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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 86

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHORDEILES
SWAINSON, TYPE OF A NEW FAMILY
OF GOATSUCKERS

BY

HARRY C. OBERHOLSER

Of the Biological Survey, United States
Department of Agriculture

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914

: Tay aMIAY bat) ety es
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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES Ny MUSEUM.
m IssuED APRIL 6, 1914.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum
consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins.

The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are
intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and
usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum,
presenting newly-acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthro-
pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions
of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis-
tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number
of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists
and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed.
The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are
also recorded in the table of contents of the volumes.

The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a
series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of
large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa-
sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions,
and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The ma-
jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted
in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispen-
sable.

Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to
the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contribu-
tions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins.

The present work forms No. 86 of the Bulletin series.

RicHarp RATHBUN,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,
In charge of the United States National Museum.

Wasuineton, D. C., March 12, 1914.

iil

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Tast of allustrations:...2-------2---------- SPAM sey OorE SEE Pees PRM eras cretalerat el
Tee ITER Pen fe Se bee oe be ae tame sane ease wan een mies sie a
Srp GTrdcHes..2- Usa. 55% 22s eter nse ciate ete een er ere essen ao re

Renee eae AAO eriee SS cules aneeyie naar ae ae ea
Geographical distribution.....----.--------++-+----2e0retrcorrrre tr
Monialicdisteibution: ooo oesadeak acess sete eee me ec eee en te ee
Variance in generic characters.....-----------++-22+-eeectrre rrr
Mplntinnubipsense2s acon sete east mescaneincape ses crass concn e
Piylusenycseeae sees taseteoe sae eemsemaas scree ag meg
Memience(Ol TOtms. 9252-262 4-aca2sSeenmereer nae sce seria cr ans tsi
Species and subspecies....-----------+-----2--sccercrs ter
Recognition of subspecies... .----------2+++ 2422+ --neacecrcsseece tcc
Identification of specimens.......----------------erce tert rrrrr

AU TE ERVCUREO Oho edeagge Si sarap RC ee le ale relates cate ensim nein acini
Key to species and subspecies.....--------+--++--+20ssrrrccrcerrrerrrts
Chordeiles virginianus......-...-..---------++-2-rresecee errs
Saony My seee ts See eos se weeecen sere mere geri gee ne
Specific characters (adult male)......------------+++00rss rr rrrrees
cE ou alencete shoe cae ke ele ria a esis ioteetee sige esis aa Ai n/t
First autumn plumage.......-.---2+---=- 2-24-22 er eect cers corse
Juvenal plumage-s2. 02 92.182 2cce cece sore > ar Nee temo alas
Watulphamanas 5. sce aie becleka cess sn teres ane tees ae rae
Seancnal wariatonestoc Ss. leh ce ses dae ost cee pe aes woe eae

Geographical variation....-.-.--------+--+--+-scrrttrrsrostt
Geographical distribution........-.----------++++--+7ertrr rrr
Popul dinthibuuone 2) oo sco ene ee eens = ome aes a ee reers
Bhylowony etek sssesce seo Se ees ee ener serena ace gg
RU REIGN is Secession ace ean senna arama caf
eT ee ee eee i Wak aka ikea aiatona oiaiare rei ric Mea Tener aia has

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis..-------------------+trrrttrrrtrtt
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti......---------------+52rtrrrrcrr

arrPrwwwwwr

VI CONTENTS.
Genus Chordeiles—Continued.

Chordeiles virginianus—Continued. Page.
Chordeiles ‘virginianus howelli.. 2. <as:sds ccm nts anise s sues 57
Chordeiles virginianus: henryi-.. 06... 00-2 -.2.5-5-eoecu eee te ceca eee Ge ae
Chordeiles ‘virginianus asermensis... OS.) es eee phe ee 71
Chordeiles virginianus chapman. «<2. 05.0502. 5 05. Jae eee ee ates 75
Chordeiles virginianus victims. 2262 0-2- 2 ced seit sae a eee te 80
Chordeilés virginianus ammonia. fgy 50 ie 2d: fo. La 82
Table of comparative measurements... ...-. 222.222. 2 2s eee een ee ees 86

Chordeiles'aculipennis\ <0. Sone ee ee oe ee ee 87
SYMORYVMY S/o cw cs Seen eae aae meee etl eee eal ee 87
Specifie characters \(adult male)... 2.0250 Seo ee ak eee ae 87
AGult female. acl co aoeecnie elses aise eee Siac Set ae nS 87
Hirst autumn/plumage:.. 024 2/2. eos ae soe oe Se ee 87
Juyenalplumave: v.62. fs Se ee ee ee eee ae cee 88
Nest lini tplanmige soo 2s 2 ues ba eis es eee ee es eg a 88
Seasonal ‘variation. -.0. 000 2 So. cee ee ee ee ce 88
Mola. Se ceties so daae ts aka eccs ace nee SE Ree eA eee een er 88
Individual variation. 006.2. Jue oe U eee eee la eel eee 88
Geographical variation: 2020500020 i ae oe ei Bee 89
Geographical distribution: .. 25-102. ivgadseben = eae s eRe 90
Honal Gistrib we. Ase Se eS a i ae aes ee Rn a 91
Phylosemyinc cowie ve ee NG a ghee Ue en Nk ea 91
Miorations on Sok eee ee Navan Sa ge eee 92
Pipipitgse eo 0o sd aeons datas 2 icles 2. vie eae et ee 92
PRR SbOry eh sae a es LST ane 93
Chordeiles acutipeénmis acutipennis. 3.5.2 satu aye Se ee eee 94
Chordeiles acutipenniaexiliat 25-7 ccc aacise see a= ae ee eee 98
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris........-.-------------0te-eeseseee 100
Chordeiles acutipennis texensig- 20.2 ou cnc: + san% cbse oe fonel: 7 208
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior... 0.5 3.09. 005. cee very ac lela aeneetaie 109
Table: of comparative measurements: ..-.... 5... 25 s4--.- eee eee 112

Chordeiles tupestfis. :-- ios ae ao he ee ee 113
OVROM Ye a SS RC a a ae 113
specie characters (adultmiale)- 20.0005... 4c 45 es He eee 113
Adulbtfemale ccc cle a. Se mace ee i oa a eee 113
Remarks. S2cce pete One a koe Gi Tate Se he ee gee 113
Geographical distribution: .-..-3.220:2 3225s anch eee cee eee oe ee 113
BRITS SS he oe oe aatae ue ek el ene aN 114
Phiylopeniy: sce eear suas Cue soe CRN ihe yg cre NaN ee een eg Ne 114
BUGS GO ry hee ete eek Osis at re Ea a een a eae 114
Chordeiles rupestrisripesttia: sles 5 eo sc eee te ee ee ee 114
Chordeiles rupestris xyostictis 1.20200. - oes eee eee 116
Chordeiles rupestrin' zalemens. (225 60 8.5 cs hes arenes ee ee a 118

Iimdexe) 222 922 eo eee OMELET cE Rk Ae SIC REA oS tee SRR Sak SL ae a a 121

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

A:

ee Page
-Prate 1, fig. 1.—Palatal surface of Caprimulgus europaeus. ...--.------------- 120
z p es 2 —Palatal surface of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus......--- 120
ie 2, fig. 1.—Palatal surface of Antrostomus earolinensiges2 i: assent 120
2.—-Palatal surface of Setochalcis vocifera vocifera ....----------- 120

3.—Breeding ranges of the subspecies of Chordeiles virginianus. -.------ 120
4,—Breeding ranges of the Central American and North American sub- 120

species of Chordeiles acUtipennis. ...-------------~ Fens ra 120

5,—Breeding ranges of the South American subspecies of Chordeiles 120
Brea e DAMIR) a2 ay Ooi g eet ema eters some sa eee eg 120

6.—Breeding ranges of the subspecies of Chordeiles rupestris.......---- 120

Vil

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAIN-
SON, TYPE OF A NEW FAMILY OF GOATSUCKERS.

By Harry C. OperHotser,
Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

The present study of the Caprimulgine genus Chordeiles found
its origin in the attempt to identify the nighthawks of Texas. It
soon became evident that nothing short of a thorough revision of
the two North American species, Chordetles virginianus and Chor-
detles acutipennis, would produce anything like satisfactory results.
This was finally undertaken, partly at the instance of Mr. Robert
Ridgway; and the only other species of the genus, Chordeiles rupes-
tris, has been included for the sake of completeness. By reason
of the complicated and almost infinite variations due to sex, age,
individuals, and geographic areas, the present group is one of the
most difficult of all North American birds; and its elucidation has
involved the expenditure of an incredible amount of time and labor.

The material available consists altogether of 1,165 specimens,
including the types of most of the valid forms (excepting Chordeiles
virginianus virginianus, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, Chor-
deiles virginianus minor, Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, Chor-
deiles acutipennis evilis, and Chordeiles rupestris rupestris), and of
one synonym, Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence. These specimens are
distributed among the three species as follows: Chordeiles virgini-
anus, 780; Chordeiles acutipennis, 379; Chordeiles rupestris, 6.

This material has been derived from the following sources: The
United States National Museum, including the Biological Survey
collection; the American Museum of Natural History; the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy in Cambridge, Massachusetts, including the collection of
Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs; the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley, Cali-
fornia; the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois; the Victoria Memo-
rial Museum in Ottawa, Ontario; and the private collections of
Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Mr. F. Seymour Hersey, Dr. G. C. Rinker,

1

2 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dr. L. B. Bishop, Mr. J. H. Fleming, and Mr. A. C. Bent. To the
authorities of these institutions, to the curators of their bird collec-
tions, and also to the gentlemen above mentioned, the writer wishes
here to express his thanks for their courtesies. Moreover, to Dr.
Charles W. Richmond, of the United States National Museum, he is
as usual indebted for many kindnesses in connection with the present
investigation. The drawings of skulls on plates 1 and 2 were exe-
cuted by Miss R. G. Collette.

For the names of colors Mr. Robert Ridgway’s recently published
Color Standards and Nomenclature: has been adopted as the
standard.

The numbering of the primaries is from the outermost, since this
is so much more convenient in descriptive ornithology, although, of
course, indefensible from a morphological standpoint.

Detailed synonymy has been omitted under the forms of both
Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, because such
synonymy would be merely a duplication of that in Mr. Ridgway’s
Birds of North and Middle America, part 6,? which is soon to
appear.

All measurements are in millimeters. The specimens used in the
average measurements under each subspecies, and with which com-
parisons are made, are taken just as far as possible from typical
specimens—that is, from examples best exhibiting the differential
characters. In the tables of detailed measurements all the birds used
in the diagnostic averages, as well as all other than adult birds, are
indicated by reference marks. The various dimensions of which use
is made in the following pages have been taken as follows:

Length of wing—Measured in a straight line from the bend of
the closed wing to the end of the longest primary, with the primaries
in their natural position—that is, not straightened.

Length of tail—Taken with dividers from the point of insertion
of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest.

Exposed culmen.—Measured in a straight line from the beginning
of the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla—that is, the
chord of the exposed culmen.

Length of tarsus —A straight line from the center of the heel joint
on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the metatarsus
and the middle toe on the anterior side.

Middle toe.—Measured along the upper side from the middle of
the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the base of
the uncovered claw.

1Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 (—January 16, 1913), pp.
(1-4) ; i-iv; 1-44; frontispiece; pls. 1-53; Washington, D. C.

2 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 6, 1914, In this volume Mr. Ridgway has adopted

from my manuscript my conclusions regarding the subspecies of Chordeiles; but he has
not seen the introductory portion of the present bulletin, pages 1—23.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 3

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson.

Chordeiles Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496 (type,
by original designation and monotypy, “ Chordeiles virginianus [Ca-
primulgus americanus, Wils.]” qui Caprimulgus virginianus, Gmelin).

Chordeilus “ Swans.” Gray, List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 7 (type, by orig-
inal designation and monotypy, Caprimulgus virginianus, Gmelin).

Microrhynchus Lesson, L’Echo du monde Savant, July 16, 1843, col. 109
(type, by monotypy, Caprimulgus exilis Lesson) (nee Microrhynchus
Dejean [Megerle MS.], 1821, Coleoptera; Bell, 1835, Crustacea).

Chordiles “ Swans. 1831” TscHupi, Untersuch. Fauna Peruana, Ornith.,
1846, p. 21 (type, by monotypy, “Ch. semitorquatus Cab. MSS. [=]
Cap. pruinosus Licht. Mus. Berol, vid. Tsch. Consp. av. Nro. 37,” qui
Caprimulgus exilis Lesson).

Chordediles CaBaANnits [Wiegmann’s] Archy fiir Naturg., XIII, vol. 1, Novem-
ber, 1847, p. 346 (nom. emend. pro Chordeiles Swainson).

Ramphaoratus BoNaPartE, Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857,
p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint), (type, by virtual monotypy, Caprimulgus ezilis
Lesson).

“ Chordedilus 1861 Cas.” Gray, Hand-list Gen. Spee. Birds, vol. 1, 1869,
p. 61 (in synonymy).

Diagnosis.—Similar to NVyctiprogne Bonaparte, but bill stronger
and broader basally; nostrils more rounded, more exposed, more
tubular, and opening more obliquely, less laterally; tertials longer.
Similar to Nannochordeiles Hartert,t but wing more pointed (less
rounded), the third primary (counting from the outermost) much
shorter than the first and second, instead of about the same length;
tail more deeply emarginate.

Chars. gen.—Medium-sized, long-winged Chordeilidae; bill rather
small and weak, decidedly hooked; nostrils rather large, strongly
tubular, and opening obliquely; no long or conspicuous rictal bris-
tles; no occipital, frontal, or nuchal crest; tail rather long, more
than half (about 55-60 per cent) of wing, emarginate, the outer
rectrices longest, all of moderate width, rounded or squarish at tips;
wing long and pointed, the first or second primary (counting from
the outermost) longest, the third shorter than either; tertials reaching
nearly to the tip of sixth primary, or beyond; secondaries short, the
shortest one not reaching the tips of primary coverts or not extend-
ing far beyond; feet rather weak; tarsus feathered in front for about
the proximal third; tarsus usually shorter than middle toe without
claw; outer toe slightly shorter than inner toe; exposed culmen about
half the length of tarsus.?

Type.—Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin (by original designation
and monotypy).

1 Nannochordeiles Hartert, Ibis, July, 1896, p. 374 (type, Chordeiles pusillus Gould).

2 No osteological characters appear in this diagnosis, because proper comparative ma-
terial of the most closely related genera is not available. Consult, however, pp. 6—9 of
the present bulletin.

4 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Geographical distribution.—Nearly all of South America, the West
Indies, Central America, and North America excepting the far
northern part.

Faunal distribution—All or parts of the Patagonian, Brazilian,
Subandean, Amazonian, Antillean, and Central American subregions
of the Neotropical Region; the Sonoran and Boreal subregions of
the Nearctic Region; but avoiding the barren grounds and alpine
summits of the circumpolar Arctic Region.

Variance in generic characters.—No two of the three species at pres-
ent composing this genus, Chordeiles virginianus, Chordeiles acuti-
pennis, and Chordeiles rupestris, are exactly alike in structural char-
acters, although they all agree with the generic diagnosis above
given. In Chordeiles virginianus, type of the genus, the first (out-
ermost) primary is usually longer than the second, occasionally
about equal, but rarely shorter; the secondaries relatively short,
the shortest usually not reaching the tips of the primary coverts
by at least 5 millimeters, often much more; and the distance from
the bend of the folded wing to end of shortest secondary generally
less than from the latter point to the tip of fourth primary (count-
ing from the outermost) ; outer pair of rectrices relatively narrow
and their tips much rounded; maxillo-palatines relatively rather
broad and somewhat triangular; anterior processes of the palatines
relatively rather broad and strong; vomer very narrow; pterygoids
with an antero-exterior angle which approaches the palatine; inter-
orbital region very broad; and the ridges on median portion of
frontals not strongly developed.

In Chordeiles acutipennis, however, the outermost (first) primary
is usually shorter than the second, occasionally about equal or longer;
secondaries longer than in Chordeiles virginianus, the shortest usually
not falling short of the tips of the primary coverts by more than 3
millimeters, commonly longer or at least not shorter than the pri-
mary coverts; the distance from the bend of the folded wing to the
end of the shortest secondary greater, usually decidedly so, than the
distance from the latter point to the end of the fourth primary;
outer pair of rectrices relatively broader than in Chordeiles vir-
ginianus, and their tips more truncate; maxillo-palatines relatively
rather narrower and more elongated; anterior processes of the pala-
tines more slender; vomer rather broader; pterygoids without a dis-
tinct antero-exterior angle; interorbital region somewhat narrower;
and the ridges on median portion of frontal bones more conspicuous.

In Chordeiles rupestris the first (outermost) primary is longer than
the second; the tertials are relatively longer than in Chordeiles virgi-
nianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, usually reaching or overreaching

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 5

the tip of the sixth primary; the secondaries as in Chordeiles acuti-
pennis; the tail-feathers as in Chordeiles virginianus; skull not
examined.

It is thus apparent that Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles
acutipennis differ in structural characters, which, were they trenchant
and constant, instead of only average, would clearly warrant generic
separation. But Chordeiles rupestris appears to be practically inter-
mediate between these two species, or, to be more exact, partakes of
the structural characters of both, though in pattern of coloration it
is widely different from either. In the small series examined the
characters of Chordeiles rupestris, as above given, are pretty con-
stant, but in a larger series greater range of variation would doubt-
less be evident. The present case, therefore, might appear at first
sight to be an ideal one for the profitable employment of sub-
genera; since if anything more than personal caprice is to determine
what is to be considered a genus and what a subgenus, it is probably
to be found in the principle of intergradation, a principle of general
acceptance as applied to species and subspecies; by which a full
genus would be a group trenchantly defined by structural char-
acters, even though these differences be relatively slight; and a sub-
genus one the structural diagnostic characters of which intergrade
through intermediate species with some other group, even if the
extreme differences be relatively great. In the present case, however,
we have a rather peculiar and unusual condition, for while there is
more or less connection between the three species which would, by
the above criterion, possibly form three subgenera, the intergrada-
tion is complicated by the fact that all the structural characters
separating the species are, in Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles
acutipennis at least, decidedly inconstant. To consider instable struc-
tural characters of this sort as the basis for subgeneric separation
seems to the writer certainly undesirable.

These birds have, however, a decided interest for the student of
evolution, because it is very evident that we have in these three species
a case of genera in process of development. Unfortunately we have
not sufficient osteological material to determine the amount of varia-
tion in cranial characters; but to show, as far as possible by actual
figures, the constancy of the external structural characters separating
Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, and thus to indi-
cate the state of their relative evolutionary divergence, the writer ex-
amined a large number of specimens of each species and counted
the individuals showing the different variations of the two most
tangible characters, i. e., the comparative length of the outermost
primary, and the relative length of the shortest secondary as com-

6 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

pared with the primary coverts. A tabulation of these results is
given herewith:

Chordeiles vir- | Chordeiles acuti-

Characters. ginianus. pennis.
First primary: ,
Wonger than second) \520 22230 Mee Meee te een soe hones eee ae ae 90 (85.7%) 12 (11.5%)
qual tosecOnd ode ashe eccaps eee ma mee ee UE eee ee te ee 7 (6.6%) 11 (10.6%)
Shorter thamseconde ee. Toews home Ce URAC CeCe Ne TREN a wee ae 5 (4.9%) 78 (75.0%)
Longer than second on one side but shorter on the other.....-..-..-. 3 (2.8%) 3 (2.9%)
Totalnum berofbirdsiexamined ..-5~ ose. -- ges eaeo resp eoeace 105 104
Shortest secondary:
Longer than primary icoverts.o2 55. cc ceccte es osneeeccreue ee soeen aoe. 6 (5.3%) 92 (82.9%)
Hqualitoprimaryrcoverts. casket spose cri eee eet ene cont amen aig 3 (2.8%) 7.2%
Shorter'thanvprimvary/coverts ss sa. cee se ee eee ee ee eee eee 103 (91.9%) 9 (8.1%)
Longer than primary coverts on one side but shorter on the other- - . 0 (0.0%) 2 (1.8%)
Total numberofbirdsiexamined se: sek. 2 eae vee ae ee 112 111

The above figures are based on so large a number of specimens that
their percentage would probably not be materially changed by the
examination of a greater number. From these percentages it will
be seen that Chordeiles virginianus is more stable in its structural
characters, at least in the two here considered, than is Chordeiles
acutipennis,; or, in other words, is farther along in its differentiation.
Thus, in Chordeiles virginianus the first primary is longer than the
second in 85.7 per cent of the specimens, while in Chordeiles acuti-
pennis it is shorter than the second in only 75 per cent. Also in
Chordeiles virginianus the shortest secondary is shorter than the pri-
mary coverts in 91.9 per cent; in Chordeiles acutipennis it is longer
than the primary coverts in only 82.9 per cent. Further comparisons
can easily be made from the table. Of the two characters here ex-
ploited, the length of the secondaries thus seems to be the better.
There does not seem to be any difference in these structural characters
among the different subspecies of either Chordeiles virginianus or
Chordeiles acutipennis; and the above percentages of the two species
include representatives of various subspecies indiscriminately.

Relationships——The genus Chordeiles has always without ques-
tion been placed in the family Caprimulgidae. A careful examina-
tion and comparison, however, of a series of skulls of Chordeiles
virginianus and the skull of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, with
erania of Antrostomus carolinensis, Setochalcis + vocifera, Phalaenop-
tilus nuttallii, and Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli, and with Hux-
ley’s figure of the skull of Caprimulgus europaeus? (see pl. 1, fig. 1),
reveal differences that make advisable, indeed even necessary, the re-
moval of Chordeiles from the family Caprimulgidae. So far as
cranial characters are concerned, Chordeiles virginianus (see pl. 1,
fig. 2) and Chordeiles acutipennis are generically identical, since
aside from some unimportant details, which are surely not of more

1See p. 11.
2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 453.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 7

than specific value, the skulls of these two species are the same.
Both Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis are per-
fectly desmognathous,' as the figure of the former? and the pre-
viously published figure of the latter* clearly show, which charac-
ter alone in such a complete exemplification should be sufficient
as a basis for recognition of a distinct family. In both species the
maxillo-palatines meet on the median line and become ankylosed,
at least in old birds, with each other and with the vomer. There is
thus no doubt about their complete desmognathism. Besides this,
however, Chordeiles differs from all the above-mentioned genera of
Caprimulgidae in many other respects, as follows: Premaxillary (to
eranio-facial suture) relatively as well as actually much shorter, only
37 per cent of the total length of the skull, whereas in Setochalcis
vocifera it is 49 per cent; this, together with the actually as well as
relatively much higher braincase, giving to the skull in general a
curious humpbacked, pug-nosed appearance; interorbital portion of
frontal region very much broader, medially depressed and fur-
rowed, but laterally rising in a crest to the edge of the orbits, while
in the other genera examined just the reverse is the case, the frontal
region being rather inflated, with the orbital edges more or less
rounded; vomer relatively narrow and slender; maxillo-palatines
subtriangular instead of more or less strap-like or shoe-shaped; mid-
dle portion of palatines much broader, the lateral outline thus less
constricted medially, more nearly straight, giving to the posterior
portion a decidedly less flaring effect; antero-internal processes of
palatines reaching to the maxillo-palatines; palatal opening between
the halves of the premaxillary much smaller, narrower, and somewhat
narrowly triangular instead of oval in shape; gall bladder absent; +
rictal bristles wanting.

Unfortunately I have been unable to examine the skulls of the
South American genera commonly referred to the Caprimulgidae, so
that it is impossible to determine with exactness which of the above
characters are to be regarded as supergeneric. Doubtless some of
them will prove, upon examination of all the remaining groups, to
be merely generic. The same lack of material renders doubtful the
precise limits of the family group which includes Chordeiles. The
nearest ally of Chordeiles is without much doubt Nannochordeiles
Hartert, and this certainly belongs to the same family, while Vycti-
progne is probably also not distantly related. From external char-
acters it would perhaps be better to include both Zwrocalis and

1The statement of Beddard (Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, p. 239) that
in Chordeiles virginianus the maxillo-palatines do not meet across the vomer is doubtless
a slip or the result of examining an imperfect, abnormal, or immature skull, for in every
one of the half dozen skulls we have examined these bones meet just as in Chordeiles
acutipennis.

2See plate 1, fig. 2.

3 Shufeldt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, pl. 59, fig. 4.

* According to Beddard, Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, p. 242.

8

BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Podager, though the latter is aberrant. The salient reliable differ-
ential characters of the two families here most concerned are in part
well shown on plates 1 and 2, accompanying the present paper, and
are also all given in the tabular exposition below:

Characters.

Maxillo-palatines.....-..-
Palatines!..<ss-c0 ose

Antero-internal proces-
ses of palatines.

Caprimulgidae.

Strap-like, hook-like, or shoe-shaped . .

Medially narrow, with lateral outline
much constricted.

Widely separated from maxillo-pala-
tines.

Chordeilidae.

Desmognathous.

Narrow.

Subtriangular.

Medially broad, with lateral outline
little constricted.

Reaching to maxillo-palatines.

Premaxillary.....-...... Long; 49 per cent of total length of | Short; 37 per cent of total length of
skull. skull.
Braincase)/....2 23 52-02-2 OW ase beise essence § sama swore eet High.
Pronteisesseeccsn sec csee Medially convex. 52 -sse-- ce ec se eee Medially concave.
Gall bladder............ IPTESOM ba ciecne taser one sane een oe eee Wanting.
Rictalbristles/-2: 5.2. ;|, Present 49552. 522535 29s se eoee see Wanting.
Included genera......... Systellura Ridgway ---.-..------------- Chordeiles Swainson.
Stenopsis Cassin... - =... eo ae Nannochordeiles Hartert.
Antiurus Ridgway 22. -)5-00s22-e2 ee: Nyctiprogne Bonaparte.
Nyctipolus Ridgway....---.----------- Lurocalis Cassin.®
Setochalcis Oberholser 4........-..-.--. Podager Wagler.®
Oetopagis Ridgeway soot ee sss eenees
Phalaenoptilus Ridgway.......--.-..--
Nyctagreus Nelson.:....22.2-42.252-.--
Otophanes Brewster....-----.+-----+--

Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte 5.............
Antrostomus Bonaparte............-.-
Nyctidromus Gouldes.---) aoe seen
Siphonorhis Sclater..........-...----.-
Caprimulgus Linnzeus
Hleothrepius'Graye sso eae aee ee eeee
Gosmetornis Gray. Sse - oes base eee
Macrodipteryr Swainson...-..-.. -..--
Scotornis Swainson ....-....--.-....--.
Hydropsalis Wagler......-.-..--------
Macropsalis Sclater:...---2--5..05..-.-
Dyncornis Gould's soyi ee. seas ceaeeee
Eurostopodus Gould?..................-

1By some authors, as, for instance, Beddard and Parker, the Caprimulgidae are considered schizognathous,
although by Huxley originally placed in the aegithognathous series. It is, of course, true that they are not
typically schizognathous, having some aegithognathous characters; but it is also evident that, all things
considered, they are much nearer the schizognathous than to the aegithognathous type.

2 Except in the genera Lyncornis and Eurostopodus.

8 Provisionally included.

4See p. 11.

5 Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte (Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857, p. 215 [p. 9 of reprint]) con-
tained originally three species: Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi (type of Ptilonycterus Ridgway, 1912);
Caprimulgus nuttallii Audubon (type of Phalaenoptilus Ridgway, 1880); and Caprimulgus guianensis
Gmelin (= Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin) (type of Nyctidromus Gould, 1838). The first species was thus
last made type of a new genus; and this genus Nyctiphrynus was restricted by Gray (Hand-List Gen. and
Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 59) to the same bird, Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi. I, therefore, now desig-
nate Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi as the type of Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, and Ptilonycterus Ridgway
consequently becomes its synonym.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 9

The genera in the above lists are arranged in what seems to be
their natural order, but manifestly the osteology of all must be
studied before a finally satisfactory sequence can be devised. The
Chordeilidae, by reason of their desmognathism and the loss of the
gall bladder, seem to be a less ancient and less primitive group
than the Caprimulgidae. The full and formal diagnosis! of the
Chordeilidae, based, of course, almost entirely on Chordeiles, is as
follows:

CHORDEILIDAE, new family.

Caprimulgi with sternum one-notched on each side; carotids two;
syrinx tracheo-bronchial; oil gland present; ceca present; cervical
vertebre 13; fourth (outer) toe with but four phalanges; claw of
middle toe pectinated; muscular formula AXY; biceps slip present;
expansor secondariorum absent; glutaeus primus extending over bi-
ceps; gall bladder lacking; powder downs absent; skull broad, the
zygoma spreading and distinctly angular, the interorbital breadth
great; braincase high; frontals medially concave; premaxillary
short, only 37 per cent of total length of skull; palate perfectly des-
mognathous; maxillo-palatines relatively broad and subtriangular,
ankylosed with each other and with the vomer; palatines much in-
flated posteriorly and across their middle portion, not meeting except
at their hind ends, the foramina in their middle portion small, their
lateral outines little constricted medially, their antero-external proc-
esses long and slender, their antero-internal processes reaching to the
maxillo-palatines; vomer long, slender, and pointed at its anterior
end; basipterygoid processes well developed; rictal bristles wanting.

The type genus of this family is Chordeiles Swainson.

The geographical range of the family is as follows: South Amer-
ica, Central America, North America, and the West Indies; thus
practically all of the Neotropical and Nearctic zoogeographical
regions.

The genera to be included in the family Chordeilidae have already
been discussed.?

In making comparisons of the skulls of Chordeiles with those of
several genera of true Caprimulgidae some interesting facts concern-
ing the latter family were discovered. The current genus Anfro-
stomus Bonaparte, by many authors considered to include a well-
known group of American species, by others united with Caprimul-
gus, is not only perfectly distinct from the latter, but is itself divisible
into two very divergent groups. In the following comparisons the
skulls of only three species, Caprimulgus europaeus, Antrostomus

1 Characters common to all Caprimulgi are omitted.
2See p. 8.
13732°—Bull. 86—14——

10 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

carolinensis, and “Antrostomus ” vociferus, have been used, but skins
of a considerable number of other American and Old World species
have been examined. All comparisons with Caprimulgus, however,
are entirely with Caprimulgus ewropaeus (see pl. 1, fig. 1), the type of
Caprimulgus Linneus,' for it is plain that the genus Caprimulgus,
even restricted to Old World species, is a very heterogeneous group,
and much in need of careful revision, for which the writer has at
present neither time nor adequate available material.

In the first place, Antrostomus carolinensis (see pl. 2, fig. 1), the
type by subsequent designation? of the genus Antrostomus Bona-
parte,? and apparently the only member of this group as I now re-
strict it, differs greatly from Caprimulgus in both cranial and
external characters, and is really more closely related to V yctidromus
than to either Caprimulgus or Setochalcis Its diagnosis is as
follows:

Genus ANTROSTOMUS Bonaparte.

Similar to Caprimulgus Linneus, but interorbital region of
frontals narrower; palatines of very different shape, the distance
from their posterior border to the posterior ends of the foramina in
their middle portion much greater, nearly double, and these openings
much smaller; the inflated posterior parts of the palatines them-
selves produced on each side considerably farther back than at the
median line, thus more drawn to a point, and the postero-external
outline of palatines laterally much less convex, in fact almost straight;
vomer broader, and pointed, instead of bluntly rounded, at its anterior
end; maxillo-palatines longer and relatively narrower, more strap-
shaped, less shoe-shaped or hook-like; the palatal opening between
the halves of the premaxillary smaller and more regularly oval;
rictal bristles with long and conspicuous lateral filaments; tail more
rounded; and pterylosis different.®

All the other American goatsuckers commonly referred to the
genus Antrostomus, excluding those recently removed to other genera
by Mr. Robert Ridgway,° agree, so far as I have been able to exam-
ine them, very closely in external generic characters, but I have seen
the skull of only “ Antrostomus ” vociferus, from which I have drawn
the cranial characters for this group. Since there are external
generic differences distinguishing all these species from both Cap-
rimulgus and Antrostomus ( carolinensis), and likewise so many and
such excellent cranial characters in “Antrostomus ” vociferus (see

1 Caprimulgus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 193 (type, by tautonymy,
Caprimulgus europaeus Linneus).

* Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 7.

ee us Geog. and Comp. List Birds Hurope and North Amer., 1838, p. 8.

® See Clark, Auk, vol. 18, 1901, pp. 168-169.
® Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, May 4, 1912, pp. 98-99,

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. re

pl. 2, fig. 2), it seems necessary to separate all these American
species under the name—

SETOCHALCIS,! new genus.

Somewhat resembling Antrostomus Bonaparte (as_ restricted
above), but interorbital region of frontals much wider; palatines with
inflated posterior portion smaller, the postero-external angles more
sharply pointed and little if any extended backward beyond the
median part of the palatines; vomer somewhat more sharply pointed;
maxillo-palatines smaller, shorter, less sharply pointed and much
more widely separated; the oval palatal opening between the halves
of the premaxillary more elongate; pterygoids not so far separated
from the basisphenoid, resting almost against it for the anterior half
of their length; rictal bristles without lateral filaments; second
primary (counting from the outermost) longest, the third but little
shorter, the first considerably shorter than the third and about equal
to the fourth (in Anfrostomus the second primary is the longest,
but the third is decidedly shorter, the first still a little shorter, but
very much longer than the fourth) ; three primaries sinuate on their
outer webs, instead of two as in Antrostomus,; wing relatively shorter ;
and pterylosis different.?

Superficially similar to Caprimulgus Linneus, but palatines very
differently shaped, the distance from their posterior border to the pos-
terior ends of the foramina in their middle portion much greater, and
these openings much smaller; the postero-external angles of palatines
much more sharply pointed, and the postero-external outline laterally
much less convex, indeed nearly straight ; vomer broader, and pointed,
instead of bluntly rounded, at its anterior end; maxillo-palatines more
oval or strap-like, not so shoe-shaped or hook-like, and much more
widely separated; the palatal opening between the halves of the
premaxillary smaller, narrower, more oval (less ovate) ; pterygoids
not so far separated from the basisphenoid, but resting almost against
it for the anterior half of their length; second primary (counting from
the outermost) longest, the third only a little less, the first consider-
ably shorter than the third and about equal to the fourth (in
Caprimulqus * the second primary is also the longest, but the third is
decidedly shorter, the first still a little shorter or equal, but very
much longer than the fourth); three primaries sinuate on their
outer webs, instead of two as in Caprimulgus,; tail more rounded;
wing relatively shorter.

The type of this genus is Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson.

1 Ste, ontéc, tinea; yadkéc, aVis Nocturna. }
2See Clark, Auk, vol. 18, 1901, pp. 168-169.

3 Tt should be remembered that all these comparisons with Caprimulgus refer to Capri-
mulgus europaeus only. See p. 10.

12 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Its geographical range is as follows: South America, Central
America, the West Indies, and North America excepting the northern
and central western portions.

The species and subspecies at present referred to this genus, of
most of which the writer has examined skins, are as follows:

Setochalcis sericocaudata (Cassin.)*
Setochalcis rufa rufa (Boddaert).
Setochalcis rufa otiosa (Bangs).
Setochalcis saturata (Salvin).

Setochalcis badia (Bangs and Peck).?
Setochalcis salvini (Hartert).°
Setochalcis cubanensis (Lawrence).
Setochalcis vocifera vocifera (Wilson).
Setochalcis vocifera arizonae (Brewster) .*
Setochalcis vocifera macromystax (Wagler) .®
Setochalcis vocifera oaxacae (Nelson) .®
Setochalcis vocifera chiapensis (Nelson).
Setochalcis ridgwayi ridgwayi (Nelson).
Setochalcis ridgwayi goldmani (Nelson)."

Phylogeny.—The genus Chordeiles, like the American branch of
the family Caprimulgidae, is of South American origin. This is evi-
dent from the facts that two of its three species, Chordeiles acutipennis
and Chordeiles rupestris, are still permanently resident there; that
the forms of Chordeiles acutipennis which live in Central America
and Mexico are more or less migratory; and, futhermore, that Chor-
deiles virginianus, the remaining species, though at present entirely
West Indian and North American in its distribution during the
breeding season, returns entirely to South America to pass the winter.

It seems probable that the present genus with its two nearest ge-
neric allies, Vannochordeiles and Nyctiprogne, had a common im-
mediate ancestor; though, perhaps, Vannochordeiles, which is really

1 This is the original spelling of the specific name.

2 This is apparently the same as the subsequent Antrostomus nelsoni Ridgway (Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 90).

3 This is the same as Antrostomus notabilis Nelson, of later date.

4This is a perfectly good race, differing from Setochalcis vocifera macromystaxv of the
eastern, central, and south central parts of Mexico, from southern Coahuila to Guerrero,
in lighter and more brownish coloration both above and below. It was originally de-
scribed by Mr. William Brewster as Antrostomus vociferus arizonae (Bull. Nuttall Orn.
Club, vol. 6, 1881, p. 69) from the Chiricahua Mountains in southern Arizona, It ranges
north to southern Arizona and central western Texas; west to Arizona; south to Jalisco,
Mexico; east to Durango, Mexico, and central western Texas.

5 This is Caprimulgus macromystaw Wagler (Isis, 1831, col. 533), which has no more
specific locality than ‘ Mexico.” Since, in view of the several subspecific forms since
described, it is desirable to have a more definite type-locality, we designate as such
Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico.

® Still known from only the type specimen, a female, and if distinct from Setochalcis
vocifera macromystax Wagler, is certainly but a subspecies of Setochalcis vocifera.

7 Clearly not more than subspecifically different from Setochalcis ridgwayi.

2 SSS St pS eS

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 13

a small, somewhat modified Chordeiles, is a more direct offspring of
the latter group.

The real relationship and therefore the origin of the three species
of Chordeiles is a problem of some difficulty. It seems probable,
however, that Chordeiles virginianus, to have become, in structure,
pattern of coloration, and color so well differentiated specifically from
both Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris; to have estab-
lished itself entirely outside of South America; to have spread over
and permanently occupied as a summer home so large an area; and to
have become modified into so many geographic races, notwithstand-~
ing the very brief period in each year during which the modifying in-
fluences could be operative, must be a relatively ancient species. On
the other hand, Chordeiles acutipennis, less stable than Chordeiles
virginianus in structural characters, less dispersed into territory
where it is migratory, modified into fewer subspecific forms, and
these less strongly differentiated from the parent stock, and still
largely resident in South America, seems to be of more recent origin.
But Chordeiles rupestris, which is very different from Chordeiles
acutipennis in pattern of coloration and in structure, and which
occupies approximately the same area in South America, probably,
therefore, developed simultaneously from the same ancestor. Fur-
thermore, the close superficial resemblance in color and markings
which Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis from northern South
America bears to Chordeiles virginianus minor from Jamaica and
Cuba is at least suggestive, if not significant. Thus we naturally
arrive at the hypothesis that all three species of Chordeiles were de-
rived from a common ancestor, probably resembling Chordeiles vir-
ginianus in structure and Chordeiles acutipennis in coloration, but
now extinct, from which Chordeiles virginianus first became differ-
entiated, and afterwards both Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles
rupestris, the latter so greatly specialized, as it is now seen to be in color
pattern, by some unknown agency, possibly individual variation and
subsequent fortuitous, temporary segregation. The only region where
the two species, Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis,
occupy a common breeding area is in the southwestern United
States and extreme northern Mexico. Here the former seems to have
immigrated first, and from the north and east; while afterwards
Chordeiles acutipennis, then a perfectly distinct species, extended its
range northward from southern Mexico until it overlapped that of
Chordeiles virginianus, and it seems to be still pushing northward.

Sequence of forms.—An ideal linear sequence of species and sub-
species, which shall show their proper phylogenetic relationship, is,
however, desirable, probably out of the question in a complicated
group like the genus Chordeiles. As some such arrangement is, of

14 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

course, necessary for the sake of convenience, and as it is more satis-
factory for a list or technical treatise to begin the catalogue of sub-
species under each species with the “ typical,” or rather the first-de-
scribed race, the name of which the species as a whole bears, the
writer has tried to arrange the subspecific forms in as natural an order
as is possible under these circumstances, and this sequence he has fol-
lowed in the detailed treatment of the forms of the genus.

A linear arrangement more satisfactory from the standpoint of re-
lationship may, of course, be obtained by disregarding the purely
arbitrary placing of the first-described form of a species at the head
of the list of subspecies. Such a list, with due regard for the phy-
logeny and present-day affinities of both species and subspecies, and
one which seems to the writer to express, as eloquently as a mere list
can, their known or assumed relationships, is as follows:

Chordeiles virginianus minor.
Chordetles virginianus vicinus.
Chordeiles virginianus chapmani.
Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.
Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis.
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.
Chordeiles virginianus howell.
Chordeiles virginianus henryi.
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.
Chordeiles acutipennis exilis.
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior.
Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.
Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus.
Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus.

The necessity of beginning in each species with the oldest or lowest
form brings into juxtaposition, in a linear arrangement, the lowest
or oldest form of any one species with the highest or most recent
form of the preceding species, but there seems to be no better way.
In the above list this is most noticeable with regard to Chordeiles
wirgintanus and Chordeiles acutipennis, for, of the races of the
former, Chordeiles virginianus minor is undoubtedly the one most
closely allied to Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, though of neces-
sity placed farthest from it serially.

The sequence of subspecies under each species is also difficult to ex-
press in a single linear list, owing to the fact that some races are
about equally related to two or three others. Thus in the case of

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 15

Chordeiles virginianus the subspecies are properly placed in their
phylogenetic order as far as the fourth, for Chordeiles virginianus
aserriensis is surely a pale form derived from Chordeiles virginianus
chapmani. But Chordeiles virginianus virginianus is without doubt
also an offshoot from Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, and subspecifi-
cally not very closely allied to Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. The
rest follow in their presumed natural order.

In Chordeiles acutipennis a practically natural order is possible,
the only races which require comment in this connection being
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acutipennis ewilis.
Were the linear sequence to be strictly geographical, that of the first
three races of Chordeiles acutipennis would be Chordeiles a. exilis,:
Chordeiles a. acutipennis, Chordeiles a. micromeris; for the first is
geographically isolated from the Central American form not only by
a hiatus in the breeding range but by the interpolation of Chordeiles
acutipennis acutipennis. This race, Chordeiles acutipennis ewilis, is,
however, in some characters a departure from Chordeiles acutipennis
acutipennis in the direction of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris,
though not exactly intermediate, and is probably the result of envi-
ronmental conditions somewhat similar to those of the last-mentioned
form.

In the case of Chordeiles rupestris, the material is so limited that
only a suggestive opinion is possible. If all the characters of (hor-
deiles rupestris xyostictus? and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus,? par-
ticularly of the latter, prove constant in a larger series, the former is
probably the one most closely allied to Chordeiles rupestris rupestris,
since it differs only in colors, whereas Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus
differs also in pattern of coloration.

Species and subspecies.—There seem to be only three specific types
referable to the genus Chordeiles, namely, virginianus, acutipennis,
and rupestris; but these are so trenchantly different from each other
both structurally and in pattern of coloration that there can be no
question of their entire distinctness. All the other forms are clearly
subspecies. The 17 forms here recognized are distributed as follows:
Chordeiles virginianus, with 9 races; Chordeiles acutipennis, with 5;
and Chordeiles rupestris, with 8. For convenience of reference a list
of all these, with their type localities, is added here:

1 See p. 98.
2 See p. 116.
3 See p. 118,

16 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Name. Type-locality.
Chordeiles virginianus virginianus......-....---.--- Eastern Virginia.
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis...........-...------- Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, southern
California.
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.........-.....---.--- 50 miles west of the Pembina Mountains, central
northern North Dakota.
Chordeiles virginianus howelli}............-.------- Lipscomb, northwestern Texas.
Chordeiles virginianus henryi.......-.-.--+--------- Fort Webster, southern New Mexico.
Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis 2...........------- Valley of Aserri River, near San José, Costa Rica.
Chordeiles virginianus chapmani........--.---.-++-- Gainesville, northern Florida.
Chordeiles virginianus vicinus.............--------- Long Island, Bahama Islands.
Chordeiles virginianus minor........-..-.---------- Northern coast of Cuba.
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis...........------ Cayenne, French Guiana.
Chordeiles acutipennis exilis 8........-..------.----- Northern Chile.
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris 4.........--.----- Xbac, northern Yucatan, Mexico.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis......--.------------- Ringgold Barracks, near Rio Grande City, southern
Texas.
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior 5..........-.-.-----+- Triunfo, southern Lower California, Mexico.
Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.....-.-.-.-----+--+--- Rocky islands of the Rio Negro, northern Brazil.
Chordeiles rupestris ryostictus 6........--.---------- Bogota, Colombia.
Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus 7.........--.------e00 Pebas, northern Peru.
1 New subspecies; see p. 57. 5 New subspecies; see p. 109.
2 See p. 71. 6 New subspecies; see p. 116.
3 See p. 98, 7 New subspecies; see p. 118.

