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LIBRARY
OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

bag

Naar 19,1948

BUTTERFLIES

FROM

CHINA, JAPAN, AND COREA.

BY

JORN HENRY GEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., ETc.

ae

PART II.

LYCANIDA, PAPILIONIDA, anp HESPERIIDZ.

EO ND O:N: :
. KR. H. PORTER, 18 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.
1893-94.

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LIBRARY

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PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLERT STRERT.

BUTTERFLIES

FROM

CHINA, JAPAN, AND COREA.

PART ll.

Fam. LYCANIDZ.

Genus TARAKA.

Taraka (Doherty, MS.), de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 57 (1890).
‘“« Wings remarkably fragile and thin.

“ Fore wing: costa regularly rounded, apex rather acute, outer margin convex, inner margin
concaye ; costal nervure not touching the first subcostal nervule, a little swollen at the
base; first subcostal nervule originates two fifths before the end of the discoidal cell ;
second subcostal arising twice the distance from the base of the first as from the base of
the upper discoidal; third subcostal arises midway between the apex of the cell and of
the wing; discocellular nervules slightly produced outwardly, lower discocellular longer
than the middle one and very slender, meeting the median nervule just beyond its last
forking.

‘“* Hind wing long and narrow; costa long, outer margin rounded, composed of two curves
meeting at the end of the second subcostal nervule, inner margin convex for most of its
length ; costal nervure long, extending to the apex, running close to the margin ; discoidal

298 LYCANIDA.

cell abruptly truncate; discocellular nervules meeting the subcostal nervure just beyond
its bifurcation, and the median nervure opposite its last bifurcation.
“ Eyes naked.
““ Antenne with thirty joints or more, slender, the last ten (approximately) gradually forming
a moderate club, abruptly truncate at the tip, the last joint elongate.
** Palpi: last joint covered with long appressed scales, rather short, less than half as long as the
preceding joint, fusiform, pointed, not clavate.

‘* Legs covered with very long white hairs, the middle and hind femora longer than the tibie,
which are greatly swollen in the middle, the tarsi as long as the tibia, the first joint nearly
twice as long as the others united, the last joint with simple claws and paronychia. Fore
tarsi of the male slender, equal in length to the tibie, without spines or articulations, the claws
united for most of their length, diverging at the end. Tore tarsi of the female longer than
the tibiw, without spines, the claws as in the male, no distinct articulations ; the separation
of the last joint is slightly indicated but is quite immovable.” (Doherty, MS., de Nicéville, 1. c.)

Taraka hamada.

Miletus hamada, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 861 (1875) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 10, pl. ii.
fig. 12 (1886).

Taraka hamada, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 58, pl. xxvi. fig. 164, 9 (1890).

Miletus hamada, Druce. ‘ Upperside male, dark brown, lightest in the middle of the anterior wing.
Underside of both wings white, crossed from the costal margin of the anterior to the inner
margin of the posterior wing by five rows of large black spots, a fine black line round the outer
margin of both wings, the fringe alternately black and white. The female differs slightly
from the male, being paler in colour above, and having all the black spots smaller below.
Exp. 6 2 1+, inch.

“ Hab. Yokohama, Japan.” (Druce, l. c.)

Pryer gives Yokohama and Nikko as Japanese localities for this species,
and says that it is confined to isolated spots: “Some specimens are quite
black, and others from the mountains have a patch of greyish white on the
fore wing. It varies from ? to 14 inch.”

I found this species all along the west coast of Japan. It occurs in the
neighbourhood of ponds, and flies among thick bamboo-grass ; the black and
white under surface of this species renders it very conspicuous when at rest
on the leaves.

In China 7. hamada occurs at Omei-shan, July and August; Moupin,
July; Chang-yang and Ichang. None of the specimens exceed an inch in
expanse, but in all other respects they are identical with the examples from
Japan.

According to de Nicéville, 7. hamada is a common species in Sikkim at low
elevations from April to December, “and shows much variation in the extent of

TARAKA.—LYCANA. 299

the white coloration of the upperside, one extreme being entirely black,while the
other has the costa and outer margin of the fore wing alone black, the black
spots of the underside showing through by transparency on both wings.”
The species is also recorded from Cachar, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and
Shillong.

Distribution. Japan, China, Eastern Java, Himalayas.

Genus LYC/ENA.

Lycena, sect. 3 (part.), Fabricius, Iliger’s Magazin, vi. p. 285 (1807) ; (part.) Westwood,
Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 488 (1852); de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 66 (1890).

‘“‘Bopy small, slender, and compressed. Wings generally large, and of a delicate texture; in
the majority of the species blue on the upperside (at least in the males) and grey or greyish
white beneath, and more or less ocellated [as restricted by de Nicéville all the species are
ocellated}; the majority having a small black transverse spot at the extremity of the discoidal
cell of the fore wing.

*¢ Heap small, hairy, the hairs often forming asmall tuft on the forehead.
* Hyes moderate sized, naked. .

“« Palpi moderately elongated, compressed, scaly ; the middle joint also furnished beneath with
detached bristly hairs; terminal joint shorter than half the length of the second joint,
and scarcely varying in length in the opposite sexes, slender, nearly naked, acute at
the tip.

“ Antenne of moderate length, very slender, with long joints ringed with white, the club distinct,
suddenly formed, oblong-ovate, depressed, and sometimes spoon-shaped in dried specimens,
the joints of the club very short.

“ Fore wing generally elongate, subtriangularly ovate, with the costal margin moderately arched,
outer margin always more or less convex, inner margin rather short ; costal nervure short,
subcostal nervure wide apart from the costa, with two branches preceding the extremity of
the discoidal cell, and with a third short branch about halfway between the cell and the
tip of the wing ; discoidal cell closed by extremely slender middle and lower discocellular
nervules, which are transverse, the latter uniting with the third median nervule at a
moderate distance beyond its origin; upper discocellular nervule very oblique, or almost
longitudinal, forming, in fact, the base of the upper discoidal nervule.

“ Hind wing [elongate-ovate, entire ; costal margin straight, apex rounded, outer margin very
convex, anal angle rounded, abdominal margin nearly straight ; costal nervure extending to
apex of wing, first subcostal nervule given off some distance before apex of discoidal cell,
discocellular neryules very concave, of about equal length, the upper discocellular outwardly,
and the inner discocellular inwardly, oblique ; discoidal nervule from their point of junction,
discoidal cell very short, much less than half the length of the wing, second median nervule
originating just before the end of the cell.” (de Nicéville.) |

“ Fore legs of the male slender, tibia in most species terminated by a short curved horny point,
in others simple; tarsus slender, exarticulate, elongate, slightly curved and attenuated at
the tip, which is terminated by a horny curved point, and armed beneath with short spines.

300 LYCANIDZ,

Of the female similar in size and shape to those of the male, except that the tarsus is articu- .
lated and unguiculated like those of the four hind legs.
“ Hind legs short, slender.

* Larva onisciform, gibbo-scutate or oblong-scutate, with the head and feet small and scarcely
perceptible ; the body laciniate, and the back convex and generally beautifully coloured.
Pupa oblong, very convex, smooth, obtuse at each end, and marked with obscure spots; in a
few species armed with short acute tubercles.” (Westwood, 1. c.)

As many species originally placed in the genus Lycewna have been removed
therefrom and placed in other genera, Mr. de Nicéville has modified and
amended Westwood’s diagnosis, as given above, so as to bring it more in
accord with the restricted sense in which the genus is now understood.

Lycena 2gon.

Papilio egon, Schiffermiller, Wien. Verz. p. 185 (1776).

Papilio argyrotoxus, Bergstrisser, Nomen. ii. p. 77 (1779).

Lycena egon, Lang, Butt. Eur, p. 103, pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon,
p- 18, pl. v. fig. 2 (1886).

Lycena micrargus, Butler, Cistula Entom. ii. p. 283 (1873).

Lycena pseudegon, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 851.

“ Expands 0-90 to 1:10 inch. The male has all the wings deep blue, rather inclining to violet,
with a narrow brownish-black hind marginal border. The hind wings haye some faint brown
spots along the hind margin. The fringes of all the wings are broadly white. The female
is brown, with faint traces of an orange band along the hind margin of the fore wings ; the
hind wings have a more distinct orange hind marginal band, most conspicuous towards the
anal angle, and enclosing four or five black spots. Underside grey: in the female with a
tinge of brown; the hind margins of all the wings with a double row of black spots,
enclosing an orange band; internal to these an irregular central row of black spots,
surrounded by white rings. The fore wings have a round discoidal spot similarly surrounded
by white, and no basal spots; the hind wings have four spots between the central row and
the base, two of them nearly touching the costa. The bases of all the wings are strongly
tinged with blue in the male, more faintly so in the female. The outermost spots of lower
hind marginal row are minutely studded with metallic silvery blue. The anterior tibiee are

furnished with short spines,” (Lang, l. ¢.)

Larva. “ Bright yellow-green, with the dorsal st ripe blackish brown edged with whitish from the
beginning of the third to the end of the tenth segment ; it is widest on the third and fourth,
being on them of a rather rounded lozenge form, with a whitish dot near the edge on each
side ; a dull dark brown small plate in front of the second segment, and a broad semilunar-
shaped blotch of the same colour a little behind, divided in the middle by a fine line of the
green ground-colour, The dorsal stripe on the eleventh segment becomes broad and squarish,
but resumes its linear shape on the twelfth and thirteenth. The subdorsal line is visible
from the beginning of the third to the end of the eleventh segment as a greenish-yellow line
running between two green ones darker than the ground-colour. At the bottom of the side

LYCENA. 301

along the lateral ridge is a whitish line commencing on the third segment and continued
round the anal extremity. Between the dorsal and subdorsal lines on segments three to ten
are faintly paler oblique lines of yellow-green, viz. one on each segment sloping downwards
and backwards ; the warts on the twelfth segment are very often suddenly projected con-
siderably, and then a circle of fine short hairs is visible on their extremities. The surface of
the body is also clothed with similar hairs. The head is black, having the base of the papilla
and a streak across above the mouth of buff-colour.

“The pupa is about five lines long, smooth, but without polish, the top of the head slightly pro-
jecting, the thorax rounded, the abdomen plump, curving on the back outwards and back-
wards towards the tip, which is hidden in the larya skin, the wing-cases prominent and long
in proportion. It is of a dull green tint, with a dark brown dorsal line of arrow-head marks.”
(Buckler, Larve of Brit. Butt. § Moths, i. pp. 115, 116.)

Feeds on Ornithopus purpusillus and probably also Genista angelica.

Var. Micrargus, Butler. “ Above very like Z. argia [? argus] and L. wgon ; lilac, with dentated
blackish outer border and snow-white fringes ; below with the ground-colour of L. pylaon
(triton ?, Fabr.) ; the markings exactly as in LZ. argus, excepting that the submarginal black
spots of the secondaries have no trace of metallic colouring about them, and the orange belt
connecting the two series of black spots is paler. Expanse of wings 1 inch 1 line. ‘Tokio,

Japan.” (Butler, Cistula.)

Var. pseudegon, Butler. «Nearest to L. wgon of Europe, the same colours. The male smaller,
and with a very narrow black outer border to the wings; fringe narrower, submarginal
black spots of secondaries rather smaller; female very faintly shot with steel-blue at the
base of primaries, submarginal orange lunules obsolete ; secondaries darker, purplish towards
the base, bluish at the base; the whole of the black submarginal spots bounded internally
by orange lunules, and externally by white ones. Under surface greyer than in ZL. «gon,
both sexes washed with pale greenish blue at the base; black spots smaller, but arranged
exactly in the same way; submarginal orange spots of the primaries of the male extremely
pale; those of the secondaries destitute of metallic spots in both sexes. LExpanse of the
wings, ¢ 1 inch 2 lines, 9 1 inch 3 lines. Iburi, Hokkaido [Yesso], July. Coll.

M. Fenton.” (Butler, P. Z. 8.)
Common at Gensan, Corea, in June and July. It occurs also in Yesso and
in the mountain districts of Central Japan. Corean specimens are usually

much above the average size.

I have given the original description of micrargus and pseudegon, Butler,
as the names may perhaps be retained for the respective Japanese forms to
which they refer.

Distribution. Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, Eastern Siberia, Corea,

Japan.

Lycena argus. (Plate XXXI. figs. 5, 8, var.)

Papilio argus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 483 (1758) ; Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761).
28

302 LYCZANIDA.

9. Papilio idas, Linneeus, Faun. Suec. p. 284 (1761).

Lycena argus, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 105 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18, pl. v.
figs. 1 a, 1b, 1 ¢ (1886).

‘** Expands 1 to 1:10 inch. The male is dark blue, nearly the same colour as LZ. egon, which it
altogether greatly resembles ; the hind marginal border, however, is narrower and more
defined, the hind marginal spots of the hind wings are more distinct, and the white marginal
fringes are very narrow—not broad, as in «gon. The female on the upper surface almost
entirely resembles the female of LZ. wagon, but the orange hind marginal spots are rather
more distinct. Underside: ground-colour uniform brownish grey in both sexes ; the central
row of spots on the fore wings is more even, the last spot but one from the inner margin
being more in a line with the rest, and not, as it were, thrust inwards, as in LZ. agon; the
silvery spots on the hind margin are much more distinct than in egon. The anterior tibie
are not provided with spines.” (Lang, 1. c.)

Dr. Lang, quoting Guenée, says that the larva is dark green, with a red
dorsal line and an oblique reddish streak bordered with whitish on each
segment. Food-plants Genista, Melilotus, &c.

The usual form of this species met with in Japan and Corea is brilliantly
tinged with purple. It occurs in the mountainous districts of Central Japan,
and I have received specimens from the Island of Kiushiu. The form
described below as var. énsularis has so far only been found in Yesso, and
appears to be the only representative of Z. argus in that island.

Var. insularis, var. nov. (Plate XXXI. figs.5 2,8 ¢.) Male. Ground-colour pale silvery
blue ; the neuration is whitish except on the marginal area, where it becomes blackish ; outer
border of primaries broadly black. Secondaries have a well-defined series of submarginal
spots followed by a narrow black marginal line. Fringes snow-white.

Female. Black, much suffused with blue-grey about the dise of the primaries; discoidal spot
distant and bordered with white; there is a marginal line of almost confluent large black
spots preceded by a brownish band. Secondaries have a series of elongate black spots,
intersected by aseries of brownish lunules and bordered externally with pure white. Fringes
greyish tinged with brown.

Under surface of both sexes as in the type, but paler; the female being as pale as typical males
and more suffused with blue at the base. The silver spots aro in some cases absent,

This form of L, argus is easily distinguished from ZL, iburiensis by the character of black marginal
borders to all the wings, the different colour of the neuration, and on the under surface by the
paler coloration, fulvous markings on the outer margin of primaries, and larger size of these
markings on secondaries,

Expanse 34-36 millim.

A long series of this interesting form was taken by my native collectors in
the neighbourhood of Hakodate in the Island of Yesso in June and July.
Lycena argus and L. wgon are both exceedingly variable insects, and it is

LYCANA. 303

often very difficult to say to which of these species certain specimens should
be referred. With regard to var. imsularis described above, Dr. Staudinger
agrees with me that it is a form of Z. argus, and informs me that he has

never previously seen such pale specimens.
Distribution. Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Amurland, Japan, Corea, and

2.N. China.

Lycena iburiensis.

Lycena iburiensis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 852; Waterhouse, Aid
Identif. Ins. pl. 108 (1882).

“ Allied to Z. argus, but more nearly of the size and colour above of LZ. lycormas. Pale silvery blue
with brown yeins and broad smoky-brown external borders; fringe very narrow and snow-
white ; secondaries with broad brown costal area; body above rather darker than the wings.
Under surface chalky bluish white ; the base, especially in the secondaries, suffused with pale
bluish green; black spots arranged as in Z. argus, but large and intensely black; the orange
lunules wanting in the marginal ocelloid spots of the primaries, paler in those of the
secondaries; no metallic pupils to the black spots of the secondaries; pectus bluish.
Expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines, .

“ Tburi, Hokkaido [Yesso], July. Coll. M. Fenton.” (Butler, l. c.)

Only one specimen of this species appears to be known; this was in
Mr. Fenton’s collection, and is figured in ‘Aid.’ As I have not seen the type
I am unable to say anything postively about its being a valid species or not,
but the figure seems to represent an insect specifically distinct from either
LL. argus or L. egon. In the description of this species the fringes are stated
to be snow-white, but in the figure the fringes are chequered with black and
white on the upper surface, but are entirely omitted in the drawing of the
under surface.

Lycena egina, (Plate XXXI. fig. 11, ¢.)
Lycena egina, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 451.

- Alis ¢ supra violaceis tenuissime nigro marginatis ciliis albis; 2 fuscis, seepe violaceo atomatis,
posticis punctis submarginalibus nigris ut in Lycena egon superpositis maculis rufo-fulvis,
ciliis albis, fusco-interruptis.

* Subtus alis ¢ anticis cinerascentibus, posticis albis; fascia omnium lata, rubescenti-aurantiaca,
maculis nigris albo tenuissime circumdatis et ut in Lycena egon dispositis, marginalibus
posticarum czruleo squamatis ; Q alis fuscescenti-albis.

«@O 14-15 mm.

«* Hee species, in systemate hujus generis inter Lycenas wegon et argus ponenda, in Thian-schan
orientali, in montibus Boro-Choro reperta est.” (G7.-Gr. 1. ¢.)

282

304 LYCANIDZ.

I have one male specimen taken by a native collector at a high elevation
on the plateau to the north-west of Ta-chien-lu, which seems to belong to
this species. It agrees fairly well with specimens from Bogdo Ola in Eastern
Thibet sent me by M. Grum-Grshimailo. The ground-colour, however,
is more violet; the neuration and margins are blacker, and the marginal
spots are more distinct. On the under surface the red submarginal bands
are broader. and brighter, and on the primaries extend as far as the inner
angle. .

Lycena barine, sp. nov. (Plate XXXI. fig. 14, ¢.)

Shining lilac-blue. Primaries have the costa from base to beyond the middle broadly bordered
with bluish grey; the outer margin has a rather broad black border. Secondaries have the
costa and abdominal margin broadly bordered with black, and there is a series of large black
spots on outer margin. Fringes white, intersected with black at the ends of the nervules,
and preceded by a series of black spots, each spot placed at the end of a nervule. Under
surface pale greyish white, tinged with greenish blue towards the base of secondaries: the
primaries haye two black basal spots, a curved discoidal spot and a central series of eight
spots; there is also a submarginal series of black spots, increasing in width towards inner
margin, and two series of small black marginal spots, those comprising the outer series
placed on the nervules: secondaries have two basal spots, an elongate discoidal spot, and a
central series of seven spots all black ringed with white ; there is a submarginal pale orange
band bordered inwardly by a series of black lunules; marginal black spots as on primaries.

Expanse 44 millim.

The specimen here described and figured was taken by Pryer at Oiwake,
and I believe that it is the identical specimen figured in his ‘ Rhopalocera
Nihonica,’ pl. v. fig. 5, as Lycena iburiensis, Butler, of which Pryer says that
he had two worn specimens from Nambu, and one good specimen from
\ssama-Yama (Oiwake). On comparing the figure of this insect with that of
L. iburiensis in Waterhouse’s ‘ Aid’ it will be seen that the two species are
very distinct.

Lycena optilete.
Papilio optilete, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 76, pl. v. figs. 5, 6 (1781).
Lycena oplilete, Lang, Butt. Kur. p. 106, pl. xxiii. fig. 3 (1884),

“ Expands 0°90 to 1:13 inch, The male has all the wings of rich dark purplish blue, unspotted,
with a narrow brown border along the entire length of the hind margins. The female is
brown, generally dark blue or purple towards the base; the hind wings have two or three
orange spots towards the analangle. Underside: brownish-grey ; fore wings with a crescentic
diseoidal spot, a central row of six, and a double hind marginal row without any orange; the
basal spots are absent. Hind wings slightly blue at the base, with three basal spots, an

LYCANA. 305

elongated discoidal, and an irregular central row ; the hind margin has a double row of black
spots, three or four pairs enclosing each a spot of bright orange, two or three of the external
row nearest the anal angle having a spot of shiny blue or silver.

“ Times of appearance. June and July.

* Habitat. Europe and Siberia, inhabiting peaty or boggy places and mountain sides. Its range in
Europe is limited to Germany, Scandinavia, Russia, and the Alps of Switzerland. It does not
occur in Western or North-western Europe.

“ Larva. According to Freyer, pale green, with short reddish hairs, the spiracles marked with
white, and the head dark brown or blackish. Its food-plant 1s Vacciniwm owyococcus, on
which it feeds in September and October, and again in the spring after hybernation.”
(Lang, 1. ¢.)

There was a female specimen of this species in Pryer’s collection which is
not referred to in his work. This example differs from the type in being
smaller and darker on the under surface; it was probably taken in the
mountains of Central Japan or in Yesso.

L. optilete has been recorded from various parts of Amurland, also from
Trans-Baikal.

Lycena pheretes.
Papilio pheretes, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. p. 45 (1865).
Lycena pheretes, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 112, pl. xxiv. fig. 6 (1884).

“‘Expands 1:12 inch. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has the wings deep rich violet-
blue, with a narrow black border ; discoidal spots absent. The female has all the wings
uniformly brown in colour, without any markings. The underside is grey, slightly tinged
with greenish blue at the base in both sexes. The fore wings have a central row of black
spots, and an elongated discoidal surrounded with white. The hind wings have two rows of
large white spots without ocelli.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

The Western Chinese form of L. pheretes differs from the European type
in its larger size (34 millim.) and deeper blue colour in the male; the black
margins are broader, and there is usually a series of black spots on the outer
margin of secondaries. Under surface paler, and the spots are generally less
distinct ; the white-ringed black spots forming a transverse series on primaries
are sometimes very distinct, but often only faintly indicated, and sometimes
entirely absent.

The female differs only from European examples of the same sex in being
larger.

In India L. pheretes is represented by var. lehana, Moore, which is smaller
and darker than the type, with broader margins to all the wings. The

306 LYCENIDA.

under surface is also darker, and all the markings-more distinct. This form,
the type of which was taken at Leh in Ladak, was obtained in some numbers
at Kardong and in the Chonging Valley, at elevations ranging from 14,000 to
17,000 feet, in July and August, by Mr. McArthur, who was collecting for me
in Ladak in the year 1889. I have also received specimens of this form from
the Hindu Kush and Issikul, which approach nearer to the type in colour of
upper surface.

Grum-Grshimailo (Rom. sur Lép. iv. p. 389, pl. x. figs. 4 a, b, 1890) states
that L. pheretes, var. lahana, flies in July at an elevation of about 15,000 feet
in the Kounjout Mountains, Pamir.

Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 402) describes a form of L. pheretes
from Sikkim under the name of var. asiatica, but Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind.
iii. p. 81) considers that this form is identical with Moore’s lehana, and
Mr. Elwes has himself stated (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 382) that he
has three specimens from Ladak which agree with his var. astatica, and also
that he has three pairs from Mongolia and Turkestan which are like European
pheretes.

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. ‘v. p. 107) records two male specimens of
L. pheretes from different localities on the borders of Kansou and Szechuen ;
one of these examples is larger, darker above, and paler beneath than typical
L. pheretes, and seems to agree with my specimens from Western China,
whereas the other specimen, which he says is smaller, darker, and with more
distinct markings on the under surface than European pheretes, < Boose to be
referable to var. lehana, Moore.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 78) states that he met with an example
of L. pheretes at Pokrofka in Amurland, and remarks that it is paler on the
under surface than Swiss examples. Staudinger records the species from
Trans-Baikal.

My collectors obtained specimens in most of the localities at high elevations
in Western China which they visited.

Distribution. Switzerland, the Pyrenees, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Amur-
land, ‘Turkestan, Himalayas, Mongolia, Western China.

Lycena icarus,
Papilio icarus, Rottemburgh, Naturf. vi. p. 21 (1775); Exp. Schmett. i. 1, pl. xxxii. fig. 4.
Papilio alexis, Wien. Vera, p. 184 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, i..figs. 392-3894.
Lycena icarus, Lang, Butt, Eur, p. 117, pl. xxv. fig. 4 (1884).

LYCANA. 307

Expands 0°75 tol-l4inch. Fringes of all the wings white, without spots. The male has all the
wings deep lilac-blue, with a narrow black border; there is no discoidal spot on the fore
wings. Female brown, with an orange hind marginal border on all the wings, the hind
wings having a row of black spots; the bases of all the wings are blue, which colour some-
times suffuses the entire wings. Underside pale grey in the male, pale brown in the
female. There are the usual spots and orange bands, the fore wings having two basal spots ;
the hind wings have an elongated white spot towards the middle of the hind margin. The
base of all the wings is strongly tinged with blue in both sexes.

“ Larva. Shaped like those of its congeners [onisciform], green or olive, with the head black ;
there is a dorsal stripe of a darker shade than the ground-colour, a lateral stripe of lightish
green, and on each segment three lateral stripes inclined obliquely from before backwards,
Feeds on various low-growing Leguminose, especially on Ononis spinosa.

“ Pupa. Dull green, tinged with brown on the wing-cases.” (Lang, I. c.)

The life-history of this species is given at greater length in Buckler’s
‘ Larve of British Butterflies.’

In the colour of the upper surface the Chinese male specimens of L. icarus
agree better with the same sex of Z. hylas, Esper, from Europe, and the
Indian Z. ariana, Moore. All the males have a series of black spots on the
outer margin of secondaries. The ground-colour of the female is rather
darker than in ordinary European specimens of this sex, or in the females of
I. ariana. The under surface in both sexes is darker than in typical
European L. icarus.

Dr. Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 162) records Z. icarus from several
places in Amurland, and remarks on its exceptional size and great rarity in
that country.

The species is not uncommon at high elevations in the neighbourhood of
Ta-chien-lu, and I have received it from Wa-ssu-kou and How-kow. It does
not appear to occur in Central China.

With regard to ariana, Moore, I think there is little doubt that it is the
Himalayan representative of 7. tcarus. Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 109)
records ariana from North-eastern Thibet, and remarks that examples from
thence do not ditfer from Himalayan specimens.

A widely distributed species and generally common. It occurs in Europe,
Western Asia, Amurland, Western China, and North Africa.

Lycena felicis,
Lycena felicis, Oberthiir, Htud. d’Entom. xi. p. 21, pl. vii. fig. 52 (1886).

On the upper surface the wings are black as in both sexes of Z. ewmedon. The under surface of

308 LYCANIDA.

primaries is flaxen-grey, with the usual black dots surrounded with white; the secondaries —
are thickly powdered with silvery green, or sometimes bluish, scales from the base of the
wing as far as the submarginal line, which is composed of small reddish dots placed between
the nervules ; the outer margin and fringes are pure white.

Expanse 30 millim.

Of this species, which was first discovered by Monseigneur Felix Biet at
Ta-chien-lu, I have specimens from almost all the localities in Western China
visited by my collectors, and also from How-kow in Thibet. It appears to
be on the wing from May to August.

Lyczna eros.

Papilio eros, Ochsenheimer, Schmett, Eur. i. 2, p. 42 (2808).

Lycena eros, Boisduval, Icones, pl. xiv. figs. 4-6 (1833) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 116,
pl. xxv. fig. 2 (1884).

“ Expands 1 to 1-12 inch in the typical form. Fringe of all the wings white. The male has all
the wings shining light blue above, without discoidal spots, with a well-defined dark brown
hind marginal border, and on the hind margin a row of dark spots. The female is brown;
all the wings with a light orange hind marginal band and black spots; fore wings with a
black discoidal spot. Underside pale grey in the male, brownish grey in the female, with
the usual orange bands and rows of ocellated spots ; fore wings with two basal spots; the
bases are tinged with pale blue.” (Lang, 1. ¢.)

There is an unnamed specimen in the National Collection from Chemulpo,
N.W. Corea, which I certainly believe to be this species. It agrees exactly
with typical Z. eros on the upper surface, but the orange marginal band on
under surface of secondaries is rather brighter and broader. Alphéraky
(Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 78) records a specimen taken in the Bourkhane-Bouddha
Mountains in N.E. Thibet, and states that it differs from the ordinary type
in the paler under surface, the narrower black margins on the upper surface
of the wings, and the absence of black submarginal spots, which are con-
fluent with the marginal border of secondaries in the type.

Bremer records specimens taken by Radde in the neighbourhood of Lake
Baikal, Dahuria, and from the Bureja Mountains. Staudinger, however,
(Rom, sur Lép. v. p. 162) states that the species has never been subsequently
received from Amurland or Trans-Baikal and considers that Bremer’s records
must be incorrect. He adds that he has only received specimens of L. eros
from Central Asia and the Altai.

\ccording to Lang this species occurs in mountain pastures in Switzerland
and the Pyrenees from June to August.

9

LYCANA. 309

Lycena cleobis.

Lycena cleobis, Bremer, Bull. Acad, Petr. iii. p. 472 (1861) ; Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép.
iii. p. 285 (1887) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 140 (1884).

Lycena egonides, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 28, pl. iii. fig. 8 (1864).

** Ale supra canescenti-ceerulew albo-ciliatee margine late nigro, nervis nigris; apud feminam
fusce albo-ciliate, canescenti-ceeruleo atomose. Ala subtus aut ccerulescenti- aut fusces-
centi-cane, anticee lunula media punctisque seriei externe nigris, albo-cinctis; punctis
seriei duplicis marginalis nigris; lunulis marginalibus fulvis; posticee punctis basalibus
quatuor, lunula media, punctis seriei extern serieique duplicis marginalis, fasciam fulvam
includentis, nigris ; punctis seriei marginalis sepe viridi-micantibus. 32-35 m.” (Brem.
Lep. Ost-Sib.)

* About the size of LZ. agon. Fringes broad and white; the male has all the wings bluish
white, with a rather broad black border, the nervures black ; in the female, the wings are
brown, powdered with bluish white. Underside bluish or brownish white. Fore wings
with a discoidal lunule, a central row of ocellated spots and a double row of hind marginal
spots enclosing an orange band. Hind wings with four basal spots and discoidal lunule, a
central row and double marginal row enclosing an orange band; this row is often marked
with silver as in L. egon.

“ Hab. Bureja mountains.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

Japanese specimens of JL. cleobis are larger and lighter blue on the upper
surface than the typical form, and the under surface is darker. Corean
specimens are also larger than those from Amurland, but they agree with
them in colour.

Occurs at Gensan, Corea, in June and July, in the mountain districts of
Central Japan, and is not uncommon in Amurland.

Pryer does not mention this species and probably he had confused it
with L. egon, from which species, as also from ZL. argus, it may be distin-
guished by its usually larger size and rounder wings, and by the males
being far less suffused with blue.

Lyczna orion.

Papilio orion, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771).

Papilio battus, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 328-330, 801, 802.

Lycena orion, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 108, pl. xxiv. fig. 1 (1884) ; Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép.
ii. p. 285,

“Expands 0°85 to 1:12 inch. The male has all the wings dark brown, covered with purple scales,
excepting along a broad band parallel to the hind margins. Fore wings with a black discoidal
spot. Hind wings with a hind marginal row of black spots in light blue rings. Fringes of
all the wings spotted with black and white. The female resembles the male but has no
purple scales. Underside: the ground-colour is light grey, nearly white. The fore wings
have a row of conspicuous black spots on the marginal fringe; internal to this are two

27

310 LYCANIDA.

parallel rows of black spots, those composing the inner row being much larger than the
external ones ; the spots of the central row are large and black, placed somewhat irregularly ;
internal to this are a large discoidal and two basal spots. Hind wings with a ciliary row of
black spots as in the fore wings ; internal to this are two parallel rows of large black spots
enclosing a light orange band; the central row is conspicuous, and internal to it are a
discoidal and six basal spots.

“ Larva. Bluish green, with a violet dorsal line; it feeds on Sedum telephium and perhaps
other species of Sedum.” (Lang, l. c.)

I took this species at Gensan, Corea, in July. Dr. Fixsen (J. ¢.), who also
records L. orion from Corea, states that the specimens are very fine and
agree with Amurland examples. Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881,
p- 889) says that it is found at Pekin.

According to Dr. Lang (/. c.) this butterfly frequents rocky or stony places
in Central Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, the South of Siberia, and the Amur.

Lycena lanty.

Lycena lanty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 21, pl. vil. fig. 53 (1886) ; Alphéraky,
Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 108 (1889).

“ Espéce voisine de hylas (baton), battus, bavius; mais bien distincte par sa taille plus grande,
la couleur bleu céleste des ailes dans le ¢ et la ligne de points noirs, marginaux, intraner-
vuraux qui longe le bord extérieur des ailes. Le dessous ressemble beaucoup & battus.
La Q differe du ¢ parce que le fond des ailes est noir avec la base des quatre ailes et le
bord externe des ailes inférietres saupoudré de bleu.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Belongs to that group of the genus Lycena which includes L. hylas (baton), L. orion, and
L. bavius; but distinguished from either of those species by its larger size, the sky-blue
colour of the male, and the marginal series of black spots. On the under surface L, launty
is very similar to Z. battus. The female differs from the male in having ng eround-colour
black, sprinkled with blue at the base of all the wings.

Expanse, ¢ 35-37 millim., 9 37 millim.

Alphéraky records a male specimen of this species from Ndami, Amdo,
which he states differs from Oberthiir’s figure in having stronger black spots
on both surfaces. M. Grum-Grshimailo has sent me specimens which were
taken in the Nian-chan Mountains, Thibet.

Occurs at ‘Ta-chien-lu in May and June at an elevation of 8500 feet, and
also at Wa-ssu-kou. At the latter place it appears to be less common than
at ‘Ta-chien-lu and is found at 5000 feet.

Lycena moorei, (Plate XXXI. fig. 9, 3.)
Lycena moorei, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 109, pl. vii. fig. 3.

Vale, Upper surface: all the wings smoky black, Fringes of primaries dusky, rather paler at

LYCANA. dll

inner angle; those of the secondaries white, with some darker scales at the extremities of
the nervules, giving a slight chequered appearance. Under surface pale grey. Primaries
with an elongated discoidal and a central series of six black spots; the last is linear, and all
are surrounded with whitish. On the outer margin is a series of black marks more or less
\-like in shape; these are bordered on each side with whitish, and precede a black line
interrupted by the nervules. Secondaries: three basal spots, that on the anterior margin
being large and somewhat triangular in shape, whilst the third is dot-like, and situated
on the extreme edge of abdominal fold; an elongated discoidal and a central series of
seven spots, the initial one being large and almost round, third and sixth oval—these, as
also one between the discoidal and first spot of the central series, are black. A submarginal
series of y-shaped black marks, a row of marks, chiefly small and linear, but including
one large round spot, edged internally with orange, between the submedian nervure and
first median nervule. Fringes grey, with a black line at their base.

Female. Same as male in colour and arrangement of markings, but the spots on under surface are
larger, especially those of central series on secondaries.

Expanse 29 millim.

Though not closely allied to any known species, this insect has a super-
ficial resemblance to Lveres (Lycena) fischeri, Fversmann, but the absence
of any caudal appendage at once separates it from that species. The
arrangement of spots on under surface is also very different. From Zaraka
(Miletus) hamada, Druce, which it agrees with on the upper surface, it may
be distinguished by the very different maculation of the under surface and
the less chequered fringes.

The spots on the under surface vary in size and shape. In one specimen
from Kiukiang the spot between the discoidal and first spot of central
series is only present on the right secondary.

Occurs in Central China at Kiukiang, from whence the types were
received, and more commonly at Chang-yang in June and July. This species
has so far not been received from Western China.

Lycena lycormas.

Polyommatus lycormas, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 57 (1868).

Lycena lycormas, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18, pl. v. figs. 3.a, 36 (1886).

Lycena scylla, Staudinger, MS., Oberthiir, Etud. @’Entom. v. p. 22 (1880).

Lycena scylla, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 139, pl. xvi. fig. 7 (1887).

« g, Ale supra cerulee, nigro marginate, ciliis albis. Corpus ceruleo-cinereum; antennis
nigris, albo fasciolatis.

“ Alee subtus pallide cineres, basi ceeruleo-virides ; antic serie macularum septem nigrarum
albo cinctarum apud marginem posticum. Postice apud basim macula una, fascia irregulari
punctorum nigrorum albo cinctorum de costa ad marginem posticum currente. Corpus
pallide cinereum.

27 2

312 LYCANID.

“ ©, Ale supra fusce, ciliis albis; corpus cinereo-fuscum; subtus velut mari.
“ Alar. exp. unc. 13.” (Butler, l. c.)

L. lycormas differs from LD. cyllarus, Rott., in the paler brown colour,
broader black margins, and broad white fringes of the upper surface; on
the under surface the ground-colour is whiter and the secondaries are less
suffused with bluish; the spots are smaller on all the wings and are arranged
in more uniformly curved series.

Pryer remarks that he has only seen this species from Yesso, where it was
abundant, and he adds that some male specimens are almost as dark as the
females. I believe that LZ. /ycormas occurs also in the mountain districts
of Central Japan.

The specimens obtained by Christoph at Raddefka, Amurland, in June
and July, are deeper blue in coloration than the majority of Japanese
specimens ; but as examples almost exactly identical occur in Japan, it is
perhaps hardly necessary to retain the varietal name of scyl/a for the Amurland
form as proposed as Dr. Staudinger.

Occurs in Japan and Amurland,

Lycena celigena.
Lycena celigena, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 21, pl. 1. figs. a, 6 (1876).

“Je ne connais de cette espéce que le male. Sa taille est celle de notre Z. arion. Il est en
dessus d'un bleu trés brillant et chatoyant. Ses ailes supérieures sont assez largement
teintées de noir a Vapex. Cette teinte noire commence par longer le bord antérieur des
ailes, puis elle s’épaissit au sommet, et enfin se termine par un mince liséré noir qui se
prolonge aux ailes inférieures qu il borde jusqu’d langle anal; la frange est blanche.

“En dessous, la Lycena coeligena est dun gris jaundtre; aux ailes supérieures, un croissant noir
entouré de hlane ferme la cellule discoidale, et de gros points noirs entourés aussi de blanc
précedent, prés du bord extériear, une rangée de petits croissants plus ou moins apparents
et continuant la série bien plus régulicrement marquée de croissants semblables qui suit tout
le bord externe de Vaile inférieure. Cette aile inférieure porte aussi un croissant liséré
largement de blanc, fermant la cellule discoidale, et une couronne de points noirs cerclés
de blanc.

“ Les antennes sont annelées de blane et de noir.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

M. Oberthiir described the male only; the following is a description of
the female :—

Female. Larger than the male, Ground-colour rather darker; outer fourth of primaries and

the costa of secondaries black; a marginal series of large black spots on secondaries.
Under surface as in male.

Expanse, ¢ 40-46 millim., 9 45-48 millim.

LYCANA. 313

This appears to be a rather local species. It occurs commonly at Ichang
and Chang-yang, Central China, in May and June, but in Western China
my collectors only met with it at Moupin, from which place the type was
received by M. Oberthiv.

Lycena pryeri.
Lycena pryeri, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. x. p. 126 (1873) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18,
pl. v. fig. 16 (1886).

“« Wale. Upperside bright violet-blue, costa, tip, and hind margin broadly dark brown ; inner
margin of hind wing white. A dark brown streak closes the discoidal cell of fore wing.
Fringes white. Female similar to the male, but only blue at base and along inner margin
of fore wing, the dise being white. The discal portion of hind wing is also whitish, the
base being dusky. A blue streak closes the cell of hind wing in this sex; in the male this
streak is hardly perceptible. In both sexes the veins of the wings are very distinct ; in the
female they are edged with bluish scales on the discal portion of the wing.

** Underside white, with two marginal rows of black spots on each wing; those of inner row of
upper wing being the largest, and seven in number. The outer row is composed of about
twelve spots. A fine black line occupies the extreme hind margin of both wings, LDiscoidal
cell closed by a brown streak, most distinct on fore wing. Exp., g 22 lin., Q 24 lin.

“ Hab. Japan.” (Murray, l. ¢.)

Pryer says this species occurs at Yokohama and in Yesso in May and June.
The only specimens that I met with were captured near the summit of
Ibuki Yama (Lake Biwa) at about 5000 feet above the sea, in July.
Staudinger records Z. pryert from various parts of Amurland, and states that
the specimens do not differ from those from Japan. Dérries met with the full-
fed larva in June on Syringa amurensis.

Lyczna euphemus.

Papilio euphemus, Hiibuer, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 257-259 (1798-1803).

Polyommatus euphemus, Duponchel, Lép. Fr. Suppl. i. p. 336, pl. 1. figs. 4-6 (1832).

Lycena euphemus, Lang, Butt. Eur, p. 133, pl. xxxii. fig. 4 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p- 198, pl. v. figs. 4a, 45 (1886).

Lycena kazamoto, Druce, Cistula Entom. i. p. 361 (1875).

Lycena euphemus, var. euphemia, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. iii. pp. 142-288, pl. xiii.
fig. 6 (1887).

« Expands 1-25 to 1-35 inch. Fringes of all the wings white. Wings blue in both sexes, with a
dark brownish-black hind marginal border, broader in the female than in the male; all the
wings have a narrow black discoidal spot and a central row of round black spots. Under-
side brownish grey, with the spots arranged as on the upperside, but in addition to these all

the wings have a hind marginal row of black spots, and the hind wings, which are very
slightly blue at the base, have two basal spots.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

514 LYCANIDZ.

Var. kazamoto, Druce. ‘Upperside of both wings dark brown, in some lights shot with
green, the anterior wing with a dark streak at the end of the cell. Underside pale drab,
anterior wing with a dark streak at the end of the cell the same as above, and crossed
beyond the middle by a band of six blackish spots curved inwards. Posterior wing with
one black spot close to the base and one in the middle of the cell, crossed below the middle |
by a curved band of eight black spots surrounded with pale greyish white, a submarginal
row of very indistinct brown spots commen to both wings. Exp. 14 inch.

‘** Hab. Yokohama, Japan.

* Allied to LZ. fusca, Brem. and Grey, but quite distinct.” (Druce, 1. ¢.)

Var. euphemia, Staudinger. The male is usually less blue and the spots are longer, in this
respect approaching Z. arion; the female is darker and some examples of this sex are
altogether without markings.

This species occurs in the mountainous districts of Central Japan, where
it is generally represented by the form kazamoto, although some specimens
are marked with blue. The examples from Yesso approach nearer to the
typical form of L. ewphemus. At Gensan, in the Corea, the var. euphemia,
Staudinger, occurs, together with specimens which are not separable from
Swiss examples; this form is also recorded by Dr. Fixsen from the north
of Pekin. Some examples from the north of Pekin and one male specimen
from Sidemi are stated by Dr. Staudinger to be nearly black and would seem
therefore to be referable to the var. kazamoto; and I have two aberrant
specimens of 4. euphemus from the Ural which are not separable from that
form.

Mistribution. Central Europe, Ural, Amuland, Japan, Corea, and N. China.

Lycena divina.
Lycena divina, Fixsen, Rom, sur Lép. iii. p. 286, pl. xiii. figs. 5a, 6 2 (1887).

‘“Corpore coruleo, capite antennisque albo-cingulatis nigris. Alis : supra violaceo-coeruleis ; anti-

,

carum in ¢ limbo maculaque discoidali nigris, in 9 limbo sat lato in area limbali macularum
nigrarum serie, maculis und crassa cellulam extrorsum, duabus minoribus introrsum clauden-
fibus ; posticarum in ¢ margine sat lato anteriori nigro, linea limbali nigra et maculis
sublimbalibus intercostalibus nigris ; in 9 margine externo multo latiori serieque punctorum
limbalium intereostalium, introrsum lunulis nigris obducto altera serie punctorum areuatim
cellulam obsediente. Subtus in g et 9 cretaceis ad basin posticarum corulescentibus ;
anticarum : seriebus duabus macularum nigrarum una limbali minori, altera introrsum posita
parallela crassiori, fasciaque macularum nigrarum yalde majori nee non maculis cellulam
occludentibus ut supra sed incrassatis; posticarum: fascia limbali fusca, maculis nigris
introrsum lunulatis extrorsum minoribus, serieque macularum nigrarum areuata, nee non
stria cellulari maculisque 4 basalibus nigris, Limbo albo in apice nigrescente, Long. ale
ant. f et 9 =19 millim.” (Jiwsen, 1. ¢.)

LYCANA. 315

Fixsen adds,: “like arion on upper surface, but more strongly marked, and
like orion on the under surface with larger spots.” He also compares it with
euphemus, Hubn.

Occurs in Corea, and flies in the beginning of June.

Lycena chinensis.

Lycena chinensis, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 523, pl. x. fig. 5.

Lycena mandschurica, Staudinger, Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 160 (1892).

« Wings brown above, with a conspicuous submarginal orange band, equally marked on both
wings, and a faint black streak closing the cell. In the fore wing the orange band is divided
by the veins into almost square spots: in the hind wing the band is composed of a series of
contiguous crescents, seated upon a row of black spots. Fringe white ; interrupted by brown.
Underside: pale grey-brown, the orange band as conspicuous as above, continuous in both
wings. Fore wing: no spot between base and discocellular spot. Beyond middle is a discal
row of seven spots, twice bent at a right angle, so that the sixth is immediately below the
discocellular spot; the costal spot is small and indistinct. All these spots are white-ringed.
The orange band is edged on both sides by a row of spots, the innermos5 row consisting of
larger, but less well-defined spots than the outer. Hind wing: a basal row of four spots, a
discocellular spot, and a discal row of eight spots, much curved and angulated, all white-
ringed. The orange band is edged as on fore wing by rows of spots, but in this case the spots
of the outer row are larger than those of the inner. In both wings the fringe, which is
spotted, is preceded by a narrow black line.

“‘ Expands 1” 3!”

«This very distinct species is (judging from the markings of the underside) most nearly allied to
Lyc. pylaon, F., while the upperside reminds one strongly of LZ, astrarche.” (Murray, 1. ¢.)

Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 889) says:—‘It is probable
that L. chinensis, whatever it is, refers to the species which Bremer calls
LI. pylaon in his Pekin list. Dr. Staudinger, however, has never seen
L. pylaon from any part of Eastern Siberia.”

Staudinger (/. ¢.) records L. astrarche, v. allows, Hiibn., from various parts
of Amurland, and says that this has nothing to do with his Z. mandschurica,
which he received in some numbers from Herz, who found them from the
middle of June to the end of July at Taschiao-sy to the north of Pekin, and
which is quite a distinct species from L. astrarche. Mandschurica, he says,
agrees on the upper surface with astrarche, but in one small male specimen
the red band isevanescent. All the specimens, however, differ from astrarche,
in any of its forms, in having the fringe equally chequered with white and
brownish black. The light grey under surface, which is sometimes slightly
tinged with brown, separates this species from astrarche. The black ocelloid

316 LYCANID.

markings, as also the red-brown submarginal band, agree with those of
L. astrarche, but the bands in mandschurica are less interrupted, and never
dentated on their inner edge, as they always are in astrarche; mandschurica
has these bands bordered with shortly curved blackish lunules, and the bands
themselves are farther from the outer margin of the wings; the marginal area
is broadly grey, and is traversed by aseries of black spots. ‘The diffuse white
streak found on the under surface of the secondaries in L. astrarche is always
absent in mandschurica, and the sixth black spot of central series is directly
beneath the discoidal spot.

A comparison of Staudinger’s description of mandschurica with Murray’s
figure and description of L. chinensis, which was probably also from the
neighbourhood of Pekin, will leave little doubt that both refer to the same
species.

Appears to occur only in North China.

Genus PHENGARIS.
Phengaris, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lx. pt. ii. p. 86 (1891).

“The splendid Chinese butterfly Lycena atroguttata, Oberthiir, deserves
to be placed in a separate genus or subgenus, distinguished from Lycana by
the upper discocellular vein of the hind wing being short and angled out-
wardly, the lower discocellular meeting the median vein opposite its second
forking.

“This butterfly is certainly the finest of the subfamily, unless the danis
group of Cyaniris be excepted. I was not able to detect any odour about it,
but it has all the air of a protected species. I often saw it in the meadows
of the Kutcha Naga country, Naga Hills, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation,
flying very slowly, and visible from a great distance, so that I caught a good
number, in spite of its rarity. The character of its markings, round black
spots on a pure white ground, is very remarkable. It is hard to avoid
thinking Tajuria maculata, Hew., a mimic of this species, though it seems
to live at a lower elevation, and further to the westward. TZaraka hamada is
somewhat similarly marked, and is obviously protected.

“T have taken the name Phengaris, which means a daughter of the moon,
from the modern Greek.” (Doherty, b. 0:)

PHENGARIS.—CYANIRIS. S17

Phengaris atroguttata. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 5, var.)
Lycena atroguttata, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 21, pl. 1. figs. 4a, b (1876).
Phengaris atroguttata, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Ix. pt. 2, p. 86 (1891).

“La Lycena atroguttata est plus grande que L. celigena. Le ¢ est en dessus d’un bleu trés pale,
chatoyant, 4 travers duquel transparaissent les taches du dessous; la est plus blanche, et
les taches du dessous sont effectivement reproduites en dessus, et non pas seulement trans-
parentes du dessous.

* T’apex aux ailes supérieures et tout le borde externe sont assez largement teintés de noir; les
ailes inférieures portent aussi une bordure noire, mais trés-mince. La frange est blanche,
entrecoupée d’un point noir 4 l’extremité de chaque nervure.

“ En dessous, la LZ. atroguttata a les ailes d’un fond blanc un peu bleuatre. Les ailes supérieures
portent un gros point noir qui ferme la cellule discoidale ; en arriére de ce point, dans l’inté-
rieur de la cellule, se trouve une tache noire, et en ayant, une bande maculaire et trés-sinueuse
de six taches, dont quatre sont accolées deux 4 deux ; puis vient une autre bande maculaire
suivant, dans l’espace compris entre les nervures, le bord extérieur des ailes ; enfin, paralléle-
ment 4 cette bande, une série de petits traits noirs. Les nervures, en rencontrant le bord
externe des ailes, sont marquées par un empatement noir. I] en est de méme aux ailes
inférieures, qui sont ornées d’abord de deux taches noires dans la cellule, de trois au-dessus
et de deux au-dessous de la cellule, puis de trois bandes maculaires, dont la premicre moins
réguliére que la seconde, et la troisitsme compos¢ée de taches moins grosses que les deux autres
et faisant suite & celle de l’aile supérieure.

“Ta ©, plus largement maculée que le 3, porte a l’aile supérieure deux ou trois taches de plus.’
(Oberthir, 1. ¢.)

Expanse, ¢ 33-53 millim., Q 48-58 millim.

b

Generally distributed, and common throughout Western China; also occurs
in the Naga Hills.

Var. albida, var. noy. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 5, ¢.) The wings are white in both sexes, tinged
at the base with blue in the male, and bluish grey in the female; the male has the spots on
upper surface dark blue and almost as well developed as in the female type.

Expanse, ¢ 58-60 millim., 9 46-48 millim.

Occurs with the type at Moupin, butis the only form of the species received
from Chia-ting-fu.

Genus CYANIRIS.

Cyaniris, Dalman, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvil. pp. 63, 94 (1816); Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 74 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 210 (1884); de Nicéville,
Butt. Ind. ii. p. 92 (1890).

“Fore wing elongated, triangular; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior
margin long; costal nervure extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal nervule
emitted at nearly one half before the end of the cell, free from the costal nervure ; second
subcostal at one third, third subcostal at about one eighth before the end of the cell, fourth
at one half from the third, and terminating at the apex; fifth from the end of the cell;

20

318 LYCENIDE.

discocellular nervules slightly concave ; lower discoidal-nervule from their middle ; discoidal
cell long, somewhat narrow, extending to more than half the wing; second median nervule
emitted about one seventh before the end of the cell, first median at nearly one half before
the end; submedian nervure slightly recurved.

“ Hind wing oval; apex very acute ; costal nervure curved at the base, extending to the apex ;
first subcostal nervule emitted at one fourth before the end of the cell; upper discocellular
nervule the shorter, outwardly oblique, lower discocellular straight, erect, discoidal nervule
from their middle ; discoidal cell rather short; second median nervule emitted from imme-
diately before the end of the cell; first median at one third before the end; submedian
and internal nervures straight.

“ Bopy slender, short ; palpi porrect, second joint pilose beneath, projecting half beyond the head ;
third joint slender, and about half its length, naked; legs slender, femora slightly pilose
beneath ; antenne with a lengthened spatular club.

“Type, C. argiolus, Linneeus.” (Moore, I. ¢.)

Cyaniris alboceruleus, (Plate XXXI. fig. 13, ¢.)

Polyommatus alboceruleus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 139.

Cyaniris alboceruleus, de Nicéville, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. lii. pt. 2, p. 71, pl. i. figs. 4
(male), 4 a (female) (1883) ; Butt. Ind. iii. p. 98 (1890).

‘“ Male. Upperside: both wings pearly white. Fore wing with the outer margin broadly at the
apex, and decreasingly towards the hinder angle dusky black, this black border being reduced
to a very fine black line at the hinder angle; the base, broadly along the costa and inner
margin and within the outer black band pale clear shining blue, thus leaving a patch of the
white ground-colour on the dise of the wing only. Hind wing with the base and abdominal
half of the wing irrorated with very pale shining blue; the spots of the underside showing
through slightly on the disc; an indistinct marginal series of dusky spots, and a fine ante-
ciliary black line. Underside ; both wings white, slightly tinted with blue. Fore wing with
a slender blackish discocellular streak, a curved discal series of five or six elongate spots, and
a marginal series of very indistinct small spots, obsolete at the hinder angle. Hind wing
with ten or eleven small dusky spots, of which three are subbasal, the rest arranged irre-
gularly across the disc ; a submarginal series of small spots, and a fine marginal black line.

“ Female. Upperside: fore wing with the costal and outer borders very broadly dusky black, the
discal patch white, the inner margin broadly irrorated with blue, Hind wing with the discal
area between the nervules bluish white, all the rest dusky; a submarginal series of oval
dusky spots, and the marginal black line. Underside: both wings exactly as in the male,
Cilia white on both sides in both sexes.

‘“ Expanse, g 1:12-1:50, 2 1°35-1:40 inch,” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

| took specimens of this species in Satsuma during May 1886, and I have
received specimens from Omei-shan, Wa-shan, and Chia-kou-ho in Western
China, which do not differ from Sikkim examples. There were also specimens
in Pryer’s collection from the Loochoo Islands.

CYANIRIS. 319

It occurs sparingly throughout the Himalayas up to an elevation of 8000
feet, from March to May, and from August to December.
Distribution. Japan, Western China, and N. India.

Cyaniris dilectus. (Plate XXXI. fig. 10, 3.)

Polyommatus dilectus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 139.

Cyaniris dilectus, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lil. pt. i. p. 68, pl. i. fig. 5,
(1883) ; Butt. Ind. iii. p. 107 (1890).

** Male. Upperside: both wings pale blue, with a very fine black anteciliary line, which towards
the apex of the fore wing in some specimens becomes slightly diffused inwardly. Fore wing
with a patch of irrorated white scales on the dise below the cell and between the median
nervules, very prominent in some specimens, obsolete in others (as in the Sikkim specimen
figured). Hind wing with a similar patch, but placed between the second median nervule
and the costal nervure, and almost reaching the apex. Underside: both wings as in C. albo-
ceruleus, Moore, but with a more or less prominent submarginal series of dusky lunules.

“ Female. Upperside ; fore wing almost as in C. alboceruleus, but the outer margin less broadly
black, the basal area glossed with very bright metallic blue, not unmetallic pale lavender-
blue as in the latter species, the discocellular streak more prominent. Hind wing with the
submarginal series of round dusky prominent spots inwardly defined by bluish lunules.
Underside : both wings as in the male.

“Expanse, ¢ 1:00 to 1:40, 9 -85 to 1:35 inch.” (de Nicéville, l.c., J. A. S. B.)

Mr. de Nicéville in his ‘ Butterflies of India,’ says:—‘‘In Sikkim this
species is slightly dimorphic. The rains form has barely a trace, sometimes
none whatever, of the discal white patch, which in the dry-season form is
very prominent on the upperside of the fore wing. The markings of the
underside of both wings are also more prominent in the rains form.”

I have received specimens from Wa-ssu-kow and Omei-shan, in Western
China, and from Kiukiang in Central China, all of which agree very well
with specimens from Sikkim.

In India, @. dilectus occurs throughout the Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim,
and also in Upper Burma and Upper Assam, and its range extends, as referred
to above, into Western and Central China.

Cyaniris hersilia, sp. nov. (Plate XXXI. fig. 16, 2.)
Female. General colour of all the wings white, suffused with bluish-grey scales at the base,
neuration marked with black ; costa and outer margin of primaries broadly black ; costa of
secondaries black, and outer margin blackish grey, enclosing a series of white inter-nervular
lunules centred with black; there is a distinct black discoidal bar on all the wings. Under
surface dirty white, markings similar to those in C. argiolus, but fewer in number, and those

of the submarginal area of all the wings often entirely absent.
Boy D

a_ ad

320 LYCANIDA.

I have received six female specimens from Chang-yang, Central China,
where they were taken in June and July.

Cyaniris argiolus.

Papilio argiolus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 483 (1758).

Lycena argiolus, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 127, pl. xxxi. fig. 1 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p- 18, pl. iv. figs..25 a, 25 4 (1886) ; Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. i. p. 285 (1887).
Lycena ladon, var. ?, Ménétriés, Cat. Lep. Mus. Petr. pt. ii. p. 124, pl. x. fig. 5 (1857).

Lycena ladonides, de YOrza, Lép. Jap: p. 20 (1867).

Lycena levetti, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xi. p. 111 (1883).

* Expands 0-80 to 1:40 inch. Fringes of the fore wings black and white ; those of the hind wings
white. Wings of the male clear, light blue; fore wings with a very narrow black hind
marginal border. ‘lhe female has the outer half of the costa and all the hind margin of the
fore wings broadly brownish black ; the hind wings are similarly brownish black on the costa ;
sometimes the hind margin is also dark brown, and always has a row of black dots. Under-
side bluish grey ; fore wings with an elongated black discoidal spot, and a row of black spots
running parallel to the hind margin ; hind wings blue at the base, with an irregular central
row, an elongated discoidal and two basal spots. The spots in this species are all black,

without white rings.
“ Larva. Dark greenish grey, with a dark green dorsal line. Feeds on the flowers of Ilea, Hedera,

and thamnus in June and again in the autumn.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

A yery complete life-history of this species will be found in Buckler’s
‘Larve of British Butterflies and Moths,’ i. pp. 94-100. In addition to the
food-plants referred to by Dr. Lang, Cornus sanguinea has been mentioned.

Ménétriés seems to have considered that the Japanese form of L. argiolus
was probably a form of L. ladon, Cramer, but de VOrza having examined
the true L. ladon, which isa species from the Cape of Good Hope, in
Boisduyal’s collection, came to the conclusion that Cramer’s species was very
distinct from the Japanese insect, and therefore he gave the latter the name
of L. ladonides.

Mr. Butler has described Corean L. argiolus under the name of L. levetti,
of which the following is the original description :—

“ Allied to L. argiolus and L, ladonides, From the former the male differs in the broader and less
sharply defined blackish border to the outer margins of the wings and the greyer tint of the
under surface ; the female differs in its darker tint and broad external blackish border to the
secondaries; the costal border is also broader, so that the silvery-blue area is confined to a
triangular abdominal patch; below, the white is a trifle less pure, and the submarginal
Junules a little better defined than in Z. argiolus. From ZL. ladonides the male is readily
distinguished by its lilacine instead of cerulean colour, and the female by its greyer tint
throughout, and its more decided broad blackish external border to secondaries; both sexes

CYANIRIS. 321

also are decidedly smaller, as in Z. argiolus, and have the submarginal lunules and spots below
much less strongly defined. Expanse of wings, ¢ 30-34 millim. Jinchuen, W. Corea.”
(Butler, 1. ¢.)

All my specimens of LZ. argiolus from Eastern Asia differ from the Euro-
pean type in the greyer coloration of the under surface, which is also without
any bluish suffusion, and the marginal black borders are more pronounced on
the upper surface. Some of the specimens agree very well with Z. kasmira
Moore (=ce@lestina, Kollar), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 503, pl. xxxi.
ne tg):

Pryer states that there are several broods of LZ. argiolus in Japan during the
year. I found the species common throughout Japan and Corea during the
warm season, and noticed that it was as variable in those parts of Eastern
Asia as it is in Europe. ‘The same remark applies to specimens from China,
where the species 1s common in all the places visited by my collectors.

In wing-expansion the specimens vary from 27-36 millim., and in the
width of the black marginal border of primaries there is considerable
diversity.

The Indian L. huguelii, Moore, does not appear to me to be specifically
distinct from Z. argiolus, and I think that it, and also L. celestina, Kollar,
are really only forms of that species.

A widely distributed and variable species. It occurs throughout Europe
and North Asia (except the Polar region), Eastern and Western Asia, Japan,
China, the north of Africa.

Cyaniris oreas, sp. nov. (Plate XXXI. figs. 12¢,152@.)

Male. Closely allied to C. argiolus, but the blue of upper surface is deeper and more violet in tint.
Primaries have a black margin widening towards apex. Secondaries have the costal margin
broadly, and the abdominal fold narrowly, black, and there is a series of black spots on outer
margin. Fringes white, interrupted with black at the extremities of the nervules on primaries
only.

Female. Primaries iridescent blue, with very broad black costal and outer marginal borders; the
inner margin is also narrowly black, and there is a short longitudinal black dash at the end
of the discoidal cell. Secondaries are black suffused with blue on the central area extending
to the base. ~

Under surface of both sexes whiter than in C. argiolus, but the markings are very similar, except
that the submarginal lunules are better defined than is usual in that species.

Expanse 38-39 millim.

The female of C. oreas bears a slight superficial resemblance to C. nebulosa.
Occurs at Ta-chien-lu and How-kow at about 10,000 feet.

322 LYCENIDA.,

Cyaniris nebulosa. (Plate XXXI. fig. 18, 3.)
Lycena nebulosa, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 43 (1890).

Male. Lilac-blue, suffused with fuscous. Primaries have some pale blue scales along the costa,
and a distinct black discoidal spot ; the outer margin is broadly bordered with black, and the
central series of spots of the under surface are faintly indicated. Secondaries have all the
margins broadly bordered with black. Fringes white. Under surface pale greyish white ;
linear discoidal spot and central series of spots on primaries black ; submarginal series of
dark grey lunules, followed by a series of blackish linear spots on the outer margin: secon-
daries have a basal series of three, and a central series of eight, black spots ; discoidal spot is
linear and very narrow, the markings beyond are similar to those on primaries, but the spots
on the margin in the median interspaces are round and larger; fringes white, streaked with
grey, and preceded by a thin blackish line.

Expanse 36 millim.

Female. Primaries blackish ; the central area is blue, suffused with blackish. Secondaries blackish,
streaked with blue between the nervules; there is a submarginal series of black-centred blue
spots. :

Expanse, ¢ 38 millim., 2? 34 millim.

Since describing the male type of this species, which was from Chang-yang,
Central China, I have received an example of each sex from Chow-pin-sa,
Western China; the male differs from the type in having narrower black
borders on primaries, and except a broad streak on the costal area there is no
black on secondaries. ‘The under surface is rather greyer than that of the
type in both of these specimens from Western China, and the spots are much
less distinct.

Genus ZIZERA.

Zizera, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 78 (1881) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 212 (1884); de
Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 110 (1890).
‘* Wivas small,

“ Fore wing elongated, triangular ; costal vein extending to half length of the wing ; first sub-
costal branch emitted at one half length before end of the cell and slightly touching the costal
nervyure near its end, second at one third, the third at one sixth, fourth from half of third, and
terminating before the apex, fifth from end of cell; cell long, broadest in the middle ; disco-
cellulars slightly oblique in the middle, radial from the centre ; middle median branch emitted
at one sixth and lower at one half before end of the cell; submedian slightly recurved,

“ Hind wing short, oval ; costal vein arched at the base, extending to apex; first subcostal at one
fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest, oblique, lower erect, radial from
their middle ; cell short, broad; two upper median veins from end of the cell; submedian
straight ; internal vein recurved at base ; no tail.

‘iopy slender, abdomen long. Palpi very long, porrect, second joint projecting more than half

ZIZERA, azo

its length beyond front of the head, laxly pilose beneath, third joint long, slender, half length
of the second, naked. Antenne with a stout broad spatular club.

** Legs slender.

“Type Z, alsus, Fabricius.” (Moore, 7. ¢.)

Zizera minima.

Papilio minimus, Fuessly, Verz. Ins. p. 31 (1775).

Papilio alsus, Wien. Verz. p. 184 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. 1. figs. 278, 279.

Lycena minima, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 128, pl. xxxi. fig. 3 (1884).

** Expands 0°75 to 1 inch. Fringes of all the wings white. Wings dark brown in both sexes. The
male slightly tinged with light blue at the bases. Underside pale grey. Fore wings with a
straight central row of black spots, and an elongated discvidal spot. Hind wings tinged
with blue at the base, with an irregular central row and two basal spots; all the spots are
surrounded by light rings.

“* Larva. Green, with an orange dorsal stripe edged with pale yellow, a lateral yellowish line and
an oblique streak. It feeds on several kinds of vetches, as Anthyllis vulneraria, Coronilla
varia, Astragalus, &c., in June and August.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

All the early stages of Z. minima (L. alsus) are described at some length
in Buckler’s ‘ Larve of British Butterflies.’

My collectors obtained this species at How-kow and Ta-chien-lu at an
elevation of about 10,000 -feet. Chinese specimens are rather larger than
European examples. ‘The male is uniformly dark bluish grey and the female
is rather more shining black. On the under surface the ground-colour 1s
more bluish white than in European specimens, agreeing in this respect with
LL. sebrus ; the black spots are more or less absent.

Grum-Grshimailo obtained this species in Amdo, Eastern Thibet; Graeser
states that he met with it somewhat plentifully at Pokrofka, in Amurland,
and says the specimens were larger than those from Europe, and the under-
sides lighter blue-grey with larger and more distinct black spots. It has also
been recorded by Bremer from the Bureja Mountains.

Distribution. Europe, Northern and Western Asia, Altai, Amurland, and
Western China.

Zizera sangra.
Polyommatus sangra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 772, pl. xli. fig. 8.
Zizera sangra, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 120 (1890).
Lycena thibetensis, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1885, p. cli.

* Male. Upperside pale purple blue, the exterior margin pale purple-brown. Cilia pale grey,
Underside pale grey ; fore wing with a blackish white-bordered streak closing the cell, a row

324 LYCANIDA.

of transverse discal spots, a marginal and submarginal row of lunules; hind wing with
markings the same, and with an additional subbasal row of three similar spots. Palpi
and body beneath and legs white.

“ Expanse +/;>ths of an inch.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Var. thibetensis, Poujade—“ Envergure 29 millim. Mdle: dessus brun avec la base des ailes
sablée de bleu d’outremer brillant jusqu’au-deld des deux tiers aux supérieures, et sur la
presque totalité des inférieures.

“* Femelle. Semblable, sauf la base-des ailes qui est 4 peine saupoudrée de bleu.

** Dessous brun clair marqué comme chez L. marginata; les taches discoidales et les points sont
noirs et & peine ocellés ; ces derniers son plus gros chez la femelle.

“Un male et une femelle.” (Poujade, 1. c.)

The type of var. thidetensis was from Moupin, Western China, and I have
received examples from the same locality. The specimens are larger than
typical sangra, and the black markings on the under surface are more strongly
defined. My collectors do not appear to have met with it any other part of
China. ‘There were some specimens from Loochoo in Pryer’s collection, and
these agree fairly well with Sikkim examples of Z. sangra.

In his remarks on this species de Nicéville (d. ¢.) says that it varies much
in size in different localities, and adds: “I have four definite uniform sizes
taken in four different parts of India; some are slightly paler than others,
but otherwise all are identical.”

Mr, Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 888) records Z. (L.) lysimon from
Shanghai, and states that Dr. Staudinger had specimens in his collection
from Amoy, Foochow, and Macao. Subsequently, in his remarks on Z. sangra
from Sikkim, Mr. Elwes appears inclined to consider it synonymous with
Z. lysimon, Hiibner, but states that his specimens of sangra from Sumatra,
the Andamans, Calcutta, Buxa, and Sikkim seem to be of a paler blue above
with a narrower black border than his specimen of lysimon from Andalusia,
Algeria, and the Canary Islands.

I think that the specimens of Zizera from Shanghai referred by Mr. Elwes
to /ysimon are probably sangra, which has been recorded from various places
in China and also from Formosa and the Loochoo Islands. There are some
specimens in Moller’s collection which were identified by Mr. de Nicéville
as Z. lysimon, but curiously there are no specimens of Z. sangra in that
collection,

Listribution. India, China, Formosa, Loochoo, Malacca, and Penang. |

ZIZERA. 320

Zizera maha.

Lycena maha, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 422 (1848).

Zizera maha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 245; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii.
p. 112 (1890).

Lycena argia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. ii. p. 125, pl. x. fig. 7 (1857) ; Pryer, Rhop.
Nihon. p. 17, pl. iv. figs. 24a, 6 (1886).

Polyommatus chandala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 504, pl. xxxi. fig. 5, .

Lycena japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 167 (1874) ; Pryer, l.c. pl. iv. fig. 24 ¢.

Lycena alope, Fenton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 351.

Lycena opalina, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. exliii.

Lycena marginata, Poujade, tom. cit. p. cli.

“ Alis (maris) supra argenteo-cerulescentibus, limbo omni fusco ; subtus cinereis, serie punctorum
nigrorum in anticis majorum in posticis minorum, punctis omnibus albo-cinctis: foemina
alis supra fuscis ceeruleo adspersis. Expans, alar. 10’’-12'".” (Kollar, l. c.)

Larva. “ When full-grown about *4 of an inch in length, green, onisciform, with a dorsal line of a
darker green than the ground, the entire upper surface finely shagreened, the minute whitish
tubercles giving out very fine short colourless hairs. No distinctive markings whatever.
Head smooth, black, shining, as usual. Feeds in Calcutta on Owalis corniculata, Linneus.
Pupa very pale green, attached to the underside of the leaves of the food-plant ; finely hairy,
without markings, of the usual lycenid shape.” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind.)

Lycena argia, Ménétriés—< Cette espéce par sa taille et la disposition du dessin de ses ailes, en
dessous présente quelque analogie avec L. optilete, Fabr., si ce n’est qu’on ne voit aucune
tache fauve.

** En dessus, le male a ses ailes d’un bleu un peu violet sur la surface, et plus argenté sur le bord
antérieur, et 4 bordure extérieure noire ; les ailes postérieures laissent appercevoir, le long de
leur bord externe, une rangée marginale de cing points noirs, surmontés chacun d’un croissant
d’un bleu clair ou argenté. Les 2 sont un peu plus grandes, d’un bleu un peu violet sur la
plus grande moiti¢ interne de leur surface, puis brunes et saupoudrées de bleuatre. (Quoique
les ailes soient entiéres, leur surface est ca et la dépourvue d’écailles ; ainsi ces exemplaires
ne sont pas en parfaite conservation. )

“En dessous, les ailes sont d’un cendré clair, qui devient blanchatre vers le bord externe; elles
offrent une lunule centrale noire, bordée de blanc, et entre celle-ci et la base, se trouvent un
point aux ailes supérieures et trois aux ailes inférieures ; la rangée courbe qui se trouve sur
le tiers postérieur des quatre ailes, est composée de six points aux ailes supérieures et de huit
plus petits aux ailes inférieures ; tous ces points sont noirs, bien marqués et bordés de blane ;
la double rangée de points sur le bord externe est formée, aux ailes supérieures, de traits épais
non arrondis 4 leur face interne, mais aux ailes inférieures la rangée interne est composée de
véritables croissants (chez une femelle ces traits sont en A renversé).

“La frange des ailes est blanche, entrecoupée par l’extrémité des nervures qui est noire. Te corps
est brun en dessus, blanc en dessous. Les antennes sont noires, annelées de blanc.” (Méné-
triés, 1. ¢.)

LIycana japonica, Murray.— Alis supra dilute cxruleis postice brunneo-marginatis: subtus
cinereis, nigro-maculatis (maculis albo-marginatis).

ex

326 LYCANIDA.

** ©, Wings above rather dull blue, with a narrow brown border to hind margin, well defined
interiorly. Underside: wings ash-grey ; fore wing with a discocellular streak, a spot within
cell, another below it faintly indicated, and a transverse row of spots crossing the wing beyond
the middle ; all these markings are black, and are ringed with white. There are two sub-
marginal rows of fuscous rather elongate spots, the exterior very indistinct, and the inner
suffusedly white-margined, especially interiorly. A very fine fuscous marginal line before the
cilia. Hind wings: a basal row of three spots, a discocellular streak, and a curved and
angulated row of eight spots beyond middle; all these black, ringed with white. A
double hind marginal row of indistinct fuscous lunules. Fringe dirty white.

*“‘ Alar. exp. 1” 2'".” (Murray, l. c.)

Lycena alope, Fenton.—* Allied to L. japonica and L. argia. Male deeper violet than LZ. argia,
Ménétr.: above, the dark marginal border to primaries broader ; below, the black spot absent
from cell of primaries; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth of the discal row of spots on the
secondaries form an arc of a larger circle than the corresponding one in ZL. argia, the second
spot lies much nearer the junction of the first and second subcostal veinlets. Average expanse
of wings 1? line less.” (Fenton, 1. ¢.)

Lycena opalina, Pouj.—** Male: envergure 25 mill.—Dessus lilas clair, royeux, blanchissant sur
les bords; les quatre ailes bordées d’une double ligne grise, dont Vintervalle est marqué
de petites taches de méme couleur 4 l’extrémité des nervures; franges d’un blanc sale.
Dessous d’un gris brun clair, avec une double série de taches plus ou moins triangulaires ou
chevronées bordant les ailes. Une tache discoidale.en forme de chevron borde de blanchatre
limite les cellules. Entre les taches et les bordures, plus prés de ces derniéres, existe une
série de taches ocellées 4 peu prés paralléle aux bords externes ; aux ailes supérieures, ces
taches sont au nombre de six, noires, assez grosses et inégales; aux inférieures, elles sont
reguliérement petites, au nombre de six ou huit, et aussi pales que le fond; de plus, trois
taches pareilles, disposées en ligne droite, sont située 4 leur base.

“Femelle: enyergure 27 mill.—Dessus bleu cendré, avec la céte et Vapex des quatre ailes d’un
brun grisitre se fondant avec le fond; bordures des ailes comme celles du male et précédées,
aux inférieures, par une série de six taches obscures et vaguement triangulaires. Dessous
semblable 4 celui du mile, mais plus foneé et plus accentué, surtout aux ailes inférieures,
dont les taches ocellées sont noiratres.

“ Decrit sur trois ¢ et une 2 de la province Thibetaine de Mou-Pin, rapportés par M. Abbé A.
David.—Collect. du Muséum.” (Poujade, 1. ¢.)

Lycona marginata, Pouj.—“ Envergure: de 21 4 23 millim.—Male: dessus lilas foncé; ailes
supéricures ayant au bord externe une bordure brune, large de 2 millim. a l’apex et allant en
diminuant vers l’angle interne; ailes inférieures & bord costal largement ombré de brun ;
franges brunes, blanchissant 4 Vextrémité. Dessous brun clair; les quatre ailes ayant la
tache discoidale ordinaire et bordées d’une double série de taches en chevron peu indiquées ;
les supérieures ont, un peu au-deld des teux tiers, une série de cing ou six points ocellées d’un
brun pale paralléle au bord externe ; les inférieures posscdent également uno série de sept ou
huit points ocellés limitant parallélement au bord externe les deux tiers de Vaile, sauf les
deux premiers points qui sont reculés jusqu’au milieu du bord costal; deux ou trois taches
pareilles oecupent la base de Vaile qui est sablée d’argent verdatre,

“Femelle ; dessus brun avec la base des quatre ailes saupoudrée de bleu Voutremer, dessous plus

ZIZERA. 5a7

accentué que celui du male. Cette espéce appartient au méme groupe que L. lysimon,
Hiibner.
« Decrite sur six males et une femelle.” (Powjade, l. ¢.)

I have specimens of this species from every locality I visited in Japan and
Corea, and also from each of the places in China that Messrs. Pratt and
Kricheldorff collected in; also a number of Indian examples from Sikkim.
With this large amount of material before me I am therefore able to realize
something of the extensive variation to which the species is subject, and
I have no hesitation whatever in placing L. argia, Ménétriés; L. japonica,
Murray; Z. alope, Fenton; L. opalina and L. marginata, Poujade, as forms
of one species, ¢. e., Zizera (Lycena) maha, Kollar. In this opinion I am
supported by Mr. de Nicéville, who in his ‘ Butterflies of India’ (vol. iii.
p. 113), discussing the variation of Indian Z maha, says :—“ There is very
little doubt in my mind that the ‘ Lycena’ argia, Ménétriés (of which
Z. japonica, Murray, and Z. alope, Fenton, are synonyms), which occurs in
China, Japan, and Corea, should be added to the synonymy of this species.”
Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 380) also holds this view, and
adds L. diluta, Felder, and LZ. stmilis, Moore, as synonyms.

‘The type of L. japonica, Murray, is a female, and is said to differ from argia
in the absence of the marginal spots on the secondaries ; but as every gradation
is exhibited between specimens of Z. maha with the typical markings well
developed, and others in which the macular ornamentation of the outer margin
of secondaries is entirely absent, the distinction referred to by Murray is of
no specific value whatever.

The principal differential characters upon which Mr. Fenton separates his
alope from argia, Ménétriés (=maha, Kollar), are (1) the deeper violet
colouring, (2) the broader border to primaries, (3) the absence of black spot
from cell on under surface of primaries. The colour of Z. maha is most
variable in intensity, and the width of the marginal border seems to vary in
proportion to the depth of the ground-colour. ‘Then with regard to the black
spot in the cell on under surface of primaries, I find that this character is a
very variable one both in size and definition, and sometimes is altogether
absent. I have one specimen in which this spot is present on one wing and
absent from the other.

The pale males with narrow borders are usually referred to var. japonica,
with which opalina, Poujade, is synonymous ; these appear in the spring and

2X 2

328 LYCENIDA.

autumn, and var. alope (=marginata, Poujade), is on the wing in the
summer.
Common in some of its forms throughout India, China, Corea, and Japan.

Genus EVERES.

Everes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 85 (1881) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 221 (1884) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 186 (1890).

“ Forp wine elongate, triangular ; costaslightly arched at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin
slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein short, bent slightly upward before
reaching the costa, and not extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch
ascending and anastomosed to costal near its end, second at one third before end of the cell,
third at one sixth before its end, fourth from one half length of the third and terminating at
the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle ;
the middle median emitted at one sixth before end of the cell, lower at one half before its
end; submedian slightly recurved.

“ Hinp wine oval; with a slender tail from end of lower median vein; costal vein extending to
near apex, arched at the base; upper discocellular oblique, lower erect, radial from their
middle ; cell short ; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at one half
before its end; submedian and internal veins straight.

“ Bony small, short ; palpi slender, porrect, second joint pointed at its end and clothed with
longish scales at its base beneath, third joint long, slender; antenne with a slender grooved
club.

‘* Legs slender.

“Type £. amyntas, Fabricius” [=argiades, Pallas]. (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Everes argiades.

Papilio argiades, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 472 (1771).

Lycena argiades, Lang, Butt. Eur, p. 101, pl. xxii. fig. 5 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 17, pl. iv. figs. 23 a,b (1886).

Everes aryiades, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 187, pl. xxvi. fig. 180, ¢ (1890).

Lycena hellotia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. ii. p. 124, pl. x. fig. 6 (1857).

* Expands 0°50 to 1:12 inch, Hind wings with a short tail. The male has all the wings violet-
blue, with a narrow brown hind marginal border; the fore wings are without spots; the
hind wings haye two or three small brown spots along the hind margin, near the anal angle.
The female is brown, slightly tinged with violet-blue at the bases ; the hind wings, besides
having two or three black spots near the anal angle, show faint traces of an orange band.
The fringes in both sexes are white. Underside greyish white, tinged with blue at the base ;
all the wings have a faint hind marginal orange band. ‘The fore wings have a narrow linear
discoidal spot, and a row of seven black spots enclosed by the orange band, and an irregular

row running across the central area of the wings, besides two placed near the base.”
(Lan . l. C.)

EVERES. 329

Dr. Lang states that the larva is pale green, with darker dorsal and lateral streaks, and light
brown and white spots. It feeds on trefoil and other Leguminose.

Lycena hellotia, Ménétri¢és.—“ D’aprés un individu de 14 lignes d’envergure.

“En dessus, il est d’un brun trés foneé, présentant 4 la base un reflet bleu; sur l’angle anal des
secondes ailes, un point noir surmonté d’un croissant fauve.

*‘ En dessous, il est d'un blanc brillant, un peu blendtre; les ailes supérieures n’ont pas de traits
ou points 4 leur base, et le trait discoidal trés peu visible ; puis, derricre celui-ci une ligne
de six traits noirs forts marqués, et prés du bord externe on ne remarque que la trace de
deux ou trois traits bruns, marqués de fauve extérieurement, et placés prés de langle interne.
Les ailes inférieures présentent deux points noirs placés plus prés de la base que du disque,
mais on n’appercoit aucune trace de croissant discoidal; puis au-deld une rangée transversale
de points trés noirs, disposés en w, dont deux pres de l’angle externe, quatre autour du disque
et trois, plus bas, prés de l’angle anal; enfin sur le bord externe, et vers l’angle interne, sont
deux points noirs, surmontés chacun d’une tache fauve, limitée supérieurement par un trait
noir trés étroit, et plus extérieurement, toujours sur le bord marginal, deux faibles traces de
fauve.” (Ménétriés, l. ¢.)

The above description refers to a specimen taken by M. Goschkevitsch in
Japan, and is apparently a worn female of H. argiades bereft of tails.

Pryer says that the species occurs in Japan from March to October.

I have received specimens from all the localities in China visited by my
collectors. The small var. polysperchon, Bergstrasser, is of common occur-
rence, but I have not seen the var. coretas, Ochsenheimer, from any eastern
locality. Some male specimens taken by myself in Japan have red lunules
on upper surface of secondaries as in the females. Nagasaki specimens
attain a wing-expansion of 1}inch. It is also common in Amurland and
Corea.

Everes argiades is very widely distributed. It occurs in North America,
South and Central Europe, almost throughout Asia, and has been found in
Australia.

_ Everes arcana. (Plate XXXI. fig. 1, ¢.)
Lycena arcana, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 43 (1890).

Male. Brown: secondaries with a slender short black tail fringed with white; discoidal spot of
primaries black ; discal area suffused with pale blue, as also is the basal area of secondaries,
which is further adorned with a submarginal row of black spots, the last two bordered
internally with orange, and externally with whitish. Under surface pale grey; discoidal
spot, central, and submarginal lines of primaries dark grey, bordered with white. The
secondaries have three black basal spots ; discoidal spot and central line dark grey, bordered
with white; the line is much interrupted, especially towards the costa, and is represented on
the costa itself by a black spot outlined with white; submarginal line wavy dark grey, and

330 LYCAENIDA.

preceding a series of triangular spots of the same colour on the outer margin; two black
spots towards anal angle, edged outwardly with metallic blue and inwardly with orange.
Female. Similar to male, but without the blue suffusion.
Expanse, ¢ 31 millim., 2 33 millim.

One male, Chang-yang, June ; one female, Ship-y-Shan, September.
Allied to Z. argiades, but differs therefrom in the ornamentation of under

surface.

Everes fischeri.

Lycena fischeri, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. (1843) ii. p. 537; Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom.
vy. p. 20 (1880); Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 112, pl. xxiii. fig. 6 (1884) ; Fixsen, Rom. sur
Lép. ii. p. 284 (1887).

Male. All the wings dark brown. The primaries have a small blackish discoidal spot, and the
minutely tailed secondaries have a submarginal series of ill-defined pale spots. Fringes white.
Under surface pale greyish; primaries have a black discoidal spot surrounded with whitish ;
beyond is an irregular transverse series of fairly large black spots, and there are two rows of
smaller black spots parallel with outer margin, these spots are encircled with whitish : secon-
daries have four basal spots and a linear discoidal spot, beyond there is an irregular central
series of black spots, which, together with the discoidal spot, are ringed with whitish, and two
marginal rows, the latter enclose a faint orange band, and the spots near anal angle are
powdered with silvery blue.

Female similar to the male, but the pale submarginal macular band on secondaries is more distinct
and marked with orange in the median interspaces,

Expanse, g 23-26 millim., 9? 26-28 millim.

I found this species in July at Gensan, Corea, but it seems to be rare. A
female specimen is also recorded by Dr. Fixsen from Corea. M. Oberthiir
mentions it from the Isle of Askold, and says that it occurs there in June and
August, and that the specimens are larger than those from the Altai.
Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 158) records E. (L.) fischeri from various
parts of Amurland, the Ural, Saissan, Corea, and China.

Everes zuthus, sp. nov. (Plate XXXI. fig. 7, ¢.)

Male. Vuliginous, with some large velvety-black spots parallel with outer marein of secondaries ;
these spots are more or less completely encircled with bright blue. Fringe white, chequered with
fuliginous on the primaries. Under surface greyish white; the primaries have a discal spot,
and beyond this is a transverse series of seven black spots encircled with white, the third spot
is more oval in shape than the others and placed crosswise; the blackish submarginal band is
interrupted by the whitish nervures and bordered on each side with white ; secondaries have
four black basal spots encircled with whitish, an ochreous-grey central spot and angular
macular band ; the narrow whitish submarginal line is preceded by a series of greyish lunules,
and followed by a series of greyish spots, of these the fifth is marked with orange and metallic

. EVERES. Bon

blue; the sixth is marked in a similar way, but has a black dot in addition ; the fringes of
all the wings are greyish white preceded by a black line.

Female. Similar to the male, but with traces of orange markings towards anal angle of secondaries
in some examples.

Expanse 23-32 millim.

Allied to Z. fischeri and E. ion, but is distinguished from the former species
by the bright blue markings on upper surface of secondaries and the
chequered fringes of primaries, and from both by the different character of
ornamentation on the under surface.

Occurs at several placesin Western China, in July and August, at altitudes
ranging from 5000 up to 8500 feet.

Everes ion. (Plate XXXI. fig. 4, 3.)
Lycena ion, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 58 (June 1891).

Agrees almost exactly with Z. fischeri, Eversm., on the upper surface, but the under surface of
secondaries presents the following differences: the ground-colour is much whiter ; there are
three or four patches of grey near the base; the central band is uninterrupted, grey in colour,
contains a whitish spot, and has a spur from its outer edge to a grey band on the onter margin ;
this latter is intersected by a whitish transverse line; there are no orange markings on the
outer margin, but there are some silvery scales and a small black spot above anal angle.

Expanse 28-30 millim.

