SAT to tts Pee Ts Se A ca RRA Gey Sa eat ate : : SP oe Sa) aU e iat gt Aaa) ; ¢ AS AUR ae Rott eet tat RE eUStas EL seytaineae ones ON het’ Sa Es Se : SH iietce EARS Sine eens az ia RINNE Batis pe ae Rinitas Pitepes Get ee Fe cf ee C or HA SSSA Pt x Fee NVA Ss Saar} eh Rt i pre hao | Ais <5 a ' " ; i < ft s ‘ 1 * ‘ i ; ' ‘ : i” ‘ ne s i oe i * a ale | va ‘ “ ms “ “4 eo ; FO u ’ dies he yy ; " ' i i iN |! A ; . v ¥ 1 \ i | } { | * i iat ’ mn le é ‘ ‘ , 7 1 / \ fy wag ‘ \ i i ' yi v7 iki 2 ety 7 * ae ; ‘ ‘ if | A i j yi ‘ ‘ . ; , 1 ae ' x Hh 4 yy 5 ; be " 5 a fae, . a y A ‘ { P 7 i : t 4 a < SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES: NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Roe SO THE BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, CURATOR, DIVISION. OF BIRDS Parr LV. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1907. me * r o ae i Phy ct : A a LA he 4 ~ Cur Ses Sv rESONiAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Part LV. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. EVO. I SU lS MORE AND: MIDDLE AMERICA. Ae DESCRIPTIY Hw CATALOG UE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY ROBERT RIDGWAYT CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. esa sie Family TURDID A—Thrushes. Family ZELEDONIID A—Wren-Thrushes. Family MIMIDA—Mockinghirds. Family STURNIDA—Starlings. Family PLOCEIDA— Weaver Birds. Family ALAUDIDA—Larks. Family OXYRUNCIDA—Sharp-bills. Family TYRANNIDA—Tyrant Flycatchers. Family PIPRIDAi—Manakins. Family COTINGID A—Chatterers. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. LOG. PREFACE. Unavoidable circumstances have delayed the completion of this volume until the present time. Part I, issued in 1901, included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part II], issued in 1902, included the Families Tanagridx (Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Coerebidee (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidee (Wood Warblers). Part III, published in 1904, included the Motacillidee (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinidee (Swallows), Am- pelidee (Waxwings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flycatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats), Vireonide (Vireos), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittidee (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Troglodytide (Wrens), Cinclidee (Dippers), Chameide (Wren-Tits), and Sylviide (Warblers). The present volume comprises the Turdide (Thrushes), Zeledoniidee (Wren-Thrushes), Mimidee (Mockingbirds), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceide (Weaver Birds), Alaudidz (Larks), Oxyruncide (Sharp-bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flycatchers), Piprid (Manakins), and Cotingide (Chatterers). Part V, which is partly done, includes the Formicariidx (Ant Birds), Dendrocolaptide (W ood- Hewers), Furnariide (Oven Birds), Pteroptochide (Tapacolas), Tro- chilide (Humming Birds), Micropodide (Swifts), Caprimulgide (Goatsuckers), and Picidee (Woodpeckers). In the four volumes published there have been described 1,675 species and subspecies, or somewhat more than half the total number of North and Middle American Birds. Acknowledgments are due for the loan of specimens used in the preparation of this volume to those individuals and public institutions mentioned in preceding volumes; also to the Carnegie Museum, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania (through Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, in charge of the bird collection); the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts (through Mr. William Brewster); Dr. Louis B. Bishop, of New Haven, Connecticut; Mr. J. H. Fleming, of Toronto, Canada, and Mr. Arthur T. Wayne, of Mount Pleasant, South Caro- lina. The specimens from the Carnegie Museum were especially help- ful, consisting of fine series of beautifully prepared specimens, mostly from Costa Rica. It is a great pleasure to the author to have this opportunity of expressing his obligations for the privilege of studying the very com- < VI PREFACE. plete collection (numbering some 15,000 specimens) of Costa Rican birds belonging to the National Museum of Costa Rica, at San Jose, where a commodious and convenient workroom and free access to the specimens were placed at his service; and it is also a great pleasure to refer to the indispensable assistance rendered by Don Anastasio Alfaro, Director of the Museum, and Don José C. Zeledén, of San Jose, during the author’s six months’ sojourn in that country collecting material for the present work. The illustrations in this volume not previously published were mostly made by Mr. H. W. Hendley, of Washington, District of Columbia, and the measurements of specimens were made chiefly by Mr. J. H. Riley, of the Division of Birds. Ropert Ripeway. May 20, 1907. eer OP CONT ERTS: Page IE PANICE Pa Sooo A DER Y aL) ee Pema et) ee hes iy Pays tere ew ac eee weed 2 ere a 1 omer ho american Genera Ol hurdidg <3.) Ls. 22 2s Sole ae eee eae oe 4 maaan Sa wiCOlA DeCMALeIN a pemer s7 ase a ak. eos oe. BGO eet 8 ie Saxicola cenanthe: cenanthe:(Guinnceus) =. 52 ee eee eee. 1 eee 9 2. Saxicola cenanthe leucorhoa ( Vieillot) -_................-..---_--- 2 enpice ni yauosyivia BYChMoshaewis vets co ask eel a Oe a ee lene ween ais 14 mee anosvinvia SUCCILCA (RANCH): eee ee ery es ee eee eee 78 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Mimocichla._- =<. 5...----.-2/-22222-- 79 39. Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea (Vieillot) .-.....---------------- 80 40. Mimocichla ardosiacea portoricensis (Bryant) --.....-.-..---------- 81 41. Mimocichla ardosiacea albiventris Sclater.......---...------------- - 82 42. Mamocichla plumbea (Linnseus);2422-0 25-5 =e ee ate es 82 43. Mimocichla rubripes rubripes (Temminck) ...-...-.-...-.-----.-- 84 44. Mimocichla rubripes eremita Ridgway ..--...-------------------:=- 85 45:’ Mimocichla tubripes coryr. (Shanpe) a. 2-2 .-- 4 ee 86 AG Mimocichia rubripes sclista cess (i ancl)) ieee sete ee ee 86 47. Mimocich]a-ravida Cory 24. Se 8 a oe eee nye ene 87 Genus. 8;-Haplocichia, (ideway,) aes se = ee ee een eee ee 87 48> Haplocichla aurantia, (Gmelum)sa-se oe ne ene eee eee 88 Genus'):, Planesticus Bonaparte ee -seaea- eee ee eee Paes a cen 90 Key to the’ Speciesand Subspecies-of Planestieus. --.-. 225." => see Sse ceee 93 49; Planesticusrufitorques:(Hantianin) 202 2. Jee) See eee 96 50. Planesticus migratorius migratorius (Linneeus) -..-.--.-.--.-------- 97 51. Planesticus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder) .....:------------ 100 52. Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway) --....-.---.-------- 101 Dane lapesticns conlinign (Dad!) = Sena ee en a) ere eee 103 Dae ME SULCUS silt yi OS CLUS (Ss Viel SOT) eee ee 105 ‘gop dednovetstnkeinisweartysCoraul (IkuGkeeny)) coeeccecncocncceeacace soeasse asc le 106 56; Planesticus jamiaicensis|(Gmebin)o" 2 ye ees eee ee ete 107 bi. blanesticus: Cristie tristis: (iS walnson )-- 2-228 3. eee eee ee eee 108 58. Planesticus tristis assimilis (Cabanis)......-- helene ee ee ee re 109 59. Planesticus tristis: cnephosa (Bangs)! 64.7222 en ee ee 110 60) Planesticusitrishis leucauchens(Sclater) sss 55 -ae =e eee 111 61. :Planesticus gymnophthalmus (Cabanis). 2-522-044-2262 et 113 62:: Planesticus.obsoletus (uawrence)s-<.- ses" sewerage eae ee 114 65... Planesticus-nigrirostris (awrenee)= 55-00 sgee ee ees 115 64.. Planesticus prayi grayi (Bonaparte) 2252 52-25 -- 2h. sce 22 ee eee 117 65. Planesticus grayi tamaulipensis (Nelson).....-..-----.--.-1-+--2-- 119 66. Elanesticus srayi casius (onaparte i. a. 29 = 9.5) ee 120 67. Planesticus infuscatus: (latresnaye a3 3-2... ee ee 121 68. Planesticus plebejus: (Caibanis) == 55-022 2o. 55 ae nee ere ee 122 69.- Planesticus differens (Nelson) @2-- 28. ye eee en ee 123 (0. Planestieus nigrescens: (Cabamigie.a-- 302s eee ees 124 Genus «LO. Turdits eis mses cee ee oe ee ee Ia eee ea 125 (13) erdus' laces, Tinin eus eA Se a oe yee ee a eee A Gennes 11.7 Txoreus Bonapartess i252 sep cee eee oy eon ete ae at eS 129 (2: SEXOTeUS MeeVvils.((Ginve Lin) wee ee ee eee are ee 131 a This genus is to be remoyed from the Turdid and placed ina separate family, Zeledoniide. (See Addenda, p. 885.) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ix Page Gehus 12. Ridgwayia Stejneger .......-...--------------------++---2++---- 135 73. Ridgwayia pinicola (Sclater) ...-.-.---.--------------+------------ 136 enna Stalin GwalnsOn. 226 ---2-6sc54--se=5~ss5-ienecases 2225-525 372s 138 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sialiar as Pere eee ee ao cies 140 74, Sialia sialis sialis (Linneeus) -.------------------------------+----- 142 75, Sialia sialis fulva Brewster@ ......-------------------------------- 146 76. Sialia sialis guatemalee Ridgway .-----------------------+- ------ 147 77, Sialia mexicana mexicana Swainson -......------------------------ 148 78. Sialia mexicana anabele Anthony -..--.----------------------- feel) 79. Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway -..------------------------------- 152 80. Sialia mexicana australis Nelson.-.---.---------------------------- 154 81. Sialia mexicana occidentalis (Townsend) .....--------------------- 155 PMMA So call ANAT: CLT UNIS VA ELIT SC) ol cao ela cat ee ll 156 Genus 14. Myadestes Swainson.--...-.-..------------------+-------2--7--7 160 Key to the Species and Subspecies OpeNbvyadertes === 5-2 5-2 -t s24 eas = t= .32 161 83. Myadestes townsendi (Audubon) -----.-.--------------------+---- 163 84. Myadestes obscurus obscurus Lafresnaye ---.----------------------- 166 85. Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Stejneger - ------------------------ 168 86. Myadestes unicolor Sclater -...----.---.-----------+--+---+-----+-7- 170 87. Myadestes melanops Salvin.....-..-------------------+2---+0-+-7- 171 88. Myadestes elisabeth (Lembeye) ---------------------------------- 172 89. Myadestes elisabeth retrusus Bangs and Zappey--.------------------ 173 90. Myadestes solitarius Baird .......---------------------+-+--2-7->- 174 91. Myadestes genibarbis genibarbis Swainson... -.---.----------- Zaeetee 175 92. Myadestes genibarbis sanctee-lucize (Stejneger) -.--.-.-------------- 176 93. Myadestes genibarbis dominicanus (Stemmerer je o2 22 eee 2 ae = 5 gy 94. Myadestes genibarbis cherriei Ridgway ---.------------------------ Fah 95. Myadestes armillatus (Vieillot)--.------- hoes See te tae Sa ea 178 96. Myadestes sibilans Lawrence ...-.---------------+--+-+--+-----7--7- 179 SLAP RHEE Yeyvane TATIN TTT An peeves Fe eee ee a eae Sn asi ap aes 180 Comparison of osteological characters of Troglodytidie, Mimide, and Turdide. ‘181 Key to the Genera of Mimidie..-.-.------------ eRe ete een Meera TSE 183 Ponte Toxostoma Wagler. 22.2222 222-22 -.5--5-=--2----22 25-3907 7 =~ 184 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Toxostoma -.-..-.--------------------- 185 1. Toxostoma rufum (Linnzus)-..-.---------------------------------- 187 2. Toxostoma longirostre longirostre (Lafresnaye) -------------------- 191 3. Toxostoma longirostre sennetti (Ridgway) -.---------------------- 192 4. Toxostoma guttatum (Ridgway) -...------------------+------------ 193 5. Toxostoma ocellatum (Sclater) -.-.--.---------------------+------ 194 6. Toxostoma cinereum cinereum (Xantus)-.....--------------------- 195 7. Toxostoma cinereum mearnsi (Anthony)..------------------------ 196 8. Toxostoma bendirei (Coues)...--.----------+---------+----+------> 197 9. Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre (Swainson) -.--.----------------- 199 10. Toxostoma curvirostre occidentale (Ridgway) --.------------------- 201 11. Toxostoma curvirostre maculatum (Nelson) -...--.---------------- 202 12. Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri (Coues) ..------------------+------ 202 13. Toxostoma redivivum (Gambel)...-.-----------------------+------ 203 14. Toxostoma redivivum helvolum Thayer and Bangs ----.----------- 888 15. Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence ...------------------------- 205 16. Toxostoma lecontei arenicolum (Anthony) .----------------------- 207 17. Toxostoma crissale Henfy...---------------+---------- +t trct 207 Genus 2, Melanotis Bonaparte .-...--.-------------------2---2-r- ttre 209 a'This should be Sialia sialis azurea (Baird). (See Addenda, p. 887.) xX TABLE OF CONTENTS. Key to the Species'of Melanotis. 2-229: - =. 2-2 5-22 17. Melanotis cerulescens (Swainson) ---..---------- 18. Melanotis longirostris (Nelson)...-......-.------ 19. Melanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub...-....---------- Genus'3/-Melanoptila:Scdlatent: 5g s = ae ae ee 20. Melanoptila glabrirostris Sclater .....-.-.-.------ Genus 4% Mimod estivid o welyese ss ee as eae ee 21. Mimodes graysoni (Lawrence)....-.-.----------- Genus ‘>: "Galeoscoptes: Cabanign- aan nar aaa ee oes 22. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linnzeus) ---..-.------ Genmus6.~Maimus Bole oss 9s fac aac eee cee oa ee ee ee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Mimus --_-.-------.- 23. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnzeus) ----.-.-- 24. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus ( Vigors)-------.-- 25. Mimus polyglottos elegans (Sharpe) -..-.-------.--- 26. Mimus polyglottos orpheus (Linnzeus) -....-.---- 27. Mimus polyglottos dominicus (Linnzeus) ....---.- 28; Mamus elves otlvus: (Vietllot) 2242. 3.0 ceeee 29. Mimus gilvus rostratus Ridgway ....-..---------- 30; -Mimus:erlvus:columbianus (Cabanis i205 ee eee 31. Mimus gilvus gracilis (Cabanis) .......-...:5-223 32. Mimus gilvus guatemalensis Ridgway ........---- oo: Mimus pilvus lawrence Rideway ©! -2 225... see eee eee o4. Minmus;maonirostrisiGory 2.2 Sac.) o.oo eee ee eee ) I 36. Mimus gundlachii bahamensis (Bryant) ....-.--- of. Mimus-cundlachii bill (March) yes 2. see eee Genus 7: sNesomimus Ridgway: = <=... 2 ce sss 2 eee Key to the: Species of (Nesomimuss2..Ge ao ee eee 38. Nesomimus trifasciatus (Gould)...............--- 39. Nesomimus macdonaldi Ridgway ..............-- 40. Nesomimus adamsi Ridgway .........------ ered 41. Nesomimus bindloei Ridgway ..........-....---- 42. Nesomimus personatus Ridgway........----.---- 43. Nesomimus melanotis (Gould) ..............---- 44. Nesomimus dierythrus Heller and Snodgrass --.-- 45: Nesomimus hullt Rothschild 2222 2--222- 252522 oe 46. Nesomimus: baurt, Ridewayes. - 2222. a2. eee ee 47. Nesomimus barringtoni Rothschild Genus 9. Allenia Cory Genus 10. Margarops Sclater Genus 12. Cinclocerthia Gray 45> Nesomimus parvalas (Gould) 2eeeese se eee ee Genus:8:, Oroscoptes; Baird: : = 2%. eee ae eee oes eee 49. Oroscoptes montanus (Townsend) ._.......-...-- 50. Allenia‘apicalis (Hartlanb)) = .232-20 =e ee 51. Margarops fuscatus fuscatus ( Vieillot)..........-- 52. Margarops fuscatus densirostris ( Vieillot) .......- Genus 11. Ramphocinclus Lafresnaye ...............-.-.- Key to the Species of Ramphocinclus-.-....-.....--.----- 53. Ramphocinclus brachyurus ( Vieillot) -.......---- 54. Ramphocinclus sanctee-luciz Cory ..........----- Page. 210 bo — S bo bo b bo Ee eee ee GS oS Ol BH Ow bo bo * TABLE OF CONTENTS. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cinclocerthia -..-............-.------- bow Cimelocerthia ruficauds roficauda (Gould)22-2-2.---. 2. 22-2 a 56. .Cinclocerthia ruficauda tenebrosa Ridgway ....-.-...-------------- 57. Cinclocerthia ruficauda tremula (Lafresnaye)...-.........-.--.---- ooeinclocerthiaruneauday pavidahidsway, 222-2255. sass e-- 6) os e2 ee 59: -Cinclocerthia macrornyncha Sclater’ ..2=--225:5-.+-.2c) =. feet 22s 60= Cimelocerthiacuttaralisy( bafresnaye)) 322%. 30222 Jaees 228 Se Baiiicel deal tO pMblus Or yer ja8 Soe Aen te. seks sats oS ale R Mada «Seiten Sale MOL Glen Calyopo patlusr musi OLUs: (COry \ie-sss tak oo = eset = Ses sc bake aoe FAMILY STURNIDZ .-- Be pomeelee Somes MIMMrcUS sas ce aera ent ee tw Se RELL AS SS Ses ee [ee SEULMUS EWU OATS) uM se US eee eee eee one ee yh ets Sn eee te FAMILY PLOCEID# .-- ierrosthe Supimilies” of bloceidre: 22) 222s 8t oe oo cee bo Key to the American (introduced) Genera of Ploceide ...........--..---.-- eerie aoe SHCLIMESTCS SW AIM SOUS = 2. eis m8, Layee So at Seis Giese Dee ee wee We opermested cucullata (Swainson vos: 2st soe ea as eee Seal bs Reni sro eR Strl aq Wwalnso Man msese soe cee ase oe cic seer ia a a eee i gee Pom a riGanmel pou 6 VaeilOu) ase sere eke fe Sed SION kage ee FAMILY ALAUDID® ..- Key to the American Genera of Alaudidee. - - - - Bee Behe e Ae te Sees ee sere Perrier NU a GTIECUS? So sok ot Soe we cee Se Leen ss aes + oe fen Alaida arvensis arvensis laniieud: 9. Yds ssl ek Pe ee SB se SreMUses iO LOCOLIS, DONADATUC sases asa aaa ee eae em ele ae, SiS hee oeiaelo sis oudtee idey to the Subspecies of Otocoris alpestris: 22 sa2 2s 52s. -+ sheet eee CO CON OD Ole Co bo DONNER eee eee boo © co co 3 GS OP WN eH © . Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnzeus) -.--------2-.---+--2..+-.---- POLocornisalpesirid hoyti: Bishop: 2.52.82 -sassese oe oes 2 jOLocoris.alpestris arcticola Oberholser: 24 ose 2h ise betes . Otocoris alpestris enthymia Oberholser. 2-2. 2.2---2-222.-. 2c. -=---: + Otocons alpestris leucolzema’(Coues) -o-255222 55,5 ele ols hk cei ste = Ofocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw --- 222 3.52. e222 2.25. 02 = Otocoris alpestris.diaphora Oberholser. - 2s. 24: 3.02 512i desc. 22: PAOLOcoris alpestris piraudl Henshaw. 252s c6 222s Sees te a 2S --Ofocorisialpestris menrlln Dwight. 225 fae see ee ee ek Bee ss Ouncoris: alpestris: strigata Elenshaw 2228.2. 52.c2- 0 2b 2 et ee Otocoris alpestris insilaris Townsend 2. .2 eae eck kek = Otocoris:alpestris-chrysoleema (Wagler) 222... soc 22 S22 sce 5. 32 252k eOLomonn alpestrin-actia Ohernoiser 0.20 Soe: eases Th ns eee . Otocoris alpestris ammophila Oberholser -..-.....----...---------- -Otoceris alpesiris.rubea Henshaw: 22225-22222. 2-. So. ee S. ee SO LOCOnIS al pestis Oaxace Nelson 522-5252 Genk sak auilecose. st Ses = Otocoris,alpestris, oceidentalis: (McCall) 222. -e22s.22232-22.5-2-2-%- --Otecorisalpesiris adusta Dwightss 292-6 22 6tke ive. gsc eS: . Otocoris alpestris aphrasta Oberholser..............---..---------- eeeocoris alpestris, pallida Dwights.-< 2204-52 ecSc use. i ss sot . Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser.........--..--.--------- 23. Otocoris alpestris enertera Oberholser - - . - - uae ee Leer oOe ass S | PERTH TDZ SIS USTON A) 0g gg eee meee ae Families of Mesomyodi <2. 22-222 24... 25. -sinedehesrmieds eee Famity Oxyruncip® Genus 1. Oxyruncus Temminck...-...--- iso = oe Ais che pee ee BE ca 5 Key to the Subspecies of Oxyruncus cristatus.........-.-------------------- 1. Oxyruncus cristatus frater (Sclater and Salvin) -......------------- AIT TABLE OF CONTENTS. INAMERY. “EY RANNED 222 ote eat eek ee eee eee Genus CopurusiStrickland..2- 2 ic2eec ae eee aocseet Key to the Species and Subspecies of Copurus. - ------- 1. Copurus leuconotus Lafresnaye .........----- Genus 2. Onychorhynchus Fischer ...--22--.=<-----.- Genus 3: Oncostoma Sclaters.2.=-se2.-3-2-ne sae eee = Key to the Species of Oncostoma <_<. ... 222 2c26522= 4. Oncostoma cinereigulare (Sclater) ....-..----- 5. Oncostoma olivaceum (Lawrence) ...-------- Genus”: “Todirostrumibessone= 22 -.-s=sscee eee eee ee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Todirostrum ---- - 6. Todirostrum cinereum finitimum Bangs - - ---- 7. Todirostrum nigriceps Sclater.....-.-.-.----- 8. Todirostrum schistaceiceps Sclater -.....-.-.--- Genus 5, Lophotriccus*Berlepsch 222 2252 2--2- see peer Key to the Species and Subspecies of Lophotriccus -- - - 9. Lophotriccus squamzecristatus minor Cherrie - Genus 6. Atalotriccus Ride way. 2u- sone eee Soe Key to the Subspecies of Atalotriccus pilaris ---------- 10. Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris (Cabanis) ....-.---- Genus 7. Perissotriccus Oberholser .. 2. =. sci<.2uec 42-8 Key to the Species of Perissotriccus..........-----.--- 11. Perissotriccus atricapillus (Lawrence) ---. - - -- Genus 8. Placostomus Ridgway <2:---teeeseecs-. Snes 558 Rie Ean GonaRMiMIMUGt Paine pee ake 52 2' ie ee oso ace se 2 Sek 561 U2. HM Guna. hammongii( Santus) 2224-0. seen ee eos Sec 565 JS EMM Oonak Witte Muibebalets. 44%. ole ee ae Se he te on oe ne 567 Saas iiipinonax: Onineley ate wster oso... P-L 5 -2.2 22. ase eee. 22. 570 Jaci anndona pul wens brewster. =. 222.0262 os ec Se ee 572 db: era pid onda pecs Lawrence s.- 2.2 2222220... eaee ek. Sl 573 O7s Pmpidanaxtrepitua Nelsons) 20. 2002) 05.0. Se 575 Joaprmpidenax ditrenis dicts: Baird... 22... 2.2.2 522222 222 Se lk 576 99. Empidonax difficilis cineritius (Brewster)...............--.--.-..- 580 LO bmpidonax diuticilis: bairdi: (Selater)==/..2:.l.c.22-2. tk ket 581 Oi ee US COMA: HAIN LOO MAYA es crc as ks eG ce eee eee 582 12s Dripidanaxlayescons, Lawrences: 22. o. 05.202 202622 See. 583 103: Empidonax albigularis Sclater and Salvin.-...............222.--.- 584 eee MMpO Onax.umMIdns Nelson. <2 .52 2023S. 2. Week. 2 lode. eke 586 Lp. Vem pid ona auicepapalvin 2: - 22. .2 2, 22-2 esas does ek 586 LUGS eimupidonax tolyitrons tulvitrons! (Giraud ere 222 eo) ee ee ke 588 Li Hrapidonax fulvitrons, pyemezeus (Cones)... 202022222222 Eee 589 108. Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus (Cabanis and Heine).........--. 591 09> Emapidonax tulvifrons fusciceps Nelsonz.--. .2.-. 222-22... ls... 4. 592 Pee ose SNOT MMB OMA PATIOS 2) cas 2 2 secs see ee cece aed Je Sen Be 2 592 itey tothe Species'and subspecies of Sayornis-..-...2/2..-.2----212-.-. 2. 594 WiOmeavannis¢phcsbe((latham) 5 see so... 01 cee ee tse wl ee eas 594 Hit, Sayornis-nigricans nigricans (Swainson)... 2... ... 2.2.2. 5.2222..2.. 597 112. Sayornis nigricans aquatica (Sclater and Salvin)..................- 600 ip sayornis nigricans ammicola (Bangs)... 2. .8.-222-£. 20-2... 601 eS eaAyvOkis Sava Ona pare acca. 2 Bates s oo Bk wee Slee Se 602 eis ta eb iates GO Way. eos oe. oe Soe a ee ol ek 605 Melis wea Dapearinamnmosbtis: (aray)) 2-2-0006 se) ooo e ee ee Se 606 Rens iar onus Gaba: os.'52 san henner sees oo oe SS Seo 607 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myiarchus..-.....--.:......-----..--- 609 ipsoMaanrenucvertaitus (lamin) 5852 2s Se ee Loe eet 613 Hig viviarciis over oben lawrence! si. -—- os. dco hee ceo le ee eo os 617 BismeViwiarenus oberimugator Riley <2. 2 cfo0l0.0i..othete oleate ee 619 bho Mayjarchus ober: berlepsehii' (Cory) 2-22.22 222 seo cc. ele 620 ire vMaarelis orevipenmlis hMartert=. 2. 02tsc2-2-.225.20 225k + -scece- 620 121. Myiarchus riexicanus mexicanus (Kaup)¢@...---..-- Eee as Sst ak. 621 122. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway 9...........-...----...--- 623 123. Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence) ............------- = 625 124. -Miyiarenus eimerascens:pertinax (Baird)... 22.22. 222-22 Jie. 22... 628 i290. Myjarehus utter matting! Ridgeway... -.2222. 2.2.52. -5-2.2-.2-.2- 629 126. Myiarchus nuttingi -brachyurus (Ridgway) .....-....-...-.-.--.---- 630 127. Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman)... ....-.------ 651 2st voyianrchus yueatanensiss bawrence:.. 2-222. 22 4222 2neee. o 2+ soos see 632 Heme vivaace nucstowaus"eGosse) were. =. tees sere O45 sw cee 623 fide vyiarehus dominiecnsis (Bryant)e-2.-:-.<.--2..--2 S252 s22----- 63 Tewiwiarcis denicmuimn Cony... eee: Js ee eee assets 635 Lav yionchus:sagroe sapree (Gundlach )seo-4..-.'22.-.<--se6e-+--ee+-- 636 aTncorrect name, the correct name being Myiarchus magister nelsoni Ridgway. b =Myiarchus magister magister Ridgway. (See Addenda.) 11422—voLt 4—07——11 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page 133) Miyjarchus: sagree lucaysiensis (Bryant )-- 25-2 952 2224. eee 637 (34) Myiarchus antillarum) (Bryant)\ 22. 3. 225: - 22 eee 638 ip: -Meyiarchus sclatert Lawrence 2-2-2 =. 2. 52 ce2 2 ae eee 639 136.. Myiarchus ferox panamensis (Lawrence) =~. ------ =. - =e eee 640 137. Miyiarchus feroxactiosus Ridgway. .: 22. -.-- 4222. S2== eee 642 138: Myiarchus lawrence lawrence (Giraud) 2... )2-— 22 eee eee eee ee 642 139. Myiarchus lawrenceii nigricapillus (Cabanis) ..-.......------------ b44 140.-Myiarchus lawrenceil bangsi, Nelson. 222 22% 223 2S ss eee 646 141: Myiarchus lawrenceil:.querulus Nelson =. 2c2 2-9-2222 2- . ose cece See abe eee eee 689 Keys tosthe Species;and! Subspetiesionelyrammnise === see os eee 687 162; Tyrannus tyrannus)(Linmeens)\ se sean. oe = oe oS ee ee 689 fo3--Tyrannus-vociierans Swainson. as.ce224 = 22 seco) =< ee 694 L645 “Wiyrannus verticals: Say ceca. et ee yee eee ee er 697 165. Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa (Cabanis and Heine).......------- 700 1665 Dyranmusimelancholieis cou Clatis (0; C)) ae 705 167. Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis (Gmelin) ....-.-.------------ 706 168 Shyrannus dominicensis voraxs(UWielllon) ee see ee ete 710 HOO. SD yca MMS! CUD EMSS ERT Chany Ora Cl ees ep rail LOE y rannus Crassinostris: SwalMSOMt eas see eee eer me Genus; 47. Muscivora: acé ped: 2). Sees ae a eee ae eet ee v4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Neve Page. PeaveUUne Specios Ol MUSCIVOlass. 2-5 Sona. eo See ices cote a cece oes ils ieee VuSseivang torucaian( Gane linn pees seen eee eee a ee eee 715 io eMMiscivora tyramaus (luinmeens) 22 295.8 ee ve ee) a 718 BVABTI ER EMRRUDAN wee Steere ott etat ws eee oe a Reh cetanenc ee oe cnt toes 723 Revaorgne Genera, Olu ipa os. . 22 tics aos Ses tee osc semen sac ake 724 Se cmtinaloal Math CiiS eriscOUmenne =e Se oe os Senate Aes we oe oe 727 key tothe Species and Subspecies of Manacus’. 2.22. .2222-2..22 Sees -+-s 729 ee Vanacusicamd els Gea culG AKA he meres eee ne Poneman ae eee 73 eV ramnacusnvate lass (Gy OUI s es anne ene a. ee ee ee ee 732 Semel land ave issy eu lmren ia tley Us QS etiliyiTT)) pe eo see Spin ieee nee ee 734 Pemmisce MC MILOprOleDOMAPALte . Je sec a oo. ase fet Soe ooh ae oe oe 735 MauerornenspeciesOne MIrOpriolhs <>. c0 544-2 aoe ee Ss Sees ee et 736 Pic birapnon lanceolata (Wagler) jos. 22. 2. coe se oe SS SOs Ree aes hae Tom oe ino pronulineans: (bOnApArte)\'. 2 24> ete eae a A cee oe 739 Si SUDUTISE ESL BAW OV at EPO 02 20 pe ey eR Say aC EEA be 741 icytomue ms pecicdiand Sobspecies Of Pipras::252.2.3°c ie 5. sees ese 742 Go ebipramentalis:mentalis Sclater Ys: 225... go ete Sos eee os sae 746 (eobipramentalsiciiterd BANGS a o.-=- Sea cee so roe oe eee eke 747 8. Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala (Linneus).........-.-------- 748 Sareiprawelntina, Berle peel = 22 52 af) ae eee te ee ae eke Saree ne 750 HObipra.pipra anthracina Ridgeway... 5: sor. ane aoe oo oe Sie w= 751 Retin +. COndpipo bona pakie. 2-2-2252 so.222. ae eee ee ee ene AES 753 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Corapipo -...--....--. s22---.--:s2--- 754 nimeorapipo,leucorhodaltera bellman) yer 2 ee ee he So tS 755 Sets. SCOLOLMOrUs ObErNOISER si. [eso o- catan = sete Gn oe Rie sece ose 756 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Scotothorus...:......-..--..---------- 757 12. Scotothorus verze-pacis verze-pacis (Sclater)..............2.-------- 758 iid: “Scotothorus vere-pacis dumicola Bangs... 2 S22) 22225224552 525-+2- 759 (eS SConstnoune furyils uC pw ay cent oc ce EG ek at ke 761 15. Scotothorus amazonus stenorhynchus (Sclater and Salyin).....-.-.--- 762 CCTM SaOre lociniO Coram GeSsO Mier mis etn a-aye otals Secs eee cic eee aoa eee os ae = 763 LO Gaye ROVE) COSI Koy tel 2) VG) 672) as Pe a ene 764 liam bani oeeraerutescens.((SClaten)me- 4-2 = = ases se ae estos hee ee ee 765 VETS Ys DEIN Qantas CBN SENT jes cops Mee peer ee ed eg 767 MEd tines CrINeL CDS SAIVER ras: xe fae ee oes a eee eae n/a Ge ie 768 SB Sey aIs1 as © (OILITIN' GND Aiea aye yale eae i nts yee ee LSS NAS ye Rote es 2 ea 769 if warner meneracOl COUNGIC@rS- a= Lok ose Sendo = naw cs sooo SSe ed owas 172 eum RO GLUT MNRISS OMe ory oe LE: oo oes ath os ee es aoe 778 PeenmconbenspeciedGl WOUN Gat: (5. a. 62 Soe 2S aoe ig to ooe eee assets ste =e 779 lpm Quince ilis GOUld t fede < - anes 38 wepscie so agp oS aes Sie Ske = 781 POM Mma ray Ae lOM ON. 2 . <2aece eet an eee tole oe Pe ace k ates ies 783 a Colmentrattereriy (BOISSONEAN)) 2-2. 2 avid: wie cae e bass ies< 785 (CAEIITEL ZY (Oeigg: CRG eI Sil hint 1 een ee 786 arouners pecies or Canpouectess. 2-2 -- ssa eiee nae ese en ee ee oso sea ee 787 eRe EOC CCLER UILICIS: GALVIN. ous Soe eas Sone kee eae ck vie Sates 788 Pewarnodectesantomics Acledone? 2 =" 22.0222... 5-26 Ste dee Scieneecies 789 Pee IM SEOLNICCIS IIGe Wide = 2 Sse a2\ on Soc ee. Le Qunek eee sto 790 PaeemEne species Ole MicrOtriccus 2. 225-2. 2-6a- 5-6 <2 oe oteee sn m---525- 791 6. Microtriccus semiflavus (Sclater and Salvin) ...--...--------------- 791 fee vucrouricens) brunneicapillus (Ihawrence)..--..-.-<-..--------..-- 792 PEt emnurcmnimlies VielllObi 0... sacs. 2: oc- 2s sce o sca gees neo Seee-=+--- 793 Key tothe Subspecies of Tyrannulus elatus -_--....-.-.2:---.-----.-------- 794 8. Tyrannulus elatus reguloides (Ridgway) ..--.--------------------- 794 XVIIL TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genusioneldiotniccus, Ridowaiye eo as ati Sa eee ee eee 796 oIdiotriccus-zeledonit(Mawnrence) he ace cress oee =e a ee on Genus 6:. Klainepsis Ridgway j25 cn. 50 ete sare ree eer 799 10. Elainopsis gaimardii macilvainii (Lawrence).....-.--------------- 800 Genus 7. “Attila Lesson asi 2.o22. sc S3 aoe cee ee ee eee 801 Key tothe Species and Subspecies of Attila 022-223 202 802 2 12. Attila tephrocephalus Ride waysten- se 5 seo --- |= ee eee 804 13. -Attila citreopygus citreopysus (Bonaparte) =s: = 22) 522-25 805 14° Attila citreopy stis salwimisRidg ways. eee oo a eee eee ee 807 15. Attila citreopygus cinnamomeus (Lawrence) .....-..-.:.-2----2.- = 2809 16. sAttila-citreopygusamesxié¢anus, (Nelson!) 522 sae seer = een ee 810 17. Attila citreopygus’ luteolus Ridgway 222-2 < sesenee- see eae se 810 18. Attila citreopygus gaumeri (Salvin and Godman) ..--...--..------- 811 19. Attila citreopygus cozumele.(Ridsway ))-—- a. 2. = ane ee 812 Genus /8:-Hylonax Ridgway sac: toes eine ceo ee eee ee eee 815 20 ylonaxvalidus;(Caloanis))= 25s see a ee eee S14 Genus)9; .Sirystes'\Cabanis7and -bleine=esea5 ae sae ee ee ee eee 815 Key to the Species:and Subspecies OL Sinystes: 22-8612 sc ne oe ee eee 817 ZIP Siny Stes: alboomiseusis (Aw tele, eee ere tye ee ee 817 GenusilO:- Lipaueusg!B oles s2 seats Sesame nee eee ee ee ee eee 818 Key. to the Species. and: Subspecies ot Eipaugus= 2-22) see ee ee ee 819 22. Lipaugus holerythrus holerythrus Sclater and Salvin__...