backed form that occupies the Amur district. This close analogy with

*Mr. Taczanowski now considers his previous identification erroneous, referring
the specimen in question to M. lugens, with which he wrongly identifies M. japonica.
Cf. Dyb. and Tacz., B. S. Z. F. 1884, Extr., p. 11.

352 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

the Swallow is very interesting and suggestive. Still more light may
be thrown upon the subject if we consider the distribution and mi-
gration of allied forms. Motacilla lugens is the species which breeds
over the greater part of the Kamtschatkan Peninsula. We also know
it to breed on the Kurils and on Yesso, Japan. Concerning its dis-
tribution in the latter country we quote the following from Captain
Blakiston (Amend. List B. Jap., p. 54): “On the last [Yesso], however,
it appears to breed but sparingly, and has not been observed on the
main island, or anywhere in Southern Japan during that season. In
September and October it is numerous on migration in Yesso, but I believe
none winter there. To the southward, we have winter specimens from
Yokohama, Kobé, Nagasaki.” I think there is no danger in assuming
that the birds which “in September and October are numerous on
migration in Yesso” come from Kamtschatka. In now directing the
attention to the birds living at the Amur, I may repeat what I empha-
sized when speaking of the purple finch: ‘‘If only the Amur birds
had a single character of their own, no matter how slight, no matter
how keen and trained the eye of the expert must be to discover it, what
an advantage!” Now, whether such a character exists I do not know,
since I have no Amur specimens, but I really suspect that it does. I
take my suspicion from v. Schrenck’s description, which distinctly says,
that his Amur specimens differ both from Middendorff’s examples and
from the Kamtschatkan ones, being in a measure intermediate between
them.* I think there are good reasons for the belief that the birds in
question will turn out to be entitled to a name, as Motacilla lugens amu-
rensis (SEEBOHM), the author of which, perhaps, after all did not “‘com-
mit so great a crime” in creating the last name as he himself fears.
But it must be left to future investigations to decide whether there ex-
ists such a “‘ migration-route race,” as friend Palmén would call it.

We shall now apply Palmén’s theory that the migration routes indi-
cate the ancient ways by which the species originally immigrated into
a country as a test to the cases of the Wagtail and the Swallow. We
are, then, probably justified in taking the present center of distribution of
Motacilla ocularis and Chelidon tytleri as the starting point from whence

* «So sehen wir also die Amur-Exemplare der Var. lugens in ihrer Fiirbung in jeder
Beziehung den Uebergang von den dunkelsten, am prignantesten schwarz und weiss
gezeichneten Form des maritimen Ostasiens, wir meinen Kamtschatka’s, der Kurilen
und Japan’s, zu der viel helleren und mehr grauen Form des continentalen Ostasien’s.”
Schrenck, Reise Amurl., I. p. 340.

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 353

they gradually invaded those outlying regions where we have made their
acquaintance. It will suffice for our present purpose to start from the
region east of Lake Baikal, the so-called province of Transbaikalia.
The effort of the species to extend the limits northward and eastward
forced them to move eastward gradually along the southern slopes of
the Jablonnoj and Stanovoj Mountains, finally, by degrees, reaching
the Okotsk Sea at Udskij. From here they only had_the narrow slip
of land between the sea and the high Stanovoj Mountains, which they
could not cross. Year after year the pioneers advanced a little farther
to the northeast. Finally the swallow reached a latitude beyond which
it was not comfortable for it to proceed. Buta glance at the map (p. 359)
will show us that the sea separating it from Kamtschatka is too insignifi-
cant an obstacle for the swift swallow, which found suitable quarters
and plenty of food in the mosquito-ridden peninsula, where it found no
very nearly related competitor. The wagtail, on the other hand, could
stand the northern climate better, and pushed on until the outposts
reached the shores of Berings Strait, across which they will probably
continue their emigration before long. That Motacilla ocularis in reach-
ing Penschinsk did not extend southward over the peninsula may be
explained by the fact that it found Kamtschatka already occupied by
the closely allied Motacilla lugens.

On a former occasion I have made the remark that Kamtschatka is
not only interesting on account of the birds it possesses, but, perhaps,
even more so on account of those which are absent from its ornis. To
illustrate this more fully we shall undertake a comparison with the avi-
fauna of the district at the mouth of the Amur River and at Udskij
Ostrog, giving in a table all the species especially mentioned as col-
lected by v. Schrenck and Middendorff in the former localities, which
are situated at about the same latitude as Petropaulski, and not known
to occur in Kamtschatka. Such forms are excluded, however, which
may be regarded as representing each other, as for instance, the corre-
sponding races of Urogallus, the different forms of woodpeckers, &c.
I have retained his nomenclature without any changes, since in many
cases it is difficult to decide, without specimens, the exact name of the
species which he collected.

15861 Bull. 29-——23

354

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

TABLE XVI.— Species collected at the Mouth of the Amur River and at
Udskij Ostrog, unknown in Kamtschatka.

Tringa canutus.
crassirostris.
Fulica atra.
Anas galericulata.
Ardea stellaris.
cinerea.
Tetrao bonasia.
canadensis var. franklinii (= falet-
pennis).
Columba risoria (accidental at the Lower
Amur?).
turtur var. gelastis.

Milvus niger var. melanotis.
Strix uralensis.

passerina.

pbubo.
Alcedo ispida var. bengalensis.
Upupa epops.
Ynnx torquilla.
Picus martius.

leuconotus.
Alauda alpestris.
Corvus japonensis.

It is true that several of the

northern limit at the mouths of Amur and Uda, as
atra, Aix galericulata, Botaurus stellaris, Ardea cinerea,
that the southern part of Kamtschatka is situated fully as far

less true

Corvus dauricus.
Garrulus glandarius.
infaustus.
Emberiza pithyornus.
rutila.
personata.
pusilla.
Fringilla spinus.
Passer montanus.
Carpodacus roseus.
Muscicapa cinereo-alba.
luteola.
Lanius pheenicurus (=Superciliosus. )
Certhia familiaris.
Cinclus pallasii.

Accentor alpinus.
Phyllopneuste sibirica (= Oreopneuste fus-
cata).
superciliosa.

Regulus cristatus.
Turdus naumanni.
Lusciola erythronota.

species here enumerated reach their

for instance Fulica
&e., but it is not

south as the localities mentioned, and that these very species also in-

habit Northern Japan.

Still more remarkable is it that several of the species which are com-

mon inhabitants of Northern Japan, and which reach
latitude on the western shore of the Okotsk Sea than

a much higher
the mouth of the

Uda River, nevertheless characterize the Kamtschatka fauna by their

absence.

It is furthermore to be remarked that
means velong to species of restricted distribution.

these missing forms by no
A glance at the

above list (Table XVI) shows that the following Circumpolar or Pale-
arctic genera (and subgenera, if we admit such a term), inhabiting
Northern Japan and the western shore of the Okotsk Sea, are un-

represented in Kamtschatka :

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 355

TABI) Val.

Tringa (may have been overlooked, how- Coloeus.

ever), Garrulus.
Fulica. Perisoreus.
Botaurus. Spinus.
Ardea. Passer.
Bonasa. * Certhia.
Turcur. ; Cincelus.
Milvus. - Accentor.
Glaucidium.t Reguloides.
Bubo. , Regulus.
Otocoris (the occurrence in Japan is doubt-

ful)..

As a supplement to the above we give the names of a few Cireum-
polar and Palearctic genera (and subgenera) which oceur in Northern
Japan without reaching Kamtschatka, viz:

TABLE XVIII.

Podiceps (—Tachybaptes). Coturnix.

Vanellus. Circus.

Rallus. Caprimulgus.

Porzana. Sturnus.

Gallinula. Hirundo (—Cotile).
~ Ardetta. Troglodytes.

-Herodias. Pratincola.

A comparison with the following list of genera which inhabit Kam-
tschatka shows beyond dispute that it is not the severity of the climate
that excludes most of the above genera, since they are able to stand it
just as well as members of following groups, which occur there regularly :

TABLE XIX.
Colymbus. 7: Hypocentor.
Gallinago, Chloris.
Querquedula. Pyrrhula.
Eunetta. Loxia.
Spatula. ’ Clivicola.
Urogallus. Chelidon.
Pandion. Lanius.
Surnia. Butalis.
Cuculus. Erythrosterna.
Micropus. Acrocephalus.
Alauda. Locustella.
Nucifraga, Tanthia.
Pica. Melodes.

*T have included such forms, the reported occurrence of which in Kamtschatka is
extremely doubtful, since their occurrence on the western shore of the Okotsk Sea
probably has in most cases eaused the false statement of their being part of the
Kamtschatkan ornis.

t Ulula is left out, since its reported occurrence in Kamtschatka is by no means
improbable.

356 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

But if it is true then that Table XTX disproves the climate as the
cause of the absence of representatives of the genera contained in
Tables XVII and XVIII, what can be the reason of such an extraordi-
nary phenomenon 2

Evidently we have to look for an explanation in the way by which the
peninsula became inhabited. Kamtschatka is one of the most typical
and well defined peninsulas on the globe, and the climatological and
physical conditions of the part connecting it with the continent are
such as to make it a true island, zoologically speaking. Besides, there
seems to be reason to assume that it has been a real island at no very
distant period. The usual maps, it is true, indicate a high mountain
ridge at the narrowest point of the peninsula, connecting the mountains
of the latter with the orographical systems on the continent to the
north. But I have heard Mr. Kennan, the celebrated traveler, who has
traversed those regions in company with the Koriaks, denounce the
maps as entirely wrong in that respect. He said that the country
at the point in question is flat from sea to sea. From the observations
I made on Bering Island, I have evidence that the latter island, at least,
has been subject to a considerable rise during recent periods, and there
are reasons to believe that this rise of land has taken place in the region
generally. Under these suppositions the narrow neck of the peninsula
has once been submerged. Looking apart from the connection to the
north there is only one regular way by which Kamtschatka can have
_been invaded by species which do not voluntarily cross wide seas in
search for new homes, and this way is by the Kuril Islands from Japan.
The character of these islands, however, is such as to form a barrier
rather than a highway to all species which need trees and woods as an
essential condition for their existence. Besides a glance at Tables X VII
and XVIII shows how surprisingly many forms have not availed them-
selves of extending their limits northwards over the Kurils, to which
the treeless nature of these islands is no obstruction. We have seen
above that some migrating birds enter Kamtschatka by some other
route than from the extreme north or south, a route by which, there-
fore, the species in all probability have originally invaded the country,
but the Table XVII is plain evidence demonstrating that it is not fre-
quented by a great many forms which might reasonably be expected.

This fact of so many birds staying away from a country of the size,
climate, and resources possessed by Kamtschatka is not satisfactorily
explained by the present isolated position alone. It requires the hy-

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 357

pothesis that this isolation has existed since it first began to be inhab-
ited by its present land-ornis, and also that this immigration commencea
at no very distant period. The probable cause of this comparatively
late colonization, whether due to the country having undergone a glacial
period, or whether volcanic phenomena have anything to do with it, is
not in our line to discuss, these being questions for the geologists to
solve.

That so many of the resident birds have developed into distinct forms
is no argument against the theory of a comparatively recent coloniza-
tion, since all are nearly related to forms inhabiting neighboring coun-
tries, and since this specialization is chiefly only an intensification of
the general tendency of the birds inhabiting the whole region of which
Kamtschatka only forms a province. If considering these facts in con-
nection with the nearly absolute isolation of the forms in question, no
assumption of a very long period seems to be needed in explanation.

The question how these residents originally happened to populate the
country should, perhaps, be discussed briefly before closing these re-
marks.

Looking at the absence of many generally distributed northern Cir-
cumpolar and Palearctic forms of the resident ornis, for instance, Pe-
risoreus, Garrulus, Certhia, Regulus, Cinclus, Bonasa, &c., one can hardly
escape the impression that those species which now reside perma-
nently in Kamtschatka originally came there accidentally. Likeso many
other islands Kamtschatka probably owes its resident ornis to storms
having blown the first pairs over from countries across the sea. This
population has beer going on since it first became inhabitable, and con-
tinues so even to-day. That explains in a measure the different degree
of abundance and specialization, those forms which have only recently
made their appearance being less numerous and less modified.

Having now discussed the Kamtschatkan avifauna in its relation to
the surrounding countries, the conclusion seems quite justified that the
peninsula forms a very well circumscribed ornitho-geographical prov-
ince, remarkable not only for a number of peculiarly modified forms, but
also for a surprising absence of many of the most characteristic forms
of the Northern Palearctic and Circumpolar ornis.

It may finally be interesting to give a condensed comparison with a
province of similar size and position at the opposite side of the Palzarctic -
continent. Great Britain is situated between nearly the same latitudes
as Kamtschatka, taking a somewhat similar position on the Atlantic side

358 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

as does Kamtschatka on the Pacific. Table XX is intended to show the
difference between the two avifaunas. The part relating to the British
birds is compiled from the recent list published by the British Ornithol-
ogists’ Union, with the exclusion of all the species which are enumer-
ated as “ occasional and accidental visitors.” This category has not
been recognized in the Kamtschatkan list, since it is thought that their
number is too small to affect the general result.

TABLE XX.
a Q
sae q @D
Superfamilies. 9 =
s a
g BY
s aS
mH
Salee
Colymboide® ....------------------ 22-020 serene ee eee eee renee Cee eee ane eae 2 3
TAT COL CE eee ee erin ear ele ee me ae im meee em teem sil Eel ee lm 17 6
WGA OOD she oe vie cue Seles Selisnacisle awa nelecaaasicnsclee salsa emleiwlwle aleinlnlalelai=omlninl=(=/(m'a'mi= Sinmininioctn)= = 15| 16
Procellaroide@® <2 ccccercoe ccc neces esses estes oe === - een eames Bar 5 4
Scolopacoide®.....-.------+--------------- a06 fs 287) 29
Gruoide® ...-5.<..-.--.= : oe 1 5
PAM RLOIN EL sise=oi-isinals =e 3 29 | 27
Ardeoidew ..- -.---.. 0 1
Phalacrocoracoide® . - 2 3
Tetraonoidew.....------ 4 3 8
GolambGidere see ccc erate oe ete a mie te ie te ear lte eta etiam i oe alla pee fe eile pets cnn nee eet 0 4
ACCipitroides® .....- 22-222 eee ee eee eee ee eee ee eee teen een neem eee teen renee 12) 14
Strigoidew..... 2.2. e eee ee cee eee ee eee eee cee ne eee ee renee cee me eter ee eenee inne 3 4
@UcCwlOld Ose eck leon view Sowae eee si sateteete elo leteinie Ciera care mi ait elo lore ale ope 'm elnino elaine eminent inl aie ia mia 2 1
BAS CLA TUO ICL oes eee eee er ec ae a ea Pet me etl lt eel let pe hl 0 1
TPiGOid Grier eee eae ae dae sCeeisem ce mies aoa mae eons ala ain «lease olen sine ote late inne oem ite eines 3 4
Caprimulgoidea..--.-.-- 2222-22 eee eee e ee eee eee nen cee cee ene eee ne rece eecneeenee 0 1
Micropodoidem ....---.-- 2-2. eee een ence ne nen ene cee ee nee cence enn ee tent eenene ne: 1 1
PASSOL OIC OI sce see eee eaeie e mctente eer mic See oma ale ial wee aie lee tnt ctlec fale owt ein nett te 52 | 79
175 | 211

BULLETIN NO. 29, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359

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SKETCH MAP OF KAMTSCHATKA AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES.

REMARKS. — Only those mountains are represented, which are mentioned in the third part of this work,

PLATE I.
Fie. 1.

Fia. 2.

PLATE II.
Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.
Fia. 4.

PLATE ITI.
Fig. 1.

Fia. 2.
Fia. 3.

PLATE LV.
Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fia. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fia. 5.

Fia. 6.

PLATE VY.
Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[All the figures are natural size unless otherwise stated. ]

1.—PLATES.

Lunda cirrhata, Q ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89087 ; Bering Island,
May 11, 1882.

Lunda cirrhata, $ ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92920; Bering Island,
January 19, 1883.

Lunda cirrhata, pullus. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92929; Bering Island, Sep-
tember 6, 1883.

Lunda cirrhata, juv. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92930; Bering Island, Septem-
ber 24, 1882.
Lunda cirrhata, juv., winter. Bering Island, February 24, 1883.

Lunda cirrhata, jun., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92922; Bering Island,
February 12, 1883.

Fratercula corniculata, 9 ad.,summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89089; Bering
Island, May 21, 1882.
Fratercula corniculata, ad., winter. Bering Island, February 24, 1883.

Fratercula corniculata, 3 jun., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92932; Bering
Island, February 24, 1883.

Simorhynchus pygmzxus, $ ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92960; Bering
Island, December 29, 1882.

Simorhynchus pygmeus, 9 ad.,summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92972; Bering
Island, May 6, 1883.

Simorhynchus pusillus, g ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92980; Bering
Island, December 30, 1882.

Simorhynchus cristatellus, Q ad., summer. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89096;
Bering Island, May 16, 1882.

Simorhynchus cristatellus, 2 ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92958; Bering
Island, March 1, 1883.

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus, Q ad., summer. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 92946;
Bering Island, May 9, 1883.

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus, 9 ad., summer. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89095;
Bering Island, July 11, 1882. For explanation of letters see p. 41.

Simorhynchus cristatellus, 3 ad., summer. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92954;
Bering Island, June 4, 1883. Mouth opened to show the outline of
the rictus.

Simorhynchus pygmeus, 3 ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92960; Bering
Island, December 29, 1882. Head seen from behind to show the position
uf the lateral crests.

361

362 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE V.—Continued.

Fic. 4. Simorhynchus pygmeus, $ ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92970; Bering
Island, January 16, 1883. Mouth opened for comparison with Fig. 2.

Fia. 5. Simorhynchus pusillus, § ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92980; Bering
Island, December 30, 1882. Bill from above.

Fig. 6. Synthliboramphus antiquus, g ad, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92985; Bering Island,
January 3, 1883.

Fic. 7. Same specimen. Bill from above.

PLATE VI.
Fia. 1. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, $ ad., white phase, winter. U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 92908; Bering Island, February 7, 1883.
Fic. 2. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, ad., dark phase, summer. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.
No. 92910; Bering Island, May 4, 1883.
Fia. 3. Larus schistisagus, g§ ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92885; Bering Island, May
5, 1883.
Fic. 4. Larus kamtschatchensis, 8 ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92889; Bering Island,
May 21, 1883.
PLATE VII.
Fic. 1. Anser segetum middendorfi, 8 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 92824; Bering
Island, May 10, 1883. -
Fic. 2. Anser albifrons gambeli, 2 ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92826; Bering Island,
May 10, 1883.
Fic. 3. Somateria v-nigra, g ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92848; Copper Island, July
3, 1883.
PLATE VIII.
Fia. 1. Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 9 ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92833; Bering Island,
April 26, 1883.
Fi. 2. Phalacrocorax urile, g ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92877; Copper Island,
July 14, 1883.
Fig. 3. Phalacrocorax urile, jay. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92878; Copper Island, J uly

25, 1883.
2.—CUTS.

Page.
Fie. 1. Lunda cirrhata, jun. Copper Island, July 30, 1883 _.___-._-_------____- 52

Fic. 2. Lunda cirrhata, 2 jun. Bering Island, June 4, 1883. U.S. Nat. Mus.
INGOT ORO 2d Sele 2h Pe ae ee eee cee Ogee nce ea es gen ae nae a 52
Fic. 3. Larus cachinnans, ad. Three first primaries, } nat. size ________________- 69
Fic. 4. Larus schistisagus, ad. Type specimen. Three first primaries, } nat. size* 70
Fig. 5. Larus marinus, ad. Three first primaries, } nat. size..._______.._-______ 71
Fic. 6. Charitonetta albeola, ad. Bering Island, January 19, 1883 ____________ 165
Fie. 7. Clangula clangula, g jun. Bering Island, November 29, 1882____.--_____ 165
Sketch map of Kamtschatka and adjacent countries ___._________-____2--_______- 359

* The “ mirror”’ of the third primary is larger and whiter than shown in the figure!

INDEX.