4 New subspecies; see p. 100.

Recognition of subspecies.—All but two of the forms here treated
as subspecies are found to intergrade with some one or even several
other forms, either by gradual mergence across an intermediate geo-
graphic area, or if isolated on islands or elsewhere, then by individual
variation, and in the first case not infrequently both geographically
and individually, so that each species is made up of a complete chain
of connected races. The two exceptions mentioned are Chordeiles
rupestris xyostictus* and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus,? both being
little-known birds of probably limited distribution, the characters
of which are such as reasonably presuppose their subspecific, rather
than specific, relationship, for which reason we have here assigned
them such a rank.

The problem of the number of subspecies to be recognized is, as
in the case of similar wide ranging and plastic animals, a somewhat
difficult one, particularly in Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles
acutipennis. The great individual variation seriously complicates
the situation, for however few may be the subspecific divisions of
particularly these two species, such subspecies will more or less
overlap those of one or more others, hence the characters can in no
case be more than average. There are, notwithstanding this exces-
sive and troublesome individual variation, well-marked geographic

8 See p. 116.
®See p. 118.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER, 17

differences which, upon examination of proper series, are apparent
at a glance; and there are also other geographic variations, not very
evident, except by careful study, and which may or may not have
special significance according to the attitude of the investigator.
The nominal designation of these small and apparently more or less
ephemeral differences may, it seems to me, properly be left until future
time and study shall make sucha course advantageous. For the pres-
ent purpose, therefore, the writer has contented himself with recog-
nizing in nomenclature such differences of size, pattern, and color as
appear to maintain during the breeding season a fair average differ-
entiation and uniformity over an isolated or reasonably different or
extensive geographic area. The results, while they thus bring into
evidence probably all the significant geographic variations of the
several species, at least in so far as the available material warrants,
are at the same time not excessive subdivision. Fewer subspecies
would obscure interesting geographic variations, with little or no
gain in the ease of identification of given specimens; more would
seem, from the outlook of our present material, superfluous and
inadvisable.

Identification of specimens—The naming of subspecies is most
important in that it brings into prominence the facts of geographic
distribution and evolution and provides convenient handles for their
use. In the case of migratory birds it furnishes a means, often of
great value, sometimes indispensable, of tracing their wanderings.

Giyen any certain number of races, therefore, of a Chordeiles or
species of any other genus, with a mass of undetermined material,
it naturally follows that proper identification must precede any use
of the facts which such material exhibits. This, however, in difficult
groups, like Chordeiles, is often a matter of considerable difficulty,
and for satisfactory results requires a good series of authentic speci-
mens for comparison, coupled with a thorough knowledge of differ-
ential characters and variations. In the present genus, so great and
so complicated is the variation of individuals, sex, and age, that it
is absolutely necessary to make comparisons with specimens of the
same sex and age and with typical series. On this account very full
comparisons are, in the following pages, made under the head of each
subspecies. As is always the case with subspecies, the differences
separating which are only average, there are specimens in nearly all
the races of Chordeiles, which individually are not separable from
certain individuals of some other race. With breeding birds of
this kind identification is in most cases comparatively easy, for
if their respective localities are within the known range of any sub-
species they are, of course, identifiable as individual variants of such

18 ‘BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

subspecies. But birds from intermediate areas require more careful
examination, and often a series from a locality is necessary for
their proper allocation. Since, however, the certain breeding period
of Chordeiles is comparatively so short, most of the specimens col-
lected are either migrants or not surely breeding birds, and their
subspecific determination becomes often a matter of great difficulty,
and sometimes of more or less uncertainty as well.

For obvious reasons an attempt has been made to name every
specimen handled in the present investigation, and the results are
contained in the lists of specimens under each subspecies. With
such a large proportion of specimens of unknown breeding origin,
in a group which presents so many puzzling and overlapping vari-
ations as do the subspecies of Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles
acutipennis, it is too much to hope that I have correctly placed
every single individual of the large number that I have examined;
but I have carefully scrutinized and compared every one, so that the
final determination as printed represents, in each individual case,
the best opinion I can offer with the means at my present disposal.
Some doubtful specimens have been identified and reidentified dur-
ing the progress of the work as many as six or eight times, not
always, it must be admitted, with the same result! In instances such
as those mentioned above, where a given variant specimen can be
matched by individuals belonging to two or even more races, the
specimen has been assigned to that form by the average subspecific
characters of which it is most closely approached; and, in deter-
mining this, both the average of single characters among individuals
of the same form, and an average of all the differential characters
of the given subspecies are taken into consideration. This seems to
be the only logical way to treat such cases, and by it we probably
much more closely approximate the truth than by any other method.

Variation—tThe species of this genus have a wide range of all
kinds of variation excepting seasonal, which is at a minimum, due
partly to the comparatively little abrasion to which the plumage
is subject; partly to the great similarity of freshly molted birds
to those in worn plumage, for there are, on the fresh feathers,
no differently colored tips or edges to wear off; and partly, in the
case of a semiannual molt, to the sameness of successive adult
plumages.

Individual variation is often so great as seriously to complicate the
problem of geographic forms, as well as to render difficult the
identification of specimens. Furthermore it is just as great in the
sedentary as in the migrant forms. This is, however, fully treated
under the various species and subspecies.

Sexual differences are about equally great in all the species. In
Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles virginianus they are of very

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 19

similar kind, and are mostly differences of color; while in Chordeiles
rupestris they consist more in the pattern of coloration.

The variation due to age is likewise about the same in Chordeiles
virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, and is so great that there is
no difficulty at all in distinguishing immature from adult birds. The
immature plumages of Chordeiles rupestris appear to be unknown,
but their relative differences are probably much the same as those of
the other species of the genus.

Geographic variation is not so great as in many other birds of even
less but otherwise similar geographic range but of greater plasticity.
This variation has been kept down in part, doubtless, by the extensive
migration of the northern forms; but it probably can not be fully ac-
counted for in such a way, since the species least or not at all migra-
tory, Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris, are seen to
be, if anything, less variable than the highly migratory Chordeiles
virginianus. Apparently such a condition of limited geographic vari-
ation is induced also by the excessive individual variation in species
of this genus; by their inherent smaller degree of plasticity; as well
as by the phylogenetic age of the species, as compared with those of
other genera. The last may also be a determining factor in the species
of Chordeiles, as compared with each other; and if Chordeiles acuti-
pennis and Chordeiles rupestris are of more recent evolution than
Chordeiles virginianus, as seems probable, this may be, in geographic
variation, an offset to their more sedentary habits.

General habits——The nighthawks of this genus are birds of the
open country. Being strong of wing, they are of easy though power-
ful flight, and spend much time in the air, where they obtain most of
their insect food, which their great mouths admirably fit them to
scoop in while on the wing. Their feet are weak, and not well
adapted to perching in the ordinary way; so the birds rarely alight
high up in trees, but crouch on the ground or other flat surface, on
posts, fence-rails, rocks, prostrate trees, or low branches; and, when
on a branch, log or fence-rail, sit almost invariably lengthwise of the
perch.

These nighthawks build no nest, but deposit their two well-mottled
eggs on the ground or similar places. The young are practically
helpless for some time after birth.

Unfortunately these birds furnish a good mark for the hunter, and
often on this account fall to the gun of the sportsman or pot-hunter.
They deserve a much better fate, for they are beneficial birds, living
almost entirely, if not exclusively, on insects.

History—tThe earliest account of any species of this genus is by
Catesby,t who in 1748 described Chordeiles virginianus as the

1 Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahama Islands, vol. 2, Appendix, 1743, p. 16, pl. 16.

20 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

“ Whippoorwill, Caprimulgus minor Americanus.” 'The South Amer-
ican Chordeiles acutipennis was first brought to notice by Buffon,
who gave, under the name “ L’Engoulevent acutipenne de la Guyane,”
a description and a brief note on its habits. Both these species, when
subsequently given a binomal name, were referred to the genus
Caprimulgus Linneeus, as was also a third species described later by
Spix? as Caprimulgus rupestris. Swainson was the first author to
recognize their structural differences from Caprimulgus, and first
separated the nighthawks generically as Chordeiles.* Another spe-
cies, described as Chordeiles pusillus,* has since been made the type of
a new genus Vannochordeiles by Dr. E. Hartert.’ Further species
which have been at one time or another by some authors referred to
Chordeiles, but which all belong in other genera, are Siphonorhis
americanus, Nyctiprogne leucopyga, Nytipolus hirundinaceus, Luro-
calis semitorquatus, Lurocalis natterert, and Nyctibius leucopterus.

Nomenclature-—Swainson’s name for this generic group, Chor-
deiles, first proposed by him in 1882," is by several years the earliest
appellation, and is of undoubted application, since it is monotypic,
and has for its type by original designation “ Chordeiles virginianus
(Caprimulgus americanus Wils.),” which is, of course, none other
than Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin. A subsequent generic name
is Microrhynchus Lesson,’ type by monotypy, Caprimulgus ewilis
Lesson; but besides being 11 years antedated by Chordetles Swainson
is, furthermore, untenable under any circumstances by reason of
Microrhynchus Dejean,’ a genus of Coleoptera, and Microrhynchus
Bell,?° a genus of Crustacea. In 1857 Bonaparte, either unaware of
Microrhynchus Lesson, or considering it unusable, proposed Ram-
phaoratus * in the following fashion:

9. Ramphaoratus, Bp.
35. truncatus, Bp. Mus. Br.

(caberculatus? Jardin.
36. exilis, Less.

pruinosus, Tschudi).

From this it is evident that he intended to include two species:
the first an undescribed form to be based on specimens in the British
Museum, and which he regards as probably or possibly identical with

1 Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux, orig. ed., vol. 1779, pp. 547-548.
2 Avium Spec. Noy. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2.

3 Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496.

Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 182.

5 Ibis, July, 1896, p. 374.

6 See p. 97.

7 Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496.

8 L’Hcho du Monde Savant, July 16, 1843, col. 109.

® Catalogue des Coleoptéres, 1821, p. 98 (Megerle MS.).

” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 88.
1 Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint).

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 21

“ eaberculatus” Jardine, this undoubtedly a misprint for [ Capri-
mulgus| labeculatus Jardine, a synonym of Chordeiles acutipennis;
and the second species, Caprimulgus exilis Lesson, with which he
synonymizes Caprimulgus pruinosus Tschudi. Since the Ramphaora-
tus truncatus of Bonaparte is a nomen nudum, it leaves Caprimulgus
exilis Lesson as the virtually monotypic type of Ramphaoratus.

The generic term Chordeiles has, like so many others, suffered at

the hands of emenders, who, in seeking to “ improve ” the name, have
in some cases made it worse. This is an excellent example of the
impossibility of formulating any satisfactory rule for the emenda-
tion of names, because, as in the present instance, there are often
several different ways of spelling the same word, by varying the
terminations, all of which are orthographically and classically cor-
rect, and merely a matter of preference. The best course, therefore,
from the standpoint of either reason or convenience, is to adhere to
the original spelling of generic names, even though in some instances
this be, from a classical point of view, evidently wrong. The name
Chordeiles has been spelled in at least five different ways, including
the original, and under the International Code of Nomenclature most
of these would be regarded, so far as their form is concerned, as
tenable generic terms. Mr. G. R. Gray in 1840? first changed the
name to Chordeilus, designating the type, as in the original Chor-
deiles, Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin. Next Tschudi in 1846
spelled it Chordiles, and included only “Ch[ordiles]. semitorquatus
Cab.,” which is, of course, the same as Caprimulgus exilis Lesson.
In 18472 Cabanis emended it to Chordediles, and the type of this is,
of course, the same as that of the original Chordeiles. In 1869* Mr.
G. R. Gray credits Cabanis with the orthography “Chordedilus,”
supposedly used in 1861; but, after careful search, I have not been
able to locate the reference. There may be still other spellings of
Chordeiles buried in the literature, but T have been unable to discover
them. .
The word Chordeiles is derived from the Greek yop’), a string (of
a lyre or other musical instrument), and %/An, evening, or twilight ;
and the longer forms of the word, Chordediles and Chordedilus,
are better, orthographically, than the contraction Chordeiles. This,
however, does not, of course, concern us in the scientific use of the
name.

Literature—Few extended papers on this genus have appeared,
and most of its literature consists of scattered notes on the species,
often in connection with birds of other genera and families, in
pa Oe ee a ere eh S.

1 List Genera Birds, 1840, p. ie
2Wauna Peruana, Ornith., 1846, p. 21.

3 [Wiegmann’s] Archiv fiir Naturg., vol. 13, pt. 1, November, 1847, p. 346.
4 Hand-List Gen. Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 61.

22 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

faunal papers or books on birds of large groups or extended geo-
graphic areas. The two most valuable articles on the genus as a
whole are, of course, Dr. Hartert’s account in the Catalogue of Birds
in the British Museum, and in the Tierreich. Full citation of these
and the other more important papers dealing wholly or in part
with the birds of the present genus are given in the following chrono-
logical list, from which, however, are omitted references to several
of the original descriptions, since these can be found in the synonymy
of the various forms of the genus:

Spix, J. B—Avium Species Novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis 1817-—
1820 colleg. et descripsit; vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2.

Cassin, JOHN.—Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon,
British and Russian America; 1855, pp. 237-239.

BuRMEISTER, C. H. C.—Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens, vol. 2,
1856, pp. 393-3897.

Barrp, S. F.—Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the most
Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to
the Pacific Ocean, vol. 9, 1858, pp. 150-155.

ScLaTer, P. L.—Notes upon the American Caprimulgide. Subfamily III.
Caprimulgine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1866, pp.
131-135.

PELZELN, AUGUST von.—Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens, 1 Abth., 1868, p. 14.

Batrrp, 8. F.; Brewer, T. M.; and Ripneway, R.—History of North American
Birds; Land Birds, vol. 2, 1874, pp. 399-408.

TACZANOWSKI, LADISLAS.—Ornithologie du Pérou, vol. 1, 1884, pp. 210-215.

Cougs, ELLIoTTt.—Key to North American Birds, second edition, 1884, pp. 453-
455.

SHUFELDT, R. W.—Contribution to the Comparative Osteology of the Tro-
chilide, Caprimulgide, and Cypselide. Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, 1885, pp. 886-915, pls. 58-61.

Ripeway, Ropert.—Manual of North American Birds, 1887, pp. 297, 300-301.

Cours, Extiorr.—New Forms of North American Chordiles. Auk, vol. 5,
January, 1888, p. 37.

HARTERT, Ernst.—Chordeiles. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Mu-
seum, vol. 16, 1892, pp. 521, 609-618.

SALVIN, OSBERT; and Gopman, F’. D.—Biologia Centrali-Americana; Aves, vol.
2, November, 1894, pp. 895-398.

BENDIRE, CHARLES.—Life Histories of North American Birds, from the Par-.
rots to the Grackles, with Special Reference to their Breeding Habits and Eggs,
1895, pp. 163-174.

HARTERT, ERNST.—Das Tierreich. I. Lieferung: Podargidae, Caprimulgidae,
und Macropterygidae, 1897, pp. 18-21.

BEpDDARD, F. E.—The Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, pp. 234-242.

CovuEs, EL.tiort.—Key to North American Birds, fifth edition, vol. 2, 1903, pp.
563, 568-570.

HELLMAYR, C. E.—The Birds of the Rio Madeira. Novitates Zoologicae, vol.
1910, p. 378.

Key to species and subspecies—The following key to the forms of
Chordeiles is confessedly but little more than a comparative state-
ment of characters, although purposely rather full; and while it may
in some cases suffice for the identification of a bird in hand, its main

NY | Bh ing: q
u ied
\
y
Hs]

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 23

purpose is, of course, to aid in comparison of specimens. So diffi-
cult, in fact, are the birds of this genus, that, owing to the wide range
of individual and other variation in them all, it is quite out of the
question to prepare a satisfactory key for use without recourse to
properly determined material. The present attempt at a key is based
entirely on adults, since the juveniles are not represented completely
enough in our series to be included. This key is, of course, dicho-
tomous, and first sets off the forms of each species, then the sexes of
each.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES, BASED ON ADULTS.

a. Abdomen and crissum pure white; jugulum pale grayish; basal portion of
tail, secondaries, and of inner primaries largely white; 5 outer primaries
without white or buffy spots; axillars and part of under wing-coverts pure
white. (Chordeiles rupestris.)

b'. Larger; fourth primary (counting from outermost) without a white spot;
tail with much less brown at base and elsewhere; dark brown tips of
rectrices not mottled with paler. (Males.)

c. Upper parts darker__-------------------- Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus.

¢. Upper parts lighter.

d@. Somewhat smaller; upper surface much darker, the deep brown mark-
ings decidedly larger; breast much less heavily spotted, sometimes
even nearly immaculate____---------- Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.

d@. Somewhat larger; upper surface much lighter, the deep brown mark-
ings decidedly smaller; breast much more heavily spotted.

Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus.

b% Smaller; fourth primary with usually a spot of white; tail with more
brown at base and elsewhere; dark brown tips of rectrices mottled with
paler. (Fematles.)

c. More grayish above; white spot on inner vane of fourth primary very
large and reaching shaft; inner webs of rectrices with large dark
brown spots or broad bars__----------- Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus.

c. More ochraceous or buffy above; white spot on inner vane of fourth
primary absent or very small and not reaching shaft.

@. Larger; upper surface lighter, less heavily marked with dark brown;
breast more heavily spotted__------ Chordeiles rupestris «yostictus.

@. Smaller; upper surface darker, more heavily. marked with dark
brown; breast less heavily spotted____Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.

a? Abdomen and crissum barred with blackish or brown; jugulum dark brown
or blackish; basal portion of tail, secondaries, and of inner primaries not
nearly all white, but mostly brown; 8 outer primaries with a large white
or buffy spot; axillars and all of under wing-coverts heavily barred with
dark brown or blackish.

bt. White or buffy patch on usually 4 outer primaries situated between the
tips of the fifth and eighth primaries (counting from the outermost) ;
primary coverts and outer webs of primaries and secondaries with con-
spicuous spots or bars of buff or ochraceous; first (outermost) primary
usually shorter than second. (Chordeiles acutipennis.)

cl. Larger; wing speculum larger and white; a white subterminal bar on
tail; throat-patch white. (J/ales.)

24 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ad’. Size greater (wing averaging more than 180 mm.).
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.
a. Size smaller (wing averaging less than 178 mm.).
é. Lower parts darker, more heavily barred.
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.
e’. Lower parts lighter, less heavily barred.

f. Smaller (wing averaging under 160 mm.); pale bars on under
side of tail more whitish; light bars on posterior lower parts
averaging “wider: 22. ook See ee Chordeiles acutipennis ecilis.

f. Larger (wing averaging over 165 mm.); pale bars on under side
of tail more buffy or ochraceous; light bars on posterior lower
parts averaging narrower.

g'. Light bars on tail broader; size averaging larger.
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior.
g’. Light bars on tail narrower; size averaging smaller.
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris.
ce’. Smaller; wing speculum smaller, and buff or largely so; no white sub-
terminal bar on tail; throat-patch buff or ochraceous. (Females.)
ad’. Large (wing usually more than 174 mm., averaging over 170 mm.).
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.
@. Small (wing usually less than 168 mm., averaging under 170 mm.).
e’, Above darker; lower surface darker and posteriorly more heavily

barred; size smaller________- Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.
e’. Below paler; lower surface lighter and less heavily barred; size
greater.
jf’. Larger (wing averaging more than 166 mm.) ; light bars on tail
ponders Si tye. Mulcrcwae eae Me Chordeiles acutipennis inferior.
f. Smaller (wing averaging less than 1638 mm.) ; light bars on tail
narrower.

g'. Posterior lower parts darker; size greater.
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris.

g. Posterior lower parts lighter; size smaller.
Chordeiles acutipennis ewilis.
b?. White or buffy patch on usually 5 outer primaries situated between the
tips of the seventh and tenth primaries; primary coverts and outer webs
of primaries and of secondaries without spots or bars of buff or ochrace-
ous, or with at most faint markings; first primary usually longer than

second. (Chordeiles virginianus.)

c. Larger; alar speculum larger, and plain white without dusky markings;
a white subterminal bar on tail; a crescent pure white; lower
parts less buffy. (Jales.)

ad‘. Light mottlings of upper surface dacire tawny.
e’. Posterior lower parts paler, more buffy or whitish; upper surface
lighter; size larger (wing averaging 199.7 mm.).
Chordeiles virginianus henryi.
e’. Posterior lower parts darker, more ochraceous or tawny; upper
surface darker; size smaller (wing averaging 168 mm.).
Chordeiles virginianus minor.
@ Light mottlings of upper surface ochraceous buff or white.
e’. Smaller (wing usually less than 188 mm.).
f’. Upper surface darker, the pale mottlings much less numerous.
Chordeiles virginianus chapman.
f’?. Upper surface lighter, the pale mottlings much more numerous.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES Sw AINSON—OBERHOLSER. 25

g. Smaller (wing usually less than 176 mm.) ; upper parts darker.
Chordeiles virginianus vicinus.
g. Larger (wing usually more than 180 mm.) ; upper parts lighter.
Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.
e?, Larger (wing usually more than 192 mm.).

jf’. Upper surface darker, more blackish, the light mottlings much
less numerous-_-_--~--------- Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.
f?. Upper surface lighter, more brownish, the light mottlings much

more numerous.

g. Above darker, the light mottlings less numerous.

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis.

g. Above lighter, the light mottlings more numerous.

h?. Dark brown of upper parts more rufescent, the light mott-

lings more ochraceous or buffy.
Chordeiles virginianus howelli.
h?. Dark brown of upper parts more grayish, the light mott-

lings more grayish or whitish.
Chordeiles virginianus sennettt.
¢@. Smaller; alar speculum smaller, and more or less mottled with dusky ;
white subterminal bar on tail absent or very narrow; gular crescent
buff or ochraceous; lower parts more buffy or ochraceous. (Females.)
@. Size small, the length of wing usually less than 185 mm., averaging
less than 183 mm.

e.. Upper surface paler (the ground color lighter and the light mark-
ings lighter or much more numerous) ; lower parts lighter; pos-
terior lower surface less heavily barred.

Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.

e?. Upper surface darker (the ground color darker, and the light mark-
ings more deeply colored or much less numerous) ; lower parts
darker; posterior lower surface more heavily barred.

f'. Lower parts and light markings of upper surface more tawny or
ochraceous; size smaller (wing averaging 168.7 mm.).

Chordeiles virginianus minor.

f’. Lower parts and light markings of upper surface more grayish or
whitish; size larger (wing averaging over 172 mm.).

g'. Larger (wing averaging 179.4 mm.) ; posterior lower parts more
whitish (less ochraceous) ; upper surface darker (the ground
eolor more deeply plackish; the light markings less numer-
ous) --_------------------- Chordeiles virginianus chapman.

g°. Smaller (wing averaging 173.2 mm.) ; posterior lower parts less
whitish (more ochraceous) ; upper surface lighter (the
ground color less deeply blackish, the light markings more
numerous) ------------------- Chordeiles virginianus vicinus.

@. Size large, the length of wing usually more than 190 mm., averaging
more than 188 mm.

e. Upper surface more brownish, the light markings more ochraceous

or tawny; posterior under surface more buffy or ochraceous.
f'. Lower parts lighter, posteriorily less ochraceous or buffy (more
whitish) ; upper surface lighter__Chordeiles virginianus howelli.
f. Lower parts darker, posteriorly more ochraceous or buffy (less
whitish) ; upper surface darker-_Chordeiles virginianus henryt.

13732°—Bull. 86-—14-—3

26 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

e”. Upper surface more blackish, the light markings more whitish
(less ochraceous or tawny); posterior under surface less bufty
or ochraceous (more whitish).

f. Under surface somewhat darker, more tinged with buffy or ochra-
ceous; ground color of upper parts more blackish and the light
markings less numerous and somewhat more ochraceous.

Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.

f*. Under surface somewhat lighter, less tinged with buffy or ochra-
ceous; ground color of upper parts more brownish and the light
markings more numerous and somewhat more whitish (less
ochraceous).

g. Dark ground color of upper surface more grayish and somewhat
lighter; light markings above more numerous and more gray-
ish or whitish; lower surface slightly lighter.

Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.

g°. Dark ground color of upper surface more brownish and some-

what darker; light markings above less numerous and more
brownish, buffy or ochraceous; lower surface slightly darker.

Chordeiles virginianls hesperis.

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS (Gmelin).
[Caprimulgus] virginianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028
( Virginia ) .*

Chazs. sp. (adult male).—Interorbital region of skull very broad;
longitudinal ridges on the median portion of frontal bones not
strongly developed; maxillo-palatines relatively rather broadly
subtriangular; vomer very narrow; antero-exterior processes of the
palatines moderately slender; pterygoids with a decided exterior
angle near the anterior end, whereby the terminal portion is usually
more or less parallel with the posterior border of the palatine, and
nearly or quite in contact with the latter; first (outermost) primary
usually longer than the second; shortest secondary usually falling
short of the tips of primary coverts by at least 5 mm.; distance from
bend of folded wing to end of shortest secondary nearly always less
than from latter point to end of fourth primary (counting from the
outermost) ; tips of rectrices rounded; upper surface black or brown-
ish black, mottled with whitish or buffy; tail dark brown or blackish,
irregularly barred with white, gray or buff; wing-quills fuscous,
usually the 5, occasionally the 4 or 6 outer primaries with a large
white or rarely buffy spot between the tips of the seventh and tenth
primaries (counting from the outermost); primary coverts, also
outer webs of primaries and secondaries, either immaculate or with
at most faint spots or bars; throat of male white; jugulum and breast
dark brown or blackish, spotted with whitish, buff, ochraceous or
tawny; remainder of lower surface whitish or buffy, barred with
blackish or dark brown; axillars and under wing-coverts dark brown
or blackish, barred with whitish or buffy.

1 Further synonymy under the various subspecies.

SST TS SPI TE Se Ree

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 27

Adult female——The female differs from the male in being of some-
what smaller size; in having the white wing-patch smaller and
usually more or less mottled with dusky; the white subterminal tail-
bar almost always absent, but if present much narrower; the light
throat-crescent cream buff to tawny ochraceous, and often more or
less spotted with dusky; lower parts usually more brownish, and pos-
teriorly averaging much more buffy or ochraceous, the crissum rarely
if ever pure white. Some of these sexual differences are, however, not
so strongly marked in certain of the subspecies as in others.

First autumn plumage.—Although there is some difference in the
various races of the species, the first autumn plumage is more or less
intermediate between the juvenal and adult plumages. The male in
first autumn plumage exhibits the following differences from the
adult male: Upper parts with much more numerous pale mottlings,
and thus lighter; white speculum smaller; primaries more or less
broadly tipped with whitish or buffy; tail without subterminal white
band; jugulum and upper breast much vermiculated with whitish,
grayish or dull buffy; white throat-patch smaller, less well-defined,
somewhat creamy or buffy, and much mottled, usually all over, with
dusky. The female in first autumn plumage is similar to the adult
of the same sex, but has the upper parts much more mottled with
lighter; the upper breast and jugulum more vermiculated with paler;
the buff throat-patch much more heavily marked with dusky, some-
times almost obliterated. In this condition the female is much like
the male of the first autumn, but the throat is usually more deeply
buff and more heavily spotted with dusky.

Juvenal plumage.—tIn this stage, which immediately precedes the
first autumn plumage and succeeds the natal or nestling plumage,
and which the bird wears for apparently only a short period, both
male and female are usually much lighter above than in the adult
plumage or that of the first autumn, the ground color being paler
and the light mottlings prevailing; the lower surface has its dark
areas also paler, the barring on breast more vermiculate and nar-
rower; the bars on the rest of the lower surface lighter and less dis-
tinct; the throat-patch not very strongly indicated, and buff or
ochraceous buff.

Natal plumage.——Upper parts grayish or buffy white, everywhere
with coarse mouse gray, drab gray, or clove brown mottling; or fawn
color with Prout’s brown markings; below, white or cream white,
mottled on throat and jugulum with gray or grayish brown; or pale
fawn color, mottled on throat and jugulum with Prout’s brown.

Seasonal variation—The color differences due to season are very
slight, probably in part, at least, because of the little wear to which
the plumage is usually subject. What little there is consists chiefly
in the somewhat more brownish or lighter shade of the dark parts,

28 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

both above and below, after the breeding season; and the sometimes
more deeply ochraceous or tawny of the light markings in freshly
plumaged birds.

Molt.—The natal plumage is naturally of brief duration, and with
the beginning of the bird’s growth in size passes directly into the
juvenal plumage, which, in turn, through a practically continuous
molt gives way to the first autumn plumage by at least some part of
September, at which time the bird is full grown. During this process
the wing-quills and rectrices are grown only once, but the contour
feathers of the juvenal plumage are wholly or in large part replaced.
This livery is worn until January or February, when by a complete
molt the fully adult plumage is assumed.

The adult birds after the breeding season molt usually the contour
feathers, but not the wing quills and rectrices, this taking place be-
tween the middle of July and the middle of September, mostly
between July 15 and August 15. The birds are thus, with wings and
tail intact, even though molting other feathers, free to start on their
migration. During January or February another molt, this time
complete, takes place, so that by the time the birds are ready for
their long northward journey they have an entirely new suit. These
different plumages have already been described.

Individual variation—The differences exhibited by various indi-
viduals of the same sex and age is very great, with respect to both
size and color, in all of the forms of this species. This variation in
color affects chiefly the amount of light mottling on the upper sur-
face; the fineness or coarseness of these markings; their color, which
in some subspecies is so decided that it amounts to two phases; the
width of the dark barring on the abdomen; the width and number
of dark bars on the crissum, these in some individuals being heavy
and close together, in others narrow or far apart; and the length of
wing and tail. In only one or two of the subspecies are there really
two color phases, gray and ochraceous or tawny, for such differences
are usually subspecific. There is, moreover, usually not much purely
individual variation in the shade of the dark brown or blackish
areas, though occasionally such instances crop out in some of the
races.

Geographical variation.—_-F or a bird so highly migratory, Chordeiles
virginianus has responded rather remarkably well to the climate,
environment, and other modifying influences of the various parts of
its breeding range. The number of subspecies that now appear
recognizable is nine, an increase of two over the previous number.
Two of these are West Indian, the others continental. Nearly all of
them correspond very well to the characteristics exhibited by races
of other species which range over areas of similar physiographic
conditions, the principal exception being Chordeiles virginianus hes-

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 29

peris, the Pacific coast race, which extends also eastward over the
arid Great Basin. The four southeasternmost forms, Chordeiles
virginianus aserriensis, Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, Chordeiles
virginianus vicinus, and Chordeiles virginianus minor are the small-
est, and of these the two island races, C. v. vicinus and Q. v. minor,
represent the minimum. The five remaining races are all of large
size and practically alike in this respect. It is interesting to note
the reduplication of certain characters, such as the coloration of the
upper parts, in forms widely separated geographically. Thus
Chordeiles virginianus vicinus, except for its small size and more
ochraceous lower surface, would pass very well for the far distant
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis of Oregon and California; while
Chordeiles virginianus minor of Cuba bears similar resemblance to
Chordeiles virginianus henryi of Arizona. Furthermore, it is doubt-
less worth while to mention the development of blackish or dark
grayish races in the northern and eastern portions of North America;
of a light grayish form on the northern Great Plains; of light, rather
ochraceous races in the middle Rocky Mountains, the southern part of
the Great Plains, and in Texas; of a rather dark, very tawny or
ochraceous subspecies in arid Arizona and New Mexico; and of a
dark, very tawny or ochraceous but very small bird on the Greater
Antilles.

The nine forms of Chordeiles virginianus here recognized are com-
monly considered subspecies, and correctly so. The Cuban Chor-
deiles virginianus minor indicates by the range of its individual vari-
ation its close connection with Chordeiles virginianus vicinus of the
Bahama Islands, which race in turn overlaps in the same way the
characters of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani. The last mentioned
passes gradually through geographical intermediates into Chordeiles
virginianus virginianus. Inthe same manner Chordeiles virginianus
virginianus intergrades with Chordeiles virginianus sennetti and
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis; and the last with both Chordeiles
virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus howelli* Chor-
deiles virginianus howelli* intergrades geographically with Chor-
deiles virginianus henryi, and both of these with Chordeiles virgini-
anus aserriensis, which in turn connects with Chordeiles virginianus
chapman.

Most of the characters distinguishing the subspecies of Chordeiles
virginianus lie in differences of size, chiefly of wing and tail, some-
times also of tarsus and middle toe; of the general tone of the upper
surface, whether light or dark, grayish, blackish, buffy, ochraceous
or tawny, this lightness or darkness due to the difference in ground
color and in the color, abundance, and fineness of the light markings;
of the general tone of the lower surface, whether light or dark,

1See p. 57.

30 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

grayish, buffy or ochraceous; and of the width of the dark bars on
the abdomen.

Geographical distribution—aAs a species Chordeiles virginianus
ranges, during the breeding season, in the West Indies and North
America, form the northern edge of Mexico, the Gulf coast of the
United States, and the Greater Antilles, north+to the edge of the
Barren Grounds in central Quebec, northern Ontario, southern
Mackenzie, and northern Yukon; and from the Atlantic coast to the
Pacific. It migrates across Mexico, Central America, and through
the West Indies to southern South America, where the various sub-
species probably winter together.

The summer ranges of two of the races, Chordeiles virginianus
aserriensist and Chordetles virginianus vicinus, is somewhat re-
stricted geographically, but most of the others are considerably ex-
tended. The northernmost form, Chordeiles virginianus virginianus,
occupies an immense area stretching all the way across the continent,
and at least equal in extent to the combined ranges of all the other
subspecies.

The breeding areas of all but two of the forms of Chordeiles vir-
ginianus are continuous with some one or more of the others, al-
though, of course, the lines delimiting the ranges on the accompany-
ing map leave intermediate spaces due to lack of specimens from such
regions. The subspecies of the Greater Antilles, Chordeiles vir-
ginianus minor, and that of the Bahama Islands, Chordeiles vir-
ginianus vicinus, are, of course, separated from each other and from
the mainland forms by the surrounding water. The southeastern
bird, Chordetles virginianus chapmani, adjoins Chordeiles virginianus
virginianus, Chordeiles virginianus howelli, and Chordeiles vir-
ginianus aserriensis.1 Also Chordeiles virginianus virginianus west-
ward meets Chordeiles virginianus howelli,? Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus hesperis; and the last also reaches
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. The central form of the west, Chor-
deiles virginianus howelliZ lies surrounded by all of the six other
mainland races, every one of which it touches at some part of the
boundary of its range, as the distribution map shows. The far south-
western bird, Chordeiles virginianus henryi, adjoins, in addition,
Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis on the southeast, and probably also
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis on the northwest.

Zonal distribution—In the West Indies during summer this species
occupies the Upper Tropical Zone of the Neotropical Region; on
the North American Continent the Lower Austral, Upper Austral,

1See p. 71.
2See p. 57.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 31

Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian zones of the Nearctic Region.
Four of the subspecies, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis,' Chordeiles
virginianus chapmani, Chordeiles virginianus vicinus, and Chordeiles
virginianus minor, are confined to a single life zone; one, Chordeiles
virginianus sennetti, to two zones, and each of the four remaining
races is spread over several zones. The ranges of all conform very
satisfactorily to the boundaries of their respective zones. ;
Phylogeny.—As a species Chordeiles virginianus is, as already re-
marked,? of South American origin. To the dispersal of strong-
winged birds like this, physical features, such as high mountain
ranges and wide expanses of water or desert, present no obstacle;
and an unsuitable summer temperature and the lack of proper food
at this season are therefore apparently its only real barriers. Thus
its emigration from South America, from whatever primal cause,
was easy, as was also the finding of a new home, since on account of
its annual migratory return to the south, the only requisite for its
new abode was a suitable place for reproduction. Its present dis-
tribution, routes of migration, and the evidently close relationship
of the Cuban Chordeiles virginianus minor with Chordeiles acutipen-
nis acutipennis from South America all indicate that Chordeiles vir-
ginianus reached the North American Continent through the West
Indies. Birds that remained to breed on the Greater Antilles re-
tained more nearly the original characters of the species, while those
that pushed on northward and westward became more and more
differentiated. The Floridian Chordeiles virginianus chapmani is,
of course, the form least removed from the island birds, both geo-
graphically and phylogenetically. From this area the species prob-
ably spread northward and northwestward, where it developed into
the large, dark race, Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. This, in
turn, spread westward and southwestward over nearly the whole
western United States, where environmental and perhaps other
factors have produced the four large paler races of the more or less
arid interior: Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti, Chordeiles virginianus howelli, and Chordeiles virginianus
henryi; of which the last is undoubtedly phylogenetically as well as
geographically farthest removed from Chordeiles virginianus vir-
ginianus. Simultaneously, in all probability, the advance of Chor-
deiles virginianus chapmané along the Gulf coast to southern Texas
ultimately resulted in the development of the small, pale race in semi-
arid southern Texas. The uniformity of Chordeiles virginianus vir-
ginianus throughout its wide breeding range from ocean to ocean is
apparently due to the comparative uniformity of climatic and en-

PAGAL ie si _ 3 S20 ES
1See p. 71.
2 See p. 12.

32 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vironmental conditions over this area, together with the very brief
period of each year that the bird spends on its breeding grounds,
where alone the differentiating influences have opportunity to exert
themselves. Under these conditions it is entirely probable that any
future development of geographical races from what is now the sub-
species Chordeiles virginianus virginianus will be exceedingly slow.

Migration—Comparatively few birds of any kind exceed this
nighthawk in the length of their migration journeys, and very few
land birds travel as far. From the Arctic Circle in the Territory
of Yukon to Patagonia is more than 8,000 miles, but the nighthawk’s
long wings and consequent powers of flight enable it easily to per-
form this extensive regular annual journey. Judging from the
scarcity of available records, it seems probable that the passage
through Mexico and Central America, and over the West Indies, the
Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea to northern or central South
America is made with considerable rapidity.

Like most other birds which travel long migration routes, this
species is, generally speaking, an early migrant in autumn and a com-
paratively late arrival in spring. Notwithstanding this, the first in-
dividuals in spring sometimes reach the southern border of the
United States by March 15, and the latest stragglers in autumn occa-
sionally prolong their stay in the same region until even November
27; but these dates are of course exceptional, since the spring appear-
ance is usually three or four weeks later, and the autumnal disappear-
ance a month or so earlier. The nighthawk usually reaches Montreal
and Quebec early in May; Grand Falls, the northern limit of its range
in central Quebec, during the last week of May; Fort Chipewyan, Al-
berta, the last week of May; Fort Wrigley, Mackenzie, the first week
of June; and British Columbia by the last of May or first of June.
On the other hand, migrant birds are sometimes still in southern
Texas on May 29, and even in Costa Rica as late as May 27.

The southward migration must begin very soon after the young are
on the wing, since transient birds from the north appear in the
middle and southern United States by the first of August, sometimes
by the middle of July; and they reach Nicaragua by the middle of
September. Montreal in Quebec, also southern Manitoba and British
Columbia, are deserted usually during the first two weeks of Sep-
tember, and Fort McMurray, Alberta, in August. It is thus evident
that the migratory movements, in the United States at least, cover
a total period of more than four months in autumn and of nearly
three months in spring. There is thus in Colorado and the surround-
ing States a scant three or four weeks’ period of summer, from about
June 15 or 20 until the middle of July, during which the presence
of a nighthawk is presumptive evidence of its breeding in the locality.

The above remarks apply to Chordeiles virginianus as a species,
since sufficient data have not yet accumulated to work out the migra-

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. ao

tion of the subspecies separately. It is more than possible that an
adequate series of specimens of the various races (for nothing else
will answer) would show some interesting differences in their mi-
gration. The migration routes, however, by which several of the
different races reach their common winter home in South America
are discernible in a general way from the data now available. Con-
cerning the migration of Chordeiles virginianus minor and Chordeiles
virginianus vicinus we know nothing at all. The two eastern forms,
Chordeiles virginianus chapmani and Chordeiles virginianus vir-
ginianus, fly southward across the Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan
and through Central America to South America, or through the
West Indies and across the Caribbean Sea. The return journey is
apparently by the same route. The route of Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti is unknown; but all the other western races pass south
through Mexico and Central America and return the same way. A
possible but unproved variation of this may take some or all of the
birds from the easternmost part of the ranges of Chordeiles vir-
ginianus howelli, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, and Chordeiles
virginianus hesperis across the western end of the Gulf of Mexico
to Yucatan, and thence through Central America. There is no
authentic record of any of these western races in the United States
east of Illinois, or anywhere in the West Indies.

Habits—F¥ew birds bear such a misnomer as the nighthawk; for
it is not a hawk, or even nearly related to one, nor is it a night-flier,
except by moonlight, though it prefers the twilight and the declining
hours of the day, as well as cloudy weather. It lives mostly in the
open country, such as the plains and prairies, and is a common sight
along roadsides, fence-rows, railroad tracks, and the like. It
avoids the deep forest, though it often enters the outskirts of wood-
land. Its flight is strong, swift, and light, at times not a little sug-
gestive of the sparrow hawk (Cerchneis sparveria) or other of the
small falcons. It is much on the wing, and some of its aerial per-
formances are really wonderful. Its ordinary call on the wing is a
sharp one- or two-syllabled note something like “‘ aeh-eek ” or “ peenk,”
and remarkably characteristic. The well-known booming sound so
frequently heard is made by the quick passage of air between the
primaries as the bird is suddenly checked in rapidly descending
flight. Its food, which it obtains on the wing, consists probably all
of insects, such as moths, flies, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets.

This nighthawk lays its eggs on the ground on bare rocks, or
even on the flat roofs of houses in cities. No nest at all is con-
structed. The time of nesting is somewhat earlier in the southern
part of its range; but for the species as a whole, it lasts from late
April to early August, though there is apparently but one brood.

34 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The two elliptical eggs are white, buff or gray, much marked through-
out with blackish, drab, gray, olive, and plumbeous.

History.—This species was first brought to scientific notice in
1748, by Mark Catesby, in the supplement to his “ Natural History
of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands.” He, however, con-
fused the nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus) and the whip-poor-
will (Setochalcis vocifera), in which mistake subsequent authors
for more than 50 years followed him. Alexander Wilson, in his
“American Ornithology,”? was the first to discriminate the two
species satisfactorily, and to point out in detail the real differences
between them.

The first technical description, however, applicable to any form of
the species appeared in 1789, when Gmelin called the northeastern
bird Caprimulgus virginianus.2. No subdivision took place until
1855, when Cassin separated the lighter western birds as Chordeiles
henryi2 In the following year the Cuban bird was described un-
der two names, of which Doctor Cabanis’ Chordediles minor* has
priority. Not until 1888 were any further races added, in which
year Chordeiles virginianus sennettt was discovered and published,®
and the Florida bird separated as Chordeiles popetue [=virginianus |
chapmani, both by Doctor Elliott Coues.® Eight years later Mr. George
K. Cherrie named a migrant bird from Costa Rica as Chordeiles vir-
ginianus aserriensis,® which now proves to be the same as a hitherto
unrecognized race from southern Texas. In 1903, Mr. J. H. Riley set
apart a Bahama race as Chordeiles virginianus vicinus ;7 and in 1905
Mr. Joseph Grinnell separated the birds from the Pacific coast of the
United States as Chordeiles virginianus hesperis.2 In the present
paper one further subdivision is made, by restricting Chordeiles
virginianus henryi chiefly to Arizona and New Mexico, and creating
a new race from the northern and eastern part of its former range,
Texas to Wyoming, under the name Chordeiles virginianus howelli.®
Although some of these above-mentioned forms of Chordeiles vir-
ginianus originally passed as distinct species, all are clearly but sub-
species, since abundant evidence of intergradation exists in every
case, either through geographical or individual intermediates.

1 Amer, Ornith., vol. 5, Bele pp. 78-82.

2 Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028.

3 Tilust, Birds Cal., mekan, Ore., Brit. oes Russ. Amer., vol. 1, HS557 2 p.
* Journ. f. Ornith., January, 1856, p.

5 Auk, vol. 5, Senda 1885, p. 37.

6 Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136.

7 Auk, vol. 20, October, 19038, p. 432.

8 Condor, vol. 7, Nov. 22, 1905, p. 170.

9 See p. 57.

bo
oo
=)

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 35
CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (Gmelin).