-...-..--- 820 Genus. “Lathria Swainson) s2: 2222) cscs san Seo nics = Ieee ene 821 Keyatosthe Sulbspeciesrors lathe cum inure ee ee ee ne ee a 822 ZomWatinaniminutanininuias (SClatey) eae — sss) e eee 823 2Ae leatlaniarmmuriatan clare sole ayy civ =srsre, are eee ee a re 824 Genustl 2 ceachyrlanp hus Grays soos eee eee ee ee se a ee 825 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pachyrhamphus ...............:.----- 826 25. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris (Sclater).........--- 829 26. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus similis (Cherrie)............------ 832 2/.. Pachyrhamphus dorsalis Sclater . 2-2) .02.sese02 25522 832 280) bachyrhamphus mayor anayor (Calo annig) ass ee 833 29. Pachyrhamphus major uropygialis: Nelson. .=_. 225: 53 ee 856 30, Pachyrhamphus major itzensis Nelson 5. 222. e oo 836 31. Pachyrhamphus albo-griseus albo-griseus Sclater.....-.......----.- 836 32. Pachyrhamphus cinereus: (Bod daent)\ a= = ep eee 838 33. Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus Lawrence. -..-..-..-..:.---....-<-- 840 34... Pachyrhamphus ornatus;Chernie: ses. 2 = a. = ae ee eee ee 842 Jo Pachyrhann phusty erst colors (lel art) aitil}y)) eae sens eee eae 845 Genus 13. Platypsaris:Sclater Six 2.2: Ree ae eee eee re ere Se 846 Key to the Species and'Subspecies of Platypsarist-2 5.25 o-oo eee 847 36. Platypsaris. niger:(Gmelini)mten a= oe sae ce eee ee 849 3/7. Platypsaris aglais aglaise (Lafresmaye)..-...-......-.2222-22--52-- 890 38. Platypsaris aglaize sumichrasti Nelsom../.2_....... .2223222 2 seen 852 39. Platypsaris aglaize hypopheeus Ridgway......2..--.2..----s2-----= sot 40. Platypsaris aglaiz latirostris (Bonaparte)..............2..----.--.- 855 41, Platypsaris aglaice albiventris (Lawrence) --......-2..-2-2+-ces---- 856 42, Platypsaris aglaiz insularis (Ridgway). -sye525-. 5 02 25 5: ee eee 857 43. Platypsaris aglaize yucatanensis Ridgway .........-...---.--22----- 858 42 Platypsaris homochrous (Sclaten)) ss... 22esse et 4 ee eee 859 Genusid. Mrator Kaup 2... 2S... gee en 2k oe ee 860 Key tothe Species:of Htator 25" 2 a a [5 Sas te eee 862 45; erator albitorqnes (Dw Bus) a. ce lo aoe eee se sm OOS TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIX Page Pe AMICe ome aye Ve LCUL O bere te eet roier silane See ee cohen ce agen SeeSsecae-- 866 ewer hue opecies and Subspecies Of Tityra..22 2. ...5.2.-s-. Leena. oie. S67 4G lifyra semitasciata costaricensis Ridgway ...i0.-.--...-.2-2-2026-+ 869 47, Tityra semifasciata personata (Jardine and Selby) .....---..-.-.--- 871 Herta ra kemilasciata, oniserceps (Ridgeway) ¢s2 siete ai Sime, syue Sas fe ebiclete ne aise eno se eee I 4,5 18 DeEVIOCIG haan Meas osee(- eetaete ase = aside nee = oe ee Sa Sbe sae acdias Sele ees Il 2! 34 HEL CLOM oR O EW ayrens ae aaee. eee ohn tale isis mye re eee a/niw nw o.ciecsi= siete s)nieieim eile wie ciace slew Il 3 69 Pm GLeMUe NUM AUDORADATUC sameck cers me ce eclas- ct Pose he oe ee sok ee eens ee I 4 72 me C CLG Ml ey Ss CLATOT mis ee myst Seis oete abot hs alarms eremjem we Ueien Sees cee cues ne ser Ill il 78 ELI LOCICH ANAC Wa Wiese o> fs cise eek Seas Hokies aa sees ea ceoeneooek cise Il 2 87 LURBENO TEU S BOM ANA UGE wana Aaa oonteils cmc stews eis cute x cuink sites aan oe aereelae ete Ill | 3, 4 129 Mies HI CUSPEONAUPUnie ie crteine secies © lacs 2 = oes c tore siiwicmwan oo Seles eee ee cio IV 15253 90 Seem TRR TCL UES MELD SIS tekstas ee Peat tans 2 Vata rots oats ee orn Mae ce cece a ec inee Vv 12 125 esmmintel PAVE Vila SUC PCR Clee a foe ee eee ciaicie sl ae cee e oes besa) teen sane eae seges Lene Vi 3 135 APR INLO SLES Wil SONS yea ore Seine io ae sini iarei als onions ine eine teen obele Wil 1,2,3 160 FOS UO MINA AN VSL ETS eaters te arc hetero, telalchct ows isis Sew Atel a sie ae ee a Mloreteiens dete Vi 1,2 184 Eee QIN SPE ONAN en l Cr emt tet... erator re haces seve sem ecto: cca em se eeee VL 3 209 iLL) SPIT PUL CLV UG Ieeee erste Sho mies ernst etear sie ls ale ies Oeiie om eects ee ease Wasa! 1 213 MEL CONCOP LES Cn aD Syap is, ojo, eRe eran Nem cit ote se nlclave atu were yacht nis ete ae {> VELL 2 216 MSO TOOE CD UES ALT ie iam ae aera ds Ae asta io tats Sats ein eae ate tose eeeciset cones VIII 3 258 SP NEUEN CSET Cl OS Varese ta se Mee cesta teens epee ioe ala actor apoyo eafal w als woh sleet VII 4 215 PAEMRNIETTN USHER OL GIs cee at ee ee icy asia. aaynitane ae oes Bee eMac nin cee weitere s IX 1 221 22. Nesomimus Ridgeway <..-.-22....- AEP Ae BNI ISAs ceerae sch Oe As IX 2 244 PoMmDONNCONUUSOWaiMSOIMC susp Wiss eect Tocan ements cic Qcleees saen slecteele IX 3 | (183) CLV COD MUS i OOLY cera sews Saree eee hak ee ere G aati odisce hick caer aint IX 4 278 Pe PAUILC INNO OT Vere aca Ue ta Raia ee mehr ieee. BO ae hel ha LA x 1 261 POMP SUCMG HNO WEDLN SOM tak more e Pe aunts Someries e aie eiacinins shinies een eee xX ez 286 PPS PELML CSTE S SW aLNSOl eee. ye eee ae ona choco cok tanet ce eb ev eee cucene xX Sill aoe: SMU ANOPSTSOL MLC IN yeti ae eles PRL Nee aes eae Pw Ae Ne oe xX 4 264 PMG LOGS MGT Cola Mgr ese Miya se Meee ne een. mien Stal taal Pena whee se Race wets XI 1 271 mmo ILO Gl ClUS MU ARNESI Uy Cx soca mee ete y= Leila scenic Saiz eget ciccie ne ate are XII 1 268 Se OUUNMUS MINMECUS <2... 2222 see rae ae a ee aes ok ale Rata capa ete XII 2 280 Be OUT GIS AL ETT Keke oa cera whet ote seein ee Ue atl ese dew ene XII 3 333 383, CASI SEN, TUPI MITRE IE ie A et ee ES ee ahs oe ae OE nr merge XIII 1 291 SMO MOC ODISEES OM LAU ame Sta eee Aer ara Ai leith ech nat te ae eee + leis XII a 295 EsemeACteaLGlaM CE MGM Rs pay aise aoe Og a pois vee tee nos sce trie oie ec ince oemeee XIV 1 373 EDM INCOS UO IN EUIS CLENL CS Teaee te arto en chien Sees Mec MN AL) BT pe ela ee XIV 2 357 BeBe MSSOUrIC CIS ODETUIOI Sele 22 c:s sos aeecic ca Sey-to nts gence adae cacwecciees XIV 3 376 Reem LUETITS OULU MeL VTL Cereb See ee oy np, Se oe ges one So Bie XIV 4 349 Jo mOMMCHONOYN ChUSCHISehe Weer ech lvaa eae se Acker cee wk ee eet ace eee EXGTAV 5 352 Bimbo MNO TEC CUS Axle pSC Messe thas cas les one ee hese XV 1 369 EHP OOS GEMM MIRCSSO I, saree etn see ee hey ar eet eects LN oat Wad |e » XV 2 361 <2. JPUNCLT RCE (CUES) TEAK FG ary a a A ee eee XV 3 380 Zr eunymehoeyclusiCabamis and Meine 2. qe ss2-cucc..-02sdc-.22 2-02-5522 se: XV 4; 389 Semele ELC OS LOTUS ARNT WA Vesert srs oe sees tems ote eietcicie sis ¢ ec)wanesa oe es a= eee xv 5 378 Emcee OnurOr Hanven ioe see iiss oe ha ae eee a eee be el a Pan XV 6 385 ECR ata CATER RA LEI pene re pee he el ee iiaa NS RUN Re oath cae hey aoe XVI 1 438 DMM INSOZELEHCSISGIAU OL sea sietn Nek ee tea a os eee ee ot ees pe at XVI 2 442 Soe CE DMM ISG GUL Gee een le. Se oo ee ee he ee ae EVIL 3 471 eam UI ESHA ON Gee Ne cae as cia atta SS Menace ate wae cee eR an eee Vee exe Vani tole 395 SGU OSCOMLAR CLOT eR sters ee ey at Mee ay bees yo sash ieee hua tes. | xvir 2 44 a Extralimital but included to complete representation of Mimine genera. XXI XXIT LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS. Page Genus. Plate. |Figure.| of | text. Ble PNGy LO PALS Seulovslra eum ls Gr OGL Ue ate ee ele ete aaa otes es oie ee | XVII 3 | 398 HO SU DLE SAGs S Cle Cely A Cis BV ANY a letets le eletee tee alae ele eel eet ee |) XOViET 4 418 Hos TyranmMiscus! Cabamis end (Cie = sn eee cee eee ettsie eee ale eee ear ee LU 5 405 54. Mlcenia Sung evalll ssc eee sae te case eieectoc ose eminie nee see aes eae | X VIL 6 423 DOMME PLOWOL: OD! CABS teem ese ae ee ala a ot lee ate eae eee | XVIII 1 462 EG EL COTO PL HES OMNI PETS ete ease eel te eer rere | XVUII 2 452 7s Na onectes|Gabamiss. semen ee ee 2 -ieitsteiscawcscos ce XIX 2 491 63, Mitrephanes Cowes... 2a.5 ca. 2815 2 dee ses a Saas vee wien See OR Renee | XIX 3 496 642'Deltarhynchus Rids Wayscnt cece tee senna saeeser Sore eee eee eee XIX 4 502 Goa NuUtigllonniswRid owayese osecseceeceee se ome ae enone see se See oe eeees | xX 1 504 66; Mylochanes\Cabamnis;and icine 2222-2 ine aa. tena a ee eee {ye jokeX 2 509 67, Blacieus Cabamis seo a0 2520 see ee ee = coe eee oe ee ee ee | XX 3 529 6S aMiyiophobus Reichenbach Soc sse = ae eee ae eee ee eee | XXI 1 541 69 -Empidonax Cabanis: -soccesese eee see ee ae e ae eee eee see eee I) SXoReT 2,4 545 70:“SayOrnis "Bonaparte ss: ss sees- ch: ees seas She ee eee eee |e PSOXSE oD 592 71, Myliarchus Cabanis2:: 2) ccsa. scabs eee see eee ee eee | XXII ie) 607 (2 Nesoiriectis; Townsen Gis: .ccas.0 226 eee Jaeee eee eee ee eae | XXII 3 481 73. Eribates i RIGS waiys $-2-s3a- beans Seen ee Bees Cea Oe Oe ne. eee | XXII 4 605 4, Myiod\nastes; BOnApartescn. fen: pee oe Ce RE eee ere | xan 1 653 HDs Pitan euUs:S Wes Mix <<, o shel isle ne ee caer eee Oe ore seca oe | XXII 2 669 (69 LolmarchushRid sway cs-scsssae sae emcee ee nee ee One aan ee eee | XXIV 1 676 HieACOLy PHOWIECUSURIGS Waly: secs cee nee eee ee ee ee ee ee SXONGHVAN 2 667 fos LyrannusGacépedecs 2 6.247 ds0: dee cee ae oe ee One ae eee eee eee | XXIV 3 685 79. Muscivora Lacépéede ...-- SE Bic talaleig Bints oriGect eA eps eS a ete ee ene ree ars ieexe\y 1 714 20 avieracyn Chis hun beri ce cee eee eee ee ee eee ae | REN Vi 2 663 Ss hanioceras Wesson. Yes 2 ieinis oes = ee ee ee ee ee ea 3 763 §2>,Chiroprion Bonaparte: cc. ssses -g- ae ee pote ee ee eee XXXVI 1 739 BS SPATE MIN TL BELG ie wee eis Sica eave eee a oR ag Te XXVI.. 2 741 St 3CorapiporBonapante ss2ce0 oesce oe eee eee eee eee ae ae | XXVI 3 753 805" MamacusuBrissOme 262): ss se nec chee oe eee ee ee ee ee XXVI 4 727 86. Piprifies:Cabamisas*. :2355. ote ne aie oe cee ee ee | XXVI 5 767 37. scotothorus Oberholser 2. ac. ese oe eee eee eee | XXVI 6| 756 88: Cotinga Brisson .s2 3 5ae secs ces ee ee | XX VII 1,4 778 89. ‘Catpodectes Salvin: . 5... 5... = Socegea ee ee | XXVII 2| 786 90. Microtriccus Ridgway s255. sa.0. <6 Soe eee eee XXVII 3 790 Ol. Attila Lesson ...:.:.2)s) deste en ee | XXVIII 1) 801 92: Hylonax ‘Ridgway...20 os24s/0 5c. ss cee ee | XX VIII 2| 818 93. SirystesiCabanmisiand! eine: =. =: 25a a XXVIII 3 815 94, -Elainopsis RIGg Way? << ca-!<.sa-.2 ceo ee eae ees XXIX 1 799 99. uathriah SWaimsSOM js: +2 snc sacs 3 ca See ee ee ee XXIX 2 821 2G MLO trICCUsURIGE Way 2.2 < os 5.) Soe ee ee nr ees XXITX 796 97. Dy rannulus ViewlO bs. =. oscars Sec ee ee eee ee XXTX 4 793 98. ipsmeus Bole In Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe’s ‘‘Hand-List of Birds?” (iv, 1903, 111-184) the total number of species listed for the entire world (including subspecies, no distinction being made) is very nearly six hundred, referred to seventy-five genera. It is pos- sible, however, that a few of the genera may eventually be excluded from the Turdide. ¢ Several allied Palwarctic genera and one Hawaiian genus are introduced into the key for the purpose of comparison with the most nearly related American forms. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5 j. Outermost (tenth) primary smaller and narrower, about one- third as long-as ninth; no bristly tips to frontal feathers; rictal bristles weaker; basal portion of tail rufous; adult males with blue on throat and chest.......-..-- Cyanosylvia (p. 14) jj. Outermost (tenth) primary larger and broader, nearly half as long as ninth; bristle-like points to frontal feathers; rictal bristles stronger; base of tail without rufous (sometimes partly white); adult males with scarlet on throat. Calliope (extralimital) @ vi. Tarsus much less than half as long as tail; plumage plain brown above (more rufescent on tail), dull white below, becoming pale grayish or brownish on chest and sides; no superciliary stripe; Hees au Ore rain sian ike oe rs Luscinia (extralimital) > hh. Tail slightly emarginate, with rectrices narrow, slightly widening terminally, the lateral pair with shafts curved, diverging ter- minall yen: closed® tail = 5-2 -%- £- 225 = Erythacus (extralimital) ¢ gg. Mandible broader basally, with gonys not longer than rami. h. Outermost (tenth) primary longer, decidedly (usually much) longer than primary coverts; ninth primary shorter than fourth. Catharus (p. 18) hh. Outermost (tenth) primary smaller, not longer (usually shorter) than primary coverts; ninth primary longer than fifth. Hylocichla (p. 34) ee. Tail not longer than combined length of tarsus and basal phalanx of middle toe, the rectrices 10; wing much less than two and a half times as long as tarsus; outermost (tenth) primary not obvious (very minute) 2 rey PI 5 Eee Pe eA A MeN = ete fae raat RE Zeledonia (p. 69) dd. Bill larger and stouter, the exposed culmen more than half as long as tarsus; wing more than 115 (usually more than 130) mm . . .Cichlherminia (p. 72) cc. Middle toe (without claw) more than three-fifths as long as tarsus. d. Four primaries (eighth to fifth, inclusive,) with outer web sinuated. e. Middle toe (without claw) less than two-thirds as long as tarsus, the latter much less than twice as long as exposed culmen; wing much less than three and a half times as long as tarsus; lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white (at least inner web), or else a white patch on innermost greater wing-coverts. a Tail decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to end of second- aries (very nearly, sometimes quite, as long as wing); eyelids naked; tail more strongly rounded, the lateral rectrices extensively tipped with white on inner web; no white on wing....---- Mimocichla (p. 78) ff. Tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries; eyelids normally feathered; tail less strongly rounded (nearly even); no white on rectrices, but wings with an elongated white patch involy- ing outer web of two innermost greater coverts. - - - - Haplocichla (p. 87) aCalliope Gould, Birds of Europe, ii, 1836, pl. 118. (Type, Turdus camtschatkensis Gmelin= Motacilla calliope Pallas.) Not Calliope Ogilvy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836 (pub. Sept., 1837), 138 (a genus of mammals). bLuscinia Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 14. (Type, Sylvia luscinia Lin- neeus. ) ¢Erythacus Cuvier, Lecons d’Anat. Comp., i, 1800, table 2. (Type, Motacilla rube- cula Linneus.) 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Middle toe (without claw) more than two-thirds as long as tarsus, or else (Planesticus, part) the latter more than twice as long as exposed culmen; wing more than three and a half (usually nearly four, sometimes nearly five) times as long as tarsus;@ lateral rectrices without broad (if any) white tip, and no white on wing. f. Tail even or slightly rounded or double-rounded...-- Planesticus (p. 90) ff. Tail distinctly emarginate ........--..---- Cossyphopsis (extralimital) ® dd. Not more than three primaries with outer web sinuated. e. Maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally; nasal fossee less extensively feathered, the nostrils entirely exposed; tenth (outermost) primary much shorter than primary coverts. f. Three primaries (eighth to sixth) with outer webs sinuated; sexes alike in color; no whitish or buffy band across basal portion of inner webs of remiges’.; 22/5. 25. 2240 228 oe ee eee Turdus (p. 125) ff. Only two primaries (eighth and seventh) with outer webs sinuated; sexes radically different in color; a broad band of white or buff across basal portion of inner webs of primaries. - . .Cichloselys (extralimital) ¢ ee. Maxillary tomium without distinct, if any, subterminal notch; nasal fossee extensively feathered, the nostrils partly concealed; tenth (outermost) primary nearly as long as primary coverts. (Sexes different in color, both with wing ‘‘pattern,’’ as in Cichloselys.) ...------ Ixoreus (p. 129) bb. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus; middle toe (without claw) at least three-fourths as long as tarsus, or else (Grandala) wing more than ten times ag long as exposed culmen. c. Tail double-rounded, the lateral rectrices not longer than middle pair; basal portion of primaries (both webs) and of inner webs of secondaries white; upper tail-coverts and tips of rectrices white; no blue... -Ridgwayia (p. 135) ce. Tail emarginate, the lateral rectrices longer than middle pair (usually longest); no white on wings nor tail; plumage partly blue. d. Middle toe (without claw) three-fourths as long as tarsus; tail more than three times as long as tarsus; wing-tip decidedly less than three-fourths as long as tail; adult females not streaked nor with white “pattern” on inner webs of remiges! sop So ee Soe ee: eee eee ee Sialia (p. 130) dd. Middle toe (without claw) only two-thirds as long as tarsus; tail not more than three times as long as tarsus; wing-tip nearly, sometimes quite, equal to three-fourths length of tail; adult female conspicuously streaked and with white ‘‘ pattern’’ on remiges.....-.--- Grandala (extralimital) 7 «The wing is less than three and a half times as long as tarsus in P. jamaicensis, P. nigrirostris, and P. rufiventris. bCossyphopsis Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Feb. 13, 1883, 478. (Type Turdus reevei Lawrence.) (Western Ecuador.) IT am doubtful as to the validity of this supposed genus, since all the characters originally ascribed to it, with the single exception of that given above, prove to be shared by certain species of Planesticus. eCichloselys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviil, 1854, 5, 10. (Type, by elimination, Turdus sibiricus Pallas. See Stejneger, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, 317, footnote.) 4Grandala Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xii, pt. 1, 1843, 447; xxiv, 1855, 577. (Type, G. celicolor Hodgson.) This genus is exceedingly distinct from Sialia, with which Mr. Seebohm merged it. (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 327, 328.) The female, according to Mr. Seebohm’s ideas as to the paramount value of color characters in the Turdide (see p. viii of the volume cited) should go in his ‘“‘genus” Geocichla! BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a aa. Bill relatively short, broad and depressed basally, its width at frontal antize decidedly more than its height at same point, and nearly if not quite equal to length of gonys; the latter decidedly less than half the distance from point of mandible to malar apex. b. Legs shorter, the middle toe (without claw) more than two-thirds as long as tarsus, the latter much less than one-third as long as wing. c. Bill stouter (thrush-like), less depressed basally, its width at frontal antize slightly less than length of gonys; inner webs of remiges without light- colored ‘‘pattern.”’ d. Outermost (tenth) primary smaller, not more than one-third as long as ninth; tail emarginate or double-rounded; mandible relatively more slender, with gonydeal angle less prominent... .Platycichla (extralimital) @ dd. Outermost (tenth) primary larger, two-fifths as long as ninth; tail strongly double-rounded, with lateral rectrices shorter than middle pair; mandi- ble relatively stouter (deeper) with gonydeal angle more prominent. Cichlopsis (extralimital) ec. Bill weaker (more ‘“‘flycatcher’’-like), much depressed at base, its width at frontal antiz equal to or greater than length of gonys; inner webs of remiges with a broad white or buff basal area, or “‘ pattern.”’ d. Bill longer, the exposed culmen decidedly longer than outer toe (without claw); acrotarsium divided (‘‘scutellate’’) on inner side. Entomodestes (extralimital) ¢ dd. Bill shorter, the exposed culmen little, if any, longer than inner toe (with- out claw); acrotarstum undivided: :....-5...2.2-. 4... Myadestes (p. 170) bb. Legs longer, the middle toe (without claw) not more than three-fifths as long as tarsus, the latter nearly (sometimes more than) one-third as long as wing. Phezornis (extralimital) d @ Platycichla Baird, Review Am. Birds, June, 1864, 32 (more fully characterized on p. 4386). (Type, P. brevipes Baird, =Turdus flavipes Vieillot.) The species of this genus are all South American. Besides those usually referred to it are Platycichla vanthoscelus (Jardine) and Platycichla leucops (Taczanowski), hitherto referred to Turdus or Merula=Planesticus. 6(?) Turdampelis Lesson, L’Echo du Monde Sav., 1844, 156. (Type, 7’. lanioides Lesson, =??).—Cichlopsis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 54. (Type, C. lewcogenys Cabanis).— Myiocichla Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviil, 1854, 6; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 30. (Type, M. ochrata Bonaparte,=Cichlopsis leucogenys Cabanis.) Not having at hand a specimen of Cichlopsis leucogenys Cabanis for comparison with Lesson’s description of his Turdampelis lanioides I can not be sure whether the two are identical or not. According to descriptions of the former, however, they seem to be very different; and taking into consideration Hartlaub’s statement (Rev. Zool., 1846, 3) that Lesson’s bird is Aulia hypopyrrha (Vieillot) I think the name Cichlopsis Cabanis should be used for the genus until it is clearly shown that some other name has indisputable claim to replace it. c Entomodestes Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, sig. 29, Feb. 23, 1883, 456, foot- note. (Type, Ptilogonys leucotis Tschudi.) (Peru.) d Phxornis Sclater, Ibis, July, 1859, 327,in text. (Type, Muscicapa obscwra Gmelin.) (Peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.) 3S BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein. Savicola BecustE1n, Orn. Taschenb., 1802, 216. (Type, Motacilla ananthe Lin- neeus. ) Vitiflora Leacn, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 21. (Type, Mota- culla cenanthe Linneeus.) (Enanthe Viewior, Analyse, 1816, 43. (Type, Turdus leucurus Gmelin.) Ainanthe (emendation) VieEmLLot, Faune Frane., 1823, 31. Campicola Swatnson, Zool. Journ., ili, 1827, 171. (Type, Motacilla pileata Gmelin.) Dromolxa CaBANts, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 9. (Type, @nanthe monticola Vieillot.) Lucotoa Paun pE Wiirt., fide Brehm, Voégelf., p. 225 (1855). (Seebohm.) (Type, Vitiflora leucopygia Brehm?) Small long-winged, long-legged, terrestrial and saxicoline Turdide with wing-tip longer than tarsus, outermost (tenth) primary shorter than primary coverts, exposed culmen shorter than middle toe (with- out claw), and with basal portion of tail, together with upper tail- coverts, white. Bill small and slender, much shorter than head; exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe (without claw) but longer than inner toe (without claw), more or less concave immediately in front of nasal fossee, the mesorhinal portion more or less strongly elevated basally; gonys straight or very faintly convex, rising obliquely toward tip at a slightly divergent angle from lower edge of mandibular rami, the latter much shorter than gonys; maxillary tomium faintly convex basally, faintly concave subterminally, distinctly notched near end. Nostril guttate, pointed anteriorly, overhung by broad membrane, posteriorly nearly or quite in contact with feathering of frontal antiz. Rictal bristles distinct; no distinct decumbent post-nasal_ bristles; latero-frontal feathers with distinct bristle-like tips, the more anterior ones projecting forward and downward over nostril. Wing very long and pointed (about three and a half to four times as long as tarsus), the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus; outermost (tenth) primary small, sometimes shorter, some- times slightly longer than primary coverts; ninth primary sometimes longest or equal to longest, sometimes shorter than sixth. Tail more or less shorter than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries, about twice as long as tarsus to much more than twice as long, even or more or less distinctly emarginate. Tarsus long and slender, not more (usually much less) than half as long as tail, much less than one- third as long as wing (sometimes only one-fourth as long), the acro- tarsium booted except on lower portion; middle toe (without claw) decidedly less to very slightly more than three-fifths as long as tarsus; lateral toes unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subtermi- nal articulation of middle toe, the outer slightly but decidedly beyond; hallux slightly shorter than inner toe, its claw nearly as long as the digit—all the claws normally curved, but slender and very acute; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9 basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about one-third to inner toe.¢ Coloration.—Basal portion of tail and whole of tail-coverts white; adult males gray above with black on side of head, wings, and tail, and whitish beneath, or variously ‘“‘pied”’ with black and white, buff, or cinnamon; females and young brownish above, buffy beneath, with white on tail, etc., as in adult males. Nidification.—Nest placed in cavities among rocks or in walls or on ground, composed of dry grass, hair, feathers, ete.; eggs (5-6) bluish, speckled with reddish brown. Range.—Palearctic Region and arid portions of Ethiopian Region; one Palearctic species (in two subspecific forms) occurring in north- ern North America. (Species very numerous. ) SAXICOLA CGENANTHE CENANTHE (Linneus). WHEATEAR. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain light slate-gray or deep ash gray,’ changing abruptly to white on upper tail-coverts and passing more gradually into white on forehead (more or less broadly) and superciliary region; wings black, with narrow terminal margins of whitish to greater wing-coverts and secondaries (these sometimes obsolete) ; tail white basally, the middle pair of rectrices mostly black (for all of their exposed and much of their concealed portions), the rest with about the terminal third abruptly black; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions black, producing a conspicuous elongated patch or broad stripe on side of head; malar region, chin, throat, and chest pinkish buff or ochraceous-buff, more or less deep,’ the remaining under parts white, more or less tinged with buff; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar in pattern of colora- tion to the male, but gray of upper parts much duller and browner (hair brown to broccoli brown), wings and terminal portion of tail dusky grayish brown instead of black, no black patch or stripe on side of head, white of under parts duller al more buffy, and anterior under parts more brownish buffy or cinnamon. Young (and adults?) in autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female in summer plumage, but browner above (between broccoli brown and dark isabella color), wing-coverts and secondaries broadly a The above characters are taken from S. enanthe, S. montana, S. lugens, S. stapa- zima, and S. oreophila. These differ from one another to a greater or less extent in structural details, principally the relation of length of wing, tail, tarsus, and middle toe and wing-formula, but I would consider them as congeneric. Possibly certain of the numerous species usually referred to the genus may require removal, but the present work has nothing to do with them. 6 Between slate-gray and gray no. 6 of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors. ¢ The color fades toward midsummer. 10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. margined with buffy or cinnamon, primary coverts and primaries edged and terminally margined with pale buffy grayish or dull whitish, under parts pinkish buff, deepening on chest, sides of breast, and lower throat into cinnamon-buff or buffy cinnamon, and bill dusky horn color. Young.—‘ Young in first plumage resemble the female, but have obscure transverse terminal dark bars and pale centers to most of the feathers of the upper and under parts.’’¢ Adult male.—Length (skins), 132-161 (147); wing, 93-101 (96.1); tail, 50-59 (55.2); exposed culmen, 12-15 (13.9); tarsus, 24.5—-29 (27.2); middle toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.6).° Adult female—Length (skins), 146-152 (148); wing, 90-94 (92.6); tail, 49.5-56.5 (52.1); exposed culmen, 12.5-14 (13.3); tarsus, 25.5-27 (26.2); middle toe, 13—-14.5 (14).¢ Breeding in northern Europe and Asia, from the British Islands, the Scandinavian peninsula, parts of central Kurope and high mountains of southern Europe to northern Alaska; migrating southward in win- ter to India and eastern Africa. [ Motacilla] enanthe Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 186 (Europe); 12th ed., i, 1766, 332.—Gneuin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 966. Motacilla enanthe Becustetn, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1795, 640. [Sylma] enanthe Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 529. Sylvia enanthe TemMMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 135. Saxicola enanthe BEcHSTEIN, Orn. Taschenb., i, 1802, 217—Gou tp, Birds Eur., ii, 1837, pl. 90; Birds Gt. Brit., ii, 1862, pl. 65.—Krysrertine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. ix, 192—Dxrauanp, Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 482; 2d ed., i, 1867, 450.—MippEnporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., ii, pt. 2, 1853, 174—SunpE- VALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, 54 —Harriavus, Orn. W.-Afr., 1857, 64 (Senegal). — LinpERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl., 1860, 110——NeEwron, ed. Blasius’ List Birds Eur., 1862, 10, part; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1873, 347, part—Rappg, Reis. Sibir., V6g., 1863, 244.—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 15, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 26, part—Hrvuatin, Orn. N. Ost.-Afr., ., 1869, 347.—Datt and Ban- NISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 276 (St. Michael, Alaska) —F rrrscu, a Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 393. b Sixteen specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. Alaskan specimens are slightly larger than those from Europe, their respective averages being as follows: nbs] F Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. eee culmen. 3 MALES. | | | Ten adult males from Europe...... 5 Re ee epee 945 | 55 13.7| 271] 147 Sizadultimeales, trom Alaska. cise. eee eee 98. 7 55. 4 12. 4 27.4 14.3 FEMALES. Three adult females from Europe.................¢.....---- 91.8 BIS 7 13.5 26. 2 14.2 Four adult females from Alaska. 228.2. o2. ee les Ooted: 52. 4 13.1 26. 2 13.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. fel Vog. Eur., 1870, 193—Tristram, Ibis, 1871, 231 (Alaska, Lapland; crit.).— Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 13—BuLaNrorp and Dressk&r, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 218, part (monogr.).—Taczanowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 435 (e. Siberia). —Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 60, part, pl. 5, fig. 6—Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 335 (Turkestan, breeding at 8,500 to 10,000 ft.) —DrerssEr, Birds Europe, ii, 1881, 187—SrEBouM and Harvit Brown, Ibis, 1876, 215 (lower Petchora, Russia)—Couuerr, Nyt. Mag. Naturvid., xxiii, 1877, 103; xxvi, 1881, 269; xxxv, 1893, 13 (Norway).— Currton, Ibis, 1877, 256 (crit.) —Davip and OusTa.Er, Ois-Chine, 1877, 165.— SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, 8 (Siberia); 1882, 211 (Astrakhan, breeding), 375. (Archangel, Russia); 1888, 346 (Great Liakoff I., Siberia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 391, part; Hist. Brit. Birds and Eggs, i, 1883, 301.—Scu tty, Ibis, 1881, 444 (Gilgit, n. India; crit.)—Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 5 (St. Michael); Cruise ‘‘ Corwin” in 1881 (1883), 59 (St. Michael and King I., Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 221.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 21, part.—Bzran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 146 (Cape Lisburne, Alaska, Aug. 21; Port Clarence, Sept. 6; Chamisso I., Kotzebue Sound, Aug. 31).—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 80 (St. Kilda) —Sresnecer, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 349 (Tchuctchi Peninsula); Auk, xiii, 1901, 186 (measurements); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiii, 1901, 478, 479, 480 (synon- ymy; list of specimens).—Murpocu, Rep. Internat. Polar Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 104 (Point Barrow, Alaska, breeding).—Brmag, Beitr. Keuntn. Russ. Reich. (3), i, 1885, —.—AmeErican OrnirHouoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 765, part —PaumEn, Vegaexp. Vet. Iakt., v, 1887, 260 (Pitlekaj and Jinretlen, Tchuctchi Peninsula) —Turnetr, Contr. Orn. Alaska, 1886, 196.—SaunpErs, Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 20—Mrapr-Watpo, Ibis, 1893, 188 (Tenerife, Canary Islands)——Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 351 (Shetland Islands, breeding)—PrArson and BrpweE tt, Ibis, 1894, 229 (n. Norway, breeding).—Wautuis, Ibis, 1895, 66 (centr. Pyrenees, breeding; descr. eggs).— Pearson, Ibis, 1896, 207 (Russian Lapland); 1898, 191 (Waigats, n. e. Rus- sia).—Popuam, Ibis, 1897, 92 (Yeneseisk and Golchika, Siberia); 1898, 495 (do., breeding).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vil, 1900, 255 (s. Arabia).—BisHop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 96 (Circle, Yukon Terr.; mo. of Aphoon R., Alaska).—GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, 1901, 20 (St. Paul I., Prybilofs, 1 spec., Aug. 29)—McGreaor, Condor, iv, 1902, 144 (Castle Rock and Signal Doris, Alaska, July, Aug.).—Davins, Ibis, 1905, 70 (upper Muonio R., Scandinavia, breeding). S[axicola| enanthe Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 178.—CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 256, part; 5th ed., i, 1903, 256, part.—Riweway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 580, part. [Saxicola] enanthe BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 303.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 224, no. 3205, part.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 76, part.— SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 175. Savicola oenanthe oenanthe ScHatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 269. Vitiflora cenanthe Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 21.— Botg, Isis, 1822, 552. Saxicola xnanthe Dresser, Birds Europe, il, 1881, pl. 21. Motacilla vitiflora Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 472 (new name for Mota- cilla enanthe Linnzus). Cnanthe vitiflora Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 54. (nanthe cinerea VierttotT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 418 (new name for Motacilla enanthe Linneeus). Vitiflora cinerea Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 405. 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Saxicola enanthe cinerea BREHM (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Vitiflora septentrionalis Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 403. Savicola ananthe septentrionalis Breun (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Vitiflora grisea BreuM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 405. Savicola enanthe grisea Bren (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Savicola ostrata HempricH and EHRENBERG, Symb. Phys., Aves, 1833, fol. aa. [Savicola] ostrata Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 225, no. 3232. Saxicola libanotica HemepricH and EHRENBERG, Symb. Phys., Aves, 1833, fol. bb. [Savicola] libanotica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 225, no. 3220. Saxicola enanthoides Vicors, Zool. Voy. ** Blossom,’’ 1839, 19 (no locality given, but said to be from northwest coast of North America).—Bairp, in Stans- bury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake 1853, 329, part.—Cassry, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 208, part. S[axicola] enanthoides Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 179. [|Savicola] enanthoides Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 225, no. 3222. (?) Vitiflora major Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 224. Savicola enanthe alpestris BREHM (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Saxicola enanthe melanoptera BREHM (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Savicola enanthe maritima Breum (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Saxicola enanthe crassirostris BrEHM (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. Savricola enanthe macrohynchos BreuM (A. E.), Verz. Samml. ©. L. Brehm, 1866, 5. SAXICOLA GENANTHE LEUCORHOA (Vieillot). GREENLAND WHEATEAR, Similar to S. w. ananthe, but decidedly larger; autumnal and winter specimens with under parts more strongly cinnamomeous. Adult male.—Length (skins), 161-167 (165); wing, 100.5-106.5 (103.8); tail, 54.5-60.5 (58.3); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.9); tarsus, 27~30.5 (28.9); middle toe, 15.5-16 (15.8).¢ Adult female—Length (skins), 145-165 (156); wing, 67-103.5 (99); tail, 53-58 (56.1); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (14.1); tarsus, 27.5—-29 (28.4); middle toe, 14.5-15.5 (15).° Breeding in Greenland and Iceland and in northeastern North America from Arctic islands on western side of Davis Strait to Labra- dor (Nachvak, etc.)—probably also to Quebee (Godbout); during migration southward, sporadically, to New Brunswick, Ontario a Six specimens. b Seven specimens. North American and European specimens compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- : Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed /Tarsus. re | culmen. g MALES. | | Three adult males from Greenland and Labrador........... | YES Be 1325, 28. 2 15. 8 Thresladultmalesirom Huropes.osces ose soe. eee nee | 103.3 | 59.2 14.3 29.7 15.7 | FEMALES. | | | Two adult females from Greenland and Labrador..._....-.- | 98 bo 7eie 14 28. 2 15. 2 Fiveadult; females from Hurope....2.------2--..- see | 99. 4 | Dah 14.1 28.5 14.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ie (Beaumaris, Sept. 24, 1896), New York (Seneca County, Sept. 9, 1872; Long Island), and Bermudas ¢—_regularly, via the British Islands, Faroes, Shetlands, France, and Canary Islands to western Africa (Senegal, Gambia, etc.) ; accidental in Cuba (Santiago, Oct. 16, 1903). Motacilla enanthe (not of Linnzeus) Fasricrus, Fauna Greenl., 1780, 122.—Monr, Isl. Naturh., 1786, 52 (Iceland). Savicola enanthe Faser, Prodr. Isl. Orn., 1822, 18 (Iceland).—HoLBor.n, Natur- hist. Tiddskr., iv, 1843, 392 (Greenland); Orn. Greenl. (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 23.—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 86 (Bermudas, accidental).—Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas, 1spec., Oct. 5, 1846).—REIN- Harpt, Journ. fir Orn., 1854, 439 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 5 (do.).— Kruerer, Naumannia, 1857, pt. 2, 25 (Iceland).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 220, part (Greenland); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 157, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 61, part (Godthaab, Greenland; Groswater Bay, Labrador; Quebec).—MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 215 (Bermuda).—Jonrs, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 28.—Covrs. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 218 (Groswater Bay, Labrador); Check List, 1873, no. 15, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 26, part.—Newron, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 409; Arctic Man., 1875, 98 (Greenland).—Bianrorp and Dresser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 218, part (monogr.).—Bairp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 60, part; ili, 1874, 501 (Seneca Co., New York, 1 spec., Sept. 9, 1872).—Finscu, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolarf., ii, 1874, 183 (Shannon I., e. Greenland); Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1874, 104 (Greenland); 1877, 352 (do.).—FEILDEN, Ibis, 1877, 403 (Fort Foulke).— Kumuen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 73 (Cumberland Sound; Disco I., Greenland).—Curron, Ibis, 1879, 296 (England).—BoarpMAN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 115 (near Calais, Maine, 1 spec., Aug. 25, 1879).—(?) Minor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 224 (Boulder, Colorado, 1spec., May 14, 1880).—Srrnsoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 391, part.— Riweway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 21, part.—CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1882, 233 (Labrador; Greenland).—MERRIAM, Auk, i, 1884, 295 (near Point de Monts, Quebec, 1 spec., May 18, 1884); ii, 1885, 113 (Godbout, Quebec, 1 spec., Sept. 19, 1884), 305 (Godbout, Quebec, May, June, Sept.; probably breeding).—ALLEN, Auk, iii, 1886, 490 (Long Island, New York; date unknown).—FIscHER and PELzELN, Mitth. Orn. Ver. Wien, x, 1886, 195 (Jan Mayend.); Zoologist, 1890, 8.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLoGiIsts’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 765, part—GreeELy, Rep. Proc. U. S. Exp. Lady Franklin Bay, ii, 1888, 27 (Smith Sound).—(”) Koun, Auk, vi, 1889, 76 (New Orleans, Louisiana, | spec., Sept. 12, 1888).—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, vi, 1889, 297 (s. Greenland, Apr. to Oct.; nesting habits).—ComEau, Auk, vil, 1890, 294 (near Godbout, Quebec, probably breeding).—Strone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 152 (Disco I., Greenland).—DutTcHER, Aoi xe) 1893; 31 (Jamaica, Long Island, 1 spec., 1885).—ANDERSEN, Vid. Med. Nat. For. Copenhagen, 1898, 391 (Faroe Islands).—WiNGE, Groenland’s Fugle, 1898, 284.—BricEtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 31 (Nachvak, Labrador, breeding).— KNIGHT, xviii, 1901, 275 (alleged Maine records pertain to New Brunswick).—FLEMING, Auk, xviii, 1901, 45 (Beaumaris, n. Ontario, 1 spec., Sept. 24, 1896). Savicola] enanthe Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 76, part. , Mi } @ Additional probable records are Colorado (Boulder County, May 14, 1880) and Louisiana (New Orleans, Sept. 12, 1888); but these, especially the former, may p )SS1- bly belong to S. wnanthe wnanthe. More northern localities are Felix Harbor, Gulf of Boothia, and Albany River, cited by Preble, but dates of occurrence unknown. 14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. S[avicola] enanthe Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 256, part; oth ed., i, 1903, 256, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 580, part. [ Motacilla] leucorhoa GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 966 (Senegal; based on Motteux de Senegal Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 249, ete. (Enanthe leucorhoa Vie1ttoT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 428 (Senegal). Saxwola leucorhoa HartTLaus, Syst. Orn. Westair., 1857, 64. . Savicola leucothoa (typ. error) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 413. Savicola leucorrhoa HARTLAUB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 19. [Savicola] leucorrhoa SHarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 176. Savicola enanthe leucorhoa STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxiii, no. 1220, Feb. 25, 1901, 476, 479, 480 (crit.; synonymy; list of specimens); Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 186 (Gambia, w. Africa).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirtrEg, Auk, xviii, 1901, 309 (check list no. 765a).—PrEBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 131 (Felix Harbor, Gulf of Boothia; Albany R.).—Ros- tnson, Auk, xxii, 1905, 315 (Santiago, Cuba, 1 spec., Oct. 16, 1903). Saxicola enanthe leucorrhoa Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 271. Saxwola wenanthoides (not of Vigors) Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329, part (Labrador).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Col., Tex., etc., 1854, 208, part, pl. 34 (‘‘ Nova Scotia,’’ 1. e., Labrador).—Gatmiarp, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., pt. xxix, 1891, 85 (Greenland; Labrador). . (2?) Savxicola isabellina (not of Riippell) MEapE-Waxpo, Ibis, 1889, 515 (Canary Islands). Genus CYANOSYLVIA Brehm. Cyano-sylvia BREHM, Isis, 1828, 920. (Type, Motacilla suecica Linnzus.) Cyanecula BREHM, Isis, 1828, 1280. (Type, Motacilia suecica Linnzeus. ) Pandicilla Buyru, in Rennie’s Field Nat., i, 1833, 291. (Type, Motacilla suecica Linnzeus. ) Cyanegula (emendation) Bors, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 166. Cyaneula (emendation ?) JERpDOoN, Birds India, 11, 1863, 152. Small slender-billed, long-legged terrestrial Turdide with tarsus more than one-third as long as wing and more than half as long as tail, outermost primary slightly longer than primary coverts, ninth primary shorter than fifth, and basal portion of tail rufous, the adult male with throat and chest blue with or without a white or chestnut central spot. . Bill about half as long as head, very slender; exposed culmen about as lohg as outer toe (without claw), slightly concave immediately above anterior end of nasal fosse, the mesorhinal portion elevated basally; gonys faintly convex, ascending terminally, about twice as long as mandibular rami; maxillary tomium faintly convex sub- basally, then faintly concave, without distinct subterminal notch. Nostril narrowly ovate, posteriorly in contact with feathering of frontal antiz, overhung by rather broad membrane. Rictal bristles distinct, though small; loral feathers with distinct though small bristle-like tips, the more anterior ones decumbent over edge of maxilla. Wing moderate, rounded, less than three times as long as tarsus; outermost (tenth) primary small, but longer than primary coverts; ninth primary shorter than fifth, the eighth and seventh longest (sixth but little shorter); longest primaries exceeding longest BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 secondaries by less than length of middle toe (without claw). Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries, less than twice as long as tarsus, slightly rounded. Tarsus long and slender (more than one-third as long as wing, more than half as long as tail), the acrotarsium booted on both sides; middle toe (without claw) about three-fifths as long as tarsus; lateral toes unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe, the outer slightly beyond; hallux slightly shorter than inner toe; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for more than half its length, to inner toe for less than half; claws rathersmall and weakly curved, that of the hallux shorter than its digit. Coloration.—Above plain grayish brown, with basal halfof tail rufous; adult males with throat and chest blue, with or without a central spot of white or rufous; young dark sooty above and on chest, broken by streaks of pale yellowish, the belly, etc., whitish with feathers margined with sooty, the under tail-coverts pale buff. Nidification.—Nest in cavity of a hummock on marshy ground, composed of dry grass, fine rootlets, etc., lined with hair and other soft materials; eggs (4-6) greenish blue, speckled with reddish brown. Range.—Palexarctic Region, breeding northward; south to northern Africa, India, Burma, southern China, etc.; one species occurring in western Alaska. (Four species or subspecies. ) CYANOSYLVIA SUECICA (Linnzus). RED-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain grayish brown (deep hair brown), the pileum with feathers more or less distinctly darker centrally, and usually with a dusky area along each side of anterior portion; larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices with paler grayish brown edgings, the latter (except middle pair) with basal half (approximately) cinnamon-rufous; upper tail-coverts sometimes intermixed with cinnamon-rufous; a distinct superciliary stripe of dull white; lores dusky, sometimes tinged with blue, more or less dotted with whitish posteriorly; an indistinct or incomplete orbital ring of whitish; suborbital and auricular regions grayish brown, more or less streaked with whitish or buffy, especially on lower portion; sides of neck grayish brown, slightly paler than upper parts; chin, throat, and upper chest blue (varying from azure to campanula), inclosing a large spot or patch of cinnamon-rufous on lower throat; a blackish band (more or less broad) across middle chest, the lower chest cinnamon-rufous, with tips of feathers, more or less extensively, buffy whitish; rest of under parts dull white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with pale buffy brown or grayish buff, the under tail-coverts with buff; bill black; iris brown; tarsi brownish, toes dusky. 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but blue of chin and throat replaced by dull whitish, feathers of lower throat and chest tipped with whitish, and flanks and under tail-coverts more strongly tinged with buff. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but blue and cinnamon- rufous of throat replaced by buffy white, or but partially indicated, no rufous across lower chest, and blackish chest-band continued for- ward at extremities along sides of throat (decreasing in width and more broken anteriorly). Young.—Above dark sooty brown or dusky, the hindneck, back, scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts con- spicuously streaked with dull brownish white (the streaks broader and more fulvous on upper tail-coverts) ; under parts dull white, con- spicuously streaked with dark sooty brown, the streaks coalescing into a nearly uniform band across upper chest. Adult male.—Length (skins), 128-166 (144); wing, 71.5-78.5 (74.9); tail, 51.5-57.5 (53.9); exposed culmen, 11.5—-12.5 (12.2); tar- sus, 27-29 (28.2); middle toe, 15-16 (15.9).* Adult female—tbLength (skins), 129-158 (145); wing, 69.5-73.5 (71.4); tail, 49.5-54 (52); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (12); tarsus, 26.5-27.5 (26.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).® Northern portions of Palearctic Region, breeding within the Arctic Circle, from the Scandinavian peninsula to eastern Siberia and (locally or sporadically) western Alaska (breeding at Cape Blossom), and south- ward on highly elevated parts of central Asia to the northern Hima- layas; during migration southward over central and southern Europe to Palestine and Abyssinia, and through Turkestan, Mongolia, and northern China to Beluchistan, India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman Islands, and southern China; accidental or occasional visitant to British Islands during migrations. | Motacilla] suecica LINN.®us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 187 (ex Fauna Suecica); ed. 12, 1, 1766, 336, part (includes C. cyanecula). Ficedula suecica Born, Isis, 1822, 553, part. Curruca suecica SELBY, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., i, 1831, 255. Cyanecula suecica BreuM, Isis, 1828, 120; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 350.—Rtrre.n, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 57.—Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal Coll. Hodgs., 1846, 70; ed. 1863, 35; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 59.—Buiyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1849, 167.—Horsrietp and Moors, Cat. Birds Mus. East Ind. Co., i, 1854, 311.—HeEvcG.in, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 25; Orn. N. Ost-Afr., i, 1869, 336.— SWINHOE, Ibis, 1867, 394 (Amoy, China); 1882,°108 (Kandahar, s. Afghan- istan).—GouLp, Birds Gt. Brit., ii, 1869, pl. 49.—Gopwin-AusTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, 270.—SuEenLEy, Birds Egypt, 1872, 85.—DresseEr, Ibis, 1875, 341 (Turkestan).—SrEBouM and Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, 125 (lower Petchora, Russia).—Brianrorp, East Persia, ii, 1876, 169.—HumeE and Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 337.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 422 (St. Michael, Alaska, 7 specimens, June 5, 1851).—Lxrea@er, Birds Ceylon, @ Seven specimens, » Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. eG 1879, 443.—SEnBouM, Ibis, 1880, 191 (Krasnoyarsk, Yenesay Valley, Siberia; descr. young).—Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 447 (Gilgit, n. India)—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 20.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 31.—Sr- verTzOW, Ibis, 1883, 68 (Alai, Kashgar-Darya R., and Pamir range, centr. Asia). AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 764.—Pat- MEN, Vega-Exp., 1887, 259 (Tschuktschi peninsula, Siberia, June 7).—Har- TERT, Journ. ftir Orn., 1889, 410 (Assam).—Prarson and BipweE ., Ibis, 1894, 229 (n. Norway; breeding habits)—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 207 (Rus- sian Lapland; descr. ezgs).—PorHam, Ibis, 1897, 93 (Golchika, Yenesei R., breeding); 1898, 495 (Yenesei R.).—GrRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 64 (Cape Blossom, Alaska, breeding).—ScHaALow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1901, 452 (Kutscha and Jakka-Aryk, centr. Asia).—WaALtTon, Ibis, 1903, 25 (Peking, China).—Scuatow, Végel der Arktis, 1904, 269.— Davies, Ibis, 1905, 70 (upper Muonio R., Scandinavia; habits, etc.).— WITHERBY, Ibis, 1905, 184 (Algeria, Apr. 4). C[yanecula] suecica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 182, part.—CasBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 1.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 258; 5th ed., i, 1903, 259.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 579. [ Cyanecula] suecica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 223, no. 3196.—SuHarpsE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 153. Cyanecula suecica suecica HartERt, Ibis, July, 1904, 433 (Lena R., Siberia). Phenicura suecica Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, 92.—JERDON, Madras Journ., x, 1839, 267. Pandicilla swecica Buytu, Field Nat., 1, 1833, 291. Luscinia (Cyanecula) suecica KEYSERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 58. Lusciola suecica KEYSERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lviii, 190, part.— LINDERMAYER, Vog. Griechenl., 1860, 104.—SrveErtzow, Turkestan Jevotn., 1873, 65. / Sylvia suecica NORDMANN, Démid. Voy. Russ. mérid., ili, 1840, 155. Erithacus suecica DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 513.—SrrBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, 1, 1883, 269. Luscinia suecica SUNDEVALL, Sv. Fogl., 1856, 60. Cyaneula suecica JERDON, Birds India, ii, 1863, 152.—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 102. _ Lusciola (Cyanecula) suecica Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 184. Ruticilla suecica Newton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1873, 321. Motacilla coerulecula Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 480 (new name for Motacilla suecica 7. Linnzeus). [Cyanecula] cxrulecula BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 296; Rev. Crit., 1859, 155.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 223, no. 3198. Cyanecula cxerulecula DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 457.—SwINHOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 359.—Davip and Oustatet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 234.—PrRIJEVALSKI, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., ii, 1877, 180.—BoaGpanow, Orn. Caucas., 1879, 99. Clyanecula] cerulecula CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 1 (Siberia).—TaczaNnowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 143. Sylvia (Cyanecula) suecica var. cxrulecula Mippenvorrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., ii, pt. 2, 1853, 177. Cyanecula suecica, B. cxrulecula Newton, ed. Blasius List Birds Eur., 1862, 10. Lusciola (Cyanecula) suecica, vart. cxrulecula Rapper, Reis. Sibir., V6g., 1863, 253. Sylvia ceruligula Buyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 167. Erithacus ceruleculus SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 308. 11422—von 4—07——2 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanecula orientalis BrenM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 351. Lusciola orientalis SCHLEGEL, Revue Crit., 1844, p. xxxil. Ruticilla cyanecula (not Sylvia cyanecula Wolf) Macetutvray, Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 300. (?) Lusciola cyanecula SCHLEGEL, Revue Crit., 1844, p. xxxil. Sylvia cyane (not Motacilla cyane Pallas) Eversmann, Add. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., 11, 1841, 12. Cyanecula cyane BONAPARTE, Cat. Coll. Parzudaki, 1856, 5. Calliope suecioides Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 83 (Nepal). Cyanecula suecioides Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 83. C{yanecula] dichrosterna CaBants, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 1, footnote (n. e. Africa; Arabia). [ Cyanecula] dichrosterna Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 223, no. 2301. Genus CATHARUS Bonaparte. Catharus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 278. (Type, C. immaculatus Bona- parte ='urdus aurantiirostris Hartlaub.) Malacocichla Gounp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 285. (Type, M. dryas Gould.) Malacocychla (emendation) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., lxiii, 1856, 998. Small, long-legged, rounded-winged Turdide with wing less than two and a half to nearly three times as long.as tarsus, the latter much more than twice as long as exposed culmen; outermost (tenth) pri- mary decidedly longer than primary coverts, sometimes more than half as long as ninth, the latter never longer than fourth, sometimes not longer than first; upper parts plain brown, olive, gray, or dusky, the head sometimes black; under parts whitish, grayish, or pale brownish, the chest sometimes spotted. Bill much shorter than head, variable as to relative thickness; exposed culmen always decidedly less than half as long as tarsus (never longer than outer toe with claw), straight basally, then gradu- ally and increasingly decurved toward tip, sometimes straight for basal half or more; gonys faintly convex, ascending terminally, not shorter than mandibular rami (usually longer); maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally. Nostril oval or ovate, overhung by membrane (more or less broad), posteriorly usually in contact with (sometimes partly covered by) feathering of trontal antiew. Rictal bristles very distinct; feathers of chin and lores (especially the former) with distinct bristle-like tips. Wing moderate to rather short (less than two and a half to nearly three times as long as tarsus), the longest primaries exceeding longest secondaries by not more than half the length of tarsus, usually much less; outermost (tenth) primary much longer than primary coverts, sometimes much more than half as long as ninth, the latter never longer than fourth, sometimes not longer than first; the seventh and sixth, seventh, sixth, and fifth or sixth longest. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, usually slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries (longer in (. occidentalis), usually slightly rounded (even a BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ue or very faintly emarginate in C. occidentalis), the rectrices with extreme tip minutely acuminate. Tarsus long and slender, much more than twice as long as exposed culmen, the acrotarsium with both sides undivided; middle toe (without claw) three-fifths as long as tarsus or slightly less; lateral toes unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe, the outer slightly beyond; hallux equal to inner toe or slightly shorter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than basal half to outer toe, for less than half to inner toe; claws normal, that of hallux shorter than its digit. Cotoration.—Above plain brown, olive, or slaty; if brown or olive, the pileum sometimes grayish or more refescent, or wings and tail more rufescent; if slaty, the pileum blackish; under parts whitish (at least on abdomen), becoming brownish or grayish on chest, sides, and flanks, or gray with olive or fulvous across chest; chest sometimes spotted; sexes alike. Nidification.—Nest (of C. melpomene) open above, composed chiefly of moss; eggs (of C. melpomene) white or very pale bluish, speckled or spotted, more or less densely, with reddish brown. Range.—Confined to tropical portions of American continent (northern Mexico to Bolivia and northern Peru); apparently wanting from lower Amazon district (including Guiana) and Brazilian district. (About twenty species and subspecies.) The present genus is closely related to Hylocichla, with which it very nearly intergrades through (. occidentalis and other species. Like the Hylocichle the species, except C. melpomene, are mostly birds of the mountain forests, living near the ground. All are songsters of greater or less merit, the song of C. frantzii reminding one strongly of that of the famed Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata pallasi) which it furthermore closely resembles in its habits. C. melpomene costa- ricensis, however, is a bird of the open cultivated districts and its song is unattractive. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CATHARUS. a. Pileum black. b. Black of pileum abruptly contrasted with the color of back. c. Back slate-grayish; chest buffy white or buff-yellowish spotted with grayish orvdusky- | (Guatemala: Colombia?)i 54 952-2. 222 Catharus dryas (p. 21) cc. Back olive or olive-brown; chest plain gray or olive. (Catharus mexicanus.) d. Under parts paler, with chin and throat whitish. (Southern Mexico to EME AUATING Pee that ea She ccs sede a are Catharus mexicanus mexicanus (p. 22) dd. Under parts darker, with chin and throat gray, nearly concolor with chest. iy NESTED ESS 1) ay ee ma Catharus mexicanus fumosus (p. 24) bb. Black of pileum shading gradually and hardly perceptibly into the dark blackish ‘slate color of back. (Catharus fuscater.) 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. c. Back, ete., brownish slate-gray; chin and throat whitish; white of abdomen more extended. (Central Colombia.) Catharus fuscater fuscater (extralimital)4 ce. Back, ete., deep blackish slate or slate-black; chin and throat gray, not very, if at all, different from color of chest; white of abdomen more restricted. d. Gray of throat quite uniform with that of chest; under tail-coverts clear slate-gray or mouse gray, like color of sides and flanks. (Santa Marta dis- trict of Colombia.)......-- Catharus fuscater sancte-marte (extralimital) > dd. Gray of throat obviously paler and duller than that of chest; under tail- coverts dull brownish buff or wood brownish. (Costa Rica and n. Panama.) Catharus fuscater hellmayri (p. 24) aa. Pileum brownish or grayish. b. Pileum brown, either concolor with back or more rufescent. c. Pileum more rufescent than color of back, the latter not distinctly or at least not conspicuously less rufescent than upper tail-coverts and tail. d. Inner webs of remiges becoming buffy toward base. (Catharus occidentalis.) e. Upper parts distinctly brown or russet. f. Brighter russet-brown above, the pileum russet; sides and flanks browner. (Southeastern Mexico.) Catharus occidentalis occidentalis (p. 26) jf. Duller brown above, the pileum more tawny-olive; sides and flanks more grayish. (Southwestern Mexico. ) Catharus occidentalis fulvescens (p. 27) ee. Upper parts grayish olive; the pileum between hair brown and isabella color. (Northwestern Mexico.)..Catharus occidentalis olivascens (p. 27) dd. Inner webs of remiges not buffy basally. (Catharus frantzi.) e. Under parts paler, the lower throat and upper chest distinctly spotted with deep smoke grayish (as in C. occidentalis); throat dull white, and abdomen extensively white. (Southwestern Mexico.) Catharus frantzii omiltemensis (p. 29) ee. Under parts darker, the lower throat and chest not distinctly, if at all, spotted; throat grayish, abdomen not extensively whitish. Jf. Back, scapulars, etc., more olive-brown, the pileum russet-brown or raw umber; chest less strongly tinged with brown. (Highlands of Chiapas adn Grate Teel epee Catharus frantzii alticola (p. 29) Jf. Back, scapulars, etc., russet-brown, the pileum russet; chest strongly tinged with brown. (Highlands of Costa Rica.) Catharus frantzii frantzii (p. 28) ce. Pileum concolor with back, the upper tail-coverts and tail (sometimes wings also) decidedly more rufescent. (Catharus melpomene.) d. Larger (wing averaging more than 82, tail more than 67, in adult male). e. More russet-brown above; gray of chest and sides averaging deeper and duller. (Southeastern Mexico.) ...Catharus melpomene melpomene (p. 29) © M[yioturdus| fuscater Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., viii, Sept., 1845, 341 (Bogota, Colombia; type in coll. Lafresnaye, now in coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.). Catharus fuscater Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 324, part (int. Colombia). C[atharus] fluscater] fuscater Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., x, 1902, 71 (crit.). > Catharus fuscater (not Myioturdus fuscater Lafresnaye) Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 108 (Chirua, Santa Marta; fresh colors of soft parts); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 183 (El Libano, Santa Marta; crit.).—Catharus fuscater sanctx- marte Ridgway, Smithson. Misc. Col. (quart. issue), xlvii, Aug. 6, 1904, 112 (El Li- bano, Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. Carnegie Mus.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91 ee. More olive-brown above; gray of chest and sides averaging paler and clearer. (Western Mexico.).......- Catharus melpomene clarus (p. 30) dd. Smaller (wing averaging less than 80, tail less than 65, in adult male). (Highlands of Costa Rica.)...--- Catharus melpomene costaricensis (p. 31) bb. Pileum grayish, at least for anterior portion, conspicuously different from the biown or russet-brown of back, etc. c. Bill and feet yellowish; throat and under tail-coverts white, the former slightly streaked with gray; chest gray. (Highlands of Panama.) Catharus griseiceps (p. 32) ce. Bill and feet dusky; throat gray; chest light olive or tawny-olive; under tail- coverts pale grayish or pale buffy brownish. (Catharus gracilirostris.) d. Bill smaller, more pointed and slender (exposed culmen averaging 12.7 in adult male). (Highlands of Costa Rica.) Catharus gracilirostris gracilirostris (p. 32) dd. Bill larger and stouter (exposed culmen averaging 13.8 in adult male). (Highlands of Panama.) ....-..-..- Catharus gracilirostris accentor (p. 33) CATHARUS DRYAS (Gould). GOULD’S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, uniform black; hind- neck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain brownish slate color (between slate color and mouse gray), the last sometimes more brownish; remiges and rectrices darker (dusky) with brownish slate colored edgings, these paler and more brownish on terminal portion of longer primaries; under parts, including chin and throat, yellowish white, more or less strongly tinged with buff- yellow * on chest and lower throat, passing into slate-gray on sides and flanks; chest (sometimes breast also) spotted with slate-gray or brownish slate; bill, naked eyelids, legs, and feet yellowish (bright yel- low or orange in life); length (skins), 167-188 (177); wing, 96—-97.5 (96.7); tail, 71.5-73 (72.2); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 34.5; middle toe, 18.5-19.5 (19).° Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but slate color of upper parts darker and browner; culmen partly blackish; length (skin), 164; wing, 92.5; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 35.5; middle toe, 19.5.° Highlands of Guatemala (Teleman; Volcan de Agua, above San Diego), Highlands of Colombia (Bogota) ? Highlands of Ecuador (Rio Napo, Pallatanga, and Chillanes, eastern Ecuador; Chimbo, Pedregal, Placer, and Cayandeled, western Kcuador)? Highlands of northwest- ern Peru (Huambo) and Bolivia? Owing to great scarcity of material (only three Guatemalan and two South American specimens having been seen by me) I am not able to state whether the Central American and South American birds are really the same or not. The descriptions are from Guatemalan @ This fine buff-yellow color is very evanescent and finally disappears on very old skins. > Two specimens, from Guatemala. ¢ One specimen, from Guatemala. 22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. examples, with which one from Bogota, Colombia, appears to agree very closely, but one from the Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador, in the United States National Museum collection is so conspicuously different that it can hardly be the same form. The Rio Napo specimen is much browner above than either of the Guatemalan skins or that from Bogota, the spots on the chest are decidedly darker (dull blackish) as well as more triangular in form, the malar region is streaked sooty black and pale buffy instead of forming a sharply defined black patch, and the black of the head is much less intense. The wing and tarsus are also shorter. CENTRAL AMERICAN REFERENCES. Malacocichla dryas Gouup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Nov. 28, 1854, 285, 286, pl. 75 (Guatemala; type in coll. Brit. Mus.); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xvii, 1856, 78, 79.—ScLatTEerR and Satyin, Ibis, 1859, 7 (Vera Paz, Guatemala). Catharus dryas SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 324 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, Suppl. no. 2* (Vera Paz).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 10 (Teleman, Guatemala).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 69 -(refer- ences).—SALvVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 7, part, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Teleman and Volcan de Agua, above San Diego, Guatemala). [Catharus] dryas ScuaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1.—SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182, part. [ Turdus| dryas Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3781. Turdus dryas SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 204, part. SOUTH AMERICAN REFERENCES, Malacocichla maculata ScuarER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Catharus maculatus J. Verreaux, manuscript). Catharus maculatus SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 324 (monogr.); 1860, 64 (Pallatanga and Chillanes, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1 (Chillanes and Pallatanga, e. Ecuador).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 69.— TaczaNowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 5 (Huambo, n. e. Peru). | Catharus| maculatus ScLaTER and Satvrn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1. Catharus dryas (not Malacocichla dryas Gould?) BeritEpscH and TaczANowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 538 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.); 1884, 283 (Pedregal, Placer, and Cayandeled, w. Ecuador; crit.). | Catharus| dryas SHarve, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182, part. CATHARUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Bonaparte). BLACK-HEADED NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adults.—Pileum plain black, becoming duller and tinged with gray- ish brown on the forehead; rest of upper parts plain olive, the upper tail-coverts and tail slightly browner (inclining to bister); sides of head, including lores, dusky (dull blackish gray) fading into brownish gray on lower portion of auricular and suborbital regions and malar region; chin and throat dull white, tinged, or obsoletely streaked or spotted, with pale grayish olive-brown; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks light olive; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the last strongly tinged with buff; bill, naked eyelids, legs, and ° feet yellowish (bright yellow or orange in life). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 Adult male——Length (skins), 148-155.5 (151.5); wing, 83-94.5 (87.2); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 31-34 (32); middle toe, 17.5-19 (17.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 144; wing, 82.5; tail, 55.2; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 31; middle toe, 17.° Young.—A specimen retaining only a portion of the first plumage has the scapulars and a few of the interscapulars marked with broad guttate or fusiform mesial streaks of light russet or dull tawny- ochraceous, and most of the feathers of the chest have a large ovate central spot of buff, margined with olive. The series of specimens of this species at my command is much too small to admit of any clear understanding of the extent of individual and geographical variation, especially the latter; but I believe that there are three forms, represented, respectively, by the birds of south- ern Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. Unfortunately I have only one each from the two first-named localities and five from the last. The Mexican (Jalapa) and Guatemalan specimens agree, and differ from all the Costa Rican specimens, in having the bill wholly yellow- ish, the Costa Rican ones having the maxilla black with yellowish tomia; but the Guatemalan specimen, although sexed as a male, is much smaller than the one from Jalapa, has the upper parts much browner (bister or sepia instead of olive), and the tail almost mummy brown. The Costa Rican specimens are small, like the Guatemalan example, but besides differing in the blackish maxilla, are deep brown- ish olive above (about intermediate in color between the Jalapa and Guatemalan specimens), and have the chest, sides, and flanks mostly gray, instead of olive. Measurements are as follows: Ex- | ] Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed "rarsns, Middle culmen, | ;: =: ae = = | = | = MALES. | Adult male from Jalapa, Vera Cruz (no. 68506, Am. Mus. | SL MEELI Sie EE eM ee eee ee So ences ceckewe! 4054 Gia5) | saeeeeee 31) pe 219 Adult male from Guatemala (no. 39095, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)| 84.5 We eSB! 14.5 34 | 17.5 Adult male from Volean de Irazti, Costa Rica (no. 11127, | | PHETIGRICRNTISS) Saree ee ee ens er 2 re ees \eaesoeec'e Was 15.5 | 33:5 17.5 Adult male from Turrialba, Costa Rica (no. 13539, Carnegie | ineeereen rr WENN Fe oS ett | 865] 61 15 31 17.5 FEMALE. | Adult female from Turrialba, Costa Rica (no. 13557, Carnegie | Aaa) ener eta pitia ihe eee ATL Sess. ee ehh) || ait 15° P31) 17 | ! Collector’s notes on fresh colors of the soft parts of the Costa Rican specimens are as follows: ‘Iris, dark hazel; eyelids, orange; upper mandible, black, broad edges, and lower mandible bright reddish orange; feet, straw” (feet noted as yellow in one speci- men). a Six specimens. b One specimen, from Costa Rica. 24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Highlands of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa) and Mexico (valley of Mexico), Guatemala (Coban; Teleman), Costa Rica (Jiménez; Tucurrique; Volean de Iraztii; Volcan de Miravalles; Bonilla; Turrialba), and Panama (Calovevora; Cordillera del Chucu). Malacocychla mexicana BoNAraRtTE, Compt. Rend., xlili, 1856, 998 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico). Malacocichla tvexicana ScuarErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 203 (Jalapa).— Sciarer and Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 7 (Coban, Guatemala). Catharus mexicanus ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 324 (monogr.); 1864, 172 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1 (Mexico; Vera Paz, Guate- mala).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 11 (Teleman, Guatemala).—SAa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 69 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Tucurrique, Costa Rica); 1870, 179 (Calovevora and Cordillera del Chucu Veragua).—Law- RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 90 (Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 542 (temp. region Vera Cruz).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 6, part, pl. 2, fig. 1 (localities in Mexico and Guatemala); Ibis, 1889, 234 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; crit.)—SrEBouM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 286.—CHERRIE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 517 (Jiménez, Costa Rica; crit.) —UNDERWoopD, Ibis, 1896, 432 (Volcan de Miravallesy Costa Rica).— CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 19 (Jalapa; crit.). [ Catharus] mexicanus ScuaTER and Sauyvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1.—SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182. [ Turdus] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 259, no. 3784. CATHARUS MEXICANUS FUMOSUS (Ridgway). SOOTY NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adult male—Similar to C. m. mexicanus, but under parts much darker, the chin and throat gray (nearly mouse gray), indistinctly streaked with grayish white, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks rather deeper mouse gray, tinged with olive; upper parts colored as in Costa Rican examples of C. m. mexicanus, but brownish olive (bister) of back, etc., slightly deeper; length (skin), 155; wing, 90; tail, 60.5; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 31; middle toe, 17.5.4 Highlands of Costa Rica (precise locality unknown). Catharus fumosus Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6, 1888, 505 (Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). | Catharus] fumosus SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182. CATHARUS FUSCATER HELLMAYRI Berlepsch. HELLMAYR’S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH, Adults (sexes alike).—Above, including sides of head and neck, plain deep blackish slate or slate-black; anterior and lateral under parts plain slate-gray, the throat sometimes slightly paler, the flanks darker; « One specimen, the type (no. 101765, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.,J. C. Zeledon; exact locality unknown). Fresh colors of this specimen are recorded by the collector as follows: ‘‘Feet and legs, lemon yellow; bill and eyelids, orange-red; gonys [i. e., cul- men], black; iris, dark brown.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 abdomen, median portion of lower breast, and anal region dull white (more or less buffy or cream yellqwish in fresh specimens) ; under tail- coverts mixed grayish and dull whitish, more or less strongly tinged with pale brownish buff; bill yellowish (bright orange, orange-red, or vermilion red in life) with more or less of dusky on culmen; inside of mouth intense orange or red-orange; naked eyelids orange or orange- red; iris white or pale smoke-gray; legs and feet yellowish (orange- red, orange, or orange-yellow in life). Adult male —Length (skins), 159-176 (168); wing, 81.5—92.5 (88.5) ; tail, 63-72.5 (68.8); exposed culmen, 14.5-16.5 (15.9); tarsus, 33.5— 36.5 (34.8); middle toe, 19.5—21 (20).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 156-165 (161); wing, 81-89 (84.4); tail, 61.5-67.5 (64.1); exposed culmen, 15—16.5 (15.9); tarsus, 33-34.5 (33.7); middle toe, 18.5—20 (19.3).° Costa Rican specimens compare in average measurements with those from Chiriqui as follows: Ex- : “Locality. |Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus,| Middle culmen. | : E E ae [eee BA) al = MALES. | | | Three adult males from Costa Rica (La Palma).........-.--- 88. 2 66 | 15.7 | 35. 2 20 Ten adult males from Chiriqui (Boquete) ..........-...-.--- 88. 4 69.3 15.9 | 34.8 20 FEMALES. | | | | | Two adult females from Costa Rica (Cervantes) ...--.....--- 86. 7 63.5 | 15.5 | 34.2 19.2 Seven adult females from Chiriqui (Boquete and Volean de | | | | KOENIG Ui) hope ener ted arene ROL, Swot eee a S307 6443 SG) ||) BES) alee Highlands of Costa Rica (Cervantes; La Palma de San José; Coli- blanco; Cuscua) and Panama (Calovevora; Cordillera de Tolé; Cor- dillera del Chucu; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Catharus.fuscater (not Myioturdus fuscater Lafresnaye) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 90 (Cervantes, Costa Rica; criv.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 132 (Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 180 (Calovevora and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).—Sanvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 5, part (Costa Rica; Veragua).—SrEBouM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 285, part (Veragua).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 333 (Cuscua, La Palma, Costa Rica; crit.; descr.).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1902, 50 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft.). [ Catharus] fuscater ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1, part. Catharus fuscater hellmayrv BeRLEPScH, Orn. Monatsber., x, no. 5, May, 1902, 69 (Chiriqui; coll. von Berlepsch). [ Catharus] hellmayri SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182. @ Twelve specimens. b Nine specimens. 96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS OCCIDENTALIS (Sclater). RUSSET NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck uniform deep russet (or between russet and mars brown); remainder of upper parts similar, but more olivaceous (varying from slightly olivaceous russet to nearly raw-umber brown), the upper tail-coverts and tail, however, always more rufescent than back; sides of head and neck light olive-brown or buffy olive; chin and throat dull buffy whitish, grayish white, or pale buff, the latter (at least lower portion) usually obsoletely streaked with pale grayish brown or olive; chest pale buffy olive, obsoletely streaked or spotted with darker; sides and flanks pale grayish olive; maxilla dark brown or blackish, with paler tomia; mandible yellowish basally, the terminal half (more or less) dusky; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish or dull yellowish (in dried skins). Young.—Above russet or rufescent brown, the feathers of pileum, hindneck, and back, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts with mesial streaks or guttate spots of light tawny; under parts, except abdomen, pale buffy, the feathers of chest, breast, and sides tipped with olive or olive-brown, forming transverse spots or bars. Adult male.—Length (skins), 162-170 (166); wing, 89.5—90.5 (90); tail, 77.5-78 (77.7); exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 30.5-32.5 (31.5); middle toe, 17.5-18.5 (18).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 150-168 (160); wing, 75—-84.5 (81.4); tail, 60-73 (68.3); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); tarsus, 30-33 (31.5); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.7) .® Mountains of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba), Puebla (Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan; Mount Orizaba), and Oaxaca (Totontepec; Mount Zempoaltepec). Catharus occidentalis ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 323, 370 (Totontepec, Oaxaca; coll. P. L. Sclater); Ann. and Mag. N. H., (3), iv, 1859, 400; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1 (Totontepec).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds; 1864, 8 (Ori- zaba, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 69 (s. Mexico).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 542 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz).— Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 11 (Sierra Madre near Zapotit- lan, Puebla, Jan.).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 4.—SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 291. [ Catharus] occidentalis SctareR and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1—SHaRPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. | Turdus] occidentalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3776. a 'Two specimens. b Five specimens. bo ~] BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. CATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS FULVESCENS Nelson. 4 FULVOUS NIGHTINGALE THRUSH, Similar to (. 0. occidentalis, but upper parts slightly less rufescent, the back, etc., more olivaceous (more nearly raw umber); under parts slightly paler, with sides and flanks usually clearer (less olive or buffy) grayish. Adult male-—Length (skins), 157-170 (167); wing, 85.5—96.5 (89.7) ; tail, 73-89 (78.8); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.7); tarsus, 31-33 (32.1); middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.4).° Adult female—Length (skins), 154-171 (162); wing, 79.5-88.5 (83.2); tail, 68.5—76 (71.7); exposed culmen, 14—15.5 (14.3); tarsus, 30-33.5 (31.1); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.6).° Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Ameca- meca; Ajusco, Federal District; Volean de Toluca), Hidalgo (El Chico), Morelos (Huitzilac), Guerrero (Chilpancingo; Omilteme), Michoacan (Mount Tancitaro), and Jalisco (San Sebastian; Sierra Madre de Colima). Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Newson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1897, 75 (Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). CATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS OLIVASCENS (Nelson).d OLIVE NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Much grayer above than C. 0. fulvescens, the pileum varying from deep wood brown or isabella color to between wood brown and cinna- mon, the back, ete., from isabella color to broccoli brown; under parts averaging slightly paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 162-173 (168); wing, 87—96.5 (92.2); tail, 73.5-82 (77.3); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (14.3); tarsus, 30-33 (31.5); middle toe, 18.5-19.5 (18.8).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-166 (162); wing, 85-89 (87.2); tail, 72—75.5 (73.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15 (14.7); tarsus, 30-32 (30.7); middle toe, 17-19 (18).¢ Northwestern Mexico in State of Chihuahua (Sierra Madre; Colonia Garcia; Pinos Altos; Jesus Maria; Bravo). Catharus olivascens Newson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 31 (Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, 65 miles e. of Batopilas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [ Catharus] olivascens Suarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. @ Like C. melpomene clarus, a rather unsatisfactory subspecies. b Eleven specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. d A very strongly marked subspecies, but I can see no reason for considering the form specifically distinct from C. occidentalis. e Four specimens. 28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CATHARUS FRANTZII FRANTZII Cabanis. FRANTZIUS’ NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike)—Pileum and hindneck uniform deep russet (varying from nearly mars brown to almost raw-umber); rest of upper parts plain olive-brown or raw-umber, usually somewhat duller or warmer brown on upper tail-coverts, tail, and remiges; sides of head lighter, more grayish olive, gradually fading into dull white or grayish white on throat; rest of under parts pale gray, more or less strongly tinged with olive on chest, sides, and flanks (especially on the last, which are sometimes decidedly olivaceous), the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; maxilla black or dusky brown; mandible yellowish (pale salmon-color in life); inside of mouth intense yellow-orange; iris dark brown; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins), pale grayish brown in life. Immature.—Above bright mummy brown, the back almost concolor with the pileum; chest ight mummy brown or mars brown; rest of under parts mostly as in adults, but the few feathers of the first plumage remaining on breast are white tipped with brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 150.5-168 (165.5); wing, 79.5-89 (87.2); tail, 62.5-72.5 (68.7); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (15.4); tarsus, 33-36 (34.3); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 152.5-177 (163); wing, 78-87.5 (83.4); tail, 66-73 (68.7); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.7); tarsus, 33-34 (33.7); middle toe, 17-20 (18.5).° Highlands of Costa Rica (Volean de Irazti; Volean de Turrialba; La Estrella.de Cartago; San José; La Palma de San José; Rancho Redondo; Rancho de Rio Jiménez; Navarro; Potrero Cerrado), and Panama (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui). Catharus frantzii Capants, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860 (published Jan., 1861), 323 (Volean de Irazi, Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 9 (Costa Rica).—Satnvrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 69, part (Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 90 (Rancho Redondo and San José, Costa Rica).—FRranrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 289 (Volcan de Irazti, Potrero Cerrado, and La Palma, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 50 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 4—Srrsoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 290.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 494 (Volcan de Irazt, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 104 (Costa Rica).— Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 50 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 5,000 to 7,000 ft.). [Catharus] frantzii ScuarER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1, part (Costa Rica).—Suarpe, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. [ Turdus] frantzii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3779. « Twelve specimens. b Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE’ AMERICA. 29 CATHARUS FRANTZII ALTICOLA (Salvin and Godman). , SALVIN’S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Similar to C. f. frantzw, but larger; back, etc., more olivaceous brown, strongly contrasted with the russet of pileum and hindneck; gray of under parts deeper, less tinged with olive, especially on chest. Adult male.—Length (skins), 161-177 (170); wing, 82.5-89.5 (87); tail, 67-77 (73.7); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, 33.5-35.5 (34.6); middle toe, 18.5—20 (19.2) .¢ Highlands of Gece (Duenas; Volcan de Fuego, 6,000 ie 10,000 feet; Volcan de Santa Maria) and Chiapas (Pinabete). Catharus frantzii (not of Cabanis) Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 190 (Duenas, Guatemala; crit). [| Catharus] frantzii ScLaTER and Satvryn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1, part (Guate- mala). Catharus alticola Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 1, Sept., 1879, 3 (Volean de Fuego; coll. Salvin and Godman).—RetcHENow and ScHatow, Journ. fir Orn., 1880, 206 (reprint of orig. descr.).—SnEBoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 291. [ Catharus] alticola SHarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. Catharus frantzu alticola Newson, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 161 (Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala; Pinabete, Chiapas). CATHARUS FRANTZII OMILTEMENSIS Ridgway. OMILTEME NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Similar to C. f. alticola, but under parts decidedly paler, with whole throat whitish and white of abdomen purer and more extended. Adult male.