eve a isk pends Ti Sapte eR SARL Sey AYN ar bYaC TTS Era E Nava yeit ast Bye ; Acne) Munroe ues aye A a Tray ans eh} USSSA See OR Raises Ra RENRS Ea Ns RACs i iY Rata Seas x ee Eran Co, shee nro ER Sates =F a Dye Bees as “At ae” bi Joy erie , , ; ig vs SNE ; ] MAM INSTIEUTION: +". 7 4 UNITED. STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i ' “ or THe NATIONAL MUSEUM. THE BIRDS -) ie OF : H AND MIDDLE AMERICA. etic or ; Fees ROBERT RIDGway, CURATOR, DIVISION, OF BIRDS, f SVM SONrEAIN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BC LETIN UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. LO Ks ADVERTISEMENT. This work (Bulletin No. 50) is one of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections belonging to, or placed under the charge of, the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited in the United States National Museum. The publications of the National Museum consist of two series: the Bulletin and the Proceedings. The Bulletin, publication of which was commenced in 1875, is a series of elaborate papers, issued separately and based for the most part upon collections in the National Museum. They are monographic in scope and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological groups, bibliographies of eminent naturalists, reports of expeditions, ete. The Bulletins, issued only as volumes with one exception, are of octavo size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. The Proceedings (octavo), the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology and geology, descriptions of new forms of animals and plants, discussions of nomenclature, ete. A volume of about 1,000 pages is issued annually for distribution to libraries, while a limited edition of each paper in the volume is printed and distributed in pamphlet form in advance. In addition, there are printed each year in the second volume of the Smithsonian Report (known as the ‘* Report of the National Museum”) papers, chiefly of an ethnological character, describing collections in the National Museum. Papers intended for publication by the National Museum are usually referred to an Advisory Committee, composed as follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester - Ward, and Marcus Benjamin (editor). S. P. Laneiey, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Wasuineron, U.S. A., July 1, 1901. II iene BEADS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY morn Tr. RiDpGway, °- CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. eRe. A Family FRINGILLIDA—The Finches. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. LIOL. DEpieArTED TO THE MEMORY OF SPENCER EUEEER TON BAIRD, America’s first and best systematic ornithologist; whose guiding principle, ‘** What is worth doing is worth doing well,” is evident through all his works; who labored for the advancement of science, not for fame. Originator of the term ‘* Middle America,” and pioneer in the ornithology of that geographic field, his Review of American Birds, although scarcely more than begun, remains a perfect type of systematic ornithology and the model from which many later writers have drawn their inspiration. i PREFACE. Although preparations for the present work have been more or less actively conducted for some twenty years past, as time and opportu- nity permitted, the actual work of putting together the vast amount of material accumulated during that period was not begun until Sep- tember, 1894, when the author was directed by Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the National Museum, to consider of paramount importance among his official duties the task of ‘* making available, through publication, the results of the ornithological work of the Government, as represented in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution.” The labor of collat- ing references pertaining to more than 3,000 species of birds, verifying citations of original descriptions, measuring many thousands of speci- mens, and other time-consuming details connected with the preparation of such a work has necessarily delayed the beginning of its publication; but most of this drudgery having been disposed of, it is hoped that future progress may be more rapid. In the following pages the attempt is made to describe every species and subspecies, or definable form, of bird found on the continent of North America, from the arctic districts to the eastern end of the Isthmus of Panama, together with those of the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean Sea (except Trinidad and Tobago), and the Galapagos Archipelago; introduced and naturalized species being included, as well as accidental or casual visitors. The classification presented is essentially that of the most recent and advanced authorities,’ with such minor modifications as in the jude- ment of the present author seem desirable. The imperfection of our knowledge concerning the internal structure of many groups of birds, however, makes an entirely satisfactory classification impossible at the present time, and that here adopted must therefore be considered as provisional only. An entirely sound classification of birds is a matter of the future, requiring vastly extended investigations in the field of avian anatomy and the expenditure of an enormous amount of time and labor in elaborating the results. Some effort has been made to establish the proper terminology of the higher groups, no fixed rule having been followed in this respect, ' These are specially mentioned on pages 6, 7. e Vil VIII PREFACE. and the law of priority, so rigidly applied to genera and species, quite generally ignored. The synonymy of these higher groups, as given, is by no means complete, however, but little time being available for its compilation. The matter of determining the limits of families and genera among birds is one of great difficulty, especially among the Passeres; partly because such groups are often not clearly defined, but also because the material necessary for determining such questions is not always avail- able. The question of what constitutes a “family” or a ‘*oenus” being involved, and, moreover, one concerning which there is much dif- ference of opinion among systematists, the author’s views may be stated, in order to make clear the principles which have been his guide in the present work. Accepting evolution as an established fact—and it is difficult to understand how anyone who has studied the subject seriously can by any possibility believe otherwise—there are no “hard and fast lines,” no gaps, or ‘‘missing links” in the chain of existing animal forms except as they are caused by the extinction of certain intermediate types;' therefore, there can be no such group as a family or genus (nor any other for that matter) unless it is cut off from other groups by the existence of such a gap; because unless thus isolated it can not be defined, and therefore has no existence in fact. These gaps being very unequally distributed, it necessarily follows that the groups thus formed are very unequal in value; sometimes alternate links in the chain may be missing; again, several in continuous sequence are gone, while occa- sionally a series of several or even numerous links may be intact. Itthus happens that some family or generic groupsseem very natural or homo- geneous, because the range of generic or specific variation is not great and there is no near approach to the characters of another coordinate group, while others seem very artificial or heterogeneous because among the many generic or specific forms none seem to have dropped out, and therefore, however great the range of variation in structural details, no division into trenchant groups is practicable—not because extreme division would result, but simply because there can be no proper definition of groups which do not exist.” In short, no group, whether of generic, family, or higher rank, can be valid unless it can be defined by characters which serve to distinguish it from every other. : In groups of wide geographic range it is of course necessary to have all its components in hand in order to determine its limits and the number and boundaries of its subdivisions, for what seem distinct 1 2 9gC9ARg aIC ‘ 1 ist] 1 In some cases such apparent gaps are no doubt filled by existing forms which are as yet unknown to science. Certain so-called genera of the family Fringillidee afford a striking illustration. PREFACE. Tx families or genera within the limits of a fauna may, when all the forms of an entire continent or zodgeographic ** region,” or the world at large, are examined, be found to be connected by intermediate *‘ extralim- ital” forms. Sometimes, however, this test proves exactly the reverse to be true. Therefore, in the present work the families and genera recognized have not been based on the species belonging to North and Middle America alone, but on all others that were available, so far as time permitted. It is often difficult to weigh accurately the value of structural dif- ferences; there are many cases in which the author has long remained undecided what course to adopt, but decision, one way or another, has been necessary, and it only remains to be said that in such cases the benefit of any doubt has been given to established usage, in order not to disturb current nomenclature by unnecessary innovations. The question of whether a given form should be considered as a species or a subspecies is very much a matter of material, both from a geographic anda numerical point of view. The greater the number of closely related forms, hitherto regarded as specifically distinct, that are examined—especially when representing intermediate localities— the fewer becomes the number of those which are really specifically distinct. As in the case of genera, very different extremes are often connected by a series of intergrading forms, approaching one or the other of the extreme types exactly in proportion to their geo- graphic position between them; and other forms much less different appear to be really distinct through absence of **intergrades.” In determining questions of this class the author has exercised the fullest independence, without reference, so far as North American forms are concerned, to the rulings of the committee of the American Ornithol- ogists’ Union;' not from lack of confidence in the committee’s judg- ment, but froma full kuowledge of the unsatisfactory conditions as to time and material under which their conclusions were usually reached. Satisfactory decisions affecting the status of described but still dubious forms is a question both of material and investigation, and the author holds that no conclusion in such a matter should be accepted unless based upon an amount of material and careful investi gation equal to that bestowed by the original describer. Recognizing the fact that in the present stage of zodlogical nomen- clature trinomials are a ‘‘ necessary evil,” the author has not hesitated to use them when such relationship was clearly indicated by the evi- dence. He has not, however, often done so on theoretical grounds, because, in the first place, the facts when known may or may not justify the step, and in the second because a binomial is preferable to a trinomial when there is any good excuse for its adoption. The 1 Asset forth in the Check List of North American Birds (editions of 1886, 1889, and 1895) and various supplements to the same. X PREFACE. oreatest difficulty in deciding questions of this kind is in the case of insular forms, among which occur every possible degree of difference between related forms inhabiting different islands, so that it not only becomes largely a matter of individual judgment as to which should be given specific and which subspecific rank, but furthermore the dis- tinction made must, in the case of any author, necessarily be more or less arbitrary, since no ‘‘hard and fast rule” for determining such questions seems possible. As observed before, the more familiar one becomes with the subject throuch the medium of specimens representing continuous geographic sequence of localities the fewer in number really distinct species become, and what have long been considered such resolve themselves, one by one, intoa connected series of subspecific forms, each representing a definite eeographic area of more or less marked peculiarities of topog- raphy, climate, or other physical features. Such forms are fixed, or “true.” over territory of uniform physical character, the intergrades coming from the meeting ground of two such areas. Such a group of conspecific forms may aptly be compared to the colors of the solar spectrum, which form a graded scale from red, through orange, yellow, ereen, and blue, to violet, with intermediate hues of greater or less number, according to the nature of the case requiring their indication by name. These colors of the spectrum, though imperceptibly run- ning into one another, are obviously distinct, and the necessity of recog- nizing them by name has never been questioned. To carry the comparison still further, a certain species may include six subspecies or conspecific forms, which for convenience may be designated by the subspecifie names rubra, aurantiaca, flava, viridis, cyanca, and violacea. Intermediates between these might be designated as rubro-aurantiaca (or aurantiaco-rubra, according to which form the intermediate most resembles), aurantiaco-flava (or flavo-aurantiaca), ss orange-red), orange-yellow (or yellow-orange), yellow-green, green- blue, and blue-violet of the color scale. The necessity for such a nomenclature is just as great in zoology (and botany) as in chromato- graphy; and to ignore this necessity is neither scientific nor sensible, Havo-viridis, viridi-cyanea, and cyanco-wolacea, 1. e., red-orange (or but on the other hand is nothing less than suppression or perversion of an obvious truth. The only question that can possibly exist in the mind of those who have this matter to deal with is the degree of dif- ference which should be recognized in nomenclature, and in this respect there is excuse for more or less difference of opinion, according to one’s ability to discern differences and estimate the degree of their con- stancy, the extent and character of material studied, and the amount of time which has been devoted to its investigation. No doubt many of the forms which the author has recognized as subspecies in the present work may appear trivial to others, especially those who have not had PREFACE. XI advantage of the material upon which they are based; but in all cases it has been the author’s desire to express exactly the facts as they appear to him in the light of the evidence examined, without any regard whatever to preconceived ideas, either of his own or of others, and without consideration of the inconvenience which may result to those who are inclined to resent innovations, forgetful of the fact that knowl- edge can not be complete until all is known. This question of species and subspecies and their nice discrimination is not the trivial matter that some who claim a broader view of biological science affect to believe. It is the very foundation of more advanced scientific work; and without secure foundation no architect, however skillful, can rear a structure that will endure. The nomenclatural rules followed are those of the American Orni- thologists’ Union, as presented in their *‘Code of Nomenclature.” These have been strictly adhered to in all respects. The synonymies of this work have proven py far the most laborious part of its preparation, great pains having been taken to verify refer- ences whenever practicable, to include all which may be of use to those desiring an index to the literature of each species and to exclude those which would not serve some particular purpose. Special features are the mention of the type locality and location of the type specimen whenever it has been practicable to determine the same; the mention of all nomenclatural combinations and variations, and reproduction of the exact form in which the name accompanying each citation was originally given. When the locality to which a citation refers can be ascertained it has been given, the purpose being twofold: Future workers in amore limited geographic field may thereby more easily consult the literature concerning it, and when it may hereafter become necessary to further subdivide a given species or subspecies the refer- ences may be assorted without the time-consuming labor of consulting the numerous books and papers cited. Regarding the matter of orthography, etc., in citations, the extreme exactness which has been attempted may seem both useless and pedantic. It is believed, how- ever, that while the utmost accuracy of this kind can do no harm it may—in respect to some aspects of the case certainly will—do much good as a reaction from the gross carelessness which has hitherto prevailed. Anyone who has had occasion to verify citations must know that the amount of inaccuracy and misrepresentation in current synonymies, even the most authoritative and elaborate, is simply astounding. They abound with names which do not even exist in the works cited, with those which do not correspond with the originals in orthography, and others which have no meaning or use whatever, being evidently culled from indices without reference to what their status may be on the pages indivated. The correction of an author’s orthographical errors is a pernicious practice, though much in vogue; XII PREFACE. ‘geience is not literature,” neither has it any concern with what an author should have done or meant to do, but only with what he actually did. Without the special arrangements for the prepa ‘ation of this work made by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode (as mentioned at the beginning of this preface) and continued by his successors, Dr. Charles D. Wal- cott and Mr. Richard Rathbun, the accomplishment of the task would have been quite impracticable. These arrangements, it should be stated, are all that are possible under existing circumstances, though by no means all that could be desired for its early completion. "Notwithstanding the great extent of the collection of birds in the United States National Museum, which is much the largest and most nearly complete of any in America, and of North American birds unquestionably the finest in existence, so many groups are inadequately represented that it has been necessary to borrow specimens from other collections for study in connection with this work. It is a great pleas- ure to the author that he is able to say that such aid has, almost with- out exception, been most willingly and promptly rendered by those having it in their power to doso. The unrivaled collection of Mexican birds,’ as well as very numerous specimens from the United States (including Alaska) and the British Provinces, belonging to the United States Biological Survey (Department of Agriculture) has been kindly placed in the author’s hands for study by the Director of the Survey, Dr. C. Hart Merriam. The entire collection of each family belonging to the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, has been lent for the same purpose, whenever requested,” by the authori- ties of that institution, through Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of the Depart- ment of Vertebrate Zoology, these including many types of Mr. George N. Lawrence, so essential to any investigation of the birds of tropical America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through ‘For this magnificent collection of Mexican birds ornithologists are indebted to the intelligent and energetic labors of Mr. E. W. Nelson, whose careful, thorough, and protracted field work has covered nearly every portion of that most interesting section of the continent. It illustrates, to a degree which no other collection from that country approaches, the remarkable variations, often within small areas, mani- fest in many of the birds, resulting from unusually varied topographic features and climatic conditions. Without a careful study of Mr. Nelson’s collection, which includes the types of numerous new species and subspecies described by him, a fairly accurate knowledge of the geographic distribution and yariations of Mexican birds would not be possible. The inestimable value of this collection in the preparation of the present work has been greatly enhanced by Mr. Nelson’s kind assistance, both verbally and by means of a map, colored by him to show the different faunal areas, thereby explaining most clearly why marked variations often occur in birds of locali- ties not far separated as to distance but in reality very different in physical character. * These include, to date, their entire representation of the families of Fringillide, Icteridse, and Corvide. PREFACE. XIII Mr. Witmer Stone, Conservator of the Ornithological Section,’ and the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, through Mr. C. B. Cory, Cura- tor of the Department of Ornithology,’ have likewise responded most generously to requests for the loan of specimens, as has also the Boston Society of Natural History, the last-mentioned establishment furnishing a number of Lafresnaye’s types. : The Costa Rica National Museum, through its former Director, Senor Anastasio Alfaro, has materially aided in the preparation of this work by the loan and gift of a large number of most interesting spec- imens. The author is likewise greatly indebted for similar assistance to Sefior José C. Zeledon, of San José, and Mr. George K. Cherrie, formerly connected with the Costa Rica National Museum, especially the former, who has not only donated many hundreds of specimens to the United States National Museum, but has in addition given much valuable information through correspondence. Besides the public institutions and their officers mentioned above the author is under obligations to many individuals for similar aid. These are far too numerous to permit all being mentioned by name. Those who have rendered the greatest assistance are Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, and Mr. Outram Bangs, of Boston, Massachu- setts; Mr. A. W. Anthony, of San Diego, Mr. R. C. McGregor, of Palo Alto, and Mr. Joseph Grinnell, of Pasadena, California. Although the drudgery of measuring thousands of specimens and compiling practically all the references for the synonymy has fallen on the author, considerable assistance in these matters has been rendered by others. Most of the Fringillidsee, Corvide, and Mniotiltide were measured by Mr. J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds; the Icteridx, the Coerebidee, and part of the Mniotiltidze were measured by Mr. Sidney S. Wilson. Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator of the Division of Birds, has supplied many references, especially of uncited combinations, while Mr. W. P. Hay has gone carefully over the manuscript of the first volume and supplied, from the origi- nals, such data as to pagination, type locality, etc., as had been omitted or marked as doubtful. In conclusion, the author desires to say that while unavoidable limi- tations have prevented the realization of his ideal in the present work, no pains nor labor have been spared to make it the best that was prac- ticable under the circumstances. RoBpertT Rrpeway. Unirep States Natrona Museum, Washington, D. C., July 1, 1901. 'The Academy’s entire collection of Icteridse and Corvidee, with the exception of certain specimens which can not be lent owing to conditions accompanying their gift to the Academy. * Large series of the West Indian genera Huetheia and Pyrrhulagra. INO >. The necessity for beginning this work with the highest instead of the lowest forms is to be regretted, and may be explained by briefly stating that owing to inadequate facilities for properly arranging the larger birds in the National Museum collection these are not available for study, and consequently it became necessary either to begin with the smaller birds, already systematically arranged, or else postpone the work indefinitely. The descriptions are limited to essential characters, but extreme brevity has been avoided in order to render identification more certain. In the case of subspecies, however, only those characters which are peculiar to each are mentioned, the fuller description of the first in a group of conspecific forms applying to all of those which follow, except us modified by the diagnosis pertaining to each of the latter. Measurements are in millimeters, and are made in the following manner: (1) Length, from tip of bill to tip of tail of the dried skin. This measurement is really of little value, and is given merely as a sort of clue to the general size of the bird. It varies greatly in the same species according to the ‘** make” of the skin,’ and is usually materially different from the same measurement before skinning. (2) Wing, measured with dividers, one point resting against the anterior side of the bend the other touching the extremity of the longest primary. (3) Tail, measured with dividers, one point of which is inserted between the shafts of the middle pair of rectrices at the base and pressed forward as far as they will go without splitting the integu- ment, the other point touching the extremity of the longest rectrix. (4) Culmen, measured with dividers, either from the extreme base or exposed base—that is, the base as seen without parting the frontal feathers—the character of the measurement always being indicated as *‘culmen from base” and ‘‘ exposed culmen.” (5) Depth of bill at base, measured with dividers from lower edge of mandibular rami to highest portion of the culmen. 1 Specimens of conspicuously extended or abbreviated make have, however, been excluded from measurement. XV XVI NOTE. (6) Width of bill at base, measured across the chin between the out- side of the enathidea at their base. (7) Zursus, measured from the tibio-tarsal or heel joint on the outer side to the lower end. This last point is often more or less indefinite and sometimes very difficult to locate, but in such cases may usually be ascertained by flexing the toes. (8) Middle toc, measured from the lower end of the tarsus to the base of t he claw. the length of the latter not being included, unless so stated. (9) Graduation of tail, measured from the extremity of the outer- - most rectrix to that of the middle or longest, the tail being closed. Owing to the considerable individual variation in measurements in almost all birds, measurements of a single specimen are of little value as part of a description of a species or subspecies. In such a case the meas- urements are quite as likely to represent the maximum or minimum dimensions of the formas the average. Therefore, in connection with the present work, a series of specimens of each form has, whenever practicable, been carefully measured, and the minimum, maximum, and average of each separate measurement given with the descriptions. The average measurements, as given, do not always express actual difference or agreement, as the case may be, between allied forms because, in the first place, the series measured are too often unequal and inadequate, and in the second, determination of sex by collectors is not always to be relied on, measurements of one sex sometimes almost certainly figuring among those of the other. Besides, a certain allow- ance must be made for errors of measurement, it being a well known fact that the same person can rarely measure the same specimen twice and obtain exactly the same results. It may be stated, however, that great care has been taken to have the measurements given represent the facts as nearly as possible, by selecting as nearly equal a series of each allied form as the available material would allow, and by eliminating immature specimens and those with abraded primaries and rectrices, as well as those whose sex had not been determined by the collector or is otherwise not obvious. In describing the wing-formula or relative lengths of the primary remiges, these are counted from the innermost one outward, not con- versely, as has been the general practice. Hence, in ‘*ten-primaried” birds the outermost primary is designated as the tenth, and in ‘‘ wine- primaried” birds as the n/nth. The advantage of this innovation, which no doubt will at first cause inconvenience, is that in the case of ““nine-primaried” birds the outermost obvious primary (the ninth) receives its correct numerical designation, whereas according to the old _ method of numeration it was designated as the first while being in reality the second.' "See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 256, note 2; Gadow, in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, pp. 118, 741, 780. NOTE. XVII The analytical keys of the present work are on the same plan as those in the author’s Manual of North American Birds;’ that. is, the diagnostic characters of all subdivisions are contrasted in dichoto- mous series of antithetical phrases. Many modifications of this plan and others essentially different have been experimented with or tested, but none have been found to possess equal simplicity of construction or facility of practical use. The keys of the present work differ from those of the Manual in this respect, however; the latter are a com- bination of ‘‘key” and diagnosis, while the former consist entirely of a key based only on the exclusively diagnostic characters. Although the plan of these keys is so simple that directions for their use seem hardly necessary, it may be as well to explain the method of their use. The dichotomous characters are arranged alphabetically, thus, ‘‘a” is the antithesis of ‘‘aa”, ‘*4” that of ‘* 45”, ete.; therefore if the characters mentioned following ‘‘a” do not apply to the specimen in hand then they must be sought for under after ‘‘aa”. It will, of course, be found that either the characters following ‘*a” or those following ‘‘aa” do apply, unless the specimen happens to be a new species or the key to the wrong genus (or other group) is being used. When its posi- tion as to ‘‘a” or ‘‘aa” has been fixed, the next step is to find whether it belongs to ‘*+” or ‘*6b” under ‘‘a” or ‘taa,” as its position may have been determined; then whether in ‘tc¢” or ‘*cc,” and so on, or until the species or subspecies is ‘*run down.” The names of colors used are those of the author’s Nomenclature of Colors.” 1A | Manual | of | North American Birds. | By | Robert Ridgway. | — | Illustra- ted by 464 outline drawings of the | generic characters. | — | Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott Company. | 1887. | Royal 8 vo, pp. [i]—xi, 1-631, pls. i-exxili. (Second edition, revised, with new preface and appendix, published 1896.) 2 | A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornithologists. | By | Robert Ridgway, | Curator Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston: | Little, Brown and Company. | 1886. | 17024—01——_11 PaBEE OF “CONTENTS: Page CAT ETO ea ee oe ee ee Bee oe es be Sheng owen 1 Oe Seen aiicte et eee eR eee fs cya nae Saye a es vee eeu oe tiem 2 LGN ige Mul aPrsi el afc] 2st /eicva ned U0: he ears 2 eee ny ny a ee 3 ey tonne Ordersan tae subclass Ornithures -2...).5.0- 2.2.22. Soc cde eek 8 QUE Ts TEST bis go pi oS Ls Ae ee 12 Key to the Suborders of Passeriformes - - . - - - Peo et er oe eter Sere Neh 14 Key to the Superfamilies of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli--.....-....------ 16 Soe anes Ue ke Nem LT) GSE Roe eee ee ee eh) Re, Lever, a ec emte we 17 Piet Muar ilie ab amniUled Oh OSeined)= 2 katy aos Pann See Kio Se SOS Naa ace ele oi 18 1s TUNEL PASEO Se ao GR ay EN ye ee re 24 Peytonuio: Generaron Hminpuliges. 12 = >. 252.25 8-2 05.2555) tenes oesee ice s-e- 160 Gos OaleaniIsco rma ants PLOW iISeN Ob) wae o 3 se e Se eee es Seine wisn Se 162 Srenuselo. oR MVvnChonmamen bard... 62 5.2. 6+ 2 oe en cee ease eee we sees 164 66> vaynchophanessmeccownit (Lawrence) <5. 2... -....2-2.225.22c225-+- 165 apaticn bin O alatibongians OMMPALUC s).2 205.52 bk Sha ke piste eS 167 G7 Calamosprza melanocorys oteymerer <=. 2. 22... 28. 2. se secbees sees 168 OUuCMnien Sita tneAAE UO eae tones PS Sook a ok ed ce eccc acess 170 Weve tori nens Heel CaaOlisplzamer eraser A= seem eta eee eee ate, LA GSaco mize amierieenbian| Cuatelim)\ 2. 20S aes Fe So ee ee ese + 171 Go Pie wHRCMEEPAMOULOM). 8.8250 S525 o- 5-2 kanes eos nise sk 174 Gensel Sane MOnGestesi mW AlISOUSyeea cee ane eye ote Seek ele ek 175 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chondestes --........----------------- 176 70. Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say) ----..-------------------- 176 71. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson) .......--..------------ 178 i Enis Ore LOOCCELES (sal ea eee aera ee eS se eels Ao otet eae ole ot 181 Key to the Species and Subspecies:of Pooecetes ....--..--.-------+-----1+-- 181 72. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin) .-....--...-----.--------- 182 (oeeooecetes/oTamimens conmms, (Baird)! sass52 2s 2-25 265-2 e5-$5se5555-- 184 i) LP oeccetes eramimenusatiois: Miller 00.2.3. 3.222 ese aloce snes -- 186 calls) weeasserculus i bODAMAItCo. eas) Aon see coe eee Mees eee cokes 187 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerculus..--......----------------- 188 ieee Serenlos princeps Maynard « =— 522-222 so. 82 yo ase oei- ss l-se:- 189 76. Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis (Gmelin) _..--..-.-------- 190 77. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson) ...--...--------------- 192 78. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonaparte) -.......----------- 194 79. Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway ---..-----.-------------- 197 SOMPPeAcsereulucune In pind ep wayase: sees Goch eace clon ge one eee tt 198 Simplascercmus rostratus nostratus: (Cassin) 22-2 = 2-2 222252 ---2-2e2-- 199 Sea easserculus roshratis sanctonum ( COUCS))~ 2 3. 6.2. 2 hehe 2 alee osc eee 200 83. Passerculus rostratus guttatus (lawrence) .......------------------- 201 84. Passerculus rostratus halophilus (McGregor) -..-..--..------------- 202 Gems Zi. Otero chav BintiGl Soe 5 eee ye es ae ee 202 Soe CeTiinOMny eke OaTrG IIo PATCIIMON))) Samer Sei taae ewok ean e Seuss sie - 203 Cenc es Coun CUS bOnApAnte tee -e.oh ease ete ee eel besser 205 * Key to the Species and Subspecies of Coturniculus ......------------------- 205 86. Coturniculus savannarum savannarum (Gmelin) ...-.-.------------ 206 87. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (Wilson) .....-.--------------- 207 88. Coturniculus savannarum obscurus (Nelson)....-..----------------- 209 89. Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson) .-.....----------- 209 Genus 2pae AMM OUrAMIS SWalnsOMy 9.29 o2e5- shoe see 2 se eee te els te 211 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ammodramus --.---.----------------- 212 90. Ammodramus maritimus maritimus (Wilson) .....-.--------------- 214 91. Ammodramus maritimus megillivraii (Audubon) -.---....----------- 216 92) Ammodramus maritimus) peninsule Allen: 2--.....-..---.-.-------- 216 93. Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman.--.-.-------------------- 217 94. Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen....-.-..--...--------------- 218 Jo. Amimodramus nigrescens Ridgway ..:.....--..---:-----.---.++----- 219 XXII 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. CONTENTS. Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus (Gmelin) .--.....------------ Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen..-.....-...--....--------- Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight -....---------------- Amimocdramnas Leon tens (Arn club) ety eects ete el en etree eee Ammodramus henslowii henslowii (Audubon). .-....--------------- Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewster-.--.---------------- Genus 24. Plagiospiza Ridgway --- 102. ‘Plagiospiza: superciliosa (Swainson). 2-2-2 --.-2---.-- 342 --2 ee Genus 25. Aimophila Swainson - - - Key to the Species and Subspecies of Aimophila ........-...---.----------- Aimophila quinquestriata 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ink 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. eT 118. 119. 120. Le 22. 123: 124. 125. 126. ee 128. Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila (Sclater) 2292 N55 822.2 54 eee eee mystacalis (Hartlaub)22°o:* 2" - 250. ...0. SS eee humeralisyCalbanig: sae ec sooo ec bce k s PU CcAudarunCaAUd ay (BORapATte)) es = ses s— sa =a ruficauda lawrencii (Salvin and Godman) ----.--------- acuminata Salvin and Godman 222s---.4-- 9225255 seee sumichrastiiuawrences.22222 2225.62 52422. saa Garpalis*(@oues) 22222 sa Sane. cote nee eee eee MOLOsMebAN (Sclaberramd cSslivinn)) ss see a ere HULescens rurescens SwalnsOny ose. ss =e ee ae rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer -...---.----------- rutescens sinaloa kids way 22-2. see sees e eee eee mcleodit ‘Brewster <2 3:0 hiss! See ee ee Tuliceps ruticeps, (Cassin) == s2 = ee es Aimophileruficeps sororia Ridgway 2-0s2-..-9-22-22-- 2.2 = eee Aimophila ruficeps scottii AImOoOphils muineeps australis; (INelson)ie4oo5 4 2s 222.2 tee as acai Aimophila rufieeps fusca (NGISon)) 2. 352022 22 eae 3. a aoe eee ee AumMophile, rificeps eremceca (Brown) 22452). 8222 see eee Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila Aimophila (Setinett) is sts22 taste OS oe eee ees runceps: boucardi(Sclater)c- 2 ake. eee re eagsinit\(, Woodhouse) yi s.- c= Foo ye seo eae ees estivalis cestivalis (Lichtenstein) ..................---- estvalis bachmanit ((Audtbon) 2.2 22-2222 a eee botterin, botteri(Sclater)/s/2eccr2 . <2 2s ae ee (atone Aunophila botterii Sartor Ridgeway ©... -2-._..__ 11 see Aimophila botterii petenica (Salvin) Genus 26. Amphispiza Coues ----- Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amphispiza Amphispiza bilineata bilineata (Cassin ) Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson Amphispiza belli belli (Cassin ) 129. 130. 151. 132. 133. 155. 136. 137. 158. 139. 140. 141. 142. Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend 134. Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridgway Genus 27. Junco Wagler ; Key to the Species and Subspecies of Junco Junco Junco Junco Junco Junco Junco Junco Junco aikeni Ridgway --- hyemalis hyemalis hyemalis carolinensis Brewster oreganus oreganus (Townsend) oreganus shufeldti (Coale) oreganus thurberi ( oreganus pinosus (Loomis) montanus Ridgway Ciinnsens geen Se Anthony ))22-/ 2... 2 bo bo bo bo bo hw Oo © CO D bo bh b&b bo be Go oo ee o> CONTENTS. XXIII Page. ae aoe eUEcOMM ea TMOG aye) ee. orth Ss ee dis ee ewe de ee 291 ioe Sea LO MMBC AMRIT ye erie foes Sle Sa Sos wk Std ann eee - 293 PA See IME CO Pn am lars phe Owcynemnree eee ae Se Ak ele ce cc ce blk ak 293 NAVSy, AMWEAKE) LEM uy 1B) Ko Wirayee Ss BS = oe SO Se Re a ees ee 294. iy nica eamiee ase NV OOCMOUSE) ion 4 2) teen coe noe ih - ose edie nes 295 JAS ee UMeCOroncuice ECOL Vereen sa —— ene eres A EWR i eee LS iL 297 149° Juineo pheeonosus) pheeonotus! Waglers-- ==. 52. = 252522. .285.- 2 524-5 299 ia dunce phizeenaws palliatus Rideway -... 2-22 .<....csces-eee-2e-- =~ 301 lee UM COmMVesCeneeNelsOnr ace. =a seo ene one ae Seeese ee ceee. 302 LOZ On Seika) 00S 5 | Na es a ee 303 Pe rae UNCOnv i Game leOMEANO ie ta 2.5 ie oa 5 c(n\o22 sean ae Swcice yeh oe 3 304 Cenushamspizellasbonapaniemas= ss e- ols eee Se oes. oe re bac eae ens ete 305 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spizella ....-.....-...------------+--- 305 1642 Spizellamouticola monticola, (Gmelin) =... ----25..2 222-2 -+--2<- 307 155. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster .....-...-------------------- 309 Des: Maniac Ha peewee (NMMIROIE ecm ea ec nolo econ nle decent ss 31] Noe spize lasocaliemextGana NEON 5-5. am e= seine = ons Gace Se ow sels oi 313 IDs Spizella socials pimetaram (Salvin): 2: ...-2 222. 22 525-.ce0eete2-- 314 159 Spizellarsncialisvamizomes: GOUCSER = s.--5 to con. wo cese see oo 2s se sie old LGU h Spice tla mise aire ( WWUISOU sso feeb wes nek st S-e 318 [Gi Sprzella pusilla arenaces Chadbourne .:...-.--.-.2.2.2--2-0--s--5- 320 ites pizellaworinemintiemwewy S.J) oer bramse ous Shes vee se eas ce - 321 iss SpIZela auror elas: (CAUSMIS) son nee es sett a aaa. cee ess cece. 322 iiee mpisclianinidan|( a waLIsdON)) s22e2 Peston soe Son cose Leda cis oesse 324 ieee Omen DrewelWGass a5 = - pe eae o ec sese neh cco cee oc cine wield os 327 entis 20 CORGLrOriA SWINDON = 2 o-.- 2 does soe he ca coae pecs csecaece eden as 329 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Zonotrichia-.-.........----------------- 330 iin amnaimienian queria (Nuttall) oe 525.2% Soon ace ese soe e--s B01 Pieeanotrichin coroners ( Pallag)) 2522. oon oe oe oo eens see ete 333 168. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster) ......---------------- 336 169. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall) -...-.---......-..------- 309 170: Zonotrichia leucophrys nutialli Ridgway --...--------------------- 342 ia eonouichia aipicelis (Gmelin) .. 2 fo. se02g 5: cso 5 2 ete eee ee 2 = 343 ipenis SOs brary apie OO Way ies oes nee cool e echoes dodo se a2 aise ses 5-- 346 atone Saneperics Or btach yspiga-. 2- oo soe sce esos eb eck etn Sonne esos O47 172: Brachyspiza capensis. peruyiana (Lesson)..-.-.-.---.---.------.--- 347 fe, Brachyvepiza capensis insilaris- Ridgway 2. .-:--2.+-.------+-+---- o49 Scum eee el CS Had MITE wa oss en ee ee Sh gae Oatko ala we obs ee == 049 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melospiza...........----------------- 302 ee Melongizaemeres melodia (Wilson) 5-22.25... 2. -226-.+-5---22-4+- oot 175. Melospiza cinerea montana (Henshaw) ....----------------------- 308 176. Melospiza cinerea merrilli (Brewster) ..-..------------------------ 361 ape Meloni cimerea dailies. (air ) i. 5 2s ok son kay 2 sees 362 ice Velospiza cimeres rivularns (Bryant) 22: j.225-2:--5-----220+-s-1---- 363 179 Melosmimacimeres heermanni (alm ))2 222552... 2552-2 -2--+-05- 55: 064 180. Melospiza cinerea mexicana Ridgway-....------------------------- 365 (st Melogni mma cimereaadusia (Nelson) a. - 2. 232-5552 222--+-22s---5- 366 182: Melospiza cinerea goldmani (Nelson) ....-.-.---------------+----- 366 182. Melospiza cinerea cooperi Ridgway -...-.--.---------------------- 367 184. Melospiza cinerea clementz (Townsend) ......---.---------------- 368 185. Melospiza cinerea graminea (Townsend) ......-------------------- 369 iSisweviclospiza cmmerea caranelis\(haird)) < 52-255 -. -.-=-----+--<-----%-- 369 187. Melospiza cinerea pusillula Ridgway --------------- Pare esr ae 370 188. Melospiza cinerea cleonensis (McGreyor)..-.------------+---------- ofl XXIV CONTENTS. 189. Melospiza cinerea morphna (Oberholser) -.----------------------- 190. Molospiza cinerea rufina (Brandt) ----------- ------------+-------- 191. Melospiza cinerea caurina Ridgway --.---------------------------- 192. Melospiza cinerea kenaiensis Ridgway- -----.---------------------- 193. Melospiza cinerea insignis (Baird) ..--.-.---------------------+----- 194. Melospiza cinerea cinerea (Gmelin) ....-.------------------------- 195. Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon) ....--..--------------------------- 196. Melospiza georgiana (Latham) -...-...--------------------------- Genus’ 32. Passerella Swainson © .2-2. 2222 o-oo = = = ai oe = = eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerella -.-...-.---------------------- 197. ‘Passerella ilidca iliaca (Mierrem!)--> 7-2-6 ~ = <<: 22 2 ee eee 198. Passerella iliaca unalaschensis (Gmelin) .«-....-------------------- 199. Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway. --+ 2-<--.-.-----.--02ee sone 200. “Passerella ikiaca annectens Ridgway 2222. :..---:--¢-- see eens 901. Passerella iliaca townsend (Audubon): -2-2-2---2 5-2. 22 22S ee 202. -Passerella sliaca tulipinosa, Ridgeway 2-22... 2 -- oo. 4-2 Seen ee 903. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird)))=..._.-..-2-.-25222 222-52 22= ooae 204; ‘Passerella thaca megarbyncha (Baird)... =.=... s2 2 eee 205. Passerella iliaca'stephensi Anthony ~.-..-..-/2-2 ----- 222225 eee Genus o3s3Oreospiza Jhid@way- sss. .5255552 02 wos cdo ee 2062 Oreospiza chiorura, (Townsend) 225222222222 >. 9-2 eee eee eee Genus 34> Pipilo Vieillot.cccs 2.222 022 2s oe eno be ee ee ee Key to the'Species and Subspecies of Pipilo.-:..- 22. 2.2225- 422522 eee eee 207. eipilotorquatus torquatus:Di Buss 222-2) - >= eee ee 208. Pipilo torquatus alticola (Salvin and Godman) .-.....------------- 209.. Pipilo nigrescens; (Salvin and Godman) 2 7.2222. e 2-226 e ee eee 20 SPipilo macrony--...2-2- 2-2-2. 2222.--5-+---- 460 202. Aulaperes pueaiis Gilutus Ridgeway -2 222: =-22-2i----s-+---+------- 461 Zips Ailapewes eutiiralia \(Latresiaye) 2-5-5. <5 -% Camasnynebun rAlvint MAGS WAay 222-5 5.2 2b 2s ante eee eee 486 269. Camarhynchus pallidus (Sclater and Salvin) ...-....-------------- 487 Cre mnpie el yon enemies ial aan erent nme eRe Oh ee 8 aoe eae eos s =e 489 ead ney Scares.) Clo os 0) 2a), oe a el a 493 2 ee G EOS val MOGI Gr OUNOS a7 te one eps eee nesses sas-- 495 271. Geospiza strenua Gould ..__...- Pree So fore res. 496 Mia Geospizea pachmerey MGha WIGS WAY 2. 2282. fo scien eee s- se 498 2 dae COR pied COUMOstniS RIGO WAY: 2222 522225 nes acne sees S5252 235-5505 498 XXVI CONTENTS. Page 274. Geospiza propinqua Ridgway 22. --3-—--...5ssess se see ee eeee =~ eee 499 275. Geospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert ..........-. ------------ 500 276. Geospiza, bauri Rideweay 2-..2s2s-cs. ses eee Eee ee - = eee 500 2rd. Geospiza dubia.Gould =. . 232252222222 ecee eee ee ee | oe \01 278. Geospiza.albemarlei Ridgway -. 2: fs. 222 - s22- 2h eee nse - sea 502 279. Geospiza simillima Rothschild and Hartert.-....-.::---.-:--. 22388 502 280: Geospizatortis:Gould 2 2222.5 552 see eee ese steerer 32. eee 502 28. Geospiza fratercula Ride way senese ose eet eres: oe ee 504 Zee. Geosplze tulicinosa Gould c2ece= seseeeaess eee ee eee ee D0+4 283.. Geospiza: minor (Rothschild’and Hartert)\-2.-.--.2..2---.-. ae 506 284; Geospiza acutirostris: Ride way {22722122 ose 62 2 Skool. . o2 re 506 280., GQeOspiza Centirostris Gowldesee see ss eee mee ene ae ee 507 286;. Geospizaihartertichide way 22-5 tek se ee 507 287-> Geospiza diftictlis Sharmpe-ee: a4. foes caees 502 sees oe 507 288: Geospiza. debilirostris Ridgway << 2: -2fos52252 2. 6. 26 Ste eee 508 289. Geospizascandens((Gould))i> 2222 22 22. oe ee eee 509 290. Geospiza septentrionalis (Rothschild and Hartert)....-..-.--..._-- 510 aul. Geospiza intermedia Ridgway: 2.2222. si.. cose ase eee 511 29a, Geospiza tativata Ride way <2 22-5 sc220-5 eect oes Beer 2 ee eee 511 293. Geospiza abingdoni (Sclater and Salvin) -2....-..-.22-22:-1.2-28.- 513 Zad, \Geospiza Dre viFOStris Rid WAY... Ses. sons eee ee 514 Genusé.\ Cocomis. Townsend). “s-.2250 2 2 3. ee eee 515 209; sCOCOTMIS Agassiz! ownsend. 2S. =)! ofa hes Se 516 Genus 4/eA cant bidops Ridgway. <<. 3... JS 08: 2 oo se 517 270. acantnidops bairdi Ride way: 2.2 2002 Se se ee ee 819 Seuss. slaniospizaGabanig.- 2572-92) 2. eee ee 520 297. Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin...............--.--.----.-- 521 fresnto.piealiscbole =. -..:. 2.2.25. ee eee 529 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Euetheia.....................-...-..-- 530 301. Euetheia olivacea olivacea (Linnzeus)........__.........-.-....... 530 302, Huetheia olivacea coryi Ridgway.........2.....4...-- 532 303. Euetheia olivacea bryanti Ridgway.............-....222-2. 933 304. Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway........................_... 533 305. Euetheia olivacea pusilla (Swainson)................--.-.2....-._. do+ ue. Emethein canota(Gmelin) 2052.74.05. >. ee eee 536 poy. Siuetheia pieoloy /bicolor: (innzus)"* 2/240 2 ee 537 o0S, Huetbers bicolor omissa (Jardine) 7.227 2.1 ee 538 309: Huetheia-bicolor marchii (Baird):.<... 0... eae 541 310. Euetheia bicolor sharper (Hartent))<_2 222 20/2 a See 543 oll. -Biipthem prandior Gory. cy ee UT ON 543 cqenus'b2.“Melanospiza Ridaway< - 2.0.) 3. AUN ss i oe ee d44 12. “Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory)-....2..-....--2.-.-........ 545 Genus 05,- Loxmpasser Bryant'..2 20 29s.) ee 545 313, Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse) ..............-.......--.--........ 546 Genus 547_Pysrhulagra Bonaparte 2. gece 2. Lo 547 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pyrrbudagran: 022.22. ee 548 3l4. Pyrrhulagra portoricensis (Daudin)..22c2. oA 550 CONTENTS. XXVII Page. 315. Pyrrhulagra grandis (Lawrence) --.---------.----------------+---- 550 316. Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea (Linnzus) .-..-.-.------------------- 5d 317. Pyrrhulagra violacea ruficollis (Gmelin) ---...-------------------- 552 318. Pyrrhulagra violacea affinis (Baird) .....---------------------+---- 553 319. Pyrrhulagra noctis noctis (Linnzeus) -.--..------------------------- 554 320. Pyrrhulagra noctis sclateri (Allen) --.----------------------------- 555 321. Pyrrhulagra noctis dominicana Ridgway ..------------------------ 556 322. Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgway - --.-------------------------- 5d7 323. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory -.--..---------------------------- 558 324. Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi Ridgway ..-.---------------------------- 559 325. Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory -.-.-------------------------- 560 326. Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory -.---.------------------------------- 561 Genus 55. Melopyrrha Bonaparte - - - - - - ee egret oN a ga Ses fora ae 501 Key to the Species of Melopyrrha. .-.--.------------+-------------+-+-+------ 562 327. Melopyrrha nigra (Linnzeus).--.---.------------------------------ 562 328. Melopyrrha taylori Hartert.--.-..--------------------------------- 563 Genus 56. Sporophila Cabanis.--....---.----------------------+--------+-- 563 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sporophila. -.-...--------------------- 564 329. Sporophila grisea schistacea (Lawrence) - .------------------------- 566 330. Sporophila minuta minuta (Linnzeus).-.----.----------------------- 567 331. Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence) -.--------------------------- 568 332. Sporophila gutturalis (Lichtenstein) ---.-------------------------- 569 333. Sporophila corvina (Sclater) .-......------------------------------ 571 334. Sporophila aurita (Bonaparte) .......----------------------------- 573 335. Sporophila morelleti (Bonaparte) -..--.--------------------------- 575 336. Sporophila torqueola (Bonaparte) - ----.---------------------------- 577 337. Sporophila albitorquis (Sharpe) .--..----------------------------- 578 Genus o/seAmaurospiza Oapamis. 52. - .2 2825-22-45. 2252-5 25---+2225-255-5> 579 338. Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis. ---......-------------------------- 579 Genus pen @yancspizal Baird 222.2... 2. -.- we 2252-5 - 2550 ss 22-5522 580 Key to the Species of Cyanospiza.......----------------------------------- 581 339. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linnzeus) -..--------------------------------- 582 340. Cyanospiza amoena (Say) ..-------------------------------------- 584 341. Cyanospiza ciris (Linnzus) ......--.-----+------------------------- 586 342. Cyanospiza leclancheri (Lafresnaye) -----. ------------------------ 589 343. Cyanospiza rosite Lawrence. -....