Occurs in Western China at Wa-shan, Wa-ssu-kow, Chow-pin-sa, Chia-
kou-ho, and Ta-chien-lu, in June and July, at elevations ranging from 5000

to 8500 feet.

Everes filicaudis. (Plate XXXI. fig. 6, 3.)
Lampides filicaudis, W. B. Pryer, Cistula Entom, ii. p. 231 (1877).

“ Upperside: ground-colour smoky brown-black, alike in both sexes, the only markings being a
just discernible submarginal row of spots on the hind wing, faintly edged with slaty blue.
Underside slaty grey, the usual Lycena-like spots large, black, well-marked, and narrowly
edged with white. The tail is very diminutive, and hardly distinguishable, except in newly
emerged specimens ; the space between the two anal spots of the marginal and submarginal
rows of spots is more or less orange.

“ Expanse of wings.10 lines to 1 inch.” (Pryer, l.¢.)

On the under surface, the basal spots and interrupted arrangement of the spots forming central
series on primaries, together with the lesser amount of orange on the outer margin of
secondaries, distinguish this species from L. fischeri, to which it is otherwise very similar.

Mr. W. B. Pryer states that this species is abundant in all the hilly
districts of North China, and that from its resemblance to the females of some

332 LYCANID.

of the commoner Lycenide it is probably overlooked. It rests on the sides
of bare rocks.

I have taken it at Ningpo in April, and my collectors obtained it at Chang-
yang and Kiukiang, Central China, and at Omei-shan and Chow-pin-sa,
Western China, in May and June.

Everes davidi. (Plate XXXI. fig. 3, 3.)
Lycena davidi, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. exxxv.

«« Envergure: 25 mill.—Dessus brun trés foneé, les ailes inférieures avec une petite queue et le bord
externe bordé de petites lunules gris perle. Dessous blanc terne, avec des taches noires disposées
comme dans L. fischeri, Ey., mais non cerclées, et deux taches en plus 4 la base des ailes
supérieures.” (Poujade, l.c.)

This species is easily distinguished from LZ. filicaudis on the under surface
by the whiter ground-colour and the different arrangement of the spots forming
the central band on primaries.

Apparently a very scarce species, as I have only one male specimen, which
was taken in June at Moupin, from whence the type was also received.

Everes potanini. (Plate XXXI. fig. 2, 3.) -

Lycena potanini, Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 104, pl. v. fig. 4, ¢ (1889).

Everes umbriel, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lviii. pt. 2, p. 433, pl. xxiii. fig. 1
(1889).

“ Palpi perlongi supra fusei (articulo terminali ubique fusco) subtus albi; oculi nudi; ale posticee
rotundate cauda tenuissima munite. Ale supra fusce, subtus fuscescenti-cane: antice
fasciis duabus pagine extern interruptis, seriebus duabus punctorum antemarginalium
strigaque venw transverse cellule fuseescentibus albido circumductis ; ala postice punctis
duobus superpositis ad basin, fascia angusta media (supra interrupta), fasciis duabus (inter-
ruptis) paginse extern (altera subcostali, altera inter venas 4 et 7 sita) fuscescentibus
albido cireumductis ; fascia undulata antemarginali serieque punctorum marginalium (quorum
duo inter venas 3 et 5 fulvo marginata) fuscis. Puncta marginalia inter venas 3 et 5 sita
strigaque anguli anali ceruleo (metallice) atomata; yenam contra tertiam caudula tenuissima
fusca albo-terminataa ¢ = 23 mm. Un g pris, le 38 Septembre, 1885, & Pikoud.”
(A Iphéraky, th Cc.)

Female rather larger than the male, but agrees with that sex in colour and marking.

Li. umbriel, Doherty.—“ Male, above black, the cilia of the hind wing and of the lower angle of
the fore wing whitish, except at the ends of the veins. Below grey-white (much whiter
than in 2, kala) with the following blackish markings, the discal ones quadrate. Fore wing
with a streak across the end of the cell, a broad, straight, transverse discal band, inwardly
dislocated below the middle median, the lower part outwardly oblique, outer margin widely
dark, containing an inner lunular and an outer slender whitish fascia. Hind wing with large

EVERES.—J AMIDES. 303

subcostal, a smaller cellular, and a minute abdominal spot all near the base, a streak across
the end of the cell, and a broad discal transverse band broken into four quadrate masses,
of which only the upper two touch each other, the first covering two spaces, the second
(strongly dislocated outwardly) three, and the third (nearer the base, oblique) two; the
fourth being a small lunule between the submedian and the internal veins. Outer margin
broadly dark, containing a row of whitish lunules (the subanal one orange) surrounding
black spots, of which the two subanal ones are touched with metallic green. A whitish
submarginal and a black marginal line, both very slender, the cilia and the tip of the tail
white.” (Doherty, /. ¢.)

Mr. Doherty adds :—* I took two males of wmbriel in the Tenasserim Valley, and observed one or
two others.” Mr. Elwes has specimens in his collection, taken by Doherty in East Pegu at
an elevation of 4500 feet in March and April. These examples agree exactly with Chinese
specimens of LE. potanini.

This species appears to be not uncommon at Moupin and Chow-pin-sa,
Western China. It occurs in June at an elevation of about 5000 feet. The
type is from the Province of Kan-sou.

As will be seen on referring to the figure, potanini is very different
on the under surface to any other described species of Hveres.

Genus JAMIDES.

Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 86 (1881) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 222 (1884) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 156 (1890).

‘‘Forn wine elongate, triangular; costa slightly arched at base, apex very acute, exterior
margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein bent upward near
its end to the costa, extending to half length of the margin: first subcostal branch short,
emitted at nearly one half before end of the cell, and slightly touching the costal at its
angle, second branch at one third before end of the cell, third close to the end; fourth at
nearly one half from third, and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; disco -
cellulars slightly waved, radial from their middle; cell broad, long, extending to more than
half the wing; middle median branch emitted at one sixth before end of the cell, lower at
nearly one half before the end; submedian straight.

“ Hinp wine short, triangular, with a slender tail from end of lower median vein; costal vein
arched and extending to apex; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle; cel
short, broad ; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at nearly one half
before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved.

‘*Bopy slender, short. Palpi porrect, second joint projecting half length beyond the head, clothed
with adpressed scales, third joint naked, slender, about half length of second. Antenne with
a thick club.

“* Legs slender.” (Moore, 1. c.)

354 LYCANIDA,

Jamides bochus.

Papilio bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p, 210, pl. ecexci. figs. C, D, g (1782).

Jamides bochus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83,
pl. xxxvi. figs. 8 ¢, 8a@ 2 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 222, pl. xxi. figs.19 g,
16 2 (1884) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 157 (1890).

** Vale. Wings above bright metallic blue; anterior wings (excepting a basal space occupying
the lower half of wing beneath cell, and not extending beyond extremity of cell) black ;
posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins black, and with some
indistinct anal angular spots. Wings beneath pale brownish; anterior wings crossed on
outer half by two series of greyish linear fasci, which terminate near the upper median
neryule, and are then continued by a third series which commences between them and
terminates near inner margin, and with a marginal and two submarginal series of greyish
linear fasciee. Posterior wings with two series of irregular and broken greyish linear fascie,
which are apparently arranged in subbasal and discal series ; a third series beyond disk ; two
submarginal waved linear fascie and a narrow marginal fascia of the same colour; a large
black marginal spot bordered with reddish ochraceous between the first and second median

nervules, and a smaller spot of the same colour irrorated with bluish scales at anal angle.
Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

“ Females Wings above bright but non-metallic blue; anterior wing with the costal and outer
margins broadly (broadest at apex) blackish; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal
margins fuscous, the posterior margin narrowly black, with two submarginal waved fuscous
linear fasciee, and a large marginal black spot inwardly bordered with bluish between second
and third median neryules. Wings beneath paler in hue, but marked as in male.

“Exp. wings, d 22-27 millim., 9 28-32 millim.” (Distant, 1. ¢.)

I have one specimen of each sex from Chang-yang, Central China, and
these are almost identical with some Sikkim examples, and agree with
Mr. Distant’s description of the species.

teferring to Jaiides bochus, Mr. de Nicéville says :—* As regards coloration
the male of this species is perhaps the most lovely of the Indian ‘ blues,’
its brillianey rivalling some of the South-American species of Morpho.

It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring all along the low

outer valleys of the Himalayas, but not in the desert region of Sind, throughout

continental and peninsular India, in Ceylon, the Andaman Isles, and on

Kamorta, Nankowri, Katschall, Trinkutt, Teressa, and Great Nicobar Islands,

in Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Formosa, and

Australia. In Ceylon, Mr. Hutchison states that it ‘has a quick flight,

darting from point to point among hedges on the roadside, and settling on

the leaves.’ This I can confirm; in Calcutta it seems invariably to frequent
trees and bushes, and always settles with closed wings. As it flashes past
and suddenly settles on a leaf with its dull-coloured underside exposed, the

(lisappearance of such a brilliant little object is somewhat Startling.”

CATOCHRYSOPS. 335

Genus CATOCHRYSOPS.

Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lép. pl. i. p. 87 (1832) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
p. 90 (1881); Distant, Rhop, Malay. p. 223 (1884) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. in.
p. 175 (1890).

“ Forr wine triangular; costal nervure extending half the wing, bent upwards to the costa near
the end; first subcostal nervule emitted at nearly one half before the end of the cell, curved
upwards and slightly touching the costal nervure; second subcostal emitted at one third,
third subcostal at one eighth before the end of the cell, fourth subcostal at two thirds from
the base of the third, and terminating at the apex, fifth subcostal from the end of the cell ;
discocellular nervules slightly concave; discoidal nervule from their middle; discoidal cell
narrower than in the genus Nacaduba, Moore, extending to half length of the wing; second
median nervule from immediately before the end of the cell, first median at one half before
the end.

‘s Hinp wine short, triangularly oval; abdominal margin long; furnished with a single slender
tail; costal nervure much arched; first subcostal nervule slightly curved, emitted at one
fourth before the end of the discoidal cell; discocellular nervules obliquely recurved ;
discoidal nervule from their middle ; discoidal cell broad; third and second median neryules
from the end of the cell, first median at one half before the end ; submedian nervure straight,
internal nervure recurved.

‘“‘Bopy moderate. Palpi porrect, second joint laxly squamose, third joint long, slender. Antennal
club rather short, grooved.

** Legs slender.
“ Type C. strabo, Fabricius.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Catochrysops cnejus.

Hesperia cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798).

Lycena cnejus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. K. I. C. p. 83 (1829).

Catochrysops cnejus, Distant, Rhop. Malay. pp. 225, 456, pl. xxi. fig. 2, g, pl. xliv.
fig. 15, 2 (1886) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i. p. 178 (1890).

‘ Alee supra foemine ad basin, antice usque ad discum leté cxrulee, argenteo nitide, limbis
exteriore et posteriore fuscis ; postice serie punctorum ocellatorum, ocellis duobus analibus
saturatioribus rufo annulatis, penultimo insigniore, omnibus posticé abrupté terminatis ; huic
serie parallele, ad marginem interiorem limbi, macule quinque cuneate, acumine introrsum
spectante, in serie transversé ordinate; subtis cane in flavescentem vergentes, singule
stigmate brevi in disco fasciisque transyersis catenulatis albo marginatis; fascia in anticis
duz margini postico approximate tertia saturatior margini discoque intermedia, hee per alas
posticas ducta ex fragmentis brevibus et in regioni anali ex arcubus interruptis efformatur ;
ocelli anales in posticis duo insignes eequales nigerrimi circulo aureo-irrorato marginali cincti
lunulaque aurantia inducti; punctis insuper quatuor nigerrimis albo annulatis, tribus in
serie basilari digestis, quarto marginali ad medium coste.

*“* Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 lin.

* Female. Wings above with a deep brown border; a light blue tint with a bright silvery

2x 2

; LYCENIDA.

reflection is, in the hinder wings confined to the base, in the fore wings expanded to the
disc, but entirely evanescent in a certain position towards the light; posterior border of the -
hinder wings bearing a series of dark ocellate spots, of which two at the anal angle are of a
deeper tint and surrounded internally with bright rufous crescents; the penultimate ocellus
exceeds the last in size and brilliancy of colour; all these ocelli are abruptly truncated
behind, and the exterior ones are surrounded internally with narrow white crescents; a row
of angular or wedge-shaped marks of a brilliant white, having the points directed towards
the disc, passes along the inner edge of the marginal series; the cilia are grey ; underneath
the wings are grey with a faint isabella-yellow shade ; each pair is marked on the dise with
a short transverse stigma, which in the hinder ones is slightly curved; the anterior wings
have further three ranges of catenulated bands of a brown colour, of which the two exterior
are parallel with and adjoining the posterior margin, being confined by the marginal strige ;
the third, in which the catenulated character is more distinctly exhibited, is intermediate
between the marginal series and the disc; this is continued through the hinder pair, where
it is more curved and somewhat irregular and infracted in its course; in the marginal series
of ocellate spots, the interior ones form two strongly marked anal ocelli; these are regularly
round, nearly equal in size and brilliancy of tint, intensely black, encircled by a pale orange
iris, bordered internally by a ring of yellow metallic irrorations, which is partially interrupted
at the internal edge; the hinder wings have further four ocellate spots of an intense black
colour with white iris, three of these are placed in a transverse series at the base, and
a third, somewhat larger and more vivid, in the middle of the anterior margin close to
the costa. The thorax above has a bluish cast, and is covered with delicate hairs; the
abdomen is brown; underneath the thorax and legs are covered with a delicate pure white
down, and the abdomen agrees in colour with the wings; the antenne are banded with
white.” (Horsfield, 1. c.)

“ Larva when full-fed about half an inch in length, green, of the usual lycsenid-shape, the head

small, black, shining, retractile as usual. Colour of body pale green, with darker green
or reddish dorsal and subdorsal lines, often with short oblique lines one on each segment on
each side between the dorsal and subdorsal lines, the latter coalesced into a broad band
between the eleventh and last segments. The entire surface of the body covered with
minute white tubercles, there are also a few scattered white hairs. "The segmental
constrictions shallow. Spiracles black. Extensile organs on the twelfth segment small.
The larva is broader than high in its highest part, increasing in width to the fourth segment,
from thence to the flattened anal segment of about uniform width. Bred by me in Calcutta
on Phaseolus trilobus, Linnewus.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

According to Mrs, Wylly, as quoted by de Nicéville (J. ¢.), the larvee vary in colour; some are

yellowish green, others uniform pale green, and others again are dark red-brown. ‘“ The
food-plant is an edible bean (Dolichos catjang) growing inthe rains, with clusters of bluish
flowers,’ and the larve feed on the flowers and buds.

[ received one specimen from Ta-chien-lu, Western China, where it

was taken at an elevation of over 7000 feet. It is rather larger than
Marjiling specimens; the outer margins are more broadly bordered with
black, and the discoidal spot of primaries is more distinct.

Mr. de Nicéville places C. patala, Kollar, as a synonym of Catochrysops

CATOCHRYSOPS.—POLYOMMATUS. 337

cnejus, and is of opinion that C. theseus, Swinhoe, C. ella, C. contracta, and
C. hapalina, Butler, are not specifically distinct from that species.

Generally distributed throughout the Indo-Australian Region, its range
extending into Western China.

Genus POLYOMMATUS.
Polyommatus, Latreille, Sonnerat’s Buffon, xiv. p. 116 (1805) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i.
p- 93 (1881) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 230 (1884) ; de Niceville, Butt. Ind. in.
p- 203 (1890).

“Fore wine triangular, costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex
towards the apex, posterior margin straight ; costal vein extending to half length of wing ;
first and second subcostal branches short, first emitted at nearly one half before end of the
cell, second at one fifth, third bifid and emitted close to end of the cell, fourth at one half
from third, and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars nearly
erect, of equal length, radial from their middle ; cell broad, extending to a little beyond half
length of wing; upper median from end of the cell, middle branch at one fifth and lower at
one third before end of the cell ; submedian nearly straight.

“«Hinp wine bluntly oval; furnished with a single slender tail; costal vein much arched from
the base; first subcostal branch curved, emitted at one fourth before end of the cell;
discocellulars very slender, upper slightly concave, radial from their middle; two upper
median branches from end of cell, lower branch at one third before the end; submedian
straight, internal recurved, short.

“¢ Bony stouter than in Lampides.
* Palpi porrect, long, slender, flattened, fringed beneath. Antennal club stout, grooved.
*« Legs slender.

“Type P. beticus.”’ (Moore, l.c.)

Polyommatus beeticus.

Papilio beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xu. p. 789 (1767).

Polyommatus beticus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 633 (1823); Distant, Rhop. Malay.
p- 280, pl. xx. figs. 8 ¢, 1 9 (1884) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 204 (1890).

Lycena betica, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 99, pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 17, pl. iv. fig. .12 (1886).

“ Male. Wings above pale violaceous ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the
outer margin more broadly pale fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior
margins pale fuscous, a large black marginal spot between second and third median
nervules, and ‘two contiguous smaller black spots at anal angle. Wings beneath pale
brownish ochraceous, with the following linear brownish fascie margined with greyish :—
anterior wings with two crossing centre and two near end of cell, two (considerably
fractured), crossing wing between end of cell and outer margin, commencing near the fourth
subcostal nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, two submarginal (the innermost

338 LYCANIDA.

broadest), and the outer margin narrowly pale fuscovs; posterior wings crossed from base to
beyond middle with about eight linear fascia as on anterior wings (more or less fused and
broken), followed by a distinct and somewhat broad greyish fascia, and with two submarginal
linear brownish fascie ; two large marginal spots containing a few scattered greenish scales
and inwardly margined with pale reddish ochraceous, separated by the lower median
nervule; outer margin narrowly fuscous; fringe of both wings pale brownish, the tips
greyish white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish
white; legs more or less streaked with brownish.

“ Female. Wings above pale brownish; anterior wings with a discal bluish patch ; posterior wings
with two outer greyish submarginal fasciew, the innermost broadest; black anal angular spots
as in male, distinctly margined with greyish ; wings beneath as in male.

“ Exp. wings, ¢ & 9, 30 to 38 millim.” (Distant, l.c.)

“ Larva when full-grown measures ;'; of an inch in length ; pale dull green throughout, slightly
shagreened, but not hairy, except slightly so at the sides; the small retractile head smooth,
ochreous pale brown, shining; a dorsal line of a somewhat darker green than the ground, no
other markings whatever, altogether a very plain-looking creature; the constrictions at the
segments shallow, the spiracles black but inconspicuous, the extensile organs on the twelfth
segment very short: feeds on the yellow pea-like flowers and on the pods of Crotalaria
striata, DC., in Caleutta. Pupa pale yellowish green, the posterior end very blunt and
rounded, the abdominal segments larger than the anterior, the head small, a dark dorsal line,
a double subdorsal series of small black spots, the thorax slightly humped on the back, the
pupa smooth throughout.” (de Wicéville, 1. ¢.)

The early stages of this species are also described by Dr. Lang (J. ¢.) as
follows :—

“ Larva. Green or olive, or sometimes reddish brown, with a dark dorsal stripe. The spiracles
are yellow, and below there’is a white lateral stripe; above the spiracles on each segment is
an oblique line, paler than the ground-colour. Pupa. Reddish yellow, dotted with brown,
and with black spiracles.

“The larva feeds on the pods of the common pea, also on Colutea arborescens, and on various
leguminous plants, devouring the seeds, The eggs are laid in the autumn on the twigs of
the plants, the newly emerged Jarva entering the young pods in the following summer ; when
it is fully grown it undergoes its pupation on the stems or on the leaves.”

This species, which is widely distributed throughout the greater part of
the Old World, occurs sparingly in all the Chinese localities visited by my
collectors ; it is also found in Japan, but it is very rare in that country.

Genus ORTHOMIELLA.
Orthomiella, de Nicéville, Butt, Ind. iii, p. 125 (1890).
“Fore wine ; costa evenly and gently curved throughout, apex rather acute, outer margin convex,
inner margin rather sinuous, inner angle acute, produced ; costal nervure ending opposite the

apex of the discoidal cell; first subcostal nervule completely anastomosed with the costal ner-
vure, into which it runs immediately after its origin, the costal neryure being bent downwards

ORTHOMIELLA. 339

to meet it, again becoming free and reaching the margin some distance beyond the apex of the
cell ; second subcostal with its base nearer to the base of the first subcostal than to the base
of the upper discoidal; third subcostal originating midway between the apices of the cell and the
wing; middle discocellular nervule slightly outwardly oblique, concave ; lower discocellular of
the same length as the middle discocellular, slightly inwardly oblique, concave ; second median
nervule originating some little distance before the lower end of the discoidal cell ; submedian
nervure following the inner margin, slightly bent downwards towards its extremity. Hind
wing: costa arched at base, then slightly concave to apex, apex acute, outer margin at first
straight, then convex; anal angle rounded; costal nervure very long, sinuous, following the
outline of the wing, ending on the margin at the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule
originating some distance before the apex of the discoidal cell; discocellular nervules nearly
erect, concave ; second median nervule originating immediately before the lower end of the cell ;
submedian and internal nervures straight. Antenne short, less than half the length of the
costa of the fore wing, with a large, flattened, spatulate club. Palpi long, porrect, second
joint furnished with very long bristly hairs beneath, third joint naked, acicular. Eyes hairy.
Head with a tuft of long hairs between the bases of the antennz. Male with no secondary
sexual characters. Female with the outer margin of the fore wing more convex than in the
male, otherwise similar.
“ Type Chilades? pontis, Elwes.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Orthomiella pontis. (Plate XXXI. fig. 19, 2, var.)

Chilades? pontis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 446; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 384, pl. vill. fig. 5, ¢.

Chilades ? sinensis, Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1887, p. 446.

Orthomiella pontis, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind, iii. p. 126, pl. xxvi. fig. 177, ¢ (1890).

“Male above dull purplish black, with faint green or (in some lights) purple reflection, darker
towards the body. Fringes alternated with black and white.

“Beneath dull grey, with irregular darker markings, which on the hind wing coalesce into a
blackish patch powdered with grey on the inner half of the wing.

“‘ Body black, with grey hairs and palpi. Antenne faintly ringed, with a short distinct club.
“ Expanse ;°, inch.” (Elwes, 1. c.)

Var. sinensis, Elwes. (Plate XXXI. fig. 19,9.) ‘“Resembles C. pontis, but has a broad border
of a darker colour than the wings, no green reflections, and a much rounder apex to the fore
wing. Beneath, the markings are very similar but more continuous, and there is an outer
band near the margin of the fore wing not found in C. pontis. The dark markings on the
hind wing also come nearer to the margin.”

The type of O. pontis was described by Mr. Elwes from specimens taken
by himself “on the bridge crossing the Rangpi River on the way from
Darjiling to Mongpo, at about 6000 feet elevation, in dense dripping
evergreen forest.” ‘The description of var. sinensis appears to have been
made from a specimen taken by me near Ningpo in April 1886, and also

340 LYCANIDA.

applies to specimens from Kiukiang which were taken by Maries and are in
the National Collection at South Kensington.

The only specimens that I have are an example of each sex taken by my
collectors at Chang-yang. The upper surface of the male exactly corresponds
with pontis from Sikkim, and the female seems to agree with the description
of sinensis, the type of which was probably a female also.

In Méller’s collection there is a good series of pontis, which includes one
female example, taken in Sikkim. The female has the wings broadly
bordered with black, and the disc is bright bluish purple, with a greenish
reflection at the base. I can see no greenish reflection in any of the males
from Sikkim, which are all of a bright purple in one light, and brown in
another. The markings on the under surface are also somewhat variable.
I cannot, however, find any character by which sinensis can be specifically

separated from pontis, and can therefore only regard the former as a local
race of the latter.

Genus NIPHANDA.
Niphanda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 572.

*“* Palpi very long, porrect, extending much beyond the head, flattened ; second joint fusiform,
squamose ; third joint slender, naked, slightly thickened vertically at the tip. Antenne
(broken). Body robust. Legs slender, minutely squamose. “Wings broad, strong: fore
wing elongated, trigonal, costa arched ; hind margin extending much beyond posterior wing ;
exterior margin slightly convex towards posterior angle, which is acute; median vein with
four branches, the second and fourth arising at the extremity of the cell, the third starting
from the second near its extremity before the apex: hind wing arched along anterior margin ;
outer angle much rounded, abdominal margin long and nearly straight, anal angle acute.
Near to Chrysophanus.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

Niphanda fusca. (Plate XXXI. fig. 17, 9 var.)

9. Thecla fusca, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 9 (1858) ; Ménétriés, Cat.
Mus. Petr. i. pl. iv. fig. 5 (1855).

d+ Amblypodia fusca, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr, iii. p. 469 (1861).

Amblypodia dispar, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 24, pl. iii. fig. 4, 3 (1864).

Polyommatus fuscus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, ii. p. 20, pl. iv. fig. 5 (1876).

Niphanda fusca, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 2, 9 (1886).

Thecla fusca, var. lasurea, Graeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 74.

“Ale antic maris supra coorulescenti-violaceo-micantes, subtus fusco-grisex ; maculis, fasciis
lunulisque marginalibus fuscis, albido-annulatis. 82m.” (Bremer, Lep, Ost-Sib.)

“Alis supra; fuscis, anticis nigro-maculatis; posticis maculis duobus nigris ad angulum ani;—

NIPHANDA.—AMBLOPALA. 341

subtus fusco-griseis, maculis fasciisque fuscis, albido-marginatis, lunulis marginalibus fuscis,
albido-annulatis.
“ Expans, alar. antic. une. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s.)

Pryer states that this species frequents highlands and mountain slopes
from June to September, and gives Nikko and Fujisan as localities. I found
it common throughout Japan and Corea during July and August. Pratt and
Kricheldorff obtained the species at Kiukiang and Ichang in Central China,
and at many of the places where they collected in Western China. Mr. W.
B. Pryer records specimens from Ningpo.

The form NV. fusca, female, to which Graeser (J. c.) has given the name
lasurea, has the disc of the wings tinged with pale blue. It occurs, with all
the intergrades connecting it with the type, in Central China, and a specimen
from Chang-yang is figured on Plate XXXI. fig. 17.

Distribution. Amurland, Corea, Japan, Central, North, and Western China.

Genus AMBLOPALA, gen. nov.

Primaries: inner margin quite straight; outer margin very slightly convex below the pointed
apex and straight from the middle to inner margin. Secondaries have the costa convex at
the base, then slightly concave to the obtuse apex; the outer margin is rounded, but slightly
concave below apex and towards the greatly produced anal lobe. Neuration very similar to
that of Amblypodia.

The legs and underside of the entire body are thickly pubescent.

Antennz quite half the length of fore wing, with a well-formed club, and altogether more robust
than in either Amblypodia or Arhopala.

Amblopala avidiena.

Amblypodia avidiena, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 108 (1877) ; Hewitson, Ill.
Diurn. Lep. (Lycenide) Suppl. p. 23, pl. vill. figs. 72, 73 (1878).

‘‘Upperside: anterior wing with the basal half (except the costal margin, which is rufous brown)
lilac-blue, the outer half dark brown, marked by a bifid spot of orange, the fringe rufous.
Posterior wing rufous brown, with a trifid subbasal blue spot; the anal lobe large and
prominent. Underside: anterior wing pale ochreous brown, the outer margin broadly
rufous, bordered inwardly by a line of white. Posterior wing rufous, crossed from the costal
margin (where it is broad, and marked by a triangular rufous spot) to the anal angle (where
it is narrow) by a band of grey bordered on both sides with white.

** Expanse 13 inch,

“ A remarkable species, belonging to the Narada group.” (Hewitson, LE. M. M.)

Except that the female is rather larger and has a little more blue on all
the wings, the sexes do not differ. Hewitson’s figure seems to represent a
female specimen.

22

342 LYCANID.

Appears to be a very scarce species. I have one male specimen taken by
a native collector at Chang-yang at an elevation of 6000 feet, and a female
example from Kiukiang, where it was captured in May. There are specimens
in the National Collection taken by Maries, and Mr. W. B. Pryer records the
species from the Snowy Valley, Ningpo.

Genus ARHOPALA:
Arhopala, Boisduval, Voy. Astr., Lép. p. 75 (1832) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 226

(1890).
Narathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 835; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 259
(1885).
Amblypodia, auctorum (nec Horsfield).

“ Wines broad.

““ Fore wing: costa nearly straight, moderately arched or strongly arched, often distinctly
waved towards the apex between the terminations of the nervules; apex acute, the
acuteness varying in intensity; outer margin sometimes straight, sometimes regularly
convex, sometimes strongly convex, sometimes slightly concave below the apex, then
strongly convex ; inner margin slightly emarginate in the middle; costal nervure short,
but varying slightly in length, never reaching to opposite the apex of the discoidal cell ;
first and second subcostal and upper discoidal neryules with their bases about equidistant ;
third subcostal nervule rather short, arising nearer to the apex of the wing than to the
apex of the cell, varying in length; middle discocellular nervule given off some little
distance beyond the origin of the upper discoidal, very short, straight, outwardly oblique
(in some species the middle discocellular appears almost to form the base of the lower
discoidal nervule, being nearly as thick as that vein; in other species the middle disco-
cellular is but little thicker than the lower, in others again both are equally thin) ; lower
discocellular nervule four times as long as the middle discocellular, straight, slightly
inwardly oblique; second median nervule given off some little distance before the lower
end of the cell; first median nervule curved, bowed downwards soon after its origin, the
median nervule angled upwards beyond the point where the first median nervule is given
off; submedian nervure straight.

“ Hind wing sometimes entire, sometimes waved, sometimes furnished with a short tail at the
termination of the first median nervule, sometimes this tail considerably Jonger, sometimes
there is an additional very short tooth or tail at the termination of the second median
neryule, sometimes still a third tail, but very short, at the termination of the submedian
nervure ; anal angle sometimes rounded, sometimes acute, sometimes distinctly lobed ;
abdominal margin sometimes straight, sometimes convex to the termination of the internal
nervure, then slightly emarginate ; costa sometimes regularly arched, sometimes bowed at
base, then quite straight, sometimes the outer margin is anteriorly produced at the apex,
thus causing the costa to be sinuate ; costal nervure sometimes nearly straight, sometimes
considerably bowed, sometimes lying quite close to the margin, sometimes well removed
from it; first subcostal nervule arched, given off some little distance before the apex of
the cell; upper discocellular nervule shorter than the lower, slightly concave, slightly

ARHOPALA. 343

outwardly oblique; lower discocellular sometimes upright, sometimes slightly inwardly
oblique, straight or slightly concave; second median nervule emitted always a little
before the lower end of the cell; submedian nervure a little waved; internal nervure
short, recurved.
“ Antenne short, less than half the length of the costa of the fore wing, with a gradually formed
attenuated club.
“« Palpt moderately long, porrect.
«* Eyes smooth,
‘“« Body moderately robust.
“Larva onisciform, posteriorly flattened, bristly at the sides. Pupa of the usual lycenid-shape.”
(de Nicéville, l. ¢.)

Arhopala ganesa. (Plate XXX. fig. 11, var.)

Amblypodia ganesa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. p. 44, pl. ia. fig. 9 (1857).

Amblypodia ganesa, var. seminigra, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 44 (1890).

Amblypodia loomisi, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 11, pl. u. fig. 15 (1886).

Arhopala ganesa, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iu. p. 273 (1890).

“‘Upperside: fore wing with discoidal cell and posterior base sky-blue ; the end of discoidal cell
and between discoidal veinlets white; rest of wing dark brown: hind wing sky-blue to near
exterior margin, rest brown; abdominal margin and ‘cilia paler. Underside cream-white ;
fore wings nearly covered with broad undulating brown bands ; hind wings with ill-defined
undulating bands; near outer margin of both wings appears a very faint undulated line and
a series of dots. Wings shaped as in A. querceti and A. dodonwa. Without tails.

“ Expanse of wings 1} inch.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Var. loomisii, Pryer (=seminigra, Leech). (Plate XXX. fig. 11, ¢.) Male. Primaries blue,
paler beyond cell; costa and outer margin deeply bordered with black; the discoidal spot,
which is within the costal border, is more intensely black. Sccondaries black, suffused with
blue, most pronounced along the central area. Fringes fuscous grey. Under surface pale
brownish grey, with four whitish wavy-edged darker bands—the first two are basal, the third
is abbreviated, the fourth broad and the only one which is clearly defined; submarginal line
slender and interrupted: secondaries greyish brown, with four interrupted bands, these are of
the ground-colour, but darker at the edges and bordered with whitish ; brownish submarginal
line wavy, bordered with whitish and followed by a few brownish linear dots on the margin ;
fringes pale grey, preceded by a darker line.

Expanse 32 millim.

At the time I described the above form of A. ganesa I was not acquainted
with Pryer’s doomzsi ; but I now find that the latter and my var. seminigra
are identical; as, however, Pryer’s name is the earlier one, it must stand for
the Japanese and Chinese form of the Indian A. ganesa.

The type of ldoomisi was taken at Kanozan in Kadzusa, Japan, and I
received one example from Chang-yang, Central China, and another from
Chow-pin-sa, Western China.

DIZ,

344 LYCANID.

In India ganesa appears to be restricted to the Western Himalayas. I have
a nice series of the typical form taken by Capt. Young at Sultanpore, Kulu.

Col. Lang, according to de Nicéville, states that A. ganesa occurs in oak-
forests at elevations varying from 5500 to 6500 feet. ‘The sinuous character
of the costa of secondaries is suggestive of the genus Mahathala.

Arhopala japonica, (Plate XXX. fig. 14, ¢.)

Amblypodia japonica, Murray, Eut. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 170 (1875) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p- 11, pl. ii. fig. 14 (1886).

‘ Alis supra violaceo-ceruleis, late nigro-marginatis, anticis ad apicem subfalcatis, posticis ecau-
datis: alis omnibus subtus brunneis strigis fasciisque saturatioribus.

Alar. exp. 1” 6". Habitat Japoniam.

“ All the wings are above of a rich dark blue, widely black-bordered, with only a trace of disco-
cellular streaks. Underside brown, whitish along inner margin of fore wing. Fore wing:
an oblong mark closing cell, a spot within cell, a spot below each of these, a transverse
submacular fascia beyond middle, bent on first median nervure, a series of lunules along the
hind margin, and a line before the fringe darker brown. Hind wing: markings very
indistinct ; a basal row of three minute blackish dots, followed by a transverse band of
hardly perceptible brown spots; a rather large outlined discocellular mark; a transverse
macular band, the spots composing which (except the two nearest the costa) are only outlined
with darker; and a submarginal row of crescents, edged interiorly near anal angle by
greyish-blue scales. Fringe shining brown. All the dark markings of the underside are
faintly and very narrowly edged with lighter brown.” (Murray, 1. c.)

A common insect in Southern Japan in May. I captured specimens also
in the autumn in Central Japan and at Gensan, Corea, in July. Pryer (J. c.)
states that this species hybernates.

Arhopala rama.
Thecla rama, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 412, pl. iv. figs. 1, 2, g (1848).
Amblypodia rama, Hewitson, Cat. (Lycenide) Brit. Mus. p. 13, pl. vii. figs. 69, 70, g,
71, 9 (1862).
Panchala rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 252.
Arhopala rama, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii, p. 251 (1890).
pickets querceli, Moore, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 43 (1857).

‘ Alis fuscis eyaneo nitentibus, posticis unicaudatis, subtus omnibus dilute fuscis, fasciis obsoletis
undulatis obscurioribus.—Expans. alar. 1” 4'"".” (Kollar, 1. ¢.)

1. querceti, Moore.—“ Male. Upperside purple ; fore wing with broadish brown exterior margin
commencing from middle of anterior margin ; hind wing with broad brown margins.

lenale, Upperside, with discoidal cell and posterior base of foro wing and middle of hind
wing purple, the dise of fore wing being somewhat lighter and pinky ; the rest of the wings

ARHOPALA.—ZINASPA. 345

brown. Underside groyish brown, slightly rufescent on fore wing; an undulating broad
band of rufescent brown crosses the fore and hind wings, another inwardly on the latter half
across the wing, then two or three spots; near exterior margin of both wings is an indistinct
angulated line; fore wing angulated exteriorly ; hind wing rounded ; tail, one.

“ Expanse of wings 13 inch.” (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C.)

Appears to be common at Kiukiang in Central China.

According to Mr. de Nicéville, A. rama is one of the most widely distributed
and abundant species of the genus. It occurs in oak-woods in the outer
ranges of the Western Himalayas up to an elevation of about 9000 feet.
In Sikkim it is much rarer, and has been taken in June and July.

Arhopala turbata.

Amblypodia turbata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 855; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 11, pl. i. fig. 16 (1886).

Satadra teesta, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv. pt. 2, p. 2538, pl. xi. fig. 3, ¢
(1886).

Arhopala teesta, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. in. p. 250, pl. xxvii. fig. 197, g (1890).

** Male. Form and size of A. diardi; but the secondaries: comparatively rather larger, the wings
above dull blue instead of violet, and with a rather broad black external border: under
surface more like A. apidanus in pattern and coloration, but the costal thirds of all the
wings washed with lilac, across which the olive-brown bands run; the abdominal half of
secondaries crossed by three irregularly arched nebulous blackish bands, increasing in
intensity and in extent as they approach the outer margin; the basal area also ashy instead
of dark brown, and the markings on the basal half of the primaries small and more feebly
indicated than those of the external half. Expanse of wings | inch 11 lines.

‘“* Female. Primaries above bright ultramarine, with a very broad black apical area and external
border; secondaries and body blackish brown; wings below more like A. centawrus than the
male, the arched abdominal bands obsolete, replaced by a continuation of the ordinary pale-
edged macular bands. Expanse of wings 1 inch 11 lines.” (Butler, 1. c.)

In Japan this species has been recorded from Nagasaki and Nikko. I
took specimens in the Province of Satsuma in May, flying in company with
A. japonica, and I have received examples taken at Gensan, Corea, by native
collectors. It appears to be always rare.

There is a fine series of A. teesta, which is certainly synonymous with
A. turbata, in Moller’s collection, from Darjiling.

Distribution. Japan, Corea, Sikkim, Sylhet, and Tenasserim.

Genus ZINASPA.
Zinaspa, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. in. p. 451 (1890).

“ Allied to Rapala, Moore, from which it differs in both sexes in the antenne being shorter, the

346 LYCANID.

palpi nearly twice as long and stouter (much longer in the female than in the male), and the
male lacking the tuft of hair on the inner margin of the fore wing, and the glandular patch
below the costa of the hind wing present in that genus. The eyes are naked.” (de Nicé-
ville, l. ¢.)

Zinaspa distorta.
Rapala distorta, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 461, pl. xl. fig. 6, ¢.
Zinaspa distorta, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 452, pl. xxix. fig. 239, g (1890).

“* Male. Upperside: both wings black. Fore wing with the basal and lower discal areas very
deep shining purple, the costal margin broadly, the outer margin still more broadly and the
apex broadest of all, of the ground-colour, the purple coloration occupying about two thirds
of the surface of the wing. Hind wing with the basal and lower discal areas very deep
shining purple, the costa and apex extremely broadly, the outer margin narrowly, black, the
abdominal margin pale fuscous. Underside: both wings as in the female, but of a deeper
vinous colour; all the markings less prominent.

“ Female. Upperside: both wings almost black, somewhat paler on the hind wing. Fore wing
with all but the costa widely, the apex and outer margin still more widely (which are of the
ground-colour), rich bluish purple. Hind wing with a lengthened discal patch of bluish
purple, which occupies the lower half of the discoidal cell, and extends beyond it into the
discoidal and median interspaces, but does not nearly reach the outer margin (this patch is
sometimes entirely wanting). Tail dull ferruginous, tipped with white. Underside: both
wings dull ferruginous or cinnamon-coloured, glossed with vinous. Fore wing with a narrow
white discal line formed of short lunules between the yeins, that portion below the first
median nervule shifted inwards; a double submarginal series-of short white lines, more
diffused than the discal line, placed between the veins, which gives the appearance of six
increasing spots of the ground-colour defined with white. Hind wing with a discal white
line as in the fore wing, but much more distorted and irregular; an obscure similar basal
line, and a submarginal very dentate one; the area beyond the latter irrorated with whitish,
including an obscure rounded ferruginous spot in the first median interspace (sometimes
centred with black); a fine white anteciliary line obsolete anteriorly. Cilia brownish
ferruginous throughout.

“ Allied to Rapala (Surendra) amisena, Hewitson, who describes and figures the female, while
Mr. Distant figures the opposite sex, both from Singapore. Differs from the same (female)
sex of that species, judging from the figure and description only, in having the purple area
of the upperside of the fore wing of less extent and sharply defined (in 2. amisena it appears
to be suffused over nearly the whole wing, with no sharp edges), and on the underside of
both wings in the markings being fewer and white throughout, instead of dark fuscous; with
no trace of the dull light blue irroration at the anal angle of the hind wing, with a lunular
ilack spot between the tails, described by Hewitson as occurring in his ‘ Amblypodia’

amise na.” (de Nicéville, if Cc.)

My collectors found this species rather common at Ni-tou and Huang-mu-
chang in Western China, during July and August. ‘The specimens differ
from the Sikkim type in Méller’s collection in being smaller and in having

ZINASPA.—MAHATHALA. B47

the purple of the upper surface darker in tone, whilst the under surface is

erey instead of ferruginous.
Distribution. Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Western China.

Genus MAHATHALA.
Mahathala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 702.

** Wings broad: fore wing somewhat short, outer margin nearly erect and slightly scalloped ;
third subcostal branch bifureate: hind wing short; costa abbreviated, lobed at the base,
concave towards the end, the apex produced and pointed upward ; exterior margin slightly
concave below the apex, and very convex in the middle; anal angle lobed; a spatulate tail
extending from end of lower median vein; palpi long, stout, apical joint broad laterally ;
antenne thickened to apex.

“ Differs from typical Amblypodia (A. narada, Horsfield) in the entirely different form of wings ;
the fore wing haying the third branch of the subcostal vein bifurcate instead of ENS, as
in the male of A. narada.” (Moore, /. c.)

Mahathala ameria.
Amblypodia ameria, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 14, pl. vin. figs. 85, 86, 9 (1862).
Mahathala ameria, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 703; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind.
lil. p. 283, pl. xxvii. fig. 200 (1890).
Amblypodia angulata, Leech, Entomologist, xxi. p. 44 (1890).
Narathura ameria, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 268, pl. xxi. fig. 30, 9 (1885).

‘‘Upperside brown. Anterior wing dark brown, with a large spot of lilac-blue from the base to
the middle. Posterior wing rufous-brown, with a small narrow spot of blue near the base ;
the tail broader than usual.

“ Underside. Anterior wing rufous-brown, the apex grey; three small white spots within the cell ;
two spots at the end of the cell margined with white; the transverse band broad, of nearly
equal width, curved near the apex. Posterior wing rufous- or grey-brown; the costal margin
near the apex protruded outwards to an acute point; the base and an ill-defined central band
rufous brown.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)

“« Male. Upperside: both wings of a rich deep blue, not purple as in the female, the outer margins
narrowly black. Underside: both wings as in the female.” (de Nicéville, J. c.)

Amblypodia angulata, Leech.—Female.. Costa of primaries slightly sinuous, outer margin dentate
and rather concave from apex to middle. Costa of secondaries convex near the base, then
concave to the acuminate and vertical apex, from whence the outer margin descends obliquely
to the middle, when it becomes rounded ; tails are somewhat spatulate. Black, with a strong
suffusion of bluish purple, intersected by the black venation, on the disc of all the wings;
discoidal spot of secondaries black and bar-like. Under surface of primaries blackish, with a
large quadrate pale grey blotch on the greyish inner margin, preceded by some short brownish-
grey transverse lines on the disc ; central line brownish grey, curved and wavy ; submarginal
line darker, edged internally with black, twice angulated above inner margin, and followed
by some indistinct dark grey-brown lunules: secondaries grey, irrorated with black, suffused

348 LYCANIDA.

with violet towards the base, and clouded with obscure purplish violet over the rest of the
wing ; several pale but ill-defined transverse lines.
Expanse 40 millim,

Occurs at Moupin, Western China, in June, and also at Chang-yang in
Central China; but it is apparently a scarce species, as my collectors only
obtained one specimen of each sex.

Mr. de Nicéville (J. ¢.) says :—‘* MZ. ameria is very variable in the extent of
the purple coloration of the female on the upperside. Calcutta specimens
have about one third less purple than those from the Malay Peninsula, the
purple not reaching the costa of the fore wing. The female appears to be
far more often met with than the male, of which sex I have seen two speci-
mens only. J/. ameria is a rare species, with a wide range, occurring in the
plains of Bengal, in Assam, in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Mergui, Perak,
and Hainan.”

Genus CURETIS.

Curetis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 73 (1881) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 201 (1884); de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i. p. 284 (1890).

Phedra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 123 (1829).

Anops, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. i. pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1836) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 473
(1852). a

“ Anterior wings subtriangular ;- costal margin strongly arched at base, and then almost obliquely
straight to apex, which is either subacute or prominently and falcately acute ; outer margin
concavely sinuate where the apex is produced; inner margin concayely sinuate in the male,
obscurely so in the female; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one third before end of

cell, second at one fourth before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating about midway between
end of cell and apex of wing.

‘« Posterior wings rounded, the anal angle more acute in the male than in the female; subcostal
nervules bifurcating near end of cell.
** Byes hairy.

Palpi porrect, clothed with fine adpressed scales ; apical joint slender, longer in the female than
in the male.

“ Antenne short, gradually thickened into a long apical club.

‘« Legs short, thick, and densely clothed with scales ; anterior tarsus of the male consisting of a
single joint, with an obtuse apical claw, and with some fine spines beneath ; anterior tarsus
of the female five-jointed, with two small apical claws.” (Distant, 1. ¢.)

Curetis angulata.
Curelis angulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 522, pl. xlviii. fig. 2.

* Male. Vrom typical C. bulis (Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. lxxv.) this differs in

CURETIS. 349

the fore wing being pointed and acuminated at the apex; the red area is paler and broader,
extending to the posterior margin towards the base ; the dentate mark at the end of the cell
is also prominent. On the hind wing the exterior margin is much produced to an angle in
the middle, and the anal end more produced ; the red area is also paler, and extends from the
costal edge broadly over the disc, leaving only an exterior marginal blackish band and a
suffused medial basal area.

* Female. With similar outline of wings, and broad white discal areas. Expanse 1? inch.

““N.W. Himalayas.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

I have only one example of each sex; these were taken in the Ichang Gorge
in September. ‘The male agrees very well with Moore’s figure of angulata.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 572) seems to regard angulata,
dentata, and discalis, Moore, as forms of C. bulis, and in this I am inclined
to think that he is probably correct.

In the Moller collection there are thirty specimens of Curetis which have
been arranged in series according to the angulation of the wings and the
amount of red colour on upper surface of the males and of bluish white in
the females. Mr. de Nicéville considers all these to be referable to one
variable species, i. e. C. bulis. )

Curetis acuta.

Curetis acuta, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 50 (1877); Pryer, Rhop.
Nihon. p. 1], pl. iv. figs. 1, 2 (1887).

Curetis truncata, Moore, 1. ec. p. 51 (1877).

** Nearest to C. bulis, Bd.; differs in both sexes in the acute prolongation of the apical angle, and

obliquity of the outer margin, of the fore wing; darker colour; the golden (in the male) and

white (in the female) portion of both wings less prominent, being confined to a smaller space
on the middle of the wing. Expanse 2 inches.
“Shanghai.” (Moore, J. ¢.)

Var. truncata, Moore. ‘“ Female. Brown; fore wing indistinctly paler towards the base ; hind
wing whitish narrowly on anterior margin and slightly at the apex. Underside less promi-
nently marked than .in C. acuta. Expanse 14 inch.

“Shanghai.” (Moore, 1. c.)

In this species the angulation of the wing is subject to considerable varia-

8 8 J

tion, and I cannot find any specific difference between C. acuta and the insect

which Mr. Moore has described as truncata.

Occurs in some numbers at Chia-ting-fu and Omei-shan in Western China,
also at Chang-yang and Kiukiang, and is common in the mountains of
Central Japan.

3A

350 LYCZANIDA.

Genus CAMENA.

Camena, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 47 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883,
p- 529; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 338 (1890).
Pratapa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 108 (1881).

“Heap large. Eyes smooth, the space between them prominent, thickly clothed alternately with
black and white hair. Palpi smooth, very erect, long; the second joint compressed, rising
above the head; the terminal joint of the male as long as the second. Antenne of moderate
length, with numerous short joints indicated by white on the underside. Body robust.

“ Ayrrrior wrxe triangular; costal margin nearly straight ; outer margin slightly curved out-
wards, shorter than the other margins; inner margin slightly projecting near the base, where
it is clothed with a tuft of hair on its underside. Costal nervure extending to the middle of
the margin; subcostal nervure with three branches, two before the end of the cell, the third
at a distance from the apex; the discoidal cell half the length of the wing, closed by two
discocellular nervules in a straight line; the second three times as long as the first, joining
the third branch of the median nervure a little beyond its base ; the upper discoidal nervure
leaves the subcostal before the end of the ceil.

‘* Posrerion wrne with two slender tails ; the abdominal fold and anal angle clothed thickly with
long hair; the costal nervure continued to the apex of the wing; the subcostal branched
before the end of the cell; the cell short, closed obliquely by nervules of equal length joining
the third branch of the median nervule a little beyond its base.” (Hewitson, l. ¢.)

Camena icetas.
Tolaus icetas, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep., Lycenide, p. 44, pl: xviii. figs. 6, 7, 9 (1869).
Camena icetas, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 842 (1890).
Jolaus contractus, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 89 (1890).

Male. Brilliant ultramarine blue. Anterior wing with more than the outer half dark brown, the
tuft of hair at the meeting of the wings black. Posterior wing with the costal and outer
margins brown, Underside grey, paler towards the outer margins. Both wings crossed
beyond the middle by a linear band of brown; the outer margin rufous. Posterior wing
with the two black spots near the anal angle crowned with orange. Expanse 1,4; inch.”
(He wilson, Los)

* Female. Both wings black. Fore wing with the lower basal and discal areas pale blue, rather
darker towards the base of the wing. Hind wing with the dise more or less pale blue; some
indistinet black submarginal spots ; anal lobe bright ochreous, as in the male. Cilia whitish
throughout, Underside: both wings as in the male.” (de Nicéville, 1. oe)

J. contractus, Leech.—Male. Black, ornamented with bright dark blue, which on the primaries
forms a patch extending from the base to the middle of the disc between the median and
submedian nerves, slightly encroaching beyond each boundary. On the secondaries the blue
forms a broad oblique abbreviated band, its anterior limit being the second subcostal nervule,
and its posterior the first median, but there is a small triangular mark beyond this latter
boundary, extending to the orange spot at anal angle; there are some black spots towards
the outer edge of the blue band; the abdominal margin is paler, becoming whitish at the
base. There are two tails of equal length, both black with white tips. Under surface of

D1

[oi]

CAMENA.

primaries whitish grey; discoidal spot linear, white ; central transverse line blackish, termi-
nating at the submedian neryure; submarginal line indistinct ; on the middle of inner margin
is a fan-like arrangement of long dark grey hairs; central transverse line of secondaries wavy,
turning off at a right angle to abdominal margin when opposite anal angle; outer margin
bordered with dark grey, intersected by a band of ground-colour ; a large black spot on the
outer edge of a round orange patch before the first tail, and one at angle preceded by an
orange streak.

Female. Greyish black, with a patch of pale lilac-blue on the disc of primaries, and some scales of
the same colour towards outer margin of secondaries; fringes grey. On the under surface
the lines are more distinct and the spots larger. In one female specimen the lilac-blue is
only shown on the primaries as a discal suffusion.

Expanse, ¢ 38 millim., 2 40-42 millim.

One female example from Omei-shan is without blue on upper surface of
primaries, and there are no transverse wavy lines on the under surface.

This insect appears to be widely distributed throughout the Himalayas, but
nowhere common; de Nicéville records it from Chumba, Kulu, Simla (6 000 feet),
Masuri, Naini-tal, and Darjiling. It is on the wing in May and August.

Occurs in Western China at Omei-shan in June, and Chia-ting-fu in July,
and at Chang-yang, Central China, in July and August.

Since describing this species under the name of contractus, I have received
a large number of specimens, and now find that, although variable, my insect
cannot be specifically separated from C. icetas, Hewitson.

Camena ctesia.

Camena ctesia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 48, pl. xx. figs. 1, 2, ¢ (1865); Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 394, pl. vii. fig. 6; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii.
p. 340, pl. xxvii. fig. 215, g (1890).

*Upperside. Male. Brilliant ultramarine blue, marked by a triangular dark brown spot ; all the
margins broadly dark brown. Posterior wing with the apex dark brown; an apical brown
spot irrorated with white.

“ Underside. Glossy grey. Both wings with a brown spot at the end of the cell, each crossed
beyond the middle by a band of dark brown spots bordered with white, each with a band of
brown (scarcely visible on the anterior wing) near the outer margin. Posterior wing with a
submarginal band of brown spots, the two apical spots crowned with orange. Expanse
1,8, inch.” (Hewitson, 1. ¢.)

“ Female. Upperside: fore wing differs from the male in the absence of the two black spots, other-
wise as in the male.” (de Nicéville, l. ¢.).

I have one male specimen from Chia-kou-ho, Western China, taken in
July at a low elevation. This example differs from Indian specimens in
having less blue on upper surface and a larger discal spot on primaries; the

under surface is browner,
J Ae

B52 LYCANIDA.

According to Mr. de Nicéville the males are very common in Sikkim in
June and October. Mr. Elwes (/. ¢.) figures a female specimen which he
took in August at Rikisum, 6000 feet elevation, in British Bhotan. He also
records the species from the Jaintia Hills.

Genus SATSUMA.
Satsuma, Murray, Entom. Month. Mag. x1. p. 168 (1875).

* Oculi sat magni pilosi. Palpi valde pilosi, porrecti. Antenne graciles, sat longs, distinctissime
albo-annulate, in clavam distinctam subito desinentes. Als angulate, antic vend subcostali
triramosa, postice ad angulum analem valde producte.

“Head of moderate size; eyes hairy ; palpi moderately long, porrect, densely clothed with long
hairs, terminal joint slender; antennz rather long, slender, white-ringed, with distinct fusi-
form club.

“Thorax robust. Wings triangular, elbowed on hind margin, especially the hind wing, which
possesses a distinct lobe at anal angle.

‘Vale with a small, almost linear, patch on fore wing at extremity of cell, similar to that observed
in many species of T'hecla.

* Hind wing with a distinct groove to receive abdomen. Fringes spotted.” (Murray, l. c.)

This genus was founded by the Rey. R. P. Murray for the reception of the
species described by Mr. Butler as “ Lycena” ferrea, which has been con-
sidered identical with the “ Thecla” frivaldszkyi of Lederer and the “ Thecla”
cerulescens of Motschulsky. ‘This determination is,-however, partly erro-
neous, as frivaldszkyi is certainly specifically distinct from ferrea ; but itis not
possible to judge from the description whether Motschulsky’s c@rulescens is
referable to either of these; as, however, the specimen was said to be from
Japan it is probably S. ferrea.

In 1890 I added two new species to the genus, i. e. S. chalybeia and
S. pratti, both from Central China. A fifth species was indicated by Mr. de
Nicéyille in the ‘ Bombay Natural History Journal,’ 1891, and this may turn
out to be the same as S. nicéville’ from Central China described by me in the
present work, but as Mr. de Nicéville has not named his insect, synonymy will
not be involved. WS. circe, from Western China, also described in these pages,
increases the number of known species of the genus Satsuma to seven.

The species of Satsuma may be grouped as follows :—

a. Male mark small and pale in colour . . . . . S. chalybeia.

b, 4 4 large ,, 4, ‘ - + « « . S. ferrea and S. circe.
Pe/ us yy) MM BT 4 Pe » + « « . & frivaldszkyi and S. pratti.
dd. y, yy “1ATZ!. 4, “5 ” ce a eg We BICEUBLICL,

SATSUMA. 353

Thecla rubi, Linneus, has the male mark as in S. ferrea and S. circe, and
in many other respects is similar in structure to the latter.

Mr. de Nicéville is inclined to merge the genus Satsuma in Thecla because
Satsuma agrees with Thecla spint and 7. rubi in the neuration and character
of the male mark ; but it appears to me that it would be better to remove rudz
into the genus Satsuma, as the shape of the wings of this species, absence of
tails, and character of under surface ornamentation are quite unlike any true
Thecla (of which 7. spint is the type); it agrees, however, in most respects
with the species included in the genus Satsuma.

Satsuma ferrea.
Lycena ferrea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 57 (1868).
Satsuma ferrea, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 168 (1874).
Thecla frivaldszkyi, Pryer (nec Lederer), Rhop. Nihon. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 20 (1886).
? Thecla cerulescens, Motschulsky, Bull. Mose. xxxix. pt. 1, p. 191 (1866) *.

Lycena ferrea, Butl.— Ale supra chalybeo-cerulee, marginibus cinereo-fuscis.

‘* Ala antic subtus cinereo-fusce, cella fusco terminata, fascia post cellam angulata fusca extus
pallida post nervulum medianum secundum terminanti; postice fusco-rufescentes, area abdo-
minali cinereo rorate, fascia pallida post cellam valde irregulari, ad costam intus albo
marginata.

* Corpus fuscum,

“ Alar exp. une. 13.” (Builer, 1. c.)

The male of this species has a large, pale, and conspicuous “ sex-mark ”
on the primaries, very similar to this character in male Thecla rubi. ‘The male
of Satsuma frivaldszkyi, Led., has the sex-mark small, dark, and inconspicuous.

I was at one time inclined to follow Mr. Elwes in considering Satsuma
ferrea synonymous with S. frivaldszkyi, but I now find that the Amurland
specimens are quite distinct from the Japanese. Apart from the different
character of the “male mark,” S. ferrea, Butler, is separable from S. fiv-
valdszkyi, Lederer, by the colour and markings of the under surface of
secondaries: thus in 8. ferrea the ground-colour is reddish fuscous, and the
submarginal line is brownish and diffused; in S. frivaldszkyi the ground-

* Thecla caerulescens, Motschulsky. “Statura Zh. cwrulew, Bremer, Cat. Mus, Petr. i.
tab. iv. fig. 4, sed maculis aurantiis nullis. Alis fusco-, apice brunneo-ciliatis; supra: ceruleis,
versus marginem nigricantibus ; subtus: anticis testaceo-cinereis, post medium linea transyersa
undulata angustissime albida; posticis nigro-piceis, versus latera postice testaceo-cinereis, linea
transversa valde sinuata angustissima punctoque subapicali albidis.” (Motschulsky, 1. c.)

354 LYCANIDA.

colour is greyish brown, and the submarginal line is black, narrow, and
serrated.

I took some specimens of a species of Satsuma at Gensan in the Corea,
but unfortunately these have been destroyed, and I am therefore unable to

say whether they were S. ferrea or S. frivaldszkyi, but I think that they were
probably the latter.

This species is common in Yokohama in March, according to Pryer, and I
met with it throughout Japan.

Satsuma circe, sp. nov. (Plate XXX. fig. 12, ¢.)

Male. Blackish ; basal area of primaries sometimes sparingly sprinkled with bluish scales ; the
anal lobe of secondaries is tinged with brownish and strongly developed. Fringes whitish,
intersected by the black nervules, Sexual mark as in S. ferred.

Female. Similar to the male, but there is more blue on the basal area of primaries. Under surface
of both sexes pale reddish or ochreous brown; basal area and outer margin of secondaries
darker, the former limited by a dark brown deeply indented line and traversed by an oblique
dull purplish band, the latter preceded by a series of dark brown lunules ; the primaries have

a dark brown transverse line beyond the centre of the wing, but this does not quite attain
the inner margin.

Expanse, ¢ 30 millim., 2 32 millim.

I received a long series of this species from Ta-chien-lu, Western China,
where it occurs in May and June at a considerable elevation.
In the character of the “male mark” S. circe agrees with S. ferrea, but it

is very different from that species in colour and in the markings of under
surface.

Satsuma pratti. (Plate XXX. fig. 10, ¢.)
Satsuma pratti, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 44 (1890),

Male. Fuliginous brown. Primaries have some blue scales below the median nervure, and the

secondaries have a dull bluish reflection. Under surface of primaries brown, suffused with
blackish towards the black basal area, an indistinct wavy dark central line bordered with
white at costa: secondaries black, irrorated with white scales, and a brown cloud towards
outer angle, the indented central line broadly bordered with white below costa and on inner
margin; submarginal band wavy, ill defined, and intersected by a pale wavy line. The
sexual mark is small, dark, and not well defined. ;

vmale. Upper surface: discal area of all the wings steely blue, outer margin broadly blackish, as
also is the costa of primaries, Under surface as in the male,

oe

Iixpanse, ¢ 32 millim., 9 32-36 millim.

Separable from Satsuma (Thecla) frivaldszkyi by the darker colour of all

SATSUMA. 355

the wings, and by the white markings and blackish ground-colour of
under surface of secondaries.

Occurs sparingly in June and July at Ichang and Chang-yang in Central
China and at Chia-kou-ho in Western China.

Satsuma chalybeia. (Plate XXX. figs. 79, 8 var. ¢.)

Satsuma chalybeia, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 43 (1890).

Male. Pale blue ; costa, apical third, and outer margin of primaries black, as also are the fringes ;
secondaries with an interrupted black submarginal band; a broad black line before the black
and grey fringes. Under surface grey dusted with black atoms, basal half of primaries
blackish ; discoidal spot, central and submarginal wavy lines black ; transverse band of second-
aries occupying the central third of wing, blackish, limited by black wavy lines; submarginal
line black, undulating, followed by some obscure dusky spots. Fringes as above.

Female. Similar to the male, but the black margins are more clearly defined.

Expanse 32-33 millim.

Differs from Satsuma (Thecla) frivaldszkyi, Ld., in having two distinct
transverse lines on under surface of primaries, and in the absence of white
markings on under surface of all the wings.

The above description of the male refers only to specimens from Chang-
yang, Central China, from which place I first received this species. I now
have male examples of S. chalybeia from several localities in Western China,
and as these differ from the type I describe the form as var. pluto (Plate XXX.
fig. 8):—All the wings blackish, the basal area tinged with blue in one sveci-
men; there is a pale blue submarginal line towards anal angle, and the anal
lobe is brownish ; under surface brownish. ‘The female is similar to the same
sex from Central China.

Occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, and at Wa-ssu-kow, Pu-tsu-fong, and
Chow-pin-sa, Western China. It flies in June and July.

Satsuma nicévillei, sp. nov. (Plate XXX. fig. 9, ¢.)

Male. Black, with a dark bluish sheen in certain lights; the basal area of all the wings greyish
blue, this colour extending in.some specimens into the outer marginal area of secondaries ;
the glandular patch is large, elongate, dark; the anal lobe is tinged with brownish, and the
abdominal margin above it is hollowed out; there are indications of a bluish line on the outer
margin. Fringe dark greyish.

Female. Greyish blue ; the costa and outer margin of primaries broadly, and the outer margin of
secondaries narrowly, bordered with black ; anal lobe and excavation above as in the male.

Under surface of both sexes: primaries ochreous brown, broadly streaked with grey along the inner
margin ; a narrow black transverse line from the costa. Just beyond the middle of the wing,

356 LYCANIDA.

terminates at the first median nervule; secondaries rather redder than primaries ; basal area
darker, its outer limit not clearly defined ; submarginal line blackish and interrupted.
Expanse, ¢ 32 millim., 9 30 millim.

The female of this species is very similar to a female Satswma from the
Khasi Hills which Mr. de Nicéville has figured and described but not named™*.
In the Indian species, however, the anal angle is not lobed as in S. nicévillei,
it also exhibits the following differences of colour and marking :—Upper
surface: the black border of costa and outer margin of primaries is rather
narrower; the black outer marginal border of secondaries is represented by a
dash at anal angle; the fringes are whitish, distinctly chequered with black at
the extremities of the nervules. Under surface ferruginous brown ; central
line of primaries edged with white, as also is the lower portion of the
limiting line of the dark basal area of secondaries.

Probably it will ultimately be proved that S. nicévillec and the unnamed
insect just referred to are specifically identical, but it seems advisable to leave
them separate at present.

I have two males and one female taken bya native collector at Chang-yang,
Central China, at an elevation of 6000 feet.

Genus THECLA. :

Thecla (part.), Fabricius, Illiger’s Magazin, vi. p. 286 (1807); Westwood, Gen. Diurn.
Lep. ii. p. 481 (1852) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 297 (1890).

“ Fore wing subtriangular; costa arched at the base, then nearly straight to the apex; apex
rather acute, slightly more rounded in the female than in the male; outer margin slightly
convex or straight; inner margin straight; costal nervure ending exactly opposite the
termination of the discoidal cell; first subcostal nervule given off from the subcostal nervure
rather beyond the middle of the cell, second subcostal originating at about one third from the
apex of the cell in the male, at about one fifth in the female ; subcostal nervure reaching the
apex of the wing; upper discocellular nervule absent in both sexes, middle discocellular
straight, arising in the male from the upper discoidal nervule some distance beyond its origin,
arising in the female exactly at its point of origin, lower discocellular of the same length as
the upper, straight ; second median nervule originating some little distance before the lower
end of the cell; submedian nervure nearly straight. Male furnished with an elongated
narrow shining black patch of differently formed scales from those on the rest of the wing at
the anterior end of the diseoidal cell, which patch is bounded anteriorly by the basal portion
of the second subcostal nervule, and extends slightly into the cell and beyond its end,

‘ Hind wing ovate, all the margins rounded, furnished with a somewhat long narrow tail at the

* ‘Bombay Natural History Journal,’ vi. pp. 874-376, pl. F, fig. 17 (1891).

THECLA. 357

termination of the first median nervule, and a small anal lobe ; costal nervure much arched
at base; first subcostal nervule originating some distance before the apex of the cell ; disco-
cellular nervules concave, discoidal nervule from their point of junction; second median
nervule originating just before the end of the cell; internal nervure very sinuous.

* Antenne short, not half the length of the costa of the fore wing, with a gradually formed
elongated club.

“« Palpi somewhat short, obliquely porrected, second joint bristly beneath, third joint naked.
** Eyes hairy.
“« Legs short, scaly.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Thecla spini.
Papilio spini, Wien. Verz. p. 186 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. 1. figs. 376, 377.
Thecla spini, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 76, pl. xvii. fig. 2 (1884).
Thecla spini, var. latior, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép, i. p. 271 (1887).

“Expands 1:18 to 1:40 inch. The wings are brown on the upper surface. The hind wings
distinctly tailed. The male has one or two small orange spots near the anal angle of the
hind wings. The female is larger and lighter in colour than the male, and has a large
indistinct lighter patch on the fore wings, and a row of orange spots on the hind margin of
the hind wings extending from the anal angle. The underside is brownish grey; the fore
wings have a distinct white line beginning on the costa at a point which is distant from the
hind margin by a space equal to a fourth of the width of the wing. The hind wings have a
white line running from about the middle of the costa to the inner margin, taking near the
anal angle an upward and then downward direction, so as to give it somewhat of a W-shape.
Along the hind margin is a row of orange spots, and near the anal angle, and filling up the
whole distance between that point and the tail, is a patch of light blue.

“« Zarva light green, with two yellowish streaks on the sides ; on each segment is a row of oblique
lines of a darker green than the ground-colour; on the dorsal surface, which has a dark
streak, are some pink dots. Feeds in June on Prunus spinosa and Crategus oxyacantha.”
(Lang, 1. ¢.)

Var. latior, Fixsen. “One third larger than European 7. spini. The ground-colour of the
upper surface is darker and more velvety, the markings on the primaries of the female more
distinct and broader ; the marginal band of the secondaries sharper. On the under surface
the colour is also darker than in the type; the white band on the primaries is more curved
towards the inner margin, and the band on the secondaries has the W towards anal angle
less clearly defined ; the blue on the outer margin in cell 2 is darker, and this colour extends
upwards between two rows of black spots ; the rusty-brown band is broader and brighter.”

Fixsen states that typical 7. spini occurs commonly at Pung-tung, Corea,
and that the two specimens which he describes as var. /atior are also from
that locality.

Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 147) records both forms from Amurland,
and says that Hertz took var. latior in North China.

3B

358 LYCANID.

Graeser bred the var. datior from larve found feeding in June on Rhamnus
near Chabarofka, in Amurland (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 71). .

Thecla mera, (Plate XXIX. fig. 14, ¢.)

Thecla mera, Janson, Cistula Entom. i. p. 156 (1877); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 15,
pl. iv. fig. 16 (1887).

“ Above dark brown, secondaries produced at the anal angle and with a short outer tail, the inner
one long, its apex white; beneath pale brown, both wings crossed beyond the middle by a
fine waved white line, margined with dusky brown on its inner side, divided by the nervures,
bent inwards posteriorly, and ending at the abdominal margin; anal region of secondaries
pale orange, with a large black spot between the tails and a row of four smaller ones just
above it; anal angle black, speckled with pale blue, a fine white marginal line, and a row of
obscure dusky-brown submarginal spots near the apex. Expanse of wings 14 inch.

“Several specimens taken by Mr. Jonas at Matzabaro, about 200 miles N.W. of Yedo [Tokio].”
(Janson, l. c.)

The type in the National Collection appears to be a female. The male
only differs in being blacker and in having a very conspicuous broad short
glandular patch on the primaries.

I have a series from Oiwake and Yesso. Pryer records the species from
Nikko and Assama-Yama, and states that it is a scarce insect.

-

Thecla w-album.
Papilio w-album, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 85, pl. vi. figs. 1, 2 (1782).
Thecla w-album, Lang, Butt. Eur, p. 77, pl. xvii. fig. 3 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 15, pl. iv. fig. 14 (1886).
Strymon fentoni, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p- 854; Waterhouse, Aid Identif.

Ins. ii, pl. exv. fig. 2.

“Expands 0°93 to 1:25 inch. Hind margin of hind wings scalloped, and with a small
slender tail. Wings dark blackish brown, the nervures showing a little darker. Fore
wings quite without any pattern. The hind wings haye an orange spot at the anal angle ;
the tail is tipped with white. Underside:—The colour of all the wings is greyish
brown; the fore wings: have a narrow white line, somewhat wavy, reaching from the
costa to the inner margin, and placed closer to the hind margin than to the base of the wing.
The hind wings have a white W-shaped line beginning at the costa and ending at the inner

margin; along the hind margin is a row of brilliant or: ange crescents, which are largest near
the anal angle and decrease in size as they approach the costa,

“Larva onisciform, light green, with a yellowish-brown dorsal stripe ; every segment has two
oblique light. yellow lines on each side; the head is black and retractile. It feeds on the

leaves of the common elm (Ulmus campestris), from whenee it may be beaten at the end of

May and the beginning of June. Pupa attached to a twig by a belt of silk and also by the
tail.” (Lang, 1. ¢.)

THECLA. 309

Strymon fentoni, Butler.—* Nearly allied to S. w-album of Europe, but quite as large as S. spini ;
under surface like the latter species in tint, but with almost the pattern of S. w-album; the
discal line of the primaries, however, is more arched and continuous, that of the secondaries
is more transverse, and therefore does not run inwards in the direction of the base; the
submarginal spots are more dome-shaped, of a bright orange instead of red colour; and there
is a distinct submarginal white line. Expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines.

* Shiribetsu, Hokkaido [Yesso], August. Coll. M. Fenton.” (Buéler, 1. ¢.)

I am indebted to Mr. Janson for the loan of one of M. Fenton’s original
specimens of Butler’s fentoni. Ii is rather larger than the examples of
T. w-album from Yesso in Pryer’s collection, but not so large as some of my
European specimens. I cannot find any character by which fentoni, Butler,
may be separated, even as a local race, from w-album.

Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 886) states that W. B. Pryer found
T. w-album at Shanghai* and Bremer at Pekin.

Distribution. Central and South Europe, Siberia, Amurland, Japan.

Thecla patrius. (Plate XXIX. fig. 11, ¢.)

Thecla patrius, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 58 (June 1891).

Resembles 7’. w-album from Europe, but in the males the sexual mark is oval in shape and the
tails are longer. The principal distinctions, however, are found in the markings of the under
surface, where the transverse lines are more oblique; that on the secondaries starts from
beyond the middle of costa; the orange band is broader, and is followed by two large velvety
black spots; the orange band is preceded and followed by a metallic bluish line; the
primaries have a pale submarginal line, which in the male merges into orange towards inner
angle.

Expanse 33 millim.

A large number of specimens, including both sexes, from Pu-tsu-fong, taken
at an elevation of about 10,000 feet in June and July.

Thecla eximia. (Plate XXIX. figs. 1 3, 2, 3, var.)

Thecla w-album, var. eximia, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. iil. p. 271, pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1887).

Thecla affinis, Staudinger, op. cit. vi. p. 148 (1892).

Male. Fuliginous brown. Primaries have a large well-defined glandular patch agreeing in shape
better with that of 7. spini than 7. w-albwm. Secondaries as in 7’, w-album, but the tails
are longer and the reddish patch on anal lobe is brighter and larger. Fringes are white, but
in some specimens-suffused with dusky. Under surface olivaceous grey: primaries traversed

* T have seen Pryer’s Shanghai specimens in Mr. Elwes’s collection and find that they are male
examples of 7’. eximia, Fixsen (= affinis, Staudinger). The specimens recorded by Bremer from
Pekin are probably also referable to that species.

3B 2

360 LYCENID.

by a white line internally bordered with black, this line is divided by the nervules into eight
portions, the lower set inwards; marginal line is white, bordered inwardly with blackish,
and preceded on the submarginal area by a series of black lunulated marks, bordered with
whitish and extending from inner margin to just beyond the middle of the wing: secondaries
have a white line, interrupted by the nervules and forming an open W before terminating on
abdominal margin; anal half of the outer marginal area reddish, enclosing a large velvety-
black spot placed in first median interspace and a bluish patch in submedian interspace ; anal
lobe velvety black ; between the reddish colour and costa there is a series of blackish spots

bordered with white ; marginal line white.
Female rather browner than the male above and paler beneath ; markings similar on the under

surface.
Expanse, ¢ 40 millim., 9 46 millim.

Var. fixseni, var. noy. (Plate XXIX. figs. 2 9,3 g.) In this form the sexes have, on the
upper surface, a fulvous patch on the disc of the primaries, intersected by the neryules and
some fulyous spots above anal angle. All these markings are much larger in the female than
in the male. The under surface is typical.

This species is distinguished from 7. w-album by its larger size, longer
tails, and more conspicuous red patches on anal lobe. On the under surface
the white line of primaries is not angled inwards as in w-albwm, and the
angles of the W on secondaries are rounded ; the reddish band is broader and
does not extend along the outer margin beyond the second median nervule.

From 7. grandis, Felder, it is separated on the upper surface by the more
distinct sexual mark of the male, and on the under strface by the much less
conspicuous black spots on submarginal area; the spots in 7’. grandis are
very large, well defined, and form a series from costa to inner margin on all
the wings.

Fixsen’s type of 7. eaimia was from Corea and that of Staudinger’s affinis
from Amurland. I have received specimens from Moupin, Wa-shan, and
Wa-ssu-kow in Western China, and Dr. Staudinger has sent me a female
specimen of affinis taken by Hertz in the neighbourhood of Pekin, which
agrees exactly with some of my Western Chinese specimens of 7’. evimia.

Thecla grandis,

Thecla grandis, Welder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 24 (1862).

Thecla eretria, Wewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. (Lycenide), p. 114, pl. xlii. fig. 153 (1869).

“ Alis supra fuscis, posticis linea marginali interrupta alba, omnibus subtus multo pallidioribus,
striga pone discum alba angusta, fusco intus cincta marginem internum versus valde refracta,
maculis exterioribus nigricantibus albido cinctis, in posticis lunulis aurantiacis magnitudine
increscentibus adnatis, his macula inter ramos primores medianos alteraque anali atris, tertia

interjecta glauca,

THECLA. 361

“ Ningpo.—Unicum specimen pessime conservatum ante nos habemus. Tertia fere parte majus
est quam Zh. spini, Wien. Verz., et ab omnibus speciebus europsis costa alarum anti-
carum omnino conyexa ramo ultimo subcostali vix deflexo in costa apicem excurrente
caudisque longioribus discrepat.” (elder, 1. ¢.)

Felder does not mention the sex of his type, but Dr. Rogenhofer has been
good enough to send me a beautifully executed figure of the specimen, and
from this it is distinctly seen to be a female.

The male differs from the female in having the ground-colour darker and a
well-defined sexual mark on the primaries, similar in shape to that of 7. spint.
The different formation of the sexual character will in itself serve to distin-
guish this species from 7’. w-album.

Hewitson also describes the female of this species under the name of
eretria, as follows :—

* Female. Dark brown. Posterior wing with two tails (one very short); the outer margin
dark brown, with a submarginal line and the fringe white ; three or four spots near the anal
angle; the lobe black, marked by a small scarlet spot. Underside rufous. Both wings
crossed beyond the middle by a linear white band, bordered inwardly with brown ; both
wings with a band of dark brown spots, bordered on both sides with white, bisected on the
posterior wing by bands of orange; a large space of orange at the anal angle marked with
a large black spot between the tails, the lobes black, the space between them brown irrorated
with white ; both wings with the margin brown; a submarginal line and the fringe white.

** Expanse 1,1, inch.

‘In the Collection of the British Museum, from N. China.” (Hewitson, l. ¢.)

I have examples of both sexes of 7. grandis from Kiukiang. It appears
to be a scarce species, and, so far, has only been recorded from North China,
Ningpo, and Kiukiang.

Thecla pruni.

Papilio pruni, Linnzus, Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. 1, pl. xix. fig. 3,
pl. xxxix. fig. 1a; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett..i. figs. 386, 387.

Thecla pruni, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 80, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon,
p- 15, pl. iv. fig. 15: (1887).

“‘ixpands 0°87 to 1:12inch. Wings brownish black. The fore wings in the female, and sometimes
in the male, exhibit faint traces of a brownish-orange band running parallel to the hind
margin. The hind wings have a short tail somewhat like that of 7’. spini, and parallel to
the hind margin is a row of well-defined semilunar spots of an orange-brown colour,
decreasing as they approach the costa. The colour of the underside is paler than that above.
The fore wings have a bluish-white interrupted line running from the costa to the inner
margin. The hind wings have a similar line which does not assume a W-shape. The hind
margin has an orange band bordered with bluish white, and having a row of black spots, one

362 LYCANID.

being placed in each inter-neural space. Fringes black. Antennee black, ringed with
white.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

Larva. “ Green, darker on the back; two rows of long yellow spots on the back, and a row on each
side above the legs; six long oblique yellow stripes on each side.” (Stainton, from Duponchel.)

‘Feeds on the leaves of Prunus spinosa, on the twigs of which the eggs are laid in the summer
and remain all the winter, the larva appearing in May.

Pupa. “Obese, blunt-headed, and hump-backed; it has a medio-dorsal series of five rather con-
spicuous warts or tubercles.” (Newman, from Hubner.)

The larva and pupa of this species are figured in Buckler’s ‘Larve of British
Butterflies,’ pl. xii. figs. 5-5 c.

There was a female example from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. ‘This speci-
men is much suffused with pale fulvous on the upper surface, and is figured
in his ‘ Rhop. Nihonica.’

Fixsen records one female specimen from Corea, and comparing it with
European examples says that it has a sharper design; the submarginal row
of spots on primaries is more distinct and bordered internally with white ;
the series of black spots which bounds the broader reddish-brown band of
secondaries 1s also more strongly marked with white.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 72) records two female specimens from
Pokrofka. Staudinger states that Dorries bred this insect in the Sutschan
district, and Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 886) says that Z. prunt
occurs at Vladivostock, and on the lower Ussuri. ‘

Thecla prunoides,

Thecla prunoides, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 129, pl. vi. figs. 1 a, d (1887) ;
Fixsen, tom. cit. p. 278.

“ Nearest allied to 7. pruni, but smaller (25 to 27 millim.), the similar-coloured dark upper surface
does not exhibit, in any of the five specimens before me, any trace of yellow-brown spots,
Which are always more or less conspicuous at the anal angle of pruni, The male does not
exhibit the sexual patch beyond the cell, which is present in 7’. pruni; but there appears to
be in the male of prunoides a similar lighter spot at the lower end of the discoidal cell, but
this may be owing to abrasion of the scales. The tails of the hind wing are longer than in
prvi. On the yellowish-grey underside of the fore wing only one row of white spots is
present; there are no black outer spots as in pruni. The underside of the hind wing is very
similar to pruni, but the black spots before the outer margin are much less distinct, smaller,
and not so sharply bordered with white internally ; there is only one black spot on the outer

margin above the tail, and not several as in pruni, The head and body are not materially
different in the two species.” (Staudinger, 1. ¢.)

ixsen records a male and female taken at Pung-tung, Corea, in June; he
states that in the female specimen there are two light brown patches on the

THECLA. 363

fore wing similar to those in 7. spin?, 2 ab. Lynceus, and ‘ilicis, ab. cerri, and
suggests for this form the name fulva or fulvofenestrata.

Staudinger’s types are from Amurland, and he also records this species
from Japan; he has since informed me that on further examination he
considers the Japanese specimens to be referable to 7. prunz, but adds that
he has an undoubted female of 7. prunotdes from the Altai.

Thecla rubicundula. (Plate XXIX. fig. §, 2.)
Thecla rubicundula, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 40 (1890).

Female. Fuliginous brown. Primaries with a discal reddish-orange suffusion. The tail of
secondaries hardly darker, narrowly tipped with white; fringes grey. Under surface brown:
outer margin of primaries broadly tinged with reddish orange; central transverse line white,
bordered internally with dark brownish; there are some indications of a submarginal series
of black dots: central transverse line of secondaries white, bordered internally with dark
brownish, and bidentated before reaching the abdominal margin; outer margin broadly
bordered with reddish orange, and preceded by a submarginal series of small black spots,
edged internally with bluish ; a black spot at anal angle, and one in the second median inter-
space ; between these is a faintly blue triangular spot.

Expanse 31 millim.

Allied to Thecla ornata, but the primaries are paler and the reddish-orange
colour does not form a distinct patch ; on the under surface the red markings
at once separate it both from 7’. ornata, Leech, and T. v-album, Oberthiir.
It is also closely allied to 7. prunozdes, Staudinger, but the direction of the
transverse lines on under surface, the greater extent of the red submarginal
band on secondaries, and the series of black spots followed by red lunules on
primaries will serve to separate 7. rubicundula from that species.

Appears to be a local and scarce species. I received two female speci-
mens (originally supposed to be males) from Chang-yang, Central China,
where they were taken in June.

Thecla lais, sp: nov. (Plate XXIX. fig. 4, 2.)

Female, Fuliginous brown. Primaries have an obscure orange patch on the disc, intersected by
the second and third median nervules, the portion below the second neryule least evident.
Secondaries have a bright orange band on the outer marginal area towards anal angle ; this
band is separated‘into three parts by the submedian nervure and first median nervule.
Fringes pale grey-brown, white at the angle of secondaries, and white tipped with black on each
side of the tail, which is black with a white apex. Under surface grey-brown: primaries
have a series of six linear white spots, bordered internally with blackish, forming a transverse
band : secondaries have a slightly oblique central series of five white linear spots, edged inwardly
with blackish ; submarginal band composed of seven white crescents and two nearly parallel

364 LYCANIDA.

bars, the last spot of central series almost touches the sixth crescent ; beyond the submar-
ginal band are some velvety-black spots, edged outwardly with white towards costa, and
followed by a broad deep fulvous band towards anal angle; there are three conspicuous spots
on the outer portion of this band—one in first median interspace velvety black, a bright bluish
one in submedian interspace, and a velvety-black one occupying the whole of the anal lobe ;
marginal line black, edged inwardly with white.

Expanse 30 millim.

One female specimen was taken by a native collector at Wa-ssu-kow in
July, at an elevation of 5000 feet.

On the upper surface this species resembles 7. v-album, Oberthiir, but,
apart from the orange band on secondaries, it may be distinguished by the
much less conspicuous orange patch on primaries. ‘The ornamentation of
the under surface is also similar to that of 7. v-album, but the arrangement
of the white markings is different, and the blue and black spots on outer

margin of secondaries are more distinct; the tails also are rather shorter and
broader.

Thecla ornata, (Plate XXIX. fig. 7, 3.)
Thecla ornata, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 40 (1890).

Male. Primaries blackish, with a large reddish-orange patch on the disc, intersected by the second
and third median nervules; fringes dark grey. Secondaries fuliginous brown, with a short
tail at the extremity of the second, and a much longer one at the extremity of the third
median nervule; both are black, tipped with white; fringes white, tipped with black and
preceded by a black line, which towards anal angle is edged internally with whitish. Under
surface olivaceous grey; central transverse line of primaries white, edged internally with
black ; submarginal series of black spots bordered with white and increasing in size towards
inner margin ; secondaries have a white central line inwardly edged with black, and uniting
in the second median interspace with a submarginal line composed of white-edged black
spots, and followed by a reddish-orange patch, which is widest between the second and third
median neryules, and hardly to be traced beyond the first median branch ; from the abdo-
minal margin, above the orange patch, are two short black-edged oblique lines, approximating
at their discal extremities; between the termination of these lines and the juncture of central
and submarginal lines is a biack-edged white curve;.a black spot at anal angle, between
which and one in the second median interspace is a pale blue patch, edged internally with
black ; fringes of all the wings olivaceous grey, preceded by a dark line, which is edged in-
ternally with white, especially on the secondaries.

Female. Fuliginous brown, sometimes without reddish-orange patch. Under surface as in tho
male. Expanse, ¢ 32-34 millim., 9 35 millim.

Allied to 7. v-album, Oberth., but the reddish-orange patch on upper

surface of primaries is more in the centre of wing, and the markings of under
surface are of a very different character.

THECLA. 369

Occurs in June and July at Chang-yang, at an elevation of 6000 feet. It
does not appear to be found in Western China.

Thecla inflammata.
Thecla inflammata, Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 102, pl. v. fig. 3, 2 (1889).

“A Thecla eximia, Fixsen, cui valde affinis, differt statura minore, disco anticarum supra macula
fulya magna, macula anali fulva posticarum nulla. Subtus, statura excepta, ab eximia,
Fixsen, non secerni potest. 9 =31 mm.” (Alphéraky, l. ¢.)

Alphéraky states that 7. inflammata, of which a single female specimen
was taken in July near Hei-Ho in the province of Kan-sou, is smaller than
T. eximia, but agrees exactly with that species on the under surface of the
wings. On the upper surface, however, it exhibits the following differences :
a fulvous patch on disc of primaries which begins a little below the second
nervure and finishes above the fourth, being placed as in some female
specimens of 7. arata, Bremer ; the fulvous spot at anal angle of secondaries
which is so distinct in eaimia is entirely absent in inflammata.