—Length (skin), 163.5; wing, 86.5; tail, 71; exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 33.5; middle toe, 19.° Mountains of Guerrero (Omilteme), southwestern Mexico. Catharus frantzii omiltemensis RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvii, Oct. 17, 1905, 213 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). CATHARUS MELPOMENE MELPOMENE (Cabanis). NIGHTINGALE THRUSH, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain russet-brown (varying from be- tween tawny-olive and raw umber to cinnamon-brown), the upper tail- coverts and tail more rufescent (cinnamon-brown to russet); sides of head similar but paler, the lores grayish; chin and throat dull white, obsoletely streaked with pale brownish gray; chest, sides, and flanks light brownish gray, usually more or less tinged with pale olive-brown; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, the last sometimes faintly tinged with buff; bill sometimes entirely yellowish, but usually the maxilla brownish, darker (sometimes nearly black) on culmen, paler and more alee ish on tomia, the mandible always yellowish a Kight specimens. I have not seen a female of nes form, b One specimen, the type. 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (bright orange in life), but sometimes brownish or dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet yellowish or very pale brownish (in dried skins). Young.—Above brown, the pileum slightly duller, with feathers very indistinctly tipped with dusky; the rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and interscapulars with mesial guttate streaks of dull tawny-ochraceous; chest and sides of breast grayish olive, broken by large, central spots of pale buff; sides and flanks pale buff, the feathers margined terminally with light olive; under tail-coverts immaculate buff; abdomen and throat white, the latter somewhat obscured by more or less extensive tips to feathers of pale olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 145-176 (159); wing, 76.5-86 (82.4); tail, 62-71.5 (67.5); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.9); tarsus, 30-33 (31.9); middle toe, 17-18 (17.2) .¢ ' Adult female.—Length (skins), 148-156 (150); wing, 74.5-79 (76.7); tail, 60-64 (61.6) ; exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.6); tarsus, 31-33 BLE middle toe, 16.5-17 (16.6).° Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Cordova, Jico, Texolo) and Oaxaca (near Totontepec) and Guatemala (Duefas, Volcan de Fuego). Honduras? Nicaragua ?? T{urdus| melpomene CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 5 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Sylvia melpomene Lichtenstein, manuscript).—Licu- TENSTEIN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 25. | Turdus] melpomene Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 259, no. 3775. Catharus melpomene ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 97 (s. Mexico; crit.); 1859, 323 (monogr.; Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Guatemala), 362 (Jal- apa), 370 (Totontepec, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1 (Orizaba; Guate- mala).—ScuaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Scra- TER, Ibis, 1860, 29 (Duefias, Guatemala; habits; song)—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 7, part (Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Guatemala).—Sumi- cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 542 (temperate and alpine regions Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 2, part.— SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 288, part—CuHapMaAn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 18 (Jalapa; habits; song). [ Catharus|] melpomene ScuarER and Sauyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 1, part (Mex- ico; Guatemala).—SuHarpe, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 180. C[atharus|] melpomene melpomene Hrtumayr, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1902, 45, 46 (Cordova, Orizaba, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Totontepec, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Honduras ?; Nicaragua ?). Catharus aurantiirostris (not Turdus aurantiirostris Hartlaub) Scnuarger, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1856, 294 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; crit). CATHARUS MELPOMENE CLARUS Jouy. JOUY’S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH, Similar to C. m. melpomene, but slightly lighter and less rufescent brown above, gray of under parts slightly paler or decidedly clearer or purer, and size averaging larger. a Nine specimens, b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. or Adult male.—Length (skins), 158-173 (165); wing, 83.5-88 (85.6); tail, 67.5—72.5 (70.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.9); tarsus, 31-34 (32.6); middle toe, 16.5-19 (17.4).2 Adult female.—Length (skins), 156-172 (162); wing, 78.5-83 (80.9) ; tail, 64.5-67 (66); exposed culmen, 14.5—15 (14.7); tarsus, 31.5-32.5 (32); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (17).° Highlands of central and western Mexico, in States of Puebla (Atlixco, June), Mexico (Amecameca; Ajusco, Federal District), Hidalgo (El Chico), Morelos (Huitzilac), Guerrero (mountains near Chilpancingo; Omilteme), Michoacan (Mount Tancitaro; Los Reyes; Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra; San Sebastian; Sierra Madre de Colima), and Chihuahua (Jesus Maria; Bravo), and Territory of Tepic (Tepic). Catharus melpomene clarus Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 975, Apr. 18, 1894, 773, 774 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Hettr- MAYR, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 46. [ Catharus] clarus SHarPe, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. = CATHARUS MELPOMENE COSTARICENSIS Hellmayr. COSTA RICAN NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Similar to C.m. melpomene, but smaller; brown of upper parts averaging slightly less rufescent (more as in C. m. clarus). Young.—Above duller brown than in adults, the scapulars, inter- scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts with central guttate spots or streaks of pale tawny; feathers of chest and sides buffy centrally, broadly margined with olive-brown, this predominating on chest. Adult male.—Length (skins), 137-170 (156); wing, 75.5-83 (79.5); tail, 58-67.5 (63.5); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.5 (15.1); tarsus, 29-33 (31); middle toe,.16:5—18 (17.1). ° Adult female.—Length (skins), 145-152 (149); wing, 69.5-75.5 (72.4); tail, 55-59.5 (56.5); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (14.2); tarsus, 28.5-30 (29); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (16.8).° Lower slopes of mountains of Costa Rica (Grecia; San José; Car- tago; Navarro; Quebrada Honda; Monte Redondo). Catharus melpomene (not Turdus melpomene Cabanis) CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 322 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 7, part (San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc., N. Y., ix, 1868, 90 (Quebrada Honda, San José, and Grecia, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 50 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica; habits; song).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 2, part (Volcan de Irazt, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 104 (Costa Rica).—Cuerrte, Auk., viii, 1891, 272 (San José, Costa Rica; habits; song; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 517 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.). @Ten specimens, b Four specimens, ¢ Seven specimens, 32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Catharus] melpomene ScuaTER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 1, part (Costa Rica). Catharus melpomene costaricensis HeLiayr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1, no. 1. Jan., 1902, 45 (Costa Rica; coll. von Berlepsch). [ Catharus] costaricensis SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 181. CATHARUS GRISEICEPS Salvin. GRAY-HEADED NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adult male.—Head and neck plain slate-gray, gradually fading to whitish gray or grayish white on throat; back, scapulars, and rump, plain tawny-olive or raw-umber, the upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings similar but slightly warmer or more rufescent brown; throat grayish white or very pale gray, sometimes streaked white and pale gray; chest, sides, and flanks plain clear gray (no. 6 or no. 7), the feathers of chest with very narrow and indistinct shaft-streaks of paler gray or white; lower median portion of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, the last sometimes faintly tinged with buff; maxilla yellowish, the culmen and most of basal portion dusky; mandible yellowish (bright yellow or orange in life) ; naked eyelids orange (in life); iris brown; legs and feet yellowish (orange or orange-yellow in life); length (skins), 146-154 (151); wing, 79-84 (80.2); tail, 58.5-64.5 (60.7); exposed culmen 13-15.5 (14.6); tarsus, 30.5-33.5 (31.7); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.4).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but gray of head tinged with olive; length (skins), 139-157 (148); wing, 78-81 (79.2); tail, 57-61.5 (59.7) ; exposed culmen, 14.5—-15.5 (15); tarsus, 30.5-31 (30.8) ; middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.2).® Mountains of Panama (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui; Santa Fé; Chitra; Calovevora; Calobre; Soua). Catharus griseiceps SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 68, 69 (Santa Fe, Vera- gua; coll. Salvinand Godman; also, Volean de Chiriqui, Chitra, Calovevora, and Calobre, Veragua); 1867, 132 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 179 (do.)— SALvIN and GopmMawn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 6, pl. 1, fig. 2— SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 287.—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iti, 1902, 50 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,800 ft.). [| Catharus| griseiceps ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1.—SHarpPeE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182. | Turdus] griseiceps Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3777. CATHARUS GRACILIROSTRIS GRACILIROSTRIS Salvin. SLENDER-BILLED NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum (sometimes forehead and crown only) dull, rather dark, brownish gray, the feathers with indistinct darker shaft-streaks; occiput, hindnéclks and rest of upper parts plain brown (varying from dark raw-umber to mummy brown or nearly mars brows n, ae remices and rectrices dull grayish brown with paler and a Six s specimens. b Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oo more decidedly brownish edgings; under parts plain gray (between no. 7 and smoke gray), passing into white on center of abdomen, the under tail-coverts tinged with buffy, the chest crossed by a broad band, more or less distinct, of light tawny-olive or raw-umber; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky horn color. Young.—Similar to adults, but abdomen more buffy whitish, the feathers of upper portion tipped with gray, forming indistinct bars, and under tail-coverts buff; no trace of spots or streaks on wing- coverts nor other upper parts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 134-154 (142.6); wing, 73-78.5 (75.7); tail, 59.5-67 (62.9); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (12.7); tarsus, 30- 39.5 (31); middle toe, 15.5-18 (16.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 130-145 (139.4); wing, 70-76 (73.4); tail, 54-63.5 (59.9); exposed culmen, 12-14 (13.2); tarsus, 30-31 (30.7); middle toe, 16.5-17 (16.9).¢ High mountains of Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo; San Mateo; Volcan de Pods; Volean de Irazi; Volean de Turrialba; Rancho de Rio Jiménez). Catharus gracilirostris Satvrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. Apr. 1, 1865), 580 (Volcan de Cartago, 1. e., Volean de Irazt, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1866, 69 (Volcan de Irazti).— LawrENceE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 90 (San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 50 (Volcan de Irazt, Costa Rica).—Satvrn and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1879, 6, pl. 1, fig. 1.— SEEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 292. [ Catharus] gracilirostris ScLaTER and ae Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1.—SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1903. [ Turdus] gr pence Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3780. CATHARUS GRACILIROSTRIS ACCENTOR Bangs. CHIRIQUI NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Similar to C. g. gracilirostris but with bill decidedly larger and relatively much stouter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 137-147 (141); wing, 71.5-77 (74.5); tail, 59-64 (61.7); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 31.5—32 (31.8); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.2).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 134-141 (138); wing, 66-74 (70.9); tail, 56-61.5 (59.4); exposed culmen, 12—14.5 (13.3); tarsus, 30—31.5 (30.7); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (17).¢ High mountains of northern Panama (Boquete; Volcan de Chiri- qui). Catharus gracilirostris accentor BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 50 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 5,000 to 11,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). [Catharus] accentor SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 182. a 'Ten specimens. b buihiree specimens. c Four specimens. 11422—vou 4—07——3 34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird. Hylocichla Batrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1864, 12. (Type, Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. ) Small, slender-billed, brown, spotted-breasted Turdide, with wing never more than three and a half times as long as tarsus; tail not more than three-fourths as long as wing and less than three times‘as long as tarsus; middle toe (without claw) not more than three-fifths as long as tarsus, and outermost primary usually shorter than primary coverts. Bill about half as long as head (or less), slender (stouter in H. mustelina), slightly broader than deep at frontal antiz; exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, straight basally,” gradually and increasingly decurved terminally, the tip more or less distinctly uncinate; gonys faintly convex, ascending terminally, shghtly longer than mandibular rami; maxillary tomium faintly convex posteriorly, faintly concave anteriorly, distinctly notched subterminally. Nostril more or-less oval or ovate, narrower anteriorly, posteriorly in contact with frontal feathering, overhung by broad membrane. Rictal bristles distinct; loral feathers without distinct Gf any) bristle-like tips. Wing rather long and pointed; outermost (tenth) primary very small, shorter than primary coverts and less than one-fourth as long as ninth (except in H. guttata); ninth primary longer than fifth (equal, or nearly equal, to seventh in H. alicie and H. fuscescens), the eighth, or eighth and seventh, longest; eighth, seventh, and sixth with outer webs sinuated (only the eighth and seventh in H. ustulata); longest primaries exceeding longest secondaries by length of tarsus, or more. Tail equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries (except in H. mustelina), even or (in H. ustulata) very faintly emarginate, the rectrices (when not worn) slightly acuminate at extreme tip. Tarsus long and slender, less than one-third as long as wing, less than half as long as tail, the acrotarsium with both sides undivided; middle toe (without claw) three-fifths as long as tarsus or very slightly less; lateral toes unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subtermi- nal articulation of middle toe, the outer somewhat longer; hallux slightly shorter than inner toe; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than basal half to outer toe, for less than basal half to inner toe; claws rather small, but well curved and sharp, that of hallux decidedly shorter than its digit. Coloration.—Above plain brown or olive, sometimes more rufescent on pileum or tail; beneath whitish (usually more or less buffy ante- riorly), the chest with triangular spots of brown, dusky, or black; young essentially like adults, but with pileum, back, etc., streaked with whitish, buffy, or pale rusty, longer wing-coverts tipped with the same, and (except in H. mustelina) spots on under part more transverse and extended backward over sides and flanks. “Sometimes (especially in H. alicix bicknelli) the culmen is slightly depressed or concave immediately above the anterior end of nasal fossee. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oD Midification.— Nest open above, more or less bulky, placed in low trees, in bushes, or on or near ground, composed of shreds of bark, dead leaves, dry grasses, etc., lined with finer shreds of bark, fine rootlets, etc., that of H. mustelina with a plastering of mud between lining and exterior; eggs (2-5) greenish blue, with or without-brown spots. Range.—Confined to the Nearctic Region” (one species extending its breeding range to eastern Siberia); south in winter to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and South America. (Five species, with additional subspecies.) Although usually considered as closely allied to Turdus, the rela- tionships of this group seem to be decidedly with Catharus, an opinion first formed by careful examination of their structure and later confirmed by observation of four species of Catharus in life, the habits and songs of the Cathari (especially C. frantzii and C. gracili- rostris) being strikingly similar to those of the Hylocichle. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HYLOCICHLA. a. Bill larger and stouter, the exposed culmen more than half as long as tarsus; tail relatively shorter, less than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries; out- stretched feet reaching nearly, if not quite, to tip of tail; sides and flanks spotted; pileum more rufescent than back. (Eastern temperate North America, south in winter to Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Nicaragua.) Hylocichla mustelina (p. 37) aa. Bill smaller and more slender, the exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus; tail relatively longer, equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail; sides and flanks not spotted; pileum concolor with back. b. Outermost (spurious) primary equal to or longer than primary coverts; ninth primary shorter than sixth; tail and upper tail-coverts distinctly more rufes- cent than color of back. (Hylocichla guttata.) ce. Sides and flanks grayish or olivaceous; bill relatively smaller or more slender; tail relatively longer; feet relatively smaller. (Western subspecies. ) d. Smaller (wing averaging less than 90). e. Wing averaging more than 86 in male, more than 84 in female; coloration darker and browner. f. Coloration lighter, the back, ete., more olive, the chest more faintly tinged with buff, the sides and flanks more gray. (Breeding in coast district of Alaska, from Lynn Canal and north side of Cross Sound to Kadiak Island, Alaska peninsula, and Nushagak; in winter south to Lower California, Mexico, and Texas.)....-- Hylocichla guttata guttata (p. 39) jf. Coloration darker, the back, etc., more sepia or*olive-brown, chest more deeply buffy, sides and flanks more olive. (Breeding in coast district of southern Alaska and British Columbia; south in winter to Cali- formniaramcdeAtmiZ0M a) eee sae eee a Aaa Hylocichla guttata nana (p. 42) 4 The Palearctic Turdus musicus has been referred to Hylocichla by some authors, a view of its relationship which I at one time shared; but more recent and careful study has convinced me that it is much more nearly related to Twrdus (an exclusively Old World type) and perhaps not separable from that genus. Among the characters which clearly exclude it from Hylocichla are the extremely minute spurious primary, relatively longer wing and middle toe and shorter tarsus (wing much more than three and a half times as long as tarsus, and middle toe, without claw, more than three-fifths as long as tarsus). 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Wing averaging 84 in male, 81 in female; coloration paler and grayer. (Breeding in coast district of California; south in winter to Santa Margarita Island, Arizona, and Sonora.) Hylocichla guttata sleveni (p. 44) dd. Larger (wing averaging more than 90). (Coloration of H. g. slevent or inter- mediate between that and HH. g. guttata.) e. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 92.8, tail 71.8, exposed culmen 13.5, tarsus 28.4; adult female, wing 90.1, tail 67.7, exposed culmen 13.5, tarsus 28.6). (Breeding on Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges and northward to Yukon River, Northwest Territory; migrating southward and eastward to Lower California, northern Mexico, Texas, and Wyo- MINS) is ans eee cays S aeee Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (p. 44) ee. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 102.4, tail 75, exposed culmen 15.1, tarsus 30.1; adult female, wing 99.4, tail 73.2, exposed culmen 14.4, tarsus 29.5). (Breeding in Rocky Mountain ranges of United States and British Columbia; south in winter over Mexico to highlands of Guatemala?) isso cee Hylocichla guttata auduboni (p. 46) ce. Sides and flanks brown or buffy brown; color of back, etc., more buffy brown or isabelline; bill relatively larger and stouter; tail relatively shorter; feet relatively larger. (Breeding in British Provinces and northern United States east of Rocky Mountains; in winter south to Florida and Texas.). Hylocichla guttata pallasii (p. 48) bb. Outermost (spurious) primary much shorter than primary coverts; ninth prim- ary much longer than sixth; tail and upper tail-coverts concolor with back. ec. A conspicuous orbital ring of buff; only two primaries (eighth and seventh) with outer web sinuated; tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries. (Hylocichla ustulata.) d. Olive-brown above; spots on chest smaller or narrower, usually more brown- ish. (Pacific coast district, breeding from northern Lower California to southern Alaska; in winter southward through Mexico and Central America to Heuador.\\5 hae eee Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (p. 52) dd. Olive or grayish olive above; spots on chest larger or broader, more black- ish. (North America except Pacific coast district; south in winter through Mexico and Central America to Colombia.) Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (p. 55) cc. No orbital ring; three primaries (eighth, seventh, and sixth) with outer web sinuated; tail decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries. d. Middle toe (without claw) three-fifths as long as tarsus; tail two and a half times as long as tarsus; upper parts grayish brown or olive; spots on chest larger, blackish. (Hylocichla alicix.) e. Larger (male averaging, wing 104, tail 73; female, wing 100, tail 67.7); color of upper parts grayer or clearer olive. (Northerh and eastern North America, breeding from Labrador to Alaska; south in winter to Peru). Hylocichla alicie alicie (p. 59) ec. Smaller (male averaging, wing 92.1, tail 66.5; female, wing 88.6, tail 64.2); color of upper parts darker and browner. (Breeding on mountains of northeastern New York, New Hampshire, etc.; during migration south- ward to South Carolina, Ilinois, etc.).- Hylocichla alicie bicknelli (p. 62) dd. Middle toe (without claw) less than three-fifths as long as tarsus; tail more than two and a half times as long as tarsus; above tawny brown; spots on chest smaller, narrower, brownish. (Hylecichla fuscescens.) e. Coloration brighter or clearer, the upper parts more decidedly tawny; streaks on chest usually lighter brown. (Eastern temperate North America.) Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (p. 64) ee. Coloration duller, the upper parts browner; streaks on chest usually darker brown. (Western United States and British Columbia.) Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola (p. 67) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 837 HYLOCICHLA MUSTELINA (Gmelin). WOOD THRUSH. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum tawny-brown or russet, passing into einnamon-brown on back and scapulars, this into light olive or grayish olive on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; wings similar in color to back but slightly less cinnamomeous; a distinct orbital rmg of white; lores whitish, suffused with dusky grayish in front of eye; auricular region dusky grayish brown, narrowly streaked with white; malar region white, more or less flecked with dusky; under parts white, more or less strongly tinged with buff on chest; a broad submalar streak of black or dusky along each side of throat; chest, sides, and flanks marked with large roundish or broadly gut- tate spots of brownish black; bill dusky horn color, the basal half (more or less) of mandible much paler (pale flesh color in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (pale flesh color in life). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but coloration brighter, and chest, together with lower throat and streaks of auricular region, etc., more deeply yellowish buff. Young. Essentially like adults, but pileum, hindneck, and upper back indistinctly streaked with pale tawny or ochraceous, lesser and middle wing-coverts with similar but more wedge-shaped streaks, greater coverts more or less distinctly tipped with the same, and spots on under parts less sharply defined, more sooty in color. Adult male—Length (skins), 174-196 (181); wing, 104.5-113 (109); tail, 67-77.5 (71.5); exposed culmen, 16-19 (17.1); tarsus, 30-33 (31.6); middle toe, 17.5-20.5 (19).¢ Adult female ——Length (skins), 159-188 (177); wing, 103-109.5 (105.6); tail, 63-71.5 (67.9); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 28.5-32 (30.1); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18.4).® a Wifteen specimens. 6 Ten specimens. Specimens from the Mississippi Valley compare in average measurements with those from the Atlantic coast district as follows: Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed Tarsus. Midele . | culmen. * MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic coast district.............--.- | 109.8 | 71. 8 | 17.1 31.5 | 19 Five adult males from Mississippi Valley.................... |. 107.3 TON Date ee lino 31.7 18.8 FEMALES. Nine adult females from Atlantic coast district............- 105.8 | 67.9 17 30.1 | 18. 4 One adult female from Mississippi Valley................--- [MAO4 Salen GSrdsie atx ots 80. & 19 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Eastern temperate North America; north to New Hampshire (White Mts.), New York (breeding at Lake George), northern Ontario (Elmsdale, Port Sydney, ete.), northern Michigan, etc., acci- dentally to Maine (Saco) and northeastern New York; west to middle portion of Great Plains (along wooded valleys); breeding southward to northern Florida and thence westward through Gulf States to eastern Texas; in winter southward, from eastern Texas (Harris County) through eastern Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) and Costa Rica (Volcan de Miravalles), also to Bahamas (New Providence island; Cay Lobos), Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico; straggler to the Bermudas. [ Turdus] mustelinus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 817 (New York; based on Tawny Thrush Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 1, 28; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 337).—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 331.—Gray Hand-list, i, 1869,254, no. 3679.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 72.—ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 5. Lurdus mustelinus Virtwtot, Ois. Am. Sept., 1, 1807, 6, pl. 62.—BoNaAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 75; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 17; Consp. Av.,1, 1850, 270.—NutTatu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 1, 1832, 343.—A upUBOoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 372; v, 1839, 446, pl. 73; Synopsis, 1839, 90; Birds Am., oct. ed., ili, 1841, 24, pl. 144.—D’OrBteny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 49.—Gossk, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 144 (Jamaica?).—Hurpts, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Oct.).—WoopnHousE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 72 (Indian Territory; Texas).—GuNpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 469 (Cuba); 1861, 324 (do.), 405 (crit.); 1872, 405 (Cuba); 1874, 310 (Porto Rico); 1879, 159 (do.); Orn. Cubana, 1893, 46.—ScuaTER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 294 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 325 (monogr.; Cor- dova; Guatemala; Cuba; Jamaica), 362 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Ibis, 1861, 282; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 2 (Pennsylvania; Coban, Guatemala).—MaxIMILIAN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 179 (Missouri).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 212; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 148; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 13.— 3LAND, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).— ScLtaTER and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—Mooreg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 55 (Omoa, Honduras).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).—BreEweErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 158 (Missouri R.).—ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica).—McItwratrn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 84 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 543 (Orizaba; Vera Cruz, winter).