A. Page.

Acanthis CANESCENS............sccsccesessereevecenes 258, 259
OXILIPES............sesenercossceseeseees208, 200, 261

Ol boellidiceseseerecsteccsses 256
hornemannii 258
exilipes......258, 322, 337, 341
ANNOMINGLUS!...0-.ncesceiencessessss=seee 252
INCSEMCCIUSH.ccsceatcccccerssessaseonsee 256

linaria... secscsceressecessens00, 202, O22, SSO
holbcellii . Nessuausasesaccesces 256, 322, 336

PAIIESCONS ... ci accccessonsdeesces 259
rostrata............. Pecrcsetedessrsaretescss 259
Accentor alpinus.............. 354
Accipiter astur............. 319
gyrfaleo 204
halizetus 219
lagopus........ auamcecucsrectcesanstectrss 208

MIS US Pe coc csneccese eta oue ctwakedvecssenae 320, 337
ACCIPICLING (SUVX) nsaccscccecasees seccevevsseduatess 220
accipitrinuS | (CASIO)! iii... .cs.cescspeccessoecoscs 220, 320, 336
Acrocephalus dybowskii....................0. 299, 300
ochotensis ............6 299, 301, 324, 338

Actitis hypoleucos .............c0.eceeeeee 131, 137, 317, 337
ATICAMUS eis ca vcescscsadasncscstatucedonenestece 132
pulverulentus’.2. <sc:.<..-scectcostessaes 137
Actodromas acuminatus......... 115, 117, 316, 338, 349
damacensis......... 116, 117, 118, 316, 338

PUSCICOMIS HS srecce-scesansscsstceres 121

muficolliss :A.c-s.cesscsees 117, 118, 316, 338

Sub MIM UW buUsieecs.scosee ee ccescers 116
temminckii........ 116, 117, 119, 316, 337

346, 349

aecuniin ata; (DriN a): ccsccc-cssstcsssosceteeasenceces 115
acuminatus (Actodromas)....... 115, 117, 316, 338, 349
(Wo tans) iecd.ikccsccsestsesteoeeses 115

acuta (Anas)......... arvevcesc cess ancccnacec cacsrctcestes 153
(Daifilla) Feceancscses ...153, 318, 336
adamsii (Colymbus),...........ccccccsscoscessccsesse 14
(Colymbus torquatus).............0006 14
(Urinator eee 14, 313, 336
Migialites Mongolicus.............c0sccceeceseeeees 106
AXgialitis hiaticula................008 seosceseee 109, 349, 350
mongola.......... 105, 316, 337
ruficapila aden sassntescesetees 106

DIACID Sessa Ae seer cescosencothas 350
Semipalmiatioin.sy.scccsescuoscesevessces 109
Egiothus borealis .. Beecieeraestesckad 258
canescens aera hacceo Sauce a 258

O@XALIPES. wes. soesccssseeeonsne TA 258
FUSCESCENS........0002.000000 Besse 256

VIM ANT ae oer cccsccceteereucrsereeres a 252

exilipes... bus 258

fEgithalos caudatus........cccesccccsceeeee a “324, 337, 343

segocephala melanuroides (Limosa)........ 316, 338
CSSOMUSH(SLLYX) -cccescesesvevese coneesuscesetessenessece
zeolus (Phalacrocorax).........
sequinocetialis (Procellaria)............0.0ss0008
aftinis) (Aly tity a) 5. .-ccn.cececcscaseecndccessnssecesese
(Charadrius)...........
(CIEATUS)iicsssucessevecemcces aeacaenaetees
mariloides (Aythya)............ssscsseees
(POdICEPS) oisiiivsscccessesvisesassccrsescccers
(Motamus) ex steccwcsecsceetsevecccastanses
Be sMist (AMPBUS) ecccecwcctccscsccscccccesaunccoscceres
(Pipastes) ..
Aix ie eieninta
alascensis (iroglodstesys

...298, 294, 296

Al aud afal PEStVisSiecrcccecdecessosvsscacazsecescseestes 304
arvensis........ a cece savecnsetersss 20492005 200)
DIBEISCOM Tso ec hestecestcctecoestaccese cesses 234
Camtarellarcelk cccoccess: csteceresetooe 234, 235, 236
COC]IPOHA sis. cecsei tess ocansete cetecdecssscves 234
COCLIV Or ee csesceesecurcrerceceseesetest 234, 235, 286
intermedia, 234, 235, 236
japonica..... 234, 235, 236

alba) (Gavia) cisscncncsOicccescssoorscctessstecceens 315, 336, 340

(Gara) ei isccescerconsessscssave esses se vacacse 129
lugens (Motacilla)................00 maneseete 284, 287
(Mota cilla)ns:teicectercpccstcaccocteseswesses 292, 324

albatrus (Diomedea).............66 reste 89, 316, 337, 340

albellus (Mergus).......... 178, 318, 337

(Mere ellus) Size een ecscecas 179

albeola:: (ANAS) ies ciecsccvoscsetde ssccesesescvecssst 166
(Bucephalls) recsiveccacsorscecvessecassossee 166
camtschatese (Motacilla) ....,....... 287
camtschatica (Motacilla)............ 287
(Charitonetta) 165, 166, 318, 336
(Clangula)............- 166
(Motacilla).... 287

albescens (Tringa)...... 118

albicilla (Aquila).... 216, 320

borealis (Halizeetus).................. 209
(Erythrosterna) ..............273, 323, 338, 346

(CHial Co) ere eccrccoscteccetuosessexceoeetece 216
(Halieetus).............0.214, 216, 217, 320, 337
hypoleucus (Haliaétus) scesancesias 213, 214
(Muscicapa) ..........s00 Saecesecantets 273

albidior (Picoides)...............ssseee0s ...021, 338, 342
albifronss((AmSen)hiocvecodeccccs scvcctesctecseasss 145, 146, 317
gambeli (Anser)....... +000145, 317, 337, 341

(Site) eae ee 324, 338, 342
albigularis (Bomasa)..........cc.0sscosssseseesceoese 319
albus a (Malco islamGus)i:-ccrcccccoccsesesceaveese 204
(CUAS OPUS) co. cccoccuconsereccsccvecssenocecastive 194, 195
(Tetrao)........ macahancsstal actusecsdastestcasoxs 194

363

364 INDEX.
Page. 3 gs
ATCA ANGIQUE cicccescccspavecessadccussccecedcaseaanesces 237) Anas MONISSIMAN.. occccccccesuecencecectaseseavens In
AT.CUL CEL Biesser-caccctwasocerseerctreteeatarectanees 59 TIGA sec cnsses canes aeeess resteee steseresreteees 174
CATO: se svchsactavecsuclcccsve coonsewosraserseecenaes 22 OLOT Ssockas cvcescoxsscse socvsovasess castndaurwetoere 149
cirrhata...... 43 PCNClOPE)c..ceceacadsscecsveatsercsasaeeeeee 157
cristata........ 33 querquedula........ ekusssosaess Sraaethrcsecnent 156
eristatella........ 7 32 stelleri 170
kamtschatica... 25 | Anorthura pallescems... ............seceeee astecss 292
PSLGUACUIG :cr-c-scccssconeseeescocence aos Bo4| PAnSser il bifrons 2. ccccccuvesccercasccheecnece «+145, 146, 317
tetraculasecvscn eer eee 33, 38 ...145, 817, 887, 341
Alcedo ispida bengalensis....... Seceeeee Reesseeve 354 brachyrhynchus... 145
aleutica (Sterma) ..........ccccessescees nareenac acess 84 brenta 149
aleuticus (Phaleris) ................000 aivesnevieeas 38 canadensis 147
(Ptychoramphus)........0....02.00008 27,314 Ory thropus ..sccccginceseesssesssscosmertasen 145, 146
glicias (Ely locich| a) a... ts.ivecasassestsvcnsecostoness 325 NUtCHINS so sc.ncues cana tsnceeasetee eters ese 147
alpina americana (Pelidna).......... oe 120 317
(Dring): ctecccrssctsectess ed POO aL | eno belie. wureseeleRetenstieoditareerce 145, 146
pacifica (Pelidua)......... 120, 121, 316, 337, 341 QTANGIS) FAs cespeacsstaceeseieed ...- 141, 148, 144
(Pelidna)ieecccccc.ncesseaacs ceousescsceseecaes 120 J@UGOPATELUS 3:57. << tancevesns-cedveseossds 147
(Seolopax) (2: dac.cshestucareaeee “© 20 middéndorfil 20a 141
(Drin Ga)|,. 2o.vuccsnsccsaseesossosassateadenecte 120 MISTICATS Loe sscasecasascceecstssteereccesedeeses 149
alpinus! (Accenton)/-<cac-stosccesscecsscevoreene 354 Semetam: s. gor cee eee 141, 144, 317
(Tea @Opus) iecice-cciecesssccclercassececenedees 194, 319 AUVONSIS:: coccts. set recscsmetcactore 141
americana ((AMAS):. mecca cesccscsesecctuatssceteetee 158 SEQUINOSGHIS!ss:sc-scosenstececacee 141, 144
(Euspiza)....... 244 middendorffi....141, 144, 317, 338, 341
(Eliane) Secccresscsnsstcnnecconsences 269)s| zamtiquas (Alloa) it en wr. ssseenesestoaessestenecseatest 23
(Mareca’) -¥. cic scccrvesesstssacaseeee 158, 318, 336 (Brachyrhamphus)..................-c00- 23
(Oidemia)s" 2s .cstesereesccres 174, 318,341 | antiquus (Synthliboramphus)......... 23, 314, 337, 340
(Pelidtia) 2c2c.s.cccvencussectoectenss 120 278
(Pelidna alpina)............0.0...6.. 120 BIDOLOUS <cccscsscccastoesce ones -eveee 214, 278, 323
(Spiza) tices ieiwes cecscossecnacecs eecuess 244 batchianensis’ se". cera 274
(Tringa alpina)...........:..-.-0+.» 120, 121 Dlackistomt. sec. isscssscstesstsboeneocteas 323
americanus (Cygnus).............ssssseseeseecseens 150 GCOXVANNIS sescsccecestaeretec ane ee 274, 328, 337, 349
(Merganser) .............. 177 gustavi............ 274, 276, 278, 323, 337, 346, 349
(Mergus merganser) sided 831 JAPONICUS, vcrccc-setveecerectroneaes 275, 323, 338, 349
(Olor) iistiscdbsisecteccssdeceeter bee 150 ludovicianus ... 277, 328
amoena (Emberiza)............ Secccasasdsccrvas 244 maculatus..... 278
JAIN POLIS) CATTULUS Ecc necksacteocennezeSeesoueesears 323, 336 pratensis....... ~ ig226,
“amurensis (Motacilla)........c:c0sceseesesceeeeee 287, 289 Beebobmi’...cscccseeentes asters 274, 275
A DAS VCULA A ci cecsodevs-ccecvncccencedacecaugedionestedcs 153 SUCIME MON: ececcasees te tee ects 275, 276
BDC Ol] ais teancarcesntscoteecetsescscopevebectersts 166) ||Aquila albicilla: sccc.nchersseccossotecsetvenstaeteses 216, 320
americana........ eecntasutiowsabensceansadsinsea=7 158 CHYYSSELOS: ..insceose ces ststeceznestcsesed 320, 329, 336
eNO] ak suse tis seek a eossacstanees eniees 149 320
boschas 152, 155, 318, 336 JASODUS ii cticcccecessse esa 208
CATON Ca tote staccessecere sess deassencsewesuctormncs 176 leucocephalus oie 209
CAUGACUEA.........-cesevere Tawasesacssmecesacsass 153 NODIUIS 7c sce. csees vere «+. 320, 3829
OU CIA eine eascen ses cocaecasvesoneenaavedsshosecaeee 156 OSSIMCAL Ay c,d itassaeevutevensessaneetseseeeeze 217
Clan gulls ccstsclvesecsss Wactisancthavaecs capac ane 163 MCIARICH Sy cca tasvecceeccuentencaree econ 209, 217, 320
CLY PERUA es Mu iescacusecessccseshecsces eaceae ee 159: | arboreus (AMEhUS)),.. -cc..0c<csssascseces senses 274, 278, 323
columbianus 150 | Archibuteo ferrugineus .................0c00e008 329
crecca.,,..... 155 JAZ OPUS. .<c<cecacrccvccnasees 208, 320, 329, 336
160 ferrugineus.......,...... 329
160 sancti-johannis. ....... 208
WAS) |) erection (ANCA) ccictccancoroncouacet trades cencrasesuceneet 59
171 (Fratercula) ......00.1ccssecssees 45, 46, 59, 61, 62
157 GaTINGA) scocssscesuccscsesacossovercocsasserece 59
156, 318 (Sie Ae cesiscccssovssacavcccctasadssecehent 85
160 | arcticus (Colymbus)...............cccccessssesccese 318
174, 176 (Falco)...........
galericulata 354 (Urinator)
glacialis 169 | arctous (Passer)
glaucion 163 | Ardea cinerea.....
NiSCPIONICH. ..o0c<sccssssesceeguscsseoessitaccsbas 166 stellaris
histrionis........ gunavaisedsotpesstccstcsasaciaec 166 | arenaria (Calidris)....... Sas carensecuesteestiaeds 122, 316, 336
hyemalis 163,169 | Arenaria interpres.........000-c.scecceees 102, 316, 336, 349
PM APUAS sacbaesks 160 melanocephala............ssseccsses cho 102
minuta 166 4 “aronaria (TINGS) cicecocccesostacuocsacstseucedeus o 122

INDEX. 365

Page Page.

argentatus cachinnans (Larus).............++. 67,68 | Bernicla hutchinsii...........0...s.s..csseseeceseoeee 147, 148
(QIGEUIUIS) este seoneemn toccectceencescnceneces 66, 72 leucopareia 147

arquata (Numenius) 317 MI STICATIS Seacecccastannasccoessedecesocuaces 149
Arquatella COUeSI...............cceeeeees 112, 316, 317, 341 PONG Wa baeaecescenceseecenceanacescsneclineres 149
TYISIPVGIOUS e aeseschcrssecsascees Raemeccess JI125 | Sbebtulariamnay (sina pia) scc-cecoccatcossacenssaneavssate 253, 255
ptilocnemis .. 112,113 | bewickii (Olor)......... 150, 151

Brquate lay COPY MCA) ists essccesoocesssec-ccescns 112 | bicristatus (Carbo) 187
exra (Cepphus) .. 17 (Graculus) i unk ecssespeeersseccrss 181, 187
(Lomvia) ...... oe 17 (Bhalacrocorax)i-c.ccsteceesene 181, 187
(Lomvia rashes) 185) bifaseiatan(WOxia), 2... osc .csescecc: asoeacwbeleseseoeae 323
svarbag (Lomyvia) LSP eblakistomni. (Alawda)) st. scsccccacccecassaveecsoeecete 234
(USTED eooc ces eeccece Saecstdc de abeceasectovsea 17, 20, 21, 54, 95 (ANUbUS) a= Rocce cee 323
(Uarsis omivia) ies ctcesecarcos ances 17, 62, 314, 337, 340 (Motacillla)\cz2:.-cics-0sncescehenees 287, 289, 290
arundinacea (Schcenicola) $22)\; boarula, (Motacilla)cc-cccseccstescncccesanaeaccaosss 284
arvensis (Alauda) 34, 235,236 | Bombycilla garrula ....... 323
(Anser segetum) ass 141 | bonapartei (Tringa) 121
ASIOPACCIPICNIMUSis: ccc. teecetscesancownce t= .. 820,336 | Bonasa albigularis.............. 319
OLS erases ance sce cneceer suotasterconcstest saree, 320 griseiventris 319

RSLUTS (ACI PItED) sees otennoctscoccecensaeacseutens 319 WMA DEVIUS! sesesssisssacesteastaversecsecesateee 112

ASCUT AtEIGapillusies ce vssevsccscaceseeccsscccescze SIOFS20 FI DONASIA (LEtLAO) n=. cretcccen serssececceases sneemeeeteas

candidissimus....216, 319, 320, 329, 338, 342,343 | borealis (Aigiothus)...............ccceeceeeeeeeees 258
palumbarius.............. Sao eene 319, 320, 329 (Colymbus)....... 15

nter (Parus).............0. 324, 337, 342 (@weulus)ivcs.cccesssesectcees 224
(Totanus) 129, 317, 337 (Cuculus CANnOrus).......c0ccccceeeeees 225
atkhensis (Lagopus rupestris)................ ; 195 (Dryobates minor) ..............c0 ea 233
abr (Mullica) Mee sees lS adecnee ccuavene uses 15, 354 (Halizetus albicilla)...............0006 209
AULICAP UNIS CASUUID) ics. 2 cee cccee osecceoescosdccces 319, 320 (Elian GO) iscosciiscescsecessecnssstccanacsss 323, 330
@Nianienius) Fees vecccessseres 138 (Hirundo rustica).....................66 330

apriei) la (ears) th. .sses-cecusceesee ct cee s 77 kennicotti (Phyllopseutes). .. ..... 803
auratus orientalis (Charadrius).... (Gates) aoe ceeec eae ...62, 66, 67, 315
aureola (Emberiza).............ssesec008 (Phyllopneuste)......... ey 302
(Euspiza)........... (Phyllopseustes).. 302, 304, “305, 325, 337, 349
aureolus (Hypocentor) (Phy lloscopus)iccs-<cnccssieeeeese ces eee 302
airbus! (Colymbus)isies-:..ccstcc)csscees oceces (BicaDICR) Tis visccege-cssonucetenaece sues’ 242
(TDS TES) Ree AR eee eiesecasasececens sesece (Roecilia)ixcscccossccasece-scssena-teeoces 298
(Podiceps)........... xanthodryas (Phyllopseustes).... 306
auroreus (Phoenicurus)... oschas) ((ANGS)i-/icolcsesseuseceseeseccaneee 152, 155, 318, 336
australis (Numenius)....... SL7zr|P BOCA UTUSIStEllAriS): <.cceccysccscaverseesesosewaaeaces 354
(Dring a) xe: 115 | brachiura (Diomedea)................ 89, 90
australasiana (Limosa).. 122 | Brachyotus cassinii...............000 221
Aly ty ara MTM Ses cescoae teeta ns ccesesscecacseasnteeces AGIs | Moraclty.Ouus)(OLUS)seescccecasceccess seserensaccceeenae 220, 329
INATUOIGESS :cietiessiccstebsssacceccsceseaens 161 | Brachyotus palustris.. ...........c.c0.c..scecescseee 221

POVIMA ass ee ee hon veces svacstesseccacase SIS OTAGO Y.OCUS (SELL) Sie recce sees cconee ceosvekonmente 220
foliguila fee eee one 160, 318,337 | brachypterus (Brachyramphus)............... 23

MVEA 8 58-2 2322,SA eee 160, 161, 318,337 | Brachyramphus brachypterus... B sks 23
NEATCHICA...... sesaescceee fococernes 161 kittlitzii meee ial 331, 337, 340
marmoratus..............314, 337, 340

B. antiqua 23

brachyrhynchus (Anser)........ 145

bachmani (Hzematopus)..............::sscceceeees 102 (Larus) 78, 79, 80, 82
baicalensis (Hirundo) ..............0cc2.cesseceeees 330 | Branta canadensis hutchinsii........ 147, 318, 337, 341°
(Hirundo rustica).. ................. 330 TEUCOPATCIA o.c.ce sasccssocceasetecubssescesees 147

(Parus)mes ie See erase sass 282, 298 RUUD eo sce ca saees seer ecsectoces saceaoues 147

temporalis (Motacilla).......... a 285 MIP VICATIS once. weve save cssis castes 149, 318, 337, 341

barrg iii Grails) ie.ess vccscccotsccrecsoceccscccsecs OCCIGENUSIISN 2... 5... setevssecsticosesegetene 147, 148
barbata (Stryx) brenta(Amsenx) yi .coliccscccececsoncess 149
barge (Limosa) nigricans (Bernicla) 149
batchianensis (Anthus).............c00.cccee 0000s brevipes (Heteractitis)......132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
baueri) (Limosa)? st. ctnecctressccccccsscacscteces 317, 338
(Limosa lapponica),................- (Heteroscelus) ........0...ceccssseecccaee 132
behringianus (Corvus). .............ssssseeeees (Dotanus)yciccceecess eecsseweessseab race 137
(Corvus corax) (Brin ga) Sie, ce cccekacsc occa. < coekeumeece 132

bengalensis (Alcedo ispida)...............0cs0008 brevirostris (Larus)...........c0.cssssesescesees 78, 79, 80, 82
bergensis (Troglodytes troglodytes)........ 295 (RUSSA) i wasssacesaeekoesess 82, 83, 315, 337, 340
bernicla; (Anas teats ccneoce csemtonecececceters : 1497) | MorUuM Meh iit (Wray). soc... ec sees asetesuecncecact ees 17, 20
Bernicla brenta nigricans ....... Sressesnacesanete 149 | brunneicephalus (Larus).......,..sscceeeeeeee 5 7

