PRN S RAY AN MQ Ra AY AK RAR \\ NG NI S w \ NY WY SY) NRAQNY N ANS LIN A \ WY SOON SY ‘ AN ANA WY SN UII \\ \ \ \ Yh) \ SAN NAY AA WY A IY RAMA MMAR NU A Sy AN WY ANN RQ WY AY UIQ AA \\ \ A WY \ AK MOAN LY \ AN AQ \ WIN RM IY SY WN \\ A AK VA « \\ ANY UY \ \\\ \ WAS WX AK WY \ AY \ \ NN AX OY IQ W\ \ AQ IN AK AX A YX AA \\“—n AY RMN \ WY NY LAN RAND “= \ a Ra Qs ASSN AS h A \\ \\\ AK \\ AX XS A AN \\ \ IS UNS \ \ LX \ AK XX \\ \ \\ NY AN \ SS \ \\ \\ AK RQ \ CoE oe ee Zs VOLE CLA Z CZ; A S AN \ Si \ \\ A\ en ai aati Minne ee Papin’ ee — — 7 . — ee —a a ee = Ce ae ea a a Paes - ee ee ea een ; Cnn ge nea ee ~~ = jaa : : - es re an oe im ; ns a ee ~"< eR oe ke i ney MITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, _ UNFRED STATES NATIONAL ug BUM. x ; ; BULLETIN ; OF THE No. 36. -_CONERIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CETACEANS, A REVIEW OF THE FAMILY DELPHINIDA. BY FREDERICK W. TRUE. WV ASHEN GLO N v7 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. Sleepers ONLAN INSTITUTION: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Noe, 3:6. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CETACEANS, A REVIEW OF THE FAMILY DELPHINIDA. BY PEED DR CK UWA TR WES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. S39; ADVERTISEMENT. The present publication (Bulletin No. 36) is the forty-seventh of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. The publicatious of the National Museum consist of two series—the B iletins, of which this is No. 36 in continuous series, aud the Proceed- ings, of which the eleventh volume is now in press. The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, each issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis- tributed to libraries promptly after its publication. Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur- rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletins of the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publications, con- sisting of the following members: T. H. Bean, A. Howard Clark (editor), Otis T. Mason, John Murdoch, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick W. True, and Lester F. Ward. : S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. WASHINGTON, February 25, 1889. 2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CETACEANS A REVIEW OF THE eeviRLY DHL PHINTD At: BPE Dm RE CK OW. TRUE: Curator of the Department of Mammals, United States National Museum. WITH FORTY-SEVEN PLATES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICR. [SiO PREFACE. More than four years ago the writer formed a determination to pre- pare a monograph of the species of Dolphins which occur on the coasts of North America. It immediately became apparent, however, that a proper comparison of the species described respectively by European and American naturalists could not be made without an examination ot the types. A large proportion of the species of the family were estab- lished by Gray, whose descriptions are for the most part too brief and vague to serve as the basis of critical comparisons, while the descrip- tions of some other writers on the subject are almost equally insufficient. Such being the condition of the literature, I resolved to visit the museums of Europe and to examine all the type specimens to which I could gain access. Professor Baird, the late Director of the Museum, very kindly consented to my being absent during the winter of 1883-’84, and I accordingly spent about four months in England and on the con- tinent of Europe in the study of the specimens in question. During this visit I became deeply indebted for courtesies shown me by the authorities of the different museums. I wish especially to acknowl- edge the kind attentions of Prof. William H. Flower, who not only gave me free access to the collections of the Royal College of Surgeons, which were at that time under his charge, but furnished me much valu- able information, and, in addition, placed in my hands the proof-sheets of his then unpublished paper on the Pelphinide, to which I shall have frequent occasion to refer in the following pages. Acknowledgment is also especially due to Dr. Albert Giinther and Oldfield Thomas, esq., of the British Museum; Prof. J. W. Clarke, of Cambridge, and Prof. H. N. Moseley, of Oxford; Dr. George E. Dobson, of Netley; Thomas J. Moore, esq., of the Liverpeol Free Public Museum; Thomas Southwell, esq., of the Norwich Museum; Prof. H. Paul Gervais and Prof. Paul Tischer, of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. F. A. Jentinck, of the Leyden Museum; and Prof. P. J. Van Beneden, of Louvain. In the course of my investigations I examined and measured the majority of the types of Gray, Cuvier, Gervais, Schlegel, and other English, French, and Dutch naturalists, together with numerous other specimens. Basing my opinions on the results of this study, I shall venture to pass in review the species of the different genera of the family, giving little attention to the genera themselves. 5 6 PREFACE. The genera Orca and Orcella are not touched upon in this paper. The species of the latter genus need no elucidation. In the case of Orca, the material which I gathered is scanty, and I abstain from dis- cussing it for fear of adding to, rather than lessening, the confusion in which the genus is involved. Many additional facts must be obtained before even a tolerably satisfactory account of the killers can be written. In conclusion it is necessary that I should say a few words regarding Professor Flower’s paper “On the Characters and Divisions of the Family Delphinide ” (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883). As Ihave already stated, the proof-sheets of this valuable essay were very kindly placed in my hands by the author at the outset of my studies, and I have un- doubtedly been influenced, to a great extent, by the opinions therein expressed. The grounds covered by this essay and my own, however, are somewhat different. Regarding his work, Professor Flower writes: It is, however, not so much to specific distinctions that this research has been directed, as to discover the mutual relations of the different modifications of the Dol- phin type to one another, and their association into groups which may be considered (following the custom adopted in the arrangement of other groups) of generic value.* My own work, on the contrary, has been directed not at all toward the distinction of genera, but rather toward the determination of species. I have accepted the generic divisions employed by Professor Flower for the most part without alteration, as the basis of my work. * Flower: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 469. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. a 4 Page. INTRODUCTION: Remarksronsthe distinction Of SpeClesia. casei. sce ose coon docace secs cecieecies 9 MGasunementSrensmer ec seers tics sa Nenia\eie) sae ainiorbin aleinievels lee Wafeis serceee 12 PAID ORG NaleUtLONS tases ste he Slat referee ayaa otniojey nc ic/a cla iciata'as oi sis sini cis le'siarmetels,acieteiore 12 Part I—REVIEW OF THE SPECIES. ParT II—SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES: Artificial key to the species, based on external characters ......---..----- 151 Artificial key to the species, based on cranial characters..---.-------.---- 152 Review. Sy so au Review. S¥ ma : Page. Page. Page. Page. Subfamily DELPHININAE : | Subfamily DELPHININAE— Sotaliaeyeecses cases c 2 ss 18 153 Continued. padamilleersesiceinss 13 154 Prodelphinus—Cont’d. lentiginosa ........- 15 155 attenuatus -.-..-.-. 67 165 PUIANENSIS =... -.. =... 17 155 longirostris ....--.- 75 166 prasiliensis=ss-.-2.2 17 155 MUTStOP scars aaa ee ace 77 167 pallida secs sees Li 156 PELONI = Aes 225 casas 7 167 GU CUMS mele es ere ae 17 155 borealis: <2-scco5c-ee 80 168 AuvastiliSnecsace seee 17 156 Lagenorhynchus.....--. 83 168 plumbeavs-2 see. 21 153 ACUHUSH seen ae eee 35 169 SINCMSISEs sees =e coe 23 1&3 HtZLOVl sce secs. 87 170 SGGN Ofeeteras seiccet eee 23 156 thicolears--- aera 88 173 LOSULALUS! sso = sence 24 157 CTUCI Sessa. c--)--6 90 170 perspicillatus...-.-- 32 157 superciliosus ...---. 92 171 uTsOpSsseces esas ere ete 32 158 | allbinostrisees=-- see 94 171 GUESION S.Mon. des 32 158 | obliquidens ....-..- 96 172 eatalania.......-... 40 159 | Olectra;saseescis 4-5 00 173 a@busallamey Semeyce ae 's.< 41 159 | ODSCUrUSia-c eos ee ee) OF 174 parvimanus .......- 43 159 | Sagmatias.........----- 106 174 Builders aah ke 43 160 | amblodonm ..---. -... 106 175 Delp hintishe eee se soe 44 160 MeTOSa ee seo sees 107 175 deliphisisssa2 s/s 45 160 | IMnbermediay.s-.ss ec 107 175 LOM PS IOStRISe so-so 58 161 Cephalorhynchus-.-..--. 108 176 Capensisesscs=ea ase 59 162 heavAslael sass ee 108 176 TOSCLVOMLLIS a= <= sine 60 162 alibifrons\e--osasee 1t1 ia Prodelphinus'=-2-2-2-- << 61 162 Hector sc. soe eee 112 177 ceruleo-albus ..-... 62 163 CULLOPIAins somes els 112 173 euphrosyne. ....---.-. 63 163 INGOMeLISH eee eters lal: 178 PATOL IIS tac coos 65 164 phocenoides.....--- 114 178 placiedon=ss.2-252-- 66 164 IRhOGenaeeeseer eee eee Da 179 froemabus)s.se-.----- 68 166 COMMUMNIS'.2.-.2---- 118 179 malayanus .......-. 67 165 Spimipinnis=.-----5. L22 180 8 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Review. eee Rewiew. he Page. Page. Page. Page. Subfamily DELPHININAE— Subfamily DELPHININAE— Continued. Continued. Phoceena—Continued. Globicephalus—Cont’d, dallitsrajeastwesoacs 123 181 SICUOLMIT ose eee 142 186 Orcellla-acacceemesneece 181 Pseudorcaasce=-p seo 143 1286 brevirostris ..--...- 182 crassidens.--.-. =.-- 143 186 Humimalisiee se. eee 182 Onca Sha. seces aceon 187 Grampus eee eee eee 125 182 cladiator--o--=s2-— 187 STISCUS 22S ee meee 125 182 ? Globicephalus Ree eee eee 183 | Subfamily DELPHINAPTE- melas: scossaeceeeawe 133 183 RINAE: INCCUS arses tence 137 186 Delphinapterus. --..---- 146 187 macrorhyhneus..... 138 186 lencas22: <2 146 187 AcCAMMONI S2--— =. 139 185 Monodonts22- secee seen 188 brachypterus....... 139 184 MONOCELOS ie << <6 cee e 188 PN EOD TE id ON. § 1. REMARKS UPON THE DISTINCTION OF SPECIES AND UPON SUB- FAMILY DIVISIONS. The writer is fully aware that the time is not yet ripe for a final review of the family Delphinide. The work now accomplished must be regarded as provisional and subject to revision in the future. Some of the great hindrances to the study of the dolphins—the scarcity of material, the ignorance of the limits of specific variation, and the like— have already been pointed out by Professor Flower, and it is not neces- sary that I should dwell upon these points. One other difficulty which is encountered by every student of the Cetacea arises from the incom. pleteness of the descriptions of species. In numerous cases only the external appearance of the species is described (and this from a single individual), the description being accompanied by one or two measure- nents, such as the total length or the greatest girth. In other instances, equally numerous, species are described from a single skull. It is evi- dent that if this condition of affairs affected the entire family there would be two series of species: First, those founded on external appear- ance alone; and, second, those founded on osteological characters alone. Such a condition of affairs does, indeed, to a large extent prevail and has proved the cause of much confusion. A naturalist can, however, scarcely be regarded as deserving ceasure for having described the skeleton of a species the external appearance of which is unknown to him. If the description is full and accurate it must be accepted, and cetologists must be content to wait patiently until the acquisitions of new specimens make a complete description possible. Some writers, however, seeking to avoid the difficulty arising from this multiplication of names, have produced confusion in another way. Having come into'the possession of fresh specimens, or of skeletons, accompanied by collectors’ notes on the external appearance, they have identified the former with species insufficiently described by previous writers from external characters alone, and, without giving figures or measurements of the exterior, hive proceelel to describe the skeleton. It is evident that a stuleat approaching the subject at a later date has 9 10 INTRODUCTION. only the author’s bare statement that the external characters of the individual whose skeleton is described were identical with those of a previously-deseribed species. In the ease of species founded upon single skulls, absolute certainty as to their distinctness can be reached only when large series of indi- viduals known to be alike in their external and skeletal characters shall havebeenacquired. When such series shall be at command, the limits of specific variation can be determined with accuracy, and it will be pos- sible to judge whether the characters held out as distinguishing the species in question are really of specific value or only represent such variations as are Common among individuals of the same species. In the mean time it is only possible in many cases to form opinions which may or may not coincide with the truth. In this, as in all other families of animals, an arrangement of the genera in a single linear series does violence to their natural affinities, while the attempt to introduce subfamily distinctions, with a view of approximating the arrangement more closely to a natural sequence, is here attended with great difficulties. Dr. Gill* has recognized four sub- families: Pontoporiine, Delphinapterine, Delphinine, and Globiocephali- ne. The genus Pontoporia(—Pontoporiine) I do not regard as belonging to the Delpiinidae, and shall, therefore, omit all further reference to it. The Globiocephaline (—=Globicephalus and Grampus) are characterized as having “digits (second and third) segmented into numerous phalanges,” and to this are opposed the Delphinapterine and Delphinine, which have ‘digits (second and third) not segmented into more than 5-6 phalanges each.” The facts do not appear to warrant this distinction, since Del- phinus delphis commonly has from seven to nine phalanges in the sec- ond digit, and Tursiops tursio and other species seven phalanges, which figures also represent the number of phalanges in the second digit of Grampus. The character which Dr. Gill employs for the separation of the Del- phinine from the Delphinapterine seems to me to be of much greater im- portance. This relates to the condition of the cervical vertebrae. In Monodon and Delphinapterus (=Delphinapterine) the cervicals are all distinct, while in the other genera of the family they are more or less consolidated. I should be inclined, therefore, to unite Dr. Gill’s Del- phinine and Globiocephaline under the former name, and to oppose to them the Delphinapterine as a second subfamily. I am the more in- clined toward the adoption of this division on account of having dis- covered a character, which, in addition to that of the separate cervicals, is common to Monodon and Delphinapterus, but wanting in the other genera. This is that in the narwhal and white whale the pterygoid bones, instead of merely forming the walls of the posterior nares, extend backward in the form of broad plates across the optic canal and articu- late with the squamosals. *Gill. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, 1872, p. 95, INTRODUCTION. et This arrangement of parts is not to be found in other genera of the Delphinida, but is characteristic of the fluviatile dolphins (Platanista, ete.), to which indeed the Delphinapterinw show many marks of affinity. Their separate cervical vertebrie, prolonged ptery goids, broad pectorals, and radimentary dorsal fin, taken together, entitle them, I believe, to be regarded as a distinct subfamily. Elsewhere in the group I do not perceive that broad divisions are called for. Professor Flower employs provisionally the characters furnished by the shape of the head as a means of dividing the family into two groups. These characters, as Professor Flower himself admits, though useful and seemingly in accord- ance with natural affinities, within certain limits, are not trenchant. The characters of the two divisions as regards the form of the head are as follows:* a. With rounded head, without distinct rostrum or beak. (Among the genera in- cluded here are Cephalorhynchus and Lagenorhynchus.) b. Dolphins with distinctly elongated rostrum, or beak, generally marked off from the antenarial adipose elevation by a V-shaped groove. (Comprises Delphinus, Tursiops, Prodelphinus, Steno, and Sotalia.) Leaving Monodon and Delphinapterus out of consideration, this dis- tinction is valid for the majority of the genera, but is broken down by Lagenorhynchus and Cephalorhynchus. In the former genus (included in section a) the beak, though shorter than in Tursiops (included in section b),is quite distinct and well marked off from the forehead, while in some species of Cephalorhynchus the head is certainly not “rounded” in the sense of being globose, but is conical. The second character of the sections has to do with the length of the rostrum as compared with the totai length of the skull. Here again Lagenorhynchus and Cephalorhynchus appear intermediate. Cephalo- rhynchus eutropia (section a) has the beak relatively as long as Tursiops tursio (section b); the same is also true for some species of Lageno- rhynchus. In spite of these considerations, however, I have employed these char- acters in the artificial keys to the genera, given on pages 152 and 153, believing them to be as useful, for that purpose at least, as any which can be formulated at present. Among the supergeneric distinctions employed by Professor Flower isone which was brought into requisition for the first time and seems to be of value; this relates to the position of the two pterygoid bones. In a number of genera these bones meet in the median line of the palate, while in others they are widely separate. The value of this distinction is, however, diminished by the fact that in some species of Lageno- rhynchus these bones are in contact, while in others they are widely divergent; also by the fact that the two positions appear to occur in some species, e.g., Sotalia gadamu, as an individual variation. Within certain limitation, however, the character is apparently of much value. * Ghencan and Divisions, pp. 504 and ‘LL. 12 INTRODUCTION. § 2. MEASUREMENTS. At the beginning of my studies in the European museums I adopted a series of measurements which I applied uniformly to all specimens. {t was not long before I perceived, however, that certain of them were of less value than others in the discrimination of species. I include them all in the tables in the hope that they may have value in some other connection. The measurements are given uniformly in centimeters. The total length of the skull is measured from the center of ‘a line joining the surfaces of the occipital condyles to the extremity of the rostrum. The length of the rostrum is obtained by measuring from the extremity of the same to the center of a line joining the bases of the maxillary notches. The orbital breadth is the distance between the centers (antero-posteriorly) of the margins of the orbits. The temporal foss:e being in most eases elliptical, the measurements of their length and breadth are made along their major and minor axes. § 3. ABBREVIATIONS. There are a number of works upon the Delphinide to which I shall have need to refer so frequently in the succeeding pages that I have adopted for convenience certain abbreviations of their titles, These works are as follows: Title. Abbreviation. J. E. Gray. Catalogue of Seals and Whalesin the British Museum. 2d | Catalogue. ed., London, 8°, 1866. J. E Gray. Synopsis of the Species of Whales and Dolphins in the Col- | Synopsis. lection of the British Museum. London, 4°, 1868. J. E. Gray. Supplement to the Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the | Supplement. British Museum. London, 8°, 1871. | ‘ Wm. H. Frower. On the Characters and Divisions of the Family Del- | Characters and Divisions. phinide. Proceedings, Zoological Society of London, 1883, pp. 466-513. Wma. H. FLower. List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological De- | List. partment of the British Museum. London, 8°, 1885. ScHLEGEL. Abhandlungen ans dem Gebiete der Zoologie und vergleichen- | Abhandlungen. den Anatomie. Leiden, 4°, 1841. VAN BENEDEN et GERVAIS. Ostéographie des Cétacés vivant et fossiles. | Ostéographie. Paris, 4°, 1880. P. Fiscuer. Cétacés du Snd-Ouest de la France. Actes dela Société | Cétacés de France. Linnéenne de Bordeaux, xxxy, 1881, pp. 5-219, pl. i-viii. REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF DOLPHINS, SUBFAMILY I.. DELPHININ 4. 1. SOTALIA Gray. Sotalia, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1866, p. 401; Synopsis, 1868, p. 6; Supplement, 1871, p. 67. The type of this genus is the Delphinus guianensis of Van Beneden. Of the characters assigned to the genus by Gray (I. e.) and by Pro- fessor Flower (Characters and Divisions, p. 513) only three seem to me of real value as distinguishing itfrom Tursiopsand Steno. These are(1) the separation of the pterygoids; (2) the more limited number of the caudal vertebre ; and (3) the greater number of teeth. The somewhat unusual breadth of the base of the pectoral finis shared by Steno. The unusual length of the symphysis of the mandible which has also been cited as a generic character seems to me of little value, since it is not shared by all the species. Although in S. plumbeus, lentiginosus, and sinensis the symphysis occupies about one-third of the ramus of the mandible, in S. tucuxt and gadamu it occupies only about one-fifth. The genus, as already intimated, is very closely related to Steno and Tursiops, both in its external form and its osteology. It shows some relationship, however, to Platanista, Inia, and Pontoporia in the com- paratively small number of its vertebre and the length of their cenira. It will be necessary for me to treat of thespecies with much reserve since I did not have the opportunity of examining carefully all the types and must therefore base my opinions partly upon the descriptions and drawings which have hitherto been published. SOTALIA GADAMU (Owen). Delphinus (Steno) gadamu, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, v1, 1866, p. 17, pl. Ii, tigs. 1-2. Sotalia gada_ n Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, pp. 489 and 513. This species is the first treated of in Sir Richard Owen’s memoir upon the Indian cetacea. His material consisted of drawings and a defective skull (1477)) which is nowin the British Museum. The mandible which 13 14 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bears the same number as this cranium (1477)) and was figured as belonging with the latter (Trans. Zool. Soc., v1, pl. 4), inreality belongs to a second and perfect cranium (1477a), which, although not mentioned by Sir Richard Owen, was apparently received with the type. This last- mentioned skull is wrongly labeled “ No.423. Type.” 4 kta P322a Foe eul Lea ba lidar 10g 72 Oulete.c-lea ec «(eee a4 Be Be | 3 i= == = GH — a | 2 |p) ae | as as | A (ae son Eas = Oe sa freclies | eceueter gh Ga fle a oA Bi ° 5 Ce sr ane Sil NS a i Sees 2 al |. | ely ae 3 uu a 5 Sievers : S| eg : reap culnneys Sheeey ew ap 2 a = ~ mO!l Oo n oe} 2 a — |= _— ao 2 on 42 joa Par aS Do en ~ ob | USL | &0 ea 8 6 ~ a D od = Hees ar a = SS ilss a oval a = S eal Hes A a = a B o o | oO | ° x = i o BAH 4 A oO | 4 A A iA [A A A A E = St ae =n a Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. om x ze 34- 1476a | 25.3 | 3.8! 31.7 | 34.9 | 17.4 | 14.7 | 10.2] 8.0 | 39.9 |"12.1 | 23.9] 7.9] 0.43 \ al } | 244 | 33-34 | . | | L t This i is the extent of the rougose area; the real symphysis is about 5.3 cm. ~) SOTALIA GUIANENSIS. i < SOTALIA GUIANENSIS (Van Beneden). Delphinus guianensis, Van Ben., Mém. Couron. Acad. Royale Belg., coll. in 8°, XVI, 1864, art. 2, 1 pl. Sotalia guianensis, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, Brit. Mus., 1866, p. 401. SOTALIA BRASILIENSIS E. Van Beneden. Sotalia brasiliensis, E. Van Ben., Mém. Acad. Royale Belg, x11, 1875, art. J, pls. 1 and 2. SOTALIA PALLIDA (Gervais). Delphinus pallidus, Gervais, Castelnau Expél. dans VAmér. Sud, pt. vu, Zvologie, 1655, p. 94, pl. xIx, figs. 1-2. Sotalia paliida, Van Ben. and Geryais, Ostéog. des Cétacés, 1880, p. 595. SOTALIA TUCUXI (Gray). ° Steno tucuri, Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., xvitt, 1856, p. 158. Sotaliu tucuxi, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 513. SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS (Gervais). Delphinus fluviatilis, Gervais, Bull. Soc. Agric. Hérault, xi, 1853, p. 148 (sine descr. ). Sotalia fluviatilis, Van Ben. and Gervais, Ostéog. des Cétacés, 1880, p. 596. Of these five nominal species, one, S. guianensis, is from Cayenne; three from the Amazon River, S. pallida, tucuxi, and fluviatilis; and one, S. brasiliensis, from the bay of Rio de Janeiro. At least two skele- tons of S. guianensis are to be found in the European collections and one of S. brasiliensis. The latter, however, is that of so young an ani- mal as to make comparisons of little value. The description of 8. tucuxt was drawn from two skulls in the British Museum. ... seoseeseeeeee ene tee oees 0, 82 Hxtremity, of beak to baseiof pectoral sos. 2-2. -0--1- eel oe eee OO Vertical height of body in front of the dorsal ......-......-.--- aoa eee 0, 23 Greatest heiglit of the tail +... )J.04. 5.dgccctaewereatee ae ee ee ee 0.12 Length of the,pectoral 225 5.16.25. 2sso dy mneceie on cme Soar eee 0, 155 Hereht of the dorsal isc J c-se)awos mel de eee eee eee Saisitis siete cine 0.11 Rotalsbreadthvotitheslwkespeceesce-o snes eee ne eee eee BS clo eienemeee 0, 32 Skull: Rotal leseth -. co oc. ee psok-oseisceinsomet see aee sce See eee eee 0. 305 Jhene th: of beak! 268s LAG eee ee es eee eee eee 0. 165 Antero-posterior-diameteriomcranial cayiiyasscers eee ce eee oe eee 0. 100 Breadth ofiskulll betweenstemporall fossseeses see. see eee eee eee eee 0,130 Breadth at the zygomatic apophyses of temporal -........-...---. ---.---- 0, 136 Height of skull between the crest and the bason . ..........-.---.-------- 0,110 Breadth of beak at last tooth.; ccc. -s.c. s2chce secs ne emieioaee sae eeieeee 0, 052 Height at same point... 52.02. see to Seo boon secon ale eae eee ee eees 0. 022 Height of foramenmaegnua 2 c.44-- Ss.toas eee eoeaeeee eres eee 0. 042 Greatest breadth of same... 22-- secsebs = 3 aS ° oO » » aH HO q o 7) H H | seta it=2 o ie : = Cm. | Cm. | Cm.| Cm.) Cm. Cm. 1189a | Brit. Mus.*...-.. Steno tucuxi ..| Amazon River.| & | 30.9 | 17.1 | 6.3 |13.5 | 12.2 Dao NSM eaters Ors or eter w=) || = = dowatescee= = paari) i coosen an Q | 29.2 | 16.5] 5.8] 3.0] 2.0 4.8 21499 WASaNate MUS salloceciccne cone oe VOT an (2) yeseealeeerltaose | 20nGul eile |ppaent 2.4 5 Ws Extent of | Breadth Temporal 5 A z S beak to— | between— | fossew— 5 = g dj eak to between OSs S a A |. | Sebihe. tes 5 é 3 : 2. } 3 i e 3 a 3 Es | m 3S | eL a = . qi o : ‘D e ao no 5 2 /23/a¢/3 n Sie | op Peet os ; 85 “= 9g a an at do a ial q &0 a eae | ea |e eS a |e2/s8| 8a] & = 5 o isi | Sa j Bo a | /og|eu| S 3 q S ~~ 8a | sai Sea 8 AY om | Ba Se a ae “a8 3 Do as a D + pS ° Sey oO MH sa seo mB So w an |} og ° 5 ° oa see oe 3 ° ° ° | 2°. 5 ra 0 | e : 2 o a 3 oO HM 1H q | o |B KH | A H |H R 1A A G = * |-—— = : = ee Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm, | Cm. = 7 | 28—2 11892 | 14.5 | 3.5 | 20.3] 21.1] 11.6] 10.6) 7.1] 5.2) 23.6] 4.7] 13. 9 | 5.1 | 0.38 ; a = 5 SSO m w14 loon el Ooa 20s L068) 1052 1916.3) b23! | eo== | oa ccs ee ece| sec cclismecn!|iw---n ese ¥ 31—33 21499 18.3 SeDul ote AeleeOre: |baeS) je We kcal Orla 2907 Grahiecntee | Guoclaceeee {5-30 | | <— | | 1 | * Collected by Bates. + The maxille have sprung apart. SOTALIA PLUMBEA (Cuvier). Delphinus plumbeus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d ed., 1, 1829, p. 283; Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., Vill, 1856, pp. 145, 315, 362, 449. Sotalia plumbeus, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 513. Steno plumbeus auct. In the elaborate critique upon the relationships of this species pub- lished by Pucheran in 1856, the evidence upon which it was united to D. malayanus, Lesson, D. dubius, Cuvier, and other species, was very carefully sifted and the conclusion arrived at that it must be considered distinct and valid. In its proportions and general appearance the type skull (43033) resembles that of S. lentiginosa, but the differences are such that it can not be united with that form, at least upon the basis of the present scanty material. ‘ Delphinus plumbeus, Dussumier,” writes Professor Flower, “represents the longest and narrowest form of this type, with the most numerous teeth.” (Characters and Divisions, p. 489). The beak is longer and more compressed than in SN. lentiginosa, and the brain- case is decidedly narrower. 22 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. So far as external appearances are concerned there are apparently few points of resemblance between the two species. The’ depression and great extent of the dorsal fin, so strongly insisted upon by Pucheran as a character of S. plumbea, is not shared by S. lentiginosa, and the measurements do not agree. The coior of the body of S. plumbea is described by F. Cuvier as being of “une teinte uniforme d’un gris plombé, excepté Vextrémité et le dessous de la machoire inférieure, qui sont blanchatres.”* The color of S. lentiginosa, according to Pro- fessor Owen, is “pretty uniformly bluish cinereous, or slaty, freckled with irregular small spots or streaks of brown or plumbeous pigment, the streaks longitudinal and flecked with white; the under surface is a shade lighter than the rest of the body.”t I think we may look upon the two species as distinct, and do not fear that future evidence will invalidate this conclusion. Table of measurements of the lype-skull of Sotalia plumbea. 2 AM Breadth | © Qe of beak— | 8 EB = > Se eee muncoaemicees a ke | ea ie 3 a2 oe ie 2 Sinaia ao | ao Y : r . 4 So Om mo no A Collection. Type of— Locality. 3 5 - |POl!l gaa 3 : : ; 2 || & Bolwgg A q 2 |S Ss) 1 se | eee ~ ° ~ s 2 - o cn oy ° S Se an z q OP ou etalluecs Ole) | aa 2 Ep €}a|2>| #| 48] 2ee ° en ~ BSHl m | a oo a al) wo |e2a| 6 | 8 See = Sle a Ti) eset: OES a op ° oO ~ »~ P ese So << | H |4 4) o | lz + nares | | Cm. | Om. |Cm.| Cm.| Om. Cm. | a3053 | Mus. d’Hist. nat.t.| S. plumbea ..-.| Malabar ....|Ad.| 55.9 | 34.9 |11.2 | 4.3] 2.8 8.4 — I ae acti | — TS —o ae ; ; si ‘3 Extremity | Breadth Temporal | a | a o 3 of beakto—| between— fosse. | eee i S 2 | 8 | ae ee: ee B | |e esa ene if Se seen secel ee # | eines ine ese edie 5 #3 | 2 . ; no | Fe = = De S yt ese ease | 2s Sets Slee re = 5 ° A | a aaes | @ BS a eae fest ares Oy 2 = Hs oO tL a a el oud A 2 es S 25 | SA | Bo RS 8 | 23 | So] es a <= a ~ a A > Ep | @ | ° = Oo « an H b. Nee ‘ ~ ~q SH & © Set eSti SSy es | gs | oH oa a o5 ° ° = Be Westaleeal| ea eal Be on aS o |b! og S #12 |S (28)*2) 4 l/e8/2]al)ala ia (g8/3/-3 = en) oe el ~ sh t& > on | && 6o ~ & a a | = Slew iter > = ee cilittes = a & (=) Salve ity ee) os 2 eee cet ae at Seen Sy terete g E a o Cs | A Ba | hers ov 2 o @ o 2 & 5 O AR IH x A Ona Sey es a aes 4 a fa A | | | Y | ¥ | . | Y la | Y Om. | Om.| Cm. | Cm. | Cm.| Om.| Om. | Cm.| Cm.| Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | | | 37-37 eo | | | > r = ime a3053 | 31.0 Bala e40n08| 49) 19s alo uhotl nom esaGn mtr Oh lilo On| meee 8.7 OD: Oboe | | | | 0384-33 | | *Mammifeéres de la Ménagerie du Muséum, 60° livrasion. (ide Pucheran.) t Trans. Zool. Soc., London, vi, 1866, p. 20. t Collected by Dussumier, 1837. GENUS STENO. 23 SOTALIA SINENSIS Flower. Delphinus chinensis, Osbeck, Voyage to China in 1751, p. 12 (without description) ; Desmarest, Encyel. méthod. (‘**Mammalogie”), 1822, p. 514. (From Osbeck without description.) Delphinus sinensis, F. Cuvier, Hist. nat. des Cétacés, 1836, p. 213. (From Osbeck without description. ) Delphinus sinensis, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vit, 1870, p. 151. Sotalia sinensis, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 513. This species, which from the time it was originally observed by Os- beck in 1751, stood among the forms incerte sedis, was formally described by Professor Flower, in 1870, on the basis of two skeletons collected by Mr. Swinhoe in the harbor of Amoy. Although, through the kindness of Professor Flower, I was enabled to examine the types of the species, I can add nothing to his concise and sufficient account, and will simply quote the paragraphs in which the distinctive characters are set forth: The principal differences between this skeleton and that of all other Dolphins lie in the vertebral column. The total number of vertebra is less [viz: C. 7 D. 12, L. 10; Ca. 22=51], the individual vertebre are proportionally longer, and their trans- verse processes are shorter and broader than in any other species. Next to it in these characters stands D, guianensis (genus Sotalia, Gray), which has the following verte- bral formula: C.7, D. 12, L 14, C.22=55; then D. tursio, which has C.7, D. 13, L. 17, (.25=62.* ‘The live animal is of a milky white, with pinkish fins and black eyes.’t The nuapers Of the teeth of the adult specimen of D. sinensis, as indicated by the : 32 92 + alveoli, are ae total 123. The localities in which the species is known or believed to occur are the harbor of Amoy, Canton River, and Foochow River. A good figure of the exterior and measurements are still desiderata. Measurements of the skull are given in the synopsis. » 2. STENO Gray. Glyphidelphis, Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Frang., 1859, p. 301. —Steno, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 513. Only three characters of importance have been brought forward as distinguishing this genus from its nearest ally, Tursiops. These relate to the (1) compression of the beak, (2) the elongation of the symphysis of the mandible, and (3) the rugosity of the teeth. The first two of these characters impress upon the mandible a peculiar form, which is widely different from that existing in Tursiops. The rami are concave *Trans. Zool. Soc., London, vit, 1870, p. 159. The number of vertebre in the genera Monodon and Delphinapterus, which is ouly 50, is not taken into consideration by Professor Flower in this connection. t Loe. cit., p. 152. t Loc. cit., 155. 24 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. outward, and as the symphysis is not keeled the terminal portion of the mandible has the least depth, which is not the case in Tursiops. Inthe last-named genus the beak is depressed, while in Steno it is compressed. The teeth are equally numerous in the two genera, but in Steno the crown is rugose. As regards the vertebra, the number in four regions of the body is practically alike in both genera, but, according to the measurements given by Dr. Peters for S. perspicillatus, the combined length of cervical vertebre would appear to be considerably greater in Steno than in Tursiops. From Sotalia the present genus is distinguished by its conjoined pterygoids and its less numerous and rugose teeth. STENO ROSTRATUS (Desmarest). Delphinus rostratus, Cuvier, Desmarest, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. nat., 1x, 1817, p. 160; Mammalogie, 1822, p. 515. Delphinus rostratus, Shaw (?), Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, xrx, 1812, p. 10. Delphinus frontatus (pars), Cuvier, Oss. foss., 2d ed., V, 1823, p.278. (Fide Flower.) Delphinus rostratus, G. Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2 ed., 1, 1829, p. 289; F. Cuv., in Oss. foss., 4th ed., 1836, p. 86, 121; Hist. nat. des Cétacés, 1836, p. 156. Delphinus bredanensis, Cuy., Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. et Oiseaux découvert depius 1738, 1828, p. 206; Van Breda, Nieuwe Verhandl. Neder]. Inst., 11, 1829, pp. 235-237, pls. 1, 2. Delphinorhynchus bredanensis, Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. et Oiseaux découvert depuis 1783, 1828, p. 441 (table méthod.). Steno rostratus and S. frontatus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 43. Steno frontatus, Gray, Synop. Whales and Dolphins, 1868, p. 5. Glyphidelphis rostratus, Gervais, Zool, and Paleon. Frang., 1859, p. 301; Ostéog, des Cétacés, 1880, p. 594, pl. xxxvuy, figs. 8-11. Delphinus planiceps, Schlegel, Abhandl. aus d. Geb. Zoologie, heft 1, 1841, p. 27 (not Van Breda). Steno compressus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 43, pl. 27. Delphinus Reinwardtii, Schlegel, Abhandl. Geb. Zool., heft 1, 1841, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. aoe Delphinus Pernettyi, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 1822, p. 513. The peculiar synonymy of this species has received thorough treat- ment at the hands of Professor Flower (Charae. and Div., p. 482 et seq.), to whose account I can add but little. He has, however, fallen into the same error as Schlegel in accrediting the name D. planiceps to Van Breda. The latter writer used the name of D. bredanensis for the Species, which name, according to his own account, he took from Les son’s Histoire naturelle des Mammiferes decouvert depuis 1788. Desmarest credits the name D. rostratus to G. Cuvier, but incorrectly it appears, for Cuvier simply states that his specimens belong possibly to Shaw’s Delphinus rostratus. It appears to me, therefore, that Des- marest’s name should be appended to the name of the species instead of Cuvier’s. Van Breda appears to have published his account of the species, under the name of D. bredanensis, before Cuvier had recognized that STENO ROSTRATUS. 25 the stuffed skins which had been associated with the skulls in the Paris Museum did not belong to the same species. When Cuvier ree- oguized the latter fact he at the same time arrived at the conclusion that Van Breda’s specimen was specifically identical with the skulis in the Paris Museum. He also received from Brest a figure of a specimen which seemed to him identical with Van Breda’s (Oss. foss., 4th ed., V1, pt. 2, p. 122, note). Van Breda’s figure and the figure of the Brest specimen (copied by I’. Cuvier), therefore, represent the exterior of the species under discussion according to Cuvier’s best knowledge and belief. In accepting his opinion, however, we meet at once with a serious difficulty. The figures reférred to represent a dolphin having the beak confluent with the forehead, a point strongly insisted upon by G. Cuvier and again by IF. Cuvier. But in 1876 Peters described a specimen of Steno the skull of which is, generically at least, identical with the skulls in the Paris Museum, but which has the beak distinctly marked off from the forehead as in the species of Tursiops and Delphinus. We have, therefore, either to consider the figures known to Cuvier incor- rect, or to regard Peters’ specimen as belonging to a distinct subgenus. From this dilemma nothing thus far known can save us. The figures in question are crude, but it seems scarcely probable that both would have the same defect as regards the beak. Regarding the Sleno per- spicillatus of Peters, Professor Flower says: If it is not specifically identical with, it is certainly very closely allied to Steno rostratus. (Characters and Divisions, p. 486.) I examined the type-skull in 1887, through the kindness of Dr. Hilgen- dorf, and was unable to see wherein it differed from the ordinary S. rostratus. Therostrum, as indicated in Peters’ figure, is rather abruptly and unsymmetrically terminated, as though the tip had been cut off. Such, however, does not appear to have been the case, and itis possible that the individual was injured by accident during life. This condition of the rostrum makes it appear that its proportional width at the mid- dle is unusually great; according to my measurements it is 19.8 per cent. of the length. But with the explanation given I do not think that this is to be regarded as of importance. The teeth are ragose, as in ordinary specimens of S. rostratus ; they number ae are high, thick, and rounded. In external form and coloration there is a close resemblance to Tur- siops tursio, except that a dark eye-ring and forehead-line are present, as in D. delphis. The cervical region is longer than in Tursiops, but the number of vertebree is nearly the same in both. The facts being such as they are, it has seemed to me best to hold Peters’ specimen apart, under the name of Steno perspicillatus, and I have, therefore, entered that species separately in the synopsis. For further remarks on the figures known to Cuvier, see p. 27. The premaxillie 26 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In Cuvier’s original description (Ann, du Muséum, XIx, 1812, p. 9) no single skull is mentioned, and the species, therefore, has no type. The description, however, and the figure afterwards published in the Osse- ments fossiles, would suffice for the recognition of the species were it not that others were subsequently erected on skulls closely resembling that figured by Cuvier. The characters which have been insisted upon as separating the dif- ferent species relate to the width of the beak and the number of teeth. In the first of these characters, as Professor Flower has already inti- inated, there is a complete gradation. The following table shows the gradation in twenty-six specimens in European museums, including the type of S. compressus and probably also of S. reinwardtii: Comparison of the length of the beak in S. compressus, etc., taken at 100 per cent., with its width at the middle. | | Greatest num- Enoper: ber of teeth— Collection. Number. Identification. width of ener beak or su at middle. Upper | Lower jaw. jaw. ee | = Per cent. | Inches. AGI eM tos eter Reinwaratii (?Type). 