----------+-----------+-----+---+- 590 344. Cyanospiza versicolor (Bonaparte) - .---.--------------------------- 591 Genus 59. Cyanocompsa Cabanis .....---------------------------+--------- 594 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanocompsa - - ----------------------- 595 345. Cyanocompsa concreta concreta (DuBus) - ------------------------- 596 346. Cyanocompsa concreta cyanesceus Ridgway ----------------------- 597 347. Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye) ---.-------------------------- 599 348. Cyanocompsa parellina parellina (Bonaparte) - --------------------- 601 349. Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway. ----------------------- 602 350. Cyanocompsa parellina sumichrasti Ridgway ---------------------- 602 Genus G0., Oryzoborus Cabanis\: 2 2222.22... -2 22-822 - 5-2 see o ee toe 2-4 603 Key to the Species of @Oryzoborus. ----....------2-22---2--5-----++---5--4- 604 351. Oryzoborus nuttingi Ridgway --.-.--...---------------------------- 604 352. Oryzoborus funereus Sclater....-.-..--.--------------------------- 605 CG ear ra 63a ease sae Sv cae Sy eee ee nee yee otal ate) \aimy= <)aie.= 606 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Guiraca. ..-...--------------------+----- 607 353. Guiraca ceerulea ceerulea (Linnzeus) -...--------------------------- 607 354. Guiraca cerulea lazula (Lesson) -.....---------------------------- 610 355. Guiraca ceerulea chiapensis (Nelson) ------------------------------ 612 XXVIII CONTENTS. Page. Goenusi62. Zamelodia'Coues= = 22 es = SoS ae one ee ee - ee 613 Key to the Species of Zamelodia::..-.-..-2-- -2- =<) =< <--=-25< 2 -*- ~- se 614 "356. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Lannus)).¢ 222! Sa aceon k= ee 614 357. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). ....------------------------ 617 (enuni6s.) eheucticus Reichenbach=.- ee see stese ee sao eee eee 621 Key to the Species of Phencticus) .22.2222- 255 -oe 2 een a = 0 621 858. Pheucticus chrysopeplus ( Vigors).----..---.----i--.------ sour cosecosceacesaase sae | XAT 4 547 Boss Melopynroe Bon apart ome se Wee teers eee eee aae ea ai | XII 5 561 EXE RS ONION LON CeO DS TLS eee ade hee teeta alte linen ctaet ate ate alter lene iainayaleeie a XII 3 563 Dia AINAUTOSPIZA CADADAS = 7s seein ee states ee eee elton esiersiatnle ama ees XT. 4 579 bSs.Cyanospiza, Baird) ya.) 0s so ss toes ta aoe eae nie =I ee aciowienn meine re 1) eva 4 580 HOe Cyanocom psa; Ca Pamises sae. ae arate ate min tote elon nicinle wie ete coe leietw mm iaw oieaise fp OV 2 594 60m Oryzoborus'! Calbaniss ssc. oes cscs ee ee iciee oe oe ries ae tees me esis meters clas XY. i 603 Sle GUITACHISWAINSODN -tatee a eee eee es meet e te matee seeciectas Poe cen Var OXeVE 3| 606 Gls Zareclodig, COuestee ces tpece tenes eis ethan sewers Soe aac naemee ae | XVIL. 1 613 Go bueuchicnus Reichenbach) 2 -cccase sansa ce eeec ee se oe tect te ce ec cmtine aki eee |S exavele Hl 621 GPP yrIrhiloxis ¢BOnapartes 22. pe. gees s see ee oe nce Sub eis eee ee ee eee XVIII. 1 624 SpaGardinalis#bouapartes.-ec- sece esses seme secs cee e Seren cee sere sees eee ee XVIII. 2 629 OGmbIt VINO yleretn sees see esse eae t eens. ki dol Lae ee eee ee te ee XIX, al 651 G7 Cary otbraustes=Reichenbachice 2 sssse 55-061 eae sae oe eleanor See XVII 2 654 So mRHOMOLDTAaUpis RIG M WAY, . seees aces ose fee naan Soe eee ee oes ee eee XIX. 2 657 Go| Saliatony leilote sect ee cece cae oaeesiceend sem teticee aero ee nee eee OEE ee XX. We) 659 Hey eee A Pages 60, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, and 87.—For Kodiak read Kadiak. Pages 74 and 75.—For Unalashka read Unalaska. Pages 74, 84, 87, 89, 90, and 91.—For Kamtschatka read Kamchatka, Page 74.—For Aliaska read Alaska. Page 90, third line from top.—For Herschell read Herschel. Page 134.—In vernacular name, for Cuerneyaca read Cuernavaca. Page 166.—In second paragraph of synonymy, for mecownii read maccownii. Page 183.—In seventh line from bottom, for Pooecetes read Poecetes. Page 184.—In beginning of last paragraph, for Pooecetes read Powcetes. Page 192.—In vernacular name for Savannah read Savanna. Page 242.—In vernacular name for Oaxaca read Kjutla. There is another Oaxaca Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps australis, p. 250). Page 250.—In vernacular name, for Etzatlan read Jalisco. There is another Etzat- lan Sparrow (Aimophila rufescens pallida, p. 245). Page 596.—In fourth line from top, for concrete read conereta, Pines WARS NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. By Ropert.Ripeway, Curator, Division of Birds. Ornithology (‘‘from opvz6-, crude form of 6pvis, a bird, and Aoyia, allied to Adyos, commonly Englished a discourse”)! is ** the method- ical study and consequent knowledge of birds, with all that relates thereto.”’” There are two essentially different kinds of ornithology: systematic or scientific, and popular. The former deals with the structure and classification of birds, their synonymies and technical descriptions. The latter treats of their habits, songs, nesting, and other facts per- taining to their life-histories. Although apparently distinct from one another, these two branches of ornithology are in reality closely related and to a degree interdependent. The systematist who does not possess an intimate knowledge of the habits of birds, their mode of nidifica- tion, the character of their nests, eggs, and young, is poorly equipped for the work he has in hand, while the popular writer who is ignorant of scientific ornithology and who neglects to keep in touch with its progress is placed at an equal disadvantage—his writings may enter- tain, but are far more apt to mislead, through erroneous statements, than educate. Popular ornithology is the more entertaining, with its savor of the wildwood, green fields, the riverside and seashore, bird songs, and the many fascinating things connected with out-of-door Nature. But systematic ornithology, being a component part of biology—the science of life—is the more instructive and therefore more important. Each advance in this serious study reveals just so 'Newron, Dictionary of Birds, 1894, p. 657. *Tdem., introduction, p. 1. 17024—01——-1 1 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. much more of the hidden mysteries of creation, and adds proportion- ately to the sum of human knowledge.’ Birds constitute a far more homogeneous group than any other class of the animal kingdom, and their classification is. therefore a matter of unusual difficulty. According to universal agreement, they constitute a single class, Aves, whose characters and subdivisions (according to our present knowledge) are as follows: CLASS AVES:.—BIRDS. Birds are feathered vertebrate animals. * The more recent investigations of comparative anatomists have grad- ually eliminated the supposed exclusive characters of birds, as a Class of the Animal Kingdom, until only the single one mentioned above, the possession of feathers, remains. No other structural character is possessed by them which is not shared either by the Class Reptilia or Class Mammalia; but ‘‘no bird is without feathers, and no animal is invested with feathers except the birds.”* Indeed, so closely are birds related to reptiles that in all other structural characters whereby they differ from mammals they agree with reptiles; and notwithstanding their extreme dissimilarity in appearance and habits they are essentially ‘‘an extremely modified and aberrant Reptilian type.” * Birds differ from all Mammals in the following characters: (1) Possession of feathers. (2) Absence of milk glands. (3) Single oce ipital condyle. 1The most Peete review of Hie history of Speninoines is that forming the introduction to Professor Newton’s Dictionary of Birds (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1893-1896; The Macmillan Company, New York). ethe ead diagnosis of the class is given by GApow, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892, p- oe f Oviparous, Para blooded amniotic vertebrates which have their anterior extrem- ities transformed into wings. Metacarpus and fingers carrying feathers or quills. With an intertarsal joint. Not more than four toes, of which the first is the hallux. This later (A Classification of Vertebrata recent and extinct, 1898, p. 30) amended as follows: Warm-blooded, oviparous, Amniota, Allantoidee. Occipital condyle single. Quad- rate movable. Anterior extremities transformed into wings. Covered with feath- ers. With intertarsal joint. Not more than four toes, of which the first is the hallux. *STEJNEGER, Standard Natural History, iv, 1885, p. 1. Dr. Stejneger’s most excel- lent article (pp. 1-20 of the work cited) should be consulted by those who desire more detailed information on the subject. ‘Newton, in the article on Ornithology in the Encyclopeedia Bolenmien also Huxvey, Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy, p. 69; Carus, Hand- buch der Zoologie, p. 192. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3 (4) Articulation of the lower jaw with a separate bone (os quad- ratum), which again articulates with the skull. (5) Absence of a diaphragm. They differ from Reptiles in— (1) Possession of feathers. (2) Complete circulation of warm blood. (In this, Birds agree with Mammals. ) The fact that Reptiles, as well as Birds, lay eges, and that the nidi- fication of some members of the two Classes is practically identical (e. g., the reptilian Crocodilia and avian Megapodide (a group of Peri- steropode Gallinz), is too well known to require more than mere men- tion here; but the mammalian Monotremata also lay eggs, while furthermore one of the latter (Ornzthorhynchus, the duck mole of Australia), possesses a very duck-like beak. KEY TO THE SUBCLASSES OF AVES. a, Metacarpals separate, the first finger with 2, the second and third each with 3, digits; caudal vertebree about 21, not terminating in a pygostyle; primaries not more than 7; rectrices attached in pairs (about 12), each to a caudal vertebra. Subclass Saurure.! ad. Metacarpals fused; caudal vertebrze not more than 13, of which about half are usually fused into a pygostyle ;? primaries 10-16;* rectrices not attached to SG an AUVCREC LIE ca Met save ce, tS Ae me MRL a Sta 9 Ea oper ts a Subclass Ornithure.’ The Subclass Saurure (Archeornithes of Gadow) is represented only by the extinct (Upper Jurassic) Archwopteryx,; all existing birds belonging to the Ornithuree (Neornithes of Gadow). The construction of a-*‘ key” to the orders and other supergeneric groups of the Subclass Ornithure, which shall serve for ready identi- fication and at the same time express the mutual relationships and com- parative taxonomic value of the different groups, has been found a most difficult task. When the highest authorities disagree, as they 1Sauriure HAECKEL, Gen. Morph. Org. 1866, —.—Saurure Huxtiery, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 418; Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 367; Newron, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44; SrEsnEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 21; Corr, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 869; - BeppDarp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 529.—Ornithopappi SrnsNeGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 21; Copr, Am. Nat. xxiii, 1889, 869.—Archornithes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 1, 1888, 1565.—ArchwornithesGapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs Vog., ii, 1893, 86, 299.—Archxopterygiformes and Archopteryges FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 1, 1888, 1565.—Sauwrornithes Bepparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 529. . *Exceptions to the presence of a pygostyle are the Division Ratitze, Orders Cryptu- riformes and Sphenisciformes, and Suborder Podicipedes. ‘Sometimes the tenth (outermost) Pad is rudimentary, even to such a degree that it is apparently absent. *Ornithure HarckeL, Gen. Morph. Org., 1866, —; Brepparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 167.—Neornithes Gavow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vog., 11, 1893, 90, 299; Classif., Vertebr. 1898, xiv, 30. + BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. do, concerning the position or rank of certain forms, it of course becomes necessary to consider carefully the points of disagreement, to weigh impartially the evidence and arguments adduced by the advocates of such divergent decisions, and, if possible, decide independently as to the seeminely better allocation of the form in question. This has been attempted in the following scheme, but the author is fully con- scious that his disposition of such doubtful cases may still not be final, especially when different from previous decisions, as in a few cases has been the result of his revision. It is unfortunate that those who possess the most thorough knowl- edee of avian anatomy and morphology do not always seem to have succeeded in satisfactorily diagnosing the groups which they adopt, nor in clearly presenting a synthetic summary of the facts revealed through their investigations. So-called diagnoses are sometimes found, when carefully analyzed, to be really not diagnostic at all; more often they prove to be so in part only. A by no means extreme example, the case of the Limicole and Lari (suborders of the Order Charadriiformes), as defined in Gadow’s Classification of Vertebrata (1898, p. 35), may be given for illustration. These two groups are thus characterized by Dr. Gadow: LimicoLta®.—** Nidifugous, schizognathous, without spina interna sterni; hypotarsus complicated.” Lart.—**Aquatic, schizognathous, vomer complete. Without basip- terygoid processes. Front toes webbed; hallux small or absent. Large supraorbital glands.” Of the cee acters mentioned in these two diagnoses the felleine are common to the two groups, and therefore are not diagnostic of either: (1) Nidifugous young;' (2) schizognathism; (8) complete vomer; (+4) absence of spina interna sterni; (5) absence of basipterygoid proe- esses;* (6) webbing of front toes;* (7) small or obsolete hallux; (8) aquatic habits.* The differential characters of the two groups are thus reduced to the following: Liwico.®.—Hypotarsus complicated; supraorbital glands small. Lart.—Hypotarsus simple; supraorbital glands large. With this example of so-called Suborders which are characterized by a very small number of relatively unimportant differences may be contrasted that of the several subdivisions of the Order Gruiformes, to which Dr, Gadow only allows family rank, although apparently far better characterized than the so-called suborders of Charadriiformes, 'The young of the Zari are not, it is true, strictly nidifugous, but they are often more nearly so than nidicolous. : Basipterygoid processes are present in some Limicolx, absent in others. ‘The front toes are webbed in some Limicole (e. g. , HTimantopus). ‘The Phalaropes are quite as truly aquatic as Gulls. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5 x if, indeed, they be not more distinct from one another than are the two orders Charadriiformes and Gruiformes themselves.’ These Gruiform groups differ as follows: a. Metasternum entire; deep plantar tendons of Type I, the tail not large and fan- shaped; young nidifugous. b. Nasals Holorhinal or else (J acanidee), the claws excessively elongated; hallux large, incumbent; cervical vertebree 14-15; metasternum with a long lateral Drececnseemanmiette Fem oae nae Penrose 3 a Ralli (=Rallidee of Gapow). bb. Nasals schizorhinal; hallux small, elevated, or else (Aramidee) first primary faleate-spatulate; cervical vertebree 17-20; metasternum entire. Grues (=—Gruidze of Gapow ) aa. ietasternum 2-notched or else (Eury pyge ) powder-down patches present and the tail large and fan-shaped; deep plantar tendons of Type II or IV, or if of Type I (Eurypyge) the tail large and fan-shaped; young nidicolous. b. Rectrices 12; aftershaft present; oil gland nude (except Eurypyge, part); deep plantar tendons of Type Tor IV; toes not lobated; young ptilopzedic. c. Fureula Y-shaped; nasals holorhinal; cervical vertebree 14-15; myological formula BX Y; bicepsslip absent; deep plantar tendons of Type IV; quinto- cubital; tail moderate; no powder-down patches; bill shorter than head, strong, the maxilla decurved; hallux elevated, with strongly curved claw. (Terrestrial and arboreal; cursorial. ) . -Cariame ( —Dicholophidee of Gapow) ee. Fureula U-shaped; nasals schizorhinal; cervical vertebree 18; myological for- mula ABXY; biceps slip present; deep plantar tendons Type I; aquinto- cubital; tail large, fan-shaped; powder-down patches present; bill longer than head, straight; hallux decumbent, with small and moderately curved claw. (Aquatic and arboreal; grallatorial). Eurypyge ( —Eurypygide + Rhinochetidee of Gapow). bb. Rectrices 18; aftershait absent; oil gland tufted; deep plantar tendonsof Type I; toes lobated; young gymnopedic - _Heliornithes(—Heliornithidee of Gapow). Reverting to the order Charadriiformes, it may be stated that Dr Gadow recognizes four suborders (Limicole, Lari, Pterocles, and Columbee) as groups of equal value: nevertheless, that the Columb are far more different from the Limicole or Lari than these two are from one another is perfectly obvious from the evidence, which may be summarized as follows: Liuucot#+ Lart.—Aquatic, limicoline, or eursorial; vomer well developed; syrinx tracheo-bronchial; czeca functional; young nidi- fugous (or at least not strictly nidicolous) and ptilopedie. CotumBpz.—Arboreal and terrestrial; vomer rudimentary or absent, syrinx tracheal or sterno-tracheal; ceca nonfunctional; young nidi- colous and gymnopzdic. 189 far as I am able to ascertain, the essential anatomical differences between Charadriiformes and Gruiformes, as constituted in Dr. Gadow’s scheme, are as follows: Cuaraprurormes.—Dorsal vertebree opisthoccelous; metasternum 4-notched. Grutrormes.—Dorsal vertebree heteroccelous; metasternum 2-notched or entire. 2 The author is, of course, perfectly aware that groups are more often characterized by combinations than by sets of absolutely exclusive characters; but in an analytical ‘key’? it becomes necessary to employ the latter, when they can be discovered, without regard to their relative taxonomic value, otherwise the keys become com- plicated and unmanageable. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The Pterocletes agree with the Columbe in rudimentary vomer; with Laro-Limicol in tracheo-bronchial syrinx, functional ceca, and nidi- fugous, ptilopedic young; but they possess so many characters not shared by either of the other two groups that it is difficult to under- stand why they should not constitute a group equal in taxonomic rank with that composed of the Limicole and Lari together.’ It is chiefly in matters of this kind wherein the arrangement shown in the following key to the higher groups of Ornithure differs from Dr. Gadow’s latest scheme,” which in the main appears so satisfactory that no deviation from it seems called for. Among the difficulties con- nected with its preparation perhaps the greatest arises from the fact that in most cases groups have been defined by characters not mentioned in the diagnoses of allied groups, thus necessitating a laborious tabula- tion of characters gleaned from all available sources, and rendering the sifting and weighing of evidence extremely difficult and perplexing. | Nothing original is claimed for the classification here given, except as to the form in which it is presented. It is simply the result of an elective process, the evidently good of other systems being retained and the obviously bad rejected, according to the author’s ability to correctly interpret the evidence. * Tn the Systematischer Thiel of Bronn’s Thier-Reichs. Végel (1893, pp. 195, 207), Dr. Gadow divides the Order Charadriiformes into two series—I, Verband der Laro- Limicole, and II, Verband der Pteroclo-Columbex; but this subdivision is abandoned in his later work. The ‘‘Suborders’’? of Dr. Gadow’s scheme are, however, in the following one raised to the rank of Orders. This may seem unadvisable if, indeed, not entirely unwarranted from the standpoint of comparative anatomy alone; but it must be evident to most ornithologists that in the Class Aves a different standard of value must be given to the groups from that of other classes of Vertebrates, for, notwith- standing the peculiar uniformity of fundamental structure among birds, the variations of type are certainly not less numerous than in other classes of Vertebrates. As Dr. Gadow truly remarks (Classification of Vertebrata, pp. vi, vii), ‘‘ Each class has * * * its own standard units, just as one nation reckons with £, s., d., another with dollars and cents, and a third with marks and pfennigs, which again are not the same as frances and centimes,’”’ and ‘‘it is obvious that a class which consists of more than 10,000 recent species may call for more subdividing than one which com- prises scarcely one-third of that number.’’ *The works which have been most frequently consulted in the preparation of the following ‘‘ Key to the Orders of the Class Aves,’’ as well as in connection with the higher groups in general, are the following: Bepparb, Frank E. The Structure and Classification | of | Birds | by | Frank E. Beddard, M. A., F. R.S. | Prosector and Vice-Secretary of the Zoological Society of London | Longmans, Green, and Co. | 39 Paternoster Row, London | New York and Bombay | 1898 |. (8"°, pp. [i]—xx, 1-548; numerous cuts in text. ) Copr, E. D.—Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrates. American Naturalist, Xxiil, Oct., 1889, pp. 849-877 (Aves on pp. 869-873). Ftrerincer, Max. Untersuchungen | zur | Morphologie und Systematik | der | Vogel | Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stiitz-und Bewegungsorgane | von | Max Furbringer | 0.6. Professor der Anatomie und Director des anatom- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. it The Orders being based on anatomical characters, and some of them embracing forms of extremely diverse habits and correspondingly dif- ferent in their external structure, it has been found impracticable to introduce into the ‘‘ Key” external characters by means of which a bird belonging to such a composite ordinal group may with certainty be identified. External characters are more in evidence in the diag- noses of the Suborders and groups of lower grade, and consequently, after the ordinal relationship of a particular form has been deter- ischen Institutesund des | Museum Vrolik der Universitit zu Amsterdam | mit 30 tafeln | [‘‘ Mach’ es Wenigen recht; Vielen | gefallen, ist schlimm”’ | ] | I. Specieller Theil | Brust, Schulter und proximale Fligelregion der Vogel | —— | Amsterdam | Verlag von Tj. van Holkema | 1888. | (Pp. i-xlix, 1-854.) [II. Allegmeiner Theil | Resultate und Reflexionen aus morphologischen Gebiete | Systematische Ergebinsse und Folgurengen | —— | Amsterdam | Ver- lag von Tj. van Holkema | 1888 | (4%, pp. 837-1751, pls. i-xxx. ) Gapow, Hans. (1) Dr. H. G. Bronn’s | Klassen und Ordnungen | des | Thier- Reichs; | wissenschaftlich dargestellt | in Wort und Bild. | — | Sechster Band, Vierte Abtheilung. | Vogel. | Von | Hans Gadow, Ph. D., M. A., F. R. S. | Lecturer fiir Morphologie der Wirbelthiere und Strickland-Curator der Universi- tit Cambridge. | — | II. Systematischer Theil. | — | Leipzig. | C. F. Winter’sche Verlagshandlung. | 1893. | (8 vo, pp. [iJ-vii, 1-303, [304].) (2) A | Classification | of Vertebrata | Recent and Extinct | By | Hans Gadow, M. A., Ph. D., F. R.S. | Cambridge. | London | Adam and Charles Black | 1898. | (Small 8vo; Class Aves on pp. xiv, xv, and 30-38.) (See also in Newton’s Dic- tionary of Birds.) Newron, Autrrep. A | Dictionary of Birds | By | Alfred Newton | Assisted by Hans Gadow | with contributions from Richard Lydekker, Charles $8. Roy | and Robert W.Shufeldt, M. D. | Part I(A-GA) | London | Adam and Che>.es Black | 1893. | Part If (GA-MOA), 1893; Part III (MOA-SHEATHBILL), 1894; Part LV (SHEATHBILL-ZYGODACTYLI, together with Index and Introdue- tion), 1896. [The articles on avian anatomy in this most excellent and useful work (chiefly by Dr. Gadow) have been carefully consulted, as have also that portion of Professor Newton’s historical sketch of systematic ornithology (in the Introduction) pertaining to the later and more advanced works on the subject. ] STEJNEGER, LEoNHARD. The Standard | Natural History. | Edited by | John Sterling Kingsley. | Vol. IV. | Birds. | Illustrated | by two hundred and seventy-three wood-cuts and twenty-five full-page plates. | Boston: | 8. E. Cassino and Com- pany. | 1885. | (4to, p. 558. ) [All the articles in this work, except those on the Opisthocomi, Gallinze, Ptero- cletes, Columbee, Accipitres, Striges, Psittaci, and Trochilidee are by Dr. Stejneger, and are replete with information, both novel and valuable, concerning the classifica- tion of birds. See Newron, Dictionary of Birds, Introduction, pp. 98-100. | In addition to the above-mentioned works, which deal with the general subject of avian morphology and classification, various papers on the osteology, myology, and -pterylography of particular forms by Parker, Huxley, Garrod, Forbes, Lucas, Wray, Clark, and others have been consulted, some of these being specially mentioned in the following pages. 5 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mined—which, after all, is not so difficult when the ordinal diagnoses which follow in their appropriate places have been consulted—little difficulty need be experienced in locating any bird in the particular eroup to which it belongs by means of characters which are evident in the museum specimen. ; KEY TO THE ORDERS OF THE SUBCLASS ORNITHURA. a. Jaws with teeth!; mandibular rami separated anteriorly '; distal ends of ilium and ischium separated; extinct (Cretaceous). (Series Odontornithes.” ) ). Sternum without keel; teeth in grooves or furrows; dorsal vertebrae heterocce- lous;-wwings rudimentary, Tumchionlessier essere = aan ae = ae eee Odontolcx.* bb. Sternum keeled; teeth in sockets; dorsal vertebree amphiccelous; wings well developed, usedutor tight a2 3.9. fase. ee oe Odontotorme.* aa. Jaws without teeth; mandibular rami united anteriorly; distal ends of ilium and ischium united; recent and living. (Series Hurhipidwra.°) ) b. Sternum without keel; lumbar vertebree, 20; carpals, 3; furcula absent; coracoids coalescent with scapulee; iliac bones parallel; wings rudimentary, not used for flight. (Division Ratitx.*) ec. Hallux absent; tibial bridge absent; head of quadrate bone single; deep plantar tendons of type IV; bill shorter than head, with nostrils basal; wings evident. d. Ambiens muscle present; wings well developed; aftershaft wanting; rectrices ree ‘In these ee ‘ters agreeing a ae Subclass peace * Odontornithes Marsn, Am. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, v, 1873, 161, 162. * Odontolee Marsn, Am. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, x, 1875, 403-408; Copr, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 869.—Neornithes Odontoleze Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 114, 299.—Odonicholex STEINEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv,1885, 27.—Dromzxopappi STEINEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 27; Corr, Am. Nat. » xxiii, 1889, 869. ee + Bna- liornithes FUERBRINGER, U. Pte ers. _Mo Pei Syst. v og., 888 115, a * Odontotormx M. ARSH, Ane arch, ret. ser. Ste a Galihy ge tered nae Nat. , XXili, 1889, 869.—Ichthyor aeons Perea Unters. Mornshl Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1566.—Ichthyornithes FurerBrinGer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vo6g., ii, 1893, 119, 299.—Odontorme SrEJNEGER, Sci. Rec., 1i, May 15, 1884, 155. > Burhipidura Gru, in Baird, eile: r, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, Jan., 1874, p. xiii, in tex IGER, Sci. Rec., ii, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. ‘Hist, iv, 1885,31; Corr, Am. Tae. ant 1889, 869. This series equalethe Meontanee of eee minus Neornithes Odontolex 4- Ichthyornithes. Fuerbringer’s classification has no group of even approximate charac ter, its equivalent being represented by all his “Orders”? except Archornithes (=Saururx) with his “Suborder” Ichthyornithiformes and “Gens”? Enatiornithes +- + Hesperornithes eliminated. ° Proceri Iu.icEr, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 246 (includes Cusuarius + Struthio +- Rhea) .— Aves Ratiix Merrem, Tent. Syst. ma: , 1813, —.— Ratite Huxuny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 418; Gapow, Bron’ s Thier- Reic ths, Vog., ii, 1893, 103, 299.—Neornithes Ratitee Gapow, Bronn’s Thier- Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 90, 298.—Brevipennes Cuvimr, Régne An., ed. 2, i, 1829, 494.—Platysternex reece Syst. Pterylog., 1840, —.—Currentes Niaaceas Syst. Ptery es 1840, ——.—Rudipennes BoNAPARTE, Comin Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 646.— Proceres SunpEvALL, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., ee Re ten Procert: Wiger).— Homalosternii BLancuarp, Ann, Sci. Nat. (Zool. ), x1, 1859, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9 e. Does 2; 2 carotid arteries; syrinx wanting; palatines very long; mavxillo- palatines articulating with yomer, the latter touching neither palatines nor pterygoids; with symphysis pubis;' muscle formula ABXY; neck BAREWeMiMAried Noes ees 2 ll k es eke Struthioniformes.” ce. Toes 3; only 1 carotid artery (the left); syrinx present;* palatines short; maxillo-palatines not articulated with vomer, the latter articulating with palatines; without symphysis pubis; muscle formula BX-Y; neck feaMenedemphinmeantes mine Ge je cyt eee EL ee eee Rheiformes.* dd. Ambiens muscle absent; wings rudimentary; aftershaft enormously devel- oped, equal in length to the feather; rectrices absent... -Casuariiformes.° cc. Hallux present; tibial bridge present; head of quadrate bone double; deep plantar tendons of Type II; bill much longer than head, with nostrils ter- minal wines holly concedled 2. 2.--0--5.-2. 2-22. 2e2se- Apterygiformes.° 1 Unique in Class Aves. 2 Struthiocameli HAEcKEL, Gen. Morph., 1866, —.—Struthioidex STEINEGER, Sci. Rec., ii, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 33.—Struthiones Newton, Enc. Brit., Xvili, 1884, 44; Furrprrxcer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Voég., ii, 1893, 103, 299; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 31.—Struthi- ornithes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565.—Struthioniformes FvuEersrinGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; SHarpr, Rey. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67. > Unique in Order Ratitze. + Rhee Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44; Furrsrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Gapow Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, V6g., ii, 1893, 103, 299.—Rheoidex StEINE- GER, Sci. Rec., ii, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 37.—Rheiformes FurerBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; SHarpe, Rey. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67.—Rheornithes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565. ® Casuarii ScuaTer, Ibis, 1880, 411; Furrsrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; SHarpr, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier- Reichs, V6g. 1, 1898, 299.—Casuaroidex SvEINEGER, Sci. Rec., 1, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand, Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 39.—WMegistanes Newton, Enc. Brit., xvill, 1884, 44.—Hip- palectryornithes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565.—Casuariiformes Furrprincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 11, 1888, 1565; SHarpn, Rey. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67. ®[ Proceres|] Subnobiles Sunprevaut, Met. Nat. Ay. Disp. Tent., 1872, 153.—Apteryges SciaTer, Ibis, 1880, 410; Newron, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44; Srrsneaer, Sci. Rec., ii, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., 1, 1885, 48; FurersBrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., i, 1888, 1567; Corn, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 870; SHARPE, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, V6g., 1, 1893, 104, 299.—Apterygiformes FuERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567 (incl. Dinornithes!). The extinct Ratite Suborders Dinornithes and piornithes (or Orders Dinornithi- formes and Apiornithiformes) agree in some characters with the Apterygiformes, in others with the Casuariiformes. Their structure is so imperfectly known, however, that I have omitted these groups from the above ‘‘key.’’ Their synonymy is as follows: DryornitHes.—/mmanes Newton, Ene. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44 (includes Palaptery- gid ).—Dmornithoidex STEINEGER, Sci. Rec., ii, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 43.—Dinornithes Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 105, 299.— Dinornithide Brepparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 523. /EPIORNITHES.— Aipyornithes Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44.—piornithes Sres- NEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 47.—Aepyornithes FuERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 106, 299.—Aepy- ornithiformes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565.—pyornithidx Bepparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 522. 10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bh. Sternum keeled:! lumbar vertebrae 15; carpals 2; fureula present; coracoids not coalescent with scapulee; iliae bones divergent; wings well developed, used for flight.? (Division Carinate.*) ce. Metacarpals united only at extremities; biceps patagii absent; wings destitute of remiges, covered with small horny scale-like feathers, used oily as rowing MAO OLGA 2 eee. Shae See sete ee eteepee meee la tore Sphenisciformes, ce. Metacarpals fused for entire length; biceps patagii present; w ings with remiges and otherwise normally feathered, used for flight.° Tibia with long, triangular epiecnemial process; aquatic, with well-developed hallux; anterior toes fully webbed or else lobated, with broad, flat nails, and rectrices absent; bill compressed and acute -.-------- Colymbiformes. dd. Tibia without epicnemial process; if aquatic, full webbed anterior toes not combined with a well-developed hallux and acute compressed bill, nor lobated toes, with broad, flat nails and absence of rectrices. e. External nostrils tubular; hallux absent or reduced to a single phalanx; anterior woes uLly webbedwas.. asec. 0-22-26 ee Procellariiformes. ee. External nostrils not tubular, or else hallux present and anterior toes not webbed. f. Ambiens muscle present; deep plantar tendons of Type I, II, II, IV, V, or VII, never of Type VI nor VIII.° q- ee not zygodactylous. . Palate eae 1The een phcelete or eae ina pene of the Cuculiformes (génus Strin- gops, Suborder Psittaci). ? Except in Stringops and a few other Psittaci. * Not used for flight, though well developed, in Stringops. ! dves Carinate MrErrEm, Tent. Syst. Av., 1813, —.— Carinate Huxtery, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 418.—Neornithes Carinate Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 119, 299. The Euornithes of StesNEGER (Sci. Rec., ii, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. | Hist., iv, 1885, 64) are nearly equivalent, but the Sphenisciformes and Crypturiformes . are excluded, the latter being referred to the Dromxognathe (= Ratitze—- Crypturi- formes). The Dromxognathx of Huxiey (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 456), it may be remarked, included only the Crypturiformes. ° A few exceptions to the use of the wings for flight are exemplified, in addition to the case of Stringops, already mentioned, in certain large aquatic birds, as the now extinct Great Auk ( Plautus impennis, a member of the Charadriiformes) and Pallas’s Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, belonging to the Ciconiiformes) ; and, among existing birds, the large cormorant of the Galapagos Archipelago (Phalacrocorax harrisi) and adults of the Steamer Duck ( Tachyeres cinereus, of the Anseriformes) of the Straits of Magellan. In all these, however, the wings, although normally feathered, are much too small in proportion to admit of flight, their principal function being for propulsion beneath the surface of the water, as in the case of the penguins (Sphenisci- formes) and most diving birds, including even the Passerine genus Cinclus. ®See Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gapow, Bronn’s Thier- Reichs, Vogel, ii, 1893, pp. 224, 225, foc act! and in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, 1894, pp. 615-618. The numeration of types here used corresponds with that of the Thier- Reichs and of the text in the Dictionary of Birds, but not of the figures on page 617 of the latter, where eleven instead of eight types are shown. ‘For definitions of the terms desmognathous, schizognathous, egithognathous, and dromxognathous, frequently employed in the present key, the reader is referred to the important paper, by Prof. T. H. Huxley, On the Giceuanen of Birds, and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain cranial bones observable in that Class (Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 415-472). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ga i. Feet not raptorial, but fitted for wading or swimming; tip of maxilla not uncinate or else (Ciconiiformes, part) the hallux connected with inner toe by a full web. j. Basipterygoid processes absent; coraco-humeral groove distinct (deep); one pair of tracheo-sternal muscles; ceeca rudimen- tary; wading birds with very long legs and toes not fuily webbed, or if with toes fully webbed the bill bent abruptly downward from the middle (Suborder Phoenicopteri); or swimming birds with the hallux connected with inner toe by a full web (Suborder Steganopodes)-..-----.-- Ciconiiformes. jj. Basipterygoid processes present; coraco-humeral groove indis- tinct; two pairs of tracheo-sternal muscles; czeca well devel- oped, functional; swimming birds, with short legs, the ante- rior toes fully webbed, or else (Suborder Palamedeze ) wading birds with the bill short and decuryed and the feet enor- PGP eRe LOCUemccrr se aCe he Suis oe Anseriformes. ii, Feet raptorial, the toes never fully webbed; tip of maxilla UE GUT SUL ee rst eye fe meeieiays Bae Saas Se eM be Falconiiformes. hh. Palate schizognathous, dromzeognathous, or incompletely desmog- nathous. i. Palate dromzeognathous; head of quadrate bone single; distal ends of ilium and ischium separated; accessory femoro-caudal mus- cle with a slip arising above the sciatic foramen.! Crypturiformes. ii. Palate schizognathous or incompletely desmognathous; head of quadrate bone double; distal ends of iltum and ischium united; accessory femoro-caudal muscle without slip above sciatic foramen. j. Basal end of coracoids united and crossed; spina interna sterni present; intestinal convolutions of Type V, plagioccelous;? bill short, the maxilla more or less decurved, vaulted, not COMMPLESAS Mes Se Shree peep een Tp FI Galliformes. j). Basal end of coracoids separated; spina interna sterni absent; intestinal convolutions of Type I, peri-opisthoccelus;? pill more or less elongated or else the maxilla compressed, not decurved or vaulted. k. Dorsal vertebrze heteroccelous; metasternum 2-notched or CMMUNBE eet eps ee he etl verano Gruiformes. kk. Dorsal vertebrze opisthoccelous; metasternum 4-notched. Charadriiformes. pfs NOES: VAECOTO ENOL ANG) ORS) Se er St ee ee ee Cuculiformes. if. Ambiens muscle absent; deep plantar tendons of Type I, V, Va, Vé, VI, VII, or ViII—never of Type II, III, or IV; if of Type I the feet desmopelmous (Striges,? Desmodactyli*), or the palate seegithognath- ous (Desmodactyli,* Cypseli®). 1Tn all these characters agreeing with the Ratitze and Odontornithes, and differing from all other Carinate. *Gapow, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1889, pp. 303-316, and in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, 1893, pp. 140-148; Bepparp, Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, pp. 25-30. *Suborder of Coraciiformes. ‘Superfamily of Passeriformes. 5 Superfamily of Coraciiformes (Stfhorder Macrochires). 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Deep plantar tendons of Type I, V, Va, Vé, VI, VII, or VIII, or else palate desmognathous, or schizognathous in combination with rap- torial feet (Striges!) or with only 6 secondaries and extensile tongue (Trochili?), or eegithognathous in combination with fissirostral gape and 10 greatly elongated primaries (Cypseli’); feet synpelmous, desmopelmous, heteropelmous, or antiopelmous, or if schizopel- mous® (Upupide*) the palate desmognathous --.---- Coraciiformes. gy. Deep plantar tendons of Type VII; or if of Type I the palate segithognathous ( Desmodactyli); palate zegithognathous; feet schi- zopelmous, or else (Desmodactyli) the palate egithognathous. Passeriformes. Order PASSERIFORMES. PASSERINE BIRDS. _ Passeres LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 85, 162 (includes Columbze and Caprimulgidze; excludes Certhia, Sitta, Oriolus, Corvus, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 119, 279.—SrEsNEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 458.—FuERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., li, 1888, 1405. Passerine Nirzscu, Obs. Av. art. carot. com., 1829, —; Syst. Pterylog., 1840, — .—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 258. Passeride FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1405 (excludes Pseudoscines ). ; = Passeriformes GApow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, V6g., ii, 18938, 270, 301; Classif. Vertebr. 1898, xv, 37. = Coracomorphe Huxuey, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 469. Megithognathous,? anomalogonatous birds with short (nonfunc- tional) colic ceeca and nude oil-gland; first toe (hallux) directed back- ward, the second, third, and fourth toes directed forward; first toe with its flexor muscle (fewor hallucis longus) independent of the flexor perforans digitorum, hinder plantar tendon free from the front plantar; ambiens and femoro-caudal muscles absent; tensor patag?i brevis spe- cialized (except in Superfamily Pseudoscines); spinal pteryla uninter- rupted between the crown and upper back (except in Superfamily Desmodactyli®); young highly ‘* altricial” (nidicolous) and gymnopeediec. Additional characters are as follows: Only the left carotid artery present; atlas perforated by odontoid process; spina externa sterni large, spina interna sterni absent; basipterygoid processes absent; ‘Suborder of Coraciiformes. “Superfamily of Coraciiformes (suborder Macrochires). ; *STEINEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist. IV, 1885, pp. 368-371, where the various modifications of the deep flexor or plantar tendons, as worked out by Garrop (see footnote on p. LO, antea) are fully explained. ‘Family of Coraciiformes. * The Clamatorial (Mesomyodian) family Furnariidie is said to be schizognathous, while other Passeres exhibit a modified segithognathism; therefore this character can not be considered strictly diagnostic, especially since two ‘‘Picarian’’ (Coracii- form) groups (Indicatoridee and Micropodidee) are said to be completely «egithog- nathous, while two others, of Gallo-Gralline affinities, are incompletely so. (See Newton, Dictionary of Birds, p. 878. ) ys * A Coraciiform family, Upupide, also possesses these two characters. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ; 13 metasternum usually 2-notched, rarely 4-notched; biceps slip and expansor secundariorum absent; tendon of patagialis brevis not ending on tendon of extensor, but continued independently and attached to extensor condyle of radius. Muscle formula A XY or (very rarely) AX;' deep plantar tendons of Type VII or (in Suborder Desmodactyli only) Type I;* intestinal convolutions of Type VIT or VIII.’ Hallux on the same level as anterior toes, more or less distinctly (usually con- spicuously) larger or stouter than lateral anterior toes, its claw usually larger than that of middle anterior toe; phalanges of toes always 2, 3, 4, 5 from first to fourth. Primaries 10, but the outermost fre- quently rudimentary or vestigial and quite concealed; secondaries 9, quinto-cubital; wing-coverts arranged in three distinct series, or tracts, as follows: (1) Lesser coverts, a well-defined tract covering the plica alaris, consisting of small feathers in several rows but alternating in more or less squamate or imbricate fashion; (2) 7ddle coverts, con- sisting of a single row, immediately behind the last row of lesser coverts, of larger feathers, most of which overlap proximally—that is, have the outer web of one feather covered by the inner web of the one next to it; (83) greater coverts, consisting of still larger and much longer feathers with distal overlap, covering not more than the basal half of the secondary remiges. Rectrices usually 12 (rarely 10 or 14). Nearly seven thousand species and subspecies,‘ or more than one-nalf of all existing birds, belong to the Order Passeriformes. Notwith- standing this enormous number of specific forms, however, the type of structure is remarkably uniform, and the group far more homogeneous than the lower groups of equal rank. Consequently, subdivision of the Passeriformes becomes a matter of extreme difficulty, and no arrangement has thus far been proposed which can be considered entirely satisfactory. Indeed, it seems impossible to subdivide the order, beyond a very limited extent, into lesser groups which are equivalent in tixonomic rank to the families of other orders, and the extent to which this may be done is a matter concerning which system- atists differ widely in their views. The latest authority on the classification of birds’ allows but three families of Passeriformes, while in the Cataiogue of Birds in the British Museum no less than forty-one are recognized. Surely between these extremes there is ample room for difference of opinion and variety of 'Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 111-123, pl. 17. *GarRROD, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier- Reichs, Végel, 1892, p. 195; in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, pp. 615-618. *Gapow, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, pp. 303-316; in Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vogel, ed. 1891, p. 708. *The number recognized in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum is 6,480, but to this number may safely be added 500 more to cover forms ignored in that work and those subsequently described. °Hans Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vogel, ed. 1893, pp. 299-302. — _ ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. treatment! It may be, and doubtless is, perfectly true that no more than three Passeriform groups can be defined which will be equal in taxonomic rank to the families of other orders of birds; but the objection to this meager allowance—and it is a very serious one—is that two of the three groups contain together only about one-fifth the total num- ber of species, so that there are still left about five thousand species in the third. Obviously, these five thousand species (more or less) must be susceptible of segregation into a considerable number of more or less trenchant groups; and there being so few grades of rank between a family anda genus, what to call these groups becomes a very serious question. The ordinary, terminology of zodlogy evidently will not suffice; and if no more than three families of Passeriformes are recog- nized, a new and complicated nomenclature for the intermediate groups becomes necessary. Asa provisional expedient, | propose to call the Passerine ** families” of Gadow ‘‘ superfamilies,” and retain the former term for such groups of gwenera as can be trenchantly separated from all others. Whether this action will necessitate a reduction or an increase in the number of so-called families over that generally accepted can only be determined after careful and thorough study of the entire order. This is a task for which the author of this work is unprepared, either as to time or material. The best that he can do here is to limit investigation in this direction to the American forms. Of course the result of such limited research can not be entirely satisfactory; but it may serve to show, perhaps more clearly than has been done before, which currently recog- nized families can and which can not be characterized. Nothing is more certain than that the commonly accepted limits of some of the so-called families of the Superfamily Oscines are purely artificial and arbitrary. On the other hand, it is equally obvious that some groups to which family rank seems due have been ignored or overlooked. Until more is known concerning the internal structure of various forms any Classification of the Oscines must be considered imperfect and provisional. KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF PASSERIFORMES. a. Hallux weak; feet syndactyle,! the deep plantar tendons of Type I? (desmopel- mous'); cervical vertebree 15; spina externa eterni long, simple... Desmodactyli. aa. Hallux the strongest toe; feet eleutherodactyle,! the deep plantar tendons of Type VII? (schizopelmous'); cervical vertebree 14; spina externa sterni short, POMC Crys ots see ee ae Py ts 20) ee nee. Sp me) a Eleutherodactyli. ‘In the syndactyle or desmopelmous foot the jlevor perforans digitorum and flexor hallucis longus tendons are united at their crossing point by a vinculum. In the eleutherodactyle or schizopelmous foot, on the other hand, these tendons are quite separated from one another. *Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier- Reichs, Vég., 1891, p. 195, ii, Systematischer Theil, 1893, pp. 224, 225; in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, pp. 615-618. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ines In Dr. Gadow’s latest classification of birds (Bronn’s Their-Reichs, Vogel, ii, Systematischer Theil, 1893, pp. 299-302; Classification of Vertebrata, 1898, pp. 37, 38) the main divisions of the Passeriformes are somewhat different, the order being divided into two suborders, as above, but with different limits: Passeriformes anisomyodi, with groups Subclamatores (= Desmodactyli) and Clamatores; and Passeri- formes diacromyodi, with groups Suboscines (=Pseudoscines) and Oscines. (See also Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, Introduction, p. 105.) It will thus be seen that instead of making a primary division of the Desmodactyli, as opposed to all the remaining Passeriformes, Dr. Gadow draws the line more nearly through the middle of the order, with Desmodactyli (his Subclamatores) and the Clamatores on one side and the diacromyodian Eleutherodactyli (Oscines and Pseudoscines) on the other. This arrangement of Dr. Gadow’s appears to be based mainly, if not entirely, upon differences in the arrangement of the vocal muscles, as follows: a. Syringeal muscles ‘‘ unequally inserted, either in the middle or upon only one or the other, dorsal or ventral, end of the [bronchial] semirings’”’ ___-Anisomyodi. aa. Syringeal muscles ‘‘attached to the dorsal and some to the ventral ends [of the bronchial semirings], those ends being, so to say, equally treated.’’: Diacromyodi. In the arrangement of the syringeal muscles the Desmodactyli there- fore agree with the Clamatores, these two groups constituting the Anisomyodi of Gadow. While hesitating long to commit myself in opposition to so learned and distinguished an authority, | nevertheless can not, in the absence of other reasons in support of Dr. Gadow’s views (and none appear to have been adduced), believe that this agree- ment between the Eurylaimide and the Clamatores outweighs the differ- ences set forth above, which trenchantly separate the former not only from the Clamatores but from all other Passeriformes—the more especially so since such disposition of the Eurylaimidee does not affect the classification of the remaining members of the order on the lines drawn by Dr. Gadow. The Suborder Desmodactyli’ has no representation in America. It is a small group (of about a dozen species and five genera) confined to the Indo-Malayan region, where it takes the place of the rather closely related haploophone Clamatores (especially the family Cotingide) of the Neotropical region. 