[Caprimulgus] virginianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028
(Virginia) (based on: [Caprimulgus] europeus B.[=]Caprimulgus
minor americanus, LINNzZUS, Syst. Nat., ed, 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 346;
Hwipperiwill, Katm, Resa Norra Amer., vol. 3, 1761, p. 98 [Racoon, New
Jersey]; Caprimulgus virginianus, BRISSON, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, p.
477 [Virginia] ; Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus minor Americanus,
Catessy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahama Islands, vol. 2;
Appendix, 1743, p. 16, pl. 16 [Virginia] ; Whip-poor-will, EDWARDS, Nat.
Hist. Birds, vol. 2, 1747, p. 63, pl. 63 [Virginia]; Le Whip-pour-will,
Burron, Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux [orig. ed.], vol. 6, 1779, D. 534 [Vir-
ginia] ; Longwinged Goatsucker, PENNANT, Arctic Zool., vol. 2, 1785, p.
436 [excl. pl. 18], No. 387 [Charleston, South Carolina, to Henly House,
Albany River, Ontario]; Virginia Goatsucker, LATHAM, Gen. Synop.
Birds, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1788, p. 595 [Virginia]).

Caprimulgus popetue VIEILLOT, Ois. Amer. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 56, pl. 24
(Nova Scotia).

Caprimulgus americanus Witson, Amer. Ornith., vol. 5, 1812, p. 65, pl. 40
(eastern Pennsylvania) (nec Caprimulgus americanus LINNAUS, 1758,
qui Siphonorhis americanus Auct.).

Caprimulgus variegatus Virrttor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 2d ed., vol. 10,
1817, p. 238 (Paraguay).

C[aprimulgus}. jaspideus MERREM, in Ersch und Gruber, Allgem. Encycl.
Wissensch. und Kiinste, sec. 1, vol. 15, 1826, p. 148 (Paraguay).

Chars. subsp.—Size large; upper parts black or blackish, the light
markings sparse or only moderately numerous, and mostly whitish
or buffy, with very little tawny; general tone of lower surface rela-
tively dark, the dark areas of anterior portion blackish, the posterior
part slightly washed with cream color or buff, and heavily barred

with blackish.

Description—Adult male, No. 38895, Museum Comparative Zool-
ogy, Pocantico, New York, May 19, 1891; W. E. D. Scott; original
number, 11425. Upper surface blackish clove brown, irregularly
spotted with brownish white, cream white, cream color, cream buff,
buff, ochraceous buff, and ochraceous, these markings most numerous
on cervix, largest on scapulars (which are also much mottled with
grayish and buffy on their subterminal unexposed portions), least
frequent on pileum and back, which are almost unmarked, and in the
form of irregular bars on the upper tail-coverts; tail grayish clove
brown, crossed by about seven (none of which is terminal) irregular
and broken bars of brownish white, buffy white, and pale brown,
these bars widest on the middle pair of rectrices, and by a broad sub-
terminal band of white on all but the two middle feathers; wing-
quills dark brown, like the tail, but slightly darker, the outer six
primaries crossed by a broad band of pure white posteriorly (dis-
tally) to the tip of the ninth primary (counting from the outermost) ;
secondaries and inner primaries narrowly tipped with pale brown-
ish; outer half or so of the inner webs of the secondaries with

Me eA OEE On aT en RR

36 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

narrow brownish or buffy white bars; the tertials mottled with light
brown, brownish white, and buffy white in the form of broad but
much broken and obsolescent bars; superior wing-coverts grayish
clove brown like the quills, the primary coverts immaculate, the
others spotted irregularly and rather thickly, but not confluently, with
brownish white, cream white, and cream buff; moustachial stripe and
sides of head and neck blackish clove brown, the auriculars and
subocular region narrowly streaked with deep tawny, the sides of
neck anteriorly broadly streaked with tawny ochraceous, posteriorly
more or less spotted with buffy and brownish white; the moustachial
stripe spotted with cream white and buff; a superciliary stripe con-
sisting of small spots of anteriorly cream white, posteriorly cream
buff, confluent with the light streaks on the side of the neck and the
light spots on the cervix; lores mixed with whitish; a broad gular
crescent and the middle of chin pure white; jugulum and upper breast
grayish seal brown, the former with conspicuous subtriangular spots
of tawny ochraceous and cream buff, the latter with spots and irregu-
lar or broken bars of cream color, cream white, and brownish white;
rest of lower surface cream buff, heavily barred with the brown color
of wing-quills, these bars widest and farthest apart on crissum;
inferior wing-coverts brown like the wings, somewhat spotted and
irregularly barred with cream white, cream buff, and ochraceous buff ;
axillars dark brown, barred with buff and cream white; edge of wing
along the alula ee

Iris black or hazel brown; bill black or dark iret: feet dark
brown, dull grayish brown, or plumbeous.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 235-247.6 (average,
241.9) mm.;1 extent of wing, 596.9-622.3 (610.7) 2

Female: Total length (in flesh), 228.6-254 (241.5) ;? extent of
wing, 533.4-606 (574.4).

Male:* Wing, 184-208 (average, 198) mm.; tail, 106-118 (110.9) ;
exposed culmen, 6.1-7.5 (6.5); tarsus, 13.5-15.2 (14.4); middle toe,
13-15.5 (14.9).

Female:® Wing, 187.5-203 (196.5) mm.; tail, 105-118.5 (112);
exposed culmen, 6.2-7.2 (6.7); tarsus, 13.8-15.5 (14.8) ; middle toe,
14-16.5 (15.5).

Type-locality—Kastern Virginia.

Geographical distribution—Kastern and northwestern North
America, south in winter to southern South America. Breeds in the

1 Six specimens.

2 Nine specimens.

3 Seven specimens.

4Twelve specimens, from Nova Scotia, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, and New York.

5Ten specimens, from Nova Scotia, Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and
West Virginia.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 37

Upper Austral, Transition, Canadian, and lower part of the Hud-
sonian zones, north to Grand Falls on the Hamilton River, and to
Lake Mistissini, central Quebec; Moose Factory, northern Ontario;
York Factory and Fort Churchill, northeastern Manitoba; Fort
Chipewyan and Fort Smith, northeastern Alberta; Fort Resolution
and Fort Providence, central southern Mackenzie; Fort Wrigley, the
western part of Great Bear Lake, and the Mackenzie River just
below Fort Good Hope, central western Mackenzie; and La Pierre
House, northern Yukon; west to La Pierre House, northern Yukon;
mouth of the Tatchun River, White Horse Rapids, and Caribou
Crossing on the Yukon River, and the northern end of Lake Teslin
in central southern Yukon; Telegraph Creek, the Coast Range, Lund
on Malaspina Inlet, Comox, and Errington on Vancouver Island,
western British Columbia; south to Victoria, southwestern British Co-
lumbia; Semiahmoo, northwestern Washington; Sumas and Osoyoos
Lake, central southern British Columbia; Sproat’s Landing on the
Columbia River, southeastern British Columbia; Banff, southwestern
Alberta; Prince Albert and Quill Lake, south central Saskatchewan ;
Carberry, southern Manitoba; Walker and St. Cloud, central Minne-
sota; Waseca, central southern Minnesota; Forest City, central north-
ern Iowa; Ames, central Iowa; Indianola, south central Iowa; Omaha,
Lincoln, and Beatrice, southeastern Nebraska; Topeka, central
eastern Kansas; Jasper in Jasper County, and Marble Cave in Stone
County, southwestern Missouri; Pettigrew, northwestern Arkansas;
Mammoth Spring, central northern Arkansas; Monteer, central
southern Missouri; St. Louis, central eastern Missouri; Odin, south-
ern Illinois; Terre Haute, Bloomington, and Bedford, southern
Indiana; Bowling Green, central southern Kentucky; Nashville, cen-
tral Tennessee; Chattanooga, southeastern Tennessee; Ellijay and
Young Harris, central northern Georgia; Asheville and Weaverville,
southwestern North Carolina; Wytheville, Lynchburg, Newport News,
and Cape Charles, southern Virginia; east to Cobbs Island, eastern
Virginia; Ocean View, eastern Delaware; Five Mile Beach and Sea
Isle City, eastern New Jersey; Montauk, eastern Long Island; New-
port, southern Rhode Island; Woods Hole, Boston, and Ipswich, east-
ern Massachusetts; Portsmouth, southeastern New Hampshire; Bath,
Mount Desert Island, and Calais, southern Maine; Barrington, Hali-
fax, and Sydney, eastern Nova Scotia; Anticosti Island, and the Nat-
ashkwan River, eastern Quebec; and the Bay of Islands, western
Newfoundland. Migrates south through Colorado, Texas, eastern
Mexico, southeastern United States, the Bermuda Islands, Cuba, Isle
of Pines, Jamaica, Barbados, Costa Rica, and Panama, to South
America. Winters in South America, north to the Orinoco River in
central Venezuela, and Bogota, central Colombia; west to Bogota,
Colombia; Matto Grosso, western Brazil; Tucuman, northwestern

Ee SN a aa SR ny Cee Ve ave a

38 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Argentina; and Cordoba, north central Argentina; south to Barracas
al Sud, Province of Buenos Aires, central eastern Argentina; and
east to Buenos Aires, central eastern Argentina; Sao Paulo and Rio
de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil; and Guiana. Accidental north to
Melville Island, northern Canada.

Remarks.—In the adult female of this race the posterior lower parts
are much more tinged with buff or ochraceous than in the male; and
the ground color of the upper surface averages lighter, duller, and
more brownish, with more numerous light markings, which are more
buffy or ochraceous.

Birds in first autumn plumage are, on the upper surface, almost
like the average of adult Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, and similar
also to the adult of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but the dark
areas are more intensely blackish, though occasional specimens are
indistinguishable in this respect.

The adult male is normally very deeply blackish above, with a
comparatively small amount of ight mottling; but he varies individu-
ally to dull brownish, with a large amount of light marking, until
he becomes almost indistinguishable from dark examples of Chordeiles
virginianus howelli1 Light-colored specimens of this sort are No.
88139, U.S.N.M., Stamford, Connecticut, and No. 13249, E. A. and O.
Bangs, Santa Fe, Isle of Pines. The hight markings of upper parts
are usually grayish, creamy white, and buff, but vary sometimes to
almost pure white, sometimes to deep tawny. The ground color of
the lower parts is normally grayish white, and varies little, though
sometimes almost pure white, sometimes slightly washed with buff.
The female is also variable above, and occasionally (such as No.
174915, U.S.N.M., Cumberland County, New Jersey; and No. 46920,
Mus. Comp. Zoél., Long Island, New York) very closely resembles
adult male Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The ground color of the
ventral surface is commonly cream white, but deepens in some birds
to ochraceous buff. The light throat-patch is normally buff, ranging,
however, on the one hand to cream white, on the other to deep ochra-
ceous buff.

Notwithstanding its vast range, this subspecies exhibits almost no
geographical variation, except where its breeding area closely ap-
proaches that of some other race. Adult birds from Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, and from the Yukon River in Yukon are apparently
in no respect, of either size or color, distinguishable from those of
Nova Scotia, eastern Quebec, and New England. A single female
from Sproat’s Landing, southeastern British Coulmbia (No. 970,
Victoria Mem. Mus., June 26, 1890), and another, a male, from

Banff, Alberta (No. 1256, Victoria Mem. Mus., June 8, 1891), both
seem to be typical of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, and appar-

1 See p. 57.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 39

ently represent the breeding form at these localities. Specimens
from Ashcroft, Lac La Hache, Hope, and Chilliwack, in southern
British Columbia, have considerable indication of the more brownish,
more heavily light-mottled upper surface of Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis, but are, on the whole, nearer Chordeiles v. virginianus. An
adult from Carberry, Manitoba (No. 57875, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
July 29, 1892), and a half-grown young from the same locality (No.
57876, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1, 1892) are somewhat vergent
toward Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but are not pale enough
above for the latter and apparently belong under the typical form.
Another adult from Winnebago County, Iowa (No. 26724, A. N. S.
Phila., Sept. 1, 1879), which seems to represent the breeding bird
of this locality, is likewise intermediate, but nearer Chordeiles v.
virginianus. A typical example of Chordeiles v. virginianus from
Trail, extreme southeastern British Columbia (No. 2811, Victoria
Mem. Mus., June 14, 1902), is doubtless a migrant, since the breed-
ing subspecies at this place is Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. Simi-
larly migrant also doubtless are two adult males (No. 15638 and
No. 15639, L. B. Bishop, June 5, 1906) from Maple Creek, south-
western Saskatchewan, where the breeding subspecies is Chordeiles v.
hesperis. ‘Two other adult males (No. 13449 and 3578, L. B. Bishop),
respectively from Stump Lake, N. Dak., August 2, 1905, and Towner
County, N. Dak., June 8, 1897, are likewise best considered migrant
Chordeies v. virginianus, though verging a little toward C. v. hes-
peris, since the breeding bird of these localities is Chordeiles vir-
ginianus sennetti, and these two specimens are too dark for that
race. Another example (No. 63939, U.S.N.M.), from Pembina,
N. Dak., taken June 16, 1873, is unquestionably perfectly typical of
C. v. virginianus, and hence a belated migrant, for we have an actu-
ally breeding female of Chordetles virginianus sennetti from this same
locality, taken three days earlier. A single individual from Cushion
Lake, southeastern Missouri (No. 205012, U.S.N.M.), is typical Chor-
deiles v. virginianus, but does not, in all probability, represent the
breeding form of this locality, which form is reasonably sure to be
Chordeiles virginianus chapmani. A single male, perhaps a migrant,
from Richland County, southeastern Illinois (No. 90781, U.S.N.M.,
May 25, 1883), is apparently nearer the typical subspecies, though the
breeding bird of the adjoining county of Wabash is Chordeiles vir-
ginianus chapman.

Birds taken on Smiths Island, southeastern Virginia, prove to be
smaller than northern specimens, and are, in fact, about half way be-
tween Chordeiles virginianus virginianus and Chordeiles virginianus
chapmani; but, both size and coloration taken into consideration,
seem to be nearer the former. A single adult female, from Fort
Macon, North Carolina (No. 57903, U.S.N.M.), taken June 10, 1869,

oT PR ge eT Ieee SE er a OD eee et Pee ae Te R
q , AAT eee

40 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

seems to be undoubtedly of the present race, being altogether too
large for Chordeiles virginianus chapmani; if so, it is only a late
migrant, because a male collected at the same locality on the same
day is certainly Chordeiles v. chapmani, the breeding form of the
region. Specimens from various parts of the breeding range of
Chordeiles virginianus virginianus exhibit the following average
measurements:

a A : Exposed Middle
Localities. Wing. Tail. eclenent Tarsus. tel
Hight males, from Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Hamp- mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
shire, Massachusetts, and New York..............- 198.1 111.5 6.5 14.6 15
Two males, from ‘Alberta... dnc sejenicn wc cnerkensiocens 192.8 111.5 6.5 13.8 14
Two males, from British Columbia.................. 202.5 107.8 6.8 14.3 15.3
Five males, from southeastern Virginia.............- 193.3 110.1 6.6 14.5 15.2
Ten females, from Nova Scotia, Ontario, Massachu-
setts, Maine, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia..... 196.5 112 6.7 14.8 15.5
Six females, from southeastern Virginia.............- 185 109.3 4 14.7 15.1

In view of the fact that the migration route of this subspecies is
across the Gulf of Mexico and through, or rather over, the West
Indies, there are surprisingly few records from these islands, even
the Greater Antilles. A single specimen, taken, September 29, 1887,
on the island of Barbados, is the only authentic record from any of
the Lesser Antilles. There are no certain records from any part of
Mexico excepting the northeastern corner (Nuevo Leon, May 197),
nor from Central America northwest of Costa Rica. The single bird
found dead, in 1820,.on Melville Island, Franklin Territory, Canada,’
was, of course, a mere straggler so far beyond even the northernmost
extension of the breeding range of the subspecies.

Except, perhaps, in the southern part of its range, Chordeiles vir-
ginianus virginianus rears but a single brood. In the south it breeds
chiefly in May and June, and there is record of eggs as early as
April 28; in the north, during June and July, and there are un-
hatched eggs to be ond sometimes as late as July 31.

The earliest binomial name for the eastern nighthawk is Capri-
mulgus virginianus of Gmelin,t based on the bird from Virginia.
His diagnosis is in full as follows:

C[aprimulgus]. fuscus, transversim griseo-fusco et hinc inde cinereo-varius,
subtus ex rubescente albus transversim striatus, menti macula trigona alba,
area oculorum et cervice aurantiis maculis varia.

Habitat aestate in America septentrionali, praesertim Virginia, europaeo minor,
8 pollices longus, in montanis, vespere prope domus frequens, eoque tempore

1 Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 486.
2 Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 611.

® Sabine, Suppl. Appendix Parry’s 1st. Voyage, 1824, p. cxciv.
4 Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, -p. 1028.

IPT

SS Se ae

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 41

ad ortum solis usque saepissime altissima voce wiperi-wip clamans, ova 2
viridia, maculis et striis atris varia in campo aperto in nuda terra pariens.
Caro sapida.

Genae ex cinereo fuscae; remiges atrae, 5 primae circa medium, rectrices
extimae prope apicem macula alba notatae; pedes incarnati.

From this it is readily discernible that his description of the bird
is applicable to only the nighthawk, but that the particulars con-
cerning its habits relate nearly or quite all to the whip-poor-will
(Setochalcis vocifera). The source of this confusion lies in the
accounts of the species given by the eight previous authors whose
works Gmelin cites, which citations we have given in full above in
the synonymy of the present race.t| Of these the Caprimulgus minor
americanus of Linneus? is based exclusively on the descriptions in
the works of Catesby, Kalm, and Edwards. Catesby’s account® of
his “ Whip-poor-will,” or “ Caprimulgus minor Americanus,’ from
Virginia, which is apparently the earliest extended notice of the
species, relates certainly, so far as the plate and description of the
bird are concerned, though neither is entirely accurate, to Chordeiles
virginianus virginianus; but the habits that he describes are just
as certainly those of Setochalcis vocifera. What Catesby says about
habits is practically all in a letter from a Mr. Clayton, of Virginia,
which he quotes, as follows:

The Whippoorwill is not so large as the Bird called here the Hast-India Bat,
i, e., Caprimulgus, but in shape, and colour of the feathers, it very much resem-
bles it, having also at each side of its mouth three or four stiff black hairs like
those of a horse’s main, two or three inches long. These birds visit us about
the middle of April, from which time, till the end of June, they are heard every
night, beginning about dusk, and continuing till break of day; but it is chiefly
in the upper or western parts that they are so very frequent. I never heard but
one in the maritime parts, although my abode has been always there; but near
the mountains, within a few minutes after sun-set, they begin, and make so very
loud and shrill a noise all night, which the echoes from the rocks and sides of
the mountains increase to such a degree, that the first time I lodged there I
could hardly get any sleep. The shooting them in the night is very difficult,
they never appearing in the daytime. Their cry is pretty much like the sound
of the pronunciation of the words Whip-poor-will, with a kind of chucking noise
between every other or every two or three cries, and they lay the accent very
strong upon the last word Will, and least of all upon the middle one.

The Indians say these Birds were never known ‘till a great massacre was
made of their countryfolks by the Hnglish, and that they are the Souls or
departed Spirits of the massacred Indians. Abundance of people here look upon
them as Birds of ill omen, and are very melancholy if one of them happens to
light upon their house, or near their door, and set up his cry (as they will
sometimes upon the very threshold) for they verily believe one of the family

1See p. 35.
2Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 346.
® Nat, Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahama Islands, vol. 2, Appendix, 1743, p. 16, pl. 16.

18732°—Bull. 86—14——4

SON ade et

42 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

will die very soon after. These Birds, as I have been credibly informed, breed
exactly as the Goat-Sucker before mentioned, which is thus: they lay only two
eggs of a dark greenish colour, spotted and scrawled about with black, in the
plain beaten paths, without the least sign of any nest, upon which they sit very
close, and will suffer a very near approach before they fiy off.

Kalm,! who calls the bird “ Hwipperiwill,” gives much the same
sort of an account. Kdwards,? Latham,’ and Buffon,‘ all give a good
description of the nighthawk, but reproduce Catesby’s account of the
habits of the whip-poor-will, Edwards giving it in Catesby’s (=Clay-
ton’s) own language. Pennant’s description of his “ Longwinged
Goatsucker ”® relates wholly to Chordeiles virginianus, but his plate
is Setochalcis vocifera. Brisson gives a detailed description,’ which
apples wholly to the nighthawk. It is interesting to note how
closely all these subsequent authors have copied Catesby, with very
little or no additional information; except Brisson, whose long, care-
ful description is evidently original. Since in all these accounts the
portions descriptive of the plumage and other specific characters
relate entirely to the nighthawk, the name Caprimulgus virginianus
of Gmelin has a clear title.

The Caprimulgus popetue of Vieillot,? from Nova Scotia, is, of
course, a synonym of Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin, being many
years posterior, though a number of authors have used it for the
species. Wilson’s Caprimulgus americanus from eastern Pennsyl-
vania, is also the same. There seems to be no reasonable doubt con-
cerning the identification of Caprimulgus jaspideus Merrem® and
Caprimulgqus variegatus Vieillot,° both from Paraguay, for the ac-
companying descriptions agree very closely with Chordeiles vir-
ginianus virginianus.

As will be seen by the quotation from Gmelin given above," Vir-
ginia is mentioned as the particular part of North America in which
this bird was supposed to be found. Most of the other authors whom
Gmelin cites give Virginia as the locality also. They mention
western Virginia especially, but since this is so evidently based on
the account of habits, which are plainly those of Setochalcis vocifera,
and since the specimens that served as the basis for the descrip-

1Resa Norra Amer., vol. 3, 1761, p. 93.

2Nat. Hist. Birds, vol. 2, 1747, p. 63, pl. 63.

% Gen. Synop. Birds, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1783, p. 595.

4 Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux, vol. 6, 1779, p. 534.

5 Arctic Zool., vol. 2, 1785, p. 436.

6 Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, p. 477.

7 Ois. Amer. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 56, pl. 24.

8 Amer. Ornith., vol. 5, 1812, p. 65, pl. 40.

5 ae Ersch and Gruber, Aligem. Encycl. Wissensch. und Kiinste, sec. 1, vol. 15, 1826,

10 Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 2d, ed., vol. 10, 1817, p. 238,
11 See p. 40,

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 43

tions came in all probability from the eastern portion of this State,
it seems best to fix the type-locality, which we do here, as eastern
Virginia.

Specimens examined—Of this race 198 specimens have been
examined, from the following localities:

Alberta.—Athabaska Lake (June 1, 1901); Slave River, 10 miles
below Peace River (June 7, 1901) ; Banff (June 8, 1891).

British Columbia—Wayne Island (Aug. 19, 1892) ; Vernon (Aug.
4, 1892) ; Ashcroft (July 2, 3, 5, and 8, 1889) ; Sumas (Aug. 8, 1891) ;
Trail (June 14, 1902); Errington, Vancouver Island (Aug. 29
and 30, 1910; Sept. 9 and 15, 1910) ; Osoyoos Lake (June 6, 1905) ;
Hope (Sept. 3, 1890); Lac La Hache (June 29, 1892) ; Sproat’s
Landing, Columbia River (June 26, 1890); Chilliwack (June 29,
1859) ; Okanagan Falls (June 19 and 21, 1913) ; Penticton (June 28

_and 97,1913) ; New Westminster (June 4, 1886) ; Victoria (July 25,
1894).

Mackenzie-—Mackenzie River, below Fort Good Hope.

Manitoba—Carberry (July 29, 1892; Aug. 1, 1892) ; Lake Winne-
pegosis (July 3 and 5, 1913).

Nova Scotia—Digby (July 14, 1907) ; Newport (Aug. 21, 1900).

Ontario—Moose Factory (Aug. 4, 1860; Aug. 16, 1860) ; Bruns-
wick House (June 9, 1908) ; Point Pelee (May 29, 1909).

Quebec.—F auriel, Grosse Isle, Magdalen Islands (June 15, 1901).

Saskatchewan.—Maple Creek (June 5, 1906).

Yukon—White Horse Rapids, Yukon River (July 11, 1899) ;
Caribou Crossing, Yukon River (June 27, 1899).

Colorado.—Gunnison (Aug. 24, 1885).

Connecticut.—Stamford; East Hartford (Aug. 5, 1893).

Florida —Whitfield (May 2, 1903; Apr. 15, 28, and 28, 1903) ; Dry
Tortugas (Apr. 13 and 14, 1890); Amelia Island (May 16, 1906;
Apr. 20, 1906).

Illinois —Jacksonville (May 21, 1892); Lake Forest (May 19 and
93, 1906) ; Richland County (May 25, 1883).

Iowa.—Winnebago County (Aug. 12 and 26, 1879; Sept. 1 and 3,
1879) ; Grinnell.

Kansas—Hamilton (Aug. 10, 1913).

Maine—King and Bartlett Lake, Somerset County (July 19,
1893) ; Island Falls (Sept. 17, 1878).

Maryland.—Cornfield Harbor (July 18, 1894) ; Takoma (May 11,
1896; Capitol View (May, 1899); Piney Point (July 17 and 20,
1889) ; Laurel (Aug. 2, 1889; Sept. 13 and 27, 1889) ; Aikin (Aug.
30, 1894).

Massachusetts——Wayland (Sept. 17, 1879); Waltham (May 18,
1878); Great Island (July 14, 1891); Dorchester (Sept. 1 and 8,

=".

eve Loe

ge ew PRO SNe ke ge ee ee ee ey Oi, Pe ee ee eee ee Poe es

we

d4 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1887) ; Brookline (June, 1872); Wareham (June 10, 1893) ; Cotuit
(July 15, 1879) ; Marshfield (July 14, 1879) ; Cambridge; Princeton.

Michigan —FPalmer Park, Wayne County (May 26, 1907).

Minnesota.—Fort Snelling (May 22, 1890; June 4, 1891) ; Grant
County (spring, 1877; May 20, 1876); Moorhead (Aug. 81, 1912:
Sept. 28, 1912).

Missourt.—Charleston (May 8, 1879; May 6, 1878) ; Marble Cave,
Stone County (June 30, 1892) ; Cushion Lake (May 6, 1909).

New Hampshire—Hollis (July 27, 1886; May 26, 1876).

New Jersey—Corona, Bergen County (Aug. 29, 1888); Mount
Ephraim (Sept. 10, 1884); Cumberland County (Aug. 23, 1887) ;
Cape May (May, 1842).

New York.—Baldwin, Long Island (Sept. 3, 1908) ; Good Ground,
Long Island (July 3, 1884); New York (1871); Lake Grove (May
30, 1889); Hastings-on-Hudson (May 30, 1892); Shelter Island,
Suffolk County (Oct. 15, 1897) ; Pocantico (May 19, 1891) ; Roslyn,
Queens County (September, 1887).

North Carolina—Fort Macon (June 10, 1869); Raleigh (Aug. 31,
1894) ; Weaverville (May 24, 1893).

North Dakota—Pembina (June 16, 1873); Turtle Mountains
(June 8, 1897) ; Stump Lake, Nelson County (Aug. 2, 1905).

Pennsylvania.—Carlisle (May 16, 1844; June 10, 1844) ; Chester
County (June 2, 1894; Aug. 21, 1894); Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia
(May 7, 1880; Sept. 10, 1878) ; Marple, Delaware County (May 23,
1881) ; Erie (May 18, 1889); Bethesda (July 13, 1896); Big Tink
Pond, Pike County (Aug. 26, 1908).

South Carolina.—Ladys Island (May 12, 1869).

Tennessee.—Bellevue, Davidson County (May 23, 1895); Straw-
berry Plains.

Texas.—Brownsville (May 4, 1889) ; Corpus Christi (May 28 and
29, 1891).

Virginia—Dunn Loring (Sept. 2, 1891); Arlington (Aug. 22.
1879); The Isaacs (May 24, 1899); Smiths Island (May 21, 1894;
May 9 and 27, 1899; May 20, 1910; June 4, 12, 23, and 30, 1899) ;
Gainesville (Aug. 25 and 29, 1887; Aug. 14, 1886).

West Virginia —White Sulphur (July 8 and 19, 1898).

Wisconsin—Camp Douglas (Aug. 12, 1891); Cassville (June 3,
1912) ; Lake Koshkonong (June 24, 1873; July 8, 1873).

Campeche.—La Tuxpana (Sept. 28, 1912).

Argentina.——Ysca Yacu, Province of Santiago (Jan. 31, 1906).

Costa Rica—Rio Sicsola, Talamanca (Sept. 24, 1904) ; Miravalles
(May 25, 1906).

Isle of Pines, West Indies—Santa Fe (May 10, 1904).

Jamaica.—Spanishtown (September, 1863).

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.

14.2

15.5

13.8
14.
14.

oO cmb

13.8

o
: 2S
Museum and No.| Sex Locality Date Collector Pia lad
; a les
Ele |Re
Carnegie Mus} Male....| Fauriel, Grosse | June15,1901} D. A. At- /195 |110 6.5
9988.1 Isle, ‘Magdalen kinson.
pelands, Que-
ec.
U.S.N.M. 2039891..}...do..... Digby, Nova | July 14,1907} W. H. Os- /192 |113 6.3
Scotia. good.
U.S.N.M.1099171..]... do-:--. Hollis s Neen... - July 27,1886 | W. H. Fox../201.5/112 6.2
Field Mus. N. H. |...do..... Great Island, | July 14,1901 | C. B. Cory..|184 |107.5| 7
42089.1 Mass.
E.A.andO.Bangs |...do..... Waltham, Mass...| May 18,1878 | E.A.andO. /208 |118 7.6
749.1 Bangs.
Am. Mus. N. H -do.....| Good Ground, | July 3,1884] W. Dutcher./205 [113.5] 6.1
65271.1 cone Island,
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Lake Grove, | May 30,1889]... tale 194.5]107 | 6.1
65274.1 ron Island,
M.C.Z.388951......|...do2...] Pocantico, N. Y..] May 19,1891 Wee: D. (mos fit | 6.2
co
U.S.N.M.1687121..|...do..... Slave River, 10} June 7,1901| E.A.andA. |188 |108 6.5
miles below E. Preble.
Peace River,
Alberta.
U.S.N.M.1686361..|...do_.... Ae Lake, | June 1,1901]..... dos vaca 197. 5/115 6.5
erta.
U.S.N.M.1532361..|...do.....| Wayne Island, | Aug.19,1892| T.Collenson.|201 |106 6.1
poe Colum-
ia
Mus. Vert. Zool. |.-.do..... Errington, Van- | Aug.30,1910} H.S.Swarth/204 {109.5} 7.5
15695.1 couver Island,
Pee Colum:
ia.
U.S.N.M. 135353... .]... doles Smits Island, | May 21,1894} C. W. pes 199.5]112.5] 6.5
a. mond.
Carnegie Mus. 6365.|...do.....|.....d0...........- June 30, 1899 E a fa 198 [112 7.1
eldt.
Carnegie Mus. 3943.|...do... eadOea anes see: June 4,1899 ie a Shu- |185 {106.5} 6
eldt.
Carnegie Mus. 3941.}...do.... me COU tes eee steral May 27,1899 ]....- dOsesen= 190 110 6.9
Carnegie Mus. 4229.|...do-_.. Kdones 5 tae June 12,1899 |..... dows saes 194 |109.5] 6.5
am wee See biars endorse - “Weaverville, N. May 24,1893 | C. S. Cairns./201.5]106 6
‘ASN. 8. Phila. |-.-do..... Raleigh, N. C Aug. 31,1894 | H. H.andC. |204.5/t09 | 7.2
45229. = Brim-
ey.
U.S.N.M. 2039881..| Female . Digny Meyaeee: July 13,1907) W. Ht Os- |198 106 6.5
good.
Carnegie Mus. |...do..... re eet Tyee June 9,1908 | M. A. Carri- |191.5}113.5} 6.5
30429.1 Ontario. ker, jr.
Carmmer ier Mus. |(. 200s... 324-600 s scenes acm laccine Gore 2 2 Be, 6CH 193) tt 7
30347.1 Todd.
ameas sands JO. dos: Marshfield, Mass..] July 14,1879} E.A.and O. |187.5|108.5] 7.2
Bangs 750.1 Bangs.
AUN GS) Ebila.n|2 220042. 3 King and Bart- | July 15,1893] A. B. Van |200 |118.5] 6.3
47663.1 lett Lake, Som- der Wielen.
erset Co., Me.
oe Dae bilan |eeedOseses Bethesda, Pa....-. July 13,1896 | F.G. Meyers /196. 5108.5} 6.2
96,1
J Xs coh lciy t sf yeiyl ee ob Fs 0 (see Chestnut Hill, | Aug. 1,1878| W. L. Ab- {193 105 7
26711.1 Philadel p hia, bott.
Par
an. BS. Philas)|22-d0s.--2 Chester County, | June 2,1894| H. Garrett..|199 |118 6.9
45215.1 Pa.
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do..... Tie Pact e825. May 18,1889] G. B. Sen- |203 {117 6.9
81566.1 nett.
Carnegie Mus. |...do..... Ny ites Sulphur, | July 8,1898| T. Surber.../203 {113.5} 6.9
3456.1 Va
WORSEN M5 79038. -3|"22dos.5 2 Fort Macon, N.C.| June 10,1869] E. Coues..../197 {112 moe
U.S.N.M. 212719...|... Gone Smiths Island, May 20,1910] J. H. Riley../194 |109 6.5
Va.
Carnegie Mus. 3942.}...do.....].....d0.........--- June 4,1899 He a Shu- 181. 5/108. 5]--.-.
eldt.
Carnegie Mus. 4231.]...do..... ERO QM aac June 12,1899 |...-. dozens 186 {113 7
Carnegie Mus. 4230.|...do.....]...-- CO we se oe ee Soe as GO Saas dosj2232 173.5]107.5] 7.2
Carnegie Mus. 4232.|...do BOOt a tect ae sec ieeaeine Ones | ee doz 2228 187. 5/111 al
Carnegie Mus. 6364.|...do..... The Isaacs, North-| May 24,1899] [P. M. Shu- |187. 5/107 id
eupign Co., feldt.]
as

14.7

15.5
15

13
15

15.5

15.3
16

16.1
14.2
14.2
15.1

14.7

15.5
14
16
15
15

16.3
15.6

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 36.
2 Specimen described on p. 35.

46 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HESPERIS Grinnell.

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis GRINNELL, Condor, vol. 7, November 22,
1905, p. 170 (Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, California).

Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but
male with upper surface lighter, the ground color more brownish,
the light markings more numerous, particularly on back, scapulars,
tertials, and superior wing-coverts; the posterior lower parts less
washed with buffy, and the dark bars averaging narrower.

Measurements—Male: Total length (in flesh), 220.7-260.3 (aver-
age, 240.5) mm.;1 extent of wing, 568.2-609.6 (588.9).*

Female: Weight, 4 ounces decienc a

Male:* Wing, 183-211 (average, 200) mm.; tail, 107-120 (112. 9):
exposed culmen, 6.0-8.0 (6.9); tarsus, 13.8- 15.9 (14.3) ; middle toe,
14-15.5 (14.7).

Female:* Wing, 187-203 (194.9) mm.; tail, 105-119 (112.2) ; ex-
posed culmen, 6.1-8.0 (7.0); tarsus, 18-15.2 (14.5); middle toe,
14.2-16 (15.3).

Type-locality—Bear Lake, 6,700 feet altitude, San Bernardino
Mountains, southern California.

Geographical distribution—Extreme western United States and
southern edge of southwestern Canada; south in winter, probably
to South America. Breeds in the Upper Austral, Transition, and
Canadian zones, north to Indian Head and Maple Creek, southern
Saskatchewan; Many Island Lake, near Walsh, southeastern Al-
berta; Trail, southeastern British Columbia; and Fort Steilacoom,
Puget Sound, northwestern Washington; west to Aberdeen, central
western Washington; Astoria, Newport, and Glendale, western
Oregon; Humboldt Bay and Ukiah, northwestern California; Au-
burn in Placer County, central California; and the Kern River
Lakes and Santa Barbara, southwestern California; south to Ven-
turia County, and to the South Fork of the Santa Ana River, and Fish
Creek in the San Bernardino Mountains, southwestern California;
east to Sugarloaf Peak in the San Bernardino Mountains, south-
western California; Furnace Creek in Death Valley, southeastern
California; Mount Magruder, southwestern Nevada; Eureka, central
Nevada; Fairfield, north central Utah; Promontory, central north-
ern Utah; Blackfoot, southeastern Idaho; Upper Geyser Basin, in
Yellowstone National Park, northwestern Wyoming; Bozeman,
Great Falls, and the Bear Paw Mountains, central Montana; and
Indian Head, central southern Saskatchewan. Migrates southward
through Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, and
Nicaragua. Winters probably in South America.

1Two specimens.

2 One specimen,

3 Ten specimens, from California, Oregon, and Montana.
4Ten specimens, from California, Oregon, and Idaho.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 47

Remarks.—The female of this race differs in color from the male
in her usually more buffy posterior lower parts; rather lighter, more
brownish (less blackish) ground color of the upper surface, with
light markings there averaging darker, duller, less sharply contrasted
with the dark areas, and usually somewhat more ochraceous or
brownish (less whitish). She is, in fact, more like Chordeiles virgini-
anus howelli* than is the male. She is even more different from
the female of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus than is the male
from that form, being rather readily separable by her lighter, more
brownish (less blackish), more heavily light-mottled upper parts,
these light markings paler tawny or ochraceous; paler under sur-
face, the dark brown areas less blackish, the tawny and ochraceous ~
parts, including the throat, paler, the posterior portion more nar-
rowly barred and less strongly tinged with buff or tawny.

The juvenal and first autumn plumages are distinguishable from
the same stages of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus and Chordeiles
virginianus chapmani by their lighter upper surface, the ground
color of which is more brownish, the ight markings usually some-
what more buffy and more numerous. Most specimens are, on the
upper surface, very much like adult male Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti, occasional birds almost indistinguishable, but are rather
more brownish and buffy.

Individual variation in color is very marked, more so in the female
than in the male. In the male the ground color of the lower parts
is normally creamy white, varying to pure white and to cream buff;
in the female normally cream buff, varying to cream white and to
ochraceous buff, the hght throat-patch ranging from ochraceous
buff to buffy white. The upper surface of the male is normally
blackish brown, with considerable light mottling, mostly of white
and grayish white, with some buff. The general impression is lighter
than in Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, darker than in Chor-
deiles virginianus sennetti. Sometimes it is more blackish, some-
times more brownish, and the mottlings are occasionally, at least in
part, ochraceous buff. The upper surface of the female is normally
as described above, but varies occasionally (No. 161983, U.S.N.M.,
Quincy, California, June 21, 1889) to dark grayish brown with ex-
tensive white, scarcely any buff, markings, practically as in typical
male Chordeiles virginianus sennetti; to a more extensively blackish
general color (No. 94978, U.S.N.M., Fort Klamath, Oregon, July 25,
1883), with few light markings, very much like the adult male Chor-
deiles virginianus virginianus; to a more rufescent brownish, though
dark color (No. 19839, Carnegie Mus., Beaverton, Oregon, June 28,
1884), with nearly all the light markings buff, ochraceous, or tawny,

1 See p. 57.

yp wil Fe tit CEA BEAL 8 On a
. n ‘ ‘ [; Me " Me 4

48 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

very closely resembling the adult male of Chordeiles virginianus
henryi; or even to a lighter brown, very much mottled (No. 6819,
J. Grinnell, Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, California,
July 22, 1905), like the male of Chordeiles virginianus howell.

As in Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, there is little or no geo-
graphical variation in this race. Breeding birds from southern Cali-
fornia seem to be practically identical in both color and size with
those from northern California, Idaho, western Montana, and other
parts of the breeding range. Breeding birds from Nevada seem to
be all Chordeiles v. hesperis, and identical with California specimens.
One breeding example from the Hood River, Oregon (No. 156571,
U.S.N.M., June 21, 1897), looks like Chordeiles virginianus virgint-
anus; but others from North Dalles and Fort Steilacoom, Washing-
ton, from Heppner and the John Day River, Oregon, are surely Chor-
deiles v. hesperis; and while all the breeding birds available from
Oregon and southern Washington are somewhat intermediate between
C. v. virginianus and (. v. hesperis, they are much nearer the lat-
ter. A single specimen from the Milk River, at latitude 49°, Mon-
tana (No. 67646, U.S.N.M., July 24, 1874), others from the Sun
River and elsewhere in western and central Montana, as well as
southern Idaho, are practically indistinguishable from California
examples of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. One half-grown bird
in juvenal plumage from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, northwestern Wyoming (No. 62256, U.S.N.M., Aug. 20,
1872), is apparently the present form, being much too grayish for
Chordeiles virginianus howelli and too dark for Chordeiles vir-
ginianus sennetti. Breeding birds from Trail, southeastern British
Columbia, close to the boundary of the State of Washington, verge
toward Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but are decidedly nearer
Chordeiles v. hesperis. A series of breeding specimens from Maple
Creek, southwestern Saskatchewan, and two individuals from Indian
Head, Saskatchewan, incline somewhat toward Chordetles v. sen-
netti, but are clearly the present form. Average measurements of
breeding specimens from different parts of the range compare as
follows:

ove A . Exposed | p, Middle
Localities. Wing. Tail. culmen, | _2sus- Gel

Five males, from southern California.........-.-.--- 200 113.5 7.2 14.3 14.7
Five males, from Oregon and Montana..........-.-- 200 112.2 6.7 14.4 14.8
One male, from'Utah:.! ut ee eee ee areas 195 107.5 6.9 15 16
Five females, from southern California...........--.- 194.1 112.5 6.9 14 15
Five females, from Oregon and Idaho...........-.-.-- 195.6 111.9 7 15 15.6
Oneifemale} from Utah: . 22. Jo. seeeeee eee cease 187 108 6.6 14.5 16.3

ga eR ON ee
1See p. 57.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 49

Like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, this nighthawk lingers
late in the spring south of its breeding range. A single typical male
taken at Johnson Lake, Valley County, Montana, June 3, 1910, and
another obtained at Saratoga, southeastern Wyoming, June 7, 1911,
are evidently both but transients. So are also one taken by Alex
Wetmore at Greybull, in Bighorn County, central northern Wyo-
ming, June 14, 1910, and another at the same locality on June 15
of the same year, for the breeding bird of this region is Chordeiles
virginianus howelli; and, furthermore, Mr. Wetmore assures us that
the species had first arrived in this valley only a few days previous,
and appeared to be on the move. Likewise the autumn migration
begins very early, sometimes, at least, by the middle of July, thus
before the breeding season is over, as the following records of prac-
tically typical specimens indicate: One taken, July 14, 1909, at Wins-
low, Arizona, by C.-Birdseye; one, August 3, 1904, at Tres Piedras,
New Mexico; one, August 11, 1902, in the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona, by H. S. Swarth; one, August 18, 1909, at Tuba, Arizona,
by E. W. Nelson; and another, September 1, 1908, in Buckskin
Valley, Iron County, Utah, by W. H. Osgood.

It has been reported from Poway, San Diego County, California,
during migration, but apparently not certainly from Lower Cali-
fornia. Three specimens collected by Dr. C. W. Richmond on the
Escondido River, 50 miles above Bluefields, Nicaragua (No. 128370,
U.S.N.M., adult male, Sept. 17, 1892; No. 128371, U.S.N.M., adult
male, Sept. 17, 1892; and No. 128373, juvenal male, Oct. 28, 1892),
are apparently typical Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The last
one (No. 128373) is the example mentioned by G. K. Cherrie* as
like the type of his new race, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, but
darker. An adult female (No. 27101, Field Mus.) from Miravalles,
Costa Rica, is certainly Chordeiles v. hesperis, although M. A. Car-
riker, jr., has recorded it as Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.

This nighthawk breeds chiefly during June and July, sometimes as
early as May 24; at Big Stick Lake, near Maple Creek, Saskatche-
wan, Dr. L. B. Bishop found eggs on July 19, 1906. According to
Joseph Grinnell it breeds chiefly in the Canadian Zone, though also
in the upper part of the Transition Zone, in the San Bernardina
Mountains of southern California. In other localities, however, it
nests regularly all through the Transition Zone and also in the
Upper Austral Zone.

Specimens examined.—Specimens to the number of 120 have been
seen, from the localities in the subjoined list :

Alberta—Many Island Lake, near Walsh (July 13, 1906).

British Columbia.—Trail (June 13, 14, and 16, 1902).

1 Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136.
2 Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, 1910, p. 501.

POS we eae PULTE See

50 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Saskatchewan.—Indian Head (June 18, 1892) ; Maple Creek (June
14, 1905; June 5, 1906; July 4 and 30, 1906) ; Hay Creek, near Maple
Creek (July 6, 1906) ; Big Stick Lake, near Maple Creek (July 19,
1906).

Arizona.—Tuba (Aug. 18, 1909) ; Winslow (July 14, 1909) ; Hua-
chuca Mountains (Aug. 11, 1902).