Alphéraky considers that this species may prove to be a local form of
T. eximia; but I think that it agrees better with 7. ornata, especially in the
character of the tails. Probably these two insects may be specifically
identical, but it is not possible to arrive at any decision on this point without
comparing the specimens. 7’. enflammata has nothing to do with the fulvous-
marked form of 7. eximia (var. fivsent) described by me in the present work.

Thecla v-album.
Thecla v-album, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, xi. p. 20, pl. iv. fig. 23, 9 (1886) ; Alphéraky,
Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 102 (1889).

“ Différe de w-album par ses ailes plus arrondies, sa texture plus délicate, la tache orangée qui
orne Vaile supérieure en dessus dans les deux sexes et la direction plus arrondie et paralléle au
bord extérieur de la ligne blanche qui traverse Vaile supérieure en dessous.

‘En outre, le ¢ de v-album tend a avoir le dessus des ailes assez largement saupoudré d’un semis
épais d’atomes orangés.” (Oberthiir, I. ¢.)

This species appears to occur commonly in Western China at Wa-ssu-kow,
Ta-chien-lu, and Omei-shan, in June and July, up to an elevation of over
8090 feet.

Alphéraky (1. c.) records a female specimen taken by M. Potanine in July
1885, at Ou-pin, which he says is without doubt referable to 7. v-album,
Oberthur.

3c

366 LYCEANID.

Thecla percomis, sp. nov. (Plate XXIX. fig. 5,3.)

Male. Brownish black. Sexual mark small but distinct. . Primaries have a large, somewhat
triangular, orange patch on the lower half of the wing intersected by the median nervules
and the submedian nervure. Secondaries have a broad orange band, intersected by the
nervules, on the lower half of the submarginal area, and a few blue scales at anal angle.
Fringes of the ground-colour. Under surface fuliginous: primaries have an interrupted,
oblique, silvery-blue, central line, which terminates on the submedian nervure, in close
proximity to the submarginal line; the latter represented by three linear silvery-blue spots
edged outwardly with black: secondaries have an oblique silvery-blue central line, which is
indented just below costa, and forms a W before terminating on the abdominal margin ; sub-
marginal line composed of a series of silvery-blue crescents, edged outwardly with velvety
black, as far as the submedian nervure, from whence it runs parallel with the central line to
abdominal margin ; there is an orange band on the lower half of submarginal area; the anal
lobe is velvety black, as also is a spot placed on the margin in first median interspace, the
space between this spot and the anal lobe is also black but less intense; marginal line
silvery blue, only distinct towards anal angle.

Expanse 36 millim.

One specimen taken at Omei-shan by a native collector in July, at an
elevation of 4000 feet.

This species seems very distinct on the upper surface from any Thecla
known to me; on the under surface, however, it agrees in some respects with
L’. v-album, but the ground-colour is darker, the markings are silvery blue in

colour, and the central line of primaries is oblique, not curved as in
7’. v-album.

Thecla enone, <p. nov. (Plate XXIX. figs. 63,92.)

Male, Vuliginous-brown, with a cupreous tinge; the sexual glandular patch on primaries is small,
but well defined, Secondaries have two black spots, bordered internally with fulvous, above
anal angle ; a white marginal dash, most distinct towards anal angle. ‘Tails slender, black,
narrowly tipped and partially edged with white. Under surface fuliginous grey: the
primaries have an oblique white line, formed of five crescents, extending from near costa to
first median neryule, and a submarginal series of black spots, externally bordered with whitish,
but not well defined towards costa: secondaries have a central white line, interrupted by the
nervules and forming a.W before reaching the abdominal margin; submarginal series of
black spots encircled with whitish, the sixth bordered with fulyous and followed by another
black spot placed nearer the margin, the seventh is double, and its lower edge bordered with

fulvous ; anal lobe black, with a dark patch powdered with bluish scales above it; marginal
line whitish, ;

Lemale, rowner than the male ; all the wings have a fulvous submarginal band which does not

reach the costa. Under surface as in the male, but the submarginal spots are better defined ;
the white transverse line on primaries runs almost parallel with outer margin as far as the
first median, from whence it is angulated inwards to the submedian. The anal extremity of

the abdomen is ornamented with a tuft of velyety-black closely compressed hairs,
E.xpanse 37 millim,

THECLA. 367

Three specimens were taken at a high elevation to the north of
‘Ta-chien-lu,

T. enone resembles 7’. prunt on the under surface, but the white lines are
straighter and have a well-formed W before terminating on abdominal
margin; there is much less fulvous colour on marginal area of secondaries,
and no trace of this colour on primaries. It also agrees with Z’. mera in
some characters, but the sexual mark on primaries is less conspicuous, and
the tails of secondaries are more slender than in either of those species.

The only other species of Zhecla in which I have observed the anal patch
of velvety-black hairs referred to above are 7. acaciw, a species which I
believe has not been recorded from Hastern Asia, and 7’. tengstremi, recently
included by Mr. Baker in the genus.

Mr. de Nicéville has recently (Butt. Ind. 11.) created the genus Chatoprocta
for the reception of D. odata, Hewitson, the female of which has a large tuft
of densely packed pale ochreous-brown hairs at the extremity of abdomen.
Excepting that each has this anal tuft of hairs, the three species referred to
above have few characters in common.

Thecla herzi.
Thecla herzi, Fixsen, Rom, sur Lép. ui. p. 279, pl. xii. fig. 4 (1887).
Thecla phyllodendri, Staudinger, MSS., Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 886.
‘* Corpore fusco, capitis colore vix obscuriori, palpis supra et extrorsum nigris, intus pilis albido-

ceeruleis, oculis albide circumductis, antennis nigris, albide annulatis, apice fusco, femoribus
cinereo-cceruleis, tarsis nigris albo-annulatis.

‘« Alis supra fuscis ; posticis linea limbali tenui albide circumductis ; subtus pallidioribus, seriebus
punctorum nigrorum albide cinctis duabus parallelis in area limbali, fasciaque fusca, marginem
anteriorem versus linea alba limbali obducta, ciliis fuscis grisescentibus.” (Hiwsen, I. ¢.)

This species, which Fixsen described from the Corea, has since been met
with in various places in Amurland.
Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 72), describes the early stages as follows :—

“Larva. Velvety uniform dark green, beneath rather paler blue-green; head shining black.
Feeds on Pyrus, and is full-grown in the middle of June.

“ Pupa light green, with a series of broad darker violet-brown lozenges on the baci.

** Imago appears in July.”

Distribution. Amurland and Corea.

Thecla thalia, sp. nov. (Plate XXX. fig. 15, ¢.)

Male. Upper surface uniform fuliginous brown; male mark placed as in 7’. spimi, and fairly dis-
tinct. Under surface rather paler ; primaries have a black discoidal spot encircled with

EON

368 LYCENID.

whitish ; a central transverse row of seven whitish-edged black spots, the upper four united
and the seventh placed inwards; a submarginal series of six black spots outlined with
whitish ; the secondaries have a black discoidal spot and central and submarginal series of
black spots, all are outlined with whitish ; between the submarginal spots and the whitish
marginal line is a bright fulyous band towards anal angle.

Female. Similar to the male, but the wings are more ample and the spots on under surface
are larger.

Expanse, ¢ 34-36 millim., ? 40 millim.

This species agrees in many respects with 7. herz?, Fixsen, but the tails of
secondaries are much longer, and the spots on under surface are less uni-
formly arranged. -

Examples of both sexes were taken by a native collector at Chang-yang in
June and July, at an elevation of 6000 feet.

Thecla tengstremi.
Lycena tengstremi, Erschoft, Lep, Turk. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 8 (1874); Lang, Butt. Eur.
p. 146 (1884).
Lycena tengstremi, var. davidi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 18, pl. vili. fig. 1 (1881).
Thecla tengstremii, Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 27.

“Expands 0-75 to 1 inch. Wings uniform brown above, with brownish marginal fringes.
Underside brownish grey. All the wings with a hind marginal row of light spots; there are
no spots upon the area of the wing.” (Lang, l.c.)

Var. davidi, Oberthiir, « Beaucoup plus grande que tengstremi. En dessus, comme cette
espece, d’un brun velouté moins foncé prés la base des ailes que vers le bord extérieur; en
dessous, différe de tengstrami par la dilatation de toutes les taches qui sont, en outre,
beaucoup moins rapprochées les unes des autres.” (Oberthiir, 1, ¢.)

M. Oberthtir says that the type of Z. tengstremi came from Tura and
adds: ‘* M. Abbé David met with the remarkable geographical form which
[ have named var. davidi near the north-east frontier of China. The female
of this form carries at the anal extremity a short tuft of fine compressed black
hair, similar to that of Theela acaciw and some other species of Lycenide.
This very important character might serve as the basis upon which to form a
new genus, but as the species having this character differ in other material
respects, it would not be correct to place them in the same genus.”

Mr. George T. Baker, in placing this species in the genus Thecla, conclu-
sively proves that both by the neuration and sexual appendages tengstrami
is more nearly allied to that genus than to Lycena, and he suggests that its
proper position is after 7. dumulata, Exschoff.

ZEPHYRUS. 369

Referring to this species, M. Grum-Grshimailo (Rom. sur Lép. iv. p. 387)
says that in Central Asia two forms occur—the type, which inhabits the
prairies, principally at an altitude not exceeding 3200 feet; the other form,
which he describes as var. carbonaria, and figures on pl. vil. fig. 9, inhabits
the sub-alpine zone at about 9000 feet.

The only form of this species occurring in China appears to be var. davidi,
and, so far as I am aware, the specimens taken by Abbé David are the only
known examples from that country.

Grum-Grshimailo (Hore Ross. 1891, p. 452) describes two forms of the
species from North-eastern Thibet—var. tangutica, from the Dshachar Moun-
tains, and var. ¢Jiensis, from Suidun. Judging from the description, the
former seems to come very near to var. davidi, Oberthiir.

Genus ZEPHYRUS.

Zephyrus, Dalman, Kong. Vet.-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. pp. 62, 90 (1816) ; de Nicéville,
Butt. Ind. ii. p. 299 (1890).
Dipsas (part.), Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 479 (1852).

“ Fore wine large, subtriangular ; costa regularly arched, apex subacute, outer margin slightly
convex or straight, inner margin straight; costal nervure reaching to about half the length
of the wing, terminating just opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell, first subcostal nervule
given off from the subcostal nervure at about two thirds the length of the discoidal cell ;
second subcostal nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of the first subcostal, third
subcostal originating rather nearer to the apex of the wing than of the cell ; upper discoidal
nervule given off from the subcostal some distance beyond the apex of the cell; middle disco-
cellular nervule nearly straight (slightly concave), upright, lower discocellular longer than
the middle discocellular, concaye, slightly outwardly oblique; second median nervule given
off before the end of the cell ; submedian nervure straight.

* Hip wine large, broadly ovate, the extremity of the first median nervule elongated into a fine
tail, variable in length (very short in the European Z. quercus, Linneeus, and entirely absent
in Z. khasia, de Nicéyille), and the anal angle produced into a larger or smaller anal lobe ;
first subcostal nervule arising from the subcostal nervure rather near to but before the apex
of the cell; discocellular nervules nearly in one straight line, outwardly oblique, the upper
rather shorter than the lower ; second median nervule arising just before the lower end of the
discoidal cell.

‘* Hyes hairy.

« Antenne clavate, the club very gradually formed.

* Palpi somewhat long, obliquely porrected, the third joint horizontal, the second joint very
bristly beneath, third joint naked.

Larva short, thick, onisciform, tapering towards each end, clothed with fine short hair.
Pupa short, thick, rounded.” (de Nicéville, 1. c.)

370 LYCENIDA.

Many species are here included in this genus which, although they do
not properly belong to it, seem better placed than in Thecla, to which they
were originally referred. ‘There is no doubt that several new genera will
ultimately have to be created for the reception of these species.

Zephyrus taxila.

Thecla taxila, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 26, pl. iii. fig. 7; p. 95, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1864) ;
Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep., Lycenide, Suppl. p. 16, pl. vi. figs. 16, 17, g (1869).

Dipsas japonica, Murray, Ent: Mo. Mag. xi. p. 169 (1875).

Thecla japonica, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 14, pl. iv. figs. 7 a—d (1887).

Thecla fasciata, Janson, Cistula Entom. 11. p. 272, pl. v. fig. 4 (1878).

Thecla regina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 853.

Thecla taxila, var. aurorina, Oberthtir, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 18 (1880).

Thecla taxila, var. ultramarina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 278 (1887).

‘*« ¢, Alis supra viridi-micantibus: anticis margine externo nigro ; posticis caudatis, late nigro-
marginatis. Subtus brunneis; anticis strigi transyersé alba in ramum medianum primum
desinente, fasciaque submarginali fusca. Posticis striga transversé alba, apud angulum
analem literae W instar, acute angulata, lunulis marginalibus albicantibus biseriatis, angulum
analem versus maculis duabus fulvis (basin versus nigro-marginatis), ocellos nigros geren-
tibus, lineaque preeciliari alba. Ciliis albis.

** ©, Alis supra brunneis: subtus ut in mare.

“ Alar. exp. 1" 10.” (Murray, 1. ¢.)

Var. fasciata, Janson. ‘“ Above brownish black, the wings deep black towards the apex, a fine
line round the eyes and small spots on the underside of the antenne white; primaries
with a broad purple stripe between the third median and submedian nervures, commencing
close to the base and extending about two thirds along the wing, there are also some scattered
purple scales in the cell, the fringes of both wings and the apex of the tails white, beneath
fuscous brown, the markings very similar to 7’, japonica, Murray, and tavila, Brem. Expanse
of wings 1 inch 8 lines. Yokohama.” (Janson, l. ¢.)

Var. regina, Butler. ‘ 9. Allied to 7’. quercus of Europe and 7. fasciata of Japan. Primaries
above with the basi-internal half, excepting the costal border and veins, bright cobalt-blue,
changing to ultramarine, the remainder of these wings dark shining cupreous brown, the
fringe tipped with white ; secondaries cupreous brown, paler than the primaries, excepting
towards the outer margin, fringe tipped with white; body greyish brown. Under surface
with almost the pattern of 7’, fusciata, but greyer in tint and with all the markings
sharply defined, the white stripe purer in colour, broader and more curved; the primaries
with two slender submarginal whitish lines in continuation of the lunulated lines of the
secondaries, and enclosing two distinct and a third indistinct blackish spot on the inferior
half of the external area; orange spots of secondaries deeper in colour. Expanse of wings
lL inch 6 lines, Toshima and Iburi; July.” (Butler, U. ¢.)

Var. ultramarina Fixsen. “The male has a more robust body, a darker blue-green colour, and
brighter sheen, The black border of the fore wing is a little broader; on the hind wing the
costal and outer margins are more strongly bordered with black. On the under surfaco the

ZEPHYRUS. By Gl

markings agree with tavila, only the W-angle is less perfect, and there are no blue scales on
its short side.” (/vasen, l. ¢.)

Var. aurorina, Oberthiir. ‘Differs from the type in having the spots beyond the discoidal cell
bright yellow, similar to Z. quercus, var. bellus, and the under surface is of a golden coppery
tint, instead of the usual silvery grey.” (Oberthiir, l. c.)

The above form of the female was taken in the Isle of Askold in the
month of August. It is the same form as that described and figured by
Bremer (pl. viii. fig. 2), which he considered to be the male of his ¢aaila.
Oberthiir also mentions a female specimen, taken at the same time and place,
with bright blue above, as in the same sex of Z. quercus.

Oberthiir mentions both sexes of this species, but from his remarks it is
certain that he had before him females only, and was not aware that the male
of taxila is green. The true male he refers to Z. smaragdina, and says that
Hewitson’s figure (which very correctly illustrates the japonica form of
Z. taxila) represents smaragdina. The figure in question has no discal
marks on any of the wings, and these would have been shown if smaragdina
had been the species figured.

The large race known as japonica, Murray, occurs only in Japan and
Corea, but the smaller Amurland type is also found in the mountainous parts
of Japan and in Yesso. The phases of variation in each of these races is
exactly similar, and the following table has been drawn up to facilitate
reference to the different forms of the female :—

taxila. | var. japonica.
2° unicolorous <5..3.).=% Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 26, | Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. pl. iv.
pl. iil. fig. 7. | fig. 70.
@ with yellow markings aurorina, Oberth. Not named or figured.

beyond cell of primaries. | Ober. Et. Ent. v. p. 118;
Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. pl. viii.

fig. 2. |

© with blue streak and regina, Butl. | fascrata, Janson.

| cell on primaries, Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 114. Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. pl. iv.

fig. 7 ¢.

2 with blue streak and |B rem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 95 | Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. pl. iy.
cell, and yellow markings} (nec pl. viii. fig. 2). fig. 7d.
beyond cell (primaries),

372 LYCANIDA.

I met with this species commonly in Corea and Japan from the end of
June to the end of August, and captured examples of the four forms of the
female referred to above.

Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. iii.) devotes five pages in attempting to prove that
taxvila, Bremer, is specifically different from fasciata, Janson ; it is, however,
not possible to follow his remarks without seeing the actual specimens he had
under observation at the time of writing.

Graeser, who states that the larva of Z. taxila feeds on Alnus icana in
July, also records a gynandrous example of the imago from Amurland. In
this specimen the right side is like the male and the left side like the
female.

Pryer states that the males are very pugnacious ; the alder is their favourite
tree, and they sit on its leaves waiting for any passing rival.

Zephyrus smaragdina.
Thecla smaragdina, Bremer, Lep, Ost-Sib. p. 25, pl. ui. fig. 5 (1864) ; Oberthir, Etud.
d’Entom. v. p. 18 (1880); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18, pl. iv. figs. 6 a, 6 6 (1886).
Thecla diamantina, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 18, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1880).

‘ Alee supra viridi-micantes ciliis albis; anticee margine posteriore nigro; postice caudate, late
nigro-fusco-marginate. Als subtus cane striga discoidali abbreviata fusca albo-marginata,
striga transversa alba, fusco-marginata fasciaque submarginali fusca. Ale postice striga
discoidali obsolete fusca albo-marginata, striga transversa alba antice fusco-marginata, apud
angulum ani literee W instar obtuse angulata; lunulis marginalibus albis biseriatis; macula
anguli ani fulva nigro-marginata ocelloque fulvo nigro-pupillato. 35-37 m.” (Bremer, l. ¢.)

The special characters of Z. smaragdina appear to be the golden green
colour and broad black borders to all the wings in the male. ‘The females
seem always to have fulvous spots beyond the cell of primaries, and, so far as
[ am aware, are not dimorphic. On the under surface the discal markings
are always present, and in addition there is usually, but not always, a pale
dash outwardly bordered with darker below costa of secondaries towards the
base.

[ entirely agree with Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. ee
considering diamantina, Oberthiir, synonymous with smaragdina.

Dr. Staudinger says that diamantina is not to be distinguished from
Z. orientalis, but 1 cannot understand how he arrived at such a conclusion;
if he had studied Oberthiir’s description and examined the figure and then
determined diamantina to be identical with orientalis he must have ignored

ZEPHYRUS. Bhs)

both colour and markings. Oberthiir says of his diamantina: “ Fn dessus,
dun vert doré brilliant avec bordure assez large noire.” The brilliant golden
green can only apply to smaragdina, Bremer, or brilliantina, Staudinger*,
and does not at all express the colour of orientalis, which is a pale bluish
green. ‘The broad black marginal borders are certainly like those of Z. orven-
talis, var. cognata, but if diamantina were really a form of orzentalis, then
the broad black margins would have rendered the description of var. cognata
unnecessary.

Dérries bred this species in Askold, and Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888,
p. 72) says that the larvee are abundant in Amurland on Quercus mongolica.
The imago occurs in the middle of July.

It is found in mountainous parts of Central Japan and Yesso in July and
August. I have also received specimens from Chang-yang, Central China.

I should mention that in consequence of my absence from England at the
time my paper on the Butterflies of Japan and Corea was passing through
the press | was unable to check the distribution table, hence one or two
species, including Z. smaragdina, were erroneously included therein as
occurring in Corea.

Zephyrus coruscans, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII. figs. 7 2,8 3.)

Male. Something similar in colour to Z. taxila, var. japonica, but more brilliant; the black borders
of all the wings are broader, especially on the primaries, where the band expands considerably
towards apex; the tails are longer, and the angulation above them is more produced, giving
the appearance of a second short tail on each of the secondaries. Under surface darker than
that of japonica, but the markings are similar, the principal differences being the broader
and straighter white central bands on all the wings, that on the secondaries starts from a
point nearer the middle of the costa; the submarginal pair of lines are wider apart, and the
outer one is bluish and diffuse; there is a white spot towards the costa near the base of
secondaries, and another linear one, edged with black, about the middlo of abdominal
margin.

Female. Deep fuliginous brown; there are three orange spots on the disc separated by the second
and third median neryules. Under surface as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 47-52 millim., ? 46-50 millim.

* Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 180) states that dbrilliantina is not separable from
smaragdina on the upper surface, and that there are only very trifling differences on the under
surface. The larve, however, are very distinct and easily distinguished: that of brilliantina
feeds on oak, and is copper-coloured, with a dark dorsal line, pale segmental divisions, and a pair
of oblique streaks on the back of each segment; the larva of simaragdina feeds on cherry, and is
yellow, with very striking black spots on the first, fourth, and eleventh segments.

3D

374 LYCANID.

I have specimens of this species from Moupin, Ni-tou, and Omei-shan,
where they were taken in July and August, at elevations ranging from
5000 feet to 8000 feet.

The female of this species is not unlike that of Z smaragdina, Brem., on
the upper surface.

The greater prominence of the white markings of the under surface and
the longer tails at once separate coruscans from all the other green species
of Zephyrus.

Zephyrus desgodinsi.
Thecla desgodinsi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 21, pl. vii. fig. 54 (1886).

“ Plus grande que T’sangkie: ailes dune contexture délicate, brunes en dessus avec une tache
orangée bilobée & peu prés comme dans T'sangkie 2. Dessous d’un brun uniforme avec &
peu pres les mémes dessins que dans 7J'sangkie. Mais le bord des ailes inférieures est semé
datomes blancs jusqu’é la rencontre d’une ligne un peu sinueuse, blanche, trés fine, presque
paralléle & la ligne ordinaire blanche, qui est le prolongement de celle qui descend du bord
costal de l’aile supérieure et qui se termine par une sorte de V prés du bord anal. De plus,
espace cellulaire est clos par un trait brun foncé liséré de blane extérieurement a cette tache
brune 4 Vaile supérieure et intérieurement 4 Vaile inférieure. Une ombre brune accompagne
intérieurement la ligne blanche de l’aile supérieure et une autre ombre brune monte de
langle interne yers le bord antérieur, entre cette ligne blanche et le bord externe.”
(Oberth ur, 1. ¢.) A

Oberthiir’s type, which is a female, was taken at ‘la-chien-lu in Western
China.

The male, when discovered, will probably be found to be green.

My collectors did not meet with this species in any part of China that they
visited. }

Zephyrus ataxus. (Plate XXVII. figs. 5 3,6 2.)

Dipsas atazus, Hewitson, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 480, pl. Ixxiv.
fig. 7, d (1852) ; Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 81 (1857) ;
Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 65, pl. xxvi. fig. 6 ¢ (1865).

Zephyrus ataxus, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 803 (1890).

Dipsas katura, Wewitson, Ul, Diurn. Lep. p. 65, pl. xxvi. figs. 1, 2, 2 (1865).

Zephyrus katura, de Nicéville, 1. e.

Male, Agrees in colour with Z. tawila, var. japonica, but the black borders are very narrow, and the
tuils are long and slender, Under surface pale silvery grey ; the only markings on the primaries
are an elongate black discoidal spot, some indications on the costa of central band and a black
spot in the first median interspace, with some faint dusky lunules in the interspaces above it ;

ZEPHYRUS. 375

the secondaries have a broad central band represented as far as the median neryure by two
blackish-brown lines, below the median are some irregular-shaped blackish-brown marks ;
the submarginal band is composed of two crenulated blackish-brown lines ; there is a large
velvety-black spot surrounded with fulvous in the first median interspace, a similar spot at
anal angle; the latter is preceded by a fulvous patch, and there are streaks of the same
colour a short distance along the abdominal margin and along the submarginal band to the
spot in median interspace; marginal band interrupted, dusky, and not well defined.

Expanse 52 millim.

Female. Primaries blackish; the discoidal cell is filled up with bright blue, and there is a broad
streak of the same colour in the submedian interspace ; an orange spot lies beyond the cell,
and this is separated by the third median nervule from a similar spot in the second median
interspace. Secondaries fuliginous. Fringes whitish. Under surface grey-brown: the
primaries have a darker discoidal spot outlined with white, and a broad silvery central white
band bordered on each side with a darker shade of the ground-colour, and terminating on the
first median nervule; submarginal line silvery white, preceded by an ill-defined whitish
band: secondaries silvery white, clouded with grey-brown at the base; central band dark
grey-brown, interrupted below the median nervure, its continuation uniting with a patch of
the same colour on abdominal margin; the outer fourth of the wing dark grey-brown,
thickly powdered with silvery-white scales towards margin; submarginal line silvery white,
but very ill defined; marginal line silvery white; there is a large velvety-black spot, sur-
rounded with fulvous, in the first median interspace, and a similar spot at anal angle, the
latter is preceded by a fulvous patch, and there is a streak of the same colour along the
abdominal margin and another along the submarginal line to the spot in median interspace.

Expanse 46 millim.

Appears to be an exceedingly rare species in Western China; the only
specimens that I have received are a male and a female taken by
Kricheldorff at Moupin in June.

As will be seen from the figure of the male (pl. xxvii. fig. 5) the black
margins of all the wings are much narrower than in typical ataxus; but as
I have only one example of this sex from Western China, I am unable to say
whether this is a constant character.

Mr. de Nicéville (7. ¢.) states that Z. ataxus is very rare in India; the only
records that he has of its capture are from Massuri, where both sexes were
taken in June and July at an elevation of 7000 feet, and a small example of
the female taken by Capt. Young in Kulu.

There were no specimens in the collection of the late Otto Moller from
Darxjiling, now in my possession; and Mr. Elwes does not include it in his
List of the Butterflies of Sikkim, although Horsfield and Moore record it
from Darjiling. Westwood says that the type came from Simla.

There can be no doubt that the insects described by Hewitson as atarus

and katura are sexes of one species.
3D2

376 LYCANIDA.

Zephyrus scintillans, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII. figs. 10 9, 11 ¢.)

Male. Similar to the same sex of Z. orientalis, but much rounder in the wing; colour similar but
much brighter. Outer margins of all the wings broadly black, as also is the costa of
secondaries and the outer two thirds of the costa of primaries, but the latter more narrowly.
Tails very long and slender; towards anal angle is a pale blue submarginal line, a character
which, so far as I am aware, only occurs in this species and in Z. orientalis. Under surface
brownish grey ; the discoidal bars on all the wings well defined and bordered with white ;
transverse band white, internally bordered with dark brown; a submarginal series of dark
spots, bordered on each side with white and disappearing towards apex; a dark brown
marginal line bordered inwardly by a white one. Secondaries marked as in Z. ortentalis, but the
W towards anal angle is complete and quite differently angled to that species ; the submarginal
band of secondaries is much more suffused with white; the black spot in the reddish spot
above the tail is larger. Fringes white, edged with black at anal angle.

Female. Dark brown; there is a fulyous patch at the end of cell, followed by two other patches
beyond, one in each median interspace; there is also a fulvous patch above the tail; the
submarginal line is blue towards anal angle, as in | the male. Under surface like the male,
but the ground-colour is dark brown.

I have only received examples of this species from Chang-yang, in Central
China, where they were captured in July.

On the upper surface the female somewhat resembles a specimen sent
to me by Dr. Staudinger, which he considers to be either a dimorphic form
of Z. orientalis, var. cognata, Staud., or a hybrid between Z. orientalis and
Z. taxila. -

Dr. Staudinger has also sent me typical examples of both sexes of his
var. cognata, together with an intermediate form connecting cognata with
orientalis. Apart from the other characters referred to in the above descrip-
tion of Z. scintillans the formation of the W on under surface of secondaries
is quite sufficient to distinguish this species from Z. orientalis, var. coynata.

There is no tendency whatever to variation among my specimens of
Z. orientalis or Z. smaragdina from Chang-yang.

Zephyrus orientalis. (Plate XXVIL. fig. 14, var.)

Dipsas orientalis, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 169 (1875).

Thecla orientalis, Janson, Cistula Entom. ii. p. 156 (1877); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p- 14, pl. iv. figs. 8 a, 86 (1886) ; Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 278 (1887).

Fymale. “ Alis supra brunneis, anticis ad apicem marginemque exteriorem saturatioribus, macula
magni pallida obliqua, posticis caudatis, Alis subtus canis: anticis strig& discocellulari
fusca, strigi transversi albé basin versus fusco-marginataé, in ramum medianum primum
desinente, maculisque obsoletis pramarginalibus fuscis, albo-marginatis: posticis strigd disco-
cellulari obsoleté fused, striga transyersé alba, basin versus fusco-marginaté, apud angulum

ZEPHYRUS. DUE

analem litera W instar obtuse angulatdi, lunulis premarginalibus albis biseriatis, macula
elongaté marginis interioris (prope angulum analem) maculaque ad caude radicem nigro-
pupillata, fulvis, lineaque preeciliari alba.

** Alar. exp. 1” 7'". Hab. Japoniam.”

Female. “* Very closely allied to D. tavila, Brem. The fore wings are brown, darker at the apex
and along the hind margin, and possess in the male [female] a yellowish square patch at the
end of the cell, which is continued obliquely in the direction of a point on the hind margin a
little above the anal angle. ‘This portion is ill defined. On the underside the pattern of
the wings much resembles that of D. taxila, but the transverse streak of fore wing is longer
than in that species (judging from Bremer’s figure), and the streak on the hind wing is
distinctly angulated in the form of a W, which does not appear to be the case in the allied
species.” (Murray, 1. ¢.)

The male of orentalis is referred to by Janson (/. ¢.) as follows :—
* Although Mr. Murray states his description is of the male of this species,
it is evident he had never seen that sex, as several individuals recently
received from Japan exhibit a similar sexual dissimilarity to that extant in
T. japonica, being of a brilliant green above, paler than in that species, and
without the black external margin to primaries, the underside agrees perfectly
with the female.

“This 1s a much rarer species than japonica, and the male was not
discovered until last year [1876], when Messrs. Pryer and Jonas took several
in company with the females near Yokohama.” (Janson, 1. c.)

The larva, according to Dorries, is ash-coloured, and feeds on oak.

Occurs plentifully all over Japan and at Gensan, Corea, from the end of
June to the beginning of August. Pryer gives Yokohama, Asama-Yama,
Nikko, and Yesso as localities, and says that it appears at the same time as
T. japonica. I have received the species from Wa-ssu-kow, Moupin, and
Ta-chien-lu in Western China, and from Chang-yang, Central China.

Var. suffusa, var. nov. (Plate XXVII. fig. 14, $9.) Male. Bluish-green, with a strong
purplish-grey suffusion, in certain lights the green colour is only apparent on the costa and
outer margin of primaries. Primaries have a moderately broad black border, suddenly
increasing in width from below first median nervule to inner margin. Secondaries are
broadly bordered with black, but the inner edge is not clearly defined; there is no blue
submarginal line as in the type, the tail is also broader and rather shorter. Under surface
pale drab; the markings very similar to those of the type, but the white ones are broader
and the dark ones less conspicuous; there is no trace of a discoidal spot on primaries, and
the inner white line of the submarginal pair on secondaries is placed near the central band,
consequently it is farther removed from its companion than in the type.

Expanse 48 millim.

378 LYCANID#.

One example of this form was taken by a native collector at Omei-shan in
July at 5000 feet elevation. .

This species differs considerably in colour, shape, and size from the other
green species of Zephyrus; the discoidal bar on each wing is subject to
modification in the direction of complete effacement.

The female exhibits very little variation on the upper surface either in
colour or marking, but there is one specimen from Moupin with a broad
blue stripe above inner margin and a blue suffusion in the discoidal cell, as
in female Z. tavila, var. fasciata.

Many male specimens of this and other species of Zephyrus in collections
have a purplish suffusion. I have captured numerous examples of this
species and Z. taxila, var. japonica, but never observed this suffusion in the
specimens when alive; probably, therefore, the change in colour is due to
some chemical action which takes place either in the killing, setting, or
relaxing of the insects. Var. cognata, Stgr., has not so far been met with in
the region here dealt with.

Zephyrus pedius, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII. fig. 38, ¢.)

Female, Similar to the type of the same sex of Z. orientalis, Murray, but much darker in colour ;
the pale patch on primaries is of the same shape and placed in the same position, but it is
yellowish in colour ; there are no indications of a bluish marginal line on secondaries. The
under surface is silky pale greyish white, which obscures all the whitish markings, leaving
distinct only the dark lines, and even those on the secondaries are only faintly indicated ; the
orange markings on outer margin of secondaries are the same as in the type, but that at
anal angle is not continued above any part of the abdominal margin as it is in Z. orientalis.

Expanse 41 millim,

One example taken by a native collector at Wa-ssu-kow, in July, at an
elevation of 5000 feet. ‘The male, when discovered, will probably prove to
be green.

Zephyrus saphirina.
Thecla saphirina, Staudinger, Rom, sur Lép, iii, p. 135, pl. xvi. figs. 3, 4, 5 (1887) ;

Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 14, pl. iv. figs. 9a, 9d (1888).

Smaller than the other green Z'hecle and with shorter tails. Male dark blue-green, less shining
than other species. Primaries have only a black marginal line, the secondaries have a narrow

black border. Fringes in both sexes white on lower half of secondaries and at inner angle
of primaries, Lemale dark grey, deep black at apex and on outer margin of primaries.

ZEPHYRUS. 379

Under surface in both sexes quite different in colour and markings to the other species. It
is mother of pearl (silver), shining whitish grey, similar to that of syla, Koll., from N. India,
The fore wings have beyond the middle a strong dark brownish-grey streak, and beyond this a
somewhat broad dark curved band from costa to first median ; before the outer margin is a
double series of dusky lunules.” (Staudinger, 1. ¢.)

Male. Bluish green ; secondaries broadly bordered with black. Fringe whitish.

Female. Brownish ; primaries rather paler on disc, and with some pale spots beyond the discoidal
cell.

Under surface pale bluish white in the male, and whitish grey in the female; the primaries have
the following dusky markings: a bar at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell, an oblique
dusky band bordered outwardly with white, and a submarginal series of spots ; secondaries
have a discoidal bar and interrupted dark grey central band bordered with whitish ; there is
a double whitish wavy submarginal line and a line of the same colour parallel with outer
margin; a black spot bordered with fulyous at anal angle, and above it there is another black
spot surrounded with fulvous in the first median interspace.

Expanse, ¢ 36-38 millim., 2? 31-38 millim.

Graeser states that the larva feeds in June on Quercus mongolica.

This insect, which is described by Staudinger from the coast region of
Amurland, also occurs in Yesso; there was a large series in the late Henry
Pryer’s collection from the latter locality. Dr. Fixsen records a female

specimen from Corea, taken in July.

Zephyrus hecale, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII. figs. 1 9,2¢.)

Male. Of the same green colour as 7. taxila, but much suffused with blackish in certain lights ;
the black marginal borders of the primaries are very broad, and those of the secondaries still
broader, the abdominal margin of these wings is also broadly blackish ; the primaries have an
elongate black discoidal spot. Under surface similar in colour and pattern to that of
Z. taxila, but the white markings are silvery and more slender; the primaries have a dark
discoidal spot bordered with silvery white, the central line of secondaries forms a more

‘distinct W before reaching abdominal margin, and the inner submarginal line on these wings
is not well defined ; the tails are rather longer.

Female. Blackish; the primaries have an orange spot at the outer extremity of discoidal cell, and
one between it and the outer margin intersected by the third median nervule. Under surface
as in the male, but the central lines are rather wider.

Expanse, ¢ 42 millim., ? 38 millim.

The male of this species was taken at Wa-ssu-kow in July, at an elevation
of 5000 feet, whilst two females were captured at Ta-chien-lu in July, at
about 8000 feet.

This species is also allied to Z. (7.) tsangkie, Oberthiir, but the male has
no purplish blue at angle of secondaries, and the female is not marked -with
blue on upper surface ; the orange markings on primaries are more like those

380 LYCENIDA.

of female Z. icana, Moore. The fringes of both sexes are darker and the
white transverse lines on under surface are wavy.

Zephyrus tsangkie.
Thecla tsangkie, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, ix. p. 20, pl. vii. figs. 55 ¢, 56 2 (1886).

“ Appartient au groupe de syla, japonica, tawila, orientalis. En dessus, le ¢ a le disque des
ailes couvert d’atomes vert brillant, les nervures sont dessinées en brun noiratre, le contour
des ailes est largement bordé de noiratre uni, mat. Le bord extérieur, aux ailes inférieures,
est orné pres de l’angle anal de deux taches bleu brillant, du milieu desquelles sort le petit
appendice caudal noir, terminé en blanc.

“La © differe en dessus du g, parce que les ailes sont brunes, les inférieures athe pales les
supérieures plus noires. Celles-ci ont deux belles taches bleu brillant, l’une intracellulaire,
Yautre plus longue infracellulaire, et une tache orangée bilobée au dela de la cellule. Le
dessous des deux sexes différe trés peu de celui de japonica.” (Oberthiir, l. ¢.)

The male has the wings thickly powdered with brilliant green scales, the nerves are blackish brown,
and the outer margins of all the wings are broadly bordered with black with two bright blue
patches, sometimes united towards anal angle of secondaries.

The female is brown: primaries are rather darker than the secondaries, and have an elongate
patch of blue in the first median interspace, with a smaller one above in the discoidal cell ; at
the end of the cell there is an orange patch intersected by the nervules.

On the under surface the sexes are alike, and the pattern is very similar to that of Z. taxila.

Appears to be a common species in Western China, occurring up to an
elevation of 10,000 feet. :

Zephyrus icana. (Plate XXVII. fig. 4, 3.)

Dipsas icana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 575, pl. Ixvii. fig. 3, ¢.
Zephyrus icana, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 806 (1890).

‘‘ Male. Upperside dark brown: fore wing with the interior portion purplish green, metallic only
in certain lights, and traversed by the dark brown veins ; hind wing slightly sprinkled with
metallic-green scales,

“ Underside pale sap-brown: fore wing with a dark brown broad spot at end of the cell ; a trans-
verse discal band decreasing in width and terminating one third from the posterior angle,
being bordered outwardly by a narrow pale line ; a narrow paler brown submarginal fascia
and outer border ; hind wing with a dark brown broad median transverse band including a
discocellular spot, the band pale-bordered on both sides and terminating above anal angle in a
zigzag line; a paler brown lunular submarginal fascia and outer band; a black-bordered

orange patch at anal angle containing two black spots joined by a blue streak.
‘“Expanse 1,4; inch.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Occurs in Western China at Chia-kou-ho, Ta-chien-lu, and Omei-shan, in
June and July, at an elevation of 10,000 feet.

In India, Z. icana is not a common species, it has, been obtanned at

ZEPHYRUS. 381

Narkunda in July and August, on the Jalauri Pass at the end of July,
in Kulu at 7000 feet in July, and from 8000 to 9000 feet in September,
and also in Kumaon.

Dr. Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 268) seems to consider Z. icana, Moore,
synonymous with ‘ Lipsas’ micans, Bremer and Grey; but this species is not
in any way to be confounded with Z. icana, and is not even congeneric
with it.

Zephyrus bieti.
Thecla bieti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 19, pl. iv. fig. 22, ¢ (1886).

* Voisine de Quercus, mais d’un bleu plus obscur en dessus et la bordure noire marginale beau-
coup plus large. La @ différe du ¢ de la méme facon que dans quercus, c’est-a-dire par
deux taches bleu brillant et deux ou trois points orangés aux ailes supérieures. La frange
est brun jaunitre. Le dessous différe de guercus, parce que la teinte gris argenté est
remplacée par du brun saupoudré d’une multitude d’atomes jaune orangé, et que la ligne
transversale allant du bord costal des supérieures au bord anal des inférieures est jaune clair
et paralléle au bord extérieur. Cette ligne est intérieurement accompagnée d’une ombre
rougeatre trés fine et extérieurement d’une bande submarginale de petits croissants rouge-
atres. Les espaces cellulaires sont clos par un trait rougedtre.” (Oberthiir, l. ¢.)

Occurs commonly from May to August at Che-tou, Ta-chien-lu, and Moupin
in Western China and at How-kow in Thibet. It is found at various eleva-
tions up at 10,000 feet.

Zephyrus signata. (Plate XXVII. fig. 12, ¢.)
Thecla signata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 854; Waterhouse, Aid Identif.
Ins. pl. exiv. fig. 2 (1882) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 19 (1886).

* Allied to 7’. arata and 17’. tyrianthina. Primaries above with the discoidal cell, the interno-
median interspace almost to outer margin, and the basal half of the median interspaces bright
pure lilac, the remainder of the wings and the veins dark brown, shot with lilac ; secondaries
rather pale fuliginous brown with bronzy reflections, the discoidal cell sprinkled with lilac
scales. Wings below pale golden brown: primaries with two slightly darker spots in the
cell, margined and partly connected by silvery-white lines; aslightly oblique band from costa
to first median branch, edged on both sides with silvery-white lines ; a submarginal series of
indistinct white lunules, the last two of which bound two dusky spots; internal area shining
whitish; fringe dusky: secondaries with two abbreviated silvery-white lines across the base
of the subcostal area, the inner one curved ; a nearly M-shaped character of the same colour
crossed by the median vein ; two widely angulated, slender, interrupted white lines from the
abdominal margin to the median vein ; an oblique white line from the costal margin to the
first median branch, and a chain-like double white line from the apex to the second median
branch; a large black-spotted orange spot on the anal area (the anal third of the wing is

i>)
OE

382 LYCENIDZ.

ragged on both sides; but from what remains of the anal patch, it appears to be of the same
character as that of 7. arata). Body white, the venter creamy, the tarsi annulated with -
black. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

“ Kuramatsunai (Yesso), August. Coll. M. Fenton.” (Butler, l. ¢.)

Pryer’s figure of Z. (L.) signata is a very indifferent one and barely recog-
nizable; he states that the species is not uncommon in Yesso. I have three
specimens from that island, which differ inter se and from the type, figured in
‘ Aid,’ in the character of the white basal marks on the under surface.

Zephyrus quercivora. (Plate XX VII. fig. 15, 9 5

Thecla quercivora, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. iti. p. 137, pl. vi. figs. 2.@, 6 (1887).

‘“«T received three bred specimens of this very interesting new species from Dérries, all of which
appeared to be females, and closely resembled the same sex of 7. qguercus on the upper
surface, but the pale blue of discoidal cell is continued beyond in the form of a streak in each
median interspace. The basal portion of the secondaries, especially the cell, is suffused with
blue, and the white-tipped black tail is distinctly longer than in 7’. quercus. The fringes are
dark, but in one specimen chequered, especially on the secondaries, with white. Under
surface ochreous slightly tinted with grey, differs from all other species of 7'hecla (from the
Palearctic or Indian Fauna) in having white markings at the base of the secondaries. The
large orange anal spot well defined. Antenne black, ringed with white, with less brown at
the tip than in guercus; the pectus is clothed with bluish-white hair; the white feet are out-
wardly marked with black ; the farsi are white, ringed with black, and the abdomen is dark
above and yellowish white beneath.

“ The larva lives on oak, and is green with brown spots along the pace and sides. ‘The first three
segments have some darker (blackish) spots, and are clothed with longer and thicker hair
than the others ; the eleventh segment has a somewhat remarkable conical process, which is
not familiar to me in the case of any other Lycenid larva.” (Staudinger, 1. c.)

Staudinger states that his description of guercivora is taken from three bred
examples of the female from Amurland, but his figure is said to represent
a male.

Two female specimens, kindly lent to me by Mr. Grose Smith, one from
Ichang, Central China, and the other from Western China, probably Omei-
shan, agree with qguercivora, except that the secondaries have more blue on
the upper surface. The figure of Z. quercivora agrees with the figure of
Z. siqnata in every particular but the character of basal marks on under
surface; and as I find that these marks are inconstant in Z signata, I am
disposed to think that when more material is available it will be found that
quercivora is only a form of Z. signata. If Dr. Staudinger had been acquainted

with the latter species, he certainly would have compared his quercivora with
it rather than with quercus.

ZEPHYRUS. 383

Zephyrus ceelistis. (Plate XXVII. fig. 9, 3.)
Thecla celistis, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 191 (1890).

Male. Bright blue; primaries with broad black band on outer margins, the apical portion
extending nearly to middle of the costa, from this point to the base the costa is edged with
black. Secondaries: two black spots just above anal angle (one on each side of submedian
nervure); the submarginal band is black and fairly broad at apex, and this colour is con-
tinued halfway up the whitish abdominal margin. Fringes greyish, preceded by a black line
on the secondaries; tail black, tipped with white. Under surface russet-brown: on the
primaries there is an indistinet discal spot, and beyond it an oblique silvery-white line
extending from costa to first median branch; submarginal line bluish white, ill defined
towards apex, and edged internally with black towards the inner margin, which is broadly
grey: secondaries have a silvery-white central transverse line and a bluish-white sinuous
submarginal line; the latter is edged internally with blackish, and the former is twice angu-
lated above the anal angle and terminates about the middle of abdominal margin; anal angle
is black, and above it is a broad orange-red patch extending from first median nervule to
end of central line on abdominal margin; the black spots are reproduced, but that nearest
the anal angle has a blue centre: fringes as above, but the black line at their base is preceded
by a bluish one towards anal angle.

Female. Similar to the male, but the black band of primaries is much broader and contains an
orange patch, which is bisected by the second median nervule; the costa and fringes are
tinged with fulvous ; the marginal band of secondaries is also broader.

Expanse 42 millim.

Var. nigricans. All the wings have a slight blackish suffusion, the apex and outer margin of
primaries are very broadly bordered with black ; the outer margin of secondaries is also broadly
black, and this colour projects from the inner edge of the marginal band along the nervules.

Both forms occur at Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan, and Moupin, in June and July,
up to 8000 feet. ‘The type has only been received from Wa-shan, Pu-tsu-fong,
and Ni-tou.

-Zephyrus betule, (Plate XXVIII. figs. 8, 11, vars.)
Papilio betule, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 482 (1758).
Zephyrus betule, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 403 (1871).
Thecla betule, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 75, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1884).
Thecla elwesi, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 39 (1890).

“ Expands 1:25 to 1°50 inch. The ground-colour of the wings in both sexes is dark brown; all
the wings have the fringes whitish brown. The head, thorax, and abdomen are black above,
but the legs and palpi are white beneath; the antenne are black, ringed with white. The
male has a faintly black oblong discoidal spot on the fore wings, and external to it a light
but inconspicuous patch ; the hind wings have the tail orange, and a small orange patch at
the anal angle. The female differs from the male in having a large and bright orange patch
on the fore wings external to the discoidal spot, crossed by two or three black veins, and
occupying nearly a fourth of the area of the wings. The underside is nearly the same

384 LYCANIDZ.

in both sexes ; the ground-colour is reddish brown, brightest in the female; the fore wings
have an elongated discoidal spot, and external to this, reaching from the costa, a long
tapering streak of a darker colour, coming to a point as it approaches the inner margin and
bounded externally by a white line; the hind wings have a patch of bright reddish brown
running from the costa to the inner margin, bounded internally by an indistinct white line
and externally by a very distinct wavy line of the same colour; the hind margins are
reddish orange.

“Larva, when full-grown, is apple-green ; the segments are very definitely divided, and each
segment has four longitudinal white stripes, two dorsal and two lateral, and besides these
several oblique pale lines. The head is brown, and very much smaller than the segment
immediately posterior to it. —

** Pupa,—Pale brown and smooth, not attached by silken threads ; in this manner resembling the
pupa of 7’, quercus, which also does not attach itself by the head and tail.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

Z. betule is represented in China by a large form, which I now describe
as

Var. crassa, var. nov. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 11,9.) Male. Agrees exactly in colour with dark
specimens of the same sex from Europe, but the tails are longer and more slender. The
Female differs only from European examples of the same sex in having longer tails. On the
under surface there is no difference, except that the black spot above the tail is always
distinct and the outer transverse line of secondaries is rather less angulated.

Expanse, ¢ 54 millim., 9 56 millim.

This form occurs at Moupin, Western China, in July.

Var. elwesi, Leech. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 8, 2.) Male. Fuscous-brown, the discal area of
primaries tinged with orange-brown, especially beyond the black bar which closes the
discoidal cell, Secondaries with some black spots and orange marks on outer margin at

anal angle; tail reddish orange, edged with black and tipped with white. Under surface as
in var. crassa.

Female. Orange-brown, clouded with greyish brown towards the base of all the Wings, apex and
outer margin black; a black spot on secondaries in second median interspace; fringes
whitish, grey at the base and, on the secondaries, at the extremities of nervules.

Expanse, ¢ 50 millim., 9 54 millim.
| have received examples of this form from Chang-yang and Ichang, Central
China, and from Moupin in Western China. Occurs in July and August.
When I described e/wesi as a distinct species, I supposed that the larger
size and different coloration of upper surface were of specific value ; but since
receiving other specimens, not only of e/wesi but also of crassa, from Moupin,
I am now inclined to consider both as exaggerated forms of Z. betule.

Zephyrus szpestriata.

Dipsas sepestriata, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep, p. 67, pl. xxvi. figs. 7, 8 (1865); Pryer,
Rhop. Nihon, p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 5 (1886).

ZEPHYRUS. 385

‘«« Male. Upperside orange-yellow (the bands of the underside indistinctly seen through); the
outer margins dark brown, narrow; a black spot marked with a spot of white at the
anal angle. Underside orange-yellow. Both wings crossed transversely by numerous bands
and spots of brown. Posterior wings orange at the base of the tail, marked with two black
spots.

** Female differs from the male in having the apex of the anterior wing broadly brown ; two black
spots near the base of the tail; and the outer margin of the posterior wing broader, traversed
near the tail by a line of white.

“ Exp. 1,8, inch.” (Hewitson, 1. ¢.)

According to Pryer this species is common at Yokohama. I took it in July
near Nagahama, Lake Biwa, and also at Hakodate. Mr. Elwes states that

this insect was taken at Vladivostock by Dorries (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1881,
p- 883). ‘

Zephyrus jonasi.

Thecla jonasi, Janson, Cistula Entom. ii. p. 157 (1877); Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. vi.
p. 13, pl. viii. fig. 2. (1881).

Dipsas jonasi, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 5 (1886).

«© ©. Above orange, slightly golden, base of wings blackish; primaries with an apical black
border, wide in front but narrowed towards the inner angle ; secondaries somewhat produced
at the apical angle, tails black, tipped with white, margin between the tail and anal angle
slightly emarginate and edged with black; beneath brownish ochreous; primaries with
a narrow brown streak at the end of the cell, and a transverse brown band (almost divided
into spots by the nervures) midway between it and the apex, extending from the costa almost
to the inner margin, where it becomes narrow and of a darker brown ; secondaries with a
brown streak at the end of the cell, and a fine transverse white line beyond the middle,
divided beyond the nervures, and edged with black on its inner side, commencing at the
costa, turned inwards posteriorly, and ending just above the anal angle, which is orange-red
and the lobe black. Expanse of wings 16—22 lines.

“ Allied to 7. lutca, Hew.; but it is of a darker orange above, without the black spots on
secondaries, has more elongate wings, and is very differently marked on the underside.

«A few specimens were found by Mr. Jonas flying about a chestnut-tree near the River Yckawa,
at the foot of Assama-yama.” (Janson, I. c.)

According to Pryer, Z. jonasi occurs in Yezo, and at Yokohama and Asama-
yama. ‘There were specimens in his collection labelled “ Oiwake, 1885.”

I took specimens in August, flymg about small trees, at Hakodate in
Yesso. Oberthiir states that some specimens were taken by M. l’Abbé David
in the north of China, and adds :— The Chinese examples are larger than
those from Japan, but do not present any other difference.”

Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi.) records this species from various parts of
Amurland.

386 LYCANID.

Zephyrus melpomene. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 14, ¢.)

Dipsas melpomene, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 41 (1890).

Pale orange-brown; apex of primaries, tail, and anal angle of secondaries black. Under surface
rather browner than above; primaries streaked with whitish along the inner margin,
discoidal bar and submarginal line darker, the latter faintly edged externally with whitish:
secondaries with dark discoidal bar edged with whitish ; submarginal line white, curved, and |
slightly indented before abdominal margin, followed by a paler shade of the ground-colour ; a
spot between second and third median nervyules and one at anal angle black; the marginal
border is of the ground-colour, intersected by a paler line to the second median nervule, then
pale reddish orange to the abdominal margin; fringes of the ground-colour, preceded by
a darker line to the second median nervule, from which point to the anal angle the fringes
are white, preceded by a black line, which traverses the tail to the white tip.

Expanse 40 millim.

One example captured at Chang-yang in August.

Allied to Z. jonasi, Janson, but easily distinguished therefrom by the
different character of the apical patch of primaries above and the markings
on the under surface of secondaries; the tails are longer and more slender.

Zephyrus lutea.

Dipsas lutea, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 67, pl. xxvi. figs. 9, 10 (1865); Pryer, Rhop.
Nihon. p. 13, pl. iv. fig. 4 (1886).

«« Female. Upperside orange. Anterior wing with the outer margins brown. Posterior wing with
the tail, the outer margin near it, and a spot at the anal angle dark brown. Underside orange.
Anterior wing crossed by two rufous bands bordered with white; a spot of brown near the —
anal angle. Posterior wing pale rufous brown, crossed by two lines of silvery white; a sub-
marginal band of orange bordered inwardly by lunular white spots margined with black, and
outwardly by a line of small black spots; a black spot near the base of the tail, and also at
the anal angle; the outer margin brown, the fringe white. Exp. 143 inch.” (Hewitson,
lL, C.)

I took this species, together with Z. jonasi, near Hakodate in August.
Pryer records it from Yokohama, Nikko, Yesso, and Asama-yama, and gives
the time of its appearance as May and June.

Staudinger records /utea from various parts of Amurland (Rom. sur Lép. vi.),
and says that the specimens do not differ from those from Japan.

Zephyrus seraphim.
Thecla seraphim, Oberthiir, Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xii; Etud. @Entom. xi.
p. 19, pl. v. fig. 37 (1886).
“Appartient au groupe des Thecla jonasi, lutea, sepestriata. Les ailes supérieures en dessus sont
du méme fauve orangé que dans ces trois espcces, mais la 7’, seraphin est plus petite et d’une

ZEPHYRUS. 387

contexture plus délicate. L’apex des ailes supérieures est marqué d’une tache noiratre tri-
angulaire. Le bord extérieur est finement lis¢éré de noiratre.

** En dessous, seraphim differe de lutea par l’absence sur le disque des ailes des lignes blanches qui
distinguent lutea. Le milieu des ailes dans seraphim est d’un fauve orangé absolument uni.
Le bord extérieur est seulement décoré, 4 peu prés comme dans luéca, mais d’une manicre
moins accentuée, par une ligne blanche dont la direction est & peu prés parallcle au bord
extérieur; cette ligne blanche se termine en chevrons internervuraux d’autant plus aigus
qu’on se rapproche davantage de l’angle anal. Entre cette ligne et le bord extérieur, il-y-a
des points noirs intra-nervuraux, plus ou moins entourés ou méme envahis de blanc, ressortant
sur un fond plus orangé que le fond méme des ailes. La tache de l’espace nervural anté-
anal est la plus noire et la plus grosse de toutes. Le bord des ailes inférieures est liséré
une triple ligne noire, blanche et noire. L’appendice caudal ordinaire est assez long, fin et
noir.” (Oberthiir, 1. c., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.)

The spot at anal angle is entirely absent in some examples, and in some
specimens there are indications of a black spot at outer angle of secondaries.

Appears to be a common species in many parts of Western China,
occurring in June and July above 10,000 feet. I have received it from
Omei-shan, Ta-chien-lu, Ni-tou, Wa-shan, Che-tou, and Pu-tsu-fong.

Zephyrus minerva. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 12, ¢.)

Dipsas minerva, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 40 (1890).

Female. Pale orange-brown; outer margin of primaries narrowly bordered with black, broader at
the apex. Secondaries with a black spot on outer margin between second and third median
nervules, and another at anal angle; fringes grey, darker at the tips and extremities of
nervules, preceded by a black line, which traverses the tail to the white tip. Under surface
rather paler than above: primaries with an interrupted white submarginal line, edged
internally with black, followed by a series of white lunules, edged externally with black, and
enclosing reddish-orange spots: secondaries have a white submarginal line, edged internally
with black, with three deep indentations before abdominal margin, followed by an undulated
black-edged white line enclosing some reddish-orange spots and two black ones; one of
these last is placed at outer angle, and the other, which is edged with reddish orange,
between second and third nervules; the orange spots are edged externally with black,
intersected by short projections from a white line parallel with outer margin; fringes and
tail as above.

Expanse 37 millim.

In one of the specimens the border of outer margin and apex is very
faintly indicated. _

Allied to Zephyrus (Thecla) seraphim, Oberth., from which it differs prin
cipally in the arrangement of markings on under surface of secondaries.

Occurs in June at Ichang, Central China, from whence I received five
female specimens. I have not seen the male of this species.

388 LYCANIDZ.

Zephyrus comes. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 9, ¢ .)
Dizsas comes, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 41 (1890).

Female. Closely allied to D. minerva, but the black border of primaries is confined to the
apical and costal areas; on the secondaries there is no black spot, but there are traces
of a pale submarginal line, which is deeply indented before abdominal margin; the under
surface is browner, there are no markings on the primaries beyond the submarginal line; the |
submarginal line of secondaries starts from a point nearer the middle of costa and has only one
deep indentation before abdominal margin, the line following extends only from the outer
angle to second median nervule and forms a series of arches interrupting the broad reddish-
orange marginal border ; there is no black spot at outer angle, and that between the second
and third median nervuies is smaller.

Expanse 38 millim.

Occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, in July at an elevation of 6000 feet,
and also at Wa-ssu-kow, Western China. Appears to be a scarce species.

Zephyrus thespis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 2,2.)
Dipsas thesyis, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 42 (1890).

Pale orange-brown; tail, anal angle, and spot between second and third median nervules black.
Under surface pale ochreous brown, with central transverse and submarginal lines of
primaries white, the first bordered internally and the last externally with black ; secondaries
have an internally black-bordered white central line projecting sharply outwards before
reaching the abdominal margin, and a submarginal series of connected black-edged white
lunules, the first of which at the outer angle is followed by “a black spot; another larger
black spot displaces the. lunule between second and third median branches; this is —
surrounded with reddish orange, and the marginal border is tinged with the same
colour; a small black spot at anal angle, and there are some short longitudinal black
dashes before the black line at base of the white fringes.

Expanse 33 millim,

One example, taken at Ichang in August.

Allied to Zephyrus (Thecla) lutea, Brem., but differs from that species very
materially in the markings of under surface of secondaries.

Zephyrus michaelis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 7, var.)
Thecla michaelis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 19, pl. v. fig. 2 (1880).

“Shape of tavila. Black on the upper surface. Both sexes have an orange patch on the disc of
primaries, but this is better developed in the female than the male; this patch occupies the
space between the median neryure and the inner margin. The secondaries are tailed, and
the anal angle of the female has a velvety-black spot and a broad orange marginal band,
which is intersected by the nervules; there is a black spot on the orange band in the

first median interspace. In the male there is only a slight trace of this orange band at tho
anal angle.

ZEPHYRUS. 389

‘On the under surface the sexes only differ in the more pronounced coloration of the female.
The wings are of a uniform pale orange-yellow, traversed by a band parallel with the outer
margin; this band is formed of silver crescents margined with black, placed between
the nervules and followed externally by orange patches, which increase in size towards
the inner margin of each wing; the last of these spots on the primaries is double and
replaced by black; beyond the silver crescents there is a series of white spots; there is
a black spot at anal angle, and another in the first median interspace corresponding with
that on upper surface. Fringes white, preceded by a black line.

«‘One male and two females taken in August in the Isle of Askold.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

M. Oberthiir’s figure of this species, representing a female example,
measures 46 millim. in expanse.

Dr. Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 146) says that he has received this
species from Sutschan, Askold, and Vladivostock.

Var. gabrielis, var.noy. (Plate XXVIII. fig.7,9.) This form, which bears the same relation
to the type that raphaelis does to var. flamen, has all the wings bright fulvous on upper
surface ; the apex of primaries is broadly black, extending along the costal and outer
margin; the secondaries have a black patch near outer angle; there is no black spot in first
median interspace. Under surface as in the type, but there is no black spot on the outer
margin in first median interspace of primaries as represented in the figure of michaels.

Expanse 52 millim.

One female example of this form, for the loan of which I am indebted to

Mr. Grose Smith, was taken in Western China, probably at Omei-shan. My
collectors failed to meet with it.

Zephyrus raphaelis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 10, var.)

Thecla raphaels, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 20, pl. v. fig. 1 (1880); Fixsen, Rom.
_ sur Lép. iii. p. 278 (1887).
Dipsas flamen, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 410, pl. xxxvi. fig. 2.

*« Ailes arrondies, inférieures sans prolongement caudal, enti¢rement rouge orangé en dessus,
sauf le bord terminal des ailes supérieures bordé de noir, ainsi que la partie antérieure
du bord terminal des ailes inférieures. Cette bordure noire est un peu variable et plus
ou moins prononcée suivant les individus. La partie la plus large de la partie noire se trouve
i Papex des ailes supérieures, 4 l’angle interne des inférieures et par un petit renflement &
Vextrémité inférieure du bord terminal des premicres ailes.

“ Le dessous ne differe.guére de celui de michaélis que par sa teinte orangée plus vive.

“T’abdomen différe de celui de michaélis parce qu’il est fauve en dessus au lieu d’étre brun.”
(Oberthir, 1. ¢.)

When M. Oberthiir wrote the above description he had a male specimen of
the species from Amurland and a female example from Askold, but he does

3F

390 LYCANIDA.

not mention to which of these specimens his description refers. The figure
appears to represent a female.
Dr. Fixsen records two specimens from Corea.

Var. flamen, Leech. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 10, 2.) Ground-colour of all the wings dull orange,
deeply bordered round the costal and outer margins with black; veins of the hind wings
deeply marked with black towards the outer margin ; a small black spot occurs near the outer
margin of the secondaries between the first and second median nervules. Fringes short, dirty
white. Under surface of all the wings yellowish buff, outer margins bordered by a narrow
black line; a submarginal band of bright orange elongated spots, bordered on each side by a
row of silver spots, runs round the wings, interrupted at the inner angle of the primaries by
a conspicuous black double spot; there is a small black spot on primaries between the fifth
orange spot and outer margin, and a row of three black spots near the anal angle of
secondaries.

This form agrees with the type in being destitute of tails and in having the
same design on the under surface. It is, however, much larger, and there is
a larger proportion of black on the upper surface; in this latter character it
resembles Z. michaelis.

Dr. Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 146) considers flamen to be synonymous
with raphaelis, Oberthiir, but he does not give his reasons. I should have
been disposed, however, to keep flamen distinct from raphaelis, if I had not
seen Z. michaelis, var. gabrielis, from China, which stands in the same relation
to the type of that species as the type of raphaelis does to my flamen.

I only succeeded in taking one specimen of var. famen. It was flying
over small trees near the monastery of So-ko-San, about fourteen miles west
of Gensan, on June 15th, 1886. The type—i. e. raphaelis—is stated to fly in
August.

Occurs in Amurland, Isle of Askold, and Corea.

Zephyrus ibara. , ,

Thecla ibara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p..852; Waterhouse, Aid Identif.
Ins, pl. exiii. (1882) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 18 (1886).

“Female. Upper surface similar to 7’. mera, sericeous fuliginous brown; primaries with broad
diffused blackish external area and costal border ; fringes snow-white, spotted with black at
the extremities of the veins ; head olivaceous, varied with snow-white. Under surface of
wings golden stramineous ; a discal series of black-edged orange lunate spots, followed by a
series of oval pearl-white spots from the upper radial of primaries to the second median
branch of secondaries, the third and fourth of the primaries bounded externally by a few
black scales, the fifth (or last) on the primaries bounded by a large black spot, the orange
lunule also almost wholly covered by its black border, the fifth and last of secondaries

ZEPHYRUS. a9]

bounded by a small black spot ; a broad orange patch, in continuation of the discal spots, at
anal angle, its inner edge hounded by two slender black liture; a large submarginal black
spot on the inner half of the orange patch, which is bounded by the first median interspace
and two black marginal spots in the angles of the outer half, upon interno-median inter-
space; these two spots are connected by a silvery-blue line; all the wings with a black
marginal line; fringes snow-white, spotted with black. Body below snow-white; legs
banded with black. Expanse of wings 1 inch 9 lines.
*‘ Tbara Pass, Dewa, 2nd week of July. Coll. M. Fenton.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

This appears to be a very rare species, and has only been observed in
Japan.

The specimen from Nikko referred to by Pryer (/. ¢.) is now in my
possession. It is of the same sex as the type, but differs from the figure in
‘ Aid’ in its narrower wings, and in having a pale brownish shade on disc of
primaries ; the tails of secondaries are shorter and broader, and the under
surface is not so green.

Zephyrus stygiana.
Thecla stygiana, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vil. p. 35, pl. iv. fig. 6 (1881).

* Above smoky brown, without markings. Wings below greyish brown, with an indistinct externo-
discal series of blackish spots bounded outwardly with yellowish; primaries with an
indistinctly whitish-bordered black spot at external angle; secondaries with a very indistinct
submarginal series of dusky spots: a patch of orange at external angle, enclosing a black
spot above the tail, which is also black; anal angle black; pectus bluish white; venter
sulphur-yellow.

‘«* Expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines,

&‘ Nikko, Central Japan (Maries).” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

This seems to be a very rare species. Pryer does not refer to it in his
‘Rhopalocera Nihonica,’ and so far as I am aware there is but one specimen
known ; this is the type in the National Collection at South Kensington.

Zephyrus enthea. (Plate XXX. fig. 18, var.)
Thecla enthea, Janson, Cistula Entom. ii. p. 157 (1877); Pryer, Nihon. p. 15, pl. iv.
fig. 12 (1886).

“ Above dark brown, dise of primaries lighter ; secondaries with one long tail, white at its apex;
beneath white; primaries with seventeen conspicuous black spots, arranged thus—two near
the base, the upper one large, one at the end of cell, three in an oblique row on the costal
margin beyond the middle, and an irregular transverse row of five, followed by a submarginal
row of six; apical margin rather broadly brown; secondaries with three spots in a row at the
base, a small one in the cell, an elongate one at its end, a similar-shaped one between it and
the anal angle, three along the abdominal margin, a curved transverse row of six beyond the
middle, and a submarginal row of five, those at the base and near the costal margin black,

3F2

392 LYCANIDA.

but towards the apex the wings become dusky and the spots pale brown, margined with
white, anal region pale orange, with two small black spots at the base of the tail, and one at—

the anal angle. Expanse of wings 13 inch.
«Two specimens taken by Mr. Jonas, near the River Yokawa, about 140 miles N.W. of Yedo

[Tokio], are all I have seen of this distinct species.” (Janson, l. ¢.)

The Western-Chinese form (Plate XXX. fig. 18) differs from the Japanese
in having two conspicuous white blotches on the upper surface of primaries ;
the fringes of all the wings are pure white, and on the secondaries are
preceded by a white line towards anal angle. Similar to the type on under
surface. The white blotches of the Chinese specimens are represented in the
Japanese examples by ill-defined pale brownish marks, and it is probably to
these marks that Janson refers in his description of Z. enthea when he says
“disc of primaries lighter.”

One specimen from Omei-shan has the usually large basal spots on under
surface of primaries replaced by a small black dot; the first three spots of
central series are confluent, and the orange colour on anal area of second-
aries does not form a patch, but simply a dash before the black spot at anal
angle and a ring round that in first median interspace.

According to Pryer this species is on the wing in July, and is abundant at
Asama-yama and not uncommon at Nikko. I took some very worn specimens
in Yesso at the beginning of August. ;

My collectors obtained specimens in Western China at Moupin and Omei-
shan in June, at elevations ranging from 4000 to 8000 feet.

Christoph obtained it in Amurland, and Graeser states that he bred two

fine females from some uniformly pale green larve which he found feeding
on Juglans mandschurica. |

Zephyrus attilia.
Thecla attilia, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr, iii. p. 469 (1861) ; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 24, pl. il.
fig. 8 (1864) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 15, pl. iv. fig. 11 (1886).
“Als supra fuses ciliis albis, apicem anticarum versus fuscis; ala postice caudate.
“Ale subtus coerulescenti-albe ; anticee macula discoidali, fascia transversa, fasciis submar-
ginalibus interruptis duabus (interiore obsoleta) lineaque ante cilia nigris. ;
“Alw posticw fascia media recta (angulum analem versus angulum acutum formante) fascia

interrupta submarginali lineaque ante cilia nigris, maculis duabus anguli ani fulvis, nigro-
notatis. 380mm.” (Bremer, 1. ¢., Lep. Ost-Sib.)

Pryer says that this is the most abundant “ Thecla” in the neighbourhood
of Yokohama, and that it varies in the markings of both: surfaces. I have

ZEPHYRUS. 393

received specimens from Chang-yang, Central China. Probably this species
occurs in Corea, but so far has not been recorded from that locality.

Dr. Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 139) states that Dorries found the
larva of Z. attilia on oak, and described it as green with yellow dorsal
streaks.

Distribution. Amurland, Japan,“Central China.

Zephyrus butleri.
Thecla butleri, Fenton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 853; Waterhouse, Aid Identif.
Ins, pl. exv. fig. 1 (1882) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 13 (1886).
Thecla oberthiiri, Staudinger, Rom. sur. Lép. ii. p. 188, pl. vi. figs. 4a, b, 9 (1887).

‘¢ Allied to 7’. attilia ; colour the same; margin of primaries straighter. Above, the submarginal
row of white spots in the secondaries larger and more distinct, the third, fourth, and the one
- near the anal angle centred with black ; below, the ground-colour slightly duskier, becoming
still more so towards the margin; in the primaries is a transverse bar in the middle of the
cell, extending from the subcostal to the submedian vein, and almost divided by the median
into two spots; the discal bar ceases abruptly at the third median veinlet; an extra small
spot, just on the division between the middle and apical thirds, between the third median
veinlet and the submedian vein: secondaries with a transverse row of three black spots at
the base in a descending series from the costal vein, a short bar at the end of the cell as in
primaries ; a transverse irregular bar in the middle third, extending from the costal and
narrowing towards the independent vein ; a row of three oblong spots, the first two with
the longer axis placed transversely, the third near the inner edge, almost at right angles to
the second; a submarginal row of whitish spots centred with black, more distinct and
enclosed in the aforesaid dusky colour; the orange-red at the base of the tail and at the
anal angle more suffused. Expanse of wings 1 inch 33 lines.
«‘ One specimen taken about the middle of August on the top of the peak, 1060 feet high, over-
looking Hakodate.” (Fenton, 1. c.)

This appears to be a rare insect in Japan; there was but one specimen in
the collection of the late Mr. Henry Pryer; this is from Yesso and is
probably the example referred to by him in his book. Dr. Staudinger
describes the species under the name of 7. oberthiiri, and states that it was
found on the Ussuri by Dorries, who also obtained it at Askold and Suifun in
small numbers.

Zephyrus orsedice.
Thecla orsedice, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 852; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p- 15, pl. iv. fig. 17, ¢ (1886) ; Waterhouse, Aid Identif. Ins. pl. evii. 2 (1882).

«*@. Upper surface much like the females of Lolaus pseudolonginus and Pithecops intensa.
Primaries pale bluish grey or greyish white, with very broad black-brown apical area and

394 LYCZANIDA.

external border; median branches blackish; costal border pale bronzy brown, faintly shot
with violet ; fringe tipped with white; secondaries fuliginous brown, with the abdominal —
area and discoidal cell washed with pale ash-grey ; a slender snow-white submarginal line ;
fringe tipped with white: head somewhat olivaceous; body greyish; abdomen sordid
brownish. Wings below pale shining dove-brown, with white submarginal line, white-
tipped fringe ; a disco-submarginal series of white-edged black spots and an irregular white-
edged black discal line; primaries with the discal line straight from the third subcostal to
the first median branch, where it is interrupted; the disco-submarginal spots subconical,
almost orbicular, increasing in size from the costa to the external angle; internal border
white; secondaries with the discal line near to the middle of the wing, oblique and
terminating in a W-shaped character; the disco-submarginal spots lunate, the sixth
interrupted by a large orange spot with black centre, and the seventh divided by an orange-
and-black trifid streak which extends to the anal angle; body below white. Expanse of
wings 1] inch 6 lines.

“ Twashiro [ Yesso], second week in July. Coll. M. Fenton.

* Allied to 7. eretria of Hewitson.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

The male, which appears not to have been previously described, but is
figured by Pryer, /. ¢., is of a uniform silky white, with a faint opalescent
tinge, and a narrow black outer marginal line on all the wings, increasing in
width towards apex of primaries. Under surface as in the female.

Pryer states that he met with this species at Nikko and Ontaki-san in July.
I took a female specimen myself at Tsuruga, on the west coast of Central
Japan, in July, and the male described above was taken in the Isle of Yesso.
Appears to be a very scarce species.

Genus SINTHUSA.

Sinthusa, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. lii. pt. 2, p. 83 (1884); Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 461 (1886) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 483 (1890). |

“Mate. Lore wing small, somewhat broad; costa arched at the base, apex pointed, exterior
margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin convex near the base; subcostal
nervure five-branched, first subcostal nervule emitted at nearly one half, second at one fourth,
and third from near the end of the cell, third bifid near its end; discoidal cell extending
to half length of the wing; discocellular nervule slender ; discoidal nervule from its middle ;
first median nervule at more than one third, and second median from near the end of the
cell; submedian nervure straight.

* Hind wing small, short, broad, costa arched in the middle, exterior margin with a single
slender tail from the end of the first median nervule; discoidal cell broad, triangular,
extending half the wing; first subcostal nervule at one half before the end of the cell;.
discovellular neryule oblique, slender; discoidal nervule from its middle; first median

nervule at nearly one half, and second median from near the end of the cell; submedian
and internal nervures recurved.

SINTHUSA. 395

* Palpi porrect, second joint long; third joint short, slender, pointed.
* Antenne with a large thick-pointed club.
“Type S. nasaka, Horsfield.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

Sinthusa chandrana,
Hypolycena chandrana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 249, pl. xi. figs. 2, 2a, 3;
de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. li. pt. 2, p. 78, pl. ix. fig. 1, 2 (1883).
Sinthusa chandrana, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 486 (1890).
Thecla pratti, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 110, pl. vii. fig. 4.

* Allied to H. nasaka. Male. Upperside violet-brown; fore wing with the lower basal and
discal area dull violet-blue, and the medial area of hind wing purplish violet-blue; marginal
line and anal lobe black. Cilia whitish. Underside olive-grey; fore wing with a broad
discocellular slender black-lined white-bordered streak, a similar broken discal band, and a
similar marginal narrower lunular band; hind wing with a similar discocellular streak, a
discal band, which is broken beyond the cell and bent upwards above anal angle, and a
marginal dentated band ending in a large red spot and anal lobe and an intervening streak,
the spot and anal lobe black-centred, the streak with metallic-green borders; a white-
bordered black spot on costa near the base, another at end of the cell, and a less distinct spot
above anal angle.

“ Expanse 13 inch.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Theela pratti, Leech. Male. Primaries black, with violet reflections over the discal area. Second-
aries black, with the exception of a violet suffusiori, bounded by two imaginary lines drawn
from the base of wing, and terminating respectively at the anal angle and the extremity of
the first subcostal nervule. ‘Tails black tipped with white; anal lunule red. Fringes of all
the wings pale, but becoming darker towards the apex of primaries.

Female. Uniformly smoky black. Anal lunule reddish orange, bordered on its inner margin by a
few bluish scales. Fringes of all the wings white, merging into black at the apex of primaries.

Underside: all the wings whitish grey. Primaries with a short darker transverse bar at the end
of discal cell, beyond which is a darker broken band running from the costa towards the
-inner margin. Secondaries with two small dark spots near the base of wing, and a short
darkish discal bar ; beyond this is an irregular arrangement of darkish markings. Above the
tail is a small black spot surrounded with yellow, a slender streak of which colour runs
parallel with the hind margin to the black anal lunule, and then, turning at a right angle,
traverses a third of the abdominal fold.

Expanse 32 millim.

This species is variable on the underside both in shade of colour and in
the intensity of the markings. In these respects four of the six specimens I
received from Kiukiang differ somewhat from the examples described above.
The anal lunule on upper surface of secondaries is also. subject to variation,
as in one example it is pale yellow, and in another bluish.

I took a few specimens of this insect at Foochau in April, 1886.

396 LYCENIDZ.

Mr. de Nicéville says: “I find that S. chandranqa is one of the most variable
of the Lycenide. In the Western Himalayas, from whence I have the
fewest specimens, it appears to be fairly constant, the catenulated bands of
the underside narrow and clearly defined. It is in Sikkim and Assam that
the species varies so much. Here typical chandrana is occasionally met
with, but the more common form has the bands of the underside much
broader, often more or less confluent, very prominent, and the ground-colour
much darker. The females show extraordinary variability on the upperside.
Some specimens are entirely glossy fuliginous black, with some obscure
irrorated white patches between the veins near the outer margin of the hind
wing; others have a small whity-ochreous patch on the fore wing, with the
white on the hind wing more developed; others have a large whity-
ochreous patch on the fore wing, the outer half of the hind wing also white ;
lastly Mr. Moller possessed a very aberrant Sikkim specimen in which there
is a bright ochreous somewhat large oval patch on the disc of the fore wing,
the hind wing unmarked.”

Distribution. Central China, Foochau, Upper Burma, Assam, Himalayas.

Genus CHRYSOPHANUS.

Chrysophanus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 72 (1816) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn.
Lep. il. p. 497 (1852) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 813 (1890).

Polyommatus, Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth. p. 9 (1840).

Lycena, sect. 3 (part.), Fabricius, Hl. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807).

Heodes (part.), Dalman, Kong]. Vetensk. Acad. Hand. xxxvii. p, 63 (1816).

“General characters of Lycena, but with the eyes naked, and the upperside of the wings
generally copper-coloured.

«« Heap small, hairy.

“ Labial palpi obliquely porrected, of moderate length; the basal and middle joints thickly
clothed with bristly hairs ; terminal joint slender, elongate, nearly naked, of nearly equal
length in both sexes. -

“« Antenne of moderate length, slender ; middle joints long, ringed with white ; terminated by
a distinct elongate-ovate club, not or scarcely spoon-shaped.

“ Fore wings somewhat elongated, and more acute at the tip than in Lycena, with the veins and
their branches arranged as in that genus; the position of the slender discocellular veins

closing the discoidal cell indicated by a transverse black spot on the underside, which is
generally much ocellated.

“ Jind wings ovate, with the anal angle more prominent than in Lycena; the extremity of the
first branch of the median vein is also often produced into a slight angle, especially in the
males ; marked beneath with black spots similar to those of the fore wings.

CHRYSOPHANUS. oul

“ Fore legs nearly alike in size in both sexes, scaly. The tibia armed with numerous short
acute spines, set on irregularly, the tip not produced into a hook. The underside of the
tarsi also armed with still more numerous spines; those of the male exarticulate, and
terminating in an obliquely curved horny point; those of the joint armed with acute
ungues, rather dilated and angulated near the base. Pseudonychia moderate-sized,
strongly bifid, the divisions conical, finely setose. Pulvillus large.

“ Four hind legs rather short. Basal joint of the tarsi long, and often swollen in the males.
Ungues and their appendages formed as in the fore legs.

“ Larva elongate-ovate, swollen, onisciform, generally finely hairy, head small; feeding upon
docks, grasses, and low herbage. Pupa short, thick, and entire, with the head-case obtuse.”
( Westwood, 1. ¢.)

Chrysophanus dispar, (Plate XXVIII. figs. 4, 6, var.)

Papilio dispar, Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 40 (1803).

Polyommatus dispar, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 90, pl. xix. fig. 4, ¢ 2 (1884).

Papilio rutilus, Werneburg, Beitr. Schmett. i. p. 391 (1864).

Polyommatus dispar, var. rutilus, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 91, pl. xx. fig. 1, ¢ 2 (1884) ;
Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 283 (1887).

Polyommatus auratus, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 414, pl. xxxv. fig. 3, ¢ ?.

Polyommatus dispar, var. dahurica, Graeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 75.

“Expands 1:62 to 2 inches. The male is brilliant coppery-red ; all the wings have a narrow
black hind marginal border. The fore wings have two spots in the discoidal cell, the outer
one being elongated, and the inner one being merely a black dot ; about midway between the
outer spot and the hind margin, and parallel to the latter, is an indistinct row of dark spots ;
the hind wings possess a similar row, and also an elongated discoidal spot. The female is
larger than the male; the fore wings have a broader hind marginal band, and parallel to this
a row of seven large black spots ; there are three spots in the discoidal cell. The hind wings
are copper, with three rows of black spots, generaily clouded over with dusky brown, except
along the hind margin, which has a broad copper band ; sometimes the hind wings are rather
broadly veined with copper. The underside is similar in both sexes. The fore wings are
bright orange-red, with a grey hind marginal border. In the discoidal cell there are three
black spots, surrounded by grey rings, and parallel to the hind margin is a row of spots
similar to those just mentioned, and seven in number. The hind wings are pale grey, strongly
tinged with light blue towards the base, and with a broad and very distinct hind marginal
orange border enclosing a double row of black spots ; at the base are two black spots, and one
near the centre of the costa; there are three spots, two small and round, and one elongated,
in the discoidal cell, and then one midway between the latter and the inner margin; beside
these, there is an irregular row of ten large spots running parallel to the hind margin, and
these, as well as all the other spots, are surrounded by light rings.” (Lang, 1. ¢.)

Var. rutilus, Werneberg. “This is smaller and less brightly coloured than the type, the spots on
the underside are much smaller, and the colour of the underside is ashy grey, with very little
tinge of blue. The most distinctive feature, however, is the narrowness of the orange band
on the underside of the hind wings, near the hind margin. I have examined a great number

ag

598 LYCANID.

of specimens of rutilus, and also of dispar, with the object of fixing upon some constant
character by which they may be differentiated, and have never seen a specimen of rutilus”
with the hind marginal band so broad and so well defined as it always appears in dispar.”
(Lang, 1. ¢.)

Var. auratus, Leech. (Plate XXVIII. fig.49,6¢.) Male. Upper surface of 1 the wings
bright golden copper, with narrow black outer margins; fringes black exeept on the inner
margin of secondaries ; six black spots on outer margin of secondaries, the two nearest the
anal angle being nearer together than the others. male. Primaries golden copper, much
suffused with darker scales, margined broadly on the outer border with black ; two black
discoidal spots, followed by a band of broad black dashes extending across the wing ; second-
aries sooty black, bordered by a broad golden-copper band notched at the edges. Under
surface of both sexes: primaries yellowish buff, bordered on the outer margin with dirty
grey, inside of which is a row of seven very distinct black spots; on the disc is a second
irregular row of black spots; there are three spots on the discoidal cell, the outer one of
which is the largest: secondaries greyish buff, outwardly margined by a broad orange band,
bordered on each side with a row of black dots; an irregular arrangement of black spots,
margined with dirty white, is scattered over the remainder of the wing.

Similar in markings to Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., but its colour resembles that of C. ochimus,
H.-S.; the fringes are blackish, the discal spots are absent on all the wings of the male, the
female has a row of dashes on the primaries instead of spots, and the disc of hind wings is
not suffused with copper ; the under surface of secondaries is browner, and the central series
of spots more evenly curved.

I took this form, during heavy rain, at rest on stems of coarse grass in a
swampy gully near the monastery of Chang-do, about twenty-five miles south
of Gensan in the Corea. Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 103) states that a
specimen of this variety was taken in June, 1886, by Potanine near Hé-Tchén,
in the Province of Kan-sou. He also remarks that the specimens of C. dispar
recorded by Fixsen from Corea as var. rutilus are really referable to var. auratus.
Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 154) considers that var. dahurica, Graeser, is
identical with my var. awratus. It would appear, therefore, that C. dispar is
represented in Eastern Asia by the auratus form only, and I think that the
specimens recorded as P. hippothoé by Bremer * and Grey (Lep. Nord. China,
p. 10) are probably referable to this form of dispar.

Dr. Lang (/. ¢.) describes the larva of dispar as green with a darker dorsal
stripe, and gives the great water-dock (Rumex hydrolapathum) as the food-
plant. He adds: “ the eggs were laid in August, the larva hybernating and

* According to Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 887), Bremer records Chrysophanus virgauree from

Pekin ; but I am unable to find the work in which this record is published,

CHRYSOPHANUS. 399

becoming full-fed in the June following.” The larva of rutilus is described
as green with a paler lateral stripe, and is stated to feed on various species of
Rumex and on Polygonum bistorta.

The typical form of this species was at one time common in the fenlands
of England, but has not been seen in that country since about the year 1848.
On the continent of Europe, C. dispar is represented by the form rutilus,
which occurs in France, Germany, and the South-east. This form is also
found in Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Altai.

Chrysophanus phlezas,

Papilio phieas, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761).

Polyommatus phleas, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 670 (1823) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 95,
pl. xxi. fig. 4 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 21, 2 (1888).

Chrysophanus phleas, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. p. 498 (1852) ; de Nicéville,
Butt. Ind. ii. p. 315, pl. xxvu. fig. 205, § (1890).

Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 137, pl. clxxxvi. figs. E, F, ? (1777).

Chrysophanus stygianus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 408, pl. xxxix. fig. 5, ¢.

Hesperia eleus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).

Chrysophanus phleas, var. chinensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 488
(1862).

** Male. Upperside: fore wing dark shining copper overlaid with blackish scales, with a somewhat
broad even black band on the outer margin; a small black spot near the base of the discoidal
cell, a quadrate one in the middle, and an oblong one at its end; a discal series of seven
rounded spots placed in echelon, the three upper ones from the subcostal nervure to the third
median nervule, the next two in the median interspaces, the last two (usually more or less
conjoined) in the submedian interspace. Hind wing blackish; the discocellular neryules
marked with a linear deep black spot; a broad coppery submarginal band from the anal
angle to the middle of the second subcostal interspace, inwardly marked with a series of
cordiform black spots placed against the band, sometimes with a discal series of blue irrorated
spots, generally four in number ; the outer edge of the orange band deeply scalloped. Under-
side: fore wing bright ochreous, the apex broadly, outer and inner margins less broadly,
brownish grey; the black spots as above, but surrounded by a pale ochreous line; the inner
edge posteriorly of the outer marginal band with three increasing black spots placed against
it. Hind wing brownish grey, with a few indistinct darker spots scattered evenly over the
surface ; with the coppery band of the upperside, but much narrower and obscure. Cilia
cinereous on the upperside, brownish grey on the underside.