1 Desmodactyli Forses, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1880, 390, 391.—Eurylaimoidee STEJNEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 462.—Hurylemi Spesoum, Classif. Birds, 1890, vii, xi, 4; SHARPE, Rey. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84.—Passeres Subclamatores Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, V6g., ii, 1893, 274.—Subclamatores Gabow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, V6g., ii, 1893, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 37. 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The principal subdivisions of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli are as follows: KEY TO THE SUPERFAMILIES OF THE SUBORDER ELEUTHERODACTYLI. ! a. Syringeal muscles anisomyodous.* (Mesomyodi*)..------------------ Clamatores. aa. Syringeal muscles diacromyodous.* (Acromyodi.*) }. Syringeal muscles consisting of 2-3 pairs; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevis) muscle ““piearian”” .. Soce/ascepe aae es Senate = iy oars ee ee Pseudoscines.°® bb. Syringeal muscles consisting of 4-5 pairs; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevis) mruscle passerine. 2) 2: ssa e2 eGo ae ee ae see ae Oscines. Of these superfamilies the second (Pseudoscines) is represented only in Australia. It is a very limited group, consisting of only two fam- ilies, Menuride (lyre-birds) and Atrichornithide (scrub-birds), each with only a single genus and very few species. The other two are well represented in the Western Hemisphere, the Clamatores being chiefly American. Further consideration of the last-named group must be deferred until after the Oscines have been disposed of. The — latter, containing as they do much the greater number of passerine birds (approximately 5,000 species and subspecies), and representing a very uniform type of structure, offer by far the greatest difficulties to the systematist of any portion of the entire class of birds. The fol- lowing arrangement of the so-called families is by no means supposed by the author to be an entirely satisfactory one, and none that can not in some respect be criticised will be possible until the anatomy of a far greater number of forms has been exhaustively investigated and the results carefully analyzed and tabulated. ' Hleutherodactyli Fores, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1880, 390, 391. *The syringeal muscles unequally inserted in the middle or upon only one end (either the dorsal or ventral) of the bronchial semirings. * Mesomyodi GaArrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 507. (Equivalent to the Anisomyodi or Anisomyodze of Gabow minus Eurylaimide. ) i ‘The syringeal muscles attached to both ends (the dorsal and ventral) of the bronchial semirings, the two ends of the latter being thus equally connected. ° Acromyodi Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 507; Forsrs, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1880, 391.—Passeres diacromyodi Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Voég., ii, 1893, 301.—Passeres diacromyodie GApow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 38. ® Pseudoscines SCLATER, Ibis, 1880, 345.—FurrBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1556.—Acromyodi abnormales Forses, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 391; Nrewron, Ene. Brit., xviii, 1884, 41.—Menuroidexe SrrsneceEr, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 460.— Passeres suboscines GAbdow, Bronn’s Their-Reichs, Vég., ii, 18938, 277.—Suboscines Gapow, Bronn’s Their-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 38. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. iG Superfamily OSCIN ES. SONG BIRDS,! Oscines KeYSERLING and Buasius, Wirbelth. Europ., 1840, pp. xxxvi, 80. Acromyodi normales GARRop, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1876, 518. Laminiplantares +--Scutelliplantares (part) SuNDEVALL, Meth. Nat. Ay. Disp. Tent., 1872, 2, 53. Passeroidex STEINEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 481. Passerine birds with the syrinx diacromyodous, anterior toes eleu- therodactyle, palate egithognathous, intestinal convolutions of Type VII, myological formula AXY or AX, and only one (the left) carotid artery. Metasternum 2-notched or with 2 fenestra; spina externa sterni long; vomer large; hallux stouter than lateral anterior toes, with its claw larger than that of the inner toe; planta tarsi covered by two longitudinal plates closely apposed along their posterior margin, where forming a sharp ridge (except in family Alaudidee); syrinx complex, the intrinsic muscles composed of 4-5 pairs, inserted into the extremi- ties of the bronchial semirings; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevis) muscle specialized; deep plantar tendons of Type VII. No classification of the Oscines has hitherto been proposed that will stand a careful test with reference to the number and limits of the so- called family groups or the characters upon which they are based; nor can the present author say, after weeks of patient, persistent, and at times hopeful effort, that he has been able to solve the problem. The following arrangement is presented as provisional only, as, indeed, every scheme must necessarily be until the anatomy of numer- ous” forms whose internal structure is now unknown shall have been carefully investigated. It may be observed that certain somewhat radical innovations have been introduced in the way of additional ** families” and changes to the limits of some of those currently recog- nized; but these innovations seem unavoidable if any advance is to be made, for if anything has been made clear by the author’s recent study of the subject it is that improvement is possible only by greater or less radical departure from stereotyped lines, which draw arbitrary limits to many of the so-called family groups, thereby rendering them palpably artificial, genera which obviously belong to one group being often assigned to another, while other groups are made too compre- ‘It is unfortunate that no better vernacular name for this group of Passerine birds has been invented or seems available. The term is certainly both inappropriate and misleading, since by no means all Oscines are songsters (some of them, in fact, being almost voiceless, e. g., Ampelis), while the Pseudoscines and many of the Clamatores are as much gifted with musical ability as the average oscinine songster. *In reality the vast majority of genera since those which have been thus studied are comparatively few in number. 17024—01 2 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hensive by the inclusion of forms so ‘aberrant ” as to complicate any diagnosis of the group and obscure its true characters. Excepting the Hirundinide and Alaudidee, both of which are sharply eut off from all other Oscines by most obvious external characters, no group of Oscines can be considered as very trenchant unless such rad- ical treatment as is here given be applied. Allowed their commonly accepted limits, their intelligible definition is in some cases (e. g., the Fringillide, Tanagride, Corebide, Mniotiltidee, and ‘‘Ampelide”- (=Ampelide + Ptiliogonatide + Dulid) simply impossible; but by reconstructing the limits of these groups a fairly rational diagnosis of each may be accomplished. It is not unlikely that several genera may yet have to be withdrawn from the families in which they are now placed and raised to independent family rank,’ examples being Pha7- noptila (here, as heretofore, associated with Pf///ogonys and Phainope- pla), Polioptila (asually placed in the Sylviide, where it certainly does not belong, and here provisionally referred to the Mimide), Calypto- philus, and Rhodinocichla, the last being here provisionally referred to the Mniotiltidee. * KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF OSCINES. a. Tarsus sharply ridged posteriorly, the ridge coinciding with the posterior median line, or else outside the latter; inner posterior edge of acrotarsium coinciding with the lateral median line or anterior to it, and at least as far separated from the posterior ridge of the planta tarsi as is the outer posterior edge of the acrotarsium ; planta tarsi usually undivided.? (« Cu Oscines.*) i Tt is of course to be meeiond that by eae rank the Oscinine standard only is meant. 2 Calyptophilus has been considered a member of the Tanagridze, and placed next to Phenicophilus, but being a ‘‘ten-primaried’’ bird it certainly does not belong there. Rhodinocichla was first described as a member of the Clamatorial family Furnariide, but, after its Oscinine character had been demonstrated, was placed by some author- ities among the Mimide, by others among the Troglodytidee; both these groups, how- eyer, belong to the ‘‘ten-primaried’’ section of the Oscines, while Rhodinocichla is typically ‘“nine-primaried,’’ and therefore, being obviously out of place in either of these groups, must be otherwise disposed of. 3 A notable exception to the usual undivided planta tarsi in this section is seen in the genus Salpinctes (Troglodytidee), in which the planta tarsi are more or less dis- tinctly divided into transverse segments. Something of the same sort is seen in most Corvidee, in which also the lateral plates of the planta tarsi are usually more or less distinctly separated along the posterior ridge. In all these exceptional cases, however, the posterior ridge of the planta tarsi is well defined and the tarsal envel- ope as a whole very distinct in its character from that of the group (Latiplantar Oscines) containing the Alaudidee. ‘The terms Laminiplantar and Scutelliplantar, commonly adopted from Sundevall, are rejected by me because these terms are misleading, some ‘‘ Laminiplantares”’ (e. g., Salpinctes, Corvidee, part) having scutellate planta tarsi, while the Alaudidee (forming part of Sundevall’s Scutelliplantares) sometimes (in very old birds) have the planta tarsi entire or ‘‘booted;’”’ furthermore, the latter group included, besides the Alaudide, the superfamily Clamatores. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 19 6. Outermost obvious primary (ninth) much more than half as k ng as the next, usually longer than the secondaries, frequently longest or equal to the longest; the primaries apparently only nine.! (« Nine-primaried Oscines.’’) c. Tip of maxilla not abruptly uncinate, or else the bill short and broad at base, or with maxillary tomium toothed subterminally (Tanagrid, part) or mandible falecate and angle of chin posterior to nostrils (Ccerebidse, part). d. Longest primaries much less than twice as long as secondaries. e. Width of bill at rictus much less than length of culmen, J. Tertials not distinctly, if at all, elongated, or else (Fringillide, part) the bill conical. gy. Bill usually more or less stout and conical, not distinetly compressed (or else the maxilla with tip uncinate and tomium toothed): if slender, the maxillary tomium notched subterminally, or else tip of bill acute and rictal bristles obsolete. h. Bill conspicuously flattened laterally, with culmen and gonys very broad and flattened and mandibular rami very thick; plumage of forehead and crown dense, erect, plush-like. Catamblyrhynchide ( extralimital) .? hh. Bill not flattened laterally, ete.; plumage of forehead and crown normal. i. Rictal bristles obvious, usually very distinct; maxillary tomium usually more or less distinctly notched, or else the bill stout or wedge-shaped and nostrils hidden by antrorse plumules. Jj. Commissure distinctly and more or less abruptly angulated or deflexed basally, or else mandibular rami less than one-fifth as long as gonys and width of mandible at base equal to length of gonys; mandibular tomium distinctly elevated, usually : more or less angulated, sometimes toothed, postmedially. Fringillide. Jjj- Commissure not distinctly angulated or deflexed basally; man- dibular tomium not distinctly elevated, never angulated nor toothed, postmedially (or if elevated the maxillary tomium not abruptly deflexed asaliivsiess bee poste hes 5 Tanagride. vi. Rictal bristles obsolete; maxillary tomium without subterminal notch; if the bill stout or wedge-shaped the nostrils not hidden bycamivometplummuless 0 ks Icteride, gg. Bill slender, or if relatively deep, compressed and with culmen regu- larly or distinctly curved; if approaching a conoidal shape the basal depth not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla and the commissure not angulated or deflexed basally. h. Tip of maxilla abruptly and conspicuously uncinate; mandible fal- cate, broad, and stout at base, with rami very short and angle of chin far posterior to nostrils................__. Cerebide, part.* hh. Tip of maxilla not abruptly and conspicuously, if at all, uncinate; mandible not faleate nor otherwise peculiar; angle of chin ante- rior to nostrils. 'The tenth always present, however, but rudimentary and quite concealed. (See footnote on page 21.) * Represented only by the monotypic genus Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye (Rey. Zool., 1842, 301; type, ©. diadema Lafresnaye); range, northern Andes, Colombia to Peru. (Usually placed in the Fringillidee. ) * Diglossine, comprising the genera Diglossa and Diglossopis. 20) BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i. Bill much longer than head, subulate, slightly decurved termi- nally, or else slender-conoid, with tip acute; if the latter and not decuryed terminally, the tail decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries! ------- Cerebide, part. ii. Bill always shorter than head, subulate, slender-conoid, or rather stout but compressed; never decuryed; if acute at tip the tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries; if rather stout the culmen decidedly but gradually curved. Mniotiltide.’ ff. Tertials conspicuously elongated, reaching nearly if not quite to tips of longest primaries, the bill slender, almost subulate ----- Motacillide. ee. Width of bill at rietus equal to or greater than length of culmen. Procniatide (extralimital).* dd. Longest primaries more than twice as long as secondaries - --Hirundinide. cc. Tip of maxilla abruptly uncinate, the bill narrow and straight; maxillary tomium not toothed subterminally; mandible not falcate; angle of chin ANT OLACOMNOSUEN Seema eee oe re Geese eee ste 2 eae Vireonide, part. 1 According to the above diagnosis Conirostrum sitticolor would not be one of the Ceerebidee, but referable to the Mniotiltidee, and I am by no means sure that such is not its proper position, together with the other species of the same genus. At any rate, I fail to find any external differences whatever, of more than generic value, between these birds and the supposedly Mniotiltine genus Oreothlypis. Possi- bly the latter should be referred to the Coerebidze, but if so it is difficult to see why Compsothlypis should not go with it. I would also eliminate from the Ccerebidee part of the genus Dacnis, transferring D. pulcherrima to the Tanagride (as a new genus, Tridophanes) and the Atelodacnis section to the Mniotiltide, near Compsothlypis, Hel- minthophila, ete. Whether such disposition of these forms is really the proper one can only be determined by study of their anatomy; but unless this course be adopted it is, apparently, impossible to intelligibly characterize the Ccerebidze and Mniotil- tidee as distinct groups, which undoubtedly they are if properly circumscribed. > Certain genera of Coerebidee are distinguished from all Mniotiltine genera whose osteology has been studied by the following characters: Cerebide.—Interpalatine process small or abortive; transpalatine process slender, spine-like; palatines produced posteriorly and overhanging anterior ends of ptery- goids; tongue slender, with terminal portion extensively bifid or trifid, and brushy or laciniate. Mniotiltide.—Interpalatine process well developed; transpalatine process short and bluntly angular; palatines not produced posteriorly over pterygoids; tongue shorter, broader, with terminal portion but slightly cleft or brushy. The above distinctions hold good between Careba, Cyanerpes, and Glossiptila ( Coere- bidze) on the one hand and Dendroica, ‘‘ Perissoglossa,’? Geothlypis, Compsothlypis, and Certhidea (Mniotiltidze) on the other. (See Lucas, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-310.) The supposedly Ccerebine genera Chlorophanes, Oreomanes, Hemidacnis, Daenis, Atelodacnis, and Conirostrum have not been examined anatomically, and until these have been investigated, together with the supposedly Mniotiltine genus Oreothlypis and Tanagrine genera Iridophanes (type, Dacnis pulcherrima Sclater), Hemithraupis, and Chlorochrysa, the line separating the Coerebidze from the Mniotil- tidee on the one side and from the Tanagridze on the other can not be considered as established. *Lucas, The Auk, xii, April, 1895, 186; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 505-507; Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 449, 450. This family is represented by a single monotypic genus, Procnias Iliger (Prodromus Orn., 1811, 228; type, Ampelis tersa Linnzeus), which ranges from Colombia over the Amazonian and Brazilian provinces of South America. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21 bb. Outermost obvious primary (tenth) not more than half as long as the next, usually shorter, sometimes rudimentary.! (‘‘ Ten-primaried’’ Oscines. ) c. Basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for entire length to both lateral toes, the hallux not longer than outer toe _..-.2.....-.2.2.2..-. Vireonide, part. cc. Basal phalanx of middle toe free from inner toe for most if not all its length, and from outer toe for (approximately) half its length, or else (Certhiidee, Troglodytidz) hallux decidedly longer than outer toe. - d. Bill short, broad, and depressed at base, the length of gonys decidedly less than basal width of bill; feet weak with tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe with claw, or else ( Ptiliogonatidze, part”) the acrotarsium booted, the young not spotted, and tenth primary half as long as ninth.* e. Wing-tip long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than one-third the length of wing; tenth primary minute, less than half as long as primary coverts, the ninth longer than seventh, sometimest longest; tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries; loral feathers dense, velvety, filling greater part of ANC BLO Sion ree epee ehcp st Lyk ee Ampelide. ee. Wing-tip short, rounded, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than one-fourth the length of wing; tenth primary well devel- oped, much longer than primary coverts; the ninth primary shorter than third, sometimes shorter than first; tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, usually equal to or longer than Wing letabicamers WOnMala soca soos 2 fs Sls beso! Ptiliogonatide. dd. Bill not short, broad and depressed at base, etc., or else (Turdidee, part *) acrotarsium booted, young spotted, and tenth primary much less than half as long as ninth. e. Bill neither elongate-conical, with broad and flattened mesorhinium, nor thick-conical (fringilline); outermost (tenth) primary more than half as long as primary coverts, usually much longer than the latter. jf. Bill deep and compressed (depth at nostrils more than half length of exposed culmen), the culmen strongly curved. ' Considerable care is necessary to determine whether the outermost obvious pri- mary is the ninth or tenth, since in case the latter is rudimentary, though exposed, it may easily be overlooked. The present section includes all forms in which there is a visible rudimentary primary, those of the first section having the tenth primary still more rudimentary and entirely concealed. In so-called ten-primaried birds in which the tenth primary is rudimentary it consists of a minute, narrow, and pointed quill, less than half as long as the primary coverts, lying upon the inner side of the basal portion of the outer web of the outermost large primary, whereas in all so- called nine-primaried Oscines it is still more minute and lies upon the outer side of the wing next to the outermost primary covert. (See Barrp, Review of American Birds, p. 325, footnote. ) ? Reference of the genus Phainoptila to the Ptiliogonatidee complicates the diagnosis of this group, which otherwise would be very easily characterized; but unless Phai- noptila is placed with the Ptiliogonatidee it must constitute a family by itself. So far as the adult is concerned, there is nothing in its external structure that I can dis- cover which would forbid its reference to the Turdidze (subfamily Myadestinz), without materially modifying the diagnosis of the latter; but the young are abso- lutely plain-colored, have the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, and the tenth pri- mary half as long as the ninth. %In the Myadestine the tenth primary is less than half as long as the ninth, the young conspicuously spotted, and with the acrotarsium indistinctly if at all scutellate. ‘Subfamily Myadestine. 99 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUS#UM. a g. Nostrils wholly exposed, circular, in anterior portion of distinct nasal fossee; maxilla with culmen gradually curved terminally, tip not distinctly uncinate, and with indistinct subterminal tomial notch and tooth; tail decidedly shorter than wing, even; tenth primary much less than half as long as ninth; under parts conspicuously stresikedy Y. Sab Mee eer ek eae en Sa A ee Dulide. gg. Nostrils partly hidden by bristly loral feathers, longitudinally oval, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca; maxilla with culmen abruptly curved terminally, tip distinctly uncinate, and with subterminal tomial notch and tooth distinct; tail nearly as long as wing, sometimes longer, much rounded or graduated; tenth pri- mary half as long as ninth; under parts not streaked. ---- Laniide. ff. Bill more slender (depth at nostrils less than half as long as exposed culmen); the culmen not strongly curved, or else (Corvidee, part) the nostrils circular, without superior membrane or operculum. g. Nostrils covered (at least partly) by tuft of antrorse plumules, or else (Corvidee, part) exposed, circular, without superior membrane or operculum, or else (Corvidee, part) longitudinal, with superior operculum, the bill elongate-conical, with broad and depressed mesorhinium, and the tenth primary half as long as ninth. h. Hallux not distinctly, if at all, longer than longest lateral toe, its claw not conspicuously large; outer toe not conspicuously, if at all, longer than inner toe; tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw. i areer (wing more than 102imm.)> 322 Soe Corvide. it omallerl(wing less than 89! ram) >) 4.) eens Paride. hh. Hallux distinctly longer than longest lateral toe (the outer), its claw conspicuously large; outer toe conspicuously longer than inner; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw ..----- Sittide. gg. Nostrils exposed, but not circular and without superior membrane or operculum, nor bill elongate-conical with broad and depressed mesorhinium, or if the latter the outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long as primary coverts (Sturnidee); or if covered, the covering a single plumule and the acrotarsium booted (Sylviide, part). h. Hallux distinctly longer than lateral toes; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for whole of its length to both lateral toes. i. Rectrices rigid, with tips acuminate; claw of hallux as long as or longenthamsitsdioitr: 52 22 ean. 28 eee ee Certhiide. ii. Rectrices soft, with tips normally broad and rounded; claw of halluxishorter than tte digit: 2... 222) 352 eee Troglodytide. hh. Hallux not distinctly if at all longer than lateral toes; basal pha- lanx of middle toe free for most if not all of its length from inner toe, and (approximately) for half its length from outer toe. i. Acrotarsium booted, at least on outer side. ‘LT must confess my inability to discover any external structural characters which will serve to distinguish these two groups as a whole. The Garrulinz and typical Paridze seem to differ externally only in size, every one of the supposed distinctive characters (as alleged peculiar modification of the planta tarsi in Corvidee, differences in proportions of primaries, etc.) breaking down when all the genera are compared. The variations of form and in external details in the group called Corvide are so great that its diagnosis is very difficult. yw BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 Jj. No trace of rictal bristles, the plumage of whole head short, dense, velvety; body covered with down; aquatic. .Cinclide. jj. Rictal bristles more or less obvious (usually distinct), the plumage of head normal; body without down; not aquatic. k. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for about half its length; ninth primary shorter than secondaries. _Chameide, kk, Tail not longer than wing, not graduated; ninth primary longer than secondaries, sometimes longest. /. Size (of American forms) very small (wing not more than 70 mm.); plumage of young not spotted... ___- Sylviide.! li, Size larger (wing not less than 82 mm.); plumage of OUTRO Lien a tee my erste ange a eiag ee Ne Turdide. vi. Acrotarsium scutellate (on both sides) ee. Bill elongate-conical, with broad and flattened mesorhinium, or thick- conical (fringilline); outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long as primary coverts. f. Bill elongate-conical (icterine); nostrils exposed, overhung by conspic- uous horny operculum; wing-tip long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than length of tarsus; tail emarginate. Sturnide.’ Jf. Bill stout-conical (fringilline); nostrils hidden or nearly hidden by loral feathering, without superior operculum; wing-tip short, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of LARS Mica wom Ua CeCe Meee AE apt ee es ee Ploceidz.* aa Tarsus rounded posteriorly, or if ridged the ridge distinctly inside the median line; inner posterior edge of the acrotarsium decidedly posterior to the lateral median line, and separated from the planta tarsal ridge by a narrow groove; planta tarsi scutellate (divided into transverse segments).* = (Latiplantar OCICS Ree SON eer cine sats meee Bes er tte cin tia eR Alaudide. ‘Including Regulinee (the Regulidze of some authors) but excluding Polioptila, which is here referred, provisionally, to Mimide. * Genus Sturnus only. . $ Genera Sporeginthus and Spermestes only. The American representatives of the Sturnidse and Ploceide are introduced species only, that of the former (Sturnus vulgaris) from the Palearctic Region, those of the latter (Sporeginthus melpodus and Spermestes cucullata) from the African Region. The above characters are drawn exclusively from these introduced species, no account being taken of the numerous exotic forms, among which, as in other groups, great variations in structural details are presented. * Except in very old birds, in which they sometimes become fused into a continu- ous plate (as in most ‘‘ Laminiplantares’’). The divisions or segments of the planta tarsi correspond with those of the acrotarsium. ° Corresponding to part of Sundeyall’s Scutelliplantares, which consist otherwise of the superfamily Clamatores. The alaudine tarsal envelope is, however, very different from the clamatorial type, being even more distinct from the latter than from that of the acutiplantar Oscines. 94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family FRINGILLUID. THE FINCHES, ! Conirostral, ‘‘nine-primaried,” acutiplantar Oscines, with the com- missure distinctly and more or less abruptly angulated or deflexed basally, or else with the mandibular rami less than one-fifth as long as gonys, the mandibular tomium distinctly elevated (often angulated, sometimes toothed) post-medially, thence distinctly (usually abruptly) deflected to the rictus; rictal bristles obvious, usually distinct. The above brief and in many respects unsatisfactory diagnosis cov- ers the extreme variations in certain external structural details among a very large assemblage of species arbitrarily considered as forming a family Fringillide. As here limited the family includes the whole of the Fringillide as treated by Dr. Sharpe in the twelfth volume of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum” (the latest author- ity on the group), only the genus Catambylyrhynchus being withdrawn,* with the addition of the genera Pyrrhocoma, Pezopetes, Buarremon,* Arremon, Diucopis, Conothraupis, Oreothraupis (4), Saltator, and ** Pitylus,”? which Dr. Sclater, in the eleventh volume of the same work® (and elsewhere), has placed among the Tanagride. The group most closely related to the Fringillide is, of course, that called Tanagridee, or at least certain members of the latter, which pos- sibly is, even after the above-mentioned eliminations, too comprehen- 'Four vernacular names belong exclusively or specially to this family as a whole or in part, and from these I have selected the one which seems to be most appro- priate, although it is difficult to decide between finch and sparrow. The fact is that each of these names really has a restricted applicability, being commonly applied to minor though more or less arbitrary groups, and based on the comparatively scant European fringilline fauna. They are therefore of still more limited applicability to America forms, of which a great majority are very different from those of Europe, and without any distinctive name. The term grosbeak can searcely be considered in this connection, having been applied indiscriminately to heavy-billed forms with- out regard to their real relationship to one another, not only crass-billed Fringillidee but also Ploceidze having been thus designated. * Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Perching Birds, | in the | Collection of the | British Museum. | | Fringilliformes: Part III, | containing the family | Fringillidee. | By | R. Bowdler Sharpe. | London: | Printed by order of the Trus- tees. | 1888. | (Pp. i-xv, 1-871, pls. i-xvi.) * This I have felt obliged to consider of separate family rank. (See page 19.) * An artificial genus which I have been obliged to divide into several (Buarremon, Atlapetes, Pselliophorus, and Lysurus). » Another heterogeneous group which consists of several generic types (Pitylus Caryothraustes, Periporphyrus, and Rhodothraupis). *Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | of the | British Museum. | | Fringilliformes: Part II. | Containing the Families Coerebidie, Tanagridee, and Icteridee. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater. | London: | Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1886. | (Pp. i-xvii, 1-431, pls. i-xviii.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25 sive and therefore may require still further restriction. As commonly understood and accepted, the two supposed families are clearly purely artificial, and the arbitrary line that has usually been drawn between them is manifestly far out of place, the Tanagride having been made to include forms (those mentioned above!) which are unquestionably fringilline in their relationships. In the absence of any knowledge concerning the internal structure of a large proportion of the genera comprised in the two groups any dividing line must necessarily be more or less arbitrary; but I feel sure that by shifting its position as here indicated the two groups become much more natural, since they are now susceptible of fairly definite characterization, whereas until this was done their intelligi- ble diagnosis was simply impossible. I am not at all sure but that still further subdivision, at least of the Tanagride, would better express the facts of relationship, since even now, with their respective limits certainly more correctly drawn, each of the two groups contains forms extremely different in their general appearance, structural details, and habits.” However, this question as to whether the Frin- gillide and Tanagride are really distinct family groups or not, and if they are, where the line between them should be drawn, is one which can not now be exactly determined. While, as above stated, the reference of the genera Buarremon,’ Arremon, Pitylus,' and Saltator to the Fringillide renders possible an intelligible diagnosis of the two supposed families, it does not in the least lessen the difficulty of defining the genera or of arranging them into definite subordinate groups. This is indeed a matter so extremely difficult that after repeated, patient, determined, and prolonged attempts I must confess my inability to solve the problem. It is very evident, according to my judgment, that Dr. Sharpe’s so-called subfamilies, Coccothraustine, Fringilline, and Emberizine, are unnatural groups, especially the first; certainly Geospiza, Guiraca, Spermophila, Cardinalis, etc., are not at all closely related to Cocco- thraustes, Hesperiphona, Eophona, Pycnorhamphus, and Mycerobas, which together form a very distinct group, though evidently closely related to, if not directly connected with, the group which Dr. Sharpe designates as his ‘‘ Subfamily Fringilline.” The latter is another very 'The only reasonable doubt pertains to the genera ‘“ Pitylus’’? and Saltator. *Compare the heavily built, crass-billed, short-legged, and arboreal true grosbeaks (Coccothraustez ) with the slender, small-billed, long-legged, and terrestrial grass buntings (genera Ammodramus, Passerculus, etc.) on the one hand, and the broad- billed, short-tailed, and long-winged frugivorous Euphoniz (genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia) with the slender-billed, long-tailed, insectivorous genera Tuchyphonus, Nemosia, ete., on the other. 3In the wider sense, as these genera are given by Dr. Sclater. 26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. natural and fairly well characterized group if the genera Acanthidops and Sicalis be taken out! and Chloris and Chaunoproctus added.* Indeed these two groups (i. e., the ‘‘ Coccothraustine ” and ‘* Fringil- line” as properly limited) together come very near being trenchantly separated from all other Fringillide; but the genus /asserina seems to connect them, the latter being in all respects (as to external charac- ters) except the shape of the bill like Lewcosticte (a typical ** fringil- line” form), while the bill is very similar to that of a typical Himbe- yiza. All of the forms comprising the above-mentioned groups are of northern distribution (many of the genera being circumpolar), only the genus Spinus extending into the Neotropical Region proper, excepting its near relation, Low/mitr’s, confined to one of the Greater Antilles. These northern groups present little difficulty, except as to the determination of the question whether they should be regarded as constituting one large group distinct from all other Fringillide or as comprising a greater or less number of smaller groups, of equal value with similar groups in the larger assemblage of purely American forms to be considered separately. Although unable to fully satisfy myself as to which course would be best, I have, for the present, con- cluded to adopt the latter alternative; and, therefore, instead of recog- nizing two groups, equivalent to Dr. Sharpe’s Coccothraustine and Fringilline, as amended, or one group including the two, four groups, Coccothraustez, Loxie, Pyrrhule, and Fringille, are provisionally adopted. These coecothraustine and fringilline types having thus been tempo- rarily disposed of, there remains the very numerous assemblage of peculiarly American® genera. These, with the exception of the group which I have here named Caleariez (comprising the genera /asserina, Calcarius, and Rhynchophanes, which are evidently related to Pale- arctic types*), are all peculiar to America (mostly to the Neotropical Region) and with few exceptions not at all like any Old World types. It is this group which presents the greatest difficulties in the way of satisfactory classification. Not only “do the different groups (or what seem to be natural euoup:) run into one another in a most perplexing Aeneas ee not a Pe of iG poe its nearest relation being undoubtedly the ‘‘emberizine”’ also is an genus Haplospiza. Iam reasonably sure that Sicalis emberizine’’ form (related to Haplospiza, Pseudochloris, ete.), notwith- standing the remarkable superficial resemblance of some of the species to the truly fringilline genus Serinis. ce * Chaunoproctus seems to be a crass-billed Carpodacus, an approach to its characters being seen in the insular Carpodacus amplus. § Excepting only Passerina and Calcarius, the latter chiefly American, since two of the three known species are peculiar to the Nearctic Region. ‘Whether there are peel Fringillee or specialized E mberizve I am unable to determine. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. OT manner, but the genera themselves are often poorly defined (e. ¢., Azmo- plila), ov when they seem clearly natural it is found on close compar- ison of the component species that they present such great variations in structural details (e. g., Cyanospiza, Cyanocompsa, ete.) that the fram- ing of a satisfactory diagnosis is by no means an easy matter. Certain members of this extensive series of genera present a close superficial resemblance to the Coccothraustez in fact, they are ‘‘ grosbeaks” so far as the large size of the bill is concerned, though not otherwise, for there is very great difference in the form of the beak between such genera as Pheucticus, Zamelodia, Geospiza, Oryzoborus, Cardinalis, etc., and that of Hesperiphona, Coccothraustes, etc., not to mention rad- ical differences in other respects. Notwithstanding the immense difference in appearance, structural details, and habits between different minor groups of this assemblage of American types, I have failed to discover characters whereby very trenchant groups may be defined. Four genera (Calamospiza, Spiza, Chondestes, and Pooecetes, all Nearctic) do not fit into any of the groups that seem susceptible of more or less exact definition, nor do they constitute a group by themselves. Leaving them out of account, the remaining genera may be rather roughly and arbitrarily separ- ated into two series; one composed of the smaller billed and more plainly colored (usually conspicuously streaked') species, and repre- sented by the genera Passerculus, Centronyx, Coturniculus, Aimmo- dramus, Plagiospiza, Aimophila, Amphispiza, Sunco, Spizella, Lonotrichia, Brachyspiza, Melospiza, Passerella, Oreospiza, Pipilo, Melozone, Arremonops, Arremon, Lysurus, Atlapetes, Buarremon, Pselliophorus, and Pezopetes; the other comprising the larger billed or more brightly colored forms, or those with more uniform colors, the genera being Platyspiza, Camarhynchus, Geospiza, Cocornis, Acanthidops, Haplospiza, Volatinia, Euetheia, Melanospiza, Loxi passer, Pyrrhulagra, Melopyrrha, Sporophila, Amaurospiza, Sicalis, Cyano- spiza, Cyanocompsa, Oryzoborus, Guiraca, Zamelodia, Pheucticus, Pyr- rhulowia, Cardinalis, Pitylus, Caryothraustes, Rhodothraupis, and Saltator’. While the characters given above as distinguishing these two groups are artificial, even trivial, I feel convinced that when the internal structure of all the genera becomes known the line of first division will be drawn somewhere near that here indicated. Although an effort has been made in the following analytical key to keep the component parts of the different groups together, it has been found impracticable in some cases to arrange the groups in what seems to be their most natural sequence; in fact, to do this in a linear arrange- ‘The young always(?) streaked, even if the adults are plain colored. * The genera peculiar to South America are not enumerated. 28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ment is in this, as in so many other cases, practically impossible.’ The key is therefore confessedly to a large extent artificial, the main object sought being the easy identification of the genera. KEY TO THE GENERA OF FRINGILLID®. a. Mandibular rami very short (less than one-fifth as long as gonys); width of man- dible at base nearly equal to length of gonys (sometimes greater); nasal fossa obsolete, the nostril bored directly into basal lateral margin of the horny rhino- theca; commissure not abruptly deflexed basally, or else* basal width of man- dible greater than length of gonys. ( Coccothraustew. ) ---- - Hesperiphona (p. 37) aa. Mandibular rami longer (at least one-third as long as gonys); width of mandible at base much less than length of gonys; nasal fossee more or less obvious (some- times, however, hidden by small feathers); commissure abruptly deflexed basally. b. Mandibular rami less than one-half as long as gonys; nasal fossee shorter, more or less hidden by tuft of antrorse latero-frontal plumules. c. Maxilla and mandible with tips faleate and crossed. (Lowxiz.)..-Loxia (p. 46) cc. Maxilla and mandible with tips neither falcate nor crossed. d. Culmen strongly curved; bill very short and thick, the distance between nostrils not less than half the length of gonys. (Pyrrhulz. ) e. Width of mandible at base greater than length of maxilla from nostril; pileum (or at least forehead) black; wings and tail at least partly pur- plist black fa. tsetse 22 5 kes os ee Pyrrhula (p. 56) ee. Width of mandible at base less than length of maxilla from nostril; pileam without black; wings and tail without purplish black--Pinicola (p. 58) 1The arrangement followed in the following pages is as follows: Group Coccothraustee.—Genus Hesperiphona. Group Loxie.—Genus Loxia. Group Pyrrhule.—Genera Pyrrhula, Pinicola. Group Fringille.—Genera Leucosticte, Acanthis, Carduelis, Spinus, Loximitris, Astragalinus, Carpodacus, Passer. Group Caleariee.—Genera Passerina, Calcarius, Rhynchophanes. Group Calamospize.—Genus Calamospiza. Group Spize.—Genus Spiza. Group Chondestee.—Genera Chondestes, Pooecetes. Group Ammodrami.—Genera Passerculus, Centronyx, Coturniculus, Ammodramus. Group Zonotrichie.—Genera Plagiospiza, Aimophila, Amphispiza, Junco, Spizella, Zonotrichia, Brachyspiza, Melospiza, Passerella, Oreospiza, Pipilo, Melozone, Arremonops, Arremon, Lysurus, Atlapetes, Buarremon, Pselliophorus, Pezopetes. Group Geospize.—Genera Platyspiza, Camarhynchus, Geospiza, Cocornis. Group Haplospize.—Genera Acanthidops, Haplospiza, Sicalis, Euetheia, Melano- spiza. Group Sporophile.—Genera Loxipasser, Pyrrhulagra, Melopyrrha, Sporophila, Amaurospiza. Group Cyanospize.—Genera Cyanospiza, Cyanocompsa. Group Oryzoboree.—Genus Oryzoborus. Group Guirace.—Genera Guiraca, Zamelodia, Pheucticus. Group Cardinalee.—Genera Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis. Group Pitylee.—Genera Pitylus, Caryothraustes, Rhodothraupis, Saltator. *In the Asiatic genus Mycerobas. > - ee rs BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 dd. Culmen slightly, if at all, curved, the bill conical or wedge-shaped; distance between nostrils much less than half the length of gonys. ( Fringillz. ) e. Wing more than four and a half times as long as tarsus; plumage with red or yellow, or else under parts streaked, or else plumage of body uniform brown; gonys straight. f. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw; terrestrial or UeD GHEE Se ean =e Leucosticte (p. 67) ff. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; arboreal. g. Tail at least three-fourths as long as wing; nasal tufts extending eynmdenigrimilan ns... 400 200 Stel en Sea Acanthis (p. 78) gg. Tail much less than three-fourths as long as wing; nasal tufts not extending beyond nostrils. h. Width of bill at base less than half exposed culmen, its tip acute. i. A band of clear yellow or red across basal portion of secondaries, or else (Loximitris) this band olive-green and the tail largely yellow. J. No yellow or red on tail; fore part of head red; under parts without yellow (mostly white, unstreaked) . .Carduelis (p.93) jj. Tail more or less extensively yellow, or red, toward base; fore part of head without red; under parts yellow, or else white streaked with dusky. k. Secondaries with a broad basal band of clear yellow or red; bill acute, with nearly straight outlines (extremely varia- ble as to relative length and thickness) ____. Spinus (p. 95) kk. Secondaries with a broad basal band of olive-green; bill obtuse, somewhat swollen, with decidedly convex cul- 1 CDSE ore ratstot ani toter eee eee is re be Loximitris (p. 106) ii. No clear yellow band across basal portion of secondaries; if a yellowish olive band (A. lawrencei), inner webs of rectrices With aswhite pateh 3.52.5 22 3:2) 22.2. Astragalinus (p. 107) hh. Width of bill at base much more than half exposed culmen, its tip not acute; remiges and rectrices without any yellow, red, ONC VN ee ee een ae ee EN As Carpodacus (p. 122) ee. Wing not more than four times as long as tarsus; plumage without yellow or red, the under parts not streaked; gonys convex....Passer (p. 143) 6b. Mandibular rami more than half as long as gonys, or else the bill much elon- gated and the nostrils wholly exposed; nasal fossve larger, usually at least partly exposed, or if covered by antrorse latero-frontal plumules (Passerina) the wing-tip about twice as long as tarsus and claw of hallux longer than its digit. c. Hallux not distinctly larger or stouter than inner toe, its claw either nearly straight or else longer than the digit; scutella of toes shorter, more promi- nent, and pads of under surface broader, more corrugated;! claws of anterior toes very small and nearly straight, or else (Passeri na) nasal fossee covered by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; wing-tip more than one-third the total length of wing, or else ( Calcarius, part) claws very small and nearly straight. ( Calcariez. ) ‘These peculiarities of the feet, while perfectly obvious on comparison, are very lifficult to express in exact terms, since they have defied all methods of measure- nent which I have been able to apply. The toes appear to be relatively shorter or vith relatively shorter phalanges than in the forms which follow, but measurements ipparently do not confirm this impression. 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. d. Maxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible; gonys not longer than mandibular rami; claws distinctly arched; secondaries mostly white. Passerina! (p. 146) dd. Maxilla not conspicuously shallower than mandible; gonys longer than mandibular rami; claws small (especially the anterior ones), slightly curved or nearly straight; secondaries without any white, or with merely the inner webs edged with this color. e. Bill comparatively small and slender (depth at base decidedly less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); gonys shorter than hallux (without claw), its base about midway between base of mandibular rami and point of mandible; tail more than two-thirds as long as wing. Calcarius (p. 154) ee. Bill large and stout (depth at base nearly or quite equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); gonys decidedly longer than hallux (without claw ), its base nearer to base of mandibular rami than to point of man- dible; tail much less than two-thirds as long as wing. Rhynchophanes (p. 164) cc. Hallux distinctly larger or stouter than inner toe, its claw distinctly arched, usually shorter than the digit, or if not shorter, stout; scutella of toes rela- tively longer, less prominent, and pads on under surface narrower, less corrugated;? claws of anterior toes normally large and curved; nasal fossee not wholly, if at all, covered by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; wing-tip less than one-third the total length of wing. d. Conspicuously crested.* ( Cardinalez. ) e. Culmen strongly curved; maxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible, its tomium deeply incised in middle portion; distinctly toothed angle of mandibular tomium but little if any posterior to middle portion; dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than basal width of mandible. Pyrrhuloxia ‘»p. 624) ee. Culmen slightly or moderately curved; maxilla not distinctly, if at all, shallower than mandible, its tomium not deeply, if at all, incised (if incised the incision decidedly posterior to middle portion); slightly toothed angle of mandibular tomium decidedly posterior to middle portion; distance from nostril to tip of maxilla equal to or greater than pasalawacitlro temnaan dub lee sna nee ee eee Cardinalis (p. 629) dd. Not conspicuously, if at all, crested. e. Wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus; wing more than 76.20 mm. ‘In all external structural characters except the bill, Passerina is very closely similar to Leucosticte, while in its style of plumage it greatly resembles the genus Montifringilla, a very near ally of Leucosticte. Whether these very close resem- blances to two unquestionable true finches (Fringillee) indicate real affinity or merely adaptation to similar habits (all three inhabiting, during summer, cliffs and other rocky places), I am unable to say. I believe, however, that Passerina is really a ‘‘finch,’’? and not, as commonly supposed, a ‘‘bunting.’? Whether Calcarius and Rhynchophanes (which are meadow birds) are really closely related to Passerina, I am somewhat doubtful. *See footnote on page 29. *>From here on the arrangement is mainly artificial, easy identification of the genera being the chief aim. The genera are kept in what appear to be natural groups as far as this has been found practicable, but | am compelled to acknowledge my inability to clearly define all the groups that appear to be natural ones, and no effort is made to arrange the genera or groups of genera in the sequence that seems to be most appro- priate, and which is followed in the body of the work. (See footnote on page 28. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 J. Outermost (ninth) primary longest; tail emarginate, the rectrices pointed at tip, the middle pair acuminate. (Spize.)..-....2--- Spiza (p. 170) J, Outermost (ninth) primary not longest; tail even or slightly rounded, all the rectrices broad and rounded, or at most subacuminate, at tip. g. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; bill relatively small (culmen, from base, less than two-thirds as long as tarsus). ( Chondestez. ) h. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of distal second- aries, decidedly rounded; all the rectrices broad and rounded terminally, including middle pair........... Chondestes (p. 175) hh. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of distal secondaries, even, or slightly emarginate; lateral rectrices nar- rowed terminally, the middle pair subacuminate. Pooecetes (p. 181) gy. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; bill large (culmen, from base, nearly equal to, sometimes longer than, tarsus). (Guiracz. ) h. Bill much swollen, with superior and lateral outlines decidedly convex; mandibular tomium strongly convex anterior to the sub- basal angle; wing 114.50 mm., or more. Pheucticus (p. 621) hh. Bill tapering gradually from base, its superior and lateral outlines nearly straight; mandibular tomium very slightly convex ante- rior to the subbasal angle; wing less than 114.50 mm. i. Maxilla not conspicuously shallower than mandible, the angular indentation of its tomium directly beneath the longer than broad nasal fossee; subbasal angle of mandibular tomium toothed; adult males without blue, but with black, white, and rose red, or black, white, cinnamon, and yellow; females and young conspicuously streaked _.........._-- Zamelodia (p. 613) iv. Maxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible, the angular indentation of its tomium distinctly anterior to its broader than long nasal fossee; subbasal angle of mandibular tomium not toothed; adult males blue with rufous or chestnut wing-bands; females and young not streaked.............- Guiraca (p. 606) ee. Wing-tip not as long as tarsus, or else (Cyanospiza, part, Sicalis, part) wing less than 76.20 mm. J. Tail less than twice as long as tarsus; outstretched feet reaching beyond end of tail. ( Geospize. ) g. Culmen more strongly and regularly curved, more distinctly ridged; sides of bill more flattened, or else angle of mandibular tomium toothed; adult males with uniform black confined to head, neck, and chest, sometimes without any black. h. Bill broader (basal width of mandible decidedly greater than length of gonys); commissure more strongly angulated or deflexed basally, the angle of mandibular tomium toothed. Platyspiza (p. 473) hh. Billenarrower (basal width of mandible not greater than length of gonys, sometimes decidedly less); commissure less strongly angulated or deflexed basally, the angle of mandibular tomium INO PAUOO UNCC penetra Ne teche Rhy ks Camarhynchus (}. 476) gg. Culmen less strongly and regularly curved (sometimes nearly straight for part of its length), less distinctly ridged; sides of bill less flat- tened; angle of mandibular tomium not toothed; adult males entirely black, except under tail-coverts. 32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. h. Bill stouter (depth at base more than half length of culmen, some- times equal to length of culmen) ----..-.----- Geospiza (p. 489) hh. Bill more slender (depth at base less than half length of cul- THON) Fai Se Ee ee ee ne eH NE a Cocornis (p. 515) jf. Tail more than twice as long as tarsus; outstretched feet falling short of end of tail. g. Commissure equal to or exceeding length of middle toe without claw; tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate.' ( Pitylex.) hk. Culmen, from base, decidedly shorter than tarsus; under parts with neither yellow nor red; if gray, the upper parts olive-green, and Joy) OVE Wel ic tos Beh er I ie a ae Saltator (p. 659) hh. Culmen, from base, not decidedly if at all shorter (sometimes longer) than tarsus; under parts with yellow or red, or if gray the upper parts slate color and bill red. i. Angle of mandibular tomium not distinctly, if at all, toothed; bill more compressed, with lateral outlines less convex; upper parts LIMO MESlatereolons iolllered ss. -a25— eee Pitylus (p. 651) av. Angle of mandibular tomium distinctly toothed or otherwise prominently produced; bill broader, with lateral outlines more convex; upper parts at least partly red or olive-green, the puleum sometimes black. j. Culmen, from base, equal to or longer than tarsus; mandibular tomium concave (the mandible narrowed) or excised imme- diately anterior to the middle portion, behind this a broad truncated prominence; upper (and under) parts (except esd) redis= sets 22 ee Periporphyrus (extralimital) ” jj). Culmen, from base, shorter than tarsus; mandibular tomium convex, or at least not concave immediately anterior to mid- dle portion, the toothed subbasal angle immediately preceded by a notch; upper parts olive-green, olive-green and gray, or black with red band across hindneck. k. Tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries; bill broader (basal width of mandible greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); sexes alike in coloration, adult males and females without any red, and with pileum olive-green or yellow. Caryothraustes (p. 654) kk. Tail decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries; bill narrower (basal width of mandi- ble less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); sexes different in color (adult male with head, chest, and upper parts black, the under parts and broad collar across hind- neck pinkish red; adult female and young male with olive-green replacing red) ..------ Rhodothraupis (p. 657) 1That is to say, forming a distinct, though short, decurved point, with an obvious tomial notch immediately behind it. There is sometimes an approximation to this condition among the forms under gg, but in such cases the bill is smaller and more slender, the culmen much less curved, and the tip of the maxilla less decidedly decuryed. 2 Periporphyrus Reichenbach, Ay. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 77. Type, Lowia erythromelas Gmelin. This genus is introduced because it is the only extralimital one of the group, and also to show the reasons, in part, for subdividing the genus Pitylus as recognized by authors. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 33 gg- Commissure shorter than middle toe without claw, or else tip of maxilla not uncinate. ! h. Species mostly of unicolored plumage, or else particolored and the colors bright; the adult males blue, slate color, black or yellow, sometimes with two or more of these colors combined; some- times black with chestnut or rufous areas (but with tail shorter than wing); only the females and young dull colored, and these very rarely streaked beneath. ( Oryzoborew.? ) i. Bill exceedingly broad and thick, the width of mandible at base decidedly greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Oryzoborus (p. 605) vi. Bill narrower, the width of mandible at base not decidedly, if at all, greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. j. Culmen (from concealed base) equal in length to tarsus, or else outermost (ninth) primary shorter than third; adult males plame(mostiy dull) blue 25). =...-.L2: Cyanocompsa (p. 594) jj- Calmen (from concealed base) shorter than tarsus; adult males not blue, or else outermost (ninth) primary longer than third. k. Mandible conspicuously deeper than maxilla, or else culmen strongly convex, the maxilla subfalcate. (. Width of maxilla at base much less than basal depth of bill. m. Wing more than 63.50 mm.; plumage not blackish. n. Greatest depth of mandible less than half its length. o. Distance from nostril to tip of maxilla much more ; than one-third length of tarsus; adult males with more or less of blue -_-_-__--- Cyanospiza (p. 580) oo. Distance from nostril to tip of maxilla scarcely, if at all, more than one-third length of tarsus; adult male without any blue (olive-green, with black head, yellow carpus, and rufous under Can COMeTbs))) Bas wee ee ore Loxipasser (p. 545) nn. Greatest depth of mandible at least one-half its length; plumage blackish. --- - Melopyrrha (p. 561) mm. Wing less than 63.50 mm-.---.----- Sporophila (p. 563) l/. Width of maxilla at base equal to basal depth of bill. Amaurospiza (p. 579) kk. Mandible not conspicuously deeper than maxilla, the latter not subfaleate or with culmen strongly curved (the latter sometimes nearly straight). /. Bill longer (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla equal to half length of tarsus); adult males uniform slate color. m. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than half length of commissure) --.------- Acanthidops (p. 517) oe ‘See footnote on page 32. * A satisfactory group name can not be derived from any of the genera, and the one adopted is selected as being the least objectionable of any that may be so derived. The group is not a strictly homogeneous one, but I have not been able to satisfac- torily subdivide it. The characters given above are confessedly unsatisfactory, but, although the group as a whole is obviously distinct from any of those which follow, lam unable at present to construct a better diagnosis. (See arrangement on page 28, where an attempt at subdivision is made. ) 17024—01——-3 ark BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mm. Bill thicker (depth at base more than half length of GOMMMISSUNE) eee See eo nae Haplospiza (p. 520) ll. Bill shorter (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than half length of tarsus) or else! plumage yellow. m. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth; wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus; plumage yellow or pV Cllowmishwaneeer iscsi ee ae eee Sicalis (p. 521) mm. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than sixth; wing- tip much shorter than tarsus; plumage not yellow or yellowish. n. Culmen decidedly convex; adult males with chestnut or rufous on throat, ete._----- Pyrrhulagra (p. 547) mn. Culmen straight or nearly so; adult males without chestnut on throat or elsewhere. o. Wing more than 63.50 mm.; adult male entirely black, with whitish feet... -- Melanospiza (p. 544) oo. Wing less than 63.50 mm.; adult males not entirely black, or else the color glossy blue-black and the feet dusky. p. Tail even or yery slightly rounded; adult males not glossy blue-black; females and young , not streaked 2)... peo eee Euetheia (p. 529) pp. Tail much rounded or graduated; adult males glossy blue-black; females and young con- spicuously streaked......--- Volatinia (p. 525) hh. Species of mostly variegated plumage, without any bright colors (except sometimes yellow on under parts or edge of wing); often streaked, the young nearly always; if plumage of adult male, largely black and chestnut, the tail longer than wing. ” i. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth, or else (Ammodra- mus, part) rectrices narrow and acuminate. j. Wing more than 82.55 mm.; adult male (in summer) black with white wing-patch. ( Calamospizex. )-Calamospiza * (p. 167) jj). Wing not more than 82.55 mm.; adult male never black nor with white wing-patch. (Ammodrami.) k, Outermost (ninth) primary longest or equal to longest; tail emarginate, with lateral rectrices longer than median pair. /. Hallux little if any longer than inner toe; wing exceeding tail by decidedly more than length of tarsus; rectrices broader, less acuminate. _........--- Passerculus (jp. 187) li, Hallux decidedly longer than inner toe; wing exceeding tail by very little more than length of tarsus; rectrices narrower, more acuminate, the lateral pair relatively shorter. m. Sixth primary not abruptly shorter than seventh; hal- lux longer than outer toe, its claw longer than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; edge of wing white; adult with a black rictal streak and with chest streaked Rau MGIC ee ite ne eee Centronyx (p. 202) 'Sicalis, part; i. e., S. columbiana Cabanis, which, notwithstanding its close resem- blance in coloration to the typical species, differs so much in form that it should probably be separated generically. 2A heterogeneous assemblage, comprising several minor groups. As to above unsatisfactory diagnosis, see footnote on page 33. * This genus is rather an isolated form, and I do not know where it really belongs. It seems to show points of relationship to Rhynchophanes, Spiza, and Chondestes. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. b5 mm. Sixth primary abruptly shorter than seventh; hallux shorter than outer toe, its claw shorter than dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla; edge of wing yellow; adult without black rictal streak or streaks OTe NESE i ates = San ta See Coturniculus (p. 205) kk. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than seventh; tail rounded or graduated, the lateral rectrices decidedly shorter than middle pair_.____.....- Ammodramus (p. 211) uv. Outermost (ninth) primary not longer than sixth (usually shorter than fifth), or else (Spizella, part) wing-tip equal to length of middle toe without claw; rectrices not narrow and acuminate. (Zonotrichia. ) } j. Outer toe reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching nearly if not quite to middle of middle Elgar ae oe re oe Passerella (p. 384) jj. Outer toe not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw not reaching nearly to middle of middle claw. k. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than second; tail gradu- ated for much less than length of middle toe without claw. 1. Claw of hallux equal to the digit in length; lateral claws reaching decidely beyond base of middle claw; remiges and rectrices olive-green _........---- Oreospiza (p. 399) ll. Claw of hallux shorter than the digit; lateral claws not reaching beyond base of middle claw; remiges and rectrices not olive-green. m. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, or else (Junco, part), lateral rectrices largely white; middle rectrices not barred with black; wing-tip longer than exposed culmen. n. Head plain gray (lores darker); lateral rectrices largely white, or else back streaked with dusky, and wing without distinct light-colored markings. Junco (p. 271) nn. Head not plain gray, or else (Spizella, part) lateral rectrices without any white, and tail longer than wing; lateral rectrices not largely (if with any) white, or else head with white stripes. o. Upper parts not grayish, or else (Spizella, part) the back cinnamon-brown streaked with black, and tail longer than wing. p. Tarsus at least one-third as long as wing. gq. No rufous collar around hindneck; no black on pileum, except in form of narrow streaks; the pileum sometimes plain chestnut. Melospiza (p. 349) qq. A rufous collar around hindneck; pileum with two broad lateral bands of blackand a median one of gray, never plain chestnut. Brachyspiza (p. 546) pp. Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing. 1T am unable to characterize supergeneric divisions of this group. 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. qy. Tail rounded, the middle rectrices longest, or equal to longest, and decidedly longer than lateral pair; pileum largely black, or with two broad lateral bands of chestnut and a median one of buffy, or with a yellowish patch; larger (wing not less than 68.58 mm., usually much more than 71.12 mm.) ---Zonotrichia (p. 329) qq. Tail emarginate or double-rounded, the middle rectrices decidedly shorter than the longest, usually shorter than lateral pair, never longer; pileum plain chestnut, rufous, or gray, or narrowly streaked with black; smaller (wing not more than 71.12 mm., usu- ally less than 68.58) mm. -__- Spizella (p. 305) oo. Upper parts grayish, including the back, the latter usually unstreaked; tail shorter than wing. Amphispiza (p. 261) mm. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries; lateral rectrices without white; middle rectrices barred with black; wing tip shorter than exposed iculimens ese ee eae Plagiospiza (p. 229) kk. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than second (sometimes shorter than secondaries), or else (Aimophila, part) the tail graduated for as much as length of middle toe, with- out claw, or more. !. Back streaked, or else pileum and back plain purplish grayish brown, passing into gray on rump, upper tail- COVeRtS: 2d itaill eee ee epee ee Aimophila! (p. 280) ll. Back not streaked, nor purplish grayish brown in color. m. Tail more than ‘three times (sometimes nearly four times) as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary not distinctly, if at all, shorter than secondaries (sometimess] One ey) ee ee Pipilo (p. 402) n. Tail not more than three times as long as tarsus, usually less; outermost (ninth) primary distinctly shorter than secondaries. o. Eighth primary longer than secondaries. p. Tibial feathers short (normal), not clear yellow. q. Tail shorter than wing. r. A white loral spot, or else outermost primary edged with white; edge of wing white, or else a yellow patch on side of neck and a white auricular spot----- Melozone (p. 437) rr. No white loral spot nor edging to outermost primary; back olive-green, or if gray a black or grayish brown band across chest; edge of wing yellow or olive-green, or, if white, a black or grayish brown band across chest; no yellow patch on sides of neck nor white auricular spot. 1A very heterogeneous and probably unnatural genus, which, however, I am unable to subdivide. . BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. at s. Pileum 3-striped and a gray or white super- ciliary stripe, or else (Arremon, part) pileum and sides of head uniform black; throat and abdomen white. t. Sides of head grayish, relieved by a nar- vow postocular streak of black or brown; superciliary stripe gray; tail olive-green, like back and wings. Arremonops (p. 445) tt. Sides of head black, sometimes relieved by a white superciliary stripe; tail more or less dusky or slate color. Arremon (p. 454) ss. Pileum uniform chestnut; no superciliary stripe; throat dusky; abdomen yellow or olive-green -.-....--- Lysurus (p. 457) qq. Taillonger than wing, or else (Buarremon, part) very little shorter, and the bill very nar- row, with mandibular tomium straight to the prominent subbasal tooth, and maxilla with distinct subterminal tomial notch. r. Bill stouter, with mandible relatively deeper and shorter (depth at gonydeal angle nearly if not quite equal to half length of gonys, and nearly equal to depth of maxilla in front of nostril); under parts at least partly MOULOWEg eee amit 2.2 m= Atlapetes (p. 459) rr. Bill more slender, with mandible relatively shallower and longer (depth at gonydeal angle equal to about one-third length of gonys and much less than depth of maxilla in front of nostril); under parts white (except sides, ete. ), with or without a black band across chest... --- Buarremon (p. 464) pp. Tibial feathers long, covering tibio-tarsal joint, clear yellow, in conspicuous contrast with gen- eral dark gray and black color of plumage. Pselliophorus (p. 469) oo. Eighth primary shorter than secondaries. Pezopetes (p. 471) Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. Hesperiphona Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 424. (Type, Fringilla vesper- tina CooPER. ) : Hesperophona (emendation) Covers, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 250. Large, long-winged, short-tailed, short-legged, and heavy-billed Fringillide, with the wing nearly twice as long as the tail and pointed (ninth or eighth and ninth primaries longest): the tail slightly emargi- nate; tarsus not more than one-fifth as long as wing, and little, if any, longer than culmen; adult males yellowish and black, with white on 1 Except in some South American species. 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wings; females grayish, with wings and tail blackish, varied with white; young not streaked. Bill very large, but decidedly longer than deep, with culmen very broad, not ridged, decidedly convex only at base and tip; gonys very long, nearly or quite equal to length of maxilla from nostril; depth of bill at base greater than length of hind toe with claw, and nearly equal to length of tarsus; distance between nostrils more than half the length of the gonys; maxillary tomium gently concave for terminal half or more, nearly straight basally, where not abruptly deflexed; mandibular tomium without subbasal angle, but gently arched, the summit of the arch nearly midway between the base and tip. Wing long (nearly five to more than five times as long as the short tarsus), pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth longer than the sixth); primaries with normal tips, the longest exceeding the secondaries by nearly twice the length of the tarsus. Tail short (about three times as long as tarsus), emarginated, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. Tarsus very short, little if any longer than the culmen, about equal to middle toe and half its claw; lateral toes short, their claws falling considerably short of base of middle claw: hallux decidedly shorter that lateral toes, but much stouter. Colors.—Plumage rather compact; adult males largely yellow, the wings and tail black, with innermost secondaries and greater wing- coverts whitish; at least the crown and occiput black; females with grayish, or yellowish gray, replacing the yellow; young not streaked. Pange.—Western temperate North America, from British “Proy- inces to highlands of Guatemala. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HESPERIPHONA, a. Forehead and superciliary region yellow. }. Bill relatively shorter and thicker (culmen averaging 19.05, depth at base 16.51, width of mandible at base 14.48); yellow frontal band broader (averaging 8.89). (Interior of North America, northward, east of Rocky Mountains, straggling eastward in winter. ) -Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina, male (p. 39) Lb. Bill relatively longer and narrower (culmen averaging 20.32 or more, depth of bill at base averaging not more than 16.00, width of mandible at base averag- ing not more than 13.97); yellow frontal band narrower (averaging not more than 7.62). ce. Bill larger and stouter (culmen averaging 20.57, depth at base 16.00, width of mandible at base 13.97); yellow frontal band broader (averaging 7.62). (Western North America south to northern Mexico. ) Hesperiphona vespertina montana, male (p. 41) cc. Bill smaller and narrower (culmen averaging 20.52, depth at base 13.97, width of mandible at base 12.70); yellow frontal band narrower (averaging 5.59). (Highlands of southern Mexico. ) Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana, male (p. 43) aa. Forehead and superciliary region not yellow. b. Head and neck entirely black. (Highlands of southern Mexico and Guate- malall aia) ae See Sf eS A 3 Sen a Hesperiphona abeillii, male (p. 44) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE ‘AMERICA. 39 bb. Head and neck not entirely black. GpeieA EU Lae Kee es ns ee Zr Hesperiphona abeillii, female (p. 45) cc. Pileum grayish brown. d. General color grayer; bill relatively shorter and thicker (culmen averaging 18.54, depth at base 15.75, width of mandible at base 13.97). Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina, female (p. 39) dd. General color more buffy or browner; bill relatively longer and narrower (culmen averaging 20.07 or more, depth at base averaging not more than 17.27, width of mandible at base 13.72 or less). e. Pileum paler (grayish brown or deep hair brown) ; culmen averaging 20.07, depth of bill at’ base 15.75, width of mandible at base 13.72. Hesperiphona vespertina montana, female (p. 42) ee. Pileum darker (dark grayish brown or sepia); culmen averaging 19.81, depth of bill at base 17.27, width of mandible at base 12.45. Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana, female (p. 43) HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA VESPERTINA (Cooper) EVENING GROSBEAK, Adult imale.—F¥orehead (more or less broadly!) and superciliary region yellow; rest of pileum black; rest of head with neck and upper back plain olive, lighter and more yellowish olive on throat, changing gradually to clear lemon yellow on scapulars and rump and to lighter (more citron) yellow on posterior under parts, the longer under tail- coverts sometimes partly white; upper tail-coverts and tail black; wings black, except innermost greater coverts and secondaries (ter- tials) which are white or pale grayish, the former sometimes edged with yellow; bill light olive-yellowish or pale yellowish green; iris brown; legs and feet light brownish; length (skins), 171.45-195.58 (182.12); wing, 105.66-117.35 (111.00); tail, 62.99-71.12 (66.55); culmen, 17.27- 20.57 (19.05); depth of bill at base, 15.49-17.78 (16.51); width of mandible at base, 13.21-15.24 (14.48); tarsus, 20.57-23.11 (21.84); middle toe, 16.76-19.05 (17.78).” Adult female.—Above plain deep smoke gray, the head darker (more mouse gray), the rump paler (pale smoke gray or light drab-gray), the hindneck more or less tinged with yellowish olive-green; throat, abdo- men, and under tail-coverts white, the first with a dusky (submalar) streak along each side; rest of under parts light buffy grayish, usually more or less tinged with yellow, especially on sides of chest; axillars and most of under wing-coverts light yellow; wings dull black, with innermost greater coverts largely dull white, tertials largely light gray with white terminal margins, the primaries more or less edged with white and pale gray, all except the three outermost quills white at base, forming a distinct patch; upper tail-coverts black with large terminal spots of pale buffy grayish and white; tail black, with inner 'Varying in width from 5.08 to 15.24, averaging 8.89. * Twenty-two specimens. 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. webs of rectrices broadly white at tips; length (skins), 165.10-190.50 (176.28); wing, 105.41-112.52 (108.46); tail, 62.74-70.61 (66.04); cul- men, 15.75—20.32 (18.54); depth of bill at base, 15.24-17.27 (15.75); width of mandible at base, 13.21-14.73 (13.97); tarsus, 20.32-229.86 (20.83); middle toe, 17.27-19.05 (17.78).* Young.—Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and more brownish, with markings less sharply detined; dusky submalar streak less distinct, sometimes obsolete; under parts paler and more buffy, : with little if any gray; bill dull horn color or brownish. Interior districts of North America east of Rocky Mountains; north (in winter) to the Saskatchewan; south, in winter, more or less irreg- ularly, to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, ete.; eastward, irregularly and in winter only, to Ontario, New York, and New Eng- land. (Breeding range unknown. ) Fringilla vespertina Cooper (W.), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,i, pt. ii, 1825, 220 (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan).—Bonaparts, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 75, pl. 15, fig. 1; Ann. Nat. His. Lyc. N. Y. ii, 1828, 113; Zool. Journ., iv, pt. ii, 1828, 2.— Nutra.1, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canad., i, 1832, 526.—AupvuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 515; v, 1839, 235, pls. 373, 374. Coccothraustes vespertina Swarxson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 269, pl. 68 (Saskatchewan and shores of Lake Superior in summer).—Jar- DINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iil, 1832, 432, pl. 15, fig. 1.—Bonaparre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 30.—AvupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 217, pl. 207.— Corrie, Canad. Journ., ili, 1855, 287 (historical and descriptive ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 514, part.—THompson, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (Toronto, Ontario, Apr. 2); vii, 1890, 211 (Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton, Ontario, winter).—Prinpar, Auk, iv, 1887, 257 (Hickman, Ken- tucky, Mar.); vi, 1890, 314 (do.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin; localities and dates); Auk, vii, 1890, 210 (Burlington, Vermont, Feb. ).—Keryess, Auk, v, 1888, 114 (Iowa City, Charles City, Grinnell, and Burlington, Iowa, winter).—CoLteman, Auk, v, 1888, 425 (Nemaha Co., Nebraska, Mar.).—Wuntir, Auk, vii, 1890, 209 (Mon- treal, Canada, Jan.).—Brreto.tp, Auk, vii, 1890, 209 (Erie Co., New York, Jan. 18, Apr. 15).—Cuark, Auk, vii, 1890, 210 (Amherst, Massachusetts, Jan. ).—Forsusu, Auk, vii, 1890, 210 (East Brimfield, Massachusetts, Feb. 1).—AveERILL, Auk, vii, 1890, 211 (Gaylordsville, Connecticut, Mar. 10).— Pouine, Auk, vii, 1890, 238 (Champaign, Illinois, Noy. 12, Apr. 1).—Brent, Auk, vii, 1890, 289 (Taunton, Massachusetts, Mar. 8).—Morris, Auk, vii, 1890, 289 (Springfield, Massachusetts, Mar. 21).—Warren, Birds Penn- sylyania, 1890, 224 (numerous records).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 412 (rare winter visit. ).—MarsHAa.t, Auk, ix, 1892, 203 (Steuben Co., New York, Feb. ).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 21, pl. 21, fig. 1. C. Loccothraustes] vespertinus Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 371 (n. Illi- nois in winter); Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 387, part, 601. Coccothraustes vespertinus Saryix and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426, part (in synonymy, ete.).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 584 (Manitoba, winter visit.; habits).—Burier, Auk, x, 1898, 155 (Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario records; habits); Birds Indiana, 1897, 911 ‘Twenty-nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41 (winter visit. n. and central parts, s. to Indianapolis).—Sacr, Auk, x, 1893, 207 (East Hampton, Connecticut, Mar. 2).—AmeErtcan ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 514.—Turrtx, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Erie Co., Ohio, Jan.).—Knicurt, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 89 (Androseog- gin, Oxford, and Penobscot counties, Maine, casual in winter). / C.[occothraustes] vespertina Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387, part. Hesperiphona vespertina BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxi, Sept., 1850, 424.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 409, part (in synonymy, etc.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 303, part.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1858, 191 (n. Llinois).—Kirtianp, Ohio Farmer, ix, March 24, 1860 (Ohio).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862,5 (Forks of Saskatchewan, Noy.); 1863, 69 (Saskat- chewan, Noy.—Apr. 22).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (vic. New York City).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 136, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 65, part (synonymy and biography).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 6 (e. Kansas, Noy. ).—Trr- FANYy, Am. Nat., xii, 1878, 471 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, winter; habits).— Roserts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (Minnesota, till May 19).— Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 165.—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 179 (Woodford Co., Illinois, fall). —AGrrspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 279 (s.e. South Dakota).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 354 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. ).— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 32, part (in synonymy, etc.). [Hesperiphona] vespertina Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 505, part.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. HI, [esperiphona] vespertina Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (n. e. Illinois, winter). Hesperophona vespertina Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 250 (Onondaga Co., New York, July 8); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 189, part.—Wiutiarp, Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (Brown Co., Wisconsin, Noy. 28). H. [esperophona] vespertina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 344, part. [ Hesperiphona vespertina] var. vespertina Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449. [ Hesperiphona vespertina.| Var. vespertina Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, N. Am. B., i, 1874, 450, in text. Hesperiphona vespertina, var. vespertina Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 22, fig. 1. Coccoborus vespertinus Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 383 (Wisconsin). Loxia bonapartei Lesson, Ferussac’s Bull. Scient. Nat., xxvi, Aug., 1831, 190. “ Coccothraustes bonapartii Less[on], ‘Illust. de Zool., 1834, pl. 84 (2, Melville Isl). (Cours: Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana (nomen nudum) Ripaway Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 189 (Waukegan, Ills.; crit.).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 508 (Waukegan, Illinois; not of vol. i, p. 449). HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA MONTANA Ridgway. WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK, Similar to /Z. v. vespertina, but with somewhat longer and relatively narrower bill; adult male not appreciably, or at least not constantly, different in coloration from that of JZ. v. vespertina, but with yellow band across forehead averaging narrower’ and perhaps with flanks a6 lVarying from 5.08 to 9.40; averaging 7.62. ry > ? oO > 49 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and abdomen more strongly tinged with olivaceous; adult female more buffy than that of //. v. vespertina, especially on under parts. Adult male. ee (skins), 170.18-185.42 (177.04); wing, 105.92- 116.59 (109.73); tail, 63.50-73.15 (66.04); culmen, 19.56-22.61 (20.57); depth of Dill A base, 15.49-17.27 (16.00); width of mandible at base, 12.45-15.24 (13.97); tarsus, 20.32—22.86 (21.34); middle toe, 17.53-19. 81 (18.03).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 165.10-185.42 (174.75); wing, 104.14— 111.76 (107,70); tail, 60.96—-70.61 (65.02); culmen, 19.05-21.08 (20.07); depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.51 (15.75); width of mandible at base, 12.95-14.73 (18.72); tarsus, 20.07—22.35 (21.34); middle toe, 16.51-18.29 (18.08).” Western United States and Northern Mexico; east to and including Rocky Mountains; north to British Columbia. Fringillavespertina (not of W. Cooper, 1825) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 18389, 154 (Columbia R. ). Coccothraustes vespertina Henry, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 312 (New Mex- ico).—AntHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., Oregon ).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 514, part.—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 196 (Sta. Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, Nov.).—Townsenp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Meta x, 1887, 215 (Ft. Grace and Yreka, n. California).—SwiINBURNE, Auk, v, 1888, 118 (White Mts., Arizona, breeding; descr. next and eggs).— Merritt, Auk, vy, 1888, 357, (Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon; habits; color of bill, ete. ).—Suuretpt, Auk, vi, 1889, 73 (Ft. Wingate, New Mexico; habits, ete. ); vii, 1890, 93 (habits in captivity ).—Mearns, Auk, vil, 1890, 49 (n. e. Arizona). Coccothraustes vespertinus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1847, 49 (near Salt Lake City, Utah, Oct. ).—Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, Ghee 3 (n. Mexico) .— Satyiyn and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426, part (in synonymy, etc. Ne [ Coccothraustes] vespertinus SCLATER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 34, part. C. Loccothraustes] vespertinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds) 2d ed., 1896, 387, part, 601. C. Loccothraustes] vespertina Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387, part. Hesperiphona vespertina Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 409, chiefly (Co- lumbia R.; Ft. Vancouver, Washington; Ft.Thorn, New Mexico) ; Cat. N. Am. 3irds, 1859, no. 303, part.—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coorrr and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., a pt. i1, 1859, 196 (Ft. Vancouver, Washington ).—Coves, Check List, 1878, no. 136, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 65, part (synonymy, biography) .—Coorrr, Am. Nat., ili, 1869,75 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 174.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xv, 1872,199 (Wyoming) .—Hrnsnaw, Rep.Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 109 (s. of Apache, Arizona, Sept. 11) ; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 239 (do.); List Birds Arizona, 1875, 158.—(?) Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 6 (Ellis, w. Kansas, Noy.).—STEPHENSs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (New Mexico ).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (s. New Mexico, Jan., May).—Be.pine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 412 (Soda Springs, California, Sept. ).—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 165, part.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885,15 (Colorado, 5,000-8,000 ft.).— Scorr, Auk., ii, 1885, 349 (s. Arizona).—SHarpkr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 32, a (Brit. Columbia; Oregon). Sixteen specimens. *Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND: MIDDLE AMERICA- 43 [ Hesperiphona] vespertina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. Hesperphona vespertina Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 80 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona). Hesperophona vespertina Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 189, part.—BrewsrEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 227 (Walla Walla, e. Washington) .—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 174 (s. Arizona). H. [esperophona] vespertina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 342, part. Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, Noy., 1873, 181 (Colorado; nomen nudum!).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrp@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 22, fig. 4. [Hesperiphona vespertina] var. montana Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part! (type from Cantonment Bur- gwyn, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.). [ Hesperiphona vespertina.| Var. montana Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 450, in text. Hesperiphona vespertina montana Goovr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 323. Coccothraustes vespertina montana Mrarns, Auk, vil, July, 1890, 246 (crit.; deser.) , 258 (Ft. Verde, Arizona).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna No. 5, 1891, 101 (head waters Payette R., centr. Idaho, July). Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton ComMMITTEE, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 85, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, No. 514 a, part.— Fisoer, North Aiaerican Fauna No. 7, 1893, 79 (Auburn, Guim Oct.).—Lowe, Auk, xi, 1894, 269 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 10,000 ft. ).— Merritt, Auk, xv, 1898, 14 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, May to July 29).— Swarr, Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899, 95 (summit Mt. Wilson, Los » Angeles Co., California, Oct. 30). C.[occothraustes] vespertinus montanus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 601, part. HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA MEXICANA (Chapman). MEXICAN EVENING GROSBEAK, Similar to /Z. v». montana, but bill smaller and more slender; adult male with yellow frontal band narrower,’ and adult female with color of the pileum decidedly darker. egy male.—Length (skins), 165.10-175.26 (170.18); wing, 109.22- 112.27 (111.25); tail, 64.77-70.61 (66.80); culmen, 19.56—20.83 (20.32); nee of bill at base, 13.97; width of mandible at base, 12.70-18.21 (12.70); tarsus, 20.32-21.59 (21.08); middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.03); width of yellow frontal band, 5.08—6.86 (5.59).° eee Length (skins), 154.94-160.02 (157.73); wing, L06. 109.73 (107.95); tail, 61.72-64.52 (63.25); culmen, 18.54-20.32 (19. 81): 1 First characterized (but unfortunately not named) by Professor Baird in Cooper’s Ornithology of California (1870, p. 175), and a colored figure of the head of the adult male (the same as that afterwards published in History of North American Birds) given, the form being referred to as one of ‘‘two strongly marked varieties’? which had been differentiated by me. * Varying from 5.08 to 6.86, averaging 5.59. * Four specimens. 44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth of bill at base, 13.97-15.49 (14.73); width of mandible at base, 19.19-12.95 (12.45); tarsus, 19.05-21.59 (20.32); middle toe, 16.00- 3-291 C27).* Mountains of southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Sierra San Felipe), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Las Vigas, Mirador), Puebla (Chalchico- mula), Mexico (Monte Alto), Durango (El Salto). ete. [ Hesperiphona] vespertina (not Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, 1825) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 505, part (Mexico). Hesperiphona vespertina SumrcHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (Monte Alto, near City of Mexico, May).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 174, part (Mexico. )—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part.—Covers, Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part; Bull. Nutt. Orn. -Club, iv, 1879, 65, part (im synonymy ) ee iy, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 165, part.— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Scie Mus., xii, 1888, 32, part (Vera Cruz). Coccothraustes vespertinus ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1860, 2 an ree Vera Cruz).—Satviy, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 211 (Mexico). Nand GopMaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426, chiefly (Monte Alto and Orizaba). [ Coccothraustes] vespertinus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 34, part. C. Loccothraustes| vespertinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,1896, 387, part. Coccothraustes vespertina AMERICAN OrNitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 514, part (Mexico). [ Hesperiphona vespertina] var. montana Ripa@way, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part (mts. of Mexico). Coccothraustes vespertina montana Mearns, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 246, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz). Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 85, part (Mexico); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 514a, part. C.Loccothraustes] vespertinus montanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 601, part (Vera Cruz). Coccothraustes vespertinus mexicanus CHAPMAN, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 311 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, e. Mexico, alt. 8,000 ft.; Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). HESPERIPHONA ABEILLII (Lesson). ABEILLE’S GROSBEAK, Adult male with head entirely black (all round);, adult female with pileum black and without dusky streak on sides of throat. Adult male.—Head and neck all round uniform deep black; back, seapulars and rump light olive-green, more yellowish on rump; under parts (except throat and foreneck) olive-yellow, paler posteriorly; thighs black, the feathers more or less margined with light olive or grayish; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black; innermost second- aries (tertials) : and corresponding greater wing-coyerts mostly grayish; fourth to seventh primaries sometimes with a white spot at base; bill olive-grayish, with tip and tomia yellowish: feet light brownish; 1 Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 length (skins), 165.10-177.80 (170.69); wing, 100.33-106.17 (103.63); tail, 59.69-63.50 (61.98); culmen, 20.32—21.59 (20.83); depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.51 (15:49); width of mandible at base, 13.97-14.73 (14.48); tarsus, 19.81—20.57 (20.32); middle toe, 15.75-17-27 (16.51)'. Adult female.—Entire pileum, including nape, uniform black; lores, anterior portion of malar region, and chin black or dusky; sides of head (except as described), back, scapulars, and rump grayish olive- greenish; under parts light yellowish olive, washed with brownish buffy posteriorly, the throat dull buffy whitish or pale grayish; wings and tail as in adult male, but the black duller; innermost primaries always (7) with a white spot at base, and inner webs of one to three outermost rectrices with a more or less extensive white terminal spot, the upper tail-coverts also sometimes tipped with white; length (skins) 163.32-182.88 (172.21); wing, 101.60-104.14 (102.87); tail, 59.69-62.23 (60.96); culmen, 19.30-22.35 (20.57); depth of bill at base 14.99-17.78 (16.00); width of mandible at base, 13.72-15.49 (14.48); tarsus, 19.56- 20.83 (20.32); middle toe, 15.49-16.76 (16.26).* Highlands of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba), Puebla (Huachinango), and Mexico, and Guatemala (Duefas, 3 Coban, San Gerénimo, Volcan de Fuego, ete.).' Guiraca abeillii Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). [ Hesperiphona] abeillii Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 505. Hesperiphona abeillii Sumtcurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,1, 1869, 550 (temperate region, Vera Cruz).—Coves, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 67, footnote (synonymy ). Hesperiphona abeillxi SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 34 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Coban, San Gerdnimo, and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). H. [esperiphona] abeillii Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449. Coccothraustes abeillii SCLATER and Savin, Ibis, i, 1859, 19 (Guatemala ).—ScLATER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (Jalapa).—Sarvin, Ibis, 1861, 352 (Volcan de Fuego, Chilasco, and Coban, Guatemala); 1866, 206. [ Coccothraustes] abeillii Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 87, no. 7289. C. Loccothraustes] abeillii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387. [ Coccothraustes] abeillei ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 34. Coccothraustes abeillxi SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1886, 426.— CuapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; habits). Coccothraustes abeillei Lantz, Trams. Kans. Ac., 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Coatepec, Oaxaca) . 1 Five specimens; four from Vera Cruz and Puebla; one from Guatemala. 2 Five specimens; four from Huachinango, Puebla (January ), and one from Duefas, Guatemala (September). ’The single adult male from Guatemala examined is appreciably less greenish olive-yellow on the back, and the rump and under parts are decidedly deeper yel- low than in any of the four Mexican specimens with which it has been compared. The single Guatemalan femaleexamined hasa larger and stouter bill than any of the Mexican females, and the under parts are more strongly washed with buffy brownish. A larger series may, however, show that these differences are not constant. 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Hesperiphona] vespertina (not Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, 1825) Bonaparrs, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 505, part (supposed young). Coccothraustes maculipennis ScLATER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 251, pl. 163 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. P. L. Sclater;=adult female).—SciaTerR and Sat- vin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1860, 398 (Altotenango, Guatemala).—SALvin, Ibis, 1865, 206. Genus LOXIA Linnezus. N Loxia LiInnmus, Syst. rostra Linneeus. ) Crucirostra Lmacn, Syst. Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816,12. (Type, Loxia curvirostra Linneeus. ) Curvirostra BREHM, Ornis, ii, 1827,85. (Type, Loria curvirostra Linneeus. ) at.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 171. (Type, by elmination, L. curvi- Large to rather small arboreal finches, with the falcate maxilla and mandible crossed at tips. Bill much compressed terminally, with both maxilla and mandible faleate and crossed in adults; culmen and gonys both distinctly ridged; mandibular tomium straight for basal half, concave thence to the tip; maxillary tomium without distinct basal deflection. Nasa] plumules conspicuous, quite concealing nostrils. Wing long (about five and a half times as long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost primaries longest, the ninth decidedly longer than the sixth); primaries exceeding sec- ondaries by more than twice the length of the tarsus. Tail short (more than half as long as the wing) and narrow, deeply emarginated or forked, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. Tarsi short, little if any longer than commissure, not more than one-third as long as the tail, shorter than middle toe with claw; lateral claws falling short of base of middle claw; hind toe as long as inner toe, its claw shorter than its digit; but strongly curved. Colors.—Adult males red, with wings and tail black or dusky, the former with or without white bands. Adult females and immature (7) males with olive-greenish and yellowish replacing the red. Young conspicuously streaked. Range.—Palearctic and Nearctic regions in general, except warmer parts; in the latter, south to high mountains of Guatemala; Philippine Islands (in mountains). KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LOXIA. a. Wings dusky relieved only by narrow and usually indistinct edgings of paler. (Lovia curvirostra.") b. Smallest: Wing of male ad. averaging 87.38, tail 50.04, exposed culmen 16.51, depth of bill at base 10.16, tarsus 16.51, middle toe 13.72; colors slightly darker and duller. (Northern and eastern North America. ) Loxia curvirostra minor (p. 47) 1 Loxia curvirostra curvirostra has been introduced, from Burne: into the United States, and may, unless lost by interbreeding with the native races, have become naturalized. It is intermediate in size between L. c. bendirei and L. ¢. strickland*, but is duller colored than either. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47 6b. Larger: Wing of male ad. averaging 92.20 or more, culmen averaging not less than 18.54; colors slightly lighter and brighter. (Western United States and southward. ) c. Smaller: Wing of male ad. averaging 92.20, tail 52.58, culmen 18.54, depth of bill at base 11.43, tarsus 17.27, middle toe 13.97. (Western United States MMACOMMECROUSMIOLEStEN aso 2s oe. 2 oka 2 Loxia curvirostra bendirei (p. 50) ce. Largest: Wing of male ad. averaging 98.55, tail 56.13, culmen 19.81, depth of bill at base 12.45, tarsus 18.29, middle toe 15.24. (High mountain’ of south- ern Arizona and New Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. ) Loxia curvirostra stricklandi (p. 52) aa. Wings black relieved by two conspicuous white bands. (Northern North PANMELICAm WESTOP LUN ODEN) ee. a2) cin co te oe Loxia leucoptera (pp. 53) LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (Brehm). AMERICAN CROSSBILL. Similar to Z. ¢. curvirostra, but much smaller and with coloration darker. Adult male.