California—Fish Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, 9,000 feet
altitude (June 15, 1905); Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains,
7,500 feet altitude (July 21, 22, 24, and 25, 1905) ; Sugarloaf Moun-
tain, San Bernardino Mountains, 7,500 feet altitude (Aug. 23, 1905) ;
Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, 6,700 feet altitude (July 30,
1905) ; South Fork of Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mountains
(6,200 feet altitude, July 2, 4, 7, and 8, 1906; 7,000 feet altitude, June
27, 1905); Troy Meadows, Sierra Nevada (Aug. 2, 1911); Trout
Creek, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County (3,000 feet altitude, July 28,
1911; 6,000 feet altitude, July 30 and 31, 1911); Jackass Meadow,
Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, 7,750 feet altitude (July 30, 1911);
Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, 5,500 feet altitude (June 22, 1910) ;
Squaw Mountain, Warner Mountains (July 20, 1910) ; Coppervale,
Lassen County (June 15, 1906); Millford, Honey Lake (June 18,
1906); Quincy (June 21, 1889); Redding (June 17, 1883); Lake
City (June 11, 1896) ; Mount Shasta (Aug. 4, 1883; July 29 and 31,
1904); Blue Canyon (June 9, 1882); Tulare Valley; Cisco (June
30, 1885) ; Furnace Creek, Death Valley (June 19, 1891).

Colorado.—Kstes Park (Aug. 3 and 10, 1893).

Idaho.—Pocatello (June 10, 1911); Birch Creek (Aug. 4, 1890) ;
Big Butte (July 9, 1890) ; Arco (nestling, July 25, 1890) ; Nampa.

Kansas.—Hamilton (Sept. 10, 1913).

Montana—Milk River at 49° north latitude (July 24, 1874); Sun
River (Aug. 10 and 24, 1867) ; Great Falls (July 20, 1890) ; Johnson
Lake, Valley County (June 3, 1910) ; Bozeman (Aug. 9, 1888) ; Cor-
vallis (July 7, 1910) ; Gold Creek, Powell County, 5,000 feet altitude
(Aug. 26, 1910).

Nevada.—Big Creek Ranch at base of Pine Forest Mountains (June
16, 1909); Pyramid Lake (June 23, 1893; July 3, 1903); Virgin
Valley, Humboldt County (June 3, 1909); Gardnerville (July 13,
1898) ; East Humboldt Mts. (Aug. 4, 1868) ; Carson (June 18, 1881).

New Mexico.—Tres Piedras (Aug. 3, 1904, J. H. Gaut).

Oregon.—Newport (June 16, 1901) ; Adel, Lake County (June 20,
1896) ; John Day River (June 21, 1899) ; Beaverton (June 28, 1884;
June 21, 1890; July 3, 1890) ; Fort Klamath (July 25, 1883) ; Hepp-
ner (June 10, 1896); Lake Alvord (July 31, 1896); Hood River
(June 21, 1897); Astoria (nestling, July 19, 1897) ; Crooked River,
20 miles southeast of Prineville (June 28, 1896); 7 miles northwest
of Corvallis (July 22, 1898) ; 1 mile southeast of Corvallis (July 4,
1899). :

Fh i et late I tog pais

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 51

Texas—Brownwood (Aug. 25, 1888).

Utah.—Buckskin Valley, Iron County (two specimens, Sept. 1,
1908) ; Fairfield (June 21 and 27, 1890).

Washington.—North Dalles (Rockland) (July 8, 1897); Fort
Steilacoom, Puget Sound (July 16, 1858).

Wyoming.—Stinking Creek (=Shoshone River) (June, 1860) ;
Greybull (June 14 and 15, 1910) ; Saratoga (June 7, 1911) ; Upper
Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (Aug. 20, 1872).

Campeche.—La Tuxpana (Oct. 4, 1912).

Nicaragua.—Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields (Oct. 28,
1892; Sept. 17, 1892).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis,

Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Colleetor.

J. Grinnell 6917 1...| Male?...}| Bear Lake (6,700 | July 30,1905 | J. Grinnell. ./205
feet alt.), San
Bernardino
Mountains, Cal.

J. Grinnell 6467 1...!...do....] Fish Creek (9,000 June 15,1905 |... .. dose 5
feet alt.), San
Bernardino
Mountains, Cal.

J. Grinnell 6842 1...)...do....|Bluff Lake (7,500 | July 24,1905 |..... dows =)
feet alt.), San
Bernardino

198/113 7 | 14.5) 15

191. 5/107 6. 5} 13.8} 14

Mountains, Cal.
J. Grinnell 6860 1..-|...do..-.|.---. Goseteiaetee ieee July 25,1905 |..... dovpsss: 207 120 7.5) 14.2] 15
Mus. Vert. Zool. |...do....| Trout Creek (3,000} July 28,1911 |..... Uoleesa. 198. 5}111 7 Ya 5r4as
199101, feet alt.), Sierra

Nevada Moun-
tains, Tulare

County, Cal.
J. Grinnell ——1...}...do....] Newport, Oreg..-| June16,1901 | B. q Breth- |211 {118.5} 6.2) 15.2] 15.2
erton.
Mus. Vert. Zool. |...do...- ie Day River, | June21,1899 |} Loye Miller.|205 /115 6.6] 14 | 14
5861.1 reg.
Carnegie Mus. |...do....| Beaverton, Oreg..| June21,1890 | A. W. An- |200 /112.5} 8 | 14.5] 15.5
19840.1 thony.
U.S.N.M. 140392 1.]...do....| Heppner, Oreg..-} June10,1896 | E.A.Preble.|201 {108 6 | 14.1) 15
U.S.N.M. 2280761.]...do....] Corvallis, Mont...| July 7,1910 |} B. Bailey...|183 |107 6.5} 14 | 14.2
U.S.N.M. 130394.-.|...do....] Fairfield, Utah... June 21,1890 | V. Bailey..-/195 {107.5} 6.9} 15 | 16
Mus. Vert. Zool. | Female - Trout Creek (6, 000} July 30,1911 | J. Grinnell. ./187 /110 6.5) 14.2) 15
19911.1 feet alt.), Sierra
Nevada Moun-
tains, Tulare
County, Cal.
a ert Zook 1 OOsace|-2sae Gos Phe alis s GOs eset ase Goss 2is2 193 |113 7 =| 14.5) 16
912.
J. Grinnell 7553 1...|...do....| South Fork Santa} July 4,1906 |...-. do..-..-|198 {119 @ |as2iets
AnaRiver(6,200
feet alt.), San
Bernardino
Mountains, Cal.
J. Grinnell 7549 1...|...do....]...-. does ae July 2,1906 |..... dosss<2.- 196 {112 65/93 1,45
J. Grinnell 6819 1_..|...do....] Bluff Lake (7,500 | July 22,1905 |_.... doossstt 196. 5|108. 5} 7.5) 14 14.2
feet alt.), San
Bernardino
Mountains, Cal.
Carnegie Mus. |...do....| Beaverton, Oreg..| July 3,1890} A. W. An- |191 [110.5] 7.3] 14.8] 15.5
19841.1 thony.
Carnegie Misis (te: dose |ceass Goeth. seo) June 28, 1884 |...-. doz.== = 1202 143 8 | 15.2) 16
391
U.S.N.M. 140393 1.]...do....] Crooked River, 20 | June 28,1896 | V. Bailey... .|197. 5/115 6.9] 15.2} 16
miles southeast
of Prineville,
Oreg.
U.S.N.M. 1422241.]...do.... Big Butte, Idaho.} July 19,1890 | C.P.Streator|203 |116 6.8] 14.8] 14.8
TUESUN IM. 1404071210). dos ls |i OS are ee Gorse ee elbsgas do.... . .|194. 5105 6.1) 15 15.5
U.S.N.M. 140395...|...do....| Fairfield, Utah...] June 27,1890 | V. Bailey...|187 {108 6.6) 14.5) 16.3

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 46.
2 Type.

52 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS SENNETTI Coues.

[Chordiles popetue] Sennetti Covers, Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37 (50 ©

miles west of Pembina [sic], North Dakota; and Wharton County,
Texas).

Chars. subsp—Resembling Chordeiles virginianus hésperis, but
upper surface of male lighter and more grayish, 1. e., the dark brown
ground color lighter and more grayish, the light markings finer, more
numerous, and paler, more grayish or whitish (less ochraceous) ;
general tone of lower surface lighter, the dark anterior portions more
grayish, the bars on posterior portion narrower, sometimes inter-
rupted.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 212.6-247.6 (aver-
age, 231.6) mm.; 1 extent of wing, 412.8-590.6 (541) .1

Female: Weight, 2 ounces 4 drams to 3 ounces 3 drams avoirdu-
pois? (average, 2 ounces 13.3 drams).

Male:* Wing, 186-213 (average, 198.3) mm.; tail, 101.5-112.5
(109.1) ; exposed culmen, 6.0-7.2 (6.9); tarsus, 18.5-15.8 (14.6) ;
middle toe, 13.9-16 (15.3).

Female:* Wing, 175-201 (189.5) mm.; tail, 102.5-115 (108) ; ex-
posed culmen, 6.0-7.5 (6.5); tarsus, 13.8-15.3 (14.7); middle toe,
14-16 (14.9).

Type-locality—F ifty miles west of the Pembina Mountains, in cen-
tral northern North Dakota.

Geographical distribution.—Central northern United States, prob-
ably south in winter to South America; breeds in the Upper Austral
and Transition zones, north to Pembina, to Towner County, and old
Fort Union, northern North Dakota; and Strater, northeastern Mon-
tana; west to Strater, Darnall’s Ranch in Dawson County, and Fort
Keogh, eastern Montana; and Uva, southeastern Wyoming; south to
Uva, southeastern Wyoming; Rosebud, central southern South Da-
kota; Thomas County and Antelope County, north central Nebraska;
Sioux City and Dickinson County, northwestern Iowa; east to Dick-
inson County, northwestern Iowa; Madison, southwestern Minnesota ;
and Pembina, northeastern North Dakota. Migrates through Kansas
and eastern Colorado, and probably Central America. Winters prob-
ably in South America.

Remarks.—This is easily seen to be one of the palest races, and is
characterized, particularly in the male, by the grayish cast of light
and dark colors both above and below, as compared with the other
forms. The broad light streaks on the nape, especially, are very light
buff or even whitish, and the upper surface of the wings has much

1 Four specimens.
* Three specimens.

% Ten specimens, from South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana.
4Ten specimens, from South Dakota and North Dakota.

TOD ee ge EG Ne ie eae

wise

pha Ta aa ce eae AE A a ea a aa a a a ea ee

Sn NA Se A Eo 5

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 53

light gray and whitish with a minimum of buff. The male of this
subspecies is readily distinguishable from Chordeiles virginianus vir-
gimanus by its much lighter upper surface, the dark ground color
less blackish, more grayish brown, the light mottlings much more
numerous, finer, paler, and less ochraceous (more whitish or grayish) ;
and also by its lighter lower surface, the posterior portion white
instead of more or less tinged with buff or cream color, and less
heavily barred with blackish, and the dark brown of anterior por-
tion more grayish.

The female is more brownish below on the dark areas than is the
male, also more washed with buff on the posterior portion; above usu-
ally darker and with less white mottling, the dark areas slightly
more brownish, the light markings duller, more brownish, or more
tinged with buff or ochraceous (not so whitish), and thus not so
sharply contrasted. She differs from the female of Chordeiles vir-
ginianus virginianus In much lighter, more grayish (less brown-
ish) upper surface, with much more numerous light markings; and
paler lower parts, the dark portions more grayish (less brownish),
the light areas more whitish (less tawny or ochraceous), and pos-
teriorly less heavily brown-barred. From the female of Chordeiles
virgimianus hesperis she may be distinguished above by the some-
what lighter, more grayish shade of the dark brown ground color,
and more whitish (less ochraceous), and usually more numerous light
markings, the cervical streaks particularly paler, less buffy; and
below by her somewhat paler and more grayish general cast, and the
less deeply buff-tinged and less heavily barred posterior portion.

The first autumn plumage is lighter above than that of any of the
other races, so much so that no special comparison is necessary; the
upper surface being of a pale silvery gray, finely vermiculated, and
sometimes also spotted with black and dark brown—really a very
beautiful bird. As in the adult there is, however, much individual
variation; some specimens are much more coarsely vermiculated,
and even blotched and streaked with black above; some examples
have a pure gray cast, others have a decided tinge of buff both above
and below.

The nestling is usually pure white or cream white below, and duller,
buffy white, with dark gray markings above; but occasionally pale
fawn color below, and fawn color with Prout’s brown markings
above.

Individual variation has about the same range in the female as in
the male. The latter is normally pale above,, with numerous light
grayish or whitish mottlings, from which it varies in occasional ex-
amples to a bird much more extensively blackish above, with much
less light mottling and practically not distinguishable from typical

54 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. Such are No. 13473, L. B. Bishop,
adult male, Stump Lake, North Dakota, August 4, 1905: and No.
26715, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, adult female,
Huron, South Dakota, July, 1881. Birds of this description may,
‘however, almost always be separated from Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis by their pale, hightly barred under surface. The other ex-
treme is a bird which has the markings of the upper parts very
whitish, numerous, and extensive (No. 26717, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
adult male, Huron, South Dakota, July, 1881). Another variation
produces a bird in which most of the light markings on back, scap-
ulars, pileum, and hind neck are buff, cream buff, or cream color (No.
19835, Carnegie Mus., adult male, Madison, Minnesota, June 4, 1891).
In some examples the lower tail-coverts and the middle of abdomen
are almost immaculate white. There is some variation also in the
depth of the color and in the width of the dark brown bars on the
posterior lower parts. As may be seen from the table of measure-
ments, this form varies greatly in size, apparently more so than some
of the other races. A single adult female (No. 1960, collection of
L. B. Bishop), from Towner County, North Dakota, taken June 11,
1895, is very brownish, and ochraceous or buffy both above and below,
and is practically indistinguishable in appearance from very typical
female Chordeiles virginianus howelli, thus strikingly different from
any of the females of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti examined. It
is, of course, just possible that this individual wandered northward
from the range of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but it seems better
to regard it as an abnormal variation of Chordeiles virginianus sen-
nett.

This subspecies has a more restricted distribution than most of
the others. The birds from Huron, South Dakota, and from eastern
South Dakota and eastern North Dakota in general are most typical,
in that they carry.to the extreme the characters of the subspecies; and
the type of this race, from 50 miles west of the Pembina Mountains, is
practically the same as these. Specimens representing the breeding
bird of Dickinson County, Iowa, and Madison, western Minnesota,
verge toward Chordeiles virginianus virgimianus, but are much nearer
the present race. Examples from Strater, and from Darnall’s Ranch,
Dawson County, in northeastern Montana, are darker above, and
very close to Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but are, as a whole,
nearer Chordeiles v. sennetti. A single specimen (No. 171803,
U.S.N.M., June 3, 1889) from Fort Keogh, central eastern Mon-
tana, seems to incline a little toward Chordeiles virginianus howelli
in its more brownish and ochraceous colors above. Females from
Towner County, North Dakota, are apparently darker on the upper
surface than the females from farther south, but the males from the

1See p. 57,

;
r

ESS ee eee

SS EEF FIRS

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 55

corresponding localities do not seem to differ. Two birds shot on
Washington Creek, Kansas, September 12, 1908, identified and
recorded* by Alex Wetmore, constitute one of the two authentic
records for Kansas. Strangely enough, however, Chordeiles vir-
ginianus sennetti has apparently not a single record for Texas,
although it almost certainly migrates through this State; since all
the alleged instances of its occurrence there, so far as we have been
able to determine, prove to be misidentifications of Chordeiles vir-
gintanus howelli* or Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.2 Nothing
definite is known concerning its winter home, but this is presumably
South America.

This race, like most of the others, rears but one brood a year—
in June or July. There are records of eggs from Miner County,
South Dakota, as early as June 6 (1894) ; and from Towner County,
North Dakota, as late as June 30 (1895) ; while we have seen nestlings
from Devils Lake, taken on July 18 (1901).

The Sennett nighthawk was first described by Dr. Elliott. Coues+*
in the following language:

2. Sennetti, large, silvery grayish-white predominating above, the white
below greatly in excess of the narrow, irregular or broken, dark bars, and lit-
tle or no rufous anywhere. Hab. Dakota to Texas, in any treeless country.
Types 65,490, Mus. Smiths. Inst., formerly 3801, Mus. E. C., 50 miles west of
Pembina, Minn., July 16, 1878, and 4927, Coll. George B. Sennett, Wharton
Co., Texas, May 27, 1887.

Each of the specimens mentioned as types bears on the back of its
label this legend, in the handwriting of Doctor Coues: “A type of
the species Elliott Coues.” The first example, which is now in the
United States National Museum, has commonly received the dis-
tinction of being the type, but its correct locality is not “50 miles
west of Pembina,” as Coues and subsequent authors give it; but “50
miles west of Pembina Mts.,” as the original label, in Doctor Coues’
own well-known chirography, shows. This specimen is an adult male
in worn summer plumage, of large size—that is, as big as Chor-
deiles virginianus virginianus, and of pale gray coloration, like the
breeding birds of North Dakota and South Dakota; in fact, a good
representative of the race that passes current under the name Chor-
deiles virginianus sennetti. The alleged type specimen from Whar-
ton County, Texas, which is now in the American Museum of Natural
History, in New York, is, however, a typical breeding bird of the
small, more buffy, though pale, form of southern Texas, which we
hereinafter separate as Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.2 Since
this example does not, consequently, agree with the original diagnosis,

1 Condor, vol. 11, 1909, p. 159.

2 See p. 57.

3 See p. 71.

* Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37, }

56 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and since the specimen first mentioned, from 50 miles west of the
Pembina Mountains, does so agree, the latter must stand as the type.

Specimens examined Seventy-seven specimens have been avail-
able, from the localities that follow:

Colorado.—Barr (Aug. 8, 1910).

Iowa—Dickinson County (June, 1881) ; 4 miles southeast of Boone
(Oct. 27, 1898).

Hinson: —Burlington (October, 1891); Hamilton (Sept. 17, 1913).

Minnesota.—Madison (May 25 and 28, 1891; July 4 and 18, 1891) ;
Grant County (spring, 1877) ; Kimbrae (Sept. 13, 1897).

Montana.—Fort Keogh (June 3, 1889) ; Bannalls Ranch, Dawson
County, 30 miles south of Glasgow (July 8, 1910); Strater, Valley
County (July 16 and 18, 1910).

North Dakota—¥ort Union (July 1, 1848); 50 miles west of the
Pembina Mountains (July 16, 1873); Fort Rice (June 18, 1878) ;
Pembina (June 13, 1873—parent of eggs) ; Linton (June 27, 1912) ;
Big Muddy Got, (July 2, 1873); Towner County (June 1, 1895;
June 7 (, 1895; June 11, 1895; June 30, 1895; July 8, 1895; July 17,
1895; July 31, 1896) ; Rock ae Towner Ca (July 1, 1905) ;
Dewi Lake Tien Reservation (July 22, 1905) ; Tellers cep Devils
Lake (July 18, 1901); Wolford, Pierce County (July 20, 1905) ;
Turtle Mountain, Rolette County (July 6, 1902); Ottofy, Nelson
County (June 19, 1905); Adler, Nelson County (July 31, 1902;
Aug. 12, 1901) ; Stump Lake, Nelson County (June 22, 1905; July 21,
1902; July 26, 1902; Aug. 2, 1902; Aug. 4, 1905; Aug. 9, 1901; Aug.
14, 1905) ; Souris River (Sept. 3, 1873); Kenmare (July 15, 1913) ;
Sentinel Butte (June 7, 1913) ; Glenullin (July 9, 1913) ; Bismarck.

South Dakota—Huron (July, 1881); near Rosebud (Aug. 14,
1911) ; Missouri River 40 miles above Fort Pierre (June 30, 1856).

Wyoming.—Lattle Medicine (Aug. 4, 1899) ; Uva (July 6, 1909).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.

¥el 4

Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a i oe Z Ke) g
i tt

& |aele fa”

mm.|mm.|mm.| mm.
A.N.S.Phila.26720 | [Male] ..| Huron, 8. Dak ...] July —, 1881 | W.L.Abbott me "!112.5| 7 || 15.8] 16
A Nese niles 2 eed oe eral ename Gon ese ee Geer aha Gonna. 213 (j112.5) 7.1) 15.1) 15.9

26717.1
ASIN ase, HeLa | ee Oueeen | eases Gopreeee een eae Gore eae e Sy doves 186 {101.5} 7.1) 14.8] 14.8
26718.1
Am. Mus. N. H. | Male....| Fort Union,N.Dak) July 1,1843 | J.J.Audubonj192. 5)108 7 | 14.9) 15.2
438431
U.S.N. a 1718032)2\s28dos2-- 2 Fort Keogh,Mont.} June 38,1889 | P.M.Thorne ae 111.5| 7 | 18.5) 15.5
U.S.N.M. 652941 ..]...do.....| Fort Rice,N.Dak.| June 18, 1873) | Peee ee reece 106.5) 6 | 14 | 14.3
U.S.N.M. 654901 ._|_1.do.2...| 50 miles west of July 16, 1873 | E. Coues.. ‘lioa 111 7 | 14.9) 16
Pembina Moun-
tains, N. ee
U.S.N.M. 127570! .|...do-. Madison, Minn....} June 18,1891 | A. Lano..... 198 {111 7 | 14.5) 15.2
Carnegie Mus. |...do.....]....- GOs See NeW has eee Go wee: [A. Lano}...|199 |104.5} 6.8} 13.9] 13.9
19834.1
Carnerionw Masts dol22 22 |e dou eee ees June 4,1891 ] ..... GO wesee 202 {112 7.2) 14.5) 16

J
Pent 8: Phila. | [Female]] Huron, 8. Dak ...}| July —,1881 | W.L.Abbott/189 {104 6.8} 14.8) 15

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 52.
2 Type

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 57

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti—Continued.

Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date.
A. N. §. Phila. | [Female]| Huron, S. Dak...- July —, 1881
26716.1

A. N. S. Phila.
63941.

a .| Pembina, N. Dak.
L. B. Bishop 7882!.|.

Ee Oneres Adler, Nelson Co.,

: N. Dak.
L.B.Bishop 130841}...do..... Stump Lake, Nel-| June 22, 1905

} son Co., N. Dak.
L.B.Bishop 7797 !.|.. cdOicsc 5 |Seales G0keseeeeesaas July 26, 1902
L.B.Bishop 77981 .|..-do.....|-.--- OSs are esteem ane do.-.....|-..--
L.B.Bishop 6248 !.). Redousescl acess OOeeeeeaeeae Aug. 9,1901
L.B.Bishop 2030!.|...do..... ee Co., N. | June30, 1895

ak.

L.B.Bishop 2952!.|...do....-|....- Gos seeesce.es July 31,1896 | E.T. Judd ..

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HOWELLI,? new subspecies.

Chars. subsp.—Somewhat like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but
male with upper parts more rufescent and somewhat paler, the dark
brown ground color more rufescent, less grayish, and the light mark-
ings much more buffy or ochraceous; posterior lower parts more
buffy, and the anterior dark brown areas more rufescent.

Description—Type, adult male, No. 186731, U.S.N.M.; Lipscomb,
Texas, June 25, 1903, Arthur H. Howell; original number, 100.
Upper parts brown, between hair brown and clove brown, much
spotted, mottled, and irregularly and brokenly barred, so that com-
paratively little of the ground color remains, with brownish white,
light brown, buff, and ochraceous, least numerously on the pileum,
most coarsely on the scapulars, and in the form of broad irregular
and broken bars on the upper tail-coverts, and of a more or less ob-
servable collar of broad buff and ochraceous buff streaks on the hind
neck; tail brown like the ground color of upper parts, crossed by
about 7 wide, irregular and broken bars, one of which is terminal on
only the middle pair of rectrices, these bars light hair brown or
whitish, and widest on the middle pair of feathers, and all the
rectrices but the two middle ones with a broad subterminal band of
pure white; wing-quills brown like the tail, the outer five primaries
crossed by a very broad band of pure white posteriorly to the tip of
the ninth primary (counting from the outermost) ; secondaries and
inner primaries tipped with brownish white; outer half or more of
the inner webs of secondaries and inner primaries with cream white
or buff bars, those on primaries broken or obsolescent; the tertials
mottled with light brown, brownish white, and buffy white, in the
form of broad but much broken and obsolescent bars; superior wing-

1 Used in measurement averages on Pp. 52.
2Named for my friend Mr. Arthur H. Howell, who collected the type specimen,

13732°—Bull. 86—14—5

58 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

coverts brown like the wing-quills, the primary coverts with a few
buff and brownish white spots, chiefly on inner webs, the others
heavily spotted and mottled, in many places confluently, with cream
white, brownish white, and buff, these light markings forming on
the median and distal lesser coverts a conspicuous and almost solid
patch; moustachial stripe and sides of head and neck dark brown
like the ground color of upper parts, the subocular, postocular, and
auricular regions, together with the sides of neck, conspicuously,
the Jast-mentioned broadly, streaked with ochraceous buff and tawny
ochraceous, the moustachial stripe much spotted and streaked with
ochraceous buff and light tawny ochraceous; an ill-defined super-
ciliary stripe consisting of spots and streaks of whitish and buffy,
posteriorly confluent with the light streaks on the side of the neck
and on the cervix; lores mostly white, somewhat mixed, particu-
larly on lower nOneiGn with fine markings of dark brown; chin
white, washed with buff, finely streaked, and somewhat spotted with
dark brown; broad gular crescent pure white; jugulum and upper
breast sepia, the former heavily spotted with tawny, the latter
spotted, streaked, and barred with creamy white, brownish white,
cream buff, and buff; remainder of inferior surface cream white,
barred with sepia, most thickly on lower breast, least thickly but
more widely on lower tail-coverts; under wing-coverts dark brown
like the wings, heavily barred with white, cream white, buff, and
ochraceous buff; axillars cream color, barred with dark brown; edge
of wing along the alula white.

Tris dark brown; bill black; feet gray.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 235 mm.;? extent
of wing, 565.2.

Female: Total length (in flesh), 228.6-254 (average, 239.3) ;? ex-
tent of wing, 558.8-590.6 (577.9)

Male: * Wing, 192.5-211 (average, 200) mm.; tail, 105-121 (112.3) ;
exposed culmen, 5.9-7.0 (6.3); tarsus, 138-15.2 (14.3); middle toe,
14.2-15.5 (14.9).

Female:* Wing, 185-208.5 (193.4) mm.; tail, 104-122.5 (112.8) ;

exposed culmen, 6.5-7.2 (6.9); tarsus, 18-14.8 (14.2); middle toe,
14.6-16 (15.3).

Type locality —Lipscomb, northwestern Texas.

Geographical distribution.—Central portion of western United
States; south in migration through Central America, probably to
South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral, Upper Austral,
Transition, and Canadian zones, north to the Republican River,

1 One specimen.
2 Three specimens.

* Ten specimens, from Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.
#'Ten specimens, from Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Utah.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 59

central northern Kansas; southwestern Nebraska; Wray and Love-
land, northeastern Colorado; Laramie Peak, southeastern Wyoming;
Greybull and Germania in Bighorn County, northwestern Wyoming;
west to Germania and Fort Bridger, western Wyoming; and Parley’s
Park, Wasatch Mountains, central northern Utah; south to the
Uinta Mountains, northeastern Utah; Grand Junction, central west-
ern Colorado; Twin Lakes, central Colorado; the Rio Grande and
Trinidad, central southern Colorado; Sierra Grande and Cuervo,
northeastern New Mexico; Hereford and Lamb County, northwest-
ern Texas; San Angelo and Giddings, central Texas; east to Gid-
dings, central Texas; Terrell and Bonham, central northern Texas;
Lawton, central southern Oklahoma; Cairo, Hamilton, Turkey Creek,
and the Republican River, middle Kansas. Migrates through eastern
Mexico and Central America, and casually east to Grant County,
southwestern Minnesota, and Warsaw, western Illinois. Winters
probably in South America.

Remarks.—The male of this new race differs from that of Chor-
deiles virginianus henryi in lighter upper surface, particularly on
the scapulars and tertials, the dark areas being more brownish (less
blackish) and the light markings finer and usually much less deeply
tawny or ochraceous; and in the lighter lower surface, which is less
deeply buffy on posterior portion and less rufescent on the anterior
part. From Chordeiles virginianus hesperis he may readily be dis-
tinguished by his much paler upper parts, the dark brown areas less
blackish, the ight mottlings much more numerous; and by the paler,
anteriorly less rufescent, posteriorly more buffy, and more narrowly
or brokenly barred lower surface. He is so very different from Chor-
deiles virginianus virginianus by reason of his much paler, more
brownish, and much more numerously ochraceous- and buffy-marked
upper parts; lighter, less blackish (more brownish) anterior lower
surface; and lighter, less heavily barred breast and abdomen, that he
is distinguishable almost at a glance.

The female is usually more brownish, decidedly more mottled with
ochraceous on the upper parts, and much more buffy below than is
the male. This makes the female more closely resemble the female
of Chordeiles virginianus henryi than the male does the male of
Chordeiles v. henryi, but she nevertheless is separable from the
female of Chordeiles v. henryi by her lighter, more rufescent (less
blackish) brown upper parts, with paler, usually finer and more
numerous markings; and by the lighter jugulum (both as regards
the ground color and the tawny and buff markings), throat, and
posterior lower parts. From the female of Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti she may be distinguished on the upper parts by her much
more brownish (less grayish) and lighter ground color, and much
more ochraceous light markings; and below by the more rufescent,

60 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

less grayish, hue of the dark brown areas, the more ochraceous,
tawny, or buff light parts, and the rather more weakly and brokenly
barred abdomen. Compared with female Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis, she is paler above, the dark areas being more brownish (less
blackish or grayish), the light markings more numerous and more
generally tawny or ochraceous (less whitish), so that the general
effect is more rufescent; she is also lighter below, the dark areas,
particularly the jugulum, more rufescent, the throat and other light
portions anteriorly averaging more deeply tawny or ochraceous,
posteriorly nearly always much more deeply and extensively buff,
with lighter dusky bars.

The first autumn plumage is somewhat similar to that of Chordeiles
virginianus hesperis, but is very much lighter above—is, in fact, the
lightest of all the races excepting Chordeiles virginianus sennetti—
more extensively mottled, the dark markings greatly reduced; also
on the light areas more ochraceous or buffy, and on the dark portions
more brownish (less blackish). It differs from the first autumn
plumage of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti in its darker, more
ochraceous or buffy upper parts, and less finely and closely vermicu-
lated throat and jugulum.

Individual variation in this subspecies is about as great as in
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The normal coloration of the male
is fairly represented by the type described above. Occasionally the
upper parts are much more extensively light-mottled, so much so
that the dark ground color is almost obscured, as in No. 38316,
U.S.N.M., adult male, Laramie Peak, Wyoming, June 9, 1864. The
other extreme shows in No, 43846, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult male,
Fort Bridger, Wyoming, June 22, 1858, in which the upper parts
are much less heavily mottled, and the light markings more whitish,
pale brownish or buffy (less ochraceous), thus giving the center of
the back and the upper surface generally a more blackish aspect.
Such birds are much like some specimens of Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis, but are distinguishable by their more brownish cast above,
and by their more creamy or buffy posterior lower parts. Rarely, as
in No. 48531, Mus. Comp. Zoél., adult male, Fort Bridger, Wyoming,
June 22, 1858, the light markings of upper surface are more whitish,
in which case the bird very much resembles Chordeiles virgimianus
sennetti; but the more brownish upper parts and more creamy or
buffy ventral surface will serve to distinguish such specimens. The
ground color of the posterior lower parts in the male is occasionally
almost pure white, usually cream color or buff, sometimes cream buff.
The female varies even much more than the male. One extreme is
observable in specimens such as No. 166920, U.S.N.M., adult female,
Henrietta, Texas, July 30, 1900, and No. 48530, Mus. Comp. Zodl.,

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER, 61

Fort Bridger, Wyoming, June 21, 1858, which have dark, dull, black-
ish brown upper parts, with but sparse ochraceous, whitish or dull
light brown mottlings, especially on the back, in which respect they
are somewhat like Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, though more
brownish, and which have also the breast and jugulum mostly dark
brown with some buff or ochraceous buff spots, and the posterior
lower parts whitish or pale buff. The other extreme is to be seen in
birds like No. 19078, U.S.N.M., adult female, Antelope Hills, 150
miles west of Fort Cobb, Oklahoma, June 7, 1860, and No. 94693,
U.S.N.M., Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 24, 1883, in which the
upper parts are, in general effect, very tawny, much as in Chordeiles
virginianus henryi, though paler, with the light markings above
numerous and all tawny or tawny ochraceous; the throat and jugu-
lum are mostly tawny and tawny ochraceous; and the posterior lower
surface deep buff.

That three well-defined subspecies have hitherto been included
under the name Chordeiles virginianus henryi is shown very plainly
by the material available for the present investigation. One of these,
to which the name Chordeiles virginianus henryt* is applicable, is a
large, rather dark, very rufescent or tawny bird, and occupies, dur-
ing the breeding season, the greater part of New Mexico and Ari-
zona; another, a small, pale, and rather grayish bird, summers chiefly
in southern Texas, and to this the name Chordeiles virginianus
aserriensis2 seems to apply ; while the third is the large, light-colored
buffy or ochraceous race, which ranges in summer from Wyoming
and Colorado to Kansas and central Texas, and which I have above
named Chordeiles virginianus howelli.

The geographical area occupied by Chordeiles virginianus howella
lies between the ranges of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis and Chor-
deiles virginianus aserriensis,” on the one hand, and between Chor-
deiles virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus henry, on
the other; and it is to a certain degree intermediate also in colors;
but notwithstanding this, it presents characters that are fairly
uniform over practically all of its range, except, of course, along
the very edges of its distribution, where it passes into the sur-
rounding forms of the species; and it is, on the whole, as the sub-
species of Chordeiles virginianus go, a readily recognizable race.
Birds from Fort Hays and Cairo, in middle Kansas, are not dif-
ferent from those of Colorado and southern Wyoming; and those
from the southern part of Colorado, in the Rio Grande Valley,
seem to be just like those from other parts of the same State—
ane) weirs ke eee WS US eae

1 Ghordeiles henryi Cassin, Ilustr. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit. and Russ. Amer., vol. 1,

1855, p. 239 (Fort Webster, N. Mex.).
2 Cherrie, Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136. See also p. 73.

Pic a
ww

62 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

that is, typical. Specimens from Germania, Greybull, and other
localities in northern Wyoming are darker above, thus verging some-
what toward Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, though still much too
pale and brownish above for that form. Examples from southeast-
ern Wyoming show some tendency toward intergradation with Chor- — 4
deiles virginianus sennetti. The few individuals from Henrietta in

central northern Texas examined are in color typical Chordeiles

virginianus howelli, but in size appear to be smaller, in this showing

a close approach to Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis + of southern

Texas; but the small series and the worn and otherwise poor con- .
dition of the specimens may be responsible for at least part of the

difference. Birds which apparently represent the breeding form of

Lee County, Texas, considerably farther south and near the known

breeding range of Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, are, however,

larger, while those from northwestern Texas are of full size. The

differences in size that obtain in birds from the various parts of the

breeding range of the present race are observable in the following

average measurements:

Exposed rarene Middle

Localities. Wing. Tail. eaincnt ioee

Ten males, from Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
and morthwestern\Dexas 2 eee. sce een eee 200 L253, 6.3 14.3 14.9
Two males, from central northern Texas..........-- 186 104. 3 i 14.5 14.8

Ten females, from Wyoming, Utah, Kansas, north-

eastern New Mexico, and northeastern Colorado... 193. 4 112.8 6.9 14.2 15.3
One female, from central southern Colorado. ......-.- 195 118 6.8 13.8 14.2
Two females, from central northern Texas..........- 180.3 104.5 7 14.3 14.6

One adult male from Warsaw, Illinois (No. 98226, U.S.N.M.),
taken, May 20, 1884, and another from Grant County, Minnesota (No.
81564, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), collected in the spring of 1877, seem
to be both practically typical Chordeiles virginianus howelli, though
apparently far out of the normal migration route of this form, and
thus of merely casual occurrence here. The present race undoubtedly
migrates regularly through Mexico and Central America to South
America, but there is only one certain record of its occurrence south
of the United States: a single individual from the Escondido River,
in Nicaragua, 50 miles above Bluefields, taken, September 17, 1892,
by Dr. Charles W. Richmond.

The specimen (No. 6696, U.S.N.M.) that Prof. Spencer F. Baird
regarded as the type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cassin is still

1See p. 71.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 63

in the United States National Museum. The face of its label is as
follows:

Pacific R. R. S. Near 38° L. Lt. E. G. Beckwith, U. S. A.

6696 Chordeiles henry
Rio Grande Valley Kreutzfeldt 10

On the reverse side is the word “type” in Professor Baird’s hand-

writing. This specimen was really taken in the San Luis Valley near
88° north latitude, in central southern Colorado, where Lieutenant
Beckwith’s expedition is known to have traveled. Professor Baird
recorded this specimen as the type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi,
but, possibly by typographical error, gave it the wrong number
(6690) ;* and on the following page,? in the “ List of specimens,” still
another erroneous number (6698). This example is, however, not the
real type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi, which came from Fort
Webster, New Mexico, as we shall fully explain under that form,’
and Professor Baird in considering it such was evidently under mis-
apprehension regarding the specimen on which Mr. Cassin based his
description of Chordeiles henryi.t| This supposed type is a female,
in juvenal plumage, though full grown, with spotted throat and
much mottled upper surface, and is undoubtedly an example of the
present race, Chordeiles virginianus howelli.

Specimens examined.—f have examined 106 examples of this new
race, from the localities below:

Colorado.—Loveland (July 23, 1895); Rio Grande (June 10, 13,
and 15, 1873); Colorado Springs (June 24, 1873); Barr (June 4,
1910) ; Wray (May 21, 1909) ; San Luis Valley, near 38° north lati-
tude; Denver (July 7, 1888) ; mountains west of Denver.

Illinois.——Warsaw (May 20, 1884).

Kansas.—F ort Hays (June 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, 1871) ; Republican
River (May 24 and 26, 1864); Republican River, 70 miles west of
Fort Riley (June 380, 1857); Turkey Creek (July 21, 1857); Cairo
(July 29, 1892) ; Hamilton (July 11 and 17, 1913; Sept. 10, 1913).

Minnesota.—Grant County (spring, 1877).

New Mexico—Socorro (Aug. 15, 1909, E. A. Goldman) ; Cuervo
(June 13, 1903, V. Bailey) ; Cantonment Burgwyn (Sept. 2, 1859) ;
Sierra Grande (Aug. 17, 1903).

Oklahoma.—Antelope Hills, 150 miles west of Fort Cobb (June 7,
1860) ; Lawton (June 30, 1905) ; Chattanooga (July 4, 1905).

Texas.—Henrietta (July 30 and 31, 1900; Aug. 18, 1892; Aug. 1

1 Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 153.

2Tdem, p. 154.

3 See pp. 68-69.

4 Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit, and Russ. Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 239.

64 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and 3, 1900); Mobeetie (July 23, 1903); Corpus Christi (Oct. 22,
1909; May 21, 24, and 28, 1891; April 22, 1889; April 21 and 24,

WAU NEA aE

1891); San Antonio (April 16, 1889; May 31, 1891); Dallas; Lips-
comb (June 25, 1903); Giddings (May 12 and 17, 1887; June 7,
1887) ; Lee County (May 26, 1888) ; Rio Grande City (May 1, 1889).

Utah—Parley’s Park, Wasatch Mountains (June 21, 1869; July

24, 1869; Aug. 13 and 16, 1869).

Wyoming.—Fort Bridger (June 16, 19, 21, and 22, 1858) ; Laramie
Peak (June 4, 6, 9, and 21, 1864) ; Greybull (June 15 and 20, 1910) ;
La Bonte River (Aug. 8, 1858) ; Riverside (June 9, 1911); Bridger
Pass (Aug. 13, 1856); Germania (June 23, 1910); Dry Creek, near
Germania (June 22, 1910); Bitter Creek (Aug. 1, 1895); Laramie
River (Aug. 27, 1876) ; Arvada (Aug. 21, 1913).

Campeche.—La Tuxpana (May 8, 1913).

Nicaragua.—Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields (Sept. 17,

1892).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus howelli.

od
Bel ais
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | |. |S8] 2 | s
; ‘a | aps
Fle lasia {ls
mm.|mm.|mm.| mm.| mm.
Am. Mus. N. H. |Male.... Hott Brigeey June 22,1858 | C. Drexler.../196 |110.5| 6 | 13.8] 15.3
43846.1
DiS NEM. 10801 t |. 8dos2 2.) 5... ce0 Ons ee seca June 19,1858 |....- dos. -3253 211 }121 6 {14 | 15.5
U.S.N.M. 58536 1..}... do. Parleyis Park, | June 21,1869 | R, Ridgway- 202. 5114.5] 6.8) 13 | 14.5
Wasatch Moun-
tains, Utah.
ORS UN Mi S4259 te GO: ceo ee OOse op eieicinns July 24,1869 |.-.... Gone csas 02. 5}111 6.5} 14.7) 15.2
U.S.N.M. 186731 1.|...do.2...} Lipscomb, Tex...| June 25,1903 | A. H. Howell B08 Wil 6.3} 15 | 15
U.S.N.M. 186749 1.|...do..... Mobeetie, Tex...- July 23,1903 }..... dgeeees 192, 5/105 6.5] 14.6) 14.6
U.S.N.M. 140391 1.]...do..... Loveland, Colo. ..| July 23,1895 | E. A. Preble |202 {116.5) 6 | 14 | 14.2
REC ZA. Mbsts a2. lee dove Fort t Hays, Kans.| June GST cecum eceaes 192. 5/108.5) 5.9) 14 | 15
MAC Maas TER eles doe ee dows bee aaoeee MuMe "7, 187 ye se ae Sac e 197 {110 6 | 14.2) 14.2
U.S.N.M. 142225 1. pall i Gaizoe Kang: ea55 Aug. 29,1892 | V. Bailey.../201 {115 7) (0552) 1552
U.S.N.M. 166921. ale....| Henrietta, Tex...| July 31,1900 ao Ober- {181 102.5) 7 | 14.5) 15
olser.
U.S.N.M. 166923. udOse2ee S02 See eS OSee Aug. 3,1900 }..... do.. -{191 }106 7 | 14.5) 14.5
U.S.N.M 84254 1._.| Female.. “Parley’ s Park, | Aug. 16,1869 | R. Ridgway. 194 {117 6.5] 13 | 16
Wasatch Moun-
tains, Utah.
U.S.N.M. 186945 1.]...do..... ar Grande, | Aug.17,1903 | A.H.Howell.|193 {108 7.2) 14.5) 15.5
. Mex.
U.S.N.M. 108241..}... does Bore Bridger, | June19,1858 | C. Drexler . .}193.5/108. 5} 6.8) 13 | 15.5
yo.
Am Mas) (Ni VE: docs 2. |t aces Goes cease ee A = Gor sh2% |oec Go.s2se4 203. 5)122. 5) 6.8) 14.8) 14.8
43844 1,
M.C.Z, 435301.....]..- GOs ssl ences Cope she Pe June 21[1858] } [C. eae Fin 115) 7% 14) SSB
MiCiZ; 43530 t essa (3 | Pre Goreek see June 22(1858] |.....do....... 108.5} 7 | 14.8} 15
MECIZTSs0B Teese does Fort Hays, Kans.| June 3,1871 |.............. 198, 5/120 7.2} 14.7| 15.8
MC Zbglaas oes GO. seu oss dose sk VUNEMO AMS ie ener neem 192. 5}116 7 | 14.8) 15
MEC IZ 153501 2 eae Go: sseess. Goss esease JUNMEMS USTs! os sae e ss es 186. 5}104 7 | 14 | 14.6
U.S.N.M. 205972 1.|...do..... Wray, Colo....... May 21,1909 | M. pay. a See 187. 5}106 6.9} 14.2) 15.1
U.S.N.M. 6696 2 Female | Rio Grande Valley|.............- Mr. Kreuz- |195 {118 6.8} 13.8] 14.2
[juv]. {i e., San Luis feldt.
alley], near N.
Lat. 38°, Colo.
U.S.N.M. 166920..} Female Henrietta, Tex...) July 30,1900 BSG Ober- |186 {106 6.5, 15 | 15
olser.
USSEN MES LG69922/ 31 Gor cule se dost See Aap. 1800". sd: 2. eae [ivan eae 7. 5} 13. 5) 14.2

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 58.

2 Type.
8 Supposed type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi (see pp. 62-63).

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 65
CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HENRYI Cassin.