366 INDEX.
Page. Page.
brunneinucha (Leucosticte)............:ssseeee 261,262 | candicans islandicus (Falco) ................006 203
brunneonucha (Fringilla).................0.60 0 822 | candidissimus (Astur).216, 319, 320, 329, 338, 342, 343
(Leucosticte)......... 262, 322, 338,344 | canescens (Acanthis).. ............:.csecesrseeeeeee 208, 259
Dubo (Strix) Wc ccsecsaccweseee oesacsece ce cresamaeeae 354 (Cannaibingl)...scccveccceatensersiensects 258
Bucephala albeolas.:.:. sc. .dc00cc-sasescorsssenensse 166 exilipes (Agiothus)................. 258
Clan goalies. eecce ceviche sccosonsss eae 163 (Fringilla linaria)..............006 Re 258
Budytes citreolus 324 | Cannabina eanescens............
flavus.......... 280,282 | canogularis (Podiceps)
flavus leucostriatus...280, 282, 303, 324,338 | canorinus (Cuculus).........
346, 349 | canoroides (CUCUIUS).........:.sessceccosncsossoveee
IOUCOSETIA. <: «<sccgsjsats sovecscasstuce svesses 280 | canorus borealis (Cuculus) .............:000-e008+ 225
NEN COSETIALUSS:.csasoeertoneaseieesecece 230 (Caculus) ses: 224, 225, 228, 229
NO V50-PUIN SLs a co casssdaccceceassuseeseee 284 indicus (Cuculus)...........0000-cssccoee 228
btfondT (EStris) | <i oc .cceccccassecqeoeaspascecsseconsse 87 telephonus (Cuculus)........ 224, 227, 331, 338
(StereOrariuis)s:s:..ccc.cscecc-aciacseeneaes 87 | cantarella (Alauda).... 234, 235, 236
burks (Gallinago) i ccesc.ccdcsnt-secessence snacesses 110) | peamus’ (Larus)! cestecavrerascetoreecneesee 74, 76, 315, 337, 340
Butalis'Sibirica 255, scdccccsescescceonnsenss 272, 323, 338, 346 Major (MAUS) <.-cessccssnesscersecexsoeeence 75
canutus! (Erines,) a. cc.scnsseecsseecrterscs 354
ron capistratus (Chroicocephalus) 77
(Garus) css eee eee W7
eachinnans (Larus).........:ce.00seeee 67.472,.515, 507, 0408) .Carbo(AICa) Marc... daccctmcestat eececeste naan eneeeeeee 22
(Larus argentatus)........0...cce0e 67, 68 (ANAS) co cccpeec-snastacacesstitcascsqsseecteveare 176
cserulecula (Cyanecula) ..............-ccssceceseee 325.4) i CREDO DICEIStHbUSsacrescccusecieasescsenassseskeceoteee 187
cahirica (Chelidon)........... 270 | carbo (Cepphus)..............cc0. ....22, 314, 337, 340
Calamodyta ochotensis.... 299)'| (Carbo pelapicus.2..c5..scecevscenconceccca stucosicesee 181
Calamophilus sibiricus..... 824 | carbo (Phalacrocorax).........ccccsscessssecsssses 318
calearata (Fringilla)............ es 250 (Wari) sedacecotcncacaccaces!vetencs covessdaapsccenes 22
calcaratus (Passer) sv. ..cccnsccccuctorecenesesss 250; || (Carbo mrile sce cesscccecencsesssvsccuserestasceesnensecnd 181
(Plectrophanes) ..........:.scce008 : 250 | carbonarius (Parus)....... Pacaaucwcatvert coceneees os 297
@alidris :arenavria...-<..ccccscccasoaceasssctp ctacs 122:316,336_| Carduelis KaWariba..........ccaccecacesscsoncocesse 5 265
ealidris(Charadrius) \.ccces.ss.csc csencsesesenteccse 122-\scarinata (Mratereula): .2...ccccsr.cccsevecesescacee 44
Calearius lapponicus......... 250, 277, 322, 336, 346,349 | carnivorus (Corvus corax).............. 237
ealifornica (Lomvia troile).... 20 | carolinensis (Pandion haliztus)... 220
(US eee ak cccoeeccn Sevas ooctee 20, 21,25 | Carpodacus erythreu................cccccscescessee 265
(Uria troile) ..............18, 20, 314, 337, 340 OLY POVIMUS!..<-.ccess fen ssssccecesnenne 265
Californicus (TaTUS) ic. cc...ecsesensceccecesesvtesees 73, 74, 75 grebnitskii....... 265, 322, 338,
(Catarrsictes) 2c. cicss.cssscscessoases 20 346, 348
Calliope camtschatkensis.............ccccceseeees 310 TOSCUS ieee -avesvavateteenyssesaneshcencoen 354
Calliope (HrithAcus)!..cb.csusencosnscsceter en dsacsee 809 | caryocatactes (COrvuS)............ccseessecceeeee 3 821
(sciola) tsk. ccpecssnecees Serato 309 (Nucifraga) 321, 337
(Melodés) a2 \cc2..0s- .809, 325, 388 | caspia (Sterma)..............008. 84
(Motacilla) 809 | cassinii (Brachyotus)..... 221
(Sylvia) ociiccccccavecccooratustonsecesuseses 309,325 | cassini (Simorhynehus).............. 25, 26
Calobates melanope.............cccccescesessceseeee 283: |, Castor (IMETPUS) }.cs<ccccev.vasansteccecnacscescadseteds 176
MEIANOPS <<< ceccncspsevsscacsescwcctocnes 283 | Catarractes parasita...........:0.cccccsscscsssescense 86
camtschatez (Motacilla albeola).............. 287 CAUIFOTMICUE sieccscccssesscocests «eaose 20
camtschatica (Motacilla albeola).............. 287. | caudacuta (AMS) <.......0csccrsncctenceccssecdsescers 153
(Phhaleris) ieiso. coc cce-ceauev verses 25 | caudata (Mecistura) 324
(ICA) isn caecete vases cs 241, 322, 338, 342 (Rica) ic .Ssiticeseceebenes 241
(Ricaipica) lier. ccterssecovss execs 242 | caudatus (A githalos) 324, 337, 343
3 (Sterna) ONiieeckseoncssacsee 83, 315, 338, 341 | Centrophanes lapponicusS. ..............0ceeseeees 250
camtschaticus (Simorhynchus)................ 25°), Gepphus ATTA. c2..<-assaniavdiesvsnces ancnedeuseseseters 17,18
(TOtEadO) Sect eccestnncavesisn casas 192 CATDO. 52. 2cccditesssucucesestnseanes 22, 314, 337, 340
camtschatkensis (Calliope)..............:0s0e00 310 Columban csscccscensteses senses 21, 314, 337, 340
(Parus palustris)............ 298 21
(Turdus) 310 | cepphus (Lestris). ........... 87
cana (Uria) 23 | Cepphus lomvia............... iG
canadensis (Anser).. 147 PLAN cae vacss cup evacocsestanmmereosames 814
hutchinsii (Branta).....147, 318, 337, 341 septentrionalis ............c0ccscsscseees 16
franklinii (Tetrao)................. 354 | cepphus (Stercorarius)...............cssceessseeeeee 87
candicans (Malco) fcc. tecccssrsvacsateeecsegcaccacnes 204 | Cerorhinca monocerata............ 39, 314, 331, 337, 340
(Falco gyrfalco) ............cccsseeeees 205 occidentalis....... Getasuedeperseiereess 35
(Faleo islandicus)..................6 205 | Certhia familiaris...... 354
gyrfalco (Falco) ..........:ssccseeeee 203 | certhiola (Sylvia)....... 299
(Hilerofaloo) ii cc.sc0.csdecn,ccscsunoceces 205 | cervina (Motacilla) 323
(Hierofaleo gyrfalco)...........c0 205 | cervinus (Anthus)............ seseseeseeeee214, B23, 337, 349

367

INDEX.
Page. Page:
Chaleopterus (Uaxrus). 2 cse:.<c.sscsesccgseoes cancers 642 |Kcitreolus) (BUGYtES)siirecuelesscassccccssseveveciess 324
Charadrius affinis:....c....ccss-crscrssseeee 105 | citrinella (Motacilla) 324
auratus orientalis...............06 LOA clan ca CAiila) ..tcasceccsaerscccucascnevacececs. cneck 320
COM OTIS eotanseasteke water cccervoeescs 12255 Clangpula, albbeolanctscscs-cccsssscscowssosceetesscees 166
3 CIVICS Me eee cen Les cote nee sess aseais LOZ Pelan cular (ANIA) caso ccsccecararera accce ee eetcessese 165
GOMINICUS oes sotess avcdoscclecwasacss 105 (Bucephalla) Ste. cccsset-tescccscetcseae’ 163
fulvus..104, 105, 316, 337,349 | Clangula clangula............cceeeeeeees 163, 165, 318, 337
MUM VlISiarecstadesccecsceccsaceretee 104 | clangula (Clangula).................eec00 163, 165, 318, 337
hypomelanus 104 (ulis ala) tere tecccausee ee eae = 63
RGN eri pes eee acca acacneieses 104 | Clangula glaucion.................cccsceosessssss00es 163, 172
MHLOMPOMCUS seeacee-ectevesacedccaees 1045106) |" clangula (Glaucion)<..:.......cccscusscesnseccseeoes 163
MOD OMB ao eiaceenesencsseceoneees LOS | Claneuls Nistrionica......:.. cscssssecescsneceseess “ 166
PALO] Ac evctsvenessesecesenctssece eens 104 ASLO CAs racucasesceertaccesecasaecseeress 164
MU WAaLISt see ceerereccsrscanccoceesen cee 104 torquata...<.2..c..cc05. dee veasobegssae 166
squatarola.............. 108, 316, 336, 349 | Clivicola riparia................. 267, 323, 337
VATS INIANIUGSrer as seesebersecevesccesse 104 cinerea wasesdasccuneeeete 268
SAISON IUIS eeeatnesanivoesteenecesuverss LOL) |W elypeats) (ANAS) .c.ccsccecsscc.svcnoscaccesecsescccsce 159
Charitonetta albeola.........0.......0008 165, 166, 318, 336 (Rhynehaspis)cs-ccssssce seeecponcestes 159
Chaulelasmus StreperuS..... ....cecceeeceeeceeeee 331 (Spatula) occ. See ecca tee cosstese 159, 318, 336
Chelidoniealtiri caters ssstassessecscecces seston 270 | Coccothraustes ChIOris................sceereeseeeee 265
OrythTrOPAasten: a... ..c0sscors.si-cosvaeees 269 coccothraustes.,............0006 322, 337
erythrogastra..........0....cccseee 269, 271,272 | coccothraustes (Coccothraustes)............... 322, 337
PULA S eect ce acer ace sane cceseans 270, 271,347 | Coccothraustes vulgaris ..................0 wanes 322
kamtschatica 828, 330, 338, 346 | coelestis (Scolopax)............ccessseesseeeeceeeee 110
TUS OLCH eons sac sancosve vovihaceceSecteesten 269°272)|) coelipeta) (Alamda) ici. cscsscc.s-scesuaversescs secre 234
tytleri....269, 271 , 323, 330, 338, 346, 347, 348, | coelivox (Alauda)..............-cesessssseseeees 234, 235, 236
351,352 | collaris (Morinella). .......... ceeeeatsecassemeaeeree 102
WHEeNSHYPELOOLEUS cessues. coeaeasee cvssesneterees 317.3364) colonorumly (COrvils)\s....setes cvsedecessseeseeete 239
Ghimiering, COPMULA..3 icccectekossccces steseencases 814 | columba (Cepphus)..........c...cc00.ceeee 21, 314, 337, 340
chinensis (Diomedea).... Ree 89,90 | Columba risoria.............. pvcsdekceaasescceeeenes 354
(EE pa) ce acecteneccvosttons scones 120 turtur gelastis.................. 354
(Tringa cinclus) ; H20 | eCOltum an (Waris) seeecacesesccavesteceeiee eet ose 21
chloris (Coccothraustes).........c.0sseseesecseeees 265i | COLMMpIANUus) (ANAS) eset see seca neseeneseeceereoe 150
@hlorvis Ka warahibas sec. scscaccecssecursceneses 265, 322, 338 (lon) eee stcckte esses 150, 151, 318, 336
CHIOLISHS Vwi eeraseccsil. eccassceceswevceceosaaccdece 802! |<colymbis'(AMAS) -s..ccciccsacccase nv soveecnsceds wdscad 160
Chlorospiza kawarabiba..........00..cc0sceccsees 265)3| Colymbus; ad amsii-z.i.s..<cecsscsecccesvssccvocsesss 14
KA WATIDS...0....ccc 0008 265 arcticus... 313
Chroicocephalus capistratus 77 auritus....
ridibundus 76 borealis......

chrysaétos (Aquila).. ..............scceseseesees COLDUTUS eeaccaensecvecetsesctoncasecs
ehrysolaus (Turdus) CUCUIATUS i vcscctccccsoccdscccdeses conse 11,13
Ciceronia MiICLrOCETOS. ..........ccccececcseseescoeee 35 BG IACIALIS oie s.ccteeacscccavercsoueneaecse 14,16
DUS akcire coset cscs descccccccosccccusseens 35, 39 @VISCLON AI. 2 dencsascassssaceceosceeess 11,18
Cinelus (Charadrius)! calccc.ccccasecocesseevesessess 102 grisegena holbeellii................ 13
chinensis (Tringa) hiemalis..... 14
C@ineluspallasiiienccesiiecscccsecsetesseseeesaranetnee holbeellii 11, 313, 337, 341
cinclus (Sturnus)..... AIIM ORs teccpsenendseaesscrineccucacsaveses 16
(URING a) Sacesta rece ce scacacocosecets LON PINOSULIS se ss..vas-cccesecseneesse=es 12
cinerascens (Phalaropus)..............:.00e eee 139 NUTTIN OF aaa s soa tesacenvoceacssccesscesese 15
canerea (ATCC): .ccccsectesncsen ses ctecaattonsceccess 354 microrhynchos, ......c0.cssse-ssee0 16
(Clivicola riparia)..................s00++5 268 IMUM ON cei sio sas tecscasccssaichesseescsess 16
i (Gi OSai) Ss ac sercoscsctdesttncatesssaxetss 182 MIGTICONIS cies ccccccscvencteseessecess 12
(SCOLOP SX) taeeccascconcss ecoueewneerecces 132 |* POTOSI cree cecteccoo eee cacncesssnceesoass 13
(Merekis) 5. fsccc.cc ose 125, 132, 317, 337 rubricollis.... Sree aceenerane 13
cinereo-alba (Muscicapa)..........sccesecseeseeees 272, 354 PULOMMIATISH vacyecnsosastevsvsecseeses 16
cinereus (Phalaropus)...........0...002.cssesseeeee 139 SRL VAGOMM Us scceosentacienscesstccssonencs 13
circia (AMN&S)......c5...0.0cc0ees Nanaacerhe eesacetenescs 156 septentrionalis...............00.seeee 15
(Quergq weds) mee is cottesesccessctosee 156 SHOW Ariss ss. . 5 -scccccccesssccsccersscosese 16
eirhata, (AIGA) lascersresesstatsnsvesncceassecrcveesscess 43 BLCLIAGISS cecisiciccsisccersosssseetseccs 15
(Fratercdla)pecccesccscsccotenssccscencese 44 SUVIRGUS SoBe ioe ocdoeacossdossetes ses 16
(Lunda)......19, 21, 26, 28, 31, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, Subcristatus............ ...s.esecceree 13
57, 61, 62, 95, 314, 337, 340 torquatus var. adamsii.......... 14
Cirrhatum (MOrmon)..........0:0.cesesecssees senees 43 | communis pealei (Falco).............sseeeeeeres 206
cirrhocephalus (Mergulus)..............c20..00+8 23) GONSUL) (ALUS))....ccccossscecscocecs Randiorenseursanme sts 64
CALNISs (ELCUS) = seecuss aor cctstaUecnsceel decree esnoreces 821 | cooperi (POdiceps)............ccccescescceensssees 11
CIS8a (DFVODALES)!.. ccckcvecesenssevcves ceetncevstecees 230 |! corax behringianus (Corvus) ............00 237, 238

368 INDEX.
Page. Page.
corax carnivorus (CorvuS)..........scseeceeseeeee 237 | Cuculus CanOrua.............cccceees seeeee224, 225, 228, 229
(@OLVUS) esses seve sacessceasssseeaaees 237, 239, 321, 337 borealis: ines, 225
kamtschaticus (Corvus) ................. 321, 344 INGICUS,.; ches ee 228
corniculata (Fratercula)...... 27, 43, 48, 59, 61, 95, 314, telephonus .........224, 227, 321, 338,
337, 340 IhimalayanuS, iccccsceosdcescctseetatacesae 225, 228
(Mormon);.<,a.scsseccotecoeereeerere 59 AMCICUS ere eccsleie eeee anes 227, 228
(Phaleris) <icct5s.. tet eeeeesetee 35 kelungensis.... ++e220, 227, 228
Cormix (Corvus), c.csc-sacssteceeksescomareneeaeeen aes 239 Micropterus: feces eeescewecskced 225
eornuta (Chimerina))~..cc.cencstsp trees ere eee 314 peninsulez. ................. 227, 228, 321, 338, 346
cornutus (Colymbus) ee 14 saturatus kelungensis.............. 6 228
(Podiceps) -eseeoe ae 14 SULIMGUS..2.ccdestes soc esters ete Siecessss ZL4, 220
COrone (Corvus) .c.cccscpsessssienses va lteseeetkaeeeees 239 SWaAmhoelss.c.ce. ces ccscestosee eae 224, 225
levaillantii (Corvus)...............5 239, 322, 338 telephonus 102-224, 226, 228
Corvus behringianug................sccse0seee 237, 322,336 | culminatus (COrvuS) ........0....00 sessecsececsceeeee 239, 240
CATYOCATACHES ... essacsscccavecesecaseeecens 821 | curilica (Procellaria) ....... SeiSaee eee cece esse 96
COIOMOFUM ce csccscksssaccatesscroneaatet 259 i eurilicus) (Pafinns).0..ssscesscees ate eeeseee 96
COTAX.........s000seesee cen seeeee seeees2OUy 209, O21, 337 | cutberti (Somateria)........ Serr era sacs 173
behringianus..............----... 237,238 | Cyanecula cserulecula., .....,.....cc.0cccccsseceseee 325
CATNIVOLUSE ss. s.cscckecres es BUCCICH: 5.2 screenees see 325, 337, 346
kamtschaticus Cyanocittastellenticc52.:.< eee ee 322
COPIER cio. )eicecaveencant tol soeene de dence eacene 239 | cyanopus (Numenius) .......2.... ...c0-sceeennceee 317, 338
COTONCY. ssccctieestincateseteoneerte ceed angen 2397) eyanirs (amine) 2. cactecccns ceestesssteteeeeees 303, 325, 338
Nevaillantiic. i c..steeeecs scene 239, 322, 338 (useiols) ci eee eee 308
CUMIN AGUS ic... fences can sseoreceseretats 239, 240 (Motacil la)....... syeRi bus cceOemsrene ee tae teS 308
GSNITICUS. ccs ciccescteessvere 354 (Nieman ia) eis is.tone cto eatin 308
glandarius... 322 (Silvis) gecesetwsnees Seteuisawachouececseess 3 308
grebnitskii. 230, CYALMEUS( ansl@en) lec. cence see eee ae 808
japonensis 239, 240, 354 Eas psittaculus.......38, 39, 314, 337, 340
LP OMICUELa sceccaecens a eces sacs caeceeseeene es 239 gnoides (Cygnopsis) ...............seeeere 818, 338, 341
Lévaillamtilic:..c-cacctesseateeans see eeenes 239 Gamatucr CYSNOIGES 5 eee ee 318, 338, 341
orientalis............ Saguassseaescaseasasthtess 239, 240 | Cypmus americanus 224.) .o....0c.c5.cotaccececcace 150
DIC seeesa kc cosssvcecbls dovaw ce cealoetean bees PAY | Cys; CA MAS) Vee sons -ceccescc eee ee 149
SIMONSIS ce-cce cc seawselores Meese tenets eeeteoce 239 \|) Cysnus mwslCus cc ccccccucecacsssetee eases 149
Corydalla ‘eustaiv ies c2ii.cecsessad cesecastenboteeess 274 OL OD ceiicedonectecion ced nctet ita eee
Corythus enucleator 322 | eygnus (Olor).. noes
kamtschatkensis...... 322, | Cymochorea tedeethon PACU Ore roa recee 97
Cotyleripariarc.. 5 Ace ioc..oiscecctenestsnee ene ees 267 melaniatz see 97
couesi (Arquatella)............s0..2.......L12, 316, 337, 341 | Cypselus pacificus ...............0..cecseeseseoesecese 321
crassirostris (Tringa)..............000.-ssecores 112, 115, 354
crecca (ANAS) 28 Asiccsscessustansactndauiseesatenecess 155 D.
(Nettion)5...cccs cc eeed. eek eae 155, 318, 337
(Querquedula) Sie 155"): Dati la acuta se fcccc. ee sestes ccccevcsseseseseveveene 153, 318, 336
crepidatus (Larus).............. sbsaaaweseseastes 86 | damacensis (Actodromas)........ 116, 117, 118, 316, 338
Cao ae 86 (Totanus) . Ansys ae 116
erinita (Uria)... ibciveyinsascbeneaes a 25 (Bringa) ie iseclie. scene ees 116, 119, 120
crissoleucus (Picsides) Sng odnecesluxedesepesaenecees S21" datricus\ (Goris) sce cscerseene eee eee 354
enistate (Al ca) is ood. cscs piskeccdbaweeweetbeesceencces 33 | deglandi (Oidemia).......................174, 175, 318, 341
(Anas). oeiecess delawarensis (Larus) <....6/5.25.ccccccvececnoseqecsce 73,74, 75
(Fuligula)........ Dendrocopos immaculatuS..............c0es0ee08 231
(Fulix)... PULUSE--o.sceets 230
cristatella (Alca).............. derogata (Diomedeéa).............4:c-s-0sccscseecees 90
(Phaleris) ....... desolata (Cistrelata). ..........0.sseccosscenssceesee 316
cristatellus (Mormon) Diomedea albatrus ..............c0c0.ceesees 89, 316, 337, 340
(Simorhynchus)..... DY ACHLUTA .o..25.Seeecassocateketeasestenes 89, 90
337, 340 GHINENSISS s..5<sc0ccscctesssse sees teecens 89, 90
(Tyloram plus) s.csccsccccesesecs-ce 82 derogata........ Rae sasessacdew eee 90
cristatus (Lanius) a 323, 338 MMS TIDES 7. cece (cence ececse ..--90, 91, 316, 331
(Repulus) x. sieciccviensotecswateeseains 854 | dispar (ANaS))........c000.0sceccscee 171
cristella ((Phaleris):2c2:co sc csacenteuseneonee at 25 (Somateria) : 171
ecrucirostra(Woxia))c.<..1e:.scsesese seein eases $23 | domestica (Hirundo).,.........ccc.ccocssscersaccees 269
Crymophilus fulicarius......................-.140, 817,336 | Gominicanus (Larus).........c00csssscccccensceesere 314
cucullatus (Colymbus)............0.s2s0ceseeeeeese ~~ 11,18 | dominicus (Charadrius).............00r-cscec-+-- 105
(Podiceps) J.cc-ccsssceetesisee ses cuaeaetens 11 fulvus (Charadrius)..104,105,316, 337, 349
Cuculus: borealis jjsrcscsce es reece 224. \) “Dryobates .Cissa sfc cisssseasderssaeteateeranoeees 230
earrings oe 225, 227, 228 immaculatus ... 231, 821, 338, 342
CATOLOIDES i acecescsccessavdestanedsereee 225, 228 JAPONICUS! «.csiopvccrscevaceateeseecaane 230