“ Female. Upperside: fore wing with the copper coloration brighter and clearer than in the male,
the black spots smaller and better defined. Hind wing with the coppery band broader.
Underside: fore wing with four, instead of three, black spots placed against the outer
brownish-grey marginal band. Hind wing like the male.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Expanse, ¢ 9, 1:2-1°6 inch.

ae 2

400 LYCANID~.

Larva. ‘The colour of the head dingy green, with a few dark brown markings; of the body,
opaque apple-green, the warts being white and the bristles sienna-brown ; in some specimens
the green is interrupted by three stripes of a delicate purplish pink, one of them medio-dorsal,

the others marginal.”

The foregoing description of the larva is that given by Newman in his ‘ British
Butterflies, and is quoted by Dr. Lang (/. ¢.). A more extended life-history
of the species will be found in Buckler’s ‘ Larve of British Butterflies and
Moths,’ i. pp. 91-94, where Rumea acetocella is mentioned as a food-plant,
but Dr. Lang states that the larva feeds on various species of Rumea.

Var. chinensis, Felder. Differs from typical specimens in its larger size, much broader spots of
the primaries, narrower marginal band on upper surface of secondaries, and larger and more
distinct spots on the under surface. The type, a female, was from Shanghai.

I met with this form in the Snowy Valley at Ningpo. The specimens are

much larger than any others in my collection.

Var. timeus, Cramer. “ Male. Larger than the typical form. Upperside: fore wing very much
darker, the coppery colour almost entirely overlaid with blackish; the black spots larger.
Otherwise as in the typical form. Female. Larger. Upper surface: fore wing with the
lower basal area thickly overlaid with blackish scales, having the apical and other portions
alone of the coppery ground-colour quite clear. Hind wing with the discal blue spots often
very large and prominent. Otherwise as in the typical form.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Var. stygianus, Butler. “ Male. Smoky brown; primaries in certain lights shot with fiery copper;
spotted with black as in C. timeus (eleus ?, Fabr.); two small orange spots beyond the inter-
rupted black discal series: secondaries with a slender undulated deep reddish-orange band on
a black ground near the outer margin; above it a series of four or five pale blue hastate
spots, and above these again beyond the end of the cell two black dots; a black dash at the
end of the cell. Fringe greyish white. Body blackish. Wings below very like O. timeus,
but considerably paler, the submarginal black spots of primaries less distinctly white-bordered ;
the apex and outer margin of primaries and the ground-colour of the secondaries very pale
grey. emale. Larger than the male, the primaries with the outer third of the cell and the
subapical area bright orange, the black spots larger, otherwise similar: below slightly
yellower in tint all over, so that the ground tint of the secondaries has a pale brownish rather
than greyish hue. Expanse, ¢ 1 inch 4 lines, 2 1 inch 5 lines.

“Candahar, Common in April and May, abundant in June.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

Timeus, Cramer, and styyianus, Butler, are both referable to the form
of C. phlaas known in Europe as var. eleus, Fabricius.

In his remarks on this species in Japan, Pryer (J. c.) states that it “ varies
greatly in size and coloration according to the time of year that it emerges
in the perfect state ; early spring forms are small and brightly coloured, often

CHRYSOPHANUS. 401

with a row of blue spots on the back [outer] margin of the hind wing, but as
the temperature increases they become larger and darker until they reach a
size nearly twice that of English specimens. During the hot months the
males are often quite black, and this continues until the last brood in Novem-
ber ; a difference of twenty miles is, however, sufficient to account for small
light-colour males appearing in one locality, and black males in another.
Some years ago, in November, I collected the small light-colour males in the
neighbourhood of Yokohama, and the next day took black males in Boshiu,
not more than twenty miles from Yokohama, but by working from Boshiu
towards the north, through Kadzusa, I found the dark form to be less
abundant, until at Kanosan they were entirely replaced by the pale form.”

Common throughout Japan and Corea. In China I met with the large
bright form, var. chinensis, Feld., at Ningpo, and received the same form from
Kiukiang, together with the dark (e/eus) form. My collectors did not meet
with C. phleas in any part of Western China.

Distribution. Greater part of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions.

Chrysophanus ouang.
Chrysophanus ouang, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xy. p. 17, pl. i. fig. 19 (1891).

“ Ailes violitre-bronzé en dessus, avec le bord marginal noiratre, éclairci prés du bord inférieur des
supérieures par deux taches fauve-orangé juxtaposées, et & partir du bord anal des inférieures
par un liséré lilas, surmonté de croissants intranervuraux fauve-orangé que surmontent eux-
mémes des chevrons lilas. La cellule des supérieures est cloturée par une tache noire, au
dela de laquelle une ligne ondulée noiratre descend du bord costal vers le bord inférieur.

* Le dessous des supérieures est orangé bronzé et le dessous des inférieures brun bronzé, avec des
taches et lignes blanc d’argent comme suit: aux supérieures trois points ronds avant la
cloture de la cellule, ponctués de noir; un trait cellulaire épais, divisé au milieu par une
ligne noire peu apparente ; une rangée de taches intranervurales, extracellulaires, descendant
du bord costal vers le bord inférieur, extérieurement ponctuées de noir; une ligne assez
épaisse, paralléle au bord marginal, lisérée trés finement de noir des deux cotés ; aux infé-
rieures, cing points basilaires ayant un reflet un peu bleuatre, pupillés de noir; une ligne
assez €paisse en forme de V, ayant intérieurement un trait noir, court, prés de la céte, ex
extérieurement un point noir infracellulaire et un liséré noirétre qui l’acconpagne jusqu’a
Vendroit ou elle finit prés du bord anal; une autro ligne extérieurement bordée de quatre
traits noirs, formant presque un trait continu: cette ligne forme avec la premicre en V, un
deuxiéme V plus court, finissant au point noir infracellulaire précité.

“‘Enfin une ligne épaisse, allant du bord costal au bord marginal, extérieurement trés dentelée,
surmontant les points noirs de l’espace anal et super-caudal qui est orangé, termine, avec le
liséré submarginal, la série de ces lignes ou traits blane argenté. Le bord des ailes est fine-
ment liséré de noir; la frange est blanche. Les antennes sont annelées de noir et blanc.”
(Oberthiir, 1. c.)

402 LYCANIDZ.

This species was discovered at Tse-kou by M. Dubernard, but it is probably
very local, as my collectors failed to meet with it in any part of China that
they visited.

Chrysophanus li,
Chrysophanus li, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xxi; Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 19,

pl. v. fig. 84 ¢, 38 2 (1886).

‘“‘ En dessus le fond des ailes des ¢ est violet, légérement purpurin et brillant; les supérieures portent
un point noir A l’extrémité de la cellule ; elles sont bordées de noir, et un trait orangé éclaire
cette bordure noire prés de l’angle interne. Le bord des inférieures est orné d’une bordure
noire plus large qu’aux supérieures, et dans laquelle une liture fauve-orangé découpe 3 demi-
lunes noires dans les 38 avant-derniers espaces intra-nervuraux. Le dernier espace est tout
entier absorbé par cette liture fauve, et elle se prolonge en outre en une saillie caudale assez
longue et aigué.

‘* En dessous les ailes supérieures sont jaune d’or orangé vif et les inférieures sont rouge-brique ;
mais dans certains individus ces teintes sont plus ou moins rembrunies et comme cuivrées.
Les supérieures sont décorées d'une bande blanche submarginale, un peu courbe, lisérée de
noir des deux cotés. Cette bande se prolonge sous les inférieures ; mais, elle y est droite et
forme une sorte de V avec une autre blande blanche un peu fulgurée venant rencontrer la
premicre prés de l’angle anal. Dans ce V, est inscrit un second V par une série assez droite et
oblique de 4 4 5 taches noires lisérées extérieurement de blanc, descendant du bord antérieur
et joignant la premicre bande blanche a peu prés a la moitié de son parcours.

‘* Les supérieures sont en outre ornées de points noirs nombreux, dont 3 intra-cellulaires, une bande
maculaire extra-cellulaire traversant les ailes du bord antérieur au bord inférieur, presque
droite, sauf pour le quatri¢me point noir qui sort extérieurement du rang. Les inférieures
présentent aussi le long du bord anal des points noirs cerelés de blanc et de forme diverse
produisant presque un troisiéme V avec un des cotés de plus grand.

“Tl y a deux formes dans cette espéce, sans doute une de printemps plus petite, plus pale, ayant
les taches noires moins accentuées et l'autre estivale, plus robuste et plus chaude de ton.
“Les 9 different des g par la. présence d'une eclaircie fauve dans les ailes supérieures, comme
cela se remarque dans les autres espéces de genre Chrysophanus. Les taches noires du
dessus transparaissent dans cette eclaircie fauve de la 2 et la divisent.

“De plus, dans quelques ?, les dessins blancs du dessous transparaissent en dessus ot ils sont
indiqués en violet brillant ressortant sur un fond mat noiratre.” (Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent.
Ty.) :

As pointed out by M. Oberthiir, there are apparently two generations of
this species—the spring form as figured in the ‘ Etudes,’ and a summer form
in which the black spots and white markings of the under surface are more
pronounced, |

My collectors met with both forms of this species very commonly at

Ta-chien-lu, Wa-ssu-kow, Ni-tou, and Chow-pin-sa, up to an elevation of
10,000 feet. |

CHRYSOPHANUS. 403

Chrysophanus tseng. (Plate XXX. fig. 17, 2 .)

Chrysophanus tseng, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xiii; Etud. d’Entom. x1.
p. 19, pl. v. fig. 35 (1886).

*Curieux Polyommate intermédiaire entre pang et li; violet en dessus comme ces deux espécces,
différant & peine de li en dessus, sauf par ce que l’appendice caudal est obtus, mais en dessous
tout fait distinct. Les ailes sont, en dessous, d’un fauve doré un peu rougatre, traversées
par trois bandes maculaires communes, extra-cellulaires, descendant du bord antérieur des
supérieures au bord anal des inférieures; les deux premicres sont formées de points noirs
assez gros aux supérieures, nettement séparés, ¢éclairés intérieurement d’un trait bleu violet
brillant, plus fins aux inférieures, presque joints, intérieurement ornés d’un croissant blanc.
La 3°, marginale, est plus accentuée aux inférieures et 4 peine sensible aux supérieures. I]
y a, en outre, aux supérieures deux points noirs, intra-cellulaires, entourés de violet brillant,
et, aux inférieures, trois points alignés dans V’espace basilaire, du bord antérieur au bord anal.
De plus, la cellule est close par un trait noir fin, en forme d’accolade lisérée de blanc.
L’abdomen est gris blanchatre en dessous. Kouy-Tchéon.” (Oberthir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.)

I have received this species from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou, and
Chow-pin-sa. The female, which M. Oberthitir does not refer to, differs from
the male in having a fulvous patch beyond cell of primaries; the spots of
under surface are reproduced on these wings and edged internally with
brilliant purple; there is a submarginal band of lunular fulvous spots edged
internally with brilliant purple on the secondaries, and some dots of the latter
colour on the disc.

Although widely distributed, this does not seem to be common anywhere.

Chrysophanus pang.
Chrysophanus pang, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xu; Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 19,
pl. v. fig. 36 (1886).

* Les ailes supérieures sont d’un fauve orangé vif, avec les taches noires 4 peu prés comme chez
C. hella, mais ornées d’une liture latérale ou enveloppante d’un bleu violet brillant; les ailes
inférieures sont d’un brun rouge foncé transyersées du bord antérieur au bord anal par une
band extra-cellulaire, étroite, d’un blane pur, et maculées de quelques points noiratres qui
sont peu apparents sur le fond des ailes, 4 l’exception toutefois de trois ou quatre finement
cerclés de blanc. Les nervures sont écrites en grisitre. Elles forment entre la bande blanche
transversale et le bord extérieur une série de créneaux, marqués d'une tache triangulaire
intra-nervurale assise sur le liséré rouge qui borde les ailes. Le dessous de l’abdomen est
blanchatre comme dans L. hella.” (Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.)

Fairly plentiful in the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow,
occurring at high elevations. The female is much scarcer than the male, and
differs from that sex in having fulvous markings on the disc of primaries.

404 LYCANIDEA.

Chrysophanus standfussi, (Plate XXX. fig. 19, 3.)
Polyommatus standfussi, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 450.

“Supra alis g¢ brunnescenti-fuscis, lilacino refulgentibus, albo ciliatis, nervis rubescentibus ; limbo
externo, serie macularum antelimbalium, fere fasciam formantium, punctis centrali et cellulari
anticarum et discocellulari posticarum nigris.

“ Ale Q differunt parte apicali disci aurantiaca.

“‘Subtus alis cinereis, disco anticarum @ aurantiaco; maculis anticarum nigris, posticarum
fuscescentibus.

“Exp. ¢ 2 12-13 millim. [24-26 millim. ].

“In montibus ad Sinin, in regione Amdo dicta, detectus.” (Gr.-Gr. l..¢.)

Male. Primaries brown tinged with purple ; neuration and discoidal cell fulvous; the black spot
about the centre, and another almost quadrate at the end of the cell; beyond there is a
transverse series of black spots placed in pairs ; outer margin broadly black. Secondaries
blackish, slightly tinged with purple in places towards outer margin ; a black bar closing the
cell is followed by an indistinct series of black spots. Under surface cinereous, disc of pri-
maries suffused with fulvous brown, spotted as on upper surface, but with an additional spot
towards base of the wing: secondaries with a discal bar preceded by some spots on the basal
area and followed by an irregular transverse macular band, all brownish, as also is the in-
distinct submarginal band.

Female. Similar to the male, but the primaries are bright fulvous.

Chinese specimens of C. (P.) standfussi do not differ from examples of the
species kindly sent to me by M. Grum-Grshimailo, except that they are larger,
and the spots on under surface of secondaries are less distinct. My native
collectors met with this insect in some numbers on the high plateau beyond
‘Ta-chien-lu.

Genus ILERDA.

Ilerda, Doubieday, List Lep. B. M. ii. p. 25 (1847) ; Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 5
(1865) ; de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 322 (1890). .

“ Fore wing: triangular, costa gently curved, male with the apex acute (much rounded in J, sena,
Kollar), outer margin nearly straight or somewhat convex (much rounded in J, sena), inner
margin straight ; in the female the apex is more rounded than in the male, and the outer
margin is very convex ; costal nervure terminating about opposite to the apex of the discoidal
cell; first subcostal nervule well removed from the costal nervure, originating at about two
thirds of the length of the discoidal cell from its base ; second subcostal with its base nearer
to that of the upper discoidal than to that of the first subcostal; third subcostal somewhat
long, given off about midway between the apex of the cell and of the wing; upper discoidal
nervule originating exactly at the point where the middle discocellular nervule is given off ;
middle and lower discocellular nervules nearly straight and nearly upright, the lower rather
longer than the middle; second median nervule given off a short distance before the lower
end of the cell ; submedian neryure straight.

“ Hind wing: somewhat lengthened, usually furnished with a -moderate-sized tail at the termi-
nation of the first median nervule ; the tail, however, is reduced to a mere tooth in some

ILERDA. 405

species ; outer margin somewhat varying in outline ; in some species it is scalloped, in others
oblique from the apex to the termination of the second subcostal nervule, thence to first
median nervule straight, in others, again, it is evenly rounded throughout ; costal nervure
much arched at the base, terminating at the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule given
off some little distance before the apex of the cell; discocellular nervules straight and some-
what outwardly oblique, the upper a little shorter than the lower; second median nervule
given off a little before the lower end of the cell; submedian nervure straight; internal
nervure recurved. Male with no secondary sexual characters. ;
“Type, I. epicles, Godart.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Ilerda viridipunctata, (Plate XXX. fig. 3, ¢.)

Tlerda tamu, Hewitson (nec Kollar), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond. 1882, p. 248.

Tlerda viridipunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i. p. 829, pl. xxvin. fig. 207, g (1890).

* Allied to J. androcles, Doubleday and Hewitson. Male. Upperside blackish brown ; with the
medial, basal, and discal area of the fore wing and medial area of hind wing sparsely covered
with dull metallic greenish-blue scales, these scarcely appearing below the submedian vein
on the fore wing, and being less thickly disposed on the hind wing; anal red lunules narrow
and distinct. emale paler brown; fore wing with an oblique discal slightly curved short
red band; hind wing with a marginal narrow sinuous red band. Underside dull saffron-
yellow ; markings similar to those of J. androcles.

“ Expanse 1,4, inch.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Mr. de Nicéville (/. c.), who states that this insect had only been met with
in Sikkim and Kumaon, remarks :—‘‘ The only characters I can give to distin-
guish the females of J. viridipunctata and I. brahama, Moore, are that the
former is a larger insect, with the ground-colour of the underside darker and
of a greenish tinge. In Sikkim, however, the two species do not usually
occur together, J. viridipunctata being found at much higher elevations than
I. brahama ever attains. Mr. Otto Moller possesses two curious aberrations
or ‘ sports’ (or perhaps hybrids) cf the male of this species, which are in some
lights almost as rich a bronzy colour as obtains in J. brahama, only of a
more greenish brassy shade. ‘They were taken in Sikkim with J. viridipunc-
tata, so I note them under that species, though they are exactly intermediate
between the two.”

Chinese specimens of the male have less greenish powdering on the fore
wing, and in one specimen this colour is reduced to a few scales bordering the
nervures. The example figured is the best-marked specimen of this species
that I have received from China. Females are identical with Indian examples
of this sex.

In Western China this species occurs not uncommonly at Ta-chien-lu,
Waz-shan, Wa-ssu-kow, and Pu-tsu-fong.

3H

406 LYCZANID.

Tlerda brahama.
Ilerda brahama, Moore, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 29. pl. 1 a.

fig. 4, g (1857) ; Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 274, pl. xev. g (1888) ; de Nicé-
ville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 330 (1890).

“Differs from the two preceding species [J. tamu, Koll., and J. androcles, Doubl. & Hew.] in
haying the patches of the wings glittering coppery-gold colour, and a broader and longer
exterior red band on the hind wings.” (Moore, 1. c.)

« Female. Upperside differs only from that sex of I. eprcles, Godart, in the orange patch on the
fore wing and the lunulated fascia on the hind wing being rather paler or more yellow in shade.
On the underside it may at once be known by the absence of the marginal reddish-orange
band on the fore wing, and by the presence of a discal continuous dark line across both wings,
in I. epicles there is occasionally a discal series of disconnected short black lines forming a
fascia ; the ground-colour of both wings, and the marginal band on the hind wing also paler.”

(de Nicéville, 1. c.)
Occurs at Wa-ssu-kow, Chow-pin-sa, Chia-ting-fu and Omei-shan in

Western China.
In India, this species seems to be found throughout the season. De Nicé-

ville states that it is common in Sikkim in February, March, September,
October, and November. Mr. Elwes says that in Sikkim “this lovely insect is
common at about 3000 to 6000 feet from June to December, but most
abundant in July and August. I found it on forest-paths in sunny places.”

Distribution, Sikkim, Naini-tal; Loharkhet; Kumaon [Himalayas] ;

Western China.

Ilerda saphir. (Plate XXX. figs. 26,5 9,1 var. o, 4 var. 9.)
Thecla saphir, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Ixxii. p. 811 (note) (1871).

“ Appartient au type des Theela quercus, T’. spini, ete. ; les ailes d’un beau bleu metallique en
dessus, avec les bords noirs, les postérieures ayant une raie marginale dentée rougedtre; en
dessous les quatre ailes d’un fauve terne, avec le bord des postérieures d’un rouge pale et une
raie dentelée blanche.” (Blanchard, l. ¢.)

Male. Brilliant blue, brighter than in J. tamw and without any purple in its composition. The
outer margins of primaries are broadly bordered with black, the inner edge toothed along the
neryules, Secondaries have the costa and inner margin broadly black, a bright red submar-
ginal lunulated line and a bluish-white marginal line interrupted by the points of the red
lunules. Tail tipped with white.

Female. Dark brown. 'The broad orange patch on primaries is very similar to that of female
I. tamu; discoidal spot black; submarginal band of secondaries as in the male but rather
paler.

Under surface of both sexes ochreous. Primaries have a large velvety-black spot above the
inner angle and sometimes a smaller linear black spot on the interspace above, these are
inwardly bordered with whitish ; the discoidal bar is faintly indicated. Secondaries havea |

ILERDA. 407

broad red submarginal band suffused with whitish and inwardly bordered by a lunulated
white line; there is usually a small black dot in the cell.

The male specimen figured is rather paler than usual.

Var, Marica. (Plate XXX. figs. 1 ¢,4 9.) Male. Differs from the typical form in being larger,
deeper in tint of ground-colour, and in having broader black margins, which are not inwardly
dentated along the nervules ; the submarginal red line is narrower, more strongly arched,
and does not extend so far in the direction of the outer angle; the black tails, which are
tipped with white, are longer and more slender.

Female, The orange patch on primaries narrower and more curved.

Under surface of both sexes yellowish. Primaries have a large velvety-black spot above inner
angle, and sometimes a smaller linear black spot in the interspace above, these are inwardly
bordered with whitish; there is an indistinct dusky bar at the end of the discoidal cell, an obscure
dusky wavy line beyond which extends from costa to first median nervule, and an ill-defined
submarginal line: secondaries have a small black spot in the discoidal cell and a similar one
directly below it in the submedian interspace ; there is an ill-defined, waved, and indented
central and dusky line; the outer marginal area is occupied by a series of broad confluent
bright red lunules, the points of each lunule projecting into the white fringes; this is preceded
by a series of white black-edged lunules; the red lunules are filled up with black, bordered
outwardly with white; a blackline precedes the fringes.

Expanse 40 millim.

The above form appears to be rather commoner than the type, but occurs
in the same localities and may perhaps be a seasonal variety.

I. saphir, Blanchard, resembles J. oda on the upper surface, but agrees better
with J. epicles on the under surface ; it is, however, easily distinguished from
the former by the absence of any purplish shade in the blue coloration of the
male, and by the narrower submarginal fulvous bands on secondaries of the
female.

The male of this species may be distinguished from J. moorei, Hewitson
(= saphir, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 402, pl. xxv. figs. 9 o,
10 ¢), by the brighter and more decided blue on the upper surface, and
both sexes by the different characters of the transverse markings on the under
. surface.

The commonest species of the genus found in China. It appears to be
generally distributed in the west and occurs at Chang-yang and Ichang in
Central China.

It has not been found possible to reproduce the exact colours of the males
of the several species of Jlerda, and no figure, however carefully it may
be executed, can convey a correct impression of the brilliancy of these

insects.
aH

408 LYCANIDZ.

Tlerda epicles. (Plate XXX. fig. 6, ¢-)
Polyommatus epicles, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 646 (1823).

Thecla epicles, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 92, pl. i. fig. 3, 2 (1829).
Tlerda epicles, Hewitson, lll. Diurn. Lep. p. 58 (1865); de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii.

p- 325 (1890).

“ Ale supra fusce, maris violaceo micantes ; antics disco, posticve limbo apicali aurantio-fulvis, in
mare ex lunulis approximatis efformato, fimbria alba nigro interrupta, anticorum obsoletiore ;
subtis omnes laté sulphurez, limbo apicali sanguineo, posticarum lunulis albis intus margi-
nato, maculisque cuneatis nigris in serie margini ale parallela digestis ; postice insuper puncto
minuto nigro ante discum, (Exp. alar. lin. 13-15.)

“ Wings above blackish brown, with a violet reflection in the male, which is of a deeper shade
towards the base, the anterior wing bearing a large irregularly rounded rufous-orange spot
on the medial areola, the hinder being marked with a posterior border of the same colour;
in the male the medial spot is smaller, consisting of a transverse cloud, and in the posterior
pair the border is narrowed and undulated at the inner edge, being composed of confluent
lunules ; a narrow undulated black streak passes along the posterior margin; the fringe is
white, interrupted with black at the nervures, and in the fore wings evanescent towards the
outer apical angle ; the female has besides a short transverse black stigma before the disk of
the fore wings, and in the hinder pair, near the middle, a faint orange dash: underneath the
wings are bright sulphureous yellow: both pair have a sanguineous posterior border, which
in the anterior wings is narrow and uniform until it approaches the inner apical angle, where
it is terminated by a short black streak edged on both sides with white; in the posterior
wings it is broader and ornamented internally by a series of white ares delicately edged on
both sides with black; a series of small wedge-shaped black spots, bedded in an oblong sub-
marginal cloud of white irrorations, is arranged parallel with*the black marginal thread,
which is confined by the extreme fringe; a minute black dot stands between the disk and
base, and two more obscure ones are distinctly arranged along the inner margin; the fore
wings have besides a very faint series of brown liture, and the hinder pair interrupted
white streaks parallel with the post-marginal border ; the anal appendage is terminated by a
black spot and the tails have a white tip. The body is brown above and hoary underneath ;
the legs are alternately white and black; the antenne are black with delicate white bands to
the commencement of the club.” (Jor. Va L. ¢.)

Males from China agree very well with Sikkim examples, but in the female
the red markings on upper surface are narrower than is usually the case in
specimens of the same sex from that locality.

Referring to the variation of the species in India, Mr. de Nicéville (J. ¢.)
observes :—* J, epicles is certainly the commonest and probably the most
variable species of the genus. In the male on the upperside of the fore wing
there is sometimes a faint orange irroration on the disc, this is sometimes
developed into a moderately sized spot, sometimes the spot is as large as in
the female; in this case, however, the male will be at once recognized by the
beautiful purple colour seen in some lights, which is restricted to a well-

ILERDA.—APHNZUS. 409

defined area at the base from the inner margin to the subcostal nervure,
leaving the outer third of the wing and the costal area black. In the hind
wing the rich vermilion-orange lunules on the outer margin vary in number
and size, the purple area being confined to a small patch on the disc. On
the underside the sanguineous outer margin of both wings varies much in
width and prominence ; in the fore wing the discal black liture are often
absent, as are also the discal white spots on the hind wing. ‘The female
varies in the size of all the orange markings on the upperside, and of course
lacks the purple coloration of the male. On the underside it varies exactly
as in the male.”

Occurs in Western China at Chia-ting-fu, where it is not uncommon in
June and July. According to de Nicéville it is found in Kumaon, Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Arracan Hills, Upper Burma, Java, Hainan (China),
and Chin-Lushai.

Genus APHNEUS.

Aphneus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816) ; (part.) Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep.
p- 60 (1865) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 105 (1881); de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii.
p. 346 (1890).

Cigaritis (part.), Lucas, Explor. Alg., Zool. 11. p. 362 (1849).

Spindasis,Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. in Kong. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. i1. p. 45 (1857) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 242 (1884).

Amblypodia (part.), Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. il. p. 477 (1852).

«* Wines small.

“ Fore wing triangular ; first subcostal vein emitted at one half and second at one third before
end of cell; third and fifth emitted together at a short distance beyond end of the cell,
fourth at two thirds from below third and terminating at apex; discocellulars obliquely
recurved, radial from their middle; middle median close to end of the cell, lower at one
half before the end; submedian straight.

“ Hind wing conical; costa gently arched, abdominal margin long, anal angle lobed ; furnished
with two tails; costal vein arched at base and curved to apex; first subcostal at one
fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from their middle ; middle
median from close to end of the cell, lower at one half before the end; submedian straight,
internal recurved.

** Bopy short, robust.
“ Antennal club long, stout.
* Palpi porrect, squamose ; second joint long, third short.
“ Legs squamose, femora slightly pilose beneath.

“Type, A. orcas, Drury.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

410 - LYCANIDA.

Aphnezus lohita. (Plate XXX. fig. 16, var. 3.)

Ainblypodia lohita, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 106 (1829).

Aphneus lohita, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, pl. xxv. figs. 10, 11 (1865) ; de Nicéville,
Butt. Ind. iii. p. 357 (1890).

Aphneus zoilus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 ; de Nicéville, op. cit. p. 859.

*« Ale supra sordidé fusce canescenti-nebulose, cano fimbriate, maris saturatiores ; antics e basi
ad medium, postice pagina tota violaceo-micantes ; foeminee fasciis pagine inferioris obsolete
strigosee ; posticee insuper plaga anali triangulari fulva, lunulis duabus atris, intus argenteo-
irroratis fret ; lunula interiore majore subocellari, appendiculo ipso imposité: subtus flava,
fasciis fulvis, in mare puniceis, margine simplicibus, singulis strigi mediand argented
continua vel parum interrupta ornatis ; antice fasciis septem, duabus marginalibus completis,
exteriore inornata, tertid et quarté abbreviatis pone discum confluentibus, quinté completa
angulum analem versus tendente, sexta dimidiata teenia fusca areve analis dilutioris terminata,
septima basali minima ; postice fasciis sex, duabus exterioribus margini parallelis, secunda
completa versus marginem interiorem arcuatim producta, tertia dimidiata, quarta et quinta
completis in regione anali abrupté inflexis, sexta basilari abbreviata ; regione anali leté fulva,
punctis ocellaribus duobus aterrimis freta, exteriore caudis intermedio oblongo tenia argentea
intus aucto, intimo majore appendiculo ipso imposito angulari strigA argentea brevi interiore
ornato. Exp, alar. l unc. 3 lin.” (Horsfield, 1. ¢.)

Zoilus, Moore, differs from the type of A. /ohita, Horsfield, in its larger size,
different colour of the bands beneath, and narrowness of the marginal bands
of the primaries. De Nicéville says that the only differential character of any
importance between zoz/us and lohita is the black bands on the underside of the
former insect ; these bands are not jet-black, but are faintly tinged with red.

Mr. Moore’s types of zo/lus were from the Andaman Isles, and the same
writer subsequently recorded a specimen intermediate between zoilus and
lohita from Mergui. ;

In all my Chinese specimens, which expand 42 millim., the bands on the
under surface are perfectly black, and, as will be seen by reference to the
figure (Plate XXX. fig. 16, ¢ ), the outer margin of primaries is broadly black,
and differs in this character only from zoilus.

Occurs at Moupin, Chia-ting-fu, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-ssu-kow, and Omei-shan
in Western China, and at Chang-yang in Central China.

Distribution, Wimalayas, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Orissa,
South India, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, China.

Aphneus syama,
Amblypodia syama, orsfield, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. p. 107 (1829).
Aphnaus syama, Wewitson, Il, Diurn, Lep. p. 61, pl. xxv. fig. 7, (1865) ; Staudinger,

APHNZUS. 411

Exot. Schmett. p. 274, pl. xev. g (1888); de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. iii. p. 355
(1890).

Spindasis syama, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 243, pl. xxiii. figs. 8, 9, 9 (1884).

“ Ale supra fusce canescenti-nebulose fasciis pagine inferioris obsoleté notate, angulo anali
posticarum fulvo punctis duobus aterrimis freto, exteriore maximo subocellari, singulis intis
striolé argentea auctis; maris aredé anali anticarum paginaque feré tota posticarum violaceo
micantes: subtus sulphurew, fasciis nigris strigisve argenteis intermediis continuis vel inter-
ruptis; antice fasciis sex, duabus marginalibus completis, exteriore inornata, tertid dimidiata
cui quart brevissima parallela, quinté completa angulum analem versus tendente dimidio
posteriore dilatiore et denique attenuato, sexta dimidiata teeniam fuscam aree analis attin-
gente, litura insuper basali longitudinali atra ; posticee fasciis quatuor, marginalibus parallelis,
exteriore abbreviata interrupta, secunda arcuatim trans regionem analem marginem interiorem
petente, tertié dimidiata, quarta completa in regione anali abrupté inflexa et ad marginem
internum longé protensa, maculis insuper tribus in serie interiore ordinatis singulis puncto
centrali argenteo fretis et denique macula basali triangulari corpori contiguaé; regione anali
leté fulvi punctis duobus aterrimis ocellata interiore orbiculari maximo appendiculo ipso
imposito, singulis intus striolis argenteis auctis.

“ Exp. alar. 13 lin.” (Horsfield, 1. c.)

Chinese specimens appear to agree exactly with Sikkim examples in the
Méller collection, and both vary but little in the ornamentation of the under
surface.

Referring to the variation of this species in India, Mr. de Nicéville says :—
“¢ A. syama is a very variable species on the underside, and, but for the
splendid series of it in my possession from Sikkim, for which I am indebted to
Mr. Otto Moller, would be avery puzzling one. Typical specimens, which are
the commonest, have the ground-colour pale yellow, or sulphurous as Horsfield
describes it, with the bands black. In the next step we have the ground-
colour still yellow, but the bands, instead of being black, are reddish black.
The next step shows the ground-colour very pale yellow, the bands distinctly
red. From this point there is every gradation from a very pale red to an
ochreous deep red ground, the bands being much deeper red still; these
specimens are typical A. peguanus, Moore.”

Occurs in the Province of Kwei-chow and at Wa-ssu-kow and Chow-pin-sa
in Western China, and at Chang-yang and Ichang in Central China.
According to de Nicéville it is common in Sikkim and the Khasi Hills, is
not rare in Burma, and has been met within Chin-Lushai. Its range extends

to the Malay Peninsula, Java, and the Philippines.

412 LYCANIDZ.

Genus TAJURIA.

Tajuria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 108 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 244 (1884) ;
de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i. p. 368 (1890).

“ Differs from Pratapa [= Camena, Hewitson] in the absence of both the tuft of hair on the
fore wing and the glandular patch on hind wing of the male. Fore wing broader and more
regularly triangular in form; venation similar: hind wing comparatively narrower and more
produced hindward ; cell broader, the subcostal and median branches emitted further from
the base. Type 7’. longinus.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

* Anterior wings subtriangular; the costal margin moderately convex, the apex subacute, the
outer margin moderately convex, the inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure
terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle
of cell, second about midway between first and third, third a little before end of cell, third
and fourth bifurcating at about or a little beyond half the length of the third; discocellular
neryules suberect ; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second nearer to first than to
third, third emitted at about two thirds from base. Posterior wings subovate ; costal margin
obliquely convex to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin obliquely rounded, prolonged
in a more or less distinct angle at apex of second median neryule, and with two slender tail-
like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and of the
submedian nervure. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifur-
cating at about one third before end of cell; first and second median neryules with an
apparently common origin a little before end of cell, third a little beyond middle of cell;
submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly; internal nervure strongly curved inwardly.
Body robust. Palpi porrect, the apex of the second joint not reaching the upper margin of
the eyes.” (Distant, l. c.)

Tajuria luculentus. (Plate XXX. fig. 13, 3.)
Tolaus luculentus, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 38 (1890).

Male. Light blue, finely dusted with black scales ; costa and outer margin of primaries to below third
median nervule broadly black. Secondaries with two white-tipped black tails ; costa bordered
with black, abdominal margin broadly whitish ; two black spots on outer margin towards the
black anal angle, which has an orange-brown lunule; fringes white, chequered with black
at extremities of nervules and preceded by a black line. Under surface pale greyish white ;
primaries have linear discoidal spot and central transverse lines blackish ; submarginal line
dusky : secondaries have a blackish discoidal bar and transverse wavy central lines; there are
also two blackish linear spots, one near base and towards costa, the other about the middle of
inner margin; submarginal line dusky; a black spot at anal angle, and one between second
and third median nervules, the first narrowly, and the Jast broadly, bordered with reddish
orange.

Female. Paler ; black border of primaries narrower over cell, disclosing a distinct black discoidal
spot, beyond which is a whitish cloud.

Expanse, ¢ 40 millim., 9 44 millim.

Occurs in July at Chang-yang, Central China.
Allied to Jolaus longinus, Hew.

RAPALA. 413

Genus RAPALA.

Rapala, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 105 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 276 (1885);
de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 454 (1890).

* Allied to Virachola. Wings small.

“ Fore wing comparatively shorter and less acutely triangular in form ; exterior margin slightly
convex ; furnished with a broad tuft of hair on middle of posterior margin beneath.

* Hind wing less produced hindward, more convex exteriorly ; anal angle lobed ; a single tail from
end of lower median vein; male with a broad conical-shaped glandular depression between
the costal and subcostal veins, but which does not extend below the subcostal.

** Palpi shorter, second joint more laxly squamose.

“Type 2. varuna.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Rapala nissa. (Plate XXIX. figs. 12¢, 152.)
Thecla nissa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, i. pt. 2, p. 412, pl. iv. figs. 3, 4 (1848).
Deudoriz nissa, var. (part.), Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, pl. x. figs. 42, 43, 9, 44, 9
(1863).
Rapala nissa, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. in. p. 433 (1890).
Rapala subpurpurea, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 42 (1890).

“ Male. Upperside : both wings shining bluish purple or deep steel-blue, variable in shape. Fore
wing with the costa, apex, and outer margin purplish black, sometimes without any other
marks, sometimes with a small orange patch beyond the cell, sometimes with a patch nearly
as large as in Hysudra selira, Moore. Hind wing with the costal margin pale, the abdominal
margin fuscous, the anal lobe black, with a patch of ferruginous scales near the middle. Under-
side: both wings with the ground-colour somewhat variable in tone, sometimes pale brown,
sometimes ochreous brown. Fore wing with two fine dark lines defining the discocellular
nervules ; a very straight, even, decreasing discal band from the costa almost to the submedian
nervure, outwardly finely defined with white; an obscure submarginal fascia. Hind wing
with similar markings, but the discal band recurved to the abdominal margin, where it is
defined on both sides with white ; anal lobe black, submedian interspace on the margin also

black, but heavily sprinkled with whitish scales, a black spot crowned with orange in the
first median interspace.

“ Female. Upperside : both wings rather duller in shade, otherwise similar to the male.” (de Nicé-
ville, l. ¢.)

‘A variable species. The male is sometimes, as in Kollar’s figure, without the red spot on the
middle of the anterior wing, sometimes it is more distinctly marked than in the figure 42 of
the plate. In colour it differs from other allied species, and, like the females of varuna,
Horsfield, and pheretina, Hewitson, is of a dull grey- or indigo-blue. On the underside the .
transverse band is far apart where the wings meet.” (ewitson, l. c.)

The first specimens of this species which I received from China I considered
to be distinct from any described Rapala; but now that I have a larger amount
of material, in the shape of specimens both from India and China, I find that

my subpurpurea is not specifically separable from &. nissa.
31

414 LYCENIDE.

The typical form of this species occurs in the Province of Kwei-chow, and
at Wa-ssu-kow in Western China, and Chang-yang in Central China ; but the -
form with the orange spot or patch on primaries (Hewitson, fig. 42) has only
been received from Wa-shan, Wa-ssu-kow, and Chang-yang. Both forms
were found in June and July at about 5000 feet elevation.

According to de Nicéville, &. nissa is found in Sikkim in March, April,
May, August, September, and October—“some specimens of both sexes
showing no trace of the discal orange spot on the upperside of fore wing,
others haying it quite small, while others again have it very large.”

Distribution. Himalayas, Assam, Sumatra, Western and Central China.

Rapala repercussa. (Plate XXIX. figs. 103, 139.)

Rapala repercussa, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 42 (1890).

Male, Fuliginous brown, with strong purple reflections ; fringes slightly paler; tail of secondaries
black, tipped with white; lobe at anal angle marked with blue and pale orange. Under
surface olivaceous brown; primaries have a faint pale linear discoidal spot and central
transverse line, the latter with an interior edging of fuscous ; submarginal line indicated only
towards inner margin: secondaries have a dark discoidal bar outlined with white; a waved
white line broadly bordered interiorly with fuscous, and preceded by a thin wavy white line,
forming a compound band extending only to the submedian nervure, is intersected by the
nervules, and exhibits a tendency to become broken up into spots; at its termination are two
short parallel white lines running to abdominal margin; submarginal line whitish, wavy ; a
large velvety-black spot encircled with orange in the second median interspace; the lobe at
anal angle is black, with white fringe, above it is a blue spot, and two small patches, one
orange and the other blue separated by a black streak ; fringes of abdominal margin white.

Female. Rather browner, and the purple reflection is less intense.

Expanse 40 millim.

Allied to Rapala (Deudorix) manea, Hew. Il. D. L. p. 23, pl. ix. figs. 40, 41
(1863).

In some examples of the male there is a distinct reddish-orange cloud just
beyond the discoidal cell on primaries; this is faintly indicated in other males
and one female specimen.

Occurs in July at Chang-yang and Ichang, Central China, and at Omei-
shan in Western China.

Rapala micans, (Plate XXVII. fig. 13, var.) !
Thecla micans, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p- 9 (1853) ; Ménétriés, Cat.
Mus. Petr. pt. i. pl. iv. fig. 4 (1855). .
Thecla cerulea, Bremer and Grey, tom, cit. p. 8; Ménétriés, tom. cit. pl. iv. fig, 8,

RAPALA. 415

Thecla betuloides (Blanchard in litt.), Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 34,
pl. iv. fig. 2 (1881).

Male (micans, B. & G.). “ Alis supra: cxeruleo-micantibus; posticis caudatis; subtus cinereis,
linea nigra submarginali, externe albo-marginata, angulo ani maculis duabus nigris, supra
externam lunula fulva.

“ Expans. alar. antic. une. 13.

‘**The upper surface of the wings is shining blue, and the hind wings are tailed. Under surface is
ashy grey merging into yellowish; towards the middle of all the wings there is a short
indistinct line, which is bordered inwardly on the primaries, and outwardly on the secondaries,
with darker. A wavy black line runs from the costa of primaries towards the inner angle,
and from the costa of secondaries towards anal angle, before which it ends in a W-shaped
mark as in 7’. w-album, but the angles of the W are rounded ; there are two round black spots
at the anal angle and above the outer one is a yellowish lunular spot; between these black
spots the ground-colour is darker and dusted with whitish.” (Bremer & Grey, J. ¢.)

Female (cwrulea, B. & G.). “* Alis supra: ceruleo-micantibus, posticis caudatis, duabus maculis
fulvis ante caudam; subtus: fulvescentibus, fasciis obscurioribus, stringis Iuteis interne
marginatis ; posticis fascia aurantiaca, ante caudam maculis tribus nigris, media cinereo-
cxeruleo pruinosa.

“ Exp. alar. antic. unc. 13. |

“The upper surface of the wings is shining blue, with a fulvous spot at anal angle of secondaries,
anda similar spot is placed before the slender tail, which is an eighth of an inch in length
and is tipped with white. Under surface of the wings ochreous yellow, discoidal bar of
primaries bordered with paler and transversely bisected by a pale line; beyond the cell is a
dark band, bordered with paler, which runs obliquely from the costa towards inner angle.
Parallel with the fringes is a broad dark band which is traversed throughout by a paler line.
The secondaries are marked similar to the primaries, only the inner band terminates towards
anal angle in a black zigzag line bordered with white as in 7’. w-album; the submarginal
band terminates in a longitudinal orange patch bordered outwardly with white and enclosing
three black spots, the first and third of these spots are round, and the second lunular and
sprinkled with blue.” (Bremer & Grey, l. ¢.)

Var. betuloides, Butler. (Plate XXVII. fig. 13, g.) ‘“ Above chocolate-brown, shot with purple,
excepting on the outer border ; primaries with a large patch of bright orange on the disk imme-
diately beyond the cell: secondaries with an orange patch at the anal angle. Under surface
grey ; the cells closed by a short brownish fasciole with darker marginal lines edged externally
with white ; an oblique discal band and a second band nearer and parallel to the outer margin
of the same colours; a submarginal dusky stripe, followed in the secondaries by a white mar-
ginal line; base of fringe occupied by a black line: secondaries with an orange anal patch
enclosing a black dot on the first’ median interspace ; a subanal W-shaped blackish line joining
the inferior extremity of the inner discal band, its inner edge bordered with orange and its
outer edge with white ; anal lobe and tail black; pectus white, venter testaceous. Expanse
of wings 1 inch 4-6 lines. 3sp. Kiukiang, China.” (Maries.)

“This species cannot be regarded as described by Blanchard; that author
simply remarks: ‘ In the neighbourhood of Pekin an allied species exists which

416 LYCANIDA.

is distinguished by several characters’; and in a footnote he adds: ‘This
species (Thecla betuloides, Lucas) has the wings tinted with blue above and ~
grey below.” (Butler, 1. c.) \

The bright orange patch on primaries, which is the distinguishing character
of var. betuloides, may occupy a large portion of the disc, or, on the other
hand, may be only very faintly indicated. All the intergrades occur.

Bremer and Grey do not mention the sex of either of their types from Pekin,
but I have scarcely any doubt that their cwrulea is the female of their micans. .
The figure of the latter in Ménétriés’ ‘ Catalogue’ (pl. iv. fig. 4) appears to have
been made from a poor specimen.

A very common species, occurring throughout the northern, western, and
central portions of China. .

Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 268), in his subdivision of the Thecla group
of Lycenide, places icana, Moore, as a syhonym of micans; but these two
species are not even congeneric, the former is a Zephyrus and the latter a
Rapala. In this arrangement, atuzus, Hewitson, is placed in one genus, and
its female satura, Hewitson, in another genus. Jlerda oda and Ilerda
saphir, Blanchard, are also placed in different genera. Many other similar
instances might be cited, but those referred to will suffice to show that
Dr. Fixsen’s revision of the group is one which cannot be accepted as it now
stands.

Specimens intermediate between typical micans and var. betuloides are
not uncommon.

Rapala arata, 3 .

Thecla arata, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 25, pl. iii. fig. 6 (1864) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon,
p. 15, pl. iv. fig. 10 (1887).

Thecla ichnographia, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 57 (1866).

Thecla tyrianthina, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 34, pl. iv. fig. 5 (1881).

Thecla arata, var., Fixsen, Rom, sur Lép. iii. p. 281, pl. viii. fig. 8 (1887).

“Ale supra aut violaceo- aut argenteo-caeruleo-micantes, marginem posteriorem versus obscuri-

ores; postice caudate angulo anali subrotundato nigro et fulvo.

“ Ale subtus alba, anticarum dimidio basali, posticarum dimidio interiore nigricantibus.

‘Ale omnes macula diseoidali elongata, fascia transversa, fascia submarginali margineque
posteriore nigricantibus ; posticee plaga magna fulva, prope angulum analem maculas nigras
quatuor includente, angulo ani subrotundato nigro, 32m.” (Bremer, l. ¢.)

Theelw ichnographia, Vutler.—‘* Alw supra chalybeo-purpures, ad marginem posticum fusces-
centes ; postiew angulo anali in caudam obtusam rufam nigro cinctam producto, venaque
mediana prima cauda tenui terminante. Corpus fuscum.

RAPALA. AIT

“ Alse antice subtus nives, basi fusco-pallide, cella ante finem fascia tenui alba, fascia obliqua
fusca pallida post cellam posita et ante marginem interiorem terminante ; margine postico
nigro marginato fasciisque duabus fuscis pallidis submarginato, interiore venis albis interrupta ;
postice area abdominali fusco-pallida, lineis tribus albis apud marginem analem cellaque ante
finem linea alba scripta, fascia obliqua fusco-pallida post cellam posita et a veno mediano
secundo terminata, margine postico nigro marginato, apicali fasciis duabus pallidis submar-
ginato, interiore venis albis interrupta, angulo anali macula lata quadrata flava maculas
quatuor nigras ex eeauo distantes includente, cauda anali nigra.

** Corpus pallidum, cinereo-fuscum.

* Alar. exp. unc. 15%.

* Allied to 7’. battus, Cramer.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

Var. tyrianthina, Butler. ‘Above brown, shot with purplish blue in the male and with purple
in the female. Under surface of wings pale greyish brown, darker towards the base ; a brown
fasciole, traversed by a pale line, at the end of the cell; a broad, shghtly tapering discal

brown belt from the costal margin of each wing; a submarginal brown stripe and a marginal

brown border: secondaries with an orange patch enclosing a square of four black spots,
bounded above by an incomplete W-shaped black line, and below by an alternately white and
black fringe; a black-edged whitish oblique band near the anal angle across the abdominal
border, bounded internally by a brown band, and externally by an orange marginal border ;
anal lobe and tail black, tipped with white ; pectus greyish, palpi white below, venter testa-
ceous. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3-4 lines. Allied to 7. arata.” (Butler, l. c.)

Occurs at Kiukiang, Central China, Gensan in the Corea, and also in Japan.

This form is smaller and darker than the type, and differs from it also
in the brownish coloration of under surface; the central band on under
surface of primaries tapers towards inner angle, above which it unites with the
submarginal band. ‘The differences do not, however, appear to be of specific
value, as the brownish coloration of under surface is found in some otherwise
typical specimens of &. arata from Japan, and in other Japanese specimens
the central band of primaries tapers as in var. tyrianthina. ‘These are
probably seasonal forms.

Pryer records &. arata from Nikko, Fujisan, Gifu, and Yesso, and says
that it occurs in these places from May to July. 1 took specimens at Hako-
date in August.

Fixsen (/. ¢.) mentions specimens from Corea, and also a form with fulvous
patches on primaries, which he figures. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881,
p. 885) states that Bremer records it from Pekin, and Maries from Kiukiang.

The glandular patch towards costa of secondaries of male, the character of
the markings of under surface, and the occasional occurrence of a fulvous
patch on primaries of the female show that this species certainly belongs to
Rapala, in which genus I have therefore placed it.

9

0K

418 PAPILIONIDZ.

Fam. PAPILIONIDZ.
Subfam. PLE RIN.

Genus DELIAS.

Delias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 139 (1881) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 289 (1885).
Pieris, section 1, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 44 (1847).

“« Anterior wings somewhat elongate ; costal margin moderately convex, the apex rounded, outer
margin obliquely rounded, inner margin nearly straight. Costal uervure extending to about
two thirds of the wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one fourth before end of cell,
second and third bifurcating near apex of second, fourth springing from second at about one
third beyond end of cell; upper discocellular obliquely directed outwardly, lower discocellular
somewhat concave ; discoidal nervule emitted at central apex of cell; median nervules emitted
wide apart, first and second a little nearer to each other than second and third. Posterior
wings elongately subovate ; the costal margin oblique, the posterior margin convex, abdominal
margins obliquely divergent towards anal angle. Costal nervure extending to about two
thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one third before end of cell,
second almost midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule; upper disco-
cellular oblique, lower discocellular very slightly concave ; upper median nervule emitted at
apex of cell, second and third median nervules almost twice as wide apart at base as first and _
second; submedian neryure slightly curved outwardly; internal nervure reaching about
centre of abdominal margin, Body somewhat robust ; head and pronotum clothed with long
hairs; palpi porrect, extending considerably beyond the head, and clothed with long hairs
beneath; legs long and slender; antenne with a well-formed and moderately-channelled
apical club.” (Distant, 1. ¢.)

Delias belladonna. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 3 ¢, 42.)

Papilio belladonna, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 180 (1793); Donovan, Nat. Rep. i.
pl. xxxv. (1823).

Pieris horsfieldii, Gray, Zool. Miscell. i. p. 82 (1831).

Pieris belladonna, Gray, Lep. Ins, Nepal, p. 7, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1846).

Delias belladonna, var, horsfieldii 9 , Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, pl. x. fig. 3.

Delias belladonna, var. zelima, Mitis, Iris, 1893, p. 181.

“ P. H. alis oblongis integerrimis atris: anticis hyalino punctatis, posticis flavo maculatis.

* Papilio belladonna. Jon. fig. pict. 3. tab. 37. fig. 2.

“Statura 2. Pasithoe at major. Corpus nigrum abdominis marginibus cinereis. Ale atree, cinereo

punctate. Subtus concolores at lineola maculaque baseos albis. Postica atra, flavo macu-
late macula baseos angulique ani majoribus. Subtus fere concolores.” (ubricius, 1. c.)

DELLAS. , 419

Delias horsfieldii, Gray.—“ Alis suboblongis, integerrimis, nigris, maculis albidis triangularibus,
anticis subtus maculis apicalibus tribus flavis; posticis basi margineque interiore flavis,
subtus maculis ad marginem posteriorem flavis.

**Expansio alarum 3}. Habitat in Nepaul.” (Gray, Z. M.)

Delias belladonna, Gray.—‘* Wings black with whitish dashes and spots; the base of the hinder
wings and the interior margin yellow.

“Under surface of the fore wings black, spotted with white, and with three apical yellow spots ;
the hind wings black, the interior margin and spots yellow, with four central white ones.

‘«« Expanse of wings three inches and a half.” (Gray, L. I. N.)

Occurs commonly at Omei-shan and Moupin, Western China, in July and
August at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 feet. Both sexes (Plate XXXVII.
figs. 83 ¢,49) agree exactly with specimens in my collection that were
taken in Kulu, and only differ from Kangra examples of the horsfieldii form
in Mr. Elwes’s collection in being somewhat larger. I believe the specimens
here figured represent typical belladonna of Fabricius.

In his ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim’ (T. E. S. 1888, p. 408),
Mr. Elwes, referring to D. belladonna, says :—

“Having recently written on this species, I was careful to take especial
notice of its habits during my last visit to India, and, though I am not able
to change my opinion that there is only one species under the several names
which have been given to it, yet I am able to add something to our previous
knowledge. I found the dark form 7thiela* most common in Sikkim from
May to August at low elevations, 2000 to 4000 feet, where it frequents the
banks of streams in hot, thoroughly tropical valleys, and flies slowly about
the water side, resting sometimes on mud and pebbles almost in the water.
Some specimens of the variety with yellow on the abdominal margin occur
here with the pure black one, and some have white or only a yellow tinge in
the same part of the hind wing. But neither Moller nor I have ever taken
females with the males in these places, and all the five females I possess of
this form were procured from native collectors, and vary in the same
particulars as the males. I never saw a typical horsfieldii at these low eleva-
tions, but found it in the dense forest on Sinchul at 6000 to 8000 feet, where
it settles on paths and in damp places on the ground, and flies slowly in the
same manner as ithiela. The only female of this form which I got was taken
by my native assistant at an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet, on the road

* Delias (Thyca) ithiela, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. p. 242 (1869); Lep. Exot.
pl. xxiv. fig. 1 (1871).

&)

3K 2

iS)

420 PAPILIONID.

between Tonglo and Sundukpho, where it had probably been driven up by
the wind, and both this and another similar female given me by Moller are ~
intermediate between the ithiela females and those of the typical horsfieldii
from the North-west Himalayas. In the Khasia hills I was fortunate enough
to find belladonna in its breeding-places, which are the small patches of
natural forest left on the higher parts of the hills at from 4000 to 6400 feet
elevation. Here it is in some places abundant, and I found the females
almost as plentiful as the males. In the wood which crowns the summit of
the Shillong peak I had several opportunities of observing the habits of the
insect, which are quite different from what I saw in Sikkim. They fly on
sunny days about the tops of the trees, and make little excursions into the
open country round, always returning to the shelter of the wood, and fre-
quently descending to settle on the flowers of a species of Huonymus, and of
a large species of Scahiosa which grew on its outskirts. The flight is slow,
graceful, and soaring, and the butterflies are not at all shy. Here I found
hardly any variation in the insects, all being true tthiela, excepting two
specimens, which were slightly tinted with yellow on the abdominal margin.
I figure a female of the Khasia form, which has also been named berinda by
Moore, and a female of the horsfieldii type from Sikkim, which closely
resembles the North-western horsfieldii from the Mandra plateau, in Kulu,
taken at 8 00 feet by Capt. Graham Young. ‘These are selected from 35
males and 18 females in my collection.

“The facts as to the geographical distribution of this species which we
know are as‘follows:—In E. Tibet, and probably 8. China, the typical delda-
donna of Fabricius is the dominant form. In Sikkim at 6000 to 10,000 feet
the same form, somewhat darker. In Nepal and the North-western Hima-
layas horsfieldii of Gray is found. In the Khasias, and at low elevations in
Sikkim, we have the dark variety, ithiela, varying in colour of the abdominal
margin, which is sometimes yellowish and sometimes white.” (Elwes, J. ¢.)

Herr Mitis informs me that his D. belladonna, var. zelima agrees exactly
with Plate XX XVII. figs. 5, 4 in the present work. If this is so, then I
think his insect is typical D. belladonna.

Delias sanaca. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, vars.)

Pieris sanaca, Moore, Cat. Lep. pa Oy ae, p- 79 (1857) ; Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond. 1857,
p. 103, pl. xliv. fig. 6, nec 4. |

DELIAS. 431

Delias flavalba, Marshali, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 759.
Delias belladonna, var. adelma, Mitis, Iris, 1893, p. 130.

““Upperside white: fore wing with the veins and veinlets broadly clouded with black, leaving
only a row of lanceolate white spots on the outer margin, and another row of more linear
marks extending across the disc ; hind wings with the veins and veinlets sharply defined with
black; discoidal and median veins clouded with black, the latter broadly so; also a marginal
row of angulate lunar marks ; anterior base and anal angle bright yellow.

“Underside: fore wing as in the upperside, but the white markings more clearly defined, those
near the anterior angle being yellowish ; hind wing with the dark colour broader, and the
white spaces nearly covered with yellow. Shape of wings as in P. belladonna.

“ Expanse 3; in. Darjeeling.” (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C.)

This species is represented in China by two very distinct local races which
I describe as follows :—

Var. subnubila, var. nov. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 7 ¢, 8 9.) Male. Primaries heavily
suffused with black; there are some elongate internervular patches of the ground-colour on
the central area, and a streak in submedian interspace; marginal spots whitish and tri-
angular. Secondaries whitish suffused with blackish, the ground-colour showing as inter-
nervular patches and a streak in the cell; abdominal margin broadly whitish merging into
bright yellow towards anal angle. Under surface as in the type, but there is less white on
primaries.

Female. Darker; markings on secondaries tinged with yellow, and with the exception of a
yellowish streak on its outer edge the abdominal margin is entirely whitish.

Occurs at Moupin, Huang-mu-chang, and Pu-tsu-fong, Western China, in
July and August.

Var. adelma, Mitis*. (Plate XXXVIL. figs.5 ¢,6 2.) Male. Black with greyish streaks in
the cell and between the nervules on all the wings; the marginal spots are greyish and smaller
than in var. subnubila. Under surface similar to that of var. swbnubila, but there is less white
in the markings,

Female. Brownish black; the abdominal margin is broadly whitish tinged outwardly with
yellowish.

Occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, in June and July.
D. sanaca appears to be even more variable than D. bel/adonna. Some

* Seeing that Herr Mitis had recently described two forms of D. belladonna from China, I sent
him a proof impression of my Plate XXXVII., asking him to be good enough to say if either of the
figures thereon agreed with the specimens he had named and described. In reply I am informed
that figures 5 and 6 represent D. belladonna, var. adelma, Mitis, and that figures 3 and 4 agree
with D. belladonna, var. zelima. Herr Mitis is certainly in error in referring var. adelma to D.
belladonna, as it is undoubtedly a form of D. sanaca, whichmay be readily seen by the shape of
the yellow discoidal streak on under surface of secondaries.

422 PAPILIONIDA.

West-Himalayan specimens are much whiter than the type, and the Western
Chinese form is intermediate between the type and the black Central Chinese
form.

All forms of this species may be easily distinguished from those of D. bella-
donna by the striated rather than round character of the pale markings of
both surfaces and by the clubs of the antenne being white or whitish instead

of black.
Distribution. North-western Himalayas, Simla, Kulu (Elwes), Central and

Western China.

Delias patrua. (Plates XXXVII. figs. 1g, 29, XXXV. fig. 1,
var. 3.)
Delias patrua, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 46 (1890).

Male. Black. Costa, inner angle, discoidal cell, and nervular interspaces streaked with grey, the
streaks in latter are attenuated towards outer margins, before which they unite with a whitish-
centred grey spot, those nearest apex are linear, and the streaks preceding are not always
well defined. Secondaries, inner area of the wings within submedian nervure, and a portion
of interspace above canary-yellow, each interspace above has a grey streak, those between the
median nervules are centred with white, and the upper one is only separated from a broad
discal streak by the discocellular nervule ; a series of grey spots before the outer margin,
those nearest anal angle with yellow linear centres. Under surface black: primaries with
the streaks and spots as above, but white ; the costa is only sprinkled with grey scales ; there
are two short yellow dashes between costa and submedian nervure towards apex, and the
spots nearest apex are more or less yellow: secondaries have canary-yellow markings; a
broad patch at the base intersected by the precostal ; a broad streak, whitish towards base, in
the discoidal cell; inner area as above; a central and submarginal series of spots, but the
former are only suffused with yellow to a greater or lesser extent. Fringes grey and
black. ‘

Irmale. Fuliginous-black, the costa less grey, the streaks are shorter and are not connected with
the spots towards outer margin; the inner area above is whitish towards abdominal fold.

Expanse, ¢ 88 millim., 9 92 millim.

Closely allied to D, belladonna, but at once separated by the “apparent
absence of yellow patch at base of secondaries. There is a yellow dash on
the costa of secondaries, but this is of small size, and it is always completely
hidden by the inner margin of the primaries.

Occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, in June and July.

Var, lativitta, var. nov. (Pl. XXXV. fig. 1, ¢.) Male. Black, Primaries streaked with
white in the discoidal cell and each nervular interspace ; there is a broad white streak in the
submedian interspace extending almost from the base of the wing to the outer margin; this —

DELIAS.—CATOPSILIA. 4235

streak is traversed throughout its length by a black line, and is slightly contracted, as also
are the streaks above, before the outer margin. Secondaries have a yellow patch on the
subbasal area of costa; the cell and interspaces are streaked with white, the streaks in the
latter are followed by diffuse white or whitish spots ; the whole of the abdominal area and a
large portion of the submedian interspace are yellow. Under surface of primaries similar to
upper, but the white streak in cell is striated with black on its outer half, and the inter-
nervular streaks are each broken up into an inner large oblong spot and an outer round
spot connected by a white line, which is continued through the outer spot almost to the
margin of the wing: secondaries have yellow basal and subbasal spots; there is a white
streak, tinged outwardly with yellow, in the discoidal cell; beyond these is a series of five
whitish spots varying in size; the inner marginal area is yellow as above, and there is a
series of six (the sixth double) spots of the same colour before the outer margin.
Expanse 90-100 millim.

One example captured at ‘l'a-chien-lu in July, and one taken at Moupin in
August. .

Mr. Elwes has this species from Bernardmyo, Burmah, where it was taken
in May at an elevation of 6000 feet by Mr. Doherty. The specimen sub-
mitted to me for examination does not differ from a Sypicat D. patrua in any
important character,

Genus CATOPSILIA.

Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 299
(1885).

“ Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex, outer margin oblique, inner
margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure arched and extending beyond the middle of costal
margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at about the middle of cell, second from near end of
cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about two thirds the length of third, fifth bifurcating
from third at about one third beyond cell; discocellular nervules oblique, both somewhat
concavely bent inwardly ; discoidal nervule emitted from about their middle; first and second
median nervules with their bases slightly nearer to each other than those of second and third.
Posterior wings broadly suboyate, costal and outer margins convex, the abdominal margins
obliquely divergent at anal angles. Costal nervure arched and not quite reaching apex of
wing, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one fourth before end of cell, discocellulars
oblique, the lowermost the longest and slightly bent inwardly; upper median nervule from
end of cell, the bases of the first and second about one fourth nearer together than those of
second and third ; submedian nervure nearly straight, very slightly curved; internal nervure
slightly curved. Body stout, pronotum hairy ; palpi porrect, projecting one third beyond
the head, second joint laterally compressed ; legs slender; antenne eau, thickened into
an apical club, which is truncate at tip. wits

“ Male with a tuft of silky hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a glandular
patch of raised scales above the subcostal nervure of the posterior wings.

‘* This genus until quite recently was better known under the name of Callidryas, and embraced a

424 PAPILIONIDA.

number of American species as well as those of the Old World. Subsequent and more
careful examination has shown that the butterflies of these areas are generically quite distinct,
the peculiarity in neuration of the wings being sufficient to easily separate them. ‘The Old
World species are thus grouped under Hiibner’s genus Catopsilia, and are found in Western,
Southern, and Eastern Africa, Madagascar and the African islands, continental India, the
Malay Peninsula, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and also in Australia and New
Zealand.” (Distant, 1. c.)

Catopsilia crocale.

Papilio crocale, Cramer, Pap: Exot. 1. pl. lv. figs. C, D (1779).

Papilio jugurtha, Cramer, op. cit. 1. pl. elxxxvii. figs. H, F (1779).

Catopsilia crocale, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 122, pl. xlviu. figs. 1, 1 a, 6 (1881); Distant,
Rhop. Malay. p. 296, pl. xxv. figs. 11 ¢, 12 2? (1885).

‘* Wale. Wings above very pale greenish white ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
—hbroadest at apex and not reaching the outer angle—dark fuscous; the basal third of
wing and costal area to a little beyond end of cell sulphur-yellow; posterior wings with
the inner half—coneave externally—sulphur-yellow. Wings beneath pale stramineous,
with an ochraceous tinge; anterior wings with the lower half—beneath celi and extending to
outer margin—pale greenish white. Body above with the pronotum dark and thickly covered
with long pale greenish hairs, the ablomen pale ochraceous, eyes castaneous, body beneath
with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

* Female. Wings above greenish white or pale sulphureous, both wings with the basal areas more
or less suffused with darker sulphureous or pale ochraceous as in male. Anterior wings with
the costal and outer margins broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex, where
there is a more or less distinct subapical fascia enclosing some pale apical spots; a dark
fuscous spot at end of cell sometimes connected with the dark costal margin. Posterior wings
above with the outer margin broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, sometimes having some
faint and obscure pale fuscous submarginal markings. Wings beneath as in male, but darker,
with one small discocellular spot on anterior wings and {wo on posterior wings.

““Expanse ¢ 62-68 millim, 9 70-78 millim.” (Distant, l. c.)

I have one male specimen from Kiukiang, Central China, where it was
captured in June. It does not differ in any respect from North-west Hima-
layan examples in my collection.

The larva, which is said to feed on various species of Cassia, is, together
with the pupa, figured in the ‘Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the
Indian Museum,’ by Horsfield and Moore.

‘This species is common in most parts of India, and has been recorded from

jurmah, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Philippine Islands, Celebes, Hong-Kong,
and Australia.

TERIAS. 425

Genus TERIAS.

Terias, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ist ser. t. 22 (1820) ; Boisduval, Sp. Gén. 1. p. 651 (1836) ;
Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 76 (1847).

“ Heap small, clothed with short hairs.

.

“« Byes round, rather prominent.

“ Labial palpi rather short, projecting but little beyond the forehead; densely clothed with
short round scales at the sides, with longer ones in front. First joint slightly curved,
broadest at the base, slightly compressed at the sides; second joint scarcely one third the
length of the first, oval; third joint minute, oval, clothed with very small scales, almost
hidden beneath the scales of the second joint.

“« Antenne rather short, moderately stout, gradually incrassated beyond the middle; the apex
rounded.

Tuorax slender, hairy.

“ Anterior wings subtriangular, generally rounded at the apex, rarely acuminate; the costa
much curved at the shoulder ; the inner margin slightly emarginate. Costal nervure rather
stout. Subcostal nervure four-branched : the first nervule thrown off about the middle of
the cell; the second just before the end of the cell; the third nearer to the apex than to
the end of the cell. Upper discocellular nervule wanting; middle discocellular rather
shorter than the lower. Upper discoidal nervule united fora greater or less distance to the
median nervule. Internal nervule wanting.

Posterior wings mostly broadly obovate, or rounded, sometimes angular. Precostal nervule
nearly atrophied. Discoidal nervule sometimes appearing to be a third submedian, at
others thrown off exactly where the subcostal nervyure branches, sometimes above that
poit. Discocellular neryule much curved. Abdominal fold broad.

“ Feet slender. Tarsi long, very spiny. Claws deeply bifid; the outer tooth mostly more
slender and acute than the inner. Paronychia as long as, or longer than, the claws;
sometimes broad, nearly covering the claw, sometimes narrow, lanceolate; fringed with
delicate hairs. Pulvillus jointed, very broad at the end; about equal in length to the
claws.

‘“* ABpoMEN Slender, arched, not quite so long as the abdominal margin of the posterior wings.
* Larva long, slender, linear, scarcely tapering towards either extremity.

* Pupa smooth ; keeled along the back, navicular, somewhat compressed laterally, not tubercu-
late at the sides; the head very pointed.” (Doubleday, 1. ¢.)

Terias leta.

Terias leta, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lép. p. 674 (1836) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 10,
pl. u. fig. 10 (18814).

Terias jegeri, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. p. 84, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1855).

Terias bethesba, Janson, Cist. Entom. 11. p. 272 (1878) ; Pryer, 1. ¢. fig. 11.

Terias biformis, Pryer, 1. c. p. 21.

Terias subfervens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xi. p. 278 (1883).

31

426 PAPILIONID.

* Enverg. 16 4 18 lignes. Cette espcce est bien distincte de toutes celles de genre par ses
premicres ailes, dont le bord postérieur est coupé droit, avec le sommet aigu. Dessus des
quatre aiies d’un jaune gomme-gutte, moins vif que dans hecabe, les supérieures ayant la base
un peu saupondrée de noiratre, et une bordure noire, presque aussi large que dans hecabe,
commencant en pointe vers la base de la céte, et finissant carrément, une liyne avant langle
interne, sans décrire aucun sinus quadrangulaire; cette bande s’élargit graduellement au
sommet, et est un peu sinuce et légérement denticulée intérieurement ; frange dun jaune
rosatre, ainsi que le bord de la céte. Ailes inférieures moins arrondies que dans la plupart
des espéces, tantdt san taches, tantét avec un commencement de bordure noiratre sur langle
externe, et quelquefois avec une rangée de petits points marginaux noirs. Dessous des
premicres ailes jaune, avec les bords antérieur et postérieur d’un jaune roussatre. Dessous
des secondes d'un jaune roussatre pale, avec deux raies transverses droites, plus obscures, dont
Vantérieure longue, située au milieu de J’aile, et la postérieure courte ; la base et le bord
antéricur marqués de trois ou quatre points obscurs, souvent effacés et 4 peine visibles.”

* Bengale (Coll. Boisd.). Sur plus de quarante individus recueillis 4 Bombay par feu Polydore
Roux, nous navons point remarque de difference bien tranchée entre le male et la femelle.

‘‘ Nous possedons une varicté femelle que M. de Haan nous a envoyée comme yvenant du Japon, qui
est un peu plus grande, et chez laquelle la bordure est divisée par deux ou trois traits jaunatres,
obsoletes. Du reste, elle offre tous les caractéres des individus ordinaires.” (Boisduval, 1. ¢.)

Var. subfervens, Butler. “Nearly allied to 7. jegeri of Japan, with which it agrees on the
upper surface; on the under surface, however, the costa and apex of the primaries, and the
entire surface of the secondaries, are of a reddish gravel-colour, deeper even than in the inales
of 7’. leta, Expanse of wings 40-41 millim.

* South Coast, ‘ Carzodo Island,’ S. Corea, November 19th.

‘The above differences are based upon three examples compared with seven of 7’. jegeri; of the
latter, however, I have examined about fifty specimens, and never found anything at all
approaching 7. subfervens in the coloration of the under surface.” (Budler, l. ¢.)

Var. bethesba, Janson. “Male. Above lemon-yellow, the primaries narrowly margined with black
on the costa, the apical black band commencing on the costa about one third from the apex,
thence obliquely narrowed to about one third across the wing, and then gradually narrowed to
the anal angle, the posterior two thirds having three well-marked semicircular emarginations on
its inner edge ; secondaries with a very narrow black marginal line slightly dilated anteriorly ;
beneath rather paler yellow than aboye, with fine sparingly scattered black scales, which
form two indisiinct transverse bands on the secondaries, the extremity of all the nervures
marked with a very small black spot ; the body black above, with pale yellow pubescence on
ihe thorax, the side of the abdomen yellow with a fine black longitudinal line, the underside
and legs pinkish white.

‘The female is smaller and of a paler yellow than the male, with the wings rather thickly
speckled with black, the apical band on the primaries ends abruptly just before the anal
angle, and the secondaries have a narrower black margin and a large rather ill-defined black
spot at the anterior angle,

“ xpanse of wings 1 inch 4 lines—1 inch 8 lines. Yokohama.

‘Allied to 7’. lata, Bdy., but differs in having the primaries more rounded at the apex, and in its
paler colour and in the form of its markings.” (Janson, lL. c.)

TERIAS, 427

7. leta is very common in Japan avd China in the autumn, and appears
again after hibernation. The specimens differ from N.W. Himalayan
examples, of which I have a long series, in having scarcely any black mark-
ings on margins of secondaries, and in the redder tone of under surface.
Extreme examples of this form from Japan and South Corea are described by
Mr. Butler as 7’. subfervens.

The late Mr. Henry Pryer (/. ¢. p. 21) placed 7. bethesba, Janson, as a
synonym of 7’. dwta, Boisduval, and merged both in 7. biformis, Pryer, giving
the following reasons for doing so :—* I have, in conjunction with Mr. Nawa,
of Gifu, made an extremely interesting and important discovery. It is that
T. bethesba is the summer form, and 7. /wta the winter form, of one and the
same species. This was quite unexpected. Both Mr. Nawa and myself saw
females of 7. bethesba depositing their eggs on Cassia mimosoides.. From
these eggs we reared many specimens of 7. /wta, but not a single individual
- bearing the most remote resemblance to the parent form of dethesha. I
have, however, reared a single specimen from these bethesba ova which
strongly resembles the hecabe form of 7. multiformis, and it is therefore
probably a hybrid. ‘The outline of the wing of /e/a is pointed, that of
bethesba rounded, and the former is a much larger insect than the latter. I
have proposed the name of 7’. diformis to unite these two forms. ‘The form
lwta is only seven days in the pupa, but lives for eight months in the imago
state, during which time it hibernates for from four to five months. I
previously stated that /wta appears from March to November ; this I now see
is an error, the reverse being nearer the truth. It appears last in the year
in November—December, and emerges from its hibernation first in March.
The l/wta form emerges during the first week of September, or, exceptionally,
during the last few days of August, from ova laid by the bethesba form in
August, taking a remarkably short time to complete its metamorphosis.
The leta form does not commence to hibernate before November, and
continues in hibernation until the first warm days in March awaken it.
Specimens may be seen flying about until May, when the females deposit
their ova which produce the bethesba form in July.”

In the autumn of 1887 I was in South Kashmir, where I met with lata
and a form which I am quite unable to separate from bethesba. Probably the
bethesba-like specimens were late examples of the summer brood of /eta,

3L2

428 PAPILIONID.

whilst those of the typical form of the species may have been early examples
of the autumn brood. at . ‘

‘This species is common in China, Japan, Southern Corea, and the Hima-
layas, occurring up to 9000 feet.

Terias hecabe.

Papilio hecabe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 763 (1767).

Terias hecabe, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 118, pl. xlv. figs. 1 a, 6, c.(1881) ; Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 304, pl. xxvi. fig. 19 g (1885).

Terias sinensis, Lucas, Rev. Zool. (2) iv. p. 129 (1852).

Terias anemone, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 28 (1862); Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1880, p. 199, pl. vil. figs. 9-11.

Terias mandarina, De VOrza, Lep. Jap p. 18 (1869) ; Butler, 1. c. p. 199, figs. 13-18.

Terias mariesii, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 198, pl. vil. figs. 1-7.

Terias hybrida, Butler, 1. ec. p. 149.

Terias connexiva, Butler, |. c. p. 199, fig. 12.

Terias multiformis, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 8, pl. 1. figs. 9a, 6 (1886).

« P. D, alis integerrimis rotundatis flavis extimo nigris ; singulis subtus punctis pallidis numero-
sissimis.” (Linncus, l. ¢.)

Sinensis, Lucas. —* Enyerg., 39 millim. Wdle, Il a beaucoup d’analogie avec le 7’. hecabe, tout
pres duquel il vient se ranger. Les ailes sont d’un jaune pale. Les supérieures ont une
bordure noire plus large et moins foneée que dans le 7’. hecabe, denticulée intérieurement, avec
le sinus quadrangulaire moins bien formé et plus étroit ; de plus, cette bordure s’unit vers
Vangle interne, comme dans le 7’. tilaha, \ une bande longitudinale pareillement noire, assez
large, mais qui ne longe pas tout le bord interne, comme cela a lieu pour cette espece. Les
ailes inférieures ont une bordure noire beaucoup plus large que dans les 7’. hecabe et tilaha,
avec son coté interne obscurément denticulé. Toutes les ailes, en dessous, sont d’un jaune
un peu plus pale qu’en dessus, avec une rangée marginale de petits points noirs trés faible-
ment accusés pres de la frange: de plus, ses ailes ne présentent ni dessins ni taches, ce qui
n’a pas lieu pour les 7. hecabe et tilaha. Les palpes sont revétus de poils jaunes ; la téte est
couverte de poils jaunes, parmi lesquels on en apercoit d’autres qui sont noirs ; les antennes
sont noires, annelves de blanc; le thorax est noir, avee les parties latérales du sternum
jaunes ; ‘abdomen est noir en dessus et jaune sur les cétés et en dessous.

* Femelle. Elle est un peu plus petite que le mdle, d'un jaune moins foneé, ct finement saupoudrée
d’atomes noiratres. La bordure noire des premiéres ailes est aussi large que dans le mile,
avec le sinus triangulaire mieux formé et finissant plus carrément 4 l’angle interne que dans
le 7. heeabe; de plus le bord interne n’est pas marginé de noir comme dans le méle ;
la bordure noire des ailes inférieures est un peu plus ¢troite, moins fortement accusée, surtout
pres de Tangle anal, et trés vaguement denticulée 4 son cété interne; en dessous, elles
resemblent 4 celles du male.

Cette espece habit la Chine, ott elle a été découverte par M, Callery.” (Lucas, 1. ¢.)

TERIAS. 429

Anemone, Felder.—* Alis sulphureo-flavis, anticis supra extimo margineque postico introrsum
parum sinuato fuscis, posticis utrinque punctis marginalibus nigris apud venarum extima,
subtus annulis nonnullis obsoletis brunneis. ¢.

“In regionibus montosis cirea Ning-po. Minor quam 7. hecabe, Linn., cui accedit. Facile
distinguitur formatione limbi fusci alarum anticarum et absentia marginis fusci in alis
posticis.” (elder, 1. ¢.)

Mandarina, De YOrza.— Ale flav: antice subtruncate, apice vix nigro strigate; subtus
obsolete fusco ocellate.

“Cette Lerias est de la taille de lhecahe: ses quatre ailes sont d’un jaune citron sans taches ;
seulement les supérieures, dont Vextrémité est un peu tronquée, offrent ordinairement au
sommet quelques petits traits, trés peu prononcés, d’un gris noiratre ; le dessous des quatre
ailes est également d’un jaune citron, ayee une lunule brunatre un peu obsolcte, ocellée de

jaune. On voit en outre, entre la base et la lunule centrale de chaque aile, quelques points
noiratres obsolétes et pupillés de jaune pour la plupart.

“La femelle, dont nous n’ayons vu qu’un seul exemplaire, est presque d'un jaune soufre. Pour le
reste, elle offre les mémes caractéres que le mile.

“ Nous ne sayons pas de quelle partie du Japon proviennent les individus qui ont figuré a l’Expo-
sition.” (de VOrza, l. ¢.)

Var, mariesii, Butler. ‘“«. Male only differs from 7’. hecabe in its brilliant lemon-yellow instead
of dark gamboge-yellow colouring. In this respect it shows no variation. The female is of
a sulphur-yellow colour, and is extremely rare.

“b, Rather larger than the type, the border of the secondaries of about half the width, and
emitting short black spurs upon the veins.

*“¢, The border of the primaries slightly narrower, especially near the external angle, the outer
border of the secondaries inconstant, the under surface with the ordinary markings feebly
indicated.

“d. Like the type form (a), excepting that the black border of the primaries is of little more than
half the width at external angle; size very variable.

“‘e, Similar to the preceding, but with narrower border to the secondaries.

“f. Similar to e, excepting that the border of the primaries is distinctly narrower towards the
external angle, and the border towards the costa not angulated.

“The form which follows this appears to be a hybrid between 7. mariesit and 7’. anemone, and
therefore may be provisionally named

Var. hybrida, Butler. ‘The outer border of the primaries rather wider throughout than in
T’. anemone, the inner margin exhibiting from eight to nine fairly regular sinuations, of which
the two on the median interspaces are broader but scarcely less prominent than the others,
the costal margin more or less bordered by a narrow black band; secondaries with the outer
border varying from a narrow band to a series of dots; size variable.” (Butler, 1. c.)

Var. connexiva, Butler. “The outer border almost reduced to a sinuated line towards external
angle, but the apical portion with an inward angulation, as in the darkest forms of* 7’. man-
darina; the length of the apical patch variable; in one out of our three examples it is as
short as in 7. mandarina; one of the specimens with the short apical patch has the oblique
dash characteristic of 7’, mandarina on the under surface of the primaries ; size variable.

“ T have little doubt that this is a hybrid between 7. anemone and 7’. mandarina.” (Butler, l. c.)

430 PAPILIONIDA.

An exceedingly variable species. Some specimens are absolutely devoid of
markings on the upper surface in both sexes, and from such examples to
others in which all the wings are heavily bordered with black there are
all intermediate gradations. The male ranges in colour from a very pale
citron to orange, and some females are much suffused with blackish
scales. Some specimens are almost immaculate on the under surface, whilst
others are heavily marked with dark brown. ‘The males range from 50-59
millim., and the females from 38-59 millim. in expanse. Probably no
other butterfly has received so many names as 7’. hecabe; but confining my
remarks to such forms as have been named and described from the region
dealt with here, I may say that an examination of an extensive series such as
the one before me, selected from an enormous number received by me from
China and Japan, which includes all the forms enumerated above, together
with intermediate forms, should prove, even if the fact had not been ascer-
tained by breeding-experiments, that all the specimens are referable to one
species.

Pryer states that the mandarina form is on the wing in the autumn, and
again, after hibernation, in the spring, when the females deposit their eggs
upon Lespedeza juncea, and it is from these eggs that hecabe, the summer form,
is produced. ‘The same writer says :—“ By placing half of a brood of larve
in a cool place and half in a warm one, I have simultaneously produced a
mixture of the two forms, some perfect hecabe (hot), and some mandarina
(cold), at a time of year when naturally only hecahe is found. . . . mandarina
appears on the cold mountains much earlier than on the plains, and these
fly down and mix with hecabe, producing one or more broods late in the
autumn, of numberless intermediate varieties, showing all transitions between
the two parent forms.” With reference to the apparent disproportion of the
sexes of the hecabe form, Pryer writes:—“'The males are fond of settling in
numbers on damp spots in pathways, or flying about in the open, and are
easily captured in large numbers. The females have to be sought after among
the herbage and undergrowth, and are much less easily found.”

The larva and pupa of 7. hecabe, from Java, are figured by Horsfield (Cat.
Lep. KE. 1. C. pl. i, figs. 11, 11. @), who states that the larve are found
abundantly from January to April feeding on Aschynomene sesban. Distant,
quoting from Dr. Thwaites and Mr. Mackwood, gives Leguminose and the
“ Madras thorn” as food-plants,

TERIAS.—COLIAS. 431

Common throughout Japan, excepting the island of Yezzo. Obtained in
all parts of China visited by my collectors, and recorded from S.E. Corea.
Distribution. India and all the warmer parts of Asia.

Genus COLIAS.

Colias, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 633 (1836) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. p. 72
(1847).
“* Heap moderately broad, clothed with rather long hairs.

“* Byes oval, prominent.

* Labial palpi longer than the head; clothed with scales, and in front with appressed hairs.
First joint curved; second cylindric, about equal in length to the first; third joint
minute.

“* Antenne short, rather stout, generally thickening to the apex, which is truncate.

** Trorax stout, clothed in front densely with fine hair.

‘“* Anterior wings subtriangular; the apex sometimes, though rarely, acuminate, or almost
faleate ; the costa sometimes slightly sinuate. Costal nervure very stout. Subcostal four-
branched: its first nervule thrown off about the middle of the cell; the second at, or near
to, the end of the cell; the third, much nearer to the apex than to the end of the cell.
First discoidal nervule united to the subcostal for a considerable distance beyond the
cell. Lower discocellular nervule about twice the length of the middle discocellular.

** Posterior wings obovate, or subtriangular, with the angles rounded. Discoidal nervure appear-
ing to be a third subcostal nervule.

“* Legs moderately stout. Tarsi rather long, very spiny. Claws but little curved, deeply bifid,
without paronychia or pulvilli.

** ABDOMEN of moderate size, not equal in length to the inner margin of the posterior wings.
* Larva subcylindric, but little smaller at the extremities, slightly pubescent.

“ Pupa not arched, gibbous; the head abruptly pointed, the abdomen tapering gradually to a
point, the back keeled.” (Doubleday, l. ¢.)

Colias hyale, (Plate XXXIV. figs. 1-14.)

Papilio hyale, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 469 (1758).

Colias hyale, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 53, pl. xii. fig. 3 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 8,
pl. u. figs. 4a, 45 (1886).

Colias poliographus, Motschulsky, Etud. d’Entom. ix. p. 29 (1860).

Colias simoda, de YOrza, Lép. Jap. p. 16 (1869).

Colias neriene, Fischer, Motsch. 1. ec.

Colias erate, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 34 (1876).

Colias subaurata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vil. p. 138 (1881).

Colias elwesii, Butler, 1. c.

432 PAPILIONID#.

Colias pallens, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 52 (1866); Lep. Exot. p. 89,
plaxxaiv. ‘figs3 (872).

«‘ Expands on an average 1°75 in., sometimes reaching 2 in. Wings sulphur-yellow. Fore wings
with a black discoidal spot, and a black hind-marginal band enclosing a row of conspicuous
yellow spots, and ending rather abruptly, so as not to reach the inner margin ; as it approaches
the latter it gradually becomes narrower, being widest at the costa. Hind wings yellow,
blackish at the base; faint traces of a black band are seen on the anterior part of the hind
margin, and there is a large discoidal spot of a bright orange colour. ‘The female exhibits
the dimorphism so common in this genus, often having the wings nearly white, instead of
yellow. Underside: fore wings yellow, darker at the apices; a row of five or six black spots
runs parallel to the hind margin; the discoidal spot is black. Hind wings deeper yellow,
with a large pearly discoidal spot surrounded by a dull red ring, and having a smaller spot
similar in character placed above it. At the base of the wing is a dull red mark. Parallel
to the hind margin is a row of dull red crescentic spots, with their concave sides outwards, and
a conspicuous narrow reddish spot on the costa. Head, prothorax, antenn, and legs dull red ;
fringes of hind margins pink.

“ Larva. Cylindrical, dark green, sprinkled over with black dots; there is a narrow yellow and
white lateral stripe. Feeds on Leguminose, principally Trifolium, the eggs being laid in the
spring by hibernated females.

“The pupa is green, with a brownish-yellow lateral stripe.” (Lang, 1. c.)

Var. poliographus, Motschulsky. “Figura tantum Col. hejali, sed alis anticis supra: apice
magis elongatis, magis rotundatis, macula laterali intus distincto angulata, subtus: maculis
lateralibus obliteratis, postice solum duabus utrinque distinctis; alis posticis: immaculatis,
medio puncto argenteo uno.