Chordeiles henryi Cassin, Illust. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit. and Russ.
Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 289 (Fort Webster, N. Mex.).

Chars. subsp—Similar to Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but up-
per surface, both ground color and markings, much darker, the
latter more tawny and also coarser; lower parts posteriorly more
buffy, anteriorly more rufescent.

Tris dark brown; bill black; feet gray.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh) , 228.6-243 (average,
936.2 mm.;1 extent of wing, 535.9-617.5 (596.6) 7

Female: Total length (in flesh), 222.3-241.3 (232.5) ;* extent of
wing, 573-603.3 (593.7) 2

Male*: Wing, 188-209.5 (average, 199.7) mm.; tail, 104-116.5
(111.1); exposed culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7.0); tarsus, 13.9-15.8 (14.6) ;
middle toe, 14-16.5 (15).

Female®: Wing, 182-198 (189.5) ; tail, 102.5-117.5 (110) ; exposed
culmen, 6.0-7.5 (6.6); tarsus, 12.5-14.8 (14.1); middle toe, 13.2-16
(14.7).

Type-locality—Fort Webster, southern New Mexico.

Geographical distribution.—Southwestern United States and ex-
treme northwestern Mexico; south in migration through Mexico, prob-
ably to South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral, Upper Austral,
Transition, and Canadian zones, north to Taos, central northern New
Mexico; Montrose, southwestern Colorado; Keam’s Canyon in Navajo
County, San Francisco Mountain, and the Hualapai Mountains, in
north central Arizona; west to Mellen, central western Arizona;
Prescott, central Arizona; Picacho Peak, south central Arizona; and
Nogales, central southern Arizona; south to Nogales, central northern
Sonora; Babicora, central western Chihuahua; and Alamito (Pre-
sidio County), central western Texas; and east to Fort Stockton and
Pecos City, central western Texas; Carlsbad and Roswell, south-
eastern New Mexico; with Santa Rosa and Glorieta, north central
New Mexico. Migrates through Mexico, east to Tamaulipas, and
west to Jalisco, and presumably through Central America. Winters
probably in South America.

Remarks.—The present race proves not to be relatively so light,
particularly on the upper parts, as it has credit for being, and is
darker than any of the other western United States forms excepting
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The male is similar to the same sex
of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but is lighter, more brownish

1Ten specimens.

2 Six specimens.

8 Five specimens,

4 Pleven specimens, from Arizona and New Mexico.

5 Twelve specimens, from Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua.

66 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

above, with the light mottlings coarser, more numerous, and much
more tawny; below lighter, the dark areas of the anterior parts more
rufescent brown (less blackish) ; the light ground color of the posterior
surface decidedly more buffy, the dark bars narrower. From Chor-
deiles virginianus sennetti he may be distinguished by darker, much
more rufescent upper parts, with coarser and more tawny light
markings, and by the greater rufescence of the dark areas and the
more buffy suifusion of the light areas on the ventral surface. He
differs from Chordeiles virginianus virginianus in his much lighter,
more brownish (less blackish) ground color above, the light mottlings
being much more numerous, coarser, and more tawny; in the more
rufescent hue of the dark areas of lower surface, and generally
lighter tone below, the posterior parts more buffy, with narrower
dark brown bars.

The female seems to be, on the upper surface, practically like the
male, but is decidedly more buffy on the posterior lower parts. She
may be distinguished from the female of Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis by reason of her more rufescent (less grayish or blackish)
brown ground color above, with much coarser, more tawny lght
markings.

The juvenal and first autumn plumages are much lighter on the
upper parts than are those of any of the other races excepting Chor-
deiles virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus howelli. Com-
pared with the latter they are much more rufescent above, and,
because of this, somewhat darker.

As in other races, there is a considerable range of individual varia-
tion in both size and color. The ground color of the posterior ventral
surface of the male is nearly always creamy or buffy white, but
occasionally varies to almost pure white. The same parts in the
female are buff or cream buff. The upper surface in both sexes is
normally dark rufescent brown, even somewhat blackish, with tawny
or tawny ochraceous mottlings. In some specimens, as, for instance,
in No. 204516, U.S.N.M., male, from the Hachita Mountains, New
Mexico, July 16, 1908, these light markings range to buff and even
whitish. Sometimes the ground color of the upper parts is of a much
lighter brown, so that it is much like that of Chordeiles virginianus
howelli, as in No. 6018, U.S.N.M., male, from Nogales, Arizona, June,
1857; and No. 16587, Field Museum, male, from the Huachuca
Mountains, June 7, 1901; but such specimens are distinguishable by
the more buffy abdomen.

Breeding birds from southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua,
Mexico, represent the extreme differentiation of the present race.
Those from New Mexico are, as a whole, somewhat less ochraceous
or tawny, but are just as dark. A specimen from Taos, in northern
New Mexico, is intermediate between Chordeiles virginianus henryt

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 67

and Chordeiles virginianus howelli, being lighter and less ochraceous
above, but, so far as we can determine from a single individual, it is
nearer the former. Two specimens from Paisano, in central western
Texas (Nos. 140404 and 140405, U.S.N.M.), taken, July 14, 1890, by
Mr. William Lloyd, are less ochraceous above than even New Mexico
birds, in this respect like Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but they are,
nevertheless, dark like Chordeiles virginianus henryi; in size they are
rather small, verging in this respect toward Chordeiles virginianus
aserriensis ; + they seem, however, all things considered, to be properly
referable to Chordeiles v. henryi, as they are much too dark and also
too large for Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. This identification
is strengthened by two other specimens—one from Fort Stockton,
western Texas (No. 48532, M.C.Z.), taken, May 24, 1860; and the other
from the crossing of the Pecos River, near the mouth of Delaware
Creek, in southern New Mexico (No. 17607, M.C.Z.), taken, June 11,
1855, both of which are seen to be much like typical Chordeiles vir-
ginianus henryi.

The amount of variation in size among specimens of this subspecies
from various parts of its range are illustrated in the subjoined table
of average millimeter measurements:

Localities. Wine. ail. Be Paree | uicGle
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.

HixamalesromipAmZz0nacese oes sac ci= Ca aeciss <== 198. 8 110.5 7 14.5 14.9
Five males, from New Mexico...........-.---------- 200. 8 111.8 a 14.8 15.1
One male, from western Texas.......---..----------- 193 105 7 14.1 14.2
Hiveiiemales, from-Arizonay «2 -2- a. 24 -42eisce as on 187.2 107.8 6.5 13.9 14.6
Four females, from Chihuahua, Mexico .......-.-.-.-- 191 112.3 6.8 14.3 14.8
Three females, from New Mexico.........-.--------- 191.3 110.7 6.5 14.1 14.9
Three females, from western Texas and southeastern

INGwiMOxiCOne:«-4 see ste ss beeen eke etecas ocean 190 108.3 6.1 13.4 13.7

A specimen of this race from Guadalajara, Jalisco, indicates that
it migrates through Mexico on its way to and from its probable
winter home in South America. There are records of Chordeiles
virginianus “henryi” from Jerez, Zacatecas, Mexico;* Southern
Pine Ridge, British Honduras;? Bogota, Colombia;* and South
America down to Chupat, Patagonia; * but there is, in the absence of
specimens, no means of determining to which one of the five western
subspecies these records belong.

This subspecies breeds at about the same time of year as the more
northern races; and there are eggs in the United States National

‘

1See p. 71.
2 Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 613.
8Tdem, p. 612.

68 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Museum, taken by C. M. Barber, in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua,
at 8,000 feet altitude, on June 14, 1899; and from San Luis Spring
in the San Luis Mountains in southwestern New Mexico, taken on
July 3, 1892, by Dr. E. A. Mearns.

In the original description of Chordeiles virginianus henryi,
Mr. Cassin mentions specimens of this form that Dr. T. C. Henry
obtained at Fort Webster, and that Lieut. Gunnison’s exploring
party collected in New Mexico. As we have already shown,? Prof.
S. I. Baird considered as the type the specimen which Kreutzfeldt,
who was naturalist to Lieutenant Gunnison’s party under Lieutenant
Beckwith, collected in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado,
this being then a part of New Mexico. This supposed type is a
juvenal female, whereas the bird actually described by Cassin is an
adult male, the description of which agrees very satisfactorily in
both color and size with the specimen now considered as the type in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The bird now in
question is marked on the present red type label, the original label
having apparently been lost, as follows: “ 24179—Type of Chordeiles
Henryi Cass. Bds. Col. & Tex., p. 233”; and on the reverse side, “ Rio
Grande Lat 32° Dr T C Henry.”

Witmer Stone, in his account of the type specimens of birds in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ gives the type-
locality of Chordeiles virginianus henryi as “ Rio Grande, Lat. 32°,”
evidently copying the data from the label of the above specimen
marked as type.

Cassin, in his original description of Chordeiles virginianus henryi,
evidently intended to base the name on the specimen obtained by Dr.
T. C. Henry, for it is the one he fully describes and of which he
gives measurements; furthermore, mentions the female (i. e., the
specimen collected in southern Colorado by Mr. Kreutzfeldt, of Lieu-
tenant Gunnison’s party) only incidentally and briefly; and speaks
as follows of the origin of his material: * “‘ Specimens of this interest-
ing species have been procured at Fort Webster, New Mexico, by Dr.
Henry and by the unfortunate party under command of the late Lieu-
tenant Gunnison.” Finally he named the new bird in honor of Dr.
T. C. Henry. Thus it appears that Henry’s specimen, now regarded
as the type in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is
from Fort Webster, or it is from the Rio Grande at latitude 32°,
or it is not the type. The first is undoubtedly the true status of this
case; for many of the labels used by Henry had printed on them the
locality “ Rio Grande Latitude 32°,” and he doubtless tied one of
these to the specimen, and neglected to change the locality. Further-
more, Cassin had ample opportunity to learn from Henry the true

1 Tllust. Birds Cal., Texas., Ore., Brit. and Russ. Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 239.

2 Pages 62-63.
8 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 30.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 69

source of the specimen. Witmer Stone, in his above-mentioned ac-
count of the type, adds that another specimen with the same data
is in the United States National Museum as No. 6005. It is, how-
ever, practically certain that this “ No. 6005, U.S.N.M.” is the very
same as the real type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, for this specimen the Smithsonian Institution returned
to Doctor Henry in 1859, and the bird thence found its way into the
Academy collection. In the bird catalogue of the United States
National Museum (i. e., the Smithsonian Institution) it is entered as
from “ Rio Mimbres L. 32°”; and Professor Baird, who doubtless
was aware of its true locality, recorded it’ as from the Rio Mimbres
(i. e., Fort Webster). This is added evidence, if any be needed, that
the type locality is Fort Webster, for Professor Baird was undoubt-
edly familiar with the correct localities of Doctor Henry’s specimens,
as other cases go to prove.

The type is a very dark specimen, blackish on the upper parts,
with deep tawny markings, and is an extreme example of the Arizona
race. It has been mounted and is somewhat discolored, though still
well preserved.

Specimens examined.—Of this subspecies 62 specimens have been
available, from the subjoined localities:

Arizona—Fort Huachuca (June 2 and 38, 1892); Santa Cruz
River, west of the Patagonia Mountains (June 7 and 21, 1893);
Santa Rita Mountains (June 11 and 14, 1884); San Pedro River,
Cochise County (June 10, 1902); Huachuca Mountains, 9,000 feet
altitude (June 17 and 238, 1902; July 8 and 10, 1896; July 16, 1901;
Aug. 17, 1902); foothills of Huachuca Mountains (June 7, 1901) ;
Picacho Peak, Pinal County (May 9, 1885); Fort Whipple (Pres-
cott) (Aug. 11, 1864); Winslow, 2 miles east of Little Colorado
(July 10, 1887); Flagstaff (June 18, 1887); Salmon Lake (July 7,
1887).

Colorado.—Montrose (July 9, 1885).

New Mexico—Carlsbad (Sept. 4, 1901) ; Hachita (July 16, 1908) ;
Santa Fe (Aug. 23, 1882) ; Apache in Grant County (Aug. 18, 1886) ;
Santa Rosa (June 3, 1903) ; northwestern foothills of Capitan Moun-
tains (June 30, 1903) ; Fort Webster; crossing of Pecos River, near
the mouth of Delaware Creek (June 11, 1855, J. Pope) ; eastern side
of San Luis Mountains, Mexican boundary line (June 25, 1892) ;
Bear Ridge, Zuni Mountains (June 14, 1909) ; Copperton (July 20,
1905); Taos, 7,400 feet altitude (July 15, 1904); Lang Ranch,
Animas Valley (Aug. 11, 1908).

Texas.—¥ort Clark (May 27, 1898); San Antonio (May 9, 1889) ;
Paisano (July 14, 1890) ; Fort Stockton (May 24, 1860) ; Pecos City
(May 24, 1887) ; 25 miles south of Alpine (July 2, 1901).

1 Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 154.

70

BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Campeche.—La Tuxpana (Apr. 8, 1913; Sept. 7, 1910).
Chihuahua.—Chihuahua (Aug. 12, 1889); Whitewater, United
States boundary line (June 17 and 20, 1892); Babicora (June 21,
1902) ; Pacheco (July 28, 1905; Aug. 6 and 12, 1905).
Jalisco —Guadalajara.
Sonora.—Nogales (June, 1857).
T amaulipas.—Montelunga Hope 30, 1909); Victoria (Apr. 23,

1888).

Measurements of specimens

of Chordeiles virginianus henryi.

q
. oO
Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a ~ 38
S 3 Kis
re H Ike
mm.| mm.| mm.
H. 8S. Swarth 28531} Male....| San Pedro River, | June10,1902 | H. S. Swarth|209. 5/112 7
Cochise Co., Ariz.
H. 8. Swarth 2281.}...do....| Huachuca Moun- | June 10,1896 |--..-.. Orie oe 204 }112 ae
tains, Ariz.
G.F.Morcom3084!1]...do....|.---. GOnsccsee ates Aug. 17,1902 |..-.- do...---]188 {108 Oe
G.F.Moreom——1.|...do..-.|----- GOsaee cease. July 10,1896 |-.--- dotzeeas 197 {112 7
Field Mus. N. H. }.-.do....}---.. GOereaeaeeeee June 7,1901 | G. F. Bren- {189 {104 6.5
16587.1 nger.
U.S.N.M.1292461..}... do....| Santa Cruz River, | June 21,1893 | F. X. Holz- |205 {115 7
west of Patago- ner.
nia Mountains,
riz.
Carnegie Mus. |--.do....| Apache, Grant | Aug.18,1886 | A. W. An- /206 {110.5] 7.5
19842.1 Co., N. Mex. thony.
U.S.N.M. 1866491..]...do.... Capitan Moun- | June 30,1903 | J. H. Gaut. -|191. 5/107 6.5
tains, N. Mex.
U.S.N.M. 2045161..)...do....| Hachita, N. Mex..} July 16,1908 | C. Birdseye.|201 112 Tal
U.S.N.M. 186102 !.]...do.... pre Rosa, N. | June 3,1903 | V. Bailey.../198 {113 7
A. N. S. Phila. | [Male 2].; “Rio Grande,lat. |............-. T. C. Henry.|207. 5116.5) 7.2
24179.1 32°”—=Fort Web-
ster, N. Mex.
U.S.N.M. 140404. .| Male....| Paisano, eerste July 14,1890 | W. Lloyd.../193 {105 7
Field Mus. N. H. } Female . aedancsl Moun- | July 16,1901 | G. F. Bren- |183 {102.5} 6.9
16586.1 tains, Ariz. inger.
H.S. Swarth——1.]...do....]----- dowAeeiat oes July 8,1896 | H.S. Swarth|187. 5 115 6.5
G.F.Morcom2868!.}...do...-].---- don. ese ee June 23,1902 |..... fo (ajay 192 105 6.1
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do....| Baker’s Butte, 36 | July 10,1887 | E.A.Mearns |182 {106.5} 6.1
51995.! miles east of
FortVerde,Ariz.
ae eeu ING Ee eGOnt ela a aa. dot: s these eeenees (SAA AAS Ratan Gosemene 191. 5}110 z
51996.1
Am. Mus. N. H. }...do....| Chihuahua, Chi- | Aug.12,1889 | [W. Lloyd]..}197 {116.5} 7.3
81588.1 huahua, Mex.
Field Mus. N. H. |...do.... Babicora, Chihua-| June 21,1902 | G. F. Bren- {184 {107 ao
12670.1 hua, Mex. inger.
U.S.N.M. 127876 1.|...do.. Mexican and June 20,1892 | E.A.Mearns |192.5/117.5} 6.5
United States and F, X
boundary line Holzner.
at Whitewater,
Chihuahua, Mex.
U.S.N.M. 1278771..}...do....| Whitewater, Chi- |} June 17,1892 | E.A. Mearns /190. 5/108 6
huahua, Mex...
U.S.N.M. 205627 1..]...do.. Bear Ridge, Zuni | June14,1909 | E. A. Gold- |187 |111.5) 6
Mountains, N. man.
Mex.
U.S.N.M. 2056261..]...do....}.-.---. GOf asec meee Covey se see GOs seis 189 {109 6.5
U.S.N.M. 194546 1.]...do....}] Taos, N. Mex....| July 15,1904 | V. Bailey...j198 |111.5) 7
U.8.N.M. 140405...|... Gost Pong ,Brewster July 14,1890 | W. Lloyd...|188 {107 5.5
0., Tex.
Mi@:Z; 43532-2202 -|56.d0e6 Bort Stockton, | May 24,1860 |.............. 191.5/110.5} 6.8
ex.
M.C.Z. 17607.....-.]...do. Crossing of Pecos | July 11,1855 | J. Pope..... 190.5}107.5] 6

River, near
mouth of Dela-
ware Creek, N.
Mex.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 65.

2 Type.

15.8
14,2

14.8
15

14.

14,1
14.5
14
12.5
14.5
14
14.5
14
14.8

13.9
13.5
14.1
14.7
13

13.1

16.5
14.7

15.5
15

14

14,2
15

15.3
14.5

14.3
14.5
14.5
15.3

14.8
13.2

15.5
14
13.1
14

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. TL

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS ASERRIENSIS Cherrie.

Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis CHrerrin, Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136
(Valley of Aserri River, San José, Costa Rica).

Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but de-
cidedly smaller; general tone of upper parts lighter and more ochra-
ceous, the light areas more buffy or ochraceous (less grayish or
whitish) and somewhat more extensive; and the dark brown areas
of anterior lower surface less grayish.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 223-240 (average
232) mm.;* extent of wing, 573-585 (578.7).

Male:? Wing, 179-188 (average, 183.7) mm.; tail, 94.5-105 (101.1) ;
exposed culmen, 6.0-7.9 (6.7) ; tarsus, 18.8-15.1 (14.5); middle toe,
13-14.8 (13.9).

Female:* Wing, 179-185.5 (182.7) mm.; tail, 98.3-106 (102.6) ;
exposed culmen, 6.3-7.5 (6.9); tarsus, 13.5-14.8 (14.2) ; middle toe,
14-15.5 (14.4).

Type-locality.—V alley of the Aserri River, near San José, Costa
Rica.

Geographical distribution.—Central southern Texas, and northern
Tamaulipas, Mexico; south in migration to Costa Rica and probably
South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone, north to San
Antonio and Rock Springs, south central Texas; west to Samuels,
Texas; south to Matamoros, northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico; and
east to Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Wharton County, and Rich-
mond, central southern Texas. Migrates south through eastern
Mexico and Costa Rica. Winters probably in South America.

Remarks.—This heretofore unrecognized race seems to be in color
most nearly like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, though in this re-
spect also near Chordeiles virginianus howelli and probably in reality
most closely resembling this form, which it adjoins geographically.
From the latter it may be distinguished in the male by smaller size,
rather lighter, somewhat less brownish (more grayish) upper parts,
with less ochraceous (more whitish or grayish) markings, and
slightly less buffy posterior lower parts. It differs more strongly
from Chordeiles virginianus henryi in its smaller size; much lighter,
more grayish (less brownish) upper surface, with finer, much more
grayish and whitish (less ochraceous and tawny) light markings;
nearly or quite white, instead of buffy, posterior lower surface; and
less rufescent dark areas of the anterior under parts.

The female of this subspecies is much more deeply buffy on the
posterior lower surface than is the male, and also averages slightly

1Three specimens.
2Ten specimens, from Texas.

72 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

paler, more brownish above, with markings more tawny or ochra-
ceous. She may be differentiated from the female of Chordeiles vir-
ginianus howelli by her lighter, less brownish (more grayish) upper
surface, with less tawny and ochraceous in the light markings;. and
by the less deeply buffy lower parts.

No juvenal or first autumn specimen of Chordeiles virginianus
aserriensis has been available, but in this plumage this race is doubt-
less similar to that of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, though more
grayish; that is, intermediate in color between the latter form and
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.

Individual variation has about the same range as in other races,
though greater than in some. In the male the posterior lower parts
are usually almost pure white, occasionally washed with buff; the
breast and jugulum dark brown, varying to a much lighter shade,
which is still further lightened by being much obscured by large
buff and cream buff spots. The upper surface of the male is in color
normally somewhere between Chordeiles virginianus sennetti and
Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but rather lighter than either. From
this it varies to (1) a much more brownish shade, with buffy ochra-
ceous markings, so that it is practically like Chordeiles virginianus
howelli, as in No. 81582, American Museum of Natural History,
Corpus Christi, Texas, April 24, 1889; to (2) a still lighter brown,
which is more heavily light-mottled, as in No. 152229, U.S.N.M., San
Antonio, Texas, May 9, 1891; to (3) a very grayish and blackish con-
dition, with the light mottlings somewhat reduced, so that it becomes
almost like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, as in No. 27307, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., Corpus Christi, Texas, May 23, 1891; and to (4) a
condition like the last, but with the light mottlings much reduced, so
that the general tone is much more blackish—almost identical with
typical Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, as in No. 203649, U.S.N.M.,
Runge, Texas, September 21, 1906. These variations are, of course,
exceptional; and Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis is so much smaller
than any of the races that it closely resembles in color that there
should usually be no difficulty in identifying specimens. Some such
individuals as (3) have been identified as Chordeiles virginianus
“sennetti,” and the so-called Texas “type” of Chordeiles virginianus
sennetti has been found to be one of these. In the female the ground
color of the posterior lower surface ranges from buffy white to deep
buff, and averages about cream buff. The upper parts vary about as
in the male: To (1) a light brown with ochraceous mottling, very
much like the same sex of Chordetles virginianus howelli, as in No.
19858, Carnegie Museum, Cameron County, Texas, May 16, 1902; to
(2) a similar light brown, more heavily mottled, but with less ochra-
ceous, as in No. 197786, U.S.N.M., Runge, Texas, August 25,1905; and
to (3) a very dark, blackish brown, with much reduced light mark-

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. te

ing, so that it closely resembles the female of Chordeiles virginianus
hesperis, as in No. 81569, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Corpus Christi,
Texas, May 15, 1882.

‘The limited breeding area of this race permits little opportunity
for geographical variation within its boundaries, and there is none
worth mentioning. This bird breeds in Texas from April to July,
and there are eggs in the United States National Museum collected
from April 24 to June 28.

An adult male of this race in the Sennett collection (No. 81591,
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), from Wharton County, Texas, taken May
27, 1887, was marked by Dr. Elliott Coues as one of the types of his
Chordeiles popetue [=virginianus] sennetti,: and upon this basis the
range of the latter was extended to Texas. This specimen, as we
have already shown,? can not be considered the type of Chordeiles
virginianus sennetti, but must be referred to the present form.

Regarding the name we are here using for this race the following
remarks are necessary: G. K. Cherrie some 18 years ago described ®
a nighthawk from a few specimens from Central America. His
type was a specimen taken on the Aserri River, near San José,
Costa Rica, and he therefore called the supposed new race Chordeiles
virginanus aserriensis. I have made every effort to trace this type
specimen, but without any success; and Mr. Cherrie himself assures
me that he has no idea where it finally went. The application of this
name must therefore be settled chiefly by the original description.
There is no doubt that Mr. Cherrie had in hand a male nighthawk
of the virginianus style in fully grown juvenal or first autumn
plumage, not adult, as he supposed. Allowing for this immaturity,
the characters that Mr. Cherrie gives are just those distinguishing
the small, pale race which summers in southern Texas. A little ad-
ditional ight is thrown on the subject by a juvenal male nighthawk,
No. 128373, U.S.N.M. (still in the National Museum), collected by
Dr. C. W. Richmond on the Escondido River, 50 miles from Blue-
fields, Nicaragua, October 28, 1892. This specimen Mr. Cherrie
refers to his new race with the remark that it is much darker on the
upper surface than his type, as it should be, for it turns out to be
really an example of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis! It is, of course,
often difficult, owing to the great range of individual variation in all
the races of this species, to identify a specimen with absolute cer-
tainty from a description alone; but in this case, in view of the
rather full description which agrees in all respects with the characters
of the present form, it seems best to use for this race the title

1 Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37.
2 Pages 55-56.
*Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136.

13782°—Bull. 86—14—_6

9, eye, SaLS. fT AT MEOW SRS aOR Sa Pes TE ERAN Ry hate prt” SAO i a

74. BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis until this name can be proved
ineligible from an examination of the type.

Specimens examined.—F ifty-three specimens of this race have been
handled, from the following localities:

Texas—Fort Brown (June 25 and 28, 1877); Brownsville (Apr.
15, 1892; Apr. 25, 1889; Aug. 11, 1891); Cameron County (May 6,
8, 10, 12, and 16, 1902; May 7, 1903); Fort Clark (Apr. 29, 1893;
May 17, 1893; May 25, 1898) ; Rock Springs (July 11, 1902) ; Corpus
Christi (Apr. 14, 1900; Apr. 24, 1889; Apr. 26, 1882; May, 1892;
May 15, 1882; May 23, 27, 30, and 31, 1891; June, 1886; June 13, 20,
and 23, 1887; July 5, 1887; Nov. 6, 1909) ; Bee County (Apr. 18 and
19, 1887); Runge (Aug. 25, 1905; Sept. 21, 1906); San Antonio
(May 9, 1891); Wharton County (May 27, 1887); Refugio County
(June 6, 1887).

Campeche—La Tuxpana (May 8, 1912; Sept. 28, 1912; Oct. 5,
1912).

GAs I he a ti (Aug. 15 and 23, 1908).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.

os oO
. {28| 4/5
Museum and No.| Sex Locality. Date. Collector. oP Qs] 2/38
Bld |ee| & |=8
Ele |Aol ae la
mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm.
Am. Mus. N. H. | Male ?...| WhartonCo.,Tex.| May 27,1887 |.............- 184. 5|102 7.2} 15 | 14
81591.1
Acme (Muss Ne Hi. |.-edo.-. 4] Corpus! Christi),| Jones, 1887 ison. sscicees 187 |101 7.9) 14 | 14
81596.1 ex:
Am vIMUS. Ne Eto dOree oS ljaceed Osewe-eceee re eis OnE SGal a ola teeta cets 182 {101 6.1] 13.8) 14.3
81592.1
FAUT NGUS 1 Nee EL cys. c6 Opens siete as Oboe aca ein Dilys, LER faye eine siete 185. 5)101 6.5) 14.5) 13.5
81568.1
Ami Muss No Elk esdOue occ liosk (Or 52 Sora Sok May 6,1892| C.A.Smith./188 |105 |..... 15.1] 13
67414.1
TOE SING Mi 165962 825) ss GOneec alien ae One ee ese Apr. 14,1900} V. Bailey.../182 |104 6 | 14.8) 14.8
AEN Sor ela (ered Ouse elena NGO en ecm. sis wer May 23,1891 | S.N.Rhoads.|182 [100.3] 6.9) 14.3) 14
27307.1
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Brownsville, Tex.| Apr. 25,1900 }..........-..- 181.5} 94.5) 6.5] 14.5) 14.5
81590.1
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Bee Co., Tex..... APTS, 1S8i| 5 cesawecwacee 179 | 99 6.5) 14 | 13
81580.1
Am. Mus: N.. H. |-22do!-...|' Refugio Co., Tex-:| June 6,1887 ooo. cc cee nn 185 |103.5) 7 | 14.7) 14
81597.1
Am. Mus. N. H. | Female..| Corpus Christi, | Apr. 24,1889 | J. A. Singley |183 | 99.5] 7.5) 14.5) 14
81584.1 Tex.
Am. Mus. N. H. Gots ease GOzsceneccwee lances do.......|....-d0......./185 100.5) 6.5) 14.6) 14.6
81585 1
ATI MUS. Ns ELellehe Olen ec ae cecdO=n so seseee eee UNOS Coie pence neo nee ces 185.5|104.8} 6.8) 14 | 14.8
81595.1
ATS UMS. IN soe eae dOnssienfeemcs dO! 4 seas ee PUNE ZO L887, loca neainelssices = TS4r sea ee U Neassiesese
81594.1
Am NUSINE Ee | peed Oscenclasece Gree eae TUNG 2d; LSM: sonee secesss 185 103 7.1; 14 | 14
81593.1
AS TINE' -S:) Philar |Ssdole. 23|5s.-2d0Ls-e ee eee May 31,1891 | S.N.Rhoads.|179 |106 6.9) 14 | 14
27306.1
AMES. ING Phas!) 6dOseeec|sceeedOee sec acecni May 30,1891 |.....do....... 185 |102 6.5) 14 | 14
27311.1
U.S.N.M. 197786! .|...do....] Runge, Tex ......| Aug. 25,1905 | A.H.Howell |182 |106 7.5) 13.5) 14.3
U.S.N.M. 730191...|... down: Fort Brown,Tex..} June 25,1877 | J. C. Merrill.|179 {103 6.5] 14.5} 15.4
Carnegie Mus. |...do.....| Cameron Co.,Tex.| May 16,1902 ].......-...-.- 179 | 98.3) 6.3) 14 | 14
19853.1
|

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 71.
2 Marked by Dr. E. Coues as one of the types of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. * 15

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS CHAPMANI Coues.
[Chordiles popetue] Chapman Covers, Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37
(ex Sennett MS.) (Gainesville, Florida).

Chars. subsp—Like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but de-
cidedly smaller; upper parts averaging a little more mottled and
spotted with whitish and buffy, particularly on back, wings, and scap-
ulars, and the ground color averaging slightly less deeply blackish
(more grayish or brownish); posterior lower parts usually more
purely white.

Tris brewn or hazel brown; bill black or dull blackish; feet dull
grayish brown, dull or dark horn color.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 228-2532 (average,
997.5) mm.;1 extent of wing, 451-580 (515.5).*

Female: Total length (in flesh), 209.6-235 (223.5)*; extent of wing,
533.4-575 (561.6) .’

Male ‘+: Wing, 178-192 (average, 184.1) mm.; tail, 99-110.5 (105) ;
exposed culmen, 4.8-7.0 (6.3); tarsus, 12.5-15.5 (13.9) ; middle toe,
13-15.8 (14.2).

Female:* Wing, 172.5-184.5 (179.4) mm.; tail, 99-108.5 (103.2) ;
exposed culmen, 5.0-7.5 (6.3); tarsus, 13.2-15 (14); middle toe,
13.8-15.8 (14.4).

Ty pe-locality.—Gainesville, northern Florida.

Geographical distribution Southeastern United States, south in
winter to southern South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral and
Upper Tropical zones, north to Fort Macon, central eastern North
Carolina; Raleigh, central North Carolina; Chester County, north
central South Carolina; Augusta, central eastern Georgia; Coosada
and Greensboro, central Alabama; Mount Carmel, southeastern Mli-
nois; Hickman, southwestern Kentucky ; Stuttgart and Delight, south
central Arkansas; and New Boston in Bowie County, northeastern
Texas; west to Rice’s Prairie in Bowie County, and Galveston Island,
eastern Texas; south to Galveston Island and Sabine, southeastern
Texas; Calcasieu Pass, Avery Island, and Houma, southern Louisi-
ana; Bay Saint Louis and Biloxi, southeastern Mississippi; Petit
Bois Island, southwestern Alabama; Pensacola and the lower
part of the Suwanee River, northwestern Florida; and Tarpon
Springs, Puntarasa, and Key West, western Florida; east to
Miami, Canaveral, and Fernandina, eastern Florida; St. Marys,
mouth of Altamaha River, and Savannah, southeastern Georgia ;
Mount Pleasant, southeastern South C arolina; and Fort Macon, cen-
tral eastern North Carolina. Migrates south through the Greater
Antilles (probably), Yucatan, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, to South
paneoenee it en cer, ean Me ae aa Sa

1Two specimens.
2Bleven specimens.
8 Six specimens.

4 Fourteen specimens from Florida.
5 Ten specimens from Florida,

76 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

America. Winters in southern South America, south to Concepcion
del Uruguay, and Ysca Yacu in the Province of Santiago, northern
Argentina; and north to Chapada in Matto Grosso, central western
Brazil.

Remarks—Although the Florida nighthawk is commonly sup-
posed to be in color exactly like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus,
it has certain color characteristics which are at least average, as the
above diagnosis indicates. The male of Chordeiles virginianus chap-
mani differs from that of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis in his
smaller size, darker, rather more blackish (less brownish), upper
parts, which have fewer light mottlings. From Chordeiles vir-
ginianus aserriensis he is distinguishable by his much darker upper
surface, the dark areas being more blackish, less grayish, brown,
with much less numerous light mottlings; and darker lower parts,
the dark areas anteriorly being more blackish, and the posterior por-
tion more heavily barred.

The female, except, of course, for differences common to all the
subspecies, is almost identical with the male in color and markings
above, though averaging in general tone slightly more brownish;
but the posterior lower parts are more bufiy. She is similar to the
female of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but averages a little
less brownish (more blackish) on the upper surface, and somewhat
less buffy or ochraceous on the posterior lower parts.

The first autumn plumage is practically identical with that of first
autumn Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. Above this is much like
adult Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, and, indeed, occasional speci-
mens are scarcely distinguishable on the upper surface, though usually
the dark areas are more deeply blackish and the ight markings finer.
It is also much like the adult of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis on
the upper surface, but lighter, the dark areas being less deeply black
(more grayish or brownish), more extensively and finely mottled
with whitish, particularly on back, scapulars, and tertials.

Individual and seasonal variations in this race are practically the
same as in Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.

There seems to be little geographical variation throughout the rather
extensive breeding range of this subspecies, for specimens from
southeastern South Carolina, Florida, southern Alabama, southern
Louisiana, and southeastern Texas are practically identical in both
size and color. A single example (No. 84251, U.S.N.M.) from Mount
Carmel, Illinois, taken, June 7, 1874, is, in measurements, nearer the
present race, though in color like Chordedles virginianus virginianus,
but on the whole seems best referred to the former. A female from
Stuttgart, Arkansas, taken, May 13, 1910, is apparently typical Chor-
deiles virginianus chapmani. A single male (No. 57904, U.S.N.M.)
from Macon, North Carolina, collected, June 10, 1869, is surely of

/ THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 77

the present race, and represents the breeding form of this locality,
though a female from the same locality and taken on the same date
appears to be a belated migrant Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.
Birds from Raleigh, North Carolina, of dates from August 5 to
August 10, are decidedly nearer the Florida race than to Chordeiles
virginianus virginianus, as the accompanying measurements show.
A table of comparative average measurements of specimens from
various parts of the range of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, from
which may be seen any local differences in size, is here appended:

Localities. Wing. Tail. apes Tarsus. ane
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.

Fourteen males, from Florida....-..=:-.----2-+---4-- 184.1 105 6.3 13.9 14.2
Mbreenmales. from Alabama. soc. gec-c2 65-4 s.0n082e% 182.8 104.2 6.8 14.3 15
WO MAlOS irOMDLOXAaSs. 22. 2h cnccceecacsesme nce oes 183. 8 102.3 6.9 15 15.3
@nermale; fromiLouwisiana << .- ce. 2 se sneasaeeeee se 189 103 6.7 15 15
One male, from southern Tllinois.................--.- 186 115 6.5 14.5 14.5
Two males, from North Carolina.............-...-.-- 190 106 6.6 14 14.3
Moenifemales\ from: Wlorida:. .)2 j23 asa-=-=oaceeas-5 5-86 179.4 103. 2 6.3 14 14.4
Three females, from southern Alabama......-...-.-- 175.3 101.3 6.5 15.2 15.5
Oneywomale, from’ Texas: jm co. seden se sem=ae=seeeece 178.5 102 7 15 15
@noejfemale; from Mowisiana .. 52.22 2-5.-22- 222-5 oe ee 186 104.5 7.1 14.9 15.8
O@netemale, fromeArkansas? (oes 2442 23. afew es 178.5 102.5 6.8 15 16
Two females, from North Carolina..........-.....-.- 185.8 | . 106 6.6 14 15.6

The present race winters in Argentina, and its route of migration
lies, so far as the present material indicates, across the Gulf of
Mexico, through southeastern Mexico, Central America, and South
America. Possibly some individuals follow the coast of eastern
Mexico, as there is a specimen from Brownsville, in the extreme
southern corner of Texas, taken on March 15. There is, however, not
a record from any of the islands of the West Indies, but we have
examined a specimen taken at sea off the coast of Colombia. It
lingers in Central America, at least sometimes, until about the 1st
of June, for M. A. Carriker obtained it at Miravalles, Costa Rica,
on May 27, 1906.1 It rears apparently but one brood, though we have
records of eggs from April 24 to June 17.

Specimens examined.—The specimens of the present form ex-
amined number 107, from the localities in the list below:

Alabama.—Dauphine Island (May 18, 1911); Bayou La Batre
(Aug. 2, 1911; July 25, 1911) ; Mobile Bay (Apr. 19, 1892) ; Abbe-
ville (June 9, 1911); Petit Bois Island (July 28, 1911; Aug. 30,
1911); 5 miles west of Greensboro (June 26, 1890); Wilsonville
(June).

1 The label of this specimen reads June 27, 1906, which is evidently a lapsus for May
27, since Mr. Carriker records specimens of Chordeiles virgimianus from this locality on

May 24 and 25, 1906 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, 1910, p. 501), and this subspecies does
not breed south of the United States.

7h RMA ay re TP See eS = ee Ce y em aet ey 45 (ed ye ee ee oh MR OMe Le eee Pere ces '
at ear 4 pet : ; Cape e

78 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ‘MUSEUM.

Arkansas.—Stutigart (May 13, 1910).

Florida—Wolf Island Bluff Landing, lower Kissimmee River
(Apr. 10, 1907); Jacksonville (Apr. 12, 1869; Apr. 20, 22, and 23,
1877) ; Dry Tortugas (Apr. 17, 1890; Apr. 20, 1902) ; Alligator Bluff,
Kissimmee River (Apr. 23 and 28, 1901) ; Hillsboro (May 17, 1900) ;
Tarpon Springs (June 6, 15, 21, and 28, 1893; July 5, 6, 12, 15, and
28, 18983); Amelia Island (Apr. 20, 1901); Allen’s Creek, near
Tampa (Apr. 19, 1883); Whitfield (Apr. 24 and 25, 1903); near
Tantie, southern St. Lucie County (Apr. 20 and 24, 1904); Flem-
ing’s Island, Lake Tahopekaliga, near Kissimmee (May 9 and 10,
1901); San Mateo (May 24, 1892); Gainesville (May 19 and 20,
1887); West Jupiter (June 2, 1896; Apr. 25, 1896); Clearwater
(Sept. 18,1896) ; Moses Creek (May 16,1894) ; Pellicier’s Creek (May
20, 1894) ; Tampa; Merritt’s (May 9, 1886).

Illinois —Mount Carmel (June 7, 1874).

Louisiana—Avery (June 7, 1895); Avery’s Island (May 7, 1896).

North Carolina.—Raleigh (Aug. 5, 1896; Aug. 8, 1894; Aug. 10,
1893) ; Fort Macon (June 10, 1869).

South Carolina.—Lady’s Island (May 6, 1869) ; Anderson.

Texas—Sour Lake (July 15, 1902); Rockport (Aug. 18 and 23,
1893); Sabine (Sept. 2, 1902); China (Aug. 11, 1902); Victoria
(Sept. 10, 1906) ; Corpus Christi (Oct. 21, 1909) ; Brownsville (Mar.
15, 1892); Rice’s Prairie, near New Boston, Bowie County (June
18, 1888).

Campeche.—La Tuxpana (Sept. 28, 1912).

Yucatan. Xbac (April, 1910).

Argentina—Concepcion del Uruguay, Province of Entre Rios
(Dec. 12, 1880; Jan. 28, 1880) ; Ysca Yacu, Province of Santiago del
Estero (Feb. 3, 1906).

Brazil—Chapada, Province of Matto Grosso (Sept. 26, 1885).

Colombia.—Forty miles offshore and 200 miles from Panama
(October, 1864).

Costa Rica—Rio Sicsola, Talamanca (Sept. 24 and 26, 1904);
Miravalles (May [“ June” on label] 27, 1906).

Nicaragua.—|No further locality specified. ]

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani.

| Bale ie
. a wath fees

Museumand No.} Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Bi ed os a 3 8
; KS -
Ele la@e| els

mm.|mm.| mm.) mm.) mm,
me Mus. N. H. | Male 2...| Gainesville, Fla...| May 19,1887] F.M.Chap- }179 /|103.5| 5.5/ 14 | 14

man.
nee os N. H. |...do.....| Near Tantie, St. | Apr. 20,1904]..... dows ces 189 |107 5.2] 14.2) 15.2
99469.1 Lucie Co., Fla.

Aeon vane N. H. | [Male]...) Dry Tortugas, Fla. Apr. 20,1902 | J. See 188 104.5) 6.5) 15.5) 15.5

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 75.
2 Type.

ass

oe

PERS

=

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani—Continued.

Museum and No.

U.S.N.M. 176888 1 .

He ,A. and 'O:
Bangs 751.1
Carne 8 ie Mus.
12182.1
Carnegie Mus.
26281,1
Carnegie Mus.
27477.)
Carnegie Mus.
19837.1
. Phila.
. Phila,
. Phila,

eS ant las

43990,1

U.S. N. M. 230493 .|_..
U.S.N. M. 230491. .}..

U.S. N. M. 207857. .}.-
U.S. N. M. 184788. .|.

U.S. N. M. 152231. .}.
U.S.N. M. 153097. .|..-
U.S.N. M. 84251...)...

U.S. N.M. 57904. . .

A. N. S. Phila.
46343.

A. N. S. Phila.
45228.

Field Mus. N. H.
16593.1

Field Mus. N. H. |..

U.S.N.M. 1769641...
U.S.N.M. 1331281...
U.S.N.M. 1331261..|__.
U.S.N.M. 1261091._|___
U.S.N.M. 1261081._|__,
U.S.N.M. 140339...
U.S.N.M. 207834...
U.S.N.M. 230494...
U.S.N.M. 184514...
U.S.N.M. 150947...
U.S.N.M. 228070...
M.C.Z.31086.......
A. N. S. Phila.
44404.
A. N. S. Phila.
44403.

. Phila. |.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 75.

14

12.5
13
13.5

15

13.8
13.8
14

14.8
14.5

13.5
15.5

14.5
15
14.5

14,2

14
14
13

14.2
13.8
14

14.7

15.8

2) 14.3

14

13.8
14.5
14.8

15.7

! Oo.
|, |B8
Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | & | 4 184
p |e \AE
mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.)mm.

Male....| Alligator Bluff, | Apr. 28,1901} E.A.Mearnsji83 |106.5] 4.8

Kissimmee Riv-
er, Fla.

[Male]... Allen’s Creek, Fla; Apr. 19,1883 ].............- 181. 5/105 6.5

Male....| Whitfield, Fla....) Apr. 25,1903 We = C. 1178 =| 99 6.5

odd.
Edose-s- Amelia Island, | Apr. 20,1906] W. W.. |185 |103.5) 6.1
Fla. W orth-
ington
2ad0s-8 42 Wolf Island Bluff | Apr. 10,1907 |..... Oe ite oa 190. 5|107 6.7
Landing, Lower
Kissimmee
River, Fla.
..do....} Hillsboro Co. shee, || Mayat751900)|Soeess cee. eee 179 }104 6.8
--do....| Tarpon Springs, | June 6,1893 | W.S. Dick- |182 |101 6
Fla. inson,

PedOre ease doses sharssee June 15,1893 |..... do.....-.|179. 5|107 6.8
Goss saals ssa Oe cease ses July 6,1893}..... Owens 186 |103.5) 7
ECO eo eala-e GO se seplest dies) fesse Obra ciaanl teria doseeees 185 |107.5] 6.8

S2dOus 224] sas GOsea5n Sessa: July 15,1893 |...-. Gosseeas 192 |110.5] 6.8

GO se. 52 Pent BoisTsland, | July 28,1911} J.S. Gutsell.|178 |102 6.5

a.

doses Bayou La Batre, | July 25,1911 ]..... dos. sees 179 |101 7
2a.

edOwe eee Abbeville, Ala....] June 9,1911 | A.H.Howell.|191.5}109.5) 7

eGov. 3 Sabine, Tex...... Sept. 2, 1902 ee Ober- |180 {103.5} 7.3

olser.