INDEX. 369
Page. | Page.
Dryobates leucotus ........... cecceeeeeseeeee secon 821 F.
BON eee a 20 falcarin (Amano eee 157
MINOL DOLEAIS «...05...-..cesecoseese 233
ORbOEU MA sresee tens penssehesesscas cones 233 Ren Ce eee 19
sae ss falcats, (ANAS). Gates csr a tehgwaeaas 156, 318
immaculatus Peers acteneritae aces ea GEGEN el tik tee dea 156, 318, 338, 341
PivTas Bete acer covecedicacse stapes eees te | (MRC oa ta ele 156
immaculatus...............:. 233 | (Netbion) 156
POUUEUS peceneteseocy -cecercwees DZINSI 1 GOS sED dak aa mete iecak aims eoes ost PAY et 59 ae NEON
; Ee (Qilerquedulla) esis ccescaceqsssenvoasece 156
DryOCOPUS MALtiUS...............0.cesceeenseeeees 321 | :
Dryopicus MATEUS, ...............000-c-ctn sen seones o2l | eoens (Trynga) ay Tap ead a
: : Faleipennis falcipennis..................+- 319
elunboyaas (Winial) eoseeerseccrececnceacco=eese Fossowessteiees 33 | ; : : 2
Be, _ | faleipennis (Falcipennis) ..................0e 319
luis (MOGs) Seeecaccenccccevessccesarcceeneesacons 307 Se
ae ‘ Maleotalbicilla ce vavcccscapssctsssessevaverecoetesectsas 216
dybowskii (Acrocephalus)..........:....cceee 299, 300 i
DGS MULIPUS 1 ..seaccen esse ceeesecewe rs Seecescooegs 14 SE eee aaa 202
GANGICANS)...se.sceeceesvers 204
DV TIAICON sereccsettuwecet eoreees 203
E. islandicus............... 203
communis pealei 206
244 PUSCUS sco ccctencseucesatctnunwesses wockse cto ceare 203
244 groenlandicus..... conse pabeeneteseavbecse 203; 205
aureola.... ee 24473028) PY TALCO sere ieseuse cesses neneseesseustate 203, 204, 206
MVAVALISeercea seers ee ec eyes teeseestces 248 CANGICANS were tuseacse/-acsed creer 203, 205
DETSON AUR Lc srcces corse one eaceeas caeee 354 groenlandicus ..............+ 203
pithyornus ...... ............ssee sees 304 38] Si CHis| teteesec seca cts eee 203
pusilla 354 halizetus ..... .. 219, 320
TUS ULC eee cence rer esessusaeee snares 246 holboellitesccdseceseeenecs 203
UG At awsacracees coves ccecshecsetecnsantes 354 imperatoEec:2.cecs22.ccelaseceeese 217
schoeniclus...... .322, 337, 346 Islan Gicusscssieseeseesceees 203
variabilis... 247 ecandicans... Ee 205
Eniconetta stelleri .......... sesevsseeeel JO, 318, 336, 340 | IslaNnQUS ae ee ..-208, 204, 319, 336
enucleator (Corythus) 322 BIDUBeCasissdeckoves oscces eczataaoens 204
kamtschatkensis (Corythus).. 322 PUSCUS ess aisha 203
(Wo a) Peereerecs sect wcstonscecessweeestes 822 maculatus .... 204
(Pinicola) x :.-7e..csessoqenees -. 822, 336 NRE OP US cerereeeeaseereeece eeeieee aeeheaeete 208
epops (Upupa)....2......... 354 leucocephalus::....¢..:.00-s::sseessendeacee> 209
eremita (Tetrao) a 193 TSU COPLELUS ersscccceveccucsens seeseeeeReeeeees 217
IB PIPHACUs CalliG PE. 2.52 S.esse.caccscesccosnvosceveces 309 pealeises css eerie ee 206, 319, 329, 336
erythreus (Carpodacus) ...... 22.2... sedeeee teens 265 PETE STIMNUS ces seieresennen ot oneaeea eee 319, 329, 337
erythringay (Min willa))ccce.ca.s-s0secsecesscennseosce 265 DEAS ecesscaccnsseleegs access 206
(ORG) ieee oeeats soca tense nee eeesennnnse 265 | polyagrus............ ete i ae aes 206
(Beyer ll ay) es cae he oen ct teceneseosien ones 265 TUSEICOMIS ese ceconecetanencoslsanees 2038, 204, 319, 336
erythrinus (Carpodacus) ............ssseeee cess 265 Subbuteouce tesserae see 319, 337
grebnitskii (Carpodacus) ..265, 322,338, | familiaris (Certhia). ............c0cecereeeeeeeeeee 354
346,,348:5) ferina (Avy thtyal) io... -ss-crececanccssecauescecsrecess 318
erythrogastra (Chelidon).............. s+ 269, 271,272 | ferruginea (Pelidna)............ 62. .cccnecescnsneeeee 349
Glin o) Bee eeseeneceeceecereee 269 (Brin ga) Serstec ves cssncccsieeateress 349
erythronota (Lusciola).................c00-sesenses 354 | ferrugineus (Archibuteo)....2.......:ccccee cee 329
erythropus (AnSer)........c.02:0------s0sesasseeee L450, 146 (Archibuteo lagopus)............ 329
Erythrosterna albicilla.................273, 829, 898, 846 | fissipes (Sterma)................c00sseeceseeeeseeeeeeets 316
NOW CUP AN fo soetisavencaseccesees.ce 274 | flammiula (Pinicola)...-..........0.-cs0«dessseseee-s 322
ADU UNE lls ee one) eoateresecscers 24D)| Hava) (Motacilia))c:-c.ce2c-sesesces cates secessscseaence 280
Eudromias mongolicus ................seceeeceees 1.06% )|) fayveola (Motacilla) isc. :.ccomss-os-cace-cescceagesee 280
WMNOTIN SWUS nests sree ssseesteect ees 109, 349 | flavus (Budytes)..........sscceceseceeccese cscs ceeee 280, 282
Eudytes septentrionalis ...................c00000 16 | leucostriatus (Budytes)......280, 252, 303, 324,
Humnettay fal caters c.2.00-ccc00 4 iSetcsces 156, 318, 338, 341 | 328, 346, 349
TOVMOSA ees eee es wee ees e ens oes 20 OLO\ O98, SEL | formosa (Eunetta)..........00..:.00.ceeeee oreo BLS, 338, 34L
CUnOMIMS: (DMuUrdus) eesessecsees eoseatesesee3e CUS, O20, (G55 |) LOX (AMOS) 2.220 0-sassseecter -ccten@nnws neceseuceaee 122
Eurynorhynchus pygmzeus 350 | franklinii (Tetrao ecanadensis)................ 304
Euspiza aureola...........2.....-- 244 | Fratercula arctica. ..........cscsccccesserese 45, 46.59, 61, 62
variabilis 247 carinata 44
eversmanni (Sylvia) 302 cirrhata 44
exilipes (Acanthis)s.........cc.cccccssssosiveces 2538, 260, 261 corniculata..27, 43, 45, 59, 95, 314, 337, 340
(Acanthis hornemannii)..258, 322, 337, 341 PIACIALIS ti sccdeocseceassececoasceces 59
(CARI Ot hus ee eee eee eee 258 | Fringilla brunneonucha...... 322
(4Egiothus canescens)..............065 258 Calcarata..,....000. ss. 250
(4giothus linaria)...............0.c0668 258 erythrina 265

370 INDEX.
Page. Page
Fringilla griseonucha 261") Gallina wilsonild.ccc. .<¢-s0sctassustenerarenee 5 110
kawarahiba 265) "| gambeli (ANSEL) .c..cccsexscectevcnesepnscess Bscaceceey 145, 146
ICR NVALA DON cre ciacouyssece- ease eenyersare 265 (Anser albifrons)..............145, 317, 337, 341
NA PPOWICA.viccc-covsererevsnceveeerenssesss 250 |. garrula (Bombycilla) . 323
Vx RI Ares cocsesenecceedsncransehesteessnces 252 | garrulus (Ampelis).......,..cccsccccsseee 823, 336
CANNESCEDS..........000ceeseeeee 258 | Garrulus glandarius..........0..0:. cece sete 354
montifringilla ..................... 264, 322, 337 ATILAUISEUR schop.acnnassacincavsesthemersaesntes 354
APUG oe csavessoaracueeraneeraoseteaceeeets 354 || Gavan alles <:).5s:cevsccortocesseers Ane seuses +++++20815, 836, 340
MAD CA) REV 22s <c oes ce odavccosvancvuscesetcuocsvereccase 15,354 | Gavina kamtschatschensis
Peclicaria (Lring@a):.....scccccsssrenceederecescsicncuse 140 | gelastes (Columba turtur)..........
fulicarius (Crymophilus).................066 40 3317,;836-|\ gin (Scops):ceac:-tetsesereeseacosvescecedsees
(BBalaxOpus) svc: cetecccezccetreceecscee 140 | glacialis (Anas) a
faliginosus (Totanus) ...........cs.0cccseseessene "132, 134 (Colymbus) sic. 4 -cocseccs seeeseereses ne
fuligula (Amas).............0sceeeees Saashasaccvusacae 160 (Pratercula)).s.2..c.0.<cssc0sxesescqncesss
(Aythya) 160, 318, 337 (Hulmaras) 5i.cccc.cacescsses-0seoutucetee
Baligtila clangulla......ccscsestoscsrcrres: ccccnverees 163 glupischa (Fulmarus)........ 91, 316, 337, 340
CTISE UE enn cs secesoeeraseesenceneansessreea= 160 (Hiarelda)esccens Seccss esas eaecccnseees 169
Inistrlonicac cc. <sc-cescss+<dicnponesistasss 166 _minor (Fulmarus)............... weeieee 94
ERAT A cas cospseoeracusssssernesncrconatipres 160 (Mormon))..<2..secescanteeeanceasep eden 59
fuligula (Platypus) 160 (Procellaria) ............... 91
Pte tems be tet see cncreecssatastachaantbscneieverepebacss 160 rodgersii (Fulmarus).... 94
NVASUT A Ushisanenane sncaee seseteper sasanenie eee ames 160 (Sterna). Sisec.0 eek 84
Fulmarus glacialis.............ccssscccsssessccctness 91, 94 (rin ga) eho ec ce ee 140
glupischa.......... 91, 316, 337,340 | glandarius (Corvus).........ccsesscceeeceseeeeeseees 322
WOTION eo cereee se ceseavanonces 94 (Gaarrullus) \<sccctacecensotsssvcdedgccses 354
TOUBETSII .........00ee-eeeee 94 | glareola es Be hus aeveesaaie 180, 317, 337
glupischa Deeuauisncesepesstedhebeweerunaccs 19 (Tringa)... 180
pacificus............. 91 prsnia) ls : . 182, 137
fulvus (Charadrius)... ienseawencces 104 glaucescens eae _B6, 62, 63, 66, 314, 315, 337, 340
(Charadrius dominicus). eevee 104, 316, 337,349 | Glaucion (ANAS) .......c0sssceeeeeeecsceeeeeeeeenseess 163,172 _
fumigatus (Troglodytes)............-++s0+ 292, 298,296 | Glaucion clangula...........s00.cs00+0 163
furcata (Oceanodroma).......... 31, 97, 98, 316, 337,340 | plaucion (Clangula) 163
(Procellaria)........0.sssssscesneesesseeeee 98°} plaucoides (Larus),........-seccoscecsesroesseseccons 64
(Thalassidroma). ..........- ssses-s+ese0e+ 98 | glaucopterus (Larus)...........00+ oe 62, 64
fusca (AnAS)...........0-0..eceee 174,176 | Glaucus glaucopterus .........cesseceesseeeseeees 62, 64
(Melanetta) 174 | glaucus (Larus).........sscceeseee 63, 64, 67, 314. 336, 340
(OIE IIR) Ae eeias sees ate sen swasneccsowcicadevear 175,176 | glottis (Scolopax) .... 128
(SCOVOPAX)...' <:snccsvecdeewcasveuatessuccesesten 129 (Totanus) 125, 128
fuscata (Oreopneuste) 354 | plottoides (Totanus)...........ssessceseseeeeeeeses 128
fuscatus (Turdus)..............4+ 307 (Totanus nebularius)............... 128
fuscedula (Muscicapa)..........:cccseesseeseeeeeeee 272 glupischa (Fulmarus) .........0c.ccesceseeeecseees 19
fuscescens (Al giothusS)...............ssssssessesees 256 (Fulmarus glacialis)........ 91, 316, 337, 340
(LATUS)...-..0eseeseseeeeesentensnenenes 67,68 | Graculus bairdii........ccces ssesessssesseneeeseees 187
fuscicollis (Actodromas) 121 bicristatud2.c.sae eee 181, 187
(Tringa)............. 121 MATH O Hecvcecsevessevetecaccoeees ie thnee 180
Fscus (WALCO) |io.ccc.nce-scenseeccuecbactsecdscaceseenss 203 OLACEUB cee a eee 177
(Falco islandus).....-..sesesesseeeeseseees _ 2038 | prallinaria (Gallinago) ........scsccsesseeene ceeees 110
(LArus),...sesseseeseene 62 | prandis (ANSEF)... 141, 148, 144
(Totanus) 129 | srebnitskii (Carpodacuserythrinus) ........ 265, 322,
338, 346, 348
G. (Corvus),........ss000.« Madeerenssesszase
grisea (Motacilla melanope) ..........s0.s:0+8 284
galericulata (Aix).........:....0:ssscsccssssecensesees 355 | grisegena (ColymbuS) .........::ccsceseeeeeeeee «10518
(Anas)........ yeveraeoueees eke 354 | griseigena (Podiceps)...........-.es000 Regeeecaases 11
Gallina go sDUrkais.s.cccccesccosteess sere eccrarvrscs 110 | griseinucha (Leucosticte)..............::ese0 261 .
= SAIN ALO caveccrseseecccecesen 110, 114, 316, 337 (Leucosticte tephrocotis)...... 261
gallinago (Gallinago) ............:s00008 110, 114, 316, 337 (Montifringilla)......,....cc00se0 ' 261
Gallinago grallimaria..........cccccccccseesrceeeeee 110 | griseiventris (Bonasa) 319
UV OMB IS sec cnscceccsstenvestutdeeaessined 316, 337 | griseogenys (Leucosticte) ..........seeeeeeeee 261
japonica.............. Saas andebebatescscts 110 | griseonucha (Fringilla)................sseceeeeeere 261
PIC GIG taceecaccaussnccacheaxadresterse sans 110 (Leucosticte)
PUNCtatay cs .cccc-ncenctersseepseisesosase 122 | griseopygius (Totanus)....
scolopacinus 3 110 | groenlandicus (Falco).........-.:sseseees
gallinago (Scolopax) ........s00 110 (Falco gyrfalco)
Gallinago stenura................ 110 | Grus grus orientalis..............cceecsseeereeeeeene 817, 338
UNICIAVUS.......000ceeee A aaraasenaeen ee 110 ! grus orientalis (GruS) ........c:ccceseereseseeree BLT, 838

a ae err i rte nes

INDEX. 371
Page
grylle (Cepphus) Gr Un do DOXVERLIS ss nesc-ccvsarsscesseedossscamiseave 323, 330
(Uria)!<.4.....-- domestica 269
grylle 6 (Uria)....... erythrogastra ..........cc06. at 269
Guara alba.....:...::.. PUGHUNALISi oe. scree eacceerse sels .«.» 269, 3380
gustavi (Anthus)......... 274, 276, 278, 323, 337, 346, 349 Kam tsehatieaiss.:..<.ctssccceecssececssase 323, 330
(GomyGaills) Massesstoccchcsescessecccsencascat 274 IAS OPO Aesreet tee sethesece se tence sceesen 323
guttifera (Terekia)..........5.-scseceossscecsse sores 125 PUPAL: -csscvecscseeshecee aes 267, 323
guttifer (Pseudototanus)...124, 125, 126, 316, 338, 346 TULA sct eaeteakconecy eee 269
(GINO EAMG) Feeemes eres steeensneonsecceseoncencnctl OAsy lid) TUStiCa... 0.5 sce cesseaseacostedsecrsecssneeen 269
(Xenus) Ratclawiana sainbalatnahidusinas sisia)-s'ekeleicistas ss 124 baicalensis=:.ce eee 830
gutturalis (Chelidomn).............csseecceseeee 270, 271, 347 Dorealis:? ucts 330
. (Hirundo) eacccvedisisagssesnscaratehaceee 269, 330 kamtschatica......cccccceccee 330
ey rfalco (ACCIPILEL) io. ccscscacect enh ones Se 204 Ufa ES ae Sarees atte 269, 323, 347
{yrfaleo-candicans (Falco)........ 203 Baburaitive caseesenaereesteee: 330
; candicans (Falco)........ wees 205 tytleriiencucoa sees 269
' (Hierofalco).......... 205 Saturateyec-cccccu-ss cates 269, 270, 330
(HEL COD) Pen vareceae oe sabeasecertasres nats 203, 204, 206 ty tlerijfecesce cg ee 269
groenlandicus (Falco).............+. 2031) histrionica, (AMAaS)..-....1..-bissc.bssecseecssseesene 166
islandicus (Falco)........ erase 203 (Clangula)e totesercesca soars 166
sacer (Hierofalco)...........0.secessees 203 (tui oti la) pec a eee 166
EL (Harelda).c ccc steerer eens 166
Hamatopus bachmanii.....c..sceceessesseeceseees 102 | Histrionicus histrionicus..................... 166, 318, 336
Hrypoloucn en. cdo sth ernces 100 histrionicus (Histrionicus).................. 166, 318, 336
IONGUrOStTiS.....c.cec..ceceseeceseees 100, 101 IFES EPIOMICUS MINMTOS 25. -.ccccccsecsseee esos sees 166, 167
osculans............--+-..-.100, 101, 316, 338 POF GQUACUSIA . iii seco wecieeclesccoce 166
Guinalor un tke Gene. 100, 101 Histrionis:-(AMAs) |, -esccscesss se seseaeseviccetessates 166
osculans...........:. 100 hol boelllit (Halco))/.c5. secccessssuseeeke cee eee teeees 203
palliation: skeen mete on. . 101 (Biro faleo) si iscc-c-.cdcesteeeetepeeone 205
Halizetus albicilla..................214, 216, 217, 320, 337 (Hierofalco islandus)............ 208
Horealig eee 209 | holbeellii (Acanthis)........... sees 256
hypoleucus............213, 320, 338, 342, 343 (Acanthis linaria).................256, 322, 336.
leucocephalus... ..--209, 210, 213, 214, 215, (Colymbus) cee ceeeecccccencceces 1, 318, 337, 341
216, 219, 320, 336 (Linaria) eee ceccecenccceretecccrscescceseece 256
Walisetus) (ACCipeten),..cs..s0..0s.osncesesescoseconsss 219 (POdiceps) ......s.ceeceseseeneceseseeee ens 11
Haliaétus albicilla hypoleucus.............. + 213,214 | homeyeri (Phyllopseustes)..................825, 338, 346
halizetus carolinensis (Pandion).... ee 220 hornemannii (Acanthis) «.....0.........csce00088 258
(alone eh vase vase 219, 320 exilipes (Acanthis)..258, 322, 337, 341
orientalis (Pandion).........0..s.00 219 | hortorum (Dryobates minor) ................. 233
(Pandion).........s-sssessee «eeeeee219, 320, 337 Inatehinsii(Am ser) 5 22 tees ss skecnade arose t coos 147
’ Halicetus pelagicus........... Sie ds aie sucr sue 217 (Bernicla) 147, 148
Harelda glacialis....c...0ccccccssscssees cesses cesses 169 (Branta canadensis). ...147, 318, 337, 341
MAIS OLIOMICA cs vscececesceisccocssts as beccses 166 hyemalis (Anas)............. siereteeee 163, 169
Hveriatliatscs sce c tons, 167, 169, 318, 336 (Gallimago) ........cseeseeeseeee ceeees 316, 337
haughtoni (Pseudototanus) ....... Jee 125 (Harelda)........s-sseeseeeses 167, 169, 318, 336
(Totanus)........ perenne Be 125 | Hylocichla aliciv ............. 325
helvetica (Squatarola).......c0...sssseseeseecees % 103 | Byperborea (Lagopus).....e cee eeees 200
(Brin oa) pierre eyete cet ac eecectaeees, 103 (Trin ga) ....-...ssesseees teteneiecesee 189
Hemichelidon sibirica........ csssseseeseeeees 272 | hyperboreus (Anser).. 317
hendersonii (Locustella)............0. .. ..+2.3800, 325, 338 (CHED)......seseeeseeccseseteesestenene 317, 336
GauSCINIOPSIS) es. cre--eesesecene 300 (LODIpeS)....-sssseessereeeeeneeees 189
Heteractitis brevipes......... 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 (Phalaropus) .... see 189
incanus..........132, 133, 134, 185, 317, 336 Eiypocenter anreolus <...c.....:-scsssscccces 244, 322, 337
Heteroscelus brevipes.........cc.cccssesessseeeees 132 TUSLICUS ..-.-000 0... 246, 322, 337
RRIGATA LIS ieee ee cea 132, 137 NWEUPTSOU Iss, “eessecescnoscccdectcre 247, 322, 338
hiaticula (Adgialitis) .....0...cesssesecscseeeee 109, 349, 350 | Bypoleuca (Haematopus)...... cscs seoee 100
hiemalis (Colymbus) ..........00.6. Poti tke 14 | hypoleucos (Actitis)............-..ce0e 181, 187, 317, 337
(Rroglodytes|serseeee 297 (Evie) Sesesscocessaxessectsceeseecrece 13k
Hierofalco candicans..,...........ssc0ceseceeseceses 205 (Tringoides).........-..-..ssess 131
. gyrfalco candicans................. 205 hypoleucus (Halizeetus)...........213, 320, 338, 342, 342
GAGES: fue eek oe 203 (Haliaetus albicilla).............. 213, 214
Holpeolli= cer en wees 205 hypomelanus (Charadrius).................22.06 104
islandus holbeelli .................. 203 Hypotriorchis subbuteo.................ccceeeeee 319
himalayanus (Cuculus)...............ssseseeeessss 225, 228 I.
Hirundo americana........ tree eaeeeeeeennaeeeceeecs ZOE Vein i hich CVAMUTAY see sterecosssesesdnccececsscede 308, 325, 338
baicalensis.............00 se csasteevaereve : 330 Tufilata .........000 peubacaateerunnecsceaeects 309