“Exp. al, 181.” (Motschulsky, 1. ¢.)

-

Var. Simoda, del’Orza. “Ale integra rotundate, supra vivide sulphuree : anticarum limbo nigro
flavo maculato, utrinque puncto medio nigro; postice subtus puncto sesquialtero argenteo.

“lle est un peu plus grande que la Ayale, dont elle a la port; le dessus de ses quatre ailes est
dun joli jaune-soufre ; celui des supérieures est marqué d'un gros point noir sous-costal,
comme dans les espéces du méme groupe, et offre 4 Vextrémité une large bande noiratre,
sinuée en dedans, divisée dans le male par deux taches de la couleur du fond et dans Ja femelle
par une rangée de taches semblables, mais au nombre de cing & six. Les ailes inférieures
offrent sur le milieu un gros point orangé et d V’extremité une bordure noiratre erénelée ; le
dessous ressemble A celui de toutes les espcces voisines, mais le point central des ailes supé-
rieures est fortement ocellé, :

*“On ne confondra pas cette espéce avee la neriene, dont le male n’a jamais la bordure divisée par
des taches jaunes.

‘Tl ne serait pas impossible que Vindividu que nous regardons comme la femelle de la villuiensis
ne fit qu’une variété blanche de cette espéce.

‘« Cette Coliade, trés voisine de notre hyale, parait étre commune au Japon.” (de U’Orza, 1. ¢.)

Var. elwesi, Butler. “ Male. Above lemon-yellow, the basal three sevenths and costal border of
primaries densely irrorated with greenish grey; basal fourth of costal margin ferruginous ;
apical area (from apical two fifths of costa to external third of third median branch) and a”

COLIAS. 433

broad external border, sinuated in second median interspace and at external angle, black; a
subapical series of irregular yellow spots, a large broad lunate spot on the border in the first
median interspace and a small spot below it yellow; a large black discocellular spot: secon-
daries irrorated with grey ; a submarginal series of large subconfluent sulphur-yellow spots,
bounded internally towards the costa by a few blackish scales; apical border and three large
spots at the extremities of the radial and second and third median branches black; fringe
varied with rose-colour; a large bright orange spot at the end of the cell; body normal.
Under surface lemon-yellow, the characters of the upper surface indistinctly traceable through
the texture of the wing, costal margins and fringes rose-coloured: primaries with a diamond-
shaped silver-centred black discocellular spot; three squamose blackish spots parallel to the
outer margin on the median and internomedian interspaces: secondaries with an ochreous-
bordered purple-edged silver spot at the end of the cell; a discal arched series of purplish-red
dots commencing with an angular spot of the same colour upon the costa: body whitish, legs
rosy. Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines.

** Female. Above like the male, excepting that all the submarginal lemon-yellow spots of the

secondaries are bounded internally by blackish scales, which, however, get less distinct
towards the abdominal area; below with rather brighter primaries, the three discal spots
larger, brown, and the series continued by two smaller brown spots or dots on the radial
interspaces and two costal spots, the secondaries with a small additional silver-centred spot
above the one at the end of the cell; otherwise exactly like the male.

“ Albino female. Above creamy white, the basal area and costal border of primaries and the

secondaries bluish grey; the spots on the border smaller than in the male, the discocellular
spot larger; the marginal spots of secondaries diffused and subconfluent, the first being
confluent with the apical border; the submarginal spots only slightly paler than the ground-
colour, smaller than in the ordinary form, the first two bounded internally by large black
lunate spots, the others by a few blackish scales; orange spot very pale. Primaries below
white, with greyish basal area, the discal series of spots completed, beginning in the interno-
median and median interspaces with three decreasing triangular black spots, after which they
are small and red-brown; apical area greenish sulphur-yellow, brighter at outer margin:
costal margin and fringe rose-red: secondaries green, washed with yellow towards the base,
fringe rose-red ; markings as in the ordinary female. Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines.

“This is a tolerably common species, allied to C. simoda, but differing constantly from that form in

Var.

the greater length of the costal margin of the primaries, the larger pale submarginal spots,
with less defined internal limiting spots on the secondaries, the maculated character of the
border on these wings, the noticeably paler colour of the under surface, the increased number
of the discal spots on the under surface of the females, and the greater size of the albino
females.” (Butler, l. c.)

subaurata, Butler. ‘ Male. Above very similar in coloration and pattern to the preceding
species [var. elwesii|, but with distinct depressed marginal triangular yellow spots, and the
wings less irrorated with grey; the secondaries also without paler submarginal spots, but
with a zigzag black line on and between the veins towards the apex; no distinct apical
border, but six large marginal black spots. Below the wings are bright golden orange or
very bright ochreous yellow, with the inner border of the primaries lemon-yellow ; tiree large
black discal spots (as in the preceding species), two blackish dots on the radial interspaces,
and two brownish dots on the costa; a black discocellular spot, with a yellow pupil; costal

3M

434 PAPILIONID,

margin and fringe rose-red: secondaries with costal margin and fringe as in the primaries; a
discal arched series of indistinct plum-coloured dots, beginning on the costa with a spot of
this colour; a silver spot at the end of the cell with plum-coloured margin and orange zone, and
above it a similar but very minute and fusiform spot; venter somewhat whitish, legs rosy.
Expanse of wings 2 inches 2 lines.

“ Female. Larger than the male; the basal area more densely irrorated with greenish grey :
secondaries densely irrorated with greenish grey, the orange spot very large and dark;
marginal black spots diffused inwardly, the first two confluent; a submarginal series of
irregular yellow spots bounded internally by an arched series of heavy black lunules. Under
surface exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines.

“ Albino female, Above with the ground-colour creamy white, the primaries bluish grey towards
the base; marginal spots obsolete, otherwise as in the ordinary form: secondaries densely
irrorated with grey, hardly greenish, the marginal black spots united into a border, the
submarginal spots fairly regular, internally bounded by blackish spots, but only very distinctly
towards the costa: orange spot rather paler than in the ordinary female. Primaries below
with only the apical area and a suffusion over the discoidal area of the same golden ochreous
colour as in the male; the rest of the primaries creamy white, but with the usual markings ;
costal margin and fringe red: secondaries as in the ordinary form, excepting that the discal
dots are larger. LExpanse of wings 2 inches 5 lines.

«This is a fairly common species, which may be readily distinguished by the deep coloration of the
under surface.” (Butler, l. ¢.)

Var. pallens, Butler. ‘Ale supra fulve, ciliis rufis: antice pallide, elongate, anguste, cella
macula nigra terminante, apice cinereo, maculis duabus pallidis subapicalibus; margine
postico pallido cinereo, posticz cinereo roratee, basi nigrescentes, margine apicali fusco, apud
angulum analem pallente maculas quatuor fulvas includente ; célla macula flava terminante :
corpus cinereum, pre rubescens, antennis rufis. Ale antice subtus fulye, margine interiore
pallido, apice flavo, margine anali punctis tribus nigris submarginato; cella macula termi-
nante. Ala postice flavee, valde cinerco rorate, costa post cellam macula rufo-fusca; cella
macula argentea terminante, fusco bicincta punctoque fusco preposito.

“ Corpus flavum, abdomine pallido. Alar. exp. une. 1,9;.

“ Allied to Colias hyale, from which it chiefly differs in its smaller size, elongated narrow front
wings, and pale submarginal markings.” (Butler, J. L. S.)

Several interesting specimens are figured on Plate XXXIV. Of these
figs. 8 & ) show the largest and smallest examples I have, so far, seen of
this species; the former is from Chia-ting-fu, and the latter from Ichang.

C. hyale from Kastern Asia ranges in colour in the male from pale whitish
yellow (fig. 7) to canary yellow (fig. 8), and the black markings graduate
between the two extreme examples represented by figures 1, Chang-yang,
and 4, Japan. In several specimens the black markings on the secondaries
are reduced to almost vanishing point (fig. 7). The orange central spot of
secondaries is also subject to considerable modification, and may be well
developed (fig. 8), faintly defined (fig. 7), or entirely absent; variation in this

COLIAS. 435
character appears to be more frequent in the male, but is quite independent
of change in the other markings. In some specimens the black discoidal
spot of primaries is sprinkled with orange scales (fig. 6, Japan), in one
example, also from Japan, the discoidal spot is dingy orange sparsely scaled
with black, and in a specimen from Chia-ting-fu this spot on left fore wing
has the lower portion orange, as on secondaries, and the upper portion black.

Two females from Japan and one from Chang-yang are suffused with orange
(fig. 11, Japan); other forms of the female are represented by figures 5, 12,
and 13. The yellowish suffused specimen from China might be considered
as a hybrid between C. hyale and C. fieldii, but there is no possibility that
the Japanese examples of the same form could be hybrids, as C. fieldii does
not occur in that country.

Elwesi is a large pale form of C. hyale commonly found in Japan.
Pallens, on the other hand, is a small form of the species, the type of
which, in the National Collection, has the apical markings of primaries and
those on outer margin of secondaries paler than Butler’s figure (Lep. Exot.
xxxiy. fig. 3); I have a similar specimen from Hakodate and others from
Japan which are intermediate between it and typical hyale.

Poliographus and simoda are identical forms, and do not differ in any
marked manner from elwest. Subaurata has the under surface rather
orange, as is not infrequently the case in specimens of hyale from Kastern
Asia, but does not differ in any important particular from typical hyale.
None of these names appear to me worth retaining, as the forms to which
they apply are certainly not constant, neither are they peculiar to any district
or locality. I may mention that in 1886 I found poliographus, subaurata,
and elwesi together in one spot near Nagahama, and of six pairs which I
took in copuld, only two pairs were of the same form in both sexes.

Pryer (/. c.) observes of this species that it is “ one of the most abundant
butterflies about Yokohama, and is the first harbinger of spring. It may
often be seen flying about a warm sunny bank by the middle of February,
when the snow is still on the ground. ‘These are not hibernated specimens,
but freshly emerged, as I have often taken them then with their wings hardly
ls ae The difference between a summer and a winter specimen is
most marked, both in colour and size.”

Some of the specimens from China agree almost exactly with certain

examples of C. erate from Russia in my collection, and I am quite inclined
3M 2

436 PAPILIONID.

to concur with Mr. Elwes, who, in discussing (. hyale and C. erate in his

paper on the genus Colias (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884), says :—‘‘I am quite >

unable to say how these two species can be in all cases distinguished from
each other, and, though pages might be written on the subject of their
varieties, yet I doubt whether anything certain could be made out, except
by breeding on a large scale, and in different parts of the world.”

There was a partially gynandrous specimen in Pryer’s collection which was
taken in Japan, but the exact locality is not stated. It is a male with the
colour of the pallid female, and a broad longitudinal streak of the normal male
colour through the secondaries (Plate XXXIV. fig. 14).

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, Russia, Central Asia,
Amurland, Askold, Japan, Corea, China, and India.

Colias montium. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 15 @ .)
Colias montium, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 16, pl. vi. fig. 41 (1886).

‘“ Voisine de phicomone, dont elle a tout & fait le faciés, mais dont elle différe par la couleur jaune
canari du disque des ailes supérieures en dessus, sans semis d’atomes noirs, et par la teinte
jaune plus foncé du dessous des ailes inférieures. Elle ressemble aussi 4 alpherakyi mais
elle n’a pas la méme forme dailes; de plus la teinte générale est beaucoup moins yerdatre
tant en dessus qu’en dessous, et la frange et les antennes sont roses, comme dans plhicomone.

“La Colias montium ne peut étre confondue avec nilaghiriensis, Felder, des monts Neelgherries,
dans le sud de ’Hindoustan. Cette Colias indienne, dont M. le R. P. Castets, de Trichinopoly,
nous a transmis de nombreux exemplaires trés frais, a apex des ailes supérieures bien plus
largement empaté de noir et la couleur jaune verdatre du dessus des quatre ailes beaucoup
plus vive. Cette Colias nilaghiriensis nous parait du reste étre une espéce parfaitement
distincte appartenant au groupe de hyale.” (Oberthiir, L. ¢.)

Mule. Pale greenish yellow, Primaries have a broad black border on outer margin traversed by
a series of spots of the ground-colour as in C. ladakensis, Felder *, but the fifth spot of the
series is generally absent, and when present is very small. Secondaries are blackish with a
large pale greenish-yellow discoidal spot and a broad border of the same colour on outer
margin less distinetly interrupted by the nervules than in C. ladakensis. Under surface of
primaries pale greenish yellow, more yellowish on the apical area, and powdered with blackish
scales on the basal and central portions of these wings; the discoidal spot is black with a
small white centre, and there is a black spot in the median and submedian interspaces :
secondaries greenish, merging into yellowish towards costa, the outer margin has a broad
greenish suffused yellowish border; discoidal spot silvery white, surrounded with reddish
brown, and there is a spot of the latter colour on the costa.

‘male, Kather larger than the male; the ground-colour is paler and more suffused with black.

Kxpanse 48-50 millim.

| have received a long series of this species taken at a great elevation in

* Reise Nov., Lep. ii. p. 197, pl. xxvii. figs. 8, 9 (1865).

COLIAS. 437

the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu. M.Grum-Grshimailo met with specimens
in the Tetung Mountains, N.E. Thibet, and these do not differ from my
‘Ta-chien-lu examples,

Colias palzno.

Papilio paleno, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 764 (1767).

Colias paleno, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 49, pl. xi. fig. 1 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 7,
pl. u. fig. 3 (1886).

“Expands from 1:75 to 2°70 inch. Wings of the male pale yellow, with a black border, dusted
over, and sometimes finely veined, with pale yellow; the fore wings have a small black
discoidal spot, sometimes this is altogether wanting; the hind wings have a very faint and
hardly visible pale spot touching the discoidal cell. Underside: fore wings deeper yellow
than above; the black border of the upperside shows through, giving a darker shade to the
hind margin; discoidal spot small and nearly annular. Hind wings greenish yellow with
a small pearly discoidal spot. The head, antenna, and other appendages, as well as the
prothorax and legs, are red; the meso- and metathoracic segments are black, as well as
the abdomen, and are covered with white downy hairs. The margins of all the wings are
fringed with rosy red, except at the anterior part of the hind margins of the hind wings,
where the fringe is pale yellow. The female has the wings pale greenish white, instead of
yellow ; the black border is less sharply defined internally than in the male.

*« Zarva green, dotted with black, and having stripes of yellow.

‘The female of this species is, like most of those of the genus, dimorphic, but it departs from the
general rule in having the normal form white, as described above. There is, however, a
yellow form [var. werdandi, Herr.-Schitf.], which is found in the higher Alps, and may
possibly represent the original appearance of the insect.” (Lang, J. c.)

Pryer states that this species occurs in Japan at an elevation of over
6000 feet. He adds :—‘‘I have seen it commonly at the Yu-no-taira on
Asama-Yama. Owing to the irregular nature of the ground, which is
composed of loose volcanic scoriz, it is most difficult to capture. It never
seems able to stray far from this place, and may be seen beating up and
down, but never descending below this bleak and cold locality.”

Mr. Fenton says :—‘“‘I had great trouble in capturing two couples on the
side of a barren volcanic mountain covered with scanty grass, low herbs, and
wind-dwarfed pines, at an elevation of about 7000 feet above sea-level
(registered by a pocket aneroid).”

Japanese examples agree with those from Switzerland, as also do Amur-
land specimens.

Distribution. Scandinavia, Russia, Lapland, Switzerland, Tyrol, Pyrenees,
Amurland, Japan.

458 PAPILIONIDA.

Colias fieldii. (Plate XXXV. figs.63,72.)

Colias fieldit, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. i. p. 79, pl. i. fig. 5 (1855).

“Cette Colias est intermédiare entre la C. myrmidone et Vedusa; les ailes supérieures sont en
dessus de la méme teinte jaune de la myrmidone, et leur dessin se distingue seulement de
celui de l’edusa en ce que la base est plus largement noire, et le point discoidal est plus gros,
surtout en dessous ou il offre au milieu une pupille quelquefois double, d’un beau blane. Les
ailes inférieures sont semblables 4 celles de la myrmidone, mais en dessus, la bordure noire
est un peu plus large sur le bord externe, la base est plus fortement saupoudrée de noir, et
non loin de la base, sur le bord antérieur, est une tache d’un jaune moins rougeatre que la
teinte générale de Vaile ; cette tache est limitée par la bordure noire externe, qui d’abord
étroite, remonte en s’élargissant jusqu’d cette tache jaune, qu'elle rejoint par des atomes
noirs et serrés; ces ailes en dessous ressemblent complétement 4 celles de Vedusa. Un
exemplaire male de moité plus petit, ne m’a rien offert de particulier, et je leusse confondu
volontiers avec une edusa, si je n’eus appercu la tache jaune de la base du bord antérieur des
secondes ailes.

“Cette espéce vient des Monts Himalaya, et nous a été donnée par M. Field, qui s’oceupe d’histoire
naturelle.” (Ménétriés, l. c.)

Agrees in colour with C. myrmidone, Esper, but the markings are almost exactly like those of
C. edusa, Fabricius; the fringes of primaries, however, are rarely chequered, the black
discoidal spot is generally larger, and the black border of secondaries is continued along the
costa of these wings to the base. On the under surface the black discoidal spot of primaries
is always centred with silvery white, and the outer edge of the purplish-brown patch upon
which the discoidal spots of secondaries are placed is acutely produced.

Kxpanse, ¢ 48-66 millim., 9 49-72 millim.

-

Common and widely distributed in Central and Western China.

As a rule the males from China are larger and brighter-coloured than
Himalayan examples of the same sex, and the discoidal spot on primaries is
of greater size. The females are very variable in colour, some being a pale
yellow, and others a bright orange; the pale submarginal spots may be either
well-defined or almost absent. |

C. fieldii is very abundant in the North-west Himalayas throughout the
summer. It is common in Sikkim, and flies at an elevation of over 6000 feet.
[ took a white female specimen of this species in Kashmir; this form, which
corresponds to C. edusa, var. helice, is exceedingly rare, and I have not
received a single example of it among the large number of C. fieldii sent to
me from China. ;

M. Grum-Grshimailo obtained specimens in the Nian-shan Mountains,
Thibet.

Distribution. Wimalayas, Thibet, Central and Western China.

GONEPTERYX. 439

Genus GONEPTERYX.
Gonepteryx, Leach, Edinb. Ene. ix. p. 128 (1810); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 69
(1847).
Rhodocera, Boisd. Lee. Lep. Amer. Sept. p. 70 (1833) ; Sp. Gén. 1. p. 597 (1836).
“ Heap broad, densely clothed with erect hairs.

** Byes round, rather prominent.

“ Labial palpi longer than the head, clothed with short scales. The first joint curved, com-
pressed internally ; second joint at least half as long as the first, subcylindric, tapering, or
elongate-oval, compressed internally ; third joint minute, rounded or oval, placed a little
below the apex of the second,

** Antenne short, stout, mostly channelled below, gradually thickened towards the apex, which
is truncate.

‘““THorax stout, clothed with fine hair.

* Anterior wings subtriangular, mostly falcate at the apex; the costa much curved near the
base. The costal neryure stout; subcostal four-branched ; its first nervule thrown off
about the middle of the cell, the second just before the end of the cell, the third about
midway between the end of the cell and the apex of the wing. First discoidal nervule
united to the subcostal for some distance beyond the cell, middle disco-cellular less than
half the length of the lower. Submedian neryure curved downwards near the hbase.
Internal nervure short, running into the submedian.

* Posterior wings mostly angular, sometimes obovate. Precostal nervule simple, mostly merely
rudimentary. JDiscoidal nervure appearing to be a third subcostal nervule. Abdominal
channel very distinct and ample.

‘“‘ Legs rather short. Claws deeply bifid. Paronychia about as long as the claws. Pulvillus
sometimes wanting.

‘« AnpomeN rather stout, not so long as the abdominal margin of the posterior wings.

“Larva tapering considerably at both extremities, thinly covered with fine hair; the back and
sides shagreened.
_* Pupa very pointed at both extremities ; thoracic segments swollen.” (Doubleday, !. c.)

Gonepteryx rhamni. (Plate XXXV. fig. 4, var.)
Papilio rhamni, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 765 (1767).
Rhodocera rhamni, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 602, pl. vi. fig. 7 (1836).
Gonepteryx rhamni, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 65, pl. xiv. fig. 4 (1884).
Rhodocera amintha, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. 1871, p. 810, note.
Gonepteryx maxima, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xv. p. 407 (1885).
Rhodocera maxima, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 7, pl. 1. fig. 5 (1886).
Gonepteryx rhamni, var. amurensis, Graeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 69.

« Expands from 2°25 to 2°50 inch. The male has all the wings with a sharply projecting angle
and of a bright greenish-yellow colour, with an orange discoidal spot on each wing. Under-

440) PAPILIONIDZ.

side yellower; the hind wings have the discoidal spot pearly in the centre. The female is
somewhat larger than the male, and of a lighter colour, being whitish, but otherwise resem-
bling it. Head and antenne dull red; body black, covered with white silky hairs; legs
light yellow.

“* Larva cylindrical, or rather slightly thicker in the middle segments than at the extremities ; it
is of a dull apple-green, covered with minute excrescences, from each of which grows a minute
white hair. A lateral white waved stripe runs through the whole length of the body.

“ Pupa bright green, pointed at both ends, thicker in the dorsal thoracic region, the wing-cases
forming a considerable round-shaped projection ; the cephalic and thoracic parts are shaded
with purplish brown.

“ Food-plants, Rhamnus frangula and R. catharticus. The eggs are laid by hibernated females in
April; the larva emerges early in May, and is full grown by the end of June, the imago
appearing towards the end of July at the earliest.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

A complete life-history of this species will be found in Buckler’s ‘ Larvee of
British Butterflies,’ pp. 145-148, pl. 1.

Var. amintha, Blanchard *=var. maxima, Butler. ‘The primaries well produced at apex as
in G, aspasia ; the primaries of male not quite so deeply coloured as in that species, though
much more so than in nepalensis; the primaries a little deeper coloured than the secon-
daries and with confluent red brown marginal spots (as in nepalensis), a character not found
in G. aspasia ; orange spot of secondaries nearly as large as in carnipennis ; costal area of
primaries and whole of secondaries below greenish white; female greenish white, uniformly
coloured, Expanse of wings 78 millim.

“¢. Nikko; 9. N. China.

‘From nepalensisT, to which this species is most nearly allied, it differs in its decidedly darker
primaries, its more falcate, more elongated, and altogether larger wings, and the (conse-
quently) larger orange spots on the wings, also in the less sinuous outer margin of the
secondaries ; from G, aspasia, to which most of these very characters prove its affinity, it
differs in its slightly paler primaries and darker secondaries ; the brown edging to the wings
and the distinct separation of the under surface into two colours, as in the G. rhamni group.”
(Butler, 1. c.)

-

This species is common throughout Japan, Corea, and all parts of China
visited by my collectors. It also occurs in the Loochoo Islands.

Maxima is the usual form met with; but some of the specimens from
Western China are not distinguishable from examples of nepalensis from the
North-west Himalayas in my collection, and others approach exceedingly

* “ Ithodocera amintha, Wun tiers plus grand que le Rhodocera rhamni, les ailes ayant les angles
médiocres et une tache centrale faune trés-marquée.” (Blanchard, 1. c.)

+ Nepalensis, Gray, is described by Butler (1. c.) as follows :—‘ Wings of both sexes with well-
defined, partly confluent, marginal brown points ; upper surface of male gamboge-yellow, of female
creamy white, hardly greenish, even on the secondaries ; wings below with costal area of primaries
and whole of secondaries whitish.”

GONEPTERYX. 44]

close to European examples of the species. The chief characteristic of all
eastern forms of rhamni appears to be that the subcostal nervure of secon-
daries is straight, very conspicuous, and does not become attenuated until it
almost reaches the outer margin, whereas in the western representatives of
the species this vein tapers off some distance from the outer margin. ‘The
deepest-coloured specimens from China are the least angulated, and this is
also the case in var. cleobule fren: the Canaries.

Three female specimens from Wa-shan and Chia-kou-ho, Western China,
are of the usual male rhamni colour, and a gynandrous example from Wa-shan
(Plate XXXYV. fig. 4) has the right wings deeper in colour than in typical
male maxima.

If Graeser had been acquainted with Butler’s maxima he probably would
not have described Amurland G. rhamni as var. amurensis. In his remarks
on this form, he says :—“ Herr Dieckmann has in his collection six males and
four females from Thibet, which were received from Mr. Elwes as var. nepa-
lensis, Doubleday. The males from Thibet have the same yellow colour as
rhamni males, whereas the Amurland specimens have a much more intense
yellow, the central area of primaries warmer in tone, and showing up distinct
from the paler margins, and exhibiting in this respect some resemblance to
cleopatra and aspasia; the red discal spots are large, and brighter than in
the specimens from Thibet referred to above, and in shape the wings are
nearer those of cleopatra than nepalensis.”

Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 145) states that he possesses a male
specimen of nepalensis from Simla that is almost identical with amurensis, and
that of four males which were taken by Doérries in the Sutschan mountains
one almost exactly agrees with typical rhamni, the only difference being that
the orange discal spots are slightly larger and more brightly coloured. Also,
he adds, from Central China, “I received under the name of var. nepalensis
a specimen which comes very close to var. amurensis.”

The following forms of Gonepterya, viz. farinosa, Zeller ; cleopatra, Linn. ;
cleobule, Hubner ; maderensis, Felder; and antonia, Butler, are, I believe,
all referable to one species, 7. e. G. rhamni.

The most extreme form in intensity of colour is that known as cleobule
from the Canary Isles; this has the primaries entirely orange, with the
exception of an extremely narrow yellow border on outer margin ; the extre-

3N

449 PAPILIONID.

mities of the nervules are strongly marked with reddish on all the wings, and
the outer margins of the wings are only slightly angulated. The next form
is maderensis from Madeira, which is similar in colour to cleodule, but the
yellow border on outer margins of primaries is broader and more pronounced ;
I took specimens in South-western Morocco which are hardly separable from
this form.

Cleopatra, common in Southern Europe and North Africa,-has the orange
colour confined to the central area of the primaries, and the space occupied
by it is variable in extent; In some specimens the wings are very slightly
angled, but I have several examples in my collection quite as much angled
as in any typical rhamnt. Instances of gynandromorphism are not infrequent
in this form as well as in typical rhamni, and I have a male rhamni of the
female coloration.

Antonia is a form occurring in Syria and Asia Minor. The orange patch
on primaries is much paler than in cleopatra, and some specimens are hardly
separable from typical rhamne.

Farinosa is larger and more densely clothed with scales than ordinary
rhamni, and the outer margin is frequently indented as in G. aspasia.

The above remarks on the variation of G. rhamni are based on an exami-
nation of about 90 specimens from various parts of. Europe, Asia Minor,
Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Islands in my own collection.

Gonepteryx aspasia.

Gonepteryx aspasia, Ménétriés, Schrenck’s Reis. p. 17, pl. 1. fig. 6, ¢.

Gonepteryx aspasia, var. acuminata, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 23 (1862).

Rhodocera acuminata, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 7, pl. 11. fig. 6 (1886).

? Rhodocera alvinda, Blanchard*, Compt. Rend. 1871, p. 810, note.

‘* Mus, Alis virescenti-albidis ; anterioribus faleatis, disco citrino.

‘Cette espdce se rapproche beaucoup des G. rhamni et cleopatra, mais j’ai cru trouver, d’aprés
lexamen de 6 miles et 2 femelles, des caractéres constants capables d’établir une bonne

* Rhodocera alvinda, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. 1871, p. 810, note.

“Tres yoisin du 2, rhamni, plus voisin du 2, aspasia, du Ménétriés, des rives du fleave Amour,
ayant les ailes plus ¢troites avec la tache centrale fauve unie et nullement cerclée.”
(Blanchard, l. c.)

As the above description is so yery meagre it is not possible to say with certainty what it refers
to, but I think the narrower wings point to its being a form of aspasia.

GONEPTERYX. 445

diagnose de cette espece, ce qui me semble une raison de plus pour séparer la rhamni de la
cleopatra, et ainsi dimiter MM. Herrich-Schiiffer, Zeller, Lederer, etc., quant 4 ce que
M. Standfuss, dans le ‘Stettiner Zeitung,’ 1857, les réunisse de nouveau, cela est peu
important, puisque cet auteur ne nous donne pas de bonnes raisons.

** Je comparerai cette espéce avec la G. rhamni avec laquelle elle offre le plus de rapprochements ;
elle s’éloigne encore davantage de la R. farinosa, Zell. Isis, 1847, p. 5, par la coupe des
alles. Les ailes supérieures offrent & leur bord antérieur et prés du sommet une plus forte
convexité, laquelle se prolonge en une pointe plus longue et plus aigue; le bord externe est
fortement échaneré et l’angle interne largement arrondi; les ailes inférieures présentent au
contraire l’espace du bord externe compris entre l’angle externe et l’angle interne, arrondi
environ en quart de cercle, ainsi moins proéminent que chez la rhamni et la cleopatra, vu que
ce bord est moins échanchré prés du prolongement de langle interne. En comparant la
disposition des nervures des ailes inférieures de ces trois espéces, j’ai trouvé chez cette nouvelle
deux caractéres qui la distingueraient des deux espéces européennes: 1, l’espace entre le pli
intermédiaire et sous-médian est plus étroit et plus parallcle chez notre espéce ; 2, la nervure
de la cellule discoidale qui rattache la nervure sous-costale avec la 1 supérieure, est plus
courte chez cette nouvelle espéce.

*« Le mile en dessus est d’un blanc verdatre 4 peu prés comme chez la femelle du rhamni, mais les
ailes supérieures présentent le disque, y compris la base, d’un jaune citron, absolument de la
méme manicre que la teinte orangée recouvre les ailes supérieures des males de la cleopatra ;
vers le milieu de chaque aile se voit un petit point orange.

«En dessous, le male est d’une teinte un peu plus jaune que celle qui orne la femelle de la
rhamni, mais moins jaune que chez le male de cette espéce ; les nervures des ailes inférieures
sont moins épaisses et moins blanches que chez la rhamni; mais le point ferrugineux du
disque ainsi que les petits points bruns de la rangée circulaire des ailes inférieures et ceux
qu’on remarque sur la frange ne different point de la rhamni.

<‘ La femelle ressemble par sa couleur & celle de la rhamni.

‘« Les antennes m’ont paru plus droites, d’un rougéatre plus foneé, sans teinte plus claire sur aucune
de leurs parties. Le corselet, en dessus, parait plus noir, les poils qui le recouvrent étant
blancs, méme chez le mile.

“‘ Cette espéce a été prise sur les bords de ’Amour par M. Schrenck, depuis Bouri 4 l’embouchure
de Oussouri, jusqu’a Kidsi, pendant les mois de Juin et Juillet.” (Ménétriés, 1. c.)

Var: acuminata, Felder. ‘‘Alis maris omnino sulphureo-flavis, femine albido-virescentibus,
anticis apice acuminate producto, posticis supra macula grossa aurantiaca.

“In montibus prope Ning-po. A speciminibus Amurensibus statura majore, colore letiore,
uniformi, maculis discalibus distinctioribus apiceque alarum anteriorum magis producto,
subhamato recedit.” (Felder, 1. ¢.)

The typical form of aspasia occurs commonly at considerable elevations in
the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu and at Wa-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and Moupin
in Western China. The specimens vary in size but do not differ from Amur-
land examples. In Central and Eastern China and in Japan the species is
represented by var. acuminata, which is a larger form and has the apices of
primaries more produced, this latter character is, however, not constant. A

3N 2

444 PAPILIONID.£,

more important difference is that the secondaries are of the same colour as
the primaries, whereas in the type the secondaries are paler than the
primaries. The Japanese specimens, have dark yellow primaries, quite as
dark in fact as those of G. rhamni, var. maxima. Pryer says that acuminata
occurs in the mountains of Central Japan and on the plains of Yesso, and he
mentions capturing freshly emerged specimens of both maxima and acuminata
on Asama-Yama at the same time. I only met with acuminata in the
mountains of Japan. Herz records aspasia from Corea, and Alphéraky
(Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 100) mentions it from the Province of Kansou, and
remarks on the darker colour of the fore wings.

Dr. Staudinger, who holds rhamni and aspasia to be distinct species,
considers acuminata, Felder, to bea variety of the former. This determination
is somewhat difficult to reconcile with Felder’s description of acwminata.
Although I have retained aspasia here as a distinct species I am not at all
satisfied that it is entitled to rank as such. I have received hundreds of
specimens of both rhamni and aspasia from China and Japan, and in a series
of over eighty examples which I selected for my collection I find that there is
the same amount of colour variation in aspasia as in rhamni; the angu'ation
of the wings is subject to the same kind of modification in both; the size of
the orange discal spot is also variable. The only character by which I am
able to separate rhamni from aspasia is that the veins on the under surface
of secondaries are thicker in the former, but even this fails in specimens from
Loochoo, and does not serve to distinguish some examples of aspasia, var.
acuminata from rhamni, var. farinosa. No definite conclusions can, however,
be arrived at until we have a more complete knowledge of the earlier stages
of aspasia and its forms.

In the North-western Himalayas G. zaneka, Moore *, replaces aspasia,
and is probably only a local race of that species; it is distinguished by the
scalloped outer margin of secondaries.

Aspasia appears to be a mountain insect, whilst rhamni occurs in the
valleys, occasionally wandering into the mountains.

Graeser met with the larva of aspasia on Rhamnus davurica, but unfor-
tunately did not describe it.

* Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond, 1865, p. 498, pl. xxxi. fig. 18.

DERCAS. 445

Genus DERCAS.

Dercas, Boisduval, in Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 70 (1847); Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 308 (1885).

“« Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the apex more or less dentate, the outer
margin oblique, the inner margin concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa a
little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted at less than one third before end of
cell, second near end of cell, third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating nearer end of
cell than apex of wing, fifth emitted at about two thirds the distance between end of cell and
bifurcation of third and fourth ; upper discocellular nervule concave and a little less than
one half the length of lower, which is directed outwardly towards its base ; upper median
nervule conyexly rounded at base and emitted from end of cell; second from a little before
end of cell, lower at about one third before end of cell; cell short and broad; submedian
nervure somewhat bent inwardly near base, and then outwardly along its apical half.
Posterior wings elongately and irregularly subovate ; costal margin obliquely convex, outer
margin prominently and angularly produced at upper median nervule, from whence to anal
angle the margin is more or less concayely sinuate. Costal nervure short, extending to about
half the length of costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one fourth before
end of cell, second from end of cell; upper median nervule short and oblique, lower more
than twice the length of upper and bent inwardly ; upper median nervule from end of cell,
second emitted at about half the distance from first as from third; submedian nervure
moderately bent outwardly ; internal nervure bent inwardly. Body moderately robust, pro-
notum pilose; antenne short, with a gradually formed but distinct apical club; palpi short,
compressed, broad, and clothed with long adpressed hairs, apical joint minute.

«This genus is of small extent, and may be taken as an Eastern representative of the genus
Gonepteryw. Dercas is found in Continental India, the Indo-Malayan region, and in China.
One species inhabits the Malay Peninsula.” (Distant, 1. c.)

Dercas wallichii. (Plate XXXV. fig. 3, ¢.)

Gonepteryx wallichit, Doubleday, Proc. Ent. Soe. Lond. v. p. xlvii. (1848).
Gonepteryx urania, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 458, pl. xxvi. fig. 59.

“ Alis omnibus lete flavis, anticis apice acuminato nigro, macula pone medium rotundata nigra ;
posticis rotundatis,

“ Exp. alar. 24 unc., vel 62 millim. Habitat, India sept.

“ Head black. Antenne reddish. Thorax black, clothed thinly with yellow hairs. Anterior
wings acuminate, falcate, the outer margin slightly sinuate below the apex, above pale bright
yellow, the apex marked with a black patch trisinuate internally, the middle sinus deep, the
others much slighter ; the termination of the costal nervure, and also of the first and second
subcostal nervules, marked with a small black dot ; two small black dots on the outer margin,
and a large rounded spot, bordered below with ferruginous, between the first and second
median nervules, not far from their origin. Posterior wings rounded, pale, bright yellow,
tne terminations of the nervules marked with a small black dot. Below all the wings paler
than above, sprinkled with small ferruginous atoms, the discocellular nervule of both wings
marked with a geminate ferruginous spot, bipupilled with silver; the anterior wings marked

446 PAPILIONIDA.

with a silvery cloud, from which a faint ferruginous line runs across the wings nearly to the
anal angle, touching a spot in place of the rounded spot of the upper surface, but of a paler
colour. Legs nearly white.

“This species may be known from Gonepterya verhuellit by its rounded posterior wings, and from
Gon. lycorias by the large spot of the anterior wings and other characters.” (Doubleday, l. c.)

Female (urania, Butler). ‘“ Upperside : front wings pale yellow, deeper at the outer margin ;
anterior margin much curved, and ending at its outer extremity in a sharp, uncated apical
point; outer margin slightly sinuated on its upper edge; apex brown, deeply sinuated and
dentated ; a large, perfectly circular, deep-brown spot between the first and second sub-
median nervules. Posterior wings somewhat quadrate, pale yellow, deeper at the outer
margin.

“‘ Underside: front wings dirty yellow, paler on the inner margin; discoidal cell irrorated with
brick-red ; a small irregular silver spot surrounded with red in the middle of the end of the
cell, with a minute vertical lunule just above it ; the costal and subcostal nervures ending in
smallred spots ; a somewhat triangular silver dash on the anterior margin, close to the apex; a
large ferruginous round spot, ending below in afine oblique red line, between the first and second
submedian nervules ; two small, longitudinal, oblong, pale brown spots placed obliquely between
it and the silver apical dash. Posterior wings dirty yellow ; cell irrorated with brick-red, a
small irregular silver spot, surrounded with red, in the middle of the end of the cell, with a
minute red lunule just above it; a small brown lunule above the end of the cell, and halfway
between it and the anterior margin; a band of oblong pale brown spots crossing the wing
between the nervules, and following the direction of the outer margin.” (Butler, l.c.)

Although described as a distinct species urania is without doubt the female
of D. wallichia.

Chinese specimens of D. wallichii are rather larger than those from India.
In the males the costa towards apex is marked with red, and there is an
oblique streak of the same colour, interrupted by the nervules, from the apical
black patch. The under surface is identical with that of Indian specimens
of the same sex. ‘The females from both countries are alike.

Fairly common throughout Central and Western China at moderate eleva-
tions; the female is scarcer than the male.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 415) refers to a specimen from the
interior of Sikkim, but the species must be rare in that district, as there were
no examples of it in the collection of the late Otto Moller. It seems,
however, to be plentiful in the Khasia Hills.

In his ‘ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ Kirby (p. 489) gives China as
a locality for D. verhuellii, an allied species, but this was not observed in any
part of the country visited by my collectors.

PIERIS. 447

Genus PIERIS.

Pieris, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 4384 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 42
(1847).

“‘ Heap rather small, hairy.

“ Eyes round, moderately prominent.

“ Labial palpi longer than the head; the first joint generally much longer than the second,
both stout, more or less cylindric, especially the first, clothed anteriorly with long hairs ;
third joint cylindric, slender, rather pointed, mostly as long as, or longer than, the second,
clothed with short appressed scales, and a few hairs in front at the base.

* Antenne of moderate length, with a short obconic club, generally compressed.

““THorax moderately stout, clothed with long delicate hairs.

“ Anterior wings more or less triangular, sometimes elongate, slightly falcate, or rounded
externally. Subcostal nervure three-, or four-branched. Upper discoidal nervure united
to the subcostal for some distance beyond the cell. Lower discocellular rather long,
curved inwards.

“ Posterior wings obovate, sometimes rather elongate, with the base slightly produced anteriorly ;
sometimes more rounded. JDiscoidal nervule becoming a third median nervule. Inner
margin forming a very distinct channel for the reception of the abdomen.

‘* Legs moderately strong. Claws deeply bifid. Paronychia not quite equal to them in length,
broad, subtriangular. Pulvillus as long as the claws, jointed.

‘« ABpoMEN rather slender, not extending to the end of the wings,

‘“* Larva subcylindric, with the head small, rounded ; more or less clothed with hair.

“ Pupa angular, pointed anteriorly, not arched, sometimes tuberculate ; abdominal segments
tapering to a point.” (Doubleday, 1. c.)

Pieris napi. (Plate XLIII. figs. 13,29.)

Papilio napi, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 760 (1767).

Pieris napi, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 31, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1884).

** Expands 1°50 to 1°87 in. Wings white, with the bases dusky. ‘he nervures are distinct and
black. The fore wings have the tips, and sometimes the ends of the nervures, dusky. Male
sometimes with, but often without, a small black spot midway between the centre and the
hind margin. Female with two black spots, as in P. rape. Hind wings with a black
spot on the costa. The female is usually larger than the male, and is always darker, having
blackish scales running along the course of the nervures. Underside: fore wings white,
tipped with greenish yellow, with nervures conspicuous, and with two black spots, as in the
allied species. Hind wings pale yellow, with dark scales placed thickly along the course of
the nervures, giving the appearance of green veins.

“Larva green, brighter on the sides than on the back; the spiracles are marked with red and
yellow. Feeds on various kinds of Crucifere and Resedaceew from June to September. It
hibernates as a pupa, which is greyish or greenish yellow, speckled with black.”
(Lany, 1. ¢.)

448 PAPILIONID.

Figures of the early stages and a full life-history of this species are given
in Buckler’s ‘ Larve of British Butterflies.’

I have four examples (2 ¢ and 2 2) of this species from Yesso. ‘They
differ from the type on the upper surface in having only faint traces of black
at apex of primaries; the black spots are only shadowy in the female and
are entirely absent in the male, and the venation is well marked. On the
under surface all the specimens are quite typical.

I believe that P. napi does not occur in the Central or Southern Islands of
Japan, nor in the Corea or China, and that specimens recorded from these
countries as P. napi are referable to the spring form of P. melete. ‘There
were no specimens of P. napi in Pryer’s collection, and the examples figured
by him in his ‘ Rhopalocera Nihonica’ represent the seasonal forms of
P. melete. In Amurland there are two broods, but it is not common in any
part of that region.

In Europe some examples of the second brood have the under surface of
secondaries paler and the veins are bordered with blackish only as far as the
discoidal cell (var. napww, Esper). A yellowish-grey suffused form of the
female occurs in boreal and alpine regions, this is the var. bryoniw, Ochsen-
heimer. In the Alai Mountains and other parts of Central Asia a small
darkly marked race (ochsenheimeri, Staudinger) occurs.-

Distribution. Europe, Northern, Eastern, and Central Asia.

Pieris melete. (Plate XLIII. figs. 34,49 var.)

Pieris melete, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. 11. p. 113, pl. x. figs. 1, 2 (1857).

Pieris aglaope, Motschulsky, Etud. d’Entom. ix. p. 28 (1860).

Synchloé megamera, Butler, Cist. Ent. 1. p. 173 (1873).

Pieris napi, var, orientis, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 13 (1880).

Ganoris dulcinea, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. p. 18 (1882).

Pieris napi, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 6, pl. ii. figs. 8 a, 86 (1886).

Pieris melete, var. veris, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 126, pl. xvi. figs. 1, 2 (1887).

Pieris eruta, Boisd, MS., Poujade, Ann. Soe. Ent. France, 1888, p. xix.

** Male. Ailes blanches 4 sommet noiratre en dessus, avec une tache grande, 4 bords non arréteés,
placce non loin du bord externe des supérieures.

“ Femelle. Ailes blanches, 4 reflets opalins, sommet et bord interne des supérieures largement
noir, ainsi que les quatre nervures des ailes inféricures depuis la cellule discoidale.

“Cette espece est & peu pres de la taille et de la forme de la P. brassice ; la femelle est plus
grande que le male, au moins chez les exemplaires du Japon.

“Le male est en dessus blane, avec la base des ailes supéricures et leur bord antérieur saupoudrés

PIERIS. 449

de noir; ces ailes ont leur sommet noir, a la manicre de la P. brassice, ainsi qu’un gros
point noir, 4 contours non arrétés, qui est place plus proche du bord externe que chez l’espéce
indiquée plus haut; et plus ou dessous non loin de langle interne, l’on distingue la trace de
la tache du dessous. Les ailes inférieures présentent comme chez la brassicw, une tache noire
placée sur le milieu du bord costal, avec les trois ou quatre premicres nervures uoires.

‘* En dessous les ailes différent en ce que les supérieures n’ont pas de noir 4 leur sommet, mais au
contraire, plus de la moitié de la cellule discoidale est fortement saupoudrée de noir, ainsi
que les nervures, surtout la médiane; la tache post¢rieure, pres de l’angle externe, est grande
et se prolonge le long du bord interne. Les inférieures un peu layées de jaunatre, l’aréole
basilaire est safranée, et les nervures saupoudrées de noir le long de leurs bords.

‘*¢ La femelle est en dessus d’un blanc a reflets opalins, et outre les caractéres du mile, elle offre de
plus: la base des ailes supérieures et la plus grande partie de la cellule discoidale fortement
saupoudrée de noir; la tache prés de l’angle interne atteint ce bord et se prolonge largement
tout le long jusqu’a la base. Les ailes inférieures ont leurs nervures brunes, et les quatre
premieres qui partent de la cellule discoidale sont noires en s’elargissant graduellement, en
atteignant le bord externe.

** En dessous les ailes supérieures sont un peu opalines, et présentent leur sommet légérement
soufré, avec la nervure mediane largement noire, ainsi que les deux taches du dessus. Les
ailes inférieures sont. lavyées de jaune, et leur aréole basilaire est de teinte orangée; du reste,
ces ailes sont sans taches et leurs nervures sont légérement saupoudrées de brun.

‘‘ Les antennes sont noirs, annelées de blanc, avee l’extrémité de la massue blanche. Le corps est
noir en dessus saupoudré de blanc, et parfaitement blane en dessous.

“Cette espéce a été rapportce du Japon, par Mr. Goschkevitsch, qui l’a donnée 4 Académie. De
Amour par Mr. Schrenck.” (Meénétriés, l. ¢.)

Var. aglaope, Motschulsky. “Figura et color subtus tantum P. napi, sed alis anticis supra:
in ¢ albis, maculis vel punctis nigris antice nullis, in 2 lateraliter maculis magnis, sub-
quadratis, nigris tribus, postico, ut in P. melete, cum basi lato conjuncto, nervis omnibus
nigrescentibus; subtus: in 2 maculis nigris quadratis modice distinctis, antica marginali
obliterata; alis posticis supra: in ¢ albis, nervis vix nigrescentibus, in @ albis, nervis
nigrescentibus, antico ad marginem maculatim dilatato ; subtus: subtestaceis, lato subviridi-
nigrescentibus ; antennis nigris, annulis apiceque subalbis.

“Exp. al. ¢ 201., 9 221.” (Motschulsky, 1. c.)

Megamera, Butler.—‘‘ Male. Wings above white; the base blackish grey; apical region of costa
broadly grey ; the outer half of the nervures towards apex blackened; body as in S. napi;
below very similar to S. napi, but the neryures much more distinct, median nervure of
primaries and its branches bordered with black ; the remainder of the nervures with greyish
olivaceous ; the two diffused black spots on disc of primaries more distinct than in S. napi;
secondaries bright golden yellow at base.

“ Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines.

“ Female. Wings above white, the nervures margined with grey ; basal half of costa in primaries
pale ochraceous ; apical area grey ; an ill-defined large brown spot between second and third
median branches, and a second crossing internomedian interspace; the internal area from
the latter spot to the base brown; secondaries with a large brown spot between subcostal
branches towards apex; wings below less strongly marked than above; primaries with

3.0

450 PAPILIONIDA.

apical area pale ochreous; nervures and discal spots more feebly defined ; secondaries pale
ochreous, the nervures greyish olivaceous, no spots: base golden yellow.

‘“ Expanse of wings 2 inches 6 lines.

“* Hakodadi ( Whitely). B.M.

“J formerly supposed this to be a variety of S. napi and gave a rough representation of it as
such, in a popular paper published in the first volume of ‘ Nature and Art’; it is, however,
certainly distinct, being quite as nearly allied to S. melete as to S. napi.” (Butler, l. c.)

Butler’s types of this form are figured (Plate XLIII. figs. 33,49).

Var. dulcinea, Butler. “Most nearly allied to G. megamera of Japan, but very distinct. Wings
above milk-white, with the veins very slenderly grey, but darker towards the apical margin :
primaries with slender black costal margin ; the basal two fifths of the costal border irrorated
with blackish scales ; a pyramidal greyish-brown apical patch, divided by white internervular
lines into four decreasing spots; a slightly blacker spot just beyond the middle of the second
median interspace; veins at base of all the wings edged with blackish scales: body blue-
black ; thorax clothed with bluish-grey hairs ; abdomen grey at the sides. Under surface
milk-white, the wings with dusky veins: primaries with the spot upon the second median
interspace nearly as above, but slightly browner ; a second larger and oblique spot across the
fourth fifth of the internomedian interspace ; costal border slightly greyish towards the base ;
no apical markings : secondaries with the costal border at base slightly tinted with pale buff.

‘“* Expanse of wings 2 inches 4 lines.

‘ Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea, in August.

‘«'This species differs from all its allies in the character of the apical markings of the primaries
above.” (Butler, l. c.)

Var. orientis, Oberthiir. “Le type est plus grand que celui d'Europe; les ¢ d’Askold en
dessous ont les ailes inférieures lavées de chamois pale et non de jaune de chrome un peu
verdatre comme les g¢ que nous prenons en France. Les 9 ont le méme caractére et de
plus les veines noires tres prononcées. Elles ne diffcrent guére de la variété bryonie que
parce qu’elles ont le fond des ailes blanc, tandis que dans bryonic il est presque toujours plus
ou moins jaunatre,

“M. Vabbé David m’a donné trois exemplaires pris 4 Mou-Pin semblables 4 ceux d’Askold.

‘4 § 2 9, pris en mai.” (Oberthir, I. c.)

In the above comparative description Oberthitir refers to ortentis as a form

of Pieris napi.

Var. erute, Poujade. “Envergure du ¢: 55 62 mill.; dela 9: 57465 mill, Aspect de
notre P. napi, L., et trés voisine de la P. melethe, Ménétrics, dont elle n’est peut-étre qu’une
variété loeale de taille plus grande,

“ Male. Dessus du méme blane verdatre que la P. napi; comme chez la derniére, l’apex des ailes
supcrieures est noir, peu ou point entre-coupé de blanc aux nervures; entre les deux premiers
rameaux de la neryure mediane il y a également une tache formée d’atomes noirs plus ou
moins accentuce et méme manquant quelquefois. Aux quatre ailes, les nervures sont
légorement teintées de noir, surtout vers les bords externes, ot elles sont renforcées de
quelques atomes de méme couleur. Dessous: ailes supérieures du méme blanc que le dessus,

PIERIS. 451

avec l’apex d’un jaune de beurre ; ailes inférieures de cette dernicre teinte, ayant 4 la base
une tache orangée. Les nervures sout, aux quatre ailes, plus ou moins fortement chargées
d’atomes bruns.

‘“« Femelle. Ailes plus arrondies que chez le male, le inférieures légcrement dentées, 4 nervures
généralement plus chargées d’atomes noirs ; apex plus largement noir et tache internervurale
toujours bien marquée et touchant presque les deux premiers rameaux de la nervure
médiane; une autre tache semblable, située vers le bord interne, lui fait suite comme chez
les Q de P. napi et de melethe. Sur le bord costal des ailes inférieures, il y a également,
comme chez les espcces prises comme terme de comparaison, une tache noire, souvent assez
large, située 4 l’extrémité du premier rameau de la nervure sous-costale. Dessous semblable
4 celui du mile, avec les taches et nervures plus larges. Chez quelques femelles, les taches et
les nervures sont tellement larges et chargées d’atomes noirs qu’elles donnent & ces insectes
un aspect tout particulier.

“ Plusiers males et femelles de Mou-Pin (Thibet oriental) rapportés par M. labbé A. David, qui en
a fait don au Muséum.” (Poujade, Ll. ¢.)

Var. Veris, Staudinger. Smaller than the type, wings almost entirely white with the. exception
of a black apical patch on primaries. The large black outer marginal spot, found in melete,
is either absent or only faintly indicated. In the female the veins are more or less bordered
with blackish, the apical patch is represented by a streak along the costa, and the outer
marginal spots are fainter and smaller, but the lower of these joins the black inner marginal
streak which in this form extends to the base of the wing. ‘The under surface of veris differs
still more from typical melete, as all the veins are broadly bordered with greyish black, the
black spots are only rudimentary, and in some examples one or both are entirely absent ; the
secondaries and apices of primaries are in both sexes somewhat strongly tinted with yellow,
as is occasionally seen in some females of melefe; the orange basal spot * of hind wing is
quite as well defined as in the type.

The above is an abridged translation of Dr. Staudinger’s description of var. veris, from Amurland.

Var. Mandarina, var. nov. Larger than the type. The male has the apical border of primaries
continued further along outer margin and the black spots are more distinct. The female is
more suffused with blackish and the neuration is heavily charged with black. On the under
surface the neuration is blackish in both sexes. Occurs in North China during the summer
months.

Asarule the apical patch on primaries does not pass below the third
median nervule in Japanese male specimens of P. melete, but in some
examples it extends into the second median interspace, where it unites with
the black spot. In these specimens the nervules of secondaries are broadly
bordered with black on outer margin. The females from Japan have the costal
area, discoidal cell, and submedian interspace much suffused with fuliginous
grey ; the apical patch is broad and frequently absorbs the spot in second
median interspace ; whilst the spot in submedian interspace is merged in
the broad extremity of the inner marginal streak. In both sexes the venation

* This important character has been omitted in the figure of var. veris.

302

452 PAPILIONIDZ.

on under surface is but little darker than the ground-colour as a rule, but some-
times it is rather paler and in a few instances it is slightly tinged with blackish.

In some male specimens of the Chinese spring form (var. erutw, Poujade)
there is no black spot in the submedian interspace ; in others the black apical
patch is narrower than usual and extends along the outer margin to just below
second median nervule ; in other specimens again the nervules of secondaries
are heavily charged with black towards outer margin. ‘The females are
generally white, more or less suffused with dark grey, and marked with black,
but a few specimens from Western China are yellowish, suffused and marked
with dark grey, resembling in appearance the Alpine and boreal form of the
female of P. napi, var. bryoniw, Ochsenheimer. ‘There is considerable varia-
tion in the size and intensity of the black markings. In one example from
Chang-yang, the base of primaries only is slightly suffused with dark grey, the
black streak along median nervure and that on inner margin, as well as the
apical patch, are narrow, the black spot in second median interspace is round
and that in submedian is almost separated from the streak on inner margin;
on the secondaries the neuration is only narrowly bordered with black and
the spot at outer angle is round. Another specimen, from Waz-shan, has all
the wings broadly bordered with black, and the costa, discoidal cell, and
submedian interspace finely powdered with dusky scales. All the Chinese
specimens of both sexes differ on the under surface from typical melete in
being whitish rather than yellowish, the venation is broadly bordered with
blackish, and the black spot in the submedian interspace is smaller.

Apart from other characters the yellow patch at base of secondaries, on
the under surface, will almost always separate this species from any of the
forms of P. napt.

Typical 2. melete occurs commonly during the summer months in Amur-
land, Japan, and Corea, and in all the parts of China visited by my collectors
it is represented by the form here described as var. mandarina.

The spring brood in Japan has been described by Motschulsky as aglaope
and by Butler as megamera. Poujade describes the spring form from Moupin
under Boisduval’s MS. name of erut@; Oberthiir describes it as ordentis from
specimens taken in Askold in May, and states that he has examples from
Moupin which exactly agree with them. ‘These latter were taken, as well as
Poujade’s types of erutw, by Abbé David in Moupin, and are without doubt
referable to the same form. Staudinger says that he has never received

PIERIS. 453

orientis, but he considers that it is probably the large summer form of P. napi.
In coming to this conclusion Dr. Staudinger must have omitted to note that
Oberthiir distinctly says that his types of orientis were taken in May. I have
received specimens from Moupin and other parts of China which agree
exactly with erutw, Poujade, but so far as [am aware no form of P. napi
has been met with in any part of China. The spring form occurring in
Posiette Bay has been named dulcinea by Butler ; Staudinger, who ignores
Butler’s dulcinea altogether, describes var. veris, a very similar form from
Askold, the locality from which Oberthiir’s orientis was obtained. Veris
differs from dulcinea in being without black spots on primaries and in having
the under surface of secondaries greenish and the veins more strongly bordered ;
the apical patch in both forms is more like that of P. napi than of P. me/ete.

In my opinion none of these varietal names for the spring brood are worth
retaining, as in every locality where it occurs the specimens of this brood
exhibit more or less variation in the character of the black markings.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 67) states that he met with young larve,
which resemble those of P. daplidice, feeding on a cruciferous plant growing
on an island in the River Amur. Pryer, who bred the summer form, melete,
from ova deposited by a female of the spring form, gives Aradis hirsuta as the
larval food-plant.

Mr. Elwes, in discussing P. melete (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 416),
seems to refer to the female sex only, as he compares his Sikkim specimens
with dryonie, which is a form of female P. nap?, and with the figure of ajaka,
Moore, which also represents a female. He states that there appears to be
no brood in India agreeing with the summer form from Amurland and Japan,
and records the species from the Khasia hills in September, and also from
the interior of Sikkim.

The following table will show the geographical distribution of the different
named forms of the two broods of P. melete :—

Spring brood:

aglaope, Motschulsky ; Japan.
megamera, Butler; Japan.

dulcinea, Butler ; Posiette Bay.

orientis, Oberthtir ; Askold and Moupin.
veris, Staudinger ; Amurland.

erute, Poujade ; Moupin.

454 PAPILIONIDZ.

Summer brood:
melete, Ménétriés; Amurland, Corea, and Japan.
mandarina, Leech ; Northern China.
ajaka, Moore ; North-west Himalayas (the spring form, which is smaller
and less heavily marked with black, is unnamed).

Distribution. Amurland, Askold, Corea, Japan, North and Central China,
Sikkim, N.W. Himalayas.

Pieris extensa. (Plates XXXVI. figs.4 ¢,5 2 var.; XLIIL. fig. 6 ¢ .)

Pieris erute, var. extensa, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Eut. France, 1888, p. xix.

Picris eurydice, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv. Suppl. p. 5 (1891).

“Envergure: ¢, 70 mill.; 9, 76 mill. Cette variété ne différe de l’espéce précédente que par
une taille plus grande et par les nervures 4 peine marquées de noir ou de brun, tant en dessus
qu’en dessous, chez la femelle; la tache noire de l’apex du dessus des ailes supérieures est

aussi moins étendue. Le bord costal des ailes supérieures parait plus arrondi chez la femelle.
“ Décrit sur deux males et deux femelles. Moupin.” (Poujade, I. c.)

Var. eurydice, Leech. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 4 g,5 9.) Closely allied to P. melete, Ménétriés,
with which species both sexes agree in general characters, but they are respectively larger ;
the clubs of the antenne are not tipped with yellow; the discocellular nervules of primaries
form a regular curve without indentation ; these nervules and the median nerve are thickly
bordered with black scales ; there are two black spots in the second median interspace (confluent
in the female); the black apical border of primaries is narrower than in melete, and extends
along outer margin as far as third median nervule, and there is a small black spot at the end
of second median nervule. On the under surface of primaries the discoidal cell is not
sprinkled with black scales as it is in P. melete, The female is less suffused with black
than the same sex of P. melete.

Expanse, ¢ 80-86 millim.; 9, 72-76 millim.

1 have accurate drawings of the insects described by Poujade as Pieris
erut@, Boisduval, and P. erut@, var. extensa. 'The first-named is certainly
identical with the Chinese spring form of P. melete; whilst the so-called
female of extensa is really a male of the summer brood, and agrees in every
respect with the male type of my P. eurydice (Plate XXXVI. fig. 4 ¢).
The male type of eatensa is almost identical with a specimen from Omei-shan
(Plate XLIII. fig. 6) in my collection, which I consider to be an example
of the first brood of eurydice.

Occurs in July at Moupin, Omei-shan, Wa-shan, Chia-kou-ho, and Huang-
mu-chang in Western China, and also at Chang-yang in Central China.

PIERIS. 456

Pieris cisseis. (Plate XLIII. fig. 5 ¢.)

Pieris cisseis, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 192 (1890).

Male. White ; apex of primaries broadly black ; at the outer extremity of discal cell is an elongate
black spot, and towards external margin of the wing are two black spots,—the upper one is
the largest, and is connected with the apical band. Under surface:—The black spots of
primaries are reproduced, but the apex and costa are yellowish: secondaries clear pale yellow.

Expanse 76 millim.

This interesting species appears to be exceedingly rare. I have only
received one specimen, which was taken by a native collector at Chang-
yang.

Resembles the female of P. brassice, but the black discal spot at once
distinguishes it. The secondaries are without darker scales on the under
surface.

Pieris canidia.
Papilio canidia, Sparrman, Amoen. Acad. vii. p. 504, note m (1768),
Papilio gliciria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. clxxi. figs. E, F (1779).
Pieris gliciria, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. 1. p. 524 (1836).
Synchloé claripennis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 96 (1877).
Synchloé sordida, Butler, 1. c.

Allied to P. brassice, but the male differs from the same sex of that species, on the upper surface,
in having the inner edge of the black apical and outer marginal border of primaries deeply
indented between the nervules; there is a black spot on primaries between second and third
median neryules, a series of black spots on the outer margin of secondaries, and the costal
spot of these wings is generally larger than in P. brassice, On the under surface P. canidia
agrees with P. rape in having a pale space above and a dark streak below the median
nervure of secondaries, but the base of costa is bright orange-yellow.

Female similar to the male, but the base and discoidal cell of primaries is powdered with black
scales, there are two large black spots on these wings and the black spots on outer margin
of secondaries are larger than in the male.

Expanse, g and 9, 49-70 millim.

Var, Claripennis, Butler. ‘ Male. Wings above white, with black markings nearly asin S. gliciria,
but the base less suffused with grey, and the large discal black spots of primaries absent on
the upper surface; primaries below with the discal spots well marked and large, the basal
two fifths of the cell grey; secondaries with the lower half of the cell and the median inter-
spaces greyish, base of costa broadly orange.

“ Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

Var. sordida, Butler. “ Male. Wings above white, base blackish ; primaries with tbe basal half
of costa grey ; an oblong costal patch at apex, its inner margin dentated, its externo inferior

456 PAPILIONIDZ.

angle confluent with the first of the three subapical marginal conical spots, all greyish brown :
secondaries with a costal and four decreasing squamose marginal spots blackish. Primaries
below with the basal three fifths of discoidal cell and the basal half of costa densely irrorated
with dark grey ; apical area sandy yellow, sparsely irrorated with grey ; two discal blackish
spots as in S. rape: secondaries pale yellow, densely irrorated with dark grey, excepting the
veins and internervular folds; base of costa golden orange.

‘“‘ Expanse of wings 2 inches 4 lines.” (Butler, l. ¢.)

P. canidia varies in the size and intensity of the black markings. In some
specimens the discal spots are entirely absent above (var. claripennis, Butl.),
and there are only slight traces of them below, whilst the apical and marginal
markings in these specimens are much reduced in size, and dark greyish rather
than black in colour. The under surface of secondaries is often sprinkled
with dark grey, and extreme examples of this form are the var. sordida, Butl.
Some of the females have the spots on outer margin of secondaries very large
and more or less confluent.

Generally distributed throughout China. I took a very large series in
Hong-Kong, Foochau, Ningpo, and Gensan, and they varied equally in every
locality. ‘The Corean specimens are usually smaller than Chinese examples.

Pryer obtained the species from the Loochoo islands, but it does not appear
to be found in Japan. It is a common species in India; according to Elwes
(P. Z. S. 1888) it occurs in Sikkim up to an elevation-of 12,000 feet, and is
very variable in size.

Staudinger describes a form of this species from Turkestan under the name
of palwarctica (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 199). Grum-Grshimailo met with
this form in stony gorges in the Pamir at elevations of from 5000 to 7000
feet.

Distribution. Turkestan, the Pamir, India, China, Corea, Loochoo Islands,
Hainan, and Cachar.

Pieris rape.

Papilio rape, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 759 (1767); Esper, Schmett. i. 1, pl. i.
fig. 2 (1777) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. figs. 404, 405 (1798 ?).

Pieris rape, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 30, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 6,
pl. iii. fig. 6 (1886).

Pieris brassicae, var. crucivora, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. p. 522 (1836).

Pieris rape, var. orientalis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 13 (1880).

Pieris rapa, var. mandschurica, Speyer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 379.

‘ Expands 1:50 to 1:75 in, Wings white. Fore wings dusky at the tip,.but not so dark as in

PIERIS. 457

brassice ; two round black spots in the centre of the wing of the female, which is generally
darker than the male. Hind wings rounded, white, with a small blue costal spot. Under-
side: anterior wings tipped with ochre, and with two black spots in both sexes. Hind wings
pale ochre, more tinged with yellow than in brassice.

* Larva. Green, covered with down, with one dorsal and two lateral yellow lines. Lives on
Crucifere and is often destructive in gardens.

“ Pupa. Ashy, speckled with black, often tinged with reddish.” (Lang, 1. c.)

For a fuller account of the early stages of this species, see Buckler’s ‘ Larvee
of British Butterflies,’ where figures of the larva and pupa are given.

Var. crucivora, Boisduval. ‘Un peu plus petite, avec la base des ailes supérieuros largement
@un cendré noiratre (surtout chez la femelle), ainsi que la céte et le sommet.—Japon. Coll.
Boisd.” (Boisduval, 1. ¢.)

Described by Boisduval as a form of P. brassice.

Var. orietitalis, Oberthiir. “ Différe du type européen par une taille plus grande, un plus grand
développement des parties noires et en dessous par une teinte jaune plus pale a Vaile inférieure.
De plus, le long de la céte et presque jusqu’d l’extrémité de la cellule discoidale, on voit un
lavis d’un jaune assez vif. Je posséde une seule femelle d’Askold, une autre semblable du
Japon et une troisicme prise dans le nord de la Chine par M. l’abbé Armand David.”
(Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Var. mandschurica, Speyer. ‘Al. ant. macula apicali majore, subtriangula, nigerrima,
maculisque (¢, 2) cellul. 3 et 1b supra nigris; al. post. subtus parcissime pulvereis, maris
exalbidis, feminze dilute luteis, margine interiore albo.

“ Patria: terr. Amur.” (Speyer, lL. ¢.)

I have no doubt whatever that crucivora, Boisduval ; orientalis, Oberthiir ;
and nvandschurica, Speyer, are referable to the large form of P. rape which
occurs in the summer and is found commonly throughout the region here
dealt with as well as in Amurland. Boisduval’s description of crucivora
certainly applies to this form, and it is probably owing to his placing it as a
variety of P. brassice—an insect which, I believe, does not occur in any part of
Eastern Asia—that M. Oberthiir redescribed the form under the name
P. rape, var. orientalis.

The typical form of P. rape also occurs commonly in China, Japan, and
the Corea, and exhibits the same range of variation in the black markings as
obtains among European specimens.

Some female examples of P. rape which I met with in Kashmir are
suffused with blackish scales about the base and disc of primaries, but not to

the same extent as in the var. crucivora.
3P

458 PAPILIONID.

The late Mr. H. Pryer informed me that in its earlier stages P. rape, in
Japan, is quite typical, and the larve feed on Crucifere.
Distribution. Europe, North Africa, and the temperate parts of Asia.

Genus SYNCHLOE.
Synchloé, Hiibner, Butler, Cist. Entom. i. p. 51 (1870).

“ Front wings subtriangular; upper discocellular about half the length of the lower, oblique ;
lower discocellular angulated, nearly perpendicular.

“ Hind wings. Upper discocellular half the length of lower, oblique; lower discocellular much
less oblique, and more or less arched.

« Body hairy ; palpi slender, hairy beneath; antennae with more or less distinct flattened club.

“Type S. callidice, Esper.” (Butler, 1. c.)

Synchloe daplidice.

Papilio daplidice, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 760 (1766); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
figs. 414, 415 (1798 ?).

Pieris daplidice, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 33, pl. vii. fig. 4 (1884).

Synchloé daplidice, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 62.

“Expands 1:50 to 1:80 in. Wings white, marked with black and grey above; the hind wings
haying a chequered pattern of green beneath. The tip of the fore wings is black in both
sexes, divided by four small white spots, each one sending an elongation into the marginal
fringe ; at the extremity of the discoidal cell is a black spot, in which the discoidal neryure
appears as a fine white line; this black spot is narrow in the male, large and square in the
female ; the latter has also a black spot of a round or lunar shape near the hind margin.
The hind wings are white and unspotted in the male, showing the pattern of the underside
through. In the female they have a black border formed of crescentic patches, with the
convex edge inwards, and divided by black dashes. Underside :—Pattern of the fore wings
the same as above, except that the border of the tip and hind margin is powdered with green
scales, also the discoidal spot; the base of the wing is tinged with greenish yellow and there
is a black spot near the inner margin in both sexes. Hind wings green, with a slight tinge
of yellow, and finely powdered with black scales ; on this ground-work there is an arrange-
ment of white spots, disposed as follows :—Two or three irregularly placed near the base of
the wing ; outside these a row forming a band; and again external to these, a marginal row
of five spots, oval or nearly quadrate.

“Larva. Greyish blue, covered with small black granulations, with four longitudinal white
stripes, and with a yellow spot on each segment. The legs and ventral surface are white.
Chrysalis grey, speckled with black, and with reddish stripes. The larva feeds, like other
species of the genus, on Cruciferae and Resedacer.” (Lang, l. c.)

lor figures of the early stages and a complete life-history of this species,
see Buckler’s ‘ Larvee of British Butterflies.’
Occurs sparingly in Western China at Wa-shan, Chow-pin-sa, and Ta-

SYNCHLO#. 459

chien-lu. The specimens are very large, but do not otherwise differ from
European examples. Bremer records it from Pekin, and Elwes (P. Z.S. 1881)
states that he has specimens from China, locality uncertain but probably from
Shanghai.

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 98) refers to typical daplidice from North-
west China, and var. ellidice from Amdo.

In the Corea, this species flies over cornfields in the neighbourhood of the
Japanese settlement at Gensan; the specimens are identical in every respect
with those occurring in Europe. Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 265) also
records it from Corea. De VOrza is the only author who mentions
S. daplidice from Japan, but although the record is so far unconfirmed I do
not see any reason why this wide-ranging species should not occur in that
country.

I met with the species commonly in Kashmir; the female examples from
that country are very strongly marked with black and the ground-colour is
tinged with yellow.

Standinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 142), is of opinion that A. belemida, var.
orientalis, Bremer, taken by Radde in Amurland, is only an aberrant specimen
of §. daplidice.

Distribution. Europe, Canary Isles, Madeira, North Africa, and the
temperate parts of Asia.

S. chloridice, Hiibner, an allied species, is recorded from S.W. Thibet and
Ladak, and I have received specimens of it from M. Grum-Grshimailo which
were taken at Chuan-che (?N.E. Thibet). He also took S. butleri, Moore, in
the Nian-Chan mountains, and Alphéraky records the latter species from the
plateau of Amdo.

Synchloe callidice.
Papilio callidice, Esper, Schmett. 1. 2, pl. exv. figs. 2, 3 (1800 ?).
Pieris kalora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 489, pl. xxxi. fig. 15.
Pieris callidice?, yar. kalora, Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 98 (1889).

Var. kalora, Moore. “White. Male. Fore wing with a transverse quadrate black spot at end of
discoidal cell; apex and submarginally before it with a series of ill-defined blackish spots.
Underside dull white; fore wing as above ; hind wing with all the nervures broadly margined
with pale greenish brown, with a submarginal series of lanceolate marks of the same
colour, the intermarginal spaces being white.

3P 2

460 PAPILIONIDA.

*‘ Female. Base of wings, nervures, and exterior margin of hind wing suffused with greenish grey.
Fore wing with the discoidal, black, transversely quadrate spot large, the black marginal and
submarginal band broad, the interspaces forming a series of white outwardly pointed spots.
Hind wing with a similar submarginal, apically black, zigzag band, the intermarginal space
forming a series of white inwardly pointed spots.

“‘Expanse, ¢ 14 inch, 9 1% inch.” (Moore, l. c.)

My collectors did not meet with this insect in any part of China that they
visited, but M. Potanine obtained specimens in April at Sinine, Province of
Kansou. In referring to these specimens, Alphéraky says. that they are inter-
mediate between his var. orientalis * from Kuldja and chrysidice, Herr.-Schaft.

“The female is smaller, but does not otherwise differ from orientalis; but
the male is at once distinguished by its more slender form and the absence of
the black spot above first nervure of primaries. Probably it is identical with
kalora, Moore, at least the figure of male kalora is exactly like the male
from Sinine, and both approach var. chrysidice from Asia Minor.”

Var. kalora, Moore, is one of the commonest of the Pierine met with
between 10,000 and 16,000 feet in the North-west Himalayas. It differs only
from typical S. callidice in the darker green coloration of the under surface
and in the female being somewhat more suffused with darker scales on the
upper surface. ‘The size of the black spot at the termination of the cell is a
variable character both among European and Indian examples, and so also
are the dark apical markings of the male.

I received male specimens from M. Grum-Grshimailo labelled Pieris chry-
sidice, var. kaiora, from Amdo. ‘They differ from all my North-west
Tlimalayan examples in having a larger and more quadrate black spot at end
of the cell distinctly bisected with white, and in having one or sometimes two
additional spots in the submarginal series of primaries towards inner margin.
On the under surface the brownish-green markings of secondaries are much

reduced in size, and the interstices are pure white.

Genus METAPORTA.
Metaporia, Butler, Cist. Entom. i. p. 51 (1870).
“Fore wings subpyriform; second subcostal not so near end of cell as in Aporia; upper
discocellular oblique, nearly as long as lower, which is perpendicular and feebly arched ;
second and third median branches rather near together,”

* Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. 1881, p. 359.

————— —“i—OSS—

METAPORIA. 461

“ Hind wings subpyriform; the cell broader, less pointed; discocellulars of equal length, the
upper oblique, the lower less so.

** Body moderately hairy ; palpi slender, hairy beneath ; antenn with distinct flattened club.

“Type M. agathon, Gray.” (Butler, 1. c.)

Metaporia largeteaui. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 9, 2 var.)
Pieris largeteaui, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 12, pl. vu. fig. 1 (1881).

“Voisine de phryae, Boisduval; 4 peu prés de méme taille, et blanche en dessus et en dessous.
Comme phrywxe, la Pieris largeteaui ala base des ailes inférieures en dessous marquée d’une
tache orangée, qu’on apercoit en dessus par transparence; les nervures sont écrites en noir,
finement d’abord ; puis le trait noir s’épaissit 4 mesure que les nervures se rapprochent du
bord extérieur qui se trouve ainsi orné d’une série de taches en dessus cunéiformes et en
dessous moins larges au contact du bord extérieur, mais prolongées plus loin jusque vers la
base par un trait 4 peu prés aussi Gpais sur chaque nervure. Une ligne noiratre sinueuse,
paralléle au bord extérieur, descend du bord costal de Vaile supérieure jusque prés du bord
anal des inférieures, au dela de la cellule discoidale.

*T’abdomen est blanc; les pattes et les antennes sont noires. Un caractére qui distingue bien
nettement largeteaut de phrywe et de la variété obscure de cette espece (agathon, Gray), c’est
que la cellule discoidale des quatre ailes est toujours 4 son extrémité fortement empatée de
noir dans phryxe et agathon, tandis que dans Jargeteaui, aux ailes inférieures, la cellule est
simplement dessinée par un trait noir. Aux supérieures, dans largeteaui, la cellule est
fermée par un trait un peu plus épais qu’aux inférieures, mais ce trait n’a aucun rapport
ayec la grosse tache carrée qu’on remarque dans pArywe et agathon. Enfin, la bande noire
transyerse dans largeteaui ne tend pas 4 former au contact des nervures cette dilatation
particuliére qu’on remarque dans phrywe.

“ Je suis heureux de dédier cette belle Pieris 4 M. l’abbé Largeteau, qui l’a prise 4 Kouy-Tchéou,
et Ia envoyée a M. Vabbé Mége, de qui je tiens le bel exemplaire g¢ que j’ai décrit
ci-dessus.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Male. White, all the veins black; the nervules are bordered with black increasing in width on
outer margins, but more especially so on the primaries; all the wings are traversed by a
dusky or blackish submarginal band, and there is a small dull yellow spot at the base of the
secondaries. Under surface as above, but the black borders of the nervules are more uniform
in width, their expansion on the outer margin being more gradual; the transverse band
is better defined and the yellow spot at base of secondaries is larger and brighter.

Female. Larger than the male; the black markings are less intense and more diffuse, and there
is always a distinct black transverse band on all the wings; the ground-colour is not
nearly so white as in the male, and in some specimens it is distinctly yellow. In other
specimens a strong tendency to melanism is exhibited; an extreme example of this form
of aberration is figured (Plate XXXVI. fig. 9, ).

Expanse, ¢ 70-102 millim., 9 86-110 millim.

The foregoing description of the male has been made from a specimen
which agrees exactly with Oberthiir’s figure. I have also given a description
of the female, which sex has hitherto been undescribed.

The black borders of the nervules vary considerably in width. In some

462 PAPILIONIDA.

examples they are so broad that they give the outer half of the wings the
appearance of being black marked with white lanceolate streaks in the
nervular interspaces ; in other specimens the nervules of secondaries are not
bordered with black at all. Sometimes the transverse band is entirely absent
in the male. In several specimens of the female and a few examples of the
male the under surface of secondaries is yellow.

The melanic specimen figured was taken at Chang-yang.

Judging from the enormous number of specimens that I have received
M. largeteaui would seem to be the most abundant member of the Pierinee
occurring in Central and Western China at moderate elevations. From
M. phryxe, Boisduval, it may be distinguished by the absence of the large
black spot at end of the cell of primaries, and by the different character of
the transverse band.

Metaporia oberthuri. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 7, ¢.)

Pieris oberthuri, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 46 (1890); Oberthtr, Etud. d’Entom.
xvi. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 2 (1892).

Male. White. Primaries: costa bordered with black; nervules edged on each side with black,
expanding towards the outer margin, which appears in consequence to be deeply bordered.
Secondaries black at outer angle and halfway along the costa; nervules bordered with
black, and there are streaks of the same colour in the interspaces, pointed towards outer
margin and bifurcated at their inner end. Under surface similar to above, but the streaks
in interspaces of secondaries are connected with the borders of nervules; a deep yellow patch
at base of secondaries.

Female. The black borders of nervyules of primaries are not quite so broad as in the male, but
otherwise there is no difference in the markings of the sexes.

Expanse, ¢ 80 millim., 9? 92 millim.

In one specimen the whole of the primaries is black with the exception of
the discoidal cell, a broad patch from the base between the median nervure
and inner margin, intersected by the submedian and a curved series of five
oblong spots beyond the middle of the wing.

A fine series taken in May and June, at Chang-yang, Central China, and
Omei-shan, Western China.

Allied to M. acrwa, Oberth., but differing therefrom in the character of
the marginal borders.

Metaporia (Pieris) hastata, Oberthiir (Ktud. @Ent. xvi. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 6),
from Yunnan, is very closely allied to M. oberthuri on the upper surface, but
hardly separable from JZ. dotis on the under surface. It appears to be a

METAPORIA. 463

good species, but probably local as it was not met with by my collectors in
any part of China visited by them.

Metaporia lotis. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 6, ¢.)

Pieris lotis, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 192 (1890).

Black with white markings; these on the primaries are very similar to M. larraldei (Oberth.
Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 19, pl. i. fig. 2 a,); the basal two thirds of secondaries are white,
with a broad patch of black scales at the base and extending along the median nervure; ~
there are no white or whitish submarginal spots on either primaries or secondaries, but the
latter have a series of more or less lunulated spots on the outer margin. Under surface of
primaries also similar to M. larraldei as regards the white markings, but the costa and apical
third are pale yellowish; the latter is intersected by the black nervules and some thin black
bifurcated streaks between them: secondaries are pale yellowish; neuration black, a
bifurcated black streak in each nervular interspace. As in the same sex of M, larralde:,
the female has the white markings suffused with greenish yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 74 millim., 9 78 millim.

Four male specimens taken in a marsh near Wa-shan, June; and two
examples of each sex at Ta-chien-lu, July. I have also received it from
Pu-tsu-fong and Moupin.

Metaporia acrea.
Pieris acrea, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. eexxvi; Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 15,
pl. 1. fig. 7 (1886).

“‘Rappelle beaucoup, par la taille et la forme allongée de ses ailes, lAcraa terpsichora, Linné, et
se place, 4 cause de la disposition des dessins et des taches dont elle est ornée, dans le groupe
de soracta, agathon, larraldei, &c., mais ne peut étre confondue avec aucune autre Pieris, tant
ses ailes longues et étroites lui impriment un caractére particulier.

‘** En dessus, le fond des ailes est jaunatre clair. Aux ailes supérieures, les dessins brun-noir sont,
comme disposition, presque les mémes que dans larraldei 2 mais le contour intérieur en est
beaucoup moins arrondi et plus aigu. Aux ailes inférieures, la bordure brun-noir n’est pas
traversée au milieu par un rang de taches intra-nervurales, comme dans larraldei. Cette
bordure, chez le Pieris acrea, nest éclaircie de blanchatre qu’au contact du bord extérieur.

“Le dessous différe du dessus parce que toutes les parties brun-noir sont atténuées et lavées de
jaune, surtout au bord des supérieures et des inférieures, qui sont elles-mémes plus lavées
de jaunatre que les supérieures et ornées d’une macule orangée située dans l’espace nervural
basilaire. Les nervures, en dessous, sont finement écrites en moir.

* Les antennes, le corps et les pattes sont noiratres. Le corps est recouvert d’une pilosité et d’un
semis d’atomes jaunatres.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Oberthiir states that he received this species from M. Biet, but does not
mention the locality in which it was taken. My collectors did not meet with
it in any part of China which they visited.

464 PAPILIONID2.

Metaporia larraldei.

Pieris larraldei, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 19, pl. 1. fig. 2. a, 6 (1876).
Pieris larraldei, var. me/ania, Oberthiir, op. cit. xvi. p. 5, pl. 1. fig. 5 (1892).
Pieris larraldei, var. nutans, Oberthii, 1. c. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 3.

“Tes ailes sont d’un blanc un peu yerdatre, avec tout le bord extérieur largement lavé de noir
brun. Cette teinte noire, qui envahit les ailes supérieures jusqu’ au tiers de la cellule
discoidale, est coupée par deux rangées de macules blanches, dont l'une suit le bord extérieur
de Vaile; l’autre qui n’est d’abord pour ainsi dire qu’une seule tache divisée par les nervures,
descend juste au-dessus de la cloison de la cellule discoidale et se relie 4 la partie blanche
partant de la base et que divisent aussi les nervures.

“Les ailes inférieures sont également bordées de noir; une série de taches blanches, dont le
sommet est aigu, pénctre entre les nervures, vers le bord extérieur ; ces taches blanches qui
partent de la base méme de Vaile, sont elles-mémes divisées par une bande noiratre paralléle
a la frange, plus foncée 4 son point de départ et finissant en pupillation grisatre un peu avant
@arriver 4 l’angle anal.

‘* Le dessous reproduit le dessus; mais le noir est moins velouté, moins foncé et un peu glacé.
Les taches blanches sont plus nettement découpées sur le noir, et 4 Vaile inférieure, ainsi
qwau sommet de Vaile supérieure, elles sont lavées de jaune; les nervures sont toutes
accompagnées d’un liséré noir assez large a l’aile inférieure. La tache basilaire 4 Vaile
inférieure est d’un jaune orangé vif.

‘“‘ Les antennes sont noires; l’abdomen blanc en dessous et noir en dessus, mais presque entiére-
ment couvert de pupillations blanches.

“Ta femelle difftre du male par une plus grande taille et la couleur noire moins foncée.”
(Oberthir, Etud. ii.) z

Male. Outer half of primaries black; basal half white, separated into four patches by the black
submedian nervure, median nervure, and first branch; there is a short white band composed
of three elongate spots from just beyond the middle of the costa and a submarginal series of
white spots. Secondaries black with the discoidal cell and the abdominal margin white, a
white longitudinal streak from base of costa to the first subcostal nervule and in each
nervular interspace there is a long, broad, white streak terminating outwardly in an obtuse
point and divided by a transverse band of the ground-colour. Under surface: primaries
black marked with white as follows :—a broad stripe in the discoidal cell, another below in
the submedian interspace, and an oblong spot in the first median fork; a curved series of
seven elongate spots, three of these are near the costa and close together, two at outer angle
also contiguous, and one in each median interspace ; there are five yellowish tinged streaks
on apical area ; secondaries are white, more or less tinged with yellowish and with a yellow
patch at the base; neuration black, broadly bordered with the same colour and expanding
on the outer margin; there is a broad curved black transverse band beyond the middle
of the wing.

Female. Fuliginous with yellowish markings ; there is rarely more than ove submarginal spot on
the primaries and this is placed in second median interspace, but sometimes there is a double
spot at inner angle; the secondaries have four submarginal spots representing the outer
portions of the streaks seen in the male. Under surface of primaries as in the male; the
secondaries are yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 73-87 millim., 9 78-85 millim.

METAPORIA., 465

Var. melania, Oberthiir. “A Mou-Pin, d’ou proviennent les exemplaires qui ont servi de type
i la description et & la figure que j’ai publi¢es dans la II® livraison des ‘ Etudes d’Entomo-
logie, la Pieris larraldei est dun aspect bien différent de la forme de Ta-T'sien-Lot. Cele-ci
est beaucoup plus obscure; les taches blanches sont rétrécies par ’envahissements des parties
noires. En outre, la taille est généralement plus grande. De plus, la coloration des ailes
inféricures en dessous est plus jaune.

“Ma collection renferme sept trés beaux males de Ta-Tsien-Lot. Ils ne varient presque pas
entre eux.” (Oberthiir, Etud. xvi.)

Var. nutans, Oberthiir. ‘“Ta-pin-tze (Yunnan), R. P. Delavay.

“Les ailes supérieures en dessus sont & peu prés semblables 4 celles de hastuta; mais les
inférieures sont bien plus rembrunies.

* (est par le dessous des ailes inférieures, ot les taches jaunes sont tantot plus claires et tantot
plus foneées, que nutans est bien distincte.

*« L’espace basilaire est Jaune orangé, au lieu d’étre jaune citron comme chez larraldei et hastata ;
la premicre tache subbasilaire costale est blanchatre; la tache allongée intranervurale,
supérieure 4 la grande tache cellulaire, est jaune citron vif, tandis que la tache cellulaire
est jaune nankin; les taches du bord anal sont jaune nankin pale; les taches submarginales
sont jaune citron légérement orangé, et les cing taches qui entourent les cellules sont, comme
la tache cellulaire, dune teinte jaune plus claire.