—General color dull red (varying from dull brownish scarlet or almost orange-chrome in summer to a hue more or less approaching dragon’s blood red in winter), the red brightest on rump, dullest on back and scapulars, where the feathers have more or less distinct dusky brownish centers; orbits, upper part of auricular region, spot at posterior extremity of malar region and another on each side of occiput dusky brownish, these markings not sharply defined, sometimes indistinct, but always evident; middle of abdomen more or less extensively light grayish; bill horn color, more dusky at tips: iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish; length (skins), 128.27— 161.04 (143.00); wing, 80.77-93.22 (87.38); tail, 48.69-54.86 (50.04); exposed culmen, 14.48-18.54 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 8.89-11.68 (10.16); tarsus, 14.73-18.29 (16.51); middle toe, 12.70-15.49 (13.72).! Adult female.—The red of the adult male replaced by grayish olive or olive-grayish more or less extensively overlaid by bright yellowish olive or dull saffron yellow, this brighter color always evident on rump and sometimes prevalent over under parts (except abdomen and under tail-coverts); wings and tail less dark, more grayish dusky; length (skins), 125.22-153.92 (128.27); wing, 78.74-90.68 (85.09); tail, 38.10-53.85 (48.51); exposed culmen, 13.72-17.78 (16.00); depth of bill at base, 8.38-11.43 (9.91); tarsus, 14.73-17.78 (16.51); middle toe, 12.70-14.48 (13.72).? Immature (?) male.—Exactly like the adult female in coloration. (Many specimens determined by dissection to be males are quite indis- tinguishable from adult females in coloration; others are variously intermediate in coloration between adult males and females; whether ' Seventy-six specimens. “Forty-two specimens. 48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. these are really immature birds is doubtful, and it has been suspected that some males never acquire the red plumage.) ' Young.—W ings and tail as in adult female; upper parts pale gray- ish, more or less mixed or tinged with olive on back and scapulars (sometimes almost white on head, neck, and rump), everywhere broadly streaked with dusky; beneath whitish, usually more or less tinged with olive, conspicuously streaked with dusky or dusky olive. Northern and eastern North America, breeding in coniferous forest districts from southern Alleghanies in northern Georgia (sporadically toward coast in Maryland, Virginia, etc.), Michigan, ete., to Nova Scotia, to Fort Anderson in the interior, and to western Alaska, and southward through Pacific coast district to western Oregon; in winter irregularly southward to South Carolina (vicinity of Charleston); Lou- isiana (Mandeville, New Orleans, etc.); Nevada (East Humboldt Moun- tains), ete.; casually to the Bermudas. Loxia .. . curvirostra (not Linnzeus) Forsrer, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 402 (Severn River). Lowia curvirostra SWAINSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., 1, 18381, 264.—Nurratyt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canad., i, 1832, 583.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 559; v, 1839, 511, pl. 197; Synopsis, 1839, 128; Birds Am., oct. ed., ili, 1841, 186, pl. 200.—Jar- DINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., li, 1832, 37, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 37 (Bermudas, 1 spec. Jan., 1849).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 435, part 2 mee same een ablien to so- ie immature cies ai eae Carpodacus, ete. Considering the very great extent of country inhabited exclusively by this small form, the considerable variations of size and coloration observable seem to be purely individual and not at all correlated with difference of locality. The following aver- age measurements of several series, grouped according to locality, will serve to show that there is certainly no material variation of size according to latitude: | Middle toe. Ex- | Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. culmen. at base. | = MALES. Eight adult males from coast of Oregon to Alaska.-| 85.09 | 48. 26 15.49 9.91 | 16.26 13. 46 Ten adult males from Michigan to Pennsylvania NOUN CW oY OL Ks smite icles coer en ee eine mie: = cle wets esieecie miele 87.12 | 49.78 16.51 | 10.92 | 16.51 13.97 Six sdult males from Massachusetts to Maine .....- 52. 58 17.27 | 10.16) 16501 IB STP 49.78 15. 49 9. 40 16.51 13. 72 49.53 16.26 10.16 16.51 13. 72 Six adult males from Nebraska (Omaha) ....--...-- Thirty-three adult males from District of Columbia. Thirteen adult males from South Carolina (Charles- TSS) ere eee weal fm =) fate ler 89.15 | 51.31 eet | LOS67. | L702 13.97 FEMALES. Four adult females from coast of Washington to DAU SUS Cee ee se fore tee testa tetatate ain atetaatalleeletainrar sist late 83.57 | 47.50 14.73 9.40 | 16.26 13.72 Four adult females from Massachusetts to Maine...} 86.36 | 50.04 Df 20e|) ol A ee ereOD 13572 Three adult females from Nebraska (Omaha)....--- 82.30! 45.97 15.75 9.65 | 16.26! 18.72 Twenty-six adult females from District of Columbia.) 59.69 | 48. 26 16.00 9.65 | 16.51 13. 72 13. 72 Four adult females from South Carolina (Charleston) | 86.87 | 50.55 7.27 | LONAL,| 16576 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 Curvirostra americana (not Loxia americana Gmelin, 1788) Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 44, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 426, part (Pennsylvania; New York; Fort Steilacoom and Shoalwater Bay, Washing- ton); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 318.—Cooprrr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 198 (coast of Washington).—Dawu and Bannis- TER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Sitka, Alaska).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 148, part. [ Curvirostra] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129, part. Loxia americana (not Gmelin, 1788) Bonaparrr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 38.—BoNnAPARTE and SCHLEGEL, Mon. Lox., 1850, 5, pl. 6.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 121 (Nova Scotia).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.., iii, 1872, 56 (coast of Alaska).—Barirp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 23, figs. 1, 4.—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 455 (E. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, August, Sept. ).—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (Hamil- ton Co., Ohio, Nov. 30).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 50 (breed- ing at Randolph, Vermont; nesting habits). LL. [oxia] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 388.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 527. [Loxia curvirostra] f. americana Buastus, List Birds Europe (ed. Newton), 1862, 14. Loxia curvirostra ... var. americana Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 143. L. [oxia] curvirostra . . . var. americana Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 372 (Illinois in winter). Loxia curvirostra var. americana Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 484, part.—BickNELL, Am. Nat., x, 1876, 237 (breeding at Riverdale, s. e. New York).—Jovy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 155 (District Columbia). LI. [oxia] curvirostra var. americana Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105 (n. e, Illinois in winter). [ Loxia curvirostra var. americana] b. americana Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 109. Loxia curvirostra americana Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, July, 1878, 117 (descr. supposed female juv.=female ad.?).—Bickneui, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 7 (breeding at Riverdale, s.e. New York; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); Auk, i, 1884, 327 (song).—Smira, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 56 (Cumberland plateau, e. Tennessee, Aug. ).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 172; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1884, 105 (crit.); Auk, i, 1884, 292 (Laurel, ete., Maryland, probably breeding).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 199.—NeEtson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 66 (St. Michael, Alaska, 1 spec. ).—Frxscu, Journ. fiir Orn. 1883, 274 (Portage Bay, Alaska, Feb.).—Browne, Auk, ii, 1885, 105 (Framingham, e. Massachusetts, breeding). L. [oxia] curvirostra americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 349. [ Loxia crucirostra] var. americana Dusois, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., i, Oct., 1882, 6, part (synonymy; geog. range). Crucirostra minor BrrumM, Naumannia, iii, 1853, 193, fig. 12 (coniferous forests of United States; ex Loxia minor Lichtenstein, MS.). Loxia curvirostra minor Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN ORnNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 521, part.—Brews- TER, Auk, iii, 1886, 107 (Black Mts., North Carolina, above 5,000 feet in summer).—AntTHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (n. w. Oregon).—Serron, Auk, iii, 1886, 322 (w. Manitoba in winter).—TuRNer, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 170 (St. Michael, Alaska, 1 spec. Aug. 4).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 173 (coast Alaska south of peninsula). —Wayne, Auk, iv, 1887, 17024—01——-4 Xe) BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 287 (near Charleston, South Carolina, Dec., 1886 to Feb., 1887, abundant); v 1888, 115 (do., Nov.).—ALuen, Auk, v, 1888, 325 (Mandeville, Louisiana, Mar. 27).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 180 (dates, etc. ).—EveEr- MANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Tndiaria, Dec. 26 to Apr. 23).—MILLER, Auk, vii, 1890, 228 (breeding near Cape Cod, Massachusetts). —CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iu, 1890, 1438 (Brit. Columbia).—Fanntn, Check List, Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34 (throughout ).—Macrar.ane, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 440 (Fort Anderson, June 20).—THompson, Proc. U. 8: Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 585 (Manitoba, winter; breeding?).—Burimr, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1892, 63 (range in Ohio Valley).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, 1892, 45 (Gray’s Harbor, Washington, resident ).—KENNARD, Auk, xii, 1895, 304 (Hamilton Co., New York, breeding).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 39.—Grinnext, Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka). Ts [owia] curvirostra minor RrpGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 392. Loxia minor Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA BENDIREI Ridgway. BENDIRE’S CROSSBILL, Similar to Z. ce. minor, but decidedly larger; adult male averaging rather lighter or brighter in color, the adult female slightly lighter and grayer. Male.—Length (skins), 135.13-158.24 (148.08); wing, 87.38-97.03 (92.20); tail, 45.47-57.40 (52.58); exposed culmen, 16.26-20.83 (18.54); depth of bill at base, 10.16-11.94 (11.48); tarsus, 16.51-19.30 (17.53); middle toe, 12.70-15.49 (14.22).* Female.—Length (skins), 137.16-151.89 (145.29); wing, 83.82-92.96 (87.88); tail, 43.18-54.36 (50.04); exposed culmen, 16.76-19. - (18.03); depth of bill at base, 9.91-11.43 (10.67); tarsus, 16.51-17.78 (17.27); middle toe, 12.95-14.73 (13.97).* More northern and central mountain districts of western United States, from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado to the Cascade Moun- tains and Sierra Nevada; during migration east to eastern Nebraska 1 Thirty-eight specimens. * Thirteen specimens. The following average measurements show the slight amount of variation in size according to locality: Ex-_ | Depth \Ti ac Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. shawe | jculmen. at base. : nee Tae ee es vetoes MALES. | Fifteen adult males from eastern Oregon..........- 92.96 | 52.32 77s AS elie 13.97 Fourteen adult males from California .............. | 92.20] 53.59 AGSZON asa eh ats. 14. 48 Nine adult males from Colorado .................--- [ee OT ea4i) a1 S56 || eel ee 2On| eae eee 17.27 | 13. 97 FEMALES. Three adult females from eastern Oregon......-.--- | 89.41 | 52:07} 17.78 | 11.43 | 17.02 18. 72 Four adult females from California ..........-...... | 88.90 | 49.53 18.03 ee LOGi eee | 14, 22 Six adult females from Colorado......... waa Meee | 86.36 | 49.02 7S LOL1G elis028|) aor or | BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51 (Omaha) and Kansas (Lawrence, Manhattan, Emporia, etc.), west to coast district of California (Santa Cruz), casually to Guadalupe Island, Lower California, and south to New Mexico (upper Pecos River, Las Vegas, etc.). Loxia americana (not Curvirostra americana Wilson) Newxserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 87 (Cascade Mts., Oregon; mts. n. Califor- nia).—(?) ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 55 (Bighorn and Musselshell rivers, etc., Montana). Curvirostra americana (not of Wilson) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 426, part (Des Chutes R., Oregon; Laramie Peak, Wyoming), 924 (Rocky Mts. and Pacific slope), 927 (Ft. Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 318, part.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 148, part. Loxia curvirostra . . . var. americana HrnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 79 (mts. of Colorado, breeding), 158 (s. Rocky Mts. ); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 248 (do.).—Brnprre, Proc. Boston Soe. N. H., 1877, 116 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 143 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 7,500 ft.). Loxia curvirostra var. americana Newson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 344 (30 m. s. of Ft. Bridger, Wyoming). Lowia curvirostra, 6.americana BreLpinG, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,i, 1879, 412 (Sum- mit Meadows, California, Oct.). L.[oxia] curvirostra americana HensHaw. Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 295 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). Loxia curvirostra americana Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 143 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 7,500 ft.); Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, breeding at 5,000-8,000 ft.).—HensHaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 333 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, Oct. 20; breeding at Ft. Garland, Colorado). [Lovia crucirostra] var. americana Dvusors, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., i, 1882, 6, part. Curvirostra mexicana (not Loxia mexicana Strickland) SrevEeNson, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871 (1872), 462 (Bitter Cottonwood, Green R., etc., Wyoming). Loxia curvirostra var. mexicana Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, Noy., 1873, 181, 189 (Colorado).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 93 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). Loxia curvirostra . . . var. mexicana Hensuaw. Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 248, part (Pagosa, Colorado). Loxia curvirostra, y. mexicana Ripaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado, breeding). Loxia curvirostra mexicana Mrxor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, y, Oct., 1880, 229 (mts. of Colorado).—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 161 (Austins Bluffs, Colorado, Apr.; crit.). L.[oxia] ¢.[urvirostra] mexicana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350, part. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Rripaway, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., ii, April 28, 1884, 101, part (type from Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon; U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 392, footnote.—(?) Batcuetper, Auk, ii, 1885, 128 (Las Vegas, New Mexico).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 123 (Mt. Shasta, n. California; crit.). Loxia curvirostra stricklandi (not Ridgway, 1885) AmeRIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 561a, part (Colorado).—Dycue, Auk, iii, 1886, 258 (Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 1 to Jan. 26).—Brewsrer, Auk, ili, 1886, 260, 261 (Lawrence, Kansas; crit.).—Bryant, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 297 (Guadalupe I., Lower California).—Merritt, Auk, vy, 1888, 358 (Ft. Kla- math, e. Oregon).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 180 (Lawrence, Man- 52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hattan, and Emporia, e. Kansas, Noy. 5, 1885 to Jan. 26, 1886); Birds Colo- rado, 1897, 97 (resident ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 420 (winter resident).— Fisner, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 18938, 81 (s. Sierra Nevada, near timber line, June to Sept.).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 263 (Lawrence, Manhattan, and Emporia, Nov.). Loxia stricklandi Newson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174, part (Colorado). Loxia curvirostra minor (not Crucirostra minor Brehm) AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 521, part (Rocky Mts. to Colorado ).—Town- SEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 216 (Mt. Shasta, etc., n. California; habits).—Merriii, Auk, xy, 1898, 15 (Ft. Sherman, n. w. Idaho, breeding). LOXIA CURVIROSTRA STRICKLANDI Ridgway. MEXICAN CROSSBILL, Similar to LZ. c. bendirei, but decidedly larger (the largest of Amer- ican forms). Male.—Length (skins), 150.88-161.29 (155.19); wing, 93.22-102.87 (98.55); tail, 52.83-58.93 (56.13); exposed culmen, 18 .80-21.84 (19.81); depth of bill at base, eee (12.45); tarsus. 17.53-18.80 (18.29); middle toe, 13.72-16. 26 (15.24)? Female.—Length (skins), 145.29-160.02 (150.62); wing, 86.87-98.55 (92.71); tail, 47.75~54.36 (51.31); exposed culmen, 17.78—20.57 (19.30); depth of bill at base, 10.41-12.45 (11.68); tarsus, 17.02-18.29 (17.78); middle toe, 12.70-15.24 (14.22).” High mountains of central and southern New Niestiee and Arizona (Chiricahua, Santa Catalina, and Mogollon ranges, Mount Graham, San Francisco Mountains, ete.), along higher. ranges in Mexico (in coniferous belt) to Guatemala (Chaucus). Loxia mexicana (not of Linnzeus) SrrickLanp, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 185], 43 (City of Mexico).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 174 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (Jalapa).— SALvIN, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Chaucus, Guatemala); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 202 (Mexico).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 424. Var. Curvirostra mexicana Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 318a. ' Thirteen specimens. * Nine specimens. Specimens from Guatemala, Mexico, and Arizona average separately as follows: Ex- Depth : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Middle culmen. | at base, 7 MALES. One adult male from Guatemala.................20- 93.47 | 55.88 20.07 | 11.43 | 18.03 15. 24. Riveadult males trom Mexico. sesceeeseeeeesecsnee 100.33 | 56.39 19. 81 12.95 18. 03 15.49 Seven adult males from ‘Arizona .........----------- 97.79 | 55.88 19.81 | 12.45 | 18,29 14. 99 FEMALES, Two adult females from Guatemala..............-.- OOS OS SESS Sere ste 19.56 | 11.94] 18.03 14. 48 Three adult females from Mexico................-.- 96.27 | 52.07 19.56 | 12.45 | 17.78 14. 73 Fouradulttemsles trom eA rizonalees. eee eeeeeeo ene 90.93 | 50.80 18.80 | 10.41 | 17.27 13. 72 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53 [Curvirostra americana.] Var. mexicana Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129. Loxia curvirostra .. . var. mexicana Cours, Check Tage 1873, no. 143a.—HEn- sHAWw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 158 (Mt. Graham, s. Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 248 (Mt. Graham, s. Arizona). Loxia curvirostra, var. mexicana Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 488, part.—Hensnaw, Am. Sportsman, Feb. 20, 1875, 328 (pine region of Arizona). [Loxia curvirostra, var. americana] c. mexicana Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 109, ? part (synonymy). Loxia curvirostra mexicana Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 176; Nom. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 172a.—Covgs, Check Tae 94 ed., 1882, no. 200.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 193 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona). L. [oxia] ¢. [urvirostra] mexicana Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 1884, 350, part. [ Loxia crucirostra] var. mexicana Duswors, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., Oct., 1882, 7 (syn.; geog. range). Curvirostra mexicana SumicHRrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine region of Vera Cruz, Mexico). Loxia americana (not Curvirostra americana Wilson) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico). [Loxia] americana ScuaTER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 34. Curvirostra americana SumicHrast Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine reg., Vera Cruz). Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 354 (substitute for name mexicana, preoccupied ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOL- ocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 521la (part).—Scort, pues iv, 1887, 197 (Sta. Catalina Mts., s. Arizona).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 258 (Glogellon Mts., Arizona, heeding in pine belt).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 40 (Grand Canyon of the Colorado), 95 (San Francisco Mt., in balsam belt).—Sronn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Vera Cruz, 9,000 ft.).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ). Loxia stricklandi Newtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174, part (Arizona). Loxia curvirostra (not of Linnzeus) SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 435, part. LOXIA LEUCOPTERA Gmelin. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Wings black or nearly so, marked with two conspicuous broad bands of white across tips of middle and greater (sometimes also last row of lesser) coverts; tertials also more or less marked at tips with white, except in worn plumage; upper tail-coverts and tail black or nearly so, with narrow paler edgings. Adult male.—Head, neck, median portion of back, rump, and most of under parts red (usually pinkish red or light carmine, occasionally more orange-red, rarely orange-yellowish); abdomen and flanks pale grayish or dull white, the latter more or less streaked with dusky; under tail-coverts black, broadly margined with white (sometimes tinged with pink); scapulars black, this color extending across the lower back; lores, part of orbital region, and spot at end of auricular 54 BULLETIN 450, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. region dusky; bill horn color, darker terminally; legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 137.16-166.12 (148.34); wing, 84.58-91.44 (88.65); tail, 50.80-59.44 (54.86); exposed culmen, 15.75-17.53 (16.51); depth of bill at. base (three specimens), 9.14-9.91 (9.65); tarsus, 15.49-17.02 (16.26); middle toe, 11.18-13.21 (12.19).? Adult female.—Wings and tail as in adult male; scapulars dusky centrally, margined with olive or grayish; rump light yellow (usually maize or naples yellow); rest of upper parts with feathers dusky cen- trally, broadly margined with olive or olive-yellowish, producing a spotted or streaked appearance; posterior under parts as in the adult male, but more anterior portions dull light olive-grayish, the feathers with more or less conspicuous central spots or streaks of dusky, the breast usually more or less strongly tinged or overlaid with olive- yellowish; length (skins), 1382.08-157.99 (148.51); wing, 82.80-90.17 (85.34); tail, 48.77-59.18 (54.36); exposed culmen, 15.24-16.76 (15.75); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 10.16; tarsus, 15.24-17.27 (16.00), middle toe, 11.18-12.70 (11.94).” Young.—Conspicuously streaked, both above and below, with dusky ona dull whitish or partly pale olivaceous ground; wings and tail much as in adult female, but the white markings of the former more restricted and more or less tinged with pale buffy or yellowish. Breeding in coniferous forest districts of northern North America, south to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hamp- shire (White Mountains), northern New York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island), etc;* in winter south, irregularly, to District of Columbia, southern Ohio (near Cincinnati), central Indiana (Indianapolis, Bloomington, etc.), southern Illinois (Richland County), Kansas, Colorado, Nevada (East Humboldt Mountains), British Colum- ' Kighteen specimens. * Fifteen specimens. Eastern and northwestern specimens differ in average measurements, as follows: Ex- | Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. culmen. at base. | Middle toe. MALES. | Nine adult males from Ungaya and northeastern | (mitted States sea-nc.weccene seme sce ee aeran ees eee 93. 47 Nine adult males from Alaska, etc .........-...----- 88. 90 16.76 9.14 | 16.51 12°19 55. 37 16.51 ONO | el Gs 26 12.19 or on a & FEMALES. | Ten adult females from Ungaya and northeastern UmitedsStates aie. scteewecesen ensecaseec ree acecee 85. 09 54, 36 LOSTDU|Seeecees 15.75 | 11.94 Five adult females from Alaska, etc............--..- 86.11 | 54.61 16.00 | 10.16 | 16.00 | 11.94 | There is not a sufficient number of comparable specimens available to enable me to determine whether there is any difference in plumage between specimens from the two regions. * Southern limit of breeding range on Pacific side not yet ascertained. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5d bia, etc.; more or less frequent in southern and eastern Greenland and western Europe (British Islands, Heligoland, etc.). [Loxia] leucoptera Gme.tn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. li, 1788, 844 (Hudson Bay and New York; based on White-winged Crossbill Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 OL 108). Loxia leucoptera Bonaparte, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 84, pl. 15, fig. 3.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 263.—J ARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., li, 1834, 42, pl. 31, fig. 3; iii, 440, pl. 15, fig. 3.—TrEmincKx, Man. d’Orn., ed. 1835, ili, 243.—GouLp, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pl. 203; Birds Gt. Brates tie 1864, pl. 48.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 467, pl. 364; Synopsis, 1839, 129; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 190, pl. 201.—Kryseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 164.—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 111.—Maceiiurvray, Brit. Birds, ii, 1845, 28.—Bonaparre and SCHLEGEL, Mon. Lox., 1850, 8, pl. 9.— Licurenstern, Nom. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 48.—REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 8 (Greenland; several occurrences ).—SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (Nova Scotia).—Hartinc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 116.—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 142; 2d ed., 1882, no. 198; Birds N. W., 1874, 110.—Finscu, Ab. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1873, 55 (coast of Alaska); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 274 (Chilcoot and Portage Bay, Alaska, Jan., Feb.).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (e. Kansas, rare in winter).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 488, pl. 23, figs. 2, 3.—Ripeway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 372 (Illinois in winter); Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 20 (East Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada, August, Sept.); Orn., 40th Parallel, 1877, 456 (do.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 173.—Nxrwton (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Green- land, 1875, 99 (e. and sg. Greenland, 5 specs. ).—Corpeavx, Ibis, 1875, 181 (Heligoland, irregular, but occasionally numerous visitant).—D’Hamonp- VILLE, Ois. Eur., 1876.—Jovy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 155 (District of Columbia, rare in winter).—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (very abun- dant winter of 1868-69); Revised List, 1879 (do. ).—Dresser, Birds Europe; iv, 1877, 187, pl. 204.—Newrton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1877, 218.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 117 (deser. bright-colored speci- men); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vii, 1882, 254 (Magdalen Islands, breeding; descr. female juv.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 373 (Anticosti I., July 24).—Kumuten, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 75 (off Bonne Bay, New- foundland, Aug. 15; Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Oct.).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (Bakers Park, Colorado, 1 spec.); Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (mts. of Colorado, 10,000 ft., in winter).—Dvzors, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., i, 1882, 7 (synonymy; geogr. range).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Point de Monts, proy. Quebec, July).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. N. B., no. 1, 1882, 37 (New Brunswick, breeding).—Bririsa OrNiTHOLOGISts’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 58.—Srrsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 37.—Turnmr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Ft. Chimo, Ungava, abundant in winter); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171, pl. 7, upper fig. (young; Yukon district and St. Michael, Alaska).—AmeERIcAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 522.—AntuHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (n. w. Oregon in winter).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174.— Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Valley, 1888, 181 (dates, etc. ); Birds Colorado, 1897, 97 (Bakers Park, s. w. Colorado, 9,500 ft., 1 spec.).—EverMann, Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Feb., Mar., rare).—Patmer(W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (Magdalen Islands, breeding ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 421 (rare winter Visit.).—MacrarLaneg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 440 (Ft. Anderson).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 3+ (Rocky Mt. district ).—Dwicur, Auk, x, 1893, 11 (Prince Edward I., breed- ing).—Wuitr, Auk, x, 1893, 226 (Mackinac I., Michigan, rare summer 56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. resid. ).—Durcner, Auk, x, 1893, 276 (Flatlands, etc., Long Island, New York, 1848, 1864).—Nrnruiine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 43, pl. 21, fig. 4.:—Kwnicut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 92 (resident).—ButiEr, Birds Indiana, 1897, 920 (s. in winter to Indianapolis and Bloomington ).— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Chilliwack, Brit. Columbia).—ARmsrrRone, Auk, xvii, 1900, 175 (Johnstown and Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Jan., Feb.). L. [oxia] leucoptera Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 388.—Bonapartr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 527.—Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 168.—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, winter).—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 348.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 393. [ Lowia] leucoptera Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 108, no. 7636. Loxia cucoptera (err. typ.) Netson, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 66 (Alaska). [ Loaia bifasciata.| Subsp. a. Lowxia leucoptera SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 443. [ Loxia leucoptera] var. leucoptera Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 488. Crucirostra leucoptera Breum, Isis, 1827, 720; Naumannia, ili, 1853, 254, fig. 20. Curvirostra leucoptera Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 48, pl. 31, fig. 8.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 427; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 319.—Dau and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato, Alaska, Feb. 8- Apr. 9).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 149.—SrEvenson, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1871 (1872), 464 (Box Elder Creek, Wyoming).—Maynarp, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 371 (Umbagog, Maine, and Franconia, New Hampshire, breeding). [ Curvirostra] leucoptera Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129. Loxia ( Crucirostra) leucoptera NauMANN, Vog. Deutschl., pl. 385, fig. 4. Loxia falcirostra Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 371.—YarRRE LL, Hist. Brit. Birds, li, 1843, 38. Loxia atrata Homeyer, Journ. fir Orn., xxvii, Apr., 1879, 179 (North America; =male ad. in worn breeding plumage; see Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1890, 234). (Eronblss IE NORUS sO Ishonissouale Pyrrhula Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 308. (Type, P. europea Vieillot. ) Medium-sized or rather small arboreal finches of short, thick build, very fluffy plumage, the bill very short and thick (length, depth, and breadth about equal), the plumage more or less varied, but plain. Bill very short, thick, and broad, its width at base equal to or greater than the length of the exposed culmen; the latter strongly convex, indistinctly ridged; maxillary tomium with notch obsolete, the anterior half concave, then slightly convex, the basal portion with a decided deflection; mandibular tomium strongly convex terminally; the sub- basal angle produced into a rounded, tooth-like process. Nostrils entirely hidden by adense fringe of antrorse plumules. Rictal bristles very strong. Wing rather long (about five times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (four outermost primaries longest, the ninth longer than the fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by decidedly more than the length of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by more than length of tarsus, nearly even, about two-thirds hidden by the very long upper coverts. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; lateral toes rather BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. fie long, the outer with its claw reaching beyond base of middle claw; claws rather strong, that of the hallux about equal to its digit. Colors.—More or less of the head and greater part of wings and tail glossy black; rump and under tail-coverts usually white; rest of plumage plain gray, brown, or yellowish above; plain gray, brown, pinkish red, or yellowish below. Range.—Northern and central portions of Europe and Asia. (One species of eastern Siberia casual in Alaska.') PYRRHULA CASSINI (Baird). CASSIN’S BULLFINCH. Adult male.—Pileum, lores, postocular region, lower eyelid, ante- rior portion of malar region, and chin black, that of the pileum with a bluish gloss; hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser and middle wing- coverts uniform ash gray; cheeks, throat, and under parts back to anal region uniform pale drab-gray; anal region, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and rump pure white; greater wing-coverts black, broadly but not sharply tipped with paie gray; remiges black, the secondaries (especially tertials) with a purplish blue gloss; upper tail-coverts, middle tail-feathers, and outer webs of other rectrices glossy violet-black; inner webs of rectrices ‘* dead” black, the outermost usually (7) with a white streak, of greater or less extent, next the shaft; bill black; legs and feet dark brown; length (skin), 163.32; wing, 90.68; tail, 69.34; exposed culmen, 9.40; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 12.70.” Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but under parts light vinaceous-drab or ecru drab instead of gray; length (skin), 167.64; wing, 84.33-87.38 (85.85); tail, 64.77-68.58 (66.55); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.16; tarsus, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); middle toe, 12.19-12. 70 (12.45). [The adult female of this species is very similar to that of P. pyr- rhula hamtschatica, bat is appreciably darker and the back less purely gray. | Eastern and central Siberia, west to valley of the Yenesei and south, in winter, to Turkestan; accidental in Alaska (Nulato, Yukon River, one specimen, January 10, 1867). Pyrrhula rubicilla (not Loxia rubicilla Guldenstadt) Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., il, 1826, 7 (female, part). 1It is possible that one of the two European forms occurs, or has occurred, acci- dentally in northeastern North America. In Bulletin No. 15 of the U.S. National Museum, 1879, p. 74, Mr. Ludwig Kumlien mentions that a bullfinch (recorded. as “* Pyrrhula ——?”’) was seen by him July 19, 1879, near Oosooadluin Harbor, Cum- berland Sound, which he was sure was a bird of this genus. 2 One specimen, No. 100223, U.S.N.M, Kutluk, Lake Baikal, Siberia, March 2, 1882. ’Two specimens; the type, No. 49955, ‘‘¢,’’ Nulato, Alaska, January 10, 1867, W. H. Dall, and No. 101978, Onon, Siberia, January 11, 1873, B. Dybowski. The former represents the maximum, the latter the minimum mezsurements, as given above, except as to length of culmen, in which the reverse is the case. 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pyrrhula coccinea, var. cassini Barrp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 316, pl. 29, fig. 1 (Nulato, Alaska; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Da ti and Bannister, Trans. Chi- cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato).—Covrs, Check List, 1874, p. 127. Pyrrhula cassini Tristram, Ibis., April, 1871, 231 (crit.).—Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 318; 1873, 315 (crit.).—Fryscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 54.—Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 239 (Lake Baikal, Siberia; crit.).—Taczan- owskI, Journ. fur Orn., 1873, 95 (e. Siberia); 1874, 39 (crit. ).—Couxs, Check List, 1873, no. 138; 2d ed., 1882, no. 191.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 457, pl. 23, fig. 11; ii, 1874, 508 (Lake Baikal, etc.).—Dysowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 39 (Kultuk, Dauria; crit. ).—Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1876, 100, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 167.—AmeErIcAN OrNITHOLOGIsTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 516.—TurRNeEr, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 169, pl. 7.—NELson, Rep. Nat®Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 172.—Srrsnecer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 104 (synonymy; crit.).—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 451 (Onon River and Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Siberia). [ Pyrrhula] cassinii Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 128. P.[yrrhula] cassini Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 344.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 389. Pyrrhula cineracea CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., xx, July, 1872, 316 (Lake Baikal, e. Siberia; Berlin Mus.); 1873, 314 (crit.); 1877, 223.—Dysowsx1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 40, pl. 1 (crit.).—Srverzow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 173.— TaczANnowski, Journ. ftir Orn., 1875, 254 (Ussuri); 1881, 185 (Kultuk, Dauria; Ussuri); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 183; 1880, 138.—Goutp, Birds Asia, v, 1875, pl. 40.—Dressrr, Birds Europe, iv, 1876, 100, part.—Homeyer, Journ. ftir Orn., 1879, 178 (crit.).—Sresnecer, N. Mag. Natury., 1881, 115.— Boxav, Journ. fur Orn., 1882, 334.—SrEesonm, Ibis, 1882, 424 (Krasnoyarsk, Onon River, Siberia; Askold Island, near Vladivostok; Turkestan; Asia Minor). Pyrrhula nipalensis (not of Hodgson) Srverzow, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 64; 117. Pyrrhula cineracea pallida Srrsonm, Ibis, 5th ser., v, Jan., 1887, 101, in text (Altai Mountains and Ussuri Valley). Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. Pinicola Vie1tuLoT, Ois. Am., Sept., i, 1807, p. iv. (Type, P. rubra Vieillot,= Loxia enucleator Linnzeus. ) Strobilophaga Viettuor, Analyse, 1816, 29. (Type, Dur-Bec Buffon,=Loxia enu- cleator Linneeus. ) ‘‘Strobiliphaga Born.”’ Corythus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 301. (Type, Zoxia enucleator Linnzeas. ) Enucleator Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 89. (Type, Loxia enucleator Linneeus. ) ‘‘Densirostra Woop” (Gray, Gen. Birds, 1855, 81). Very large (more than 177 mm. long) arboreal finches with long wings and tail; very short, broad, and thick bill with culmen strongly curved and tip of maxilla hooked, and small feet; the plumage mostly plain, without streaks or spots on under parts; the adult males in full plum- age more or less red. Bill short, broad, and thick, with the culmen strongly convex from the base, its width at the base nearly equal to the distance from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla; width of mandible at base little if any greater than length of gonys, the latter nearly straight, with the basal BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 angle very prominent; maxillary tomium gently concaye basally, strongly so terminally; mandibular tomium decidedly angulated pos- terior to the middle, but the angle not toothed; nasal plumules con- spicuous, quite hiding the nostrils; wing long (about five times as long as the tarsus), rather pointed (four outermost primaries longest, the ninth decidedly longer than the fifth); primaries exceeding second- aries by more than 13 times the length of the tarsus but less than half the length of the tail; tail long (shorter than wing by only about half the length of the tarsus), emarginated; tarsus short, less than twice as long as exposed culmen, nearly as long as middle toe with claw; anterior claws very slightly curved, the lateral ones reaching beyond base of middle claw; hallux shorter than the lateral toes, but much stouter, the rather weak claw decidedly shorter than its digit. Coloration.—Adult males: General color dull rose pink or madder pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash gray on scapulars, flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage every- where being of this color beneath the surface; scapulars and feathers of back dusky centrally, causing a spotted appearance; wings and tail dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (this sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same; secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers narrowly edged with light grayish. Adult females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest of plumage grayish, without any red, but changing to a more or less bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower rump, the breast sometimes tinged with same. Young similar to adult female, but colors duller and more blended, the wing-bands dull buffy instead of pure white, and texture of plumage very different. [Norr.—Numerous apparently adult males have the plumage not distinguishable from that of the female; in others, the general plumage is that of the female, except that the olivaceous or tawny color on head, ete., is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying from light dull orange-red to deep madder brown). | Range.—More northern parts of Palearctic and Nearctic regions (including Boreal ** islands” southward). KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PINICOLA. a. General color of wings and tail grayish brown. b. General color of head, neck, and body red (adult males). c. Smaller, except the bill (wing averaging 107.19, tail 81.03, exposed culmen . 16.00, width of mandible at base 9.40, tarsus 21.34).1 (Europe, etc. ) Pinicola enucleator enucleator, adult male.” 'These average measurements include both sexes. 2[ Loxia] enucleator Lrxnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171, part (based primarily on Fauna Suecica, 176); ed. 12, i, 1766, 299, part.—Pinicola enucleator CABANIs, in Ersch. u. Gruber’s Encycl., Ist. sec., i, 1849, 219; Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 167. Of the American forms this resembles most closely the Alaskan coast subspecies (P. e. flam- mula), but is duller colored, the female more olive. 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Larger, except the bill (wing averaging 112.52, tail 86.11, exposed culmen 15.75, width of mandible at base 10.41, tarsus 22.61). (Coast of Alaska from Kodiak southward. )..-Pinicola enucleator flammula, adult male (p. 64) bb. General color of head, neck, and body grayish and olive-yellowish (adult females and immature males). c. General color olive-yellowish or yellowish olive, becoming gray posteriorly, the rump and upper tail-coverts very slightly tinged with olive-yellowish. Pinicola enucleator enucleator, female and young male. ec. General color brownish gray, with head, neck, and rump olive-yellowish, the breast sometimes, but not usually, tinged with same. Pinicola enucleator flammula, female and young male. aa. General color of wings and tail slate-dusky or dull blackish, much darker than in the preceding. b. General color of head, neck, and body red (adult males). c. Bill relatively short and thick; feathers of back conspicuously dusky cen- trally; more red on under parts, the breast and sides mostly ‘‘solid’’ red. d. Smaller, with relatively narrower bill; gray parts darker; wing averaging 114.05, tail 86.36, exposed culmen 14.99, width of mandible at base 9.91, tarsus 22.35. (Northeastern North America. ) Pinicola enucleator canadensis, adult male (p. 60) dd. Larger, with relatively shorter and broader bill; gray parts paler; wing averaging 116.59, tail 91.95, exposed culmen 14.73, width of mandible at base 10.16, tarsus 22.86. (Northwestern North America, except coast district east of Alaskan peninsula. ) Pinicola enucleator alascensis, adult male (p. 63) cc. Bill relatively long and slender; feathers of back not distinctly, if at all, dusky centrally; less red on under parts where mainly confined to ante- rior half, and there more or less broken. d. Smaller, especially the bill; wing averaging 111.76, tail 89.92, exposed cul- men 13.97, width of mandible at base 8.64, tarsus:22.10. (High moun-_ tains of California.) ....Pinicola enucleator californica, adult male (p. 65) dd. Larger, especially the bill; wing averaging 119.68, tail 94.49, exposed cul- men 16.00, width of mandible at base 9.91, tarsus 23.37. (Rocky Moun- LEIS) eee ee eee tts Pinicola enucleator montana, adult male (p. 66) 5b. General color grayish, with more or less of olive-yellowish on head, neck, rump, ete. (Adult females and young males. ) c. Bill relatively short and thick; rump olive-yellowish. d. Smaller and slightly darker, with relatively narrower bill. Pinicola enucleator canadensis, female and young male. dd. Larger and slightly paler, with relatively shorter and broader bill. Pinicola enucleator alascensis, female and young male. cc. Bill relatively long and slender; rump gray, like back (upper tail-coverts, however, slightly tinged with olive-yellowish) . d. Smaller, with more slender bill. Pinicola enucleator californica, female and young male. dd. Larger, with stouter bill. Pinicola enucleator montana, female and young male. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR CANADENSIS (Cabanis). CANADIAN PINE GROSBEAK. Adult male.—General color of head, neck, and under parts (except abdomen, flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts) rather light poppy red (in summer) or dull pinkish red (in winter), the feathers BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 grayish beneath the surface, this more or less exposed in places, espe- cially on chest; nasal tufts and part of loral and orbital regions dusky; abdomen and upper portion of sides and flanks rather light dull ash gray or smoke gray; under tail-coverts similar, but in part darker, broadly margined with white; interscapulars dusky, broadly margined with red; scapulars dark grayish margined with paler gray; rump, super- ficially, red; upper tail-coverts broadly margined with red; wings dull slate-dusky, most of the feathers edged with light grayish and white (the edgings broader and decidedly white on tertials), the greater and middle coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands, which are sometimes, especially the anterior one, tinged with red; tail slate-dusky edged with grayish (sometimes tinged with red); maxilla dull blackish, mandible horn brownish, tipped with blackish; legs and feet black; length (skins), 195.58—220.98 (208.03); wing, 108.20— 121.92 (114.05); tail, 81.79-93.22 (86.87); exposed culmen, 13.97-16.00 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 11.48-12.70 (12.19); width of mandible at base, 8.89-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 21.59-23.11 (22.35); middle toe, 14.48— 16.76 (15.49).* Adult female.—General color plain smoke gray, the pileum and rump and part of upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive, tawny-olive or russet, the back and anterior under parts, especially chest, some- times more or less tinged with the same; otherwise like adult male; length (skins), 200.66—226.06 (208.53); wing, 107.70-116.84 (113.79); tail, 81.28-91.44 (85.60); exposed culmen, 14.73-16.00 (15.24); depth of bill at base, 12.70 (one specimen only); width of mandible at base, 9.65-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 22.10-23.62 (22.61); middle toe, 14.48- 16.51 (15.75).” Immature (?) male.—Exactly like the adult female in coloration; some specimens with the pileum, rump, etc., reddish instead of olive- yellowish. Young.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but duller, the wing bands, etc., dull light grayish brown instead of white. Northeastern North America, breeding from New Brunswick (Resti- gouche Valley), Maine (Upton, etc.), New Hampshire (White Moun- tains), Province of Quebec (Point de Monts), ete., north to limit of coniferous forests; south in winter to southern New England, New York, New Jersey, northern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Iowa, etc., casually to District of Columbia, Kentucky (Fulton and Hickman counties), and Kansas (Leavenworth); west to eastern Kansas, Minne- sota, Manitoba, ete. [Loxia] enucleator (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Lixnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 299, part.—Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 383, 402 (Severn River).— GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 845, part. Loxia enucleator W1tson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 80, pl. 5, fig. 2. 1 Thirteen specimens. * Nine specimens. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pyrrhula (Corythus) enucleator Swainson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 262. Corythus enucleator SwArnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl. 53.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 38, part.—Jarpryxe, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 79, pl. 5, fig. 2; ili, 1832, 465, pl. 16, fig. 3.—AvupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 127; I aide Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 179, pl. 199.—Guiraup, Birds Long I., 1844, 128.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 211 (Massachusetts, winter).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 116 (Minnesota, winter). [Corythus] enucleator BonAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 528, part. OE enucleator BONAPARTE, Synopsis, 1828, 119; Am. Orn., iii, 1828, 16, pl. 16, fig. 3.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, i, 1832, 535.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 414, pl. 358. [ Pinicola] enucleator Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. Pinicola enucleator Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 6 (Leavenworth, Kansas, winter).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 116 (Upton, Maine; descr. young); Auk, vii, 1882, 254 (Magdalen Islands, breeding); xii, 1895, 245-256 (remarkable migration).—Roserts, Rep. State Geol. Minn., 1880, 380 (Minneapolis, winter).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.—Merrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 120, 225 (breeding near Point de Monts, proy. Quebec).—Srearns, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 117 (Labrador, ‘‘fall and winter’’).—Turnsr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—SEton, Auk, iii, 1886, 322 (Red River Valley, ete., in winter; ‘‘probably breeding in the Winnipegoosis region’’).—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 327 (song).— AMERICAN ORnNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.—CHap- BOURNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mts., New Hampshire, July).—Kryess and Wi.tams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci., v, 1888, (28) (Charles City, Iowa, winter).—Prnpar, Auk, vy, 1888, 321 (Hickman County, Kentucky, Feb. ); rl, 1889, 314 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, Feb., Mar.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 178 (Alda: s. e. Nebraska, May; Mitchell, Iowa; Kansas, Illinois, ete. ).—Brrrrarn and Cox, Auk, vi, 1889, 117 (breeding in Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick).—Cuarke, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 584 (Manitoba localities).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 414 (rare winter resid. ).—FosrmEr, Auk, xiii, 1896, 175 (Westchester Co., New York, Feb. 12).—Berrter, Auk, xiii, 1896, 175 (Wortendyke, New Jersey, Mar. 8).—Furness, Auk, a 1896, 175 (Poughkeepsie, New York, winter).—Kniaur, Auk, xiii, 1896, 21 (habits in captivity), 77 (Bangor, Maine).—Butier, Birds Indiana, 1897, 914 (n Indiana in winter). P. [inicola] enucleator Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst. ma 1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, win- ter).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 3 3, part. Corythus canadensis BrenM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 247 (ex Coccothraustes cana- desis Brisson, Orn., iii, 1760, 250, pl. 12, fig. 3). (2?) Corythus splendens ee Isis, ae oe Enucleator canadensis BrEuM, Vogelf., 1855, 89. Corythus enucleator canadensis BREHM a E), Verz. Sammi. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 10. P. [inicola] canadensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein.,i, Aug., 1851, 167 (Illinois). Pinicola canadensis Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 410; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 304.—Covegs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 221 (Labrador, breeding); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 280 (Maine; Essex Co., Massachu- setts; New Haven, Connecticut).—ScLater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (Nova Scotia).—Covrs and Prentiss, Smithsonian Rep. for 1861 (1862), 411 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63 (District of Columbia, accidental).—Wueaton, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, no, 136 (Columbus, Ohio).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 288 (vicinity New York City).—Turnsuty, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 21 (rare in winter).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (Leavenworth, e. Kansas in winter). P. [inicola] enucleator . . . var. canadensis Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 371 (Illinois in winter). P. [inicola] enucleator canadensis Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. Pinicola enucleator canadensis Nenruine, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 25, pl. 21, fig. 6 (P. enucleator on plate).—Ripaway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 (crit.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, SOOM Ss PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR ALASCENSIS Ridgway. ALASKAN PINE GROSBEAK, Similar to P. e. canadensis, but decidedly larger, with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.44-246.38 (227.33); wing, 112.01- 127.25 (117.09); tail, 84.84-102.62 (92.71); exposed culmen, 13.97- 15.24 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.95 (12.19); width of maxilla at base, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 22.10-23.37 (22.86); middle toe, 14.48-16.00 (15.24).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 195.58—220.98 (213.11); wing, 114.05- 120.40 (116.08); tail, 87.88-97.54 (93.47); exposed culmen, 14.48-15.49 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.70 (12.19); width of mandible at base, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); tarsus, 22.35-23.37 (22.61); middle toe, 14.73-15.24 (14.99).” Northwestern North America, except Pacific coast, breeding in in- terior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, Mon- tana (Bitterroot Valley), ete. Pinicola canadensis (not Corythus canadensis Brehm) Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281, part (Nulato and throughout Yukon Valley ).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 151, part. P. [inicola] enucleator canadensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. Pinicola enucleator canadensis FANNIN, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34, part (e. side Cascade Mts. ). [ Pinicola] enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linneeus) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. Pinicola enucleator Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, part; Birds N. W., 1874, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part (Yukon district, Alaska).—(?) Benpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 116 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter).—(?) McCues- NEY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 187 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Jan. 6).—Rimpeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.—NELson, Cruise Corwin, 1881 (1883), 66 (head of Norton Sound, Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 170, part (Alaska, north and east of Alaskan Mts.; 'Ten specimens. *Six specimens. 64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. crit.)..—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoGists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1886, 168 (St. Michael, Nulato, Anvik, Fort Yukon, and Nushagak).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 459, part (Bitterroot Valley, Montana; Bear Lake and Fort Simpson, Brit. Am.; Fort Yukon, Alaska).—Macraruane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 440 (Fort Simpson, breeding).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, 63, part (e. side of Cascade Mts., Brit. Columbia). P. [inicola] enucleator Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 343, part. Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ripaway, Auk, xy, Oct., 1898, 319 (Nushagak, Alaska; U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—American OrnITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 114 (Check List no. 515c). PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR FLAMMULA (Homeyer). KADIAK PINE GROSBEAK, Similar to /?. e. canadensis in length of wing, tail, and tarsus, but with much larger, relatively longer, and more strongly hooked bill; in size and shape of bill and in coloration more like P. ¢. enucleator, but decidedly larger (except bill), the adult male with the red rather brighter, especially on upper parts, the adult female and immature male usually with much less of yellowish olive on breast and with more of the same color on rump and upper tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 193.04-228.60 (204.47); wing, 111.76- 116.08 (113.28); tail, 83.31-91.44 (86.61); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 11.94 (one specimen); width of mandible at base, 10.16-10.67 (10-16); tarsus, 21.84-23.37 (22.61); middle toe, 15.24-17.27 (16.26).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 191. 77-220. 98 (203.45); wing, 108.20-— 114.05 (111.51); tail, 79.50-91.44 (85.34); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.70 (12.45); width of mandible at base, 10.16-10.41 (10.41); tarsus, 21.34-23.62 (22.61); middle toe, 16.26-17.53 (16.76).° Island of Kadiak, Alaska, and Alaskan coast southward, at least to Sitka (probably also coast district of British Columbia, at least in winter). [Of all the American forms this is decidedly most like true P. enw- cleator of Europe, having the bill almost precisely similar in size and shape and the coloration very nearly the same. In general dimensions, however, the present bird is decidedly larger, the average length of _ wing, tail, and tarsus being practically the same as in P. e. canadensis. In coloration the resemblance to P. e. enucleator is very close indeed, the latter and P. e. flammula having the dusky centers to the feathers 'This form was well characterized by Mr. Nelson in the work cited, but unfortu- nately he neglected to name it. * Eight specimens. * Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 of the back in adult males much less distinct than in P. e. canadensis and its northwestern relative, P. ¢. alascensis. P. e. flammula is a little more brightly colored than P. ¢. enucleator, however, or the red, if not more intense, is of an appreciably purer hue. The female and immature (7) male has, usually, much less of an olive-yellowish wash on the breast, though the golden olive of the head and neck are brighter, and there is much more of golden olive on the rump and upper tail- coverts than in P. e. enucleator. The much larger, stouter, and more hooked bill alone will serve to readily distinguish this coast form from the two more southern moun- tain forms, P. e. californica and P. e. montana. | Pinicola canadensis (not of Cabanis) Brown, Ibis, 1868, 423 (Fort Rupert, Van- couver I., winter).—Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281, part (Kodiak and Sitka, Alaska).—(?) Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 151 part (Kodiak). (2?) Pinicola enucleator canadensis Fanntx, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34, part (w. side Cascades). Pinicola enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnzeus) Frxscu, Abh. Nat. Foérh., iii, 1872, 54 (Kodiak; crit.); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 274 (Chileoot, Alaska, Jan., Mar.; Portage Bay).—Covsrs, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part (Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNron, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 170, part (Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska; crit. ).1—(?) Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, 63, part (w. side of Cascades, Brit. Columbia). Pinicola flammula Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxviil, July, 1880, 156 (‘‘ Nordwest- amerika;’’ coll. von Homeyer). Pinicola enucleator flammula Sressecer, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 149, footnote.—Rine- way, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 (crit.).—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Committers, Auk, xvi, 1899, 114 (Check List, no. 515d). P.[inicola] enucleator kodiaka Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 388 (Ko- diak Island, Alaska; U.S. Nat. Mus. ). Pinicola enucleator kodiaka CHAPMAN, Auk, y, 1888, 397.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 613. Pinicola enucleator kadiaka Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR CALIFORNICA Price. CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK, Similar to P. e. fammula, but slightly smaller, with the bill much smaller and proportionately very much narrower; adult male with the red color less extended and less uniform, especially on under parts, and interscapulars with dusky centers obsolete or wanting; adult female with very little if any olive tinge to gray of rump and upper tail- coverts. Adult mate. Length (skin), 196.85;” wing, 109.98-114.81 (113.54); * 1 Both this form and the interior Alaskan race are well characterized by Mr. Nel- son, but he unfortunately neglected to name them. * One specimen. 3 Five specimens. 17024—01——5 66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 91.44-106.93 (99.31);' exposed culmen, 13.97-14.99 (14.73);* depth of bill at base, 9.91-11.18 (10.16);* tarsus, 22.10;7 middle toe, 15.49.” Adult female.—Length (skins), 187.96-201.93 (194.82);° wing, 107.95-115.06 (111.25);* tail, 90.93-102.87 (95.00);* exposed culmen, 13.97-15.75 (14.78);* depth of bill at base, 9.91-11.18 (10.41);* tarsus, 21.59-22.61 (22.10);* middle toe, 15.49-16.51 (16.00).* High Sierra Nevada, California, breeding from 7,000 feet to timber line. Pinicola canadensis (not Corythus canadensis Brehm ) Coorrr, Proce. Cal. Ac. Sci., iv, 1868, 8 (Sierra Nevada); Orn. Cal., 1870, 151, part (resident on high Sierra Nevada).—Beupine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 392 (Soda Springs and Summit Meadows, California, summer). Pinicola enucleator, 3. canadensis Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (Soda Springs, Placer Co., California, Sept. 28); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 412 (do.). P. [inicola] enucleator canadensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. [ Pinicola] enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnzeus) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. Pinicola enucleator Couns, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part.—Barirp, Brewer, and Rrpa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part; ui, 1874,508 (summit Central Pacific R. R. Pass, California, alt. 7,000 ft.).—Rmaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.—AmeErRICAN OrnitHo.Loeists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.—FisHer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 79 (head of San Joaquin R., California, July 30). Pinicola enucleator californica Price, Auk, xiy, April, 1897, 182 (Pyramid Peak, El Dorado Co., California; coll. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.).—Rimpeaway, Auk, xy, 1898, 320.—AmeERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMiTTEr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 118 (Check List, no. 515d). -PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR MONTANA Ridgway. ROCKY MOUNTAIN PINE GROSBEAK. Similar to P. e. californica, but decidedly larger and coloration slightly darker, the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 203.20-217.17 (209.30); wing, 119.89- 123.44 (121.92); tail, 93.47-101.60 (96.27); exposed culmen, 15.49-17.27 (16.00); depth of bill at base, 11.43-12.45 (11.68); tarsus, 22.10-24.13 (22.86); middle toe, 16.51-17.02 (16.76).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 203.20-210.82 (207.01); wing, 118.11- 119.13 (118.62); tail, 88.39-88.90 (88.65); tarsus, 23.62-23.88; middle toe, 9.91-10.16.8 Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico. Pinicola canadensis (not Corythus canadensis Brehm) SrevENson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1870 (1871), 464 (Uintah Mts., Wyoming). 1 Five specimens. *>Two specimens. > Four specimens. 2 One specimen. *Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67 Pinicola enucleator var. canadensis RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 181 (Colorado). Pinicola enucleator, 2. canadensis Rrpaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado). P. [inicola] enucleator canadensis RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. [ Pinicola] enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnzeus) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. Pinicola enucleator Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part (Uintah Mts., Wyoming; mts. of Colorado, breed- ing).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part.— Netson, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1875, 344 (30 m. s. of Fort Bridger, Wyom- ing).—Rripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding); Auk, ii, 1885, 15 (Colorado, 10,000-11,500 ft.).—AmeEricaAN OrnitrHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 101 (Sal- mon R. Mts., etc., s. Idaho, breeding).—Ricumonp and Knowtron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Mystic Lake and Trail Creek, Montana, breeding).—Cooxkr, Birds Colorado, 1897, 96 (breeding near timber line). Pinicola enucleator montana Ripaway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 319 (Bear Creek, Gal- latin Co., Montana; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—AmeErican OrniTHoLoaists’ UNIon Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List. no. 515 a). Genus UC e@S TIC mE Swainson. Leucosticle Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, App. 1, 493. (Type, Linaria ( Leu- costicte) tephrocotis Swainson. ) Hypolia Rripaway, Bull. U.8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., sec. ser., i, no. 2, May 11, 1875, 67. (Type, Passer arctous Pallas. ) Long-winged, short-legged, essentially terrestrial finches, with nor- mally shaped bill (i. e., with maxilla not distinctly shallower than man- dible and with gonys decidedly more than half the lateral length of the mandible), and dark-colored plumage. Bill much shorter than head, short-conical; distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than half the length of the tarsus, equal to or a little more than depth of billat base; culmen very slightly convex or nearly straight to near the tip, where more convex; gonys straight, barely shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; lateral basal por- tion of mandible sometimes with an oblique ridge. Nasal plumules distinct, quite covering nostrils. Wing long (more than five times as long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost primaries—usually the ninth— longest); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly or quite twice the length of the tarsus. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, or a little more, emarginated, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. Tar- sus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching to about base of middle claw; hind claw equal to or longer than its digit, strongly curved. Coloration.—Adults with more or less of pink or reddish, at least on flanks, or else with remiges and rectrices silvery gray or whitish. Young not streaked, but nearly unicolored, and wholly dark colored (sooty, grayish, or brownish) beneath. : 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range. America. From this genus I exclude Monti fringilla* Brehm, on account of its even tail, with broad-ended rectrices, and /7/ngillauda* Hodgson, by reason of its longer tarsus (decidedly more, instead of less, than one- fifth as long as wing), both genera being also very different from Leu- costicte in their style of coloration. Both are exclusively Palearctic. Colder parts of eastern and central Asia and western North KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LEUCOSTICTE, a. Adults* with sides of head at least partly gray, like posterior portion of pileum. b. Larger (wing averaging 118.36 in male, 114.30 in female); coloration darker (chest and upper back deep chestnut-brown). (Islands of Bering Sea, including Commander group, Aleutians, and Shumagins. ) Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha (p. 72 bb. Smaller (wing averaging 106.68 in male, 101.85 in female); coloration lighter (chest and upper back cinnamon-brown or light chestnut-brown). (Coast district of Alaska, from Kodiak eastward and southward; in winter south to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, east to edge of Great Plains. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (p. 71) aa. Adults with sides of head brown or dusky, never gray or partly so (except, rarely, a spot on lores or beneath eyes). b. Lateral (and usually whole posterior) portion of pileum distinctly gray, in marked and more or less abrupt contrast with contiguous brown or dusky of auricular region and hindneck. c. Chest, ete., light chestnut-brown or cinnamon-brown (as in JL. t. littoralis). (Interior mountain districts of North America, breeding south to southern Sierra Nevada, above timber line; in winter to Utah, Colorado, and Nebraska paat eases tose eee Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis (p. 68) cc. Chest, ete., brownish black (male) or dusky slate-brownish (female). (Moun- tains of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. )...Leucosticte atrata (p. 75) bb. Lateral and posterior portions of pileum not distinctly gray, the color not sharply contrasted with contiguous brown of auricular region and hindneck. (Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. )..--.-- Leucosticte australis (p. 77) LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS TEPHROCOTIS Swainson. GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE, Tarsus not more than 20.83, usually less; whole side of head, below eyes, brown. Adult male in summer.—Forehead and part of crown black; nasal tufts grayish white; sides of crown (from above eyes backward) and whole of occiput plain light ash gray, very strongly contrasted with the contiguous brown color of the auriculars and hindneck;* whole side 1 Montifringilla Bren, Isis, 1828, 1277. (Type, Fringilla nivalis Linneeus. ) 2 Fringillauda Hopeson, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 84. (Type, #. nemoricola Hodgson. ) ’The young are not sufficiently well known to permit their introduction into the key. I have seen only those of L. tephrocotis griseonucha and L. australis. 4In yery much worn midsummer specimens, the black of the crown sometimes runs backward to the brown of the hindneck, thus throwing the gray into two lateral patches, which in some midsummer females are more indistinct. This, however, is not a variation of the pattern, but the result of wearing away of the gray tips to the feathers. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 of head below eyes (whole of auricular and malar regions), neck, back, scapulars, and under parts, chestnut-brown, darker on throat, lighter on back where indistinctly streaked with dusky; feathers of rump and flanks, together with upper and under tail-coverts, broadly and abruptly tipped with pink, the remaining portion of the feathers more or less dusky, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky; the lesser and middle coverts broadly tipped with pink, the greater coverts, primary coverts, and part of remiges edged with pink or light scarlet; rectrices also with lighter edgings but with less of pink; bill entirely black; legs and feet black. Adult male in winter.—Similar to summer male but scapulars and interscapulars with distinct edgings of lighter brown, feathers of breast, etc., with narrow, pale margins, the pink markings, especially on wings and flanks, of a softer hue, and the bill yellowish with dusky tip. Adult female.—Similar to adult male, with the same seasonal differ- ences of color, but averaging paler and duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 145.03-173.23 (156.72); wing, 101.85- 111.76 (106.48); tail, 61.47—71.12 (66.04); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.87-9.40 (8.64); tarsus, 18.29-20.83 (19.81); middle toe, 12.70-15.24 (13.97).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 142.24-165.10 (154.43); wing, 96.52- 106.68 (101.85); tail, 60.71-70.61 (63.50); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 7.87—-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, 18.80-20.83 (20.07); middle toe, 12.70-16.51 (14.22).” 1 Thirty-seven specimens. * Twenty-eight specimens. A series of summer birds from the White Mountains and Sierra Nevada of southern California, in the collection of the Biological Survey, seems to be referable to true L. tephrocotis; at least I am not able, in the absence of a series of summer birds from other localities, to detect any differences which are not probably due to difference of season, all other specimens being winter and spring birds, chiefly the former. The average measurements of these southern California birds and those of a still larger series from more northern and eastern localities are as follows: | Ex- | Depth [Pea eta Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. | Middle jculmen. at base. | MALES. toe, Eighteen northern and eastern specimens (Noyem- perito!Marech)).o 3.5240 as sae ctaceee sctrecnicceee es 107.70 | 66.80 11. 94 | 8.89 | 20.32 14.73 Eighteen southern California specimens (June, July, PN BULL) hanya oS RL Se NS Ge 105.41] 65.28| 11.18] 8.13] 19.05] 13.46 FEMALES, Eighteen northern and eastern specimens (Novem- DeTLONMa Chi) Scena ase se eens cee potions. os 102.11 | 64.01 11. 94 Nine southern California specimens (June, July)...| 100.84 | 62.99 11. 43 14 | 20.382 | . 48 BYE |N age EI? Wes 7 . H i ~I 70 BULLETIN 50, NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Interior districts of North America; breeding on higher parts (11,000-12,000 feet) of White Mountains and Sierra Nevada, south- eastern California, and probably also northward; during migration éast to western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Manitoba, etc.; south to Colorado, Utah, etc.; west to Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges; north to plains of the Saskatchewan (May). Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., i, 1831, 265 (plains of the Saskatchewan, May). Leucosticte tephrocotis Swatnson, Fauna Bor. Mia , 1, 1831, 494, pl. 50.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt ‘Tae 1852, 317, pat (Salt Lake City, Mar. 21); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 430, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 322, part; in Cooper’s Orn. Cal., 1870, 164, colored fig. (near Lake Tahoe, California, winter).—Scriarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (Nebraska).—BuLaK- Iston, Ibis, 1863, 71 (Saskatchewan).—Satyaporti, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 580.—Couvrs, Check List, 1873, no. 144, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 203.— Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1878, 182 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 175.—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 504, part, pl. 23, fig. 8.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 117 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, Noy. 8 to Mar. 22; crit. on plumage of sexes, etc.) .— Merritt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 75 (Fort Shaw, Montana, winter; crit. on plumage of sexes).—SHuFeLpT, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 177 (habits in confinement).—Drew, Auk, i, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 6,000 ft., in winter).—AmerRICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no 524.—Cookek, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 181 (Nebraska, in winter).— Fannrn, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34 (Rocky Mts. distr., oce. w. of Cascades in winter).—THompson, Auk, x, 1893, 50 (Manitoba, winter).— FisHer, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, pt. li, 1893, > (White Mts. and southern Sierra Nevada, California, breeding at 11,000-12,000 ft. ).—Ruoaps, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, 63 (summit of Rocky Mts., near Field, Brit. Columbia ).— THORNE, ne xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh, Montana, Dec. 6 to last of Mar. ).— NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 46.—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Chitliwack, Brit. Columbia). L. [eucosticte] tephrocotis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. [ Leucosticte] tephrocotis BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, Se eee Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. [ Leucosticte tephrocotis] a. tephrocotis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 111, part. [ Leucosticte tephrocotis] var. tephrocotis Barrp, peo and poe ee Enist. Ne Am. Birds, i, 1874, 504. Leucosticte tephrocotis . . . var. tephrocotis Ripaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, May, 1875, 68, 71 (monogr. ). Leucosticte tephrocotis var. tephrocotis ALLEN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, 1876, 350 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; measurements, ete. ). Irythrospiza tephrocotis BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34.—AuDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 126; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, ee 176, pl. 198. Fringilla tephrocotis AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 193 9, 232, pl. 424. FE [ringilla] tephrocotis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, = Montifringilla tephrocotis Bocte cre and ScHLEGEL, Mon. Lox., 1850, 37, pl. 43.—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 201.—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., , 1888, 273. [Linaria] tephrocotis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7657. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ~I — LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS LITTORALIS (Baird). HEPBURN’S LEUCOSTICTE, Similar to Z. t. tephrocotis, but with more or less of the sides of the head gray; in typical examples the entire head, except the black frontal patch and the throat, light ash gray, sometimes even the throat also gray. ; Adult male.—Length (skins), 153.42-172.72 (159.00); wing, 101.85- 109.73 (106.68); tail, 59.94-69.85 (66.04); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 (20.57); middle toe, 13.72-15.24 (14.73).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 154.69-164.59 (159.00); wing, 100.08- 104.14 (101.85); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 8.38 (one specimen); tarsus, 19.81-20.57 (20.07); middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.48).” Mountain districts of northwestern North America; doubtless breed- ing above timber line on the coast mountains of Alaska, from the Aliaska peninsula eastward and southward;’ in winter south to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, and east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains (casually to Minnesota), and along the Pacific coast to Kodiak, Sitka, Vancouver Island, ete. Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson) Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 317, part (Salt Lake City, Utah, March); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 430, part (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 322, part. Leucosticte griseinucha (not Fringilla griseonucha Brandt) Brown, Ibis, 1868, 422 (Vancouver I. ).—Ex ior, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. x, 1868, pl. 12. Montifringilla . . . griseinucha Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 153 (Oregon). [ Leucosticte tephrocotis] b. griseinucha Covers, Birds N. W., 1874, 111, part. Leucosticte tephrocostis . . . var. griseinucha Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 144a, part. Leucosticte littoralis Batrp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 318, pl. 28, fig. 1 (Sitka, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Cooper’s Orn. Cal., 1870, 162 (Sitka; Ft. Simpson, Brit. Columbia).—Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 282 (Sitka).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 23, fig. 6.—Rimpeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 461 ( Vir- ginia City, Nevada, Jan. 5).—Bernpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 117 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; winter resid., possibly breeding on mountains; descr. supposed egg, etc. ).*—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1878, 189 (deser. song). [ Leucosticte tephrocotis.] Var. littoralis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 150. 1Seventeen specimens. *Six specimens. ’Supposed breeding localities of this form in Washington and Oregon (see synon- ymy) may, in reality, pertain to L. tephrocotis tephrocotis, no specimens having been obtained, apparently, to determine the question. +This supposed breeding record may refer to L. tephrocotis tephrocotis. 72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. littoralis Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 507.—AtueEN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., 11, 1876, 349 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, Jan., Feb.; measurements, etc.).—M®erRRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 75 (crit. on sexual differences in plumage). Leucosticte tephrocotis . . . var. littoralis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 36 (Nevada); Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, May, 1875, 74 (monogr. ). Leucosticte tephrocotis, (3. littoralis Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, May, 1877, 198 (Colorado). Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, Aug. 24, 1880, 177, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 175a.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 5,000-8,000 ft. in winter).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 524a.—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 177 (Sitka, Kodiak, Brit. Columbia, etc.).—CanrtweE.i, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 spec. Jan. 3, 1889).—THorneg, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh, Montana, winter).—(?) Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 92 (Okano- gan Co., Washington, 8,000 ft., breeding!), 177 (do.).—Merriti, Auk, xv, 1898, 15 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, Noy. 3).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Brit. Columbia, breeding above timber line on Cascades). L..{eucosticte] t.lephrocotis] litoralis Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351. L. [eucosticte] tephrocotis littoralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. Leucosticte tephrocotis litoralis Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 204. [ Linaria] littoralis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7663. Montefringilla littoralis Fixscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 58 (Sitka; Ft. Simpson). Montifringilla littoralis SHarper, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 277. Tephrocotis [lapsus] littoralis FANNIN, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 85 (Ash- croft, Clinton, Burrard Inlet, Port Simpson, ete. ). Leucosticte campestris Barrp, in Cooper’s Orn. Cal., 1870, 163, colored fig. (Den- ver, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 23, fig. 7. [ Leucosticte tephrocotis.| Var. campestris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. campestris Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 507. Leucosticte tephrocotis campestris Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 327. LEUCOSTICTE TBPHROCOTIS GRISEONUCHA (Brandt). ALEUTIAN LEUCOSTICTE, Similar to Z. ¢. /7ttoralis but much larger (decidedly the largest form of the genus) and darker; wing averaging not less than 114.30; tar- sus, 24.13. Adult male in summer.—F¥orehead and part of crown black; throat dusky grayish or blackish, becoming lighter or more decidedly gray on chin; rest of head uniform light ash gray; general color of body deep chocolate brown, the scapulars and interscapulars with dusky shaft-streaks and paler brown margins, the feathers of rump, abdo- men, flanks, and the upper and under tail-coverts broadly and abruptly ' Apparently no specimens were obtained and the form may have been JL. tephro- cotis tephrocotis. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 tipped with pink; wings and tail dusky, the lesser and middle wing- coverts broadly tipped with pink, the greater coverts, primary coverts, and remiges edged with the same; rectrices edged with pale grayish or grayish white, usually more or less tinged with pink; bill entirely black; legs and feet black. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but bill yel- lowish, tipped with dusky, the pink markings of a softer hue, and feathers of breast, etc., narrowly margined with paler. Adult female.—Quite similar in coloration to the male, with the same seasonal differences; possibly, but very doubtfully, averaging a very little duller in colors.’ Young.—Unitorm grayish brown, more or less washed with a more umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the feathers margined with paler; edges of greater wing-coverts and tertials dull buffy; no trace of pink on tail-coverts, ete., nor of gray or black on head. Adult male.—Length (skins), 177.80-213.36 (195.07); wing, 111.76- 124.21 (118.36); tail, 72.64-85.09 (80.26); exposed culmen, 13.46-15.24 (14.22); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.67 (9.91); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 (24.13); middle toe, 16.51-19.81 (18.03).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 182.88-198.12 (190.25); wing, 109.22- 123.70 (114.30); tail, 73.66-82.04 (77.22); exposed culmen, 13.21-15.24 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.67 (9.91); tarsus, 23.11-25.65 (24.38); middle toe, 17.27-19.81 (18.03).? Breeding, and resident, on islands of Bering Sea (St. Matthews Island, Otter Island, Pribilofs, Aleutians, Commander group,), Shu- 1 This statement is of course based upon the material which I have been able to examine, and if incorrect many specimens have been wrongly determined as to sex. * Twenty-one specimens. * Eleven specimens. Series from different localities average as follows: | Ex- | Depth | aren Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus.| nde | jeaivien: at base. | : | | MALE. | | | Eight specimens from Pribilof Islands and Otter | | TslamGs3 ares teeters sees ce se Pan) eee sees. | 117. 86 | 81. 28 14.48 | 9.91 | 24.38 18. 03 | ] Ten specimens from Aleutian Islands (Unalashka | | to Ada che slain cies pen ee een ens ee | 117.60 | 78.49 | 14.22 | 9.65 | 24.13 | 18.08 Three specimens from Commander Islands (Kam- | | CE EICD fore saree eee ace ee ES ne | 121.92 | 83.06 | 13.97 | 10.67 | 25.15] 18.80 | FEMALE. | Six specimens from Pribilofs and Otter Island...... 113.28 | 78.23 | 14.48 9.65 | 24.13 | 17.78 Three specimens from Aleutians (Attu and Kyska | | IS ANS) ss... 5 cc laasis eee eee ce eee eee 1112.78 | 74.42 14.22 | 10.16 24. 64 18. 28 { Two specimens from Commander Islands (Copper | Besa Yl ac etn 2 Si Se ee a eee ok 119.13 | 77.72 | 14.73 | 10.67 | 25.15 | 19.05 | | 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. magin Islands, and lower portion of Alaska Peninsula (Belkovsky); island of Kodiak, in winter (November to March). Passer arctous, var. vy. Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, 1826, 23, pl. 40. Fringilla (Linaria) griseonucha Branpt, Bull. Scient. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., x, for Noy. 26, 1841 (pub. 1848), 252 (based on Passer arctous, var. y. Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 28, pl. 40); Isis, 1844, 1386.—Kurriirz, Denkw. Reis. Russ. Am., i, 1858, 278. FE. [ringilla] griseonucha Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. Montifringilla (Leucosticte) grisenucha BoNAPARTE and SCHLEGEL, Mon. des Loxiens, 1850, 35, pl. 41. Montefringilla griseonucha Fixscu, Abh. Nat. Bremen, iii, 1872, 57 (Unalashka). Montifringilla griseinucha SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 275. [ Leucosticte] griseinucha BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 537 (Aleutians).—Satya- port, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 580. L.(eucosticte] griseinucha CaBANis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1851, 154 (‘‘Siberia’’).—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351. Leucosticte grisenucha Barry, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Aleu- tian Islands); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 430; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 323; Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 317, pl. 28, fig. 2 (Unalashka and St. Georges I., Alaska).—Datuand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 282 (Pribilof and Aleutian islands; habits; song; descr. nest and eggs).—EL.iort, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pl. 11.—Datt, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 3 (11) (Aleutian islands; descr. nest and eggs); vi, 1874, (Kyska I., east- ward ).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 23, fig. 5.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 174.—Couvrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 205.—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 148 (Shumagins; Una- lashka).—TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 393 (Bering I., Kamt- schatka).—NeEtson, Cruise, ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 67 (Aleutian, Pribilof, and St. Matthews islands).—Dysowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 364 (Bering I.).—Srrynecer, Naturen, 1884, 34 (Bering I.).—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (nearer Aleutians). Leucosticte griseonucha StTEINEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 261, 322 (Com- mander Islands, Kamtschatka; breeding habits etc.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands).— AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 523.—TurNErR, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171, part, pl. 7 (Aleutian and Pribilof islands; Belkovsky, Aliaska Peninsula; habits).—NEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 176 (habits, ete.); Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 100 (Otter I., Bering Sea, etc. ).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Unalashka).—NerHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 49. L.[eucosticte] griseonucha Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 393. [ Leucosticte tephrocotis.] Var. griseinucha Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. Leucosticte tephrocotis . . . var. griseinucha Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 144a. Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. griseinucha Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 508.—Coves, in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 174 (Pribilof Islands; habits, etc. ).—E.uiorr, Mon. Seal Islands, 1882, 127 (habits, ete. ). Leucosticte tephrocotis grisenucha Goopk, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 327. [ Leucosticte tephrocotis] b. griseinucha Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 111, part (synon- ymy; includes L. tephrocotis littoralis). Leucosticte (tephrocotis, Swainson, var.?) griseinucha Ripaway, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, May, 1875, 77 (monogr. ). Linaria griseinucha Krrrurrz, Denkw. Reis. Russ. Am., i, 1858, 278. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. £5 Leucosticte griseogenys GouLD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 104 (no locality given) ; Zool. Voy. ‘‘Sulphur,’’ 1844, 42, pl. 23. F. [ringilla] griseogenys Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. Montifringilla pustulata CABANIS, in Ersch. u. Grub. Encyc., i, sect. vol. 50, 1849, 215 (ex Fringilla pustulata Lichtenstein, MS.). Fringilla pustulata Krrriirz, Denkw. Reis. Russ. Am., i, 1858, 278. Montifringilla tephrocotis? Fixscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 58 (Una- lashka). M.[ontifringilla] speciosa Fixscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 60 (Unalashka; Bremen Mus. ). Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson ) Hartine, Fauna Prybiloy Islands, 1875, 16. Leucosticte brunneinucha (not Fringilla brunneonucha Brandt) STEINEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71 (see Auk, i, 1884, 82, footnote). Leucosticte kadiaka McGreeor, Condor, ii, Jan., 1901 (pub. Nov. 25, 1900), 8 (Karluk, Kodiak Island, Alaska; coll. R. C. McGregor). Leucosticte tephrocotis kadiaka GRINNELL, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 21 (crit.). LEUCOSTICTE ATRATA Ridgway. BLACK LEUCOSTICTE, Similar in size and pattern of coloration to L. tephrocotis teph- rocotis, but the chestnut-brown of that species replaced by brownish black (adult male) or dusky slate-brownish (adult female and immature male). Adult male in summer.—Forehead and part of crown black; nasal tufts white; sides of crown (over eyes and auriculars) and entire occiput uniform light ash gray; auricular and malar regions, chin, throat, and under parts generally brownish black or deep clove brown, the feathers of the sides, flanks, and abdomen broadly tipped with peach-blossom pink; under tail-coverts and anal region pink, more or less mixed with white, the feathers more or less extensively grayish centrally; hind- neck, back, and seapulars dark sepia brown, the feathers with more or less distinct lighter brown or buffy edgings; rump peach-blossom pink, the feathers gray basally, a dusky bar or space separating the gray from the pink; upper tail-coverts similar, but the underlying darker colors more exposed; lesser and middle wing-coverts peach-blossom pink; greater coverts broadly edged with peach-blossom pink, the concealed portion of the feathers dusky; primary coverts and remiges dusky edged with pink; rectrices dusky edged with light grayish and pink; bill, legs, and feet black. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but bill yel- lowish, tipped with dusky; light brown or buffy edgings to scapulars and interscapulars broader and more distinct; feathers of breast, etc., more or less margined with light buffy grayish, and the pink markings of a softer, more rosy, hue. 76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Immature male.—Similar to adult male, but the pink markings paler, replaced on middle and greater wing-coverts and part of secondaries by broad tips and edgings of buffy white. Adult female.—Much duller in color than the male, the under parts dusky grayish brown instead of brownish black, the back more brown- ish, and the pink markings decidedly paler, less extensive, and largely replaced by whitish, especially on wings. Immature female.—Still duller and browner than adult female, with pink markings more extensively replaced by whitish and pale bufty; scapulars and interscapulars conspicuously margined with brownish buffy, and feathers of breast, etc. (sometimes of whole anterior under parts), margined with pale grayish buffy. Adult male,—Length (skins), 149.86-159.26 (153.92); wing, 107.19- 108.71 (107.95); tail, 66.55-69.85 (68.33); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.19 (11.43); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.38; tarsus, 19.81—20.32 (20.07); middle toe, 14.22-14.99 (14.48).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 142.24-156.97 (150.88); wing, 98.81- 106.48 (102.36); tail, 60.45-65.53 (63.50); exposed culmen, 11.48-11.94 (11:68); tarsus, 19.81-20.32 (20.07); middle toe, 13.72-14.73 (14.22).” Breeding above timber line on high mountains of Idaho (Salmon River range), Wyoming (Uintah Mountains), ete.; south, in winter, to Colorado (El Paso County, ete.), and southern Utah (St. George). Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson) Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Perr: for 1871 (1872), 464 (Uintah Mountains, Wyoming).—Ho.pen, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xv, 1872, 199, part (black specimen; Sherman, Wyoming).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 505, part (sup- posed young from Uintah Mts. ). ae atrata RipGway, American Sportsman, iv, July 18, 1874, 241 (El Paso ; mice coll. C. E. Aiken) ;> Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geod. Surv. Terr., “ ser., no. 2, May 14, 1875, 68, 69 (monogr.); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 198 (Golpmido): Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 176.—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 201.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 5,000 feet in winter) .— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 525.—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 102 (Salmon River Mts., s. Idaho, breeding above timber line).—FisHpr, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, pt ii, 1898, 83 (St. George, s. Utah, Jan. 21).—Neuruiine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 45, pl. 22.—Cooxker, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 164 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, up to Apr. 2). L. [eucosticte] atrata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. Montifringilla atrata SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 274. ' Three specimens. *Six specimens. * Type now in collection of U. 8. National Museum. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. L¢ LEUCOSTICTE AUSTRALIS (Allen). BROWN-CAPPED LEUCOSTICTE, No distinct or clear gray markings on head.! Adult male in summer.—Pileum dusky grayish brown, becoming nearly or quite black on forehead; nasal tufts whitish; rest of head, together with neck, chest, and breast, deep cinnamon-brown or dull rus- set, deepest on throat, where often, as on chest and breast also, tinged or flecked with bright red; hindneck, back, and scapulars similar, but duller (between wood brown and broccoli brown), with narrow, more or less indistinct, shaft-streaks of dusky; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts broadly and abruptly tipped with peach-biossom pink; the remaining portion of the feathers grayish brown, more dusky next to the pink; sides, flanks, and abdomen mostly carmine-pink, the feathers grayish brown beneath the surface; under tail-coverts deep grayish brown or dusky centrally, broadly and abruptly margined with pink and white; wings dusky, with lesser and middle coverts broadly tipped with peach-blossom pink, the greater and primary coverts and remiges edged with the same—the color very bright, almost scarlet, on the wing-coverts in some midsummer specimens; tail dusky, edged with pale brownish gray and pinkish; bill and feet black. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but bill yellow- ish, tipped with dusky; pileum light brownish gray posteriorly and laterally, with dusky centers to feathers; dusky feathers of forehead and crown margined with pale grayish brown, scapulars and interscap- ulars conspicuously margined with pale buffy brown; feathers of breast and other anterior under parts margined with pale buffy, and the pink marking’s and areas of a lighter and softer, more rose pink, hue. Immature male.