®

872 INDEX. ;
Page. = Page.

PACS (DUTCUS))sveccatssccsssransenoesauneees aes snceee 349 | kamtschatkensis (Parus) ..232, 297, 324, 338, 342, 343

HmMberi(WLIN AOL) ts, ssescessssccecusssecsserescuraseeen LO, Lo (Picus)....... rocreccces sarees 230, 231

immaculatus (Dendrocopos) ..........01-+100 231 (Pocila) eA vctscaesee cot 297, 298

(Dryobates)..............231, 321, 338, 342 (SCOpS)....seseee J 320
(Dryobates minor)............ 233 (SYlVia) ecccssclevecaccucesso, 310
(Dryobates pipra).............. 233 | kawarahiba (Chloris)...........see00+ 265, 322, 338

immer (Colymbus)...,........ssseeseeees 16 (ChIOrospiza)..........0-..sesseeeee 265

imperatox (Haleo)ss.c2cs-sereseees-ccceesececs 217 (Bringilla))c0.<..cs.ccass acsassseveeae 265

incana’ (SCOlOPAX) i. ..c..cccs-cnrecaseveu-ctecreceres 182 | kawariba (Carduelis)...........0.cccesssccesseceees ; 265

incanus (Actitis)..2....<::5..c0scsesasene acedscncaasee 182 (ChIOrOspiZa) vases. c.cnc0 nes locos veeseee 265

(Heteractitis) ........ 182, 133, 184, 135, 317, 336 (BRIN IDS) aiceccsscenvasecsnnt osteets ‘ 265
(leteroseelus)p-cclccccssasveecncesasesave 132, 137 (ai ariis) ease teceeneee eee 265
(otamus)\a: ccssesaee-sseceaeecesocee-ecacenes 187 | kelungensis (Cuculus)................-. 225, 227, 228
indicus (Cuculus)..............00+ eee 227,228 (Cuculus saturatus)... 228
(Cuculus CAnOruS) ........seseeecee sneer 228 | ktnnicotti (Phyllopneuste)............... «. 302,304

infaustus (Garrulus)...........ccseccceseeeeseeeeeeee 354 (Phyllopseustes borealis)....... 303

infuscata (Muscicapa)..........ccccccsccconseess 272 | kittlitzii (Brachyramphus).......... 314, 331, 337, 340

innominatus (Acanthis)........0....005 eeeeseeee 252 | kotzbuei (Rissa tridactyla)................sse0 78

insularis (Lagopusrupestris)...............0000 194 | kotzebui (Larus tridactylus).................008 78

intermedia (Alauda).............cccsssccevese- 234, 235, 236 (BRIS) .3 si ccs weds tees onsassetenntecses 78, 80, 82

intermedius (Acanthis).........ccccseecscese sere 256 | kumlieni (Larus)..............0 aavnctcecnes qcervers 64

interpres (Arenaria)...............+ ..- 102, 316, 336, 349

(Strepsilas)........ssscsssssssconeesecesen 102 L.

* ; a eer el labradorica (Sagmatorrhina)................00 44

islandica (Clangula)....... Ieee 164 :

5 : f Ingopoda (HIrUndO)).cc..cr. cosccascsets-seeauctesse 323

islandicus candicans (Falco) 205 a8

(iiien teancheann) me eae 208 law opusi(ACCIPIGER) = cresccssvcraesvcussencoccscnsece 208
ane ee ate ce 194,195
fe Seccenepenencsnextcsmacon tare scarce

: eee Se eee as lagopus (Archibuteo)......... ..-.208, 320, 829, 336

islandorum (Lagopus).............ccsccosseess cones 200 :

Salamanca ne (Baicat, aee eee 904 (Aquila) es .cccccsroastcocseesees coseaccs eres 208
(onic ee _...208, 204, 319, 336 ee sakes tiacanaeserae sessseeencenseenneeey 208
fuscus (MaiCo) i. .:.ctiscccecensseeeee ress 203 errngimeus (4 reli buveo) aa oe
holboelli (Hierofalco) ...-s.s.-..---+- 203 Lagopus hyperborea.............sccssessecseecerees 200
THROulAtas (alos ine ae. 204 ISIANGOTUM, .0 csscoaccesessesesuente ease 200

eeapacheanncie Caivcdnyaas ke ee a IRPODUS! 2. soho. 194, 319

lagopus (agopus) c.cc.-cccuscss| covccscectsoescasbed 194,319
o Lagopus muta .---195, 199, 200

q ; OWGUG So. sc ocwcecessencecssennecesinneres 319, 337, 343

japonensis (DOLVUS) a cecccsccscccacesatseursect ridgwayi.........-.. 194, 199, 200, 319, 330, 336

IApOnICe (Alauda) Sacccsrencnancersa rupestris............00 Ree he ama g 195, 199
(Gallinago) atkhensis..........0:0+- Siac ares

——_ (Motacilla)....sssseen 287, 288, 289, 324, 351 Satin’ ie eae ee in

japonicus (Anthus)............sseeeseee 275, 323, 338, 349 Sani ee 195

(Corvus) eenccccce cocccccces sovecccrcccsvecs 239 lagopus sancti-johannis (Archibuteo) coe 208

. f (Dr yobates) Sea ee a 230 | Lagopus subalpinus.....sc.c.ssssssssessesesesseene 194

javanica (Terekia)......... 132 lagopus (Tetrao)..........

Javepicus (Totanus) 132 | janceolata (Locustella)... Seea

jJavensis (Pallenura) 283 | Lanius cristatus.....c.....sccsssscsssssseeceseeeseees

K. TIDUS, areeceusacentaacisveraenrenscanvcteecrces

PHOCHICUTUS ssncrasscccccesssrcarsvesteesters

kamtschatschensis (Gavina).........0c00c0000 73, '75 SU DIT CUS tape cere rene aceeeneeeeeescanrccmcesees

(Quarus) lee 73, 315, 837, 340 | lapponica baueri (Limosa)
kamtschatica (Alca).........sesecsccceerceeeeseees 25 (Fringilla)...........-..+++

(Chelidon)............... 323, 330, 338, 346 (EGIDYTOS BI) recta ocean) <ntsonounneaeewances
(Hirundo).......... s...es00 «00. 823, 380 novee-zelandiz (Limosa)......... 122
(Hirundo rustica) 330 | lapponicus (Calcarius)...... 250, 277, 322, 336, 346, 349
(Motacilla)....... 287 (Centrophanes) ...........0+5 events 250
(Pica) 20. cen ee 241, 243 (Plectrophanes).........+.-+++s++++ 250
(Pyrrhula pyrrhula)......322, 338, 342 (Debrao)ctcctrscccccssessecscerceeeseuss PSS S194
kamtschaticus (Corvus coraXx).........0...066 321,344 | Laroides chalcOpterus..........s1eeeererseeeerees 64
(LEGLGO) <<cscscevessvosetseesccesses 192 | Toarus affiniss.:..J.<:-cecse-cascacenanee Meseeasescereate 68, 73, 314
(Urogallus parvirostris)...192, 193, ALPENLACUS..........ccccscesecces eeseeeeeessees 66, 72
319, 338, 342 CACHINNANG........ ceceoreereeeessssecestesecens 67, 68
kamtschatkensis (Corythus enucleator).. 322 atricilla..........0.<« pate tcentanacseqescreeneseas ae
(TaUSCIO a) Seeccrneetsereceross 310 borealis...... PeUccassuscunanveucersnscucs 62, 66, 67, 315

INDEX. 373

Page. Page.

Larus brachyrhynchu.,...... ......:......605. 78, 79, 80,82 | Leucosticte griseogenysS ............cccsseceeee eee 261
DEG VITOStKISh <.. 28) bet ceceeececsnsdecse 78, 79, 80, 82 prisconucha. cee ee 261, 322, 336
Hrunneicephalus::.....0.2c.:sccosscsesse0- 77 LEPHTOCOUIS! tsetse eee 261
eachinnans.... ....67, 72, 315, 337, 340 griseinucha......... 261
CAITLOTMICTIS eesteeee ee cece cs bane aeceeccuise sass Onis (5) MeEUCOSstrias (BUGYtES) fsccssssceeeeteececeee ree 280
CAaNUS secstacetes aeons ...-74, 76, 315, 337,340 | leucostriatus (Budytes)... eeeeateent 280

TUNA OT res saseveces cucscet cecasasGescceus 75 (Budytes inoue 280, 982 308, 324,
CAPISHRACUS I scs vs cc.sudetesetocewtectiadscceces 7 338
chaleopterus... 64 | leucotus (Dryobates)...............00s20se0sse eee cee 321
COVISUIS cotranc aera sec ctatccsyah cece accuser cwees 64 | leucura (Erythrosterna).................0000seeee- 274
CREP AGUS) 3st occcenes seeencsaceteee cre 86 (Muscicapa) 274
GelaWATENSIS\. 5.22 femecers dates ceeaereces 73, 74,75 | levaillantii (Corvus)... Soteacasesmectelee 239
GOMINMICAMUS 2 eis caecteca tect seestanh stcetelecee 314 (Corvus ones Adgdevnssatenses 239, 322, 338
sep UIS COS COMIS esacs ccc sectanen eoescsdaacctertekct 67 | Ligurinus kawariba... Seeeesene 265
AUS CUS eS. soerese eater wae eee e LT Gee 52 | Limosa zegocephala Pacianroident Scocpaurede 316, 338
glaucescens....... 56, 62, 63, 66, 314, 315, 337, 340 australasiana 122
PIAU COMES ecoscessl saveseeyo ens Bee ; 64 DAES Cicssess ene eecsae 122
SIAMCOPLELUS.c--hweeronecree erences -., 62,64 DAMeDIesieeccseseoece 122
glaucus.. eeldavcosdesaen OOS 64, 67, 314, 336, 340 CIM GLC As rececseseadess ses sees ee oreeeetecese eee 132
Raomenatenents waavareacssnewte * 78, 315, 337, 340 TOMAS Sse oese Ieee scene ees ee 122
URI O IIs estos vec sreras Pee ee 64 IAD DONICA tr steer eee eee 122
TEMCOPLELUS wescc cee esoatenty een tecsee eee 62, 63, 64 bauerinsne ee 122, 316, 33
MUL ATELIN US scvacne soe csccns cess onoe cesta 67, 71, 72, 73 novee-zelandiz............ 122
WIE SOM ste vecsee deck teat eae one se Sess ee 64 IME AMUTALS.; ccacsetteestsie sete 316
MUU SUS: moatroreaess aie cose ee 73, 74, 78,79 MEeLAMUTOIMES kaccesceeces ee eet 316
occidentalis ah 67, 69, 314 NOVH-Zelandice ..........2.0.ccccceveceeee 122
PAEHSIPICUS! St ecsceccs soe rotor 86 TECHN VATOSEVAsees coset ee eee 152
DEA SICUSS Hates ccacac ec ccpasdrosaasoeeseesen 67, 68, 314 UPA Ser sccseessastoctecs sarees ee ie 122
ridibundus 76, 77,315,537 | limosa (Scolopax)....... Seeseea cere se oe ean ees 131
CC Eimosayuropy cialist.-.o-e sass Nidees 122
PASSBeocccesceseavascetocces wes sae 78 | linaria (Acanthis) ....................2...--.56, 252, 322, 336
WY SSA eter esssancsevarsdescinansneres sete cans 78 (AB Si othus)) es Aetetessde cocoons 252
schistisagus ............. ae 67,7 75, 314, 337,340 | Linaria betularum .. eolceee oe 253, 255
tridactylus................. 78 | linaria canescens (Pringilla).... cavfereeneucess 258
KOtZebull. Mcccssssnsdsseasee 78 exilipes (AXgiothus)...............0.000 0+ 258
WET 1 cesses accent Rabecatiue 82 (Bringilla) ee eee 252
lathami (Sagmatorrhina)........0......... en 445) Seinarigi oll oellinses ete ne eae 256
heachin (Procellaria)).....-scccssc.sececs chess vides 97 | linaria holbeellii (Acanthis)................ 256, 322, 336
(Dhalassidromay ieee eco eeeee 97 (hinota) eo ence eee 258
WGEStTISA UE OW sec c ec tes sensi cc camcecesteccceeeeee 37 | inariajmaonirostrise.c--scescccde eee tee 256
CED UUS Re eaten cc aed Cae ee cant 87 OTGUDATIA es da ae ences sees cecetenne tenia 253
PDSUEAS LUD bers eros cote occ ces te cco arsdee ee 86 | linaria pallescens (Acanthis).....:.........00.. 259
DATASIVICUS o.oo sonccccce cece scssees ieee 86;.87 | Wimaria parvirostris:......c.c.-:..ccsdedesdssececsee 253
POWITALUT Bi nencoccasiownesoseeucoecetres oer 331 | linaria (Passer).......... 252
feucocephalus! (Aquila)!....sc. 2-0 bceeee ns 209 | Linaria vera.... 256
(alco) Reseda eae es 209 | Linota linaria.......... 258
(Halizeetus) .....209, 210, 213, 214, 215, NULESCENSHaseierstcortceseten oer 252
216, 219, 320,336 | littorea (Trynga)...............ccssssssceceosesececese 130
HENCONOLOS) (PCa). cecsodes-cceese ie tees oe ZA 2429 LO baba (LUN Ea) Pe seser Mecca sa iecesics tee eeeseaee ee 139
LENCOROLUS) (PICUS) sce es atte ee, : 354 | lobatus (Phalaropus)....... ...139, 317, 336
leucopareia (Bermicla)....i...<..cccsecceccceccseoe 147 | Lobipes hyperboreus......... 139
CUB rani eeerec a scosc stan ea eeaces 147 WVUS ONT ate et aseseeesatane Merton 140
leucopareius (AmSer) <.........-cc.cesscoseccooneesse 147 | Locustella hendersonii...................-0+5 300, 325, 338
leucomberay (oxi) hese eer hee 323 300
(Mo tacilla) izes sie ei os hee 287, 290 300
(Pica)......... Bene Ree esas 241 i 301
(Sterna) ee aeeiste ae 316 299
(Eryn a) ec ee rae ee ae sie Plocustellay(Sylvis))pnesresecteseecce cee 300
leucopterus (Falco)... 0.....2..cccsceseccsse-csesec 2 Miia | WILOULV 1UpULLa ee. eee sei re stenes eee 17
(Lar ae Noy aduate selbst ...62, 63,64 | lomvia arra (Uria)...... ...........00.. 17, 62, 314, 337, 340
leucorhoa (Cymochorea) +.......... 2 cccceceee. Pal UOMViaiATTAa SVANDAC =: ccs: sedcsessn eles re eee 18
(Oceanodroma)..............97, 316, 336, 340 CANIFOLDICRS: nc sca siesesactaseeccte tees 17
(ETOCEIATIO) kc. 3.c8 ene Sie plomiyia (Cepphus)iccc,sstcsscecscers. coon cacao 17
Leucosticte brunneinucha... ..................... 261,262 | Lomvia Svarbag.arra............ccccceccscccseeeee 18
brunneonucha.........,..262, 322, 338, 344 ENOUGH see ste catasse wetssvehiecestesacssoteetes 20
STISeINUChaL. wee eee 261 ealiformicascccteccesiessessisnee 20