152) 20847, 25 25 AMUVELPOOL: seen || WpplOOj Ol =| iemaseee aad see teenie 12.0 21.0 24 24 So. Panis: aoe Rostratus..-........ 12.2 19.5 22 22 4. London (B. Compressus .---..--. 12.6 20. 5 22 24 5. London (B. -| Compressus (Type). 12.9 20. 125 25 27 Gh Tverpoolicc coca 2d tOnO3- tore eens a tcmeciee: 13.2 21.25 2p: 24 Me aeiden = ==.) ; IPlaniGe pS sane eels 13.3 19. 92 24 25 8. Oxford -. . X5 (juv.)..| Rostratus-. 13.5 19.4 23 2+ 9Oxford!= == 16685 ..4--15< Rostratus. . 14.3 20.2 24 25 10. Liverpool 19519) 62) 2) sescoc aes eee - 14.3 21.4 22 23 11. Liverpool . TSSMANGS Abel secede siseiein ise 14.5 20. 25 23 24 12. Liverpool ...... Oo sonido adiseeeensoeetepcee beeen 14.7 21.4 23 23 13. London (B. M.).| 846d ...... Compressus ......-- 15.5 20. 125 22 20 142eeidenyea cance None (1) SP laniGeps'.-=-ccee 15.6 19. 68 21 23 15. Leiden ........- None (2) “Planiceps. see ctenc 15.8 20. 79 21 24 16.\Oxford =.-2.ss=- 616 Besees2 Rostratws-. 2-2 -c.s—- 15.8; 20.0 22 22 17. Liverpool .....-. Bee Oho son be eee oct bones 15.8 20. 25 22 21 18. Leiden ..-...... Qian ?Planiceps..-...--.- 16.2 19. 2 al 22 19. Liverpool ...... 21562 Nel. aa sccae sets citer secs 16.4 21.75 20 21 20. London (B. M.).| 245d ...... Hrontsaiusie- eae 16.5 20. 375 22 22 21. Liverpool ...-.. 1 T6O als eee sonore tecmee oe 16.9 20.6 21 21 22. London (B. M.)-| 245c¢ ...-.- Hrontatustsaaeniceree 17.4 20. 125 23 22 23. Liverpool .-....- 24.53) 59 12 Al owmteoee aneta eee ecteee 18.1 20. 85 23 23 24. Liverpool ...... Heo TONGS alias neem sae eee ee 18.7 20.0 23 23 29. UPiden) oo. = -iene OOpeeneeeer elanicepsesescemee 18. 8 21. 06 21 24 26-NOrWichtaste- en seeceasoecee Mromtatws eee eee 921.0 A ees | erate | ete A gradation so complete as this evidently renders any character drawn from the proportions of the rostrum useless as an index of specific dis- tinctness, and, unless others can be brought forward, the separation of the skulls into different species is, of course, unwarranted. ‘The slight variation in the number of teeth has no significance, as the table plainly sho ws. In all species of dolphins, as a general rule, the individuals having the longest rostrums have the greatest number of teeth. In Cuvier’s figure of the skull of D. rostratus (Oss. foss., 4th ed., 1836, pl. 222, fig. 7) the breadth of the rostrum at the middle is 19.1 per cent. STENO ROSTRATUS. 27 of its length, which makes this a very broad-beaked specimen. Meas- urements from figures, however, are not always to be relied upon. In the description Cuvier gives the number of teeth as a while the figure shows 21 in the left side of the upper jaw and 24 in the lower jaw. No. a3047 in the Paris Museum, labeled S. rostratus, and also bredanensis, belongs to the opposite end of the series. The breadth of the rostrum at the middle is but 12.2 per cent. ofits length. This was probably one of the specimens already in the museum in Cuvier’s time. Steno compressus Gray. The type of this species, No. 246a of the British Museum, is a skull with tolerably narrow rostrum and rather numerous teeth, but appar- ently without other characters serving to distinguish it from the skulls in the Paris Museum and in other collections. It is improbable, there- fore, that it represents a distinct species. Delphinus reinwardtii Schlegel. The type of this species is apparently the No. 24 of the Leiden Museum. This is a large skull with a long, narrow rostrum and a rather large 94 95 ° : number of teeth (593): It does not differ from the skulls which Gray called S. compressus, or, in other words, is a narrow-beaked individual of S. rostratus. Delphinus bredanensis Van Breda. As already stated Van Breda described this species before Cuvier had discovered that the skins originally accredited to S. rostratus were of quite another species. Van Breda perceived that these skins were different from that of his specimen but concluded that the case was one in which two species very different externally were alike as regards eranialcharacters. Van Breda’s figure, however, convinced Cuvier that he was in error, and caused him to accept the same as representing the true external characters of his D. frontatus or rostratus. Steno fuscus Gray. Steno fuscus, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, 1846, p. 44, pl. 26, fig. 1. What the relationships of this species are, and whether it-is a Steno at all, must probably always remain in doubt. Gray makes the follow- ing statement in regard to it: Inhab. Cuba, W. 8S. MacLeay, Esq. This species is only known by a fetal specimen in spirit, not in a very good state. Presented to the British Museum by W. S. Macleay, Esq. The figure represents an animal resembling Prodelphinus obscurus, or indeed not unlike Van Breda’s Steno bredanensis. The forehead is not separated from the beak by a transverse groove. z8 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I did not see the specimen when in London, and if my memory serves me, was informed that it could not be found. Even if it still exists, however, I think the same ruling should be applied in this case as in that of Tursiops cymodice, regarding which Professor Flower says: T. cymodice may be at once expunged from the list. It is founded upon a single skull of a very young animal; the basilar suture is not closed, and all its distinguish- ing characters are those of immaturity. It is impossible to say even of which variety itis the young. (Characters and Divisions, p. 480.) Such, too, is the case with this Steno fuscus, and if should be dropped forever from the catalogue of species. Since the foregoing paragraphs were written, Dr. Liitken has pub- lished an important account of the genera Steno, Delphinus and Prodel- phinus, based on the material in the Copenhagen Museum.* He gives in plate 1 a colored figure of S. rostratus, constructed from data furnished by Captain Andréa. This figure does not agree closely with those of Cuvier, Van Breda or Peters, but is unquestionably much more accurate than those of the first two authors mentioned. That it represents the species called Delphinus rostratus by Cuvier and Desma- rest is highly probable, and I have, therefore, substituted it for Cuvier’s figure as an illustration in the Synopsis. There are no grounds for considering Peters’ figure of S. perspicillatus less accurate than the newly-published figure of S. rostratus. There is, however, a decided want of agreement between the two figures and the descriptions in regard to the coloration of the species. Until, therefore, it can be proven that S. perspicillatus is the young of S. rostratus, or that the coloration of the latter is exceedingly variable, it seems to me that the Peters’ species must be considered distinct. The two species are quite similar in osteological characters. Their vertebral formule are as follows: S. rostratus;C. 7; D138; tito; Ca, 30'=—= bo, S. perspicillatus, C.7; D.12; L. 15; Ca. 32 = 66; The specimen of S, rostratus captured by Captain Andréa and de- scribed by Dr. Liitken, was taken in 1° 14’ BS. lat., 17° 20’ W. long., or about midway between Ascension Island and the coast of Africa, The following measurements of the exterior were taken: Centimeters. Total length. 2s 22s cc cna at wana sas seein oe eels ae eoeate ers erate 257.4 Height immediately in front of the dorsal fin ....-...---......--.---- 67.6 rom) thessnomtmosnerdonsallaiin ess osteo ete ae ieee eileen 111.8 AS} OTD HPO YS LUO WU Cs Oats Vy parte eee ear all 41.6 Eromthe same torte lowe Nol eyes setae tele ae ata era tr eel 36, 4 Brom) theisame tor the spec to nell ti mts ape et estate ee eae racer ete 65. 0 The skeleton was about 240°" long; the head alone 53°". The first two cervieal vertebrie were anchylosed together, but the neural arch *Chr. Fe. Liitken, K. Danske Videusk. Selsk. Skr., 6te Raekke, naturviden. og math. Afd., V, 1889, pt. 1, pp. 1-61, 1 pl. and 2 charts. STENO ROSTRATUS. e295 and rudimentary transverse process of the axis were visible behind those of the atlas. The third cervical had on each side a perpendicular flat triangular process, pierced by a large foramen. In the following three vertebra the bony ring surrounding the foramen was incomplete, In the seventh cervical there was a tolerably long diapophysis, but no parapopysis. Thirteen pairs of ribs were present, the first of which was much the largest. The first six were attached to the vertebra by both neck and head, The first neural spine of the dorsal region was on the second dorsal vertebra, and, with the next following, was directed much backward. The last ten caudal vertebra, which were located in the flukes, were without neural arches. Twenty-three chevron bones were present, the three posterior ones being rudimentary. The longest transverse process was on the second lumbar vertebra. The last trace of a transverse process was found on the fourteenth cau- dal vertebra. The first perforations of the transverse processes for the passage of the caudal artery were in the sixth and seventh caudal ver- tebrie Five metacarpal bones were present. The formula of the phalanges was as follows: I, 4; II, 8; LI, 6; IV, 3; V, 3. Dr. Liitken gives, in addition, the following measurements of eight skulls in the Copenhagen Museum. ‘Two of these, Nos. 2 and 5, he re- gards as possibly belonging to a separate but closely allied species. Measurements of eight skulls of Steno rostratus. (From Liitken.) l Length of Num-| Length of | Length of | Breadth of symphysis ber. skull. | brain-case.| brain-case.| of mandi- | ble. / | | | ~ Cm. | cm. Cn. - Om. 2 | 54. 0 21.3 21.3 15.5 Gillebesseo alien 22e4t Sh 8 12255 15.8 1 53.0 | 22.0 22.6 15.0 10 53. 0 21.7 ask 15.3 9 52.0 | 20.9 21.0 16.3 5 51.2 | 19. 8 19.8 16.0 3 51LO = jy" 21-8 21.8 14.5 4 50.5 | 2137 22.1 13.5 One of the two skulls (Nos. 2 and 5) regarded as belonging to a separate species is from the Pacific Ocean. It was obtained by Pro- fessor Reinhardt at Honolulu, while on the Galathea expedition. Dy Vv BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of twenty-five skulls of Steno rostratus and the type-skull of S. perspicillatus. ~ mt n\ = | Catalogue number. Collection. Type of— 346a@ | Brit. Mus... ..-.. BAGBY) WOO: soem anes ewe lore -.do 345¢ LAO sce oeecneer S. frontatus... BY GT AES 2a (WescSoHomnaeccs 24,2, 63 ; iverpook Pub. ; 12, 7, 69,1 2HQO Eeciuaiee meas |scmreeieecoecehes QB G4 Oe SAO. cee ccce coca celles see teen cose. a ==) 00 19, 11, 62 |....do PETEG Coda ey dome ees see | eee eae en ee PARR UPA IW heme nacsspoecaaes oospcnsuasaaqae TORT ONOst esd O eee cere oneal tee aaaciesceereaet 2g SO nom ele Ole eee iene sel eestelanielnctels lem ate 1351 6851: 0520 Ol =p owome ce se oe mae aeeciciees esse Neri choi stssec|pnertssieciene= sec 1676 | Oxford Mus..... a |saeenemes sewers ce DON wate Obata etwisioatoe cell atelier eee 1668 stOOV Se seraiss Sawellsmee mot esceeeee 24 | Mus. Pays-Bas....| D. reinwardtii 20) yoe LO aso alseuec en ceeemee si ecsmces 26) Seo COlecenmcciecccap|sncoceleseciaceicss BO) [car Om eer ceteiesteyarel nieve meeietse @aroeee mens CO tase arctaveyoeeio eel | meteerseeine cioeeiies sot LO) ja /cctnafeleretaietejnisi| eisieraievare cleereiasoeee QT) ae LO). wiciasarevotee aretol| ee ale wteislelelaiersiaiels £097 ee ae Zool. Sy PEIN Locality. Da COMLDTCSSUE eee steaaelalateennee India. sss ceescee Indian Ocean ... (i) waar ce oe ee Atlantic Ocean . Indian Ocean ... South Atlantic. . Ad.. Ad.. Ores | Total length. | 51.5 48.7 50.8 49.3 48.8 -| 49.9 Length of beak. Q = oo tm oO 30.7 33.6 31.1 31.9 31.7 | 33. 2 29, 2 30.1 | 30.7 30.5 30. 2 34, 0 31,2 | 32.4 Breadth of beak— - 5 es = SS ees erie 3 2 2 = ~ ~” 4 4{ Cm. | Cm. 9833 9,9 4.1 10.7 o OVSE Sa! 9.8 4.5 O25 oe, 9.7] 4.8 | 10.2} 4.8 TOS2, 4.8 1) 955 3.8 10585) 55 10.2 OHO) O4SE oo 10,2 4.4 10535)" (62a 10.4] 4.8 9.2) 4.1 9.8} 46 9.0] 3.9 Bil \ seers 95) 4:3 (2)11.0} 6.0 Orb) | aaa 10.4 5.0 10.5 4.7 1a 5.8 3 STENO ROSTRATUS AND PERSPICILLATUS. 5 4 20—21 . “10 22-94 9. 5—25 a 5 23—24 t 5 24—24 20-21 9) on 22—21 o— so 21—20 23—23 121 yi 2524 24—23, »' iB 13.6 {11.0 | 9.3 13. 2 13.5 15.0 14.2 15555 js 15.7 L575) ec 18.8 | 15.0 |10.3 | 8.9 16.5 18, 2 16.5 17.5 18. 0 19.0 19.6 20.4 5.6 | 33.3 | 35.5 27. 0 8.7 | 24.7 3.8 3.7 HHO AH ON AIN QA QIN AIA aia PEA ai cod POI at “Y}9a} JO TaquInyT Alea J did did Sis ala alan AINA AIN AIN AlN Oe ae ow SY RD RO On OR oes ers rr CO ™” ‘sso00ad prouo.t0o a a ‘ —) : : : : puv o[suv ueeajoq yydoq | GS © eee : ; ' : “8TAID se = : : : “UB JO MOI-Y}00} FouSueT | SG a ; 7 : : ‘oTqrpuvar OC Oe oe ate Tr TOMSISMTdiaAS jo) Issue | eo SS. So ss a = 5 = | aS al oe nN D re eo wo 9[qIpuBar FO T}ouo'T a= os cS 6 3 3S OA) al LS > +H x Boal x * + s. -ydeq SS ‘oo ee Cin ECS : 8 oS a : 6 ian ; 5 i : : es o Pee Se ce Semel: a2 : ; : ; ; 5.0 , e S o a & : nN nN co ‘ . . 4 EEA SN es meres a : : : : . m oes - re ' ‘ ' ' al “esso} Tecodu94 BS I Sen ies ice siete d s vS TS ; = 5 5 : 5 5 i ‘ : ' ‘ 3 =o 3 jo sus wpmy | 5S 4 4 Ss eS aa ee ; : i Foe SS a¢ x ; : ’ ES ; = St o oF : oo oO a t oo é oo 1D Ee SHIqIO 5 o ' a ' oO S B 3 = oO 06 CS | m . ei e = ON me Ll ea re me re >! “pros x eo iy ae Gt ee a Lee awe Se) Ss d 2) = eS . S ' ' . . . . ' ai, | edgzosserojopum | SO & Nemes) : : : ‘ : : Bx ob | : : : : : : : H . . . . . . . . 238 ‘soavu aolsedns a ts so 6 Oo NA : : s : o : J: 3 = 3 : i : 5 7 : , : ' : As JO UlLsIvM LOaqUy S os DSH ‘ ens ners y ‘ ‘ ' : “yozou req ye ee Wen ae ae ane! Rite: ee ite he -XBU JO OSUq 0} 400} YSUT | S © aS ; ' : ‘ ' : : ‘ ‘ ' § o i a ' 1D ar «+ , ‘ ; ; 3 a ‘oul y}00} JomsueT | F s + w~ | 5 8 eee ee ree tp alist Se te ear. 4S ee ea aaa aie te A ne “ATBuTxoud wl [Lxvdd S S a i ; ; i t : : : ‘ -10]UL JO UlSavor Jo}nN0 Ss We as ‘ : : ‘ : : ; : ; TAGMIO TpRorq qsaywery | © : : : : ' : : : : : “vaq_ Jo eTPpIM ge Soe Sn Se ee ee es SY EE i al a : . - 4 . . . ’ B[IXVullejar jo YJpvoeaqg S CoS, CO ICIS nL CCO) rc) toma! 3 > ° s 2 oS Coys: ~ = S ° Measurements of twenty-five skulls of Steno rostratus and the type-skull of S. perspicillatus. Uw v w x y z a2 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, STENO PERSPICILLATUS Peters. Delphinus (Steno) perspicillatus, Peters, Monatsber. der K. Akad. Berlin, 1876, pp. 360-366, pls. 2, 3. The reasons for regarding this Species as distinct from 8S. rostratus have been given on p. 25. It differs apparently only in external charac- ters. Peters’ specimen was a female, and was taken in the Atlantic Ocean, in 32° 29/ 7” 8S. lat, 2° 1’ W. long. The measurements of the skull of this individual are, for purposes of comparison, included in the foregoing table of measurements of S. rostratus (p. 30). 3. TURSLOPS Gervais. Tursiops, Gervais, Hist. nat. des Mamm., 11, 1855, p. 323. (J°ide Flower.) This genus is distinguishable from Prodelphinus principally by its less numerous and larger teeth. From Steno it differs by reason of its short mandibular symphysis and more numerous vertebrae. The numerous species described by Gray were founded chiefly upon single skulls, and their true relationships are, therefore, not readily to be made out. From such evidence as we possess, however, there appear to be four species, as follows: Tursiops tursio (Fabricius); Tursiops catalania (Gray); Tursiops abusalam (Riippell); Tursiops gilli Dall. Tursiops aduncus, Hemp. and Ehrenberg, may or may not prove to be distinct, but as we have not had access to the original description of that species, we venture no opinion regarding it. TURSIOPS TURSIO (Fabricius). Delphinus tursio, Fabricius, Fauna Groenland., 1780, p. 49. Delphinus tursio, Bonnaterre, Cétologie, 1789, p. 21. Delphinus truncalus, Montagu, Mem. Wern. Soc., 111, 1821, p. 75. Tursiops tursio, Gervais, Comp. Rend., 1864, p. 876. Delphinus metis, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pl. 18. Delphinus cymodice, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 33, pl. 19. Delphinus eurynome, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pl. 17. Phocena compressicauda, Lesson, Cétologie, p. 199. At the beginning of my cetological studies, and before I had exam- ined any European specimens, I was inclined to regard the “ Porpoise” of the Atlantic coast of America as specifically distinct from the “ Bot- tlenose” of European waters. I have since come to regard them as identical. I have examined side by side the skeletons of two old indi- viduals of almost exactly equal size, one from off Hatteras, North Caro- lina (22304 2), and the other from the coast of England (21,151), and find only such differences as appear to me to be due to individual varia- tion. Before considering the types of the different species which have been thus far described, I shall discuss the series of skulls in the national TURSIOPS TURSIO. oo collection. This series comprises about forty-five specimens, of which ten are fragmentary, and three foetal or very young. Of four only is the sex known. The greater part of these skulls were collected by Dr. H. C. Yarrow at Fort Macon, North Carolina; others are from the fishing grounds at Hatteras, Nor ‘h Carolina; and ohe remainder are from different points on the Atlantic coast between New Jersey and Florida. The species is perfectly well known to our fishermen. Large numbers have been taken for many years at Hatteras, where I have myself witnessed the capture of between eighty and ninety ina singleday. These individuals were about equally divided between the two sexes, and were of all ages. From the skulls above mentioned I have selected twenty-one perfect specimens of nearly equal size for comparison. Their sex is unknown, but from the fact that they were picked up at random on the beach, and that males and females frequent this coast in about equal numbers, it is highly improbable that all are males or all females. If there are differences between the sexes as regards the proportions of the length and width of the beak they should appear on comparison of the meas- urements. In his valuable paper on the cetaceans of Southwestern France, Dr. Fischer calls attention to sexual differences in the skulls of Tursiops tursio. His words (translated) are as follows :* Upon examining together the heads of males and females, one per- ceives that they present characteristic differences. The beak is longer and relatively narrow inthe males. * * * The heads of the females are remarkable on account of the breadth of the beak at its base and at the middle; the beak has consequently a more triangular form. The measurements given by Dr. Fischer do not entirely bear out these statements. Irom these the following results are obtained: | | $ 1leompared)| ¢ 3 compared | ¢3compared | ¢7compared Comparison. with 9 6 with 9 4 with 911 | with 95 (adulte). (épiphysée). | (épiphysée). | (jeune). Relative length of beak of male com- pared with that of female..-..--.---. Longer. Shorter. Shorter. Longer. Width of beak at base in male compared Wiathidittounm temales=-ccs. esse esac ese Narrower. | Narrower. Narrower. | Wider. Width of beak at middle in male com- | | pared with ditto in female.........-. Narrower. | Narrower. Narrower. | Wider. it appears from these comparisons that ¢ 1 has a longer and nar- rower beak than 2 6; ¢ 3 has a shorter and narrower beak than @ 4 2 11; and ¢ 7 has a longer and wider beak than ? 5. Thus we have three of the four possible combinations—long and narrow, long and wide, short and narrow—in the same sex. “*Actes de la Soe. Linn. de Bordeaux, 4™° sér., v, 1881, p. 159. TSsio—bull. oo———o 34 BULLETIN 36, UNIT“ D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The four skulls of known sex in the national collection have the fol- lowing absolute proportions : Measurements of four skulls of T. tursio. as 2 are mb By ras ot BR = ei ae fey = aoe < A oA Bix ie 5. = Measurements. = DS Be xg S Bei Sam Seas tet nS Sa oF oS St aS 5) ae : =D nN fy Motallem eth ee remcetrae eee eee 43.3 43.9 44.0 52.9 Length of Wienke 22936 oe ebne ee aeen aes 22.4 24.1 24.4 28.9 Breadth of beak at notches ........---. 11.2 10.1 10.3 12. 6 Breadth of beak at middle............. 7.0 6.9 6.4 8.0 Breadth of intermaxille at middle-.--. 3.7 3.2 ono 4.4 Depthiof beakjatimidd@le-23.. oer.ssem eri enee soe DT aldactone 2.8 Length of tooth-line .-...--... .-...-- 19.4 20. 4 21,1 24.8 Breadth across orbital processes of frontal ee eee soon osc eeeeeeises 20. 0 20.4 19.3 24.7 Length of mandible ..............-..- 36. 2 37.5 37. 6 45.0 Danthiaticononolds s2452 ssa eae oie 5 8. of 7.9 9.4 24-25 4-2 23-23 26-25 DIGUN rer enee scene aec ES 93-23 | 23-25 | 2424 ALOE Satareiclarcc le eiclas)elstele lo Swiss oretaretetelelelereiorats Young. |Young.|Young.| Old. Sex: cxcemont eer cae cement eae ecermeccr cs Cs Q Q Conditionse.= sce SoM Suet ase ee eos ace Fresh.| Fresh.} Fresh.) Fresh. From these measurements we select the following for comparison : ; 20001, Fa, | Gyo 7% | 20962, 26, | 22304, 2d, Measurements. Fire Island, Pace Va Turkey Gut,| Hatteras, N.Y. (young). N. Y.(young).| N.C. (old). (young). Cm. Om. Cm. Cm. di Nee Ne sootisscoocecorcockeeactoodas 43.3 43.9 44.0 52.9 Length of Deak. nS Sees. eos eseesescs 22.4 24.1 24.4 28.9 Breadth of beak at maxillary notches..-... 11.2 10.1 10.3 12.6 Breadth of beak at middle.........---.... 7.0 6.9 6.4 8.0 A comparison of the length of the beak, relative to the total length, and of the width of the beak at its base and at its middle relative to its total length, gives the following results: | Jd acompared ¢ b compar ed ae pmparedls fbe ampares! I | with Qe. with 9 ack with @ | Comparison. with 9c. i Relative length of beak in male com- | pared with ditto in female......-..--. Longer. Shorter. Shorter. Longer. Relative width of beak at base in male | é compared with ditto in female .. .... Wider. Narrower. Wider. Narrower. Relative width of beak at middle in male ' : compared with ditto in female..-..--. Wider. | Wider. Wider. | Wider. The same diversity appears here as in the previous case. The old female, which would be supposed to have the sexual characters strongly marked, has a relatively shorter and wider beak at the base than one of the young males, but a longer and narrower beak than the other. Coming now to the series of twenty-one skulls, before mentioned, we find the same yariation. In some the beak is long and narrow, and vice Ser ee ear oe TURSIOPS versa; in Others short and narrow, and the opposite. urements is as follows, the skulls being arranged in order of their abso- lute length: | Breadth of beak at middle. | Number. Total length. Length of beak. intermax- of illze same point. Breadth of beak at notches. | Breadth [Measurements in centimeters. } | | Depth between angle and ! Depth of beak at middle | (Gineluding intermaxille). between orbital processes of frontal. coronoid process. Length of tooth-line. Breadth | Total length of mandible. Bo The table of meas- Measurements of twenty-one. skulls of Tursiops tursio. Remarks. 19277 (N. C.)- 11997 (N. C.)-| 12005 (N. C.).| 12007 (N. C.).| 12275 (N. C.)- Lookout, Md.). 11998 (N. C.)- 20767 (Poin { 4 12011 (N. C.). 12009 (N. C.) -| 12013 (N. C.). 12006 (N. C.). 11994 (N. C.).| 12002 (N. C.)-| 11995 (N. C.).| 12004 (N. C.).. 11993 (N. C.). 12274 (N. C.).! 12276 (N. C.) 12014 (N. C.) 22080 (ILat-? teras). 5 44. 5. 45. 45. 46. AT. {47 47. 43. 2 |: 43.3 |25 4t. 44, 45.6 | 46. 46. 46. 46. 46. 46. 12001 (N. C.). 46. 47. ll. 12. LL. | = o ~ S = oo 9 ree) “ a = oO 10. co 10.3 | 11. Lo ml = ey 1 oo 1 e oa Ea = et ba | to =] = “1 ~~ HeaeGill bo ~I 2 Q oe] ' . . wo ° IDR DS ROO St ! a 3 vo q 2323 | 24— =“ 2329239 4 2424) 23—245 zee 24—24 22932) —j | 23-99)| aa | 26—25) ae 5 | ae) 25—24) By "22-999 5 21-24) 5 2423) 5 2224) Aver 23-23 | \ | 24-94) 24—24) 25—252 24—245| Zee 5 Sutures distinct; teeth sharp; fresh. Sutures open; — beach- worn, Sutures distinct; beach- worn. Young; beach-worn. Sutures distinct; teeth sharp; fresh. Sutures distinet; teeth sharp; fresh. Sutures open; beach- worn. Sutures distinct; un- * known; beach-worn. Do. Sutures open; — beach- worn. Do. Do. Do. Do. Sutures distinct; teeth sharp; fresh. Do. Sutures open; beach- Vv orn. 9395), Sutures open ; fresh. The skulls, it will be observed, vary but little in length; they rise by gradations of 6™™ and less from 43.2 to 47.8°". We shall first examine the table for indications of sexual differences in the relative length of the beak as compared with the total length of 36 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the skull. The proportional length of the beak in tie different speci- mens, arranged in an ascending scale, is as follows : 52.9 per cent. | 53.4 percent. | 54.4 per cent. 53.0 53. 7 54.5 53. 1 53. 9 54.5 Done 54.1 54.9 53. 2 54.2 55. 0 53. 4 54.3 55. 4 53.4 54.3 56.5 It appears that, excepting in the skuil with relatively longest beak, the proportion of the length of the beak rises by gradations of four- tenths of 1 per cent. and less. The proportion of the width of the beak at its base to its length is as follows: 41.5 per cent. 46.0 percent. | 47.4 per cent. 41.9 46.1 47.8 43.1 46.1 49. 0 43.5 46.4 49. 2 44. 6 46.6 49. 2 44.8 46.6 50. 9 45.5 4. 51.2 The gradations here are 1.7 per cent., 1.1 per cent., and less. The proportions of the width of the beak at its middle compared with its length rise by gradations of 1 per cent. and less, as follows: 24.8 per cent. 28.6 per cent. 30.3 per cent. 25. 6 29.1 380. 4 26.5 29.5 30.8 27.5 ra 32. 1 27. 6 30.0 32. 4 27.8 30.2 32. 6 28.3 | 30. 2 33.5 Inall three cases the greatest variation is at the extremes of the series. What do these proportions show? Apparently that the relative length and width of the beak give no indication of the sex. Unless these twenty-one specimens are all of the same sex, which is very im- probable, for the reasons stated, the gradation of proportions is such that it would be impossible to divide the females from the males. The skulls of greatest absolute length have not relatively longest beaks. The beaks which are relatively longest, as compared with the absolute total length of the skull, are, generally speaking, narrowest at the base and middle in proportion to their absolute length. The length of the mandible as compared with the length of the skull, minus the beak, is greater in all of Dr. Fischer’s males than in his fe- males. In both of my young males (20901 and 16504), on the contrary, it is shorter than in the young female, 20962; and in one of the former (20901) it is shorter than in the old female, 22304. TURSIOPS TURSIO. oi Dr. Fischers Nos. 8 and 9, of unknown sex, but which from a consid. eration of the proportions he believes to be females, should, I think, be regarded as males if the length of the mandible alone is considered, but, on the contrary, as females if the breadth of the beak is considered. From the facts presented, and numerous others, I am inclined to re- gard the variation in cranial proportions as of little value in determin- ing the sex. From Dr. Fischer’s material and that to which I have had access, however, we are able to get some idea of the limits of variation in cranial proportions. The greatest and least proportions, as regards the length of the beak in thirty-five specimens, are as follows: Proportion of length of beak to total length of skull: (Greatestesscss-cse 56,2625 58.2 per cent. (Dr. Fischer, No.1, ¢ trés adulte). Re aS imei, aie ecisSeienciisere 52.9 per cent. (11997, Fort Macon, young). PNote sees ce. 48.7 per cent. in feetus, 24300, Hatteras. | Proportion of width of beak at base to its length: Greatestrae-s-2- os see sOl.9 percent. (Dr Hischer; No.4; <9), épiph.): HCAS Remotes Asa sacise eons 41.5 per cent. (22080, Hatteras, not old). [ENoters2e 22 - 48.7 per cent. in foetus, 24300, Hatteras. ] Proportion of width of beak at middle to its length: Greatestessssa ese ccroeiacee 26.7 per cent. (Dr. Fischer, No. 11, 9, épiph.). Westie sees esse asc 24.8 per cent. (22080, Hatteras). [Note ....--..31.6 per cent. in foetus, 24300, Hatteras. ] The skull absolutely longest of this series is Dr. Fischer’s No. 1, a male “tres adulte,” 55°"; my largest specimen is No. 22304, old female, 5? Qem O20 Tursio eurynome Gray. I pass now to the consideration of the species identical with or allied to T. tursio. The first of these is 7. ewrynome, Gray, founded on a single skull, No. 356a, in the British Museum. The chief characters which Gray gives are cranial proportions. Regarding its relation- ships he says: The skull of this species is most like D. tursio; but the nose is one-fourth longer than the length of the head, slenderer and more rounded, and the teeth smaller." In the diagnosis of D. tursio, however, he has: ‘ Skull-nose_five- ninths the entire length.” On comparing his measurements of 7. eury- nome, it appears that this proportion exists here also. In relative breadth the beak exceeds several of the North Carolina skulls, notably No. 22304, 2, from Hatteras, which is only 3™™ larger. It agrees very closely in absolute size of parts with Dr. Fischer’s é No.1. In none of its relative proportions does it fall outside the limits of variation of the series discussed on page 35. Speaking of this skull and others in the series, Gray himself says: ‘These are all very much alike.”t Professor Flower includes it in his “section” 7. tursio, with others, saying that *Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 261 tSuppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 75. 38 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. some of them ‘may be specifically distinet.”* With this skull, the type of T. metis, and the skulls called 7. truncatus in the British Museum before me, I wrote in my note book, ‘It is doubtful if any distinction is to be made between these.” For my own part I have no hesitancy in making 7. eurynome a syn- onym oi 7. tursio. The species is founded on a single skulJ, and its characters are drawn from proportions. It has been shown that neither in absolute size nor in proportions dses it lie outside the iimits of vari- ation of 7. tursio. It should be borne in mind that in cases of this kind we can never hope to acquire specimens agreeing exactly with the type. Among a thousand skulls of the same species it is doubtful if any two absolutely alike could be found. Tursio metis Gray. The second of Gray’s species to be considered is his Tursio metis. Gray states that the skull “ differs from Delphinus Tursio’s in the nose being much shorter and more conical and acute.”{ As a matter of fact, the beak is relatively longer than the skull of Z. tursio from Montaguw’s collection in the British Museum (353a), which Gray includes in the latter species in the Catalogue. That the beak is more acute than in many specimens of 7. tursio is true; but it is less acute than in No. 22080 of that species from Hatteras, which was picked up on the beach with others by myself. Comparing it with the latter, I find that the beak is a trifle shorter, but somewhat wider both at the base and at the middle, and that the intermaxille are also wider. I cannot but regard it as a narrow-beaked specimen of 7. tursio. Tursio cymodice Gray. Tursio cymodice is founded on a youngish skull. It has an almost exact counterpart in No. 20767, from Point Lookout, Maryland. 20767. Tur- Be : Seeae fy siops tursio. Measurements. cymodice 2 Point vse Nig a ,ookout, Type. Maryland. Cm Cm. Rotallen’ these eens cates eal 45. 7 45. 2 IGEN CUMOL aN Ga Keeeae ise ae atatele eela rate 24.9 24.8 Breadth of beak at maxillary notches 11.6 11.4 Breadth of beak at middle-......------. 6.8 6.9 L : J Professor Flower very justly says: T. cymodice may be at once expunged from the list. It is founded on a single skull of a very young animal.} *Flower, P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 487. t Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 257. { Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 480. TURSIOPS TURSIO. 39 It is interesting, however, to know that it is in all probability simply a young specimen of 7. tursio. In the following table are brought together measurements of the type skulls of 7. metis, ewrynome, and cymodice, and of some other skulls in the British Museum, labeled tursio, metis, ete.: Table of measurements. TURSIOPS TURSIO. » di! 7 Breadth of | = og beak—- Q ea Lisae Way ihe 2 ear | oe H as ao | fatale eS sien Ee 23 | gon 5 Collection.) Type of— Locality. ; e 22) 5 |-A2 255 a o a 2 Brel = ws 2 ao o BON pole eis || rt | Se ae =] 7 a ° ° He Sy eeeanes iced e0 Eo} 2 Op | Aa) ale ° a| oo a a eal ee Os pes g elf or Som 2 iS ez ea wv = a o Y=S oS oO ° o = BS) B errs 5 we |e et Hy | 4 4 | A o ie Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm.| Cm. | Cm. 356a | Brit. Mus.| 7. eurynome --.| North Sea ?...-. Pea Den GN a0so! | elasoull (Soller deo 9.9 Sela ee dO eens ME Tee bias oa | eee eR a pone) 52s te 29531 13,0 7.3.) 94.3 | 9 Sb0Gs pac Or =.) ECU OUNCES sale eiseinictes less = dr.| 45.7 | 24.9] 11.5] 6.7) 4.0 9:1 SLUM een Ome eras loo cre eee ce oiaie cil oaaictaie alee sieiereiein sis han Gr a0sodaa5 el) LOs2ei) 0./6 10.9 SHB} Cec cecoud] boaosecssersera Erith of Fortli=<|22-4)) 5758 (732.0) |-15.8)) 957) 5) 7.\) 11h2 SONU PEA Oneeeeer temcna ce resent soos cinnse scot cae seal 4953 | 27.3) || 1352 8.7 AND aile CORO SOT eee) sao) season reese Herne Bay...-.- Pasa) Dose Sas) U3. 8.5 | 4.6 10. 2 I Extremity | Breadth | Temporal a = 3 of beak to—| between— fossx. A A ss E b SH oH O-. = a ‘ Ce 2 2 ha é Se IS) a ° : i b Ao . So i] o n “el Fy a os Raed ee © es 5 2 2 rete [eg ead aeel)/ e n& 2 ici | is 5 : 2 a a S “E re & a ed for as a a S| ee eal ec ise Eo Be lease Sealers 3 5 2 |*ela.|es Bee Seal een ee | eee 2 eile altos Tine |e BG aleve en eee b cS) . |? eeu a | 88 | a cae (sas S a° 2 oS ca » OR es 5s co co ad of cL oo = a + qa mn = Zs 5 ar a = a A a mM 3 eo a A M4 at o 2 eo o o 2 fis o AIA 4 a o | 4 A HA | 4 A A Cm. | Cm.| Cm.| Cm. | Cm.| Cm. | Cm.| Cm.| Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. 9595 356a | 25.6| 5.8 | 35.6 | 38.6 | 23.0 ]...... 10.6} 7.8| 45.6] 62|246) 9.5 ; aos § 3—23 357 25.4 | 428) | 35.'6-| 36:0 | 21.3 | 16.4 | 11.7 8.3 | 44.2 6.7 | 24.5 9.8 v 22-99 lic 24-93 355a | 20.8 5.212859) | 31.1, 19.8 |. 16.4 9.9 Tedaliooel 6.2 | 20.8 8 3 a1] | 21—20 353a | 25.8 PROMEGA ESS TON re OralelonOn || Lecud yi) (Dak |temisiel| eee rial|(omcteretl| = aamminl ; ae 6 2120 353g |267| 6.0 | 39.4 | 41.7 | 28.0) 169] 13.2] 85] 50.8] 80) 26.7/ 10.9) s)—o7 F 21—26 353h | 23.4 Doi woLeosooeiaeon leslie L019 finan | LADD SE 2256 9.4 ; 520 W1§ 24-24 357) | 26.2 GOMES Tedulaenoee 2359) 16.85) 7.9 | 46.7 6.7) | (26:2 OM 2. 2394 | | | | AV BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TURSIOPS CATALANIA (Gray). Delphinus catalania, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1862, p, 143. Tursio catalania, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1865, p. 252. This species is distinguishable from 7. tursio by its smaller size, rela- tively longer beak, and style of coloration. The skull (No. 1391a) of the larger of the two specimens reported by Gray, though only 43.4 long, belonged to an adult animal, as is at- tested by the fact that from this individual were taken two foetuses.* The length of the beak in this specimen is 58 per cent. of the entire length of the skull, and in the second type-skull (No. 1391b), 57.8 per cent. So long a beak is rarely or never found in 7’ tursio. The lower surfaces of the body in both of Gray’s specimens were cov- ered with spots or blotches of dark color, a style of coloration which, so far as I am aware, has never been observed in T. tursio. There are some peculiarities in the types which merit attention. In No. 1391a, the larger of the two skulls, the pterygoids are widely sepa- rated (the tips being 5™ apart), while in 1391) they are in contact in the median line. The relation of the parts in the former specimen would, according to Professor Flower’s arrangement of the genera, throw it into Sotalia, to which genus this skull taken alone would prob- ably have been relegated. But there is no other essential difference between this and the second skull, and taking into consideration the data we have regarding the two individuals, there can be little doubt that they belong to one and the same species. The front mandibular teeth are much worn in 1391a, and considerably also in the second specimen. The symphysis in both is moderately keeled. The intermaxille are very convex and high and somewhat “humped” near the middle of the beak. They are apart anteriorly. The triangular prenarial area extends 8.2™ from the nares and is concave. Professor Flower has already assigned to this species No. 5012 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and No. a3070 in the Paris Museum from ‘China Seas.” To these should probably be added No. a3059 in the Paris Museum, whose label bears the words ‘“? Mers d’Inde.” Measurements of these three specimens and of the types are appended. * Gray, l.c. TURSIOPS ABUSALAM. Table of measurements. TURSIOPS CATALANIA. 41 z ; Breadth | = e 4 of beak— | & ee = + i ec pOnE e ea |-A 5 eae Bono ie a . n . 4 |e@2 Cu | soos 5 Collection. Typo of— Locality. Sea ree ries eal Bey | ees | esac A ll ete eg | eNO Nee ee | ea 5 bo to | w |°o| gs |SslPae = Si ei GO roger eer lies cle = | 2 Se |ene 2 a/q|ml2°s| 2/2 |e2e ~ v 2 Aa oe o orm = @) |e o | 2 | Hom oO mn) A | H |4 q 1A 15 Cm.| Cm. | Cm.) Cm.| Cm. | Cm. 1391a@ | Brit. Mus ......... T. catalania.| Cape Melville, Aust.) 2 | 43.4] 25.2|10.2] 6.1 | 7.3 7.4 PIO TON eee Oe eece esc seks Roe Obecem ic C. Flattery, Austr ..| 9 |t41. 3) 23.8/10.4] 6.1 | 3.3 qT BOO mE COlRSUR Dyers aiecihe ceca oa tas veemeaiso cise steimcle --| 43. 6 | 25.4 | 10; 4) 5.4-| 3.2 0 070) | Mus: dist, nat. 25.2522... <0 China Seas...... 43.6|25.4|10.9] 5.9 | 3.3 Tae CRUG seS00D ace as sSeces eseeMeoea aes Mers d’Inde ?..-.-. --|46.2|26.0}10.9| 5.8 | 3.0 8.1 a eee = = = = ee “ : Z in Extremity | Breadth Temporal A iB iS 3 |of beak to—| between— fosse. g g $ a So ee ee Sete) eS n oH 52 oO S poe lec ea te d a a 93 poles ee >. | a Sole ea te pubse ue Be | aa 4 3 a 3 Pelee eS |e. |e #3 S leo | ae] ee) 8 a ° ° Fics ie Oem &L,o 3 pe | So | oP 2 ise se sass as a |*3 | 8s | ee] y 4 Fete (ieee Sele ole wes ze Seeks en sIS || co s ee = ie ra BH ° aA H a S Ore Oup | oe 2 : 2 ° => 2 i ESS aoa c ee ae Wee SW ee ee a Blo 3 re oi Oi Fah SS we so ¢ oO ees 4 cs) Seas A ts H |A A A = air a eae lee: ey le | x F ; Em. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | Cm. | 92.9 1391a | 21.3) 4.7 | 28.7 | 30.5 | 18.5 | 12.8 | 137.4 ye O260) Sli). Te7n) Oane ; Se 28 | 20-20 ai pact leita 7.5 435 . 5 a AG 218 1391b | 19 528) 27.0) | 2958 | 19 14.1] 9.4 Too ) 135. 6 16.1 |t19.3 7.9 | 0.6 aE a \ | Taio 3120 29593|" 4.7 | 80.5.) 28.2 | 18:4.) 12:3 9.5 eal nenss 6574\:2059 aon |peeeiee ; soe ‘ | | fled ecg Fs i 2353 a3070 | 20.8 FAGi|P2Ss20) | seis sis | 19 122 9 e977, 7.4 | 37.9 GAGE ES Sece T(43 |Raa cine ; 725 | a a3059 | 21.6) 5.3 | 30.5 ]...... | 20.1 | 14 G14 6500/8012) | 5 sBalee aes TAGs lees ; 5 Zs D225 * Montigny, 1854. t About 2™ should be added for breakage of tip of beak. TURSIOPS ABUSALAM (Riippell). Delphinus abusalam, Riippell, Museum Senckenbergianum, 11, 1845, p. 140, pl. xii, figs. 1-6. This species closely resembles 7. catalania, and may be identical with it. Riippell has appended no measurements of the skull to his admira- ble description, but from his figure it would appear that the beak, though rivaling that of 7. catalania in length, has the same proportional breadth as in 7. tursio. The teeth are slightly more numerous than is usual in the latter species, and in this again we are reminded of 7. catalania. In color ZT. abusalam agrees with neither of the species with which I have compared it, the upper parts being dark sea-green. 7. tursio, as 42 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I have observed it, is always clear plumbeous gray above. The color of dead specimens is very dark, but I have never observed a greenish tinge in the coloration. The types of 7. catalania were lead-colored. We might divide, therefore, the three species by their coloration as fol- lows: 1. Upper parts lead-colored. a: Belly spotted 2S 4222220). a eho nse co eee eee he ete eee T. catalania. b; “Belly unspotted == 2252 aaa see tende eae eee eee eo ncteeeee T. tursio. 2, Upper parts dark sea green, Belly ‘spotted scenes Mas ance eeine 2 ao es ee ee ee ee eee T. abusalam. The proportions of the body are much alike in 7, catalania and T. abusalam, as will be seen from the following comparative table: ~ T. catalania | T. abusalam (from Maegil-| (from Riip- Measurements. levray, re- | pell, reduced duced to me- | to meters), ters), 9. 2 adult. otal lencth css sc.o4-0 pat ees eae one ee eee 2. 058 1.949 Mpiotssnout toeyes-n- = jsnccse ss cseee nn cts tee eee 0. 305 0. 297 Tip of snout to anterior base of dorsal fin........--. 0. 915 0. 893 Heithtot dorsal finitvertical)ee= jae cease eee ene 0. 2038 0. 216 Distance between the extremities of the flukes...... 0. 559 0. 