—Similar to adult males, as described above, but ereater wing-coverts edged with buffy (in winter) or dull whitish (in summer). Adult female.—Much duller in color than adult male, but with the same seasonal changes; breast, etc., wood brown; back, etc,, more grayish brown, and the pink markings indistinct. Young.—Plain light grayish buffy brown, including whole head, much paler on posterior under parts; lesser and middle wing-coverts and tail-coverts tipped with dull light buffy; greater wing-coverts ‘In very fresh plumage there is a quite well defined area covering exactly the same parts of the pileum as in L. tephrocotis tephrocotis and L. atrata, that is differently colored from the contiguous parts, but instead of this area being clear and pérfectly uniform light ash gray the feathers are dusky brownish gray centrally, margined with light brownish gray, producing a more or less squamate or scale-like appearance; further- more, the brown color whicu borders this somewhat grayish area is decidedly lighter and duller, or less rufescent, than in L. tephrocotis. 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. broadly edged with brighter buffy; wings otherwise, and tail, much as in adult female. Adult male.—Length (skins), 145.03-164.85 (154.18); wing, 101.60- 111.76 (107.95); tail, 60.71-72.64 (66.55); exposed culmen, 10.16-12.70 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 8.38-8.89 (8.64); tarsus, 18.29-20.57 (19.81); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.48).* Female.—Length (skins), 143.00-156.21 (149.10); wing, 99.06-108. 20 (103.63); tail, 60.96-68.53 (64.52); exposed culmen, 11.48-11.94 (11.68); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.13; tarsus, 18.80-19.81 (19.30); middle toe, 18.72-14.99 (14.29).’ Breeding above timber line on high mountains of Colorado (Mount Lincoln, Mount Harvard, Mount Evans, Red Mountains, ete.); de scending to lower vaileys and plains and south to New Mexico (Mount Blanco, etc.) in winter. Leucosticte griseinucha (not Fringilla griseonucha Brandt) ALLEN, Am. Nat., vi, June, 1872, 350 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado, above timber line). Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson) ALLEN, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 162, 284 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado, breeding); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, no. 6, 1872, 121 (in text), 162, 177, part (mountains of Colorado above timber line).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. B., i, 1874, 504, 505, footnote, pl. 23, fig. 9 (supposed breeding dress). [ Leucosticte tephrocotis] a. tephrocotis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 111 (part; see espe- cially footnote). Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. australis Allen, Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 189 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. ); Dec., 1873, 197 (redescribed).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. B., ili, 1874, App., p. 509 (descriptions). Leucosticte australis Ripaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d ser., no. 2, May 11, 1875, 79 (monographic); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 198 (Colo- rado); Nom. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 177.—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 79 (South Park, Mount Harvard, Mount Evans, Red Mts., etc., Colorado, July; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 249, pls. 5, 6 (South Park, Colorado; Mount Blanco, New Mexico, Sept. ).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 202.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, breeding from 12,000-13,500 ft.; in winter, 6,000-10,000 ft. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 526.—AntHony, Auk, iv, 1887, 257 (Boulder Co., Colorado, Jan.; descr. winter plumage). LL. [eucosticte] australis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350.—Ripeway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 395. Leucosticte tephrocotis,—var. australis Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding above timber line; notes; descr. young). Montifringilla australis SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 275. Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. Acanthis BecustErn, Orn. Taschenb., 1803, 125. (Type, Fringilla linaria Linneeus; see Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 145.) Acanthys Des Murs, Traité d’ Ool., 1862, 334, 546. Linaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Viertior, Analyse, 1816, 30. (Type, ZL. rufescens Vieillot.) : ‘Twenty specimens. * Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79 Aegiothus' CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161. (Type, Fringilla linaria Linnzeus. ), Agiothus (emendation) AucrorumM. Linacanthis Des Murs, Encl. Hist. Nat., pt.5, 1854, 304. (Type, Linaria rufescens Vieillot.) Agriospiza SuNDEVALL, Ay. Met. Nat. Disp. Tent., 1872, 32. (Type, Fringilla flavirostris Linneeus. ) Small, streaked, red-capped, and often rosy-breasted finches with long and distinctly emarginate tail and small acute bill. Bill conical, strongly compressed terminally and usually acute at tip, nearly the basal half (except in summer plumage) covered by the conspicuous nasal plumules; culmen and gonys nearly straight, the former always much shorter than the tarsus. Wing long (five times as long as tarsus or more), pointed (three outermost primaries longest, the ninth longer than the seventh); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly twice the length of the tarsus. Tail long (at least three-fourths long as wing), deeply emarginate or forked. Tarsus very short— about one-quarter as long as tail and not more than one-fifth as long as wing, a little longer than middle toe with claw; lateral toes much shorter than the middle, their long and strongly curved claws reaching to about the middle of the middle claw; hallux nearly as long as outer toe, its slender, slightly arched claw longer than the digit. Coloration.—Above streaked with dusky upon a brownish, grayish, or whitish ground, the rump sometimes immaculate white or pinkish; top of head bright red (except in ‘A. brewster?/); wings and tail dusky, the feathers edged with paler, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish or pale brownish; superciliary region and lower parts chiefly whitish, but anterior lower parts (except in A. brewsteri/) more or less tinged with red in adult males, and sides usually more or less streaked with dusky; a more or less distinct dusky spot on chin and upper part of throat (except in A. brewsteri/). Adult females.—Similar to the males but without any red on breast, etc., the crown, however, red, as in male. Young.—No red whatever on crown or elsewhere; whole head streaked with dusky and grayish or brownish white, the latter color prevailing on under portions; otherwise much as in adult females, but under parts more extensively streaked, plumage of much softer, more ** woolly,” texture and markings less sharply defined. [Both sexes have in summer a blackish bill, the red of a brighter tint, and the colors darker than in winter, during which season the bill is yellow, tipped with black, the lighter markings more pronounced, and the plumage in general more or less strongly suffused with buffy or light ochraceous-brown. | Fange.—Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere. “Won aiyio§os 6 nom. prop.”’ 80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ACANTHIS., a. Chin dusky; adults with crown red. b. Under tail-coverts wholly pure white, or else with only a few indistinct dusky streaks; rump immaculate white or pale pink. (Acanthis hornemannii. ) c. Larger, the wing not less than 80.01 (averaging 84.33), depth of bill at base not less than 7.37 (averaging 7.87). (Greenland, and, in winter, adjacent parts of North American continent. ).Acanthis hornemannii hornemannii (p.80) cc. Smaller, the wing not more than 77.98 (averaging 74.17), depth of bill at base not more than 6.86 (averaging6.35). (Continental arctic districts of North America, Hurope, and Asia.) ........-- Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (p. 82) bb. Under tail-coverts with distinct mesial streaks of dusky; rump distinctly streaked with dusky. (Acanthis linaria.) c. Smaller, the wing usually less than 76.20 (averaging 74.17), depth of bill at base less than 7.11 (averaging 6.10). (More northern continental portions of North America, Europe, and Asia.) --..-.---- Acanthis linaria linaria (p.85) cc. Larger, the wing usually more than 76.20 (averaging 79.251); depth of biil at base not less than 7.11 (averaging 7.627). (Greenland; south in winter to more northern United States east of Rocky Mountains. ) Acanthis linaria rostrata (p. 91) [Intermediate between the two preceding, with a larger and relatively longer bill than dinaria, and more acute, as well as relatively longer, bill than ros- trata; northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, chiefly along Coasts} | Paar cere se Ae oe ee Acanthis linaria holbeellii (p. 89) aa. Chin not dusky; adults without red on crown. (Cambridge, Mass.*). Acanthis brewsterii (p. 92) ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII HORNEMANNII (Holbdll). GREENLAND REDPOLL, The largest and lightest-colored form of the genus. Adult male in spring.—F¥orehead grayish, tinely mottled with dusky; crown bright vermilion or poppy red; occiput, hindneck, back, and scapulars grayish white streaked with dusky, the dusky streaks broad- est on back and scapulars; upper tail-coverts dusky centrally, their margins broadly white; entire rump white, usually faintly tinged with delicate pink; sides of head dull brownish white, darkest on auricular region; loral streak and chin dusky; nasal tufts h@ht grayish brown; under parts white, the chest usually more or less tinged with delicate pale peach-blossom pink, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts usually quite immaculate;,wings and tail grayish dusky; middle and greater wing-coverts tipp€d with white, forming two distinct bands; remiges edged with white, their edgings broadest on tertials; greater and primary coverts narrowly edged with pale grayish; outer webs of rectrices narrowly edged with grayish white, the inner webs broadly edged with pure white; bill mostly or wholly dusky; legs and feet black. ' Thirty-one specimens. ? Twenty-eight specimens. ' * Only one specimen known, possibly a hybrid of Acanthis linaria and Spinus pinus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81 Adult male in winter.—Similar to the spring male, but head, neck, back, and scapulars more or less tinged with pale buff, the dusky streaks on back, ete., narrower, white edgings of wings and tail broader, and bill yellowish with dusky tip. Adult female in spring.—Similar to the spring male, but without any pink tinge on rump or chest, and usually (4) with the sides and flanks (rarely under tail-coverts also) narrowly streaked with grayish dusky. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the spring female, but head, neck, back, etc., more or less strongly tinged with buff, the dusky streaks of back, ete., narrower, the white edgings of wings and tail broader, and the bill yellowish with dusky tip. [Many adult males are quite similar in coloration to adult females, lacking any trace of pink on chest or rump. Younger birds, appar- ently, are more strongly tinged with buff in winter plumage. First plumage not seen. | Adult male.—Length (skins), 89-151.13 (141.73); wing, 81.03- 135.8 90.98 (85.85); tail, 57.91-66.55 (63.25); exposed culmen, 8.64-10.16 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 7.62—8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 15.75-17.27 (16.51); middle toe, 8.38-9.65 (9. 14)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 131.57-144.78 (137.92); wing, 80.52- 86.87 (82.80); tail, 58.93-68.58 (62.99); one culmen, 8.13—10.41 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 16.26-17.27 (16.51); middle toe, 8.13-9.40 (8.64).” Resident in Greenland? where breeding north to latitude 70-; Ice- land; Spitzbergen; Jan Mayen Land. In winter southwestw ea to Ungava (Fort Chimo, September 1 to May 15), irregularly to west side of Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill), Ontario (Galt, 2 specimens, January, 1860); also occurring accidentally in England (Whitburn, 1 specimen, April 24, 1855) and France (Abbeville). Fringilla borealis (not Linaria borealis Vieillot) Temminck, Man. d’Orn., iii, 1835, 264.—WerNER, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pl. 17.—Srtys-LonacHamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 73. [Linaria] borealis (not Vieillot) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7653, part (Greenland). Linota hornemannii Hotsoii, Naturh. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 398 (Greenland ).—Sat- VIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 206. Linota hornemanni Newton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876-82, 143, 144, in text.—DressrerR, Birds Europe, pts. 55, 56, 1876 (p. 55), part, pl. 189, fig. 2, pl. 190, upper fig. (Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Whitburn, England, | spec. Apr. 24, 1855; Abbeville, France, 1 spec. ).—Britisu eee UNION, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 54.—Brooks, Ibis, 1883, 383, 38 : xalt, Ontario, 2 speci- mens Jan., 1860; crit.).—CiarKke, Zodlogist, 1890, 9 (Jan Mayen Land; Iceland; see Fischer and Pelzeln, Arzt. Osterreich. Exp. Jan Mayen, 1886, —). [Linaria] hornemanni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7654 (excl. syn. rostra- tus Coues). 1 Thirteen specimens. * Tweive specimens. 17024—01——6 82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Linaria hornemanni Homeyer, Journ. fir Orn., xxxili, April, 18 F.[ringilla] hornemanni Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. Fringilla hornemanni Seesoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 117. Agiothus hornemanni Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 209. AE. [giothus] hornemanni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. Acanthis hornemanni Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1871-1881, 55 (deser. eggs).— Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chime Ungava, Sept. 1 to May 15). Acanthis hornemannii STEINEGER, Auk, i, April, 1884, 152.—AmeEriIcaAN ORNITHOLO- cisrs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 527.—(?)CuarKer, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson Bay ).—McIiwraira, Birds Ontario, 1892, 300 (Galt, Ontario, small flock). A. [eanthis] hornemannii Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 396. [ Acanthis exilipes.] Subsp. «. Acanthis hornemanni Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 256. Acanthis canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) BoNaPpARTE and SCHLEGEL, Mon. des Loxiens, 1850, 47, pl. 51. [ Acanthis] canescens BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541 (Greenland). A. [egiothus] canescens CaBANts, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161 (Greenland). Aegiothus canescens Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 429 (excl. syn. part) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 321.—Fixscu, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 188, part (e. Greenland; crit.). Aigiothus canescens Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 388 (monogr. ).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, a 874, 498, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 178. [ Egiothus canescens | var. canescens Rripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 493. Fringilla canescens REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland; resident). Linota canescens Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 99 (Franz-Joset’s Fjord, Greenland; breeding n. of lat. 70°). Acanthis hornemanni typica Brewster, Auk, iv, April, 1887, 164, in text. Linota linaria (not Fringilla linaria Linnzeus) NEwron, in Baring Gould’s Ice- land, 1863, 409, part. F. [ringilla] linaria (not of Linnzeus) Newron, Ibis, 1865, 502, in text (Spitz- bergen). Aegiothus linarius Frxscn, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1874, 104, part (s. w. Greenland; crit. ). 79, 182 (crit.). ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII EXILIPES (Coues). HOARY REDPOLL. Similar in coloration to A. h. hornemanniz, but very much smaller and averaging somewhat darker; rump less extensively white; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts more frequently streaked with dusky, and pink of chest and rump in adult male averaging decidedly deeper, that of the chest also usually more extended. (Sexual and seasonal differences exactly the same as in A. h. hornemanni?.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 116.59-137.16 (126.49); wing, 72.39- 77.98 (75.18); tail, 54.10-63.50 (57.40); exposed culmen, 6.86-8.64 (7.87); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 13,46-15.24 (14.48); middle toe, 7.11-8.38 (7.87).' 1 Thirty-one specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83 Adult female.—Length (skins), 116.84-i31.06 (123.95); wing, 69.60- 74.68 (71.12); tail, 53.34-58.17 (56.13); exposed culmen, 6.86—-8.64 (7.87); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.60 (6.10); tarsus, 13.46-15.24 (14.48); middle toe, 7.11-8.38 (7.62).? Circumpolar continental districts, especially in Arctic America and northeastern Asia. Breeding from Ungava (Fort Chimo) to western Alaska (St. Michael, etc.). South in winter to more northern United States; Maine (Westbrook); Massachusetts (Swampscott, Revere Beach, Nantasket Beach); Ontario (Hamilton Beach); Michigan, northern Illinois (Chicago, Mt. Carroll), etc., and in eastern Asia to Commander Islands and northern Japan. Fringilla linaria var. 8. Ntusson Faun. Svec., i, 1817, 150. Linaria rufescens (not of Vieillot), male, Roux, Orn. Proy., 1825, pl. 99. Fringilla borealis (not Linaria borealis Vieillot) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., y, 1839, 87, pl. 400. Linota borealis BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34, part. Linaria borealis (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 114; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 120, pl. 178. Egiothus borealis Swinwor, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 386 (north China); Ibis, 1874, 160 (Hakodate, Japan); 1878, 245 (Yezo, Japan). (?) Acanthis linaria (not Fringilla linaria Linneus) Bonaparte and ScHLEGEL, Mon. des Loxiens, 1850, pl. 52. Fringilla linaria (not of Linnzeus), male, ScHLEGEL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 171. Linota linaria Buaxiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, vili, 1880, 233 (Yezo, Japan); x, 1882,174 (Yezo, Japan). Fringilla (Acanthus) linaria var. canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) SCHRENCK, Reise Amurl., i, 1860, 296. Fringilla canescens SOMMERFELDT, Ofv. Sy. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1861, 81 (East Fin- mark). Cannabina canescens SWINHOE, Ibis, 1861, 335 (n. China). Afgiothus canescens Ross, Edinb. Philos. Journ.,1861, 163 (62° n. lat., Hudson Bay region).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Maine; rare winter visit. ).—SwinHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18638, 299 (n. China, winter).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 71 (Carlton House, Brit. America, Nov. to Mar.).— Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 498, part. —Davip and OvsTaLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 336 (n. China, winter). ' Kighteen specimens. There is apparently little geographic variation in measurements, as the following averages will show: Ex- | Depth + Loeality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Mele culmen. at base.| ‘on | MALES. Twelve specimens from Fort Chimo, Ungaya....-.. 74.93 | 57.40 7.87 6.35 | 14.73 | 7.62 Mywelve specimens from Alaska s- 22 2-24-2222 e-ce ance 75.44 | 58.42 7.62 | 6.10 | 14.48 7.62 Seven specimens from northeastern Asia ........... 75.18 | 55.63 7.87 | 6.60 | 14.48 7.87 FEMALES. Eight specimens from Ungava .............-..------ 72.39 | 55.63 8.13] 6.35 | 14.48 7.62 inivelsperinvensiirom Al asksiet ees same eee eee eee 71.63 56. 90 7.62 6.10 | 14.48 | 7.87 Five specimens from northeastern Asia..........--- 72.14 | 56.64 7.62 6.10| 14.48] 7.62 84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. JE. [giothus] canescens NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, rare in winter). Aegiothus canescens Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 429, part (in syn- onymy ).—SamvELs, Birds Mass., 1864, 9.-—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc., xx, 1879, 270 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, Nov. 16). Acanthis canescens DyBowskt and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 335 (Dauria).— Taczanowskl, Journ. fur Orn., 1873, 92 (Dauria); 1874, 336 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., 1877, 40. A. [canthis] canescens DyBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 366 (measurements). Linota canescens SrEBoHM and Harvir Browy, Ibis, 1876, 116 (Petchora Valley, Siberia). Aigiothus exilipes Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov., 1861, 385 (Fort Simpson, Arctic America; U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 210.—Ettiot, Illustr. New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., 1867, pl. 8.—HaArvie Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 51 (Petchora, n. e. Russia).—Jerrries, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 121 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, Noy. 16, 1878).—Grpps, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v., 1879, 486 (Michigan; rare winter visit. ). LE. [giothus] exilipes Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. [ Aegiothus linaria.] Var. exilipes Cours, Key, 1872, 131. Egiothus linaria . . . var. evilipes Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 146). —Pat- MEN, Vega-Exp. 1887, 277 (Tschuktsch-halfon, e. Siberia, June). Ai. [giothus] canescens . . . var. exilipes Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 372 (Mount Carroll, n. Illinois, winter). [ Zgiothus canescens] var. exilipes BarrD, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1874, i, 493. ABgiothus canescens, var. exilipes Barrb, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 22, fig..2. Aigiothus canescens exilipes Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Mar. 27, 1880, 2 (crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 178a.—Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 149 (Chamisso Island, Kotzebue Sound, breeding).—NeE.tson, Cruise ‘“Corwin”’ in 1881 (1883), 67 (coasts Bering Sea; habits, etc. ).—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 115 (Kowak R.,.n. w. Alaska).—Murpocn, Exp. Point Barrow, 1885, 105 (Point Barrow, breeding). Acanthis hornemannii exilipes StesNEGER, Auk, i, April, 1884, 152; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 258 (Bering Island, Kamtschatka, winter) ; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands, winter).—Turnrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 ( Fort Chimo, Ungava, resident); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171 (breeding at St. Michaels, ete. ). —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 527a.—Townsenp, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 100 (Port Clarence, June).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 178 (St. Michaels and throughout n. Alaska; descr. young, nest, and eggs, ete. ).— Brewster, Auk, iv, 1887, 163 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, Noy. 16, 1878; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 15, 1880; Revere Beach, Massachusetts, Mar. 8, 1879, March 3, 1883; Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, Feb. 22, 1883).— MaAcrarLANne, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus:, xiv, 1891, 440 (lower Anderson R., breeding).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 586 (Manitoba in winter).—McItwrairuH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 301 (Hamilton Beach, Apr. 6, 1885).—Kwnieut, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 89 (Westbrook, Maine, Jan. 26, 1896). A.[canthis] hornemannii exilipes RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 396. [ Linaria] exilipes Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7651. Linaria exilipes HoMEYER, Journ, fiir Orn., xxviii, 1880, 155 (crit.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 Linota exilipes Dresser, Birds Europe, pts. 57, 58, 1877, 51, pl. 189, fig. 1.—Newron, Zoologist, 1877, 6.—Brooks, Ibis, 1885, 382 (crit. ). Acanthis exilipes SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 254 (localities in Finmark, Norway, Lapland, Russia, and Siberia). Linaria sibirica (not of Boie, 1822), ‘‘Severzow (in litt.),’? Homryer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvii, April, 1879, 185 (Onon and Baikal, Siberia; coll. yon Homeyer). Linota sibirica HomEyeErR and Tancre, Mitt. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, 89 (crit. ). L.{inaria] pallescens HomeEyeEr, Journ. fiir Orn., xxviii, Apr., 1880, 156 (= L. sibir- ica Homeyer, 1879). Acanthis hornemannii pallescens STEINEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 153. ACANTHIS LINARIA LINARIA (Linnzus), REDPOLL, About the size of A. hornemannii exilipes, but wing and tail (especially the latter) averaging shorter, bill and toes decidedly longer, and colora- tion much darker; the rump.never white, and the under tail-coverts always conspicuously streaked with dusky. Adult male in breeding dress.—Forehead (narrowly) dusky; crown bright poppy red; general color of remaining upper parts dark gray- ish brown or sepia, indistinctly streaked with darker, and more or less streaked with grayish white, especially on hindneck, lower back, and median portion of upper back; rump mixed pink and grayish white, broadly streaked with dusky; upper tail-coverts grayish brown edged with paler; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the remiges and rectrices narrowly edged with pale brownish gray or dull grayish white, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with grayish white; chin and upper portion of throat dusky; cheeks, lower throat, chest, and sides of breast deep peach-blossom pink, often tinged with bright poppy red; rest of under parts white, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts broadly streaked with dusky; bill born color basally, dusky at tip; legs and feet dusky brown or blackish. Adult male in winter plumage.—Much lighter colored than in sum- mer, the prevailing color of back, scapulars, and hindneck light, more or less buffy grayish brown, distinctly streaked with dusky; the lower back and rump streaked with dusky and whitish (the latter often more or less mixed with pink on lower rump); the wing-bands and lighter edgings of remiges, etc., more or less inclining to buffy; the pink of chest, etc., paler (rose pink), and the bill light yellow with black at tip or along terminal portions of culmen and gonys. Adult female (and some apparently adult males).—Similar to the male, but without any pink or red on the under parts, the portions so colored on the male being pale buffy or whitish; the seasonal differ- ences exactly as in the adult male. Young.—No red on crown, the whole pileum being broadly streaked with dusky and pale grayish buffy; sides of throat, chest, and sides of 86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. breast buffy or dull buffy whitish, streaked with dusky; otherwise much like adults, but wing-bands and edgings dull buffy, and back and scapulars browner. [Young birds in first winter are like adults, but with upper parts browner, and with head, etc. (whole anterior under parts in females), more strongly tinged or suffused with buff. ] Adult male.—Length (skins), 109.47-135.13 (123.44); wing, 70.61- 76.45 (74.93); tail, 48.51-58.17 (54.10); exposed culmen, 7.87-9.65 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 5.33-7.11 (6.10); tarsus, 13.46-15.75 (14.73); middle toe, 7.62—9.65 (8.64)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 108.97-138.18 (122.68); wing, 70.10- 76.20 (73.91); tail, 50.55-58.42 (53.85); exposed culmen, 7.62—-9.65 (8.38); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.86 (6.10); tarsus, 13. 97-15. 49 (14.73); middle toe, 7.62—-9.14 (8.38).” More northern portions of northern hemisphere, the northern limit of its breeding range inosculating with the southern portion of the breeding range of A. hornemannit exilipes (Ungava to western Alaska); breeding southward to islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence;* in winter south to more northern United States generally, irregularly and more rarely to Virginia (Alexandria Co.), northern Alabama (Stevenson), southern Ohio (Hamilton Co.), southern Indiana (Franklin, Decatur, ' Forty-six specimens. * Thirty-four specimens. Specimens from Europe and northeastern Asia average a littl: larger than those from North America, although the difference is slight and with more nearly equal series, perhaps even less than that indicated by the following averages: Ex- Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus, Middle culmen.|at base. Wee MALES. Sixteen adult males from northeastern North Amer- VC olate ators ele ae SR ie eileen cetera eee ieee 73.66 53.09 9.14 5. 84 14. 73 8. 64 Sixteen adult males from northwestern North Amer- TG Stic cree arama ee oe a aac oval rsjaie cals Rice eee 74.42 54. 36 8.89 6.35 14.73 8.38 Eleven adult males from Pe eisibin ASI oie: eee 74.68 | 54.86 8.38 6.10 | 14.99 &. 64 Three adult males from Europe....................- 75.95 | 53.85 8. 64 6.10 | 14.99 8. 64 FEMALES. Fifteen adult females from northeastern North UNG aaR ey AKG Hee ey Se ee At tN cid ok Sa a a ae 72.14 53. 59 8.38 5. 84 14, 73 8.38 Six adult females from northwestern North America.| 71.63 | 53.59 8.38 5.84] 14.99 $. 64 Eight adult females from northeastern Asia ........ 73.15 | 54.10 8.38 6.35 | 14.78 8. 64 Five adult females from Europe .......--..-......-- 73.15 | 54.10 8.89 6.60 | 14.73 | 8.38 The series of European specimens is much too small to afford satisfactory compar- ison with North American birds. They show certain differences of coloration, which may or may not prove to be constant, and comparison w ith larger series is therefore very desirable. Said to breed in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; also, according to Hatch (Birds of Minnesota, p. 299), in Vermont and northeastern Minnesota. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87 Carroll, and Monroe counties), Kansas (Neosho Falls, Manhattan), Colorado (San Juan Co.), southeastern Oregon, coast of Washington, ete.; casual in Bermudas. [Fringilla] linaria Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 182 (Europe); ed. 12, i, 1766, 322.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1788, 917.—Laruam, Index Orn., i 1790, 458. Fringilla . . . linaria Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 405 (Severn R.). Fringilla linaria Wttson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 41, pl. 30; ix, 1814, 126.—TrEm- MINCK, Man. d’Orn., i, 1820, 373.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., v, 1826, 173, pl. 126.—NurraLL, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 512.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 523, pl. 375.—Krrriirz, Denkw., i, 1858, 321 (Kamtschatka ).— Sresonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 116 (excl. syn. part.); Birds Jap. Emp., 1890, 125 (Japan in winter). Spinus linaria Kocu, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1816, 233. Passer linaria PAuuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 25. Fringilla (Acanthis) linaria KeyseruinG and Buiasivus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 161. [Acanthis] linaria Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 541. Acanthis linaria BoNAPARTE and SCHLEGEL, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 48, pl. 52.— DysowskI and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 335 (Dauria).—TaczaNowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 92 (Dauria); 1874, 335 (e. Siberia); 1876, 200 ( Ussuri); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); 1882, 394 (e. Siberia); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 39.—Sresnecer, Auk, i, 1884, 152 (synonymy); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 252 (Bering Island, etc., Kamts- chatka, breeding on mainland); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 142 (Com- mander Islands in winter).—TurNeER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, resid.); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 172 (whole of Alaska except Aleutians).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 528.—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 179 (habits, ete.).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 245.—EverMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Nov. 5 and Dec., 1884).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 422 (rare winter visit.).—MAcFARLANE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 440 (lower Anderson R., breeding).—Harcn, Birds Minn., 1892, 299 (said to breed in n. e. Minnesota, also in Vermont).—Parx, Auk, x, 1893, 205 (Stevenson, n. Alabama, 1 spec. Sept., 1874).—Ripeaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Kodiak, Alaska).—Patmer (W.), Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Alexandria Co., Virginia, Feb. 19, 1875).—Tuorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Ft. Keogh, Montana, Nov. 7 to mid. Feb. ).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 50, pl. 21, fig. 3.—FisHer (W.H.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 219 (Baltimore, Maryland, 1 spec. Jan. 17, 1897).—Burier, Birds Ind., 1897, 922 (rare in s. Indiana; Camden, Noy. 5, Franklin Co., Feb. 10; Blooming- ton Dec. and Apr. 12; Decatur Co.).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899), 263 (Neosho Falls; Manhattan). A.[canthis] linaria DyBowskt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 365 (Kamtschatka ).— Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. A.[egiothus] linarius CaBANIs, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161 (Germany; Norway). Aegiothus linarius Fixscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 273 (Chilcat and Portage Bay, Alaska, Jan., Mar.). Aegiothus linaria Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 428; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 330.—CooreR and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. U1, 1860, 198 (coast Washington in winter).—Dauu and Bannister, Trans. Chi- cago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato, Alaska, resid. ).—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv 1871, 461 (Green R., Wyoming, etc. ). ’ 88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Agyiothus linaria BuaKiston, Ibis, 1863, 71 (China).—SwinuHoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 299 (China); Ibis, 1874, 160 (Hakodate, Japan ).—Browy, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Govtp, Birds Europe, iii, 1870, pl. pl eee Orn, Cal., 1870, 159 (Washington in winter).—Covurs, Birds N. W., 1874, 114; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 207.—Snow, Birds Kans., 3d ed., 1875, 6 (winter visit.).—Davrp and OvusraLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 336 (n. China).— Lanapon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1878, (5) (Avondale, near Cincinnati, winter 1869-70).—BuLaxkiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 245 (Yezo, Japan ).— KuMuIEN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 75 (Cumberland Sound and Kikkerton islds., Sept., Oct. ).—Boxav, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 127 (e. Siberia); 1882, 335 (e. Siberia).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 197; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1888, 371 (Sapporo and Tate-Yama, Japan; crit.).—DreEw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 90 (San Juan Co., Colorado, in winter) .— Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 149 (Chugachik I., Cook Inlet, Alaska, July 1; Chamisso I., Alaska, Aug. 31).—Brewsrter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 255 (Amherst, Grindstone, and Magdalen islds., Gulf St. Lawrence, breeding; descr. young).—NELson, Cruise Cama” in 1881 (1883), 68 (Alaska, except Pribilofs and Aleutians; breeding habits). —McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 115 (Kowak R., Alaska). AE. (giothus] linaria Cours, Key N. Am. alg 2d ed., 1884, 352. [-Eyiothus] linarius Cours, Key, 1872, 136 Asgiothus linarius Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. oui Phila., 1861, 382 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 146.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 493 (part), pl. 22, figs. 3, 5.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 116 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter).—LaNnGpon, Rey. List Birds Cincinnati, 1879, 9 (1 spec. Jan.). [ Egiothus linarius] var. linarius Batrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 493, 494. Cannabina linaria Swinnok, Ibis, 1861, 335 (n. China).—Scriater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (e. United States). [| Linaria] linaria Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 109, no. 7649. Linota linaria Hartina, Handb. Brit. B., 1872, 28.—Nerwron, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. B., 1, 1876, 183.—Dressrr, Birds Eur., iv, 1877, 37, pl. 187.—BririsH Ornt- THOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. B., 1883, 53.—Brooks, Ibis, 1884, 234; 1885, 381. [Fringilla] flammea Linn xts, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 322. [ Fringilla] vitis MLLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 163. Tinaria borealis Vire1tuot, Mem. R. Acad. Sei. Torino, xxiii, 1816, Se. Fis., p. 199.— Maceiniivreay, Hist. Brit. B.,1, 1837, 388. Linota borealis BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34, part ?.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. B., i, 1843, 308. FE [ringilla] borealis Gray, Gen. B., ii, 1849, 372. igiothus borealis Swinnok, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 386. Linaria minor (not of Leach) Swainson and RicHarpson, Faun. Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 267.—JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., li, 1832, 33: Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas).—AvpvuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 114; Birds Am., oct. ed., ili, 1841, 122, pl. 179.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, Oct. to Feb. ).—Wituis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermu- das).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 425 (St. Michaels, Alaska). LTinaria agrorum Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 281. Linaria betularum Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 282. Fringilla linaria betularum SUNDEVALL, Sy. Vet. Ak. Handl., 1840, 59. Linaria canescens Gouin, Birds Eur., iti, 1834, pl. 198. Fringilla canescens SCHLEGEL, Rey. Crit., 1844, p. xiii. Aegiothus fuscescens CouEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 222 (Henly Harbor, Labrador; U.S. Nat. Mus.); 1869, 186. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89 Abgiothus fuscescens Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 380 (monogr.). [Linaria] fuscescens Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7655. [ Hgiothus linarius.] Var. fuscescens Covers, Key, 1872, 131. Atgiothus linarius . . . var. fuscescens Cougs, Check List, 1878, no. 146a. Aigiothus linaria, var. fuscescens Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 22, figs. 3, 5. Fringilla rufescens (not Linaria rufescens Vieillot) Ewes and Buck.ey, Ibis, 1870, 193 (Turkey, winter). Atgiothus rufescens Atston and Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1863, 64. Linota rufescens SEEBoHM and Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, 116 (lower Petchora, Siberia) . Linota rufescens (?) BLAkiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 233° x, 1882, 174. Linaria americana MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fiir. Orn., vi, 1858, 333. Fringilla linaria brevirostris HOLMGREN, Skand. Fogl., i, 1866, 328. Acanthis intermedius Dypowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. Hance: vili, 1883, 366. A.[eanthis] innominatus DyBowskt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 366 (Kamt- schatka).—REICHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxiv, 1886, 106. ACANTHIS LINARIA HOLBCELLII (Brehm). HOLBELL’S REDPOLL. Exactly like A./. linarda in coloration, but averaging decidedly larger, especially the bill, the latter usually relatively longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.11-139.70 (127.25); wing, 72.14— T7.47 (75.18); tail, 53.59-59.69 (56.90); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.41 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 14.73—-1 (15.24); middle toe, 7.87-9.91 (8.89).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 120.65-134.62 (125.73); wing, 69.09- 76.20 (72.90); tail, 54.86-61.47 (57.15); exposed culmen, 9.65—-10.41 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 13.¢ 9715.75 (14.99); middle toe, 7.62-8.13 (7.87).” 0. 6.00 1 Twenty specimens. * Seven specimens. Series from different localities average as follows: | Ex- | Depth | | | Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill ee | Middle | ic ulmen.) at base. | | | | | MALES. | | | Five adult males from Bering Island, Kamtschatka. 75.95 | 57.40 | 10. 16 7.37 | 14.99 9. 40 Two adult males from Petropaulski, Kamtschatka..| 74.42 | 57.15 | 9. 40 7.37 14. 99 8.13 Four adult males from Hakodadi, Japan ........--- | 74.68 | 55.12 | 9.65 Ad || 4599 8. 64 Three adult males from Krasnoyarsk, Siberia -...---. | 75.44 | 59.69 | 10.16 7.62 | 15.24 8. 89 Four adult males from Sweden and Norway...-.---- | 75.95 | 57.40] 9.91 7.37+| 15. 24 9.14 Two adult males from Quebec, Canada .....-..-..--- | 72.90 | 54.61 | 9.91 7.62 | 14.99 9. 40+ FEMALES. | | | Two adult females from Bering Island............-- | 73.91 | 58.67 | g.o1+| 7.11 | 15.24 | 8. 13 One adult female from Hakodadi........--..--..--- | 73.15 | 54.86 | 9.65 Halle ERC E I eee sec Three adult females from Sweden and Norway...-.| 73.15 — 57.15 | 10:16 | 7:37 |) 14.48 | 7.87 One adult female from Quebec.......--..----------- | 69.09 | 55.37| 9.91 eT. | tACOG Veet eee One adult female from Herschel Island (breeding) .) 71.12 54.61 | 8.89 6.35 | 15.24 9. 40 90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Extreme northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America; Norway to Commander Islands, northern Japan, and islands off Are- tic coast of North America (Herschell Island, breeding); occasional during migrations in portions of northeastern North America (vicinity of Quebec; Lorne Park, Ontario; North Bridgeton, Maine; Swamp- scott, Massachusetts, etc.) ' Passer linaria (not Fringilla linaria Linnzeus) Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 25, part. LTinaria hoaetn Breuo, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 280 (middle Germany, winter ).—SuNDEVALL, Ofy. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1840, 59.—FALion, Ois. Belg., 1875, 105, footnote.—Homeyenr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1879, 183 (Pome- rania; Thuringia; crit. ). A. [eanthis] holbéllii Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 541 (n. and w. Europe). [ Linaria] holboellii Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 110, no. 7652. Acanthis holbéllii BoNAPARTE and SCHLEGEL, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 50, pl. 53 (Ger- many; Saxony; Belgium). Acanthis holboolli SEtys-Lonacuamps, Rey. et Mag. Zool., 1857, 126. Aeg. [iothus] holboellii CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161, footnote. Agiothus holboelli Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 385 (monogr. ). Acanthis linaria 7. holbéllii DuBois, Consp. Av. Eur., 1871, 18. [ Egiothus linarius] var. holbolli Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 498, 494, part. AD. [giothus] 1. Linaria] holboelli Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353, part. Acanthis holbélli TaczAnowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 324 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 40. A.[canthis] holbélli Dypowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 365 (Kamtschatka). Acanthis linaria holboellii SrrsneceER, Auk, i, April, 1884, 153 (synonymy); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 256 (Bering I., Kamtschatka, breeding); Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands, resident); xiv, 1891, 497 (Japan); xv, 1892, 354 (Hakodate, Japan).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 528a.—(?)TownsENnpD, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 93 (upper Kowak R., Alaska, July); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (do. ).—Brews- TER, Auk, iv, 1887, 163 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, Mar. 26, 1883).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 181 (n. Illinois).—THompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 29 (Lorne Park, Ontario, Mar.).—Powers, Auk, xiv, 1897, 219 (North Bridgton, Maine, winter).—Kwniaur, Bull. no. 3, Uniy. Maine, 1897, 93 (North Bridgton, Cumberland Co., Maine, 1 spec. Noy. 25, 1878). A. [canthis] linaria holbellii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. [ Acanthis linaria.] Subsp. a. Acanthis holboellii SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 250 (Norway; Finmark; Sweden; e. Siberia). Fringilla alnorum Breum, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 281. Fringilla linaria alnorum SuNDEVALL, Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl., 1840, 59. Fringilla canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Seiys-LonccHames, Faune Belge, 1842, 73. Linaria longirostris Bream, Naumannia, 1855, 277 (nomen nudum). hs linaria ese HoimGREN, Skand. Fogl., i, 1866, 328. 1The eee a this form eee renee fee een ae Ole aa linaria linaria and A. linaria rostrata, it necessarily follows that intermediates or ‘‘intergrades”’ between these two would be practically indistinguishable from A. 1. holbellii. Doubt- less some of the specimens from the more eastern portions of North America are really not true A. /. holbellii, but with our present imperfect knowledge of the range of the last it is searcely possible to determine the question. CO = BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Linaria alnorum magnirostris Mrves, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 155. Linaria brunnescens Homeyer, Journ. fur Orn., xxvii, April, 1879, 184, part (Swe- den; Lapland). A.feanthis] intermedius DysBowsk1, Bull. Soc. France, 1883, 365, in text (Kamts- chatka). ACANTHIS LINARIA ROSTRATA (Coues). GREATER REDPOLL, Similar to A. Vinaria holballiz, with the same seasonal changes, etc., but much larger and with a relatively thicker and more obtuse bill; coloration rather darker and browner, with the dusky stripes on sides and flanks usually heavier or broader; adult male with the pink or red of chest, etc., apparently less extensive as well as less intense. Adult male.—Length (skins), 127.00-151.89 (138.18); wing, 77.47- 83.82 (80.52); tail, 55.37-65.53 eas exposed culmen, 8.89-10.41 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.37—-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 15.75-17.53 (16.51); middle toe, 9.14-10.41 (9.65).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 127.00-143.51 (183.60); wing, 75.69- 81.28 (78.23); tail, 56.39-62.99 (58.6 7); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.67 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 15.24-17.53 (16.26); middle toe, 8.64-10.16 (9.14).” Breeding and resident in Greenland; in winter southwestward through Ungava (Fort Chimo, Sept. 1 to May 1), Labrador, and Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba to Massachusetts (common), south- eastern New York (lower Hudson Valley), northern Indiana (Starke Co.), Michigan. northern Illinois (Lake Co.), Colorado (near Mag- nolia), ete. Fringilla linaria (not of Linneeus) Rerynarpt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland). Agiothus rostratus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 378 (s. Greenland; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Rermuarpt, Vid. Medd. For. Kjobenhavn, 1875, 187 (Green- land; crit. ). Acanthis linaria rostrata STEINEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 153 (crit.; synonymy ).— Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Sept. 1 to May 1).—American OrnitHovocaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 528b.— THompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 29 (Toronto, Feb.; Lorne Park, Ontario, Nov.).—Powrrs, Auk, xiv, 1897, 219 (Gardiner, Maine, Dec. 30).— Knyieut, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 93 (Gardiner, Kennebec Co., Maine, Dec. 30, 1896).—Burtier, Birds Indiana, 1897, 924 (Starke Co., Indiana, 1 spec. Jan. 1).—Cooxe, Bull. no. 44, Colorado Agric. Coll., 1898, 165 (near Magnolia, Colorado, alt. 7,500 ft., 1 spec. Dec. 9, 1895). A.f[canthus] linaria rostrata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. [ Acanthis linaria.] Subsp. 7. Acanthis rostrata SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 251 (Lichtenfels, Greenland; Chicago, Illinois). [Linaria] hornemanni (not Linota hornemanni Holbéll) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7654, part. Linota hornemanni (not of Holbill) Dresser, Birds Europe, pt. lvi, 1876, pl. 190, lower fig. (vol. iv, p. 55, part). 1 Fifteen specimens. * Nine specimens. 92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Aegiothus linarius uae it Fringilla linaria Linneeus) Finscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1874, 104, part (s. w. Greenland; ecrit.). Linota linaria Newron, Man Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 99. Acanthus linaria y. lanceolata Dusors, Consp. Avy. Eur., 1871, 18 (ex Linaria lanceolata SELys-Lonecuamps, MS. ). Aegiothus canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Frixscu, Zweite «Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 188, part (e. Greenland; crit. ). [ -Egiothus linarius] var. holbolli (not Linaria holbellii Brehm) Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 498, 494, part. Asgiothus holbélli Kumuren, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 76 (Grinnell Bay, 1 spec. ‘Sept. 3). Agiothus linaria holbolli Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 177; Nom. N. Amer. Birds, 1881, no. 179a.—GrBps, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 486 (Michigan, 1 spec. Mar.). Egiothus linaria holboelli Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 208.—BrEwstTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 95-99 (Massachusetts, com. in winter; crit. ).—FisHer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 121 (Sing Sing, New York, 2 spec., Feb. 12 and 138, 1883).