374 INDEX.
= Page. Paes.
longicaudus (Stercorarius)............... 7, 88, 316,336 | Mecistura caudata 824
longipennis (Sterna)........c0..ccce..-eeeeeeeeees83, 84, 85 | media (Gallinago) 110
longipes (Charadrius)..... 104 (PICA) es rete eae 241
(Pluwialis) teen cee 104) | SMICBABCOPS: SCOPE. .ccc..ccnceeseesecendetrecesoveenrecte 320
longirostris (Colymbus).............:0000 oe 12 | Melodes calliope ........ .....sses000 tseeeee ees 809, 325, 338
(Heematopus)....cceeee-.- z LOO} 1015 || Melamettar fuse. ..2 .c:.c:cc.cesavess-ccdesscesenesrsce 174
WOR OUAS CIA AK. sc sdaccescucssessatshieccovesusssces 323 VELVEEIMA ....ssseeceeenenes seesseren scree 174
GRUCITOS UT Airceaconlsneseevcersaseeassereecenceees 323 | melania (Cymochorea).........sssccesscesneesees 97
EMLICISAHOT Ler ts oe ek eae 322 | melanocephala (Aremaria)............cc00 0.00 102
ONY EDU Bless neineceesseecepaeceer ee teees een 265 | melanope (Calobates)
leucoptera.......... ..... * 323 (Motacilla)
ludovicianus (Anthus) 277, 323 grisea (MotaciHa)...............s600 264
lugens (Motacilla)......286, 287, 288, 289, 324, 338, 351, (Motacilla sulphurea).............. 283
352,353 | melanops (Calobates)...........tcsccccceeeceeees 283
(Motacilla alba).....cceccsscesseseee coeees 284,287 | melanorhynchus (Numenius)............--005 138
Ingubris (Motacilla)...............ssccccssesseceeees 287 | melanotos (Pica pica)... ......-.....+4 242
Ipimme'(Colymbus)ioc..ccss.s-conecenecseesnas snes 15 | melanura (Limosa).............000++ 316
(Urinator) melanuroides (Limosa) 316
Wey Ga ANCUICH 2A ccccon teccee ds cueanvasclnenraseste (Limosa segocephala)........ 316, 338
cirrhata...19, 21, 26, 28, 31, 43, 45, 46, 47,48,57, | melanotis (Milvus niger)...........cseseeceeeen 354
61, 62, 95, 314, 337,340 | Merganser americanuB...............ssse0eceseee 177
Pisitimenla’..). oct eh eas 38 |, merganser americanus (Mergus).............. 331
Lusciniopsis hendersonii ..........0..e0 cee see eee 300 | Merganser merganser.............176, 177, 318, 331, 337
WsuSCioliy, calliOpesec:cccnsvessseseacscaseneetaters 309 | merganser (Merganser)........... 176,177, 318, 331, 337
CYAN DTA co oicislecsiscscaeecessadcacesessesshs 308 (IVEe SS) Decceteeaeteeetoeeeareteeeet , 176
Ebytlimon Olas set rete ater 354 | Merganser serrator.........000.....sscesee 177, 178, 318, 336
kamtschatkensis. Mergellus albellus..............+5 179
luteola (Muscicapa) ........ Mergulus cirrhocephalus............cccceeseee 23
luzoniensis (Numenius).. Mereusialbelltngiicc.c.iesscsectssane Sacseuace races 178, 318, 337
; (Seolopax) ee COSCO! recaucescvavecaeachcsatnesasctessersees 176
POICT PANSCI in cc sccoascsstasscisssenessenstecers 176
M. americanus................ 331 -
SEPP LOM eacessesenececceaneen teen esenteeteecen 178
Macrura: (Sterna) :<.ccdsussecsceseveevecsendoetseevess 85 serratliss.co2 eee 178
maculatus’ (Aithus)\.crccecstssscctesseasrerssstee= 278 | microceros (Ciceronia) 35
(Falco islandus) ..2........022+.s000 204 (Phaleris) ....... 35
(Bipastes) iss lists eaectcoetecess 278, 823, 338 | micropterus (Cuculus) 295
magnirostris (LINATIA)........cecseeseeeeesens 256 | Micropus pacificus .............ccscesesece cesses cnnes 321, 338
(Phyllopneuste) 802 | microrhynchos (Colymbus)..........:00000--e00 16
major (Dryobates)........ceescccceees 230 | middendorffi (Amser)...... ......cccccccccesseeeeee 141
kamtschaticus (Picus)...... 230 (Anser segetum) .......... 141, 144, 317,
(Doeatiis) oe skee a satecuccaacewterccetewes ealess 323 338, 341
(Tavis Camus) poco cts eG saswonsecoceeesecss 75 | Milvus niger melanotis...........cc000sssesceeees 354
(earus ridi bunds) 2c.cksccsseessscossnses (2) minim 4. (Brantay.dccurecedsttacseticentae ate 147
(Pius) se esescskc ocean de vacsctes canto 230,233 | minor borealis (Dryobates).........cccceseeees 233
(Podiceps rubricollis)...............2.6068 at (Fulmarus glacialis) .................0668 94
(Podiceps subcristatus).... 11 hortorum (Dryobates)..............:006 233
mandtii (Cepphus)... 2: .cccceesseeetes: 314 immaculatus (Dryobates) ass 233
Mareca americana ........csccccsesecesssccecess 158, 318, 336 (BICUB) Ha: See coeee a seaececeee eee 231, 233
HON OHUAN, cab scscccuxccacs soe dtvsdeevanateieeioes 156 | “minor (Tetrao urogallus)..1.......c0.e:seseeeeeeee 192
DPONCLODO vegests sshechatenWsannnceecsees 157;'318,337 |emimute (AMAS))...cc.c.ccccssassuasssee eee Ss 166
MAPA GANAS)! seiteccs voSicssvavuysdanceedevseeenecees 160 (Eeocustella); cicccesccasesscsetsssene ce 300
(Aw tbh ya) .c5 25 .cccccsseaseneadessees 160, 161, 318, 337 (Denim a) Ceestn iss sssicesast ons Ssucasceeeasterae 116,118
(eal oul) secs acs sna tacetevateeiauiness 160 | minutus (Histrionicus).............ccccceeseeseneee 166, 167
(HE) ee. on ssacass sateen epee esstere 160:| *mOllissimia(Amiais) 2. .voisccccceccoccosscssnevesansure 173
nearctica (Aythya)..........2...«. 161 (Somateria) ....s.5:.<cccsessecesosy 66, 173, 174
(Platypus) s.cceeccersapecss ‘ 160 | monocerata (Cerorhinea)..........39, 314, 331, 337, 340
mariloides (Aythya affinis).....00.......c. 161 | mongola (Adgialitis)..........ccccccccssesceeeee 105, 316, 337
marinus ((artis)ie.woscccseoseacc: ee eeet 67, 68,71, 72,73 | mongolicus (Adgialites) .............ccceeseeeee ees ~ 106
marita (Fuligula)............s0s0. saanndtdens tess saetae 160 (Charadrius) 5... <csscssacceacccteeere 104, 106
maritima (Arquatella)...........cccsccssdeseccssece 112 (Eid romaias) is2i ee csscsecesceesnenee 106
(CUI a) os cccshatvansacseuccnsexeceeneetass 112 | mongolus (Charadrius)..............0000 00000 sses 105
marmoratus (Brachyramphus)... -.014,:307;540° | 'montanus, (PASSER), .c.csecveventucce-coascctunennans 354
martius (Dryocopus)..............006+ s ncaeaweonete 321 | montifringilla (Fringilla).................... 264, 322, 337
(Dry Owious)hcc-.csacaterst pees 321 | Montifringilla griseinucha.................-...+ 261
(BiGUS) 2.552. Sevcssseueafaseasass pavastvevcess 354 | montifringilla (Passer) ........... Rene cecedeeesene 3 264

INDEX. 375
Page. Page.
Montifringilla pustulata ..........ceeseeseereees 261 | neglectus (Troglodytes)........ weston dspapnveseses 293
SPCCIOSA A was. 5.ccceccevsncercowesee 261 | nelsoni (Lagopus rupestris)..............0cce08+ 195
MOrin ela GOMALIS teas: -cetarssccchssle00 taciessicesiess 102 (Mears) teetserescesccctimetaeserccnees 64
morinellus (Eudromias)...........ss00.cccesseeees 109,349 | Nemura cyanura........ Tnesegenctecreucectessrertests 308
WVEOTINVONS CLEC AG UIA ecctene ns Cencn ss oescecesacceacrs 43 TUM a tascicc. scsi eves scnsseck esc hcpscracce 309
eorniculata DI WINettlOnyCreGCayc.scccsccsceoccetate scene 155, 318, 337
cristatellus 25 falcata ee 156
PCT ANT Ae eee a cee care csec cs onctes sees 59 | niger melanotis (Milvus)... 354
septentrionale SOM migray(AMas)..cc.cecsscensesees 174
BUYICRCIIIOSSs oateceacstcccscsnscocsensanse 25 (Brocellaria) ts. netstescesiass tee 96
Mrotaer Natalia cccs. oe cectes soc ecerecresauccccaacsesens 292,324 | nigricans (AnSeT).............00scccsseseeeee 149
RUS ONS eat ecavsscsene aeonancncescccuce 284, 287 (Bernicla) 149
albeola.........: Eeemecseeneersecaee 287 (Bernicla brenta) 149
camtschatce..... 287 (Beramts)\eccc.ccseccecca tonto: 149, 318, 337, 341
camtschatica.... 7 287 | nigricollis (Colymbus). ........,.....000.00ses0000 12
ATPUTENSIS scases.ccsassesesssaesanecuerecs 287,289 | nigripes (Diomedea).........
baicalensis temporalis.............. 280) | ISOTIA) (StrEX) c.cc.-.2--<0se <0
blakistoni.........5...0. Sraeeneecasce 287, 289,290 | nisus (Accipiter)................
POE ree areece spat escecsciseccencecce 284 | nivalis (Emberiza)
CBNTOPS vos seaie.scceesceaseessecectueaecirs 309 (Plectrophanes)

#) sSCOLVATID: ccess cosscceeseScnecese Beenrcr en 323 (Plectrophenax)................. 248, 277, 322, 336
citrinella.............. B24 orl MLV ety (IN VCLER) usscsccazcasecase toeoessaetrceeezeerene 221
cyanura.......... 308 (Rissa) oe vcsctoes sen cocdanecncsnaae cesneeere es 78, 82
Aaya 280 (Gtirix)e eee ree 221
AAV COs. cs. 0 oo ticascvansdacainesessutese 280 | niveiventris (Thamnobia)............... 274
Japonica.............00.. 287, 288, 289, 324, 351 | niveus (Larus) ...............ssccsssscesceenes 73,74
Kamtschatica..2..... ........cccceeeee 287 (IUANUS) Scnczeenecachass:cecencceneass Soe SE SAED
NCUCOPtCK A ne cee lest sunnssekcoensie 287,290 | nobilis (Aquila) ........0....s.cssscececeeeseecee see eee 320, 329
lugens.........286, 287, 288, 289, 324, 338,351, | nodirogtra (Phaleris)............ccc0:csecceees see ove 35

392,593 | novee-guinese (BUdytes).......c.c.cceceneae eee eee 284

PUB UDI ose carne scocsenenaccnecessacsss 287 | novee-zelandize (Limosa) ........cc;0eceeeee eee ene 122

WHELAN OPC cesseuwecccescaceenes 283, 292, 324, 337 (Limosa lapponica)......... 122

BTISCH 20... cs...sesssececane 284 | Nucifraga caryocatactes......ccceceereen .. 821, 337

ocularis...... 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,324, | Numenius arquata.....cccccssssececesescescencee ene 317

338, 349, 351, 352, 353 MULICAPM TUS setccsise.seceecsesceceeeeete 138

PHOENICUTUS ......... ....-eeseeeeeeeee 320 AUStIALISH. Peas. coccccsesteect coscoctees 317

sulphurea............0:.00+- 283 CY ANOPUS sees cece enero teases 317, 338

; melanope 283 RZ ODE ISIS mee eaten cn sen ae 138

PrOCHilws se sak. we coceceve eocvcawoces 302 melanorhynchus Rectan eet Seas 138

tschuktschemsis..........:::00eeee+ 283 phzeopus 138

mtilleni: (Coly rma us) 2: <scs<cs<coccsces.coccoossesceces 16 phzopus variegatus.......... 138, 317, 338

mugimaki (Erythrosterna)...............csee 274 DY M@MCUS!. hese cress ee ee . 349

Mitiscicapa falbieilay.ca. coscsscceeecesssscseneceee 273 fahitiensise. 2 eee .. 138, 317

CINETEOAL Pais secscctecescccescemessoss 272, 354 VLOPY LIAL! 0. ccccessaesec seas 138

fUIsCeu ani ceestssececoverce 272 VEELCSALUS can segccronneeseaeenaaeeee 138

infuscata...... 272 | Nyctala tengmalmi..........cccssesssseses seeee 223

leucura...... see ZiEE W Neuctea nivears ts. sac cee 221

Perb@ Ol hess sccesnrcescucsnstnteredsenenssst=).21/4;/004 MY. CLEA eee ee net 221, 320, 336

JOBE VE ccccscn-ncocedeseuadloccesssacenaces 74 nyctea (Nyctea)......5.......cee0 221, 320, 336

PONGICETIANA «20... ce eeeseeeeeeeeees 272 | Nyctea scandiaca.............. dashaesonten acs 221

UDI CA ers ecccee cnccecens tcccevesk sss 272 | nyctea (Strix). .........ccceeecee cake ee 221

musica (Zonotrichia) 247 (Surnin)sss oes ee ee ee 221

musicus (Cygnus) 149

rie Gal (IAS OPUR) =. 2cc cessazcescscsiecostcccescccerss 195, 199, 200 o
mutus (Lagopus)...... .++..319, 837, 343 4

Ey SeaCcs (Phaleris)....... crac et Oahuensis! (Trin es) ...:..csrcacesesessceceelseveaere es 102

(Uria) oa ceccceevecccccs Oceececcceneseceuscees 25 ObscuLus (Turdus) re cee ate es 4100307, 325, 330, 338

N. occidentalis (Branta).................csecsssessseses 147, 148

(@erorhinea)) cer ccrcscaccsentseosenee 35

mesvias (Isocustelia))cc-tsteessstecetieceers tt cates 301 (arUS) eer ccapanstnoneiseonkeecssete 67, 69, 314

Maman \(Lurdys) cc. <.csevecccassecucdesserss 349, 850, 354 | oceanicus (TotamuS)......c.......s20e sscesessnssses 132

nearctica (Aythya marila) ............0..00-.0.6. 161 | Oceanodroma furcata.............31, 97, 98, 316, 337, 340

nebularius glottoides (Totanus)............... 128 JEucorhoOa... .ccccackssasecs 97, 316, 336, 340

(Scolapa)c.c.kcsscsinevectscccsseese 128 MOANA sc. sccssceccesssvcesedocvectis 97

(Totanus) --..125, 126, 128, 317, 337 | ochotensis (Acrocephalus). .... .....299, 301, 324, 338

376 INDEX.
Page. Page
ochotensis (Calamodyta).........cc.eececeee seers 299 | parasita (Lestris)........... sancuatheataveean tise faces 86
(Sylvia) nese ckccesscevsteoneettencscm been 299 | parasitica (Lestris)...............ccssessccsesesseees 86, 87
ocularis (Motacilla)...284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 299, 321, PALAasiticus (aris). .s..s01;sessccedsesnencdentensace 86
338, 349, 351, 352, 353 (Stercorarius)........ 86, 87, 88, 94, 316, 336
(£demia americana 174 | pardela (Charadrius)..............10sc0seceseseesess 104
cenanthe (Saxicola)........ 226,349 | parotis (Colymbus)... Deeases 13
CEstrelata desolata...........ssccc0scccsse-cacecsneee 316 | Parus'ater ...:.....,..... ...824, 837, 842
Oidemia AMETICANA.........1....c00.cccseceeees 174, 318, 341 baicalensis....... 232, 298
GePlANdi sc .fccict-cveceenssossve 174, 175, 318, 341 CATDONATIUS’. :.5-.cceseeseescectoeteemsansot 297
PUSCHESS cies covesvavtecanasetomeartusacmeae <> 175, 176 kamtschatkensis.....232, 297, 324, 338, 342, 343
VGLVEbIMNE icc rcucvscercccassneneersacedsaure 174, 175 PALUSUEIS!. 6-0 sect sais sewed deestapeese 297
OloramMericanus’. 0 sessccsvasesccusnccssetacascseves 150 camtschatkensis 298
OlOK GAMAS) oi cite seeacesteeh ieasaccasssescseceasrachs 149 WiGMUEDL . oc, ccecincs ag casdane cosbsocncoewteeee 297
Olor* bewickii:er os a decane roca 150,151 | parva (Muscicapa) 274°
COLUMPIANUS:.. ove cecce seeeatec seecue 150, 151, 318,336 | parvirostris kamtschaticus (Urogallus)...192, 193,
- CVO UMS wee ccerstce cereeeatnsen ares 149, 150, 152, 318, 337 819, 338, 342
Olor (Cy PMUS) dec. cccieevsaseacressk secvsestcssuose=esade 149 (Linaria)............ Patisesereceseas Sos 253
Ombrisi psittacula tesisccccetecereccesesvs aceassc-see 38 sachalinensis (Urogallus)..... 193
ordinaria (Linaria)............ iencuavecauastsensteess 253 (Tetra) ities ctes cet esecw nancasenee 192
Oreopneuste fuscata.............sccsseesssccnsccones 354 (Urogallus)........ Sas ccceiessscoseae’ 192, 193
orientalis (Charadrius auratus)............+ 104 }|) Passerjhretous: secs cessccces cee teeeeee eee
(Corvus): Siciin ces teece oes 239, 240 calearatus
(Grusigrus) see ero eee 317,338 | Ppasserina (Strix)......
(Pandion halizetus)............00006 219 | Passer linaria............
(Brocellarig) 2.52. .i.cccsateeiwcceces 98 montanus
osculans (Hzematopus)................+. 100, 101, 316, 338 MONLUPFIN GWA. so.csecescvezcvoncssecdee=
(Hzematopus ostralegus).......... 100 | Pavoncella pugnax...... ..cccc.cccccssnede+conss
opsifrara(Aguila) i ccc.srsscesonceesecescreenerdess~ 217). penlei(Halco) -xce.c-seeeeasteossasecetaseens
ostralegus (Haematopus).....cc. ccccecseeeeees =100, 101 (Falco communis)...
osculans (Hzematopus).......... 100 (Falco peregrinus)
Otomela phoenicura,.....c.ccccccccccesceseceeeees $23 | pectoralis (Tringa).....................
SUPELGIOSG ....- terraces celeces txersess 323 | pedestris (Totanus)....................
GUUS CASIO) Fico ecteercdcssecaree mersans ester pelagica (Aquila)...
Otus brachyotus (Procellaria)................06
VEIT cc cceasenvavercndcneenecs Sracveuestcasaeess 320,329 | pelagicus (Carbo)..........
(Hiailizetus) J..sccccccccescesancsses tacens 217
P. CLArGsy Si Atl adobe was 67, 68, 314
pacifies, (Pelidtia):.ccsccecoccsssccdoccscavcccesstse 120, 121 (Phalacrocorax)........ 19, 56, 149, 185, 187,
(Pelidna alpina)......... 120, 121, 316, 337, 341 * 318, 337, 340
(Procellaria) c..c.sscescsersssecsccasescvese 91 resplendens (Phalacrocorax)... 188
(Scolopax)..... annascvecenscsisauceze 132 (Thalassoaétus)....... 212, 218, 217, 320, 338
pacificus (CypSelus)..ccicccccsccssesscocssccoscsuas S21 |; Pelecamusitirile ss. cc.ccstatecccosccsrvscecevececancacecs 181
; (Elm @ rus) 5. sci kecuscecserssescctecesesee 91 WIGIRCOUSsacciictacneracteteensccnvaccace 181
=) (MUGKOPUS)\.5:s.cssexesusdZestteusewedsosee S21, 888" |" Pelidna alpina. ....-<<c.csica<csssenencs seeeseeesaucees 120
(CERroglodytes)\ cc. cccccscecccsssoonsccss 293, 294 AIM CTICANIA «=. caceste=-art scscnoses 120
ma llasii, (CimC)iis) Acc-sonceceececesdsncescoersoecens 324, 354 pacifica............120, 121, 316, 337, 341
Pallensi(TMULGUs)kccesvscesesesescnaceceuestecetecsssece 307 QINETICANAI as. ccssssccccsec easesseous«sne 121
IPallenutrAyjAVeNsISs.cccsceescessasecssnentecsteeese 283 FOTTUP INGA cece.. cso eccsauceaceevernoerece 349
TODUSURS..seccssccsnersevercorceerersatert: 284 pacifica........ 120, 121
SUNPNULED cadens atessscvesbacstsectacess 283 | penelope (Anas)..... 157
pallescens (Acanthis linaria) .................. 259 (Maree) isch. 2- cau ccececemeeescnere 157, 318, 337
(Amorthura) i.e sses.csccererseeacnes 292 | peninsuls (Cuculus) ............... 227, 228, 321, 338, 346
(Troglodytes)......... .......56, 292, 324,336 | peregrinus (Falco)..........csescscseeeeeees 319, 329, 337
palliatus (Haematopus)..........cccesssevscsceces 101 pealei (Falco)........... ‘ Sehegiane 206
palumaribus (AStUr):....scc0s crcsssecsoodscessp-e 319 | personata (Emberiza) .............cscccceseeeeseees 354
palumbarius (ASstur)).....:.10.ccscccersesccens seers 320, 329 | perspicillatus (Phalacrocorax) 180, 187, 190, 318, 336
palustris (Brachyotus)............cccccccecesecsess 221 | phzeopus (Numenius)............2..ccesccassoseveee 1388
camtschatkenis (Parus)............ 298 variegatus (Numenius).........138, 317, 338
(PATUS)).. coz. ccecescvanccsoesecss soateeneeen 297 | Phalacrocorax ceolus...........s..ccssesssses+ esses 187
(SEE) 2 ssi cisccmie es reeeesccdteseneenceecs 221 bicristatus 181, 187
Pandion) Walieatss sc... ccsescssvveeccvasedaess 219, 320, 337 CATDO Hcl oe en ecane reeset 318
CarolinensiS.........c0ss.0s6 220 pelagicus.....19, 56, 149, 185, 187, 318+
OVientalis <......i.s...sseeee 219 337, 340
paradiszea (Sterna)............s000 esseeeee80 BLD, 330, 346 resplendens....,. 188
parasita (Carractes) i. nc.caccctecscset ees coe oueses 86 perspicillatus ..180, 187, 190, 318, 336

INDEX. 377

Page. Page.