=<d0..842 Rockport, Tex....| Aug. 18,1893] H. P. Att- |187. 5/101 6.5

water.
GOnes4 Avery’s Island, | May 7,1896} E. A. MclIl- }189 /|103 6.7
La. henny.

ae COs eur Mount Carmel, Ill.| June 7,1874| S. Turner.../186 [115 6.5

tedopss Fort Macon, N.C.} June 10,1869} E. Coues....|183 {102 6.2

Ee ECOKs ae = Raleigh, N. C....- Aug. 5,1896| H.H.andC./190 |106 7

5. Brimley
edOsses5|aacer dosiesee Lecce Aug. 8,1894]..... dos.aes= 190 |106 6.2

Female .| West Jupiter, Fla.| June 2,1896 |...-.....-..-- 176 {100 6.8
EdOsseee|= <= dope Ssceeiaese sass COivece 5 ase ae 177 |104.5) 6
Oto Tarpon Springs, | July 12,1893} W.S. Dick- |172.5)104.5) 5

° inson.
udoxseealee eas dost snseeess: July 15,1893 }....- dove.c a4 179 |102 deb
madOneass Fleming’s Island, | May 10,1901 | E. A. Mearns182 /101.5) 6.2
Lake Tahope-
kaliga, near Kis-
simmee, Fla.
Edostaeel eee dOnt 4 ee May 9,1901]-...-. dorsi s3.3 184. 5,103 6
eGOE sce FeITESEs Creek, | May 20,1894] W.Robinson|182 |104.5) 6.2
doss--- Moses Creek, Fla..| May 16,1894 ]..... dOoseseerte 182 |108.5) 6.1
douense San pate; Fla....| May 24,1892] W.L. ponlee 180 | 99 6.3
OS Sears | nines Ome te tette sista) sive C6 (oy eo tet soe eft) 1104 6.7

ae dOsaese ifoiile Bay, Ala..| Apr. 19,1892} R.J. EHO 182.5105 6.9

son.

PEOOeesa2 Dauphine Island, | May 18,1911] A. H. Howell170 | 99.5) 6.2

Ala.
3008.55 Bayou La Batre, | Aug. 2,1911] J.S. Gutsell.|178.5) 99.5) 6.5
Ala. ,

Osean Sour Lake, Tex...| July 15,1902! N. Hollister .|178. 5)102 7

weeOee wsla Avery, La.......- June 7,1895 ae MclIl- |186 104.5) 7.1

enny

ae Ou eee Stuttgart, Ark....| May 13,1910 a H. Howell 178. 5|102.5) 6.8

pe eOOE cans Concepcion — del | Dec. 20,1880 . B. Bar- |176 | 97 6.7

Uruguay, Entre ye
Rios, Argentina.
e-d0seee= Raleigh, Wate. Aug. 10,1893} H. H.andC.|183 107 (fod
8. Brimley.;
EE CLOU SE MEL Ole eeerel cate cin ro | ane eas dae eaett es do? = 188. 5}105 6

80 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS VICINUS Riley.

Chordeiles virginianus vicinus Ritny, Auk, vol. 20, October, 1903, p. 432
(Long Island, Bahama Islands).

Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, but
considerably smaller; the upper surface lighter, owing to more numer-
ous light markings; and the posterior lower parts more tinged with
buff, and thus darker.

Measurements —Male:1 Wing, 162.5-183 (average, 170.2) mm.;
tail, 92-103 (96.8); exposed culmen, 6.1-7.8 (6.7); tarsus, 13-14.8
(13.4) ; middle toe, 18-15 (13.9).

Female:* Wing, 160.5-184.5 (1738.2) mm.; tail, 91-102.5 (97.7) ; ex-
posed culmen, 6.1-7.5 (6.7); tarsus, 12.5-14.8 (13.4); middle toe,
13-15 (14.1). '

Type-locality—tLong Island, Bahama Islands.

Geographical distribution Bahama Islands. Breeds in the Upper
Tropical Zone, north to Abaco Island, and Great Bahama Island;
west to Andros Island; south to Great Inagua Island; and east to
Acklin Island, Watling Island, and Eleuthera Island. Reported
from the following islands: Abaco, Abaco Keys, Acklin, Andros,
Kleuthera, Fortune, Grassy Cay, Great Bahama, Great Inagua, Long,
Moraine Cay, New Providence, Southern Andros, Stranger Cay,
Sugarloaf Cay, and Watling Island. Winter home unknown.

Remarks.—This race is, in color, except for the posterior lower
parts, intermediate between Chordeiles virginianus chapmani and
Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, but is smaller than either. From
the latter it differs, in addition to smaller size, in its darker upper
surface, the dark brown ground color being more blackish (less gray-
ish), the light mottlings less numerous; and in its more deeply
colored inferior surface, the dark brown areas of the anterior por-
tion more blackish, the posterior portion buff instead of nearly or
quite white, and with much heavier dark cross-bars.

The female is very similar to the male, but averages lighter, some-
what more brownish (less blackish) above, more brownish (less black-
ish) on the jugulum, and a little more ochraceous or buffy on the pos-
terior lower parts.

No juvenal or first-autumn specimens have been seen, but these
plumages probably present the usual differences.

Individual variation is in character about as in Chordeiles virgi-
nianus chapmani. The upper parts of both male and female range
from blackish, with light markings, much as in Chordeiles virgi-
nianus hesperis, to a much lighter ground color considerably more
profusely light-mottled, just like Chordetles virginianus sennetti.
The light markings above vary from deep ochraceous buff to pure

1'Ten specimens, from the Bahama Islands.

;
)
’
q
4
§
:
‘

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER,. 81

white and to grayish white with but little or no buffy tinge. The
posterior lower parts of both sexes and the light throat-patch of the
female vary from cream buff or buffy white to ochraceous buff.

No satisfactory division of this race is possible, at least with the
material at present available. Birds from Andros, Great Bahama,
and other islands appear to be slightly darker above than those from
Eleuthera Island, but this may be due to the unevenness of the series.
Differences in size, as may be noted from the table of detailed meas-
urements, are equally difficult to correlate with any geographic areas.

This well-characterized race seems to be only a summer resident
in the Bahama Islands, from which it disappears in the autumn, but
there is no direct clue to its winter home. It probably, however,
winters in South America along with the other forms of the species.
It is known to breed in July, and probably does so also during May
and June.

Specimens examined.—Of this race we have seen altogether 20
examples, from the localities in the Bahama Islands listed below:

Andros Island—Wide Opening (June 17, 1890); Grassy Creek
(June 28, 1903).

Eleuthera Island.—Governor’s Harbor (July 4 and 7, 1903).

Great Bahama Island.—(July 17, 1904.)

Long Island. —(July 16 and 17, 1903.)

Moraine Cay—(July 12 and 18, 1904.)

New Providence Island —Nassau (May 18, 1897; May 21, 1902.

Southern Andros Island—(May 19, 1904.)

Stranger Cay.—(July 8 and 15, 1904.)

Sugar Loaf Cay.—(July 14, 1904.)

—

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus vicinus.

. Oo
Bal als
MuseumandNo.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 2 ue. a z138
| cet aes a Nise
AH IAS] la
mm.|mm.| mm. iia Net
U.S.N.M. 1896891..| Male 2...| Long Island, Ba- July 16,1903 | J. H. Riley-.|172 {100.5 7.8, 14 | 14
hama Islands.
U.S.N.M. 1896881..]...do..:..|-----0---.--.-----|----- cba | EE fale ee /163 92 6. 9] 13.8) 13.9
U.S.N.M. 1896901..|...do..... Governor’s Har- | July 7,1903 |-----do------- 162. 5} 92 6. 5] 13.3) 14
bor, Eleuthera
Island, Bahama
Islands.
U.S.N.M. 1896911..]...do.....]..---d0----.-------]----- Goteese os |SanaedOsae-==- 1166 | 94.5] 7.2] 13.5] 13.5
U.S.N.M. 1898241..|...do....- Eleuthera Island, |.....do--...--|----.d0------- 175 | 97 6.3] 14.8] 15
Bahama Islands.
Am. Mus. N. H. |---do...-- Southern Andros | May 19,1904 | F. M. Chap- |173.5 95.5] 7.2) 13 | 13.3
99450.1 Tsland, Bahama man.
Islands.
Am. Mus. N. H. |.--do-..--- Wide Opening, | June17,1890| J. 1. and |183 |103 |.-..-|13 | 13.8
54607.1 Andros Island, A.R. Nor-
Bahama Is- throp.
lands.
M.C.Z. 402101.....f--- Goeece- Great Bahama Ts- | July 17,1904 |-------------- 168 |100 6.2) 13 | 13.8
land, Bahama
Islands.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 80.
2 Type; origina! number, 183.

82 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus vicinus—Continued.

ro Oo
f : 26| 4/5
Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. ei Se A ea Ee ees
= os Ko 5 ae
Ele |asle |S
mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.) mm.
M.C.Z. 402111... .- Male....| Stranger Cayy)| wuly 15519043). 2225 ees tee 163. 5) 97.5) 6.5) 138 | 13
Bahama Is-
lands.
EH. A.and @. Bangs. 5... don. vn|454-e00-8-es4ce mace Tua SA O0bw hy seer 175 | 96 6.1) 13 | 14.8
149751
U.S.N.M. 1896871..| Female .| Long Island, Ba- | July 17,1903 | J. H. Riley..]168 | 93 7.5) 42. 5) 18:5
hama Islands.
U.S.N.M. 1898251..|...do...-. Eleuthera Island, | July 4,1903 |..... owes. 22. 167 | 94 6.1) 13.8} 14.2
Bahama Is-
lands.
Us SEN Me 1S9Sn8 0) sidostecslt- e\dobecsses sec ance DULY 7908 |e G0s=2-ac2 168. 5} 93 6.1) 14.8] 14.8
U.S.N.M. 1896861..|...do..... Grassy Creek, An-| June 28,1903 |...-. Govts.- 176 | 99 6.5] 14 13
dros Island, Ba-
hama Islands.
Ata MOUSE eNie cen oe does Nassau, New | May 21,1902 | F. M. Chap- |160. 5} 95 6.5} 13.5] 14
76562.1 Providence Is- man.
land, Bahama
Islands.
iM. Avand OvBangss|’ssdoccbs: ess dOeee ae chs caue May 13,1897 | C. J. May- /184. 5/101 6.9} 138 | 14
3422.1 nard.
E.A.andO.Bangs |...do-..-- Moraine Cay, Ba- | July 13,1904 |...-..-------- 177. 5} 98 6. 5] 12.5] 13.1
14976.1 hama Islands.
MiGiAs4202 1322 ose DOs eee Ose eeeme renee July Aa 1904s Cease 181 {100 7.1114 | 14.8
M.C.Z. 402141... . INE Gig Hae ee Ou a. eree TalyS ods |S. eee 181 [102.5] 7 | 13.5) 15
RECT S021 Me ae oe! Sd overe. Sugar Loaf Cay, | July 14,1904 |.............. 168 91 7 12. 5) 14.2
Bahama Is-
lands.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 80.

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS MINOR (Cabanis).

Chordediles minor CABANIS, Journ. f. Ornith., January, 1856, p. 5 (northern
coast of Cuba).

Chordeiles gundlachii LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 6, Decem-
ber, 1856, p. 165 (Cuba).

Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles virginianus vicinus, but wing
and tail somewhat shorter; upper parts darker, the light markings
less numerous, coarser, and much more tawny; general tone of lower
surface darker, because more deeply ochraceous or tawny, particu-
larly on posterior portion.

Iris dark brown; bili dark brown; feet dark brown.

Measurements.—Female: Total length (in flesh), 218.4 mm.?

Male:* Wing, 159-174 (average, 168) mm.; tail, 89-97.5 (93.5) ;
exposed culmen, 6.1-8.0 (6.6); tarsus, 12.5-14.1 (13.4); middle toe,
18-14.2\ (13.9).

Female:* Wing, 160-174.5 (168.7) mm.; tail, 89.5-103 (95.3) ;
exposed culmen, 6.0-7.0 (6.7); tarsus, 12-14.1 (13.3); middle toe,
13.1-14.9 (13.9).

Ty pe-locality.—N orthern coast of Cuba.

2 One specimen.

8Ten specimens, from Cuba.
* Nine specimens, from Cuba and Porto Rico.

)

j
4

a Ie AES

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 83

Geographical distribution.—Greater Antilles. Breeds in the Upper
Tropical Zone of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and the Isle of
Pines. Winter home unknown.

Remarks.—This is the smallest and most deeply tawny or rufescent
of all the races of Chordeiles virginianus. It is also the southernmost
in distribution, It differs very decidedly from Chordeiles virgini-
anus by reason of its much smaller size; coarser and much more tawny
markings on the upper surface; and darker, much more rufescent,
tawny, and ochraceous inferior parts.

The female of the present race is considerably more different from
the male than is the case in Chordeiles virginianus vicinus. She has
the dark areas of the upper parts more brownish (less blackish) than
has the male, their light mottlings duller, more ochraceous or tawny ;
the dark areas of the inferior surface decidedly more rufescent (less
blackish) ; and the posterior lower parts decidedly more ochraceous
or tawny.

The first autumn plumage is similar to that of both Chordeiles
virginianus virginianus and Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, but the
light markings are normally much more deeply tawny. Occasional
specimens are, however, more grayish, and scarcely, if at all, distin-
guishable.

Individual variation is great, and about the same in both sexes.
There are really two fairly distinct color phases, a tawny or rufous
and a gray, the latter of which is comparatively rare. Taking these
two phases as the extremes, the prevailing color of the light markings
above in both male and female varies from deep tawny to grayish
white and creamy white; the light areas of lower parts from tawny
ochraceous to grayish white in the male, and from buff to deep tawny
in the female.

Specimens from the Isle of Pines appear to be identical with those
from Cuba. The males we have examined from Jamaica have an
average longer wing and tail than those from Cuba, but the females
show no difference. In color they are all the same, and this apparent
size difference would probably disappear in a larger series. How
much it is appears in the following table of average measurements:

RE ee ee ee SS nes

wi 7 : Exposed Middle

Localities. Wing. Tail. maimnans Tarsus. nee

mm. mm mm. mm mm.
Ten males, from Cuba. ...-.---------------+-+------- 168 93.5 6.6 13.4 13.9
Five males, from Jamaica....--.--------------------- 174.6 94.8 6 13.2 13.9
Eight females, from Cuba....------------------------ 168.1 95.3 6.7 13.5 13.9
One female, from Porto Rico.....-.------------------ 173) fleece aaa 7 12 13.2
Five females, from Jamaica. -.--.-.-------------------- 168.8 95.9 6.2 13.5 13.8

84 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The present race is a summer resident from April to October on
all of the islands of the Greater Antilles. There are eggs in the
United States National Museum collected from May 9 to July 7,
inclusive. Like Chordeiles virginianus vicinus, however, it disap-
pears in autumn, but it probably winters with the Bahama Islands
form in South America.

The type of Chordeiles virginianus minor; which was collected by
Dr. Juan Gundlach in Cuba, we have not been able to examine, but
there seems to be no doubt that it represents the breeding form of
this island, as the original description clearly indicates. The type of
Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence,? from Cuba, which was in the col-
lection of George N. Lawrence, and is now in the American Museum
of Natural History, is a typical specimen of Chordeiles virginianus
minor in the rufous, or rather tawny, phase. At present it has three
old labels, the first of which bears the inscription, in George N. Law-
rence’ handwriting, “ Chordeiles minor Cab. ¢ Cuba”; the second
“ Chordeiles gundlachii”; and on the reverse, “ Type,” also in Mr.
Lawrence’ chirography; and the third, “ Chordeiles gundlachi Law-
rence ¢ adultus.” The name Chordeiles gundlachii should, of course,
be synonymized with Chordeiles virginianus minor.

Specimens ecamined.—Total number 37, from the following locali-
ties in the West Indies:

Cuba.—San Diego de los Bafios (Apr. 12, 16, and 18, 1900) ; Hol-
guin (May 31, 1904; June 11, 1904; Aug. 2, 1905).

Isle of Pines —Nueva Gerona (June 29 and 380, 1900; July 3 and 5,
1900) ; Hospital Spring (1904) ; Almacigos (Apr. 19, 1904) ; [no spe-
cific locality] (May 25, 1904).

Jamaica.—Hope Gardens, near Kingston (May 28, 1904) ; Phoenix
Park, St. Ann Parish (July 25, 1865) ; Great Salt Pond, near Span-
ishtown (August, 1862); Bath (incubating female, July 7, 1902) ;
Passage Fort, near Spanishtown (June, 1863) ; Mayfield, St. Andrew
Parish (Apr. 18, 1879; June 25, 1874); Troy, 2,200 feet altitude
(June 27, 1904).

Porto Rico—T[No further locality specified. ]

1 Chordediles minor Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith., January, 1856, p. 5.
2 Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 6, December, 1856, p. 165.

. TSM MRT eps cAT Poetsy Paes eer emery er ete gery, TV er, eel ee oe ee
THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 85
Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus minor.
| 3 &
25| 4 log
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. f Bs nS SWE
; - a jah
E/2lgs|é |g
mm.| mm.) mm.| mm.| mm,
oo ING EES Maleteen|: CuDaer: tio 2ese thal b as oekeewcha tle s lteteataee 171 | 93 6. 5} 13.2) 14
B.A. and O.Bangs Bs Ose Holguin, Cuba....] Aug. 2,1905]| O. ie beats 94:5, 8 | 14 | 14.2
B.A. and O.Bangs age ele Bh sknees sa May 31,1904]..... oc. tae " s9 | 6.1) 13 | 13
4
E.A. and O.Bangs |...do....- Isle of Pines,West | May 25,1904] W. R. Zap- 159 | 89.5} 6.9) 13 | 14
13446.1 Indies. pey. '
U.S.N.M.172785!. .|__. do.ss2% Nueva Gerona, | June 29,1900} W. Palmer |166 | 96.5) 6.5) 12.5) 13.5
Isle of Pines, and J. H
West Indies. Riley. ;
U.S.N.M. 1727861..}... Ose cse ome OO nee eacnciaes qane a0, TSO Feo ae G0n veces! 174 | 97.5} 6.1) 13.5) 13.8
U.S.N.M. 1727871..|__. CLO [erates On taieneials apis ol oc ed Oetaere dal see os GOs .csies 170. 5; 92 6.2} 14 | 14.2
U.S.N.M. 1727901 wed Onse ss emterra GOsn at Hadas iene oats ae Simete Sees ce eee {165 | 90 6. 5) 13.5) 14
U.S.N.M. ee EE GO ese GO Saas ses share Ses Oe ss see. dos a oue: 166. 5) 96 7 | 14.1) 14.2
U.S.N.M. 1727921. .|...do.....). SdOMF eee cte stones ee donee ee dosceea 168 | 96. 5]..... 13 14
WOES INM. 1915262. 2]). doo. 2k Troy, Jamaica....| June 27,1904| W.R.Maxon./171 | 94 6.8} 13 | 13.8
WES EN Me 191525. - 1 2dore. 22 HopeGardens, Ja- | May 28,1904]..... dolcsee= 172. 5) 94 6. 2} 13.8} 15
maica.
U.S.N.M. 106159... .)... Goue-s5 Phoenix Park, St.| July 25,1865] W.T.March.|176 | 94.5) 5.7) 13 | 13
Ann Parish, Ja-
maica.
AMINES bls 25624:| daze acl one OO aera eae July —,1865]..... dOsnends 178 | 95.5) 5.3) 13 | 14.2
A.N.S. Phila.25660.]...do..... Great Salt Pond, | Aug. —, y 1862 boc. GOestesn 175. 5| 96 5.9} 138 | 13.5

near Spanish-
town, Jamaica.
U.S.N.M. 172590!..| Female .| San Diego de los | Apr. 12,1900 | W. Palmer |170 | 94.5) 7 | 13 | 13.1

Bafios, Cuba. and J. H.
Riley
U.S.N.M. 1725941. .|_.. ra (rma I EG Co JS eee Apr. 16,1900 |..... Oz. <ae 168 | 98 6.9} 13 | 13.5
U.S.N.M. 1725911. .|... Gres |e esee (0 oe ee Apr. 18,1900 |..... dos eace 166 | 94 6.9) 14.1} 13.8
U.S.N.M. 24278 1.0)... Goren Cubase eta ccea| eae e ceonne weceeuccacee ae 174. 5 103 6.3} 13.2) 14
E.A.and O. Bangs |...do..... Holguin, Cuba...| June 11,1904] O. Tollin..../172 |100 6. 8| 13.2) 14
14932.1
E.A.and O.Bangs |...do..... Almacigos, Isle of | Apr. 19,1904] W. R. Zap- 169 | 93.5) 6 | 14 | 14.2
13443.1 Pines. pey.
U.S.N.M. 1727931. .}... dose Nueva Gerona, | June 30,1900} W. Palmer |160 | 89.5) 6.8) 13.8) 14
Isle of Pines, and J. H.
West Indies. Riley.
U.S.N.M. 1727891. .|... GOee es eee Obscene a senecel acces GOn co ess\amsee OGmecces 165.5} 90 7 |13 | 149
U.S.N.M. 1717691. .|... dow: Berto Bicone ei ae Meee maces W. Glassford |173 |.-...-. 7 {12 | 13.2
U.S.N.M. 106158... .|... dOteces Phoenix Park, St.| July 25,1865) W.T.March.|171 | 95.5} 6 | 13.5) 13.5
Ann Parish, Ja-
maica.
U.S.N.M. 188333...|... doses Bath, Jamaica....} July 7,1902] W. Robinson 171. 51100 6. 5} 13.8; 13.8
(OESENE MN 7e901ee al se-donesse Mayfield, St. An- | Apr. 18,1879] E. Newton. .|171.5) 95 6.5} 13.5] 14
drew Parish, Ja-
maica.
U.S.N.M. 78200... .|--- do ssce |e dO Mete ee ote June 25,1879 }..... do. -/165 | 96 6. 2} 13.5] 13.2
Acme Mis. Ni. Eii7|2--do:-2-- Passage Fort, near | June —-, 1863} W.T. March.165 | 93 6 | 13.3) 14.5
43840. Spanish town,
Jamaica.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 82.
2 Type of Chordeiles gundlachit Lawrence.

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THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER., 87
CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS (Boddaert).

Caprimulgus acutipennis BoppaErt, Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., 1783,
p. 46 (Guiana).

Chars. sp. (adult male).—Interorbital region of skull somewhat
narrower than in Chordeiles virginianus; longitudinal ridges on the
median portion of frontal bones strongly developed; maxillo-pala-
tines relatively rather narrower and more elongated than in Chor-
deiles virginianus; vomer rather broader than in Chordeiles virgini-
anus; antero-external processes of the palatines decidedly slender,
more so than in Chordeiles virginianus; pterygoids with no decided
exterior angle near the anterior end, and the terminal portion ap-
proaching the palatine only at the point of articulation; first (outer-
most) primary wswally shorter than the second; shortest secondary
usually reaching or exceeding the tips of the primary coverts; dis-
tance from bend of folded wing to end of shortest secondary nearly
always greater than from latter point to end of fourth primary
(counting from the outermost); tips of most of rectrices usually
somewhat squarish; upper surface dark brown or blackish, pro-
fusely mottled with white, buff or tawny; tail dark brown, irregu-
larly barred, at least on middle feathers, with white, gray, or buff;
wing-quills fuscous, the usually four, sometimes five, outer primaries
crossed by a large white spot between the tips of the fifth and eighth
primaries, the basal portion of primaries and whole of secondaries
and primary coverts with conspicuous buff or ochraceous spots or
bars; axillars and under wing-coverts buff or ochraceous, barred
with brown; throat of male white; jugulum and breast dark brown,
vermiculated and spotted with whitish, buffy or ochraceous; rest of
lower surface buff or whitish, barred with dark brown.

Adult female.—Differs from the adult male in much smaller size;
smaller, and wholly or largely buff instead of white wing-patch;
absence of white subterminal bar on tail; more whitish or buffy mot-
tling on terminal portion of tail, which, in the male, except for the
middle pair of rectrices, is usually plain brown; generally more or
less buffy throat-patch, which, however, in some individuals is almost
as white as in the male; and average rather more ochraceous lower
parts.

First autumn plumage.—tThis is practically the same in both male
and female as that of the adults so far as the contour feathers are
concerned, and otherwise differs only in having whitish or buffy tips
on the primaries, secondaries, and rectrices. These light tips mostly
wear off before the next molt, but usually persist sufficiently, at least
on the shortest secondaries, to serve for the discrimination of year-

old birds.

1 Further synonymy under the various subspecies.

88 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Juvenal plumage.—In this plumage both sexes are decidedly
lighter and, more closely and evenly mottled than in the adult, par-
ticularly above. In the male the upper parts are also more uniform,
with more ochraceous or gray and less black; the tail and wing-quills
are broadly tipped with buff; the light bars of the tail are more
deeply buff; the white throat-patch is more buffy; the lower surface
duller, more ochraceous, more uniform, less distinctly and less
broadly barred. The subterminal bar on the tail is white, about as
in the adult.

The juvenal female differs from the adult female much as above.

detailed for the male, but somewhat less so. She is similar to the
juvenal male, but has the light spot on the primaries smaller and
more deeply buff or ochraceous buff, instead of white or slightly
buffy ; the light throat-patch more deeply buff, never whitish ; and she
lacks the subterminal white bar on the tail.

Very young birds, both male and female, before they are full
grown, are above very pale buff, finely and sparingly spotted with
black, and vermiculated with silvery gray; and below, pale buff, with
narrow widely spaced bars of dusky or blackish.

Nestling plumage——Upper surface fawn color, clouded or ob-
scurely mottled with mars brown; lower parts fawn color, unmarked,
but paling on the median portion of breast and abdomen.

Seasonal variation.—Of normal seasonal plumage variation not
due to molt there is little or none; what there is consists in the occa-
sional browning of the dark areas and the slight reduction of the
light markings from abrasion of the feathers.

Molt—From the fugitive natal plumage the young bird molts
directly into the juvenal plumage, growing the while, so that at least
by the time, often before, it has attained full size of body and wings,
the juvenal plumage is complete. Then by a practically continu-
ous molt, usually in September, it again changes its contour feathers,
but retains the remiges and rectrices. The combination plumage
of the first autumn is worn apparently until the following summer,
when the regular sequence of adult molt is begun.

The adult of this species molts but once a year, usually between the
last of July and the middle of September, most individuals chiefly
in August, during which period all of the feathers, including
remiges and rectrices, undergo a renewal. Subsequently, from Janu-
ary to July, the plumage becomes increasingly worn each month.
Some birds are considerably worn even by January, but, like Chor-
deiles virginianus, they rarely, if ever, become badly tattered.

Individual variation.—In all the races of this species there is great
individual variation in both size and color. Such differences of size
appear in the tables of detailed measurements; those of color are at

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 89

once evident on comparison of specimens. In adults these color
variations consist in the darkness or lightness of the upper surface,
due to the brownness or blackness of the dark areas, and particu-
larly to the fineness and amount of the light mottling, together with
the whitish, grayish, ochraceous, or tawny hue of these markings;
depth or paleness of lower surface, and of its buffy, ochraceous, or
tawny tinge; the width of the black bars on the posterior lower
surface, and of the light bars on the tail; and the size of the light
wing-spot.

In fact, so conspicuous and often coordinated are many of these
differences, particularly those affecting the general coloration of
upper and lower parts, that they form several more or less well-
defined color phases, which are, however, more striking in some of
the subspecies than in others. These phases really number four,
though two of them are light and dark extremes of the gray
and ochraceous, or tawny, phases. They are all more fully treated
under Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis,' in which race they are
very well defined. It is interesting to note that, while in Chor-
deiles virginianus these buffy, ochraceous, or tawny variations are
largely geographical, they are in the present species almost wholly
individual. The gray and ochraceous phases of this species are
almost if not quite as well marked in juvenal birds of all ages as in
the adults, a proof, if any were needed, that these color phases are
not due to age.

Geographical variation.—To the three subspecies of Chordeiles
acutipennis currently recognized, two are now added, making thus
five. All the races are wholly or mainly continental, and corre-
spond fairly well to the characteristics exhibited by representatives
of other species occupying the same areas. The typical wide-ranging
South American Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis is a small, dark
race; the Peruvian Chordetles acutipennis ewxilis, small and light; the
Yucatan Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, of moderate size and
rather pale coloration; the Lower California Chordeiles acutipennis
inferior, rather large and of light color; and Chordedes acutépennis
texensis, large and pale. It is noticeable also that the two southern-
most forms—Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acu-
tipennis exilis—are the smallest, and that the size increases regularly
northward through Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris? and Chor-
deiles acutipennis inferior, reaching its maximum in the northern-
most race, Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. In color the pale Peruvian

1See pp. 96-97.

2See p. 100.
8 See p. 109.

13732°—Bull. 86—14——7

90 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chordeiles acutipennis exilis is much more like the widely separated
Yucatan form, Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, than like the
intervening and undoubtedly close ally, Chordeiles acutipennis acuti-
pennis. Other than this, the geographical variations of this species
present no peculiarities.

The five forms here treated under Chordeiles acutipennis are un-
doubtedly all subspecies, and the three heretofore recognized currently
pass as such. The Peruvian Chordeiles acutipennis exilis doubtless
intergrades geographically with Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis,
though we have seen no actual intermediates. Although Chordeiles
acutipennis micromeris + has in the breeding season no geographical
connection with Chordeiles a. acutipennis, its individual variation in
both size and color bridges the gap between the characters of these
two forms; while the same is practically true of Chordeiles acutipen-
nis micromeris! and the much more widely separated Chordeiles
acutipennis exilis. The northern Chordeiles acutipennis texensis
passes into Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris’ in southern Mexico,
intergrading both geographically and individually; and similarly
into Chordeiles acutipennis inferior? in southern California and ex-
treme northern Lower California. Actual geographical intermedi-
ates are, however, few in the material examined, doubtless from
lack of specimens from the particular localities where intergradation
takes place; but intermediates due to individual variation are of
frequent occurrence.

The characters which serve to separate the several subspecies con-
sist largely in differences of size, principally of wing and tail, some-
times also of exposed culmen, tarsus, and middle toe; the colors and
general tone of upper surface and lower parts, light or dark; the
width of both the dark bars and the light interspaces on the posterior
lower surface; and the width of the light bars on the tail.

Geographical distribution—The breeding range of Chordeiles
acutipennis as a species extends, in South America, from southern
Brazil to Venezuela and Colombia, including, as well, the islands of
Tobago and Margarita; also to British Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico,
and the southwestern portion of the United States. It winters also
in the remaining countries of Central America. The typical race,
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, occupies an area in South America
approximately twice as great as the combined range of the four other
subspecies. Of the latter, Chordeiles acutipennis texensis has a range
of considerable extent; but Chordeiles acutipennis exilis and Chor-

1See p. 100.
2 See p. 109.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 91

deiles acutipennis inferior are comparatively local; while Chordeiles
acutipennis micromeris? is somewhat restricted in distribution.

The ranges of the two South American forms, Chordeiles acuti-
pennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acutipennis ewilis, seem to be
practically continuous; but, so far as known, there is a wide gap
between the northern breeding limit of Chordeiles acutipennis acuti-
pennis in northwestern Colombia and the nearest point in the sum-
mer distribution of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris? in Guate-
mala or British Honduras. By all the collecting that has been done
in the intervening countries of Central America—Salvador, Hon-
duras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, the last two particularly—
not an actual breeding record has been obtained. If the species
really does breed in any part of this area it must be very rare. The
range of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis is continuous with that of
both Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris® and Chordeiles acutipennis
inferior.

Zonal distribution—tIn South America this species occupies the
Lower Tropical Zone of the Neotropical Region; in Mexico the
Lower Tropical, Upper Tropical, and Lower Austral zones, and in
places part of the Upper Austral Zone; in the United States chiefly
the Lower Austral Zone, but also parts of the Upper Austral Zone.
Although the details of its zonal affinities are not very well known,
particularly in South America, most of the subspecies seem to have
fairly definite zonal distribution. Two races, Chordeiles acutipennis
acutipennis and Chordeiles acutipennis exilis, are apparently each
confined to a single life zone; one, Chordeiles acutipennis texensis,
to two zones; and each of the two other forms to three zones. In
some cases a zone is not fully, even but little occupied, this being
noted principally with regard to the Upper Austral Zone.

Phylogeny—The South American origin of Chordeiles acutipennis
may be taken almost for granted. Furthermore, that Chordeiles
acutipennis acutipennis should be considered the primitive and parent
form is indicated by its present South American distribution, its ex-
tensive range, its uniformity over this wide area, its lack of migration,
and the relation of its characters of color and size to those of other
subspecies. In western Peru it has been modified, in that more arid
climate and consequently changed environment, into Chordeiles acuti-
pennis exilis, a form of approximately the same size but more pallid
coloration. The northwestward dispersal of the species has been
through Central America and Mexico to the southwestern United

1See p. 109.
2 See p. 100.

92 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

States. In the last mentioned region there is no evidence that it
formerly occupied a greater area than now; while on the other hand
it seems at the present time to be, even if slowly, extending its range,
particularly in Texas and California. For some reason not apparent
it no longer breeds in Central America southeast of Guatemala, which
hiatus may have aided in the differentiation of the northern colony.
As expected, the Yucatan form, Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris,:
is most closely allied to the parent race, Chordeiles acutipennis acuti-
pennis, retaining the same tail markings but becoming larger, and
otherwise modified by isolation and its more arid habitat. The
northernmost race, Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, also of desert en-
vironment, is most nearly allied to Chordeiles acutipennis micro-
meris,: but still more modified, presenting the extreme of differentia-
tion from the parent stock. The Lower Californian Chordeiles
acutipennis inferior,” also a desert bird, is merely a depauperate form
of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, thus modified by semi-isolation
and that peculiar but not well-understood influence which produces
in southern Lower California so many small forms.

Migration.—The migration of Chordeiles acutipennis differs greatly
from that of Chordeiles virginianus. Of the five races of the present
species, two, Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acuti-
pennis exilis, seem to be entirely sedentary. Another, Chordeiles
acutipennis inferior, withdraws only from the more northern portions
of the Lower California peninsula to its southern end. Although the
comparatively few available specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis
micromeris do not permit any careful analysis of its migratory move-
ments, we know enough to show that its route lies through Central
America to ‘its winter home in Costa Rica and Panama.

The northern Chordeiles acutipennis texensis has the greatest
migration range of all the forms of the species. It passes from the
southwestern United States to extreme eastern Panama. Its route
both southward and ‘northward seems to be entirely overland,
through Mexico and Central America. It appears in spring in the
southwestern United States usually some time in April, though
during some years in certain localities not until the middle of May,
but exceptionally as early as March 21. It leaves this country ordi-
narily in September, but lingers on rare occasions as late as October
23. The normal migration movement thus extends over about two
months during both spring and autumn.

Habits —In many of its habits Chordeiles acutipennis resembles
Chordeiles virginianus. It is, however, more crepuscular, does not
have the high, booming flight, and has different notes. It is fond
of the chaparral, groves, gravelly or rocky mesas, valleys, slopes,

1 See p. 100.
2See p. 109.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 93

canyons, bottomlands, and other kinds of open country. Tts flight,
though strong and graceful, is usually rather low. Its notes, uttered
both on the wing and while the bird is at rest, are peculiar, and dif-
ficult of description, some of them not distantly resembling the call
of a little owl. This nighthawk is often gregarious, and large num-
bers sometimes congregate, usually during the migration seasons.
Its food consists of lepidoptera and various other insects, captured
largely on the wing, though also by hopping after them on the
ground.

This species builds no nest, but lays its eggs on the ground, even
though bare, hard, stony, or gravelly, and usually in a more or less
exposed situation, although sometimes at the base of a bush. One or
two broods are reared; and in the United States the earliest recorded
date for eggs is April 27, the latest, August 6. The eggs are two in
number, pale grayish or whitish, finely dotted and otherwise marked
over the whole surface with lilac, various shades of gray, drab, and
slate color. The female often remains on the eggs until almost
touched.

History—The earliest account of the species is apparently that
of Buffon,! who, in 1779, described the bird from Guiana under the
name “L’Engoulevent acutipenne de la Guyane.” Upon this de-
scription and the accompanying plate by d’Aubenton,? Boddaert in
1783 based his name Caprimulgus acutipennis.® This same sub-
species was subsequently diagnosed as new, twice by Gmelin,* and
still more recently no less than six times by various other authors.®
Not until 1839 was another valid form described, when the bird of
(Chile and) western Peru was named Caprimulgus exilis by Les-
son.e The same race was later redescribed twice by Tschudi,’ and
once by Peale.* The Texas bird was made known as Chordeiles tex-
ensis by George N. Lawrence in 1856,° though at that time its real
relationship with Chordeiles acutipennis was not suspected. The
two additional subspecies in the present paper result from the sep-
aration of the Lower California bird as Chordeiles acutipennis in-
ferior?° and the bird from Yucatan and southern Mexico as Chor-
deiles acutipennis micromeris.™

1 Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux, orig. ed., vol. 6, 1779, pp. 547-548.

2 Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., No. 732.

2Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 46.

4 Caprimulgus brasilianus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1031; Caprimulgus acutus,
bie see p. 94.

6 Rey. Zool., 1839, p. 44.

7 See p. 98.

8 United States Explor. Exped., vol. 8, Mamm. and Ornith., 1848, p. 172.

® Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 6, December, 1856, p. 167.

10 See p. 109.
11 See p. 100.

94 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS ACUTIPENNIS (Boddaert).

Caprimulgus acutipennis Bobdparrt, Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat.,
17838, p. 46 (Guiana) (based on Crapaud-volant ou Tetté-chevre, de la
Guiane, D’AUBENTON, Planch. Enlum. d'Hist. Nat., No. 732; aud L'En-
goulevent acutipenne de la Guyane, Burron, Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux
[ed. Montbeillard*], vol. 12. 1780, p. 264; orig. ed., vol. 6, 1779, p. B47

[Guiana]).

[Caprimulgus] brasiianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1031
(Brazil).

[Caprimulgus] acutus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1031
(Guiana).

Caprimulgus noitibo ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 2d ed., vol. 10, 1817,
p. 241 (Brazil).

Claprimulgus]. brasilianus VinrttoT, Tabl. Eneye. Méth. Ornith., vol. 2,
1823, p. 542 (Brazil).

Claprimulgus]. semitorquatus WuirpD, Beitriige Naturg. Bras., vol. 3, 1830,
p. 380 (Brazil) (nec Caprimulgus semitorquatus Gmelin, qui Lurocalis
semitorquatus Auct.).

Chordeiles labeculatus JARDINE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. 18,
1846, p. 118 (Tobago).

[Chordeiles] sapiti BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 638 (South
America) (ex Natterer MS.).

Caprimulgus stenopterus PELZELN, Ornith. Bras., 1 Abth., 1868, p. 14, note
(Bahia, Brazil).

Chars, subsp—Size small; lower parts relatively dark and heavily
barred ; light bars on tail-feathers narrow; upper parts mostly brown-
ish or buffy, and rather dark.

Description—Adult male, in the light gray phase, No. 34855, Car-
negie Museum; San Felix, Venezuela, June 16, 1910; M. A. Carriker,
jr.; original number, 7507. Upper parts light brownish gray, with in
places a slight tinge of buff, particularly on the scapulars, and mot-
tled, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with brownish black, the
pileum nearly all brownish black, the scapulars solid black medially,
the lower cervix duller and more uniform; tail fuscous, more or less
irregularly and rather narrowly barred with cream buff and whitish,
these bars on the upper side of tail much mottled and broken with
fuscous; a much broader subterminal pure white bar; wing-quills
fuscous, all but the outer primaries spotted or barred on both webs
with tawny, ochraceous or buff, having also a broad white bar on
four outer primaries mostly posterior to the tip of the eighth pri-
mary; wing-coverts and tertials mottled, spotted, and vermiculated

1 This is the edition of Buffon that Boddaert cites all through his ‘‘ Table des Planches
Enluminéez d'Histoire Naturelle de M. d’Aubenton.” The portion of this edition (18 vol-
umes) relating to birds appeared from 1770 to 1785. In my recent paper on Butorides
virescens (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, pp. 538 and 564), I inadvertently credited
two of Boddaert’s references to the Deux Ponts edition, which references should, of course,
read “ ed. Montbeillard.’”? Suckow, however, in his ‘‘Anfangsgrunde der theoret. und ange-
wandt. Naturgeschichte der Thiere,’’ 1797-1801, regularly cites the Deux Ponts edition.
Gmelin, in his ‘‘ Systema Naturae,”’ uses the original quarto edition.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 95

with white and buffy like the back; edge of wing along the alula
mostly buffy or creamy white; lores and supraocular region mixed
white and blackish brown; auriculars and postocular region blackish
brown, much mixed with tawny ochraceous and a little with white;
cheeks, chin, and sides of neck, blackish brown, much mingled with
white and buffy; a large triangular patch on throat white; below
this a band of dark brown much spotted with tawny ochraceous;
breast dark brown, finely mottled and vermiculated with whitish;
lower breast cream white, with conspicuous dark brown cross-bars;
abdomen, sides, flanks, and crissum, buff or whitish, with conspicuous
dark brown cross-bars, these narrower, farther apart, and somewhat
broken on lower tail-coverts; lining of wing deep ochraceous buff,
barred with dark brown. “Iris brown; feet dusky flesh; bill brown-
ish black.”

Iris brown; bill black or brownish black; feet dusky flesh color or
brownish.

Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 198-203 (average
201) mm.

Male:? Wing, 150.5-172 (average, 163) mm.; tail, 84-102 (93.6) ;
exposed culmen, 4.8-6.8 (5.8); tarsus, 11.5-14 (12.6); middle toe,
12.1-15 (13.6).

Female:* Wing, 147.5-169 (160) mm.; tail, 86.5-99 (92.7); ex-
posed culmen, 4.5-6.1 (5.3); tarsus, 11.5-14 (12.7); middle toe, 12-
14.7 (13.4).

Type-locality.—Cayenne, French Guiana.*

Geographical distribution.—Northern, central, and central eastern
South America. Permanently resident in the Lower Tropical Zone,
north to Tobago Island; Margarita Island, Venezuela; Cumana,
-Caracas, and Encontrados (Zulia), northern Venezuela; and Car-
tagena, northern Colombia; west to Cartagena in northern, and
Rio San Juan Oscuro in western, Colombia; Guayaquil, western
Ecuador; Santa Lucia (mouth of Tumbez River), northwestern —
Peru; and Matto Grosso, central western Brazil; south to Matto
Grosso; and to Itapura and Iguape in Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil ;
east to Iguape, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Para, eastern
Brazil; Cayenne, French Guiana; Surinam; Quonga and Aunai,
British Guiana; Trinidad Island; and the island of Tabago.

Remarks—With present material it is impossible to recognize in
South America more than the two current races of this species, Chor-
deiles acutipennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acutipennis ewilis
(=pruinosus). Compared with birds from Guiana, those from

2 Pleven specimens, from Venezuela and Guiana.

3 Ten specimens, from Venezuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, and Brazil.
4 Designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 90.

96 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Maripa, on the Rio Caura, Venezuela, seem to average somewhat
more grayish (less ochraceous) on the light areas of the upper sur-
face, while the dark areas are not quite so brownish. Two specimens
from Encontrados (Zulia), Venezuela, are much more blackish above
than either the series from Guiana or Maripa; and one from the
Rio San Juan Oscuro, Colombia (No. 71705, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.),
is even darker, and also more ochraceous above and below. None of
these color, differences, however, appear to be more than individual.
Specimens from Cayenne and British Guiana are in color like those
from Brazil; and one from Margarita Island, Venezuela, is just the
same. Nor am I able to distinguish from Venezuela birds a single
example from Guayaquil, Ecuador (No. 21992, Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila). Specimens from different parts of the range of Chordeiles
acutipennis acutipennis average as follows:

Pra B . Exposed F Middle
Localities. Wing Tail. @dimen: Tarsus. eel
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Nine males, from Venezuela........-.--- See eee 164.4 94.6 6.1 12.8 13.7
Two males, from the Guianas........-..---------.-.- 156. 8 89 4.9 12 13.1
Three females, from Venezuela.......-...-.--:------ 159.7 93.7 6 13.7 13.9
Five females, from British Guiana and French Guiana 157.3 90. 4 4.9 12 12.9
One jemplesfrom Brazilian sccmsciacasciee ese s= oe 168.5 95.2 4.5 13 14

It will be noticed that the birds from the Guianas average smaller
than those from other localities, but this is possibly due to the small-
ness of the series.