514 The skeleton of 7. catalania is unknown; for T. abusalam Riippell gives the following vertebral formula: C.,7; D.,12; L., 16; Ca., 26=61. In two of the skeletons of 7. tursio in the national collection, how- ever, but twelve pairs of ribs are present, and in one of these, which appears to be perfect, the total number of vertebrae is but sixty-one. - We can, therefore, make no separation on the basis of the total num- ber of vertebra. Irom such indications as we possess, this species appears to be inter- termediate between 7. tursio and T. catalania, but most closely allied with the latter. It would not be a matter of surprise if if should prove to be identical with 7. catalania. Since the foregoing remarks were written Dr. W. Kobelt, director of the Senckenberg Museum, has very obligingly sent me some measure- ments of the type-skull in the collections of that institution. From these it appears that the beak is longer than in 7. tursio, as already stated, and is much narrower at the base than in either TZ. tursio or T. catalania. Its breadth at the middle is about as in the latter species. The breadth at the orbits, however, is less than in either of the others. I subjoin the measurements: Measurements of the type skull of Tursiops abusalam, 2. Centimeters. Total Jength:s.2%'.2 63 Pee a RE eee 46.0 Lengthof beaks: -22.-tissationsece i ee en et ee ee eee eee 27.0 Breadth ofsbealsheforc:themotchess=esse eee. eee eee eee Si oaE Ree 9.2 Breadth of beakvat tisimiddile: ss-.4.. 220 os saat sores Se ee eee eee 6.8 Breadth of intermaxille at same point< :..2-. -0....ececs + -enes |e e eee Breadth betweencentersiotiorbitses sesso betes eens jae a saniercee LSet ra TURSIOPS GILLII. 43 TURSIOPS PARVIMANUS Liitken. Tursiops parvimanus Liitken, K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk Skr., 6th Raekke, rv, 1887, p. 354. Dr. Liitken has described under this name a small form, which is closely allied to T. tursio. It differs chiefly in having the third digit longer than the second, with more numerous phalanges. The formula of the phalanges is 2, 6, 8, 3, 1. The vertebral formula is as follows: C., 7; D.,13; L., 15; Ca., 27=62. In color the species is blackish on the back and fins, and grayish-white on the belly. The species is founded on a single young individual from the Adri- atic. A diagnosis is given in the second part of this work. TURSIOPS GILLII Dall. Tursiops gillit, Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, 1873, p. 13; Scammon, Marine Mammalia, 1874, p. 288. This species was founded by Mr. Dall upon a single mandible, No. 13022, from Monterey, Cal.,* collected by Capt. C. M. Scammon. It be- longed apparently to an adolescent individual. Although the mandi. ble, as a rule, possesses no characters which will serve for the distine- tion of closely allied species, there is one in this case which seems of value, namely, the comparative size of the condyles. In this mandible the greatest diameter of the condyle is contained twice only in the greatest depth of the ramus. In all the mandibles of 7. tursio, on the contrary, the greatest diameter of the condyle is contained two anda half times in the greatest depth of the ramus. The comparatively large condyles of 7. gillit are found again in a skull of Tursiops, 54™ long, from Lower California, No. 12054, collected by Captain Scammon. This skull belonged to an aged individual; the sutures are largely obliter- ated and the teeth are much worn. From its proportions alone this skull could scarcely be distinguished from one of 7. ¢ursio, but the relations of the bones on the under surfaces are decidedly different. In 7. tursio the optic canal rises gradually to the level of the antero-internal border of the frontal, and the whole in- ferior surface of the frontal is nearly plane. In 7. gillit the optic canal ends abruptly without reaching the level of the prominent rounded an- tero-internal border of the frontal, which latter bone is deeply concave. In the wall of the temporal fossa of 7. gillii the lower part of the parietal appears as a narrow band between the anterior margin of the * Although this specimen is not marked ‘‘type” there can be no doubt but that it is the one from which the species was described. Mr. Dall, who kindly examined the mandible at my request, could not decide whether it was his type or not, fourteen years having passed since he last saw it. It corresponds, however, absolutely to his measurements, and is furthermore, the only separate mandible of a Tursiops from California in the collection, 44 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. squamosal and the posterior margin of a backward extension of the frontal, while in Z. tursio the frontal has no backward extension and the parietal is broad inferiorly. Numerous other differences are pres- ent, which, with those mentioned, I have not found in any of the varia- tions of 7’. tursio. Of the external appearance of this dolphin we know but little. Scam- mon, from two ‘momentary observations,” describes it ‘‘as black all over, lightened a little below.” His outline resembles that of a 7. tursio, except that the dorsal fin is narrower than is common in that species. Table of measurements. TURSIOWS GILLII. ~ ee Breadth of | = ee beak— Q ze = we ASE i Ps a4j7 3 ou S e 8 ac 2 = A, ccikcom 2 . ; Type F eraliais 24 |oae = Collection. of Locality. ad ies ao | aan & = : = ao re eo PS z 6/3 |2 |l8| 5 |es |4e5 ° 2S) we | os | so ee Gee A 2 a = oA g eval sagen 5 a col re n <= ~ | one = a = to 3 nD Ss 22 R a eS oe Slee = |a | e398 = ae or eiee 2 eS ora 5) DD | H al 4 be aa o fe Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm 12022 | U.S. Nat. Mus...) 7. gilli .| Monterey, Cal-.... ged eecmme| woe scellasse cel nceecel | Gace pee eee 120544 Se eed Oe Oe eo eee ee Lower California. -.|Ad.| 54.0 | 29.8 | 14.1] 8.8) 4.6 10.0 eee Mus. d’Hist. Nat .|.--...--. Monterey, Cal-..-..-. pce D0 cSulpoved tel oust il) uso eaers 9.2 ba : | | | ® ; 3 oe 5 Extremity | Breadth | Temporal a a A 3 S ot beak to—| between— | __ fossie. a g s ge J. a eee Sale thes bs 8 S| BS se Q : a S o Ce fa o n e lied ui a ° S Q nm. ot wa S =, 5 PES $ | 4 |ea|e2\ 4 a Bll Eee ll ie | Salle 2 i BS | Vereen =D | 5s. es | es Aa | gs | Number 8 2 Sel RES ome ans a 84 | os | oc |-s 8 | of teeth: 5 Sy | Sen Reais Ks a po | Sra pe aie A ss) alee Bx | a3 aq | Ale * ee |S © w 1 SS g s CO Ce) a= Oriel tee S| ° = & q 5 iS ° ° 2 r— 5 Fa of e > HA 4 : b eS eee Sea a SRE Vy SS ages) ees rs 70 | a es eae a on 2 Soe es ae So co ae ch op ~ aq 2 A n = = 2 ae a a a qd q a Fe e a Cs a A Sees | @ 2 ® o 2 2 Fa DO a ee Ie Te 2 WES et PEN at Ges eesti a eaia taes Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Gm. | Cm. | Cm. gekg ETT eae | aii Pin 2 i Rea [tat arab edi >i [igen 49.7 | 5.6 | 23.4 | 10.7} 0.9 r eae }¢ 21—22 = ~ = ; ae pe | 23—223 12051 | 25.4] 5.6] 35.5 | 36.6] 24.5 | 1541135] 85/461] 63/255] 9.7] 0.9 \; - Saas = 21-19 3060 |)2452)) G.4) 33.8 | 34/8 | 2259) jee. =. he Me AS SO OiGiileetetcite O44 Ncecinae ; 19-19 4, DELPHINUS Linné. Delphinus, Linné, Systema Nature, 10th ed., 1758, p. 77, The most salient character by which this genus, in its present re- stricted limits, is distinguished is the presence of two broad and deep lat eral grooves in the palate. This is, indeed, the only character by which DELPHINUS DELPHIS. 45 in the present state of our knowledge it is distinguishable from Prodel- phinus, its nearest ally, and it would even appear that D. roseiventris, Wagner, in some degree annuls the value of this distinction, since the grooves of its palate are shallow, though the pterygoids are very nar- row, as in D. delphis. DELPHINUS DELPHIS Linné. Delphinus delphis, Linné, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 77. Delphinus major, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1856, p. 396. Delphinus fulvofasciatus, Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugeth., pl. 361, fig.1; Hombron and Jacquinot, Zool, Voyage de l’Astrolabe et Zélée, 111, 1853, p.37, Atlas, pl. 21 fied, pl.23; figs. 1, 2. D. Forsteri, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 248; Synopsis, 1868, p. 8. Delphinus janira, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 41, pl. 23; Catalogue, Ist ed., 1850, p. 123; 2d ed., 1866, pp. 245, 398; Supplement, 1862, p. 68. Delphinus pomeegra, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, v1, 1869, p. 23. Delphinus Bairdii, Dall, Proc. California Acad. Sci., v, 1873, p. 12; Scammon’s Mar. Mamm., 1874, p. 283. Delphinus Moorei, Gray, Catalogue, 1866, p. 396; Supplement, p. 68. Delphinus Walkeri, Gray, Catalogue, 1866, p.397; Supplement, p. 68, ? Delphinus nove-zealandiw, Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de l’Astrolobe, Mamm., 1830, p. 149. Delphinus albimanus, Peale, U. 8S. Explor. Exped., 1st ed., vitr, 1848, Mami. and Ornith., 1848, p. 33; Cassin, ditto, 2d ed., 1858, p. 29, pl. 6, fig. 1. Delphinus marginatus, Lafont, Actes d. 1. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 3d ser., V1, p. 518. D. fusus, souverbianus, variegatus, balteatus, moschatus, Lafont, Fischer, Actes d. 1. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 4th ser., v, 1881, p. 127. The elaborate discussion of this species by Fischer (op. cit.) leaves little to be said until great accumulations of new material have been made. I shali confine myself, therefore, to the consideration of his conclusions in the light of such material as I have at command. From the examination of fresh specimens and skulls, I am convineed that the common Delphinus of the Atlantic coast of North America is, as it has generally been considered to be, identical with Linné’s Delphinus del- phis. I have little hesitancy, therefore, in testing the conclusions based upon European specimens by specimens from American waters. As regards the color of this species, | am convinced of the wisdom of Professor Fischer’s remarks: “On ne saurait établir des espéces Wapres des caratéres aussi instables.” There are in my charge draw- ings of four specimens taken at different times on our Atlantic coast, and a photograph of a fifth. No two of these agree exactly with one another nor with any of Lafont’s species. Drawing No. 1 represents an individual similar to that represented by Professor Fischer (P1. tv, Fig. 1), under the name of D. delphis, var. Jusus. It differs, however, in having no white area on the side below the dorsal fin. An area over the anus is yellowish, like the anterior portion of the side. The long narrow streaks of color on the sides are gray rather than greenish or black. The sex of this specimen and the next is unfortunately unrecorded. 46 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Drawing No. 2 is similar to the last, but the yellow color of the anterior portion of the side is dull and grayish. The light area back of the dorsal fin is white, as in Professor Fischer’s figure of fusus. A black band starts from the lower side of the tail, as in Professor Fischer’s figure of souverbianus, but reaches the line of the anterior base of the dorsal fin. ‘’he lateral lines are light gray. Drawings Nos. 3 and 4 represent, respectively, a female and male taken at the same time. The female resembles Fischer’s figure of moschatus (Pl. v, Fig. 1), but the lower jaw is dark-greenish gray, which color extends to and includes the pectoral. The pinkish white of the belly does not extend back of the anus nor above the level of the pectoral fin. All the upper portion of the side is of a nearly uniform dark gray traversed by a narrow band of lighter gray. The male is like the female, except that the lower half of the body, from about the base of the pectoral fin to and beyond the anus, is of a uniform light gray. The photograph represents one female like fusus, but with a light band at the base of the beak like that in variegatus. Another specimen which I examined had a large area in the center of the dorsal fin nearly pure white. Irom these five specimens we would be compelled, following Lafont’s opinions, to describe three additional species. Such a course appears - to me far from advisable. I am strongly of the opinion that these dif- ferences of color are to be looked upon as individual variations. The fact that we do not assign them distinct specific names does not imply that we look upon such variations as void of interest. I shall next consider the cranial characters and proportions of the species. M. Fischer states that the male has a longer and narrower beak than the female. His tables give the following proportions: Delphinus delphis. Females. (From Fischer.) " re cent. of Bee cent. of Soa ead Totallength; ‘length of j/width of beak Description. of skull. beak to total | at middle to length. its length. Om Delphinus delphis, ‘‘ b: uteatus Be 36. 3* 59. 1 20.0 SeARNSUS CH press sae 37.8 56.9 20.9 “balteatus C, ges 39. 3 54.7 18.6 ‘“fusus ee : 42.8 59. 6 21.6 ‘varie gatus B” eee 43.3 57.7 20.0 “Dalteatus A” .... 43.3 58. 9 21.6 SEtasts shy sos ses: 44.8 59. 6 Pe ‘*variegatus A” _.. 45.3 60.7 18. 2 ROASTS IS) deel. ee 47.3 6154 17.3 *M. Tischer having taken his measurements of the total length from the foramen magnuin, while mine ave fromthe surface of thecondyles, I have added 1.3°™ in each case to make the measurements agree. DELPHUINUS DELPHIS. AT We learn from this table that, in a general way, the beak is propor tionally longest in the largest, most nearly adult, skull; also that the proportion of the width of the beak to its length is not co-ordinated. with the absolute size of the skull. The longest beaks are not always the narrowest. The shortest beak in this series of females is in length 54.7 per cent. of the total; the longest, 61.1 per cent. The widest beak has a breadth equaling 99.5 5 per cent. of its length, and the narrowest 17.3 per cent. The average length of the beaks for the three largest skulls is 60.5 per cent.; for the whole series, 58.3. The average width of the three largest is 19.3 per cent.; for the whole series, 20.1. M. Fischer gives measurements of only two males. The proportions of the beak in these and one additional male in the national collection are shown in the following table: | | Per cent. of | Per cent. of | | Totallength| lengthof |widthof be sak! Description. of skull. beak to total | at its middle length. | toits length. cht aati. pest gna |e z : ers | Cm. | Delphinus delphis, * a pues De (Bischer)*==--.- 46.3 59.4 18.1 fusus "411! (U.S. N. M.)-. 48.0 62.5 20.1 | 61.3 16.6 “fusus A” (rischer) Bennie 49.8 In these three specimens again we find that there is no correlation between the width of the beak and the absolute size. The length of the longest beak is 62.5 per cent. of the total, or a little more than that of the longest-beaked female. The average proportional length of the beak is also a little more than in the three largest females, viz, 61.1 percent. The widest beak has a breadth equaling 20.1 per cent. of its absolute length, and the narrowest 16.6 percent. The latter pro- portion is considerably less than in the females, while the average, 18.3 per cent., is also less. M. Fischer’s generalization is borne out by these percentages, but it should be remembered that two of the three males here considered are absolutely larger than any of the females. Since the percentage of the length of the beak rises with the absolute size of the skulls, if the females reach the same size as the males, it appears to me probable that males and females of the same absolute size would give the same percentages of length of beak. This opinion receives some support from the fact that M. Fischer’s male ‘“fusus D,” which is absolutely larger than any of the females except “‘/usus B,” has a relatively shorter beak than three of the females. In addition to the individuals already discussed, I have myself meas- ured a considerable number of similar skulls in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, the British Museum, and elsewhere. In many cases the localities are not given. 48 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM In the following table all these specimens are brought together for comparison : SPB Se ee 2 = Ss oe See eee 8) 3 S [4% | se|ecs 2 3 3 AP $ o i = es a5 g 8 * : ‘ : a a? |/om | s/o 8H 5 5 Collection. Locality. : . S Des KS o | S&9 A A a a 2 |Ss |e | ee | baa 2 °° os tn SH oq 3 og | R 82 ° 5 A ° ee | eae a co os Oo a a a 4 = Q 3 3S a es) 8 SS oS eieotan © a = a of & a a eg - Bo} “A 2 a o o 2 v5 g 2 3 ov ° o ea ue HO fox} Oo n a Hq | faa) A S Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. Th) \GBLUAY || BSCR RESID ooo Seca leeeeomesssoSesSsacs Young | 37.4] 22.1] 84] 4.6 2| 1578 | U.S. Nat. Mus ....| New York Bay .-|..do ....|.41.2 | 25.3] 8.2] 4.9 3 S88bN ices dO cece ce sores Wnikwrowmeeeeeesclteeeccnns 42.0 | 25.2 Bnd) | ose 4 7063s | case CO ease cmecee New York Harbor|......... 43.3 | 26.6] 9.0] 4.5 5 |) a3073. | Panis Music. o--ne Unknown........ Adult. | 43.8 | 27.4] 9.2) 5.1 63) 9aB07Oe te. Oe eee Coastof Hérault.|..do ... | 44.5 |.27.4] 89] 5.1 PPE CRU it Iaasel Oheneccecocecon Unknown. 2i.e- erdorees. | 44500 Sine 9:2°) 5:6 Sill CABO lhe. GO = eesenceeetee pot of Alceria,|..do «...| 44.5 | 27.2)| 8.99) 5.1 1874. 0) |) CBWE Jeno) sessosascssce Coast of Algeria.|..do -...| 45.0 | 28.2 | 8.6] 4.8 ]......]........ 1) | GAYE! Nees) dossenapacese Unknown........ =----=-- 12:0 | 12.0 35 12.0 | Expansion of flukes _-..-..-..-- Se cn Se utoee NSHON TS 115W5' 18507 || Longitudinal width of flukes ........----.-- 5.0 | 60 6.0 6.25 | ei mNtOMAORSUltine seme ance eee asiseacmee =: WesO) || eave ni 7.0 8.0 Extremity of snout to pectoral fin.......---. 20.0) 20.0 | 18.0 18.0 | Extremity of snout to dorsal fin .........--. BEH0)| (S008) 35.0 37.25 | Extremity of snout to angle of mouth ....-- 11.5 | 12.75 11.0 10.6 Extremity of snout to cye.----.-.----------- 1330) || 1375 1255 1240 heal Extremity of snout to blowhole 14.0 | 15.0 14.0 13.0 | Ginihtantheranuse ss s2 sere ee ene ee 2 Diy 25u5 0s 5) lee mame ee Girth atifront of dorsalfin. ---..22.:2=2-2-5--- 40.0 | 39.0 391/0) || 2252 Depth of caudal peduncle at origin of flukes | 3.0 4.0 3.8 Soi) Remembering that these measurements were made by different ob. _ servers on opposite sides of the continent, 1 think it will be conceded that they agree as closely as would measurements of different individ- uals of D. delphis made by different persons. Scammon’s description (p. 99) might be applied to the drawings of East-coast specimen:, which 1 have called Nos. 1 and 2 (see p. 40), ex- cept that the dark mark before the pectorals in the former is black in- stead of gray. It is represented as black, however, in M. Fische1’s figure of D. delphis var. soouerbianus.* There is also among the drawings in the department of mammals a pencil-sketch by Mr. Dall, in which the boundaries of the lines and areas of color correspond almost exactly in position with drawings Nos. 1 and 2. From the evidence now obtainable I am unable to distinguish between * Cétacés de France, PI. rv, fig. 2. 54. BULLETIN 35, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. D). delphis and D. Bairdii, and must, therefore, regard the latter as iden- tical with the former. Delphinus Mooret and D. Walkeri, Gray. These two species are founded on two drawings and two skeletons now in the Liverpool Public Museum. Both species are from a point in the South Atlantic, in the vicinity of Tristan da Cunla. I examined the types and original drawings, and verified from the manuscript the measurements given by Gray.* The colors of D. Moorei in the original, somewhat crude sketch, are, beginning from below, as follows: Light pure slate-gray; darker greenish slate gray; black. The colors of D. Walkeri are: Dirty white; light pure slate-gray; dark pure slate gray ; black. The skulls are, as Gray has said, ‘*so similar that it is not easy to point out any difference in words.” They appeared to me identical with those of D. delphis. The skeletons I was unable to examine in detail, but they are certainly not notably different from those of D. del- phis. The colors of these two individuals, as represented in the sketches, are clearly far from identical. Nor are they exactly like those of any figure of D. delphis which I have examined. Gray brings up an iin- portant issue when he says: Considering that the coloring of the animals shows that they represent two species, one is struck with the very small difference exhibited in the skull by species showing such marked external differences, and can only conelude by thinking how hasty we have been when we have referred skulls received from very distant parts of the world all to Delphinus delphis, etc.t This is quite the converse of Fischer’s opinion, namely : Je pense que le dauphin vulgaire, qui semble habiter presque toutes les mers du globe, présente d’innombrables races ou variétés. But what are the factsin the case under consideration? On the one hand we have two crude sketches of dolphins (not the dolphins them- selves, it should be remembered), similar to each other and to D. delphis, but not absolutely alike. On the other hand we have the two skuils of the same individuals exactly resembling each other and D. delphis. Do they represent distinct species or otherwise? Gray decides by the differences of color in the sketches and affirms that they are distinct, while he admits that the skulls are alike. Prof. Fischer, on the other hand, would probably hold that, the skulls being alike, the differences in color must be regarded partly as mistakes of the artist and partly as real variations by which the different social families of D. delphis are distinguished from one another. There is one fact not taken into account by Gray which leads one to believe that the latter opinion is correct, namely, that the proportions of * Liitken (Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6t° Raeck., 1889), states that these sketches were not made by Walker, but by Capt. Andréa. t Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 398. DELPHINUS DELPHIS. 55 D. Mooret are identical with those of D. delphis. In the following tabie the measurements of D. Moorei are placed by the side of those derived from the No Man’s Land specimen of the same sex ( 2 ) already referred to (p. 53): D. delphis. D. Moorei No Man’s Measurements. (from Gray). | Land, Mass. On U.S. Nat. Mus. ?. Ft. In. Ft. In. Mouth to tip of tail ..- 6 33 6 33 Lengthof mouth. - 11 1s Length of snout 53 54 Snout to eye .....- 13 124 Snout to snout-hole. 13 134 Snout to pectoral fin \- 18h 18 Snout to back fin -.......... 33 35 The agreement here is very close. The measurements of D. Walkeri, which I did not see, are stated by Gray to be “nearly the same as in D. Moorei.” We have, therefore, two dolphins agreeing with D. delphis in their skulls and proportions, but represented as differently colored. I believe that they should be looked upon as individuals of that species, inaccurately represented, or at the most as varieties of that species. Delphinus algeriensis Loche.* Professor Fischer regards this species as possibly belonging to LP. marginatus, but in the coloration, which alone is described, it appears to me to most resemble D. delphis. It is larger than any of the speci- mens of which Professor Fischer has given the dimensions, but is equaled by Scammon’s specimens of D. Bairdii (=D. delphis). Delphinus albimanus Peale.t There is in the National Museum a mounted skin, in a bad state of preservation and without a trace of the original coloration, which is re- corded as the type of this species. It does not closely resemble Peale’s figure of the species. Upon cutting open the head, I found only a por- - tion of the mandible in position. This and the bones of the manus, which I also exposed by cutting away the skin, agree with those of D. delphis. We may, I think, fairly conclude that Peale’s species repre- sents one of the varieties of D. delphis, like D. forsteri, which have areas of white on the fins. 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DELPHINUS LONGIROSTRIS Cuvier (ex Dussumier). Delphinus longirostris Dussumier, Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed., 1829, p. 288; Gervais, Ostévg. des Cétacés, 1880, p. 604, Pl. XxxIXx, figs. 10, 11. The name Delphinus longirostris was employed by Gray in the Spicilegia Zoologica a year prior to the publication of the second edi- tion of the Regne Animal, but it appears that Gray’s specimen really belonged to another genus, viz, Prodelphinus,* and there is therefore no impropriety in retaining for the long-beaked, many-toothed Delphin- us the name which Cavier took from Dussumier’s manuscripts. There is some question, however, as to the specimen which Cuvier had in mind, and the determination of this point is made the more necessary by Professor Flower’s recent interesting discovery that the specimen which Gray made the type of his D. capensis is a true Delphinus, with a longer beak and more numerous teeth than D. delphis (List, p. 26). Cuvier’s diagnosis of the species, if diagnosis it may be termed, is very brief. He simply states that it “surpasses even the common dol- phin in the number of its teeth, having from fifty-five to sixty through- out. From the coast of Malabar.”t There is in the Paris Museum a skull, No. 45065, labeled ‘‘Hudelphinus longirostris, Malabar. Dussu- mier, 1827.” This is undoubtedly the skull figured by Van Beneden and Gervais (Ustéog., Pl. XXxXxIx, figs. 10,11), but those authors give the number of teeth as + although their figure shows 65-63 teeth 54-5397 in the upper jaw. In the same skull I counted 65-65 teeth in the upper 55-55 53-54? ing to that given by Van Beneden and Gervais in the text, except that the number on the left and right sides of the mandible, respectively, is reversed. No mention is made of this species in the first edition of the Régne Animal; it appears for the first time in the second edition, of which the first volume was issued in 1829, two years later than the date on the label of Dussumier’s specimen. From the evidence at command I believe that the skull which I examined is identical with that which Cuvier had in mind. Whether this species is identical with Gray’s D. capensis (Spice. Zool., 1828, p. 2) remains to be determined. If such proves to be the case, Gray’s name will have to be adopted for the species. Professor Flower jaw. Pucheran, onthe other hand, gives the formula correspond- *Pucheran (Rev.and Mag. de Zoologie, 1856, 452) is at a loss to understand how Gray could apply the terms ‘‘osse palatino carinato” (Spicilegia, p.2) to a skull in which the “palate” is flat, but had he studied the matter more closely I think he would have concluded, as I have, that Gray’s term ‘‘palate-bone” means in reality the pterygoid. t McMurtrie, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, i, 1831, p. 202. The original second edition of the Regne Animal is not at command. f Ostéog., p. 604. DELPHINUS LONGIROSTRIS. 59 states that the skull which he extracted from the type-skin of D. capensis has a longer beak than any other Delphinus in the collection, but he does not specify whether absolute or relative length is intended and does not give the number of teeth. The skull No. @3065, which I believe to be the type of D. longirostris, is certainly different from that of D. delphis. The skull is 49.5°™ long, the beak being 67.9 per cent. of this length, a proportion not reached by any skulls of D. delphis which I have examined. It is also much narrower across the orbits, and the teeth, as already stated, are more . 5-65 numerous, viz, = The temporal fosse are large and rounded, the pterygoids very narrow and sharply keeled. The palatine grooves are very deep, the intermaxille are very high near the notch, and are rounded. The specimen does not appear to be old. I did not find any other which I thought specifically identical with it. Table of measurements. DELPHINUS LONGIROSTRIS. | Breadth | iof beak — | ~~ a: a oO o | a | or | | = eee | |e | Mag | Sat ° S | a & oa BR fea ee Saleect a nia Ps c= 2 arse WeSeaellaeseces a Collection. Type of— Locality. fay NWuereel. es leree: |) Sree 5 ? : On RES BOT i eseatcon ||| HOLES A On ies oP Nehirs | s =n ies . on ~ o = “Ts | Sie © = oN SH SS) os | E e ees Sa Worn tll ae bes |e e =. o | one no A | Se} io E Fe ee Se nes ene lichen ea eco @ 7 oe | © |)2 SS x ata S Aa Sie. lee les 258 o m | H ales 4 /a | | se cote =e | |e = | Cm. | Cm. | Cm.,; Cm.| Cm. | Cm. a3065 | Mus. @’ Hist. nat. | D. longirostris..| Malabar ..| Ad.) 49.5 | 23.7 8.4 3.8) 2.0 7.4 = Extremity | Breadth Temporal | 3 a eae a of beak to—| between— fossx. ss leu 5 | aa 3 eaeey acti |e oa p = Ou A te 7 | cea 7) oH Oi leecsuaal : oe ° A a) R a 2 reget) et : Sica: i Weems Oe sie ae eso] 8 Pies es | ae = ba eal eonlie allie | sells 3 o Bel) > | = aR a == Nase |e macetes | tecs ta Pat 5 ° ° | Oo; | Hs aS S he} on A D ° rr) 8 i SH g see OS bom Cs ~ a ~ i I nS | a's a Se aces 22 | eH oO eS Ae LOE Ole as eH = i oA ons ° 3 So eat | a of ° ° ° 5° Eu ester} e ie St ss | og eal cianl Pens ile Sein cans amc ° ~p.| inet a o 9 ~ a ors sa eon rcs all 2 Fes to | 15 oF = oo en 2 o6 0 EN * a | a ~ a D = z= 2 Ai: q ay A a a | Su o 3S o e a =| ba = o 2 2 o © | 2x | = = o HoH 4 a Oo |q A A H | QH |A | A A = | aay ieeraes airs | | ———— Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. Om. | Cm. Cm. a | 65-65 a3065\| 30.2.) 4.7 |.38.1 | 38.8 | 14.7 | 12.9 | 7.4) 61) 43.7} 9.9 |.-.-.. | 6.3 | 4.6 ; sane | | | oi- DELPHINUS CAPENSIS Gray. Delphinus capensis, Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, 1, 1828, p. 2. For remarks upon this species, see p. 58. 60 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DELPHINUS ROSEIVENTRIS Wagner.* Delphinus roseiventris, Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugeth., Pl. CCCLx, fig. 1. Dauphin a ventre rose, Jacquinot & Pucheran, Zool. Voyage Astrolabe et Zélée, iii, 1853, p. 39; Atlas, Pl. 22, fig. 2, Pl. 23, figs. 3-4. I am led to retain this species in the genus Delphinus (restricted) on. account of the form of the palate and the style of coloration of the exterior. Pacheran and Jacquinot had three skulls before them when at work upon their account of the species. Two of these skulls, Nos. 43026 and a3027, are in the Paris Museum; the third (apparently) is No. 569 of the museum of Cambridge University. There are figures of both skull and exterior in the atlas of the voyage, and the former is also figured in Messrs. Van Beneden and Gervais’ Ostéographie, Pl. XXXVIII, figs. 6 and 6a. The skulls are peculiar for their small size and the unevenness of the surface of the different bones. The palate shows a condition in some measure intermediate between that found in Prodelphinus and that char- acteristic of Delphinus. The pterygoids are narrow and small, as in Delphinus, and a distinctly marked channel extends on either side of them nearly to the extremity of the beak. These channels are in no wise so deep, however, as in D, delphis or D. longirostris In proportions it differs from the other species of the genus. Its small absolute size would alone serve to distinguish it from the remaining species. Table of measurements. DELPHINUS ROSEIVENTRIS. j 1 se as Breadth of | = g 5 beak— 2 Siew = aoe ast l|| ORES A so . bs aia | Sos ool se) |: C o = e381 ea8 2 : S Bee Sas : o . . = ~ Ss ’ 8 Collection. Type of— Locality. ; a 4 3 so] a6 q a a 2 So =| oe z 5 = oO eo | = So ae eo 2 = 2 o zt ‘S ‘SO | -A Sirs = 2 Ep md 4|! uo a oe reli ||| one a =| 2) 4/38) 2 | 38) ges s Sti ie e | & + S aaa ~ iy) 34 q 2 et S Ss 3 o eli 9S o | + = a HO oO m) AH | a | 4 4 | oO a aS ePhe Sd SIT eee a eS a Ee Cm. | Om. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. a3026 | Mus. d’Hist. nat.1.| D. roseiventris |.....- Fs Sora |lattelay (OMoto: | Daa, | © ERG eG alate Sil | 569 | Cambridge Mus.} |....do ........- Torres Strs |..-.! 35.4 | 22.8] 63] 3.6] 1.8 5.3 | | | *So far as I have been able to ascertain, the custom of citing Wagner as the author- ity for the name of this species has arisen simply from the fact that the name occurs on one of the plates which accompany the seventh part of Schreber’s Séugethiere. The species is not mentioned in the text, nor even in the list of plates. t L’Astrolabe, 1840. t Voyage de l’Astrolabe. GENUS PRODELPEINUS. 61 Table of measurements—Continued. : | eee} ee | . | fe a Extremity | Breadth | Temporal S a a a of beak to— between— fossie. 2 a | s Y 3H =e ee NS se am eee | eee alice | oF a Ssoloag eae S| | 3 ae eps: | ne | 4 ELcay ieee Meares m 2 fol [Eee eSrer ass A 2 S Bm | 40) 22] 2 | Number of 5 ~ a oLR iin A aa | oe o S| oe | = 2/\oqg gq 5 S Shml|ad |e. | o£. hes =) GSS eS. 8 teeth A Se oe lg es | ees) | |) Betis [Ese Seer | eiSes 2 — | SS) 76] 36 | a's | |} |°H]a | o8] 6 5 2° Gm | Bs | Boe | P| | © | 2 OSE ce on a 3} SES | . ie | ore Nt eet a los | one | AS: ~ ~ He, | = a Oa | + qa ~ ~ ieee his | os a a | + Bis | a2 os & a | 3 BEE Poole | ome ke ae ies + 8 n ee 2 ao a a A A | a ee ie 3 ® a 5 A Flat o vo | o |o Bie Stet | oO | al ® = = sk oe 4 4 xs Ee oe iS So ' if & pre oe ' ' ' ' ' , ‘ , ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ro — macow bo sn unk oO w S Of, S Haw a Sale | 2 no; al [Breadth of = og beak— | & BE pene = eS | b | ead ee _ | @ Fo 3 oie So aed 9 Collection. Type of— Locality. r4 a as|a as 5 fates a ° eu o | 2 ES D oq le et ea eae 3 Sl} te | « | SSie)|eos |” sk = qa ° o |= SBS |eFE on Sa a |@A | 8) ee |e ey a Pet af a fs SS eee a a >) > | 2 ~ |g Com es n| A H |< a1 oO |_ ae = a = | aa | re ck Cm. | Om. | Om. |\Cm| Cm. Cm 1473a@ | Brit. Mus......-. Ondorides ssa. eetacteee cece cee] 43.8) [25:4 ST Se vit Seu 8.0 Soi) | Re doje ae aaeeese O. euphrosy- |..3.2- 122 secesne ---| 43.8 | 25.6 | 10.9 [5.8] 2.5 8.1 zi : noides. LO RO yA WaC EOS pl eee Jamaica .....--. Ad.| 43.6 | 25.2 | 10.4 |5.2) 23] 7.8 Netley. | | n.n. | Norwich Mus...| P. euphro- |....:-ss-----<--- =a. | ATOM ORT Vote: ee sot Sell eee syne | u.n.| Mus. d’Hist. | D. margina-| Dieppe ..-..... Ge | Ao) 29124 eT, \° 3 3 2 nat. tus. | C302 bie Oks ase eas D. tethyos...| Mouth of Orb.-..|.-..| 44.3 | 24. 10.9 15.6) PRODELPHINUS LATERALIS. 65 Table of measurements—Continued. ' | | | 207 mgt s by sz Extremity | Breadth | Temporal | 3 a of beak to—| between— | fosswx. | 3 a | a | " esae| oe ile 2 “4 3° a S | Wry oa wlth ll ck, “4 . | 2 | | Bolmavtog | |e a gla | S| = | ae io [cee | 22 | ne ee ee 2) 2. | ; eel ore) theo |cepe ||P rae S | as Geli ee | Psd eel a Buh |iesscas: |S oh 5 a5 rs | & | S = OR aera cies I) sch Bs Se! em |ireeee | 2 Beli bea! 6 | 33 2 hale, sUlrcdl ee 2. | |e Seles: ae | 3” € E SelnS etal es meee ese | 2.88) 2 | abe hey Soe sanes Belo is | fe | ae lcaeahe hme Weel a & 8 cS o eS | & a 4 mt o Ov, || ke o = 5 oO HH | a oF Wi H A Hf | A A en i ; | mtb = a 4 i <7 er | i‘ line a or | Cm. | Cin | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm | Om. | Cm. | Cm. |\Cm. 6 42— 41 14730 | 21.8) 4.8 | 30.5 | 32.2) 18.7/ 15.2! 6.3] 4.6] 37.1] 5.1 | 21.6 6.6.25) a | 15 50— 50 @5l@ | 2209'|| 368 | 30.5 |....2.|.-.2.. Were Baile Ses yee ie eerie feet creators | | | | | 6 245— 45 179 | 21.6 4G AQEDN| freee 17.8 | 14.0 6.3 B53 ase ee pec lseeee 6.6 -10245— 45 | | | . —— | Piy| bee dint) \§ 45— 45 Rn. |.--2-- J---+ - Jocesee|eseee- 2013) pss. Gal | 4.054100 | 2 = lees Sie beetemelee ns » 43 43 | | [eeoe ral hi ; | |; 248248 Non. | 25.4 426) b4508| 0.5) | 20a 1 ons 6.3 Dae PANS OM Gu ees a Taal ere arth =aae | | | | | | : ral 46— 45 @3021 2126) 45.3) 1:30: 3: | 32:0 | 19.8 | 15.3 "ical De Sia aOsere |), eset relate n y Ay Beas SA ==45 | | | a | | 44— 46 a3022 | 21.1 4.3 | Oa oL6 Wi LOSGt e148 5.6 4.3 | 35.6 qe acet 6. 3) |= | Pane fay eR | | es | | 6 246—248 a3023 | 22.1 Aa Oncol tel eS see. 18.8 | 14.0 6.9 4.8 | 37.1 5.6 [Faster 7.4 ----|2 44— 43 | | | | | | |6 242— 42 a3024 | 24.2 453 | 33.5 | Bone | LL n Lond ead 4.8 39.9 Baler [tte creek 6.9 --+-/9 240— 40 ee Pa EE ree SS TI i: aye *Extreme. PRODELPHINUS (?) LATERALIS Peale. Delphinus lateralis, Peale, Mamm. U. 8. Expl. Exped., Ist ed., 1548, p. 35, PI. viul, fig. 1. Lagenorhynchus lateralis, Cassin, Mamm. U.S. Expl. Exped., 2d ed., 185%, p. 32, PAS Vall; figs 3" Every student must be struck with the general resemblance of Peale’s figure to the figure of P. marginatus given by Pucheran.* The color of the two type-specimens seems to have been similar, but there are cer- tain differences which make it impossible to refer P. lateralis to P. margt- natus without question. The general color of the upper surfaces of P. marginatus is represented as black, while Peale’s animal is said to have been “light purplish- gray.” It should be borne in mind, however, that the specimens of the former species were drawn some time after they were capiured, while it is probable that Peale’s sketch was made immediately. The general arrangement of the dark bands is much alike in both figures, and the color of the fins is identical. On the other hand, there is nothing corresponding to the spots so plainly indicated in Peale’s sketch to be found in the drawing of P. * Revue et Mag. de Zool., 2™° sér., vit, 1856, p. 545, pl. 25. esi S—= Dilly SO D 66 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. marginatus. The dorsal fin is situated much farther back in P. margi- natus than in P. lateralis. The locaiities from which the different specimens were derived are far apart. On account of the presence of these differences, real or apparent, and of others which may be perceived by comparison of the figures, it is not possible to unite the species at the present time. Why Cassin should have regarded Peale’s species as belonging to the genus Lagenorhynchus is not clear. The shape of the beak is cer- tainly not characteristic of that genus. Since Prodelphinus is not dis- tinguishable from Delphinus by external characters in the present state of knowledge, I have referred Peale’s species to this genus with a mark of interrogation. Its close resemblance to P. marginatus externally is my chief reason for placing it here. PRODELPHINUS PLAGIODON Cope. Delphinus plagiodon, Cope, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 296. Complete data regarding three individuals belonging unquestionably to this species are at command. The skeletons, photographs of the exterior, certain of the viscera, aud measurements of these specimens are in the collection of the National Museum. ‘There is also a east of one individual. One ‘specimen, No. 22017, was captured off Hatteras, North Carolina, by the naturalist of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross. The secoud specimen, No. 15030, was purchased by the Smithsonian Institution from the fishermen of Pensacola, Fla., through Messrs. Warren &Stearnsof that place. A description of this in- dividual has been given by the writer in the Smithsonian Report for 1884 (pt. 2, pp. 817-324, Pls. 1-v1). It is therein identified with P. plagiodon (Cope), which species is in turn regarded as apparently identical with P. doris (Gray). While, after further reflection and comparison of speci- mens, [am more than ever convinced of the correctness of the identifi- cation of the freshly-acquired specimens with P. plagiodon (Cope), on the other hand I begin to doubt whether the latter species should be regarded as identical with Gray’s Clymenia doris. If the relative pro- portions of the species alone are considered, the tivo species do, indeed, appear to be identical, but when the absolute size is regarded the matter assumes a different aspect. The type-skull of P. plagiodon is from a youngish individual, yet it is larger than the type of P. doris or any of the skulls called doris or dubius iu the collections of the British Museum, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Museum d’Histoire naturelle. The Pensacola and Hatteras specimens, which are clearly not old (the epiphyses of the vertebral centra are not anchylosed), are still larger than the type of P. plagiodon. They exceed the typeof P. doris in length by 2.55 inches and 2.3 inches, respectively. The Pensacola skull is more than an inch longer than the largest of the twenty-nine skulls of the oa PRODELPHINUS MALAYANUS. 67 doris series which I examined in the European collections. Further- more the teeth are considerably larger than in P. frenatus. They measure 5™™ in diameter at the base, and but 4 to 44 are included in 26™™ (=1 Danish inch). In Dr. Liitken’s specimens the teeth measured about 3"" in diameter, and 5 to 55 were included in a Danish ineb. ° I am inclined to believe that P. plagiodon must be regarded as a larger species than P. doris, though the skulls of both are much alike in appearance. The skull of P. euphrosyne differs from that of P. plagiodon, chiefly by its more numerous teeth and smaller temporal fossze. The skeleton of the type of P. marginatus gives the following formula: C.7; D. 15; ii: 21; Ca. 23 = 76. The two specimens of P. plagiodon give the following formulwe: No. 15030 ¢ Pensacola, Fla., C. 7; D. 14; L. 19; Ca.29 = 69. No. 22017 ¢ Haiteras, N. C., C. 7; D. 14; L. 19; Ca. 28 = 68. Other differences in the skeleton are as follows: In P. marginatus. In P. plagiodon. (1) The third cervical vertebra is united tothe | (1) It is free. second. (2) The neural spines cease at the 68th vertebra. | (2) At the 60th vertebra. (3) The transverse processes cease at the 63d | (3) At the 54th vertebra. vertebra. (4) The foramina at the base of the transverse | (4) At the 49th vertebra. process begin at the 59th or 60th vertebra. | The centra are flattened and oblong at the | (5) At the 61st vertebra. 68th vertebra. | — on = (6) The anterior zygapophyses end at the 28th vertebra, and begin again at the 44th vertebra. The phalanges areas follows: 1,1; 11, 8(+); = (7 ~— (6) They end at the 29th vertebra (as distinct pro- cesses) and begin again at 40th vertebra. (7) As follows: I, 2; IL, 9; III, 7; LV, 3; V, 1. III, 6; IV, 2; V,0. P. plagiodon is readily distiiguishable from P. marginatus (= P. _ euphrosyne) externally by its spotted skin. 1, PRODELPHINUS MALAYANUS (Lesson). Delphinus malayanus, Lesson, Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., 1, pt. i, 1826, p. 184; atlas, pl. 9, fig.5; Schlegel, Abhandl. Gebiete Zool., Hft. 1, 1811, p. 20, Pl.1 and tee 2: lal Live, fips ? Delphinus brevimanus, Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugeth., 1846, pl. 361, fig. 2. ? Dauphin a petites pectorales, Jacquinot & Pucheran, Voyage de la Astrolabe & Zélée, Mamm. & Ois., 1853, p. 38; atlas, pl. 21, fig. 2; pl. 23, figs. 7 and &. 