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iil, 1872, 124, 173 (Kansas).—Covuss, Check List, 1873, no. 3; 2d ed., 1882, no. 6; Birds Northwest, 1874, 2.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripq@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 7, pl. 1, fig. 1; special ed., 1875, i, pl. facing p. 8—LAWRENCE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 11 (Tehuantepec City).—Brewsrt®r, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 17 (descr. young).—Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 210 (Chester Co., South Carolina; breeding).—Satvrn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1879, 9 (Choctum, Coban, Tactic, and Godines, Guatemala, etc.).—SrEBouM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 196.— NeuwRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 6 (Harris Co., Texas, winter); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 3, pl. 1, fig. 5.—Bicknetn, Auk, i, 1884, 128 (song period).—GoopatE, Auk, ii, 1885, 215 (Saco, Maine, 1 spec., Sept. 6, 1884).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 1 (Cuba; Jamaica?); Birds West Ind., 1889, 15; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a0 Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 122 (New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico).—AMeRICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 755.—Cook8, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 282 (dates, etc.).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1888, 242 (Cozumel and Mugeres islands, Yucatan).—Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 106 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, up to 2,400 ft.).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 52; Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence, Bahamas, Apr. 16).— RicuMonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 482 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, after Nov. 7).—Howe, Auk, xv, 1898, 332 (crit.), 333 (Chateaugay Lake, n. e. New York, I spec., Aug. or Sept.).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 366 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding)—UnpvErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 432 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—Bonuore, Auk, xx, 1903, 170 (Cay Lobos, Baha- mas, Apr. 15).—Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 115 (Azores, accidental).—Srockarp, Auk, xxii, 1905, 284 (Mississippi; breeding). T[urdus| mustelinus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 219.—CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 5; Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324 (Cuba).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 246.—Rip@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 574. Mferula] mustelina Buyru, Analyst, iv, 1836, 222. Merula mustelinus DENNY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38. Turdus (Hylocichla) mustetinus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 28. Hylocichla mustelina Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 27, 1880, 166; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 1.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 226 (Lewis Co., n. e. New York, straggler; breeding*at Lake George).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMiTrEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 126.— BaiLEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 469.—ALLEN (G. M.), Proc. Manchester Inst., iv, 1902, 123 (New Hampshire, up to 2,000 ft., n. to White Mts.).—Antison, Auk, xxi, 1904, 484 (West Baton Rouge, Louisiana, breeding).—Topp, Proc. Carnegie Mus., ii, 1904, 572 (Erie Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Woop and FrornincHam, Auk, xxii, 1905, 53 (Crawford and Oscoda counties, n. Michigan). H{ylocichla] mustelina Ripaway, Bull. Ill. State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 171 (Illinois)—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., i, 1903, 253.—HEINE and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein., 1890, 3 (Vera Paz, Guatemala). [ Hylocichla] mustelina SHarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 141. Hylocichla mustelinus FueminG, Auk, xviii, 1901, 45 (Elmsdale, Port Sydney, etc., n. Ontario). Turdus melodus Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 35, pl. 2, fig. 1.—LIcHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57 (reprint). Turdus melodius BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 33. Turdus densus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 2 (Tabasco, Mexico); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 26. HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA GUTTATA (Pallas). KADIAK DWARF THRUSH. Adults in spring and summer.—Above plain grayish brown (hair brown to between hair brown and broccoli brown), the upper tail- coverts and tail dull cinnamon-brown or cinnamomeous wood brown; a conspicuous orbital ring of dull white; lores dull whitish mixed or suffused with dusky grayish; auricular region grayish brown, with very narrow shaft-streaks of dull whitish; malar region and under parts dull white, the chest and hinder part of malar region tinged, more or less strongly, with pale cream buff; a dusky or sooty sub- malar streak along each side of throat; sides of lower throat with 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. narrow wedge-shaped streaks of dusky; chest with large triangular spots of dusky grayish brown or sooty, these more wedge-shaped on upper chest, broader and more rounded on lower chest; upper breast, especially on lateral portions, spotted with grayish brown or brownish gray; sides and flanks light brownish gray; bill dusky brown or blackish, the basal half (approximately) of mandible pale yellowish (pale grayish flesh color or lilaceous in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to spring and summer adults, but more brightly colored, the general color of upper parts more brownish (olive-brown), upper tail-coverts and tail more ruddy brown (chestnut-brown or mars brown), and chest more strongly buffy, with spots darker (sometimes nearly black). Young.—Above brown, as in adults, but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts streaked with buffy, the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with tawny-ochraceous, the middle wing- coverts with a mesial wedge-shaped or guttate mark of buff; under parts dull white,more or less strongly tinged with buff on chest, etc., the chest and sides‘of lower throat conspicuously spotted, the breast, upper abdomen, and sides barred, with black or dusky; a blackish submalar streak along each side of throat. Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-163 (154); wing, 85.5-90.5 (87.8); tail, 61.5-69.5 (64.8); exposed culmen, 12—13.5 (12.7); tarsus, 27.5-30 (28.8); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 144-159 (153); wing, 81-84.5 (83.2) ; tail, 58.5-65 (62.8); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (13.1); tarsus, 28—29.5 28.6); middle toe, 15.5-16.5 (16.1).® Breeding in the coast district of Alaska north of Cross Sound, from Point Gustavus, Juneau, etc., northward and westward to Kadiak Island, Alaska Peninsula, Nushagak, White Pass, etc.; im winter southward to Lower California (Sierra San Gertrude; La Paz; Casa Pintada), Sonora (Nacosari; Alamos; Baradehuachy), Chihuahua (Rio Chico), Tamaulipas (Sota la Maria), and Texas (El Paso; Concho, and Tom Green counties; San Antonio; Langtry; Leon Springs; mouth of Pecos River); migration route mostly coastwise, but including eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath, etc.), Nevada (upper Humboldt Valley), New Mexico (Fort Bayard), ete. ? [ Turdus| aonalaschkae GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 808 (based on Aoon- alashka Thrush Latham, Synopsis Birds, li, pt. 1, 23; Unalascha Thrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., u, 338). Turdus aonalaschkex Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 1, part (crit.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 665 (Kadiak J., Alaska)—SrEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 200, part.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 759, part.—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., il, 1887, 316 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, 3 specs., Jan., Mar.).— en a Ten specimens. b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4] Merritt (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 365 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, migrant).— Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 365 (Fort Klamath; crit.).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 286 (Concho and Tom Green counties, w. Texas, Sept. 20 to Oct. 10).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 694 (Leon Springs, Texas, Mar.).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 344 (San Antonio, Texas, mi- grant).—(?) Speraacur, Auk, xiii, 1896, 85 (Maznolia, Colorado, 1 spec., Oct. 6, 1895). T\|urdus| aonalaschke RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 576, part. Hylocichla aonalaschke AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commitrrer, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 128.—OBeErRHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 234 (Santa Catalina I.,.California)—Osaoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 81 (Hope and Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska).—GRINNELL (J.), Condor, ii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak; crit.). [ Hylocichla| aonalaschkex Heine and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein., 1890, 3. H[ylocichla] aonalaschke Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, 254, part. Hylocichla aonalaschkx aonalaschkxe GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 73. ? [ Turdus| aoonalaschke LatHAM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 329. Hylocichla unalashke Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 166, part. Hyltocichla unalasce Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 5, part. Turdus unalasce Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 8, part. Tl urdus| unalasce Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 247, part. Hylocichla unalasce Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 533, footnote (Cape St. Lucas, Jan.).—Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 145, part (Chugachik Bay, Cook Inlet; Kadiak I.; Wood I.). Muscicapa guttata Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 465 (Kadiak I., Alaska). Turdus guttatus CABANIS, in Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 187, footnote, part.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391, 396 (California). [Turdus guttatus] @. guttatus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 393 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. 16). Hylocichla guttata ScuHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 25 (Alaska; synonymy; crit.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIoN Commitrren, Auk, xix, 1902, 330.—BreEwsTER, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 211 (Casa Pintada and Laguna, Lower California, Feb.; crit.).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 471.—Swarrtn, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 64 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, Feb. to Apr.; crit.).—OsGoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 24, 1904, 81 (Lake Clark and Nushagak, Alaska).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xx, 1904, 406 (Muller Bay and Seldovia, Cook Inlet, Alaska). [ Hylocichla] guttata SHarpe, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 143, part. Turdus nanus (not of Audubon) TownsEnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.).—GAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 262 (Rocky Mts. and California) —HrERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 265 (California, migrat.).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 310 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106 (do.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 213, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 150, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 15, part.—ScraTEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 4, 325, part (monogr.); Ibis, 1861, 282, part.—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, California)—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 475 (San Antonio, Texas).— Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, 1869, 129, part (crit.).—CooreEr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 4, part.—Batrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 1, fig. 7. | Turdus| nanus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 254, no. 3680. Hylocichla nana Covuks, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona). 49 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Turdus (Hylocichla) nanus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple, Arizona). Hylocichla] nanus Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 127, in text, part. [ Turdus pallasii.| Var. nanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 72, part. Turdus pallasi . . . var. nanus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 46.—HENsHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 96 (Bowie, Arizona, Oct. 19-Nov. 5); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 146 (do.). [ Turdus pallasii| var. nanus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov.,{1873, 170, in text (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, autumn). Turdus pallasi, var. nanus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 20, part; ili, 1874, 499 (7. nanus of Cooper stated to be T. ustulatus). | Turdus pallasi| b. nanus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 3, part (synonymy). | Turdus (Hylocichla) pallasi] b. nanus Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 21, part. Turdus pallasi nanus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vil, 1875, 22 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept.).—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 269 (Portage Bay, Alaska). Hylocichla aonalaschkx auduboni (not Turdus auduboni Baird) GRINNELL (J.), Birds Pacific Slope, Los Angeles Co., 1898, 51 (see Condor, iv, 1902, 17). @ Tlurdus| pallasii CaBanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847 (1), 205, part (based on Turdus guttatus Cabanis, in Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, Aves, 187, footnote, based on Turdus aonalaschke Gmelin, Muscicapa guttata Pallas, Turdus minor Audubon and Bonaparte, and Merula solitaria Swainson). HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA NANA (Audubon). SITKAN DWARF THRUSH. Similar to H. g. guttata but coloration darker and browner, the color of back, ete., more sepia brown, upper tail-coverts more russet, tail more chestnut, and spots on chest larger and darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 144-160 (151.3); wing, 84-90 (86.8) ; tail, 63.5-68 (65.5); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.2); tarsus, 28—29.5 (28.8); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (16.8) .% Adult female.—Length (skins), 145-156 (150); wing, 82-87.5 (84.4) ; tail, 61.5-67.5 (63.9); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (13.1); tarsus, 28.5-29.5 (29); middle toe, 15.5-18 (16.6).° Breeding in coast district of Alaska south of Cross Sound and British Columbia (including Queen Charlotte islands)—probably also to western Washington and Oregon; in winter southward to Cali- . fornia (Redwood City; Humboldt Bay; Oakland; Sacramento; Riverside; San Bernardino, ete.), more rarely to Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains, October 30; Huachuca Mountains, April 6; Fort Verde, November 9; Tucson, January 17) and New Mexico (‘“Mimbres to Rio Grande’’). (?) Turdus sohiarius (not of Wilson nor Linnzeus) ORNITHOLOGICAL COMMITTEE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vu, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.). Turdus minor (not of Gmelin) AupuBOoN, Birds Am., iv, 1838, pl. 419, fig. L.c a Ten specimens. b Eight specimens. c See Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 24; Osgood, Auk, xvili, 1901, 184, 185; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1 (‘‘Birds of the Cape Region”), 1903, 213, 214. pee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43 Turdus nanus AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 201 (cites Birds Am., pl. 419, fig. 1; Columbia R.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.);¢ Synopsis, 1839, 91; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 32, pl. 147.—TowNsEnD, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.).—(?) GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 262, part (California)—HErERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 265 (California, migratory).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 213, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 150, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 15, part.—Dat and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 275 (Sitka, Alaska. )—Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 4, part. Hyylocichla] nanus Rrpaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 127, in text, part. | Turdus pallasii.| Var. nanus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 72, part. Turdus pallasi . . . var. nanus COUES, Check List, 1873, no. 4b, part. Turdus pallasi, var. nanus Baird, Brewer, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 20, part. [ Turdus pallasi] b. nanus Couss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 3, part (in synonymy). [Turdus (Hylocichla) pallasi| b. nanus CovuEs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 21, part. Hylocichla guttata nana Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli; no. 1, Sept., 1902, 212 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, Apr. 27; Triunfo, Lower California, Dec. 5; crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union CoMMITTEE, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 331—ANpDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, 14 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 585 (Mount Sanhedrin, n. California).—Swartu, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 64 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, | spec., Apr. 6). H{ylocichla] g{uttata] nana Barwey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 472, part. [ Hylocichla] nana Suarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 143. Turdus aonalaschkx (not of Gmelin) Rripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 1, part (crit.).—SrEBoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 200, part—AMERICAN OrnrrHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 759, part.—(?) ANTHONY, Auk, iii, 1886, 172 (Washington Co., Oregon, summer resident ).—GRINNELL, (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 130 (Sitka, breeding). T\urdus| aonalaschkx Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 576, part. Hylocichla aonalaschke AmpRICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMiTTEk, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 128, part. H{ylocichla] aonalaschke Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, 254, part. Hylocichla unalashke Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 27, 1880, 166, part. Hylocichla unalasce Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 5, part. Hylocichla wnalasce BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 145, part (Sitka). Turdus unalascex Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 8, part. T{urdus] unalascex Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 247, part. Hylocichla aonalaschkx verecunda Oscoon, Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 183 (Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 50 (Queen Charlotte Islands).—DaGGETT, Condor, iii, 1901, 131 (Los Angeles Co., California, 1 spec., Oct. 23).—GRIN- NELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 73. a See Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1903, 213, 214. 44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA SLEVENI (Grinnell). MONTERY HERMIT THRUSH. Similar to H. g. guttata, but paler and grayer, and decidedly smaller. Adult male (average measurements).—Wing, 84; tail, 71.7 Adult females (average measurements).—Wing, 81; tail, 69.4 “Breeds in the cloudy coast belt of California, from southern Monte- rey County northward, locally, at least, to Sonoma County;’? during migration southward to Los Angeles County (Pasadena, April) and to Santa Margarita Island, Lower California (February); Arizona (Tucson, April 6; Huachuca Mountains, April), and Sonora (Campos, February 3). I am unable to give a more satisfactory diagnosis of this form, for the reason that no authentic specimens are available. A female in Mr. Brewster’s collection (no. 20167) from Campos, Sonora (February 3, 1887) seems to belong to it; at least this specimen, while having the pale dull grayish coloration of H. g. sequovensis is smaller than any specimen of either H. g. guttata or H. g. nana with which I have been able to compare it, its measurements being as follows: Wing, 82.5; tail, 63; exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 15. (?) Turdus nanus (not of Audubon) HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 45 (breeding near San Francisco, California). Hylocichla aonalaschkx slevenit GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xviil, July, 1901, 258 (Point Sur, Monterey Co., California; coll. Calif. Ac. Sci.); Pacific Coast A vifauna, no. 3, 1902, 73.—DacGcerr, Condor, 1ii, 1901, 131 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California, Apr. 8 to 25). Hylocichla guttata slevent Swartu, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, Apr. 15, 1904, 64 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, Apr.; crit.).—Batry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 471, footnote. | Hylocichla| guttata (not Muscicapa guttata Pallas) SHarpr, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 143, part. HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA SEQUOIENSIS (Belding }. SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH. Similar in coloration’ to H. g. sleveni, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to H. g. guttata, but larger, paler, and grayer; similar to H. g. auduboni, but decidedly smaller. a Average measurements (of seven males and three females) by Mr. Grinnell (Auk, XViii, 259). b Grinnell, Auk, xviii, 259. ¢ Both H. g. sequoiensis and H. q. sleveni, in addition to being paler and grayer on upper parts have the spots on chest, ete., lighter and duller in color. . BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 Adult male.—Length (skins), 146-167 (157); wing, 90-97 (92.8); tail, 68—74.5 (71.8); exposed culmen, 12-14.5 (13.5); tarsus, 26.5-30 (28.4); middle toe, 15-17 (16.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 143-169 (159); wing, 86-94 (90.1); tail, 64—70 (67.7); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 28-30 (28.6) ; middle toe, 16.5-18 (16.8).° Breeding in Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges and northward, from Mount Whitney, southern California, to Northwest Territory (Yukon River); during migration southward to Lower California (Casa Pin- tada, February), Sonora (Alamos, February), Chihuahua (Sierra Madre, October), Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe, April), Nuevo Leon (Monterey, February 19 to May 1; Rodriguez, January), Tamaulipas (Soto la Maria, March; Linares, March; Victoria, March; Hidalgo, March), and western Texas (Frontera, May 8; Fort Clark, December; Langtry, April), eastward to Wyoming (Fort Bridger, May 19 to 24), Turdus silens (not of Vieillot) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. ‘R. Surv., ix, 1858, 922 part (Fort Bridger, Wyoming). T\urdus| swainsoni ustulatus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 172 (w. slope Sierra Nevada, 5,000 ft., July). Turdus ustulatus (not of Nuttall) Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 334, in text, 395 (excl. synonymy and spec. no. 779). Turdus sequoiensis BELDING, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, June 11, 1889, not paged (Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California; coll. Calif. Ac. Sci.). Hylocichla aonalaschkx sequoiensis FISHER (W.K.), Condor, ii, Dec., 1900, 138 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California) —Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 184 (Sierra Nevada; song; descr. nests).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 74.—Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, 192 (Lake Valley, California, in mountains; song, etc.). Turdus aonalaschkx (not of Gmelin) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Check, List, 1886, no. 759, part. T\|urdus] aonalaschkex Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 576, part. a Twenty specimens. 6 Ten specimens. Average measurements of specimens from different geographic areas are as follows: Middle toe. Locality. Wing. | Tail. peed |Tarsus. | culmen. | at ee St | ae ee = |—— MALES. | Six breeding males from Sierra Nevada......-.......------- 92.8 73.3 | 1 ees 16.5 Two breeding males from Yukon River, Northwest Terri- | Cl aE eet meee en eS gS ee Pe So ose kee oe leet 95. 5 71.5 12.5 28.7 17 Two males from Sonora (February) .-......----------------- 90 69 «| 13 28. 7 16. 2 Ten males from Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and | SIR ee we epee ne pease ee os Tho len /P2 aeL s ASeLN os S 92.8 (i 13. 4 28. 5 16. 6 FEMALES. | | Three breeding females from Sierra Nevada........--------- 89 66. 2 13.8 28. 8 16.7 Two females from Fort Bridger, Wyoming (May).-...-.----- 89. 2 68.7 14 28. 2 16 Five females from Lower California, Chihuahua, Arizona, | PCM E IMAP AS ae tee eee he ate Line ets een es Bsee eee oe | 91.2 68. 2 13.2 28.7 17.3 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Turdus aonalaschke auduboni (not Turdus auduboni Baird) BeipinG, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 21 (nesting in Sierra Nevada; descr. nest, etc.).—Brck, Condor, 1i, 1900, 19 (near summit of Sierra Nevada, breeding; descr. nest). Turdus nanus (not of Audubon) Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 9 (Frontera, Texas, May 8). H{ylocichla] gluttata] nana (not Turdus nanus Audubon) BatLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 472, part (Sierra Nevada, breeding). HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA AUDUBONI (Baird). ROCKY MOUNTAIN HERMIT THRUSH. Similar in coloration to H. g. sequoiensis, but decidedly larger.’ Adult male.—Length (skins), 162-183 (170); wing, 97-106 (102.4); tail, 71.5-79 (75); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15.1); tarsus, 28.5-31 (30.1); middle toe, 16-19 (17.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 153-178 (165); wing, 96-106 (99.4); tail, 70-79.5 (73.2); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.4); tarsus, 28-31 (29.5); middle toe, 16-18 (17.2).° Breeding in Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia, from New Mexico (upper Pecos River; Cloudcroft), Ari- zona (Chiricahua Mountains; San Francisco Mountains; Mogollon Mountains) and Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna) northward to eastern British Columbia (Nelson; Lake la Hache ?), and from main Rocky Mountain ranges in New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana westward to the Toyabe Mountains, Nevada; during migra- tion southward over Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala (Coban; Volean de Fuego, 10,000 to 12,000 feet; Hacienda Chancol), and to western and central Texas (Kendall, San Angelo, Tom Green, Cook, and Bexar counties). a Twenty specimens. b Seventeen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare as follows in average measure-- ments: | Ex- + Locality. Wing.| Tail. posed |Tarsus. Micdle | /culmen. a —— — —- SS SS e MALES. Ten breeding males from Rocky Mountains of United States.| 102.3 74.5 15. 3 30.1 | 17.5 Two breeding males from Lower California (Sierra de la La- | Guna) eee aaa NS 5 se 2 Ueda acit eee eae See eee mE | LOZ. is}: eb SN, LATS 13 eae SLxImales*(mirrants) irom! Mexico) eroe Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1868, 106 (South Carolina). Merula wilsonii (not Turdus wilsoni Bonaparte) Swainson and RicHArRDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., 11, 1831, 182, excl. syn. part. T[urdus] olivaceus (not of Linnzeus) D’OrBiaNy and LarrEsNAYE, Synopsis Avium (Mag. de Zool., 1839), 17 (Yungas, Bolivia)—LawreENcE (in Gundlach), Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 406. Merula olivacea (not Turdus olivaceus Linnzeus) BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1844, 191 (deser.; crit.)—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, app. p. 22. Turdus olivaceus (not of Linnzus) Giraup, Birds Long I., 1844, 92.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, 2 specs.).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 117 (Nova Scotia).—Wuu1s, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia)—MarteEns, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas). Turdus swainsoni CABANIS, in Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844-46, 188 (based on Merula wilsonii Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 182, excl. synonymy); Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 241 (Cuba).—Homeryer, Rhea, ui, 1849, 149 (monogr.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 216; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 153; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 19—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 293 (Cuba); 1872, 405 (do.).—BuakisTon, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatch- ewan); 1863, 58 (Fort Carlton; Mackenzie; crit.)—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 124 (Maine).—VeErrm11, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti); Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 145 (Oxford Co., Maine).— MclIiwrairH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 84 (Hamilton, Ontario).