Individual variation in size is very great, as the table of detailed
measurements will show. Likewise there is a wide range of color
difference, unattributable to sex, age, or season. In some cases the
white subterminal tail-bar of the male is practically absent. There
are also two, or rather four, styles of plumage, or phases, as they
doubtless really are; a gray, and an ochraceous or tawny phase, each
of these with a light and dark extreme. All these are connected by
various intermediates. These phases are not so strongly marked as
the red and gray plumages of Otus asio, but are nevertheless readily
recognizable, although birds in the extremes of these phases seem to
be uncommon. Gray birds seem to be the more numerous. In the
gray phase the upper surface almost entirely lacks rufous and ochra-
ceous, most of the light areas being white or grayish; and the lower
parts have the ochraceous confined to the jugulum, and the buff of the
remaining inferior area to the posterior portion. In the ochraceous
phase the blackish areas above are somewhat more brownish and the
light areas mostly tinged with ochraceous or buff; the lower parts
are strongly tinged with ochraceous or tawny throughout; and the

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 97

tail-bars are more deeply ochraceous. The light extreme of both
gray and ochraceous phases is characterized by a general reduction
of the black areas on the upper parts and a consequent increase of
light areas, and by narrower black bars on the posterior lower surface.
The dark extreme of both phases has much black above and heavier
black bars and mottling below.

The full-grown young bird in gray phase first autumn plumage is
superficially very similar to the corresponding stage of Chordeiles
virginianus hesperis, but it is more finely mottled above, is smaller,
and, of course, readily distinguishable by the position of the white
or buff patch on the wing-quills.

The earliest name for any form of this species is Caprimulgus
acutipennis Boddaert,t which has for its basis the “ Crapaud-volant
ou Tette-chevre, de la Guiane” of d’Aubenton;? and “ L’Engoule-
vent acutipenne de la Guyane” of Buffon,? both of which apply ex-
clusively to the bird from the Guianas. Berlepsch and Hartert have
further restricted the type-locality to Cayenne, French Guiana.‘
The next name to be apphed to this race is Caprimulgus brasilianus
Gmelin,® the type-locality of which is Brazil. Should it, therefore,
ever become advisable to separate subspecifically the Brazilian bird
from that of the Guianas, as is possible on account of its apparently
greater size, its name will be Chordeiles acutipennis brasilianus
(Gmelin). The remaining synonyms of Chordeiles acutipennis acuti-
pennis need no further elucidation; but it may be well to mention
that Caprimulgus hirundinaceus,® which usually appears in the
synonymy of Chordeiles acutipennis, Mr. C. E. Hellmayr has found to
be a distinct species of an entirely different genus.7. He considers it a
member of the genus Caprimulqus, but the characters he gives in his
text and figures show that it without doubt belongs to Mr. Robert
Ridgway’s new genus Vyctipolus* and should therefore stand as
Nyctipolus hirundinaceus (Spix).

Specimens examined.—Thirty-one specimens have been seen, from
the following localities:

Brazil—Bahia; Anjos.

British Guiana.—Aunai (June 7, 1890; May 14 and 20, 1890).

Colombia.—Rio San Juan Oscuro (June, 1898).

Ecuador. —Guayaquil.

1Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 46.

2Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., No. 732

3 Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux [ed. Montbeillard], vol. 12, 1780, p. 264; orig. ed., vol. 6,
1779, p. 547.

4Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 90.

5 Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1031.

6 Spix, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Solimoéns River, Brazil).

7 See Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Klasse Kénigl. Bayer. Akad, Wiss., vol. 22, 1906,
p. 636.

8 Nyctipolus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98 (type, Capri-
mulgus nigrescens Cabanis).

98 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

French Guiana.—Cayenne.

Venezuela—Maripa, Rio Caura (Apr. 23 and 24, 1901; Feb. 3,
1903; Dec. 28, 1909) ; Margarita Island (July 2, 1895) ; Encontrados,
Zulia (Feb. 20 and 24, 1908) ; San Felix (June 16, 1910).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.

dl als.
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Z =i 28 5 38
& SB (hs | ate

e H lola |] sa

mm.) mm.|mm.| mm.| mm.
Carnegie Mus. | Male....|Maripa, Rio] Dec. 28,1909 | M.A.Car- |172 |102 5.1} 12.3) 13.5

33141.1 Cane, Vene- riker, jr.
f zuela. :

ap Mus. IN ET |e 0O oeeta| Cee ee COse nr eemare ee Apr. 23,1901 | S. M. Klages |163 | 95 6.1) 13.5) 13.5
75450.

eee IN Ebe fon2O serrate ee One ccemen anal eeetad dose ccc |s-eae Ge nee. 168 | 97 6. 8} 13.8} 13.2
75452.1

a IVES Ne Nien | ere Os eters ese GOs5. 4 s= sees eee Goseence|aese Goseseas 150.5} 84 6. 1} 11.9} 138
5449.1

a Mus. INS els N]e ae Owens esate GOreCes sorte Apr. 24,1901 |...-.. dosees-- 162. 5} 91 6.5) 13 | 14.5
79463.1

Field Mus. N. H. |...do....| Encontrados, Zu- | Feb. 24,1908 | N. Dearborn |164.5| 93.5) 6.2) 13 | 13.5
34535.1 lia, Venezuela.

Wield Muss Ne He Ios dos cce|sseee Goes yen ea] eee dow sc2.t | a25-8 dose. ses 162.5) 91.5} 4.8) 14 | 15
34532.1

U.S.N.M. 1516671 .]...do....| Margarita Tsland, | July 2,1895 | W. Robin- |168 [101 6. 2} 11.5} 13.8

Venezuela. son.

Carnegie Mus. |...do.2..] San Felix, Vene- | June16,1910 | M. A. Carri- /169 | 96.5) 6.7) 12 | 13
34355.1 zuela. ker, jr.

A. N. S. Phila. |...do....] Aunai, British | June 7,1890 | H. Whitely . 156.5} 88 4.8) 12 | 14 3
50514.1 Guiana. ,

SAUNT oe NUUISS) ONAL. PPM ae} oy Gllane osc: | ental aint oe Leal eat aye aren 157 | 90 5 | 12 i228 4

43848.1
AGUNG Se bile dOrs | GUayaguil,” BCU | 2.0) son aauene W. S. W. |167 | 99 4.5} 13 | 12
21992. ador. Ruschen- 1
berger. i
Am. Mus. N. H.| Female.| Maripa, Rio | Apr.23,1901 | S.M. Klages./147.5| 87.5] 6 | 13.5] 13
75451.2 Caura, Vene-
zuela.

Field Mus. N. H. |...do....| Encontrados, Zu- | Feb. 20,1908 | N. Dearborn |162.5| 94.5} 6 | 13.5] 14
34536.1 lia, Venezuela.

Field Mus. N. H. |...do....]..... Gore sar ceners Feb. 24,1908 |..... qe 169 | 99 | 6.1) 14 | 14.7

34533.

A. N. §. Phila. |...do....] Aunai, British | June 7,1890 | H. Whitely ./162.5] 92 |..... 11.5] 12.5
50509. Guiana.

a bl Le ealiie! 2 ol EY) ei a Vo ppt Mac Ber Vo NR RN eel kL Ogee alee ne doscenss 156. 5] 87 4.5) 13 | 14
0510.1 .
: IN eieseye cee hat | Sec nares tse Chee ee cee nel | eae Gono see eee Oacuene 151 | 86.5) 5 | 12 | 12.8
0513.2

ee ‘Se Phileas oso. sae eee se COse ees May 20,1890 |...-. Gorieees 156 | 92.5) 5 | 11.5) 12

a .

Am. Mus. N. H. | [Female]| Cayenne, French |......222.2..2|.2.-2.-52-2--- 160.5) 94 or La as
43847.1 Guiana.

Am?) Mus: IN. H. |:..do-...| Bahia, Brazili-...|0.0.2222222.2.|°A. de Wa- (168.5) 95/2)" 405) 13014
43849.1 cerda.

AS aN Se ese | se Oar DS OULLHPAUMEN Cae peace ae see alle ere 166 | 99 6 | 12.7) 13.5
21991.1

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 95.
2 Specimen described on p. 94.

CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS EXILIS (Lesson).

Caprimulgus exilis Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1839, p. 44 (Chile).

Claprimulgus]. pruinosus TscHupi, [Wiegmann’s] Archiy fiir Naturg., 1844,
p. 268 (Peru) (Lichtenstein MS.).

Chlordiles]. semitorquatus TscHupi, Untersuch, Fauna Peruana, Ornith.,
1846, p. 180 (text to plate) (Peru).

C[hordiles]. prumosus [err. typ. pro Chordiles pruinosus] TscHup1, Unter-
such. Fauna Peruana, Ornith., 1846, p. 130.

Chordeiles peruvianus PEALE, United States Explor. Exped., vol. 8, Mamm.
and Ornith., 1848, p. 172 (Callao, Peru).

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 99

Chars, subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, but
upper surface paler and averaging rather less grayish, more brownish
in general effect; lower parts paler, the dark bars of a lighter brown,
somewhat narrower, and noticeably farther apart with consequently
broader white interspaces; light bars on tail broader and on under
side averaging paler; chest and jugulum lighter.

Measurements.—Total length (in flesh), 195-208 mm.; extent of
wing, 457-488.

Male:? Wing, 155-162 (average, 158.5) mm.; tail, 95-96.5 (95.8) ;
exposed culmen, 4.2-4.3 (4.3); tarsus, 18.7-14.3 (14); middle toe,
12.3-12.8 (12.6).

Type-locality—N orthern Chile.

Geographical distribution—Permanently resident in the Lower
Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope of central South America, north to
Callao and Lima, central western Peru, and south, probably, to
northern Chile.

Remarks.—This race is almost unique in its paleness below, which
is due to the width of the light interspaces and to their whiteness.
An unfortunately small series has been available, but the subspecies
is evidently a good one, though it occupies a very restricted geo-

‘graphical area. A single juvenal male skin of ancient make, said to be
from Bolivia, was probably obtained somewhere within the present
confines of Chile, though the territory may have owed allegiance to
Bolivia when this specimen was procured.

The first autumn plumage of Chordeiles acutipennis exilis is simi-
lar to that of Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis in the gray phase,
but is much paler, more silvery above; lighter, more grayish, and
more finely vermiculated on the jugulum. In color of both upper and
lower parts it is almost exactly like first autumn Chordeiles vir-
ginianus sennetti, though slightly more buffy on the posterior portion
of the ventral surface, and, of course, smaller, with the light spot on
the wing-quills nearer their ends.

This race is commonly known as Chordeiles acutipennis pruinosus,?
but an earlier name is found in Caprimulgus exilis of Lesson. This
without any reasonable doubt is applicable to the pale bird from
Peru; and the main reason for its rejection hitherto has been its type
locality of “ Chile.” The northern part of this country is still imper-
fectly known ornithologically, and the occurrence of this bird there
is at least probable, even within what was formerly the northern
boundary of that country. At any rate, the description is a good

1Two specimens, from Peru.

2 Caprimulgus pruinosus Tschudi, [Wiegmann’s] Archiv fiir Naturg., 1844, p. 268 (Peru)
(Lichtenstein MS.).

3 Rey. Zool., 1839, p. 44.

100 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

one, and the name is tenable even if the assigned type-locality be
erroneous.

Specimens examined.—Four specimens seen, from the localities
below:

“Bolivia.” —[No further locality specified. ]

Peru—tLima; Callao.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis exilis.

ee eee
Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 2 3 28 3 28
E | 8 las] é |S
mm.| mm.) mm.| mm.| mm.
UES INsM: 140263)! | Males. J) Callao, Pertti. 26. :eewe en cies T. R. Peale .|162. | 95 4.2) 13.7) 12.3
U.S.N.M. 399352 ..J... dol | sEima Perusshesn-| sssceen sates W.S. Church}155. | 96.5) 4.3] 14.3) 12.8

2 Used in measurement averages on p. 99.

CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS MICROMERIS, new subspecies.

Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, but
larger; upper parts not so dark; lower surface paler throughout, the
chest and jugulum of a lighter brown, the brown bars on posterior
portion lighter and somewhat narrower, the white interspaces wider,
particularly on anal region; white subterminal bar on rectrices of
male averaging wider. 4

Description—Type, adult male, No. 213142, U.S.N.M.; Xbac,
Yucatan, Mexico, April —, 1910; George F. Gaumer; original num-
ber, 289A. Upper parts light brownish gray, with a more or less |
evident tinge of buff, particularly on the scapulars, and mottled, i
vermiculated, and irregularly barred with brownish black, the pileum
nearly all brownish black, the scapulars more or less solid black
medially, the lower cervix duller and more uniform; tail-feathers
fuscous, more or less irregularly and rather narrowly barred with
cream buff and whitish, these bars on the upper side of tail much
mottled and broken with fuscous; a much broader subterminal pure
white bar; wing-quills fuscous, all but the outer primaries more or
less spotted or barred on both vanes with tawny, ochraceous or buff,
having also a broad white bar on four outer primaries mostly pos-
terior to the tip of the eighth primary; wing-coverts and tertials
mottled, spotted, and vermiculated with white and buffy, much like
the back; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffy or creamy white;
lores and supraccular region mixed white and blackish brown; au-
riculars and postocular region blackish brown, much mixed with
tawny ochraceous, and a little with white; chin buffy grayish, the
posterior lateral portion heavily marked with dark brown; cheeks

1 Doubtless from some locality now within the boundary of Chile.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 101

and sides of neck blackish brown, much mingled with white and
buffy; a large triangular patch on throat white; below this a band of
dark brown, much spotted with ochraceous buff; breast dark brown,
finely mottled and vermiculated with whitish; lower breast cream
white, with conspicuous derk brown cross-bars; abdomen, sides,
flanks, and crissum, ochraceous buff, with conspicuous dark brown
cross-bars, these narrower, farther apart, and somewhat broken on
lower tail-coverts; lining of wing deep ochraceous buff, barred with
dark brown.

Tris dark brown; bill brownish; feet dull brownish.

Measurements—Male: Total length (in flesh), 200 mm.1

Male:? Wing, 161.5-176 (average, 169.4) mm.; tail, 92.5-102.5
(99.1) ; exposed culmen, 5.0-6.2 (5.7) ; tarsus, 12.5-13.8 (13.3) ; mid-
dle toe, 14-14.7 (14.4).

Female:* Wing, 158.5-168 (162.1) mm.; tail, 90-98.5 (94.4); ex-
posed culmen, 5.0-6.5 (5.8) ; tarsus, 12-14 (13.1) ; middle toe, 13-15.3
(14.1).

Type-locality.— Xbac, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geographical distribution —Central America and southern Mexico.
Breeds in the Lower Tropical, Upper Tropical, and Lower Austral
zones of Guatemala, British Honduras, Yucatan, and other parts
of southern Mexico: north to Rio Lagartos, and Merida, Yucatan;
Campeche, Campeche; Montecristo, Tabasco; Pelenque, Chiapas;
and San Mateo, Oaxaca; northwest along the Pacific slope of Mexico
to Colima; Zapotlan and Atemajac (near Guadalajara), Jalisco;
south to Tuxtla Gutierrez, and San Bartolomé, Chiapas; and Coban,
Guatemala; east to British Honduras; and Mujeres Island, eastern
Yucatan. In migration southeast through Honduras, Nicaragua, and
Costa Rica, to Gatun, in the Canal Zone, Panama. Winters in Pan-
ama and Costa Rica, possibly also in other and more northwestern
parts of Central America. Not known from South America.

Remarks.—This form differs from Chordeiles acutipennis exils
in larger size; rather darker lower parts, the white interspaces on
posterior portion being narrower; somewhat darker, more brownish
general effect of the upper surface; and in darker, more ochraceous
or buffy (less whitish) light bars on the under side of the tail.

Specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua and one from Panama
(Gatun, Canal Zone, No. 207668, U.S.N.M.) appear to be exactly
the same as those from Yucatan and Chiapas, and are doubtless
immigrants, as there seems to be no breeding record of this species
for Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, or Salvador.

1One specimen,
2Seven specimens, from Yucatan, Mexico.

102 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding birds from Yucatan and Campeche represent the extreme
differentiation of this subspecies. Those from southern Chiapas,
from Guatemala, and southern Oaxaca, Mexico, are intermediate in
size between Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris and Chordeiles acuti-
pennis texensis, though in other respects like the former. A single ©
female from Atemajac, Jalisco, near Guadalajara (No. 281892,
U.S.N.M.), looks just the same as these intermediate birds from
Oaxaca and Chiapas, and is the basis for extending the range of the
present subspecies to Jalisco. This is probably correct, though the
possibility, of course, exists that this individual is not representative
of the birds breeding in Jalisco. Comparative average measurements
of specimens from different localities are as below:

a6 ey - Exposed Middle
Localities. Wing. Tail. maine Tarsus. toe!
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Seven males, from Yucatan.........--.--.----.------ 169. 4 99.1 5.7 13.3 14.4
Two males, from Chiapas (Mexico), and Guatemala. . 178.5 104.3 5.6 13.3 15.3
Two males, from Costa Rica and Panama............ 167.8 99 6.5 13.8 14.8
Seven females, from Yucatan............------------ 162.1 94.4 5.8 13.1 14.1
One female, from Campeche. ...........-.--.-------- 163.5 91.5 5.8 14 15
Two females, from Chiapas and Jalisco, Mexico._..-. 168.8 100 6 12.9 13.1

In this Yucatan race there exist the same four adult plumage
phases as in Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.

Specimens examined—Of this race 25 examples have been
handled, from the subjoined localities:

Campeche.—Campeche (June 8, 1900).

Chiapas—Tuxtla Gutierrez (May 26, 1904) ; San Bartolomé (Mar.
94, 1904).

Jalisco—Atemajac (north of Guadalajara) (May 28, 1892).

Oaxaca.—San Mateo (Aug. 5, 1869).

Yucatan—Rio Lagartos (Apr. 10, 14, 18, and 20, 1893), Mujeres
Island (Mar. 24, 1901); Merida (June 19, 1865); Chichen Itza
(Apr. 2, 1904) ; Izamal (June, 1905) ; Xbac (April, 1910).

Costa Rica—San José (Sept. 10, 1883; Oct. 29, 1891); Pigres
(Mar. 4 and 11, 1905).

Guatemala—Lake Atitlan (Apr. 8, 1906).

Honduras.—Truxillo (Sept. 30, 1887).

Nicaragua.—San Geronimo, Chinandega (Mar. 25, 1904).

Panama.—Gatun, Canal Zone (Jan. 11,1911).

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 103

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris.

3. ©
: ea =
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | # | = ex z ss
” = n _—~
EB) jasie ls
mm.)mm.| mm.|mm.| mm.
U.S.N.M. 2131421.] [Male]?..]| Xbac, Yucatan, | Apr.—,1910] G. F. Gau- |169 {101 5.8] 13.5] 14.7
Mexico. mer.
es Mialen. 22-428 (6 oR SS ie (Se OSseee sleeeee doe ease 168 102.5] 5.5] 12.5)....-
G. F. Gaumer 2891.| [Male]...|..... aos aye tee BGA cits doy 169 | 96.5} 6.2] 12.8).....
Ge Gaumer Males. s202, (ee semenes ee ai Sie dO. c2se5 167 | 99 Be 5| 1335 seuss
ie E. on and O. Bangs}...do....| RioLagartos, Yu- | Apr. 14,1893 | W.W.Brown,/161.5 92.5] 5 | 13.8] 14.7
i: 4419.1 catan, Mexico. ire
F U.S.N.M. 1674211.]...do....| Mujeres Island, | Mar. 24,1901 | E.W.Nelson /175 101 5.8] 13.5] 14
Nk Yucatan, Mex- and E. A.
} ico. Goldman.
ri U.S.N.M. 1302051.| [Male]...| Yucatan.........]........-.--.- G. F, Gau- {176 101.5) 6 | 13.8) 14
i: mer.
; Field Mus. N. H. | Male....| Lake Atitlan, | Apr. 8,1906 | N. Dearborn |178 |103.5} 5.1) 13 | 15
fF 22582. Guatemala.
U.S.N.M. 193879...|.-. do....| San Bartolomé, | Mar. 24,1904 |}E.W.Nelson|179 105 6 | 13.5) 15.5
Chiapas, Mex- and E. A.
| _ ico. Goldman.
U.S.N.M. 207668...}...do....| Gatun, Canal} Jan. 11,1911 | E. A. Gold- |167 |101 6.8] 14.5) 15.1
| _ Zone, Panama. man. |
E.A.and O. Bangs|...do....| San José, Costa | Sept. 10,1883} C. F. Under-|168.5} 97 6.1) 13 | 14.5
16930. Rica. wood. }
G. F. Gaumer | Female. Izamal, Yucatan, June—,1905 | G. F. Gau- |162 | 94 Bo lab len es
288A .1 Mexico. mer.
G. F. Gaumer 2881.|...do....|..... (RS Seetcee| Iaeaeres WOvaerese| Pica 5 Oe cece TGT ei eO8c5l ere ie eee
Field Mus. N. H. | |.. do....| Rio Lagartos, Yu- | Apr. 18,1893 | W.W.Brown,|168 | 97.5) 6 | 13.5] 14.3
13247.1 catan, Mexico. 1
en O. tcl dee atl santa dot. eee eas Apr. 20, 1893 |..... doyssase 158.5) 92.5) 5.2) 14 | 15.3
4 |
Ame eMs: IN: E-*|24:do2.4.) Yucatan, (Mexicoe|: 2.22522. 22222 G. F. Gau- |163.5| 94.51 6 | 14 | 14
43854. 1 |" | mer.
U.S.N.M. 213143 1.) [Female] amey Yucatan, | June—,1905 |....-. MOpea eae 162 |} 93.5} 6.5] 13 | 14
exi1co,
We SaNeM=130208'2- 15 dos. 2: Yucatan, Mexicos|:..2-2..2-2<c-|tease Goxes s~ 160 | 90 6 | 138 13
U.S.N.M. 166707 ..| Female .| Campeche, Cam- | June 8,1900 | E. W. Nelson |163. 5] 91.5) 5.8) 14 | 15
peche, Mexico. and E. A.
Goldman.
U.S.N.M. 193880...|...do....| Tuxtla Gutierrez, | May 26,1904 |..... doses 70.5) 97.5} 6 | 12.8) 12.8
Chiapas, Mexico.
U.S.N.M. 154757...|...do....| Atemajac, Jalisco, | May 28,1892 |...-. Go-eeeee 167 |102.5) 6 | 13 | 13.3
Mexico.
|
1 Used in measurement averages on p. 101.
2 Type.
CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS TEXENSIS Lawrence.
Chordeiles texensis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol 6, December,
1856, p. 167 (Texas).
Chars. subsp—tLike Chordeiles acutipennis inferior,’ but larger.
. : ¢ Pears (nt iy
Tris bluish black; bill black; feet gray or “ purplish.

Measurements——Male: Total length (in flesh), 215.9-248 (average,
230.2) mm.;* extent of wing, 520.7-581 (555.7).°

Female: Total length (in flesh), 215.9-228.6 (221.2);° extent of
wing, 514.4-552.5. (582.6).7

3 See p. 109.

4 Thirty-two specimens.
5 Twenty-five specimens,
6 Highteen specimens,

7 Hleven specimens.

1) Pg he Oe bike
4

104 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Male:: Wing, 173-192 (average, 183.4) mm.; tail, 104-119 (111.6) ;
exposed culmen, 5.0-6.8 (5.9) ; tarsus, 13-15 (14) ; middle toe, 13-15
(14.2).

Female: Wing, 168.5-180 (175) mm.; tail, 102-110 (106.1) ; ex-
posed culmen, 5.1-7.0; (6.0); tarsus, 12.5-15.2 (13.5); middle toe,
13-15.8 (14.2).

Type-locality— Ringgold Barracks,” near Rio Grande City, Texas.

Geographical distribution—The southwestern United States,
Mexico, and all of Central America. Breeds in the Lower Austral,
Upper Austral, and Upper Tropical zones of the southwestern
United States, northern and central Mexico (excepting southern
Lower California) : north to Kerrville and Pecos City, middle Texas;
Alamagordo, Deming, and Lone Mountain (Grant County), southern
New Mexico; the Santa Catalina Mountains, southeastern Arizona;
Fort Verde, central Arizona; Beaverdam, northwestern Arizona;
St. George, southwestern Utah; Virgin Valley, Vegas Valley, and
Ash Meadows, southern Nevada; Bishop (Owens Valley), Chinese
Camp (Tuolumne County), Marysville, Winslow (Glenn County),
and Ukiah (Mendocino County), central California; west to Ukiah,
Paicines (San Benito County), Ventura, San Pedro, San Diego,
and 6 miles west of Mountain Spring, western California; Colorado
River opposite the mouth of Hardy River, northwestern Sonora;
Rancho Baillon, Papasquiaro, and Durango, western Durango; Ro-
sario, southern Sinaloa; Chicalote, central Aguas Calientes; and
Guanajuato, Guanajuato; south to Chimalpa (Valley of Mexico),
Mexico; Puente de Ixtla, southern Morelos; and San Baltazar,
Puebla; east to Jalapa, central western Vera Cruz; Alta Mira and
Matamoros, eastern Tamaulipas; Brownsville, Corpus Christi, and
Port O’Connor, central southern Texas. Winters regularly in cen-
tral and southern Mexico, and in all of Central America: north to
Chacala, Durango, rarely to Phoenix, Arizona; * west to Manzanillo,
Colima; east to Orizaba, Vera Cruz, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan,
in Mexico; and southeast through Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to Cana, eastern Panama.

Remarks.—The present race differs from Chordeiles acutipennis
micromeris in considerably larger size, broader light tail-bars, and
rather paler, rather more brownish tone of the upper surface. It
is much larger than Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, with broader
light tail-bars, and is paler, more grayish, both above and below.
The juvenal plumage is identical with that of Chordeiles acutipennis
inferior hereinafter described.*

1 Fifteen specimens, from Texas, Arizona, and California.

2 Here for the first time definitely restricted to this locality.
3 Taken, December 27, 1897,

4See p. 110.

4

t
g

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 105

With large series of specimens for comparison from California,
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, no geographical differences are
observable, and the birds from all these areas evidently belong to the
same subspecies. The apparently smaller size of the Texas males
in the measurements given below is due to the smallness of the series.
Birds from San Diego, southern California, are somewhat smaller
than typical Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, and thus incline toward
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, but they are nearer the present form.
Examples from the various geographic areas average in measure-
ments as follows:

Meee eee eS SS ee See

5 = “i Exposed Middle
Localities. Wing. Tail. | guimen. | 1274S: te.
RA ei > eS eS |
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Five males, from California-......-.----------------- 185.2 112.9 6 13.9 14.2
Five males, from Arizona......--.------------------- 184.3 113.7 5.5 14.2 14.3
Five males, from Texas.....-...--------------------- 180.7 108.3 6.1 13.9 14.1
Five females, from California. -.-.-...----.------------- 174.8 107.3 6.1 13.6 14.3
Five females, from Arizona. ...-.-------------------- 174.4 106.5 6.2 13.4 14.5
Five females, from Texas.....-..-------------------- 175.9 104.4 5.6 13.3 13.9

See ne ee

The juvenal and first autumn plumages of this race are apparently
identical in color with those of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior. The
adults have about the same range of individual variation in color
as that race, but are apparently more variable in size. The ochra-
ceous phase is like that of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, less marked
than in Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis; but the light and dark
extremes are, however, just as distinct.

The two type specimens, adult and male and female, of Chordeiles
acutipennis texensis are in the American Museum of Natural History.
They are flat skins, obtained by Capt. J. P. McCown in Texas, and
were originally in the collection of George N. Lawrence. The male,
which, of course, is to be considered the type, is an abnormally small
bird, as its measurements on page 109 show. It is marked in Law-
rence’ handwriting on the face of the label: “ Chordeiles texensis,
Lawr.” “Texas” 4 ’a 116; and on the back of the label: “ Type si
“ Presented by Capt. J. P. McCown.” The label of the female is iden-
tical save for the sex and number, which read: “ ¢ b 116.” In color
both birds are inseparable from Texas specimens. There seems to be
now no way of determining the exact locality at which these speci-
mens were collected; and as it seems desirable to have an exact type-
locality, I now designate as such Ringgold Barracks, near Rio
Grande City, since this is a locality which Captain McCown is known
to have visited.

13732°—Bull. 86—14——_8

106 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The Texas nighthawk is normally only a summer sojourner in the
United States, where it appears in March, as a specimen which Dr.
E. A. Mearns obtained, March 21, 1894, on the Colorado River at the
Mexican boundary attests. It leaves this country in September or
October (taken, October 5, 1893, San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona,
Dr. E. A. Mearns). It breeds from April to August, and there are
eggs in the United States National Museum collected from April 27
to August 6, inclusive.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 293, from the localities listed
below: |

Arizona—Colorado River, 5 miles north of Laguna (Apr. 21, 24,
and 26, 1910) ; Ehrenberg (Mar. 27, 1910) ; Date Creek, south of Fort
Whipple (June 5, 1865); San Bernardino Ranch, San Bernardino
River, on the Mexican boundary line (Aug. 15 and 23, 1892; Oct. 5,
1893) ; Camp Grant, 40 miles east of Tucson (May 4, 1867); Fort
Huachuca (May 23, 1892; June 3, 1892; June 15, 1891) ; Huachuca
Mountains (June 8, 1891) ; Yuma (Apr. 5, 1884) ; Beaverdam (May
10, 1891); Fort Mojave (May 18, 1884; May 24, 1861); near San
Pedro River in Cochise County (Aug. 15, 1890); Tucson (May 5,
1883; May 19, 1906; June 2 and 3, 1884; June 8, 1881; June 16, 1891) ;
Calabasas (May 26, 1887); Colorado River at Monument No. 204,
Mexican boundary line (Mar. 21 and 25, 1894); San Pedro slope,
Santa Catalina Mountains, Pinal County (May 20, 1885; June 4,
1885 [3,500 feet altitude]; June 7, 1885 [3,000 feet altitude]) ; Fort
Verde (June 8 and 5, 1885; June 17, 1884; Sept. 20, 1886) ; Charles-
ton, Cochise County (June 21, 1896) ; Catalina Mill (June 21, 1884) ;
Babacomari Creek.

California.—Pasadena (Mar. 31, 1896; Apr. 4, 7, 9, and 29, 1896;
Apr. 27, 1895; Apr. 21, 24, and 30, 1897; May 2, 1894; June 19, 1897;
July 26, 1902; Aug. 4, 1900; Aug. 30, 1906) ; San Fernando Valley,
Los Angeles County (May 2, 1899; May 22, 1895) ; Sugarloaf Moun-
tain, 7,500 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Aug. 5, 1905) ;
Cactus Flat, 6,000 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Aug. 16,
1905); Cushenbury Springs, 4,000 feet altitude, San Bernardino
Mountains (Aug. 9 and 13, 1905); Bodfish (June 17, 1911); Los
Angeles (Apr. 14, 1898; May 2, 1897; June 20, 1897) ; San Fernando,
Los Angeles County (ae 94, 1900; Aug. 14, 1897) ; Mecca, River-
side anne (Apres 230 4g al 11, 1908) ; ton: Tulare County
(Apr. 26, 1911) ; Reche Ca near Colton (July 23 and 28, 1908) ;
Isabella Cate 1, 1911); Colorado River opposite Cibola, Aegon
(Apr. 8, 1910); Dulzura (Apr. 24, 1908; June 29, 1894) ; Colorado
River, 5 miles northeast of Yuma (May 3, 1910); Chula Vista, San
Diego County (May 27, 1908); Paicines (June 12, 1898; July 10,
1898) ; Kelso Creek, 3,500 feet altitude, 11 miles south-southeast of
Weldon, Kern County (July 6, 1911) ; Alhambra (Apr. 11, 12, and 15,

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 107

1889) ; Riverside (Apr. 10, 1885); Point Loma, San Diego County
(June 19, 1908) ; San Diego (Apr. 20 and 30, 1885; June 7 and 13,
1892) ; Silsbee, Imperial County (Apr. 6, 1906); Riverside County
(Apr. 21, 1907) ; Cabazon, Riverside County (May 16, 1908); Alila
(June 18, 1903) ; Chowchilla, Merced County (June 27 and 28, 1900) ;
Colorado River at Pilot Knob (taken with eggs, May 8, 1910); Ash
Creek, Owens Lake (May 31, 1891); Bishop, in Owens Valley, alti-
tude 4,000 feet (June 29, 1891) ; Coalinga, Fresno County (July 8,
1905); Lone Pine, Owens Valley (June 8, 10, 12, and 13, 1891);
Bakersfield (July 19, 1891); Valley Springs (June 3, 1898); Un-
lucky Lake, San Diego County (Apr. 30, 1894) ; divide of mountains
west of Coast Range, near Mexican boundary line, about 6 miles west
of Mountain Spring, San Diego County (May 17, 1894) ; Marysville
(July 1, 1891) ; South Fork of Kern River, 25 miles above Kernville
(July 8, 1891) ; Keeler (June 2, 1891) ; Chinese Camp (Apr. 20 and
21, 1891) ; San Bernardino (July 30, 1885) ; Ukiah (Apr. 29, 1889) ;
Vallevista, San Jacinto Valley (Sept. 2, 1908); Needles (Apr. 28,
1905); Ventura (June 1, 1906); Lanes Bridge, 10 miles north of
Fresno (Apr. 12, 1911).

New Mexico—Kastern foothills of Big Hatchet Mountains (July
20, 1908) ; State College (July 12 and 14, 1918) ; Dog Spring, south-
ern Grant County (June 8, 1892); Apache, Grant County (May 17,
1886); Gila River (Sept. 14, 1873); Alamogordo (May 17, 1902) ;
between Alamogordo and Dry Canyon, Otero County (May 7, 1902) ;
8 miles east of Deming (Sept. 4, 1908).

Texas —Rio Grande City (Apr. 9, 11, and 16, 1880; June 1, 1891;
June 15, 1889); Ringgold Barracks (July); Lomita Ranch, near
Hidalgo (Apr. 23 and 26, 1878; May 5, 11, and 12, 1878; July 25
and 31, 1880; Aug. 16, 1880) ; Hidalgo (Apr. 18, 1877; May 5, 1877;
May 7, 23, 25, and 27, 1889); Pecos City (May 25, 1887); eastern
base of Chisos Mountains (June 23, 1901); Brownsville (Apr. 18,
1889; Apr. 20 and 21, 1892; July 2, 1892); Fort Hancock (June 9,
12, 18, and 21, 1893; Aug. 15, 1902); Frontera; Rio Grande in
Cameron County (Apr. 16, 1886); Laredo (May 18, 1866; Sept. 5
and 13, 1866); Marathon (May 18, 1891); 15 miles south of Mara-
thon (May 17, 1901); 20 miles south of Marathon (May 19, 1901) ;
65 miles south of Marathon (May 19, 1901); near Carrizo (May 19,
1891) ; Comstock (July 26, 1902) ; Langtry (May 1, 1903) ; Del Rio
(May 19, 1903) ; Kerrville (May 18, 1910); Ysleta (July 25, 1901) ;
Runge (Aug. 28, 1905).

Chihuahua.—Mosquito Springs (May 12, 1892) ; San Diego (Apr.
91 and 24, 1891; June 5, 1891); near Colonia Garcia (July 15 and
16, 1899).

Colima.—Plains of Colima (Jan. 14 and 15, 1890); Manzanillo
(Jan. 26, 1892).

108 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Durango.—Rancho Baillon, northwestern Durango, 7,800 feet alti-
tude (May 9, 1903).

Guanajuato.— Guanajuato.

Jalisco—La Barca (Jan. 4, 9, 17, and 19, 1903; Nov. 22 and 25,
1899; Dec. 2, 1899) ; Ocotlan (Jan. 4, 1903).

Lower California—Carrizo Valley (Apr. 19, 1893); mouth of

Hardy River (Apr. 2, 1905); Seven Wells, Salton River (Apr. 10,

1894).

Michoacan.—Patzcuaro (Dec. 22, 1891).

Morelos —Cuernavaca (Jan. 3, 1893); Puente de Ixtla (June 6,
1908).

Nuevo Leon.—Montemorelos (May 20, 1889); Monterey (Apr. 24
and 27, 1889); Linares (Apr. 17, 1891); Santa Catarina (April,
1853).

Oawaca.—Santa Efigenia (Jan. 3 and 12, 1869).

Sinaloa.—KEscuinapa (Dec. 28, 1903) ; Mazatlan.

Sonora—Colorado River opposite mouth of Hardy River (Mar.
28, 1894) ; San Marcial (Nov. 10, 1905).

Tamaulipas.—Rio Cruz (June 19, 23, and 30, 1909; July 7, 20, and
91, 1909); Santa Leonor (Apr. 14, 15, and 17, 1909); Montelunga
(Apr. 27, 1909; and May 1, 1909) ; Mier (May 5, 1891).

Tepic.—Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands (May 5, 1897).

Vera Cruz.—Jalapa (Apr. 2, 1897) ; Orizaba (Jan. 25, 1894).

Costa Rica—Bolson (Dec. 25, 1907); El Rio Ciribi (Jan. 25,
1868) ; Limon (Nov. 28, 1896) ; Pigres (Mar. 8 and 10, 1905).

Guatemala.—Duefias (Feb. 1, 1860).

Nicaragua—San Juan de Nicaragua.

Panama.—Cana (Mar. 10, 1912).

Salvador.—La Union (January, 1864).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis terensis.

rd Oo
oq =
. awe 2
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a d og z ae
: u Pe
Ele IG H ia
mm.) mm.) mm.) mm.| mm
J. Grinnell 8261...| Male.... Face as Cal....] Apr. 4,1896 | J. Grinnell../183 |112.5) 5.2 14.5) 14.5
JHGTINMEL SOS tS S| SedO. ss selec eOneosseceeres Apr. 27, 1895)... .. docs ae 187. 5|110 6. 8| 14 14
J. Grinnell 24481...}...do.....|..... ie Salatatorsetoaeree Apr. 24,1897 |..... (0 (ooh ee 77 |UITS S| oe h Leader
J. and J. W. Mail- |...do.....} Chowchilla, Mer- | June 27, 1900|.......-...-.- 190. 5}117. 5) 6.5} 13.5) 15
liard 4489 +. ced Co. Cal.
Jang) T.,.We.Mail-)|2 2200; 232) 652 tdoL safes ee JUNE 281900) Leese se 2 188 113 6 14 14
liard 45101
Am. Mus. N. H. |.-..do.....| Fort Verde, Ariz..| June 3, 1885 | E.A.Mearns./184 |119 5. 5} 13.9] 13.9
51992 1,
Atay Mus: IN. dE.) |2-.doree.. San Pedro Slope, | June 4, 1885 | W. E. D. |176 |109 5. 8| 13.5] 14
29377 1, Santa Catalina Scott.
Mountains, Pi-
nal Co. , Ariz Ze
Am, wee. Ns) Ei eedo.ess i ueson. Aetn Gay May 5, 1883 |.--.. dees 192 115 5) Wb) |S
73 4,
PASITA ME UIS EN L ti rer Onna | ee LO ie Neat a May 19, 1906] F. M. Chap- {183. 5)114 5.5] 13.9] 13.9
98978 1, man and
J. D. Fig-
gins.

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 104,

we Pe anP ip r F ia
of AL r

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 109

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis—Continued.

ro oO
} Sa} a io
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | # | eg B —
re ‘ Ko eli
Ele |las|a |x
mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm
iy M.C. Z.323061..... Male..... Tucson, Ariz..-.. June 8, 1881] F.Stephens./186 111.5) 5.5} 14. 5) 14.7
Me G. B. Sennett 66311)...do..... Hidalgo, Tex... May 7,1889] J. A.Singley |183 108 5.5) 14) 14
i tae INS Heyes dows aces te dome ae eeae May 23, 1889]..... GOveers. 178 |109 6.8] 13 | 13
1, ao *.
le ene IND ES dow. saalteeee GOs tun eeees May 27, 1889]..... dostee-2 183. 5/111.5] 6.2) 14.5] 14.5
i U.S.N.M.1404141..]... dow? Rio Grande City, | June 1, 1891} W. Lloyd...]173 |104 | 6.2} 14 | 14
a ex.
f, Am. Mus. N. H. |...do..... Lomita, Tex......] May 5, 1878 | G. B. Sen-|isé |109 | 6 | 14 | 15
i} 81614 1. nett.
\, ACA aNTHS! ONG Ey Gre 0:20 4|" DOXAS So. cos soecat| fence ccs s ss ce.- J. P. Me- [165 | 97 6 |13 114
pe 43852. Cown.
iy J. Grinnell 2449 »,..) Female..| Pasadena, Cal....} Apr. 24,1897} J.Grinnell..}175 [108 | 6 | 13.5) 13.5
7 J. Grinnell 309 1....)...do.....}..... GOs see ets Apr. 27,1895 ]..... (3 {oe 175 {110 6.1] 13 | 14
i J. Grinnell 2461 1...)...do.....]..... GOs. ee neese- Apr. 30, 1897 ]..... dome sons 174 }106.5} 6 | 13 | 13.8
a J. Grinnell 28421...]... okeeca|seeee do. ........-..|) Junel9, 1897)... doseaece 170 }106 6 | 14.2) 15
i J. and J. W. Mail- |...do..... Chowchilla, Mer- | June 27,1900 |...........--- 18C {106 6. 5} 14. 5} 15.1
i liard 44851, ced Co., Cal.
I) Am. Mus. N. H. }...do..... San Pedro Slope, | June 7, 1885] W. E. D. /178.5)104 6.2) 13 | 14
We 29379 1. Santa Catalina Scott.
7 Mountains, Pi-
nal Co., Ariz.
rig INS MEDS Seed Obs eee Tucson, Ariz......] May 5, 1883)..... (3 (ole Se 172 1106 5. 8 13.3] 15
Te
pas Us. ING EER h on GOre ce Ieee 3 GOs soe June 2, 1884]..... Govonase 168, 5/106 6 | 12.5) 13.8
1,
a as IN SEA eee ocwes. |S oese Gopal eoes June 3, 1884]..... GOeiiaa 173 109 6 | 15.2] 15.8
9; 1,
x Niet Some hilars|seedae 2. 5-|aoeee Goris Eases Tune 16,1891 | S.N.Rhoads/180 /107.5) 7 | 13.2) 14
7551 1.
AdTe MUS ON) EL.) see dOiee..|(pUOKAS « Sccteseocesie os acnecccnecc J. P. Me- /176. 5/104 5.1} 13. 5} 13.5
438512. Cown.
med Muss Noel.) |5 Gree Hidalgo, Tex....- AMI Tish MEV |e ceee sso acer 175 |104 6.3] 13.2) 14.2
43122 1.
Am. Mus. N. H. |...do0....- Rio Grande City, | June 15, 1889 }.............- 171 {102 5.5] 13 | 18
81603 4. Tex.
AN Mus: NG. Ele. .d02: 2. = Lomita, Tex...... Apr. 26,1878] G. B. Sen- /180 /105.5) 6 | 18.5) 14.3
816131. nett.
U.S.N.M.112391 1..)... dos.gbohs2 Gone peste May 11, 1878|..-.-- doteccs2 177 _(/106.5) 5 13.3] 14.5

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 104.
2 Type of male.
3 Type of female.

CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS INFERIOR, new subspecies.

Chars. subsp —Like Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, but larger ;
light bars on tail broader; upper surface lighter, and averaging
more brownish (less grayish) in general effect; similar to Chordeiles
acutipennis texensis, but smaller.

Description—Type, adult male, No. 113100, U.S.N.M.; Triunfo,
Lower California, Mexico, June 14, 1887; M. Abbott Frazar. Upper
parts light brownish gray, with a more or less evident tinge of buff
(particularly on the scapulars, which have some spots of ochraceous),
and mottled, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with brownish
black, the scapulars more or less solidly black medially, the cervix
rather duller and more uniform; tail-feathers fuscous, more or less
irregularly and rather broadly barred with buff, cream buff, and
whitish, these bars on the upper side of the tail much mottled and
broken by fuscous; a much broader pure white subterminal band;
wing-quills fuscous, all but the outer primaries more or less spotted

110 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

or barred on both vanes with tawny, ochraceous or buff, having also
a broad white bar on four outer primaries mostly posterior to the
tip of the eighth primary; outer primaries slightly edged or spotted
on outer web with buff; wing-coverts and tertials mottled, spotted,
and vermiculated with white, buff, and ochraceous buff, much like
the back; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffy or creamy
white; lores and supraloral region mixed white, buff, and dark
brown; auriculars and postocular region blackish brown, much mixed
with tawny, ochraceous, buff, and a little with white; chin buffy
gray, with posteriorly heavy markings of dark brown; cheeks and
sides of neck dark brown, much spotted and streaked with ochra-
ceous, buff, and whitish; a large triangular patch on throat white;
below this a band of dark brown much spotted with ochraceous
buff; breast dark brown, finely mottled and vermiculated with pale
brownish; rest of lower surface ochraceous buff, paler (buff) on
lower breast, with conspicuous dark brown cross-bars, these nar-
rower, farther apart, and somewhat broken on lower tail-coverts;
lining of wing deep ochraceous buff, barred with dark brown.