Phalacrocorax urile......... eral asaeee 181, 318, 337,340 | Picus major kamtschaticus.................0206+ 230
violaceus... 181, 184, 187 MNATOUS ei heccsecitee save oteddecntoveiercows 354

Phalaropus Cin€rasCeus .........:..seeeeeeeeeeeee 139 EUW OReuascetranusscesuatecsenssesdsescuceccaranse 231, 233
. cinereusS............ saaincecacsteueusesess 139 PIG ACUYVIUS secc-csccccccrenesstusenc co reenstcase 321
PUUTCATIUS les seve-caceccssastomsccese ne 14h | Spillariss(Dundus)tee-ccscs'teseccscesceosseeneccss crores 325

MY; PEL DOLCUSs es casi swescscteasancs 189 | Pinicola enucleator..........0......0c.esccstoeseaes 322, 336

NOWAGUS se cckccvsscecensvercecesens 139, 317, 336 Alama MUU aN a ceccseccre st ckeovece cesar coors 322

TULESCODIS so. 2sdesaane cscveos teas ssteoe TAOS | PPipastes capiligs. cs ceccc. cesecescevccneseslsressesecess 275, 276

TUL COMIS icc teesecesoecicecussvesccores 139 MABCUlAtUS?:cuclccoesioreeotcsessuse 278, 323, 338

MUM hes seccce tac snc teesivcusessteagesess — 140 GUIVAVIISi ressreces sosatceceedusttesceecces 280
ehalerisialeuticus'<:<5.c.ccescss-ccucecseccssevceetse S8asplprar (Dry Obates)--ceces-cccecucestsccsssresesotcees 232
CampbSchaticas.. ...icccsscssevesescecssses 25 immaculatus (Dryobates)...... ........ 233

COMMICUL ALA sivicsacencccsecsccstccestenecers pithyornus (Emberiza)............sc0ccceeereeeee 354
Oristatell aes cetscecseere eee tee DsO2 || splacidan (CAN Gali Gis) ses cesscoulecsterassececnssane 350
OTnistelllarrcenccccestwncvenees Sass eke eesees Platypusialioulasececcccsscsemceccsonsacccacesess 160

MNTCEO COLOS srecceaceinnssnsenersacseasteun=e TWD ATT) Boe canae sce saceeeute eoteccentone 160

IY SUACCH SF, seececcccvausedseecsdewestesaceve 25,33 | Plectrophanes calcaratus .................ess0 250
MOGINOSULA ys scdseccnen sceesesceccciencon sce 35 Ta PPOMICUS 2 sc. <-0ce-cecseasezese 250
Psittaculas sc. .cc.cossssccsceccstesb ees acsenes 38 MV DIS ees aecaseees terete 248

PUB lai eres ee a etec ovo ccass scree heseee 35 | Plectrophenax nivalis.................. 248, 277, 322, 336

PYM GEA ee eee seas recto scesaeeseusesoeteene 20s G0, 65 |) DlUVIaLIS (Charadrius)!:.css-cccarccsecscerccdersers 104
SUPELCUI Ate. cescccac sssjoseces sesiews is 33 | Pluvialis longipes 104
tetracula........ Bo) 38 PE OGICEPSALMMISs.-.cccsvascecaccoscccarersccsexcececsss 11
phoenicura (Otomela)..... 323 MUGS eeeese eee 12,14
Pheenicurus auroreus..... os 325 eanogularis...... soe eo 13
phoenicurus (Lanius)........ .. 323, 354 COOPCLM ezeersrecoceseecctecns Bite 11
(Motacilla).... 325 cornutus..... 14

Phrygilus unicolor............... 248 CUCUIIAGIS cesses oecescess 1
Phyllopneuste borealis. .................. cee cee eee 302 SVISCIS CN Alas cecceeeeceieccssecsseosrenee ll
Kennicotti:..........:.......5-- 902, 304 ODO vak css. cc vcestesssonccusGseses 11
magnirostris..................+. 302 BUDLICOMIS sceeersccuscssostueestensecess 11

sl binicaics As scsassececteace ones 354 INA] OL. caaesoauecesacsstesees 11

SUPECTICilIOSA.. .......00.-2sesceses 354 Subcristatus....c..ccccsssssoscecdoeenscese 11
sylvicultrix.......cee. @ .. 302,3 M8} OL ees 11
XAMTMOGEYAS|.7.cesscesseseeseses 304 | Poecila kamtschatkensisg..................0..c0008 297, 298
Phyllopseustes borealis.....302, 304, 305, 325, 337,349 | Poecilia borealis................ccccseseeeeeee ce eceeees 298
borealis kennécotti ......... 303 | pollicaris (Rissa tridactyla)........78, 80, 315, 337, 340

borealis xanthodryas...... 306) |, polyagrus| (Malco) sc... ..cccvctesseccsesceecaseeesceee 206
homeyeri................00..325, 898, 846 | polynesie (Totamus) ...............ssesccsesseoesees 132, 136
xanthodryas......... 304,305,825, 388 | Polysticta stelleri...............c0-c00-cvsessreoeecsare 170

Phylloscopus borealis................c2seceeeeee ees 3025|4 pomarina, (lestris) is... ..cccsscsescecsscesscceecoetee 331
Sy lvaiCul brixcscsasuscevareh «> aabeys 302 | pomarinus (Stercorarius) ...............sceee 331, 336, 340
EXANCHOGOLYAS.ccccscccsecensesccoes 304 | pondiceriana (Muscicapa)............seseeeerees 272

M1LCA MOLEAIIS| CPCB) y Fas csss.neccnscecoscs eveanevoves 242 | pratensis (Anthus)...........ccccecessscceecosceseeees 226
Pica camtschatica.............. 020.0. 008-241, 822, 338, 342 | Priocella tenuirostris. .............0..-0eseseeceooes 91, 96
pica camtschatica (Pica)............cs0se0scecer eee 242 | Procellaria equinoctialis................00-c000+ 96
(CONVUS) osste Aeiisavcescearccacecss cesses oe 241 CuPiliea sn ciscescecscsavaxccsascteoscetcses 96
1G as CHU AER. os cess scewessssicss sap ececct exe sesbenees 241 PUN Cabal ccccctescosseetesacdeseeassnesse 98
cei tS CHA GICAN: foc caks coascceesuseesecereaecscave 241, 243 PIACIALIS: cecccsscccerccsteerccancesecses 91

MEW CON OCOS arccsecescnecdcesecceeacspctectnnesens Gg SEO NG CH eoscccecesccacesee-snesserstees ste . 97
TGUCODLCT A oetes coos ceases Loctue seu sascoreesese sve 241 MEUCOLH OR ascescseeecerereceeseesenesss 97

NRCC Ai ane enccreseteect ape tsnccacscecasssceateserenses 241 MAISTO ccessxcocetcstesserssncseoterscaceee 96
picarMelanotos (PICA) ir.ccsececccerncsceceadedwacs 242 OVIEN taliseicitivcs ss <ccevensseenaetsaee $8
MBCA) acta Reciecanos ccctes ete eaecsaasreo eee 243 DACIICAN -cussttess ac ssce Tanneaaenertee 91, 97
PCA PICA coat cre eee core ka cis ces raacsuvooseetaes 243 LOWMUITOSEIS este se shoe ccrolececeateess 96
MOLEMLIS i eer ajatsie cate assent reccccsnve ss 242 | Pseudototanus guttifer...... 124, 125, 126, 316, 338, 346
CHIMUPSCHALIG Assoc cree soeee ven cececeneeecs 242 AAUP COME secon esenescsereresesees 125
IMCLAMOLOS!z.s5e. cose sccoeteeeeen nae eaeats DAD Nop SittaculayCAlea) Meir. .cceceveccccssoecevecsacsscane 38

SOV CCB 5508 cn seaeeais tie cccneneaenorronso ck decenee 241, 243 (TNA) eicickecsccsvessctee 38
Picoides albidior......... «821, 338, 342 (Ombria)......... 38
CTISSOLCUCUS EM ce cccccsnc teres eoonztee 821 (Phaleris) , 38

IPICUS \CILTISS. csstraneceacavevacateee wiles 321 | psittaculus (Cyclorrhynchus).. ..38, 39, 314, 337, 340
kamtschatkensis........ we. 280, 231 (Simorhynchus).............0.-c000 38
leuconotus 354 | Pterocyanea querquedula Ste 156

IND] OL sec acevs sens Scbvaresssoocesidexccoocooemeens 230, 233 | ptiloenemis (Arquatella)...............sseeecers . 112,113

378 INDEX.
Page. Page,
Ptychoramphus aleuticus........ 27,314 | Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.......... 78, 80, 315, 337, 346
Pushin is Curili cuss: 22... ccc censccneegaocsssadovente 96 | robusta (Pablenra) ssi tiiceastestecs caceeeeees 284
TENUITOSEVIS.: 0.0. cssesseanacenae rodgersii (Fulmarus glacialis) 94
pugnax (Pavoncella) rosea (Rhodostethia) :.. xc ste0sc. csscctonessaccdens Ppesls
(Drinigia) itso stassostneec cinema 131 | roseus (Carpodacus)... 354
(Tryna) eer ee a iiceeeetovecseonesteats 317 | rostrata (Acanthis) .... 259
pulverulentus (Actitis)..........000:.cccescee seers 187 | rubicilla (Pyrrhula) 322
(Rotanus) eco teeaccsseteee 187 | rubricollis (Colymbus)....................ceescsss ' 13
punctata (Gallinago).............. Fecsaset thas se cevs 122 (Podiceps)...........:.. shacedassouteoss 11
purus (Dendrocopos).............000+ 230 major (Podiceps)..............00000 11
(Dryobates) si 2ce oes oecsene "230, ‘321, 838; 342; | rufa (Hinundo)) )csccccsseescoeke csauesossiee consents 269
pusilla (Ciceronia)...... 35, 39 (Hirundo rustica)............... 269, 323, 347
(ELM DeTIZA) x. ccacssascecceceestscees 354 (Taina) iiss aeschactecekeestareetessccceetascess 122
(BH aIerIG) a. cine .ctsccets cv sthcccechiscsexenve 35° |" rufescens: (Limota)i..s::ds004 hctetacccsavecseosenees 252
(TINEA) eecccreseccesve Beer eee eneteeaesaaesee 119 (Phalaropus). iii cieleeccceseee 140
(Uria ire ccs eet te cccstae eee 35 (Giisrian or90) Piceonsemeneceveee see eesesirenecrs 115
pusillus (Simorhynchus)........ 24, 34, 35, 48, 314, 337, | ruficapilla (Atgialitis)...................ssceceeees 106
340 | ruficollis (Actodromas)..............006 117, 118, 316, 338
pustulata (Montifringilla).................. 2200+ (Bhalsropus) sescccances<sccrececertare 139
pygmezea (Phaleris)... tes (Tringa)............... 116, 118
pygmzeus Crean oe ncneee (Turdus)... 850
(NUGIMeN TS) see cess oh a tedcsnmenes rufilata (Ianthia) .... 309
(Simorhynchus) ...24, 25, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, (Nemura) 309
45, 314, 337,340 | rufogularis (Colymbus)..............sccessesseeses 16
Pyrrhula erythrina... 9 965, |-zutus'(Phalaropus)) cree ccsescceseeeeneee naieee 140
pyrrhula een (Gyraniye 322, 338,342 | rupestris atkhensis (Lagopus)....... aeeechasece 195
Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatica........ "322, 338, 342 insularis (Lagopus)..............00006 194
TUDICH aes seo cvewssvessesetsn cdaeee ees 822 (Lagopus) seria tieccesesc eee
nelsoni (Lagopus)
Q. (Tetrao urogallus)
baicalensis (Hirundo)............... 330
Querquedula, (Anas) .ccd.ccessesustecsecesvesessece 156 borealis (Hirundo) .............c..000 330
Querquedula Circia................0ccccccssscseceesee 156 (Qhelidon) io esi.cccc. pcs sec csseuescossesees LOOu aT
GCYOCCA ceescstestenarsesuccesscacen esses 155 (Emberiza)... 246
fal Car isys.cesearsteccesns 157 (Hirundo) .. oeeecces 269
faleaitigns. sesoriascas ee eee ee 156 Paiiteanation: (Hiranae: seeaeessects 330
qnerquedula (Pterocyanea) ...........ccc0cee0e 156 Pris) CHU) fences cseesseeeeeeee 269, 323, 347
Querquedula querquedula..................156, 318, 337 saturata (Hirundo) ............c000+ 330
querquedula (Querquedula) ............... 156, 318, 337 tytleri (Hirundo).................. open 269
rusticolus (Falco)...........csccse 203, 204, 319, 336
R. rusticus (Hypocentor)..........cccceeeceeeeees 246, 322, 337
recurvirostra (Limosa)... 199) | Tiutila (MmMberiza)./ <2. oe..cccsecasersesevesrnssnccess 354
Regulus cristatus... Ast Orde AEVSSA, (MUAEUS) aocercceccessctecuatecarcetscssteepaeesener 78
resplendens (PHAlneeeeres pelagieney 188 Ss
Rhodostethia rosea. ............ 315 J
Rhynchaspis clypeata 159" sabi CXOMA)|J2.2:..<ccccceuasoanestsatoaseerereenonce 315
ridgwayi (Lagopus)........... 194, 199, 200, 319, 330, 336 | sacer (Hierofalco gyrfalco).... 203
ridibundus (Chroicocephalus)................05 76 | sachalinensis (Tetrao urogalloides)......... 193
(aes) Saas sas ect st cce senses 76,77, 315, 337 (Urogallus parvirostris)..... 193
major (Marus) es Se ee nae 77 | Sagmatorrhina labradoriea ................006 44
riparia cinerea* (Clivicola)...%...........0..0066 . 268 Vert AM. sinc odon ec erecccesesse 44
(Clivicola)e sc iiioce,scaseesese esse 207, B20,000 —| Seee bin DEttao) 2.3 tecevavocecvaenvaseseacpnacadaucess 194
(Cotyle)...2.2......000 267 | salina (Tringa).............. 116, 118
(Hirundo) . 267,323 | salvadorii (Colymbus)........ 18
risoria (Columba) 354 | sancti-johannis (kvchipates: lacey ae 208
Rissa brevirostris.....................--82, 83, 315, 337,340 | saturata (Hirundo).................sssssesssess 269, 270, 330
Kotzebuibsicict-2-. ...78, 80, 82 (Girun dowmustica)ieccce-sctsescenses 330
PISS (Laas )Feasye-s oases wees eae eee 78 | saturatus kelungensis (Cuculus).............. 228
RISSA) TLVER fies v. Sota see dc ece aeees 78.82) |: Saxicola conanthes.2..:1.c<ccsrs-cereusoupearoarsers 226, 349
tr jdineiplane Bt acatin cacentet siucweresetee 780 ||Scamadi nce. (NY Ct@a)) ic. -..c<cessevesssccseosscsuessenr 221
tridacty Ja KotEbual SOE Oe a 78 | scapulata (Thalassidroma)..............-..se0 ‘ 97

* Having since discovered that Hirwndo cinerea is preocupied by Latham in 1790 for another spe-
cies, I propose to call the American variety Clivicola riparia maximiliani, Prince Max von Wied be-

ing the first author to destinguish it.

I may add that this form has proportionately larger feet than

the European race, while, on the other hand, the latter has a longer wing than its American repre-

sentative.

INDEX. 379
Page. Page.
SCMIN ZIM (CLUMIEA) Cercsccsccesreedeescesesssncvcaeues SELZOST ZIG | SPizarAIMETICANG, wccieccasdecssevssestscstancsncecsaess 244
schistisagus (Larus) ....67, 73, 314, 337, 340 | squatarola (Charadrius).................103, 316, 336, 349
schoeniclus (Emberiza)........ccc.ceeeeeeeees 822, 337,346 | Squatarola helvetica...........0..c.ccscceseescescees 103
Schcenicola arundinacea ..........ssececeeeeeeeee S225 | SQuataro la (Uri Oa) srscececessteserarecsvorccecessss 103
scolopacinus (Gallimago) .........cceceeeeeeseeee 110 | stejnegeri (AnthuS)...........-c0cssccscssrseosesseers 275, 276
Scolop sexe ites s.cccces sa ceccssxcessraseorsunoracnn IZON Este Naris\ (Ardea) ce: .caccccasetrstacconccsovs doseesscs 354
CIM ELON ces nceaun tere ae sesscoestavtaneeves 1382 (BotauTds)Paccccsscescedecstcasccesececsea 354
COCLESLIS soc cysens season shacyasecusseeveusds 110 (Coli mbUS) i cccccascccsvenan caches teeesnsen 16
PUNO When sek ca ecateten atte saecserttaoseessese 129 | stellatus (Colymbus).............sccsescosceseesceses 15
PS ELINOR ceo wesees cee ceteoise.cepeeesa ce 110 | stelleri (Cyanocitta)..........:.....sccecccesecseese 322
TOG PIS a aeenc oe aescee sn scaerbouseacvessenccce 128 (CAmas) Brac ctcvsscsscccosacscess seasaveseners 170
ACAI... <caceoicneecsnseceonecsutencnnees 132 (Bniconetta)........c-.c0..0ccs<-s- 170, 318, 336, 340
NENVOSE cee eos cossattecssscccauecseecesss 131 (Somiaterian *.csccess-escseccecnocescencneasees 170
WUZOWMIEISISeecescsencssetis eseeseeoerese 138 (Bolly sticta) \xisccsccoscsvcsssasccexsvancconee 170
PUG SULA S os ecerecrsnseeacecvenscnesaremte 128° | stentara (Gallimago): ....:..00<csoss-ccceveceesaeerase 110
PACHA oan ssoeerteststenceeeecak Cosco 132 | Stercorarius buffonii..............cesssesessseeeeee 87
NIYAGUEL LHe ee nentenmescessevaesesccoeecsscnte 132 CEP PAUSiesssssesecssnestcerecesscestes 87
SCOPS) GLU. hos oc ckcs sc saecaeestie vedoctecssateasen 820 CKEPIGAGUSrcesscssstesssccclstesesees 86
kamtschatkensis..... see 320 longicaudus ......0.......00. 87, 88, 316, 336
scops (Megascops)..... eaeceenee 320 parasiticus...........86, 87, 88, 94, 316, 336
Seebobmi (AMENUS) - cs .ceceene<-s-cosen cceeotesersee 274, 275 OMMATINUS! - 5: ccteeseccessessees 331, 336, 340
Segetum (ANSEF).............scccecceceere pe Ad As SLE Sherma aleuticas-..cctctccccctcccceuscsseroessvsciecres 84
ATVENSIS (ANSEL)..........csecereeceeeee 141 ACUI CH eaten eau ea soe Nooo 85
middendorffi (Anser)..141, 144, 317, 338,341 CamtSchatica..........s0ese2e-21+-83, 315, 338, 341
serrirostris (Anser) 141, 144 (GELS Yo Lena Oars cee cei So aasei es ntscases ones 84
semipalmata (A®gialitis) 109 HSS ID eae Setar see ei ose se aeecereaereua ees 316
senicula (Uria) ..............0. one 23 PLACIMIIS es uacancinsasecececassces vassesuncenees 84
septentrionale (Mormon)..........s:cceeeeeee 59 leucopterae a se.cese a nee 6 316
septentrionalis (Cepphus)............:::cee 16 lonsipenwMiste ee eens 83, 84, 85
{(Golymbus) pe.cc-tesecasesenee= 15 PRU CLUT Aces t ity siear ets doce vughesemetsacdesss 85
(Hudytes))...........ssece.s.00e- 16 DATACISSOR etre cee cues .85, 315, 336, 346
HELICea (PICA) Ee ir arsstesccccccocscwerssesccevercssces 24h, 240 streperus (Chaulelasmus).....csccesseesseseees
(Sift) eeeiveseenceaceeesennasnssccesensctanerene 324 | Strepsilas interPLeS..........scc0eceseeecesceeseeseess
serrator (Merganser).............cssssse 177,178, 318,336 | striatus (Colymbus)...:0.00).i..1000-
(Wheres) Ber eeeccecerres stcccceseccasecess 178 (Cueulus)......
Serratus) (Mereus) i scccccrsercnccccteczccssocnasssocs 178 | Strix brachyotus.......
serrirostris (Anser segetum)...............000+5 141, 144 Dubos
Sibixica (Butalis) «.:.....cccsccerse.coscsses 272, 323, 338, 346 DiISOTIAS ere eee ie
(Eemichelidiow) riccct-srascestes: daseee 272 PONE eecaree ae
(MUS CICADA) ia. cescsccecncsnassesccscececs=s 272 nyctea :.......
(Bhyllopweuste) eiacscccccscccesscecsecee 304 palustris.........
sibiricus (Calamophilus) ....... ten sea nanan sano 324 passerina .......
WEAN TUS) S5< essence. Se cecess heacareoneccsecss OLD VOGT uralensis........
Simorhynchus camtschaticus ...............06 25 | Stryx accipitrina..........
CASSIDI sees esec cece eumeenee 25 segolius.........
cristatellus........ 32, 33, 39, 43, 314, 337, barbata.......
340 | Sturnus cinclus...........
PSILtHCULOS NS. .dcceccacaosesees 38 | subalpinus (Lagopus).............
pusillas:..cs.-> 24, 35, 43, 314, 337, 340 (Retrao)ecsactenceesss
pygmu,........ 24, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35,42, | subarquata (Tringa)......c.eeeeee aye 120, 349
. 43, 45, 314, 337,340 | subbuteo (Falco)......ce...cccceseeeeeee pibthocesers 319, 337
SINGNSIS COLVUS) ev. Sercccsseseccosttescesscosceracsze 239 (ELEY POtriorGhis)iiscccsrcrscsecnaccscees 319
Sitbey AIDTTONS secs. csaccsseecce acoscseesceace ....824, 338, 342 | subcerthiola (WOCUStCNA) coc sccesscocescaseeseses 299
SOTICCH Gc ses dorceserecssec sus tasescs scvaseeceedavies 324 | subcristatus (Colymbus) ...........cc.sccccesssees 13
TUL AICS IS irc ceattctast seeds teecstocset seveacscceds 824 major (Podiceps)....... anseoeeeet 11
Somateria cutberti2o-5....00scsstscbcosceen secces 73 (Bodiceps) ir csxs-ccccssececsets ; 11
GISPAT oreceectsscesssceBassanccsetvkosturse 17 | subminuta (Tringa) 4.......2.....cc00 ereeceeeacees 116
MOM ISSA crececs ccc tactecsseneesees 66,173,174 | subminutus (Actodromas) .............ccee ee 116
spectabilishekeizssssccots ses ecote 318, 336,340 | sulphurea melanope (Motacilla)............ Be 283
stelleri ....... Sat cespscetacaneetnatre Newent 170 (Milo facia) esischecs nosocsee ees secens 283
V=MIGVA, 5; cencssetovasnesanclveees 173, 318, 837, 340 (PalemUra) ses scceeccsescssscecsceessns 283
Spatula clypeata. .......c0.cecccsecccceseceocwsces 159, 318,336 | superciliata (Phaleris).......... Sesedecacceomissees 33
speciosa (Montifringilla)................ eer 261 | superciliosa (Mormon).............seseee8 Ercese 25
spectabilis (Somateria). ...............+..++++:818, 336, 340 (Otomela) iy. ice sch.eccececaveses soo 823
Spins) (Pringill a) | etc. 2: cescosaceseeccesretbossenee 354 (Phyllopneuste)...........-ss0- 854