—(?) DrE«- LAND and GErRBE, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 427 (accidental in Europe).—Rip@way, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, 1869, 128 (crit.)—Datt and BaNnnisTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 4, 1869, 275 (Fort Yukon to Bering Sea, Alaska).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 6, part.—TriprE, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Minnesota).—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 320 (Herradura, Colombia) —Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1872, 6—Merriam, Sixth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 704, 713 (Teton Basin, Idaho, breeding; descr. eggs; Utah).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 1, fig. 4. [ Turdus] swainsonti GuNDuACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324 (Cuba).—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 72. T[urdus] swainsonti CaBANIS, in Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Natiirg., 1847 (i), 203.— GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 405 (synonymy). Turdus swainsoni ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 451 (Gualaquiza and Cuenca, Ecuador); 1859, 326 (monogr.); 1860, 84 (Nanegal, e. Ecuador); Ibis, 1861, 282 (table-land of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 2 (Bogota; Coban, Guate- mala; Rio Napo and Gualaquiza, Ecuador).—(?) ScLarEer and Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 6(Guatemala); (?) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 255 (Chamicuros, e. Peru); 1879, 491 (Colombia).-—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 91 (Barranca, Frailes, and Cervantes, Costa Rica).—PrLzELN, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 92 (Cocuy and Maribatanas, Brazil, Feb., Mar.); iv, Abth., 1870, 421.— Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, i871, 251 (e. Florida, Feb.; excl. syn. part; measurements).— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 5.—Ripe@way, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding); vii, 1875, 22 (East Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.); 32 (Wahsatch Mts.) —Batrp, BREwer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 14—HrnsuHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873, 1874, 56 (Denver, Colorado, May, 12 to 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 147 (do.).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 503 (Monterico, centr. Peru); 1879, 221 (Tambillo, Peru); 1882, 4 (Tamiapampa and Huambo, Peru); Orn. Pérou, i, 1884, 487.—(?) Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 11 (Tapana, Oaxaca, Apr. 14).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 18 (descr. young).—RagspaLg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 116 (Gainesville, Texas, May 10).—Mtwnor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 224 (Pikes Peak, etc., Colorado, 8,000 to 10,500 ft.) —SrrBoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 201 (Fort Simpson, Arct. Am.; Bogota, Colombia; Bolivia) —BrriepscH and TaczaNowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 538 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador, Dec.); 1885, 70 (Mapoto and Mackay, Ecuador).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 2 (Cuba); Birds West Ind., 1889, 16 (do.).—GunpLacu, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 47.— BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, 327 (La Gloria and La Merced, centr. Peru, Jan.)—Satvaport and Fesra, Boll. Mus. Torino, XV, no. 357, 1899, 3 (Gualaquiza and Valle de Zamora, e. Ecuador).—Barr, Ornis, xii, 1904, 213 (Lules, Argentina). [ Turdus| swainsoni Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 254, no. 3682.—ScLaTEerR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1, part. T\urdus] swainsoni Neuson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 93, 152 (n. e. Illinois, ‘* breeding).’’ [Turdus swainsoni] var. swainsoni Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 7. [Turdus swainsoni] a. swainsoni Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 4 (synonymy). [Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni| a. swainsoni Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 34. Turdus ustulatus, 6. swainsoni Ripaway, Field and Forest, 11, May, 1877, 195 (Colorado). [ Turdus ustulatus] 6. swainsoni Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 397 (East Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.; Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding). 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Turdus ustulatus swainsoni Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 13.—BIcKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 129 (song period).—Srron, Auk, ili, 1886, 328 (Turtle Mt., Duck Mt., Big Plain, Portage la Prairie, Swan R., and northward to Carleton House, w. Manitoba, summer res.).—WiLttAMs, Auk, vii, 1890, 292 (Montana; habitat; song).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 633 (Manitoba, summer res.).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 19, pl. 1, fig. 6.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1893, 122 (Cuba).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 37 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).—(?) Braztow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador). T\urdus| u|stulatus| swainsonti Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 248. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii AMERICAN ORNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 758a.—CHADBOURNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 107 (White Mts., New Hamp- shire, breeding from base to limit of shrubs).—Cooxke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 285 (dates of migration.).—Rripeaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 60.—Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 107 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding from 2,000 to 3,500 ft.).—Bisnor, Auk, vi, 1889, 149 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Nov. 7).—Dwieut, Auk, ix, 1892, 140 (North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 14 (Prince Edward I., breeding; habits; song).—Wurrr, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Macinac I., Michi- gan, breeding; song).—RicHMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 482 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 3, 14).—Merrity (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 21 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 137 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—S:.Loway, Bull. Univ. Mont., no. 3, Biol. Ser. no. 1, 1901, 73 (Flathead Lake, etc., Montana). T\urdus| ustulatus swainsonii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 575. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 166; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 4a.—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 107 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb. 7).—AmMbErICAN ORNITHOLO- eists’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 127.—AtuEen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 182 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia, Nov., Jan.); Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (do.).—PreBieE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 130 (Lake Winni- peg, Norway House, Oxford House, etc., breeding).—Swartu, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 63 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, spring; crit.).—Ose@oop, North Am. Fauna, no. 24, 1904, 81 (Lake Clark and Iliamna district, Alaska). H{ylocichla| ustulata swainsoni Ripaway, Bull. Ill. State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 171 (Illinois). H|ylocichla| u{stulata] swainsoni Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 470.—Covsrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., i, 1903, 255. | Hylocichla| swainsoni HEINE and RercHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein., 1890, 3 (Colom- bia; Nanegal and Pallatanga, Ecuador).—SHarpe, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 142. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 60 (Tres Marias, May).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 49 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Mar., Apr.).—Knieut, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Ex. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 157 (Wyoming, summer res.).—Woop, Auk, xxii, 1905, 178 (Porcu- pine Mts., n. Michigan, breeding). Turdus minimus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., xi, 1848, 5 (Bogota, Colombia).— SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quixos, Ecuador); 1855, 145 (Bogota); 1858, 64 (e. Ecuador).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 226 (Bogota; crit.).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1863, 7 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Turdus nanus (not of Audubon) Samuets, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 218 (Massachusetts; see Allen, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 488; Maynard, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 662). H{ylocithla| ustulata (not Turdus ustulatus Nuttall) Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U.S., 4th ed., 1884, 47. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 Hylocichla ustulata almx OBERHOLSER, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 304 (East Humboldt Mts., opposite Franklin Lake, Nevada; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Btsnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 94 (Yukon basin, Alaska; song).—AMERICAN Ount: THOLOGISTS’ UN1ion CommiTTEE, Auk, xviii, 1901, 309 (check list no. 758¢c).— Osaoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 81 (Hope, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska). A|ylocichla| u{stulata] almx Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S8., 1902, 471.—Covuss, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1, 1903, 255. Hylocichla ustulatus alme BisHop, Auk, xvii, Apr., 1900, 119 (Yukon Valley; Lake Marsh, Northwest Territory; crit.) —CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., I have cited this reference also under H. guttata pallasii for the reason that it is impossible to determine from Dr. Brewer’s article which species is intended. 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 161-186 (174); wing, 96—-103.5 (100.5); tail, 70-79 (74.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14.1); tarsus, 29-31 (29.6); middle toe, 16-17.5 (17.1). Adult female.—Length (skins), 154-166 (162); wing, 89-100 (97.5); tail, 69.5-74.5 (71.6); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 28-30.5 (29.2); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17). Interior districts of United States and British Provinces; breeding from North Dakota (Pembina) and Manitoba (lower Saskatchewan ; Red River; between Winnipeg and Selkirk, etc.) to interior of British Columbia (Ducks; Ashcroft; Okanogan), and southward to Nevada (Mountain City), Utah (valleys of Bear, Weber, and Provo rivers and Salt Lake Valley), and Colorado (Denver; Fort Garland); during migration southward through Arizona (Tucson, May) and Mexico (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter)? to southern Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, March 27), and eastward to Minnesota (Fort Snelling, May 16 to 26), Wisconsin (Camp Douglas, August 7), Ilmois (Chicago, Sep- tember 16; Glen Ellyn, May 6, 21, August 29, September 1, 6, 8), Indiana (Vincennes, May 14; Wheatland, May 7; Liverpool, May 5), Mississippi (Amite County, September 18), straggling to Ontario (Hamilton, May 16) and South Carolina (Chester, October 5). Turdus fuscescens (not of Stephens) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 922, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 151, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 17, part (Fort Bridger)—(?) Hayprn, Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., 1862, 158 (Lower Missouri).—BuakisTon, Ibis, 1863, 58 (lower Saskatche- wan; Red R., Manitoba).—(?) Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 543 (near Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—STEVENSON, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1870 (1871), 463 (Green River, Wyoming).—ALLEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 155, 173 (mountains of Colorado).—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 6, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 5, part—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah), 179 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 35 (Provo R., Utah); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 195 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 398 (valleys of Bear, Provo, and Weber rivers, Utah, breed- ing).—Trippg, in Coues Birds Northwest, 1874, 228 (Colorado, 8,400 ft. July ).— HensuHaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 2 (Utah); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 39 (Provo R., Utah), 56 (Denver, Colorado), 71 (Fort Garland, a Nine specimens. b Six specimens. Ten adult males from the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba compare in average measurements as follows: | | | x- | 2 = Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed 'Tarsus.| Mid /culmen. | 5 a = Tees | MALES. | | Nine adult males from Rock Mountain (Colorado to British | | Columbia) ae esp os se see sees os SS seen dasa ae eee | 100. 5 | 74.1 14.1) 29.6 link Ten adult males from Manitoba to Indiana..............-.-- 9968!) o72e1 13:9) 30 17 I am unable to appreciate any difference in coloration between the two series. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 Colorado); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 148 (Denver and Fort Gar- land, Colorado, breeding).— WILLIAMS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).—Srron, Auk, ili, 1886, 328 (w. Manitoba; abundant summer res.).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xili, 1890, 633 (Manitoba, summer res.). [Turdus| fuscescens Covges, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 73, part.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1, part. Turdus (Hylocichla) fuscescens Couss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 39, part. Hylocichla fuscescens RipGway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2, part. —(?) AGERs- porG, Auk, ii, 1885, 277 (s. e. South Dakota, summer res. ). Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni (not Turdus swainsonii Cabanis) Cougs, Bull. U. 5. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 3, 1878, 550 (Souris R., Dakota, Sept.). Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, Apr. 6, 1882, 374 (Fort Garland, Colorado; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,” 1882, 257.—Coaue, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 239 (Chicago, Illinois, Sept. 16, 1877).—REICHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 432 (reprint of orig. descr.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 127.—HowgE, Auk, xvii, 1900, 19 (range).—ALLISON, Auk, xvii, 1900, 297 (Amite Co., Mississippi, spec., Sept. 18, 1897).—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 129 (between Winnipeg and Selkirk, Mani- toba).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 469. H{ylocichla] fluscescens] salicicola Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed:, i, 1908, 254. [ Hylocichla] salicicola SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 142. T[urdus| fluscescens ]salicicola COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 246. Turdus fuscescens salicicolus AMERICAN OrnrrHotoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 756a.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 167 (Tuscon, Arizona, | spec., May, 1882).—Cookg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 284 (Devil’s Lake and Pembina, Dakota; Cook Co., Texas).—Loomts, Auk, vi, 1889, 194 (Chester, South Carolina, 1 spec., Oct. 5, 1888); viii, 1891, 173 (do.).—Ripeway, Orn. Tllinois, i, 1889, 55.—WILLIAMS, Auk, vii, 1890, 292, 293 (Montana; habitat; song).— Cyapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 154 (Ducks and Ashcroft, int. British Columbia, breeding; Sassin, Washington, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 340 (Chapada, Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil, 1 spec., Mar. 27).—Gautt, Auk, xii, 1895, 85 (Glen Ellyn, n. e. Illinois, May 6 and 21, Aug. 29, and Sept. 1, 6, 8, 1894).—Butter, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1150 , (Liverpool, n. w. Indiana, 2 specs., May 5, 1894). T[urdus] fuscescens salicicolus RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 574. Tlurdus] f [wscescens] salicicolus COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 246. Turdus fuscescens salicicola Mrrriuu (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 21 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Smtoway, Bull. Univ. Mont., no. 3, Biol. ser. no. 1, 1901, 73 (Flathead Lake, Montana, breeding). Genus ZELEDONIA Ridgway. Zeledonia Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 537. (Type, Z. coronata Ridgway.) Very small, long-legged, short-tailed, rounded-winged Turdidex (?) with tail consisting of only ten rectrices and not longer than tarsus and basal phalanx of middle toe (between one-half and three-fifths as long as wing, the latter very little more than twice as long as tarsus) , outermost (tenth) primary very minute (shorter than primary coverts), the ninth two-thirds as long as eighth, and with an orange-rufous crown-patch. 70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill small and short (about as long as distance from nostril to mid- dle of eye), its depth at frontal antiz (where depth and width about equal) more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; exposed culmen about equal in length to inner toe without claw, straight basally, then gradually decurved to tip; gonys faintly convex, ascending terminally, nearly as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, much longer than mandibular rami; maxillary tomium faintly concave, distinctly notched subterminally. Nostril very narrow, lon- gitudinally comma-shaped, broadest anteriorly, overhung by a broad, convex, membraneous operculum, its posterior end hidden by the harsh and semi-erect feathering of frontal antiz. Rictal bristles well devel- oped, especially those nearest nostril. Wing short, very concave beneath, much rounded at tip; outermost (tenth) primary minute (shorter than primary coverts), the ninth two-thirds as long as eighth, or longer, about one-fourth as wide as long; eighth primary shorter than first (about equal to secondaries); seventh about equal to third; the sixth, fifth, and fourth longest. Tail very short, but little more than half as long as wing, not longer than combined length of tarsus and basal phalanx of middle toe, slightly rounded, the rectrices not more than ten,¢ pointed at tip, their webs lax or semi- decomposed. ‘Tarsus very long and slender, nearly half as long as wing, at least four-fifths as long as tail, the acrotarsium fused on both sides; middle toe (without claw) three-fifths as long as tarsus, or slightly less; lateral toes slightly unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe, the outer slightlv beyond; hallux equal to inner toe, or very slightly longer, much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for half its length, or very slightly more, to outer toe, for less than half to inner toe; claws normal, that of hallux shorter than its digit. Coloration.—Pileum orange-rufous, the remaining upper parts plain olive or olive-green; under parts plain slate color or slate-gray, becom- ing olive or olive-green on flanks and under tail-coverts. Sexes alike. Nidification.— (Unknown. ) Range.—Summits of high volcanoes of Costa Rica and Panama. (Monotypic.) The relationships of this remarkable genus are somewhat doubtful, but I feel confident it is not far removed from Catharus, of which (except in the character of the nostril, which is very different) it seems to be an exaggeration. It is certainly an Oscine and not a Tracheo- phone, as at first supposed. ? a Of the two specimens examined one (the type of Z. coronata) has ten rectrices, the other only eight, but possibly the tail may be imperfect in the latter. 6 The syrinx and wing-muscles has been studied by Mr. W. P. Pycraft, who found them typically Oscinine. (See Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi, no. lxxiv, 1900, 12.) [Since the above was written another article, by Mr. Pycraft, entitled ‘““On the © Systematic Position of Zeledonia coronata, with some Observations on the Position of — the Turdide,’’ has appeared in Ibis, Jan., 1905, 1-24, pls. 1, 2.] : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Le ZELEDONIA CORONATA Ridgway. WREN-THRUSH., Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum with a broad median patch of tawny, the feathers paler and more yellowish basally, their tips sometimes dusky, slightly obscuring the general color; this tawny patch mar- gined laterally by a stripe of dull black, gradually disappearing ante- riorly into the dusky slate-gray of forehead and lores but posteriorly rather abruptly defined against the dusky olive of occiput and hind- neck; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dark brownish olive with a slight tinge of olive-green; the remiges and rectrices similar but rather browner; sides of head (includ- ing superciliary and loral regions), chin, and under parts generally, plain slate color, slightly paler on lower abdomen, the flanks and under tail-coverts plain dark olive, the whole of posterior under parts some- times washed with olive-green; bill blackish, the mandible more brownish, especially basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet brownish black or dusky brown. — Young.—Similar to adults, but orange-rufous crown-patch much smaller and less sharply defined, the blackish lateral crown-stripes replaced by very indistinct ones of dusky (these obsolete anteriorly), and sides of head and under parts olive instead of dull slate color. (No trace of streaks or spots anywhere, but feathers of under parts of body with a barely perceptible narrow terminal margin of dusky.) Adult male—tLength (skins), 107-118 (113.2); wing, 60.5-64.5 (62.2); tail, 36-39 (37.6); exposed culmen, 12.5-13 (12.6); tarsus, 29-30.5 (29.6); middle toe, 17-18 (17.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 108-113 (110.5); wing, 59.5-60.5 (60); tail, 33.5-35 (84.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 26.5-29.5 (28); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.7). z ‘s BPPCA TA Dt SEI MEE eS Spek TN RY yg N YR ye ee PTW EEE EVE? cy POORER et Bg @ Five specimens. b Two specimens, both from Costa Rica. Costa Rica and Chiriqui specimens compare in measurements as follows: Locality. | Wing.| Tail. | posed Tarsus.| Middle | culmen. Three adult males from Volcan de Irazti, Costa Rica-....--- | 61.3] (36) | 127| 203] 17.2 Two adult males from Boquete, Chiriqui...-.......-.------- | 63.5] 385] 12.5] 30 17.5 | a By 2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. High mountain peaks of Costa Rica (Volcan de Poas; Volcan de Trazti)® and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui, 5,800—7,000 feet). Zeledonia coronata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 538 (Volcan de Pods, Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 51 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 5,800 to 7,000 ft.).—Pycrarr, Ibis, 1905, 1-24, pJs. 1, 2 (on systematic position). [Zeledonia] coronata SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 183. Genus CICHLHERMINIA Bonaparte. Cichlherminia BoNapartTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvui, 1854, 3 (Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 26). (Type, by elimination, Turdus Vherminiert: Lafresnaye.) | Cichlerminia (emendation) SchatTEeR, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 335. Large, stoutly-built, short-tailed, long-legged Turdide with large and stout bill, color uniform brown above, brown with pointed spots of white below. Bill large and stout, shorter than head, about as broad as deep at frontal antiz; exposed culmen about as long as middle toe without claw, or slightly shorter, rather strongly convex from the nearly straight basal portion, the tip of maxilla distinctly but not strongly uncinate; gonys straight or very faintly convex, ascending terminally, slightly longer than mandibular rami; maxillary tomium faintly con- cave in middle portion, still more faintly convex subbasally, very dis- tinctly notched subterminally. Nostril oval or ovate, occupying about lower half of exposed portion of nasal fosse, overhung by con- cave membrane, posteriorly nearly or quite in contact with frontal feathering. Rictal bristles very distinct, those near nostrils especially so; loral and frontal feathers without bristly points. Orbital region naked, or partly so. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest pri- maries exceeding longest secondaries by length of middle toe (with- a The only specimen seen from the Volcan de Irazti is very different in coloration from any other specimen examined, but I am satisfied that the coloration is abnormal, indicating a condition of partial albinism. It bears in Mr. Cherrie’s handwriting on the label the name Zeledonia insperata Cherrie and, should other specimens from Irazti prove to be like it in coloration, that name would of course be available for it as representing a distinct form, which I consider altogether unlikely, since the Volcan de Irazti is intermediate in position between the volcanoes of Podés and Chiriqui, the birds of which are, so far as I am able to see, precisely alike in coloration. The Trazti specimen may be described as follows: Similar in pattern of coloration to Z. coronata (from the Volcan de Pods and Volcan de Chiriqui), but the dark olive of back, scapulars, etc., replaced by rather light tawny-olive; that of wings and tail by light grayish brown (between broccoli brown and isabella color); deep slate-color of sides of head and under parts replaced by drab-gray; bill, legs, and feet pale brown instead of blackish. The tawny crown-patch is somewhat lighter in tone and broader, but its increased width may be owing to greater spreading apart of the feathers in making up the skin. The broad black lateral crown-stripes of normal Z. coronata are indicated by decidedly narrower stripes of dark sooty grayish. (See Addenda. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 out claw) or more; outermost (tenth) primary longer than primary coverts (about one-third as long as ninth or slightly more), rounded at tip, ninth primary equal to or longer than fourth; eighth, seventh, and sixth longest and nearly equal; eighth to fifth Gnelusive) with outer webs sinuated. Tail much shorter than distance from bend of wing to end of secondaries, even. Tarsus long and slender, one- third as long as wing, or more, the acrotarsium fused on both sides; middle toe (without claw) three-fifths as long as tarsus, or slightly less; lateral toes equal, both (without claw) reaching a little beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux shorter than inner toe; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for more than half its length to outer toe, for nearly half to inner toe; claws slightly curved, rather blunt, that of the hallux sometimes nearly as long as its digit. Coloration.—Upper parts uniform brown; under parts brown, the feathers (at least on under parts of body) with pointed central spots of white. Nidification.—Nest open above, and placed in trees, composed of twigs, vines, or moss, lined with small roots or plant stems; eggs blue, unspotted. Range.—Lesser Antilles, where represented on islands of Guade- loupe, Montserrat, Santa Lucia, Saint Vincent, Dominica, and Mar- tinique. (Four species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CICHLHERMINIA. a. Throat and upper chest streaked with light olive-brown and whitish or pale ochra- ceous; inner webs of primaries pale cinnamon toward edges. b. Feathers of chest with narrower, smaller, and more pointed central spots of pale ochraceous, the brown margins paler, more tawny olive. ce. Abdomen almost wholly squamated with olive-brown; brown of upper parts darker, more bister. (Cichlherminia herminieri.) d. Coloration less deep. (Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.) Cichlherminia herminieri herminieri (p. 74) dd. Coloration deeper. (Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.) Cichlherminia herminieri lawrencii (p. 75) ec. Abdomen mostly white; brown of upper parts lighter, more olive. (Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.)...-........- Cichlherminia sancte-lucie (p. 75) bb. Feathers of chest with broader, larger, and more rounded central spots of white, the brown margins darker, more sepia brown. (Island of Martinique ?, Lesser PAUIUI ESS) hommrys ete ere tem te eet ke ist. Sk Cichlherminia coryi (p. 76) aa. Throat and upper chest deep brown, slightly broken by dusky spotting, but streaked only (if at all) on center of throat; inner webs of-primaries entirely gray. (Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles.)..Cichlherminia dominicensis (p. 77) 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CICHLHERMINIA HERMINIERI HERMINIERI (Lafresnaye). GUADELOUPE FOREST THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olive-brown; chin and throat buffy whitish or pale rusty buff streaked with light olive-brown, the latter prevailing on lower portion and sides of throat, the extreme lower throat and upper chest rather light olive-brown or raw-umber with median streaks of pale buff or rusty white; feathers of lower chest, breast, abdomen (except extreme lower portion), sides, and flanks white centrally, margined with olive-brown, producing a squamate appearance, the white central area of each feather obtusely pointed at the extremity, these white central spots smaller and the olive-brown margin correspondingly broader anteriorly, and vice versa; extreme lower abdomen and anal region immaculate white, or with a few of the feathers indistinctly tipped with olive; under tail-coverts more or less distinctly margined or edged with light olive-brown; axillars and under wing-coverts white, more or less distinctly edged with pale olive-brown or wood brown, their basal portion also brown; maxilla brownish; mandible yellowish (in dried skins); naked orbital space yellowish; legs and feet yellowish (in dried skins). Young.