2. PRODELPHINUS ATTENUATUS (Gray). Steno attenuatus, Gray, Zool. Ere. & Terr., 1846, p. 44, Pl. xX vit. Delphinus pseudodelphis, Wiegmann in Schreber’s Siiugeth., pl. 358; Wagner in do., 1846, p. 332; Schlegel, Abhand]. Gebiete Zool., Hft., 1, 1841, p. 22. Steno capensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1865, p. 522. Clymene punctata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1865, p. Whales, 1866, p. 398, fig. 101. 738; Cat. Seals and 68 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3. PRODELPHINUS FRCENATUS (F. Cuvier). Delphinus froenatus, F. Cuv., Mamm. de Ja Ménag., liv. 58, liv. 59; Hist. nat. des Cétacés, 1836, p. 155, pl. 10, fig. 1. Delphinus frontalis, Dussumier, in Cuy. Régne Animal, 1, p.288. (Fide Wagner.) Delphinus doris, Gray, Zool, Ere. & Terr., 1846, p. 39, Pl. xx. ? Delphinus dubius, G. Cuy., Ann. du Muséum, xrx, 1812, p, 14. Delphinus clymene, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 249. Clyncnia normalis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 214. The relatiouships of these three species (if such they be) are so cluse that I have thought best to consider them conjointly. Professor Flower has said (List, p. 30) that— Though single well-marked specimens of Gray’s Clymenia doris and Steno attenuatus may be so unlike as to justify their being placed in distinct species, yet when a large series, such as those of the British Museum and College of Surgeons combined, are compared together, the two extremes pass so insensibly into each other that it is difficult to avoid the suspicion that the differences depend upon age, or sex, or on individual variation. Unfortunately these forms are known at present only by skulls. When the remaining parts of their organization can be correlated with them proba- bly other specific distinctions will be demonstrated. That it is unsound to combine all these nominal species at present appears from the fact that there are indications that the exterior of the individuals from which some three or four of the skulls were derived dif- ered much ini appearance. In the atlas of the Voyage of the Coquille (pl. 9, fig. 5) is figured the exterior of a dolphin, taken between Java and Borneo, and in the text styled D. malayanus. With this species Schlegel, in the Abhand- lungen, identifies a skull from Celebes, two skulls from Java, and a young individual, somewhat over one and one-half feet long, from Borneo. This individual appears to have been a suckling, as is indi- cated both by its size and by the fact that “it still had some hairs on the sides of the snout,” and that the teeth were “still only incom- pletely broken through the gums.” ‘The color is bluish-black gray, the under parts somewhat .clearer.” The skull from Celebes, which I examined, closely resembles the type of Gray’s C. attenvatus, but is ab- solutely larger, with relatively longer beak and shorter tooth-row. ‘The number of teeth is, however, nearly the same. Of the individual which served for the type of DPD. malayanus of the Coquille no parts appear to have been brought home. ‘The color is de- seribed as “ uniformément cendrée.”* It was 5 feet 11 inches (I*rench) long. It is, of course, impossible to determine whether Schlegel’s identifica- tion of his specimens with D. malayanus was a correct one, but the young individual was at all events not unlike that species in color. In the atlas of the Voyage of the Astrolabe and Zélée (pl. 21, fig. 2; pl. 23, figs. 7 and 8) are figured the skull and exterior of another dark ~ * All the fizures on plate 9 of the atlas of the Coquille ‘are colored bluish-green, which is evidently not intended as the natural color, PRODELPHINUS FRGNATUS. 69 gray species, called Dauphin a petites pectorales. Gray (Catalogue, page 236) states that it was from Banda, Singapore, but ou what authority I have been unable to determine. In the figure of the exterior the pectoral fins are entirely too small. The measurements in the text agree well with those given by Lesson for D. malayanus. Further- more, the skull figured on plate 23, figs. 7 and 8, very closely resem- bles the skull which Schlegel identified with D. malayanus. It is a little smaller and has rather smaller temporal fossze, but otherwise agrees with Schlegei’s skull in details of strueture. From such evidence as presents itself it seems to me probable that Schlegel was correct in his identification, and that D. malayanus Les- son and D, brevimanus Wagner are identieal. That this species is distinct from P. attenuatus, though closely related, is apparently indicated by the differences in the proportions derived from the measurements given on page 72. In 1865 Gray, in the Catalogue, page 398, described a species under the name of Clymene punctata from a specimen in the Public Museum, Liverpool. Through the kindness of Mr. Moore, I examined the orig- inal material upon which this species was based. My time was so limited, however, that I could only examine and measure the skull and note the colors in the original sketch of the exterior. The skull very closely resembles P. franatus both in size and pro- portions, and I think there can be little doubt that it is identical with the latter specifically. The exterior is as Gray figured it (Catalogue, page 398, fig. 101). The upper parts (see diagnosis, p. 166) are black, the under surface, the lower jaw, pectoral fin, and the band over the tail are very dark slate-gray. There are numerous white spots on the sides. The measurements and locality are correctly quoted by Gray from the original. The exterior in this species is plainly different from that of P. malay- anus, while, as already stated, the skull is precisely like P. franatus. The skull of P. attenuatus closely resembles two others, namely, one called D. pseudodelphis Wiegmann, in the Leyden Museum, and the type Steno capensis Gray. I examined in the Leyden Museum a skull which in all probability is that referred to by Schlegel in the Abhandlungen as D. pseudodelphis. it closely resembles Gray’s S. attenuata, and if Schlegel’s identification is correct, D. pseudodelphis would, therefore, seem to be identical with Gray’s species. If the identification can be proven correct, pseudodelphis would supplant attenuata as the name of the species under consideration. The type-skull of Steno capensis, Gray, scarcely differs at all from S. attenuata except in size. It is about an inch longer than the type-skull of the latter species. Professor Flower holds that the two species are “not distinguishable” (Char. and Div., p. 498), and there is every reason to regard this opinion as the correct one. 70 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The evidence at command seems, therefore, to warrant the union of the three nominal species D. pseudodelphis, Wieg., S. attenuata, and S. capensis into one. Prodelphinus frenatus (F. Cuv.). The two skulls in the Paris Museum labeled P. frenatus, and pre- sumably the types of that species, are precisely like the type-skull of P. doris (Gray). The exterior of P. frenatus is different from that of P. punctata (=P. attenuata). Itlacks the spots of the latter species, and the pectoral fins are black, like the back, rather than light-colored, like the belly. I was formerly inclined to regard Delphinus plagiodon as probably synonymous with P. doris (=P. frenatus). It is somewhat different in color, however, and the greater size of the skulls now at command ap- pears to indicate that it is a somewhat larger species than P. franatus. Supplementary remariss. Dr. Liitken, in bis recently-published contribution to the history of Prodelphinus and other genera, to which reference has already been made, gives much new information in regard to this very perplexing group of species.* Ue presents measurements and other data regard- ing four skeletons and three skulls of P. doris (=P. frenatus), and the same regarding two skeletons which he identifies with P. attenwatus. These two species have the following vertebral formule: P. doris, C. 7; D. 14; L. 16-18; Ca. 31-33=70. P. attenuatus, C. 7; D. 15; L- 21; Ca. 36-38 =79-81. One individual of P. doris is represented in a sketch by Captain Andréa as being dark on the back, white on the belly, and covered with very numerous spots. Another individual is represented as dark greenish-gray on the back, light gray on the belly, and with but few spots or streaks, which are confined to the region in front of the pec- toral fin. There is a well-marked band between the pectoral fin and the forehead. (A copy of Dr. Liitken’s figures is given in the plates. These figures are given only to show the color-marking; the outlines are diagrammatic.) IP. attenuatus is represented as dark on the back and ashy-gray below. Except as regards their different vertebral formule and the corre- lated disposition of the processes and foramina of the vertebrie, the specimens identified by Dr. Liitken as P, attenuatus might be placed under P. frenatus. Iam not aware, however, that any such consider- able variations in the number of vertebra as are here pointed out have been recorded as occurring among individuals of a single species. * Liitken, K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 6. Raekke, v, 1839. PRODELPHINUS FRCENATUS. rel ‘Nevertheless, since the skulls and external proportions of the speci- menus identified by Dr, Liitken as P. doris, attenwatus, and alope are almost identical, the question naturally arises whether the difference in number of vertebre may not possibly be due to individual variation. It would be very interesting in this connection to know the vertebral formula of Gray’s P. punctatus, the skull of which seems to me identical with the type-skull of P. attenuatus, but whose style of marking resem- bles Dr. Liitken’s P. doris, No. 4. Since Dr. Liitken states that the types of Gray’s D. mooret and D. walkeri (=D. delphis), which are la- beled “ Walker’s No. 1” and ‘* Walker’s No. 2,” were really obtained by Captain Andréa, it occurs to me that the type of D. punctatus, which is labeled “ Walker’s No. 3,” may also have been obtained by Captain Andréa. It is from a point near the Cape Verde Islands, only a few miles distant from the place in which Dr. Liitken’s P. doris, No. 2, was derived, and was probably caught in the same year. The specimen which Dr. Liitken places under “P. obscurus (Gray)”* certainly does not belong to that species, which is, I believe, a Lagen- orhynchus. In color this specimen seems to me intermediate between the two specimens figured on page 34.4 In external proportions it agrees with P. doris No. 4,¢ and in skeletal proportions with this and other specimens on pages 32-33. In conclusion, it may be said that it is necessary for the present to regard P. attenuatus as a distinet species, on account of its different vertebral formula. The difference in color between P. frenatus and Dr. Liitken’s speci- men of P. doris may be regarded as due to difference in age. As al- ready stated, however, if it should be shown heveafter that the number of vertebr is subject to variation, there is apparently no other reason why all the specimens should not: be regarded as belonging in one vari: able species. *Op. cit., p. 42. tOp. cit. —‘tOp. cit., p. 31. 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Amphib., 1830, p. 34, Leucorhamphus, Lilljeborg, Upsala Univ. Arsskrift, 1861, p. 5. Professor Flower (List, p. 497) is inclined to believe that the finless dolphins on which this genus is erected may prove to belong to Pro- delphinus. Until the skeleton is obtained it will be impossible to de- cide whether this view is correct or otherwise. Theskullin the National Museum (No. 8160, obtained by Mr. Dall), however, which is known to be that of a finless dolphin, presents certain characters which make it probable that this genus has claims to recognition equally with Lageno- rhynchus, Prodelphinus, and other genera of the family. In the skulls in the College of Surgeons, London, and the National Museum, respectively, and in that figured in the Ostéographie (PI. XXXVI, figs. 3 and 3a) the pterygoids are apart at their base, and, ex- cept in the first mentioned, throughout their entire length. In an adult skull in the Berlin Museum from Yeddo, Japan, collected by Dr. Hil- genlorf, ihe pterygoids are long and are not in contact distally. If, when more specimens have been accumulated, this character is found 18 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to hold good, it willaidin distinguishing this genus from Lagcnorhynchus, Prodelphinus, Tursiops, and Delphinus, its nearest allies. In the skullin the National Museum the free margins of the maxilla behind the notch are thinned out as in Sagmatias. I neglected to note this character in the skull in the College of Surgeons, and Van Beneden and Gervais figure only the lower side of their specimen. : The mandible of our specimen is remarkable for its extreme attenua- tion anteriorly. It is bent downward and is not keeled anteriorly. In Cuvier’s figure of LZ. peronit the mandible is bent downward, but is dis- tinctly keeled (Oss. fossiles, 4th ed., pl. 222, figs. 5-6). The scapula of L. peronii, figured by Cuvier (Oss. foss., 4th ed., pl. 224, fig. 20), is, as pointed out, remarkabie for its width as compared with its height. The acromion and coracoid are also very large. The genus may be provisionally defined as follows: No dorsal fin. Pterygoids apart in the median line, at least at the base. Maxillie not thickened behind the notch. Two species are tolerably well known, the one, L. peronii, from the South seas, and the other, Z. borealis, from the North Pacific. They may be distinguished by their coloration, as follows: I Beak An | Hares “a at Ir ofedluega- ieee , Ss og ieee Soa 0a ales B a eae een {re apa et Ouilea! . 2 | SS, See mee elie al | | = et: Hi Ponders Med a ra rad oe Sc CLe | a | | | | 3 eo Sr 08 a |& = a S Ales | | a2 2 o a ES alae Oi. Bieta en. | | fo 6 9] eee) Se | oz Paro ® = iS ae Niece eS | @_ | (set a ae | Bo lore + I | ~ ma oes = D g jog st aes ieee SEE sie ls 1S8le 23 = ° 18 ae | 5 on S | ° On ee | On lk = CL, o.9\¥ nred= Bin “= Sm (ase a | : rl a a 5 |s o = ee te = et = a ie a Pee eee |e ~ Neos DD — = ob » wD aS 3 oO aa: ie “OI Sic 'GR on | toe g 8 q | 2 + 3 eae 38 &@ | a |a Ae ete tee 5 S 3} a | & | A F -— | | o is 5 5 4-4 |4 | | Seca el A OE ese Ise ate a = [Esa a 2 eee | | | Cm.| Cm, | Cm. | Cm. | Cm.| Cm. | Cm. | Cm | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | 1 49-43 | | 2—4. 3029 | 21.3 ft OLD OU. Ome eceet 16 6.9 Beal aos aaa, 21.3 6.6|....13 ; | | | | | lL 41—48 2 20.5" sess ame coer Le eco] eee cell oe ere eee 36:2 || 5 ce-s|eeosee | o' Gsi Sf wae) tae --- : | la al | aia Se iz | 6 4244 8160 | 20.1 5.1} °29 30.8 | 17.6 | 15.8] 7.1 | Osaiy| Sheol sere 20.7 6.9 | 0.3 page? er Meow ayt alte | conte Ud leads | 17.8 |... | 6.3 | 5.25) eal iad pal nee 2a [oie Pec eee | | | oe a ee GENUS LAGENORHYNCHUS. 83 7. LAGHNORHYNCHUS Gray. —=Lagenorhynchus, Gray, Zoology of the Erebus and Terror, 1816, p. 34. Electra, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 76. >Leucopleurus, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 78. >Lagenorhynchus, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 79. Professor Flower, in his recent admirable review of the family Del- phinide, gives the following diagnosis of the genus Lagenorhynchus :* Rostrum scarcely exceeding the length of the cranium; broad at the base and gradually tapering toward the apex; depressed. Pterygoid bones normal, meeting 3 = to =. Vertebric very numerous, 80 to 90. Spinous and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrie very long and slender; bodies short. Externally, head with a short but not very distinet beak. In the course of my studies upon the genus I have found no cause to take exception to this diagnosis, except so far as the number of teeth and vertebrie are concerned. If the opinion that the Lagenorhynchus thicolea of Gray belongs to this genus is correct, the maximum number 42 49) have shown that Layenorhynchus obliquidens, Gill, has but 74 to 76 ver- tebree. In addition to the characters summed up by Professor Flower, I have observed that the mandibular foramina in this genus are usually more crowded together at the symphysis than in Prodelphinus and Delphinus, and are not preceded by so deep canals. The presence of an area of bright color rather high up on the side, between the dorsal fin and the flukes, likewise appears to be characteristic of the genus. The genus is, unquestionably, very closely allied to Prodelphinus. The teeth are, on the whole, more numerous, and the vertebrie less numerous in the latter genus, but some species of Prodelphinus have a less number of teeth and a greater number of vertebrae than some species of Lagenorhynchus, and vice versa. The proportional length of the beak, the breadth and flatness of the intermaxillze, appear to be the chief cra- nial distinguishing characters which can be brought forward at present. The number of species which have been assigned to this genus is quite large. In the following lists are included: (1) The species which appear to me valid and as properly belonging in the genus, and their synonyms; (2) species referred to the genus by previous writers, but which I regard as belonging elsewhere; (3) nominal species. in the middle line. Teeth small, not exceeding 4™™ in diameter of teeth must be set down as ¢, or (2, instead of 3. On another page I 1. VALID SPECIES AND THEIR SYNONYMS. 1. Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray. 1828. Syn. Delphinus eschrichtii Schlegel. 1841. Delphinus lewcopleurus Rasch. 1843. Lagenorhynchus perspicillatus Cope. 1876. Lagenorhynchus gubernator Cope. 1876. * Prog, Zool, Soc. London, 1883, p. 511. 84 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wo . Lagenorhynchus fitzroyi Waterhouse. 1840. . Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray. 1846. 4. Lagenorhynchus electra Gray. 1846. Syn. Lagenorhynchus asia Gray. 1846. Phocana pectoralis Peale. 1848. Delphinus fusiformis Owen. 1866. . Lagenorhynchus cruciger @Orbiguy and Gervais. 1847. Syn. Lagenorhynchus clanculus Gray. 1849. Lagenorhynchus latifrons (Paris Museum). 6. Lagenorhynchus thicolea Gray. 1849. Syn. Lagenorhynchus breviceps of Wagner. 7. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill. 1865. 8. Lagenorhynchus superciliosus Schlegel. 1841. oo on 2. SPECIES TRANSFERRED TO THE GENUS BY PREVIOUS WRITERS, BUT WHICH I REGARD AS BELONGING ELSEWHERE. Lagenorhynchus lateralis of Cassin. Upon Delphinus lateralis, Peale. Lagenorhynchus cwruleo-albus of Gray. Upon Delphinus ceruleo albus, Meyen. ? Lagenorhynchus albirostratus of Dall. From a skull supposed to be identical with Delphinus albirostratus, Peale. Lagenorhynchus de Castelnau of Van Beneden. 3. NOMINAL SPECIES, UNDESCRIBED, OR DESCRIBED ONLY FROM INDIVIDUALS SEEN AT A DISTANCE. Delphinus cruciger Quoy and Gaimard. Delphinus albigenus Quoy and Gaimard. Delphinus biviltata Lesson and Garnot. SPECIES INCORRECTLY REFERRED TO THE GENUS. 1. Lagenorhynchus lateralis Cassin. Upon Delphinus lateralis Peale. U.S. Explor. Exped., vi, Mamm. & Ornith., 1848, = Ds0D, Pl svilitie sd Cassin assigns this species to Gray’s genus Lagenorhynchus without giving any reason for so doing. He states that he was unable to “find any specimen in the collection of the expedition.”* I have been equally unsuccessful in finding any traces of it. The species must, therefore, be judged by Peale’s figure and description. The figure in question represents a dolphin having a long beak, such as exists in Delphinus and Prodelphinus, and which does not at all re- semble the short plowshare-like beak of Lagenorhynchus. Again, the style of coloration is more like that which obtains in Delphinus or Pro- delphinus than that of Lagenorhynchus. Finally, the teeth exceed the i For these reasons, taken together, I should exclude the species from Lagenorhynchus. It will be impossible to say whether it is a Delphinus or Prodelphinus, unless more external characters distinguishing those genera are brought forward. On the whole, however, it seems to me most probable that Peale’s dolphin belongs to Prodelphinus and is closely allied to P. marginatus (Duvernoy). * Cassin, U. S. Explor, Exped., Mamm, and Oruith., 1858, p. 33, number usual in Lagenorhynchus, viz, LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS. 85 2. Lagenorhynchus caruleo-albus Gray. Founded on Delphinus cwruleo-albus, Meyers. I reject this species on account of the shape of its head and the color- ation, which seem to me characteristic of Prodelphinus. The type-skull is that of a Prodelphinus. (See page 62.) 3. Lagenorhynchus albirostratus (2?) Dall. Scammon’s Marine Mammalia, 1874, Appendix, p. 293. Mr. Dallrefers to the Delphinus albirostratus of Peale (which he assigns to the genus Lagenorhynchus), a skull obtained by Captain Marston in the Pacific. tle does so apparently because Captain Marston’s descrip- tion of the exterior of the individuals of the school from which the speci- men in question was obtained seemed to him to agree with the descrip- tion of Peale’s D. albirostratus. Iam inclined to believe, however, after studying the measurements of the skull, that Captain Marston’s speci- men should be referred to Prodelphins doris. Whether D. albirostratus, Peale, should also be referred to that species must always be more or less uncertain, because it is only known from the exterior. Whatever decision may be finally reached regarding that species, it seems to me best for the present to refer Mr. Dall’s specimen to Prodelphins rather than to Lagenorhynchus. 4. Lagenorhynchus de Castelnau Van Bencden. Bull. de Acad. R. Belgique, 2™ sér., XXXVI, 1873, p. 38, fig. 2. This name has been applied by Professor Van Beneden to a figure of a young dolphin, executed by the Comte de Castelnau. From the fact that the name was not given in Latin form it is evident that it was not intended as a formal scientific appellation, but simply as a common name, 7. e., Castelnau’s Lagenorhynchus. Judging from the form of the head and the coloration I am inclined to believe that the figure represents a young Delphinus delphis, and I Shall therefore omit further reference to it. REVIEW OF THE VALID SPECIES OF LAGENORIYNCHUS. LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS Gray. Delphinus acutus, Gray, Spic. Zool., 1828, p. 2. Lagenorhynchus acutus, Gray. Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, pl. X11. Delphinus eschrichtii, Schlegel, Abh. Gebiete Zool., etc., 1841, p. 23. Helphinus leucopleurus, Rasch, Nyt Mag. for Naturvidens., 1v, 1843, p. 97, pls. 2, 3. Leucopleurus arcticus, Gray, Synopsis Whales and Dolphins, 1868, p. 7. Lagenorhynchus perspicillatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 136. Lagenorhynchus gubernator, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 138, pl. Iv. It is much to be regretted that the type of Gray’s D. acutus is lost, as Professor Flower’s painstaking investigation seems to prove it to be. 8b BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The original description is far from satisfactory, and, indeed, applies equally well to several other species of the genus. Since, however, Gray expanded his description in later publications so that it is plain to what species he referred, it seems best on the whole to retain the name which has secured a footing in the literature rather than to displace it by Schlegel’s D. eschrichtii, published many years later. I am unable to enter into the question of the identity of Schlegel’s D. eschrichttt and Rasch’s D. leucopleurus, since I saw the type-skeleton of neither. Professor Flower does not state that he saw the type of the former himself, but simply that it “is still to be seen in the Leyden Museum.” He is convinced, however, of the identity of the two species. If such be the truth (I do not presume to appeal from Pro- fessor Flower’s decision), the statement of the number of vertebrie in Schlegel’s description must be incorrect. The formula derived from his description would be as follows: C.7; D.15; L. 32; Ca. 37 = 91. This number corresponds more closely with that found in LZ. albirostris than with that found in ZL. lewcopleurus. I shail use Gray’s name, LD. acutus, throughout this section as synonymous with JL. leucopleurus and DL. eschrichtir. The Lagenorhynchus perspicillatus and Lagenorhynchus gubernator of Professor Cope I regard identical with L. acutus. L. gubernator, how- ever, is founded on a, young individual (as I have determined from an examination of the type-cast and a photograph of the individual from which the same was made), and may, therefore, be disiegarded. The type-cast of L. perspicillatus agrees absolutely in color with Rasch’s figure of LD. leucopleurus, and the measurements also agree. The meas- urements of L. perspicillatus also agiee very closely with those given by Duguid for L. acutus. Moreover, the measurements of the large series of skulls mentioned by Professor Cope, which is still in the Museum, agree with those of the type of L. leucopleurus, as will be seen by reference to the table on p.87. Ihave also carefully compared one of the skeletons from Cape Cud, referred to by Professor Cope, with a Skeleton of L. acutus from the Farée Islands, which was lent me for study by Dr. J.S, Billings, Director of the U.S. Army Medical Museum, and can find absolutely no differences but such as are referable to indi- vidual variation. The figure accompanying Professor Cope’s paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, pl. tv), though styled Lagenorhyn- chus perspicillatus, is really that of one of the casts of the young L. gubernator. It agrees exactly with the photograph in the Department of Mammals, and may be regarded as an excellent figure of a young L. acutus. The name ZL, bombifrons, alluded to by Professor Cope (1. ¢., p. 138), is a slip of the pen, L. perspicillatus being intended. The distinctions between tnis species and the remaining members of the genus will be pointed out in treating of the latter. LAGENORHYNCHUS FITZROYI. 87 : Table of measurements. LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS. Breadth of | 3 As beak— Q oS ae ee Biel : Bb ae Oey Ps rs : =2on 3 : | : = ae g ‘ ; Ado} | aoa = Collection. | Type of— Locality. : eh Siicliesean nae tsel alec o 2 : © a a ao | =) 2 Se BS) oo oo oH ele | oS | SS Laan a Saleen ie soe) eae besa ee 2 Be Bree ole ile eatael ean eaaa\ oo a S| 3 6 Nees | ies aie = "| oS as + x HOF oD | St ey lcd alec OD - ; Cm. |’ Cm. | Cin. | Cm. | Cm. Cm. 360a | Brit. Mus.-.-.) -----.-.-.. Greenland .-...-- soe [3858 | 19.8.) 10:2 | 6.6) 4.1 8.1 302671 R. Col Surg. -1.-.-...-.--- | Drobik, Norway|....| 39.7 | 20.6 | 10.4! 7.0 | 3.8 8.5 2025 Cl Otte |) eee see are Coast of Nurway]....| 40.6 | 20.9] 11.1] 7.3) 4.4 8&2 B2JAG | Us Niate MOUS.) 25-55. 2 INOP Way, 222-2 2= eon oso LONG. OS 2 NG aaleegss8 8.4 HELD | emee LO) ees sca etl creese =o /=1e's' =< Cape Cod"....<-. Pee Pale tiled leslie 2 6.9 3.8 8.4 NEG Lae Ona sae eae): \llecis salons nies Pei A Overssiceis sane le letepllcoorg) | 20.1 | 10.7 6.9; 4.2 8.9 M—(Ose-C@Ssqcesces|iaebseeseooue See Olscre semen ----| 40.9 | 21.1] 10.9 | 69] 3.8 8.7 14281 Pe OO wee mieed ane | hacess ce ssee Td Omer ecosae SAE QM ene ol aD) Vests 8 8.7 | O44 Posen (LO ser om sola e einen <> a Obs Leases | 42.5 | 21.6 | 11.4 7.6) 4.3 8.9 14 GOR Lame Orme cane ch |sececeeccmes -.do eee Raee Te mQONSE litte del, yoga] adel 8.4 “A Extremity | Breadth Temporal 3 | iS = 3 | Ss of beak to—; between— fosse. eo See =~ — Ee SH | w Orlin . | 2 ° 22} 29 i Ae Siaa|) om |s8 S. ee esa llpseieel iar es B | 3 |2#2\23|5 2% 3 |#e|2/*3/ 88) 4 iS Bia Wee [a0 Sse fae 52 Sellmeier linet 2 5 ose lad (ss ES @ | Go| SS] Sa} “eo s + y ies Th) «rd a 8 sare — 8) eo ou 2 | 3 |a| es] ee Seyler S |e Se (ss| ee) 2 Eo Se See fee | gt |e = a eaepesibes lectin I aoe lees 2 a En eat a Se lie | So, oe ss t | bo = BO | a a Seles ie ee ee lee los |B log |e le Fee | 2 3 o HA 4 5 o |e 4 Qa Ho} A RA A H A Cm. | On. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cin. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. saat Beretta 0) | 25.2?) 26-7 1988 17.84), 8 |) 4.6:|caresl-ceac-|se-2-.|--ts28|-<-<0: CS 2026| 18.1] 3.0 | 27.9| 26.0] 20.3)17.7| 7.3] 41/330) 41] 187) 6.3] .... oe 3025 | 16.5| 5.4.| 27.9 | 26.3 | 27.2); 17.9| 7.9] 4.4/33.6| 44/165] 6.6]...... ; ae | Seee 99956 | 17.3 | 3.3 | 23.9 | 27.2 | 19.8 | 18.0} 69! 4.8 | 32.3]......]..22.. 6.4) 0.4 i | - | | _ | vi—ol | | | | 6 36—34 14327 | 19.1 Bool 2009) || 2950 20.3 | 18.8 49 Ae Oi Rectan <2 |eeseteeinl| Secrets fneieiete ere se | | | | ¢ 3536 14264 | 17.6 | 3.6 | 24.7 | 27.5 | 20.6 18.6 | alOi a4 Ole Metre ctelllsroreetnis [eee eatereeve 0.4/5 = | es 35—35 14 —-(0)) 19.1) 3.8) 25-5 | 27.8 | 21.1] 181) 7.1) 4.3 |.---2.).222-.|-22---]s.2---[ecee-- saat | | | ¢ 87-87 14981 | 18.6 | 3.6 | 26.0 | 29.0 | 22.4) 19.6, 7.9) 4.1|......) ..... feetere teres sacle | | i | | | | | | | | 30—35 Maa teGa ar |2Gcon OT | 2161). 18.3) 84) ALB So. oc] scece | se0e|ee-zee|acee>- P aa | | | | | | ¢ 37—28 22600) °18.6-|" 3.0) 26.7 | '29.3°)-21:6 | 18.0} 7-6 | 4.6 | -.-- |------ Ne Nett poe ieee (Sones | | | *One of Rasch’s types of L. lewecopleurus. LAGENORHYNCHUS FITZROYI (Waterhouse). Delphinus Fitzroyi, Waterhouse, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, 1, Maminalia, 1239, p. 25, pl. 10. Lagenorhynchus Fitzroyi, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, pp. 490 and Sills Regarding this species I can say nothing except to express my con- currence in Professor Flower’s opinion, namely, that it is possibly 88 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. identical with ZL. clanculus. The type-specimen consists only of the beak (with the integuments) cut off close behind the last teeth. The length of the superior tooth row is 6.8 inches ; width between the last upper teeth on opposite sides, 2.4 inches; length of tooth row of man- dible, 6.6 inches; symphysis, 1.5 inches; depth of ramus at last tooth, 1.3 inches; width of elevated portion of the maxillary joining the pala- tines, 1.4 inches ; teeth, a Fic. 1. Fig. 1 represents the type specimen seen from above, reduced to a little more than two-fifths natural size. I have carefully compared the measurements of the exterior given by Waterhouse with Duguid’s measurements of LZ. acutus,* and with my own measurements of the type-cast of Professor Cope’s L. perspi- cillatus but find no correspondence between them. Compared with LZ. perspicillatus (which I regard as identical with L. acutus), Fitzroy’s dolphin appears to have a smaller dorsal fin, situated farther from the extremity of the snout; and longer pectorals also relatively farther from the extremity of the snout. The shape of the head and the pattern of coloration seem to be very different. This species cannot be properly studied until more specimens have been obtained. LAGENORHYNCHUS THICOLEA Gray. Lagenprhynchus thicolea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1849, p. 2. Electra thicolea, Gray, Synopsis, Whales and Dolphins, 1868, p. 7, pl. 36; Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 77. Clymenia (Electra) thicolea, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1885, p. 512. ? Delphinus breviceps, Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugeth., pl. 360, fig.1; Jaquinot et Pucheran, Zool. Voyage de l’Astrolabe et Zélée, 1, 1853, p.39; Atlas, Pl. 22, fig. 1. This species, like LZ. longidens, is one whose affinities are uncertain. Founded upon a single defective skull, reported to have been ob- tained on the west coast of North America, no opportunities are afforded for an estimate of the individual variation to which it is prone, or even for a very accurate determination of its cranial proportions. Gray first placed the species in his genus Lagenorhynchus, and after- *Ann. & Mae. N. H., (3), xiv, 1864, pp. 134, 135, LAGENORHYNCHUS THICOLEA. 89 wards relegated it to the section Hlectra, which he raised to generic rank. Professor Flower, in his recent admirable essay, seems first in doubt as to whether it should not be assigned to Lagenorhynchus (P. Z. S., 1883, p. 490), but later describes it in connection with the genus Prodelphinus, and finally places it in his tentative list of species of that genus (P. Z. 8., 1883, pp. 496 and 512) near P. obscurus. The considerations which lead me to assign this species to Lagenorhyn- chus are the same which influenced me in the case of L. longidens (p. 99), to which in fact the present species appears to be closely related. It differs from that species in that the beak is shorter and narrower, the intermaxillaries narrower, the temporal fossze smaller and more oval. But it differs also especially from LF. longidens, and indeed from all other species to which it can be approximated, in having about 42 teeth in each ramus of the mandible. The teeth in the upper jaw would appear to be 45-45, but their number can only be estimated on account of the imperfect condition of the skull. The label states that this skuil was derived from the west coast of North America, and was taken out of Dr. Dickie’s collection. If the record is correct, it is somewhat singular that the species was not met with by Captain Scammon or Mr. Dall. There are no specimens in the national collection which can be assigned to it. LAGENORHYNCHUS BREVICEPS Wagener. A skull of this species is figured. by Messrs. Van Beneden and Ger- vais,* under the name of Lagenorhynchus breviceps, but the authors do not state explicitly that it is the type of Hombron and Jacquinot, fig- ured in the atlas of the voyage of the Astrolabe. That the two figures are not from the same specimen appears probable from the fact that the latter represents an entire skull, while the former represents one from which the top of the brain-case has been removed. In general appear- ance the two figures though much alike are not identical. Professor Flower has referred Messrs. Van Beneden and Gervais’s figure to Prodelphinus.* Hombron and Jacquinot’s figure of the exterior,t how- ever. represents a dolphin having the contours and the coloration of a Lagenorhynchus, and the species must, I think, be referred to that genus. Whether it should be regarded as identical with L. thicolea is perhaps somewhat questionable, for while the skull figured in the atlas of the Astrolabe expedition agrees with the type-skull of LZ. thicolea the teeth are considerably more numerous in the latter. The original specimen of D. breviceps was from the Rio de la Plata. It is to be observed, however, that the naturalists of the Astrolabe expedition state that they found only fragments of a skull, ete., in the collection. It is possible, therefore, that the skull which is figured as *Ostéographie des Cétucés, pl. XXXVI, fig. 2. * Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1883, p. 496. t Zool. Voyage Astrolabe et Zélée, atlas, pl. 22, fig. 1. 90 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. entire in the atlas of the Astrolabe expedition, was afterwards broken, and that it is this same skull which was figured by Messrs. Van Bene- den and Gervais. Table of measurements. LAGENORHYNCHUS THICOLEA. | pte ele | Breadth of | = o 4 ev beak— Q ba = ee a para heen eos by Aid | eg sy i} “= 5 Ss a» oy & li a oe 3 | Collection. Type of— Locality. “4 |45/.. |Be| sae 5 : i ® ae ‘o so} RS 2 6) 21)2 lcd] s les) 488 ® 3g on oy ow re Ord | A 5 San ae ic o| = = | 892 5p og 2 eq | SOAR Ales het A eae 2 a es + lg n 3 Lo. = S I of 2 = a a8 = en ee ee ee eee oe = = wj})})aAa|rA jd q4iagi5 : ; Om. | Om. | Cm.| Cm. | Om.| Om. 9340 | Brit. Mus...| LZ. thicolea, | W coast North |...... 37.5 [2050 987 |) 5:31 228 8 Gray. America. = sty | a SP ig F Extremity | Breadth Temporal 8 a ia 3 of beak to—) between— fossx, | 3 ee calnncs é a | = — cs eat Oe 6 SH eH ' D Ss S oe ° is) S S Be e ag re iS ~ 3° ~ H a ae dll4 bade @ 5 z = Sra n vo = ax peers = ns cm =a =; o a o ° 4 S| ane sae de ag Ss [ef | as) ea} a g = Al ae | “EL.O a g2\| om | 3a a © 3 Shea eceet | rae SE ares all komentar 2 A} 8 |=s) 8. / ee 5 a | Ee |S™ ES] & = © w | ao Sos, as eee Ce oo S i 5 Cif | Onn EEA © e : Shas S SIRO is be OL S eat e 5 = ~ S Sees ae 1S n Sele a ro ees ra cite 2 3 2 ou 3 oF =| zo tn re ep tn £0 2} 8 FI + qa D ses Ga TS 2 ae A a A A a a a o a A a = = o o o o a o “4 2 oy ese sh RES o |i HAH} AltA lA JA fA A 4 he : ai ee 8 See ee Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Om.| Om. | Cm. — (45)2 934a,| 17.3 | 3.7 | 23.7 |...... NG? Si |etecte 5.6) 41/311) 3.0) 181] 6.1] 0.25 |@—r 1One centimeter should be added for breakage. 2 An estimate. LAGENORHYNCHUS CRUCIGER (d’Orbigny et Gervais). Delphinus cruciger, VOrbigny et Gervais, Voyage dans ’Amér. mérid., Iv, pt. 2, 1847, p. 323) Ex, Pl sxoxr, tig, 14. Lagenorhynchus clanculus, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc., London, 13849, 1. Electra clancula, Gray, Synopsis, 1868, p. 7, pi. 35; Malm, Sven. Akad. Handl.,n. fe) DX. Te le70p.10s: ? Delphinus cruciger, Quoy et Gaimard, Zool. Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, 1824, Pl. XII, figs. 3, 4. (Jide Gray.) The skulls which I refer to this specimen are the following: Paris Museum, No. @3045, labeled ZL. eruciger, VOrbigny, 1830 (type). Paris Museum, No. «3041, labeled L. latifrons, New Zealand. British Museum, No, 935a, type of LZ. clancula, Gray. Royal College of Surgeons, No. 3027, labeled LZ. clanculus. If the skull in the Paris Museum, No. 3045, labeled “ VOrbigny, 1830,” is that which d’Orbigny figured in the Voyage dans ? Amérique LAGENORHYNCHUS CRUCIGER. 91 méridionale,” under the name of Delphinus cruciger (and after close ex- amination I find no reason to believe otherwise), there can be no doubt that this species is the same as the JL. clanculus of Gray, described in 1849. With these skulls must also be associated two other specimens, No. a3041, of the Paris Museum, labeled JZ. latifrons (a name which I have been unable to find in the literature), and No. 3027, of the Royal College of Surgeons. In all these specimens the “triangle” is more or less elevated, and is flat and slightly or not at all rugose. The intermaxille are flat and nearly horizontal, and are not twisted into a vertical position at the distal ex- tremity. The temporal fossx are full ovais in the Paris specimens, but in the type of ZL. clanculus the anterior side is straight, so that the fosse present the appearance of half-ovals. The pterygoids are short but wide; they touch the median line. The normal dental formula is probably ===, though the teeth in the specimens themselves present the variaticus in number common to all the toothed whales. . It has been the fashion, since the time of F. Cuvier at least, to seri- ously consider the identity of the D. cruciger of Quoy and Gaimard and the D. bivittatus of Lesson, species which were “ vus en mer et dessinés a distance.” D’Orbigny fell into this error (though hesitatingly) in adopting Quoy and Gaimard’s name for the animal which he captured and of which he sent the skull to Paris. He thereby produced confusion in the nomenclature. The misstep of the French explorers was not that they made drawings of animals which they only saw at a distance, but that they introduced them into their narrative under special scientific names. Considering that such naines have no validity, I hold that WVOrbigny and Gervais’s binomial is the proper one to apply to the species in question. It is not to be denied, however, that much interest frequently attaches to such representations as have been referred to. Malm, in his account of the specimens of Cetaceans in the Swedish Museums* describes a skeleton and skin of this species obtained by Captain Warngre at Cape Horn. The skull is a little smaller than that of the type of L. cruciger, but agrees with it perfectly in proportions (see table below). The vertebral formula is as follows: C.7; D. 13; L. 22; Ca. 29; total 71. For a full account of this individual the reader is referred to Malm’s original article. * A. W. Malm, K. Svenska Vetens.-Akad. HandlL., ny folid., 1x, pt. 1, 1870, p. 63. 92 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Table of measurements. LAGENORHYNCHUS CRUCIGER. ~ a. Breadth of | © 2g beak— g Ea = pm —— ie 2S b ae | g > oot i = ge | ac: = Collection. Type of— Locality. 4g, Sones el 5 oll eae & | BS )pog) [eet ieee A to | 2 ee a} a Ces o a of SH o+ i} is a PA s a ° ° | oS » 8 Ss 5) wo 2 i QA 8 ae Qe oe 2 a = a=? S nD s £ 2 g @ | co | 2 ae eliaes au 8 =| 7] 5 a fn] o S55 o Qo _— ba a = oO Zanes Hq | 4 4 | oS oral Cm | Om.| Cm | Om.| Om. | Om. (8045) | Mises ELISte ||P) MRCTALCTO LY peasant eat 34.9 | 17.8) 10.7] 6.6| 4.1 8.7 nat. d’Orb. & Gerv. 935, 4| “Brit? Mus-.2:2-<) Ds claneulus:)|\\--oeeseseeele eee 34.9 | 17.6 | 10.4 6,4) a8 7.8 Gray. | @3041';.|| Moms 3; ad Mist; || scas ee sacseees | eee eeeoeelasee 34:9 | 18.3] 10:7 | 5.6) 354 8&1 nat. | 3027 . || ReColleSare oe |ss2ee02 Baa seces [sees sees oer eee seers 1 1837-1 1054) 620) |) 3237/2 9) Stockholm Mus .| (From Malm) .| Cape Horn}.-...| 33.8 | 17.8 | 10.5 |...2..|.---..|.--.-.-. = SESE —— 7 —— —=— — — aa a — aa = - — er oe a oan 3 Extremity | Breadth | Temporal q Cea & jofbeakto—| between— | fosse. 5 5 Soi a ar. ab< re ee oe oe ‘Ones S eH S ° ene 2 Pn Anne ores tl Mies 5 late Ae TW Peaecnale : a oA ile | . a n ° canes m = aS n | 2 Q 2 ma Fane EB o 5 2 oe eee eso ies 2 ero alae | bo a 2Q = QS | toe ee 3 ae | A ‘a ey 8 erica Sep ELE 8 | 82) ¢en| oo] 4 9 Bet eee ieee tae eee 22 Ae? |= oe coe ies a js (ee) fe] Fe] | FE eis |e [BEEF = oS me | e 2 5 | o he lS PBB le ee ee) a yg | pee eS eon rs i) > Ore Pa BS ao bp ~~ i) en en = B 8 o a L >= Ss i) aie & a A a a es e = © a3 a | «A | = o © oO DS D o Be 2 oO A 4 4 | oO |FA | A | 4 4 A A A Om. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Gm. | Om. | Cm. | Om.| Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | | ay a3045 | 15.2| 3.3 ae 1751 | 16:3)| GO) 400 W098, 0 te oil eea an 6.6 _ a7 | 28—27 5 a 5 ACA oe 2 F 5 30—30 | 935a 15 3.6 | 21.9 | 22.6 | 17.4 | 16.2 6.9 3.4 | 29 3.3: | 15.8 7.1 |0.23 4 39299 | 2895 aa04i | 15.2)| 4.4 | 22,9 | 23,15) 17.6) 16-8] 7.0) 4:2) 2307.) ie) eee 6,9) .067| Sire So74) [iets | ao: |e B57) |hiyeTs soar Bh eee epee ea 201s) lhe) "6720 Piee es — a) Me Mes eet | seh sete ele eesretete) | ete am | store erene leita [fom meter [fete es PASE ii ee See|| cecod||-eneoe an S = | 32—33 LAGENORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS Schlegel. Delphinus superciliosus, Schlegel, Abhandl. in der Geb. Zool., Heft 1, 1841, p. 22, Pls. I-11, fig. 3 (skull), fig. 4 (teeth). Schlegel (l.c.) identifies a skeleton sent to the Teyden Museum by Vau Horstok from the Cape of Good Hope with the D. superciliosus of Lesson and Garnot, though for what reason does not appear. I found no specimens of the latter species in the Paris Museum, and from the remarks of F. Cuvier (Nat. Hist. des Cétacés, pp. 148, 149) I am led to believe that none were brought home by Lesson and Garnot. Re- LAGENORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS. V3 garding the skeleton in question, Schlegel makes the following state- ments: That this species (D. superciliosus), moreover, occurs off the Cape of Good Hope ap- pears from the observations of our late explorer, Dr. Van Horstok, who has sent us a complete skeleton of the species. * What the observations of Van Horstok were does not appear. They seem to have been such as to convince Schlegel that his skeleton be- longed to Lesson and Garnot’s D. superciliosus. The following isa description of this skeleton: No. 40; Voy. Horstok ; Cape of Good Hope. Vertebree: C.7; D.13; L. and Ca., 53; total, 73. Lumbars twenty. Chevrons twenty. Only the atlas and axis united. Superior transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra long; the others rudimentary. Inferior transverse process of the sixth cervi- eal rather long; of the fifth shorter; of the other cervicals, rudimen- tary. Neural spines of the third to the seventh cervicals very short. Neural spine of the first dorsal pointed ; the succeeding ones increase in breadth backward to the tenth or eleventh dorsal, then again de- crease. Those of the lumbars subequal. Neural arch obsolete on the sixtieth vertebra. Transverse process obsolete on the fifty-fifth verte- bra. First six ribs with heads; these ribs also join the sternum. Sternum of four segments; the first largest, the last rather rudimentary. Acromion long and broad, reaching to the anterior angle of the scapula ; coracoid about one-half the iength of the acromion, broadened at the extremity. Radius and ulna straight. Carpals five; three large ones in the distal row, two smaller ones in the proximal row. (Manus de- fective.) Skull.—The skull resembles that of P. obscurus, but the intermaxille are more nearly flat. The prenarial triangle extends about an equal distance before and back of the maxillary notch, and is depressed, but flat and not rugose. The sides of the intermaxille bordering the nasal aperture are beveled as in Cephalorhynchus. The maxille are but little bent. A wide opening (1° at the widest point) intervenes between the premaxillz and extends along the entire beak. Palate very flat. Pterygoids on a wide base (4.1); they are broken, but were appar- ently in contact, except at the tip. The ramus of the mandible is slen- der toward the symphysis, which is not strongly keeled. Teeth, 3°". Scapula, 15.5" long; 9.8" high. Highest neural arch, 8.4". Total length of the skeleton as mounted, 153". The chief peculiarities of the skuil of this species are the flatness of the premaxille and the beveling of their proximal extremities. In these respects it is very different from that of P. obscurus, with which it agrees well ip proportions. On account of the flatness of the intermaxille and the crowding of the foramina at the symphysis of the mandible, I am inclined to place this species in the genus Lagenorhynchus. The small * Schlegel, Abhandlungen, Heft 1, 1841, p, 22. o4 number of vertebra, however, and the comparative shortness of the BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. transverse processes, are more characteristic of Prodelphinus. In addition to the type at Leyden, 1 observed at Louvain a skull and a beak which appeared to belong to this species. have an opportunity to examine closely. however, in general appearance, they differ in having flat premaxille. In the complete skull the pterygoids appear to be separate, a character the importance of which is strongly insisted upon by Professor Flower. The beak was purchased from a dealer, and possibly came from Africa. Tabl € of measurements. LAGENORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS. These I did not While resembling P. obscurus, a Collection. Type of— Locality. | 5 : a A s| 3 ® SRE 5 [Vda pee ste be Ss) a 2 a.| 3 | 2 4] 3 | oO va) Et, | ; | Cm. 40 | M. Pays-Bas*.) L. superciliosus | Cape of Good |....) 35.6 | Schlegel. Hope. | | Wer [Gases eee aa | ‘5 | Extremity | Breadth Temporal | a | eB /of beak to—) betweea— fosse. | 9 — | cow i | ee | post acre VCH I Esc | | © | cea | > | g | oa Palas | : |} @ D S | a) || ars An | | ns (2 a aR I Ee. ieee canen| tert ae tet ees 8 i lees ue Hee | BL.0 ig Nee Be ray Ses Sas sal | a | @a@ | 6S cian S | = Ew Sa Ss | i see 5 ad aS 2|s¢| Sm sca al ey s ° | 6 | ee | oo | S | [vos We on ° a Fs 5 |! = 2 ie S = ies | aa |S | D of] S rege pallies | 4 FI Eo }22\ 3 [ieee Bessa dh SU Ses ee fae Ss 3 A a a 2 | & Bie} tere | ee o OM .@ & et ey hese te Oo | faa Paks a a= fa f= Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. : Om. | Om. | Gm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm | | 44 6 | Qs 40 16.6 | 3.5 | 22.8 14.0 | 13.0 6.8 | 4.5 3.3 | | | | Lagenorhynchus Glbirostris, Gray, Anu. & Mag, Nat. Hist., x v1, There is, fortunately, no obscurity surrounding this species. Gray correctly characterized Brightwell’s species of the genus Lagenorhynchus, | | | * V. Horstok. Breadth of | @ LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS Gray. ness has not been questioned. The most closely allied species is Z. acutus, from which it is dis- at 1846, p. 84. between outer margins of intermax- breadth ille proximally. Greatest Cin. Number of teeth. | | 6. 9 | | beak— | 4 | = Sa ere | 1h . lie aa 3 a0 = 2 = Be . Kw = et Ad ao =) 3 Sw a c =a) o =O LY aa = = = a OS Ss =F a | Or Ss os aK o a ! = val On — | — s0 S =e ta ° | © 8 aj st q = aa 2 geen eee | D is 25 mt q s/o lm |S |. 213 |se8 z Shoe ee oe or oO lm | A tee eat ew lene Cm.| Cm.| Gm.| Om. | Gm. | Cm. om MATIC SGM: | se ccelie meme mist] nia oiclnicin ic = ee Aah e219) ala ae eRe thls £ouBb| ~aecmecs OWA G Ola ccinice es dosene sone Ramsgate Sea RADE Dore 2082s lA ON | Samael Bante tall Soe ee SOO SMe aol SU amas || cecmict mice mons atoll paste cleo ce, oI EMecbenap ees CES a eel a be ee ies y es |e Re ease meats Seok igo iB ba lB fo | := 5 o < — = Oo Be q | Sree ee gs Seeley alin H A A A ASE, es SY Se ae | is | Sal see | Pee a ee ze | 3 3 | | | | Om.| Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | Gm.| Cm.) Cm. | Om. | Gm. | Om. | | | ( 93(+3)-93(+3 358a| 17.0 | 6.9 |28.65 | 29.2 | 22.6 | 15.75) 7.5 | 6.35) 31.65] 38/164] 8. 15)0. a ae | | 40-2 = 5.95 Bean 1eatal) 729) (Sle. (52528 25.2 | 16.3|9.4|5.5| 37.1] 43/168] 61 (0.41 ; ae | 1 “07 — 14750 | 16.6| 9.2 30.7 | 31.5 | 242/158/85/5.6| 362] 36 |, Siepiosaals 22n22 75a | 16. 2 130.7 pou ee dejan lel : .6 | 36.2 ROB sees wonlOr4 — | | | te) Hl 2999 | a3044 | 17.6 8.2 |30.5 31.9 | 23.6 | 17.5 | 8.1 He RO: | Brecon tall seas aeoece ss ; as a3082 | 18.0 MOM SULO- oO son Not OSB Oe ORO NGA) lEccsen|lesocas sees celissense (ace ; ns | EF OR Sc. cian e 5 | 21-22 555@ | 17.5.|--.--. 29.6 | 30.1 | 26.0] 18.419,6| 5.8 |...... Suop. tetea | eee ot he Np eens a : | | 2 19-19 9) 3024 | 17.7 ON DHA eeiaas | 31.7 | 24.4 | 17.1 | 9.2 | 5.4 | 38.4 3.6 | 17.0 9.2 ../9 23-22 | | Un sagan | | ‘ 99 Agnarer mals kilt = fel Pease Ne Tice RS) 35.6| 3.81163] 9.1|.. f 23 123 | | 93293) | | * Least. t From Peale. 104 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS (Gray). Delphinus obscurus, Gray, Spic. Zool., 1828, p.2; Zool. Ere. & Terr., 1846, p. 37, pl.16; Catalogue of Cetacea, Ist ed., 1850, p. 107. Tursio obscurus, Gray, Catalogue, 2d ed., 1866, pp. 264 and 400. Clymenia obscura, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1866, p. 215; ditto, 1868, p. 147, fig. 1 (pterygoid bones) ; synopsis, 1868, p. 6, pl. 16; supplement, 1871, p.71, fig. 3 (pterygoid bones) ; Flower, Proc. Zool, Soc., London, 1883, p. 512. ? Phocena australis, Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped., 1st ed., 1848, p. 33, pl. 6, fig. 2. This species was originally described by Gray from a stuffed skin, but he afterwards included in the species a number of skulls in the British Museum. That the latter were properly referred to the species appears to have been confirmed by Professor Flower upon removing the skull from the type-skin in 1884. (See his List, p. 28.) It has been customary among authors since 1868 to refer this spe- cies to Clymenia (= Prodelphinus). In the Catalogue, however, Gray, although referring the species to Tursio, makes the remark that ‘tlie skull of this species is intermediate between the Lagenorhynchus and Delphinus” (Catalogue Seals and Whales, p. 265). After going over the data many times it seems to me that it should properly be referred to the former genus. There is nothing in the characters of the skull that would militate against this view, and certain considerations re- garding the exterior seem to confirm it. First, the form of the head in the type specimen is unlike that of any species of Prodelphinus of which the exterior is known. There is no real beak, but on the contrary the head slopes gradually from the blowhole to the extremity, as in Lagenorhynchus acutus. Again, the color seems rather that of a Lagenorhynchus than of a Pro- delphinus. Gray’s original description contains the following data re- garding the color of the body: Collo ventreque albidis, fascea nigra ab angulo oris usque ad primas pectorales; striga obliqua laterali, alba postica; caterum totus niger. In a young specimen in-the same collection the colors are more defined; but even in the older specimens the lateral streaks are to be seen in certain positions—a fact which is not shown in the drawing. (Spic. Zool., p. 2.) The figure of the young individual is not unlike Waterhouse’s figure of L. Fitzroyi (Zool. Beagle, pl. 10), which species, indeed, Gray made synonymous with obscura. Thovgh somewhat generalized, the figure, in question, as also that of the older individual on the same plate of the Spicilegia (Pl. 1, fig. 3), is certainly unlike any Prodelphinus we know. The dimensions of the adult type-skin are as follows (measured in straight lines): Total length, 65 inches; tip of snout to corner of mouth, 8.7 inches; to eye, 10 inches; to blowhole, 9.5 inches; to ante- rior base of pectoral fin, 16.5 inches; to anterior base of dorsal fin (fol- lowing the curves), 31.75 inches; length of the dorsal fin, 9 inches; vertical height of dorsal fin, 7.5 inches; length of pectoral fin, 11 inches; ereatest breadth of pectoral fin, 3.5 inches; breadth of caudal fins, 15.75 inches. ———————= se eC LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS Table of measurements. LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS. 105 | | petal ee | | Brealth of | © us |} beak— Q Es EI Reena pats oS 3 | so | Sos a Collection.| Typeof— | Locality. Fant tomate 5 4 . o < ® o “2 ECan a gij-4 | 2 | FS) Ss jas | oes oO a ce Se b= = = os an 3 Slt aie CR Seow liao Sion 3} FS en aod a Oey ae aa De, a ° A = ~ 2 n I poole < ciel ears ee | 3 2 |e ee8 = wa mS || 1 o mS a ie Ore le » a HOt o m| A |xH | q ja |o Cm. | Om. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cin. ed Cian maT Sal sea oe Sofas ie ela, eiareretalole = «a atataian cioia [ees eoOnercOsds ie 923.) 16a 3.3 7.8 4117 OMEN ates boas So stetn salh asd sa ceee eecetale kee BS oerstaa||sclsi-cora llama eee dao Mus, | 354d Brith. MIS | yaya aseerciise es laaclecitas ssemlasae lls Sate ooo LONSis 8x7 ONO e wesOMIP eaten SN Pal OMe Sel ree CL astae|isesaa eieloacete.asss =r Coquimbo, Chili} -- | 40.6 | 32.9 10.1) 6.5] 3.7 8.0 576m Cambridge BOA ue gan cosine a Batic cece cpeicerte Pe OOS re Lee} OU a4 Ge) Oia) eee ere. ee ereterate Mus. \ 3030 RAO LOUNE yl ecicitayce seis eke = Salem croatia cs. cereal. Fa). So0s lee Oss 22S 5.7 | 3.2 7.6 Surg. | | 3031 SERCO Meet omstesce ewe ehaa | soden's calc ites Bee SOseLe| LOR |p * 8x4 | De Saleo sale a iO, a j Aim etn ok | ao Extremity | Breadth Temporal a = a 3 iS of beak to—| between— fosse. | 4 A 5 a a Bw 4 Sa fa |- = = ° 3 | oi Dn 5 Seal eON er kes pe Bay pale . Sr Epmeelenee hearer als on aie |e | es |e a 3 Zo} aa| + a Se eecsel ie a! : 2 4A (8s) ae | & ae a eee Wises sitet seat e | 3 |e8|8s/% a eB |esilss|ssi/sa| 8 Ble |ae|s| 2| - | Fe a |e (Se EE (S| = gee] el ee) | FE) s|3 |= |4é|s| = 2 peepee Ipcetiga |S Pale Sieie leaves (eco [ersten meses lee Walia" ie 3 3 an fey os Aa So on ” on an en ¥ 5 g ~ lieu liters aie ss 2 Aw qa aS a A a = a | = a a @ | A m > o o Co) o o uv “4 5 Oo ala ie ye ©: 2/54 w RAR IA H A A 4 Om. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Om | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Om. | | = 354a | 17.3| 3.8 | 24.1 | 25.3 | 15.5 | 14.2! 67; 4.8] 29.9! 37/167) 62 0.25) 5 3284 ¢ 30=30 MR es (Rae tine taper es lease tere en | Re celia eve) 59) 9, (ae) 1659 | 588 ce. ; 30—30 | ae 354d | 16.3:| 3.4 | 22.6 \...... 14.1/13.5| 5.9] 2.8] 29.4] 28/169! 62 |0.39 ie 2 | | : 1 Piss 81,10,28,1) 18.8 Suu Pae On lanresee MON Teac FeGal Sell 3 350cl|seeaioe 17.3 (eee 0. 30 ; = Di Reese eooscs saarica) Beoeec NSS SG Mee coalesce! memati oul eset sie mse eecl| nents lls as es | | | | 33 | 2—33 3030 We. 32 | 24.6 Odeo se LS IGn leGsou|| 4, 4° e298) Sea Ta | 5s Jala = 3031 | 16.5) 3.8| 24.7 | 23.81 15.5|133] 7.3] 47] 292.2] 32/163] 63 |... {a 30-2 *Least. 106 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 8. SAGMATIAS. Sagmatias, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 294. This genus must be considered valid unless the characters given by Professor Cope can be proven to be the result of age or individual vari- ation. These characters are the elevation of the premaxill# immedi- ately in front of the superior nares and the thinning out of the lateral free margin of the expanded portion of the maxille. Except in these two characters the genus shows a close approximation to Lagenorhyn- chus, with which I was at first inclined to unite it. The genus is based upon the single skull described by Professor Cope under the name of S. amblodon. It belonged to an aged individual, as appears from the coalescence of the cranial elements and the blunt- ness of the teeth. Nothing is known of its history, except that it was captured at sea by the ship Vincennes, of the United States Exploring Expedition. In size and proportion the skull resembles that of Lagenorhynchus superciliosus. The beak is more sharply pointed than is usual in that genus. SAGMATIAS AMBLODON Cope. Sagmatias amblodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p, 294. Table of measurements. SAGMATIAS AMBLODON. Breadth of | & Bs beak— | & ve ; ee eee r re at | Sus a o #2 per ae] - al =x eee : : - A. é a es = Collection. Type of— Locality. : i $ ao OS sibs A Sa |, 2 aS =| “oS moe < o on ar ey Ss a Ss 5 Sh f= o | oS] = So eee - etn Ps on a5 = 60 S Si q aS a cael | 2 a rt co stay Q | Se = 04 1 S| gl 8 es ger fle m | $3) ga eS A iS} o » ~ = Ho A tees Da ey olan etn es O a yee 8 = — = { = {is See | ; | | | | | | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. Cm. 3887 | U.S. Nat. Musi} S: amblodon*. -) .-- ==. cc.\2--1 Bee ee apeialhelGacoa |) yO sale ie On aol meresa. Tid ——— = = = = = = Ss ss = — = : = es a | Extremity | Breadth | Temporal S S z S | | S of beak ro—| between— | fossa. ees , | 3 =| . ame e H ate || = | : =| — — eal Nizees - | @. D ov 4 5 = st ° | =m e-ePe anime ieee [oe | ct aes ES oe a ae o | ol | 2S . = Bo a eS en as a 2 | 4 |) gs|82)2 | 2§ | S| es |\Se|22\8.) a 2 | 52 he | | | a2 | 3 E: 23 ae | 24 8 SPS ae arenas ee I cere a o sires) ey at Nae 2 q 43 Sr| SA] es | a= g a fees 5 = < Sica ea eteolaeS Sa a | ees 1 ES | ae 2 x i Pe see all cpeeSe | eee ae ° C8) oq] # Sg Ey Oral eure esac lees OMe ee 0 aq 3 }-= o> | wa : HS a : ra a = | pert ee 2 o ~ io thn ° n a | ~~ al ~ ~ — Ho}| @ a=] r= tL es one a Gece 50 = 60 0 ao | =o qa s aol ec | 2 aD a a q A a a a 5 @ L a mse = ene Sia a o |e an ee = o A Ate Been | ene Be Ae ties he Ges ice A | | Cm Om. Cm cm Cm Om. | Gm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om | Cm. 7 5 9° 7 lap | | « 9 9 | 9 3887 | 15.7 | 4.0 | 22.3 | 25.1 | 16.7] 16.4] 7.9; 6.1] 50.1) 3.4] 14.3 | 6.9 |.....- § 82—32 | | | | | | | | ¢31—32 *Caught at sea. United States Exploring Expedition. a FERESA INTERMEDIA. 107 9. FERESA Gray. Feresu, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 78. Feresia, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 510. The future development of oar knowledge of this genus will be watched with much interest by cetologists. At present there is noth- ing to add to Gray’s original description, and no additional specimens have been discovered. I concur in Gray’s opinion that the two typical skulls are clearly allied to Lagenorhynchus electra, and it may be found necessary event- ually to include Feresa in that genus. FERESA INTERMEDIA Gray. Delphinus intermedius, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1827, p. 396. Grampus intermedius, Gray, List of Mammalia, 1845, p. 106. Orea intermedia, Gray, Zool. Ere. & Terr., 1846, p. 34, pl. 8; Catalogue of Cetacea, Ist ed., 1850, p. 96; 2d ed., 1866, p. 283. Feresa intermedia, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 78. Feresia attenuata, Gray, Journal du Muséum Godeffroy, Heft vit1, 1875. I append measurements of the two typical skulls described by Gray, -and which Professor Flower very properly brings together under the Same Specific name. Table of measurements. FERESA INTERMEDIA. Brealth of | 8 ax = vo beak— eat ae eet ws eS Db eg j,ere 4 H ao | Ssa 2 . |S a 3 2 a4 = So | d2-5 B 3 aur. soleaa 8 . : . en 5 Collection. Type of— Locality. : v a2 2 “6 | 3 oS A . i 2 a aa A oS Seite ee 1) So a eae S Sz Hs = = A ° oe | ca = |2a8 co Ss oO a oO S A as as ° Fla eae ~ mn nm Ss 2 oO" = oS rot op S ee) einer a S al “= ae Sas ~~ A) ~ Aa o or 3 3 a) ° v va ie AO Oo yet H | 4 ) i. ee | FB el aaron Wes 3 = |. |e |S2] 3 iS oe oe | aa] s n% a Aad | oo | es] op a aq a lees oa 8 S anu t ~ 5 om Sh lenceimce lle ene a RO | 82) &4 a 2 a ° mt al iecues! | eset me e ps ANA nora | COU FeAl | ae o = ° ony eo|io. gece LS nade) o~ ~ A ~ pA ar leg =| 8 a A c-m al @ oH as Pa Ait ava * we | ae | Bo ° Se 2 ay eS Se) eno lees) RE oe |°s8/°A |] ea] 4 = oo a 3 on OF f ae fa 4 a 4 as 2 > So ~ = psec D ONEt ~ a + = ~ qi2 2 2 = co = qe! | BS eS) mon ch 2 en 0 en =o a 9 + aq D eee |e 2 qo A a a a Q a a a v C4 A a ms sre, o 2 o o o LD -t s oO | 4 Be io} o q Hy A 4 4 4 3S a A a a a | lke Ta = | rs s--25- se ie oe Jr | 30.5] 14.5] 6.7/4.6] 2.8 | eaaaee 3062@ | (Mus. dU Bist.cnat-ti 0-2-2 seenn-s2- ses seeenesceee Seite dee LF asl tela OnMmeneaey 5.1 ROGI4 otto elope assesses | Cape G. Hope......--. =~) |). 282%, 13.2) | 6:9) 4.8) 2208 5.3 SOG al ese dO co aee ae ao eee | eet ee eee ar Jee D025) 91440) Ihre Ged jason s 5.1 30610 bee Pe ik ee Heal anger eee | 27.5 | 18.5] 6.3/4.6] 2.0 | 4.8 | | ietadl | | * Tei Vv. Harstoke t Least. t ae the N. Zealand ase ae rae ‘ CEPHALORHYNCHUS ALBIFRONS. bate Table of measurements—Continued. | | 4 | : | a Zz 2 Extremity | Breadth | Temporal | Snes a 3S of beak to—| between— fossa. 8 | 8 gee re ee. Se lie | = ; Sn A ; ; | | ; Bh i an ieee le ae [ceelecanleaulecls 3 2 /28|/ea|3 n \ ieee ieee seas = se 2 | 3 Hlea/i BS | Lr ee ee S| ie a Been las Dieses leo ena ees a2 |/s2| 3s =m Seas Cees aele co as | s So | od | bee o Smmrceniecdectl ee Scien | aoe hte, eS | Sealers = See esate |e) | Fs oe er Meee ellen IRCKte Naas 5 3 ° > |e 15 | S : | 9° ° ° =5 PS on E=| S Se Mice, . et || she |i ed a q | 9 ae EON 430 se ose Me CIS cots a la ase a Sees olan ee la leer lee |e lle sie! | 5 Se oe eee eos lo la Sele re sl 2 oO | A q R So joa} | A A 4 H 1A \ A ee eee j : oS ! | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Can. | Cm. | Cm. x LO ONG eli |S y 5.) 13s 14.6 | 65rd AGM sess lees Pe elloeane Heath esan haere ltreresveetisi eee | } | i | ; | | | | | | | _9 Eee eI 2oP 12. 8168) 2. 2 [oie C146 ia 720 |e'5nOF| eece eh sar 2n|tsdee. Pewee eee os | | | | | | | 2i—z | | | | | | | | | | . : een eA Ne aa Wee Pe ect INA be | Ds fare oe 6 26—26 AGTOny lee o-2 45 || 1750 |v -.. | 12.6] 13.9) 63] 4.8/ 234) 23]...... 6.8 )....)) Se | | | | | | il | « r © o 5 29 —28 30624 | 13.0 | 2.5] 17.3 | 18.6) 130/137) 63] 5.3) 23.1] 25 ]...... | aaah a5 | | | Fai 20Ra7 | lao | 45 11499 | 7 ‘ ) ¢ a = 5 | §¢ 26—26 30680 | 11.4! 2.3 | 15.8 |......| [OOH PIBLT | MOT 4.3 POON Oks Biel lees | | | | | | 26—25 | | BOGAN 1247 2a3. | 16,5) cases | 13. 0 | 12.7 | 6.6 | 4.8 | Pile Mel SN eerretes DAGHsaae eee seisieein | | | | i | | | le 9898 3064@ | 11.9 | 2.0 | 16.0 | 17.3 | 12.2 | 12. Til seers | 21.1 DAS seeysioo 4.8 | ) = a6 | | Wee REPS Sawin CEPHALORHYNCHUS ALBIFRONS True. Electra clancula Hector, Trans., New Zealand Inst., v, 1873, p. 160-162, pls. 1 and 3 (skull and exterior); Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst., 1x, 1877, p. 350. It is evident from the figures given by {lector that this species is not ulied to the section of the genus Lagenorhynchus which Gray called Hlectra, but rather to the genus Cephalorhynchus. It also appears to me equally plain that it is not identical with the preceding species, O. heavisidet. Ulector’s account is full and clear, and the essential state- ments in it are repeated by Hutton, who appears to have written from his own knowledge. The latter writer states that it is “abundant all around the coasts of New Zealand,” while Hector affirms that the differ- ent individuals observed were very uniform in color. The species differs from C. heavisideit chiefly in having the whole head white, and in having a dorsal fin ovate rather than triangular in outline. The cervical vertebre are represented to be anchylosed to- gether into a single mass, but this is probably an error. The skull apparently very closely resembles that of C. heavisidei, but is larger, with wider nares. The pterygoids, according to Hector’s figure, are large and constricted at the base somewhat as in C. eutropia. The entire animal would appear to be larger than C. heavisidei. Hut- ton gives its length as from 4 to 5 feet. The latter dimensions are not reached by any of the specimens of C. heavisidei thus far acquired, so far as I am aware, 112 (BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The skulls of Cephalorhynchus from New Zealand in the Paris Mu- seum are larger than those from the Cape of Good Hope. The rostrum in the former occupies one-half the total length, but in the latter only about 46 per cent. It is possible that the New Zealand skulls belong to the species under discussion. The relations of these two species to a third recently discovered will now be considered. This species is 5 CEPHALORHYNCHUS HECTORI (Van Beneden). Llectra hectori, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. R. Belgique, 3d ser., 1, 1881, pp. 877-887, PL The specimen figured and described by Professor Van Beneden was captured in New Zealand waters. His admirable figures and descrip- tion leave no room for doubt as to its generic position, but its specific relationships are not so readily made out. Iixternally the specimen differs from the figures of C. heavisidei in having an ovate dorsal fin, and in that the throat and lower jaw are white rather than black. On the other hand, it lacks the white fore- head of C. albifrons, but agrees with that species in the shape of the dorsal fin. The skull, according to Professor Van Beneden, agrees perfectly with that figured in the Ostéographie, P|. xxxv1, fig. 1, which seems undoubtedly to belong to C. heavisidei. The vertebral formula, however, does not agree exactly with that of C. heavisidei. In the lat- ter species the normal formula is probably as follows: C. 7, D 13, L. 15, Ca. 80=65. Van Beneden’s specimen gives the following formula: C. 7;.),14, 1.15, Ca, 27=6a. Regarding the differences, it may perhaps be said that the last-men- tioned is due to individual variation. The color of the head and the shape of the dorsal fin on the contrary can scarcely be so regarded. But the color of the head is most like that of C. heavisidei, while the shape of the dorsal fin resembles that of C. albifrons. To put itin either of these species, therefore, we must disregard one or the other of the distinctions. For the present, it appears to me, it must stand as an independent species, and I have ranked it as such in the Synopsis, though with some misgivings, arising from geographical considerations. CEPHALORHYNCHUS EUTROPIA (Gray). Delphinus eutropia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 1. Butropia dickiei, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1866, p. 215. Tursio eutropia, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 262. Cephalorhynchus eutropia, Dall, in Scammon’s Marine Mamm., 1874, p. 289. The only specimens of this species hitherto recorded are the two skulls in the British Museum reported to have come from the coast of Chili, Of these the type (No. 936a) is somewhat the smaller, but i CEPHALORIYNCHUS EUTROPIA. iho otherwise is practically identical with the second specimen (No. 9360). While in London I purchased of Mr. E. Gerrard another specimen of the species, also said to have been received from the coast of Chill. ‘This skull (No. 21167) is intermediate in size between the two in the British Museum and resembles them very exactly, although the tooth- eae, tle type specimen (936a) appears to have somewhat smaller temporal fossze than the other two; it may be a female. In cranial characters this species appears to differ from C. heavisidet principally in having the pterygoids longer and more closely approxi- mated at the base. The brain-case also appears to be considerably narrower and the teeth slightly more numerous. The skull is larger than that of C. heavisidet. We know nothing of the skeleton or external form of this species. line is a trifle longer. The number of teeth is the same, V1Z, Table of measurements. CEPHALORHYNCHUS EUTROPIA. | Breadth of | & A beak— "2 . On : ee ee aah ees t as ou z 4 | Bs | 223 4 a ao . = a B : a Se 3 5 Collection. Type of— | Locality. : 3 5 aia e oo = we a i op S 2 ge Se) ea 2 w en SU feet liso SS eae = a Cha 9 aad = zo x = a |oe|] 2 |SA)| gee 3 Bo eral eliee 2 | Se Sai eS v4 £ elie retell) as oh o2s = o 2 vo ~ leet 4 m | Oo mn a 4 I tors yf et eet lanes 60.5 Ao Sa noes 2 = ° as ° ee a Ae | +e o 5 © 2 o op oa ee = g | esa O:- Pol ae ~ A r PP 8 oS So 5 mre Ss Bm ‘ © & | de Sa oo RE | Sey era Sue hom a S = 6 Sr lees | age = Bed Sy 4 h cogil veal dees i oo Z| } he |e ; pt Naas B co) ct a S Ss o 2 ~ 2 HA! Oo 2 oe ~ a Pp |e = as oS a =S Boyles on | | + |wo En = co | &0 0 2 = a ~ S n erate S 2 ar a aI A a a | & c 5 3 oO a A A = nt oO o | o o | @ | 2 ms a Oo ap lls < Q S| ie Qo a a a 1A a3) A — —$$<$<—/_ es — = i= a | —— | —_ = | | Om. | Om. | Om. | Cm. | Om. | Om. | Cm.| Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | eae | ie aeet nen.| 7.2| 20|121| 127{120/11.8| 5.9] 93.8)17.0| 1.5|.--.-- Lace aoe ¢15—15+ a3086 | 5.6 1° 1:8) 9.7)|.c2-. 40; ah ae B36 Rol yh. | paleo ss 3.8 | So | | 17—19 | | 0-17 = ~ = } | esi a3087 | 5.7 1.6 | 9.4) 9.4 | 10.4] 10.7 226) ee. Ole asp 1D) eee te SES NP 25M ; Wis | _—_ | ae (*) OxS3| Pease Gr 2ileeeer BO eal ee oeaal eee lnostesel emersete 6.8 2l 2607 ease toes | * From Muiray. t Least. +Or § 18=18 GENUS PHOCANA. 17 12, PHOCADNA Cuvier. Phocena, Cavier, Regne Animal, 1, 1817, p. 279. The genus Phocena is readily distinguishable from all the remaining genera of the family, except Neomeris, by the shape of the teeth. From the latter genus it differs in having a dorsal fin. Professor Flower’s admirable diagnosis holds good for all the species, except, as I have already pointed out elsewhere, * for one observed in the North Pacific by Mr. Dall, which I have named P. Dallii. In this species the number of vertebre rises to ninety-seven or ninety-eight, and the dorsal fin is faleate. In these characters the species shows affinity to Lagenorhynchus, but, on the other hand, the skull (the only portion of the skeleton preserved) is that of a Phocena. Putting aside the number of vertebrie and the form of the dorsal fin, we still have in the form of the teeth, the shape and position of the pterygoids, the form of the premaxillz, and the presence of a dorsal fin, sufficient characters for the differentiation of the genus. I have elsewhere stated my opinion that the number of valid existing species of this genus is probably reducible to four, viz, Phocena com- munis Lesson; Phoccena lineata Cope; Phocena spinipinnis Burmeister; Phocena dallit True. P. pectoralis Peale, I have shown in another part of this work to be probably identical with Lagenorhynchus electra Gray (p. 101). P. tuberculifera, Gray, was finally admitted by that au- thor to be the same as P. com munis Lesson. P. brachycion, Cope, and P. vomerina, Gill, have never been proven identical with P. communis, Lesson, but Professor Flower, in 1883, expressed the opinion that such was probably the truth, and I have myself reached that conelusion. As regards the identity of P. lineata, however, the material at command is scarcely sufficient to warrant any very positive assertions. The type- skeleton is missing and nothing but the painted cast remains, and it is evident that to base any conclusions upon the color of a painted cast alone is hazardous. Special difficulty attends the discrimination of species in this genus, because both the body asa whole and the skeleton are subject to great variations in proportions and details of form. The characters drawn from the relation of the vomer to the palatines, which are employed by Professor Cope and Dr. Gill in the separation of the different nominal species, are valueless.t To find other characters is a task to which I have devoted my attention, but thus far without success. I am constrained for the present to look upon P. communis, brachycion, lineata, and vomerina as identical. The species here recognized are, therefore, Phocena communis Lesson, 1827; Phocenas pinipinnis Burmeister, 1865; Phocana dallii True, 1585. *Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vill, 1885, pp. 95-98. t Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 134. Gill, 1. ¢., 1865, p. 178. I should state, however, that Dr. Gill has informed me that he no longer places any confidence in these characters. 118 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PHOCAINA COMMUNIS Lesson. Delphinus phocena, Linné, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 77. Phocena communis, Lesson, Man. de Mammalogie, 1827, p. 413. (Tide Flower.) Phocana brachycium, Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1565, p. 279. Phocana vomerina, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172. ? Phocana lineata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 135. Of Phocenas from the east coast of America there arein the national collection three complete skeletons, two of young individuals and one of an adult; four additional skulls ; and three casts from fresh speci- mens. Of P. vomerina there is one young skeleton and three skulls. There are also in this collection the type-cast of P. lineata and a skele- ton and two skulls of P. communis. All the specimens from the east coast, except No. 16610, Cape May, N. J., adult 2, are from Eastport, Me., and are not adult. The number of vertebrie in the three skeletons is as follows: (a) No. 13301, Eastport, Me., C. 7; D. 13; La. & Ca. 44=64. (b) No. 13305, Eastport, Me.,C. 7; D.12; L. & Ca, 22 4+ *=3. (c) Unnumbered, Eastport, Me.,C.7; D. 13; L. & Ca. 46=66. (da) No. 16610, 9°, Cape May, N. J., C.7; D. 13; L. & Ca. 47=67. In the skeleton of P. vo merina the formula is as follows: (e) No. 14331, California, C.7; D.12; L. & Ca. 45 (4+1)f=65 (or 66). Three skeletons from the Huropean coast, mentioned by Fischer, have the vertebrie as follows: (7) C.7; D. 138-14; L. & Ca. 45-48=65-69. It is evident that no character can be derived from differences in the number of vertebrie. In all the American skeletons the caudal artery first perforates the thirty-ninth vertebra counting from the last vertebra. This is, however, a character of no value in differentiating P. communis, since in the skele- ton figured by Van Beneden and Gervais (Ostéog., Pl. LV) the first per- foration is in the thirty-eighth vertebra. In his paper in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1876, Professor Cope brings forward the shape of the portion of the vomer visible behind the palatines as a specific character. In two of the four skulls from Eastport the vomer appears behind the posterior margin of the palatines, while in the remaining two it does not. The same is the case as regards the four skulls from the Pacific coast: in two it appears, in the others, not. In one of the skulls of P. communis figured by Van Beneden and Gervais, the vomer is visible, in another it is not. It is certain, therefore, that this character, as already stated, is value- less. As regards the other characters given by Professor Cope for his P. brachycium,—the shape of the muzzle, the prenarial triangular area, * Most of the caudal vertebrie are lacking. t The last rudimentary vertebra is evidently lacking. ante PHOCANA COMMUNIS. 119 the proximal ends of the premaxillie, the nasals, and the portion of the vomer visible on the palatine surface,—I find that no two of the Kast- port skulls agree. They can therefore scarcely be regarded as of im- portanee in distinguishing the species. In the List of the Cetacea in the British Museum,* Professor Flower intimates that the skull of P. vomerina is larger than any other Pho- cena skull in that collection. In looking over our own series, I was at first struck by the size of two of the skulls of P. vomerina, but on comparing M. Fischer’s measurements I find that neither of these is as large as that of his specimen ‘“ D. Femelle trés adulte,” + nor are they as large as Malin’s specimen “t.”¢ The largest skull of P. vomerina, No. 9078, from Puget Sound, is 29.35°™ long, but it does not show any considerable occipital crest nor other signs of age; while, on the other hand, No. 16610, an adult female of P. brachycium from Cape May, N. J., though only 26.6" long, has the crest strongly developed. That this fact is without significance, however, appears from the considera- tion of two other skulls, both of which are 26.6 long. One of them, No. 9164, is from Eastport, Me., and should represent P. brachyeiumn ; the other, No. 9077, is from Puget Sound, and represents P. vomerina. The latter has the sutures between the elements of the occipital closed, while in the former they are still open. The crest also is rather more pronounced in P. vomerina. We have here, therefore, a fact exactly opposed to that just presented, namely, in two skulls of equal size that of P. vomerina appears to be the older, and might be presumed, there- fore, to be the smaller species. It appears, therefore, that the absolute size of the different skulls gives us no grounds for the distinction of species. As regards proportions, there can be no question that the girth of the body of the specimen which Professor Cope called P. lineata, as com- pared with its length, is much less than in the specimen from Eastport, With which he compared. But it should be heldin mind that the latter is only 434 inches long, while the type of P. lineata is 70 inches long. The former is evidently very young, since a skeleton (No. 15301, from Hastport), which measures fully 46 inches, has the sutures defining the limits of the elements of the occipital still open. The large size of the head and the thickness of the body I look upon as foetal characteristics not yet outgrown. It is manifestly unwise to compare the type of P. lineata, which shows evidence of being adult, with so young an individual as the Eastport specimen. Fortunately we have two other casts nearly equaling the type of P. lineata in length. Of the larger of these, No os we have the entire skeleton. In the following table are compared the an adult female, * List of the Cetacea in the Brit. Mus., 1885, p. 16. t Fischer, Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, xxxv, 1881, p. 165. {K. Svenska Vetens. Akad. Handling., new ser., 1x, i, 1871, p. 75. 120 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ‘\ proportions of this specimen and the type of P. lineata, the measure- ments in both cases being from the casts: 12481. 13339. Q. Adult 9. New York Cape May, | Harbor. N. J. | (Tvpe of P. lineata.) Measurements. Inches. Tinches. Rotaljlentithi seer = soesaae Seas aa sees seat nee eee = 68. ( 70.0 Hxtromity af snout toeye esse -aacecenesecees te eee 6.5 7.0 | Extremity of snout to blowhole............--..---------- 7.0 7.0 Extremity of snout to corner of mouth .............-.--- 4.73 4.75 Extremity of snout to anterior base of pectoral. -.....--- 3.0 14.5 Extremity of snout to anterior base of dorsal...-......-. 29. 0 30.0 Vertical height of dorsal.) 4655.2 0 Sac cere ne soee ee 4.0 3.75 enxthior pectoral: sso seaccksaeeee cena meee cence 7.0 ToD Greatest width of pectoral 520 25. c.h os -edeneat case eee Sel WES ence on eee Width between points\of fukkes) oO Measurements. panes oe pose t. Se | Burmeister).| Nat. Mus. Length of the skull, from the surface of the occipital em. Cm. condyles to the extremity of the beak ..-..------------ L 29. 0 29.3 Length from the condyles to the posterior wall of the MANOS ease iste sire see a See icesiin as are afaereisin one lec sieenisiee : 12.0 11.0 Length of the beak from its extremity to the root of the TET eA ae eae a eae OE Ie yap ue ti | 12.2 12.9 Breadth of the skull between the postorbital processes Olmuhoshrombalae fee ese ee aie ee seeiee Salse s cicsisieceecaics 16.2 16 6 Breadth of the foramen magnum .-......---.--.---------- 350 2.9 Height ofphe foramensmaonum.-.s-- seec--s eee aaewee ay 9. 0 Eye tosponthole:(@vertical) 252s ioc00 toc: ce each Sane ee geen eee ee eee SNGROSS HD ANC sO Lisi) CC WO Wea Me ae aie ete aaa ale teal alee 5.5 Anterior baseiots pectoral GOK UUp imate etsinnte cress tee eerste ie ele aerate eet erat &. 0 IROStertOrnyaser Ole w eGo ell tio mt oes terete eee a eee ae 5. 75 Tip of lower jaw to anterior boundary of the white area...--..-----.-----.--- 27.3 Spouthole to anterior edge of dorsal ...... ...< -220-. 2-4- sens sone sees ae 18.5 Height, of @orsal % 2.45). -25.c-c.eccna\clo Se soc sel oen sees sol vine Gesell 6.0 Length of base of dorsal. .----. 2... ..- a2 s<2 220 <2 2 = seme sone c= senna = 10.5 Length posterior margin of dorsal. .... .--.---- +--+ ------ 2+ 2-22 see eee eee: 7.5 Tip of lower jaw to-genital slit... ..-. .-22-< n4=-00 <2--c009- 99" aw =ene cms ses8 43. 0 Leneth-ofrenital slit, ..:2s0< 2 >+2-5ecelenr ee sete a inios = em ee eee 3.0 Genitalislittiovanus --eesee ce ee oe see nee See eee ene ree see ee aa 4,25 Anus to notch of the Hikes 2222s: ce seater eee le ee ole ela 22.75 Breadthvof ‘finkes! (transverse) s2 o oes eee eee saee eee eee eee eer et 18.5 Leneth of flukes (ambero-posterior) sca. a sare te ee aol a a areata 5, 25 Breadth of narrowest part of tail before the flukes..............c00-ss02----- 1,75 nee eee GENUS GRAMPUS. 125 Inches EVCTOM TO Te DOM yeatiS AOE gp OLU beens seleeiseleemici\ele ecleeccictelelniviels Oe scl saing 50 SL OAD emia Om Ovcer sete seiner cee ee aisce cree ielea = seas at einimaiersiclan fe icicle wis.cletuneiasucies 75 WaclihtotespoutGholepeer anaes serene wiena osc seca cols o slow mienehanicis eoeesic sis eimai 1.87 Extension of white area posterior to the anus...--.-----..-..---- s----------> 6.5 Kencibvotwiniteranreaalono, ther belllyaece serie coer eel lecia ts ep ree ete See tote eon te Se SIE ee Be wierainiay ioe cow see ce eione 10.0 Weptnsunchesanberiomtonlmkeswoacce sce ececes cei aec soc se cls 17 Extremity of snout to corner of mouth ...... .-.. ..--26-2-2 --s2e0 -0= 2-55 --0- 3 Extremity of snout to anterior base of pectoral fin...-...-.--.-..-.-.----.---- 22 Extremity of snout to anterior base of dorsal fin...-.. .....----.------------ 50 Length of pectoral fin along center...........