* En outre, la forme de toutes ces taches jaundtres est moins aigué que dans les formes voisines.”
(Oberthiir, 1. c.)

In typical WV. larraldei the white colour preponderates on all the wings,
but in several examples the outer area of the wings is almost devoid of white
markings (var. melania, Oberthiir), and in some specimens from ‘Ta-chien-
lu the outer third is entirely black. M. Oberthtr considers melania to be a
form of M/. larraldei peculiar to the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu. I
received, however, both it and the type from Moupin as well as from Ta-
chien-lu, and among the other specimens sent from each locality there were
intergrades connecting the two forms.

None of my specimens of JV. larraldci agree with Oberthiir’s var. nutans
from Yunnan, which he compares with his P. hastata from the same locality,
pointing out that the markings on the upper surface are deeper than in that
species, whilst he says that nutans differs principally from the type of larraldei
in the deeper yellow of the under surface of the secondaries.

Occurs commonly in May and June at Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Wa-shan,
Wa-ssu-kow, and Chia-kou-ho in Western China.

Metaporia goutellei.
Pieris goutellei, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 15, pl. i. fig. 11 (1886).

“Blane jaunatre en dessus, ayec toutes les nervures empatées de noir, surtout vers le bord

3 Q

466 PAPILIONIDA.

extérieur des supérieures. Les ailes sont traversées par une bande noire extracellulaire,
paralléle au bord extérieur, composce de traits cunéiformes intranervuraux dirigeant leur
pointe vers le bord extérieur et trés aigus. Ces traits cunéiformes ressortent sur une partie
blanche ayant une forme analogue, mais plus atténuée. Le dessous reproduit le dessus ;
mais avec cette différence que tous les traits noirs, aussi bien ceux des nervures que ceux des
cunéiformes de la ligne transversale. sont plus nettement écrits, moins empatés, et qu’entin
Vapex des supérieures et toute la surface des inférieures sont lavés de jaune nankin.

** Les antennes el le corps sont noirs, sauf le dessous de ’abdomen qui est blanchatre.

“La Pieris goutellei vient de Tsé-Kou.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

Male. White with black neuration. . Primaries have a large black spot at. the end of the discoidal
cell; submarginal band black, generally well defined and more or less obscuring a series of
intense black sagittate marks; the black borders of the nervules increase in width as they
approach the outer margin; the submedian interspace is transversely divided by a fine
blackish line which expands into a triangular blotch on outer margin. Secondaries have a
submarginal series of fine black sagittate marks. Fringes dark grey preceded by a black
line. Under surface: costa and neuration of primaries black, apical area yellow, a submarginal
series of black arrow-heads ; secondaries yellow with black sagittate marks as above.

Female with the markings as in the male but the primaries are suffused with blackish.

Expanse 65-70 millim,

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow in Western China. The male is
fairly common but the female is exceedingly rare. M. Oberthiir’s description
applies only to the male.

Metaporia delavayi. ;

Pieris delavayi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xii. p. 37, pl. ix, fig. 97 (1890).

“ Yunnan (Lt. P. Delavay).

‘“‘ \ppartient au group de soracta ; plus grande, avec le sommet des ailes supérieures un peu plus
atrondi, Le dessus des ailes est blane, avec l’apex pupillé de noir, ainsi que l’extrémité de
la cellule et des nervures des sup¢éricures.

‘En dessous l’apex des supérieures et la face des inférieures est jaune nankin; les nervures des
inférieures surtout sont empatées de noiratre ardoisé; la cellule contient une fourche dont
les deux branches se fondent dans une tache noiratre qui s‘étend des deux cétés de la nervure
fermant la cellule. Un feston de croissants dont le sommet regarde vers la cellule et ren-
contre les nervures, s’appuie, au moyen de traits noiratres, sur le bord externe des ailes.

‘‘La contexture des ailes est mince et délicate.

“Les antennes et le corps sont noirs en dessus ; les cotés de la poitrine en dessous sont couverts de
poils blanes et le dessous de abdomen est blanc.”

Male. White, neuration blackish. Primaries have a black bar at end of discoidal cell and a black
patch at apex. Under surface of secondaries creamy yellow ; at the end of the discoidal cell,
which contains a black bifureate vein-like streak, there is a black bar, and beyond the middle
the wing is traversed by a chain of dusky Y-like marks, the leg of each Y being continued to
the outer margin; the apical area of primaries is creamy yellow, there is a black bar at the
end of the cell and a short black dash from costa just beyond.

’xpanse 67-85 millim.

META PORIA.—APORIA. 467

This species, which bears a superficial resemblance to a gigantic Aporia
soracta, Moore, is fairly common at Wa-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Chia-kou-ho, and
How-kow in Western China. My collectors, however, failed to meet with
the female.

Genus APORIA.

Aporia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. (1816).
Pontia, Fabricius, Butler, Cist. Entom. i. p. 50 (1870).

“ Front wings subtriangular or subpyriform ; second subcostal emitted close to end of cell ; disco-
cellulars more or less oblique and varying in relative length; median branches generally
emitted at nearly equal distances from each other.

“« Hind wings pyriform; cell more elongate than in preceding genus { Belenois, Hiibn.}; disco-
cellulars oblique, the upper nearly equal to lower in type; the same also applies to the
distance between median branches.

“« Palpi densely hairy. Antenne with compressed club; abdomen without anal hooks. Type
A, crategi.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

Aporia dubernardi. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 8, 2.)
Pieris dubernardi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 6 (1884).

* Ailes blanches avec le bord costal des supérieures noir, ainsi que Vapex et le bord externe, le
long duquel les parties noires, outre qu’elles sont plus foncées au voisinage de chaque nervure,
forment une sorte de feston dont la partie la plus saillante joint la nervure, tandis que la
plus creuse se trouve au millieu de l’espace intranervural. La cellule discoidale est empatée
de noir. Les cinquicme et sixiéme espaces intranervuraux contiennent, entre la ceilule
discoidale et le bord extérieur, une tache noire plus grosse dans le cinquiéme.

‘* Le bord externe des inférieures est liséré finement de noir; le contact des nervures et du bord
externe est marqué d’une petite tache triangulaire noiratre et les espaces intranervuraux,
entre la cellule discoidale et le bord externe, sont marqués de taches noires plus ou moins
accentuées, mais qui paraissent surtout dans les espaces premier, deuxicme et quatri¢me,
parallclement au bord externe. La base des ailes est marquée de noiratre.

«En dessous les ailes supérieures sont blanches avec l'apex jaunatre, et les ailes inférieures jaune
canari et nanvkin, notamment le long du bord externe. L’espace basilaire est jaune orangé.
Aux quatre ailes, les neryures sont empatées de noir, mais surtout aux inférieurs. Les
taches noires intraneryurales, paralléles au bord externe, sont reproduites et forment anx
inférieures, dans l’empatement nervural, comme une ligne réguliére.

‘*« Les antennes sont annelées et comme tressées de blanc et de noir, ce que la figure dessinée par
M. d’Apreval ne représente malheureusement pas. Le voisinage du corps est assez velu,
ainsi que la surface de laile inférieure en dessous, surtout prés de la base.

«« Découverte 4 Tsékou par M. l’abbé Dubernard.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Male. White, venation blackish. Primaries have a triangular black mark on the costa which
unites with a heavy black bar at the end of the discoidal cell; there is an elongate black spot
on the disc intersected by the second median neryule, and this is generally connected with
the bar at end of cell by a diffuse black streak from its upper edge along the third median

OG

468 PAPILIONID-4.

nervule ; there is a series of triangular black spots on outer margin placed on the nervules,
their bases united and the apical ones more or less confluent. Secondaries have a black bar
at end of cell, a submarginal series of black spots extending from costa to second median
interspace and a series of small triangular black spots on outer margin, placed on the neryules
and united by a black marginal line. Fringes of primaries black except towards inner angle,
where they are greyish as are those of secondaries. Under surface: venation broadly black ;
apex of primaries yellow; secondaries yellow, the area beyond the blackish submarginal
band and also the abdominal margin paler ; there is a patch of deeper yellow at the base of
costa, and one below median neryure.

Female. Black markings more pronounced; all the wings are traversed by a black band and are
suffused with black on the basal area. Under surface similar to that of the male but the
secondaries are rather whiter.

Expanse, ¢ 70 millim., 9 68 millim.

The female of P. dudernardi, which has not been previously described,
appears to be scarce, but the male seems to be common from May to July at
high elevations in the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu, Ni-tou, Wa-ssu-kow, and
Chow-pin-sa, Western China. M. Oberthiir’s type was from T’sékou.

Referring to this species, Mr. Elwes says, in his ‘ Catalogue of the Lepido-
ptera of Sikkim” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 415) :— “ This species is
only known to me from some eight or nine specimens which were brought by
a native employed by the late Capt. Harman, R.E., in surveying the Thibetan
frontier, and may not occur on this side of the passes.” -

Aporia davidis. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 1 ¢, 3 var.)

Pieris davidis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 5, @ (1876) ; Leech,
Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 57, 9 (June 1891).

Pieris davidis, var. venata, Lcech, 1. ec. p. 58.

Pieris davidina, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 8, pl. ili. fig. 20 (July nec June, 1891).

“En dessous, les ailes supérieures sont blanches, avec le sommet lavé d’un peu de jaune plus ou
moins nankin ou canari. Les nervures sont noires, sur un trait brun plus ou moins large.
Des atomes noirs sont saupoudrés dans Vintérieur de la cellule discoidale et cd et 14 entre les
nervures. Les ailes inférieures sont jaune paille ou jaune vif, avec toutes les nervures
assez largement empatées de brun on de noir ardoisé. Dans l'intérieur de la cellule discoidale
sont méme un ou deux traits longitudinaux de la couleur de ceux qui bordent les nervures.
La frange, les antennes, les pattes sont noires. Je posséde cependant un exemplaire ot la
frange brune & la base est ensuite blanchitre.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)
Male. White with the venation blackish. Primaries black at the base; submarginal band broad,
black, and not continued beyond the first median nervule. Secondaries black at the base
and along the median nervure as far as the first branch; there is sometimes a black spot at
outer angle. Fringe pale greyish preceded on all the wings by a fine black line. Under
surface; the neuration is more broadly black than above; primaries are tinged with pale

APORIA. 469

yellow at the apex, and the secondaries are entirely of this colour with a patch of darker
yellow at the base of costa and below the median nervure.

Female. Primaries almost entirely black, suffused about the disc with greyish scales; there is a
series of white blotches along the outer margin and also white longitudinal patches at the
extremity of the cell, the first being situated near the costa; in other respects the female
does not differ from the male, except in size.

Expanse, ¢ 58-68 millim., 2 65 millim.

I have only one example of the female. It was taken with males at an elevation of over 8000 feet
at T'a-chien-lu in June.

Var. venata, Leech. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 3, 9.) Except that the black submarginal band
vf primaries is often continued to the submedian nervure, the male agrees on the upper
surface with typical A. davidis; the female is less suffused with black. On the under
surface, in both sexes, the secondaries and the tips of primaries are rich lemon-yellow and
the venation is broadly bordered with black; the fringes are usually black, but in some
specimens they are not darker than in typical A. davidis.

Expanse, ¢ 59 millim., 2 55 millim.

This form, which at first sight seems to be a distinct species, occurs in the
same localities as typical A. davidis, and is probably a seasonal variety. In
one large male specimen from Chow-pin-sa there are two black nerve-like
streaks in the discoidal cell of each wing and a similar one in the submedian
interspace of primaries ; these streaks are visible on both surfaces, but are most
distinct above; the apical area of primaries is thickly dusted with blackish.

Var. venata is identical with P. davidina, Oberthur, of which the following
is the original description :—

‘* En dessous, les ailes supérieures de davidina sont plus empatées de noir vers le bord extérieur,
et les nervures des inférieures sont également plus largement noircies au contact du bord
extérieur.

“Le méme empatement mélanien se remarque en dessous; mais l’apex et la face tout enti¢re des
ailes inférieures y sont layées de jaune canari assez vif, au lieu de jaune nankin pale; de plus
lempatement nervural est d’un noir ardoisé tendant plutot 4 Pindigo bleuatre qu’au brun sur
les ailes inférieures, alors que la nuance reste brun noir aux supérieures. Prés de la base
des ailes in{érieures ct assez loin vers le milieu des ailes, il y a une pilosité blanchatre rela-
tivement longue et épaisse.

_“ La frange dans davidina est noire; elle est blanche dans davidis, sauf en remontant vers l’angle
apical des ailes supérieures ow elle tend a noircir.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan, Ni-tou,. and Chow-pin-sa, always at

high elevations.

Aporia procris. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 10, ¢.)
Aporia procris, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 191 (1890).
Pieris halisca, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 7, pl. in. fig. 23 (1891).

470 PAPILIONIDZ.

Male. Yellowish white, with the neuration black and conspicuous ; submarginal line of primaries
dentate, extending to first median nervule: on the secondaries there are indications of
bifurcated streaks between the nervules. Under surface of primaries whitish, costa and apex
yellowish ; secondaries yellow, with a patch of orange at base ; neuration and lines as above.

Expanse 25 miilim.

Allied to A. soracta, Moore, but differs therefrom in colour and in the
absence of black patch beyond discoidal cell. It is perhaps most readily dis-
tinguished by the black neuration.

Fresh specimens are more brightly tinted with yellow than worn examples.

Appears to be a very rare species; I have only received six specimens
from Ta-chien-lu and two from Ni-tou. ‘These are all males and were taken
in July at a considerable elevation. M. Oberthtir also describes a male
specimen of this species from Ta-chien-lu, under the name Pieris halisca,
and compares it with P. leucodice, Eversmann, but I consider it is more
nearly allied to A. soracta, Moore.

Aporia martineti.

Pieris martineti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix. p. 12, pl. i. fig. 5, ¢ (1881), xiii. p. 38,
pl. ix. fig. 98, ? (1890).

Pieris martineti, var. kreitneri, Frivaldsky, Term. Fiiz. x. p. 39, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1886).

“Voisine d’hippia; mais tout a fait distincte par la forme plus ¢troite des ailes, la couleur blanche
en dessus plus opaque et plus vive, les traits nervuraux noirs plus nets et la nervulation,
notamment en ce qui concerne la direction et la position comparative des deux premiers
rameaux heryuraux de l’aile inférieure et la forme de la cellule discoidale.

‘« En dessous, la Pieris martinett a, comme en dessus, toutes les couleurs, blanche de l’aile supérieure,
jaune de Vaile inférieure et noire des neryures bien vives et nettes. L’apex des ailes supé-
rieures est jaune canari et la teinte jaune des inférieures n’est pas un lavis uniforme; mais
dans la cellule discoidale et un peu au-dessus du bord externe, on remarque des éclaircies
d’un nankin pile.

‘ Les antennes sont noires; le corps et les pattes sont assez velus, noirs avec des touffes de poils
jaunitres.” (Oberthiir, Etud. ix.)

“Les femelles des Pieris bicti et martineti sont trés différentes entre elles. Bieti femelle a les ailes
transparentes et les nervures ne sont pas sensiblement empatées de noir, tandis que martineti
femelle a le fond des ailes plus opaque, blane ou jaunitre, avec les nervures trés largement
empatées de gris noiritre. L’individu figuré dans cet ouvrage a été envoyé de Yunnan par
M. le R. P. Delavay.

“La Pieris bieti se trouve aussi au Yunnan, Elle y est blanche et plus grande qu’d Ta-Tsien-
Loi. Le type de Bathang est aussi clair, mais moins grand.” (Oberthiir, Etud. xiii.)

Vale. Resembles the same sex of A. hippia, but all the wings, especially the secondaries, are
black at the base; the spot at end of discoidal cell of primaries is narrower and more
intensely black; the black borders of the neryules commence farther from the outer

APORIA. 471

margin and increase in width more gradually; the submedian nervure is straighter.
Fringes black. On the under surface the apical area and costa of primaries are tinged with
yellow; the secondaries are yellow marked with whitish at the base of the costal nervure,
along upper portion of discoidal cell, and between some of the nervules; the venation is
heavily bordered with black. Body and legs very black.

Female well clothed with scales on all the wings. White, sometimes tinged with yellowish; the
veins are broadly bordered with black. Under surface similar to that of the male, but the
veins of primaries are bordered with black throughout their length, and the white markings
on secondaries are more clearly defined.

Expanse 60-63 millim.

Both sexes occur, not uncommonly, at high elevations in June and July

at Ta-chien-lu, Western China. Oberthiir figures a female from Yunnan
and Frivaldsky describes and figures var. Areitneri from Koko-noor.

Aporia hippia. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 2, var.)

Pieris hippia, Bremer, Bull, Acad. Pet. i. p. 464 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 7, pl. iii.
fig. 1 (1864).

Aporia hippia, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 67 (1884).

Leuconea crategioides, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1865, p. 503, pl. xi. fig. 11.

Leuconea hippia, Gucas, op. cit. 1867, p. v.

Pieris bieti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix. p. 12, pl. i. figs. 7 g, 8 2 (1884).

* Alze albee, nigro nervosie ; posticze subtus flavescentes, macula basali flava. 55-70 millim.”
(Bremer, 1. ¢.)

“Slightly smaller than A. crateg?. The hind wings are straighter and more oblong. The fore
wings have the nervures shaded with black ; beneath, the apices are tinted with yellowish.
The hind wings resemble those of crategi above, but beneath they have the nervures very
much extended, or shaded with black; at the base is a patch of bright orange-yellow.”
(Lang, 1. ¢.)

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 66) states that he found larvee of A. hippia
commonly in webs on all the bushes of Berberis sinensis and B. amurensis in
the neighbourhood of Vladivostock. He writes :—‘‘'The larvee were sent by
me in large numbers to Europe during the winters of 1884 and 1885 and

-were there bred. I need not give any description as the larva can easily be

distinguished. Its life-history is exactly like that of A. crategi and.passes
the winter in the same way, several together in a close web.”

Var. bieti. “Du group de soracta, davidis, hippia, &e. Taille de soracta; ailes du male d’un
blane un peu jaunatre en dessus avec les nervures des supérieures tres accentuées et empatées
d'un trait brun noiratre, large surtout au voisinage du bord externe ; les nervures des infé-
rieures paraissent plut6t par transparence du dessous, sauf au voisinage du bord externe et le
long du bord antérieur ot elles sont un peu empatées de noir,

472 PAPILIONIDZ.

“ En dessous, ailes supérieures blanc jaunatre avec l’apex d’un jaune canari et ’empatement noir
neryural, an milieu des ailes, au lieu d’étre au bord extérieur comme en dessus. Ailes
inférieures d’un jaune canari vif avec les nervures noires saillantes sur un filet noir, trés net,
pas large et assez vif. espace basilaire compris dans langle nervural est d’un jaune plus
foneé que le fond des ailes.

* Le male varie pour la couleur des ailes qui, dans quelques individus, est d’un jaune soufre en

\

dessus. J’ai appelé cette aberration, qui est constante et commune a beaucoup de Prerides
blanches, sulphurea.

** Le male varie encore pour le semis d’atomes noirs qui dans d’autres individus couvre la base et

le milieu des ailes supérieures. - J’ai appelé cette autre aberration,-qui est également con-
stante, fumosa.

‘* Dans la femelle les écailles des ailes sont moins adhérentes que chez le mile, et les cing exemplaires
que je posscde de ce sexe femelle, ont tous un ton luisant résultant de ce que les ailes supé-
rieures surtout sont comme hyalines. Cependant un semis d’écailles blane jaunatre persiste
dans le milieu de chaque espace nervural.

* Decouyert & Ta-Tsien-Lot par Mer. Biet.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 96) remarks that after carefully comparing
a number of specimens of A. hippia from different localities with typical
specimens of é7et7, Oberthtr, from Ta-chien-lu, and also with seventeen
examples taken by Potanine in North China and Mongolia, he arrived at the
conclusion that béeti was not specifically distinct from hippia but only a well-
marked form of that species. Potanine’s specimens, he says, differ from
‘Ta-chien-lu examples in having the wings broader 11 proportion to their
length and in the nervures being less heavily bordered with black, and are
intermediate between déeti and typical hippia.

According to Staudinger (Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 140), A. hippia is common
on the Ussuri and throughout the whole of Southern Amurland. Staudinger
also states that the species is peculiar to Amurland, thus implying that it had
never occurred elsewhere. It would seem therefore that he was not aware of
the fact that crategioides, Lucas, from Pekin, is synonymous with A. hippia.

Oberthiir (Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 12) records hippia from Askold.

The dieti form of this species appears to be exceedingly common in Western
China. ‘The specimens vary considerably in size, some examples are much
suffused with blackish about the base of the wing (var. /wmosa, Oberthiir) ; a
few are tinged with yellow (var. sulphurea, Oberthiir); a specimen of tlie
latter form is figured (Plate XXXVI. fig. 2, ¢). I have a long series of
A. hippia from Amurland, and I find there is considerable aberration in the
neuration of the females, ¢. 4. the second subcostal nervule of secondaries is

sometimes bifurcate on the outer margin of the wing. In some specimens

»

d

APORIA. AT;

~

the discoidal nervule is united by a short veinlet with the second subcostal
nervule, forming a secondary cell on the hind wings, sometimes this occurs on
one wing only. ‘The fifth subcostal branch of primaries is in one specimen
independent, and as its point of origin is from the upper discocellular it is
really equivalent to a discoidal nervule.

Distribution. Amurland, the Ussuri, Mongolia, North and Western China,

Aporia crategi.

Papilio crategi, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 758 (1767).

Aporia crategi, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 27, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 5,
pl. iii. fig. 7 (1886).

* Expands 1°75 to 2°50 in. All the wings are white, more or less diaphanous, more so in the
female than the male, without marginal fringe. The nervures are very distinct, and generally
have at their marginal ends triangular patches of blackish scales. Antenne black. Head,
thorax, and abdomen of the same colour, and slightly downy.

* Larva covered with a white down, with the sides and ventral surface lead-coloured. The dorsal
surface marked with two longitudinal yellowish bands. Feeds in company on the hawthorn,
sloe, wild cherry, and other fruit trees. Sometimes very destructive to orchards.

** Pupa greenish white, with two lateral yellow lines, and numerous black points. The larva
appears in the spring.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

The early stages of this species are figured in Buckler’s ‘ Larvee of British
Butterflies.’

Common in the Island of Yesso, whence the specimens are larger than
European examples, and the females are very thinly clothed with scales which
gives them a very transparent appearance. ‘The species does not seem to
occur in any other part of Japan.

Examples from Chang-yang, Central China, are typical, but those from
Ta-chien-lu and Ni-tou in Western China are smaller than European
specimens; the wings are broader and the under surface of secondaries is
closely sprinkled with black scales.

According to Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 140), the species is common
throughout Amurland, and he states that Herz obtained it in China to the
north of Pekin. Alphéraky (op. cit. v. p. 95) records it from several localities
in North-western China and Mongolia, and Oberthiir, in the fifth part of his
Etudes, mentions it from the Isle of Askold.

Distribution. Europe, Siberia, Amurland, China, Mongolia, Japan.

3R

474 PAPILIONIDA.

Genus DAVIDINA.
Davidina, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. iv. pp. 19, 108 (1879).

“* g. Antennes courtes 4 massue assez epaisse; palpes saillants; corps et abdomen gréles ; ailes
enticres, rondes, 4 nervures saillants, dont une fourchue dans l’intérieur de chaque cellule
discoidale.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Davidina armandi. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 9, ¢.)
Davidina armandi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. iv. pp. 19, 108, pl. it. fig. 1 (1879).

‘“‘ Aux caractéres génériques précités, j’ajouterai que les ailes sont d’un blanc jaunatre avec le
bord rembruni, surtout aux supérieures. Tous les espaces intranervuraux sont marqués sur
le pli d’un trait court, noir. Les épaulettes sont blanches. Le dessous ne différe du dessus
que par l’absence, le long du bord des ailes, des atomes bruns qui sont remplacés par une
teinte légérement plus jaunatre que le fond blanchatre des ailes, et par une raie large sinueuse
@atomes brunatres qui traverse les ailes inférieures par le milieu, du bord antérieur au bord
anal.

“ Je ne connais que le mile.

“ M. Vabbé David a capturé la Davidina armandi au sommet du Pé-Hoa-Chan, sur les plateaux
les plus élevés des montagnes qui se trouvent 4 trente lieues au nord-ouest de Pékin. Le
papillon vole en plein été, pas trés haut au-dessus de terre et avec une allure rappelant le vol
des Parnassius, sur les pentes et autour des rochers qui couronnent Jes cimes des montagnes
Sichan. Les brouillards entourent presque constamment les hauteurs ou vit la Davidina
armandi.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

I have only received four examples of this interesting species (two males
and two females); these were taken at a considerable elevation in the
neighbourhood of Chang-yang, Central China. Except that the males are
more suffused with black on the margins of all the wings, the sexes do not
differ in appearance. ‘The ground-colour of all my specimens is more
ochreous, and the neuration more broadly black than in M. Oberthiir’s figure ;
the fringes are also black.

M. Grum-Grshimailo sent me specimens of J/esapia peloria, Hewitson,
from Amdo. ‘This insect bears a superficial resemblance to D. armandi, but
has not yet been met with in the region here dealt with.

Genus TACHYRIS.
Tachyris, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p. 361 (1867).

“Head moderate, palpi long, acutely pointed; antenne of moderate length, terminating in a
slender club; thorax stout; abdomen slender. Anal valves of the male elongated and
provided with a tuft of long and stiff hairs at each side of the base beneath,

‘Upper wings with the apex acute or much produced, two subcostal nervules given off before

TACHYRIS.—ANTHOCHARIS. AT5

the end of the cell, the third of moderate length or very short, and in some species quite
wanting; upper radial as a branch of the subcostal at some distance beyond the cell. Sexes
often differing widely.
“Larva hairy, with four or six longitudinal rows of spines; pupa with two lateral spines.
“This genus does not differ materially in neuration from Pieris, but the
remarkable character of the strong tufts of hair at the anal valves of the
males enables us to bring together a number of allied forms, which,
wherever the male is obtained, can be referred to the genus with the greatest
certainty. Most of the species fly swiftly, and many of the males assemble in
troops about wet places and on river margins after the manner of the genus

Callidryas.” (Wallace, 1. ¢.)

Tachyris paulina.

Papilio paulina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. ex. figs. E, F (1779).

Tachyris paulina, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p. 369 (1867) ; Elwes, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 419.

Male. White bordered with black. Primaries have the basal area blackish from the submedian
nervule to the costa, which is broadly bordered with black as also is the outer margin, the
latter, which encloses two large white subapical spots and two smaller ones below, has its
inner edge deeply bidentate. Secondaries tinged with yellowish at the base and along costal
area; the outer margin has an internally dentate black border. Under surface shining
white ; the primaries yellow on basal area and traversed by an angulated black band which
originates from a black streak on the costa and terminates in a black patch at inner angle.

My collectors only obtained one example of this species. It was captured
at Ta-chien-lu in July.

This specimen differs from Cramer’s figures in being blacker on the basal area
of primaries and in the two lower white spots being smaller on those wings,
the black border of secondaries 1s narrower and the black band on under surface
of primaries is more angulated and much narrower.

The species is common in India and is found at low elevations in Sikkim.

Genus ANTHOCHARIS.

Anthocharis, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 556 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i.
p- 55 (1847).

Euchloé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 94 (1816); Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 505
(1871).

‘** Huan rather small, clothed with long hairs.

Hyes round, rather large, and prominent.

i)

38

476 PAPILIONIDA.

“* Labial palpi longer than the head. Basal joint subcylindrical, more or less curved at the
base: second joint subcylindrical; or elongate, ovate: third joint about one third the
length of the second, slender, subcylindrical, pointed ; or obovate, pointed.

** Antenne rather short, terminating in an ovate compressed club, sometimes rather elongate.
“«Tnorax moderately stout, clothed with long fine hair,

“ Anterior wings subtriangular, rounded externally, or falcate. Subcostal nervule four or five |
branched. First discoidal nervule united for some distance beyond the cell to the subcostal
nervure. Lower discocellular nervule rather long, curved.

*“« Posterior wings obovate, the abdominal channel sometimes not much developed. Precostal
nervure simple. Discoidal nervure appearing to be a third subcostal nervule.

“Legs rather slender. Claws very deeply bifid. Paronychia lanceolate, not so long as the
claws. Pulvillus jointed, generally as long as, or longer than, the claws. The basal
joint sometimes slender and very long.

“ Appomen rather elongate, often nearly as long as the abdominal margin of the wings, slender.

** Larva slender, tapering considerably towards each extremity, pubescent.

‘“‘Pupa elongate, navicular, much arched, very pointed at each extremity, slightly keeled down the
back ; the segments of the abdomen not movable.

“ Anthocharis is easily distinguished from Pieris by its palpi, which have the last joint very short,
and also by the very different form of the pupa.

‘The habits of this genus much resemble those of Pieris, but the flight of the European species is
stronger and more rapid.

“The Larva, as far as known, live on various cruciferous plants, and are more slender than those
of the Pieridie. -

“The Pup are remarkable for their elongate form, pointed at each extremity, and differ from

those of Pieris in not being tuberculate at the sides, and in having the abdominal segments

immoyable.” (Doubleday, l. c.) :

Anthocharis cardamines.
Papilio cardamines, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 761 (1767).
Euchloé cardamines, Lang, Butt. Eur, p. 39, pl. ix. fig. 1 (1884).
Anthocharis cardamines, var. thibetana, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom., xi. p. 16 (1886).

* xpands from 1°50 to 2:00 in. Winys white, rounded. The male has the fore wings white,
with a black tip and a black discoidal spot ; a large patch of brilliant orange reaches from
the tip of the wing to considerably within the discoidal spot. Hind wings white and unspotted,
but exhibiting traces of the pattern of the underside. | Underside:—Fore wings white,
yellowish at the base, and having the orange patch tipped with greenish grey and white.
Hind wings white, marbled with irregular patches of yellow and black scales so mixed as to
produce the effect of a beautiful green; these patches follow more or less the course of the
neryures. J’emale similar to the male, but without the orange patch, and tho tips of the
wings are marked more strongly with black.

“ Larva. Green, finely speckled with black, with a white lateral stripe less clearly defined at its
dorsal than at its ventral edge. It feeds on various field Crucifera, including Cardamine
pratensis, the pods generally forming its principal food.

ANTHOCHARIS. ATT

* Pupa. Boat-shaped, at first green, but changing to greyish yellow, with clearer stripes. The eggs
are laid in the summer, and the larva changes to a chrysalis in July, hibernating in this
state.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

A more extended account of the earlier stages of this species will be found

in Buckler’s ‘ Larve Brit. Butt.’

Var. thibetana, Oberthiir. “ Difftre du type européen parce que les ailes inférieures sont lavées
de jaune soufre sur les nervures.
“ Parait commun d Ta-Tsien-Lot.” (Ohberthiir, 1. c.)

In this form of A. cardamines, which is very common in Western China at
Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Wa-ssu-kow, the male has the secondaries more
or less suffused with sulphurous, especially about the nerves (I have examples
similar in this respect from Greece and Asia Minor); the dark apex of pri-
maries is much suffused with orange scales. In the female the apical black
marking does not extend to the margin (this is also the case in some of my
Syrian specimens of the same sex). The most important characters of
thibetana are the broader wings and much longer chequered fringes which
give the wings the appearance of being scalloped towards apex.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 68) states that A. cardamines is fairly
plentiful in the neighbourhood of Nicolajefsk, Amurland, in July. ‘The
females agree with European examples. In the males the black discoidal
spot is either only faintly indicated or entirely absent; the orange colour
extends much further inwards than in European specimens, occupying in
some individuals almost two thirds of the primaries, and extending along the
inner margin nearly to the middle of the wing. On the under surface the
space between the orange colour and the base of the wing is much more
brightly tinged with yellow. I have seen an example of this form in Mr.
Elwes’ collection and it seems to be a transition between 4. cardainines and
A. bambusarum.

Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 142) mentions that Radde captured this
species in the Bureja Mountains and that Schrenck met with it from Marinski
to Nicolajefsk. He states that he has never received specimens from Amur-
land, and this may account for the fact that he does not make any remarks
on the difference between Amurland and European examples.

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 100) records a female A. cardamines from
Mongolia, but states that the specimen may possibly be a female of A.
bambusarum, Oberthiir, which he says had hitherto only been recorded from

478 PAPILIONIDZA.

Moupin and Japan. I am quite unable to find any particulars of the
occurrence of bambusarum in either of these localities.

Distribution. Europe, Northern and Western Asia, Asia Minor, Amurland,
Mongolia, Western China.

Anthocharis bambusarum.

Antiocharis bambusarum, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. i. p. 20, pl. ui. fig. 4 (1876).

“Cette charmante espéce vole en avril dans les bambouseraies du Tché-Kiang (‘Journal du 3°
voyage de l’abbé Arm. David dans Empire chinois,’ pp. 24 et 25).

“Les ailes supérieures sont entiérement aurores, tant en dessus qu’en dessous; les ailes infé-
rieures sont blanches en dessus; en dessous, elles sont marbrées de verdatre comme dans
A. cardamines.

‘Cette derniére espéce, que l Anth. bambusarum remplace au Tché-Kiang, se trouve dans le Thibet
oriental, ot M. V’abbé A. David en a pris un exemplaire dans les montagnes, 4 3000 métres
d’altitude.

‘Je ne posscde qu’un exemplaire de l’Anth. bambusarum. C'est le seul, du reste, que M. Vabbé
David ait rapporté. Il était serré dans un livre, tout aplati, mais trés-entier cependant.”
(Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Possibly A. bambusarum may be a local race of A. cardamines, but it is dis-
tinguished by the more rounded apex of primaries, the duller orange colour
above, and the different arrangement of the greenish markings on the under
surface of secondaries. :

I am indebted to M. Oberthiir for an example from Léon-fang, this differs
from the specimen figured by him in having a pyriform, instead of a bar-like,
black discoidal spot. In Oberthiir’s figure the median nervure and first
branch of primaries are black, forming a <-shaped mark, and these wings are
entirely orange as far as the black basal patch. The Léon-fang specimen is
without the < mark and there isa white space between the basal patch and
the orange colour.

Occurs in Tché-Kiang and at Léon-fang, and Mr. W. B. Pryer records it
from the Snowy Valley, Ningpo.

Anthocharis bieti.
Anthocharis bieti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, ix. p. 14, pl. i. fig. 1, 9 (1884), xi. p. 16,
Il. vi. fig. 39, @ (1886); Alphéraky, Rom, sur Lép. v. p. 72 (1889).
J D IC , | y I I
“Charmante Piéride du groupe de scolymus et genutia, ayant 4 peu pres la forme et la taille de
cette derniére espéce, dont elle différe surtout par apex de ses ailes supérieures et le dessous
de ses ailes inférieures,
‘Le male différe de la femelle par une petite tache subapicale aurore circonscrite entre le bord

ANTHOCHARIS. 479

costal, le point noir cellulaire, une ombre noiratre intranervurale et la partie saillante de
Vapex qui reste blanche. La femelle a en outre un lavis orangé pale sur l’aile inférieure en
dessus. L/aile inférieure en dessous est ornée de petites taches formées d’atomes bruns
couverts d’un lavis d’un jaune un peu orangé. Ces taches brunes sont interrompues au dela
de la cellule discoidale par une éclaircie toute blanche, parallcle au bord extérieur ; le long du
bord extérieur, les taches reparaissent sous forme d’une sorte de feston dont les dents corres-
pondent aux nervures et la partie concave aux espaces intranervuraux. La frange est blanche,
longue et soyeuse.”

Male. Primaries are blackish at the base and have a broad subapical orange patch bordered
inwardly by the large black spot which closes the discoidal cell, and a diffused blackish streak
running from the spot towards outer margin; the apex is produced, and this portion of the
Wing is often more or less sprinkled with dark greyish scales, especially along the course of
the nervules ; the median nervules are blackish towards outer margin, the third often through-
out its length. Secondaries white, sometimes tinged with yellowish, blackish at base and
along the nervures; the pattern of the under surface shows through faintly. Under surface
white: primaries haye the orange subapical patch black and discoidal spot fainter than above :
secondaries have the veins marked out with yellow and are traversed by irregular greenish
bands ; on the outer margin the neryules are bordered on each side with greenish.

Female has no orange subapical patch, but is otherwise similar to the male; the space, however,
between second and third nervules is sometimes filled up with blackish scales.

Expanse 48-52 millim.

This species was discovered by Mer. Biet in the neighbourhood of Ta-
chien-lu, and my collectors obtained large numbers of both sexes there in May
and June. ‘They did not, however, meet with it in any other locality.

Alphéraky records specimens from North-eastern Thibet and Grum-
Grshimailo captured examples in Amdo.

Anthocharis scolymus.

Anthocharis scolymus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 52 (1866); Pryer, Rhop.
Nihon. p. 6, pl. i. figs. 4a, 46 (1886).

Anthocharis thunbergii, De YOrza, Lep. Jap. p. 14 (1869).

“3, Ale antice elongate, costa ad vene costalis finem directa, apice falcato; margine postico
obliquo, sub unco sinuato; margine anali convexo; supra nivew, basi costaque apicali
cinereis, apice nigro maculis quatuor luteis interrupto, tertia permagna, alteris minimis, cella
macula elongata reniformi nigra terminata.

“Ale postice piriformes, supra nivee notis inconspicuis per alas indicatis, macula nigra in costa
apicali, venis nigro acuminatis.

“ Corpus fuscum; capite olivaceo pilosato.

“ Ale antice subtus viridi pro fusco cinereoque, maculis albis nec luteis, aliter velut supra. Ala
postice virides, maculis albis valde irregularibus variegate, margine postico pallidiore, maculis
marginalibus hastatis inter venas dispositis.

“ Corpus cinereum, viridi pilosatum.

Alar. exp. une. 271,.

“ Most closely allied to Anthocharis genutia, Bd. (United States), but very distinct.” (Butler, 1. c.)

480 PAPILIONID.

Male. White. Primaries have a large black oblong spot at end of discoidal cell; the apex, which
is much produced, and acuminate, is marked with black, the apical fourth of the wing is pale
orange with a large black spot on the costa and a similar one on outer margin, that on the
costa frequently unites with the black markings of the apex, forming a broad streak along
this portion of the costa; the base of the wing is blackish grey. Secondaries have the pattern
of the under surface faintly showing through. Under surface of primaries white, marked
with pale olive-grey along the costa and on apical area, the latter has also two patches of
darker olive; discoidal spot as above: secondaries white, mottled with pale olive-grey over
the whole wing, with two white-spotted dark olive patches from costa and others along the
course of the median and submedian nervures ; none of these dark markings invade the outer
third of the wing, but the pale olive-grey markings are often heavier on this area; the outer
margin is narrowly white interrupted at the ends of the nervules with dark olive.

Female. Similar to the male, but the orange on apical fourth is usually absent, although in some
specimens it is faintly exhibited.

Expanse, ¢ 45-52 millim., 9 42-60 millim.

Pryer remarks :—“ this insect undoubtedly only appears once during the
year. There are no allied forms, and it is the only representative of the
genus in Japan. I know little or nothing concerning its life-history beyond
the fact that the larva feeds upon a bitter cress, common in marshy situations.”

Appears to be a common species threughout Japan. It is recorded from
Shanghai, and I have received several specimens from Chang-yang, Central
China, and from the province of Kwei-chow, Western China. In some of
the female specimens from Japan there are distinct indications of the orange
patch of the male. ‘The Western-Chinese examples are rather smaller than
those from Japan.

Distribution. Japan, Western and Central China.

Genus LEUCOPHASIA.
Leucophasia, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust, i. p. 24 (1827) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn.
Lep. i. p. 88 (1847).
“ Heap rather large, very hairy.
‘* Pyes large, round, prominent.
* Labial palpi rather longer than the head, very hairy. Basal joints long, curved at the base,
carinate externally, obliquely truncate at the apex; second joint rather more than one

third the length of the first, much more slender, ovate, truncate at the base; third joint
about one sixth the length of the first, oval.

“ Antenne short, terminating in an abrupt, short, compressed club.
“ Trorax rather slender.
‘Anterior wings elongate, rounded externally, The discoidal cell very small, barely one third
the length of the wing. Subcostal nervure five-branched ; the first’ nervule thrown off

LEUCOPHASIA. 48]

about the middle of the wing; second about equally distant from the first and third; fourth
rather nearer to the third than that is to the second. Upper discocellular nervule very
short, barely visible above. Submedian nervure bent near the base.

** Posterior wings obovate. The discoidal cell very small. Subcostal nervure branching beyond
the middle of the wing. JDiscoidal nervure thrown off from the subcostal about midway
between the bifurcation of the latter and the base of the wing, much bent at the end of the
cell. Lower discocellular nervule short. Submedian nervure bent near the base. Precostal
nervure branched; the inner branch very short and obscure, the outer rather long.

“Tegs slender. Paronychia as long as the claws, very slender, Pulvillus very minute,
consisting merely of a very small fringed cushion, placed between the claws, quite at the
base, only visible below.

« Appomen slender, elongate, extending slightly beyond the posterior wings.
*‘ Larva slender, tapering towards each extremity, pubescent.

“Pura elongate, angular, not arched.

“‘TIn general the species of this genus frequent open places in woods, flying
not very rapidly, with an undulating unsteady motion. Our own species
occurs both in the spring and autumn. Those of the autumnal brood, almost
entirely wanting the black at the apex, have been formed into a species by
Hiibner, under the name of P. erysimt.

“The larva feeds on various Papilionaceous plants, especially Vicia cracca
and Lotus corniculatus ; resembling in this respect those of the genera Terias,
Colias, and Callidryas, more than those of Pieris and Anthocharis. It is
green, with a lateral yellow stripe. The pupa is elongate, very pointed at
each extremity.” (Doubleday, l. c.)

Leucophasia sinapis.

Popilio sinapis, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 760 (1767).

Leucophasia sinapis, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 45, pl. x. fig. 4 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 7, pl. u. figs. 7 & 8 (1886).

Leucophasia amurensis, Ménétriés, Schrenck’s Reisen, ii. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 4 & 5 (1859).

Leptosia sinensis, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 173 (1878).

Leucophasia vibilia, Janson, Cist. Ent. i. p. 272 (1878).

Leptosia morsei, Fenton, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1881, p. 855.

«Expands from 1°37-1-68 in. Wings white, fore wings with dusky coloured spots at the tips, of
a roundish shape, and darker in the male than in the female. Hind wings white. Underside :
fore wings white, faintly marked with greenish yellow at the tips; hind wings with dusky
shading, and one white and several greenish spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen black ;
antennz black, with white flattened clubs.

« Larva green, with a darker stripe on the back where the dorsal vessel shows through ; beneath
this on each side is a yellow stripe. June and September, the insect being double-brooded.

ars

482 PAPILIONID.

It feeds on Vicia cracca, Lotus, Lathyrus, and several other plants of the order Leguminose.”
(Lang, 1. ¢.)

“ Chrysalis yellowish green or grey, rusty red on the sides and on the wing-cases.” (Boisduval.)

For an extended account of the early stages and figures of larva and pupa
see Buckler’s ‘ Larve of British Butterflies.’

Var, amurensis, Ménétriés. “ Alis oblongo-elongatis, albis; maris, anticis margine exteriore
sinuatis, apice macula nigra notatis, femine immaculatis; maris subtus alis posterioribus
concoloribus, vix striga transversa nebulosa notatis.

“ Enverg. 15 lign.

‘Cette espéce est trés voisine de la JZ. sinapis, mais la coupe de ses ailes la fait facilement
reconnaitre ; elle offre des caractéres plus tranchés que ceux de la LZ. lathyri, Hiibn., Duponch.

“ Les ailes supérieures sont plus étroites, plus allongées, leur bord antérieur est droit; elles sont
arrondies au sommet (ou angle apical), puis faiblement sinuées 4 leur bord externe, chez le
male, car chez la femelle ce bord est droit jusqu’d l’angle interne qui est sensible chez les deux
sexes, et non arrondi comme chez la sinapis. Les ailes inférieures ont leur bord externe
moins arrondi: chez les males la partie de l’aile la plus longue est plus proche de langle
externe, tandis que chez la sinapis elle se trouve au milieu de l’aile; le bord postérieur est
plus droit et non arrondi; chez la femelle tout le bord externe, depuis l’angle externe jusqu’ds
langle interne, forme un oval.

‘** En dessus les ailes sont blanches; les supérieures présentent une tache noire 4 leur sommet & peu
pres comme chez la sinapis (cette tache varie de forme), mais quelquefois de teinte brunatre
claire, et qui disparait enti¢érement chez la femelle. En dessous, les ailes sont blanches: chez
les males, les supérieures offrent le long du bord antérieur, depuis la_base jusque vers le milieu
de ce bord une large bande a teinte Jaunatre fortement saupoudrée de noir, mieux marquée que
chez la sinapis, mais qui laisse également blanchatre, le croissant situé 4 lextrémité de la
cellule discoidale; la tache noire du sommet est représentée par une teinte jaunatre. Les
ailes inférieures présentent quelquefois la trace de la bande transversale inférieure de la
sinapis. La femelle différe par ses ailes inférieures faiblement teintes de jaunatre et saupou-
drées d’atomes bruns, plus serrés le long de la 5° céte (‘ Ptérographie,’ Herrich-Schiiffer), tandis
que l’intervalle entre la 5° et la 6° céte ou nervure, forme une bande blanchatre dépourvue
d’atomes et qui se continue A travers la cellule discoidale, 4 peu prés comme chez la stnapis
mais sans interruption. Le reste comme chez cetite espéce.

‘J)aprés 6 individus males, et 3 femelles rapportés des rives de PAmour par MM. Maack et
Schrenck. Ce dernier voyageur qui a été fort exact 4 noter le lieu et P’époque de ses chasses
les a pris vers la fin du mois de juillet.

“(Cette espece est repandue, selon M. Schrenck, depuis les montagnes de Boureia jusqu’d Pakhale,
ainsi entre le 484° et le 503°; depuis nous l’avons recue de Kiachta par M. Popoff.”
(Ménétriés, 1. ¢.)

Var. sinensis, Butler. ‘Allied to ZL. sinapis, wings longer; fringe tinted with red-brown:
primaries more dusky at base, costal margin and apex red-brown; a large subapical oval
black spot. Wings below white; fringe as above; primaries with apical half of costa and
apex ochreous; discoidal cell, area immediately beyond it, and a large subapical patch greyish
green; a white spot on upper discocellular. Expanse of wings | inch 10 lines.

“Shanghai (W. B. Prycr), BM.” (Butler, Cist. Ent.)

LEUCOPHASIA. 483

Var. Vibilia, Janson. “ Above creamy-white, the body black, dusted with white: primaries with
the basal half of the costa and four short ill-defined longitudinal stripes at the apex dusky
black; beneath cream-coloured, the posterior part of the primaries white, the costa broadly
dusted with black; secondaries strongly dusted black on the anal half and on the costa,
leaving a narrow longitudinal stripe of the ground-colour, the dusky-black scales becoming
rather sparse on the apical margin, but are very close, and form an obscure transverse band
about one third from the apex.

“« Expanse of wings 13-1? inch. Nambu, North Japan.

“ Differs from LZ. amurensis, Mén., besides the colour and markings, in having the primaries more
acutely pointed at the apex. It is also allied to L. duponcheli, Staud.” (Janson, Ll. ¢.)

Var. Morsel, Fenton. “Allied to Z. amurensis. Wings rounder, not produced at the apex; the
black apical patch lighter: average expanse of Z. amurensis, g 1 inch 113 lines, 2 2 inches
3 line; of Z. morse, ¢ 1 inch 11 lines, 2 2 inches.” (Fenton, l. ¢.)

**Tburi, Hokkaido, end of July. Colls. Fenton & B.M.

“The example sent to us by Mr. Fenton certainly bears out the distinctions laid down in his above
description; and I have little doubt that this is a genuine species.” (Butler, P. ZS.)

This very variable species is common all over Japan and Corea. I have
received it from the province of Kwei-chow, Western China. All the
gradations between typical s*napis and var. amurensis occur, but, as a rule,
all the Eastern-Asian forms are less green and have less marking on the
under surface. Specimens without any black on apex of primaries, corre-
sponding with var. erysim?, are not unusual.

Morsei is a modification of the typical form; the under surface is whitish,
and the black spot at apex of primaries above may be large and conspicuous
or only faintly indicated. Stnensis is a modification of the long-winged
amurensis form; the type in the National Collection is without a head, and
the apical spot is brown and faded.

In Amurland both sinapis and var. amurensis are common, and occur
together in the same localities. Graeser states that he never met with a
specimen which he could consider intermediate between amurensis and
sinapis; Staudinger also considers these insects to be distinct species, but
Bremer records intermediate forms from Amurland, and Elwes states that
such forms exist both in his own and in Mr. Godman’s collections. I also
have intermediate forms in my own collection.

Alphéraky records ZL. stnapis from Ché-pou, in the province of Kan-sou, and
from the plateau of Amdo. He states that the specimens are larger than those
from Turkestan and Thian-shan, but do not differ in other respects.

Distribution. Europe, Western and Central Asia, Siberia, Amurland, Japan,

Corea, China, and Thibet.
58 2

484 PAPILIONIDA.

Leucophasia gigantea. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 10, 11.)
Leucophasia gigantea, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 45 (1890):

g. White. Primaries with a large black spot on the second discoidal nervule, sometimes extending
upwards to the first; a smaller one on the discocellular. Under surface of primaries with the
black spots faintly reproduced. Secondaries have an angulated suffused band indicated by a
blackish costal streak, and a curved mark between the discoidal and third median nervules ; a
short black bar at end of discoidal cell; the venation is dark, especially on the secondaries
and outer margin of primaries. Head black; collar yellow; thorax black dusted with white ;
pectus sprinkled with yellow; abdomen white.

2. Under surface of secondaries and apex of primaries tinged with yellow the black markings
more band-like, with the addition of a zigzag black submarginal line; all these markings are
faintly seen through from above.

Expanse, ¢ 48-62 millim., 9 72 millim.

The specimens of the May brood-are without black spot on primaries, the
colour is more creamy, aud the venation appears more prominent. I propose
the name of immacula for this seasonal form (Plate XXXVI. fig. 10).

The type is separated from the other species of Leucophasia by the large
black spot on primaries, and both forms are distinguished by the yellow collar.

A fine series taken at Chang-yang, Central China, in May and August. I
have also received specimens from the province of Kwei-chow, Western China.

-

Genus SERICINUS.

Sericinus, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1851, p. 173; Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii., App. p. 5380
(1852).

Labial palpi nearly double the length of the head, nearly horizontally porrected, hirsute (not
clothed with long bristles).

‘Antenne only slightly clavate, about thirty-jointed, gradually thickening.

“ore wings triangularly ovate, rounded at the tip. Postcostal vein four-branched; branches
simple; the first and second arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell, the third from
its apex, and the fourth in the middle of the space between its apex and the tip of the wing.
Upper discocellular vein very short; the middle one much longer, annulated in the middle ;
lower discocellular shorter, being almost contiguous with the extremity of the median vein.

‘/Tind wings suboval, with the third branch of the median vein produced into a very long and
narrow tail; at the base of the wing is a minute preediscoidal cell.

‘Type: Pap. telamon, Donovan.” (Westwood, G. D. L.)

Sericinus telamon. (Plate XX XIII. figs. 7, 8, var.)
Papilio telamon, Donovan, Ins, China, pl. xxvii. fig. 1 (1798).
Sericinus telamon, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 71; Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.

SERICINUS. d 485

i. pl. xii. fig. 4 (1852); Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p.5 (1853) ;
Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. p. 70, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1855).

Sericinus fasciatus (2), Bremer & Grey, 1. c.; Ménétriés, |. c. pl. vi. fig. 1.

Sericinus telmona, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 73; Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 78, pl. xin. fig. 3 (1852).

Sericinus greyi (?), Bremer & Grey, 1. c. p. 6; Ménétriés, 1. c. pl. vi. fig. 2.

Sericinus montela, Gray, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1852, p. 71; Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.
1. p. 78, pl. xn. figs. 1 & 2 (1852).

Sericinus fortunet (9), Gray, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 72; Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 79, pl. xiil. fig. 5 (1852).

Sericinus cressonii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. p. 499 (1864).

Sericinus telamon, var. koreana, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 257 (1887).

Sericinus telamon, var. fixseni, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 136 (1892); greyi, g@,
Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 260, pl. xiii. fig. 1.

* P.alis caudatis concoloribus, flavescentibus, maculis fasciisque nigris, posticis utrinque striga
sanguinea nigro-margineté, Expans. alar. 3 une.

* The wings coloured alike, pale yellowish, with black spots and bands, the posterior with very
long narrow tails, and a red streak bordered with black at the anal angle. Expansion of the
wings 3 inches.” (Westwood, Donovan’s Ins. Chin.)

* Wale. The fore wings yellowish white, with the anterior and most of tho exterior margins rather
broadly edged with black ; an abbreviated line in the middle, another at the anterior part of
the costal area, and then a curved line of irregular spots, which ends towards the posterior
angle, and with two small spots at the anterior angle near the outer margin, also one spot on
the inner margin, black. The hind wings yellowish white, with the anal angle black, which
apparently extends towards the anterior margin by two oblong spots of the same colour ;
the anal angle is ornamented by a crimson line that reaches to the third neryure from the inner
margin ; there are also three pale blue lunes. The under surface of the fore wings is very
similar to the upper side, except that the black which surrounds the anterior and part of
the exterior margins is not apparent. The under surface of the hind wings is also similar
to the upper side, except that the spot of the anterior margin is ornamented by a crimson
centre.” (Gray, P. Z. S.)

_ Female (fasciatus, Bremer & Grey). “ Alis supra: nigris, anticis fasciis flavescentibus ; posticis
maxime caudatis, fasciis tribus flavescentibus, quarta sanguinea, maculis submarginalibus
eeruleis, lunulisque marginalibus flavescentibus ; subtus: anticis iisdem ut supra, posticis
luteis maculis nigris, fascia sanguinea et lunulis tribus ceruleo-pruinosis. Expans. alar.
antic. unc. 3-31.” (Bremer § Grey, 1. ¢.)

War. montela, Gray. Male. “ Like the preceding (telamon); but the fore wings have a large
subtriangular black spot very near the base, which is divided into three spots by the neryures.
The anterior margin is slightly edged, and the exterior margin is, for most part, broadly mar-
gined with black. ‘The hind wings have a broad band obliquely across the costal area, and
the crimson band at the anal angle appears broader in this species.

« Always, as Mr. Fortune had kindly informed me, found in the valleys among the hills.” (Gray,
eZ Se)

486 PAPILIONIDA.

Female ( fortunei, Gray). ‘‘ The fore wings are yellowish white, with many irregular black spots
which vary in size, some of them so placed that they apparently form five bands across the
wing; the external margin is also black. The hind wings also yellowish white, with a
basal band and three irregular curved bands of black spots; the second band from the base
is broadest at the anterior angle, and marked with a small crimson spot ; while that portion
towards the anal angle is margined exteriorly by an irregular crimson band, which extends
from the angle to the fifth nervure, the third or marginal band is ornamented on the deep
black below the crimson by a series of pale blue lunes. The under surfaces of all the wings
are less prominently marked, otherwise they are similar to the upper side, except that on
the fore wings there are two crimson spots, one on the band near the costal area, and the
other on the posterior margin.

** Found, according to Mr. Fortune, on the sides of the hills.” (Gray, P. Z. S.)

Var. cressonil, Reakirt. “ Female. Differs from Sericinus fortunei (montela, 2 ) in the following
particulars :—

“Fore wings have the fifth transverse black band connected with the margin by dilated black
neryules, forming a submarginal row of small yellow lunes.

“ Hind wings have the crimson band wider, and the two last sections are lunate, and separated
from each other and the remainder of the band by intervening black lines, below this, four
pale blue lunes: a very large yellow patch on the costal margin near the outer angle; a large
lune of the same colour, situated on the angle: tail, yellow at base and tip, intermediate
portion black, very long, 1°25 inches, and narrower than in any other species of the genus.

* Below: the primaries have four red spots, two just beyond the extremity of the discoidal
cell, and the others on the inner margin. Secondaries, have two red spots on the costal
border, and the space posterior to the crimson band is irrorated with blue atoms, not formed
into distinct figures, but covering the whole surface.

“Thorax and head black, a yellow line on each side of the thorax, below yellow, with red spots.
Abdomen yellow, a broad dorsal band, two rows of lateral dots, and two ventral rays, all
black.

“ Expanse 3°13 inches.” (Ieakirt, 1. ¢.)

Var, telmona, Gray. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 7, ¢.) Male. “The fore wings ochraceous, with
the base black, and the other black markings placed as in S. montela, though not quite so
prominent, but the short: band which crosses the wing just beyond the costal area and the
spot on the posterior margin are both ornamented with a small crimson spot. The hind
wings have the inner margin black, and are without the basal spot in the costal area; the
crimson band at the anal angle extends, as in S. fortunc?, to the fifth nervure, and like it also
the spot on the anterior margin is ornamented by a crimson mark, which is more equally
placed with the commencement of the crimson band that advances to the anal angle than in
the other species; the black space at the anal angle is less in size, but is furnished with blue
lunes. The under surface of the fore wings is marked like the upper side. ‘That of the
hind wings is also similar to the upper side, but the black spots on the anterior margin are
both ornamented with crimson ; the lengthened crimson band is marked between the second
and third neryures from the anal angle with a white lune, and there is also a less quantity of
black at the anal angle.” (Gray, P. Z. S.)

Female (greyi, Bremer & Grey). (Plate XXXIII. fig. 8, 9.) “Alis supra: nigris, fasciis

SERICINUS. 487

maculisque luteis; anticis utrinque maculis duabus sanguineis, posticis caudatis, fascia
sanguinea ; ante caudam maculis ceruleo-pruinosis et lunulis marginalibus luteis; subtus:
anticis albido-luteis, fasciis nigris atque fuscis, maculis sanguineis; posticis argenteo-
micantibus, maculis fasciisque fuscis, fascia submarginali rosea, nigro-marginata, lunulis
marginalibus argenteis, margine ultimo externe striga rufa cincto; angulo ani nigro ceruleo-
pruinoso. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 21,” (Bremer & Grey, I. ¢.)

This species seems to be variable wherever it occurs, and although most of
the forms have been considered distinct species some of them exhibit only
such unimportant differences from the type that they hardly seem to merit
even distinctive varietal names. ‘There are two broods in all the localities
where it occurs, and the specimens of the. first brood differ from those of the
second brood in each locality.

True S. telamon, as figured by Donovan *, occurs in the neighbourhood of
Pekin, N. China, and is chiefly distinguished by the absence of black on the
basal area of the primaries and the small amount of black on other portions
of these wings. I met with typical examples at Gensan, Corea, in July, and
more commonly with other specimens in which the black markings are
stronger, and in some of these examples there is a more or less well-defined
black basal patch on primaries, whilst in others there is a black subbasal
streak on secondaries.

What I consider to be the typical female is also from Pekin and has been
described by Bremer and Grey as 8S. fasciatus. I have some examples of
this sex from Central China which agree almost exactly with Bremer’s figure,
but the majority of the specimens from thence agree better with Gray’s
figure of S. fortune’, which is the proper female of montela, Gray, a form of
S. telamon found not uncommonly during the summer at Ichang and Kiu-
kiang, Central China. The male of this form is larger than typical telamon
and the black basal markings are more pronounced on all the wings.

Fixsen says of his var. koreana that it is intermediate between Donoyan’s
type and montela, Gray, and adds that the female agrees with fasciatus,
Bremer.

The first. generation or spring brood of S. telamon is represented in North
and Central China by te/mona, Gray (¢), and greyi, Bremer & Grey (@ ).
Var. fivseni, Staudinger (= greyi, Fixsen), is the Corean representative of the

* Tt should be mentioned that Donovan’s figure, afterwards reproduced by Gray, has the head
and antenns of some species of Papilio, and certainly not those of a Sericinus.

488 PAPILIONIDZ.

spring form, and differs principally from te/mona in the greater amount of
black at base of wing, in having additional-black markings on the disc, and in
possessing a black interrupted submarginal band.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 63) states that he met with both broods,
the first being on the wing in April and May, and the second in July, in a
clearing in the forest at Poltafka, about 100 versts south of Vladivostock, near
the Corean frontier.

According to Dr. Staudinger, the brothers Dérries found the first brood of
S. telamon in the Sutschan district on the 14th of May, when the specimens
were rather worn ; larvee, mostly full-grown, were obtained on the 20th of June,
and the second brood was on the wing from the 6th to the 20th of July.

The second generation of larvee were full-grown by the middle of August.
The species was plentiful, but only occurred in one locality where there had
formerly been some Chinese huts.

He states that the larva, which feeds on Aristolochia, is from 37-39 millim.
long, and similar in form to that of a Thais. 'The whole body is covered
with warts emitting short thick hairs, and there are conical warts bearing tufts
of rather longer hairs on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments. The Ist segment
has a long haired projection on each side and retractile horns on the dorsal
surface, as in Papilio machaon. In colour it is black, with six rows of small
round brownish spots on which the warts are placed; the dorsal rows of spots
are the largest. :

Pupa 18-22 millim. in length; secured by a silken girdle as in Thais.
Dirty brown streaked with darker; there are two short projections from the
anterior end, a row of sharp thorn-like projections along the back, the first
two are double ; the posterior end is truncate.

‘The examples of the second or summer brood of S. telamon, from Amurland,
agree in most characters with the specimens met with in numbers by Herz to
the north of Pekin. ‘They are, however, rather larger, and the black markings
in the male are broader and more numerous. ‘The females especially are
darker than Chinese specimens, and some of them are so dark that they might
be described as black with small partly obscured yellow transverse markings.
‘The largest male measures 67 millim. and the largest female 64 millim. in
expanse; whilst the smallest example of each sex expands only 56 and
54 millim. respectively, but the male average expansion is over 60 millim.

Dr. Staudinger has named the form to which the above remarks refer var.

SERICINUS.—ARMANDIA. 489

armurensis, and another, which appears to be the Amurland spring form,
he has called var. telemachus.

I received specimens from Kwei-chow, but from no other locality in Western
China.

Distribution. Amurland, North, West, and Central China, Corea.

Genus ARMANDIA.

Armandia, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Ixxii. p. 809, note (1871).
Bhutanitis, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 570.

“« Head of medium size, hairy. Labial palpi very hairy, long, slender, obliquely porrect, extending
far beyond the eyes. Antenne short, slender, with an elongated curved club.

“ Thorax rather slight. Anterior wings elongate, elliptical ; first subcostal nervule originating at
nearly three fourths the length of the cell, the second about halfway between the origin of
the first and the end of the cell, the third considerably beyond the cell, and the fourth some-
what nearer to the origin of the third; upper discocellular neryule very short, middle disco-
cellular longer than the upper and lower together, basi-median nervule wanting. Posterior
wings elongate, the basal half yery narrow, inner margin concave beyond the extremity of
the abdomen, outer margin prominently convex, scalloped, and tailed; the precostal nervure
branched, nearly as in Lurycus. Legs of moderate length; anterior tibize with a stout spine
near the middle ; tarsi slender, the first joint very long; claws simple, of unequal length.

« Abdomen slender, extending to less than half the length of the posterior wings.” (Atkinson, l. ¢.)

Armandia thaidina.

Armandia thaidina, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Ixxii. p. 809, note (1871).

Armandia thaitina, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. iv. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 1 (1876), xi. p. 14
(1886).

“Corps fréle comme chez les Thais, port de nos Papilio, ailes plus délicates, antennes aussi longues
i massue mince, palpes aussi saillants que ceux des Thais et presque semblables par la forme.
Taille de nos Papilio »odalirius et machaon ; les ailes d'un noir mat; les antérieures
traversées par huit raies jaunes, dont la troisiéme, la cinquicme et la huiticme incomplétes,
les ailes postérieures également traversées par des raies jaunes et ornées d’une bande rouge
dentelée, n’atteignant que le bord antérieur, plus en arricre, de trois taches bleues un peu
éteintes et enfin de trois petites raies fauyes; un grand prolongement médian en forme de
queue et deux dents internes de longueur inégale ; le corps noir avec des poils jaunitres sur
le coté du thorax et de abdomen. La femelle semblable au mile.” (Blanchard, 1. ¢.)

Maie. Primaries black, traversed by seven yellow lines, the third and fifth from the base only
extend from costa to median nerve, the others are continued to inner margin. Secondaries
black, with one entire and three interrupted yellow lines from costa to median nerve, which
together with its branches and the submedian neryure are also yellow; a fairly broad crimson
band, sinuate on its outer edge, extends from the discoidal interspace to the abdominal
margin and is followed by three dark blue spots with paler centres; there are five yellow
linear spots on the outer margin, the lower ones tinged with reddish. The tail is long,

9
coh

490 PAPILIONIDZ.

gradually increases in width to its rounded apex, and between it and the anal angle there are
two shorter tails, Fringes yellowish.

Female. Similar to the male, but the outer margin of primaries is rounder in contour, and all the
yellow lines are duller in colour. The crimson band on secondaries is often replaced by a
pale pinkish one.

Expanse, ¢ 94-100 millim., 9 98-106 millim.

Appears to be fairly common in June and July at Huang-mu-chang, Chia-
kou-ho, Ta-chien-lu, Wa-ssu-kow, and Wa-shan in Western China.

A. thaidina is best distinguished from the Himalayan A. lidderdalit,
Atkinson, by its smaller size and the greater breadth of the tails ; the lines
traversing the central area of primaries are straighter, and the crimson band
on secondaries is narrower.

Genus LUEHDORFIA.

Luehdorfia, Criiger, Verh. Ver. Hamb. ui. p. 128 (1878); Schatz & Rober, Exot.
Schmett. p. 50, pl. i. (1892).

“Die Palpen sind kiirzer als bei V’hais, aber linger wie bei Doritis, nicht tiber den Kopf hervor-
ragend, 3-gliedrig, mit steifen Haaren besetzt. Fihler schwach gebogen, mit allmihlich
verdickter Kolbe ; Vorderrand der Vorderfliigel ausgeschweift ; Subcostalader 5-iistig, mit 2
Asten vor dem Zellende: O. D. C. klein, aber deuilich vorhanden.

‘“‘ Hinterfliigel mit einfacher nach innen gebogener Priicostalader und deutlicher Priicostalzelle.

‘“« Fiisse mit stark verdickten Schenkelm ; Klauen einfach, fast gerade.

«“ 3 Analklappen mit dichtem, braunem Filze bekleidet.”

Luehdorfia japonica. (Plate XX XIII. figs. 22, 1 var. 2.)
Luehdorfia japonica, Leech, Entomologist, xxi. p, 25, pl. i. fig. 1 (1889).
Luehdorfia puziloi, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 5, pl. 1. fig. 10 (1886).

Expanse 70 millim. Primaries pale yellow, black at base and external margin, with three trans-
verse oblique black bands on the disc, and one parallel with outer margin, with which the
third oblique band is united below the middle ; a black dash from the costa between first and
second and second and third oblique bands. Secondaries pale yellow, with a broad black band
along the inner margin, and another, oblique and interrupted, on the disc, beyond which is a
black costal dash: the outer third black, enclosing five blue spots, and edged externally with
some orange patches ; a conspicuous crimson blotch above anal angle. Fringes chequered
black and white. Under surface as above, but the crimson colour assumes a band-like form,
traversing the wing parallel with the outer margin from anal angle to second subcostal
nervule; the orange on outer margin also forms a complete band.

This species was erroneously referred to as L. puzilot by Mr. Pryer in his

catalogue of the ‘ Lepidoptera of Japan,’ and subsequently by myself in my
. 4 os .

paper on the ‘* Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea,” P. Z.S. 1887, when I did not

LUEH DORFIA.—PARNASSIUS. 491

possess specimens of the species. I at first considered it to be merely a local
form of L. puzilo?, but the following characters are amply sufficient to separate
it from that species. In the first place the “ pouch” of female of LZ. japonica
is without a keel, and is black instead of light chestnut; this, without
reference to other points of difference, at once distinguishes it; but, further,
it is much larger in size, the ground-colour is darker, and the anal blotch is
broader and of a bright crimson.

Found in Japan in mountain districts. Mr. Pryer (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxiv.
p. 66) says :—“* This insect appears very early in the year; my first specimens
were obtained on the 15th of April, but it was then getting over; the males
appear before the females, and it frequents wooded paths on the mountains,
and is very easy to capture.” .

I have received a form of this species from Central China, where specimens
were taken by a native collector in the mountains in the neighbourhood of
Chang-yang. ‘These differ from Japanese specimens in being smaller; the
secondaries agree better with the Amurland Z. puzi/oi*, but the red colour
which forms a subanal patch on the secondaries of both puzilot and japonica
is continued in this Chinese form as a submarginal band as far as the discoidal
nervule ; the body is more slender and less hairy than in japonica ; the hairs
are reddish brown instead of whitish, and the pouch of the female only differs
in its smaller size. This form may be known as var. chinensis (Plate XX XIII.

fig. 1).

Genus PARNASSIUS.

Parnassius, Latreilie, Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. xiv. p. 110 (1805) ; Doubleday,
Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 26 (1847).

‘“* Heap small, very hairy.
* Byes oval, not prominent.
* Warille of moderate length.
“« Labial palpi distinctly triarticulate ; the joints nearly equal, the basal one curved.
*« Antenne short, gradually clavate, not arched.

** Toorax rather stout, very hairy.
“ Anterior wings subtriapgular, rounded externally, diaphanous. Subcostal nervure terminating

* L. puzilot, Erschoff, occurs commonly in Southern Amurland. Referring to this species,
Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1838, p. 63) states that the larva is black, covered with a few stiff black
hairs, and having the segmental divisions bluish white. Feeds on Asarum until July. He adds
that he found it commonly under stones in the vicinity of the food-plant.

aT 2

492 PAPILIONID.

in only four nervules; of which one is thrown off beyond the middle of the cell, the
second a little before its end, the third about halfway between the cell and the apex of the
wing. Upper discocellular and baseo-median nervules both wanting.

“ Posterior wings elongate, ovate, emarginate internally, without any abdominal folds, subdia-
phanous. Precostal nervure not branched.

‘*‘ Lees short. Anterior tibiz with a short flat spur. Tarsi longer than the tibiw ; basal joints
about equal to the rest combined; second, third, and fourth progressively shorter; fifth

longer than the second. Claws simple; inner very sharp, long, grooved internally ; outer

about two thirds the length of the inner; the points directed inward; base of the claws
with a horny projection.

‘“« AppoMEN short, stout, very hairy, terminated in the females by a corneous peuch cr plate.

** Larva cylindric, slightly tuberculate.

Pura cylindrico-conic, subfolliculate.

“This genus may be known from all other Papilionide by the structure of
the anterior wings, in which one subcostal nervule, apparently the first, is
wanting. ‘This character and its more distinctly triarticulate palpi separate
it from Doritis on the one hand, and Hurycus on the other.

“There is a striking resemblance in the markings of the anterior wings in
this genus and in Hurycus, more especially in the round black spots in the
middle of, and at the end of, the cell. In fact Hurycus may be viewed as
the Australian representative of Parnassius. :

“The larvee, as far as is known, feed on sedums, saxifrages, and fumi-
tories ; they are pubescent, velvety black, with numerous orange spots and
small tubercles.

“The pupe are enclosed in a loose silken web, supported also by some
transverse threads: they are subcylindric, conic posteriorly, not angular, and,
from being covered with bluish powder, very much resemble those of the
genus Catocala amongst moths.” (Doubleday, 1. c.)

Parnassius epaphus.
Parnassius jacquemontii, Blanchard, Jacquem. Voy. Ind. iv. pl. i. fig. 8 (1844) ; Gray,
Cat. Lep. Ins. B.M. i. pl. xii. figs. 1, 2 (1852).
Parnassius jacquemonti, 9 , Boisd.; Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 36.
Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, iv. p. 23 (1879), xiv. p. 9, pl. 1. figs.
4 3,5 % (1891).
Parnassius epaphus, var. cachemiriensis, Oberthiir, op. cit. xiv. pl. i. figs. 6 ¢, 7 2.
Parnassius epaphus, var. sikkimensis, Flwes, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 899, pl. xxv.

c

figs. 1, 5, ~

Parnassius pocta, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xvi. p. 2, pl. ii. fig. 9 (1892).
/ , , ] ] to}

PARNASSIUS. 495

Male, Creamy white. Primaries are blackish at the base and narrowly along the costa; a black
or oblong spot in the discoidal cell, a curved one at end of the cell, and two, frequently united
and sometimes with red centres, beyond the end of the cell; submarginal band composed of
black lunules ; marginal band greyish black; a black spot about the middle of the submedian
interspace. Secondaries have three red spots encircled with black, the first is at the base,
the second just below middle of the costa, and the third rather beyond the centre of the wing ;
the abdominal third of the wing is black, its outer edge deeply indented ; submarginal band
composed of black lunules. Wings of the ground-colour, chequered with black at the
extremities of the nervules, where they are preceded by linear spots on the primaries, and
roundish ones on the secondaries. Under surface of primaries rather glossy ; all the spots as
above, but, with the exception of those of discoidal ccll, obscured: secondaries have the base
blackish and four whitish-centred red spots forming a subbasal band, outwardly edged with
black ; there is a pale red spot near costa outlined in black, a similar one beyond the centre
of the wing, and two others above anal angle (some specimens have a smaller pale red spot
between the anal pair and that beyond centre of the wing); submarginal band composed of
black lunules ; fringes and spots on margins as above. .

Female. Similar to the male, but the wings are sometimes slightly powdered with black; sub-
marginal lunules are edged internally with greyish black, and the greyish-black marginal
band is broader.

The foregoing description is made from specimens in my collection which
agree in all important characters with Oberthiir’s figure of P. epaphus, also
with P. gacquemonti, Gray, and Blanchard’s jacquemonti, fig. 3.

Var. poeta, Oberthiir. “ Poeta est beaucoup plus obscur ; les parties noiratres sont plus étendues
et les ailes supérieures, 4 part les parties blanches de l’espace cellulaire, sont, dans certains
exemplaires, presqu’enticrement couvertes par un semis d’atomes noirs. Le fond des ailcs
dans poeta est un peu jaunatre comme chez mercuwrius. Epaphus-cachemiriensis autre forme,
sans doute issue de la méme souche originelle, reste généralement d’un blanc assez pur et
assez éclatant.

“ Dans poeta, les antennes sont, comme chez epaphus, annelées de blane avec la massue noire ; le
corps est trés velu ; les poils sont blanchatres, trés longs et recouvrent la base des ailes et le
bord anal des inférieures ; les taches rouges sont généralement trés développées, mais variant
comme nombre de 1 43 aux ailes supérieures. La tache rouge prés du bord costal persiste
dans tous les exemplaires que j’ai sous les yeux.

“ Aux ailes inférieures, la tache rouge basilaire existe parfois comme chez epaphus type ou est
absente comme chez epaphus-cachemiriensis. La frange est trés entrecoupée de blanc et de
noir; mais, aux ailes inférieures, il y a tendance & ce que le noir marginal soit rétréci et a
ce que la frange soit blanche sauf au point de contact de la nervure.

“Ta tache rouge médiane de Vaile inférieure est quelquefois pupillée de blanc. Thibet.”
(Oberthiir, Etud. xvi.)

Mr. Pratt met with a single example of this species at a great elevation in
the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu, and I received a long series of specimens
which were taken by a native collector on the high plateau near the Thibetan

494 PAPILIONID.

frontier. All these specimens differ from Himalayan examples in being
clouded with dusky scales, the red markings are usually brighter and larger,
and the females have a very glossy appearance. Oberthiir states that his
male and female types were taken by Major Charlton in Chinese Tartary
together with the types of yacquemontt, Gray.

Under the name cachemiriensis, Oberthiir describes and figures two speci-
mens of P. epaphus which he received from a London dealer (these were
probably some of my duplicates from N.W. Himalayas). He states that’they
differ from typical epaphus in the absence of the red basal spot on the upper
surface of secondaries and in having small red spots, inclining to yellowish,
on these wings.

Epaphus is an exceedingly variable species, and I have specimens of both
sexes in which there are no traces of red spots on upper surface of any of the
wings; other specimens have three well-defined red spots on each wing and
all the gradations between these two extreme forms are represented. ‘The
central red spots are sometimes connected by a black streak, and in some
examples all the spots are pure yellow instead of red, a character not
infrequent in other species of the genus. ‘The dark markings vary in size
and definition and the fringes are invariably chequered. -In expanse of wings
the specimens range from 52-72 millim., but the largest example of epaphus
is smaller than Boisduval’s type of P. jacquemonti.

Var. sikkimensis, Elwes, from Sikkim, is distinguished chiefly by its smaller
size.

The species being so variable I found it necessary to retain a series of
118 specimens of those collected by myself in Baltistan and Kashmir in
1887, and by Mr. McArthur in Ladak and neighbouring districts in 1889.
So far as my experience is concerned I found that the insect was not often
met with below 14,000 feet and its range extended up to 18,C00 feet. It
frequents grassy mountain-slopes and its flight is not very rapid.

I have received specimens from the Kuktie, Barra-lacha, and MKardong
Passes, Depsang, Chonging Valley, and the Karakoram, and from Rudok in
Western ‘Thibet.

Pocta is only a slight local form of P. epaphus. The male is somewhat
more suffused with darker scales and the female is darker and more trans-
parent than the same sex of P. epaphus, and usually the red spots are better

developed,

PARNASSIUS. 495

Although he was unacquainted with the female of his poeta, M. Oberthiir
expressed himself as certain that it was a local form of actius, closely ap-
proaching the insect from Amdo and the Sinin mountains, which M. Grum-
Grshimailo described in the same year as P. mercurius*. ‘This was an
unfortunate error which he would have avoided if he had had an opportunity
of examining the pouch of the female poeta, which is without keel and agrees
in every respect with that of female P. epaphus from the N.W. Himalayas,
whereas mercurius, of which I have specimens from Amdo, kindly sent to me
by M. Grum-Grshimailo, has a keeled pouch exactly as in actius.

Parnassius jJacquemonti. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 3, var. ¢.)

Parnassius jacquemontii, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 400 (1836) ; Blanchard, Jacquem.
Voy. Inde, iv., Ins, p. 16, pl. i. fig. 4 (1844) ; Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xiv. pl. ii.
fig. 11 ¢ (1891).

Doritis actius, Eversmann, Buli. Mose. 1843, pl. ix. figs. 2 a, 0.

Parnassius actius, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 23 (1884).

Parnassius actius, var. himalayensis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1886, p. 30.

Parnassius jacquemontii, var. himalayensis, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. xiv. p. 17, pl. 1.
figsol2’ g, 13°2-(1891)..

Parnassius tibetanus, Leech, MS. ; Rihl, Palaearktischen Grossschmetterlinge, pt. 1. p. 89
(1892).

“Taille de phwbus. Ailes fortement saupoudrées de noiratre dans les deux sexes, transparentes a
Vextrémité, avee la frange entitrement blanche; la partie transparente précédée, sur les
quatre ailes, d’une rangée de lunules noires: les deux taches situées entre la cellule discoidale
des supérieures et cette série de lunules marquées de rouge, ainsi que celle du bord interne.
Ailes inférieures ayant le bord abdominal trés légérement évidé, comme dans apollo, et
fortement noiratre, une tache rouge 4 la base; les deux taches rouges ordinaires presque
cordiformes, assez grandes, largement pupillées de blanc; celle du disque s’alignant avec trois
taches noires, dont l’anale est marquée de rouge. Dessous comme dans les espéces voisines ;
les taches rouges de la base des secondes ailes plus arrondies en dehors; trois taches rouges
s'alignant vers langle anal avec celle du disque; antennes noires légérement annelées de
grisatre.

“ Femelle semblable au male. La poche de l’extrémité de l’abdomen assez développée plissée en
travers et sans caréne longitudinale.” (Boisduval, 1. c.)

Two ¢ and 2 2 from the Himalayas taken by Jacquemont.

“ Alis albis nigro irroratissimis, apice pellucido, maculis nigris rubro tessellatis; antennis cinereis,
nigro annulatis.

« Envergure 60 4 70 millim.

**Ce Parnassien, dont les ailes blanchatres sont plus fortement saupoudrées de noir que dans toutes

* Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 445.

496 PAPILIONID.

les autres espéces du méme genre, parait intermédiaire entre les P. apollo et phebus. A leur
extrémité, les quatre ailes sont subdiaphanes, cette partie transparente ¢tant précédée d’une
série de lunules bordées de blanc extérieurement. Entre cette rangée de lunules et la cellule
discoidale, ces ailes antérieures offrent deux taches noires, ordinairement marquées de rouge,
ainsi qu’une autre tache située au bord interne. Comme dans les P. phebus et apollo, il
existe encore une tache noire 4 l’extrémité de la cellule discoidale, et une antre vers son
milieu.

“Les ailes postérieures ont leur goutticre abdominale trés noire, et présentent deux taches ocellées
rouges, bordées de noir, et ordinairement blanches au centre: l'une située au bord externe,
Yautre vers le milieu. On remarque en outre d l’angle anal une tache noire allongée
souvent marquée de rouge. Les quatre ailes sont en dessous 4 peu pres semblables au dessus ;
seulement les postérieures offrent 4 leur bord, comme dans la plupart des Parnassiens, trois
ou quatre taches rouges, dont on retrouve 4 peine la trace en dessus; ensuite, vers l’angle
anal, il existe deux taches rouges trés distinctes, dont Dune arrondie et l’autre presque tri-
angulaire. Les antennes sont grisatres, fortément annelées de noir.” (Blanchard, 1. ¢.)

The following descriptions refer to the Chinese form (Plate XX XIII.

fig. 3, dS )i—

Male, Similar to P. jacquemonti, var. himalayensis, Elwes, but the ground-colour is very much
darker and the wings are less densely covered with scales and are more glossy in appearance,
the submarginal band is composed of white bar-like spots bordered with blackish, in himalay-
ensis this band is formed of lunulate spots; the central ocellus of secondaries is internally
bordered by a pale bar; the crimson spots are of a deeper colour, but that at anal angle is
absent. Fringes as in himalayensis, but much more broadly chequered with black.

Female. Agrees with the male, but is usually somewhat larger and yellower in tint. The pouch
(represented under figure of the male, Plate XXXIII.) agrees in shape with that of
himalayensis, and varies in colour from dark brown to black. ;

Expanse, ¢ 69-80 millim., 2 78-90 millim.

Appears to be common in Western China at How-kow on the Thibetan
frontier, where it occurs at a great elevation.

Fritz Riihl, who describes this insect under my manuscript name thibetanus,
or, as he writes it, tébetanus, states that it occurs at Ta-chien-lu; but this is
certainly an error, as this form has so far only been received from How-kow,
from whence I had a large number of specimens. It is, without doubt,
nothing but a well-marked local race of P. jyacquemonti and is the darkest
form of Parnassius known to me. ‘The red spots vary in size and may be
with or without white centres; some examples have three red spots on
primaries, and in others there are no red spots on these wings. The
female varies in colour from yellow to white according to the freshness of
the specimens. ,

The four specimens from the Himalayas (2 ¢ ,2 2 ) to which Boisduval refers
b>]

PARNASSIUS. 497

are probably the same as those which Blanchard * subsequently described ;
but, be this as it may, the latter author’s description of the male agrees
exactly with that of Boisduval. Both authors state that all the wings are
thickly powdered with black, and this character at once indicates the species
jacquemonti and separates it from epaphus.

P. jacquemonti is larger and more transparent than P. epaphus, and the
clear space before the outer margin is broader; the fringes are usually marked
with black at the extremities of the nervules, whilst in P. epaphus the fringes
are always distinctly chequered black and white ; the red ocelli on secondaries
are almost always pupilled with white, but among hundreds of P. epuphus
that I have received from the N.W. Himalayas I can only find indications of
white pupils in the ocelli of two specimens, both females ; there is usually a
red mark at anal angle in P. jacguemonti, but only one female of P. epaphus
exhibits any trace of this character. Finally the body of P. jacquemonti is
more densely clothed with hair than is that of P. epaphus, especially on the
underside.

Variation in colour and marking is considerable within certain limits.
Many specimens have no red markings whatever on the primaries. In a
series of over 40 specimens, which I have selected for my own collection, no
two examples are exactly alike. The character of the fringes is in this, as in
many other species of the genus, unstable and subject to modification. Among
the examples there is one specimen from Kokser which has entirely white
fringes on both the upper and under sides, whilst in others, taken at the same
time and place, the fringes are more or less chequered. In several male
specimens from the Dugi Pass the fringes are almost entirely black. In
P. epaphus, on the other hand, the fringes are constant, and the deep black
and white chequers are distinct in all the specimens.

Elwes (/. ¢.) states that Boisduval probably had the sexes of two different
species under his observation when he drew up the description of P. jacque-
monti. I think there is little doubt that this was really the case. M.
Oberthur has the type of the male in his possession and has figured it in the
14th livraison of his “ Etudes”; there is, therefore, not the least difficulty in
identifying this sex of P. jacquemonti. ‘The type of the female is, however,

* The specimen which Blanchard figures (pl. i. fig. 3) is evidently not the one he describes. but
it is probably the specimen he mentions as a variety of P. jacqguemonti without red spots on
primaries. It is certainly referable to P. epaphus.

3U

498 PAPILIONID.

lost, and the description of this sex given by Boisduval does not agree with
what is now known to be the true female of the male to which Boisduval’s
description applies. Mr. Elwes, in his paper “ On the Genus Parnassius” *,
suggests that the name jacguemonti should apply to the female which Bois-
duval described, because its identity appears to him to be more certainly fixed
than is that of the male insect. I quite agree, however, with M. Oberthiir
that Boisduval’s name should apply to the male which we know, and not to the
female of which we have no knowledge. In the description of the supposed
female of his jacguemonti Boisduval says “La poche de Vextrémité de
Vabdomen assez développée, pliss¢ée en travers et sans caréne longitudinale,”
whereas the true female of Boisduval’s yacquemonti has a pouch with a well-
formed keel.

Var. himalayensis occurs in Chamba, Spiti, Lahoul, and Upper Gurwhal.
It seems to be very local, but common where it occurs. ‘The type was from
Lahoul, from whence I have also received specimens, as well as from Kokser
and the Dugi Pass. The examples from the latter locality are very dark and
approach the var. tibetanus.

P. epaphus also occurs on the Dugi Pass, but at higher elevations than
P. jacquemonti. - .

Actius and other forms of P. jacquemonti have been described as distinct
species, but as these do not belong to the region under consideration it is
unnecessary to discuss them here.

Listribution. Central Asia, N.W. Himalayas, Western China.

Parnassius nomion.

Parnassius nomion, Fischer, Ent. Russ. ii. p. 242, pl. vi. figs. 3, 4 (1823) ; Boisduval,
Sp. Gén. i. p. 397, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1886) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 22 (1884).

Parnassius davidis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Eatom. iv, pp. 23, 108, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1879), xiv.
p. 2, pl. 1. figs. 3, 3.a@ (1891).