—Essentially like adults, but scapulars* with narrow shaft- streaks of pale ochraceous or rusty whitish, and brown margins to feathers of under parts less sharply defined. Adult male.—Length (skins), 2438-247 (245); wing, 133.5-144 (136.4); tail, 92-99 (95.5); exposed culmen, 24.5-25.5 (24.9); tarsus, 42-44.5 (44); middle toe, 23.5-25.5 (24.4).° Adult female.—Length (skin), 245; wing, 132.5; tail, 88.5; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarstis, 40; middle toe, 24.° Island of (aedelomee Lesser Antilles. Turdus Vherminiert LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., vii, May, 1844, 167 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; type now in coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Cichlherminia herminiert BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 2.—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 327.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 7, part (Guade- loupe); vill, 1891, 43 (revised synonymy); ix, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds West Ind., 1889, 21, part (do.); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19, 121, 133 (Guadeloupe). [ Cichlherminia] herminieri SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 116 (Guadeloupe). [ Turdus| Vherminierti Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3788. Margarops hermineri LAWRENCE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 452 (Guadeloupe), 486, part (Guadeloupe). Cichlerminia bonapartii ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 335 (Guadeloupe; monogr. ae AIRD, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 59. a Possibly a interscapulars also; but the single specimen examined has partly assumed the adult plumage, the ener on the back being of the new dress. b Five specimens. ¢ One specimen; not fully adult, retaining part of the first plumage. ; § Pore ite o ape ope eee eee eS ee ee 5 CNY DORN CEA eo eer ashe boas % : die ety i oT DOS BOE HE —. RAM OER a” pth ies Pa he eS rt oid é acs AS, Rate eo eae = BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE’ AMERICA. 15 CICHLHERMINIA HERMINIERI LAWRENCII (Cory), MONTSERRAT FOREST THRUSH. Similar to Ch. herminieri, but more richly colored, the brown of upper parts more saturated and of a warmer hue, brown borders to feathers of under parts darker, and central areas to feathers of chest pale tawny or ochraceous-buff. Adult (sex not determined).—Length (skin), 250; wing, 136.5; tail, 97.5; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus, 43.5; middle toe, 25.5.% Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. Cichlhermima lawrencu Cory, Auk, vill, no. 1, Jan. 1891, 44 (Montserrat, Lesser Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 121, 132, 144 (Mont- serrat). Cichlherminia lawrencet Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19. [ Cichlherminia} lawrencet SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 117 (Montserrat). CICHLHERMINIA SANCT4-LUCI (Sclater). SANTA LUCIA FOREST THRUSH. Similar to C. herminiert herminiert, but smaller, except bill and toes, the former larger, or relatively larger; brown of upper parts decidedty lighter (between raw-umber and broccoli brown, but much nearer the former); abdomen much more extensively (almost wholly) white; olive-brown margins to feathers of flanks and sides much narrower, and buffy central spots to feathers of chest larger or broader.” Adult male.—Length (skin), 225; wing, 134.5; tail, 89; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus, 40.5; middle toe, 24.5.° Adult female.—Length (skins), 234-236 (235); wing, 132.5-144 (138.2); tail, 91.5-98.5 (95); exposed culmen, 26.5; tarsus, 43-44 (43.5); middle toe, 25.5-26 (25.7).¢ Islands of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; island of St. Vincent ?¢ Margarops herminiert (not Turdus Vhermineri Lafresnaye) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 268 (Santa Lucia; crit; colors of unfeathered parts); 1872, 647 (do.).—Sremrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 647 (Santa Lucia habits; song).—(?) LAWRENCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 187 (St. Vincent). [ Margarops] herminieri Scuarer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 2, part (Santa Lucia). Margarops sanctx-lucie Scuater, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 73 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater)—ALLEn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 165 (Santa Lucia).—Lawrence, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 165 (com- parison with C. herminieri).—ReicHenow and Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 324 (reprint of orig. descr.). @ One specimen, the type (no. 15056, coll. C. B. Cory). b Tris dull green; feet bright yellow. (Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 268.) € One specimen. ; d@ Two specimens. (Four additional unsexed specimens examined.) e Not having seen a specimen from St. Vincent I am in doubt as to its affinities. The St. Vincent bird has (when not mentioned under the name C. herminiert) been referred to C. sanctx-lucix, but it would not be at all surprising if it should be found distinct. It is very possibly extinct. “I 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cichlherminia sanctx-lucite SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 328.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 5; Auk, ili, 1886, 8; viii, 1891, 44 (revised syn- onymy; Santa Lucia; St. Vincent ?); Birds West Ind., 1889, 22; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19, 121, 133 (Santa Lucia; St. Vincent).—SciatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia). [ Cichlherminia] sanctx-lucix SHARPE, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 117 (Santa Lucia; ‘‘St. Vincent”’). CICHLHERMINIA CORYI Ridgway. CORY’S FOREST THRUSH. Most like C. herminiert but differing from that and all other known forms in having the chest marked with large ovate spots of white. Adult (sex unknown).—Above plain warm-sepia brown, darker on pileum; sides of head and neck similar but rather paler, marked (except on malar region) with narrow shaft-streaks of pale buff; lores blackish; under parts white, the throat with cuneate streaks of light brown (wood brown or isabella color), the remaining under parts, including whole chest, breast, sides, flanks, and abdomen, marked with broad brown margins to the feathers, producing a conspicuously squamate appearance; anal region and extreme lower abdomen im- maculate white; under tail-coverts grayish brown basally and laterally, buffy white or pale buff terminally and medially; bill, naked orbital space, legs, and feet, yellowish; length (mounted specimen), 235; wing, 132; tail, 93; exposed culmen (sheath of maxilla wanting); tarsus, 43; middle toe, 26. Locality unknown, but probably island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.“ (?) [ Margarops] herminiert (not Turdus Vherminiert Lafresnaye) ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 2, part (Martinique). (2?) Margarops herminieri LAawreENcE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, 351 (Marti- nique), 486, part (Martinique). Cichlherminia coryi RripGway, Smithson. Misc. Col. (quart. issue), xlvil, Aug. 6, 1904, 112 (locality unknown, but supposed to be island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles; coll. Boston Soc. N. H.). a The single specimen upon which this very distinct species is based is one of the two “types” of Turdus Vherminiert Lafresnaye, in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. The other specimen is exactly like other Guadeloupe specimens (C. herminieri) except that, having been for a long time mounted and exposed to the light, is slightly faded. The present one (no. 3618, Lafresnaye collection) is, how- ever, unquestionably a different species, and is the only one of the group having the whole chest marked with large ovate spots of white, very nearly as large as those on the sides, flanks, and abdomen. As to the locality, there are only two islands besides those inhabited by well-known forms, namely, St. Vincent and Martinique. The forms which formerly inhabited these are probably now extinct. As long ago as 1878 Ober found the Martinique form ‘‘rare, owing to the persecution of hunters,’’ and was unable to obtain a specimen (see Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 351), nor was he able to obtain, or even see, a specimen of the St. Vincent bird, although he heard its note (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 187). Martinique being a French possession, it is more likely that Lafresnaye obtained from there the specimen upon which I have based the new species rather than from the British island of St. Vincent. ~J ~J BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. CICHLHERMINIA DOMINICENSIS (Lawrence). DOMINICAN FOREST THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain deep olive-brown or bister, darker on pileum; lores dusky or blackish; sides of head lighter olive- brown (between bister and mummy brown), the auricular region having narrow shaft-streaks of pale tawny or buffy; chin, throat, and upper chest similar but more or less distinctly streaked (broadly) with darker brown or dusky, the throat also more or less streaked with tawny or ochraceous; lower chest with feathers white and ochraceous or tawny centrally, broadly margined with brown and tipped with a rather large dusky spot, the feathers of breast (at least the upper portion) similarly marked but with brown margins nar- rower and running gradually into dusky on terminal portion; feathers of sides and fianles ne centrally (forming large, pointed, ovate or broadly cuneate spots), broadly margined with olive-brown; abdomen and anal region immaculate white; under tail-coverts olive-brown, grayish brown or brownish gray, extensively tipped with white, the white terminal spot sometimes margined basally with ochraceous or tawny; axillars and under wing-coverts white, sometimes edged with brown or tawny; maxilla brownish basally, paler and more yellowish terminally; maxilla yellowish; iris white@ or “tea color’’;® bare orb- ital space yellow; legs and feet yellowish (yellow in eye Adult male.—Length (skins), 221-240 (229); wing, 120.5-125 2s) tail, °76.5=81.5. -(79.3); exposed culmen, 24.5-26.5 (25.1): tarsus, 42.5-44.5 (43.5); middle toe, 23.5—-26 (24.7).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 225-230 (227.5); wing, 118-119 (118.5); tail, 78.5-80 (79.2); exposed culmen, 26—26.5 (26.2); tarsus, 4343.5 (43.2); middle toe, 24.5-26 (25.2).4 Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Margarops herminiert (not Turdus Vherminiert Lafresnaye) LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 52 (Dominica); i, 1879, 486, part (Dominica). Margarops dominicensis LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 16 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—RercHEenow and Scwa- Low, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 432 (reprint of orig. descr. ). Cichlhermimia dominicensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 328.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 8, part (Dominica); viii, 1891, 44, part (do.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 22 (Dominica); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19, 121 (Dominica).—VeEr- RILL (G. E.), Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., viii, 1892, 346 (Domini: ‘a; deser. nest and eggs; notes, etc.). [ Cichtherminia] dominicensis Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 5.—SHarpe, Hand- list, iv, 1903, 117 (Dominica). @ According to Verrill. c Five specimens. 6 According to Ober. d Two specimens. 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4 Genus MIMOCICHLA Selater. Mimocichla Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 336. (Type, Turdus rubripes Temminck.) Mimokitta Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1865, 371. (Type, Turdus plum- beus Linneeus. ) + Mimocitta (emendation) Newton, Ibis, 1866, 121, in text. Medium-sized Turdide with rather long and pointed wing, rather long and strongly rounded or graduated white-tipped tail, naked eyelids, and (in life) red or deep orange legs and feet, the prevailing color of plumage uniform bluish gray or slate color. Bill shorter than head, moderately stout, shghtly broader than high at frontal antize; exposed culmen about equal indeneth to middle toe without claw (sometimes a little longer or shorter), highest above nostril, whence gently sloping downward basally and gradually decurved terminally; gonys slightly convex or nearly straight, ascending terminally, slightly to decidedly longer than mandibular rami; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched sub- terminally. Nostril oval, overhung by rather narrow membrane, posteriorly in contact, or very nearly so, with frontal feathering. Rictal and decumbent post-nasal bristles well developed; loral feathers with fine bristle-like points. Eyelids naked (bright orange or red in life). Wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding longest secondaries by length of middle toe (without claw) or more; outermost (tenth) primary longer than primary coverts, about one-third as long as ninth, narrow, rather (sometimes decidedly) pointed; ninth equal to or Gn WM. ardosiacea) longer than third; eighth equal to or longer than fifth, sometimes equal to sixth and nearly as long as seventh; eighth and seventh or seventh and sixth longest; four primaries (eighth to sixth) with outer web sinuated. Tail slightly shorter than wing (decidedly shorter in M. ravida), decidedly longer than distance from bend to end of secondaries, strongly rounded or graduated, the graduation at least equal to length of gonys, usually equal to length of exposed culmen, or nearly so. Tarsus rather long (less than twice exposed culmen, decidedly less than one-third wing), the acrotarsium usually fused on both sides, sometimes with more or less distinct indications of segmental divisions (“scutella’’); middle toe (without claw) less than two-thirds as long as tarsus; lateral toes unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe, the outer slightly beyond; hallux equal to or slightly shorter than inner toe; claws normal in size and curvature, that of hallux decidedly longer than its digit. Coloration.—General color plain slate color or bluish slate-gray; . wings and tail black (except in M. ravida), the former with broad bluish gray edgings, the latter with broad white tips to lateral rectrices; chin white, and throat black or streaked black and white, or else BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79 + ey Aa Tey ree (M. ravida) chin and throat slate-gray; bill, naked orbital ring, legs, and feet bright orange or orange-red in life (the bill sometimes dusky) ; sexes alike; young duller in color than adults, with breast, ete., indistinctly barred or transversely spotted with darker. Nidification.—Nest open above, rather bulky, placed in trees, composed externally of shreds of bark, slender twigs, etc., lined with finer materials; eggs whitish, speckled, stippled, spotted, or blotched with brown. Range.—Peculiar to the West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Grand Cayman, Haiti, Porto Rico, and Dominica). (Four species, with five additional subspecies.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MIMOCICHLA. a. Throat black, or streaked black and white; wings and tail black, the former with broad slate-gray edgings. b. Throat white, streaked with black: abdomen and hinder flanks white. (Mimo- cichla ardosiacea.) i c. White of abdomen more restricted; gray of under parts deeper; white at end of lateral rectrices more restricted (not exceeding 45 mm. from tip). d. Averaging smaller, with decidedly smaller bill (wing averaging less than 125; exposed culmen 22-23.5). (Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. ) Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea (p. 80) dd. Averaging larger, with decidedly larger bill (wing averaging more than 126; exposed culmen 22.5-29, averaging nearly 25). (Island of Porto Rico, GreatercAmtllless\s sss sree ae Mimocichla ardosiacea portoricensis (p. 81) ec. White of abdomen more extended; gray of under parts paler; white at end of lateral rectrices more extended (reaching more than 50 mm. from tip). (Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles.) Mimocichla ardosiacea albiventris (p. 82) bb. Throat black (the chin and anterior portion of malar region white); abdomen and flanks gray or ochraceous-buff. c. Under tail-coverts slate-gray. (Bahama Islands.)..-Mimocichla plumbea (p. 82) cc. Under tail-coverts white. (Mimocichla rubripes.) d. Abdomen and flanks ochraceous-buff. e. Bill blackish or dusky red; ochraceous of abdomen deeper or more extended. f. Smaller, with relatively smaller bill (wing averaging 124.9, tail 117.7, exposed culmen 23.5 in adult male). (Western Cuba.) Mimocichla rubripes rubripes (p. 84) Jf. Larger, with relatively larger bill (wing averaging 127.6, tail 119.6, exposed culmen 24.7, in adult male). (Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. ) Mimocichla rubripes eremita (p. 85) ee. Bill light reddish brown (red in life); ochraceous of abdomen more restricted, usually paler. (Island of Cayman Brac, near Cuba.) Mimocichla rubripes coryi (p. 86) dd. Abdomen and flanks slate-gray (sometimes with more or less of buff pos: teriorly, next to white of under tail-coverts). (Eastern Cuba.) Mimocichla rubripes schistacea (p. 86) aa. Throat plain slate-gray, like rest of under parts (only under tail-coverts white); wings and tail uniform slate-color. (Island of Grand Cayman, near Cuba.) Mimocichla ravida (p. 87) a Except the usual white tips to lateral rectrices, found in all the species of the genus. % 80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MIMOCICHLA ARDOSIACEA ARDOSIACEA (Vieillot). HAITIAN THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain slate color or deep slate-gray, the feathers of pileum with more or less distinct mesial streaks of blackish; wings and tail black, the former with broad _ slate-gray edgings, nearly concealing the black in closed wing, except on tertials, alulee, primary coverts, and terminal portion of primaries; outer webs of middle rectrices becoming dull slate color basally; rectrices (except middle pair”) tipped with white, this very extefisive (about 32-42 mm.) on inner web of exterior rectrix, decreasing rapidly toward middle pair; loral and suborbital and anterior portion of malar region black or slate-black, the rest of auricular region, together with sides of neck, uniform slate color, like upper parts; malar region, chin, and throat, white, broadly streaked with black; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks clear gray, deepest (about no. 6 gray) on chest, becoming slightly paler toward flanks, and fading into white on abdomen, the under tail-coverts entirely white; thighs gray, passing into whitish on tips of feathers; bill, bare orbital ring, legs, and feet yellowish in dried skins, bright yellow, orange, or orange-red in life; iris brown.” Young.—Above much duller or more brownish slate than adults; eray of under parts paler and duller, the chest and sides more or less distinctly barred or transversely spotted (sometimes very faintly) with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 228-257 (241); wing, 119-128.5 (124.7); tail, 97-115.5 (106.7); exposed culmen, 21.5-23.5 (22.5); tarsus, 37-39 (38.3); middle toe, 21.5—23 (22.2)¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 215-268 (239); wing, -114.5-136.5 (124.9); tail, 93.5-123 (106.7); exposed culmen, 22.5-23 (22.8); tarsus, 36.5—40 (38.3); middle toe, 21.5—23.5 (22.5). 4 Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. | Turdus| plumbeus (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 294, part (quotes Le Merle cendré d Amerique Brisson, Orn., ii, 288; Santo Domingo).—GmeEtin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 814, part (supposed female).— Laruam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 334, part (supposed female). Turdus plumbeus Vreitiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 2; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xx, 1818, 242. M[imus| plumbeus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 221. | Mimus] plumbeus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 276. |Galeoscoptes| plumbeus CaBANtIS, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 82, footnote. Galeoscoptes plumbeus Sane, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 337, part (monogr.; Santo Domingo). a H}yven these are sometimes narrowly tipped with white. b Iris ‘red-brown, eyelids, bill, feet, and legs light indian rea, tip of bill and claws dusky.’’ (Cherrie.) c Six specimens. d Five specimens. 2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81 Turdus ardosiaceus Vrertior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 648 (Santo Domingo).—BryYAanrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 92 (Santo Domingo). Mimocichla ardosiacea Batrp, Review Am. Birds, July, 1864, 39. [Turdus] ardosiacea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 263, no. 3844. [ Mimocichla] ardesiaca ScuareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 2 (Haiti).— Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 5, part (Haiti)—Suarpr, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 116, part. Mimocichla ardesiaca SrEBouM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 282, part (in synon- ymy).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Fort Jacques and Port au Prince, Haiti; habits; notes; crit.); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 18, pls. 2 2, 3; Auk, iii, 1886, 6, part (Haiti); Birds West Ind., 1889, 20, part (Haiti); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19, 122, 131, part (Haiti).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—CuErRIEg, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 9 (song, etc.).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 319 (La Vega and Sanchez, Santo Domingo). MIMOCICHLA ARDOSIACEA PORTORICENSIS (Bryant). PORTO RICAN THRUSH, Similar to MM. a. ardosiacea, but averaging larger, with decidedly larger bill; bill, eyelids, legs, and feet bright yellow in life. ° Adult male. enh (skins), 246-283 (261); wing, 122.5-138.5 (125.9): tail, -107.5-123-. (115.1); ae culmen, 23.5-29 (24.7); tarsus, 38—40.5 (89.5); middle toe, 21.5-24.5 (23.5).° Adult female—Length (skins), 250-272 (260); wing, 121.5-130 (126.3); tail, 102-120 (111.5);' exposed culmen, 22.5-25.5 (24.6); tarsus, 36-39 (37.4); middle toe, 21-24 (22.5) 4 Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Galeoscoptes plumbeus (not Turdus plumbeus Linnzeus) ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 337, part (Porto Rico; monogr.). Mimocichla plumbea Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166 (Porto Rico; fresh colors of unfeath- ered parts). * Turdus ardosiaceus (not of Vieillot) Bryanr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 250 (Porto Rico); Journ. fir Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico). Mimocichla ardosiacea GuNpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 310 (Porto Rico): 1878, 159 (Porto Rico), 165 (Porto Rico; descr. nest and eggs); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 171 (Porto Ricd).—Bowoptsu, Auk, xx, 1903, 20 (Porto Rico; song, food, etc.). Mimocichla ardesiaca SkEBOHM, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 151, part (descr.; Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 6, part (Porto Rico); Birds West Ind., 1889, 20, part (do.); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1893, 19, oe 131, part (do.). [ Mimocichla] ardesiaca iene List Birds West Ind., 1885, 5, part (Porto Rico.).— SHarpeg, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 116, part. Turdus ardosiaceus, var. portoricensis BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 93, in text (Porto Rico). @The color characters primed ibe Doctor Bryant ee not hold good in the series examined. There may be a difference in the color of the bill, legs, feet, and orbital ring in life or in freshly killed specimens, but in dried skins I can not detect any difference. 6 Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 166. ¢ Ten specimens d Seven specimens. 11422—von 4 -07——6 82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MIMOCICHLA ARDOSIACEA ALBIVENTRIS Sclater. VERRILL’S THRUSH. Similar to WM. a. ardosiacea and M. a. portoricensis, but with shorter and more rounded wing, longer and more slender tarsi, paler under parts, with abdomen more extensively white (the white more or less tinged with buff), and white of rectrices much more extended. @ Young in first plumage differing from that of MM. a. ardosiacea and M. a. portoricensis in having the under parts strongly tinged with buff, the thighs almost cinnamon-buff, and the under wing-coverts extensively cinnamon-colored terminally. Adult male.—Length (skin), 255; wing, 120; tail, 114; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 39; middle toe, 22.° Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Mimocichla ardesiaca albiventris ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1889, 326, in text (Dominica, Lesser Antilles)—Cory, Cat. Birds W. I., 1892, 122, 157 (Dominica). Mimocichla ardesiaca (not Turdus ardosiaceus Vieillot) ScLarER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica). Mimocichla albiventris ALLEN, Auk, viii, July, 1891, 317, in text (crit.)—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 19, 132 (Dominica). {[Mimocichla] albiventris SHarre, Hand-list, iv, 1903, 116. Mimocichla verrillorum ALLEN, Auk, viii, no. 2, Apr. 1891, 217 (Lasswa, Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. A. H. and G. E. Verrill), 317 (crit. nomencl.).—VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vili, 1892, 347, pl. 27, fig. 3 (Lasswa, Dominica; crit.). MIMOCICHLA PLUMBEA (Linnzus). BAHAMAN THRUSH, Similar to M. rubripes schistacea, but with under tail-coverts and anal region slate-gray, like rest of under parts, and white of chin and malar region more restricted. Adult male.—Above plain slate color; wings and tail black, the former with broad bluish slate-gray edgings, almost concealing the black in the closed wing, except on tertials, and terminal portion of primaries, primary coverts, and alule, where the bluish gray edgings are much narrower; outer webs of four middle rectrices with basal portion partly slate color; inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively white (this more restricted toward middle rectrices), the correspond- ing portion of outer web gray; lores, suborbital region, and whole a Having only one specimen for comparison, and that in very much abraded plum- age, Iam unable to give the characters of this form with precision. In the specimen examined the white on inner web of the lateral rectrix extends 52 mm. from the tip, the maximum in a large series of the other two forms being about 10 mm. less. A specimen in first plumage is very different from the corresponding stage of the two more northern forms, as pointed out above. b Measurements of an adult male as given by Dr. J. A. Allen (Auk, viii, 1891, 217), converted into millimeters, are as follows: Length (skin), 255.5; wing, 116.8; tail, 114.3; exposed culmen, 21.6; tarsus, 38.1. ‘ ; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83 throat black; chin and anterior portion of malar region white; sides of head and neck (except as described) uniform slate color or deep slate-gray, like upper parts, the under parts posterior to the black throat-patch similar but becoming very slightly paler (more slate- gray) posteriorly; bill varying from black to reddish, usually reddish dusky; iris brown; bare orbital ring, legs, and feet bright orange-red or vermilion in life, yellowish in dried skins; length (skins), 242-261 (254); wing, 116-128 (122); tail, 110-120.5 (114.7); exposed culmen, 23-25 (23.9); tarsus, 35-39 (36.8); middle toe, 20.5-23.5 (22).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the male and often not distinguishable, but usually very slightly duller slate color and with white tips to lateral rectrices more restricted; length (skins), 233-256 (246); wing, 113-123 (117.5); tail, 100-113 (107.7); exposed culmen, 22-26 (23.8); tarsus, 34.5-36.5 (35.6); middle toe, 20-22 (21.1).® Young.—Much paler and duller in color than adults, the black of throat replaced by dull sooty or sooty spotting, the chest, breast, etc., more or less distinctly barred or transversely spotted with sooty; middle and greater wing-coverts with indistinct terminal tri- angular spots of dull whitish, and scapulars and interscapulars with very narrow shaft-streaks of the same. Bahama Islands (Great Bahama,’ Abaco, Little Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros,’ and San Salvador, or Cat, islands. [ Turdus| plumbeus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 169 (based exclusively on Turdus viscivorus plumbeus Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 30, pl. 30); ed. 12 a76G, 294, part (includes M. ardosiacea).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 814, part (supposed male).—LaruHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 334, part (supposed male).—VIEILLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 2, pl. 58—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 68 (Bahamas). Mimokitta plumbea Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1865, 371 (Bahamas; description). a Kleven specimens. b Ten specimens. c No specimens seen by me from these islands. Specimens from different islands compare in average measurements as follows: | Ex- | . Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed /|Tarsus.| Middle | | culmen. | i === 7 oe ima MALES. HG isa lop ales OM -AWACOn es -ceen- sos aces aaa ee oss e= <- | 124 | 115.4 PEW Wail. 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