------- ---- ----2- -eseseeee =n OLY Greatestawil dbhvof pectora listinie: stasis seine ae re =a ee By Vertical height of dorsal fine. <6. oe ec ceejose oeeeeen--e eee weSEh 134 luenethvef basever dorsal ft 222 So. eee em wee ee ee 22 The cast represents one side only of the body. The general color, covering the body and all the fins, resembles that of the portion of Professor Flower’s figures between the dorsal and pectoral fins, viz, a steel-gray of medium depth and everywhere uniform. The lower lip and chin, the margin of the upper lip, and an area on the belly beneath the dorsal fin are of a light gray color, approaching white. The whole body and the fins are traversed by irregular lines of a light gray color and of varying width and length. This individual, therefore, differs from that figured by Professor Flower in being more uniform in color, the light areas being more limited and the pectorals not mottled. The outlines of the body are practically the same in the two speci- mens, but in ours the dorsal fin is less high and wider. One of the casts of the two young individuals (No. 1), which is 65 inches long (on the curves), is exactly like the young specimen figured by Professor Flower, except in the following particulars: The upper parts are rather lighter, and the light color of the belly extends back of the anus half way to the flukes. The diagonal stripes are represented in our specimen by three vertical lines between the dorsal fin and the flukes. In the specimen figured by Professor Cope,* which was ob- *Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, pl. 3. GRAMPUS GRISEUS 1 tained in the same locality, the diagonal lines are much like those represented in Professor Flower’s figure. The second young individual (No. 2), which is 75 inches long (along the curves), departs in color both from that figured by Professor Flower wid that just described. The whole head, including the eyes and mouth, and te the blowhole, the belly, lower half of the tail and under side of the flukes, and pectoral fins are light yellowish, approaching white. On the upper part of the head and on the lower lip the tint ap- proaches lemon yellow. The back and upper side of the flukes and pec- toral fins are dark gray. On the lips and over the base of the pectoral fin are irregular areas of light brown. The contour of the body in this specimen, however, is exactly that of the specimen previously described, and in spite of the difference in color I do not hesitate to assign them to the same species. The dimensions of the two specimens are as follows: Measurements. No. 1. No. 2. Inches. | Inches. Tip of snout to notch of flukes (on the curves) .....-.-...---.-...... 68. 0 73.0 sHiproOtgSNOUUO CVO asaeemcee inne. series meets ee eee Sele janceas Bete 8.5 10.0 sRip OL SNOW CO;COLNECI Of IM OULD ac scarica = aiciseneio els sein slain mele a => = 8. 0 8.75 Tip of snout to base of pectoral fin ..-..-. Seaeeiseein= emma samertela 13.0 16. 0 ippomsnOutybOslOweNOlOe penance acne oss clare ele ese seer easee ees 10.5 11.5 Riprofasnouuroldorsalifines: o-semsoeneeneeacaceeeesenen cs cscece: 30.5 32.5 Length.of pestoral along the center........----.-.-.-------.-------- 9.75 10.0 Wacdithrotspectorali(createstim-ecceces ones cee aocsece ede cceccccencean. 4.0 4.0 Wire Ghio tetlinlke sesame ie erariars aeicem setae se aes ece es nacoeema-sascr 14. 75 14. 50 Heiehtiohidorsalfiny (viertical)s saseecaseessecacesaeenucelteaccece suck 7.25 6. 25 Genctinot based orsal finesse sess eliesosce se cloeessasecsee scones 12. 00 11. 00 | | Both these specimens show the slight extension of the upper jaw over the lower jaw, which is characteristic of this genus as well as of Globicephalus and Delphinapterus. One of the heads referred to is entirely of a lightish-gray color, ex- cept the throat, which is yellowish white. The two remaining heads are not at present accessible. Of the four skeletons none, unfortunately, are absolutely complete, nor is the sex noted; they lack from one to three of the last caudal vertebree, Their formule, with the additions which seem to be neces- sary to restore the original number of vertebrie, are as follows : n.n. C.7; D.12; L. & Ca. 49 (? + 1) =68 (or? 69). Length as mounted, 9 feet 102 inches. n.n. C.7; D.12; L. & Ca. 46 (? + 3) =65 (or? 68). Length as mounted, 10 feet 34 inches. 15771. C.7; D.12; L. & Ca. 48 (? +1) =67 (or? 68). Unmounted. 15772. C.7; D.12; L. & Ca. 48 (? + 1) =67 (or? 68). Unmounted. The two mounted skeletons agree very closely with that described by M. Fischer, There are some slight differences in the point at which 128 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the chevron bones commence, ete., which are shown in the following table: M. 7 Professor Characters. Fischer's | eae eek Flower’s skeleton.| “"-"* ~~ | “"-"*~~* | 'skeleton. | Total num bernotvertephe pasa esea cess eee G8 | 65 (243) | 67 (?4+2) 68 Chevrons begin at vertebra number ...-----.-. 43 | 38 229 | 39 | Chevrons end at vertebra number .-..--.-.----- 58 |758 61 59 Neural spines become obsolete at number . .--. 60 | 59 60 57 | Transverse processes become obsolete at number 54 | 54 54 53 Perforations for caudal artery begin at number 47 | 45 | 46 44 Phalanges: Pirstfin@er soos se sees e ose oases ree 11 Ls | qeseseeeecd 1 Second@wineere os 2o- seas awed emacs eee 27 | 9 9 Third finger -- = 5" oi 7 Honrih in Ser aeee eset eee eames 1 g 2 nih HNe eR. pee aaa eee eeetesaeesamnee 70 | 2 | 0 As regards the shape of the sternum, the number and shape of the sternal ribs, the shape of the acromion and coracoid and of the hyoid bones, ourtwoskeletons agree exactly with that described by M. Iischer. The skulls are of all ages, the younger having the eiements of the occipital bone, and likewise all the other bones of the skull separate, while in the older the sutures between the palatine and maxillary bones and the maxille and intermaxille have disappeared. In five cases the mandible is present, and there are also in the col- Jection two additional compiete jaws. In these the number of teeth is as follows: 4—b; 4-4; 4-4; 5-4; 5-4; 5-5; 6-6; which goes to con- firm the truth of the remark of M. Fischer, viz: I] est difficile de ne pas admettre une seule espece, dont la dentition varie entre 3-1 et 0-6.* The proportions of the adult skull described by Professor Flower agree very closely with those of one of equal size in our Museum, as is Shown in the following table (Professor Flower’s measurements being jor convenience reduced to centimeters) : | Professor | No. 21047. Measurements. Flower’s spe-| Cape Cod, | cimen 2. | Mass. |- eee = = Cm. | Cm. | Mntina lenotan see Kec e cence. on se Saree keer : 48.8 48.7 | engthiof rosttm)-35.—--22-eeeeee 23.6 | 24.6 Breadth ot cceipitalltpramen- 2... coeneesese cee eseeeerenoeee 3.8 4.7 | Greatest height of occipital foramen ..-..................- 4.8 | aaa Breadth of occipital condyles ---..--........-. ‘abate Se ceee 11.4 11.8 Greatest bread h of cranium (at parietal region in tempo PALTOSS Dae Sie eae ee ee ee eee one een 23. J 24. 0: | | Greatest breadth of skull (at zygomatic process of squa VP PROB RU Seco pe a ee ie ck Sys Sir eee eee ae 32.8 34. 2 } | Breadth at anteorbital processes of frontal.............--. 30.0 | 31.0 | |} Breadth of anterior nareal anertures.---........-.--...--- fh (sy | Breadth of rostrum at base (bottom of anteorbital notch)... 19. 6 20.4 | Wreadth.of rostram atimiddle 4222 7.se-es. so enon oe en ee 11.2 11.4 | To sum up the facts presented, it may be said that our specimens agree exactly with the European ones in size, and closely in color (in a > Kischer, lic., ps 209: GRAMPUS GRISEUS. 129 species in which the color is very variable), in osteological details and proportions, and in the number of teeth (which number is also variable). I believe, therefor, that there can be no reasonable doubt but that the grampuses of American and European waters are identical. Grampus souverbianus Fischer. On page 209, M. Fischer brings together the measurements of the length of ten skulls of European specimens. The largest of these is 515™™ long, and as this is presumably from a full-grown male, he ques- tions whether another skull 530™™ long (and having indications of teeth in the upper jaw) may not be that of a distinct and larger species. He gives this skull provisionally the name of G. Souverbianus. But an examination of the tables of measurements on p. 132, shows that six of thirteen American skulls measured exceed 515™™, while the remaining seven stand in a practically evenly-graded series below that length. I do not think, therefore, that the skull called G@. Souverbianus can be set apart on account of its size. Its proportions are as follows: | G.Souverbi- | Cape Cod. Measurements. | anus. | G. griseus. |From Fischer. n. n. | Mn. Mm. PRODI ENC Mises ios aaa clas al ene nie aie ine ee mien elel==l=1=i= 530 | *540 From extremity of beak to anterior wall of nasal fossa - - a| 370 390 From extremity of beak to maxillary notches.-.....-.-..--- 295 | 299 Breadth of head between the postorbital process of the HUOMUA eee eee ech inted eessiec et eens -aieisetectviei= 375 378 Breadth of the beak atits base. ..<.2.5: 2.2.22... ..-c5---=2 235 | 224 Breadth of the beak at its‘niddle ---.-...----.- 22.22.22... | 150 | 138 * This is measured from the inferior margin of the foramen magnum, as seems to be the case in all of M. Fischer’s measurements, and not from the surface of the condyles as in mine. The teeth in G. Souverbianus are 3-2 ; in the Cape Cod specimen, 5-4. As regards the teeth in the upper jaw Fischer remarks: On voit des alvéoles au maxillaire supérieur, mais leur fond est partie comblé, In all the largest skulls in the national collection there are signs of these rudimentary alveoli, but it is my opinion that they are made by the pressure of the mandibular teeth against the margin of maxilla, and that they do not indicate the previous presence of teeth. Indeed, in skull No. 16486, in which the mandible is present, it is demonstrable that these pits are made by the mandibular teeth. The only character, therefore, brought forward by Fischer as distin- guishing the type of G. Souverbianus is the breadth of the beak, and no one, I think, who examines the comparative measurements on p. 132, will regard this of sufficient importance to entitle the skull to a distinct specific name. I believe it to be only an oldish individual of G. griseus. Grampus Richardsoni Gray. At first sight the measurements appear to show that this skull is separable in-that it has a narrow beak and narrow intermaxille, but in 18378—Bull. 36 9 13 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 21048 of the American series (p. 132) we find a skull which has the beak relatively as narrow and the intermaxille both relatively and absolutely narrower. The teeth are of the same number (4-4), and as large as in the American series. Apparently no characters of genuine importance have been brought forward to prove the distinctness of the grampus of the Cape of Good Hope, and until such are forthcoming it seems reasonable to regard it as identical with the G. griseus of northern waters. Grampus Stearnsti Dall. A mandible and two teeth are the only specimens of the west-coast grampus in the national collection. The mandible is apparently neither the No. 1 nor the No. 2 of Mr. Dall’s description ;* at least I can not make my measurements agree with his. The mandible is from the same locality, however, as that from which Mr. Dall’s specimens were ob- tained, and the teeth are of the same number (3-3) as in his No.1. It may be that I do not interpret his measurements correctly, and that this is his No. 1. The proportions of the jaw are as follows: 13021. Monterey, Cal. (C. M. Secammon.) Measurements. Inches. Centi- meters. | eT corti ud il ra Gin eonere fete terete Se ree asic telat rae ete le eae etote aioret ciate ae alate teat tie teeeeetenratatete | 17.6 | 44.7 PUG TN GI Of THEN SG ts LN ate ete set eee | 95a 4.9 Greatest depth at the symphysis --- | TR 4.3 Distance from the anterior extremity of the j jaw ‘to the end of the tooth line. | 2. 6 6.5 Vertical depth at the coronoid process) -22== 45-22 =. coe ee eee | 4. 75 | 12. 0 Upon examination, it appears that the coronoid process of this jaw is a little higher than is common in G. griseus, and the posterior portion of the ramus is somewhat less convex, but I make this statement with all reserve, however, since 1 have examined only about ten jaws of G. griseus, and in no two of these is the form identical. I know no reason why the slight differences observable in the mandible from Monterey may not be set down as indicative of individual variation merely. The teeth are of the same size and form as in G. griseus. The formula for the mandible under consideration is ° x 5 but in Mr. Dall’s No. 2 there were four teeth on each side—the average number in G. griseus. From the remarks of Scammon on p. 103 of the Marine Mammalia it would appear that the Pacific grampus has a higher dorsal fin than G. griseus ; but neither these remarks nor the figure on page 102 merit the serious consideration of the classifier, since Secammon’s observations were made not on specimens under his hand but at liberty in the sea. We have, therefore, only the presumption that dolphins of the same genus inhabiting different seasare likely to be specifically distinct, asthe basis for the separation of G@. Stearnsii from G. gr iseus, 5 Scammon, Marine Mammalia, p. 300. GRAMPUS GRISEUS. 13 Grampus sakamata Gervais. This name was first formally used by Gray in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Hrebus and Terror, page 31. It was given to a whale described by Schlegel from Japanese drawings and natural histories. Schlegel did not see any specimens of the species described, and Gray did not examine the original accounts from which Schlegel drew his description. Certainly we are getting far away from nature in this matter. Fortunately, however, Gervais applied the name to a skull of a grampus received from Japan, and thus for the first time placed the new species, if new species it be, within the reach of investigation. In considering this skull we ought not to be influenced by Schlegel’s remarks on the color, ete., of the animal represented in the Japanese drawings, because that author believed that the cetacean was a species of Killer. Gray’s opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, it does not ap- pear probable to me that the author of the concise and well-illustrated description of the Killer in the Abhandlungen would mistake a Grampus for a Killer. I consider the skull figured by Gervais in the Ostéographie (pl. LXIv, fig. 5, p. 568) as the type of the so-called Grampus sakamata. Upon examining this figure, however, we are at once made aware of the inadvisability of basing species in this genus on the proportions of the skull alone, on account of the great amount of individual variation in cranial characters. Figures 4-and 5 on plate LXxIv of the Ostéographie apparently represent skulls distinguishable specifically at a glance. But in the national collection there are two skulls which might almost have served for the basis of these two figures, yet were both obtained from Cape Cod, Massachusetts (together with many others), at the same time, and are almost unquestionably specifically identical. We will consider a few of the proportions common to Gervais’ skull of G. sakamata from Japan, and No. 22446 of our collection, from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and some which are common to the skull of @. griseus from Concarneau, figured on the same plate, and No. 22447 of our collec- tion, from Cape Cod. Itshould be remarked first, however, that both our skulls and those figured in the Ostéographie are from young individuals. Proportions common to G. sakamata and | Proportions common to G. griseus from Con- No. 22446 U.S. N. M., from Cape carnean and No. 22447 U.S. N. M., from Cod, Massachusetts. Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 1. Distance from left maxillary notch to ex- | 1, Distance from left maxillary notch to ex- | tremity of rostrum equals distance from || tremity of rostrum equals distance from saine notch to margin of maxilla, over || same notch to ante-orbital enlargement of post-orbital process of frontal. frontal. 2. Length of beak equals width from base of | 2. Length of beak is less than the same width. maxillary notch to ante-orbital enlargement | of opposite frontal. ; 3. The width of the widest part of the max- |) 3. The same width is contained one and one- ills anterior to the notch is contained one | fourth times in the length of the beak. | and one-half times in the length of the beak. || 4. The greatest width of the intermaxille an- | 4. The same width is contained but two and terior to the notch is contained a little less | one-half times in distance from the nares than three times in the lengtia from the an- | to the extremity of the rostrum. terior margin of the nares to the extremity of the rostrum. 132 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Unlike as these two skulls figured in the Ostéographie are in propor- tious therefore, they find their counterpart in two skulls presumably of the same species and from a single locality. It would seem that something besides proportion of the skulls must be brought forward whereby to distinguish the supposedly distinct Japanese Grampus. I did not have an opportunity of examining the skull of G. sakamata when in Paris and can not affirm that it may not exhibit characters which are not represented in Gervais’ figure. Until such characters are discovered, however, I do not see any reason why G. sakamata should be regarded as distinct from G. griseus.* Globiocephalus Rissi and G. Chinensis Gray. This animal, which was described by an anonymous writer in the Chinese Repository, Vol. VI, pp. 411-414, appears to be unquestionably a grampus, as is indicated by the size, the number, and the position of the teeth, and the color and markings of the skin. Gray, following Blyth, regarded it as a Blackfish, and founded his Globiocephalus Chinensis uponit. That it was a grampus, and probably G. griseus, will, I believe, be the opinion of any person who reads carefully the original description in the work mentioned. Table of measurements. GRAMPUS GRISEUS. 2 ; Breadth of | © 8 MS beak— R Es S eH ———|‘9,;| 23 bh ara | 74 Ki E Be | au 3 5 Soe aes a Collection. Type of— Locality. = i e a ° Aa S ers re o go a S| 5 og 2 | seo (| ip 1 1 OS aa Sa o a of al oe = = ,@° s a ° ° = PAS ap 3 c a og a 6 ja go, ° a a SS Q aes 5 lo = a = 3 3 eee ws s BD ieee et ee S Sa5 = KW os a R oO Vv oa 3 ® ° ® SI # H HoT oO m | HA | 4 )- 203i | 119") 18.9") ae 16264... | Verdot eae oe J] ovens eee 1626b |... | Table Bay, S. |.----- 0 1°24 5°) W19'9) ONO tno ee | Africa. | “In the foot-note (Ostéographie, p. 563) Gervais states that there is a mandible of a grampus from Japan in the British Museum, but none is included in Professsor Flower’s recent list of specimens of Cetacea in that collection. GLOBICEPHALUS MELAS. 133 Table of measurements—Continued. = | ee Extremity | Breadth | Temporal iets alg a = % of beak to—| between— fosse. | g s Ss 2s ‘ ee Need er bae | a oa Seer | 2 ye as ese Me Sree yi |nes r) See El) 8 etih H 5 nO ea 3 a Ke} be. ips a F 2 | 3 |S8| a2 |= | a8 =e |ae/asjee| 3} 2 8 = Ales | ow “EN.S a ere SS | cd S ® 5 Cee eiesn even sors a= Sie om tore ellmeson ||) tel © 5 8 e 18. | es are eee Peete ieeaeth |) Set INY ce Pe Sse en | B= Be Siar) sakes kee i re Ee S Selon a, : eo] ® Se eee rec ete (eccenstaal Se a tele | eae Mele eT Ott, 8 = oo Pe) os Goa so oh ~ op oe on ~ 8 g < ia es sucess | ee cies mB a | 8 5 = S 5 S a i ~ ol vo - — — oO q | H 4 g o | A R | A A Q A Cm. | Cm Cm Cin Cm. | Cm Cm. | Gm. | Cm Cm | Om Om. | Cm. peacee eee | Soy B55) SAO PATS MOBS ON IDE OL VOD sas eles d: lece co aReL eee ieat sale a gee T5GG0 |\osdecs |. on. BSA s|eBSe aL o tue laos Salsa a eal ONOr | ab lea ccal ceed] canes Hie ss oo aaa T5800 (eels ce: SPO UaAGON LADS Naahae HONS | NOES Tel aueliccie [scctec Soe Ale aele tele cok SMGIS eee | tase Pro eimai SIGS LODs a TO Ase GUO) ae se ee eliecn ce aeee |e howl) ceased DIOATN Ss seen ae SOLOW SOMAN BISON 20878 | AGEEE | Bele c sce hoor. We ecsleeccs eeaeee epee so TS SOM teers |e 20 Sr locccee DTA Ow |b 2D eel a Mere Oey 7 lias eee Be ey lie eece [teete o eee ren oes 28.4 | 28.6 | 26.0] 18.7] 10.7] 6.2] 36.2) 4.7] 5.5] 9.0]...... ; an DST rs sme 19-1 |, 20,5] 20.1 |,17.1.| 9.5.) 5.1] 29.0) 31], 46:| 6.7)|...-.. ira 264A eee Oates o7.4|20.1|1131| 4.7|33.3| 2.5% 5.8] 941... = MRE ecg Ie tee! 83.0) B15) 84 / 17.8 46) 7.8 |-.---.) cee |eereee|eereeefeeeees | oeeeee PGE Meee eer reece ters eT 2A Ee a | [Aso eh semen a | 40.0| 5.3] 7.01 9.9] o:76 | 5 °=” | | | | t4—4 CSR eee cease 31.1 | 31.5 | 28.4 | 20.1 | 10.9] 5.7] 38.5 | 4.7| 66| 9.5 | 0.76 tra | *Least. t Rudimentary alveoli closed. {Rudimentary alveoli open. § Occipital sutures distinct. 15. GLOBICEPHALUS Lesson. (Globicephala Lesson, Mamm., découverts depuis 1788, 1828, p. 441.) GLOBICEPHALUS MELAS (Traill). Dephinus melas, Traill, Nicholson’s Journal, Xxu1, 1809, p. 81, pl. 3. Delphinus globiceps, Cuvier, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. nat., xix, 1812, p. 14, Pl. 1, 2 figs. Globiocephalus Svineval, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, 1846, p. 32. Delphinus intermedius, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, 1829, p. 51, PI. I, fig. 3. ? Globiocephalus affinis, Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, 1846, p. 32. Globiocephalus Edwardsti, A. Siuith, African Zoology. Globiocephalus incrassatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 186], p. 309, 1 fig. Spharocephalus incrassatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 244; Catalogue, 1866, p. 324. Traill’s concise description and generally accurate figure leave no doubt whatever as to the identity of his Delphinus melas. Gray was surely at fault in employing Lacépede’s name, Catodon Svineval, since the only part of the latter’s description which is diagnostic in no way applies to the blackfish. The generally accepted opinion that the blackfish of the northeastern coast of North America, the Delphinus intermedius of Harlan, is identical with the Globicephalus melas of European waters, seems to rest upon an excellent basis. Harlan’s species was described from a specimen from 134 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Salem, Mass. There are in the Museum collections some six or eight skulls, three skeletons, and two casts of specimens from Cape Cod, Mas- sachusetts, and also some ten photographs of different schools which have stranded from time to time near Provincetown, at the extremity of the Cape. In external appearance the specimens photographed cor- respond to Harlan’s description and very crude figure, and on the other hand they correspond exactly to the individuals from European waters figured by Murie, Couch, and Cuvier. All the individuals of which the under surface of the body is shown in the photographs (some twenty or more), without exception, have the peculiar white mark on the throat and median line of the belly, represented in Cuvier’s figure. Ifar- lan’s statement, that the length of the dorsal fin is only one-thirteenth of the total length, seems to be based on a measurement of the figure, which is certainly incorrect as regards the dorsal. In the paage the vertebral formula is the same as that given by Flower for @. melas.* In two complete skeletons the formula is as follows: No. 14417: C.7, D. 11, L. 14, Ca. 27=59. No. 20958: -C. 7, D. 14, Ti. 43,'Ca. 2960: The teeth in six skulls are as follows: =? ~—, “= =} 355 por The number : to it would therefore appear to be the average, which s also the number commonly found in European specimens. es P Ma ie % 7 Lae | | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Gm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. ; Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cin | 6—6. 77 3000 10.44 | 19.8 | 40.0 | 41.9 | 41.8 | 26.2 | 14.2 | 10.7 | 49.6 6.9.) 1355 ATS v8 3°83 3 | | | Soe | | | | * Posterior to tie notch. t Actual length; not from end of beak. t¢LOBICEPHALUS BRACHYPTERUS. 139 GLOBICEPHALUS SCAMMONI Cope. Globiocephalus Scammoni, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 2t. This species was made known by Professor Cope from the descrip- tion, measurements, and drawings of Scammon. There is in the national collection a skull presented by Scammon which is presumably the type of the species. This skull I have com- pared with those of G. brachypterus, and, as already stated, have reached the conclusion that the differences observable indicate specifie distine- tions between the blackfish of the east and west coasts. Scammows measurements of the exterior also differ from those obtained from specimens from the east coast. These differences will be pointed out when treating of G. brachyypterus. GLOBICEPHALUS BRACHYPTERUS Cope. G. ? sp. nov., Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 8. Globiocephalus brachypterus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 129. As early as 1866 Professor Cope entertained the opinion that two distinct species of blackfish occurred on the east coast of the United States, and in 1876 he was enabled to demonstrate the validity of his opinion by the acquisition of a complete female specimen from Delaware Bay. This specimen, with the skull formerly referred to as ‘ Globio- cephalus? n. sp.,” became the basis of his Globiocephalus brachypterus. Recently, as already stated on a previous page, the Smithsonian Institution has received three skeletons and an additional skull, which in the opinion of the writer may undoubtedly be referred to the species under consideration. Two of these skeletons and the extra skull were obtained by Mr. Joseph Willcox in Osprey, Fla., and the third skel- eton came from the U. S. Life-Saving station at Dam Neck Mills, near Cape Henry, Virginia. The Florida skeletons were respectively about 17 and 18 fect long, and the Virginia specimen (a male) measured 15 feet 3 inches in the flesh. The following external measurements were taken from the Virginia specimen while fresh, by Mr. T. W. Scoilick : Measurements of blackfish, G. brachypterus, No. 22561, male, from Dam Neck Mills, Virginia. Ft. In: dip otsnout to notch OL hukes...2.2.2-<.. .- Mine Dips, A ah 15 3 potent torblow hole sesem es. se, oe ee Sts ro, eo ac ciceuimee se Se eetin 1 9h MapotesnOntsOe Verses sets ee ce ce senk cents See seb a ceace pel. aS ees i294 Diplotisneut toanterior base of pectoral 2224/2 =.22':2------- 5-2-5 -. ---2 2 -- 2-0-2 s2- = t= 2s ee sese = 22-2 2 7 Werticalimeiowt Of dorsal! 22... 222.22 sise- e222 oe. -ie et sce e ~~ = cle = +2 sie=s lene 140 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ft. In Flakes from ‘tip to tip 223 koe See ne aa oe eee ee ee noe ee eee ee 3 lu Lévgth: ofmouth) ws2.22o6 5 oe see eee eee See n neees ae ee eee ee 1 33 Length of eye: soot. soe SeSae ae ase Soe eee pee eee ee eee eee 14 Length of caudal ridge extending upward from notch of flukes ...--.-..--- 4 4 Vertical heitcht: <0. 255. ssn se ecteeee oamieees aon ee einin 3.38 ene Ghwoteroother Owes cmc see ahs onisieiele (slolseielnapi De wsiaeieaeeisia\eim\ele\=\z/<'= Bisistoaae 9.0 Depth between angle and coronoid process -.-...---.-----. +--+ -s-ecesece soe 6.1 Breadth of beak in front of third tooth (counting from posterior end of row).. 8.25 Bregdthiofintermaxillesy abssame point sce. -ccc ccc. coc ssn s- 255 cee 5.6 ene neoterOou nero ware nriae sere alee ister e/ Saline ace oscil wsinia as e\oeia alse eaare 8.4 Globiocephalus Grayi Burmeister. Gervaist and Reinhardtt have already expressed their belief in the identity of this species with P. crassidens, and there is apparently no reason for dissent from their opinion. It has one tooth more above on each side than is common, and all the teeth are very much worn, though the skull differs in length from No, 10320 in the national collection by only three-tenths of an inch. In the characters poiuted out by Bur- meister in his monograph as peculiar to this skull, it agrees with the specimens of P. crassidens which I have examined. Pseudorca? mediterranea Giglioli. Professor Giglioli describes in the Zoologischer Anzeiger (V, 1882, p. 289) under this name a species found in the Mediterranean. He gives, however, no characters by which its relationships can be determined. The teeth are 2? or +8. The total length of the skullin the Royal Zoological Museum in Florence is 64™ long; its greatest breadth 1s 46°". * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 293. t Gervais, Journ. de Zoologie, 1, p. 68; Journ. de Zoologie, 11, p.36, Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 548. ¢ Reinhardt, Videns. Meddel. Natur. Férening. 18378—Bull. 36——10 146 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Table of measurements. PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS. alee Ay Breadth of | * 29 beak. & ea er hata ea mB ea | oe 5 é Sy #2 ep g 2 F > r od = ou 2a a Collection. Type of— Locality. = A : So | SK 5 c A 2 so 2z AO) Pee = Ole | 2 | Bails |as | ose 2 S| ARN Ss lee: | ees Ore aes 5 eS eB 20 5 =¢ aS 0 Sa Wig em a | ilies ae ° a zy S n a = Son | oS oe OL = + apc S v + A = “A o Sse a oO 2 o ~ ~ a Cel = oO | W H | A <4 q | A o é a | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm Om. 2986 | R.Col. Surg.) O.meridionalis| Tasmania. .--.-- .---| 58.5 | 29.2 | 18. 6*) 14.6 | 11.2 | 11. 9F DOR Gel wea sl Ones cee aes see eee Ope eseeee Old | 59. 5t| 28.7 | 20.8 | 18.8 | 13.2 | 13, 2t DORTE| Se Mdoriocsce al tes dece eee cee elem @o.82). <.-.--| dri 51.1 | 2452) 16,0) 1320) | 78287 Ong OOR4 Pe dol sce sss| eeecessistecenae Adventure Bay, | Jr. | 58.1 | 27.2 | 18.6 | 15.0 | 10.9 | 12. 2t Tasmania. as aoe 7 “eee ok ial accel ha a e lees Extremity | Breadth Temporal | iS eniies A = |\of beak to—| between— fossee. Bice = Bar } sees i Fao u ee oe o Gira) lias leas ae A bes | | Soa | ge ae lcaee ele Seti" aay Sy eee E el Soa o = Qo | an ~ ne & es — a | 4a 2 oa Ss “= Oo Re an Se ea 402 | aa ~ f=} 2 | 26 oe | - ea a Se Arse etait v = S ea | 8S] os ao | 3 82 1 $2 | os | 3 - ° a5 ad . oe 8 Ao On | Ez | A Se ep ena aElise = [eens Es 5 2s See een s B | 3 |S8| 52 | 28 Bele o|3 |S 138 3 2 ze] 2 Seon az | 9 z a 4 ey less es as ra BO Bs | pe | Bes) | ees ie a es teeta a Bt S 3 een es ie el ee 2 5B |) 8 a 5 = o > Mee elect sles o | a RA} R | AR A | A /A Aa a Sa wile le ape ae an be = 7 Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Om. | Cin. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm 8_8 2986 | 19. 8||| 7.9 | 36. 2 40.0 | 29.5 |. 20.2 | 17.0 | 11.2 | 47.6] 9.5 | 2384] |e eee ; 10—10 | | | | | 5 9-9 2985 | 21. ||| 6.7 | 35.6%) 41.3] 33.3 | 22.6 |) 19.1 | 14.7 | 50.8) 70 | 23: Ofl| \l4s8 |. eee 2 10—10 | or | 8—§ 2987 | 18.3||| 5.8 | 29.7 | 34.8 | 26.7 | 21.6 | 15.0} 9.7 | 41.3 \) 7.6)1°20: Ll L029" |eeee= i 10—10 | | | | &—8 2981 | 20.3||) 6.9 | 33.7 | 37.5 | 29.6 | 20.6 | 17.8 | 12.7 | 46.0) 8.1 | 19. a TE ares ) 8-8 | | er *Least. + This is back of the notch; the intermaxille are wider in front of it. t A little sawed off. § O. meridionalis. || Actual ; not from tip of beak. Supramity Il. DELPHINAPTERIN Zi. 17. DELPHINAPTERUS Lacépede. Delphinapterus Lacépede, Hist. nat. des Cétacés, 1804, p. xli. Beluga Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., 1815, 60. DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS (Pallas). Delphinus leucas, Pallas, Reise in Russischen Reiches, 1776, 111, p. 92, pl. 79. Delphinapterus beluga, Lacépeéede, Hist. nat. des Cétacés, 1804, p. 243. Delphinapterus leucas, Gerard, Dict. Sci. nat., v1, p. 69. Delphinus canadensis, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 2d pt., 1822, p. 516, ? Delphinus (Delphinapterus) Kingii, Gray, Ann. Philos., 1827, p. 375. Beluga rhinodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 278. Beluga declivis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 278. Beluga concreta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1865, p. 278. DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS. 1eRy Prior to the year 1865 naturalists seemed to have been pretty well agreed that there existed but one species of white whale, the ‘ beluga,” “ wittisch,” or “ weissfisch.”. We must except Gray and Desmarest, how- ever, the former having erected DP. Kingit on a specimen supposed to have come from New Holland, and the latter having made a distinct species of Duhamel’s Dauphin blane du Canada (D. canadensis). Of these species more will be said subsequently. In 1865 Professor Cope, having studied the material brought back by Drs. Hayes and Kane, divided the genus into three sections from osteological characters, and assigned B. rhinodon and catodon to the first, declivis to the second, and concreta to the third. Upon examination of the diagnosis it appears that the same charac- ters, thirty-six in number, are, with eight exceptions, repeated in two or more species in different combinations. Thus rhinodon aud declivis have the vomer well developed between the palatines, while concreta has not. On the other hand declivis and conereta have the beak one-- half the total length of the skull, but rhinodon not. Of five skeletons in the British Museum and at Oxford none exhibit the same combina- tion of characters exhibited by any of Professor Cope’s species, nor did any two agree together. Thus No. 367a (British Museum) has the palatines barely in contact, a character peculiar to rhinodon, but it has also the beak equally one-half the length of the skull, and the teeth 9-9, which is not the case in rhinodon. No. 268a has three characters of catodon, but has the muzzle less than one-half the length of the skull, and the vomer well developed between the palatines, which is not the case in catodon. It therefore appears that each of these five specimens must be re- garded as the type of a new species, or the divisions of the original species, D. lewcas, must be broken down; for the former course there is apparently no warrant. Let us examine the characters themselves. The first character of Professor Cope’s sections relates to the cervical vertebrie. In section a and aa those vertebre are separated, in aaa the axis and third verte- bra are anchylosed together. It is doubtful whether this is anything more than an individual variation. In a skeleton in the national col- lection the third cervical is anchylosed to the axis on the left side, but not on the right side; the area of attachment is small. In one of two skeletons of LZ. acutus now on my tables, the first three cervicals are united by the centra, and the first four by the spines, the remaining cervicals being free; in the second skeleton the first three cervicals are united by the centra, and the first five by the spines, while the sixth and seventh cervicals are also united together by their neural arches and spines. Such variations in the amount of anchylosis of the cervieals are of frequent occurrence in this and other species of the Delphinida, and cer- tainly do not indicate specific diversity. The presence or absence of a 148 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. vertebrarterial canal is likewise an individual character. The variation of one in the number of pairs of ribs is net considered of specific impor- tance. The shortness of the muzzle in rhinodon is doubtless due to the immaturity of the specimen. The amount of expansion of the vomer and palatines in the median line is a character which varies greatly with age. The question of the number of teeth presents some difficulties. I have never seen a white whale skull with so few as four or six teeth. The number in twelve skulls in the Museum varies from eight to eleven. As regards the relative positions of the anterior extremity of the ex- posed prenareal portion of the maxilla and the maxillary notch it may be said that in the twelve skulls mentioned above this part of the max- illa appears at different points from almost exactly opposite the notch to a point about midway between the line of the notches and the supe- rior nares. On the whole I am inclined to reunite all of Professor Cope’s species under the original name and to hold that in the Arctic seas, at least, but one species of white whale has been discovered. As regards Gray’s D. Kingii, reported to have come from New Hol- land, it can only be said that considering that no white whale has been observed in the South seas, and that the type skull agrees with others from northern waters, there is strong probability that the locality given by Gray is erroneous. There is a skull in the national collection from Pastolik, Alaska, near the mouth of the Yukon, which agrees almost ex- actly with the type of D. Kingii. In both the length of the beak is about 40 per cent. of that of the skull, the breadth at the notch is a third of the total length, and the breadth of the intermaxillz at the middle of the beak equals the distance from the last tooth to the maxillary notch. Of Desmarest’s Delphinus canadensis, founded on Dubhamel’s Marsouin blane, little need be said. Duhamel states that he never has himself seen this animal nor any of the other porpoises which he figures. His words are: Enfin on m’a envoyé de Canada, sous le nom de Marsouin blanc, de douze pieds de longueur, le dessein (fig. 4), qui avait le museau tres petit et le front fort élevé.* In the explanation of the plates he says: Celui, fig. 4, est nommé Marsouin blanc, i cause de la couleur de sa peau; il a le front trés-gros, t All of Duhamel’s figures of porpoises are very incorrect, and bis rep- resentation of the white whale resembles that animal perhaps as much as those of the killer and the bottle-nose resemble those species. It is unwise to give such obviously inaccurate figures serious consideration, and it is certain that in the light of present knowledge, Desmarest would not have erected @ species on the Marsouin blane. Sania! Traité des Pesches, vol. iv, pt. 2, sect. x, Chap. U, 1762, p. ae CEES; fig. 4). > 1 dance) 04, DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS. 149 Table of measurements. DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS. — = = ry | ! Breadth of | = 3 | beak— | 2 ee |e oo aero ae ee e Ss z= a5 = i (e Su | Gos a Collection. | Type of — Locality. F ea Re eel sles B - | d Sin || eee | eo a Oe 2 |Bol gs jus |ean 2 Sil Per, [nea | cronies oral aa.o E, eat | ama om Miata selene ern stata & ilar vi ares lhe aia |88~a s “ Ss a [2 = S $25 3S a | 2 eo) ee ECrS oO m | Hy | 4 4 | A o | Om. | Cm. | Om. | Om. | Cm. | Om. (josomy MU. SmN ate WS 5526 setececr Pastolik, Alaska|..--| 40.0 | 16.4 | 13.3 | 7.3 | 4.7 978 DIOS ESO Oly SUL Oa |ae aati ocr aes cacvoace acre mame m ie a boxauli2Os4el Loto Oo soulmao: Ae OG Abel een Ore seme ae sa acis tee cin [ete caiee we cite neem some 59.2 } 30.2) 1855 | 12.2 5.3 11. 8t 2960 LO nei se se ciot lem ene a Selon | iesainisteiseiclemicc.cielata:| setae 54.4 |.25.4 | 16.5 | 9.5 | 25.0 11. 3f 2G eee eee One an eae acie sscen nell eeeacccecer cee SeelmOssle | eeoonl Loss 9.4 4.5 10. Of BOTEH PDL ta WiNS Ela lete ne es ela Eschscholtz Bay|}---.| 50.8 | 25.4 | 16.3) 8.6] 4.7 10.7 OC eee CLO Wet aeeteteets lle meian eine late Greenland ..---. IRaleovalal doa2 10551). (Oak |ev3: 0 9.0 BONG Sere ese ee aeons ce seese cle oie GW ieesoece oral |e Garb) |s254 We 20NGel W438) 6x0 12.5 368a | Brit. Mus...-. D. Kingii .| New Holland ...).--. 3610) | EO LEON fede aol 8.9 3 Extremity | Breadth | Temporal A iS 5 : 3 of beakto— | between— fossx. 8 8 ‘ a a Se oH aa So ae |hice Zoe = = ° a 2 1 Peeeseerliees. |(.0.| Es S Solan ie ale selas ® a 22/gaa|2 me 2 Be | Ges a Sp a 2 eV eS omega ee Bn Ss [as (aa | ee] & 5 g = it diel eee =O a as 22] os os 2 5 Sania sce ene HS Seal SS tere ale ee + a se) oe eileen am |e Sam A D aa a S Se o Se as oS oo as ey ei a a) e ° = Sse BR | 8b Siilte st ae CaS ee us rs Pues We (oe aes erste a eerie Wee Gh Only ew a a | Os Sees ) ~ oo | Go | 2 8 g + q A 52/|% 2 Ars a a a a A me 3 5 ij oa a = — oO o o | o | @ oD ort oO HR} 4 QR Oo | 4 A AoA R JA a A —— 1 = = =~ =| —— = | — 7 Cm. | Cm. | Cm. | Om. | Cm. | Cm. | Cm.| Cm. | Cm. | Gm.| Om. | Cm. | Cm. | | 7535 13. 0 AMG M245 Ole acrte|e2 sale es aetere) | etelarecere G5 OF | eerie | beers | aemaoe| |Soocsd| Saaocda |ssecncoeus 2958 | 18.7| 7.9 | 38.5| 36.5 | 27.2] 185|15.2| 6.6] 41.9| 7.4/ 17.0} 10.4 |...... ; 10—10 9—9 DORQ mea Rossel araT LAOS |r40NS) | 29ONl 2OVOt ev en| OrONl Sena cee cles enemas ise ae ae ; 9-9 | 2 ? OGOMPOONON GH DE eSGI0NlS5aS0|ope4 20 tltsava|! (Bids |stee nee een. eeecalleseseslescnes ; 9—9 at 2961 | 18.3! 7.6 | 35.6 | 34.0 | 25.7 | 19.4¢/ 15.4 | 7.1] 40.0] 6.5|187]| 9.9]...... ; 7—8 9$—9 SOUCH eos moa SeRSSeTalegdeanl 23s Gu Nate Sol 140 eT 4ulesseseeccecelececce|essemelacesee ; 9-9 | =) 71? 367d, 10.2 | 4.6. 20.1 | 19.8 | 18.0 | 20..0§|...... GeAG R249) Ma deat i OO eae Shl pee eee ; 9-9 | 10—9 367a | 26.2} 8.5 | 46.3 | 43.7 | 31.2 | 23.49} 17.8 | 8.5] 47.2| 8.3] 19.1) 11.7] 14 ; 9-9 | | | 8—9 368a 11.2 erat Potion) at! SNM TO WON Mees 6826818) -329)|| eons TBs OROS ; 9—9 | | | 9—9 * Brooke's collection. + On line with anterior margin of nares. t Least. § Between walls of the fosse. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF DOLPHINS. 1, ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA, BASED ON EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. Head with a beak which is usually distinctly marked off from the forehead by a con- striction. Wonrsalsineabsenby sens seers foes actos e ono meceeeicne cee msec et anes 6. Tursio. Dorsal fin present; triangular or ovate. Beak not distinctly marked off from the forehead. ....-...-.- 10. Cephalorhynchus. Dorsal fin present ; falcate. 28. Sagmatias.* Beak distinct, short and rim-like ...........5..6-.--.-0-00 : 29, Feresa.* } 7. Lagenorhynchus. Beak distinct, elongated. Symphysis of mandible long. Crowns pO fe teoOvhbruciOSse o- soja omens esse sei sicwies sielorwinlefainte wim == =<) 2. Steno. Crownsroteteethismootine ssc ciss cose secersorie jssen inna I. GENUS SOTALIA—S. SINENSIS AND PLUMBEA. 