Tris dark brown.

Measurements—Female: Total length (in flesh), 203-223.5 (aver-
age, 210.1) mm.;? extent of wing, 485-497.8 (492.8).

Male:? Wing, 171.5-184.5 (average, 176.2) mm.; tail, 99-115
(107.1) ; exposed culmen, 4.9-6.5 (5.7) ; tarsus, 12.5-14.5 (18.5) ; mid-
dle toe, 13.2-15.1 (14).

Female:* Wing, 165-177 (168.1)mm.; tail, 99-105 (102.3); ex-
posed culmen, 5.0-6.0 (5.4); tarsus, 12.1-13.7 (13); middle toe,
12.5-14.8 (13.7). :

Type-locality—Triunfo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geographical distribution—Lower California. Breeds in the
Upper Tropical, Lower Austral, and Upper Austral zones, south to
San José del Cabo and Cape San Lucas; and north to La Grulla,
Santa Cruz, and Valladares in the San Pedro Martir region of the
northern part of the peninsula. Winters in extreme southern Lower
California.

Remarks.—The juvenal plumage is similar to that of Chordeiles
acutipennis acutipennis, but the lower parts average paler; and the
upper surface is lighter, more uniform, more silvery, and less heavily
mottled with blackish or dark brown. In the color of the upper parts
it is strikingly like the first autumn stage of Chordeiles virginianus
howelli, but is lighter, more silvery, and usually less mottled with
dark brown or blackish.

1 Three specimens.

2Ten specimens, from Lower California, Mexico.
8 Nine specimens, from Lower California.

4See p. 60.

PUG a A ey yaw of rad 7 wiv eo? ey te Bae ee ee Pee vee

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. EV

The difference between the gray and ochraceous phases of this
subspecies are not nearly so great as in Chordeiles acutipennis acuti-
pennis and Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris; that is, while the gray
phase is practically identical in color with the corresponding phase
of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, the ochraceous phase is not
nearly so deeply ochraceous nor so different from the gray phase.
The dark and light extremes in Chordeiles acutipennis inferior are,
however, just as strongly marked as in the other races above men-
tioned.

Specimens examined.—The writer has seen 26 specimens of this
new subspecies, from the localities that follow:

Lower California—Cape San Lucas (Sept. 11, 14, and 21, 1859);
San José del Cabo (Apr. 6, 1895; July 22, 1896; Aug. 5, 1896) ; Santa
Anita (Jan. 14 and 16, 1906) ; Triunfo (June 11, 18, and 14, 1887) ;
‘Valladares (May 21, 1889) ; Santa Cruz (May 23, 1889).

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior.

e Oo
: 3 Bl an ie
Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 2 S8| 2/38
a 13 |eta| 3 |=?
Plea IAS) la
mm.|mm.| mm.) mm.| mm.
Carnegie Mus. | Male....| SantaCruz,Lower| Apr. 23,1889 | A. W. An- |184.5/115 6 | 13.5) 14
19857.1 Cal. thony.
Carnegie Mus. |.-..do.....|..... GOR We eek oe aleaeste dosaieealke see doaseet 176 {112 6.2) 12.5) 13.2
19856.1
Carnegie Mus. |...do..... eT edares, Lower} May 21,1889 |..... downs: 172 {105 Gi} WSs 5[els5
19858.1 al.
Amer. Mus. N. H. |...do..... San José del Cabo, | July 22,1896 | Loye Miller .|171. 5/104 6.5} 14.5) 14.5
87445.1 Lower Cal.
MeO 7 a4oou ee ee es an Gone. Caper Sanviltucss nce 7 ssa ie sae eae ee maeeeeaee 174 1104.5) 5.2) 13.5] 13.8
Lower Cal.
Field Mus. N. H. }...do..... Triunfo, Lower | June 13,1887 | M. A. Fra- |173 |103 5.2} 13.5) 14
43123.1 Cal. zar.
pA Mus.. Ns JEL. is. 00..c0|-eeee Uosetesaceee June 14,1887 |..... doxsser 177.5|109.5} 5 | 13.8) 14.8
29834.1
J NST EM DCR ANTES ie |e (oA ae Gogg. Saar ee June 11,1887 |..... doresa: 172 | 99 4,9} 12.5) 13.5
29833.1
U.S.N.M. 113100 1.]...do2...]..... Gone aces June 14,1887 |....-. dowessce 184 {108 5. 5] 13. al 15.1
U.S.N.M. 197784 1.|...do..... Santa Anita, | Jan. 16,1906 | E. W. Nel- /177 {111 6 } 13.5] 13.5
Lower Cal. son and
E.A.Gold-
man.
A. N. §S. Phila. |[ Female] | Cape San Lucas, |.......-.-..-- J. Xantusde|165 | 99 5.2) 13.7] 14.8
35422.1 Lower Cal. Vesey.
Amer. Mus. N. H. | Female -|..... GO wee swmecicn Sept.11, 1859 |..... doseeace 165 {102.5} 6 | 12.1) 13.2
25782.1
M.C.Z. 176081..... 5 A Opiieiasl| ec 6 Ca eA A Ee ee SN LBS ar Gorescce 171 |105 5 13.2} 14
M.C.Z, 438536 1....- SEEOG Hates | eee On eee Soe Soe lbizees eatcieiceots oon cic ce eos 177: (104.5) 5 13 14.7
UESaNEM:. 130312 oo. doy. <5] 2-5 WONsse ne ccessusleeee esseccioeee se eta de 165 | 99 6 | 12.8] 13.
Jesey.
E. A.and O. Bangs}...do..... Triunfo, Lower | June 13,1887 | M. A. Fra- |167 /103.5) 5.3) 12.5) 12.5
444.1 Cal. zar.
U.S.N.M. 1404121.]...do..... San José del Cabo,| Apr. 6,1895 | J. E.McLel- 165 {100.5} 5.5) 13 | 13.5
Lower Cal. lan.
U.S.N.M. 1977831.|...do..... Santa Anita, | Jan. 14,1906] E. W. Nel- /169 /|102 5 | 13.5) 13.5
Lower Cal. son and
E.A.Gold-
man.
WES SNM 19778522) 3.d0<co|- <5 GO eo eae Jan. 16,1906 |..... O's soon 169 |104.5) 5.5; 12.9) 13
1 Used in measurement averages on p. 110.
2 Type.

BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 113
CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS (Spix).

Oaprimulgus rupestris Sprx, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl.
2 (‘‘insulis petrosis fl. Nigri”’).*

Chars. sp. (adult male).—First (outermost) primary longer than
second; shortest secondary usually reaching or exceeding the tips of
the primary coverts; distance from bend of folded wing to end of
shortest secondary nearly always greater than from latter point to
end of fourth primary (counting from the outermost) ; tips of tail-
feathers rounded; upper surface varied with dark brown, whitish,
buff, and ochraceous; tail chiefly white, the two middle rectrices,
most of the next pair, the outer webs of outermost pair, and broad
tips to all, brown; middle portion of inner primaries and basal por-
tion of nearly all the secondaries pure white; the remaining portions
of these quills, together with the three outer primaries and the
primary coverts, plain fuscous, unspotted; axillars and middle por-
tion of under wing-coverts pure white; lower surface pure white; the
jugulum and upper breast spotted and the former more or less clouded
with pale brownish gray or grayish brown.

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but smaller; upper parts
more ochraceous or buffy, less closely vermiculated, and rather lighter ;
fourth primary (counting from the outermost) with usually at least
a small spot of white on middle part of inner web; tail with the
broad brown tips much mottled with lighter, instead of usually plain
brown or nearly so; those rectrices that are mostly white having more
dark brown at base (commonly none in the male), and the white area
of inner web with one or two spots or bars of dark brown; outer web
of outermost rectrix all brown without a subterminal white area, and
this brown much, instead of little or not all, mottled with lighter.

Remarks.—The present species seems to be a comparatively rare
one, and the small number of specimens now available precludes any
satisfactory elucidation of the various plumages, molt, variation, and
the many other problems connected with every species. Individual
variation seems to concern chiefly size; the shade of the markings on
the breast; the amount of white on the greater wing coverts; and the
coarseness of the markings on the upper surface.

Geographical. distribution—The geographical distribution of
Chordeiles rupestris is entirely in northern and central South Amer-
ica, and extends from northern Brazil to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.
To the single race previously recognized the present investigation
adds two, one from central Colombia, the other from eastern Peru.
Both of these, however, are known from only a limited area, and by
far the greater part of the total range of the species is occupied by
the typical subspecies, Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.

1 Further synonymy under subspecies.

114 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Habits—So far as known, this species is nonmigratory, and in
general habits similar to the other members of the genus. It is
said to breed often in colonies in September on the sand banks
and beaches of the Amazon River and its tributaries; and its eggs
are described as creamy or buffy white with numerous grayish
markings.

Phylogeny.—The Brazilian subspecies Chordeiles rupestris rupes-
tris, seems, from its wide geographical distribution and central loca-
tion, to be the oldest form. Both Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus
and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus are thus doubtless more recent
offshoots, merely geographic races modified into such by isolation or
environment.

History.—This species was first described by Spix, in his famous
work on the birds of Brazil,| from specimens obtained on the Rio
Negro. Its literature is limited, and it appears to have no synonyms.
All the references to its literature, so far as possible, will be given
under the headings of the subspecies, as perhaps of interest.

4
a

CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS RUPESTRIS (Spix).

Caprimulgus rupestris Sprx, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2
(“insulis petrosis fl. Nigri”’).

C[hordeiles]. rupestris Gray, Genera Birds, vol. 1, January, 1847, p. 49.

[Chordeiles] rupestris BoNaPartr, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 63.—
Gray, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 61 (part, Rio
Negro, Brazil).—GIEBEL, Thesaur. Ornith., vol. 1, 1872, p. 669 (part).—
ScLaTER and Satvin, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., 1878, p. 96 (Ama-
zonia).—SHARPE, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 2, 1900, p. 80
(part, Amazonia).

Chordeiles rupestris BURMEISTER, Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras., vol. 2, 1856,
p. 898 (Rio Negro, Brazil).—ScLatTrer, Cat. Amer. Birds, 1862, p. 279
(upper Amazon River); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1866, p. 185 (part,
rocky islands of Rio Negro, Brazil).—ScratTrrR and SALvin, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1867, p. 5838 (upper Rio Negro, Brazil).—PELzELN, Ornith.
Bras., 1868, p. 14 (Rio Guaporé; Rio Mamoré; Manaqueri, Rio Soli-
moéns, Brazil).—ScLatTrer and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, p.
626 (Prov. Moxos, Bolivia).—HartTert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16,
1892, p. 617 (crit.; part; Para and Pernambuco, Brazil); Tierreich,
Lief. 1, 1897, p. 20 (crit.).—-NEHRKORN, Kat. Hiersammlung, 1899, p.
158 (eggs, Amazon River).—IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 4, 1900,
p. 257 (descr. eggs); vol. 6, 1905, p. 448 (Rio Jurué, Brazil).—GoeELp1,
Album Aves Amazonicas, fase. 3, 1906, pl. 46, fig. 8 (Rio Purtis, Brazil).—
ITHERING and IueERING, Cat. Fauna Bras., vol. 1, Aves, 1907, p. 1382
(part; Matto Grosso; Rio Amazonas; Para; Rio Negro; Pernambuco;
Rio Jurui; and Amazonas, Brazil; Bolivia).—SNETHLAGE, Journ. f.
Ornith., January, 1908, p. 18 (Cachoeira and Bom Lugar on Rio Puris,
Brazil).—HeEtuMAyR, Novit. Zool., vol. 17, December, 1910, p. 878 (part,
Jamarysinho, on Rio Madeira, Brazil).

1 Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., vol. 2, p. 2, pl. 2.

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 115

Chars. subsp.—Size small; colors relatively dark; blackish and
dark brown markings of upper surface rather coarse; breast sparsely
spotted; female with only dark brown spots on inner webs of outer
rectrices; and with no large white patch on inner vane of fourth
primary (counting from the outermost).

Description Adult [male], No. 21995, Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia; Rio Negro, Brazil; M. Wiilf. Upper surface
broccoli brown, spotted, streaked, barred, and vermiculated with
grayish sepia, most heavily on pileum, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts, and in places tinged with buff, the outer margins of scapu-
lars almost entirely buff; tail white, the two middle feathers hair
brown, irregularly barred and finely mottled with dark brown; the
outer vane of outermost rectrix (excepting a very narrow white
edge and a broad subterminal white space) and broad tips on all the
rectrices, save the middle pair, dark brown, between clove brown
and hair brown; primaries of the same brown, the four outermost
unmarked, the next four with their bases (excepting the outer
vanes) and all but the broad brown tips, pure white; rest of pri-
maries and all of secondaries narrowly tipped with whitish and
otherwise all white save for broad, dark brown ends; anterior rows
of superior wing-coverts dark brown like the wing-quills, spotted
and imperfectly barred with buff and whitish ; remainder of wing-
coverts deep broccoli brown, spotted, barred, mottled, and tipped
with white, cream color, pale clay color, and buff; tertials broccoli
brown, terminally dull buff, with shaft streaks and broken, irregu-
lar bars and vermiculations of deep broccoli brown; sides of head
and neck broccoli brown, with fine markings of dark brown, the
auriculars buffy and nearly plain; an indistinct buffy white super-
ciliary stripe; entire lower surface creamy white, the jugulum with a
wide, grayish buff, partly whitish band, obscurely barred and spotted
with broccoli brown; lining of wing white, excepting the outer
coverts, which are dark brown like the wing-quills, and the posterior
ones, which are grayish drab; edge of wing along the alula mostly
white.

Measurements.—Male:1 Wing, 167-170 (average 168.5) mm.; tail,
94; exposed culmen, 6.5; tarsus, 13-13.5 (18.3); middle toe, 13-13.2
(13:1):

Female:? Wing, 159.5 mm.; tail, 90; exposed culmen, 5.0; tarsus,
12; middle toe, 13.

Type-locality—Rocky islands of the Rio Negro, northern Brazil.

Geographical distribution-—Permanently resident in northern and
central Brazil and northeastern Bolivia: north to Para and the upper
2S RS MI i i 2 Aa RO Ma

1Two specimens, from Brazil.
2QOne specimen, from Brazil.

116 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rio Negro, Brazil; west to the upper Rio Negro; the Rio Jurua;
Cachoeira and Bom Lugar on the Rio Purtis; Jamarysinho on the Rio
Madeira; the Rio Guaporé, Brazil; the Moxos region, northeastern
Bolivia; and Matto Grosso, Brazil; south to Matto Grosso and Per-
nambuco, Brazil; and east to Pernambuco and Para, Brazil.

Remarks.—Individual and sexual variation have been already dis-
cussed in the account of the species above. This race, so far as re-
ported, occupies a much larger geographical area than the others,
and its known range will probably greatly increase as the result of
future explorations. All of the specimens examined will be found
listed in the table of measurements appended.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.

3
»| _. [2/4 |g
Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a a jad Z |S &
Ble laé|e |S”

mm.) MM.| MM,)mmM.| MM,

TUES NUM 148368822) [Malou 3] cBrazits ou oe see Ouse cee ape Oe ate a epetoeiee 170 94) 6.5) 13 13
ere eet {Male.]..} Rio Negro, Brazil.|.............- M. Wiilf....-. 167 94) 6.5] 13.5] 13.2
.N.S. oO

Phila.21996.1| [Female.]|..... he eke ee em do...-..-/150.5 90) 5 |12 | 13

1 Used in measurement averages on p. 115.

CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS XYOSTICTUS, new subspecies.

Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, but some-
what larger; upper surface, including the wing-coverts, much paler,
more buffy (less grayish), the dark markings much smaller; and
breast more heavily spotted.

Description—Type, adult male, No. 16599, U.S.N.M.; Bogota,
Colombia; W. Evans. Upper surface pale drab, shading to ochra-
ceous buff on the outer part of the scapulars, spotted, vermiculated,
obscurely streaked, and narrowly and brokenly barred with broc-
coli brown, the barring most evident on upper tail-coverts and
scapulars, the scapulars also a little barred and narrowly streaked
with dark brown, between clove brown and hair brown, and the
pileum conspicuously streaked with the same; tail cream white, the
two central feathers basally rather ght broccoli brown, distally
hair brown, irregularly barred and finely mottled with a dark gray-
ish brown, between clove and hair brown; the outer vane of outer-
most rectrix (excepting a very narrow light brownish edge and a
broad subterminal white space) and broad tips on all the rectrices
save the middle pair, of the same dark brown as the bars on the mid-
dle tail-feathers; primaries of the same brown, but somewhat darker,
the four outermost unmarked, the next four with their bases (ex-
cepting the outer vanes) and all but the broad brown tips, cream
white; rest of primaries and all of secondaries narrowly tipped with

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. Bk

whitish (the secondaries more so), and otherwise all white save for
broad dark brown ends; the tips of the two inner secondaries some-
what mottled with pale drab; innermost secondary and the tertials
light drab, mottled, vermiculated, and narrowly and irregularly
barred with broccoli brown, basally also with whitish and buffy;
anterior rows of upper wing-coverts dark brown like the wing-quills,
much spotted, mottled, and imperfectly barred with buff and whit-
ish; remainder of wing-coverts deep broccoli brown, spotted, barred,
mottled, and tipped with white, cream color, pale clay color, and
buff; sides of head and neck pale buffy gray, more buffy on auricu-
lars, which are narrowly and inconspicuously streaked with brown,
all the rest speckled, spotted, and a little streaked and barred with
broccoli brown, the streaks darker brown; lores anteriorly whitish;
an ill-defined superciliary stripe due to the sparseness of the dark
spotting; entire lower surface cream white, the jugulum with a wide
band of drab gray, obscurely spotted and barred with drab and
broccoli brown, the breast conspicuously spotted and imperfectly
barred with broccoli brown; inferior wing-coverts cream white, the
outer ones dark brown like the wing-quills, somewhat spotted and
edged with buff, ochraceous, and whitish, the posterior and longest
grayish drab; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffy white.

Measurements—Male: Wing, 172.5 mm.; tail, 100; exposed cul-
men, 7.0; tarsus, 13.1; middle toe, 13.1.

Female:? Wing, 165.5 mm.; tail, 92.5 mm.; exposed culmen, 7.0;
tarsus, 13.1; middle toe, 13.9.

Type-locality— Bogota, Colombia.

Geographical distribution.—Central Colombia. Probably a per-
manent resident.

Remarks—This species (Chordeiles rupestris) has hitherto been
unrecorded from Colombia, and it must be rare in that country. The
two specimens listed in the subjoined table of measurements were col-
lected at Bogota, Colombia, by Mr. W. Evans, and have been in the
United States National Museum since 1860. They seem to represent
a very well characterized geographical race.

Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus.

wel oO
Oo a n cod
. no
. bp oqg| 3 U6
Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Ss d Bs Z oS
Ele |ae|e |§
mm.|mm.| mm. CO
U.S.N.M. 165993. ..| [Male]#..| Bogota, Colombia |.....-...-..-- W.Evans. -. |172.5)100 O \13e8 Voor
U_S.N.M. 166003... [Female 7-00. AE | ety wee) oe dps ee 165.5| 92.5] 7 {13.1 | 13.9

1 One specimen, from Colombia.

2 One specimen, from Colombia.

3 Used in measurement averages on p. 117,
4 Type.

118 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS ZALEUCUS, new subspecies.

Chordeiles rupestris Scnater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 185 (part,
lower Ucayali River, eastern Peru).—ScLATER and SALvVIN, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1866, p. 193 (lower Ucayali River, eastern Peru); 1873,
p. 290 (lower Ucayali River and entire Huallaga River [breeding],
eastern Peru).—TaczANowskI, Ornith. Pérou, vol. 1, 1884, p. 214
(upper Ucayali River, Huallaga River, and Pebas, Peru).—HaRrTert, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 617 (part, Ucayali River, Yquitos,
and Pebas, Peru).—OatTEs and ReiD, Cat. Coll. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus.,
vol. 8, 1903, p. 58 (Ucayali River, Peru).—IHERING and IHERING, Cat.
Fauna Bras., vol. 1, Aves, 1907, p. 182 (part, eastern Peru).—HELLMAYR,
Noyvit. Zool., December, 1910, p. 378 (part) (Peru).

[Chordeiles] rupestris Gray, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869,
p. 61 (part, lower Ucayali River, Peru).—SHarpr, Hand-List Gen. and
Spec. Birds, vol. 2, 1900, p. 80 (part, Bolivia, Peru).

Chars. subsp—Resembling Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, but
female more grayish above, particularly on wing-coverts; with a
large white patch 47 mm. long on middle portion of inner web of
fourth primary (counting from the outermost), this patch reaching
to the shaft, which is white itself at this point; inner web of outer-
most rectrix with two broad dark brown bands (instead of spots)
besides the terminal and the basal bands; spots on breast larger and
more numerous.

Description—Type, adult [female],' No. 55318, U.S.N.M., Pebas,
Peru; Prof. James Orton; original number, 275. Upper surface light
drab (the scapulars exteriorly largely buff or ochraceous buff), finely
and confusedly spotted, streaked, barred, and vermiculated with dull
white, darker drab, broccoli brown, grayish sepia, and grayish clove
brown, the darkest brown markings mostly confined to pileum, scapu-
lars, and upper tail-coverts, the pileam and middle of back more
streaked, the posterior upper parts more barred; tail largely cream
white, but basal portion of the feathers, and two (on some of the feath-
ers only one) broad but somewhat broken and incomplete bars, of a
dark brown, between clove brown and hair brown; ends of rectrices,
except middle pair, with a wide band of the same dark brown, though
much mottled above and below with lighter brown; outer webs of outer-
most and all of the next to the middle pairs of rectrices partly light,
partly darker, broccoli brown, mottled and more or less irregularly
barred with the dark brown of their tips; middle pair of feathers
basally broccoli brown, distally rather grayish hair brown, finely
mottled and vermiculated, particularly on terminal half, with the
dark brown of the rest of the tail, and crossed by six rather narrow,
and distally much broken bars of the same dark brown; primaries
of the same dark brown as the tips of the tail-feathers, but some-
what more grayish, the three outer quills unmarked, the fourth with

1 Marked “ male’’ on the original label.

v

THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 119

a large white spot on the middle portion of the inner vane, this spot
47 mm. long on the inner edge of the vane, 29 mm. in length along
the shaft, which for this space is also white; remaining primaries
mostly white, with some dark brown at the bases, principally on outer
webs, and with broad dark brown ends which have narrow paler or
whitish tips; secondaries, except the innermost three, chiefly white,
with basal portion of inner webs and broad ends dark brown, the
latter somewhat mottled with lighter brown and narrowly tipped
with brownish white; the next secondary white, but with an increased
amount of dark brown on the base and on outer vane; the end also
broadly dark brown, mottled with lighter and tipped with whitish,
but with an additional broad bar of dark brown; next secondary (the
second from innermost) nearly all dark brown, with a large spot
of cream white on the middle portion of inner web, several spots of
pale brownish buff, and a narrow tip of brownish white; innermost
secondary and the tertials light broccoli brown, terminally inclining
to buff, vermiculated, and irregularly and narrowly barred with dark
broccoli brown; anterior rows of lesser wing-coverts dark brown like
the wing-quills, spotted, barred, and tipped with buff, pale brown, and
brownish white; remaining upper wing-coverts also dark brown, but
so heavily spotted, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with pale
broccoli brown, buff, ochraceous buff, cream buff, pale clay color, and
brownish white as to appear very much like the upper parts, though
decidedly lighter; sides of head and neck for the most part finely
mottled with dull white, cream buff, grayish hair brown, and broc-
coli brown, the ear-coverts nearly plain light clay color, with a few
narrow streaks of dark brown, the postauricular region ochraceous
buff, with conspicuous dark brown streaks; chin buffy white, with a
few obscure brownish spots; broad crescent on throat, white; jugu-
lum pale grayish buff, with broad streaks of dull white, numerous
small spots, and narrow, more or less imperfect, bars of broccoli
brown ; remainder of lower parts cream white, the breast with broken
bars and spots of broccoli brown; axillars cream white; inner lower
wing-coverts also cream white, unmarked, the outer ones dark brown
like the wing-quills, conspicuously spotted and brokenly barred with
cream white, cream color, cream buff, and ochraceous buff; posterior
lower wing-coverts plain light brownish gray.

Measurements.—Female (type) : Wing, 162 mm.; tail, 89; exposed
culmen, 7.5; tarsus, 13.5; middle toe, 14.

Taczanowski gives the following dimensions of a male: Wing,
162 mm.; tail, 87; middle rectrix, 76; bill, 23;? bill from nostril, 5.0;
tarsus, 13. Ofa female: Wing, 153; tail, 89; middle rectrix, 75; bill,
24;? bill from nostril, 5.0; tarsus, 138.

1Ornith. Pérou, vol. 1, 1884, p. 215.
? Measured probably from rictus.

120 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Type-locality——Pebas, Peru.

Geographical distribution.—Resident in eastern and central Peru:
north to Pebas and Yquitos, northern Peru; west to the Huallaga
River, central Peru; south to the upper Ucayali River, southern
Peru; and east to the latter locality and to Pebas in northeastern
Peru.

Remarks.—Although the writer has seen but a single specimen of
this race, it is apparently easily recognizable by the character of the
white markings on the primaries alone, though it can be distin-
guished also by its other characters. It differs from Chordedes ru-
pestris xyostictus in having somewhat shorter wings and tail; in the
female, by reason of its rather darker and decidedly less buffy upper
surface; rather larger dark brown markings on head, back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts; a large white patch on the fourth primary; dark
brown bars, instead of only spots, on the inner vane of outermost tail-
feather; and less buffy jugulum. C. E. Hellmayr mentions’ the
darker upper surface of Peruvian specimens of Chordeiles rupesiris,
but gives no other differences.

The probable range of this subspecies is as above outlined, but since
we have examined actual specimens from only Pebas, Peru, its geo-
graphical limits may be subject to change when adequate material
is available.

1Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vol. 17, December, 1910, p. 378,

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BULLETIN 86 PL. 1

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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BULLETIN 86 PL. 2

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 86 PL. 3

“IOUTUT SNUBIUTSITA SOTLOPIOYD “6 ‘SISUOLIIO8B SNUBIULSITA SOTTAPIOYO “9 “mouuoes SNUBIULZITA SATLapLoOyO “&
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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BREEDING RANGES OF THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND ||
1. Chordeiles ac

2. Chordeiles ac
8. Chordeiles ac

BULLETIN 86 PL. 4

)N'TH AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS.

|
act/ennis micromeris.
se ennis texensis.
.actennis inferior.

|

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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BULLETIN 86 PL. 5

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17

BREEDING RANGES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS.

1. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.
2, Chordeiles acutipennis exilis.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 86 PL. 6

o

Aldona doy

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MAP OF
yprauma | SOUTH AMERICA.

>
Strauls of Magel LN { NM lerra del uego |
<7 o

ape Horn

17

BREEDING RANGES OF THE SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS.

1. Chordeiles rupestris rupestris.
2. Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus.
3. Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus.

eas

ieee

INDEX.

[Figures in black-faced type indicate family,

generic, specific, or subspecific headings. }

—<$<$<—<—$

Page.
acutipennis, Caprimulgus...---------- 87,93, 94, 97
Chordeiles....------------------ fie

2,4,5,6,7, 12, 13,15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21,
23, 875 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 112
Chordeiles acutipennis...-.----- L;
13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 31, 89, 90,

91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 102, 104, 105, 110, 111

acutus, Caprimulgus....----------++--77777° 93, 94
albicollis, Caprimulgus...---------++------77 8
americanus, Caprimulgus...------------ 3, 20, 35, 42
Caprimulgus minor..-------- 20, 35,41
Siphonorhis...-.--------------- 20

Patitriisis-2<2 2: scsi oe a2 ss 8
Antrostomus...------------------°-777" 8,9, 10, 11
earolinensis.....------------- 6,9, 10

nelsoni. -2----2=-<------""--="" 12

MOtAvISaa eee eee oa 2
vociferuS...-----------------"" 10

arizonae, Setochalcis vocifera.s.------------- 2

aserriensis, Chordeiles virginianus....------- 1;
14, 15, 16, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 49,
55, 61, 62, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80

TETRIS pot ee a aa 96
badia, Setochalcis....--------------7-00777"" 12
prasilianus, Caprimulgus...-------------- 93, 94, 97
Chordeiles acutipennis..-.-.------ 97

Butorides virescens...-..----------+-+---077° 94
eaberculatus, Caprimulgus...-.------------- 21
Ramphaoratus....------------ 20
@aprimulgi...----<------2+-2-+2-2 sents 9
Caprimulgidae. -.-----------+-----7" 6,7, 8, 9, 12, 22
Caprimulginae. ....-------------7-+707-77 7777 22
Caprimulgus....---------------->- 8,9, 10, 11, 41, 97
acutipennis...----------- 87, 93, 94, $7

ACUtUS. one. secos-6<se—5-2-" >= 93, 94
albicollis....------------------- 8
americanus...------------ 3, 20, 35, 42
prasilianus....------------- 93, 94, 97
caberculatus...---------------- 21
europaeus...--------------- 6,9, 10, 35
@xiliSeermies sere sora 3, 21, 93, 98, 99
guianensis...----------------7- 8
hirundinaceus. ---.------------ 97
jaspideus....------------------- 35, 42
labeculatus-.-.---- Se Soest ee 21
macromystax ..---------------- 12

minor americanuS----------- 20, 35, 41
migrescens...--------------77777 97

MOUIDOL ek ass - =o ese se 94
nuttallii.......---------------°° 8
ocellatus....----------------7"- 8

13732°—Bull. 86—14-—9

Page.
Caprimulgus pruinosus...----------------- 3, 21,98
rupestris.....------------- 20, 113, 114
semitorquatus. ..-.------------- 94

stenopterus. -..---------------- 94
variegatus....----------------- 35, 42
virginianus.-.. 3, 20, 21, 26, 34,35, 40, 42
vociferuS....----------------"-- 11

carolinensis, Antrostomus....--------------- 6,9, 10
Cerchneis sparveria...---------------7777777" 33
chapmani, Chordeiles popetue.....--------- 34,75
Chordeiles virginianus-.---------- 14,

15,16, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34,39,
40, 47, 7/5, 76,77, 78, 80, 82, 83

chiapensis, Setochalcis vocifera.....--------- 12
Ghordedilessee ste en eee neo sae nim ae 3, 21
WHINGE ee ee eee ee eo = 34, 82, 84
Chordedilus....-.---------------s0res000 21
Chordeiles:-.2.-<2-+-=----2----=--202--=="0" 1,3,
6, 7,8, 9,12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23

acutipennis Reeser rase 1, 2, 4,5, 6, 7,12,
13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 2,
87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 112

acutipennis ...------- i
13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 31, 89, 90,
91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 102, 104, 105, 110, iil

brasilianus. ..-.------ 97

exilis..... 1, 14, 15, 16, 24, 89,
90, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101

inferior. . 14,16, 24, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 103,104,105, 109,111

micromeris...-.------ 14,
15, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111

pruinosus....-------- 99

texensis.. 6,14, 16, 24, 89, 90,

91, 92, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109
gundlachii....--------------- 1, 82, 84, 85
VGMEY oyojesce soe aoe ees 63
hhenryi.....----------=----"" 34, 63, 65, 68
labeculatus...---------------7-77> 94
peruvianus....----------250°777"" 98
popetue chapmani..-.------------ 34, 75
sennetti....------------- 52, 73
puUBillOS. -.- ---<-0asp seat asanenee 20
rupestris...------------- 1, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15,
19, 23, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120
rupestris....------------ a

14,15, 16, 23, 113, 114, 116
xyostictus...----------- 14, 15,

16, 23, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120
zaleucus.. 14, 15, 16, 23,114, 118
papitic -2-tenceceeses- oer eee 94

122 INDEX.
Page. Page.
(Chordeiles'texensisss.).2 255 2c cooks. tees ee 93,103 | exilis, Ramphaoratus..............-.-..----- 20
VICPIN IANS SEs ee bene sae 1))2;.3,4,55))| BOBtSUCKED 2052 cee ocuele ele pie fu 10, 42
6,7, 12, 13,15, 16, 18, 19, 20, long winged: 3)... 228¢8 ena 35, 42
24, 26,28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, Virginia. 55.5) jest eee waisch) BE
42, 61,77, 83, 86, 87,88, 89,92 | goldmani, Setochalcis ridgwayi...... . 12
aSerriensis.........--- LE Ail MELACIOL SA olsun seco te anne ate ee eee SS 22
15, 16, 25, 29, 30, | guianensis, Caprimulgus..................- sey 8
31, 33, 34, 49, 55, | gundlachii, Chordeiles.................. 1, 82, 84, 85
61,1625 O70 vids || UAW, SDALTOW toon sec cee ee eee aaa 33
72. 73,74, 16" 60"|" neary, Chordeiles:.2222 = caren. haere 63
chapmani..... 14515, 16,24," | henry, Chordetles a sese.62c8 s.r odee 34, 63, 65, 68
25, 29, 30, 31, 33, Chordeiles virginianus.............. 14,16,

34, 39, 40, 47, 75,

76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83

henry sis Sis seN 14, 16,
24, 25,29, 30, 31, 34,

48, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64,

65, 66, 67, 68, 70,71
esperiswercswasc = ssicen'= 14,
16, 25, 26, 28,29,

30, 31, 33, 34, 38,

39, 46, 48, 49,

51, 52, 53, 54, 59,

60, 61, 62, 65, 66,

72, 73, 76, 80, 97

howell to eee 14, 16,
25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34,

38, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55,

57, 61, 62, 63, 64,

65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 110
minors: seo eeisees 1,13,
14, 16, 24, 25, 29,
30,31, 33, 82, 84,85
sennetti: Noe Je oes kel. 14, 16,

25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34,

38, 39, 47, 48, 52, 54,

55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62,66,

71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, $9
ViciNUS. .-)os-ceeces 14, 16,
25, 29, 30, 31, 33,

34, 80, 81, 83, 84
virginianus........ 1, 14,15,
16, 25, 26, 29, 30,

31, 32, 33, 35,

38, 39, 40, 41,

42, 45, 46, 47, 48,

49, 53, 54,55, 59,

66, 75,76, 77, 83

Chordeilidae......... Me ene eae iseaseeeneet 3,8, 9,
Ghordedlus.Jocs5 222 s-tcssceastscesss tatecee= 3,21
Chordiles.. 2555-25-06 USeene ce cesacaca eases 3,21
PLUIMOSUS oe ataiaats ane a ae eters sale 98
PLUMOSUS 2 Sas aceon ee se= == =\<sInia\= 98
semitorquatus.........---.--2..22- 3,98
Gosimetormis 2522 yen ese ae see seeice seme cee 8
Crapaud-volant ou tette chevre dela Guiane.. 94,97
cubanensis, Setochalcis............-.-------- 12
Gy pselidcel eee se seaceino eee eienaas sora e kates 22
Mashiindia Dab. wee se eee cance cece ells Al
Eleothreptusis seas tess eee setae se ciiaae alae 8
Engoulevent acutipenne dela Guyane.... 93, 94,97
europaeus, Caprimulgus. ......-..------ 6,9, 10, 35
IEAITOStOPOGUS Ute asceneese tee ae esate 8
@xiuis; Caprimuleus.. / oye eo 7.222 3, 21, 93, 98, 99
Chordeiles acutipennis........-..--- 1,14, 15,

16, 24, 89, 90, 91,92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101

24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 48, 59, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71

hesperis, Chordeiles virginianus..........--. 14, 16,
25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 46, 48, 49, 51,

52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 80, 97

hirundinaceus, Caprimulgus.............---- 97
NGI GlISes) Ser ee DoT 20, 97
howelli, Chordeiles virginianus...........-. 14, 16,

25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55,
57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 110

hwipperiwillens i.) cacea Meee ee eee 35, 42
bydropsalis io. sce Sa Ee oes eee ee eons 8
inferior, Chordeiles acutipennis.............. 14,
16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111
jaspideus;|Caprimuleus: 9: 2.2225 22..2eeoe ee 35, 42
labeculatus, Caprimuleussy sole feces eee lan 21
Chordeiles: 52.52 Ae eee ee 94
leucopterus; INyctibius:s.cen-ee sees caciecee 20
leucopyga, Nyctiprogne................--... 20
longwinged goatsucker.............-....-..- 35, 42
urocalis: occu Se eke eee eee eee eee 7,8
Mabtererifnsl i Meck ks See eee 20
semitorquatus. <2 2222 soe scosseees 20, 94
DiyNCormis: 22 22h as ingsucsecctcdecseeeaenee 8
Macrodipteryacy sats ssh. ate eee eee eee 8
macromystax, Caprimulgus............-..... 12
Setochalcis vocifera........... 12
Macropsalis..:.:-.a¢/s2s = ena ee eee ce ee eee 8
Macropterygidae..2352. Ses ee eee ees 22
merrilli, Nyctidromus albicollis ............- 6
micromeris, Chordeiles acutipennis.......... 14,

15, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111

Microrhynchus 2.2 he scsaceee= eee pea ater 3, 20
minor, Chordelles:--.--s.se- soe ee 34, 82, 84
Chordeiles virginianus.........-.-..- 1,13,

14, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 82, 84, 85

WNarmochordeiles- - 2.520. = eae m= 3, 7, 8, 12, 20
matterent.\Durocalis: <2 se enc. sans acnceaue 20
nelsoni, ANtTOStOMUS. oe cosa cise a =n= ae anion 12
nighthawk. ...... 1, 19, 20, 32, 33, 42, 49, 73, 76, 93, 106
Senvetteseesecesss seer eee eres 55
nigrescens, Caprimulgus . ...-.....--..------ 97
noitibo, Caprimulgus......-..-...--.-------- 94
notabilis, Antrostomus.....-.-.- Se ect 12
nuttallii, Caprimulgus.............--..------ 8
IPhalacnoprluse jose concen ewiecia sere 6
Nyctagreus.....-..--.--------e-- ene --ccn ene 8
Nyctibius leucopterus...........----------+- 20
Ny. chidromusis see eees eee eee see itenete 8,10
albicollis merrilli...........-.. 6
Nyctiphrymus Sten cssceete sess eee eres 8
INyetipolus <2 Seis. oct cessor == cre eminem timalatis 8,97
hirundinaceus cs caseewcsuse=neens 20,97

ae

MRA R eu tee h

INDEX. / 12 3
\ Page. Page.

INIVEUIDIOPNO..00.cece0nccenes eneeeceee-e- 3,7,8,12 | Setochalecis rid; i
74,93 SWE lon onscwnndt deubetedawecnal 12
leucopyga en ieaoeeacee. ae awa ne Olde Seceaveccccac™ Mule
voaxacae, Setochalcis vocifera ..............+ 12 Td ewayl:.cncccszecsoeet ee
ocellatus, Caprimulgus..............+.--s-<- 8 rufa otiosa....... cnaunbndaaae eta nee
otiosa, Setochalcis rufa..................000. 12 Milde recas ese Sewmedstdanewa wn eee
LOD MANOS sel teresa ts 3 stem pee aie ieteiale 8 Balyint: 29 Vseeescerses endawna aan
OEISIASIO Ne Ue ets a Se Seneca dabicaaecmae 96 Meahiratas:: Soe ss seen sane snap ewe
ONL eee iran otemene cepece ne. oobescemeaekcw eee 93 Sericocandata.5.-)scse~0snsancces 12
INO Us ertera ciate ate cj testis cesicadsnnwassccewee 22 WoCiGlal. se .dacessubehes 6, 7, 34, 41, 42
peruvianus, Chordeiles..-................- =o 98 OTIZONAGs: occas civawatar ae
PhalapnOpulusc. .c-2s. 2. see saeceee aes emcee 8 chispensis:<..cesess< sown 12
BUttalliiae sac cce eset coco een 6 macromystax...... etc 12
PRO GAP ORS ys sce cr ane a cnet ecen sone saeose ee 8 OSXRCHO. Jocesenes cee ceees 12
HOUSE PIGAGS fe Pe aos c puoseete sects dacleoeecces 22 VOCHEIS. cn nececccscwocns 12
popetue, Caprimulgus..--............---...- 35,420 | SID ROUORDISS means eee ee onsets aoe oane 8
pruinosus, Caprimulgus...............-.... 3, 21,98 americanus. .....cccese = wauwewse 20
Chordeiles acutipennis.... ........ 999 HSDaITOW NaN Kes. ce -tnienectncaceawneacces cawetod
RGM HAOrAtlise sessile cee atee ces 20) |sparveria, Cerchneis’ 2s: .oo-seccsewsen ee cwenes OO
PMENOSsUS, Chordiles: . Fes s2se~ 5. scciitie's sce O8h |G Steno PSIS ena) aaa sewer sta sels onie'slel a =o 8
MO MMCLOLUS! <a. stiles css.ecteciasivccsceicen severe 8 | stenopterus, Caprimulgus.............. vesaae 94
UNIS) Chordeiles: 5.10. dac.-socescwecwees DOO Vsr eluant: em. ss joensen saat seaaiaene swam “ 8
aM pPHAOra tus) s/o cu jose scan een meee 3/20.-21-| texensiss Chordeiles:.--2.5----5+-scace~secees 93
icaberctlatus=-ce- ce cca sneer 20 Chordeiles acutipennis............. 6, 14,
Gxdlisn ie eee anes Ji 20 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109
PIUINOSUS eo sseheckeeeeees sce 20: | Drochilidkeis..c\.2casencasccetesscceeveseeee 22
URUM Ca MISS a eaekicer mes sees 20,21 | truncatus, Ramphaoratus............---.--- 20, 21
ridpwayis setochalcis). 52. o eects ees cie-e scenes 12 li-varlegatus,(Caprimulpus:- 2... o--sn2s<sc-<- 35, 42
Setochalcis ridgwayi............... 12 | vicinus, Chordeiles virginianus..............-.- 14,
Tita SeLochaleisi nutes san esanccecicmc cise sins 12 16, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 80, 81, 83, 84
Tupestris, Caprimulgus...............-- 20; 113)114"))) “virescens; Butorides.------.---¢-.-< ss ncccces 94
Chordeiles 47 Suse eeceee seae eens 4p) Pi Winginia SOM USUCK elec seen era Rmreaaim eam cena 35
5,12, 18, 15,19, 23, 113,114, 117,118,120 | virginianus, Caprimulgus.................... 3, 20,
Chordeiles rupestris..........-.-.- 1; 21, 26, 34, 35, 40, 42
14, 15, 16, 23,113, 114, 116 Chordeiles .....-.--.--.- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Salyini, Setochaleis: = -scssee-6+22-=-0---2 5 12 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24,
SA piti CHOLES! . term salsin=-cieisicisinmsce~ sails 94 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 42,
saturata, Setochalcis..........-.---2--:-.+--- 12 61, 77, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92
EO TINIS Mera e ye ee ee ee 8 Chordeiles virginianus.. 1, 14, 15, 16,25,
semitorquatus, Caprimulgus......-.....-..-- 94 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38,
@hordeilessen os cere eee esece 3,98 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
Teavocal is semen Cee = een 20, 94 53, 54, 55, 59, 66, 75, 76, 77, 83
sennetti, Chordeiles popetue..........----.-- 52,73 | vocifera, Setochalcis.............----- 6, 7, 34, 41, 42
Chordeiles Virginianus ..........-.- 14, Setochalcis vocifera..........------- 12
16, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33,34, 38, 39, 47, 48, | vociferus, Antrostomus............---------- 10
52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 71, 72,73, Caprimulgus.......-.-.----------- i
74, 76, 80, 99. wWihtip-pOOr-Will= ns ais<scaec/saw a =elsana= 20, 35, 41, 42
Sennetimichthawksns oe seeeese epee cress 55 | whip-pour-will..............---------------- 35
sericocaudata, Setochalcis..............------ 12 | xyostictus, Chordeiles rupestris.........- 14, 15, 16,
Metochalcis mau eee eso te ae 8,10, 14 23, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120
Lee Oe tee Leet areal nagad 12 | zaleucus, Chordeiles rupestris. 14, 15, 16, 23,114,118

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