380 INDEX.
Page. Page.

suecica (Cyanecula)..........cccscssscesserseres 325, 337,346 | torquata (Bernicla).............e000 soavasernaease 149
Siinmisy niy.Cteatcx. csscssrestses seustaveressccscsees 3 221 Clamp tl) Bo cceac-wecancassusestoncesenasts 166
MUL aS, sac os cccceesctecestvecaunsnestants 320,337,345 | torquatus adamsii (Colymbus)................. 14
Svarbae arra: (MOmiLVvia)icc.sesscscesseccesecoustoar 18 (HIstrionleUs) >. .7.cceeseeen corse 166
(Teor visi Arra))< o:.c-cccccacvcccesasceas en 5 Ss ebonepunllay (No wri,) 202 2c aseawaeasencnazaseecasnens 304
swinhoei (Cuculus).............ce00ee. . 224.225.) Totanus AcumMiINatuS.,...,.200..ceceeosecdeaseveeres 115
Sylvia calldO pecs. ccccticccecaceecsces svshecancecaces GUS, O20 UTED IMIS: 2S ccoveren soc osece ae osbaccesesseseceeed 130
GCETDHIOIAE ccrernsucescesctvercsstsesccresetscec 299 LCL cae srt ac sen ssitesse tera wcccecacane 129, 317, 337
CHIOLIS2e ecsssectzsstaecestvoussdestecesedeseras 302 brevipes....... de teaccesuaeeenaeteescsparcees 137
CY MATURED oe hcasebinconpsccdcaa dovoce nes antes 308 GANISCENSIS(<575:-sesccceee eh secs sencut te? 116
ESVEFSMANMI sacs. nck eve sosvceseesteleaneee 302 POLI SIMOSUS a Loves acecesstaea serasaneeess 182, 134
kamtschatkensis ...........-..sssse0scoeee 310 LUSCUS! iocccadny cassans scewoosesesormerenstscee 129
NGCUSLS Basso Vecccsucte ccunsacekcntewe seeks 300 glareola...... CTS RULekosetne een eta 130, 317, 337
OGHOtENSIS <2s.-csshaceaccceeees ccvensomenouces 299 PlOtbISe Sites. Soins sactecunncteaeeomeecetess 125, 128
sylvicultrix (Phyllopneuste)................06 302, 304 @lOtlOIdeS Seice-cssseeebeccaon cess 128
(PHylloscopus))Setssecessscse os oe0 302 ETISCOPYLIUS........5.00ccc00see%s En 137
Synthliboramphus antiquus........... 23, 314, 337, 340 PULTE ee.cmaceneass . 124, 127
haughtoni........ 125
T. UI CAINIS eee iee ec deeeecennasccau ence neneenes 137
Tantalus variegatus... re 138 JAVANICUS Hetecsensecscsssocneteenctaacuesees 132
taczanowskii @irapaline Tora es 193 NEDUIATIUS........-...000s 125, 126, 128, 817, 337
tahitiensis Neuere Lois ehekneteaas eteedet ee LOO SOLE. nebularius glottoides ............024 128
Tarsiger cyanurus.. pane 308 oceanicus............ oye SEs 182
telephonus (Gucuina) We esive 20, 226, 228 POCESETIS -r vce pce ccas se soeteneendewedecss 132, 187
(Cuculus canorisy< 24. 227, 321,338 DPOlyNeSsise.. accessed eetechacseesosceers LOus OO
temminckii (Actodromas)...... 116, 117, 119, 316, 337, pulverulentus......... wait 137
346,349 | tridactyla kotzbuei (Rissa)..............seee 78
(SEG St) ere tees cones weceonees 116, 118, 119 pollicaris (Rissa)........ 78, 80, 315, 337, 340
tennmmin pat (TIN) capcccccecarseoscecisocvesc ass anee 119 (QRASIA) suk. cctevescteoteseeanye aed 78
temporalis (Motacilla baicalensis) ........... 5285 (Trynga)... 122
tengmalmi (Ny ctala).....0......scscssecso shores exe 223 | tridactylus (Larus) ae 78
tenuirostris\(Priocella)) 2:2c.2-c-csaccssoeecaccece | OL, 9G: kotzebui (Larus).........0000.0e088 78
(Procellaria)’.cc-atet-c ee 96 (Picus)...........s--sesceescceneseentene 321
(Puffinus) ...............-...96, 316, 337,340 | Tringa acuminata..... 115
tephrocotis griseinucha (Leucosticte)...... 261 albescens ......... 118
: (Leucosticte) .......cc.c0. 200 s08 ss0 000 261 SPIO A. cas .ccesasascesy sak 120
Terekia Cinerea...............06-00 +00 e2see0L20, 132, 317, 337 alpina americana... .. 120,121
PUbbUETS ccdece seeae setae coerce aes oes 125 SATENATIs..sceesssstecees 122
JRVAMICR, 55 cn sesiass ss sonc wees secletraene<Stee 132 SUISEL BIAS 3c odocacccseetccenedowdecs 115
tetracula (Alice) hres cstieeccstcses reeeroeted | OOSOS DONAPALLCIE ce cccoressesccesscces 12L
(Phalenis) i. c-cascsspesssvcescacerscratas p OUAOO DLE VIDES 5,225. das cweces cee senste 132
(UIT ED) poses co cares ance cuthoees oc cseesertaesee 33 CANMUIGUS cecsncccsnsedeasssrevesevacns 354
MEUEAO DI DUS ecb acas acter ese sacenssuseetwes eaters 194 CHiMENSIS oss ssec ses ceseea tence ths 120
BOMASIA De cresies Sheet eec eee 354 GINGVUS. «.s../-220eseseeues ...116, 119, 120, 316
camtschaticus .................. 192 CHINENSIS =... is. S.cacacoces estes 120
eanadensis franklinii .................. 354 crassirostris 112, 115, 354
GQRSMUIG RSet ee coco cdena reo navettceaneiec: 193 GAMACENSIS cei cac.sceceusecessaare stern 116, 119, 120
kamtschaticus............ 192 fETPU SINE vaccesestcenes sas nences oteesteeaeeese 349
VAG OPUS vasecescacescccsisdonss 194 fi CAND ees cecconceonseccen exe teranowaceeenane 140
lapponicus ............ 194 PUSCICOMLIS. ck. sive occas cnseconceeschersaedeans 121
parvirostris........ 192 PI ACLANS eeceemccnstacent vena ceasenenccsanee 140
SHIICE bi Hs tedicccacs coc 194 glareola............. Na cae a eed: 130
SUbaI PINUS. . sic ce.sea-ecves coarse 194 INE VEUCareras ces evederrtan case tnccncaeenente 103
urogalloides..........0...0. 00+. 192 Diy PET DOLE sesecere sce sncccsscaveneve coneases 139
sachalinensis... 193 My POlCUCOS cezceccsvsscorecaceerecasesraeas 181
urogallus MiINOT...........0002 0 192 TIPOR DIES 5. voces sarsacconespsdcestsegeaceieee 102
TFUPCSLTISi cs Ssese eevee aseestees 192 BRD Babes wo sn 2ises sats acest 2h Ricoto Rass cebaneoceee 139
Thalassidroma furcata...............sccse cee cee eee 98 TUG GIN noes ceeee ena teataceneareserans 112
leachii ... 97 PVR AIN UGE Sigs acev na ceia seventeen sone wemmecanumaness " 116, 118
SCAPUlLAtA cast cespes-casssoscsecs 97 OMMUCR SIS i rercerasccaceceeesassnedeneantnertees 102
Thalassoaétus pelagicus ... .....212, 213, 217, 320, 338 PCCUOT ALIS oases ecencescucerascncroneonewaeeneste 115
Thamnobia Tier ede eee ed 274 PUB TRS een cecy -sateccrs staceencarmeecennenes 131

* Dall’s specimen is No. 41040, U.S. Nat. Mus., Petropaulski, Aug. 20. An examination shows that

it in no way differs from Scandinavian examples,

INDEX.

Page.

EE Pin Sa US ase wen esseeneeasocaseteavecseeseseserae 119

MULESCENS ke ovaras crcevsnacencteeascetuesecocese 115

ruficollis..... 116, 118

salina.... ... 116,118

schinzii .. 120,121

SQUSTATOl As .cesccssccastascccorccsseseseerects 103

BUDALQUALA.:...cccecccccccnscsecscccssceaceess L20, 349

BU DMT hci ecaccrs outa cee sacrcpes oeet ee otes 116

femininukiience sees ane 116, 118, 119

OMIM Stee creteseaceseeccectetreccscassars ST LD)
VEU EA OUES seencadeceneatenccecesserccnsecueeneess 120 |
Tringoides hypoleucos..................006 131 |

trivialis:(Pipastes)..ccccccen.cccecescecenscvese ae 280

trochilus: (Mota cil a) eer... scccczscsescavsccsnrncess 302

troile californica (LOmMVia)................cc0008+ 20

(Uris) ees 18, 20, 314, 337, 340

(i oraa1a)) rest ee cecesetsneaseustwestevecescesss 20

(UTA) acs Ookcc Feces cence ccetsecnssdescsesecasss 17, 18, 20

Troglodytes alascensis.................s00+--293, 294, 296

troglodytes bergensis (Troglodytes)......... 295

Troglodytes fumigatus.....................0+ 292, 293, 296

IISMAIS reese: seceaseteteetecs 297

MEPISCHUS iv ice.sscect eeescesteees ses 293

PACHICUS Te ce cakes ssvace scesesccaceteess 293, 294

palllescensiey. ..s-ce<cek 56, 292, 324, 3, 6

troglodytes (Troglodytes) ... 294, 297

Troglodytes troglodytes..............sessesscees 294, 297

bergensis ............ 295

PET Y MP AGATOUALCITA, ccs sce cssveccorcesicassce scenes ese 112

falcinella...... masses 349

PALE Ola each. cahoiesacsoee sel eSevesseNroedose 182, 137

LEUCOPLENAscecscsscsere cite eessnceaeeecte 131

NWULGE Siserecedevacsccssticdetestastntiee save dees 130

(PUN ESE eekeeecteee santero ienceteeenensiantiseetece 317

tI acby, leases ose eeteacaesheoeene se 122

tschuktschensis (Motacilla). ..................... 283

Turdus camtschatkensis..............2.0c00cc0eee 310

CNTY SOlAUSS....25.ccsccsccenccecssccecescesse) G20; OOO

CED PUSS rece sicce totes ccched.t latinesissaters 308

CGUNMOMNUS,..\..0) cenccrcsreccsciiesseneses 200g O20, 000

PUSCALUB Ep ere tence a sedetaastsecticc suse sntece 307

PTACUS c 02 cceciecoces so's secseceess 349

naumanni........... ...849, 350, 354

QDSCUTUS re5--ceecness-e 307, 325, 330, 338

DML STIS are oes ccuesswereceReceavieveissalarsiess 307

PULA IS cceec eee ncc sree es 325

TULA COM AS she va anseeti sea ceee coches ai wicsoveveee 300

turtur gelastis (Columba)... 354

Tylorhamphus cr eiatelien. bes 32

tytleri (Chelidon) ...... 269, 271, 323, 330, 338, 346, 347,

348, 351, 352

(Elian o) Se eos. cceceeae tase 269

(Hiirundo rustica)... ...c...cccsecscsee cee 269

U.

ulula/(Strnia) ieee cecseccen soteteesr acess ...820, 337, 346

umbels) (Bomasa) is her cce sesso tesco cccesacceoce 112

undulata (Scolopax)............. 132

uniclavus' (Gallimago).........--yeccscsccseesceses 110

MNnicolor (Pry Cilus)\e-ccececctesocesoesvovecascteces 248

WipupaEPOps)s-taleresivay ccccechaceccancatovccerwarts 304

UAE NSIS! (Sitta)prcacateemwy tes sces eel eset saat 324

(SGT) as seccsactedev'e tek ontesceanasttstece 354

381

Page.
MOURA ANT As w.Sohcosicsasvevesecevecsacepresseacees 17, 20, 21, 54, 95
POM NICHD sesci ssh pesoccsssstsesessesenoeteees — L153 20
CHITFORMIC Ase) euc, sercce een ccens ..-20; 21, 25
CANA Blereenenencenneanacion iocnensincnisgeleanesriece/ pene 23
CALDOs Marae eae re a a ae 22
columba..... 21
erinita... 25
dubia .... 33
STV MOTs. seca stesecheactacsuoesiettiss teedietnesae 21
MOMMY AA ALTA tes acsesessocessesese oe 17, 62, 314, 337, 340
WIVY SURCCAl «ct ccser cease seecuevecrcesseacecestereen 25
DUS aheseececctcce-ssscdecees eee cocssuasesnsneee ss 35
SOMICUIA.... ccrsrsasestssceseccecocseemieusacterts 23
Petra cules. s.cvclccsscsvevstcvssstastvscasesvsseres 33
troile.. Wecemen ener ...17, 18, 20
ealifomica: Msevectecnscsier 8, 20, 314, 337, 340
urile ee en res 181
(Graculus) cs cccccdsccscsesucencsscenococsanectes 180
(Pelecamus) iis .ce sce cscessesceres 181
(Phalacrocorax:))...ccnctesscseesns “Asi, “318, 337, 340
Wrinator Adams... sesessesestesecesseee eel 4s lo, ooO
ALPCUCUSs.ccsocosseccs ce oseacteagerncssanenes 313, 336
TEM GHEtecvorsscsacatacssseacsspentcarseescee 15, 313
lumme ..15, 314, 386
urogalloides a halinoneis (ce, Hieseees 193
(Detrao) cesciescesssccoescssoeosees 192
urogallus minor (Tetrao).............c0c0 eee 192
Urogallus parvirstris...........00.ccsssessseeee 192,193
kamtschaticus.......192, 193,
319, 338, 342
¥ sachalinensis........ 193
urogallus rupestris (Tetrao)................00. 192
taezanowskii (Urogallus)......... los
(Urogalllus) resccsccescccessosseccecececees 192
Wropallus Urogallysts.cc.ccesserseccd-Vscsecesccests 192
taezanowskili........... 193
uropygialis (Limosa)............sssscsccscseeeeeees 122
(QNumenIUS) fee.csccc 0050 ackecs.csss 138
Vv.
variabilis (Emberiza)..............00. oe enee teres 247
(Euspiza)....... Soneeuasenensertsess 247
(Hypocentor)........ .+.247, 322, 338
(DEIN a) ie cssssecvecstosescasscscsonersee 120
variegatus (Numenius)........... aise 138
(Numenius pieeonueye soreevte "138, 317, 338
(DBamntalus)\eccccscccsssccctecstecccsceses 138
velvetina (Melanetta) ..............c.-seccscseessee 174
(OQid Omi) Feeise ecw eeeconterceecoetne 174, 175
Vere (ILINATIA) s cvescverecesavestscseses 257
violaceus (Graculus) ............+. 186
(Pelecanus)............. sastbee 181
(Phalacrocorax) .................181, 184, 187
virginianus (Charadrius)............scscseeseeees 104
Vireinius) (Charadrius) |. .c.s-.c-cess<csesncaesccere 104
v-nigra (Somateria)............-...ssseeee 73,
vulgaris (Coecothraustes)
(OtUS) Reece cecescrscntcecsvcshaccssceescceue
W.
WATT © Koil (UANUS besssesccsereceseececceseseqcrcadoed cee 82
WAIL (AGUS) leccesvesdccususassacrrauachersecess 297

382 INDEX.
Page.
wilsonii (Gallinago) T1O' | Kema sapiniil .......20.5-0<seeseee
(EODIDES) Secccrsescanencestasnenestmonacars 1403) SXenUs SVbGfeNs. -c.sovscessesseesacsseteseeety ponerse
Ks WG

canthodeyani(Phyllopiedate) 304, 325, 338 Yunx torquilla...............000 apsatansdecreeeaenait : 354

(Phyllopseustes) 304, 305

(Phyllopseustes borealis)... 306 Z.

(Phylloscopus)......... pecans 304 ' Zonotrichia musica .............0 nepeenessaaseenre 247

°

. PLATE I.
{Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum. ]
Fig. 1. Lunda cirrhata, Q ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89087; Bering Island,
May 11, 1882.

Fic. 2. Lunda cirrhata, g ad., winter. U.S, Nat, Mus, No, 92920; Bering Island,
January 19, 1883,

lL Ste;neser ad nat pinx ‘ nS ae

PLATE II.

[Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum.)

Fig. 1. Lunda cirrhata, pullus. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92929; Bering Island, September
6, 1883.

Fic. 2. Lunda cirrhata, juv. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92930; Bering Island, September
24, 1882.

Fig. 3. Lunda cirrhata, juv., winter. Bering Island, February 24, 1883.

Fic. 4. Lunda cirrhata, jun., winter, U,S, Nat, Mus, No, 92922; Bering Island, Feb-
tuary 12, 18383,

|

LL LL

neder oan nak

Oka;

PLATE Itt.

(Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum.]

Fia. 1. Fratercula corniculata, 9 ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89089; Bering Isl-
and, May 21, 1882.

Fig. 2. Fratercula corniculata, ad., winter. Bering Island, February 24,1883.

Fic. 3. Fratercula corniculata, g jun., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92932; Bering Isl-
and, February 24, 1883.

®
@
®
Oo,
®
5
®
Q
a
9
o
3
&
fe

Fia. 1.
Fi4G. 2.
Fi4. 3.
Fia. 4.
Fia. 5.

Fig. 6.

PLATE IV.

[Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum. ]

Simorhynchus pygmeus, g ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92960; Bering Isl-
and, December 29, 1822. :

Simorhynchus pygmeus, 9 ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92972; Bering Isl-
and, May 6, 1883.

Simorhynchus pusillus, § ad., summer. U.S, Nat. Mus. No. 92980; Bering Isl-
and, December 30, 1882.

Simorhynchus cristatellus, Q ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 89096; Bering
Island, May 16, 1882.

Simorhynchus cristatellus, Q ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92958; Bering Isl-
and, March 1, 1883.

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus, 9 ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92946; Bering
Island, May 9, 1883.

Stejneser ad Aat. pr

foto
as Ae a”,

ees
“

FIG.

Fic.

Fila. ¢

Fia.

FIG.

Fig.

Fia.

PLATE V.

[Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum. ]

. Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus, 9 ad.,summer. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 89095; Bering

Island, July 11,1882. For explanation of letters see p. 41.

. Simorhynchus cristatellus, g ad., summer. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92954; Bering

Island, June 4, 1883. Mouth opened to show the outline of the rictus.

. Simorhynchus pygmaeus, g ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92960; Bering Isl-

and, December 29, 1882. Head seen from behind to show the position of
the Jateral crests. /

. Simorhynchus pygme@us, g ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No, 92970; Bering Isl-

and, January 16,1883. Mouth open for comparison with Fig 2.

. Simorhynchus pusillus, g ad., winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92980; Bering Isl-

and, December 30, 1882. Bill from above.

. Synthliboramphus antiquus, $ ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No, 92985; Bering Island,

January 3, 1883.

. Same specimen. Bill from above.

PLATE V.

: Bull. 29, U. S. Nat. Mus.

~

go
Os
“ke
z

bg
y
fp

\
\ ror
Ni YI/ JZ
\ t]
|

fz
| 4

Ws.
iv,

xs

1

Wil
“|
je e }

L. Stejneger ad nat. del.

:

PLATE VI.

[Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum.]

Fig. 1. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, $ ad., white phase, winter. U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
92908; Bering Island, February 7, 1883.

Fig. 2. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, ad.,dark phase, summer. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
92910; Bering Island, May 4, 1883.

Fic. 3. Larus schistisagus, ¢ ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92885; Bering Island, May 5,
1883.

Fig. 4. Larus kamtschatchensis, f ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92889; Bering Island, May 21,

lees.

3ULLETIN 29 U.S. NAT MUS PLATE V1

Ba a Sith)

PLATE VII.

{Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum. ]

Fig. 1. Anser segetum middendorfi, Jad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92824; Bering Island May
10, 1883.

Fig. 2. Anser albifrons gambeli, 9 ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92826: Bering Island, May
10, 1883.

Fia. 3, Somateria v-nigra, g ad. U.S. Nat. Mus, No, 92848; Copper Island, July 3, 1883.

he

ae Se

PLATE VII.

[Bulletin No. 29, United States National Museum.]

Fic. 1. Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 9 ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92833; Bering Island, April

26, 1883.

Fic. 2. Phalacrocorax urile, g ad. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 92877; Copper Island, July 14,
1883.

Fic. 3. Phalacrocorax urile, juv. U.S, Nat. Mus. No, 92878; Copper Island, July 25,
1883,

cE
=
B

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a a ieee aa 7 es
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i

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