153 SUBFAMILY I. DELPHININ A. 1. SOTALIA Gray. Rostrum long, narrow, and compressed. Symphysis of mandible long or moderate. Pterygoid bones separate, narrow, and divergent posteriorly. Postorbital process of frontal narrow. ‘Teeth moderate, smooth, 26 to 35. Vertebrie 51 to 55. Head prolonged into a distinct beak. Dorsal fin faleate. Pectoral fins broad at the base, falcate (oval in S. fluviatilis), moderate. Color white or gray, sometimes spotted; no bands of dark color. SOTALIA SINENSIS Flower. (Plate 1); fig. 3.*) “ Milky white, with pinkish fins and black eyes” (Swinhoe.) Teeth a Wertebrae: C. 7s D.125 1.10; Cas22—51; Temporal fosse large, rounded. Rostrum rather broad at the base, long, tapering. Palato-pterygoid region constricted. Inner margins of pterygoids separated, parallel proximally, divergent distally. Crowns of teeth smooth, conical, and incurved. Measurements of the skull.—Total length, 20.7 inches (52.6¢") ; length of beak, 12.8 inches (32.5°") ; breadth of beak at base, 4.7 inches (11.9°); breadth of same at its middle, 1.85 inches (4.7°") ; length of upper tooth- row, 11.2 inches (28.4°"); greatest breadth at postorbital processes of frontal, 8.8 inches (22.4°"). Habitat.—Quemoy Island, harbor of Amoy, China. ? Foo-chow River (Swinhoe). Canton River (Osbeck). SOTALIA PLUMBEA (Cuvier). (Plate 1, figs. 1 and 2.) Snout very long; distance from the tip of the snout to the eye one- sixth the total length; dorsal commencing at the end of the first third "The plates accompanying this synopsis contain, for the most part, reproductions of the best figures of the different species to be found in the literature. For the fig- ures of skulls I have drawn largely upon the admirable illustrations in the atlas of Van Beneden and Gervais’ Ostedgraphie des Cétacés, and in Gray’s Synopsis of Whales and Dolphins. Most of the figures of species described by American authors, how- ever, are new, and have been drawn from specimens in the National Museum. In the diagnoses I have attempted to give the mean number of teeth (on one side of each jaw) for those species of which numerous skulls are to be found in the museums, but in giving the number of vertebrie I have in some cases indicated the extremes of variation as far as known. 154 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the length; long and but little elevated; caudal ridges prominent. Breadth of flukes equal to one-fourth the total length. Color uniform plumbeous gray, except on the extremity and under side of the lower jaw, where it is white. _ Teeth $7. Rostrum of skull exceeding three-fifths the total length of the skull, very narrow and obtusely pointed; its breadth at the middle one-sixth its length. Vomer not visible on the palate. Tem- poral fosse large and rounded, their length about equal to the breadth of the rostrum at its base. Symphysis of the mandible about one-third the length of the mandible. Measurements of the exterior (Pucheran).—Total length, 92.9 inches (236°™); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 53.7 inches (85.5°"); to pectoral fin, 22.8 inches (58™) ; to eye, 14.9 inches (37.8) ; length of anterior margin of dorsal fin, 16.7 inches (42.5); its vertical height, 5.9 inches (15°”) ; length of anterior margin of pectoral fin, 13.8 inches (55°); breadth of flukes, 21.7 inches (55°). Measurements of the skull.—Total length,55.9°" ; length of beak, 34.9°"; breadth of beak at base, 11.3°"; at its middle, 4.3°"; breadth between orbits, 19.2"; length of temporal fossa, 11.2°". Habitat.——Indian Ocean. Malabar coast, India (Dussumier). SOTALIA GADAMU (Owen). (Plate 2, figs. 1 and 2.) Body fusiform, gaining its greatest diameter at the fore part of the dorsal fin. Forehead convex. Snout long and compressed. Pectoral and dorsal fins faleate and of about equal size; the former commence at the beginning of the second fourth of the total length of the body. Color of body ‘“‘dark plumbeous grey, almost black upon the fins, especially at their fore part, becoming very gradually lighter to the longitudinal parallel of the attachment of the pectorals, below which the body, from beneath the base of the snout and eye to below the base of the tail, is of a pinkish ashy-grey tint, with a few small irregular blotches of light plumbeous grey ” (Owen). Teeth = Rostrum of skull less than three-fifths the length of the skull, depressed, and obtusely rounded off in front; its breadth at the middle about one-fifth its length. Vomer visible in the center of the palate. Pterygoids narrow, curved outwards, and sharply keeled. Length of the temporal fossze only a little less than the breadth of the beak at its base. Length of the symphysis of the mandible somewhat less than one-third the total length of the mandible. : Measurements of the exterior.—2 adult (Owen): Total length, 82 inches (209.1°"); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 36 inches (91.8); length of pectoral fin (along anterior margin), 18 inches (45.9); length of base of dorsal fin, 13 inches (33.2); breadth of flukes, 22 inches (56.1). Measurements of the skull.—(82, 1, 2,3, British Museum): Total length, VHS 1, SOTALIA.—S. TUCUXI. 155 43.2; length of rostrum, 25.3; breadth of beak at base, 9.3°"; breadth of same at its middle, 5"; breadth between orbits, 17.2°"; length of temporal fossa, 8.8°"- Habitat—Indian Ocean. Vizagapatam (Owen); Karachi; Australia (Flower). SOTALIA LENTIGINOSA (Owen). (Plate 2, fig. 3.) General form as in S. gadamu, but with smaller pectoral and dorsal fins, and broader flukes. Caudal ridges prominent. The color is pretty uniformly bluish cinereous, or slaty, freckled with irregular small spots or streaks of brown or plumbeous pigment, the streaks longitudinal and flecked with white; the under surface is a shade lighter than the rest of the body. (Owen.) Teeth =. Skull narrower than in S. gadamu. Occipital condyles and temporal fossce larger. Breadth of the rostrum at the middle one- sixth its length. Measurements of the exterior.— 2 adult (Owen): Total length, 94 inches (239.7°") ; length of snout, 6 inches (15.3°): length of mouth, 12 inches (30.6°") ; tip of snout to base of pectoral fin, 24 inches (61.2) ; length of pectoral (along anterior curve), 12 inches. (30.6); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 40 inches (102°); breadth of flukes, 21 inches (53.6). Measurements of the skull.—(1476a, British Museum. Type): Total length, 47™; length of beak, 28.2; breadth of beak at base, 10.2°™; at its middle, 4.7°™; breadth between orbits, 17.4°"; length of temporal fossa, 10.2. Habitat.—Vizagapatam, India (Owen). SOTALIA GUIANENSIS (Van Beneden). See Van Beneden, Mém. Couron. Acad. Roy. Belgique, coll. in 8°, XvI, 1864, Art. 2. Also page 17. Habitat.—Cayenne, French Guiana. SOTALIA BRASILIENSIS Van Beneden. (Plate 3, figs. 1 and 2.) See page 17. Habitat.—Bay of Rio de Janeiro. SOTALIA TUCUXI (Gray). (Plate 5, fig. 2.) g See page 17. Habitat.—Amazon River; mouth of Tocantins River (Bates); ? Flor- ida (U. S. National Museum). 156 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SOTALIA PALLIDA (Gervais). (Plate 4, figs. 1 and 2.) General form similar to that of S. fluviatilis. Beak rather longer and less distinctly marked off from the forehead. Lower jaw extending beyond the upper. Dorsal fin less elevated than in the S. fluviatilis, tri- angular, strongly emarginated behind. Pectoral fins smaller than in S. Jluviatilis ; less pointed and more constricted at the base. Upper surface of the body, head, dorsal and caudal fins yellowish white. Under surface of body, lower jaw, and pectoral fins, white. (VOrbigny and Gervais.) Teeth *, small and pointed. Temporal fossie large and square. Measurements of the exterior.—Total length, 165; greatest girth, 98°". Measurements of the skull.—Total length, 34°". Habitat.—Upper Amazon River; Nauta, Peru (Gervais); ? mouth of Rio Negro (Natterer). SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS (Gervais). (Plate 5, fig. 1.) Head swollen; beak distinct, moderately prolonged. Pectoral fins large, oval in outline and pointed. Dorsal fin faleate, a third longer than high. Upper parts of the body gray, approaching black; lower jaw and under surface of the body roseate-lilac. The color of the upper parts is extended through the eye in the form of a broad blackish band reach- ing the pectoral fins, which are likewise blackish. Immediately be- hind this band the light color of the lower surfaces rises higher than elsewhere on the sides. (@’Orbigny and Gervais). Teeth, = Measurements of the exteriov.—Total length, 101°"; greatest girth. i Measurements of the skull—Length of beak, 20°"; length of mandi- ble, 27°; length of tooth-row of the same, 16.5°"; length of symphysis, jem, Habitat. —Upper Amazon River. 2. STENO Gray. Rostrum long, narrow. and compressed. Symphysis of mandible long. Pterygoid bones in contact. Postorbital process of frontal slen- der. Teeth large, 20 to 27; crowns rugose. Vertebre, 66. Beak distinctly marked off from the forehead. Dorsal and pectoral fins faleate. Color black above, white below, with or without dark longitudinal bands. 2, STENO—S. ROSTRATUS AND PERSPICILLATUS. Loe STENO ROSTRATUS (Desmarest). (Plate 6, figs. 1 and 2.) Snout long, separated from the low forehead by a distinct constriction. Dorsal and pectoral fins falcate. Color of the upper surfaces and fins purplish sooty black; sides marked with rather large stellate yellowish-white spots. Snout and under surfaces of the body white, more or less tinged with purple and rose-color, and marked with prominent purple spots. (Liitken.) Wetebres: ©.:7;, D133; L. 15; Ca, 30= 65. Teeth, 5? to 53 rugose. Skull massive. Rostrum long and com- pressed, its breadth at the middle 11.5 per cent. to 18.8 per cent. of its length. Frontal plates of the maxille strongly bent; intermaxille convex, at wide opening between them opposite the maxillary notch. Temporal fosse very large and rounded; pterygoid bones meeting in the median line; vomer extending to the middle of the palate and visi- ble in the median line; mandible growing gradually attenuated from behind forwards, not keeled at the symphysis. Symphysis very long. Measurements of the skull.—(British Museum No. 346a. Type of S. compres sus): Total length, 51.1; length of rostrum, 32.5°"; breadth of rostrum at its base, 9.3°"; at its middle, 4.2°"; breadth of intermax- ille at same point, 2.9™™; breadth between orbits, 16.4°; length of tem- poral fossa, 8.6°. (British Museum No. 345¢, Type of S. frontatus): Total length, 51.1°; length of rostrum, 30; breadth of rostrum at its base, 10.7°"; at the middle, 5.2™; breadth of intermaxille at same point, 3.6¢"; breadth across orbits, 193°"; length of temporal fossa, 10.7", (For measurements of the exterior see page 28.) Habitat.—Indian Ocean. Java. Atlantic Ocean; 1° 14'S. lat., 179 20’ W. long. (Liitken.) STENO PERSPICILLATUS Peters. (Plate 7, figs. 1 and 2.) Form generally like Tursiops tursio. Beak distinctly separated off from the forehead. Dorsal and pectoral fins falcate. Back black, belly white, sides of body and head yellowish white. ... Vertebre: C. 7; D. 14(-15); L. 21(-22); Ca. 30 (-32) =73(-76). Rostrum depressed and elongated, its length exceed- ing one-half the total length (58 per cent. to 64 per cent.). Premaxillie convex, anchylosed together in the median line. Proximal fifth of the palatal ridge with nearly parallel margins, its sides excavated by the lateral grooves. Pterygoid bones sharply keeled. Vomer appearing in the median line of the palate as a linear slip. ‘Temporal fossve elongated, their length a little more than one-sixth the total length of the skull. Measurements of the exterior.—¢ (21524 U.S. National Museum. Wood’s Holl, Mass.). Total length, 89 inches (226.1°™) ; end of beak to dorsal fin, 39.3 inches (99.8°™); to pectoral fin, 20.0 inches (50.8°") ; vertical height of dorsal fin, 9.0 inches (22.9°™); length of pectoral fin, 14 inches (35.6°") ; breadth of flukes, 20.5 inches (52.1°"). Measurements of the skull.—(20873 U.S. National Museum. Block Isl- and, R. I. See p. 48.) Total length, 46.7; length of rostrum, 28.2; breadth of rostrum at its base, 9.3°™; at its middle, 5.3°"; breadth between orbits, 17.1°"; length of temporal fossa, 7.2°™. Habitat.—Pelagie. DELPHINUS LONGIROSTRIS Cuvier. (Plate 12, fig. 2.) External characters unknown. Teeth = Ktostrum of skull greatly elongated (67.9 per cent. of the total length); its breadth at the maxillary notches one-fourth its length. Length of the symphysis of the mandible one-fifth the length of the skull. Temporal fosse large and rounded. Palatal grooves and ridge as in D. delphis. Measurements of the skull.—(Type.) Total length, 49.5; length of 18378—Bull. 36 11 162 ~=BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rostrum, 33.7°"; breadth of rostrum at base, 8.4; at its middle, 3.8"; breadth between orbits, 14.7 ; length of temporal fossa, 7.4™. Habitat.—Malabar coast, India. DELPHINUS CAPENSIS Gray. (Plate 12, fig. 1.) See page 58. DELPHINUS ROSEIVENTRIS Wagner. (Plate 13, figs. 1 and 2.) (Description from Hombron and Jacquinot’s figure and Jacquinot and Pucheran’s description. ) Size small. Form stout. Forehead rather abruptly sloping; beak long (one-eleventh the total length). Dorsal fin large, broad, and not strongly recurved above; its vertical height above one-ninth the total length. Pectoral fin narrow, and not deeply emarginate posteriorly ; its length equal to that of the mouth. Back, tail, and fins, beak and margin of lower jaw black or dark gray; under parts pale rose-color; lower half of side white tinged with yellow- ish. , slightly curved and conical. (Waterhouse.) Measurements of the exterior.—Total length (along curve of back), 5 feet 4 inches (162.6); tip of muzzle to dorsal fin, 2 feet 6 inches 5 lines (77.3); length of mouth, 7 inches 9 lines (19.7); height of dorsal fin, 6 inches 4 lines (16.1°™); length of pectoral fin (along anterior margin), 1 foot 23 inches (37.5); breadth of flukes, 1 foot 4 inches 5 lines (11.2°™). Habitat.—St. Joseph’s Bay, Patagonia, lat. 42° 30’ S. LAGENORHYNCHUS CRUCIGER (@Orbigny and Gervais). (Plate 25, figs. 1 and 2.) Beak short, only slightly marked off from the convexity of the fore- head. Muzzle to the corner of the mouth, forehead, back, dorsal fin, tail and pectoral fins black. On the sides, from the eye and base of the pee- toral fins to the tail, a broad black band. This band is broadest above the base of the pectoral fin, and decreases in width posteriorly until a point about opposite the anus is reached, after which it again increases in width and joins the black of the tail. Between the median and lat- eral black bands and on the belly the color is white, more or less pure. (D’Orbigny and Gervais.) Teeth o2 skull smaller than that of Z. aeutus, but similar in propor- tions. Rostral portion of premaxille flat, not twisted into a vertical position at the distal extremity; their outer margins straight; triangu- lar area high, flat, and smooth; temporal foss~ moderate, oval, directed backwards; pterygoid bones in contact in the median line, moderate, very short antero-posteriorly, not keeled laterally ; the conjoint postero- internal free margin transverse, as in L. acutus ; vomer extending along three-fourths of the rostrum, appearing on the palate as a narrow ridge. a 7. LAGENORHYNCHUS—L. SUPERCILIOSUS AND ALBIROSTRIS. 171 Measurements of the skull—(Mus. @Hist. Nat., Paris. No. a 3045. Type.) Total length, 34.9°™; length of rostrum, 17.8°™; breadth of rostrum at the base, 10.7°™; at its middle, 6.6°™; breadth of intermax- ill at same point, 4.1°™; breadth between orbits, 17.1°™; length of temporal fossa, 6.9°"; depth of temporal fossa, 4.1¢°™. Habitat—Seas south of Cape Horn; Pacific Ocean. LAGENORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Schlegel). (Plate 25, fig. 3.) Teeth 7. Vertebre: C. 7, D. 13, L. 29, Ca. 33=73. Skull similar to that of L. obliquidens, but smaller. Pterygoid bones (apparently) in contact in the median line. Intermaxillxe not broad proximally, flat in the rostral portion; outer margins wavy. Length of rostrum exceeding one-half the total length of the skull (54.5 per cent). Temporal fossee moderate, elliptical, directed obliquely upwards. In the skeleton the neural arches become obsolete at the sixtieth ver- tebra; the transverse processes become obsolete at the fifty-fifth ver- tebra.* Measurements of the skuil—(Mus. Pays-Bas. No. 40.) Total length, 30.6; length of rostrum, 19.4°"; breadth of rostrum at base, 8.5; at the middle, 5.4"; breadth of intermaxill at same point, 3.2; breadth between orbits, 14.0; length of temporal fossa, 6.8°°; depth of tem- poral fossa, 4.5°". Habitat.—-Cape of Good Hope. LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS Gray. (Plate 26, figs. 1 and 2.) Form like that of L. acutus, but with more swollen forehead, more attenuated and more strongly reclined dorsal fin and larger pectoral fins. Forehead (exceptits base), back, and fins, black ; sides, grayish black ; belly, white. Base of forehead, beak, and mandible white, more or less tinged and shaded with gray. Three irregular areas of white on each side, one of which is above the base of the pectoral fin, the second below the insertion of the anterior margin of the dorsal fin, and the third below the insertion of the posterior margin of the same; all considera- * As stated on page 92, Schlegel identifies this species with Lesson and Garnot’s D. superciliosus, but the reasons for so doing are not apparent to the writer. Lesson and Garnot’s description of the exterior of their animal is substantially as follows: Length 4 feet 2 inches (French); 30 teeth in the upper pair, 29 in the lower. Back, head, and muzzle black. Dorsal (situated in the middle of the back), pectoral, and caudal brown. Sides and beily white like satin. A white band passes above the eye and extends to the forehead; a white blotch near the tail. (Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1, pt. 1, 1826, p. 181.) 172 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bly mottled with black, gray, and brown. A similar light area in the median line of the back behind the blow-hole and another on the tail, near the insertion of the flukes; under side of fluke grayish. The light areas of the sides are sometimes indistinct, or absent. Teeth °°; Vertebrie: C. 7, D. 15(-16), L. 23(-24), Ca. 43(-45)—88 (-92. Skull similar to that of L. acutus. Rostrum short, broad, and pointed; its breadth at the base two-thirds its length. Intermaxille broad and flat, their outer margin convex. Temporal fosse moderate, elliptical, not strongly directed upward. Measurements of the exterior.—( ¢, young. From Clark.) Totallength, 655 inches (166.4°"); distance from extremity of snout to base of dorsal fin, 30 inches (76.2); vertical height of dorsal fin, 6 inches (15.2°"); length of pectoral fin, 12 inches (30.5); breadth of flukes, 15 inches (38.1°"). Measurements of the skull.—(N. N. Mus. Sci. and Art, Edinburgh.) Total length, 46™; length of rostrum, 22.9"; breadth of same at base, 15.2; atits middle, 8.7"; breadth between orbits, 23.5°"; length of tem- poral fossa, 7.9°". Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean; Baltic Sea, Kiel (Claudius) ; North Sea; Irish Channel; Farde Islands; Greenland (Reinhardt); Davis Strait (Hschricht). LAGENORHYNCHUS OBLIQUIDENS Gill. (Plate 27, figs. 1 and 2.) In form, and aiso probably in coloration, nearly identical with Z. acu- tus. ‘The animal is rather thick in proportion to its length; black above, with a strongly faleate dorsal. Below, white, to the edge of the patch passing from the lower lip below the pectorals and terminating a short distance behind the vent. A broad gray smouch on each side above the line of the black color, and interrupted about the middle of the animal on each side; the edges of the gray are ill-defined. The posterior edges of the pectorals and dorsal are also grayish.” (Dall.) “Greenish black on the upper surface, lightened on the sides with broad longitudinal stripes of white, gray, and dull black, which in most examples run into each other, but below it is of a pearly or snowy white. The posterior edge of the dorsal fin is tipped with dull white or gray, and sometimes the flukes are marked in the same manner.” (Scammon.) Teeth = Vertebre’: C. 7, D. 13, L. 24, Ca. 30=74. Skull similar in general appearance to that of Z. acutus, but somewhat less broad in proportion to its length (the width between the orbits is less than the length of the rostrum.) Premaxilli more or less rounded, their outer margins not strongly sinuate. Temporal fossxe large and rounded. Pterygoid bones not in contact in the median line, widely 7. LAGENORHYNCHUS—L. THICOLEA AND ELECTRA. ~* 173 divergent posteriorly; their postero-internal free margin sigmoid in outline. Vomer visible in the median line of the palate along al- most the entire distal half of the same, being replaced by the interno- inferior edge of the intermaxillze only at the extremity of the rostrum. Measurements of the exterior.—(From Dall.) Total length, 87 inches (221°); breadth of flukes, 24 inches (61°"); extremity of snout to anterior edge of dorsal fin, 36 inches (91.4°"). Measurements of the skull.—(U.S. National Museum, n.n., adult.) Total length, 41.3; length of rostrum 20.9"; breadth of rostrum at base, 11.85; at its middle, 8.1; breadth between orbits, 19.2°"; length of temporal fossa, 8.4°"; depth of temporal fossa, 6.8". Habitat.—North Pacific Ocean; Monterey, California; Puget Sound (U.S. Nat. Mus.). LAGENORHYNCHUS THICOLEA Gray. (Plate 24, fig. 2.) Teeth z Rostrum long and narrow, its breadth at the middle about one-fourth its length; intermaxille flat and narrow; their combined breadth at the middle of the beak contained seven and a half times in the length of the beak. Temporal fossze small and rounded. Margins ‘of proximal half of rostrum thickened; the superior surface of the max- illx in this part at a different angle from the plane of the distal half of the rostral part of the maxilla, which looks downward and forward. Measurements of the skull.—(British Museum, 934a. Type.) Total length, 37.5°"; length of beak, 21™; breadth of beak at its base, 9.7 ; atits middle, 5.3°" 5 breadth of intermaxille atsame point, 2.8"; breadth between orbits, 16.5; length of temporal fossa, 5.6°". Habitat.—? West coast of North America. LAGENORHYNCHUS ELECTRA Gray. (Plate 28, figs. 1 and 2.) For exterior, see p. 102. Teeth 3. Skull massive; rostrum broad, long, and flat, its length always slightly exceeding one-half the total length of the skull. Inter- maxille slightly convex on the rostrum, except in the distal third ofthe latter, where their outer moiety is flat; their outer margins are sinuate. Mesethmoid cartilage ossified in front of the nares to a point anterior to the maxillary notches, forming part of the superior surface of the skull. Temporal fossze moderate and squarish; upper tooth-row short, about five-sevenths thelength of the rostrum. Vomer appearing in the median line of the palate opposite the middle tooth of the upper tooth-row. Outline of combined postero-inferior free margins of pterygoid bones Strongly concave. Rami of mandible deep in the proximal half and slender anteriorly ; the region of the symphysis obviously deeper than 174 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the part of the ramus which immediately succeeds it; aveolar border flat. Measurements of the skull.—( British Museum, 359a. L. electra, Type.) Total length, 45.7; length of rostrum, 24.35; breadth of rostrum at base, 15.95"; at its middle, 9.2 5 breadth of intermaxillze at same point, 6.1" 5 breadth between orbits, 25.2"; length of temporal fossa, 94°"; depth of temporal fossa, 5.5". Habitat.—Indian Ocean; tropical Pacific Ocean; Hawaii. LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS (Gray). (Plate 29, figs. 1 and 2.) Form apparently like that of L. acutus, but the snout longer and narrower and not distinetly divided off from the head. ‘Tins moderate and faleate; neck and belly white; a black band from the angle of the mouth to the pectoral fins; lateral oblique streaks of white; otherwise entirely black ” (Gray). Teeth, e Skull similar to that of L. obliquidens, but smaller. Ptery- goid bones in contact in the median line. Intermaxille broad proxi- mally, more or less convex distally ; outer margins straight. Length of rostrum slightly exceeding one-half the total length of the skull, Temporal fosse moderate, elliptical; their length always exceeding the width of the beak at the middle. Measurements of the exterior.—(British Museum, type-skin, 41, 1733).* Total length, 65 inches (165.1°™) ; extremity of snout to corner of mouth, 8.7 inches (22.1°"); to base of pectoral fin, 16.5 inches (41.9°") ; to base of dorsal fin, 51.75 inches (80.6) ; vertical height of dorsal fin, 7.5 inches (19); length of pectoral fin, 11 inches (27.9); breadth of flukes, 15.75 inches (40°), Measurements of the skuil.—(British Museum, 354 a.) Total length, 36.8; length of rostrum, 20.1; breadth of rostrum at base, 9.3; at its middle, 6.1"; breadth of intermaxille at same point, 3.3; breadth between orbits, 15.5 ; length of temporal fossa, 6.7"; depth of tem- poral fossa, 4.8°". Habitat—Cape of Good Hope (Gray); Chili (Flower); New Zealand (ITector,? another species). 8. SAGMATIAS Cope. Rostrum moderate, broad and tapering. Rostral portion of inter- maxille flat. Triangular area in front of superior nares elevated above the plane of the surrounding parts. Pterygoid bones short, scarcely or not touching in the median line. Teeth small, 32. Exterior and skeleton not known. * This mounted skin is very much warped from its original shape, and the measure- ments are, therefore, of doubtful value, —a— 8. SAGMATIAS.—9. FERESA. eS SAGMATIAS AMBLODON Cope. (Plate 30, fig. 1.) Only the skull known. Beak one-half the length of the entire cranium, and one-half as broad: at the base as long. Temporal fossx large and rounded. Intermax- illee flat; they occupy rather more than one-half the breadth of the beak at the middle. Pterygoids short, scarcely or not touching in the median line. Teeth : (much worn in the type, but probably originally conical and acutely pointed), Measurements of the type-skull.—Total length, 37.2"; length of beak, 18.5; breadth of beak at base, 9.7°"; at its middle, 6.2; length of tooth line, 15.7°"; breadth between orbits, 16.7°"; temporal fossie, 7.9" x Gs1o" Habitat unknown. 9. FERESA Gray. tostrum half the total length; very broad. Lostral portion of inter- maxille flat; their inner margins separate throughout. Mandible deep between the angle and coronoid process, slender in the center of the rami and obtusely keeled at the symphysis. Teeth few and large, 11 to 12. Tooth-line extending along only the anterior two thirds of the rostrum. Skeleton and exterior unknown. FERESA INTERMEDIA Gray. (Plate 30, fig. 2.) Exterior unknown. Teeth a to = Skull small but massive. Rostrum one-half the total length; very broad. Intermaxillee moderately expanded proximally ; very broad distally (they occupy rather more than two-thirds of the breadth of the rostrum at its middle) ; rostral portion flat (a wide space between their inner edges, in the median line of the rostrum, in which the vomer is visible nearly to the end of the rostrum). Superior nares small; the transverse diameter less than one-fourth the breadth across the orbits; narrowed antero-posteriorly by the sloping forward of the mesethenoid. Teeth very large; upper tooth-line occupying only about two-thirds the length of the beak. Orbits short. Temporal fossx moderate and squared. Mandible deep between the angle and coronoid process, slen- der opposite the middle of the tooth-line, an d obtusely keeled at the sym- physis, as in Lagenorhynchus electra. Measurements of the skull.—( British Museum, 362a. Type of F. inter- 176 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. media.) Total length, 36.2™; length of rostrum, 17.5°"; breadth of ros. trum at base, 12°"; breadth of rostrum at middle, 8.9°"; breadth of in- termaxille at same point, 6.1; breadth between orbits, 21.1™; length of temporal fossa, 9.2°"; depth of temporal fossa, 7.3°™. (British Museum, 1672a. Type of F. attenuata.) Total length, 35™; length of rostrum, 16.8; breadth of rostrum at base, 10.7"; breadth of rostrum at middle, 7.5°™; breadth of intermaxille at same point, 5.2; breadth between orbits, 20.1™; length of temporal fossa, 8.4°™; depth of temporal fossa, 7.4¢™. Habitat.—South seas. 10. CEPHALORHYNCHUS Gray. Skull small. Rostrum moderate, broad. LRostral portion of inter- maxille flat; proximalend beveled off at the sides of the superior nares. Symphysis of mandible short. Frontal plates of maxillz nearly in one and the same plane. Pterygoid bones separate. Teeth small, acute, 25 to 31. Vertebre, 63 to 65. Size small. Head conical. Beak not marked off from the forehead. Dorsal fin triangular or ovate. Pectoral fins elliptical (faleate in al- bifrons). Black above, white below; the white of the belly forms a trident-shaped area posteriorly, the lateral tines of which extend up- ward obliquely on the sides. CEPHALORHYNCHUS HEAVISIDEI Gray. (Plate 31, figs. 1 and 2.) General form like that of Phocena. Mouth small. Pectoral fins el- liptical. Dorsal fin triangular. Back, head, tail, and fins black. A large, sharply- defined area of white or pale yellow on the ventral sur- face of the body, extending from the breast to the vent; expanding posteriorly to form a trident, the lateral tines of which extend backward obliquely on the sides; expanding also anteriorly on the breast and up- ward behind the base of the pectoral fins. Teeth = to %. Vertebrw: C. 7; D. 13; L.15; Ca. 30=65. Skull small. Rostrum rather less than one-half as long as the entire skull; broad and with an obtuse termination. Intermaxille only slightly ex- panded proximally, flat distally. Pterygoid bones short and widely separated. Vomer extending nearly to the extremity of the rostrum. Temporal fosse moderate, rounded, longer than deep. Measurements of the exterior,—(British Museum. Type-skin, mount- ed.) Total length, 109.2°"; extremity of snout to corner of mouth, 15.5; to base of pectoral fin, 26.7°™ ; to base of dorsal fin, 51.6; ver- tical height of dorsal fin, 8.2°™; length of pectoral fin, 14.5°"; breadth of flukes, 24.7°™. Measurements of the skuli.—(Mus. @’Hist. nat., Paris, a3061). Total 10. CEPHALORHYNCHUS—C. ALBIFRONS AND HECTORI. 177 length, 29.2; length of rostrum, 14°; breadth of rostrum at its base, 7.1; at its middle, 5.1°™; breadth of intermaxillie at same point, 2.8°™ ; breadth between orbits, 13°"; length of temporal fossa, 6.6™ ; depth of temporal fossa, 4.8°™. Habitut.—Cape of Good Hope. CEPHALORHYNCHUS ALBIFRONS True. (Plate 32, figs. 1 and 2.) Like C. heavisidet, but somewhat larger. Dorsal fin low and ovate. Pectoral fins faleate, equal in length to the base of the dorsal. Caudal lobes narrow and directed backwards; deeply emarginate behind. Nose and forehead pure white, bounded by acrescent of black behind the blowhole, sharply defined in front, but shading off behind to light gray, which is the uniform color of the upper surface of the body. Fins are all darker than the trunk; there is also pure black round the blow- hole, cloaca, and vent. The white of the snout extends behind the eye, but the dusky color extends forward beneath the angle of the mouth. The lower aspect is white as far back as the vent, but is crossed by an isthmus of dark gray beneath the pectorals. The white band is con. tinued by two lateral stripes that ascend on the flanks. (Hector.) Teeth 5. The skull resembles that of C. heavisidei, but the rostrum equals one-half the total length, and the pterygoid bones are long and constricted at the base. Length of adult skull, 14 inches, Measurements of the exterior. (Hector.)—Total length, 51 inches (129.5°"); extremity of snout to dorsal fin, 24 inches (60.9°") ; to pec- toral fin, 12 inches (30.5°™) ; length of base of dorsal fin, 8 inches (20.5°"); breadth of flukes, 15 inches (38.1°™). Habitat.—New Zealand (Hector). CEPHALORHYNCHUS HECTORI (Van Beneden). (Plate 33, fig. 1.) Head conical, elongated; the snout only indistinctly marked off from the forehead. Pectoral fins linear, obtusely pointed. Dorsal fin low, ovate, strongly reclined. Caudal lobes narrow and strongly directed backwards. Snout, forehead, back, sides, and fins dark gray or black, the latter color most pronounced on the sides. A broad transverse band of gray between the pectoral fins, which is abruptly joined posteriorly by a broad white longitudinal band which extends along the median line of the belly to the vent, behind which it breaks up into a trident-shaped area, the central tine of which continues along the median line of the belly nearly to the flukes, while the lateral tines pass obliquely up- ward and backward on the sides. 18378—Bull. 36——12 178 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Teeth 5 Vertebre, C.7; D.14; L.15; Ca. 27=63. Skull like that of C. heavisidei, but the pterygoid region contracted at the base; the pal- atine and pterygoid bones long. Habitat.—New Zealand. CEPHALORHYNCHUS EUTROPIA (Gray). (Plate 33, fig. 2.) Exterior unknown. Teeth, = Skull larger than that of C. heavisidei, which it closely re- sembles. Length of rostrum exceeding one-half the total length of the skull. Pterygoid bones long, not widely separated in the median line, their inner free margins parallel in the proximal half. Vomer termi- nating near the middle of therostrum. Temporal fossx moderate, squared, i. €., about as deep as long. Measurements of the skull—(U.S. National Museum, No. 21167. ?Chili.) Total length, 34.3; length of rostrum, 18.7"; breadth of rostrum at the base, 7.6"; at its middle, 6.1"; breadth of the intermaxille at the same point, 2.5°"; breadth between orbits, 13.9"; length of temporal fossa, 6.7°"; depth of temporal fossa, 5.6%. Habitat.—Coast of Chili. 11. NEOMERIS Gray. External and cranial characters like Phocena, but the dorsal fin absent, being replaced by a number rows of small rounded tubercles. Teeth, \° to. Vertebrie, 63. Color black. NEOMERIS PHOC/ENOIDES (Cuvier). (Plate 34, figs. 1 and 2.) Snout rounded; head very convex, rising posteriorly high to the dor- sal surface. Back with a longitudinal band of spinous tubercles on the vertebral area, beginning nearly opposite the root of the pectoral, widening to 1.5inches about the middle, and again contracting and end- ing narrowly opposite or in line with the vent. No dorsal fin. Pecto- ral subfaleate. (Murray.) Color black throughout, except that there is a purplish-red patch on the upper lip and one on the throat (? sometimes absent). Teeth, a Vertebre, 63. Skull small, Rostrum very short and broad; its length about one-third the total length of the skull, and its breadth about equal to its length.* Intermaxille very broad distally, little, or not at all expanded proximally; very high in front of the nares. Vomer visible on the palate near the extremity of the rostrum, *The rostrum is longer and narrower in Schlegel’s specimen from Japan. 12. PHOCHNA—P. COMMUNIS. 179 Pterygoid bones very short and widely separated. Temporal fossz much longer than deep. Measurements of the exterior (from Murray, N. kurrachiensis).—Total length 45 inches (114.3°") [along the curves, 52 inches]; extremity of snout to pectoral fin, 10 inches (25.4°™); breadth of flukes, 9 inches yege™). Measurements of the skull_—(Mus. d’Hist. nat., Paris, a3086, type of N. phocenoides.) Total length, 18.8; length of rostrum, 6.2°"; breadth of rostrum at base, 6.6°; at the middle, 4.5°™; breadth of intermaxillze at the same point, 2.5°"; breadth between orbits, 10.4; length of tem- poral fossa, 5,6°™. Habitat. —Japan; India; Cape of Good Hope. 12. PHOCAANA Cuvier. Skull small. Rostrum short and broad. Pterygoid bones small and widely separated. Proximal end of intermaxill raised into irregular bosses in front of the nares; rostral portion flat. Symphysis of mandi- ble short. ‘Teeth peculiar; small, compressed, spade-like; the crowns entire or divided into two or three lobes; 16 to 26 in number. Verte- brie, 64 to 98. Size small. Head conical, not beaked (prolonged into an indistinet beak in spinipinnis). Dorsal fin triangular, small (attenuated, strongly reclined in spinipinnis); anterior margin sometimes furnished with a number of tubercles or blunt spines. Pectoral fins ovate (faleate in spinipinnis). Color never in spots. PHOCANA COMMUNIS Lesson. (Plate 35, figs. 1 and 2.) Head sloping ; jaws equal in length; mouth longer than one-half the pectoral fin. Body fusiform, slender. Dorsal fin beginning somewhat in front of the middle of the length, triangular; its anterior margin nearly straight; its posterior margin concave; its vertical height equal to or less than the length of the mouth; the anterior margin sometimes with a row of small tubercles. Pectoral fins irregularly ovate, obtusely pointed. Flukes broad antero-posteriorly. Head, back, dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins, and (usually) the mar- gin of the lower jaw dark slate-color or blackish. Sides lighter, the dark color fading gradually and irregularly into the white belly. Sides some- times tinged with pink or yellowish. The dark color of the margin of the lower jaw often extends backward as an irregular broad band reach- ing half way to the pectoral. A narrow dark line also extends from the corner of the mouth to the anterior base of the pectoral fin, 180 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Teeth, a Vertebre, C.7; D. 12 or 13; L. and Ca. 44 to 47; total, 64 to 67. a Rostrum thick, obtusely pointed ; its margins shelving; its length between 40 and 47 per cent. of the total length of the skull, and never surpassing the breadth at the orbits. Depth of the temporal fossa contained about two and one-half times in the tooth-line. The latter equal to or more than one-third the length of the skull. Measurements of the exterior.—(? adult.) Total length, 68 inches (172.7); length of mouth, 4.75 inches (12.1); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 29 inches (73.7") ; length of pectoral fin, 7 inches (17.8); vertical height of dorsal fin, 4 inches (10.25; breadth of flukes, 12.5 inches (ola). Measurements of the skull.—Total length, 29.3°"; length of rostrum, 13.7"; breadth of beak at base, 8.5"; breadth of the same at its mid- dle, 5.5; breadth between orbits, 13.7"; length of temporal fossa, 6.0; height of crown of largest tooth, Habitat.—North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans; North Sea; coast of Europe; Davis Strait to 67° or 69° north latitude (Brovwn) ; coast of the United States, Maine to New Jersey; Alaska, Glacier Bay; Puget Sound; Mexico, Banderas Bay (Scammon). (Ascends livers.) PHOC/JENA SPINIPINNIS Burmeister. (Plate 36, figs. 1 and 2.) Body fusiform, stout. Head rounded, with a short, not well-defined beak. Lower jaw longer than the upper. Dorsal fin narrow, reclining, the anterior margin concave and furnished with numerous rugosities, the posterior margin convex. Pectoral fins faleate. Superior and in- ferior margins of the tail raised into ridges. Teeth = thick. Mouth less than one-third the length of the pectoral fin. Dorsal fin commencing below the middle of the length of the body. Color black throughout. Proportions of skull nearly as in P. communis, but the tooth-line less than two-thirds the length of the beak. Measurements of the exterior.—Total length (of the young type; after Burmeister), 64.8 inches (162°); length of mouth, 3.4 inches (8.5°™); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 36 inches (90°) ; length of pectoral fin, 10.4 inches (26); height of dorsal fin, 5 inches (12.5™); breadth of flukes, 15.6 inches (39°"). Measurements of the skull.—Total length, 29; length of beak (to root of malar), 12.2; breadth of beak at base, 8.0; at the middle, 5.5°™ ; breadth between postorbital processes of frontal, 16.2"; length of tooth- line, 7.0°. a 12. PHOCZNA—P. DALLII.—13. ORCELLA 181 PHOCANA DALLII True. (Plate 37, figs. 1 and 2.) Head sloping. Lower jaw protruding slightly beyond the upper. Mouth short. Dorsal fin beginning a little behind the juncture of the first and second thirds of the total length; moderately high and faleate, its front edge furnished with faintly-marked tubercles. Pectorals as in P. communis. Dorsal and ventral margins of the body, between the vent and the origin of the flukes, raised into prominent thin ridges. General color black. A cordate area of white occupies the belly and lower half of the sides, froma point inaline with the anterior margin of the dorsal fin to one considerably behind the vent. This area is faintly streaked with very fine dark lines, especially numerous near the median line, but only visible on close inspection. The dorsal fin is tipped with white. Eye blackish. Teeth 2, very small. Vertebral: C. 7; D. 14 (or 15); L. 27; Ca. 49—97 (or 98). Skull as in P. communis, but the beak relatively shorter and flat, and the temporal fosse smaller. The maxillaries also shorter proximally, and the mandible less deep between the coronoid process and angle. Nares very large. All the cervicals united, as are also the last four eaudals. First thirty caudals with chevron bones. Formula of pha- langes as follows: I, 1; II, 6; III, 4; IV, 2. The two distal pha- langes of fingers 2 and 3 and the outermost of finger 4 very imper- fectly ossified. Measurements of the exterior.— 6 adult (type). Total length, 72 inches (152.9°"); length of mouth, 3.5 inches (8.8); length from tip of snout to beginning of dorsal, 27.5 inches (69.8°"); length of pectoral (anterior margin), 8 inches (20.3); vertical height of dorsal, 6 inches (15.2) ; breadth of flukes, 18.5 inches (47°). Measurements of the skull—dé adult (type). Total length, 33.3™; length of beak, 14"; breadth of* beak at base, 9.5°™; at middle, 5.7°™ ; breadth between orbits, 16.5°™; length of tooth-line, 12.7°"; depth of temporal fossa, 2.6°. 