—Coatr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 239 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec. Noy. 2, 1878). (2?) Acanthis linaria holbellii McItwratiru, Birds of Ontario, 1892, 303 (winter visit. ). AB. [giothus] l.[inaria] holboelli Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353, part. (?) Acanthis linaria holbellii Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 181 (n. Illinois). Linartva brunnescens HomeEyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvii, pt. 2, Apr., 1879, 184, part (Greenland ). ACANTHIS BREWSTERII Ridgway. BREWSTER’S LINNET, Somewhat like an immature female of 4. /inaria linaria, but with- out any red on the crown or dusky on the chin, and with portions 01 the plumage tinged with sulphur yellow. Adult female (male unknown).—A bove olive-brownish, streaked with dusky, the rump tinged with pale sulphur yellow; beneath whitish, faintly tinged with dull buffy or pale fulvous on chest, the sides and lower tail-coverts streaked with dusky; wings with two pale fulvous bands across tips of middle and greater coverts; primaries and rec- trices narrowly edged with pale sulphur yellow; wing, 76.20; tail, 63.50; tarsus, 12.70; middle toe, 7.62. This bird continues to be known only from the type specimen, taken at Waltham, Massachusetts, November 1, 1870, having been shot from a flock of A. /inaria. Possibly it is a hybrid of Acanthis linaria and Spinus pinus. Agiothus (favirostris, var.?) brewsterii Ripaway, Am. Nat.,vi, July, 1872, 433 (Wal- tham, Massachusetts; coll. W. Brewster). [ Linota] flavirostris var. brewsterti Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 131. Aigiothus flavirostris, var. brewsteri Barn, Brew ER and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. B., i, 1874, 501, pl. 22, fig. 6. ‘Measured from base of coceyx. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93 Agiothus brewesteri BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc., xvii, March 3, 1875, 441.—Ruipa- way, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 177; Nom. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 180. Tinota flavirostris . . . var. brewsteri Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 147. Aigiothus flavirostris brewsteri Gooner, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 305. Linota flavirostris brewsteri Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 211, L. [inota] flavirostris brewsteri? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. Linota brewsteri MAYNARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 519. Acanthis brewsterii Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viil, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 354 (hypothetical list, OH ah e A. [canthis] brewsterti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398. Genus CARDUELIS Brisson. Carduelis Brisson, Orn., ili, 1760, 53. (Type, Fringilla carduelis LINN xUvs. ) Small arboreal finches with elongate-conical, acute bill, long, pointed wing, rather short, deeply emarginate tail, much yellow on wings, head partly red (in adults) and under parts white medially; sexes alike in coloration. Bill elongate-conical, with the exposed portion of the very slightly curved culmen nearly as long as the tarsus, and longer than the middle toe (without claw), its basal depth decidedly less than the distance from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla; gonys straight, its length greater than depth of bill at base. Nasal plumules short, but quite covering nostrils. Wing long (at least five times as long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost primaries longest, the ninth sometimes longest); primaries exceeding secondaries by about twice the length of the exposed culmen. ‘Tail narrow and rather short (less than two- thirds as long as wing), deeply emarginate, more than half hidden by upper coverts, the rectrices pointed, except middle pair. Tarsus short (less than one-third as long as tail, a little longer than exposed culmen, and about equal to middle toe with claw); outer claw reaching about to base of middle claw, the inner claw falling a little short; hind claw shorter than its digit. Colors.—W hite and gray, or white and brown, beneath, the mantle brown or gray; wings and tail black, the former with yellow on greater coverts and basal portion of outer webs of remiges, the latter with white on inner webs of rectrices; adults with fore part of the head (except lores) red, the under parts unspotted; young without red on the head, the under parts more or less spotted with dusky. Range.—Palearetic Region. (One species introduced into, and partially naturalized in, northeastern United States.) 94 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CARDUELIS CARDUELIS (Linnzus). GOLDFINCH, Adults (sexes alike).—Fore part of head, all round, crimson; lores, hinder part of crown, occiput, nape, and bar from the latter halfway across side of neck black; rest of head white, more or less tinged with brownish buff; back, scapulars, and rump plain brown; upper tail- coverts white; wings and tail mostly black; greater portion of greater coverts, basal portion of outermost secondaries, and basal half or more of exposed portion of outer webs of primaries bright lemon yellow; secondaries, primaries, and middle rectrices tipped with white, the inner webs of lateral rectrices also partly white; sides of breast, sides, and flanks plain cinnamon-brown or wood brown; rest of under parts white; bill whitish (tinged with flesh color or lilac in life); iris brown; legs and feet dull flesh color (in life). Young.—W ings and tail as in adults, but the former with middle and greater coverts tipped with pale brownish, forming two bands; no red on head nor black on head or neck; pileum and hindneck light grayish brown, mottled or streaked with darker, the back also more or less streaked with dusky; chin and throat whitish, the latter flecked with sooty brown, the foreneck, chest, and breast mottled or spotted with the same. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121.92-129.54 (126.49); wing, 74.42- 81.28 (77.47); tail, 47.75-49.53 (48.51); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.72 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.38 (8.38); tarsus, 14.73-15.49 (14.99); middle toe, 10.92-12.70 (11.68).* Adult female.—Length (skins), about 121.92-127.00; wing, 73.41- 76.71 (74.68); tail, 48.26-50.29 (49.02); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); tarsus, 14.73-15.24 (14.99); middle toe, 11.68-12.70 (12.19.)? Europe in general, except extreme northern portions; south, in winter, to Palestine and Egypt. (Introduced into the northeastern United States and naturalized in Cuba, in New York City and vicinity, and Cincinnati, Ohio; accidental (4) at New Haven, Connecticut, near Boston, Worcester, etc., Massachusetts, Toronto, Ontario, ete. [Fringilla] carduelis Linn us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 180 (based on Carduelis, Gesner); ed.-12, 1, 1766, 318.—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 903.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 449. Fringilla carduelis Temuincx, Man. d’Orn., i, 1820, 377.—Rovux, Orn. Proy., 1825, pls. 97, 98.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., v, 1826, pl. 124, figs. 1, 2.— WERNER, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pl. 52.—KryseriineG and Buastrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, p- Xli.i—YarrReE tL, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1848, 490.—ScHLEGEL, Rey. Crit., 1844, p. lxiii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 167; Dier. Nederl., 1861, pl. 16, figs. 11, 12.— KEULEMANS, Onze Vogels, i, 1869, pl. 34.—Frirscn, V6g. Eur , 1870, pl. 25, fig. 7.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 27.—Srnsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, li, 1884, 87. 1 Four specimens. * Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oo F [ringilla] carduelis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 371. [ Fringilla] carduelis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 80, no. 7171. Emberiza carduelis Scopour, Ann., i, 1769, 144. Acanthis carduelis Becustern, Naturg. Deutschl., 2d ed., ii, 1807, 199. Passer carduelis PAuuAs, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., li, 1826, 15. Spinus carduelis Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 233. Carduelis carduelis SCHAFFER, Orn. Mus., 1789, 23.—Borr, Isis, 1822, 554.—Licu- TENSTEIN, Nomencl. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 46.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 185, part (excl. syn. Carduelis major Taczanowski, Fringilla albigu- laris Madarasz, etc.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, abridged ed., 1889, p. 71.—CHurRcHILL, Auk, viii, 1891, 314 (Worcester, Massachusetts, breeding).—Howr, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Brookline, Massa-t chusetts, 1 spec. May, 1892).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 65. C. [arduelis| carduelis Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 401. Carduelis elegans StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 30.—GouLp, Birds Europe, ili, 1837, pl. 196; Birds Gt. Brit., ili, 1870, pl. 36.—MacaiLuivray, Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 393.—BonapartTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.— Drcuanp and GeErBs, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 279.—Locue, Expl .Sci. Algér. Ois., i, 1867, 154.—Hevetry, Orn. N. O.-Afr., 1, 1870, 640.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital. Uee., 1871, 154.—SnHeuiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 152.—Nerwron, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 117.—Dresser, Hist. Birds Europe, iii, 1877, 527, pl. 116.—A..en, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 120 (e. Massachusetts; introduced) .—Lanepon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iv, 1881, 342 (introduced at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872-74).—BritisH OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 47.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 64.—GiGLIoLI, Avifauna Ital., 1886, 30.—Apnry, Auk, iii, 1886, 409 (breeding in Central Park, New York City, etc.).—Bropir, Auk, vy, 1888, 211 (Toronto, Ontario, May 21, 1887, 4 specimens).—VeErrILL, Auk, x, 1892, 301 (New Haven, Con- necticut, 1 spec. May 9, 1892).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 125 (Cuba; introduced). C.Larduelis| elegans BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 518. Cardueles elegans Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba). Chrysomitris elegans BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 271 (near Boston, Massachusetts, 1 spec. spring 1878). Carduelis septentrionalis Brnam, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 288. Carduelis germanica Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 289. Carduelis aurata Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 20. Carduelis communis Buy, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xiv, 1845, 554. Carduelis accedens BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, 277. (irduelis meridionalis Bream, Naumannia, 1855, 277. Curduelis aurantiipennis BrruM, Naumannia, 1855, 277. Carduelis vulgaris DépERLEIN, Avifaun. Sicil., 1869, 81. Genus SPINUS Koeh. Spinus' Kocn, Bayr. Zool., 1816, 233. (Type, by elimination, Fringilla spinus Linneeus.) (See Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 360.) Chrysomitris Borg, Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, Fringilla spinus Linneeus. ) Hypacanthis® Carants, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851,161. (Type, Carduelis spinoides Vigors. ) Pyrrhomitris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, Sept. 15, 1850, 517. (Type, Carduelis cucullata Swainson. ) 1“ Szivos, 6, the name of a small bird, as given by Aristophanes.”’ (Stejneger.) 2“Von Ure und akav Sis, 160s, 7) Distelfink.”’ 96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sporagra REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 79, fig. 14. (Type, Fringilla magellanica Vieillot. ) Melanomitris Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, 1865, 91. (Type, Carduelis atratus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. ) Small arboreal finches, with small or moderate-sized conical acute bill, long, pointed wings, rather short, emarginate tail, short tarsi, and with the plumage mainly black and yellow (sometimes olive-green above and yellowish below in adult females and young), in one species black and red (male), or gray and red (female); the remiges and rec- trices (except middle pair of the latter) yellow or red at base. Bill moderate in size, conical, compressed, sometimes attenate ter- minally, its depth at base not more than length of maxilla from nostril (usually less), its basal width (across base of mandible) much less than the depth; exposed culmen not longer than middle toe with- out claw (except in S. notatus and S. n. forrer’), nearly straight, some- times slightly convex, more rarely appreciably concave in middle portion; gonys about equal to length of maxilla from nostril or slightly shorter, straight or slightly concave; maxillary tomium nearly straight, but always with appreciable sinuation anterior to the very decided basal deflection; mandibular tomium nearly straight to the strongly convex, arched, or occasionally prominently angled subbasal portion. Nostril small, roundish, more or less covered by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; rictal bristles inconspicuous, or else having lateral barbules and these modified into plumules like those covering the nasal fossze. Wing long and pointed (ninth primary much longer than fifth, usually equal to sixth, sometimes nearly equal to eighth, the eighth, or seventh and eighth, longest); primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus; tertials not longer than secondaries. Tail much more than half but less than two-thirds as long as wing, distinctly emar- ginate. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, its scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or longer than tarsus; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw not longer (usually shorter) than the digit. Coloration.—Basal portion of remiges and rectrices (except some- times in young) yellow or red, often exposed as conspicuous patches; adults, at least adult males, with the plumage mainly black and yellow, or black, olive-green, and yellow (black and scarlet or grayish and scarlet in S. cucullatus); adult females (if different from males) olive- greenish above, yellowish beneath, the wings and tail marked with yellow, as in males. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINUS. a. No red in the plumage. b. Under parts distinctly streaked, at least on under tail-coverts. «, Pileum (but not sides of head) uniform black or dusky. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oe d. Throat dusky or mottled with dusky. (Palearctic Region; introduced into nemoumeltenas 2 82s so eee Spinus spinus, adult male! dd. Throat without any dusky; under parts mostly light gray or olive-green. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. ) Spinus atriceps, adult male and female (p. 100) ec. Pileum not uniform black or dusky. ~d. Pileum darker than back, especially the forehead; under parts plain light gray, only the under tail-coverts streaked ....--... Spinus atriceps, young dd. Pileum not darker than back; under parts whitish, more or less distinctly streaked with dusky or grayish. e. Rump with ground color yellow or yellowish; back, ete., yellowish olive Omolive-preeimuine ss 25 2500 Lol. s ll ee Spinus spinus, female and young ee. Rump with ground color grayish or whitish; back, ete., grayish or brown- ish olive.” f. Smaller (wing net more than 76.20, usually much less, averaging 72.39); under parts usually heavily or conspicuously streaked with dusky. (North America, except Mexico.) Spinus pinus pinus, male, female, and young (p. 97) jf. Larger (wing usually more than 76.20, averaging 76.45); under parts usually (?) indistinctly or obsoletely streaked with grayish or dusky. (High mountains of Mexico, in coniferous belt.) Spinus pinus macropterus (p. 100) bb. Under parts without streaks, except sometimes on longer under tail-coyerts.* ec. Head black all around, including foreneck. d. Sides of neck, hindneck, back, and rump black. (Costa Rica to Venezuela AU CeCWAd Oh a) eee ce eee” Spinus xanthogaster, adult male (p. 105) dd. Sides of neck yellow; hindneck and back olive-green; rump olive-green or yellow. e. Smaller and brighter colored, the breast, etc., deep lemon to nearly saffron yellow; wing averaging 64.01, tail 39.12, exposed culmen 11.438, tarsus 12.95. (Eastern Mexico to Honduras. ) Spinus notatus notatus, adult male and female (p. 102) ee. Larger and duller in color, the breast, etce., dull gamboge or olive-yellow; wing averaging 66.55, tail 40.39, exposed culmen 11.94, tarsus 13.46. (Mountains of western Mexico.) Spinus notatus forreri, adult male and female (p. 103) f Spinus notatus notatus ) | Spinus notatus forreri | aa. Plumage partly red. (Cuba; Porto Rico; Trinidad; Venezuela.) Spinus cucullatus (p. 104) SPINUS PINUS PINUS (Wilson). PINE SISKIN. Gor Lleadivmthoutanwe places 5 04s 824) 222 - - young Adult.—Above grayish or brownish, conspicuously streaked with dusky, the ground color of the rump paler (whitish or light grayish), sometimes tinged with pale yellow; wings and tail dusky, or dull ' Although introduced, with other European birds, into Oregon, there is no record to the effect that this species has become naturalized. [Fringilla] spinus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 181 (based on Fauna Suecica, 203, etc.); ed. 12, 1, 1766, 322.—Spinus spinus STEINEGER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ix, Feb. 14, 1887, 651. *I have not been able to discover a single positive character whereby the adult female and young may be infallibly distinguished from S. pinus, but, as a rule, the above-mentioned characters are diagnostic. *In young birds chiefly. 17024—01——7 98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. blackish; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish and tertials more or less edged with same; basal portion of remiges (espe- cially secondaries) and rectrices pale yellow, mostly (often entirely) concealed; under parts dull white, everywhere (except on abdomen and anal region) streaked, more or less distinctly (usually conspicuously, sometimes very broadly, rarely indistinctly), with dusky. Young.—Sinilar to adults but wing-coverts tipped with buffy; under parts often (but not always) tinged with sulphur yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106.68-123.19 (115.57); wing, 69.09- 76.20 (73.15); tail, 39.88-46.48 (48.69); exposed culmen, 9.65-11.18 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 12.70-14.99 (14.22); middle toe, 10.67-12.19 (11.18).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 107.44-130.81 (116.59); wing, 66.80- 75.44 (71.63); tail, 40.64-45.97 (48.18); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.94 (10.67); depth of billat base (two specimens), 6.35—6.60; tarsus, 12.95— 15.24 (14.22); middle toe, 10.67-12.45 (11.43). Northern coniferous forest districts of North America, breeding south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, parts of New England, lower Hudson Valley (Sing Sing, Cornwall on Hudson, etc.), mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward to high mountains of North Carolina, Minnesota, etc., and on the high western ranges quite to the southern boundary of the United States; in winter, south to the Gulf coast (including Florida and Texas), valleys of California, etc., and into Mexico; casual or accidental in Cuba. 1 Twenty-two specimens. > Twenty-one specimens. Specimens from the Atlantic, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific coast districts compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- | Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill |Tarsus. Midis eae at base. ‘ ir see eA iS ae | eee | e: MALES. | | | Nine adult males from eastern United States....... 72.39 | 44.45 10.67 | 6.35 LAG Fal, bles. | Five adult males from Rocky Mountain district....| 72.64 ATO SAO S165) ee Ono |r tl aaees 10. 92 Eight adult males from Pacific coast district .....-. | 74.42] 44.20| 11.18] 6.86] 14.48 11. 68 FEMALES. | Nine adult females from eastern United State.s....| 72.64 | 43.69 10.92 | 6.60 |° 13.97 11.18 Four adult females from Rocky Mountain district .| 69.34 42.16 10. 16 6. 35 13.97 11.18 Right adult females from Pacific coast district ..... 71.88 | 43.43 | 10.92 aes se | 14.22 11.43 | | Although specimens from the Rocky Mountain district appear to have the tail decidedly shorter and the bill smaller than those from the Atlantic and Pacific dis- tricts (which are practically identical in measurements), it is possible that a larger series would show differently. I am unable to discover any color differences. The individual variation in the latter respect is very great, but I have failed to make out any correlation between these variations of coloration and geographic areas, both the darkest and the palest, the brownest and the grayest, or those with heaviest streaks on under parts, and those with these streaks almost obsolete, often occurring in the same locality. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99 Fringilla pinus Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 133, pl. 17, fig. 1.—Nurratyt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canad., i, 1832, 511.—Aupupon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 455; v, 1839, 509, pl. 180. F.[ringilla] pinus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. [Fringilla] pinus Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 81, no. 7182. Fringilla (Carduelis) pinus Bonaparte, Obs. Wilson, 1825, no. 103. Carduelis pinus JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 275, pl. 17, fig. 1. Chrysomitris pinus BoNapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 425; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, nc. 317.—Coorrr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 197 (Washington, resid. ).—ScLater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124.—BLaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (plains of Saskatchewan, near Rocky Mts.); 1863, 71 (do.).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 91.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 172.—Covsrs, Check List, 1873, no. 148; 2d ed., 1882, no. 212; Birds N. W., 1874, 115.—Fryscn, Abh. Nat. Ver., Bremen, ili, 1872, 60 (coast of Alaska); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 273 (Portage Bay, Alaska, Feb.).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 480, pl. 22, fig. 16.— Hensuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 246 (Fort Garland, Colorado, and Mount Graham, Arizona, breeding).—RipGway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 463 East Humboldt Mts., Nevada, and Wahsgatch Mts., Utah, breed- ing); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 185.—Maynarp, Birds Florida, pt. iv, 1878, 91 (Florida in winter).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 117 (deser. young) ; vii, 1882, 194 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona); vill, 1883, 57 (migration).—BrLpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 414 (centr. Cali- fornia, breeding at Big Trees, etc.) ; v, 1883, 537 (a Paz, Lower California, winter).—BatTcHELDER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 148 (upper St. Johns R., Maine, breeding).—FisHeEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 180 (breeding at Sing Sing, s. e. New York; descr. nest and eggs).—BICKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 328 (song).—Satvin and Gopmavy, ‘Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 428, part.—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 227, part. [Chrysomitris] pinus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 515.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 131.—Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba, jide Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 9; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866, 397). C.[hrysomitris] pinus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105, 152 (n. e. Hlinois in winter; Indianapolis, Indiana, in summer).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 354. Linaria pinus Avpuson, Synopsis, 1839, 115; Birds Am., oct. ed., i1i1,1841, 125, pl. 180.—HeErMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 49 (California, etc., winter). Spinus pinus SresnecerR, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362.—AmeRICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 533.—Brewsrer, Auk, iii, 1886, 107 (Black Mts., North Carolina, breeding at 5,200 ft.).—Atuien, Auk, iv, 1887, 284 (Cornwall on Hudson, New York, breeding; breeding habits).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 183 (Wallace and Manhattan, Kansas, May 29, and 16).—Mearns, Auk, vi, 1889, 258 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding) .— Patmer (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 264 (Magdalen Islands; Newfoundland).—Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 231 (breeding in Lycoming Co.).—Brewster and Cuapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 137 (Gainesville and Suwanee R., Florida, winter).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 587 (Manitoba, migr.).—Cory, Cat.-W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 147 (Cuba) .—Harcn, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 302 (breeding in pine districts) .— NEHRING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 62.—Morrett, Auk, xvi, 1899, 252 (River Herbert, Nova Scotia, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). S.[pinus] pinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part. 100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SPINUS PINUS MACROPTERUS (Du Bus). MEXICAN PINE SISKIN, Similar to S. p. pinus but with decidedly longer wings and tail, and usually with the under parts less distinctly streaked. Adult male.—Length (skins), 115.06-123.19 (117.85); wing, 75.44— 78.23 (76.71); tail, 46.48-48.26 (47.50); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (7.11); tarsus, 12.70-14.29 (13.72); middle toe, 10.92-11.18 (11.18)." Adult JSemale.—Length (skin), 119.38; wing, 78.28; tail, 48.26; ex- posed culmen, 10.67; depth of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 14.73; middle toe, 11.68.” Higher mountains of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Las Vigas, Jalapa, ete.), Puebla (Mount Orizaba), Mexico (Salazar), Zaca- tecas (San Juan Capistrano), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro). C.[hrysomitris] macroptera BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 515 (Guatemala; Mex- ico; ex ‘ Carduelis macroptera Dubus, Esq., Orn. t. 23,’’ ined.). Spinus pinus macropterus CHAPMAN, Auk, Xvi, July, 1897, 311 (Las Vigas, Vera ae Mexico, alt. 8,000-it.; Am. Mus. N. H.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 2 (Las Vigas, precdiney: ee pinus (not Fringilla pinus W ilson) ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 174 (valley of Mexico).—Scuiater and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 (City of Mexico).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (plateau and alpine region of Vera Cruz).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripe- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 480, part (Mexico).—Covgs, Birds N. W., 1874, 115, part (Mexico).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, : 1886, 428, chiefly (Mexican references and localities).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 227 part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). [ Chrysomitris] pinus ScLaTER and Sayin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. Spinus pinus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ ae Check List, 1886, no. 533, part (Mexico). S.[ pinus] pinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part (Mexico). SPINUS ATRICEPS (Salvin). GUATEMALAN PINE SISKIN, Adult male.—Entire pileum uniform black; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark olive-green; under parts paler olive-green, the chin and upper part of throat suf- fused with dull blackish; under tail-coverts yellow, with distinct mesial streaks of blackish; greater wing-coverts with basal half (of exposed portion) black, the terminal half bright olive-green; tertials black, broadly edged and tipped with olive-green; secondaries black, with terminal half or more edged with olive-green; primaries black, nar- rowly edged with olive-green, and with a basal patch of bright yellow, 1 Four specimens. ? One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. LOL about 6.35 mm. or more in length, the concealed basal portion of the secondaries likewise yellow; primary coverts and alula uniform black; tail black, with about the basal half yellow, except middle rectrices, which are blackish throughout, edged with olive-green, as is likewise the blackish portion of the outer rectrices; bill horn color; legs and feet similar, but darker. Immature male ?'—Similar to the preceding, but the olive-green of upper parts much duller, becoming decidedly gray on hindneck; sides of head and under parts dull gray, with a slight tinge of olive-green on chest and sides; under tail-coverts pale grayish, with scarcely a trace of yellowish tinge; yellow at base of remiges both brighter and more extended. Immature (?) male.’—Similar to the preceding, but back and scapu- lars gray, slightly mixed with olive-green, the interscapulars distinctly but narrowly streaked with dusky; sides of head and under parts, including whole throat and chin, plain light gray, becoming white on abdomen. Younger (sex not determined).—Similar, but pileum dull olive, the feathers with dusky centers, producing an indistinctly spotted appear- ance; flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 114.30-116.84 (115.57); wing, 71.12- 72.39 (71.63); tail, 45.72-48.51 (47.50); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 13.97-14.73 (14.22); middle toe, 10.92-12.19 (11.43).° Highlands of Guatemala (Quezaltenango, Hacienda Chancol, etc.) and Chiapas (San Cristobal). This very distinct species is apparently more nearly related to S. pinus than to S. notatus, the size and proportions being very nearly the same. The fully adult male somewhat resembles in coloration that of S. spinescens, of Colombia, but, besides having a much longer wing and tail and differently shaped bill (the last. broader basally but more attenuated terminally), has the color of the under parts very different (yellowish olive or gray instead of bright olive-yellow), and the olive-green tips to the wing-coverts and margins to tertials much broader. 8. spinescens likewise has no dusky on the chin or throat, and no dusky streaks on the under tail-coverts. 1 Possibly the adult female, since the date is the same as that of the adult male described and the plumage is somewhat worn, thus indicating that it is at least a bird of the second year. (Both specimens from Quezaltenango, Guatemala, August, 1862, in the Salvin-Godman collection. ) ? No. 143725, U.S. Nat. Mus. (no. 3375, coll. U.S. Biol. Survey), Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala, Jan. 9, 1896; Nelson and Goldman. * Four specimens. No adult female seen by me. 102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES -NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chrysomitris atriceps Sauyix, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, 190 (Quezaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 8,000 ft.; coll. Salvinand Ceanan Ibis, 1866,194 (Quezalte- nango).—Rrpeway, Ibis, 1884, 48 (ecrit.).—Satvrin & GopMman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1886, 429, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.—Suarpez, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 200. rk [Chrysomitris] atriceps SCLATER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 34. [ Fringilla] atriceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7180. S.[pinus] atriceps Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400. SPINUS NOTATUS NOTATUS (Du Bus), BLACK-HEADED SISKIN, Adult male.—Head, all round, and foreneck, to upper part of chest, deep black; hindneck, back, and scapulars yellowish olive-green, the feathers with black central spots (sometimes mostly concealed and inconspicuous); rump and under parts of body deep wax yellow or dull gamboge yellow; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts deep black, the former relieved by a conspicuous area of bright lemon yellow on the basal portion of the remiges (mostly concealed on secondaries but occupying exposed third or more of primaries), the basal half, or more, of rectrices (except middle pair) also lemon yellow; bill horn color (sometimes bluish gray basally); legs and feet horn color. Adult female.—Similar to adult male but colors duller, with yellow areas of wings and tail rather less extended. Young.—Wings as in adult female, but yellow on remiges still more restricted, and middle and greater coverts tipped with pale yellow, forming two bands; rectrices dusky becoming yellow basally (but not abruptly, as in adnley rest of upper parts dull yellowish olive, some- what darker on crown, where indistinctly streaked with dusky; under parts, including chin, throat, foreneck, and sides of head and neck, light wax yellow; under tail-coverts more or less streaked with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins); 101.60-115.06 (106.43); wing, 60.96— 67.56 (63.75); tail, 35.56-42.16 (39.12); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.19 (11.43); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 7.37—7.62 (7.49); tarsus, 12.45-13.21 (12.95); middle toe, 9.91-11.18 (10.67).! Adult female.—Length (skins), 100.33-105.92 (103.12);” wing, 60.71- 64.01 (62.48);’ tail, 836.32-39.88 (87.85);° exposed culmen, 10.41-11.18 (10.92);* tarsus, 12.70- 13.46 (12.95); middle toe, 10.41.” 1 Kight specimens. > Two specimens. * Three specimens. Owing to the insufficiency of material, many specimens being undetermined as to sex, I am unable to give comparative average measurements according to locality. Five specimens from Santa Ana, Honduras, are, unfortunately, all immature birds (one of them in first plumage, the other four in transition dress), and I am therefore unable to say whether the Honduras birds differ from Mexican examp'es. I can not discern any difference between the immature birds. There are likewise no perfectly adult birds from Guatemala in the collection. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 108 Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz ( Jico, Ori- zaba, Jalapa, etc.), Puebla (Huauchinango, Teziutlan, etc.), Mexico (near City of Mexico), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Ideeninicoe La Parada, Totontepec, etc.), and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains), enon Guatemala (Volean de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, near Antigua, Santa Barbara, Coban, ete.) to western Honduras (Santa Ana). Carduelis notata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 106 (Mexico; Brus- sels Mus.) ; Rev. Zool., 1848, 247; Esquis. Orn., pl. 37 FE. [ringilla] notata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. [ Fringilla] notata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 82, no. 7196. [Chrysomitris] notata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 516 (Mexico).—ScnarEr and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. Ch.[rysomitris] notata CaBANts, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 160 (Mexico). Chrysomitris notata ScLatER, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 304 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1858, 303 (Orizaba) ; 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 380 (La Parada and Toton- tepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124 (Ori- zaba).—Satvin and ScwiaTer, Ibis, 1860, 275 (Volcan de Fuego, etc., Guatemala) .—Sciater and Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 174 (City of Mexico) .—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 92 (Mexico; Guatemala).— LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 22 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas) .— Satyin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 214 (Guatemala) .—Sanvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 428 (Volcan de Fuego, Volean de Agua, near Antigua, Santa Barbara, and Coban, Guatemala, ete. ).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 221. Chrysomitris notatus Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (temperate region, Vera Cruz). A.[stragalinus| notatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 556. Spinus notatus (not of Stejneger, 188+) AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 5382, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—Frrrari-Prernz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Teziutlan, Puebla).—RipaGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 470 (Santa Ana, noha) aa taealae Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). S.[pinus] notatus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part (Mexico; Guatemala). SPINUS NOTATUS FORRERI (Salvin and Godman). FORRER’S SISKIN, Similar to S. n. notatus, but adults with back, ete., more decidedly olive-green, or less yellow, and the yellow of rump and under parts decidedly duller and more greenish (dull olive-yellow instead of wax- yellow or dirty gamboge yellow); size also decidedly larger (except feet). Adult male.—Length (skins), 112.78-114.81 (113.79); wing, 65.53— 67.56 (66.55); exposed culmen, 11.68-11.94 (11.81); depth of bill at base, 7.62-7.87 (7.74); tarsus, 13.72; middle toe, 10.16-10.41 (10.28)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 111.25-112.01 (111.76); wing, 63.50— 68.33 (66.29); tail, 38.61-41.15 (39.88); exposed culmen, 11.48-12.95 1 Two specimens. 104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 12.95-138.21 (13.21); middle toe, 9.91-11.48 (10.67). Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in States of Durango (El Salto, Chacala, Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano) and Jalisco (San Sebastian) and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). The adult male of this well-marked form resembles in coloration the adult female of S. 2. notatus, but the olive-yellowish color of the rump is much more strongly contrasted with the olive-green of the back, and the black of the throat extends much further backward. In fact, the pattern of coloration is precisely the same as in the adult male of S. n. notatus, and I therefore believe that the typeof S. forrer?, supposed by its describers to be an adult male, is in reality an adult female. At any rate, it agrees minutely in coloration with adult females in the collection of the Biological Survey, obtained in the States of Zacatecas and Jalisco, by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman. Chrysomitris forrerti SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, pt. 54, Nov., 1886, 429 (Ciudad Durango, Durango; coll. Salvin and Godman).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 222. S.[ pinus] forreri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400. SPINUS CUCULLATUS (Swainson). RED SISKIN. Adult male.—Head, all round, including whole throat, uniform black; wings and tail mostly black; rest of upper parts glossy brown- ish yermilion red, brightening into orange-vermilion on rump and under tail-coverts; sides of neck, chest, and lower parts generally bright scarlet or flame scarlet, paler on under tail-coverts; abdomen and thighs white; lesser wing-coverts like back; middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with red, forming two distinct bands; basal portion of remiges and rectrices orange chrome or saturn red on outer webs, salmon color on inner webs, forming a conspicuous mark on the wing, especially on basal portion of primaries; bill horn color, legs and feet similar but paler; length (skins), 101.60-102.87 (102.36); wing, 58.67-59.69 (59.18); tail, 33.02-35.05 (84.04); exposed culmen, 9.40—-9.65; tarsus, 12.70; middle toe, 10.16. * Adult female.—‘* Dark ashy gray above, with a slight tinge of vermilion on the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ver- milion; wings and tail as in the male, but more orange-scarlet than vermilion on the red parts; lores whitish; sides of face and throat pearly gray, whiter on the chin; foreneck and breast orange-scarlet; lower breast and abdomen white, as also the thighs, and under tail- coverts; sides of body and flanks ashy gray with a brownish tinge.” ” 1 Three specimens. * Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 222. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105 Venezuela and Trinidad; Cuba (introduced 4); Porto Rico (intro- duced 4). Carduelis cucullata Swarxson, Zool. lustr., i, 1820-21, pl. 7. F [ringilla] cucullata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. [ Fringilla] cucullata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 82, no. 7199. [ Pyrrhomitris] cucullata BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 517 (Cumana, Venezuela; Antilles). Pyrrhomitris cucullata GuNpLacn, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1876, 397; Orn. Cuba, 1876, 21; Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 160 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 207 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 207 (synonymy and description); Birds W.1., 1889, 94 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111 (Porto Rico; Cuba; introduced). Pyrrhomitris cucullatus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,-.vii, 1860, 269 (Cuba; crit.). Chrysomitris cucullata ScLaTErR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (Trinidad ).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 91 (Trinidad; Venezuela; Cayenne).— Sctater and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Carampano and Caracas, Venezuela).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 225 (Caru- pano and Caracas, Venezuela; Trinidad; Cuba). [Chrysomitris] cuccullata Cory, List Birds W.1., revised ed., 1886, 12. [Chrysomitris] cucullata ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34 (Vene- zuela). Fringilla cube Gervais, Mag. de Zool., 1839, Ois., pl. 44 (Cuba).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10 (Cuba); 1857, 241 (Cuba).—GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 295 (Cuba) ; 1861, 412 (Cuba); 1871, 282 (Cuba). Spinus cucullata Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 33 (Trinidad). Spinus cucullatus PHELPS, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (San Antonio, Venezuela). SPINUS XANTHOGASTER (Du Pus). BRYANT’S SISKIN, Adult male.—Head and neck, all round, and entire upper parts uni- form black, relieved by a large lemon yellow patch on basal portion of primaries and secondaries (except outermost of the former and three innermost of the latter); tail (except middle rectrices), with basal half or more light yellow; underparts, except chin, throat, and foreneck, lemon yellow, more or less tinged with olive, especially on chest and sides, the flanks more or less streaked or clouded with blackish; bill horn color, darker terminally; legs and feet horn brownish; length (skins), 93.98-95.25 (94.49); wing, 63.50-64.26 (63.75); tail, 35.56— 37.34 (36.32); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.16 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 13.21-13.46; middle toe, 10.41." Adult female.—Above uniform olive-green, somewhat lighter on the rump; wings and tail blackish, marked with yellow as in the male, but the yellow areas more restricted, especially on tail; lesser wing- coverts olive-green, with darker centers, the middle and greater coverts tipped with olive-green, and primaries narrowly edged with the same; 1Two specimens, one the type of Chrysomitris bryanti Cassin, both from Dota, Costa Rica. 106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL’ MUSEUM. underparts light yellowish olive, more grayish on chin and throat, more yellow on middle of breast and upper part of abdomen, the lower por- tion of the latter, with anal region and under tail-coverts, whitish; length (skin), 96.52; wing, 63.75; tail, 37.59; exposed culmen, 9.65; depth of bill at base, 8.13; tarsus, 13.21; middle toe, 10.41.’ Young.—Above butty yellowish olive; beneath buffy brownish yel- low, paler, more sulphur yellow, on abdomen, ete.; wings and tail dusky, or dark grayish brown; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with hght buffy; tertials broadly edged terminally with dull white; secondaries edged for terminal half with dull buff, and pri- maries edged with light olive; rectrices edged with light yellowish olive; no yellow at base of remiges or rectrices. Costa Rica to Venezuela and EKeuador. Chrysomitris «anthogastra Du Bus, Bull. Roy. Ac. Belg., xxii, pt. i, 1855, 152 (near Ocanhia, Colombia).—Sciater and Savin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 781 (Merida, Venezuela), 785, part (Merida, Venezuela; Ocafia and Bogota, Colombia; Costa Rica); 1879, 508.—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 321 (Ocafa, Canuto, and Cauca Valley, Colombia, 5,000-6,000 ft. ).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves. de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. [ Chrysomitris] v«anthogastra SCLATER and Sautvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34, part ( Venezuela to Costa Rica). Chrysomitris xanthogaster SALYIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1886, 430, part, pl. 31, fig. 3 (Dota, Frailes, and Irazti, Costa Rica; Colombia; Vene- zuela; Ecuador).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 209. Spirus xanthogastra ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Cartago, Sarchi, and Dota, Costa Rica). é ; Chrysomitris bryanti CAsstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 91 (Dota, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Sripson, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1868, 128, pl. 17.— LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,1x, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).—Franrzrvs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (Volean de Irazu, Costa Rica). [ivingilla] bryantti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7191. [ Fringilla] columbiana (not Carduelis columbianus Lafresnaye) Gray, Hand-list, li, 1870, 81, no. 7187, part (fide SHARPE). Genws J OXxchViI RS iS ie yeuraite Lovimitris Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1866, 938. (Type, Chrysomi- tris dominicensis Bryant. ) Similar to Spnuws but bill much stouter, more swollen, and less acute (depth at base nearly equal to length of maxilla from nostril); wing more rounded (ninth primary shorter than seventh) and wings without any yellow. ftange.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) ‘One specimen, from Dota, Costa Rica. se BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107 LOXIMITRIS DOMINICENSIS (Bryant). HAITIAN GOLDFINCH. me Adulé male.—Head, all round, uniform black; back, scapulars, and lesser and middle wing-coverts yellowish olive-green; rump olive- yellow; wings blackish, with olive-green edgings, these absent from basal portion of secondaries; middle pair of rectrices blackish, edged with olive-green; remaining rectrices yellow, broadly tipped with black, the external one with outer web black; under parts (except chin and throat) yellow, tinged with olive laterally; bill whitish (light brownish in dried skin); legs and feet deep brownish or horn color; length (skin) about 104.14; wing, 67.31; tail, 44.45; culmen (about), 10.16; depth of bill at base (about), 10.16; tarsas, 15.24; middle toe, 8.13. Adult female.—* Head and back, dull olive, lightly mottled with dusky brownish, the rump and upper tail coverts . . . a little brighter olive and without any mottling; ... quills... narrowly margined with bright olive yellow; . . . greater, middle, and lesser coverts . . . margined with the dull olive of the back, but the greater and middle coverts . . . also broadly tipped with light olive yellow, forming two distinct wing-bands; . . . rectrices blackish brown, nar- rowly margined with yellowish on . . . inner webs; . . . throat, upper breast,and sides . . . dusky olive-gray; belly and crissum whitish, . all mottled with blackish-krown shaft streakings; . . . under tail cov- erts broadly marked with blackish shaft streaks.” * Young.—*‘ Similar to adult females, but brighter olive (yellow) above and decidedly yellowish, or yellowish olive, in place of grayish or whit- ish below.”’’ Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles (Port au Prince, Le Coup, and mountains near Petionville, Haiti; Aguacate and Catarre, Santo - Domingo.) Chrysomitris dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Dec. 5, 1866, 93 (Port au Prince, Haiti; U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (near Petionville, Haiti). [ Fringilla] dominicensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7185. Loximitris dominicensis Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 67, ple G1) We Coup and Port au Prince, Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 207; Birds W. I., 1889, 94: Cat. W.I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 131.—Snarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 234.—Cuerrip, Pub. 10, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. ser., i, no. 1, 1896, 16 (Agua- cate and Catare, Santo Domingo; descriptions) . [Loximitris] dominicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. Genus ASTRAGALINUS Cabanis. Astragalinus? Capants, Mus. Hein., i, July, 1851,159. (Type, Fringilla tristis Lin- neus. See Ridgway, Auk, xv, 1899, 79.) Pseudomitris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,93. (Type, Fringilla psaltria Say. ) 1Cherrie, Pub. 10, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. ser.,i, no. 1, 1896, 16. 2“ Von aorpayanirvos, 6 Distelfink.”’ 108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Similar to Spenus, but bill relatively smaller, or less produced,' and none of the species with yellow at base of remiges nor rectrices. Owing to the circumstance that the numerous species of Sp/nus and Astragalinus differ so much among themselves in structural details, I am unable to give a better diagnosis of the present group than the above. The difference between the two groups in style of coloration seems all the more important when it is taken into consideration that in other respects as to coloration there is a very great range of varia- tion in both groups. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ASTRAGALINUS. a. No yellow on outer surface of wing-coverts nor remiges. b. Under tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts white or grayish; inner webs of exterior rectrices with white at tips, but not at base nor in middle portion. c. White or otherwise light-colored markings of wings and tail more restricted (adult male averaging, wing, 72.64; tail, 46.99). (Eastern United States, Visine