Parnassius nomion, var. mandschurie, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, xiv. p. 2, pl. ii. fig. 10
(1891).

“Expands 3 in. Very close to P. apollo, but the hind wings have a red spot at the base, and the
Inner margins are more strongly black ; all the wings have a hind marginal border of square
black and white spots, ‘Time of appearance, July (Boisd.). Habitat, Siberia.” (Zang, 1. ¢.)

Var. davidis, Oberthiir, * Ressemble beaucoup & nomion; mais bien plus obseur, et ayant la

bande submarginale blanche des supérieures plus prés du bord extérieur que dans nomion.

* Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 36,

PARNASSIUS. 499

De plus, la frange des 4 ailes est entidrement noire. C'est la seule espéce de Parnassius offrant,
i ma connaissance, cette particularité.
“ Nord de la Chine (Armand David); 1 9.” (Oberthiir, l. ¢.)

Var. mandschuria, Oberthiir. “J’ai fait figurer la forme de Mantschourie que m’a envoyée
M. Jankowski en six males et quatre femelles. Le facies de cette forme géographique est assez
particulier et cela tient surtout 4 ce que le fond des ailes est moins blanc dans les échantillons
de Sidemi que dans ceux de Sibérie et du nord de la Chine, ou M. Vabbé David a trouvé une
race superbe et magnifiquement colorée de nomion. Le feston hyalin qui longe le bord
marginal des ailes est aussi généralement plus sombre et avec une apparence huileuse dans
les exemplaires de Sidemi.

“La femelle qui existait dans la collection Boisduval avec cette étiquette que je transcris
textuellement ‘ Nomion, Fischer, Eschscholtz, Calif. russe’ est semblable aux femelles de
Mantschourie.

“Dans les six males de Sidemi, les ailes supérieures ont tous les points noirs absolument dépourvus
de pupillation rouge et une des femelles est ainsi. Les males paraissent tendre a avoir les
ocelles rouges des ailes inférieures dépourvus de ponctuation centrale blanche ou au moins
trés peu fortement ponctués de blanc.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

Referring to P. nomion, in his paper on the genus Parnassius *, Mr. Elwes
says :—

“‘This species, though at first sight very like P. apollo, may be certainly
and constantly distinguished by the fringes of the wings, which are conspi-
cuously chequered black and white; whilst in P. apollo this is never the
case to the same extent, though some specimens have a tendency to it. The
pouch also (though of the same general form) is black, more lengthened
behind, and set on at the end, and not underneath the abdomen; the antenne,
the clothing of the body, and the general pattern of the markings are very
similar.

“TJ am not aware that the geographical range of the two species anywhere
meets, P. nomion first appearing in the mountains of Dahuria, whilst P. apollo
seems to go no farther east than the Altai Mountains; but these ranges on
the Siberian frontier are but little known.

“* P, nomion appears to be common in the valley of the Amur, at Raddef-
skaia and Khabarofka, and Christoph found the larva feeding on a yellow-
flowered Sedum near Vladivostock. According to Ménétriés P. nomion is
found near Irkutsk and at Kiachta, and I have seen a specimen from this
locality in Dr. Fixen’s collection.

** Bremer says it is found on the north side of Lake Baikal on the Onon

* Ibid. 1886, p. 27.
By ae

500 PAPILIONID.

river, and on the Ussuri between Noor and the Ema; the largest and finest
specimens are from the Bureija Mountains, and farther west they become
smaller.”

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 64) states that the larva is velvety black,
covered with yellowish hairs, so thick on the sides as to give it a brownish
appearance; there are four triangular red spots on each segment; the
spiracles are ringed with red; head round and blackish in colour, frontal line
shining pale brown; legs shining black, claspers reddish yellow. Feeds in
June on Sedum, and the perfect insect appears from the middle of July to
middle of August.

The specimen described by Oberthitir as davidis was taken by ? Abbé David,
in June 1864, among the mountains of moderate elevation which surround
the valley of Lao-hou-hoou, not far from Jéhol, four days’ journey to the
north of Pekin. The figure of this insect in my copy of part iv. of Oberthiir’s
‘ Ktudes’ has the fringes entirely black, whilst the antenne are pale, ringed
with black and terminating in a black club; and the black bar at anal angle
contains two well-defined red spots. In part xiv. of Oberthtir’s work the
same specimen is again figured (pl. 1. fig. 3), and here the antennz are repre-
sented entirely black, the black bar at anal angle is without red spots, and
above all the black fringes, to which M. Oberthiir attaches so much import-
ance, are distinctly interrupted with white between the nervules on both
surfaces of all the wings. Great exactness is claimed for this figure by
M. Oberthiir, but, curiously enough, it does not agree with the extended
description of davidis which he gives on p. 3 of the part last mentioned, and
which runs as follows :—

“La figure du P. davidis est done trés exacte et elle fait ressortir les caractéres de cette espéce.

‘Les antennes sont blanches, finement annelées de noir avec la massue épaisse et noire. Les poils
de la téte et du thorax sont jaunatres mélangés de noir. Les ailes sont généralement
obscures avec la frange paraissant enti¢rement noire. Les dessins et taches sont dans leur
ensemble ceux de nomion et d’ailleurs de presque tous les Parnassius. Mais il convient de
remarquer que la série marginale des taches blanc-jaunatre opaques aux ailes supérieures et
inférieures est trés rapprochce du bord terminal. La poche cornée consiste en une caverne
paraissant bilobée vue de face. Le profil en est représenté sur la planche I. fig. 3 a.”

Oberthiir says that he would be inclined to consider davidis a local form of
P. honrathi, if it were not for the fact that the antenna, which in davidis are
white with a black club and finely ringed with black, are entirely black in
I. honrathi. I cannot agree with him for the following reasons:—The pouch

PARNASSIUS. 501

of davidis as figured by Oberthiir agrees better with that of P. nomion. The
dark abdominal border of secondaries agrees exactly with that of P. nomion,
and is quite different to that of P. honratht. Moreover, Oberthiir informs
me in reply to my inquiry on the point that the legs and hairs of the under
surface of the body of davidis are not black as they are in P. honrathi. The
range, too, of honrathi appears to be extremely restricted, being confined to
a limited district south-east of Samarkand ; nomion, on the other hand, is
distributed throughout the greater part of North-east Asia. I am inclined,
therefore, to consider davidis as a form of P. nomion.

Grum-Grshimailo described a small bright form of P. nomion from Koko-
noor and the Dshachar Mountains as var. nomius *.

My collectors failed to meet with P. nomion in any part of China that they
visited.

Parnassius széchenyi.
Parnassius széchenyti, Frivaldszky, Term. Fiiz. x. p. 39, pl. iv. figs. 1, la (1886) ;
Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. xvi. p. 4, pl. ii. figs. 11 g, 13 2 (1892).

‘*« Alis anticis cretaceo-albis, eodem colore ciliatis, basi, disco et ad marginem costalem nigro-
sparsis ; macula cellulari quadrata et disco-cellulari paulo minore tertiaque interna transversa
nigris ; fascia lata, curvata pone cellulam discoidalem, a ramo subcostali secundo usque ad
ramum discoidalem secundum extensa, alteraque subterminali angusta, flexuosa, in ramo
subcostali secundo incipiente et usque ad cellulam internam se extendente, a medio vero in
maculas parvas dissoluta, nigro-atomatis; limbo terminali late subtiliterque nigricanti-
atomato, venis flavicantibus. lis posticis paulo saturatius cretaceo-albis, limbo interno lato,
extus biangulato, intensive nigro pilisque longis, canis vestito; maculis duabus ocellaribus
aurantiacis nigro-cinctis, una infra venam costalem rhomboidali, altera vero majore, rotundata,
inter ramum subcostalem secundum et medianum tertium sitis; fascia submarginali
angusta, flexuosa, antice dilutiore et ad ramum subcostalem secundum subinterrupta, hine
vero saturate nigra et angulum posticum versus maculis duabus ocellaribus nigris, obscure
cceruleo-pupillatis terminata,

*« Alis subtus dilutioribus, leevigatis; anticarum signaturis superioribus similibus, sed macula cellulari
et discocellulari paulo minoribus, reliquis vero multo obsoletioribus; posticis basi nigro-atomatis,
macula parva basali submarginali, lunulis duabus prope basin, maculis ocellaribus, limbi
interni vitta et juxta hane lunulis parvis, fasciaque tenui submarginali nigris, illis omnibus
intus tenuiter aurantiaco-cinctis et maculis ocellaribus colorem dilute roseum simulantibus.
Caput deest ; thorax et abdomen pilis longis canis vestita.

“In Tibet ad lacum Kuku-noor detectus.” (Frivaldszky, 1. ¢.)

“Ce Parnassius, comme orleans, habite aux environs de Ta-Tsien-Loti et d’Amdo. Je ue pense
pas qu il ait été retrouvé depuis le voyage au Thibet du hongrois Szecheny, jusqu’d l’été de

* Horv Soc. Ent. Ross, 1891, p. 445.

502 PAPILIONID#.

1891, époque a laquelle M. Groum-Grgimailo [Grum-Grshimailo] d’un cété, et 8S. G. Mgr.
Biet d’autre part ont pu en cbtenir des échantillons.

‘Comme l’espéce n’a point encore été figurée, je comble la lacune, et désormais la connaissance
exacte dun magnifique Parnassius est assurée.

‘“‘La femelle figurée est de Ta-Tsien-Loti. Elle est beaucoup plus chargée d’atomes noirs que la
forme d@’Amdo. Le mile est d’Amdo, J’en suis redevable 4 Vobligeance de M. Groum.

“Le Parnassius szechenyi est une espcce tout a fait & part dans le genre. Elle est trés caracté-
risée par la ligne de taches noiratres submarginales descendant en escalier du bord costal au
bord interne et extérieurement soulignées d'une ombre noire plus foncée.

‘ Les ailes inférieures offrent 4 belles taches bleu ardoise centralement pupillées trés finement de
blane, formant ensemble une sorte de bande submarginale & peu pres interrompue et finissant
en une ombre grise soulignée de noiratre au voisinage du bord costal.

‘“‘ Le dessous est trés particulier avec un ton jaunatre, transparent, d’un aspect huileux sur lequel
ressort en blanc, rose pile, finement liséré rouge et noir mat, une partie des taches ordinaires.

‘La poche cornée de la femelle a une forme analogue i celle d’orleans; mais elle est plus développée
et de couleur plus blanche.

‘“« Les pattes sont jaunatres.

“ Les antennes gris jaunatre 4 la base ont Ja massue noire.

“La femelle est peu velue ; mais le corps du mile, ainsi que la base et le bord abdominal des
ailes, sont couverts de poils jaunatres longs et soyeux.

“La frange des 4 ailes est uniformement de la couleur du fond des ailes et n’offre point le
mélange de noir et de blanchatre qu’on remarque dans orleans, poeta, et autres espéces.

“Le Parnassius przewalskti, Alphéraky, me parait étre Vespcce la plus voisin du szechenyi.”
(Oberthir, 1. ¢.) z

I received a long series of both sexes from the high plateau beyond ‘Ta-
chien-lu. ‘They are all more suffused with blackish scales than Amdo
specimens sent me by M. Grum-Grshimailo. The size and number of red
spots on upper surface is subject to variation, and in some examples are
yellow instead of the usual colour.

Parnassius orleans.

Parnassius orleans, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xiv. p. 8, pl. i. fig. 2 (1891) ; op. cit. xvi.
p. 3, pl. ii. fig. 14, 2 (1892).

Parnassius orleans-groumi, Oberthiir, 1. ¢. pl. ii. fig. 10, 2.

“Cette belle ef nouvelle espéce appartient au groupe de hardwickei, Gray, et przewalskii, Alphéraki,
les ‘* Apollons aux yeux bleus.” Le Parn. hardwickei vole dans Himalaya et le przewalskii
a ¢té découvert dans la chaine Bourkane-Bouddha, au Thibet, par une altitude d’environ
14,000 pieds, suivant les renseignements que donne M. Alphéraky, dans les ‘ Mémoires sur
les Lépidoptéres,’ par le grand duc Romanoff (y. p. 64).

“Te prince H. d’Orléans a pris le Parnassius orleans entre Litang et Ta-Tsien-Loi, dans les
premiers jours de l'été 1890, La description a paru dans une note spéciale que nous avons
imprimée et répandue dans le public entomologique, i la date du 25 septembre 1890, Nous
reproduisons cette description comme suit :—

PARNASSIUS. 005

“Taille d’epaphus; forme des ailes plus allongée; couleur du fond des ailes en dessus blanc
jaunatre ; les supérieures ayant la frange entrecoupée de noir comme chez epaphus, mais
beaucoup plus obscurcies par les atomes noiratres ; tri-ponctuces de rougedtre, comme chez
davidis ; les inférieures plus claires que chez epaphus, de Tartarie chinoise, n’ayant pas de
tache rouge basilaire, comme dans la forme tartare de cette espéce, et se rapprochant, sous
ce rapport, de la forme de Nord-Cachemir, mais bien distinctes de cette derniére et de la
précédente par une rangée lunulaire submarginale de quatre taches intranervurales noires
dont les trois premiéres sont pupillées d’atomes blanchatres produisant un effet général bleu-
itre. Les deux premicres de ces taches sont assez irrégulicres de contour; elles affectent
cependant une forme générale arrondie ; les deux derniéres sont triangulaires,

** Le bord des ailes est marqué, au contact des nervures, de trois points noirs relativement assez
allongés, et surmounté d’une bande ininterrompue de croissants intranervuraux transparents,
plus petits et mal formés prés du bord anal, mieux écrits au dela.

‘Le dessous est jaune canari clair, luisant. Le dessus est exactement reproduit aux supérieures.
Aux inférieures, la différence porte sur ce que les taches rouges du dessus sont entourées d’un
mince liséré blanc, et en outre que le nombre des dites taches rouges est augmenté: 1° de
quatre placées en escalier depuis le bord costal, contigués 4 la base et au bord anal; 2° d'une
cinquiéme grosse et allongée dans le centre de la tache noire qui est elle-méme contigué au
bord anal et située dans le prolongement de la tache rouge isolée, extracellulaire, médiane.

** Les antennes sont noires; le corps en dessus et en dessous est couvert d'une épaisse fourrure de
poils longs et jaunatres.

‘* L’exemplaire que je viens de décrire me parait étre une femelle. La poche cornée, aplatie,
comme le corps |’a été lui-méme, semble courte et peu dilatée.” (Oberthiir, Etud. xiv.)

Among some other specimens of P. orleans received by M. Oberthiir, which
were captured in 1891 in the mountains six or eight days’ march beyond
Ta-chien-lu, there were males exhibiting variation in the amount of black
suffusion and in the development of the red spots; the females were darker
than the males.

The species occurs in Thibet at various places somewhat distant from each
other. M. Grum-Grshimailo met with it in the mountains of Amdo in 1891,
and the specimens which he obtained differ from the typical form in being
smaller and much paler; Oberthiir describes this form as var. groumi, and it
appears, from examples for which I am indebted to M. Grum-Grshimailo, to
be a good local race.

I received a large number of specimens of P. orleans taken by native
collectors in the high plateau to the north of Ta-chien-lu. I do not find
that the females are generally darker than the males, but the red spots
on primaries may be well-defined or only faintly indicated; in one female
specimen they are entirely absent, and in another they are represented by
a central series of seven yellowish spots on the primaries forming a curved
interrupted band from costa to inner margin.

504 PAPILIONID.

Parnassius przewalskii, an allied species, has been described by Alphéraky
from the Bourkhane-Bouddha mountains, Thibet (Rom. sur Lép. i. p. 403,
1887).

Parnassius delphius. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 4, var. 3.)

Doritis delphius, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. 1843, p. 541, pl. vii. figs. 1a, 6; Herr.-Schiff.
Schmett. Eur. i. figs. 638, 639 (1852).

Parnassius delphius, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 24 (1884).

Parnassius delphius, var. elwesi, ‘ Entomologist,’ xxvi., Suppl. p. 104 (1893).

“« Expands 2°12 inches. Whiter than actiws. The fore wings have three black streaks in the
discoidal cell. Two more external to this reaching from the costa; below the exterior one is
a row of four black spots ; the apex is dusky. Hind wings with two very small red spots ;
a row of black spots runs parallel to the hind margin. On the underside there is a very
faint red spot at the inner margin of the hind wings (described from the figure in H.-S.).

‘“* Habitat. Siberia.” (Lang, I. ¢.)

Var. elwesi, Leech. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 4, ¢.) Male. Larger than any of the named forms
of P. delphius, but in some particulars it resembles var. transiens. It differs, however, from
that insect, as it also does from any variety of P. delphius that I have seen, in having a red
spot in the lower portion of the large black bar beyond the discoidal cell of primaries, and
a patch of black scales between the usual discoidal spots; there are only the faintest possible
traces of a black spot above the inner margin. On the secondaries the black basal area is
deeply indented on its outer edge, and the marginal border is of uniform width throughout.
Fringe white, chequered on the primaries with black at the ends of the nervules. Under
surface glassy, with all the markings of upper surface faintly reproduced.

Expanse, 80 millim.

One example from the high plateau to the north of Ta-chien-lu.

Although I have referred this insect to P. delphius, I recognize the possibility
of its proving to be a distinct species when a larger number of specimens,
including the female, are available for examination.

P. delphius is an exceedingly variable species. Its headquarters appear to
be the Central-Asian district between Samarkand and Kouldja. It occurs in
the Hindu-Kush under a form which Grum-Grshimailo has named var. hunza,
and is found at high altitudes in the N.W. Himalayas and 8.K. 'Thibet, where
it assumes the form known as var. stoliczanus, Felder. The following forms of
the species have been described by various writers and most of them are figured
by Austaut in “ Les Parnassiens de la Faune Paléarctique,’—var. naman-
ganus, Staudinger; var. infernalis, Staud.; var. il/ustris, Grum-Grshimailo ;
var. cardinal, Gr.-Gr. ; var. staudingeri, Bang Haas ; and var. transiens, Staud.

The habits and variation of the species are discussed at considerable length
by Grum-Grshimailo in Rom, sur Lép. iv.

PARNASSIUS. 50)

or

Parnassius imperator.

Parnassius imperator, Oberthir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 76; Etud. d’Ent. ix. p. 11,
pl. i. figs. 4a, b, c, (1884); xi. p. 15 (1886) ; xiv. p. 1, pl. i. fig. 1, ¢ (1891).

“Femelle: taille des plus grands individus d’apollo, des Pyrénées. Aux ailes supéricures, 4 peu prés
la méme disposition de taches que chez delphius; mais les ailes beaucoup plus opaques, d’un
blane un peu jaunitre et les taches noires trés grosses et trés fortement accentuces. Aux
ailes inférieures, deux larges taches rouge carmin cerclées de noir ordinairement pupillées de
blane, quelquefois dépourvues de cette pupille blanche et alors complétement rouges, et deux
autres taches arrondies, noires, sablées dans leur centre d'un épais semis d’atomes gris bleu-
itre. Ces deux taches qui sont plus ou moins grandes et plus ou moins bleues sont, dans
certains individus, prolongées dans une ligne ondulée noiratre assez large, remontant vers le
bord costal, par deux autres taches également bleues, de taille et d’accentuation trés variables.
J’ai fait figurer l’aile inférieure d’un exemplaire chez qui ces troisicme et quatriéme taches
bleues sont le plus accentuées.

«‘ Les antennes sont enticrement noires.

“La poche cornée de la femelle seul sexe que je connaisse encore, est formée d'une cayerne tri-
angulaire, surmountée par une touffe anale épaisse, formée de poils serrés, noirs et jaunatres,
De plus, de chaque coté de cette cayerne, une plaque cornée, couleur feuille morte, prenant
naissance au-dessus du dernier anneau abdominal, se déroule de facon 4 former, vue en dessous,
comme une espéce de paire de cornes se développant de chaque cété de la caverne centrale.
J’ai fait figurer cette poche cornée tres bizarre, vue de profil et en dessous.” ( Oberthir,
Etud. ix.)

“Le mdle differe de la femelle qui est figurée dans les Etudes d’ Entomologie (ix® livr. pl. i. figs. 4 a,
b, c) par une teinte générale plus foncée due 4 un semis plus serré des atomes noirs. Le
thorax et l’abdomen sont enti¢rement couverts de poils longs qui s’étendent vers la base et
sur le bord anal des ailes inférieures.

** Dans les femelles vierges, l’abdomen dépourvu de la poche cornée n’a pas de villosité comme dans
le male ; les anneaux abdominaux sont lisses noirs et chaque anneau est inférieurement lisé
de blanchatre.” (Obverthiir, Etud. xi.)

ré

The male of this species seems to be very much less frequently met with
than the female, as among hundreds of specimens received from my collectors
in China there were only a dozen males.

The locality in which it was most frequently met with was a small valley at
no considerable elevation in the neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu, and it was here
that larvee were found by Mr. Pratt on a species of Corydalis on May 13th.
He describes the larva as follows :—‘ Dark slate in colour, with ten orange
spots on each side, each spot with a black rim. It is covered with short
grey hairs, and when touched curls itself into a ring. Its length is 13 inch.
The pupa is brown, and is found attached by a silk web to the under surface
of stones.”

It appears probable that soon after emerging from the’ pupa the perfect

3X

r

506 PAPILIONIDA.

insects ascend to higher altitudes, whence after pairing the females descend
again to the breeding-ground to deposit their eggs. This supposition is
based on my experience of an allied species, P. charltonius, of which I
captured some numbers in Baltistan, North-west Himalayas. There both
sexes were disporting themselves about the rugged grassy slopes on the very
edge of the snow-line. Their flight was exceedingly rapid, and they were
very difficult to capture, except when at rest on therocks. In the hot gorges
some thousands of feet lower I took a few specimens, but they were all
females. ‘The ground frequented at the higher elevation would be covered
with snow during the earlier stages of the insect.

The variation of P. imperator is very similar to that of many others of the
genus. ‘The ocelli on the upper portion of the submarginal area of second-
aries vary in colour from the deepest crimson to a palish orange, and the
white centre may be either very large or entirely absent; these ocelli are
sometimes connected by a black streak. The blue subanal ocelli vary in
number from two to four, but two is the typical and more usual number. In
addition to his type of P. ¢mperator, Oberthiir has figured on the same
plate (fig. 4 ¢) an aberration with four subanal ocelli.

Occurs commonly at T'a-chien-lu, and more sparingly at Wa-shan and Wa-
ssu-kow in Western China. . I have also received specimens from the high
Thibetan plateau beyond Ta-chien-lu, and most of the males of this species
that I have came from that locality. Grum-Grshimailo (Hore Soc. Ent. Ross.
1891, p. 446) describes a form (var. musgeta) from the Amdo region.

Parnassius citrinarius. (Plate XXXIII. figs. 6 g, 5 var. 2.)

Parnassius citrinarius, Motschulsky, Bull. Mose. xxxix. p. 189 (1866).

Parnassius glacialis, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 50 (1866) ; Pryer, Rhop.
Nihon. p. 5, pl. iii. fig. 5 (1886).

“ Statura Parn. stubbendorfii, Ménétr., sed brevior. Corpore nigro, thorace ventreque dense citrino-
villosis ; alis subhyalinis, testaceo-albidis, nervis nigris, mediis nigro pulverosis; alis posticis
basi nigricantibus.” (Wotschulsky, 1. ¢.)

P. glacialis, Butler.—‘ Ale supra subhyaline, albwe, venis nigris: antice apice hyalino; cella
media fasciata fasciaque breyi terminata, fasciis cinereis: posticee margine abdominali late
nigro: corpus nigrum, thorace pra ferrugineo; abdomine cinereo pilosato, a latere ferru-
gineo; antenne nigra.

‘* Ale subtus nitentes : posticee margine abdominali cinereo ; aliter velut supra: corpus nigrum,
pilis ferrugineis sparsum,

. } ts eed A
“ Alar. exp, une, o&—313 (Butler, 1. ¢.)

216°

PARNASSIUS.—LEPTOCIRCUS. 507

There is little doubt that the above descriptions refer to the same insect,
i.e. P. citrinarius, the only species of the genus so far known to occur in
Japan. It is common at moderate elevations at Nikko, Central Japan, and
at Hakodate in the Island of Yesso, where it occurs close to the sea-level. I
have also received it from the Island of Kiushiu, Japan, and my collectors
obtained it in Western China at Pu-tsu-fong, and at Chang-yang in Central
China.

Considerable variation is exhibited. Some specimens from Hakodate have
the black discoidal bars and the submarginal band entirely eliminated; all
gradations between this form and typical specimens such as that figured
(Plate X XXIII. fig. 6, ¢) are represented. A female example trom Pu-tsu-
fong (Plate XX XIII. fig. 5) is almost entirely melanic.

Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 139) asserts most positively that this
species is nothing but a form of P. stubbendorfii, Ménétriés*. If he were to
compare good series of both species, he would discover the following points
of difference :—P. citrinarius is uniformly larger, but not so rounded in the
wing as P. stublendorfii; the ground-colour is yellower, and there is always
a distinct yellow collar: the under surface of the body is also more
strongly marked with yellow than in any specimens of stubbendorfit that
I have seen. In the female the pouch (Plate XX XIII. fig. 5) is much
shorter and far darker in colour, almost black in fact.

Some well-marked specimens of P. citrinarius have a superficial resem-
blance to faintly-marked P. felderi, Bremer.

Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 263) records this species from Corea, under
the name of P. stubbendorfii, and states that it occurs there in July. There
is also a specimen from Corea in Mr. Elwes’s collection.

Genus LEPTOCIRCUS.

Leptocircus, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins, ii. p. 106 (1833) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i.
p- 22 (1847).
‘** Heap large; forehead broad.

‘* Byes ovate, prominent.

* Ins. Lehm. p. 57, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1848).
M. Grum-Grshimailo has sent me specimens of P. stubbendorfii which he obtained in Amdo;
these examples differ from Amurland examples in being less marked with black.

3 Xe

508 PAPILIONID.

“ Mawille rather long.

“ Labial palpi very short, clothed with long loose scales; apparently triarticulate, but the arti-
culations barely discernible.

“ Antenne rather long, slightly arched; club but slightly elongate, compressed.

“* THorsx stout.

« Anterior wings triangular; the anterior and outer margins nearly equal, the inner about half
the length of the anterior. Costal and subcostal nervules united at their origin; first
subcostal nervule thrown off considerably before the middle of the cell ; the second not far
from its end; third and fourth at rather more than an equal distance beyond it, united at
their origin for about one third of their course; upper discocellular nearly equal to the
space between the two discoidal nervules, directed obliquely downwards and backwards ;
baseo-median not reaching the submedian nervyule.

“ Posterior wings folded longitudinally ; the inner margin straight, nearly double the length of
the abdomen, in the male folded back upon the wings and furnished with a tuft of delicate
hairs; anterior margin about half the length of the inner; posterior margin sinuate,
gradually produced into a long tail curving outwards at the extremity. Precostal nervule
branched, the inner directed forward, the outer anastomosing with the costal. Discoidal
cell very short and narrow. Third subcostal nervule bent, and united to the third median
nervule so as to seem to be a fourth median nervule.

“« Legs rather long, slender. Anterior tibie with a stout spur near the middle, covered with
scales. Tarsi rather longer than the tibix; the first joint equal to the three following
combined ; second and third nearly equal; fourth longer than these ; fifth longer than the
fourth. Tuarsi of the second and posterior legs nearly double the length of the tibiw ; their
first joints elongate ; second, third, and fourth progressively shorter ; fifth about equal to
the third. Claws simple or bifid.

** AppomeEN short, stout.

“This anomalous genus, place it where we will, interrupts the natural
succession of the genera in the family to which it belongs. In the situation
in which it is now placed it disturbs the very easy transition from Papilio,
through Eurycus to Parnassius; but its affinities to some of the species of
Papilio are so close, that we cannot, in a linear arrangement, interpose any
other form between it and that genus.

“The neuration of the anterior wings is very remarkable from the apparent
bifurcation of the third subcostal nervule; an appearance due to the union,
at their origin, of the third and fourth subcostal nervules. The posterior
wings offer an equally striking character, the smallness of the cell, to which
must be added the singular bend of the third subcostal nervule, which might
cause it to be mistaken for a fourth median. ‘This peculiarity and the
structure of the posterior wings in Lewcophasia and some other genera lead
me to suspect that this nervule should be considered as quite distinct from

LEPTOCIRCUS.—TEINOPALPUS. 509

the subcostal nervules, and analogous to the discoidal nervules of the anterior
wings.

* But the most striking anomaly in the genus is the totally different form
of the claws in the only two known species, which are simple in the one
species as is usual in this family, bifid in the other as is the case in the
Pieride.” (Doubleday, 1. c.)

Leptocircus curius.
Papilio curius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 9 (1787) ; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. xlvii. fig. 1
(1800).
Erycina curius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 564 (1823).
Leptocircus curius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Papil. p. 73° (1852) ;

; Distant,
Rhop. Malay. p. 366, pl. xli. fig. 1 (1886).

Primaries hyaline ; the basal third is blackish, as also is the costa, the broad outer marginal border,
and the neuration ; the basal area is limited by a white band which becomes hyaline on its
outer edge, and is followed by a blackish band decreasing in width towards inner margin.
Secondaries black with a white band extending from middle of costa to the centre of the
wing. Under surface as above, but the basal area of both wings is greyish, the pale band of
primaries is almost entirely hyaline, and that of secondaries greyish; on the anal half of
secondaries there are three greyish spots, and from the upper two of these there are indica-
tions of greyish bands traversing the wing in the direction of outer margin.

Expanse 40-45 millim.

I received a few specimens from Chang-yang in Central China, also one
example from Wa-shan, and another from Chia-kou-ho in Western China.

Distribution, Continental India, Burmah, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java,
Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, the Philippines, Central and Western China.

Genus TEINOPALPUS.

Teinopalpus, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. p. 131 (1843) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep.
i. p. 2 (1846).
Teinoprosopus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xiv. pp. 289, 331 (1864).

*« Heap large, produced anteriorly.
“* Byes oval, prominent.
** Maville rather long.
“ Labial palpi long, porrect, convergent ; basal joint short, second long, clothed with scales and

long hairs; third joint about half the length of the second, pointed, slightly bent down-
wards, clothed with appressed scales.

* Antenne short, gradually clavate, arched; the club short, slightly truneate.

510 PAPILIONIDZ.,

“ THorax stout.
“ Anterior wings triangular, slightly falcate ; the upper discocellular nervule very short; the
lower discoidal nervule curving upwards; the third subcostal nervule thrown off precisely
at the end of the cell; median and submedian nervules united by a baseo-median nervule.

“ Posterior wings dentate, caudate ; the precostal nervure two-branched, the inner nervule bent
downwards, and united to the costal nervure.

“ Legs moderately robust. Anterior tibiee with a short stout spur, covered by a tuft of hair.
Tarsi spiny, the first joint about equal in length to the others combined. Claws simple,
curved.

“ AnpomeEN of moderate length, curved in the male.

“This beautiful genus, of which one species only is yet known, may be
distinguished at a glance from the others of this family by its long porrect
palpi. There is little else in its structure to separate it from Ornithoptera
or Papilio, though some of its peculiarities indicate an approach to Thais, a
genus in which the palpi are more developed than in any other of the
Papilionide, with the exception of Leinopalpus.

“The posterior wings differ materially in the two sexes; in the male they
are dentate, one-tailed, in the female three-tailed.” (Doubleday, 1. c.)

Teinopalpus imperialis.

Teinopalpus imperialis, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. p. 131, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2 (1848) ;
Westwood, Are. Ent. ii, pl. lix. (1843) ; Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep.
pl. i. fig. 1 (1846). s

2 T. porryiea, Mope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. p. 181, pl. xi. figs. 3, 4 (1843) ; Westwood,
Arc. Ent. u. pl. lx. (1843).

** Alis viridi-pulverosissimis ; anticis fascia tenui transversa mediana nigra extus flayo-marginata
nebulisque duabus fuscis submarginalibus; posticis cauda unica terminatis macula magna
mediana flaya nigro-cincta squamulis cinereis lunulisque marginalibus flavis viridibusque ;
omnibus subtus aurantiis nigro-striatis dimidio basali viridi; posticis apicibus nigris griseo
viridique variis.

“Long. corp. lin. 15; expans. alar, une. 3 lin. 10.

‘« Habitat in India Orientali, Silhet.” (Slope, 1. ¢.)

I received two male specimens of this species from Chang-yang, Central
China. One of these was captured by Mr. Pratt whilst it was resting on a.
moss-covered stone in the bed of a small stream where it was allowing the
spray from a tiny cascade to fall upon its wings.

[ believe that 7. imperialis has hitherto only been met with in Sikkim, and
Mr. Elwes gives the following interesting account of its habits in that

district :—

TEINOPALPUS. 511

“This splendid insect is peculiar to Sikkim, and is found only in the forest
region from about 6000 to 10,000 feet elevation. Unless its habits are
known, it is most difficult to capture, on account of its remarkably strong,
rapid, and darting flight, and its habits of resting on high trees, from which
it flies only during a few hours of the morning, during the rare intervals of
sunshine which prevail in these cloudy, damp, and rainy forests. The female,
which seldom or never flies in the same places as the male, is so extremely
rare that, though for many years high rewards have been offered for it to the
natives who make a business of catching insects, only six or seven in all are
known to have been taken, and these mostly by chance in places outside the
forest.

“Tn order to take the male, one must go early in the morning in the
months of June, July, or August, to one of the few spots in the neighbour-
hood of Darjeeling where a little cleared space is found on the summit of a
mountain top. Birch Hill, Sinchul, and Tonglo are all suitable places ; but
the top of Sinchul, called Tiger Hill, which is over 8000 feet elevation, is the
best, as it is surrounded by a large tract of virgin forest. If the morning is
bright and sunny, about 8 o’clock one may expect to see Teinopalpus flying
round the tops of the trees, and occasionally settling, but usually out of reach.
The natives lay baits of some evil-smelling nature to attract the insect, as is
done in Europe to attract Apatura iris, and with patience and the skilful use
of a long-handled net sometimes succeed in taking two or three in a morning
in this manner. ‘The insects are so strong and active in the net, however,
that they are difficult to get in a perfect state, and always command a high
price, even at Darjeeling. ‘The flight is usually over by 11 A.M., even if the
morning continues fine, which is very rarely the case during the rainy season.
I have seen and taken Teinopalpus as high as 10,500 feet on the top of
Tonglo, and also at Tendong and Rikisum, and I believe it occurs as far east-
ward as Buxa. The pupa has been found by Mr. Knyvett attached to the
leaves of Daphne nipalensis, a plant which is used for making a fine strong
paper in Nepal, and a female has been bred by him from one of these pupe.
This plant is probably the food-plant of the larva, and grows at 7—9000 feet
in the virgin forests where the insect occurs.” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 421.)

512 PAPILIONIDA.

Genus ORNITHOPTERA.

Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1832); Doubleday, Gen.
Diurn. Lep. i. p. 3 (1846).
“ Heap large.
“« Eyes large, round,
“ Mawille of moderate length.

“« Labial palpi closely pressed to the forehead, short, obscurely triarticulate, covered with long
hairs, the basal and apical joints very small, especially the former, which is barely
discernible.

* Antenne very long, gradually clavate ; the club arched, slightly tapering towards the apex.

w

‘Tuorax very stout, the prothorax very distinctly developed.

“ Anterior wings powerful, elongate, triangular; upper discocellular nervule about equal in
length to the space between the two discoidal nervules; third median nervule mostly
thrown off exactly opposite the end of the cell; median and submedian nervures connected
by a baseo-median nervule.

‘* Posterior wings small in proportion to the anterior, subtriangular ; the costa slightly rounded ;
the outer margin rounded, dentate; precostal nervure two-branched, the inner branch bent
downwards and united to the costal nervure.

“ Legs strong, elongate. Anterior tibia with a very stcut spur. Tarsi with the first joint
about equal in length to the rest combined; fourth joint shortest ; second, third, and
fifth nearly equal. Claws simple, strong. ‘

** AnpomEN elongate, stout, the last segment always furnished in the males with two very large
valves.

“ Tarva tuberculate ; the tentacula contained in a fixed bifid sheath.

“ Pupa stout, slightly arched, tuberculate ; head bifid.

“The species composing this genus are so closely allied to Papilio, that
the propriety of separating them seems almost questionable. In the larva
state they differ in having an external forked sheath for the prothoracic
tentacula. The perfect insects have the prothorax more developed; the
abdomen larger, longer, and very deeply grooved below, and the valves of the
last segment far larger than in any species of Papilio.

“The larvee, of which the discovery is due to Dr. Horsfield, resemble those
of Thais and of some Papiliones in being tuberculated. The pupa has the
peculiarity of not being surrounded by a transverse band, but sustained by a
silken thread on each side, attached to a small lateral tubercle.” (Double-

day, l. ¢.)

ORNITHOPTERA.—PAPILIO. 513

Ornithoptera rhadamanthus.
Ornithoptera rhadamanthus, Boisduval, Sp. Gén, i. p. 180 (1836).
Papilio rhadamanthus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 519 (1871).
Papilio minos, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 14 (1886).

“Taille d’heliacon, avec les ailes supérieures moins sinuées et l’angle anal des inférieures beaucoup
moins arrondi et plus pointu. Ailes supérieures du male & peu prés comme dans heliacon.
Ailes inférieures presque triangulaires, d’un jaune d’or, avec les nervures noires et une
bordure 4 dents de loup de la méme couleur ; celle-ci précédée, prés de angle anal, d’atomes
noiratres. Sinus et échancrures enti¢rement noirs. Dessous des quatre ailes 4 peu prés
semblable au dessus ; Jes inférieures sans atomes noiratres. Téte et thorax noirs; un collier
rouge sur le prothorax, prés de la téte ; abdomen noir en dessus et jaune en dessous ; poitrine
largement marquée de rouge 4 la base de chaque aile, Femelle un peu plus grande, d ailes
inférieures plus larges, avec les échancrures liserées de blanc, et la bordure précédée d’un
rang de taches ovales, 4 peu prés comme dans la femelle d’heliacon, tantét plus petites et
tantot plus grandes. Les ailes supérieures rayonnées de blanchatre comme dans le mile.

Var, A. Femelle ayant la bordure entiérement confluente avec les taches, de maniére que les
ailes inférieures sont noires, avec une grande tache jaune palmée, comme dans helena.

**Cochinchine et Manille. Coll. Boisd.

* Cette espcce se distingue d’heliacon, par Vabsence des échancrures blanches chez le male, par
l’étroitesse de celles de la femelle, par la grandeur des taches rouges pectorales, et surtout par
la forme presque triangulaire des ailes inférieures du male.” (Boisduval, 1. ¢.)

Occurs commonly at Chang-yang and Ichang, Central China, and also at
moderate elevations in Western China. Oberthur records it from Ta-chien-lu
as P.minos. The Chinese specimens vary in size and also in the shade of the
golden yellow of secondaries; the majority, however, agree in most respects
with Sikkim examples of the species.

Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 422) states that in Sikkim
O. rhadamanthus is “common in the hot valleys at elevations varying from
2000 to 3000 feet, where it flies with a slow sailing flight about the flowering
trees, which it frequents from May to October.”

Distribution. India, China, and the Philippines.

Genus PAPILIO.
Papilio, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. p. 5 (1846).
* Heap large. .
** Hyes rounded, prominent.
* Maxille often of considerable length.
“« Labial palpi short, pressed closely to the fore part of the head, triarticulate ; the last joint
short, indistinct, all clothed with scales and long hairs.
* Antenne generally rather long, with an elongate arched club.

wo
re

514 PAPILIONIDA.

“ THorax rather stout; prothorax not strikingly developed.

‘** Anterior wings subtriangular, sometimes falcate, elongate, or rounded ; the upper discocellular
nervule about equal to the space between the two discoidal nervules; third subcostal
nervule thrown off immediately opposite the end of the cell; median and submedian
neryures united by a baseo-median.

“ Posterior wings subtriangular or rounded, sometimes gradually prolonged into a tail, more
often with the outer margin rounded, more or less deeply dentate, with one or more of the
teeth prolonged into a tail, sometimes of great length ; the precostal nervure two-branched,
the inner branch bent downwards and united to the costal.

‘« Legs generally long, powerful. Anterior tibiz with a spine of various length, but always very
distinct. ‘l'arsi with the first joint generally equal in length to the rest combined ; fourth
joint shortest. Claws all simple.

«‘ AnpoMEN moderately large, not much elongated.

‘Larva rather short, stout: the tentacula without any external sheath.

‘“« Pupa supported by a filament passed entirely round it.” (Doubleday, 1. ¢.)

Papilio xuthus.

Papilio «uthus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 751 (1767) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 20 (1884) ;
Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 2, pl. i. fig. 2 5 (1886).

Papilio xuthulus, Bremer, Bull. Acad, Petr. ii. p. 463 (1861) ; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 4, pl. i.
fig. 2 (1864); Lang, l.c. p. 21 (1884) ; Pryer, l.c. fig. 2 a.

Primaries black ; the discoidal cell has interrupted pale yellow longitudinal streaks from base to
middle and two curved spots of the same colour beyond; there is a central series of yellow
dashes, these dashes increasing in length from the fourth towards costa and inner margin
respectively ; the first dash is preceded by a spot of the same colour and encloses, as also
does the second, a black spot; an angular pale yellow streak from base of the wing traverses
the submedian interspace as far as the seventh central dash, with which it unites, and a
straighter streak of the same colour along inner margin, interrupted towards base and
terminating under the seventh dash; a submarginal series of eight pale yellow spots is
preceded by a greyish interrupted band, and there is a cloud of the same colour between the
first dash of central series and the costa. Secondaries have the pale yellow basal half broken
up into spots by the broad black venation ; the outer half is black, with a submarginal series
of pale yellow crescents, a central series of bluish spots, and an orange spot at anal angle.
Fringes pale yellow, interrupted with black at ends of nervules. Under surface of primaries
black ; discoidal cell outlined in yellow; markings as above, but the greyish band and cloud
are replaced by yellow and the submarginal spots are very large and only separated from
each other by the nervules: secondaries yellow; venation black, traversed by a black band
which varies in width and is intersected by a series of bluish crescents ; outer half of the tails
black, and a broad black marginal line follows the contour of these wings,

Var. xuthulus, “ Ale flave, nervis late nigro-limbatis ; postice dentate et caudate.
‘ Alm antic supra prope basin nigro-striate ; maculis discoidalibus tribus margineque posteriore,
Janulas marginales flavas sex includente, nigris, Ala postice: fascia marginali nigra, coruleo-

PAPILIO. 515

atomosa, lunulis marginalibus flavis sex maculaque anguli ani fulva nigro-pupillata vel
unicolore.

* Ale antice subtus fascia marginali nigra strigis transversis flavis duabus interrupta. Alex
posticee fascia dentata submarginali nigra cceruleo-atomosa, lunulis marginalibus cellularum
2-2 et 3-e flavis, ceteris magnis, subquadratis, aurantiacis, nigro-marginatis, macula rotunda
anguli ani eodem colore, unicolore vel vix nigro-pupillata. 63-67 m.” (Bremer, l. c.)

Graeser * states that the larva feeds on Phellodendron amurense, and that it
is greenish black with irregular milk-white spots and bands. When sitting
on the upperside of a leaf the larva resembles the excrement of birds. In
the summer of 1882 he took a number of larve of var. vuthulus, two of
which attained the imago state at the end of September and were of the size
of ruthulus with the typical vuthus markings. Pryer gives digle sepiaria
and Xanthoxylon schinnifolium as food-plants of the larva of P. xuthus.

-This is an exceedingly variable species, and ranges in expanse from
74-126 millim. in the male up to 130 millim. in the female. Some spe-
cimens are much suffused with black; in others the submarginal black band
of secondaries is very wide, its inner edge extending to the discoidal cell as in
P. machaon, var. asiatica. ‘The ground-colour varies in tint from pale straw
to deep yellow ; in some examples taken by myself at Nagasaki in July the
ground-colour is buff. Many specimens have hardly any trace of blue spots
on the submarginal band of secondaries, and in such individuals the orange
lunule at anal angle is absent.

The early spring form, var. cuthulus, is always paler in colour than the
type, and has narrower black markings. It is usually considerably smaller, but
some Chinese examples of this form expand as much as 112 millim. The
submarginal yellow lunules of secondaries are not unfrequently suffused with
orange, and there is often an orange spot in the first median interspace of
these wings.

Intergrades between the typical form and var. xuthulus occur, and it is
sometimes difficult to decide which form certain specimens represent.

A common species throughout the region dealt with in the present work.

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 94) records a female specimen, taken in
July, from Hei-ho in the province of Kan-sou, and one male and two females
taken in August at Loun-ngan-fot in the province of Sétchouen; these last,
he remarks, do not differ from Amurland and Corean examples, but are not

* Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 62.

516 PAPILIONIDA.

so large as certain individuals from Kiukiang, Central China, which I sent
to him,

Oberthiir (Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 11) mentions both forms from the Isle of
Askold, and states that the specimens of «uthulus from that island are similar
to those obtained by M. l’Abbé David in China.

Distribution. Amurland, Japan, Corea, China.

Papilio machaon. (Plate XXXV. fig. 2, var.)
Papilio machaon, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 750 (1767); Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 7, pl. i.
fig. 4 (1884); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 3, pl. i. figs. 1 a, 1 b (1886).
Papilio sphyrus, Hubner, Ex. Schmett. figs. 775, 776 (1818-27).
Papilio machaon, var. asiatica, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lép i. p. 70 (1855).
Papilio hippocrates, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. pp. 314, 362 (1864).
Papilio mikado, Pagenst. Verh. Heidelb. (2) i. p. 98 (1875).
Papilio ladakensis, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1884, p. 46.
Papilio sikkimensis, Moore, |. c. p. 47.

* Expands 2°50 to 3-43 in. Wings yellow. Fore wings black at the base, dusted with yellow,
the hind margin with a broad black band, powdered with yellow, with marginal yellow
lunules; nervures of wing black and distinct. Hind wings with the hind margin black,
powdered with blue, and a marginal row of yellow lunules ; this, black margin has a well-
defined edge internally. The eye at the anal angle is round or ovoid and well defined, being
blue and dull red from above downwards. ‘The tail straight and well formed. The ee) is
yellow, with a black dorsal band. Antennee black, with the clubs curved.

‘‘Larva bright green, with deep black rings which are spotted with red; V-shaped process
reddish. Feeds on fennel (Anethwin feniculum) and wild carrot (Daucus carota), and other
Umbelliferee, Appears from June to September.

“ Pupa bright green shaded with buff, or buff shaded with brown.” (Lang, l.c.)

A detailed life-history of this species, with figures of the larva in various
stages and of the pupa, will be found in Buckler’s ‘ Larve of British Butter-

flies.’

Var. asiatica, Ménétriés. “Cette varieté différe du machaon d’Europe en ce qu’en dessus les
secondes ailes ont la bande noire postérieure trés large et bien limitée ; celle-ci part du bord
antérieur et se dirige en ligne droite, atteignant presque la cellule discoidale, jusqu’d la lunule
anale,

“ De VHimalaya et du Kamtchatka.

“ N.B. Les individus de l’Himalaya présentent de plus, la bande noire du bord postérieur des
premicres ailes beaucoup plus large.” (Ménétriés, 1. ¢.)

Var. hippocrates, Felder. “Duas feminas e Japonia accepimus. Differt 2 machaone statura
multo majore, fascia superna multo angustiore, pallidiore, alis angustioribus, anticis apice,

PAPILIO. 517

posticis costa brevioribus, in regione anali multo magis porrectis, longius caudatis, maculis
submarginalibus minus distinctis, macula anali a lunula atomaria cerulea optime separata,
obscurius colorata, fascia maculari nigra pagine inferioris alarum posticarum multo latiore,
distinctiore, lunalis atomariis ceruleis apud eas multo latioribus, in medium fere macularum
nigrarum positis, extus multo minus ab atomis sulphureis limitatis, fascia submarginali
paginee inferioris increscente. Petiolus rami subcostalis quarti et quinti alarum anticarum
longior quam in machaone et cellula discoidalis omnium alarum longior.” (J¢lder, 1. ¢.)

In Japan the specimens of P. machaon that appear on the wing earliest in
the year are all of the typical form, but the succeeding broods produce the
variety /ippocrates referred to above. ‘This form is distinguished by its
greater size and longer tails. ‘The male is of a deep yellow ground-colour,
and the female is suffused with black, sometimes to a great extent; the
darkest examples of this form are found in Kiushiu, the southern island of
Japan.

The principal feature of var. asiatica, Ménétriés, seems to be the broad
black band of secondaries which extends inwards as far as the discoidal cell,
and the same character distinguishes var. sphyrus, Hiibner, of which I have
several European examples in my collection. A modification of this form
also occurs in England.

Chinese specimens of P. machaon do not exhibit such extreme divergence
from the type as those from Japan. At a great elevation, however, in the
mountainous districts of West China a short-tailed form (Plate XXXV.
fig. 2 ¢ ) is found which closely approaches ladakensis, Moore *, from Ladak,
but on the upper surface the black is deeper in tone; on the under surface
the yellow colour is richer, the venation more intensely black, and there is a
general absence of red spots on the submarginal area of secondaries. In
both the Western Chinese form and in P. ladakensis the length of the tail is

* “ Vale. Distinguished from the N.W. Himalayan P. asiaticus by the absence of the elongated
tail on the hind wing, which in this form is reduced to a short point but little more acute than
the anal angle. The fore wing is comparatively narrower, and the hind wing is less convex and
with less acutely sinuous exterior margin. On the upperside the yellow is also of a paler tint:
fore wing numerously covered with yellow scales between all the markings, the cell-bands are
shorter transversely and broader, and the inner cell-band is regularly quadrate ; the discal bands
also comparatively narrower and with more slender intervening black veins; the marginal row of
spots is broader, and the intervening transverse discal area is narrower: hind wing with the outer
border of the yellow basal area excavated between the veins, the marginal spots shorter and some-
what broader, the anal lobe-spot also smaller and broader.

«« Expanse 33 inches.

“ Hab, Tarhsam, Ladak. In coll. Indian Museum, Calcutta.” (Moore, l. c.)

518 PAPILIONIDZ.

an exceedingly variable character, although this appendage is in all cases
shorter than in typical P. machaon. There are also some very interesting
aberrations of this species from China. In one example the black markings
on the left pair of wings are bleached in appearance whilst the right pair are
quite normal. Another specimen has the abdomen entirely yellowish white,
as is the case in P. podalirius, var. zancleus, Zeller. In another specimen
the black band on upper surface of abdomen is very narrow.

Ladakensis, to which reference has previously been made, is only observed
in the N.W. Himalayas after the snowy ranges, which afford an impassable
barrier to the monsoon, are passed. I first met with it on descending the
Zoji-la Pass towards Dras. It was very abundant at intervals along the beds
of streams, and seemed to be fond of congregating on wet patches of sand.
Mr. de Nicéville, who accompanied me, netted over twenty specimens in one
sweep, and these exhibited all kinds of modification in the length of the tail.

The form occurring in Kashmir and the outer ranges of the N.W. Hima-
layas agrees very well with some European specimens of P. machaon.
Mr. Moore (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1884, p. 32) describes a form of this
species (sikkimensis) from Sikkim ; and Mr. Elwes, referring to this form in
his paper on the Lepidoptera of Sikkim (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888,
p. 457) states that it is “darker and more heavily marked than in Europe,
smaller and more uniform in colour than in Japan;” and adds that it
occurs at a great elevation, ‘probably from 8 or 10 to 12,000 feet and
upwards.”

Dr. Staudinger describes a form of P. machaon, from the neighbourhood
of Margelan and also from Samarkand, as var. centralis (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1886,
p. 195). He says :—‘ It is a form of the second brood which flies in those
localities during June and July*; the first brood, composed entirely of
typical specimens, flies in April and May.” ‘This variety is distinguished
by a preponderance of the yellow ground-colour and more restricted character
of the black markings; the black basal portion of primaries and the basal
aud inner marginal areas of secondaries are suffused with yellow; the
abdomen of the male is almost entirely devoid of black markings.. Some
aberrant examples of P?. machaon from China seem to be referable to var.

* M. Grum-Grshimailo (Rom. sur Lép, iv. p. 141) seems to be doubtful whether the specimens
of var, centrals referred to above were taken at the time of year or in the place mentioned by
Dr. Staudinger.

PAPILIO. 519

centralis. In the course of his remarks on this variety Dr. Staudinger *
makes the astonishing statement that macilentus, Janson, is a form of
P. machaon.

This species attains its maximum of size in the var. hippocrates, some
examples of which measure over 120 millim. in expanse. Dwarf specimens
are not of infrequent occurrence, and I have such examples from Kashmir
and China.

Distribution. Allthe temperate parts of the Old World. In California it is
represented by P. zolicaon, Boisduval.

Papilio podalirius.

Papilio podalirius, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 751 (1767); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i.
figs. 388, 389 (1798-1803) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 1 (1884).

‘Iphiclides podalirius, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 82 (1816); Scudder, Butt. New
Engl. i. p. 1252 (1889).

Papilio podalirinus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xii. p. 97, pl. ix. fig. 99 (1890).

** Differe de podalirius par extension plus grande de toutes les bandes ou flammes noires aux ailes
supérieures en dessus. De plus le trait fauve qui, 4 la face inférieure des secondes ailes de
podalirius, descend du bord costal, 4 coté Wun trait blanchatre, entre deux lignes noires et
s’arréte 4 Vextrémité de la cellule, est remplacé dans podalirinus par une épaisse ligne
carminé, et cette ligne carminée est reproduite en dessus au milieu d’une bande noire trés
élargie. Le croissant fauve qui surmonte dans podalirius la tache anale noire pupillée de
bleuatre, est remplacé dans podalirinus par un croissant plus accentué et également carminé,

** Podalirinus est sans doute la forme thibetaine de podalirius.” (Oberthiir, l. ¢.)

The Chinese form of P. podalirius, described by Oberthiir as above, differs
from the type in having all the transverse black streaks or bands on primaries
wider and more continuous and the central area of these wings suffused
with dusky; on the secondaries there is a bright reddish band between the
central black streaks, and the lunule above the anal spot is of the same
colour.

Appears to be very rare and local. M. Oberthiir’s type was from T'se-kou,
and I have one example which was taken at a considerable elevation in the
neighbourhood of Ta-chien-lu.

* “Tie in letzteren beiden Gebieten vorkommenden Machaon-Formen sind zum Theil unter
eigenem Namen beschrieben und als verschiedene Arten angesehen worden. So Macilentus Jans.
aus Japan, Oregonius aus Nordamerika etc.; doch sind diese fast weniger von typischen euro-
piiischen Machaon yerschieden als die vorliegende var. Centralis, die ich besonders aus der
Umgegend von Margelan, aber auch aus der yon Samarkand erhielt.” (Staudinger, 1. c.)

520, PAPILIONIDA.

The early stages of P. podalirius are described by Lang as follows :—

Larva, “ Yellowish green, covered with red dots, with yeliowish lines on the back and sides and
with oblique streaks. In shape it is thick in the middle and tapering towards the extremities.
Feeds on almond, sloe, plum, apple, pear, and oak in June and September.”

Pupa. ‘ Light straw-colour, the wing-cases being browner.”

Distribution. North-Central and South-Central Europe, France, North Italy
to Spain, South Russia, North Africa, Western Asia and the Altai (Lang),
Western China.

Papilio mandarinus.
Papilio glycerion, var. mandarinus, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. iv. p. 115 (1879).
Papilo paphus, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. ly. p. 254, pl. xi. fig. 6, ¢
(1886).

‘“* Wale. Intermediate between P. glycerion, Gray, and P. tamerlanus, Oberthiir. Differs from the
former in being larger, the fore wing less profusely marked with black on the outer margin,
both above and below, the hind wing having the disc crossed by a narrow black line, which
is Joined posteriorly to a continuous subbasal line, the wing-membrane between the discoidal
nervule and the anal angle much broader. On the underside of the hind wing there is in
P. paphus a series of six elongated streaks of the ground-colour divided by the nervules,
from the costal nervure to the first median nervule outside the cell,.these streaks being much
shorter in P. glycerion, the ones in the costal, subcostal, and second median interspaces of
that species being divided in the middle by a black bar into two spots, the anterior one in
each instance being yellow, in P. paphus they are undivided and concolorous with the ground
throughout. It differs from P. tamerlanus on the upperside (no figure is given of the under-
side of that species nor any detailed description) in having the two black bands at the end of
the cell of the fore wing parallel and conjoined in the middle as in P. glycerion, the black
bands of the hind wing much less prominent. It is also a smaller insect, but agrees with it
in the rounded apex of the fore wing, and the width of the wing-membrane at the anal angle
of the hind wing,

‘‘Expanse ¢ 3 inches.” (de Micéville, l. c.)

Female. Usually larger and more transparent than the male, and the black markings are fainter.
This sex is much rarer than the male, and has not been previously referred to.

Under the impression that this species was the Chinese form of the Indian
P. glycerion, Mr. Oberthiir described it as var. mandarinus. Glycerion does
not, however, seem to occur in China, but is replaced in that country by a
closely allied species which I have described as P. eurous.

Mandarinus is an exceedingly common insect in Western China. It is
also found in Sikkim, and the specimens from thence (paphus) do not differ
in any important particular from the Chinese examples.

PAPILIO. 521

Papilio eurous, sp. nov. (Plate XXXII. fig. 3 4.)

Allied to P. tamerlanus, Oberthiir, and P. glycerion, Gray, but the apex of primaries is more acute
than in either of those species. It is very similar to tamerlanus on the upper surface, but the
black transverse bands haye irregular edges; on the secondaries the black border of
abdominal margin is more diffuse and less clearly defined, and the inner transverse black band
is generally interrupted where it crosses the median nervure. On the under. surface of
secondaries it agrees better with glycerion, but the chain-like character of the central band is
rarely continued below the median nervule. The tails are more slender than those of tamer-
lanus, and more broadly tipped with white than those of glycerion,

Expanse 80-84 millim.

The female is at present unknown.

I received about a dozen male specimens from Chang-yang, Central China,
and one example from Moupin.

Papilio tamerlanus.
Papilio tamerlanus, Oberthiir, Etud, d’Eatom, ii. p. 13, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1876).

“Cette belle espéce a été découverte 4 Moupin, par M. l’abbé A. David. Elle est trés-voisine du
Papilio glycerion, Gray, dont elle a l’aspect général, mais elle en est distincte, ainsi qu’on peut
en juger par la description comparative suivante :—

* Le P. tamerlanus est plus grand ; ses ailes supérieures sont plus arrondies au sommet. De plus,
les bandes transverses noires, 4 l'aile supérieure, sont plus droites dans tamerlanus, surtout
deux, l'une qui traverse la nervure qui clot. la cellule discordale, et autre qui se trouve
immédiatement 4 cété de celle-ci, dans l'intérieur de cette cellule. Dans glycerton, ces deux
bandes noires sont paralléles, rapprochées et réunies au milieu par un point de contact; dans
tamerlanus, au contraire elles sont plus largement séparées l'une de l’autre, et surtout plus
écartées & la base, formant ainsi un V renversé.

“ A Vaile inférieure, la différence caractéristique est le V formé par les deux bandes noires droites,
dont lune descend le long du bord abdominal (dont elle est séparée par une bande blanche et
une bordure noire) jusqu’a la rencontre de la tache jaune bilobée qui surmonte le petit cil
noir pupillé de bleu de langle anal, tandis que Vautre part du bord antérieur, traverse aux
deux tiers de sa largeur la cellule discoidale et va rencontre la premicre au-dessus de la tache
jaune précitée. Ce V manque dans glycerion; certains exemplaires poss¢dent bien la bande
qui longe le bord abdominal ; encore cette bande est-elle moins droite et plus sinuée ; mais la
deuxiéme bande n’existe pas, et dans quelques individus seulement, on remarque quelques
vestiges d’une bande ondulée qui transparait du dessous, ot existe, dans glycerion, une bande
trés-sinueuse, souvent double, et contenant alors des taches jaunes ovales, tandis que dans
tamerlanus se trouve 4 la méme place une bande toujours simple et trés-droite. Les autres
bandes de Vaile inférieure, placées prés du bord extérieur, sont formées de croissants dans
glycerion et sont au contraire droites dans tamerlanus. Enfin la queue est plus large dans
tamerlanus ; le liséré blanc intérieur, non interrompu dans glz,cerion, est, au contraire, inter-
rompu au milieu, dans t«merlanus, dont la queue est ainsi exticiement noire et sans bordure
blanche dans les deux tiers environ de sa longueur,

3%

522 PAPILIONIDZA.

“En dessous, les difftrences signalées en dessus sont reproduites, puisque le dessous reproduit les
dessins du dessus.

“ Je posscde deux exemplaires absolument pareils du P. tamerlanus.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.
Pp Pp )

The female, which has not been previously described, only differs from the
male in the rather yellower tint of the ground-colour, and in the black markings
being paler; this sex is exceedingly rare, as among a large number of
specimens there was only one female. Tamerlanus can at once be separated
from its allies by the straight central line of secondaries, which has no tendency
to form loops on the under surface; the space between the two submarginal
lines on primaries is frequently suffused with black, and in some specimens
is entirely filled up with this colour.

Fairly common at Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow, and Chow-pin-sa in Western
China.

Papilio alebion.
Papilio alebion, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit, Mus. p. 30, pl. xii. fig. 6 (1852).
Papilio mariesi, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 33, pl. iv. fig. 4 (1881).

“The primary wings yellowish white, with six bands across the wing black ; the first and second
bands extend to the inner margin, the third to the fifth are short and reach only to the
median nervure; the outer margin very broadly bordered with blac¢k, which is divided in its
whole length by two bands of yellowish white, and at the inner anterior angle by a short
narrow band of the same colour. ‘The secondary wings are yellowish white, haying the first
and second bands of the primary wings continued to the anal angle, where they unite; the
outer margin is bordered with black, having two short lines of yellowish white at the anterior
angle, but towards the posterior part of the inner margin it is ornamented with yellowish-
white and grey lunules; the anal angle has a large patch of bright yellow with a black lunule,
having a grey lunule in the middle.

‘‘ The under surface of all the wings is very similar in colour and markings, but the outer margin
is less black ; the commencement of the middle band of the secondary wings has a bright
yellow spot, margined internally with white and outwardly with black ; and below this spot
is a short white line on the outward side of the band; the patch at the anal angle is partly
white and partly yellow.

“This species is allied to P. glycerion, but the wings are of a more slender form.

“In Collection (Brit. Mus.) from Northern China.” (Gray, l. c.)

Var. Mariesi, Butler. “ Allied to P. alebion, from which it differs in the absence of the submar-
ginal black band on the primaries, the narrower discal belt of secondaries, which is greyish
externally, and becomes obsolete towards the costa, the slightly larger white spots above the
blue-centred marginal black spots of the secondaries, and the slightly larger and deeper-
coloured orange subanal patch; on the under surface the primaries differ as above, the outer
discal line of the secondaries is obsolete, and the marginal black stripe encloses a much
smaller s pot of the ground-colour at apex. Ixpanse of wings 2 inches 10 lines,

Or
bo
eo

PAPILIO.

“Tu Shan mountains, province of Kiukiang, China.
“One sp.” (Butler, l. c.)

Gray’s figure of P. aledion is too highly coloured. The differences claimed
for mariesi are of a very unimportant character; there are indications of the
submarginal black band in the type of this form, which was taken at the same
time and place as a series labelled alebion from Kiukiang in the National
Collection.

The submarginal area is in some specimens of P. alebion suffused with
blackish.

Mr. Pratt failed to meet with this species at Kiukiang, and I have not
received it from any of the other places in China visited by my collectors.

This and the three preceding species are referable to the genus Pazala,

Moore *, the type of which is P. glycerion, Gray.

Papilio cloanthus. (Plate XXXII. fig. 2 var.)
Papilio cloanthus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. p. 42, pl. xi. fig. 2 (1845).

“P, alis elongatis, anticis apice acutis, posticis caudatis; nigris, fascia media communi subnuda
argenteo-virescenti, versus apicem anticarum in maculis 4 divisa, posticis mauclis submar-
ginalibus concoloribus.

“Expans. alar. une. 33. Habitat in partibus septentrionalibus Indie orientalis.

“The wings above are almost black, the centre marked with a very broad fascia, common to each,
of a whitish-green tint, but almost transparent. ‘The extremity of this bar is broken in the
apical half of the fore wings into four patches of unequal size, the first divided transversely,
and the second longitudinally by the veins. The hind wings are moreover ornamented with
four unequal-sized patches of similar colour, and the incisions between the tail and anal angle
are edged with white.

‘The underside is paler brown, with similar silvery-green semitransparent spots. In addition to
which the base of all the wings is also slightly green, and the fore wings haye a pale line
near to the outer margin; near the base of the hind wings are also three small and slender
red Iunules edged with black. At the extremity of the discoidal cell are also several black
spots edged with dull pinkish red, a similar spot is at the anal angle, and another at the side
of the first green patch. The body beneath is pale greyish green. The abdomen whitish
with a black bar on each side.” (Westwood, /. c.)

As the Chinese specimens do not quite correspond with Indian examples
of P. cloanthus I describe them as a local race of that species under the name

Var. clymenus, var. nov. (Plate XXXII. fig. 2.) Larger than the type, expanding over 100
millim. in both sexes. The green markings are more restricted and distinctly interrupted by
the neuration ; the median nervure is black instead of whitish as in the type.

* New Ind. Lep. Ins. p. 283 (1&88).
322

O24 PAPILIONIDA.

I have received a considerable number of specimens of this form from
Chang-yang in Central China, and from various localities in Western China.
No variation of any importance is exhibited.

In his “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 434) Mr. Elwes remarks :—‘ Moller gives the habitat of this species
(P. cloanthus) as from 2-4000 feet, and its occurrence as from April till
October, but I should consider it as rather a temperate than a tropical butterfly
having only seen it at about 6000 feet. Capt. Lang says in the N.W. Hima-
layas it occurs from 5-7000 feet, and Doherty found it in Kumaon from
2-7000 feet. I saw it in Khasia at 6000 feet, flymg on sunny days round
the tops of trees with very rapid flight, and hard to catch.”

Distribution. Himalayas; Western and Central China.

Papilio sarpedon.

Papilio sarpedon, Linneus, Syst. Nat.i.2, p. 747 (1767) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 359,
pl. xxxii. fig. 6 (1885) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 9 (1886).

Papilio teredon, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 305 (1864) ; Reise Nov.
Lep. i. p. 61 (1865).

Dalchina teredon, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 148, pl. xl. figs. 1 a, 6.(1881).

“ Male and female, Wings above blackish; both wings crossed by a pale green discal fascia, which
on the anterior wings is narrowed, broken, and macular above the median nervules, and on
the posterior wings is narrowed and elongately angulated beneath the median nervure ;
posterior wings with a submarginal series of lunulate green spots and three narrow pale
greyish fringe-like spots at anal angle. Wings beneath paler than above ; posterior wings
having the base ef the green fascia inwardly margined with a black and red spot; a black
spot outwardly margined with red occupying apex of cell, between which and the submarginal
green spots there is an irregular series of blackish spots which from cell to anal angle are
more or less marked with carmine-red, Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ;
legs more or less greyish.

“Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 72 to 85 millim.” (Distant, 1. ¢.)

Var. teredon. ‘ Male and female. Black : fore wing with a medial row of emerald-green spots
from the apex to the posterior margin, which are broader and quadrate but not separated
hindward, the two lower spots also being of a bluish tint ; hind wing with a medial transverse
bluish-green band, the broad costal end of which is whitish, and a submarginal row of four
slender lunules, Underside cupreous brown, with glossy bands as above: hind wing with a
crimson-bordered black spot at the costal inner end of the band, and four similar lunular
spots from the cell to below end of the band, and another spot at anal angle,

“Expanse, d 3, 9 34 inches,

“ Larva smooth, green, witha paler lower lateral line, and a yellow dorsal band ending in a lateral
tubercular spot on fourth segment ; a pair of short tubercles on front and anal segments,

PAPILIO. 525

Pupa green, with lateral and dorsal longitudinal yellowish streaks. Feeds on Cinnamomeum.”
(Moore, 1. c.)

Common throughout Central and Southern Japan, and Pratt and Krichel-
dorff obtained it in most of the places in which they collected in China. It
has an exceedingly rapid flight, but is fond of settling on flowering shrubs,
and on wet places on roads, when its capture may be effected. ‘There are
several broods in the year, and the butterfly is on the wing almost throughout
the summer.

In Japan the individuals of the first brood are usually smaller than those
occurring later in the year. ‘The transverse band varies in width and is
more distinctly interrupted in some specimens than in others. Mr. Butler
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 133) records P. teredon, Felder, from
Nikko in Central Japan ; this is the Ceylon form of the species, and, according
to Moore’s figure, only differs from typical sarpedon in the narrower band, and
in having the anal angle of secondaries more produced.

The species is also exceedingly variable in China. Some specimens agree
with examples from Japan, while others have all the usual bluish markings
replaced by yellowish green. A common form of variation is the more or less
complete absence of the bluish central band on secondaries; an extreme
example of this form is figured in the ‘ Transactions of the London Entomo-
logical Society,’ 1889, pl. vii. fig. 2. An intermediate form has been described
by M. Honrath as var semifasciatus:—“ Die Hinterfliigel haben statt der
Mittelbinde nur den grossen weissen Vorderrandflecken und daran nur eine,
besonders auf der Oberseite ganz schwache Andeutung eines zweiten
Fleckens.” (Honrath, Ent. Nach. 1888, p. 161.)

Pryer says that the larva feeds on the evergreen Machilus thunbergii, and
that it closely resembles the young leaves in colour.

Distribution. Continental India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Penang, Perak,
Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Amboina, Aru Islands,
New Guinea, Formosa, Cachar, China, and Japan.

Papilio bathycles.

Papilio bathycles, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 157, pl. xiv. figs. 6, 7
(1831) ; Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 114 (1857) ; Distant,
Rhop. Malay. p. 362, pl. xxxil. fig. 2, g (1886).

“ Male, Wings above black, with the following pale green markings :—Anterior wings with five

526 PAPILIONID.

spots in cell—the one at apex small and rounded, the others more or less linear,—a discal
oblique row of eight spots commencing just beyond end of cell and terminating on inner
margin—of these the third spot is smallest, and the sixth, seventh, and eighth much the
largest, the last two being more or less fused together,—a small subapical spot and a sub-
marginal row of still smaller spots; posterior wings with the basal half of costal area greyish,
three large discal spots,—the largest in cell, the smallest above cell, and the other situate
between the two lower median nervules,—a submarginal row of small spots and a large
greyish patch on abdominal margin, fringe alternately greyish. Wings beneath paler than
above, the spots silvery in hue; anterior wings spotted as above ; posterior wings with the
three discal spots continued to costa in a large silvery patch, yellowish at base, and traversed
by two dark fuscous fascie,—one near base parallel with abdominal margin, the other
concave at about centre of wing,—between these fascise the median nervure is broadly blackish ;
beyond cell and extending to a little above anal angle are a series of red spots, the innermost
of which is followed by a small greyish spot ; the submarginal spots much larger than above,
with two additional linear spots situate one on each side of the upper subcostal nervule. Body
above with the head and pronotum blackish ; the abdomen fuscous; body beneath greyish ;
legs greyish, streaked with blackish.
‘““Expanse ¢ 74 millim.” (Distant, l. c.)

I have only received one example of this variable and wide-ranging species
from China. It was taken at Chang-yang, and differs from all other examples
of P. bathycles that I have seen in having the spots of central series on
primaries narrower and more elongate.

Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Penang, Perak, Malacca, Singapore, Java,
Borneo, Sikkim, Bhotan, Nepal, the Khasias, and China.

Papilio mikado. (Plate XXXII. fig. 69.)
Papilio mikado, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 406, pl. xxxv. fig. 1.

Ground-colour of all the wings black; a narrow straw-coloured streak extends across the basal
area of the fore wing interrupted by the nervures. All the wings covered with straw-coloured
spots consisting of a submarginal series of fairly uniform spots running round the outer
margin of the wing; a subcostal series of eight spots, three of which are situated in the
discoidal cell, a discal series of six graduated spots on the fore wing, which is continued on
the hind wing in a wedge-shaped mass, tapering to a blunt point near the anal angle and
divided into two by the median nervure ; the first two spots of the submarginal series of the
hind wing, the anal lunule, the upper part of the wedge-shaped mass, and the interior of the:
abdominal fold are very pale yellow. Underside, a reproduction of the upper surface, with
most of the spots enlarged and whiter, and with the addition of a yellow spot at the base of
the hind wing and an irregular arrangement of yellow markings between the discal and sub-
marginal spots of the hind wing.

.xpanse 37 inches.

I took one female example of this species in 1§86, about May 20th, near

PAPILIO. SPATS

oo

Kagoshima, in the Province of Satsuma. This was accidentally referred to as
a male in the original description.

This species, together with P. bathycles, is referable to the genus Zetides,
Hiibner, as characterized by Moore, Lep. Ceyl. p. 144.

Papilio bianor.
Papilio bianor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. ciii. fig. C (1777).
Papilio dehaanii, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. pp. 323, 371 (1864).
Papilio alliacmon, de VOrza, Lep. Jap. p. 9 (1869).
Papilio bianor, var. japonica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 50, note (1866).

‘“‘ Le fond des ailes en dessus est d’un brun obscur, avec des atomes verts luisants, qui y sont
parsemés. En dessous les ailes ne différent en couleur ni en dessein de la Figure B[ P. paris].
La Figure que nous donnons ici est faite d’aprés loriginal qui se trouve dans la collection de
Mr. le Ministre E. F, Alberti; mon neveu, Mr. Anthony van Renffelaar Willemfz, posséde
pareillement un de ces beaux Papillons, qui l’a recu, parmiplusieurs autres insectes, de la
Chine.” (Cramer, 1. c.)

Male. Black, powdered with green scales, thickly so on outer area of the primaries and on the inner
half of secondaries ; there is a broad patch of black velvety pile on the first and second median
neryules, the submedian neryure, and in the submedian interspace ; the third median nervule
has a narrower patch, and there is a black streak in each interspace above and also between
the second and third nervules ; fringes white. Secondaries have the costal area suffused with
bright blue and a submarginal series of connected blue lunules followed by reddish ones ; the
lower horn of the fourth and the upper horn of the fifth blue lunules are prolonged nearly to
the end of the tail; the outer margin is sinuate and the fringes of each sinus are white.
Under surface: primaries are blackish on basal half and greyish on outer half; the venation
is black and there are black rays between the veins; a white patch at inner angle: secondaries
blackish, the basal half sprinkled with ochreous scales; there is a series of seven reddish
submarginal lunules edged internally with mauve ; the third nervule is bordered on each side
with blue throughout the length of the tail ; the seventh lunule is often replaced by a large
reddish patch enclosing a round spot of the ground-colour.

Female. Primaries fuliginous grey, powdered with bronzy-green scales ; secondaries black, sprinkled
with bronzy-green scales on the basal half, and suffused with bluish-violet on the costal area ;
the submedian lunules are reddish, with the exception of the first two, which are bluish, and
sometimes the lower lunules are tinged with this colour.

Expanse, ¢ 120-160 millim., 2 126-166 millim.

The above descriptions refer to the sexes of the summer brood of P. bianor
from China. ‘The individuals of the spring brood from the same country,
which do not seem to have been previously noticed, are smaller, ranging in
expanse from 97 to 114 millim. in the male, and from 100 to 118 millim. in

the female. Cramer’s figure appears to represent a female specimen of the
summer brood.

528 PAPILIONIDA.

Var. dehaani, Felder. “A dianore, Cram., cum quo cl. De Haan colore et signaturis fortasse
deceptus confudit, longe diversus et P. maackii, Ménétr., valde similis, facile tamen digno-

scendus lunulis submarginalibus pagine inferioris alarum posticarum a margine multo magis
remotis,

“ Vena et plica interna ramique mediani alarum anticarum maris in P. maackii valde tomentosi
apparent, et macule tres inferiores tomenti in unam fere conujncte sunt. Specimen nostrum
P. raddei, Brem., ibidem parce tantum tomentosum est.” (Felder, 1. ¢.)

Var. alliacmon, de l’Orza. “ Trés-voisin du bianor, dont il n’est peut-étre quune modification
locale d’un tiers plus petite. II différe de cette espéce chinoise en ce que chez le mile les

trois croissants de la région abdominale sont surmontés d’une petite lunule violette.” (De
VOrza, 1. ¢.)

Var. Japonica, Butler. “Alw antice subtus late fusce: postice caudis vix spathatis; supra
macula anali minus conspicua ; subtus prope marginem luteo roratee, maculis submarginalibus
minus lunulatis, macula anali his haud distinguenda.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

This species exhibits considerable variation in the male. Some specimens
have very bright green scales thickly powdered over all the wings; in others
the green scales are dull in tone and on the secondaries are eclipsed by the
more vivid tint of the blue colour on costal area of these wings. Green scales
are sometimes interspersed with the blue ones forming the submarginal
lunules ; these blue lunules are not always well defined and the lower ones
are sometimes entirely replaced by the reddish colour, which, in other specimens,
is sometimes present in a greater or lesser degree, forming an outer edging to
one or more of the lunules. The blue colour, usually restricted to the im-
mediate vicinity of the nervule, is in some specimens diffused over the greater
portion of the tail. |

The Japanese summer form of P. bianor, which has been described as
dehaani by Felder, differs principally from the type in having the basal half
of primaries, on under surface, blacker, more clearly limited outwardly, and
the grey of outer half of these wings is whiter, broadly bordered exteriorly
with black, and forms a tapering band to inner margin. ‘The Japanese spring
form is japonica, Butler, which, like the Chinese spring form, is much smaller
than the type, and exhibits the same differences on the under surface as noted
in the Japanese summer form. Alliacmon, de lOrza, is also referable to the
Japanese P. bianor, and, as it is said to be a third smaller, probably to the
spring brood, i.e. yaponica, Butler.

Distribution. Northern and Western China; Japan.

PAPILIO. 529

Papilio maacki.

Papilio maackii, Ménétriés, Bull. Acad. Petr. xvii. p. 212 (1859) ; Schrenck’s Reisen, i.
p- 10, pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1859) ; Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 3 (1864).

Papilio raddei, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 462 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 3, pl. 1.
fig. 1 (1864).

Papilio dehaanii, var. (?) tutanus, Fenton, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 855.

“« Alis nigro-brunneis, viridi-irroratis cceruleo-micantibus ; ante marginem externum fascia viridi-
nitente radiatim interrupta, maris sub angulo interne plaga magna velutino-nigra; posticis
dentatis, caudatis, fascia media transversa viridi-nitente vel cyaneo-micante, lunulisque septem
in mare viridibus, in femina violaceo-rubris, instructis.

“« Enverg. 4 pouces—43 pouces.

‘“« in dessus les ailes sont noires, et saupoudrées d’atomes qui apparaissent d’un vert doré lorsqu’on
regarde linsecte en tournant le dos 4 la lumicre ou bien d’un beau bleu foncé si le
papilion se trouve placé entre la lumiére et l’observateur; ce que ne présente que la tache des
ailes inférieures du polyctor. Nous décrirons Vinsecte éclairé de coté: ces atomes sont un
peu moins serrés que chez le polyctor, et forment comme chez cette espéce une bande transverse
sur les ailes supérieures, et non loin de leur bord externe; cette bande se distingue cependant
de celle du polyctor en ce qwelle est plus étroite et interrompue par les nervures qui sont
noires. (Cette bande manque chez lebianor.) De plus, l'on remarque chez le male seulement
un espace cotonneux, noir, presque carré, 4 peu-prés comme chez le bianor. Les ailes infé-
rieures ont prés de leur bord antérieur un reflét bleudtre, mais qui ne forme pas, comme chez
le polyctor, une tache en miroir, mais au contraire aboutit 4 une bande étroite qui parte de
langle externe, traverse l’aile jusqu’a l’ceil anal ; cette bande plus ou moins large présente sa
moitié antérieure bleuatre, et autre moitié ou interne de couleur verte ; cette bande est bordée
inférieurement par un large espace d’un beau noir velouté chez le male, moins brillant chez la
femelle, et qui est limité inférieurement par une rangée de six lunules, qui, chez le mile,
sont formées d’atomes d’un vert bleudtre, 4 peu prés comme on le voit chez le bianor, si ce
n’est que ces lunules sont souvent peu conyexes, surtout celle qui surmonte le prolongement
en queue et qui est plutdt concave ; cette queue, chez les deux sexes, est également marquée
longitudinalement d’un raie d’un vert bleudtre ; chez la femelle, les quatre lunules les plus
internes sont remplacées chacune par un large trait rouge ; chez quelques individus, ces taches
rouges s’obliterent en partie et sont remplacées par des traits verdatres; ceil anal est formé
d’une grosse prunelle noire, surmontée chez le male d’un étroit violet, souvent trés peu marqué,
mais toujours entourné d’un trait bleudtre, encadré enfin d’une ligne noire, mais chez la femelle
la prunelle est plus large, et surmontée @une bande d’un rouge qui se nuance de violet
jusqu’au large cercle noir qui encadre le tout.

*« En dessous, les ailes supérieures, chez le male, different de celles du banor, en ce que l’éclaircie
blanchatre forme une bande étroite correspondant 4 la bande verdatre du dessus. Les ailes
inférieures sont saupoudrées de vert jusqu’aux deux tiers de leur longueur, d’une maniére bien
limitée, surtout chez quelques exemplaires n’importe le sexe, par une bande étroite formée
d’atomes plus serrés; entre celle-ci et la rangée de lunules, sur toute l’étendue de la largeur
de Vaile, se voit un espace, d’un beau noir, qui devient un peu plus clair prés des nervures et
sur celles-ci, espace qu’on ne remargue ni chez le bianor ni chez le polyctor; ces lunules qui
ont la forme de celles du bianor, et en général plus larges chez la femelle, sont comme chez le
polyctor, d'un rouge plus orangé chez la femelle, et chacune surmontée d’un liséré rosé; l’ceil

4A

530 PAPILIONIDA.

anal est toujours bien marqué chez les deux sexes, et consiste en un gros point rond, trés
noir, surmonté d’un large iris d’un rouge orangé, lequel est limité par une ligne d’un rose
violet qui se recourbe extérieurement jusqu’d la frange, et le tout encadré d’une ligne noire;
il y a independamment au dessous de la pupille, dans la premiére échancrure, une tache d’un
rouge orangé qui est plus large chez la femelle.

‘Les quatre ailes sont frangées d’un blanc brillant au bord externe des supérieures, et aux échan-
crures des inférieures, mais chez les femelles ces échancrures sont d’un fauve clair en dessous :
ces ailes présentent leurs dents plus larges que chez le polyctor, surtout chez la femelle ou elles
sont plus arrondies a leur extrémité.

‘Le corps est noir, saupoudré en dessus et sur les cdtés d’atomes verts, mais la ligne longitudinale
noire est moins sensible que chez le polyctor.” (Ménétriés, 1. ¢.)

Var. tutanus, Fenton. “ Male. Primaries sharper above than typical P. dehaani; the scattered
atoms are slightly brighter and greener and are aggregated in a transverse discal bar: below,
the broad whitish discal dash of the primaries of P. dehaani much narrower and less distinct,
and obsolete in some specimens ; the scattered ochreous scales of the secondaries are somewhat
paler and are aggregated (densely in some examples) in a curved transverse discal bar; the
violet scales overarching the red submarginal lunules more numerous. There is the same
difference between the sexes; both sexes vary in a like degree inter se. Generally larger.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 4 inches 8 lines to 5 inches 6 lines, 9 5 inches 6 lines to 5 inches
9 lines.

«<The summer brood makes its first appearance about the 26th of July, and
is on the wing till the middle of September.

* P. tutanus and P. dehaani, near Hakodate, in the eouth of Hokkaido, are
found feeding together on the same excrement, though I never saw the males
of the latter in conflict with those of P. tutanus, or chasing the females, or
vice versd. Further north I did not see a single specimen of P. dehaani, and
P. tutanus became more abundant.’ (Lenton.)

“-Toshima and Iburi, Hokkaido [Yesso]. Colls. Fenton and B.M.”
(Butler, 1. c.)

Male. Agrees with P. bianor in the character of sexual marks, but differs somewhat in colour.
Primaries black, thickly powdered with green scales and traversed by a submarginal band
formed of paler green scales, Secondaries black, costal area suffused with blue, inner and
median areas powdered with green scales ; there is a central band of paler green tinged with
blue on costal area; submarginal lunulated band bluish green, and this colour is projected
along the third median nervule almost to the extremity of the tail; there is a more or less -
complete reddish ring at anal angle; outer margin sinuate ; fringes white as in P. bianor.
Under surface fuliginous ; primaries traversed by a broad pale ochreous band interrupted by
the neuration and internervular streaks; secondaries have the basal area sprinkled with
ochreous scales and are traversed by a broad pale ochreous central band interrupted by the
veins ; there is a submarginal series of six reddish marks and a more or less complete reddish
ring at aval angle; fringes of each sinus ochreous, sometimes tinged with reddish at their

base.

PAPILIO. 531

Female. Primaries powdered with bronzy-green scales and with a pale, broad, submarginal band:
secondaries also sprinkled with bronzy-green scales; submarginal lunules reddish, except the
first two, which are bluish or greenish.

Expanse, ¢ 140-150 millim., 2 136-150 millim.

Var. raddei, Bremer. “ Ale supra nigra viridi-atomose, ciliis albis ; postice dentate et caudate.
Ale antics supra fascia submarginali flayo-viridi nervis nigris interrupta ; angulum interiorem
versus plaga velutino-atra. Posticze ad marginem anteriorem cceruleo-micantes, fascia viridi-
micanti ab angulo exteriore ad angulum analem ducta; lunulis marginalibus viridi-micantibus
sex, in cellulis 2da, 4ta, et 5ta postice rubro-fulyo marginatis; macula rotunda anguli ani
rubro-fulva, nigro pupillata, supra violaceo ornata.

« Alee subtus nigro-fusce, flavo atomose.

** Aloe antice fascia lata submarginali flava nervis nigris interrupta.

** Ale posticee fascia submarginali subarcuata flava; lunulis marginalibus sex rubro-fulvis antice
violaceo marginatis ; macula angulo ani rubro-fulva, nigro pupillata, antice violaceo marginata,
70-80 m.” (Bremer, 1. c.)

This form is best distinguished from the type by its smaller size. Japanese
specimens range from 100-115 millim. in expanse.

In my paper on the Butterflies of Japan and Corea (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1887) I considered dianor and maacki to be forms of one species ; but now that
I have examined a very large number of the former from China and Japan and
an extensive series of the latter from Japan, Amurland, and Corea, I find that
the insects are separable on well-defined and constant characters. I had not
previously recognized japonica, Butler, as the spring form of dianor and had
accepted tutanus, Fenton, as a form of dehaani. There is, however, now no
doubt in my mind that the two insects last named respectively represent
maacki and bianor in Japan.