13. ORCELLA Gray. Rostrum short and broad; rostral portion of intermaxille broad. Pterygoids widely separated from each other. Symphysis of mandi- bie short. Teeth 12 to 14; small, conical, and acute, occupying nearly the whole length of the rostrum. Vertebrie, 62 to 63. Head globose; beak wanting. Dorsal fin small, faleate. Pectoral fins small, broad at the base, and obtusely pointed. Color slate-gray above, lighter below, with or without irregular streaks. 182 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ORCELLA BREVIROSTRIS Owen. (Plate 38, figs. 1 and 2.) Head convex from the blow-hole to the upper lip. Pectoral fins tri angular—one-half as broad as long. Dorsal fin rising in the center of the back, comparatively small, faleate, obtusely pointed. ‘The line of the back is sharp from this fin down to the tail. The ventral line is the same for some inches behind the anus.” ‘Color dark slaty-blue above, almost black; a little paler below, without any streaks or marks” (Anderson and Sterndale). Length from snout to caudal notch about 7 feet. Habitat.—Bay of Bengal; Vizagapatam; Singapore. ORCELLA FLUMINALIS Anderson. Like O. brevirostris, but with rather smaller, lower, and more falcate dorsal fin. Head less anteriorly bulging. Pectoral fins shorter and broader. Color pale bluish above, white underneath, with numerous streaks, as in Grampus griseus (Anderson and Sterndale). Length, 7 to 74 feet. Habitat.—Irawaddy River, Burmah, 300 to 900 miles from the sea. 14. GRAMPUS Gray. Rostrum moderate, expanded in front of the maxillary notches, and tapering thence to an obtuse termination. Triangular area in front of the superior nares raised above the level of the surrounding bones, and convex. Rostral portion of the intermaxille broad and moderately rounded. Symphysis of mandible short. Pterygoid bones in contact: Teeth 2 to 7, in the mandible only, and confined to the region of the symphysis. Vertebrae, 68. Head globose, with slightly protuberant lips; beak wanting; mouth oblique. Dorsal fin prominent and faleate. Pectoral fins rather nar- row, elongated, and faleate. Color slate-gray, mottled, and very irreg- ularly streaked. GRAMPUS GRISEUS (Cuvier). (Plate 39, figs. 1 and 2.) General form somewhat similar to that of Globicephalus. Head globose, with a slight indication of a beak; mouth oblique; lower jaw shorter than the upper. Dorsal fin high and falcate; pectoral fins fal- cate, elongated. Flukes narrow antero-posteriorly. Back, dorsal fin and flukes dark gray or blackish, more or less tinged with purple. Pectoral fins blackish and mottled with gray. Head and anterior half of body light gray, varied in hue and tinged with ie aa i 15, GLOBICEPHALUS—G. MELAS. 183 yellow. Belly grayish white. Body marked with numerous and con- spicuous light-colored, irregular, and unsymmetrically-placed strive. Young.—Dark gray above, grayish white below. Head whitish, strongly tinged with yellow. Side with five or more narrow, vertical, and nearly equidistant lines. Teeth ° to *. Vertebre:: C.7; D 12; L. 19; Ca. 30 = 68. Skull massive. Rostrum expanded in front of the maxillary notches, obtusely pointed; its length one-half the entire length of the skull. Intermaxillee moderately convex on the rostrum; the prenareal area elevated; the spaces between the inner free margin become wider rather suddenly near the extremity of the rostrum. Vomer extending nearly to the extremity of the rostrum, not usually visible on the palate. Pterygoids large and prominent; largely in contact in the median line. Temporal fosse oval, their wall largely covered by the squamosal. Measurements of the exterior.—Adult 2. Total length, 126 inches (320™; length of mouth, 105 inches (26.7); tip of snout to anterior base of dorsal fin, 47 inches; length of pectoral fin, 23? inches; vertical height of dorsal fin, 16 inches; breadth of flukes, 29 inches. Measurements of the skull.—(U.S. National Museum, No. 15890. Adult. Cape Cod, Massachusetts.) Total length, 53°"; length of rostrum, 96; breadth of rostrum at base, 20.5%; breadth of rostrum at its middle, 12.8°"; breadth of intermaxille at same point, 9°"; breadth between orbits, 34.2°"; length of temporal fossa, TS3o. Habitat-—North Atlantie and North Pacific Oceans; North Sea; Mediterranean; coast of the United States, Cape Cod; Atlantic City, N. J.; Massachusetts; Cape of Good Hope (@. richardsoni Gray); | California (@. stearnsii Dall); Japan (G@. saxkamata Gray). 15. GLOBICEPHALUS Gray. Rostrum short and very broad. Rostrai portion of intermaxille flat and very broad (sometimes covering the entire anterior half of the ros- trum). Symphysis of mandible short. Pterygoid bones large and in contact. Teeth few and large, 7 to 11, confined to the anterior half of the rostrum. Vertebre, 57 to 60. Head globular, with a rounded protuberance on the lip; beak want- ing; mouth oblique. Dorsal fin very long, low, and thick. Pectoral fins narrow and very long. Color black. GLOBICEPHALUS MELAS (Traill). (Plate 40, figs. 1 and 2.) Size large; form stout. Head globose; forehead protuberant, over- hanging the lip in adult individuals ; body especially deep opposite the dorsal fin. Pectoral fins very long, slender, and pointed; length about 184 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. one-fifth the total length of the body. Dorsal fin on a long base and strongly recumbent, situated anterior to the middle of the length of the body. Caudal ridges prominent, extending respectively to the dorsal fin and to the vent. Flukes large and broad. Mouth oblique. General color uniform black ; a large hastate white area on the breast extending from the line of the corners of the mouth to the base of the pectoral fins; from behind this area a white band, which is much the broadest in the posterior half, extends backwards along the median line to the vent; the whole white area has the general form of an arrow with its head, shaft, and feathers. Teeth °. Vertebre: C.7; D.11; L. 13 (-14}; Ca. 27(-29) = 58-60. Skull large and massive. Rostrum longer than broad at the base; its breadth at the base slightly less than three-fourths its length. Inter- maxillz large and flat; not greatly broader anteriorly than posteriorly ; rugose in front; their outer margins not coinciding with the margins of the maxilla except at the extremity of the rostram; separated in the median line throughout. Superior nares broad transversely and bor- dered by narrow plates of the intermaxille. Vomer extending nearly to the extremity of the rostrum. Pterygoid bones large, obtusely keeled, and closely approximated in the median line. Temporal fossze moderate, oval. Measurements of the exterior (from Bell).—Total length, 182 inches (462.3°"); extremity of snout to corner of mouth, 14.5 inches (36.8); to dorsal fin, 55 inches (139.7°"); length of pectoral fin along anterior edge, 50 inches (127°"); greatest breadth of pectoral fin, 11 inches (27.9°"). Measurements of the skull —(U. S. National Museum, No. 12100, Cape Cod, Massachusetts.) Total length, 655°"; length of rostrum, 33.4°™; breadth of rostrum at base, 24.1°™; at its middle, 19.4°™; breadth of in- termaxille at same point, 15.4°™; breadth between orbits, 42.3°"; length of temporal fossa, 17.3. Habitat.—Atlantic coast of North America to New Jersey ; coast of Europe; Cape of Good Hope; New Zealand. GLOBICEPHALUS BRACHYPTERUS Cope. (Plate 41, fig. 1.) In form and size like G. melas. Pectoral fins shorter, their length about one-sixth the total length of the body, or less. Dorsal fin situ- ated far forward, usually at the juncture of the anterior and second fourths of the length of the body. Color entirely black. Teeth, =. Vertebre: C.7; D.11; L.11; Ca. 28=57. Skull large and massive. Intermaxille large and flat; greatly expanded ante- riorly, covering the anterior half of the rostral part of the maxille and projecting over their margins. The distance from the maxillary noteh : __ 15. GLOBICEPHALUS—G. SCAMMONI. 185 to the point of greatest enlargement of the intermaxille is contained about two and a half times in the length of the rostrum. Rostrum broad, its breadth at the base exceeding four-fifths its length. Tem- poral fosse large and oval. Superior nares narrow transversely, and bordered laterally by broad plates of the intermaxillee, Pterygoids as in G. melas, not strongly adpressed; the sinus wide as well as deep. Measurements of the exterior.—( 6. Dam Neck Mills, Va.) Total length, 183 inches (464.8°"); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 47.5 inches (120.6°™); to base of pectoral fin, 36 inches (91.4™); length of pectoral fin, 50 inches (76.2); vertical height of dorsal fin, 14 inches (35.6); breadth of flukes, 46 inches (116.8°™). Measurements of the skull—(U. S. National Museum. ¢. No. 22561. Dam Neck Mills, Va.) Total length, 66.2; length of rostrum, 33.3"; breadth of rostrum at base, 28.8"; at its middle, 25.5; breadth of in- termaxille at same point, 22.9"; breadth between orbits, 45°"; length of temporal fossa, 16.5°°, Habitat.—Atlantic coast of North America, from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies. GLOBICEPHALUS SCAMMONI Cope. (Plate 42, figs. 1 and 2.) Size and form of G. brachypterus. Pectoral fins proportionally a little longer. Color entirely black. Teeth, ss Skull large and very massive. Rostrum broad, its breadth at the base about four-fifths its length. Intermaxille flat, except in front; greatly expanded distally, covering the anterior half of the ros- tral portion of the maxille, but not projecting over their lateral margins. The greatest expansion of the intermaxille is opposite the junction of the proximal and second fourths of the longitudinal axis of the rostrum. Temporal foss oval and smaller than in G. brachypterus. Superior nares broad and bordered by narrow plates of the intermaxillie ; ptery- goid bones closely approximated, short and strongly adpressed; the sinus deep, but narrow antero-posteriorly. Tubercles of the intermax- ill very strong. Measurements of the exterior.—(é. From Seammon.) Total length, 186 inches (472.4); tip of snout to dorsal fin, 54 inches (137.2); to pectoral fin, 33 inches (83.8°"); length of pectoral fin, 34 inches (86.4); breadth of flukes, 42 inches (106.7°™). Measurements of skull—(U. S. National Museum, No. 9074.) Total length, 69™; length of rostrum, 34; breadth of rostrum at base, . 30.8"; at its middle, 25.2"; breadth of intermaxillie at the same point, 23.6; breadth between orbits, 48.7"; length of temporal fossa, 14.5°". Habitat.—North Pacitic Ocean. 186 BULLETIN 36, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. GLOBICEPHALUS SIEBOLDII Gray. (Plate 43, figs. 1 and 2.) Known only from a young individual. Form and color asin G. brachypterus. Pectoral fins broad in the distal half, with irregular sinuate margins. Teeth ;). Vomer bifurcated at the extremity. See page 142. Habitat.—Japan. GLOBICEPHALUS INDICUS Blyth. See page 137. Habitat.—India. GLOBICEPHALUS MACRORHYNCHUS Gray. See page 138. Habitat.—South Seas. 16. PSEUDORCA Reinhardt. Rostrum short and broad. Rostral portion of the intermaxill broad, equal to or exceeding the breadth of the proximal end; abruptly truncated at the distal end. Pterygoid bones short, nearly or quite in contact in the median line. Palatine bones prolonged laterally across the optic canal. Teeth few and large, with conical roots, 10. Verte- bree, 50. Head globose, depressed; beak wanting. Dorsal and pectoral fins rather small, narrow, and faleate. Color uniform black. PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS (Owen). (Plate 44, figs. 1 and 2.) Size large. Body elongate. Head sloping gradually and gently from the blowhole to the extremity; no appearance of a beak. Dorsal fin in the middle of the length, narrow and upright, not higher (along the center) than the length of the pectoral fin. Pectoral fin small, one-third as broad as long; its length contained eight to nine times in the total length of the body. olor uniform black. Teeth 5. Vertebre: C.7; D. 10; L. 9; Ca. 24=50. Skull massive. Rostrum long and broad; its length about one-half the total length of the skull; its breadth at the base about two-thirds its length. Intermaxille broad and flat, not expanded proximally; their outer margins on opposite sides forming approximately parallel lines. Vomer extending forward to the junction of the distal and second thirds of the rostrum, not visible on the palate.. Intermaxille extending back on the palate, nearly to the middle of the rostrum. 17. ORCA.—18. DELPHINAPTERUS. 187 Pterygoid bones short and adpressed; not in contact in the median line. Temporal fossz long and rectangular. Measurements of the skull.—(Roy. Coll. Surg. London, No. 2985. Old. Tasmania.) Total length, 59.5™;* length of rostrum, 28.7; breadth of rostrum at base, 20.85; at its middle, 18.8; breadth of inter- maxille at same point, 13.2"; breadth between orbits, 33.3"; length , of temporal fossa, 19.1°". Habitat.—Pelagic. 17. ORCA Gray. Size very large. Rostrum broad and moderately elongated. Rostral portion of intermaxille narrow and flat. Pterygoid bones separate. Teeth few, 10 to 135 very large, with flattened roots. Vertebre, 52. Head conical and depressed; beak wanting. Dorsal fin large and prominent (remarkably so in the male). Pectoral fins large and very broadly ovate. Color black, with a large and sharply contrasted ven- tral area of white, forming a trident posteriorly, the lateral tines of which extend up on the sides. ORCA GLADIATOR (Lacépéde). (Plate 45, figs. Land 2.) Cranial characters of the genus. Size very large. Head broad, conical, and depressed. Dorsal fin erect, extraordinarily high in the male. Pectoral fins short and broad. Upper half of head, back, and fins black. Lower jaw, breast, and belly whitish. The white area forms a trident posteriorly, the central tine of which extends back to the vent, while the lateral tines extend obliquely upward and backward on the sides. 17 | lateralis (Delphinus)........--..--------- 65, 84 (Sotalia) ete eee 17,18, 19, 20,156 | (Lagenorhynchus) -.-......-.-.. 65, 84 forsteri (Delphinus)) =~ <1. << s--=- 45, 49, 51, 52, 57 | (Prodelphinus)...--.--.----. 65, 66, 164 iroenais) (Delp AINUS) essere sae 68,166 | latifrons (Lagenorhynchus) ...-..-------. 84, 90, 91 (Prodelphinus) ...-- 62, 63, 67, 6S, 70,71, | lentiginosus (Delphinus)....-.........-.- 15 73,79, 166 | lentiginosa (Sotalia) ...--.-..-. 15, 16, 21, 22, 155 frontalis (Delphinus) ..-...-..--.-------- 68 | leucas (Delphinus) -------:--..-.------.-- 146, 147 (Prodelphinus)co.-2---2seee— 62, 73 (Delphinapterus)..--.-..-. 446, 149, 187 frontatus (Delphinus) .....--.---+------- 24,27 | leucorhamphe (Dauphin) ..-....----..--. 78 (Steno) eames eee eee 24, 30,157 | Leucorhamphus.......----..-----.--.---. 77 fulvofasciatus (Delphinus)..-.--.----. 45, 49, 50,51 | leucorhamphus (Delphinus) -.--..--..--.. 78 fusiformis (Delphinus)..--.....-------- 84,100,103 | Leucopleurus ------------.--.---.---.-... 83 (Lagenorhynchus) ....----.--- 101,102 | leucopleurus (Delphinus) ..---..----..--. 83, 85, 86 fusns;(Delphinns)-sss-sese sees esas eee 46, 47,49 | lineata (Phociena) ........---. 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 Shang in doce eee ee ees 27,28 | longidens (Clymenia) -........---....---- 96 (Delphinus)) <2 5. S2asee cece 96, 99, 100 G. (Lagenorhynchus).....-..-.-.. 88, 89 longirostris (Delphinus) -......-.. 50, 58, 59, 168 gadamu (Delphinus) ...-......-.--...--.- 13 | (Endelphinis))eeeese eee eee 58 (Sotalia)aeeecsancee 11, 13, 14, 15,16, 154 | (Prodelphinus) ...-... 62, 75, 76, 166 ‘gillii (Tursiops)...---.--------- ----- 43, 44, 160 eladiator (Orca) eerste ose sees see eee is7 M. Globicephallnze eae ae sees acter 10 » Globicephalus! pecans te? aby? Vee i } ; c i it k = 7 ii : i 1 ia ‘ Vin ee bi hg 4 i ; : 7 - nen ” BI Tr Ai if ’ I ; ~ oes 7 ; D8, yt Gagan a a 7 i . rr - ‘ Hi 1 = / U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. V Fig. 1. Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais). (From Castelnau, Expédition dans |'Amérique du Sud, pl. 7, Zoologie, 1U55, pl. 9, fig. 1.) Fig. 2. Sotalia tucuvi Gray. (From a photograph of the type-skull, No. 1189a, ¢, in the British Museum.) GENUS SOTALIA. ia w a ies Oh A ee, Re a 4 soy eer By. yale Ieee b | . ) | ) : ~ : ae ae ir py i | eal ere Sian PURI we | = Oe . Ay W ye ee a ey ee woh Ai eet > ‘ >Sent Jy . i tot , , i ee Ud ¥ ‘ = {0 ‘ (nae a j ' ; iit + > i; < } 1 [ f | ) + ; ‘ rib > n Pah an Ty Tee en ak 7 i iP i wl, 7 : ‘ a] ioe ya: wiubete / Sur yale i ave ae 4 sy 5 ay ; “ay 2 ee! ee ; ' ta y : ~ * f Ws) Nae bgp of yates ees Se oe Vege freee hw =A . ¥ : t 1 i i | aes . i ‘ 6) PMN AMES 7 st i hy ae air is % - 5 7 A) aul | a Pe an : é y - Ms a a U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. VI Fic. 1. Steno rostratus (Desmarest). (From Liitken, K Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, 6t¢ Raekke, v, 1889, pi. 1.) Fic. 2. Steno rostratus (Desmarest). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 37, fig. 10.) GENuS STENO. . S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. VII Fic. 1. Steno perspicillatus Peters. (From Peters, Monatsbericht der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1876, p!. 2.) eect ecto POPTTTT TTT TTI T Fic. 2. Steno perspicillatus Peters. persy (From Peters, Monatsbericht der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1876, pl. 13, fig. 1. Type-skull.) GENUS STENO. ee Na I i 1 A 7 ry Ltr, r , iy i pas ; re “iis yf me a, ten t i te at er ih ek “ 7 Det Ni or ae ‘ are if wy oe i fh . Cyl shane ( 7 i ae me i . ; | , } ' Deo ‘ My : 1 be ie oe wih ; \ i i ng y y a . 1 | a t be PE Qe Oe Ae Ue mh . " Ps i 1 f 1 7 f 1 ‘ , ; i . : 7 | 5! DOE) wi’ el Oe a aaa coe A A) da POG of eit aly Ura: ‘i ‘ i ran . ba 2 ‘ | a Wh | | | i } ' + rar iia ng ny Ta Ty h v W y a f ! feel { Sty ae rie ; east “i ; P i { i " ‘ fi ; 7 ‘ae asia ae HE ed aaah ! 5 | Ried Lary hie fh) ay ah tink went Divina Cad jaar aan *y mn , \ F oe i f : ‘ . ba ce i | ) a vat U. S. NAT'ONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 26, PL. VIII Fic. 1. COMMON PORPOISE; BOTTLENOSED DOLPHIN. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius). (From a photograph in the U. S, National Museum.) Fic. 2. COMMON PORPOISE ; BOTTLENOSED DOLPHIN. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868- 79, p!. 34, fig. 3.) GENUS TURSIOPS. ete i Pee a ee ag ary i mh a t aay toate? me H Ay ae ae vy ive), gaihy (ar a i th at oy U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. IX Fia. 1. Tursiops abusalam (Riippell). (From Ruppell, Museum Senckenburgianum, iii, 1845, pl. 12. fig. 1.) Fie. 2. Tursiops abusalam (Riippell). (From Ruippeli, Museum Senckenburgianum, iii, 1845, pl. 12, fig. 3.) Genus TURSIOPS. ie i eR | oi ay ye Ver hie! isp ipsa Aa sie a i a - nad a fi Dd : Barre iss ne Re Cua ie ny mr ie us iy el ent ade mi Ru ber ‘ Ss eh A j rae a, 4 { be j "i ae) a)! inl ; A ; ae ana: { ieee? ; Uae ae So ‘cen 4 4) : q ‘ye - We i a. %, i eae = Ba fabs : i Lal J 5 Bie a ihe aye one ua t i ih he i i tute 4 au oy shih alsa nk i uu i an { 7 7 *s 4 7 Oe Mr hint re ot ae reg: =e yes Wwaveata yankee a ee Lat 7 iy va ae pies 3 a \ i “ as , 7 ip 2 ie ne 1 Pie) ats shag er Awe ve apetnew, ike — arte ae 7 . | 7 ‘aaa U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. X Fie. 1. Tursiops gillii Dall. (From Scammon, Marine Mammalia, 1874, p. 102, Approximate outlines.) Fia. 2. Tursiops gillii Dall. (From the type-skull, No 12054, in the U. S. National Museum.) Genus TURSIOPS. a sand fi © j \ ; - ot Py io : é a : er as yin cgtere li ANP Sea Tid , al A CG ' a oe i Va dos ae a ' i . vies i) eh 1 F ' . I iY | i rn = A 1 i] t a HM n i f } < ‘ . ! + ¥ 1 “ f y ' 2 ; i f ny ih i “4 { 1 lis rad 1 | f ie 1 ni a 5 ) i " 4 Li i g 1 5 ih it : ay s in y anode U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XI Fic. 1. COMMON DOLPHIN. Delphinus delphis Linné. (From a sketch by J. H. Emerton.) Fic. 2. COMMON DOLPHIN. Delphinus delphis Linné, (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 39, fig. 3.) Fic. 3. COMMON DOLPHIN. Delphinus delphis Linné. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl, 39, fig. 3.) GENUS DELPHINUS. 3 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XII Fig. 1. Delphinus capensis Gray. (From Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, 1828, pl. 2, fig. 1.) Fic. 2. Delphinus longirostris Cuvier. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 39, fig. 10.) GENUS DELPHINUS. i Py gant ae i J a ee ~ 4 ee ay 7 in ay h* 14 y 7 7 i Pra i ie it \ ut ze Phy ae a ‘ ay ee wry a toed na is ek it i ‘ ky ee tei ae ! a vis 1 iar El a . . / (Cibea daniel | ates raaantg . 1 ’ ; ES ‘ iD i A , } = . = : ; bate Le Te St ee ee) ' ; ' #, as . ' Dire Wien Fvooghey ‘all ; S. Be “aaa > a Le = [i 2 mi fA . Mi ie hea ; wee a, ‘ayo Wea we . : y f y a os = - 4 i iy u f 7 - « re ~~ i. i me U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XIll Fig. 1. Delphinus roseiventris Wagner. (From Jacquinot et Pucheran, Zoologie du Voyage de |’Astrolabe et Zélée, 1853, pl. 22, fig. 2.) Fia. 2. Delphinus roseiventris Wagner. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-79, pl. 38, fig. 6a.) Genus DELPHINUS. EY , “aint 10 i vars 7 i 7 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XIV Aa tagiig Sah Fic. 1. Prodelphinus ceeruleo-albus (Meyen). {From Meyen, Nova Acta Academize Caesareze Leopoldino-Carolinze Naturae Curiosum, xvi, 1832, pl. 43, fig. 2.) thth ys bk A he SRAMAALALAEAR ebb bik dE ; j ik } wee -~ ~ Fig. 2. Prodelphinus ceruleo-albus (Meyen). (From Schreber’s Sdugethiere, p!. 364.) Genus PRODELPHINUS. ay ried : oF iy pate + Vere tee U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XV 7 Fig. 1. Prodelphinus euphrosyne (Gray). (From Pucheran, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 2d series, viii, 1856, pl. 25. D. marginatus.) Fig. 2. Prodelphinus euphrosyne (Gray). (From Gray, Synopsis of Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 22.) Fic. 3. Prodelphinus (7) lateralis (Peale). (From Peale U.S. Exploring Expedition, Mammalogy and Ornithology, Atlas, pi. 8, fig. 1.) Genus PRODELPHINUS. oe Ae , . , 1 ; ‘ 1 ' ‘ . ; ; N = Fr , as ' } i 4 { i) ) ‘\ : eA 1 ’ ' f \ iY a Reet, , U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XVI Fig. 1. Prodelphinus malayanus (Lesson). (From Jacquinot et Pucheran, Zoologie du Voyage de |’Astrolabe et Zélée, Mammiféres et Oiseaux, Atlas, pl. 21, fig. 2. Dauphin a petites pectorales.) Fie. 2. Prodelphinus malayanus (Lesson). (From Schlegel, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie, 1841, pl. 1, fig. 2.) GENUS PRODELPHINUS. eh Wiel i iw TT ay Hoy ria U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XVII Fic. 1 Prodelphinus attenuatus (Gray). (From Gray. Catalogue of Whales and Dolphins, 1866, p. 399, fig. 101. C punctata ) Fia.2. Prodelphinns attenuatus (Gray). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 28.) GENUS PRODELPHINUS. i i hieey ne Fear : S \ ei 4 eet Liye Vegi i wy “we on Hl i i, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XVIII Fie. 1. SPOTTED DOLPHIN. Prodelphinus plagiodon (Cope). (From a photograph taken on board the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross.) Fie. 2. SPOTTED DOLPHIN. Prodelphinus plagiodon (Cope). (From the type-skull, No. 3884, in the U. S. National Museum.) GENUS PRODELPHINUS. Mew, Pail ep ey ae 5.1 ane | ai an eine Aras eke TET i Hct athe meee a Re ' f > ; ; rerth - s (i St AP Fu ig Mi fea ul e + LO OOD gers UE yt ttn & dal OD aes pete Si ae Cnr ; i, i! Tobe ’ ‘ r % 7 \ v ard 1 ” a ‘ id ; . ori ’ wr re 3 0 . ee ae . ne De he ' My ae ; = bere ¥ me 7 pee i akg ; i Wa f 7, 1 ey , 7 | ; | fi 1 , 7 | | ‘ . ; nr 7 ; , ; | | ESPN eT EE Baio) ate ‘ Valet areal) see Via nae ; , ! ; i ; a / ai [ 4 i 7 ta ANN rep ON Ti Fe cue Qanlh ati soda Ae hee i ‘ i ; He 7 T oy & 5 ee f : | / 1 Li a re Lif S ‘ 1 Bey 7 , \'} , (ane ; ; i : mt : U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XIX Fia. 1. Prodelphinus frenatus (F. Cuvier). (From Liitken, K. Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, 6t* Raekke, v. 1889. Two varieties. The form of the body is conventional.) Fic. 2. Prodelphinus frenatus (F. Cuvier). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 25.) GeNuS PRODELPHINUS. Ra ey vo Hy an any ru . ie ae calnr? Th aoe oF J ipl a WA. a a ee i ' : a tte nw? enh ih}; ay ep “mig OR MS hie pee) RA wi Hiren viael x a ; + be 4 linet. tie ed io iv oy Sy ; He : ‘ ihe i pa) I uf ar rN % f Ai fi th ‘ ane se a) Se ene ms Wy ns ; s § 10) 1: A DA Aby pated oA tl baa? Pela ANE : rn su ' i A . ‘ i « ta Y ie incre kane ipa ; f ay - 1 I | ; a , ate U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XxX Fie. 1. Prodelphinus frenatus (F. Cuvier). Young. (From F. Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des Cétacés, 1836, pl. 10, fig. 1.) Fia.2. Prodelphinus longirostris (Gray). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 25. Delphinus microps.) Genus PRODELPHINUS. t , 1 wk k in te * iti hoe al i ce f iv , » ; whut ee Caaf vis Vi ta naietn HY aie rj gh . woh . 6.) lgoT gd NINOS FA: AY SUME SE rh al tot nal uy SOR ca ; ey we ra r Pat ay i ‘ | Rebs 1 a +) ene pa f : ve 3! ; i i Li ; ane 33 a ; Oh f i ; 4 é nu f i i . a 1 . vl ; : 4 \ 1 1 fh HE ' i : tal ae Walt tn \ Ge ; ie i 7 . i i i u i i r RS if me hs 2 i f rfl Lie re a i * Uy r Mi ; Ary | on i cae ueriay *” ii nya 7 ‘ iy ‘ ¥ ‘ i % on i, iy ‘i hi my ; i, : aN co " rn ; i Fa, “ Le P ; ; oe vt ae ‘ iu) we <. Tou v a, : : ' Te) uy fi i Be, Te aes roRD. ree in windy Mi i Sd fs mia aie r me a ‘ Pilla att ‘ a! ‘ " ni =, eve ee Linh neat " r, Ane Ve May Lia Hida’) h Mealy Pele te i ay ‘ i ] 7 ‘ n Ds ie TL reg Pa fj Pe eer : if) : ] a! x , , are! UP ‘ en in 1 1 i j <4 ist ; é r f 5 hat ye f ‘ f } ’ i 4 ’ sun ‘ i iy : ; poi Sen i : f pen . 1 t vir or | hy : : ' / J b at i i p ru 1 A 4 * | { oF ‘ : ; inh idee i iv uae ) f $ \ v \ aie i i ’ 7 ‘ r vd) Viet ‘ U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36 PL. XXI Fig. 1. Tursio peronii (Lacépéde). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 15, fig. 1.) SLIDE BLT ThE G (CATTELLAGEA L042 ALATA ZA (dae Fia.2. Tursio peronii (Lacépéde). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie, pl. 38, fig. 3.) GeNus TURSIO. i ee pOONDS Brie he Motte U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXII Fic. 1. PACIFIC RIGHT-WHALE PORPOISE. Tursio borealis (Peale). (From Scammon, Marine Mammalia, 1874, pl. 19, fig. 4.) Fia.2. PACIFIC RIGHT-WHALE PORPOISE. Tursio borealis (Peale). (From skull No. 8160, in the U. S. National Museum.) GENUS TURSIO. ——— Sr U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXIII Fig. 1. STRIPED DOLPHIN. Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray. (From a photograph in the U. S. National Museum, of an individual captured at Woods Ho'l, Mass.) Fig. 2. STRIPED DOLPHIN. Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 36, fig. 4.) Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS. i 7 i ; a rae . | i oN me U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXIV Fie. 1. Lagenorhynchus fitzroyi (Waterhouse). (From Waterhouse, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Mammalia, 1839, pl. 10.) Fic. 2. Lagenorhynchus thicolea Gray. (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 36.) Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS, Dre yer pty Venn i ae ee rN | cry be i" mec Oily UA ean AN is A ead oa . wbeareetrhe fA Pa ura aN \ roa hatal orth aia chy ; " , ' bt 0 i ean , ba j Habe i ; f : iar 2 td? ’ ¥ 1 wend ’, cd ; ‘ 5 \ ‘al 7 ae BE. Icie, pe ee et : ’ Pas ie lk eee (aR etm ara e ? ‘ f y v b q a) ae ay de. as a rte i i a i ; ; IL iy Le f Ve ; a ia) ana * Data tioen uw ; i Mot Ae ee fe ali Hy : youl i ee : ' Pn ait J oa - i he WM) tT) tak gem el Vs l as by lay “a ; a} f : ’ f i g \ 1 i i My . i » p ee ’ (hit aaaeT 2 i he A} 1 i : 1 b ‘ , , ly aa? ie i a 5 Nes A "hay | { : } ’ 5 fd iy fi : i hi hs : ‘ | . ts + a rh : | Ce yale ) " Wes Bh ee wer. hea Wo At als nit ee til i an § on sh iF Kee , net ! i" sor AY, y 7 ; i ; Bil i | } j ine a | ap : p t h Ly Mi ; fe Vas , 7 j , a ees PA.) a hear tabi ity ihied oD ovale ie, Nd Pa is Ae Le i ¢ : ra ‘ \ ; y Pa! : iy ¢ ay 4 . hee ey ERAT | arrea as Fk Galieg le dire Raleigh cock Haas tb Cia in ; ; ’ i Te f ’ ‘ : A Paaae y i r a h ah . 1 ee! « ¥ i é \ \ ane y! nan i 7 he y ; Y } ie s , ee , rs : t f j E af . i y Pa av ii 7 i i , , ¥ ‘ - : ® DW inl of hia ett day i vel ‘a i : i i) i / \ 1 1 , fa 7 “4 os Wy ' * RAMA esi oe 7 i TO t ne : r i 4 yoke We Ly 5a ‘ wi’ ' 7 ia fe ? Ss Sele p ve ' k f Q q ¢ , 0 eae v ‘eae F bis, oo a ; } : / Oe tad ) we a A ety Aa oie wae ow eo is fi 7 + alr pig a Ae ak 1h een U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXV Fie.1. Lagenorhynchus cruciger (a Orbigny et Gervais). (From d’Orbigny and Gervais, Voyage dans |'Amérique Méridionale, ix, 1847, pl. 21, fig. 4.) Fig. 2. Lagenorhynchus cruciger (VOrbigny et Gervais). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 36, fig. 3.) Fie.3. Lagenorhynchus superciliosus (Schlegel). (From Schlegel, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie, 1841, pl. 1, fig. 3.) GENUS LAGENORHYNCHUS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXVI Fie. 1. WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN. Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray. (From Liitken, Kgl. Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, 6te Raekke, iv, 1887, pl. 2.) Fic. 2. WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN. Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray. (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 11.) Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXVII Fie. 1. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill. (From Scammon, Marine Mammalia, 1874, pl. 19, fig. 2.) Fia. 2. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill. (From the type-skull, No. 1963, in the U. S. National Museum.) GENUS LAGENORHYNCHUS. { rhe meee ey ata, 5 mie » oh is 7 i ; al y ae 7 _? : a ‘ a? oie U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXVIII Fic. 1. Lagenorhynchus electra Gray. (From Peale, U. S. Exploring Expedition, Mammalogy and Ornithology, Atlas, pl. 5, fig. 2.) Fia. 2. Lagenorhynchus electra Gray. (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 14.) Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS. oes Ms alt AL Nita ha ; Ef he 1 iat Pi i i he in! as Pr f i ie t 1) 4 j re; rah i vA) 4) OO ef at ie ' a okt Sy 1 P ; _ “ae . a PE ge kh a) Une OL ae Te ee heh La he SCR hee ae YA ee “ ' \ ; a tes - - q = wus " a " ; save iZ@ is wi Syed A ‘mu |). & fel Peak r,t YR otal cee al p Cou muineait ‘ari i ee : i ¥ ¥ 3 ® om 4 Be * ‘ a my i ; au ; AR i, or) Ei f : FOR ee one U. s. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXIX Fie. 1. Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray). (From Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, 1828, pl. 2, fig. 3.) Fie. 2. Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 16.) Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS. a (atte Bon Lega gaa Sat me : ‘ ne) sabe 0 Oa et pte pe a ne an i e vs * mn See 1 i ; i e = i ; cn ie i 1 J 7 ' ’ > Z ar my : ; r A : de 7 My 7 iv : ; , rel 1 i 1 o ‘ fs =e * 7 _ a + / ; Ms ' 1 7 ‘e 1, i qcy * p A ‘ ae an } r Sousehl ob if wll iF = + A id Y : * ‘ p i on A + 6 RV SOO ee se AOS Bll ok et & Cova) Pry My ; : | ris ‘ | a ea a t i : nf 7 Mn “4 é . - ; 6 7 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXX Fic. 1. Sagmatias amblodon Cope. (From the type-skull, No. 3887. in the U. S. National Museum.) Fia. 2. Feresa intermedia Gray. (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 8.) GENERA SAGMATIAS AND FERESA. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXX! Fig. 1. Cephalorhynchus heavisidei Gray. (From P. J. Van Beneden, Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, 2d series, xxxv!, 1873, pp. 32-40, 1 pl.) Fie. 2. Cephalorhynchus heavisidei Gray. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-’79, pl. 36, fig. 1.) GENUS CEPHALORHYNCHUS. $ re ay ali io a ral 7 a 1 ah, Ve i bt f { f ett ont in” ' i eare 1 uj Lad aeed mp oi i Soa . by 1 . A 0 ig 1 ‘ hi a i Ny i j S ' ~ | i ie m - ue \ ea A il \ ° : J f . ‘ f i ' ti { ii S f= VP A - Ve r : 5 iy \ 7 ; i H re U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXIk Fia. 1. Cephalorhynchus albifrons True. (From Hector, Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, v, 1873, pl. 3.) Fia. 2. Cephalorhynchus albifrons True. (From Hector, Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, v, 1873.) GENUS CEPHALORHYNCHUS. ee poy? tong AN Sawin ; a Pr 7 LA Set ea thr Wyo eu athe ‘h paw niteay nasi 3 ' DA | 7 a oo i 4 cs r ; ! , v ; 4 a , I ‘ F i i 7 12 : ne vn f qi ie! j f At ty N ; Sanat san” si ; (Saas = ~ t= adie, J - / ih, 4 1th ies 7 ; iP a ie if J ’ i re ivf 7 ‘t : a ; . en f ay 1 fr. 7 1 { : ; ‘ Pr % ] the bee Ls an. i % ae Al i i { i Ged Me Styl : hd Nags f + aon. i oe WN Peat ve he iti nile i v ye 1 1 i ( sage hy ; Af wy ; . et gee Ay = ' ke ' . F ME ie 110 | Milas Wi "s « ats ts " | "Gg | Free Di gen a a he . et y i. . i’ \ bs f q ? » X 7 ' a j a { , : 2 vk wi ‘ ‘ Givi Wor! : biowit 7” red he ’ ro. ' 1 gt : rt > 1 7 * ve CONRAN Gabe WAM INTD Svcntll alll Vi elas Aanierh at aE \ { 1 hg ' i r ¥ ti U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXIll Fie. 1. Cephalorhynchus hectori (Van Beneden), (From Van Beneden, Bulletin de |’Académie Royale de Belgique, 3d series, i, 1881, pl. 2.) Fia. 2. Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray). (From Gray, Synopsis of the Whales and Dolphins, 1868, pl. 34) GENUS CEPHALORHYNCHUS. -\oeSoerthgieil Thy inn ; : 7 7 . bos ; ; ecu es Ob de Eg ws) Wiewehe ai we ce int de i ay, an t ae. A - pe i i 4 f i tl { : i \ nT a 1 qi ' i a oe rab ’ ' fs , | as , i i A ‘ =i _ : , J i “ * iv at aa est (te ; zs a 2 ‘ ik i Ey i f ' i ‘ i =A { > i ra i “! [ i " i y SES Fee Siieiil ae SAG aie or iy prea ke er ninth a eens i t / ! y = : j , ay % ir Ps sat b > : of E > 2 “i ® - ah 3 ¥ et, ; a ; ¥ an x } q an a - J - ; E a at > hae Ro at aeyaT yy L Z i’ : Tie PL RN BLN aoa es : aa Le) Wy Bisley pereeyt iy, wep Aya eae i ai U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXIV Fic. 1. NAMENO-JUO. Neomeris phoceenoides (Cuvier). (From Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, 1850, pl. 25, fig. 1.) Fig. 2. NAMENO-JUO. eomeris phocenoides (Cuvier). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 56, fig. 1.) GENUS NEOMERIS. Walenta i a oe fe % th) 9 ie nore oa re - i : - A ' ' ca a \ - , i - : ; 2 5 SR nek enn eee : Pa i Coy L ja if Fi ge Lvs a) DORY ae ant tel? 0 1 4e Waal a ® et eS wig Paes ; si ’ ‘ : ad wi Wee a a * % i ; . a 4 a 4 4 j : Z ; Ay iD i a ] i ‘Pan ; p ’ ; d , : z a an ee ae oa ? ot atte - > °4 yr & 7 » fee ) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXV Fic. 1. HARBOR PORPOISE; HERRING HOG. Phocena communis Lesson. (From a photograph in the U.S. National Museum.) Fic. 2. HARBOR PORPOISE ; HERRING HOG. Phocena communis Lesson. (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 56, fig. 10.) GENUS PHOCAENA. é ix , U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXVI Fic. 1. Phoceena spinipinnis Burmeister. (From Burmeister, Anales del Museo Publico de Buenos Aires, |, 1864-'69, pl. 23, fig. 2.) Fic. 2. Phocena spinipinnis Burmeister. (From Burmeister, Anales de! Museo Publico de Buenos Aires, i, 1864-'69, pl. 24, fig. 1.) Genus PHOCAENA. i ‘ : ie v4 an : 7 =| ata & S Mi : Je ® _ a hed CO eh AGG Ls RaQee Tr eee, Te eT er ( we 3 SS eee BA) LN ees 9 ‘24> pf aly cheb sd om Tye aa) See imal 1 : - ama wal a eel ry ; awn rae j i : ' a Ai . ‘i pri ern OPT Bite Se, hehe raat : P Aus ~ i 2 Ls amen ow? ¥ oh @ aes ee oe oe ‘ 7 ‘a ie Z f ; es J af i ‘ ; i.’ ASSVG 2S. : i on a e 7 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXVII Fic. 1. DALL’S HARBOR PORPOISE. Phocena dallii True. (From a drawing by William H. Dall.) Fic. 2. DALL’S HARBOR PORPOISE. Phoceena dallii True. (From a drawing by William H. Dall of the type-skull, No 21762, in the U. S. National Museum.) GENUS PHOCAENA. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXVIII Fia. 1. Orcella brevirostris (Owen). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, p. 552.) Fia. 2. Orcella brevirostris (Owen). (From Owen, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vi, 1869, pl. 9, fig. 3.) GENUS ORCELLA. a rea ere 1) aero : a 2g) i Sasa - ad Phew: wi cebi sy tad Re . k "DL St ee gles [ 7 ‘ i a ‘ i U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XXXIX .Fic. 1. GRAMPUS Grampus griseus (Cuvier) (From Flower, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, viii, 1872, pl. 1, fig. 1.) Fic. 2. GRAMPUS. Grampus griseus (Cuvier). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-'79, pl. 54, fig. 7.) GENUS GRAMPUS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XL Fie. 1. COMMON BLACKFISH. Globicephalus melas (Traill). (From Murie, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, viii, 1873, pl. 30, fig. 1.) Fic. 2. COMMON BLACKFISH. Globicephalus melas (Traill). (From Gray, Catalogue of the Whales and Dolphins, 1866, p. 316, fig. 62.) GENUS GLOBICEPHALUS. maa wh aah ee U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLI Fic.1. Globicephalus brachypterus Cope. (From Cope, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 131.) GENUS GLOBICEPHALUS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLII Fic. 1. NORTH PACIFIC BLACKFISH. Globicephalus scammoni Cope. (From Scammon, Marine Mammalia, 1874, pl. 16, fig. 1.) Fie. 2. NORTH PACIFIC BLACKFISH. Globicephalus scammoni Cope. (From skull No, 9074, in the U. S. National Museum.) GENUS GLOBICEPHALUS. = A iq a i as any i - Ce, habs ih ewe aa i be > : ’ ‘? - ie ata as is ; 7 7 Ms z 5 a ; a , a Ala! . 7 oy 7 i y 4 uy ; el 7 Pe . : ; 4 j > : ; 7s ; HEDLE PE SEA OR. Be ee ae tt clesediee an laa tan OO " 7 “1 7 1 " @ ad < =f hy c ee ee ee oth dey Wee ‘ty Saeys ; 7 ‘/ 1s se ee 2) 1 i i 3 z t r / Aan CERT fal CME SALAM ary On £ = ee : , 5 FE tye etree daha Aas qian hi. Maik | Vowel hie ay Ad all UR Ab alia eli ; i ; ‘ Ts * i g i bbls z ‘| ‘ Es PEA SE , ay = a Ps ; < / We fy U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLIIl Fic. 1. Globicephalus sieboldii Gray. (From Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, 1850, pl. 27, fig. 1.) Fic. 2. Globicephalus sieboldii Gray. (From Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, 1850, pl. 27, fig. 1.) GENUS GLOBICEPHALUS. ‘ i Sh. MAK, : = A LP eo mr nar ae ; CVE OES og TRS DOES NENT RI Pte aN ik 8 WH eae auiNen “eS A ag gu eto MER Ace pes hee anny ; : She ZO eine als be ARN via) rs De Oe CF MAG J QR fulneninitt-og ea aie), degenerate ~ hhh ‘ ; i i igi sa 7 é * i a, i ; fe i a i os i ’ . : it i q i i rue cae, oo ier i a Mi mH , < ‘ ie y ue) 7 is , 77 5 } ; J - , ‘ ° , ‘ , ai 4 . ' + : ~ ; 40 ia e; ‘ : \ i : iy a See 1, Be : : ‘ U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLIV Fic. 1. Pseudorca crassidens (Owen). (From Reinhardt, Pseudorca crassidens, Ray Society, 1866, p. 191.) Fic. 2, Pseudorca crassidens (Owen). (From Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, 1868-’79, pl. 50, fig. 7.) GENUS PSEUDORCA. se 2 ee 7 = 2 . : 12 ee ieee oP way ye - Sy ara es, ten : fi 4 ,s + ' ‘a Na Pic = ‘ echt sorry, ny ¥: €&Q oa . ei Poa Is rs re Ah) a - SOP ok Dias bie Ue Rs Sm be «de ‘ r ja, ae ‘ , ‘Ait =e en PvP? aD RR ey ae STP iy ey? ey av'y Coriedl Oty Vr VAS S , ’ * a y * b Y 4 Gee i 2 I 7 ~ j mM; ~ a a i “4 i ; : 2 < ) ms ki " r a ‘a! .s : ; ETA tes aa 7 r oP ya ONE Shea) : ,. 7 ’ pitte 7 | oi , a Oe ; . ae . aug ; \, 5 Ser : ' * ® . - ¢ : ie oe 4 — x . et ee - b ' = Seeley U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLV Fie. 1. KILLER WHALE. Orca gladiator (Lacépéde) (From Liitken, Kg!. Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, 6t Raekke iv, 1887, pl. 1.) Fic. 2. Orca gladiator (Lacépéde). (From Liitken, Kgl. Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, 6te Raekke, iv, 1887, p. 372, fig. 9.) GENUS ORCA. eee R pay te ald a pees ee eta, é atl : ' 5 - o Wap 7% e : hy Yi } p ? o) ; : i ’ 4 ee t i is i ‘at ' ? f ’ i no { i 7 I 2 wel | i E . a = 1 2 i i \ a ‘ mt ee ne 7 yl Prat ck tle ae I RRL LP iyi or ela + “ rs i i ae a as aie sy 7 a a # a , My = hob - Ei ; rey “ fs ; an ee sas ae thy Sai 7 oe “sy iM ~< = or Na ! ee sah phy, aa tee iti My eR RN TN 7 ics F I Be oh ee i ié ib es hedge ¥ a Aas he ste ais Ral oe a Seen varie ap teye eae oo ie é iL fay’ tn ers er La ; ‘e hs akan, ’ ry ik) a ror ‘ 7 a os res af als at ” ; 4 a 5 whe Sy : } rt 7 it A *V i “)), ‘ ; oath rs be bs U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 36, PL. XLVII Fie. 1. NARWHAL. Male. Monodon monoceros Linné. (From Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 2d edition, 1874, p. 435.) Fie. 2. NARWHAL. Male. Monodon monoceros Linné. (From Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 2d edition, 1874, p. 439.) GENUS MONODON. Sie at Ng ary ees he cae . sofia Ve a see ian i . af AC \ UY AX QQ Sten AY XY AQ WY AWN \ \ \ \ \ . \ RY \\ Gi . \ Y ANA \ RQ \\ ee un SZ iy EZ tj SY \ \ \ \< \ ~ . \\ \X\ A \ \ \ WAN NN \\ UK \ \ \ \ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES AUNT 3 9088 01421 0686 , a LY, tizjijij NNN \ A KK NA NY \ \\ UM \ \ A RRQ \ \\\ \ XY \ AY LAY ey AW \ \<~ SE a ti ws \ NY A ANN A ty SZ GF Z ttt, tj LLL AK SA \ \ S A \ A Le Ly NI MR AQ A AX \ \ \ \ \\ \\ \\\\ NA \\\ \ \ \\ \ \\ A \ \\\ \ AX AXA AQ CAC \\ \ \ \ . \ _ \< NA . ~ \\ Xi \ \\ . RMN \ ~ AY UII AX \ WY