The majority of the specimens of this species occurring in Japan during
the summer are referable to var. tutanus, but I have male examples from Yesso
which agree exactly with the male of maacki from Amurland figured by
Ménétriés. Although not exactly identical, the Japanese spring specimens do
not exhibit any marked differences from var. raddet, a small spring form of
maacki occurring in Amurland.

Tam not certain whether typical P. maacki occurs in any other part of
Japan than Yesso; but it is quite probable that it may be found in the moun-
tains of the main island. Pryer’s remarks are so brief that nothing can be
gathered from them, and he does not give the locality of the specimen he
figured, which is certainly var. tutanus.

Fixsen (Rom. sur Lép. iii. p. 254) records both maacki and raddei from Corea.

442

532 PAPILIONID.

Staudinger states that he has typical maacki from North China.

Graeser obtained larve of both broods of P. maacki in Amurland. He
states that they were found feeding on Phellodendron, and that some of the
pupe of the summer brood remain in that state through the winter, and of
the imagines resulting from these hibernated pupe, one of the female
examples measured 90 millim., but with all the other characters of var. raddei.

Pryer gives as the larval food “ Atgle sepiaria and other kinds of orange-
trees.”

Distribution. Amurland, Japan, Corea, and N. China.

Papilio dialis, (Plate XXXII. fig. 4, ¢.)
Papilio dialis, Leech, Entomologist, xxvi., Suppl. p. 104 (1893).

Male. Closely resembles P. bianor, but there is no patch of silky hairs between the first median
nervule and the submedian nervure, and the patches on the veins are composed of shorter
hairs. The primaries are black, sprinkled with bronzy-green scales, except on the venation
and broad rays between the nervules. Secondaries black, thickly powdered with greenish
scales, those on the costal half and on the tails being bluish, and those on other portions of
the wing bronzy; there is a broad annular mark at anal angle, a lunule in first median inter-
space, and another in discoidal interspace—all these marks are red dashed with lilacine on
their upper edges. Under surface of primaries pale grey, merging into white on the outer
two-thirds of inner marginal area; all the nervules and streaks between them are broadly
black, and there are four nerve-like black streaks in the discoidal cell: secondaries velvety
black, sprinkled on the basal and abdominal areas and on the tails with metallic-green scales ;
there is a series of seven red irregular-shaped lunules on the outer margin, the sixth is united
with the seventh by a broad projection from the lower edge of the latter, and its upper
extremity almost unites with the lower end of the fifth lunule.

Expanse 130 millim.

One example taken at Chia-ting-fu in July.

This species is most readily distinguished from P. bianor, P. maacki, &c.,
by the different arrangement of the silky sexual brands on the primaries of the
male.

Papilio syfanius. (Plate XXXII. fig. 5, ¢ var.)
Papilio syfanius, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi, p. 13, pl. i. fig. 3 (1886).

“Le Papilio syfanius a été découvert i Ta-Tsien-Loi, par Mgr. Felix Biet. Je ne connais encore
que le male. I) est voisin de bianor et de dehaanii dont il différe par la forme plus rétrécie
de ses ailes inférieures, par l’absence de toute tache bleuatre vers la partie supérieure de ses
ailes inférieures en dessus, par le manque de toute éclaircie blanchitre le long du bord exté-
rieur de ses ailes supérieures en dessous, par la présence au contraire d’une éclaircie

PAPILIO. 533

blanchatre sur le disque de ses ailes inférieures en dessous, alors que cette partie des ailes est
précisément la plus obscure dans les espéces voisines.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Female. Primaries rather paler than those of the male, and without the patches of Jong silky-black
hairs, but similar to that sex in all other characters.

Expanse, ¢ 108-120 millim., 2 118-130 millim.

This species is only separable from P. bianor by its narrower second-
aries, the entire absence of bluish colour on the costal area, and the presence
of a more or less well-defined pale patch on the disc of these wings. On
the under surface the outer area of primaries is not paler than the rest of
the wing.

In his description of P. syfanius, M. Oberthiir refers to a whitish patch on
the under surface of secondaries, but this is not represented in his figure of
the species. This patch, which is placed at the end of the discoidal cell
and is separated into three portions by the discoidal and upper discocellular
nervules, is present in all the specimens of the species that I have seen.
Sometimes it is white and conspicuous, but frequently it is suffused with
fuscous and more rarely with greenish. In some of the specimens with well-
defined white patches the interspaces above the patch are very pale, as in the
example figured (Plate XXXII. fig. 5).

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu, Wa-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Chia-kou-ho, and Ni-tou in
Western China during June and July, at elevations ranging from 5000 to

9000 feet.

Papilio arcturus.
Papilio arcturus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. 1. p. 101, pl. xxvii. (1842).

“ P, alis nigris, viridi-atomosis ; posticis obtuse dentatis et late caudatis ; anticis striga interrupta
macularum ex atomis viridibus formata, ex angulo postico ad partem dimidiam alarum ducta
et cum margine subparallela; posticis supra, plaga magnitudine mediocri, versus angulum
externum lete cerulea strigaque ejusdem coloris ex ejus apicem ad marginem alarum
extensa, lunulis tribus sanguineis, maculaque ocellari (medio nigro) et linea transversa san-
guineis ad angulum analem, illa cum striga curvata viridi-atomosa coronata; alis subtus
nigricantibus basi albido-atomosis, anticis striga lata subapicali cinerea, venis lineisque
intermediis nigris ; posticis lunulis 5 rubro-fulvis (ceruleo-pulverosis) maculisque duabus
magnis rubro-fulvis (medio nigris et lunula supera cerulea ornatis) ad angulum analem.

‘“‘ Expans. alar. antic. unc. 5.

* Inhabits the Himalayan Mountains, Sylhet, and the adjacent parts of India.” (Westwood, 1. c.)

I have received this species from Ichang, Central China, and from Moupin,
Omei-shan, Wa-shan, and Chia-kou-ho in Western China. ‘The specimens
vary considerably in size, and probably represent two broods.

534 PAPILIONIDA.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 427) states that P. arcturus is
found in Sikkim from May to August, at elevations of from 3000 to 9000
feet. It occasionally settles on the forest-paths; the female is rather larger
than the male, but does not differ from it in other respects.

Papilio krishna.

Papilio krishna, Moore, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 108, pl. ii. a.
fig. G6 (1857).

‘“‘Upperside black, irrorated with golden-green atoms; fore wing with a well-defined transverse
fascia of deep golden-green atoms from anterior margin, commencing at one third of the
length of the wing from the apex to posterior margin near the angle; hind wing with a
brilliant sky-blue sinuated patch near anterior angle, and connected with abdominal margin
by a broad well-defined sinuous line of deep golden-green atoms; near the margin is a series
of five crimson lunules, margined inwardly by a purplish-blue line, the one on the abdominal
margin inclosing at the anal angle a black spot, which is bounded at the angle with ferruginous ;
the space between the sinuous line and patch and the lunules is pure black, without irrora-
tions ; the space from the lunules and down middle of tail with golden-green irrorations ;
indentations margined with white, and tinged inwardly with ferruginous. Underside black ;
both pairs of wings basally irrorated with golden-green and whitish atoms ; fascia of fore wing
creamy white; hind wing with creamy-white fascia from anterior margin near angle to
middle of the wing, then branching upwards to abdominal margin; lunules seven in number,
brighter and broader than on upperside; the indentations and anal angle with broad, pale,
ferruginous lunules.” (Moore,'l. c.)

Two male specimens of this species were taken in June at Wa-shan, in
Western China, at an elevation of 6000 feet. Except that the transverse
bands on upper surface of primaries and on all the wings beneath are less
well defined, these Chinese examples do not differ from Sikkim specimens.

In his “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 427) Mr. Elwes says of P. krishna:—“ A common species in some
seasons at certain places, and found from 3 up to 8 or 9000 feet, but hard to
catch in good condition. I have seen it most often on or about the bare tops
of hills, like Sinchul, which are clothed with dense chestnut, oak, and
magnolia forest, in which it probably lives and breeds, and comes out on
sunny mornings into the openings, where alone it can be taken. The female
is extremely rare, only oue or two specimens being known to us. Its season
is from May to August.”

This and the preceding five species are probably referable to the genus
Sarbaria, Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 258).

Or
[Ss]
Cn

PAPILIO.

Papilio paris.

Papilio paris, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 745 (1767) ; Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. xi.
figs. 1,2 (1773) ; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. xxii. (1798) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus.
1 pels (1852).

Achillides paris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85; Gray, loc. cit.

Male. Black, thickly sprinkled with green scales except on the veins. Primaries traversed by a
yellowish-green band, not always clearly defined towards costa. Secondaries have a large
blue patch beyond discoidal cell, the inner edge of this patch is curved and invades the cell,
and the outer edge is sinuous; on abdominal margin above anal angle there is a reddish and
violet ring, often interrupted ; the space between these two marks is only sparingly powdered
with green, and is limited by yellowish-green irregular bands ; the costal area above and the
outer marginal area beyond blue patch is also clear of green scales. Fringes black, chequered
with white between the nervules, narrowly on primaries, but more broadly on secondaries.
Under surface: basal half of primaries black, as also is the outer marginal area, the intervening
space is whitish grey, tapering towards inner margin, and intersected by the black nervules
and internervular streaks; secondaries black, basal half sprinkled with greyish scales; sub-
marginal crescents reddish and violet.

Female rather browner than the male, and the blue patch on secondaries is of less extent and
deeper in tint.

Expanse, ¢ 98-130 millim., 9 117-130 millim.

The blue patch varies in tint and is sometimes rather greenish than blue.

This species has been placed in [arimala by Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.

An exceedingly common species in Western China. Specimens vary consider-
ably in size, the smaller examples being probably referable to a spring brood.

Referring to this species in Sikkim, Mr. Elwes (T. E.S. 1888) says :—‘‘ The
commonest of the green Papilios in the low valleys, and taken up to 5000
feet. Settles on flower-heads and the damp sand in river-beds, and flies
rapidly up and down their banks. The female is seldom taken, but does not
differ from the male, except in its paler coloration.”

Distribution. India and China.

Papilio gyas. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1, ¢ var.)
Papilio gyas, Westwood, Arc. Ent. i. p. 41, pl. xi. (1842).
Papilio hercules, Blanchard, Comptes Rendus, Ixxii. p. 809 (note) (1871).
Papilio sciron, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 192 (1890).
Debasa gyas, Moore, Dec. New Ind. Ins. p. 283 (1888).

“ P. alis anticis subhamatis, posticis caudatis ; supra fuscis, margine obscuriore luteo submaculatis,

macula parva cerulea ad angulum ani; subtus brunneis, medio pallidis lunulisque subargentcis
notatis.

“ Expans. alar. unc, 43. Habitat Assam.

536 PAPILIONIDA.

‘The wings above are of a dull brown colour, the anterior having a dark brown triangular spot
about the middle, extending across the discoidal cell, at the extremity of which is a second
similar spot; the outer margin is darker, with six luteous submarginal patches ; between the
apex of the wing and the extremity of the discoidal cell are three indistinct oval patches of a
similar colour. The hind wings are similarly coloured, but the margin is darker brown and
wider, and the luteous spots assume the appearance of indistinct lunules; at the angle is a
small patch of blue scales. The body above is clothed with greenish hairs; on the underside
the colours are much brighter and more varied. The base is occupied by a large space of
rich dark red-brown or maroon, of which there is also a patch at the extremity of the
discoidal cell. This is succeeded by a bar of whitish fleshy-coloured tint which passes gradu-
ally to brown and purple; near the apex of the fore wings is a large patch of pale opaline
colour, from which extends a bar of fulvous brown, terminating above in white angles
preceded by purplish and obscure brown arches, the margin is brown, within which is an
obscure bar of luteous. The extremity of the discoidal ceJl in the hind wings is occupied by
a dark brown patch preceded by a white opaline arch edged with black; a bar of the former
colour extends also to the anal angle, and adjoining the tail are several luteous spots preceded
by opaline-white lunules; the space between them and the discoidal cell being rich dark
brown. The whole underside has a glossy appearance. The body beneath is brown, the
abdomen yellowish. The legs are red-brown. ‘The specimen represented is a male.

“The species is most nearly allied to P. peranthus.” (Westwood, l. c.)

Var. hercules, Blanchard = sciron, Lecch. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1, ¢.) “ Ayant le corps trés-
robuste, l'aspect des espéces du genre Charaves, les ailes d’un brun foneé, traversées par une
bande d’un fauve pale et par une série de taches marginales de méme nuance, les ailes
postérieures pourvues d’un prolongement caudal de médiocre longueur, fauve avec une ligne
médiane noire.” (Blunchard, 1. ¢.)

Male. Velvety brownish black, base of primaries sprinkled with yellowish scales, markings of all
the wings bright orange-yellow; those on primaries comprise a broad central fascia, a blotch
on costa at the extremity of cell, a central row of four spots, and a submarginal series of
spots: the secondaries have a central fascia and submarginal row of spots, margins of anal
angle tinged with chestnut, and above it is a short streak of bluish-grey scales. Under
surface: basal third of all the wings rich chocolate-brown, central third yellowish white,
and outer third fuscous with paler interrupted submarginal band; there is a patch of
chocolate-brown at the extremity of the discoidal cell on all the wings, and one at anal angle
of secondaries,

Female. Agrees with male, but the markings are rather paler.

Expanse, ¢ 102 millim., 9 116 millim.

The Chinese form of P. gyas, described as P. hercules by Blanchard, and
as P. sciron by myself, differs principally from the type in having a broad
fulvous fascia on all the wings.

It occurs in Western China at Chiaskou-ho in July, Huang-mu-chang in
August, and at Omei-shan and Moupin.

Elwes (T. 0. 8. 1888, p. 437) referring to P. gyas, says :—*“ this is a decidedly
rare species in Sikkim. I have seen it once only flying round the top of a

PAPILIO. 537

hill at 6000 feet at Rikisum in August. Moller has seen it on Birch Hill at
7000 feet in July, and Mr. Knyvett has taken the very rare female on Sinchul
in August. It seems, therefore, to be a single-brooded species, inhabiting
the same zone of elevation as most of the peculiar Sikkim species do. The
female, which has never been described, differs very markedly from the male
in its pale whitish colour above.”

Distribution. Sikkim and Western China.

Papilio philoxenus.
Papilio philoxenus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 32 (1831) ; Lep. Nepal, pl. ii. (1846); West-
wood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 81, pl. xl. fig. 2 (1848).
Papilio polyeuctes, Doubleday, Zool. Misc. p. 74 (1842) ; Westwood, 1. ¢. pl. xl. fig. 3.
Papilio lama, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 15, pl. ii. fig. 1, 9 (1876).
Byasa philoxenus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 258.

‘¢ Papilio alis anticis maris nigris, foeminz fuscis nigro longitudinaliter striatis, posticis elongatis
caudatis, valde sinuatis, macula magna oblonga alba versus angulum externum, puncto vel
macula minori utrinque interdum adjecta, lunulis tribus rufis vel albo-rufis maculaque rufa
ad apicem caude strigaque in pagina infera, ex angulo anali rufis.

“ Papilio, with the fore wings of the male black, the female brown with black longitudinal streaks
between the veins, the hind wings more or less elongated, tailed, and deeply sinuated, with a
large white spot near the outer angle, occasionally with a smaller spot on either side of it,
and with three red or red and white lunules, a red spot at the extremity of the tail, and with
a variable streak of red extending inwardly from the anal angle on the underside of hind
wings.

‘“¢ Expansion of the fore wings 4} to 52 inches.

‘“‘ Tnhabits Assam, Sylhet, Nepaul, &c.

“Figure 2, which is drawn from the type specimen of P. philowenus, has the tail but moderately
broad, and the spots on the upperside of the hind wings are (except the large outer one)
strongly marked with red. This is a native of Nepaul.

“Figure 3 represents another insect from Sylhet, which Mr, E. Doubleday (Zool. Mise. p. 74)
described under the name of P. polyeuctes, but which he now considers as a variety only of
P. philoxenus. The posterior wings are very much elongated, and on the upperside the
large white spot of the hind wings is not accompanied by the two small spots visible on
either side of it on the under surface, nor is the red mark at the anal angle visible.
Mr. Doubleday having represented the upperside of this supposed species in his work on the
butterflies now in course of publication, the underside is here given, copied from a figure
communicated by Mr. Doubleday.” (Westwood, 1. c.)

Var. polyeuctes, Doubleday. ‘“ Male. Above: anterior wings black, deepest at base, striated in
the discoidal cell and between the terminations of the nervures: posterior wings very much
elongate, deeply dentate, with a rather spatulate tail: between the two posterior branches of
the subcostal nervure, and close to the discoidal cell, is a large nearly quadrate white spot; at

4B

538 PAPILIONID®.

the anal angle is a broad sigmoid spot, crimson where it touches the margin, dusky red
internally ; a second spot of a dusky red is placed at the termination of the tooth, between
the tail and the anal angle: preceding this, and nearly in front of the tail, is an oval spot,
and near the outer margin, opposite the tooth preceding the tail, a larger quadrate one, both
of the same dusky red; tail marked at the apex with a rounded crimson spot, slightly shaded
with fuscous, and divided by the nervure. Below: anterior wings rather paler than above ;
stris more distinct: posterior wings nearly as above, the red markings much brighter, the
white patch preceded by a small rounded dot of the same colour, and followed by a white
dash margined with pink: on the abdominal margin, above the sigmoid spot, is a narrow bifid
crimson spot.

“ Head crimson: thorax and abdomen very hairy black above, crimson below, the former marked
anteriorly above with crimson, the latter with the incisures below black; legs black. (Exp.
alar. 4 une. 9 lin.)

“ Tnhabits Silhet. Museo H. Doubleday.” (Doubleday, 1. ¢.)

Var. lama, Oberthiir. ‘“ Les ailes supérieures du Papilio lama sont semblables & celles des autres
espéces de ce groupe. Elles sont d’un brun obscur, mais un peu transparent, avec un léger
reflet, et un peu moins foneées dans la femelle que dans le male. Les nervures sont marquées
en noir vif, et ’espace compris entre les nervures est traversé par un trait noir commencant
réguli¢rement et parallélement aux dites nervures, un peu en dehors de la cellule discoidale,
pour aller aboutir 4 la frange. La cellule discoidale elle-méme est intérieurement marquée
de quatre de ces traits, qui sont réunis 4 la base et montent en s’épanouissant vers le sommet
de la cellule. Cette disposition deés ailes supérieures est du reste commune 4 un trés-grand
nombre de Papilio de continent asiatique et de Varchipel indien. .

“Par les ailes inférieures seules, le P. Jama présente des différences avec les autres espéces ou
variétés de P. latreillet. Les ailes inférieures de Jama sont absolument dépourvues de cette
large tache d'un blane jaunatre, quelquefois simple, d’autres fois double ou triple; ou en
bande maculaire, qu’on remarque dans philowenus et ses varictés, latreillei, etc., ete.

“Les ailes inférieures de lama, dans le male comme dans la femelle, ont une série de quatre taches
principales, dont les trois premicres, 4 partir de langle anal, rouges, saupoudrées de brun
foncé, et la derni¢re plus blanchatre, aussi un peu rembrunie par un semis noir et rosé. Ces
taches, placées entre les nervures, le long du bord extérieur de ’aile, sont au milieu d’une
macule triangulaire noire, 4 reflet bleudtre, qui, montant du bord extérieur de J’aile, se
rétrécit en pointe vers la cellule discoidale,

“ A Vextrémité de la spatule de la queue est une tache rouge, divisée par la nervure ; cette tache
manque quelquefois dans les males.

“Les miles ont au bord abdominal des ailes une poche cotonneuse brune ; les femelles ont d cette
place un simple renflement de Vaile.

“En dessous, le thorax et l’abdomen sont marqués de rouge ecarmin; le collier est également
rouge. Aux palpes, les poils sont rouges avec lextrémité noire.” (Oberthiir, l. ¢.)

This species, which is exceedingly common in Central and Western China
at moderate elevations, is excessively variable in the markings of secondaries.
As I received a very large number of specimens from China I was able to
select an extensive and very variable series which, including my Himalayan
examples, comprises over fifty specimens.

PAPILIO. 5959

In one of the Chinese specimens the secondaries are entirely black on the

upper surface, and the submarginal markings on the under surface are but very
faintly indicated, whilst an example of the same form, taken in Kulu, N.W.
Himalayas, is entirely without markings on either surface of the wings. From
this form the size and number of the submarginal lunules gradually increase,
and the red spot towards extremity of the tail becomes visible. The red
lunules and white spots increase in size by degrees until the characteristics of
var. /ama are reached, of which form a female example is figured by Oberthiir ;
continued gradation leads up to the typical form of philoxenus, and beyond
this to an extreme form in which the red markings are very pronounced, some
of them confluent, and the white quadrate spot very large with a smaller white
spot above and below it.
_ In addition to the variation referred to in the above remarks, P. philoxenus
is subject to still other modifications. In some examples all the spots on
secondaries are red; in others, although the submarginal lunules are well
defined, the spot on the tail is absent. In some specimens there is an extra
red patch above anal angle, and in others this is represented by a white blotch
which is sometimes broken up into two or three spots. ‘The white quadrate
spot, which is usually present, is excessively variable in shape, being in some
specimens nearly circular; in others it is triangular, and in others, again, bar-
shaped, often contracted in the middle, and sometimes separated into two
spots ; in a few specimens this mark is hook-shaped.

A common insect throughout the Himalayas. Elwes states that in Sikkim
it is met with up to an elevation of 8000 feet from April to November.

Distribution. Central and Western China* ; the Himalayas, Siam, Upper
Burmah.

Papilio alcinous.
Papilio alcinous, Klug, Neue Schmett. p. 1, pl. 1. figs. 1-4 (1836).
Papilio alcinous, var., Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. i. p. 12, pl. iv. figs. 2, 3 (1852).
Papilio mencius, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 22 (1862).
Papilio spathatus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 139 (1881).
Papilio hematostictus, Butler, loc. cit.

* Oberthiir (Etud. d’Entom. xi.) records a variety of P. maria, Semper, from Kouy-Tchéou.
I am not acquainted with Semper’s species, which is from the Philippines, but I am inclined to
think that Oberthiir’s insect is referable to P. philoxenus.

4p2

540 PAPILIONIDA.

‘‘ Alis posticis sinuato-dentatis spathulato-caudatis, fusco cinereis, abdomine subtus lunulisque
quinque ad marginem posticum alarum posticarum ochraceis.” (Klug, l. c.)

Var. mencius, Felder=P. alcinous, var., Gray. ‘“ Variety. Male (pl. iv. fig. 3). The primary
wings brownish black glossed with purple, having streaks of darker colour between the
nervules and the discoidal cell. The secondary wings brownish black, having the base glossed
with purple, with four lunes along the outer margin of a red colour with scattered black
scales.

“The under surface of the primary wings is pale brownish black, with streaks of darker colour
between the nervules and in the discoidal cell. The under surface of the secondary wings is
deep brownish black, with five rosy-red lunes along the outer margin ; and at the anal angle
there is an abbreviated broad band of rosy red which is paler in part.

“ Female (pl. iv. fig. 2). The primary wings pale hair-brown with a purplish gloss, and the
anterior and outer margins brownish black ; the discoidal cell and the spaces between the
nervules are marked with black streaks.

«The secondary wings pale hair-brown with a satiny gloss at the base, while posteriorly they are
black with a velvety appearance; five narrow lunes of pinkish white, with scattered black
scales, run along the outer margin, those towards the anterior angle decreasing in size.

“The under surface of the primary wings is pale hair-brown slightly tinged with purple, with the
streaks as seen on the upperside. The under surface of the secondary wings is entirely black,
more or less with a velvety appearance; six rosy-red lunes are placed along the outer
margin, and at the anal angle there is a large spot of the same colour.

“ In Collection (Brit. Mus.) from Northern China.

“Tt is called ‘Chentih’ by the Chinese.” (Gray, 1. c.) i

« Alis nigricantibus, posticis caudis longis, per totam longitudinem equilatis, maculis submargi-
nalibus erythrinis, in pagina superiore quatuor obsoletioribus, in pagina inferiore quinque
lunzformibus, in femina dimidio basali late olivaceo-fusco.

“Tn collibus prope Ningpo. Geographica mutatio P. alcinot, Klug, japonici, cujus typica specimina
e Museo Leydensi et Berolinensi ante nos habemus; differt non solum colore et formatione
lunularum in alis posticis, sed etiam alis magis elongatis ideoque angustioribus et caudis ad
basin vix attenuatis. Cel. Gray utrumque sexum l. c. optima figura expressit.” (elder,
1. c.)

Var. spathatus, Butler. ‘Possibly a seasonal form of P. alcinous; the latter species, however,
was not obtained in Niphon by Mr. Maries; he obtained shattered males and a single fine
female in Yesso; it is therefore more probable that. this is a local representative of
P. alcinous. It differs in its considerably greater size, much longer and more spatulate tails,
in the heavier black borders and veins on the female, in the much obscured red submarginal
lunules on the upper surface of the male secondaries, and the broader and dingier submarginal
curved spots on the female secondaries. Expanse of wings, male, 4 inches 1 line; female,
4+ inches 10 lines,

“‘ This is a commoner species than P. alcinous, which (owing to the fact that
Klug erroneously figures its female as that sex of his species) it generally
represents in collections. _P. alcinous, female, agrees with the male in size
and form.” (Butler, l. ¢.)

PAPILIO. 541

Var. hematostictus, Butler. “In Yesso Mr. Maries caught the female of a species which in
1862 we received the male of from Hakodate, It is allied to P. mencius of Felder (males of
which Mr. Maries obtained at Kiukiang, China); but the wings are darker, the tails on the
secondaries are more slender, the submarginal lunules are absent from the upper male
secondaries, and are less arcuate and smaller upon the upper surface of the female. To this
species I give the name of P. hematostictus.” (Butler, 1. c.)

This is one of the commonest Papilios occurring in the region dealt with
in the present work; there are several broods in the more southern districts.
The species is exceedingly variable both in size and shape as well as in
colour and marking, and several of the forms have been named and described.

The males range from 84-114 millim. in expanse, and the females from 90-

116 millim. The tails are subject to considerable modification both as

regards breadth and length, and they may be either spatulate or of almost

uniform width throughout. Some male specimens are entirely without red
lunules on upper surface of secondaries, whilst others have five or even six well-
formed and conspicuous lunular marks; the gradations between these
extremes are represented in my series. In several specimens of both sexes,
taken by myself in the island of Kiushiu, the lunules are yellow instead of
red. ‘The female appears to be constant in Japan, but not in the Loochoo

Islands, where it varies in shade of ground-colour. The palest females are

from Southern Japan (alcinous), and are light fawn in colour with yellow

lunules; whilst the darkest, which are almost black, are from Central China.
Pryer, who states that the larva which feeds on Cocculus thunbergii

‘resembles a partially ripe mulberry, and the pupa is beautifully sculptured,”

says of the imago :—‘ The male emits a peculiarly sweet, musky odour when

alive. The female also emits a fainter odour, but to me this is as unpleasant
as that of the male is pleasant,”
Distribution. Western and Central China, Corea, Japan, and Loochoo

Islands,

Papilio plutonius,
Papilio plutonius, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 16, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1876).

‘* Les ailes supérieures du male sont d’un noir un peu transparent avec les nervures marquées en
noir et des traits noirs longitudinaux compris entre ces nervures, absolument comme dans
les espéces du groupe de polyeuctes, philoxenus, et celles du groupe d’ alcinous, mencius, entre
lesquelles le Papilio plutonius forme une remarquable transition.

‘“‘ Les ailes inférieures sont noires, glacées d’un reflet cuivreux, avec la poche anale brune et coton-
neuse; elles sont assez profondément découpées, ont une queue courte et spatulée, et sont

542 PAPILIONIDA.

ornées de taches rouges semées de noir. Ces taches, situées dans l’entre-deux des nervures et
prés du bord extérieur, sont lunulées ; celle qui est plus prés de langle anal est plus chargée
de rouge; les deux suivantes sont encore assez rouges; mais les trois derniéres paraissent
rouges presque uniquement par la transparence du dessous. Ces lunules sont au milieu
dune macule triangulaire qui ressort plus noire sur le fond de Vaile.

“‘ Le dessous reproduit le dessus, mais est d’un ton plus pale et plus mat. Les taches rouges de l’aile
inférieure ne sont pas saupoudrées de noir, et il y a en plus de celles du dessus une grosse
tache rouge prés de la poche anale; cette tache transparait cependant un peu en dessus.

“La femelle diffcre du male parce que la poche est remplacée par un renflement et parce que la
couleur des ailes est d’un brun plus pale, cuivreux, au lieu @’étre noir.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

This species seems to combine the characters of both P. alcinous and some
of the aberrant forms of P. philoxenus. From P. alcinous it may be separated
by the greenish-cupreous sheen of the upper surface of the male and in both
sexes by the more irregular outline of the secondaries and more spatulate
tails ; the under surface of all the wings is olivaceous brown, thus causing
the neuration of secondaries to appear more prominent. ‘The female more
nearly resembles the same sex of P. alcinous.

In both sexes the secondaries have the appearance of being semitransparent,
and this will serve to at once separate P. plutonius from any form of P. alcinous.

From dark forms of P. philoxenus this species can easily be separated by
the number and arrangement of submarginal lunules on the under surface of
the secondaries; these in P. plutonius are seven in number, instead of five,
and are placed ina regular series nearer to the margin of the wing than in
P. philoxenus ; there is never any trace of a red spot on the tail or on the
lobe at end of second median nervule, and the spot beyond discoidal cell is
not white.

Although the red submarginal lunules are always constant on the under
surface they vary in definition on the upper surface, and in one example are
reduced in number to one spot at anal angle.

Appears to be common and generally distributed in Western China.

In his “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim ” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888), Mr. Elwes, referring to P. plutonius, says :—

“Of this species I have only two females in bad condition, brought by my
native shikaris from the interior, perhaps from Bhotan, in 1884. They
strongly resemble small dark females of the Japanese P. alcinous in all but
their shorter spathulate tails, and are probably the females of a western form of
this species.”

Distribution. Western China, Bhotan.

PAPILIO. 543

Papilio nevilli.

Papilio nevilli, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. p. 105 (1882).

Papilio (Panosmia) nevilli, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv.
pt. ii. p. 374, pl. xv. figs. 2, 2ad (1886).

Papilio chentsong, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 18, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1886).

“Posterior wings above with two large pink-white spots, one between the discoidal vein and the
second branch of the subcostal, occupying all but the two ends of the space ; the other in the
space next in front, smaller, and not extending so far towards the base of the space, and
with three bright crimson submarginal lunules, two subequal in the interspaces between the
branches of the median vein, and the third between the third median veinlet and the dis-
coidal vein, equal to, or slightly greater than, the other two taken together; below with a
small pink-white spot between the first branch of the subcostal and the costal veins, forming
with the two visible on both sides of the organs a series of three, all equally distant from the
outer margin; the submarginal lunules larger and subequal and much lighter coloured, and
with a fourth rather irregular-shaped crimson spot, subequal to the lunules, and divided into
two unequal parts by the first median vein, at the end of the basal half of which it is

placed, with the tails well-developed but not constricted at base.” (Wood-Mason, I. c.)
Silchar, Cachar.

Var. chentsong, Oberthiir. “Je pense que le Papilio chentsong dont Mgr. Biet nous a envoyé
deux trés beaux miles pris 4 Yerkalo, est une forme géographique de ravana dont il différe
par le rétrécissement des taches blanches et rosées de ses ailes inférieures en dessus, la
coloration plus vive des taches roses des mémes ailes en dessous et principalement par la
forme de ses queues qui sont plus droites, plus allongées, 4 peine spatulées et non marquées
de rouge, comme dans ravana.” (Oberthiir, l. c.)

The figure of chentsong, Oberthiir, only appears to differ from that of
nevilli, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, in the smaller size of the two pale
blotches on the costal portion of the outer area of the secondaries.

I have received a very large number of specimens of this species from
Western China, where it was found in most of the localities visited by my
collectors. As in the allied species, the submarginal spots of secondaries are
liable to considerable variation, not only in size and shape, but also in number
and coloration. In some specimens the upper spots, which are usually white,
are well marked with red, whilst in other specimens the only spots present
are the three upper ones, which are greatly reduced in size and are pure
white in colour. In most of my specimens the red spot towards anal angle is
absent or only slightly indicated, none of them exhibit any trace of a red
spot towards extremity of the tail which seems to be always present in
P. ravana, Moore, of which, however, it cannot be considered a local race, as
M. Oberthiir suggests it may be.

Distribution. Cachar and Western China.

544 PAPILIONIDZ.

Papilio memnon.

Papilio memnon, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 747 (1767).

Papilio agenor, Linneus, |. c.; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 339, pl. xxix. fig. 1, 9 (1885).

Papilio memnon, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1886).

Papilio androgeos, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. xci. figs. A, B (1776).

Papilio thunbergii, Siebold, Hist. Nat. Jap. p. 16 (1824).

Iliades memnon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 147
(1881).

“ P. E. alis dentatis nigris ; omnibus basi subtus rubro notatis. (Mus. Lud. Ulr, 193.)

“ Habitat in China.

“ Als primores subtus basi macula ovata, rubra; postice basi paribus 4, subrotundis, rubris,
confertis.” (Linneus, l. ¢.)

Papilio agenor, Linneus.—“ P. EF. alis dentatis nigris basi sanguineis ; primoribus striatis ; posticis
disco albo maculis nigris. (Mus. Lud, Ulr, 194; Clerck, Ic. t. xv.)

‘“* Habitat in China.

‘*‘ Ale primores concolores, albo late striate. Postica atre disco albo; postice cincte maculis
7 nigris, versus anum rubro insectis. Similis deiphobo.” (Linnceus, l. ¢.)

Papilio thunbergii, Siebold.—“ Alis fuscis anterioribus supra basi triangulo sanguineo, posteri-
oribus subdentatis, subtus basi maculis quatuor sanguineis (raro).” (Siebold, lL. ¢.)

Males of P. memnon, which are always more abundant than the females,
are far more constant in colour and markings. Usually they are without the
red basal patch on upper surface of primaries, but sometimes this is well
developed.

In Japan the species seems to be confined to the southern island of
Kiushiu, where I met with it fairly plentifully both at Nagasaki and in the
province of Satsuma in the month of May. ‘The males agree very well with
Distant’s figure of the same sex of P, esperi, Butler (Rhop. Malay. pl. xxviii.
fig. 1), but the reddish lunules on under surface of secondaries are not quite
so conspicuous, and are entirely absent in some specimens. They also agree
in some respects with P. cilivz, Distant (/. c. pl. xxix. fig. 4). The females
have rather more white on the secondaries, and the red spots of under
surface are not so large as in the female of P. cilix.

From Western China I have only one specimen, a female, which was
captured in Kwei-chow. It agrees very well with the same sex of P. agenor,
Linnwus, as figured by Distant (/. ¢. pl. xxix. fig. 1).

[ received male specimens of P. memnon from Chang-yang, Central China,
and captured others at Hong-Kong, Foochau, and Ningpo.,

PAPILIO. , 545

In the Loochoo Islands, where this species appears to be common, there
is a large pale form of the female closely approaching agenor ; this form is
figured by Pryer, who was apparently unacquainted with the true Japanese
female. The males from the same locality agree with Cramer’s figure of
P. androyeos.

In his paper on the Lepidoptera of Sikkim, Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1888, p. 428) states that “P. androgeus is common in the lower
valleys and found as high as 4000 or 5000 feet from April until December.
The common form of female in Sikkim is tailed, with a considerable amount
of white in and beyond the cell of the hind wing ; but tailless females are also
found without any white markings, and others with a broad white patch on
the hinder margin of the fore wing.” |

Distribution. China, Japan, Loochoo Islands, Continental India, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

Papilio protenor.

Papilio protenor, Cramer, Pap, Exot. 1. pl. xlix. figs. A, B (1779).

Papilio laomedon, Jones; Fabricius (nec Cramer), Ent. Syst. ui. 1, p. 12 (1798) ;
Donovan, Ins. China (Westwood ed.), p. 56, pl. 27, 9 (1842).

Sainia protenor, Moore, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 260.

“‘ Le dessus des ailes antérieures de ce Papillon Chinois est d’un lustre bleu obscur. Quelques
petits grains bleus celestes sont dispersés sur les postérieures, vers leur bord extérieur. Il a
six pieds; selon la division systématique de Linnzus on peut le ranger parmi les Chevaliers
Troyens.” (Cramer, l. c.)

Outer margin of secondaries dentated, but not prolonged into a tail.

Male. Primaries dark bluish grey, with the venation black, broad, velvety ; black streaks between
the nervules and in discoidal cell. Secondaries velyety bluish black, the costal and outer areas
sometimes sprinkled with pale blue scales; there is a black anal spot more or less completely
encircled with reddish, the latter colour edged on the outer margin with white. Under
surface: .primaries whitish grey; the basal area suffused with blackish; venation and black
streaks as above: secondaries velvety black ; there are some reddish lunules on the costal half
of outer margin ; the black spot at anal angle is placed in a large irregular-shaped patch, which
is dusted with pale lilac scales and is sometimes connected with a reddish ring near outer
margin in the first median interspace.

Female. Upper surface similar to that of the male, but the primaries are sometimes brownish in
colour; the reddish marks at anal angle and in first median interspace agree with those on
under surface of the male; on the under surface the reddish patches are large and diffuse, and
there are five lunules on outer marginal area.

Expanse, ¢ 96-142 millim., 9 156 millim.

The males are fairly constant in colour and marking, and the females
4c

546 PAPILIONIDZ.

exhibit parallel variation to that observed in the same sex of P. deme-
trius.

This is perhaps the commonest species of Papilio inhabiting Central and
Western China; it was found in numbers in all places visited by my col-
lectors. Mr. Elwes states that it occurs in Formosa and at Hong-Kong, and
adds that it has been recorded by Felder from Ningpo. I took specimens at
Foochau in April. Motschulsky erroneously enumerates it from Japan.

In India P. protenor is found throughout the Himalayas, up to an
elevation of 6000 feet, from April to October.

Papilio demetrius,

Papilio demetrius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 196, pl. ecclxxxv. figs. E, F (1782) ; Pryer,
Rhop. Nihon. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 1 (1886).

Papilio carpenteri, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. p. 318 (1882).

“Ce Papillon ressemble au P. protenor de la Chine, mais il en varie par les queues en forme de
spatules aux ailes inférieures, par le defaut des pointilles azurées ; comme aussi par le dessein
varié des taches rouges en forme de demi-lune sur ie dessous des ailes susmentionnées,
Mr. M. Houttuin, a regu ce Papillon, avec plusieurs autres insectes, du Japon, il me l’a préte
pour le faire dessiner.” (Cramer, l. ¢.)

Papilio carpenteri, Butler.—Male. ‘« Primaries above blackish grey, with borders, veins, and inter-
nervular streaks black: secondaries greenish black; a large jet-black spot at anal angle,
bordered above by an orange-red lunule enclosing a black dash, and sprinkled in front with a
few pearly-whitish scales, below by a triangular golden-orange spot; fringe white between
the veins; the usual sulphur-yellow costal streak ; body black; abdomen greenish. Pri-
maries below ash-grey, the black streaks and veins narrower than above: secondaries greenish
black; a decreasing submarginal series of four orange lunules from apex: to lower radial
interspace ; a few scales in the second median interspace, a large crescent in the first median
interspace, and a large irregular patch enclosing a biack spot, sprinkled in front with white
scales, and bordered with white on the margin at anal angle: body below black. Expanse of
wings 118 millim.

+. Tateyama Bay, entrance to Gulf of Yedo.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

‘The female is usually larger than the male, and is rather broader in the wing; the primaries are
paler, and the dise of secondaries is usually suffused with bluish scales; the red patch at anal
angle is well defined, as also are the red submarginal lunules,

This species is very common in the neighbourhood of Nagasaki and
throughout the Island of Kiushiu during the spring, but the specimens are
smaller in size than those which appear later in the year. ‘The females,
which are very much scarcer than the males, exhibit considerable variation in
the red submarginal markings of secondaries.

Pryer (/. ¢.) states that in Japan the imago is common from April to the

PAPILIO. 5AT

end of the summer, and that the larva feeds on Aigle sepiaria. According to
de l’Orza the larva is found on orange-trees,

Mr. Elwes, referring to this species (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 872),
remarks that he and Mr. Godman possess specimens taken by W. B. Pryer in
the Fungwhan Hills, near Ningpo; the only Chinese locality from which I
have received specimens is Kiukiang.

There is very little to separate P. demetrius from P. protenor, excepting
that the latter is without tails—a character which in some species of Papilio
is of but little importance.

Distribution. Japan ; Central and Eastern China.

Papilio macilentus.

Papilio macilentus, Janson, Cist. Entom. ii. p. 158 (1877); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 4,
pl. i. fig. 2 (1886).

Papilio scevola, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. iv. p. 37, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1879).

Papilio tractipennis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 189 (1881).

* Allied to P. demetrius, Cram., but with all the wings narrower and much more elongated ; pri-
maries above dusky black, the black streaks between the nervures very narrow ; secondaries
with the outer margin strongly notched, the tails long and narrow, black, costa pale yellow,
four small indistinct spots along the outer margin, and a broad ring on the abdominal margin
dull red; beneath the primaries are paler than in demetrius and somewhat shining ; secondaries
with four lunular spots along the outer margin, an interrupted ring on the abdominal margin,
and a spot near the anal angle pale red. Expanse of wings 33-43 lines.

“The very long slender wings are sufficient to distinguish this species at once from P. demetrius,
Cram., the only species which resembles it in other respects; it appears to be confined to the
mountains, and has been taken by Messrs. Pryer and Jonas on Oyama.” (Janson, l. c.)

Papilio seevola, Oberthiir.—* Remplace quelque part le demetrius du Japon; différe de celui-ci
par une taille plus petite et la forme de ses ailes inférieures fortemeht dentées, étroites,
allongées, avec Ja queue longue et paraissant peu recourbée intérieurement.” (Oberthiir, l.c.)

Papilio tractipennis, Butler.—‘‘ Male. Intermediate in size between P. macilentus and P. demetrius ;
similar to the latter, from which it differs in its greater size, its more elongated wings, longer
and broader tails, also in the greyer tints of the primaries, upon which the black outer border
appears more prominently ; below the primaries are distinctly paler and greyer, the markings
upon the secondaries are brighter in colour, redder, and there is an abbreviated additional red
fascidle, bounded below by an arcuate streak of blue scales, across the first median interspace.
Expanse of wings 5 inches 2 lines.

“ Female. This is the P. demetrius of Gray (nec Cramer); but when fresh this sex is nearly as dark
as the male, although browner in tint, and with two ocellated and several submarginal lunate
red markings on the upper surface of the secondaries ; as usual, it is broader in wing than the
male, and the tails are shorter. Expanse of wings 5 inches. Nikko.” (Butler, l.c.)

I have specimens from the Island of Kiushiu. According to Pryer this
4o2

548 PAPILIONID A.

species is rare about Yokohama, but is more abundant in the mountains ; it
occurs from May throughout the summer. He says:—‘ The female is very
seldom to be obtained. ‘The male, which is ornamented exactly as in the
preceding species [| P. demetrius], is in its first brood often very diminutive,
and I have captured them less than half the size of the female specimen
figured. I have not yet found the larva, This species is specially adapted to
fertilizing lilies, the pollen from the flowers, which it frequently visits,
adhering to its long hind wings and tails.”

The male specimens in my collection range from 85-120 millim. in expanse,
and the largest female measures 154 millim,

This insect does not appear to be common in China. I have received
specimens from Kiukiang, 'Ta-chien-lu, Wa-ssu-kow, and Pu-tsu-fong. Ober-

thiir’s type of scwvola was from Boisduval’s collection, and probably from
China,

Dr. Staudinger curiously confounds this species with P. machaon.
Distribution. Central China; Southern and Central Japan.

Papilio helenus.

Papilio helenus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 745 (1767) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 313,
pl. xxix. fig. 83, g (1885) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1886).

Papilio nicconicolens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 139 (1881).

Charus helenus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 149, pl. lviii. fig. 8, g (1881).

“ P. #. alis caudatis nigris ; posticis macula alba; subtus tribus albidis lunulisque septem ferru-
gineis.” (Linneus, I. c.)

* Brownish black. Fore wing sparsely irrorated with golden-yellow scales disposed in streaks
between the veins. Hind wing with a broad pale yellow upper discal band, which has an
irregular outer border; an indistinct crimson slender lunule above anal angle, and other
lunules from the lower exterior margin, these being most distinct in the female ; a few yellow
scales on the dise below the band.

‘ Expanse 44 to 53 inches.

“ Larva green, similar in form to P. parinda, with pale pinkish flesh-colour lateral lower band
along all the segments, the oblique band on the eighth, ninth, and tenth segments more
irregular and extending across the back. Pupa olive-brown, much curved backward
anteriorly, similar to that of P. parinda.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Papilio nicconicolens, Butler.— Very near to P. helenus, but constantly differing in the creamy-
yellow patch of secondaries being carried below the radial vein in the form of a large squamose
spot, and in the submarginal Iunules on the under surface of the same wings being far more
arcuate. Expanse of wings 5 inches 3 lines.” (Butler, 1. c.)

The differences on which nicconicolens has been separated as a species

PAPILIO. 549

from P. helenus are not of the slightest importance, and do not serve to
separate Japanese specimens from Chinese or Indianexamples. The form to
which Butler has given the fantastical name of nicconicolens was said to have
been received from Nikko. Pryer, however, states that he never met with
this insect in the main island of Japan, but only in the south. I found the
species commonly at Nagasaki and in the province of Higo and Satsuma in
May; [also met with it at Hong-Kong, Foochau, and Ningpo. In Central
and Western China it appears to be a rare species, and I have only received
it from Ichang and Omei-shan.

Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 429) states that P. helenus is one
of the commonest species of Papilio in Sikkim and occurs at all elevations up
to 6000 feet, but is most numerous in the low valleys from April to October.
_ A widely ranging species, occurring in many parts of India; also in
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Penang, Perak, Malacca, Java, Borneo, Philippines,
Celebes, Cachar, China, and Japan. |

Papilio rhetenor.

Papilio rhetenor, Westwood, Arc. Ent. i. p. 59, pl. xvi. figs. 1, la, ¢ (1842).

Papilio icarius, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 5, pl. it. 9 (1848).

Papilio (Panosmiopsis, subg. nov.) rhetenor, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat,
Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 374.

“ Alis supra nigro-cyaneo nitidis, posticis oculo inecompleto ad angulum ani albo supra rufo;
subtus anticis griseis nigro striatis, basi sanguineis ; posticis aterrimis margine omni anali
late sanguineo nigro maculato angulo ani albo irrorato. Expans. alar. une. 5}.

“This fine species is a nativeof Assam. On the upperside the wings are of a black colour, tinged
with very dark blue, especially towards the outer angle of the hind wings, being there increased
by a number of minute, slender, elongated, blue scales. At the anal angle is an incomplete
eye, formed of a black spot, partially surrounded on the inside with a whitish crescent, the
upper part of which is tinged with sanguineous. The fore wings beneath are of a grey colour,
darker towards the base and along the outer edge, with the veins and intermediate longitudinal
fascize black, the base being blood-red, which colour extends broadly along the whole of the
anal margin of the hind wings (except in the anal fold), marked with a black spot at the
anal angle, which is much irrorated with white. The sanguineous colour in the next area of
the wing is marked with three black spots, the middle one being the largest. The head and
neck above are spotted with dirty white, and the antenne and legs are black. The abdomen
is wanting in the unique specimen now before me.

** Most nearly allied to the Chinese P. protenor, but differs in the anal eye, in the extent of the
sanguineous colour along the whole anal margin of the hind wings, and in wanting the spots
along the hind margin of the same wings.” (Westwood, I. c.)

The female, described by Westwood under the name ‘carius, differs from the male in having the

550 PAPILIONIDA,

ground-colour paler and the red streak in discoidal cell of primaries broader and darker.
Secondaries have a short broad tail, the anal ocellus is larger, and there is a submarginal
series of red lunules and a marginal series of red spots; beyond the cell there is a pale cloud.
Under surface as in the male, but the red submarginal markings are broader, those towards
anal angle forming complete oval ocelli; the pale cloud on disc is more conspicuous than
above.

In Chinese specimens there is always a broad red streak at the base of
discoidal cell of primaries;.the anal ocellus is well defined, and in some
specimens the outer angle of primaries is suffused with greyish scales. On
the under surface of secondaries there is sometimes a complete series of red
submarginal lunules and usually a bluish cloud at outer angle. In one
example there are three red spots on outer margin and in the first median
interspace, remnants of the complete ocellus seen in the female.

This species does not appear to be common in China. I have only
received it from Chang-yang and Ichang, Central China, and from Chia-ting-fu
in Western China. The only female that I have was taken at the last-named
locality.

Referring to the occurrence of P. rhetenor in Sikkim, Mr. Elwes says :-—
“Found not uncommonly in the lower valleys, and up to 5000 or 6000 feet,
from April to October. Two forms of the male exist, which I am not able to
separate except by the colour of the hind margin of the fore wing, which in
one form is more or less overlaid with grey or white scales close to the angle.
There is also some variation in the white lunules which are present at the
abdominal angle of the hind wing, and in some specimens show more or less
on the upper surface. The female form described as icarius is, without doubt,
the female of this species. It is rare in Sikkim.” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1888, p. 428.)

Distribution. Wimalayas, Central and Western China.

Papilio elwesi.
Papilio elwesi, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 118, pl. vii. fig. 1.

Male, Ground-colour of all the wings black. Primaries and anterior portion of secondaries thickly
sprinkled with whitish scales on each side of the nervures and nervules, which gives the
insect a grey and streaked appearance. Posterior portion of secondaries black with a bluish
tinge, ornamented with five deep red crescent-shaped marks and an ocellus; the latter is
bordered with white on its external edge, and is situated at the anal angle. Along the outer
margin are four small red marks, bordered externally with white, that situated between the
extremities of the first and second median nervules being much the largest. Under surface:

d1

Or

PAPILIO.

colour and ornamentation similar to these characters on the upperside, but somewhat
fainter. Head, thorax, and legs black. Body bluish black.

Female. The primaries are rather darker, there are a few bluish scales below the centre of the
secondaries, the tails are slightly more rounded, and the red marginal markings of the under
surface of secondaries are more pronounced.

Expanse 156 millim,

This species can at once be separated from any other known Papilio by its
broad spatulate tails, which are traversed to their margins by ¢wo (the 2nd
and 3rd median) nervules.

The original specimens were from Kiukiang. I have since received
examples from Chang-yang in which the discoidal cell of secondaries is filled
in with white intersected by black vein-like streaks, the white extending beyond
the cell in the form of a triangular spot. j

I am indebted to Mr. John Watson of Manchester for the loan of a
drawing of a female specimen from Central China. Mr. Grose Smith has
also kindly lent me for examination two examples of this sex of P. elwesi
which he received from Ichang.

Papilio bootes.
Papilio bootes, Westwood, Arc. Ent. i. p. 123, pl. 31 (1842).

*“ P, alis nigris, valde elongatis, posticis spathulato-caudatis, harum disco plaga media alba, vena
nigra in duas partes divisa, macula ad angulum ani, lunulisque tribus submarginalibus rufis ;
incisionibus pallide marginatis, caudaque bimaculata; alis subtus similibus at pallidioribus ;
omnibus plaga magna basali rufa; maculis lunulisque rufis majoribus, capite, collo et corpore
infra rufo. Expans. alar. une. 5.

“Tnhabits Sylhet in the East Indies.” (Westwood, 1. c.)

Male. Fuliginous black, generally marked with red at the base of the primaries ; neuration of all
the wings, streaks between the veins and in discoidal cell of primaries, black. The second-
aries have the outer margin deeply excavated between the nervules, the tail is short and
spatulate; there is generally a large white central patch divided by the third median
neryule, sometimes a smaller one below in the first median interspace and a still smaller one
in the submedian interspace ; the red markings comprise a spot at anal angle surmounted by
a lunule, a lunule in first median interspace and four lunules on outer margin. Under
surface paler than above; all the wings are marked with red at the base, the white central
spot rather larger, all the red lunules on outer margin are surmounted by others, and that in
the submedian interspace is sometimes united with the lunule in the next interspace by a red
streak along the first median nervule. Head and collar marked with red. Abdomen black
above, red beneath.

Female. Subdiaphanous, fuliginous grey, markings as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 116-123 millim., 9 124-126 millim.

The white spots on the central area of secondaries vary considerably in size

552 PAPILIONIDZ.

and number in both sexes. In some specimens there are but the faintest
possible traces of them, and in others they are entirely obliterated. In one
example of the female there are two white central elongate marks suffused
with the ground-colour and marked with reddish on their outer extremity,
below them is a reddish spot. None of the Chinese examples have any red
spot on the tail.

My collectors met with this species at Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow, and Ni-tou,
in Western China.

Papilio polytes.

Papilio polytes, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 746 (1767); Clerck, Icones, pl. xiv. fig. 1
(1864) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. eclxv. figs. A-C (1782) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay.
p- 847, pl. xxxiil. figs. 7 g, 8,9, 10 9 (1885).

Papilio pammon, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 746 (1767) ; Clerck, Icones, pl. xiv. fig. 2
(1764) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. exli. fig. B (1779).

Papilio pammon, var. borealis, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 22 (1861).

Papilio romulus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. pl. xliii. fig. A, 9 (1776).

Laertias romulus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 150, pl. lix. figs. 1 a-c (1881).

Papilio pammon, var. thibetanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 14 (1886).

** Male. Wings above blackish or very dark fuscous; anterior wings with an outer marginal
series of small creamy spots placed between the nervules; posterior wings with a transverse
discal series of large creamy spots divided by the nervules, the fringe alternately creamy and
blackish. Wings beneath as aboye, but the posterior wings having a submarginal series of
lunulate ochraceous spots, two spots a little above anal angle, the uppermost largest, reddish,
and preceded by some bluish scales, the fringe-like spots much larger than above. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

* Female. Varietal form A.—Closely resembling the male above, but with a red spot at a little
above anal angle of posterior wings; wings beneath as in male, but the reddish spot above

anal angle of posterior wings duplex, and preceded by a somewhat reddish spot thickly
rrorated with bluish seales situate between the second and third median nervules,

“ Varietal form B.—Anterior wings above much paler, the basal area darker and with darker
streaks in cell and between the nervules ; posterior wings with five creamy discal spots, one
in and near end of cell and four beyond apex of cell divided by the discoidal and first and
second median neryules, the innermost spot being more or less ochraceous and situate in
a larger reddish patch irrorated with violaceous scales which extends to abdominal margin,
and being divided by the lower median neryule; a submarginal series of reddish lunulate
spots placed between the nervules, the two within the area of the caudate appendage duplex,
and a large reddish spot near anal angle with a blackish centre, the fringe alternately creamy
and blackish. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above; posterior wings as above,
but with the submarginal spots larger and irrorated with bluish scales and the fringe-like
spots also larger than above.” (Distant, l. c.)

PAPILIO. 553

This is the commonest form of the female both in the Malay Peninsula
and China.

Var. borealis, Felder. “ Alis maris spathulato-caudatis, maculis minutis marginalibus albido-
ochraceis, posticis utrinque fascia albo-sulphurea, maculis abbreviatis, bene distantibus
formata lunulisque marginalibus angustissimis ochraceo-albis, subtus maculis parvis externis
albo-ochraceis, lunula anali fulva maculisque duabus atomariis ceruleis supra eam.

‘ Ning-po. Magnitudine fere specimina Inde et Chine meridionalis geographica hee varietas
superat. Mas maculis discalibus multo magis separatis, dimidio fere minoribus lunulisque
marginis angustissimis distinguitur. Femina (forme polytes, Linn.) nisi lunulis exterioribus
alarum posticarum a margine magis remotis a javensibus speciminibus haud recedit. Aber-
rationem ejus recepimus sat insignem. Ale postice enim in pagina superiore tres tantum
maculas albas sat abbreviatas gerunt, quarum prima inter ramum subcostalem secundum et
venam discoidalem sita fere punctiformis, tertia autem macule minuti rubescenti, annexa est.
Reliqu inferiores minores sunt et omnino rubescunt. Inter venam costalem et ramum sub-
costalem secundum macule duz valde angustate brunnes conspiciuntur, macularum albarum
obsoleta quasi continuatio. Item macula alba punctiformis in brunneum colorem transit.”
( Felder, 1. c.) :

This form only differs from male polytes in being larger, and in having the
band on secondaries formed of smaller spots. ‘The female of this form agrees
very well with the same sex of polytes as figured by Cramer (V/. ¢.).

M. Oberthiir (/. c.) refers to a variety of this species from Chapa and
describes it as follows :—

Var. thibetanus. “Les taches blane jaunatre du disque des ailes inféricures sont extréme-
ment rétrécies et partiellement oblitérées ; de plus, on voit le long du bord extérieur des ailes
inférieures une rangée intranervurale de croissants fauves, qui se termine par une grosse

tache anale de méme nuance ; jai désigné cette variété, dont le faci¢s est tout a fait différent
du type, sous le nom de thibetanus.”

Distant, in his ‘Rhopalocera Malayana,’ gives two figures of the varietal
form A of the female; I have examples of both sexes from China which
agree with his figure 9. Some male specimens from Omei-shan are very
interesting, because they have red submarginal lunules on the secondaries,
characters which are generally found only in the female of this species. I
have a female example from Foochau which is an exact counterpart of these
males, and a similar specimen of the female is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepido-
ptera of Ceylon,’ pl. lix. fig. 1 a, under the name Laertias romulus.

In Southern China I captured typical males, and also females exactly
corresponding with them in colour and marking. In Northern and Western
China the var. Jorealis appears to be the dominant form, but is subject to

4p

554 PAPILIONIDA.

modification; thus, in the males, the spots forming the central band are
sometimes exceedingly small and vary in colour from the palest yellow to
ochreous, there is often a red anal lunule, and in some specimens there are
red submarginal lunules. The female of the dorealis-form varies in the
number, shape, and size of the central yellowish spots.

I. polytes is common in all parts of China which my collectors visited. It
has been recorded from Japan, but | believe that this is an error, Pryer does
not mention it, although he was well acquainted with the species as he
received a large number of specimens from the Loochoo islands. I found the
insect plentifully in gardens at Foochau and I also met with it at Ningpo.

Elwes says that it is common in Sikkim, at low elevations.

Polytes and pammon are treated as distinct species by Horsfield and
Moore in their Catalogue of Lepidoptera in the Museum of the East India
Company, where the larva and pupa are figured (plate iii. figs. 3, 3 a, 4, 4 a).
The larva is stated to feed “on a species of Citrus, bearing the native name
of Juruk.” Lemon tree and common lime have also been given as food-
plants.

Mr. de Nicéville (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 52) says:—*‘the
commonest Papilio in Calcutta. All three forms of the femaie occur. Larva
reared on Glycosmis pentaphylla, Atgle marmelos, and the common lime.”

Distribution. India, Ceylon, Perak, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philip-
pines, Siam, Cochin China, Loochoo, and China.

1 captured Papilio erithonius, Cramer, at Foochau, early in April; but so
far it does not appear to have been met with in any part of the region dealt

with in the present work.

Papilio aristolochia.

Papilio aristolochia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 448 (1775) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 337,
pl. xxxi. figs. 6, 7, vars. (1885).

Papilio polidorus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 45, pl. exxviil. (1777).

Papilio diphilus, Esper, Aus). Schmett. pl. xl. . fig. 1 (1785-1798).

Menelaides aristolochia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1882, p. 259.

«“ Male. Anterior wings above fuliginous, the basal area blackish, and the remaining area streaked
with blackish, both in cell and between the nervules; posterior wings blackish, with five
whitish spots beyond cell, the first and smallest situate above the discoidal nervule, the fifth
between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, and a submarginal row of six

PAPILIO. 555

reddish spots placed between the nervules, of which the upper three are the most obscure ; a
red spot above anal angle more or less fused with the inner whitish spot. Anterior wings
beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings with the red spots larger and brighter than
above, and with a small additional whitish spot within and just before end of cell (this spot
is frequently visible above). Head and pronotum black, with an anterior pronotal collar and
a tuft between the eyes carmine-red. Abdomen red, spotted above and beneath with black ;
thorax beneath and legs black ; lateral margins of the thorax at base of wings carmine-red.

“ Female. Resembling the male, but the anterior wings broader, and the red submarginal spots to
the posterior wings rather more obscure.

“ Exp. wings, ¢ 2, 70 to 90 millim.” (Distant, 1. ¢ )

The larva and pupa of P. diphilus, Esper, are figured by Horsfield and
Moore (Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. ii. figs. 5,5 a). Distant states that P. aristo-
lochie is a variable species, and that there are no constant differences between
the type and var. diphilus.

The description given above seems to apply very well to Chinese examples ;
these do not, however, exhibit much variation, excepting in the prominence
of the red submarginal lunules of secondaries and the size and number of the
white discal spots.

The species seems to be widely distributed. I met with it commonly near
Foochau, in April 1886. Mr. W. B. Pryer records it from Ningpo. My
collectors met with it commonly at Kiukiang, and I also received it from
Chang-yang, Central China, and from Huang-mu-chang, Western China.

It occurs in most parts of India and in Burma, Malay Peninsula, Penang,
Malacca, Siam, and Java.

Papilio epycides,
Papilio epycides, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. (Pap.) pl. vi. fig. 16 (1864).
Papilio horatius, Blanchard, Comptes Rendus, Ixxii. p. 809, note (1871).

“Upperside. - Male dark brown. The discoidal cell of the anterior wing grey ; the posterior wing
with the cell white; both traversed longitudinally by two lines of black, one of which is
bifureate : both wings traversed longitudinally between the nervures by grey-white, followed
closely by a transverse band of white spots, and on the posterior wing by a second sub-
marginal band of similar white spots, the anal spot large and orange; the abdomen with four
rows of white spots.

“ Underside as above, except that it is paler, that the anterior wing is traversed at the apex by
rays of white, and that the costal margin of the posterior wing is broadly rufous brown.

‘“¢ Expan. 3,3, inch. Hab. North India.

“In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

‘This species has been known to me for several years, but until I had an opportunity of examining
several specimens I was unwilling to describe it. It is nearly allied to P. agestor, but

556 PAPILIONID.

differs from it in the colour and form of the posterior wing, and has besides an orange
spot at its anal angle. The abdomen is spotted with white, not banded as in P. agestor.”
(Hewitson, 1. c.)

Var. horatius, Blanchard. “Ayant le port d’une Danaide et une certaine parenté avec les
Papilio agestor et xenocles, les ailes d’un noir terne, parsemées d’écailles d’un blanc-jaunatre,
formant de larges raies; les ailes postérieures arrondies, ornées d’une tache faune 4 langle
interne.” (Blanchard, l. ¢.)

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Omei-shan, and Chow-pin-sa. The
specimens differ from Darjiling examples in being more suffused with black.
Both sexes are represented, but excepting that the females are rather larger
and darker and more rounded in the wing, they do not differ from the males
in general appearance.

This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to dark females of
Pareba vesta, which is very common in Western China.

Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 432) says that P. epycides
“occurs not uncommonly in some seasons at 2000 to 3000 ft. im April
and May. ‘The female is unknown to me, but is described by Moller as like
the male, but with broader wings, and all the white markings comparatively
larger. ‘This species seems to have been found nowhere but in Sikkim, and
is said by Moller to frequent the sandy beds of streams, like other species of
the genus, and to be single-brooded.” ;

Oberthiir (Etud. d’Entom. iv. p. 100) records Papilio dissimilis from China,
but does not give the exact locality.

Papilio agestor. (Plate XXXV. fig. 5, var. 9.)

Papilio agestor, Gray, Zool. Misc. p, 32 (1831); Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 6, pl. iv. fig. 2
(1846) ; Westwood, Arc, Ent. i. pl. xvi. fig. 2 (1842).

Cadugoides agestor, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1882, p. 260.

“ P. alis griseis, venis margineque exteriore nigris, griseo punctatis ; posticis corticinis, disco
punctato griseis. Expansio alarum, 3} unc. Habitat in Sumatra.” (Gray, Z. M.)

‘ Fore wings grey, with the veins and the margin black, the latter spotted with grey ; the hind
wings brownish red, with the disc and spots grey. Under surface similar to the upper, but
paler.

‘* xpanse of wings 3-3} inches.” (Gray, L. J. N.)

This species is represented in China by a distinct form, for which I

propose the name

PAPILIO.—CALLIANA. 557

Var. restricta, var. nov. (Plate XXXV. fig. 5, 2.) Reddish-brown coloration of secondaries
brighter and restricted to a triangular-shaped patch on the anal area of these wings; the
streaks in discoidal cell of primaries are more pronounced, and those in cell of secondaries are
black instead of reddish.

Appears to be a scarce species in China, as I have only received two
specimens (¢ ?); these were captured at Chang-yang. Except that the
female is rather larger and rounder in the wing, the sexes are alike.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 431) considers that P. gopala,
Moore, and P. govindra, Moore, are probably forms of P. agestor, Gray, and
states that it is rare in Sikkim, occurring in May at from 6000 to 7000 feet.
Its range extends into Bhotan and the N.W. Himalayas.

Fam. HESPERIIDA.

Genus CALLIANA.

Calliana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 686; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.
18938, p. 31.

«« Wings ample, broad. Fore wing trigonal; cell long, broad; costal vein extending to one third
from apex; subcostal vein curyed at end of the cell, first, second, third, and fourth branches
arising at equal distances before end of the cell, fifth from its end, the three former termi-
nating before the apex, fourth at the apex, and fifth below it; discocellulars angled close to
the upper end; upper radial from the angle, lower from their middle; median vein three-
branched, widely apart, the upper from lower end of cell, middle and lower branches at equal
distances, the lower from near base of cell; submedian slightly recurved. Hind wing broadly
ovate; subcostal two-branched, second before end of cell; discocellulars slightly angled :
radial from their angle ; median three-branched, middle branch from immediately before end
of cell. Body small, robust; abdomen short. Palpi short, thick, pilose, ascending ; third joint
short, conical. Antenne slender. Legs pilose.

“Type pieridoides.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

Calliana pieridoides, (Plate XXXIX. fig. 8, ¢.)
Calliana meridoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 687, pl. xlv. fig. 2.

“* Male. Upperside creamy white, glossy ; fore wing with the apex broadly vinous brown, the ends
of the median veins also with a vinous-brown-speckled spot ; hind wing with a curved upper
discal decreasing series of five purple-black spots, the upper one large and situated between
the costal and subcostal veins; the end of the veins also with a small vinous-brown-speckled
spot. Underside white ; fore wing with the costal base, a patch beyond the end of the cell,
and the outer border pale vinous brown; hind wing with a short black narrow streak at end
of costal border, four large subbasal and a curved discal series of seven purple-black spots, a

4n

“yy

58 HESPERIID.

marginal series of broad vinous-brown spots, one at end of each vein. Thorax and abdomen
white; collar, top of head, palpi, and tip of abdomen pale ferruginous; tip of palpi and
antenne black ; legs pale ferruginous above, purple-brown beneath.

« Expanse 23 inches.” (Moore, l. c.)

One male specimen was taken by a native collector at Pu-tsu-fong, Western
China, in July. It differs only from the Bengalese type in Mr. Moore’s
collection in having a rather deeper apical border to primaries; the spots
at ends of median nervules are larger; the discal spots on secondaries are
very faint, except that between the costal and subcostal veins.

The colour of apical border and also of the spots is rather blackish than
vinous brown, as mentioned by Moore in his description of C. pieridoides.

Mr. Doherty *, who obtained male specimens near Margherita, Assam, says :—
“They fly in the darkest parts of the forest towards the end of the afternoon,
alighting, like the other butterflies of the Tagiades group, with outspread
wings. In the morning they lie concealed, adhering closely to the underside
of leaves. No one who sees it floating lazily with level wings up and down
the bed of a stream, its pure white upper surface singularly conspicuous in
the gloom of the jungle, can doubt that the species is protected. I see no
reason to suppose that it mimics any Pierid. Ina very vague way it resembles
the Geometrid genus Euchera, which is likewise protected, and has somewhat
similar habits.

“The entire body and wings of this butterfly are saturated with a powerful
and delicious odour of mingled vanilla and heliotrope. This is often per-
ceptible as it flies past. After pinching the insect, the scent is sometimes
obvious for hours afterwards on one’s fingers. After lying two weeks in its
paper, a dried specimen still gave out perfume. None of the sweet-smelling
Lepidoptera known to me, not even the Lethes, Euplwas, or Callidulas, have a
more powerful odour. Yet it seems to have no specialized scent-organ (such
as those genera have), unless the tufts on the hind tibia, present in many
other Hesperians, be so considered.

“T unluckily caught no female, though I once saw a male circling round .a
dark-coloured Hesperian, which escaped. It is, perhaps, rash to speculate
where certainty may before long be attained, but the female is most likely
dark.”

* Journ, Asiat, Soc. Beng. 1889, p. 138,

PISOLA.—ACHALARUS. 559

Genus PISOLA.

Pisola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 785 ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 31.

‘*« Palpi large, erect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose; third joint minute, conical.
Antenne rather long, curved backward at the apex. Body very stout; abdomen extending
to within one third of the length of the hind wing. Legs moderately slender ; femora pilose
beneath ; mid tibie armed with a pair, and hind tibize with two pairs, of slender apical spurs.
Wings large, broad ; costa of fore wing slightly arched; exterior margin oblique; posterior
margin straight. Hind wing convex at the base of anterior margin; apex, exterior margin,
and anal angle convex. Subcostal vein of fore wing six-branched ; second and third arising
at equal distances from the first; fourth to sixth contiguous at their base to the third.”
(Moore, 1. ¢.)

Pisola zennara.

Pisola zennara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 786, pl. xlii. fig. 4.

** Male and female. Upperside brown; fore wing with a broad yellowish-white semitransparent
irregular margined discal band obliquely from middle of costa to posterior angle; hind wing,
in the male, exteriorly with two greyish longitudinal streaks between each vein, these being
absent in the female. Abdomen with pale greyish anal tuft. Underside uniform brown,
with oblique discal band as above. Front of head and palpi dull orange-yellow. Body and
legs brown. Cilia brown.

““Expanse, ¢ 21, 9 34 inches. N.E. Bengal.” (Moore, l. c.)

Mr. Grose Smith has one female example of this species from Omei-shan,
Western China.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 442) states that P. zennara is rare
in Sikkim, and occurs between April and August in low valleys. He adds,
“the antenne of the female are much less hooked than those of the male.”

Genus ACHALARUS.

Achalarus, Scudder, Syst. Rev. Am. Butt. p. 50 (1872). Type, lycidus, Smith-Abb.

Achalarus, Scudder, Butt. East. Un. States, vol. ii. p. 1412 (1889) ; Watson, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond. 1893, p. 33.

Lobocla, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. liii. pt. 2, p. 51 (1884). Type, lilana,
Atkinson.

«Antenne: club moderate, bent into a hook, the terminal portion about as long as rest of club.
Palpi porrect, second joint densely scaled, third joint short. Fore wing: inner and outer
margins subequal; vein 12 reaching costa before end of cell; male with a costal fold; cell
long, more than two thirds length of costa; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower
discocellulars inwardly oblique in the same straight line, the lower the longer; veinlet at
vein 4; vein 3 more than four times as far from base of wing as from end of cell; vein 2

4En2

560 HESPERIID A.

about three times as far from end of cell as from base of wing. Hind wing slightly lobed at
anal angle; discocellulars faint, erect; vein 5 present, but very faint; vein 7 three times as
far from 8 as from 6; vein 3 just before end of cell; vein 2 almost twice as far from base of
wing as from end of cell. Hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs.

‘* American and Asian.” (Watson, l. c.)

Achalarus bifasciatus. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 9, var.)

Eudamus bifasciatus, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 10, pl. i. fig. 1 (1853) ;
Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. pl. vi. fig. 47 (1886).

Goniloba bifasciatus, Ménétriés, Mus. Petr. Lep. i. pl. v. fig. 3 (1855).

Plesioneura bifasciata, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 910.

« Alis supra: fuscis, albo-fimbriatis ; anticis guttis hyalinis quinque, punctis apicalibus hyalinis
tribus, bifasciatis ; subtus: fuscis, cinereo-fasciatis et nebulosis. ‘

« Expans. alar. antic. unc. 114.” (Bremer § Grey, l. ¢.)

The above description refers to the male, which sex is very much the
commonest. The female is rather larger than the male, and has the wings
rounder; the spots forming the central band are rather larger, especially that
on the costa, which is usually quadrate.

Var. contractus, var. nov. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 9, ¢.) Rather greyer in colour; the spots
forming the central fascia are narrower and differently shaped, those towards apex are often

minute.

This form appears constant, and has so far only been met with at Wa-ssu-
kow and Wa-shan in Western China, in which localities the type form does
not seem to occur.

I met with it commonly about fifteen miles from Gensan at the foot of the
mountains; Fixsen also records it from Corea. In Western China it occurs
at Ni-tou, Moupin, Chow-pin-sa, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan (var. contractus), and
Waz-ssu-kow (var. contractus). I have also received it from Chang-yang and
Kiukiang in Central China and from Ningpo.

Achalarus proximus. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 7, ¢.)
Judamus proximus, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 59 (June 1891).
Eudamus frater, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 3 (July nec June, 1891).

Male. Closely allied to A. nepos, Oberthiir, but can be easily separated by the ground-colour,
which is very dark shining brown, instead of being tinged with olive; the wings are rounder,
and the outer margins of secondaries are not so indented ; the position of the two apical spots
is also different. ‘lhe colouring of the under surface more nearly resembles that of A. ger-
manus, Oberth., but the apical spots of primaries and the position of the dark bands on
secondaries at once distinguish it from that species.

xpanse 48 millim,

ACHALARUS. 561

“ Voisin de bifasciatus, germanus, nepos, etc.; mais bien distinct par le rétrécissement des taches
vitreuses aux ailes supérieures. Le dessous des ailes inférieures resemble plus 4 germanus
qu’aux autres espéces, c’est-i-dire que les taches noir yviolacé sont également foncées chez
germanus et chez frater ; mais leur position relative est différente, comme aussi la position des
taches vitreuses aux supérieures.” (Oberthir, l. ¢.)

I received this species from Pu-tsu-fong in Western China, where it was
captured in June, and M. Oberthiir records it from Yunnan.

Achalarus germanus.
Eudamus germanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. pl. vi. fig. 48 (1886).

Very similar to A. bifasciatus, var. contractus, on the upper surface, but four of the five subapical
spots are contiguous and arranged in an oblique line. On the under surface of secondaries
the ill-defined bands of bifasciatus are replaced in germanus by series of conspicuous dark
irregular-shaped marks, one of which, the third of submarginal series, is cuneiform.

M. Oberthiir does not describe this species, of which he received four
examples from Ta-chien-lu. I have specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and Wa-ssu-
kow, where they were captured in June and July at an elevation of about
8000 feet in the former locality, and at 5000 feet in the latter.

Achalarus nepos.
Eudamus nepos, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. pl. vi. fig. 49 (1886).

Both sexes agree in general characters with A. bifasciatus, var. contractus, but the primaries are
dusted with greyish; the secondaries are greyish on the disc, broadly bordered with blackish
on outer margin; the third spot of central series on primaries is placed farther apart and
appears to connect the five apical spots with the fourth of central series. On the under
surface all the wings are greyish, and the bands of secondaries are composed of more or less
dark quadrate spots, agreeing somewhat in this respect with A. germanus, but the third of
submarginal series is not triangular.

M. Oberthiir received two specimens from Ta-chien-lu, and I have three

males and one female from Pu-tsu-fong taken at an elevation of about

8000 feet in July.

Achalarus simplex. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 12, ¢.)
Eudamus simplex, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 58 (June 1891).
Eudamus gener, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 2 (July nec June, 1891).
Both sexes may be compared with A. bifasciatus, Brem. The wings are much shorter, broader,

and rounder in contour; the ground-colour is dark shining brown; the apical spots are
confluent, forming a dash. On the under surface the apex of primaries and outer margins

562 HESPERIID.

of all the wings are clouded with bluish grey, and the dark transverse bands of the
secondaries are not bordered with paler. The fringes also are not chequered.

Expanse, ¢ 45, 9 48 millim.

“Un peu plus petit que son congénére bifasciatus, dont il diffcre par ses ailes inférieures en
dessous saupoudrées le long du bord marginal d’atomes gris violatre, et par ailleurs d’une
teinte brun uni, traversée par deux bandes maculaires sinueuses 4 peine perceptibles, allant
du bord costal au bord anal. On ne voit ces bandes, qui ne se distinguent presque pas de la
couleur du fond, que grace aux lignes fort peu accentuces elles-mémes qui les limitent. De
plus la frange n’est pas entrecoupée comme chez bifasciatus.” (Oberthir, 1. ¢.)

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Chow-pin-sa, taken in May and
June, and at Ni-tou and Wa-ssu-kow in July and August. M. Oberthiir
records specimens from Yunnan.

Genus SATARUPA.

Satarupa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 780; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 46.

‘* Palpi stout, densely pilose, erect, projecting in front of the head; third joint minute, conical.
Antenne moderate. Body very stout. Legs slender ; femora slightly pilose beneath ; hind
tibiee pilose at the side and beneath; middle tibiz with a pair, and hind tibize with two
pairs of apical spurs. Wings—fore wing acute; costa nearly straight, exterior margin
oblique ; hind wing rounded exteriorly in the male, angled at the apex, and in the middle of
exterior margin of the female.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

“Antenne: club slender, bent into a hook, terminal portion long. Palpi porrect; third joint
short, bluntly conical. Fore wing: outer margin strongly oblique, inner and outer margins
subequal ; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; discocellulars inwardly oblique ;
vein 12 reaching costa before the end of cell; vein 3 shortly before end of cell, twice as far
from 2 as from 4; vein 2 twice as far from end of cell as from base of wing. Hind wing
much elongated, outer margin sinuate ; vein 7 well before end of cell, twice as far from 8 as
from 6; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2 twice as far from base of wing as
from end of cell.

“In the type species vein 5 of the hind wing is well developed, but it is barely traceable in the
other species of the genus.

“Hind tibiee with two pairs of spurs. In the male the hind tibie are fringed along their upper
edge, and the inner side of the tibix is clothed with long coarse recumbent hairs.

“ Closely allied to Daimio, from which it may be separated by the shape of the wings, especially
of the hind wing, by the much greater length and more decided hook in the terminal portion
of the antennal club, and by the scaling of the hind tibie of the male.

“Entirely confined to Asia.” (Watson, l. ¢.)

Satarupa nymphalis.
Tagiades nymphalis, Speyer, Stett. ent. Zeit. xl. p. 848 (1879) ; Staudinger, Rom. sur
Lép. iii, p. 153, pl. vill. fig. 4 (1887). ,

“ Niger, corpore subtus albido s, albo, palpis croceis, apice nigris; al, anterioribus maculis albis

SATARUPA.—DAIMIO. 563

pellucidis: 1 cellule medix, 9 in serie curva transversa (5 minoribus apicem yersus, 4 in-

ferioribus quadrangulis pone medium) depositis ; al. posterioribus fascia media lata nivea,
t=)

subtus in basim virescenti-pilosulam effusa.” (Speyer, l. c.)

This species greatly resembles Satarupa gopala, Moore, but it is larger
and may be distinguished by the following characters :—Primaries : the spot
at end of the discoidal cell is rather quadrate than triangular, and the three
subapical spots nearest costa are elongate, of almost uniform width, and
contiguous. Secondaries: the outer third is black, intersected by a trans-
verse, curved, ill-defined, pale line, the portion within this line is more or
less broken up into oblong spots; the white portion of the fringes is very
narrowly interrupted with black at extremities of the nervules.

Occurs at moderate elevations in June and July at Omei-shan, Moupin, and
Kwei-chow, Western China, and at Chang-yang and Kiukiang, Central China,
and also in Northern China. Christoph met with the species at Vladivostock,
whence Speyer received the type, and Dorries at Suifun, Amurland.

Genus DAIMIO.
Daimio, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 171 (1875) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 47.

“ Antenne costwe medium superantes, gracillime, clava fusiformi, hamaté. Palpi sat breves,
squamosi, articulo ultimo distincto.

““T have very briefly characterized this genus, which only contains, at
present, a single species, D. tethys, Men. Hitherto this insect has been
associated doubtfully with Pyrgus (sect. Erynnis) or with Misoniades, but it
differs considerably from both in structure. The antenne are long and very
slender, and terminate in a gradually formed hooked fusiform club. They
are provided with a tuft of hair at the base. The palpi have the second
joint covered beneath with squamous scales, whilst the terminal joint is
scantily clothed with short hairs. The fore wings of the male appear to be
destitute of the costal fold found both in Pyrgus and Misoniades.”
(Murray, l.c.)

* Antenne: club moderate, terminal crook bent at about right angles. Palpi porrect; third
joint short, obtusely conical. Fore wing: outer margin slightly oblique; inner margin
longer than outer margin ; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching

costa before the end of cell; discocellulars suberect ; vein 3 close to end of cell, more than
twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2 twice as far from end of cell as from base of wing.

564 HESPERIIDZ.

Hind wing hardly elongated, outer margin sinuate; vein 7 shortly before end of cell, more
than twice as far from 8 as from 6; discocellulars very faint, almost erect; vein 5 barely
traceable; vein 3 shortiy before end of cell; vein 2 twice as far from base of wing as from
end of cell, Hind tibize with two pairs of spurs.

“ Male without costal fold, but with a tuft of hairs attached to the proximal end of hind tibie.

‘* Confined to Asia.” (Watson, l.c.)

Daimio tethys.

Pyrgus tethys, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. p. 126, pl. x. fig. 8 (1857); Oberthiir,
Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 24 (1880).

Daimio thetys, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 314 (1887); Staudinger, op. cit. vi. p. 215
(1892). ;

Daimio tethys, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 33, pl. x. fig. 6 (1889).

* Facies de la P. maluw, Fabr.; ailes brun-foneé en dessus, plus clair en dessous ; les supérieures
de part et d’autre avec cing taches blanches transparentes sur leur disque et trois points au
sommet ; les inférieures sans taches, mais en dessous avec cinq points blancs sur la frange
du bord extérieur.

“« Cette espéce est de la taille et A-peu-prés de la forme de la P. malve, Fabr., et présente égale-
ment les secondes ailes dentées 4 leur bord extérieur.

“ Les ailes sont en dessus d’un brun trés foneé; les supérieures sont ornées sur leur disque de
cing taches blanches transparentes, dont: la premicre étroite et petite, est placée au dessus
de la nervure costale, sur le bord antérieur; la seconde, assez grande, carrée, est situce au
dessous et dans la cellule discoidale ; la troisictme, moins grande, est placée au dessous, et est
arrondie inférieurement ; puis, vient un point situé extérieurement, entre ces deux dernicres
taches ; enfin, la cinquiéme tache placée plus en dedans, et non loin de la troisitme et du
bord interne de l’aile. Puis prés du sommet se voient trois petites taches carrées, trans-
parentes, placées l'une au dessous de l’autre; enfin deux points transparents, trés petits,
placés un peu plus bas, et plus en dehors. Les ailes inférieures offrent sur leur disque trois
ou quatre taches, trés peu distinctes, et de couleur plus foncée.

‘* En dessous, les ailes supérieures ne différent point du dessus, mais les inférieures présentent sur
la frange du bord externe, cing traits blanes qui s’avancent un peu entre les nervures et
rendent la dentelure de ce bord plus sensible; ces traits se reproduisent en dessus mais
moins avyaneés sur la surface de Vaile. La frange du reste, est brune, et présente aux ailes
supérieures un petit point blane sur chaque échancrure du bord extérieur, et un petit trait
blane prés de l’angle interne.

* Cette espéce a été rapportée du Japon par Mr. Goschkevitsch.” (A/énétriés, 1. ¢.)

The general absence of a white band on secondaries is the only character
that separates tethys from D. sinica. Oberthiir refers to an example of tethys,
taken by Abbé David in N, China, which has a well-defined white band, and
he states that he has intermediate specimens from Amurland. Staudinger
(Rom. sur Lép. vi.) says that he received specimens, similar to those mentioned
by Oberthitr, from Herz, who took them in the neighbourhood of Pekin, and

DAIMIO. 565

suggests for this form the varietal name chinensis. I have specimens from
Corea and Amurland in which the band is distinctly indicated. Possibly it
may ultimately be proved that sinica is an extreme form of tethys, but so far
the evidence does not justify their being united.

In Pryer’s collection there is an extraordinary aberration, in which all the
spots on primaries are united, forming an irregular V-shaped patch, interrupted
by the nervures, and a bar at the extremity of the cell. ‘The species is common
throughout Japan.

Graeser (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 101) states that in Amurland this species
occurs commonly in woods at Chabarofka from the middle of May to the end
of June, and more rarely at Vladivostock. He met with larve at the end of
August rolled up in oak and hazel leaves, and describes them as light green,
thickly covered with short reddish hairs; head round and black; the pupa,
which lives through the winter, is dusted with white.

Distribution. Amurland, Japan, North China, Corea.

Daimio sinica.

Pterygospidea sinica, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 80 (1862); Alphéraky, Rom.
sur Lép. v. p. 122, pl. v. figs. 9, a,b (1889).

Pterygospidea moori, Mabille, Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. clii.

Daimio felderi, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 140 (1881).

“Alis fuscis, anticis maculis tribus discalibus punctisque quinis subterminalibus hyalino-albis,
fasciola interna alba, posticis fascia subbasali alba, subtus macula subcostali lituraque disco-
cellulari fusco notata, ibidem maculis exterioribus obsoletis albidis. ¢.

“Unum specimen circa Ning-po captum Rey. Dom. Muirhead nobis commisit. Minus est, quam

M. japetus, Cram., et nestus, Feld. In India septentrionali similis occurrit species.”
(Felder, 1. ¢.)

Var. moorel, Mabille. ‘ Nigra, alis anticis ferentibus duas series punctorum, unam apicalem
trium punctorum subcostalium et duorum inferius positorum obliquorumque; alteram in
disco 5 in femina, quatuor in mare (costali in hoe deficienti). Alis posticis unam fasciam
albam transversam offerentibus, ad medium dilatatam in mare, punctis nigris inferius nota-
tam, 5 numero, et in parte limbi nigra positis ita ut dimidio fere in fasciam albam procedant.
Fimbria alba, nigro semiinterrupta, subtus alis concoloribus aut potius fuscis, punctis melius
scriptis; e punctis fasciz albz posticarum duo in fascia alba posita sunt; basis earumdem
clmereo-ceruiea In mare, obscurior in femina, cum 3 punctis nigris ad angulum externum,
corpus et pedes cinereo colore; palpis subtus albidis, articulo ultimo nigro.” (Muabille, 1. c.)

Var. felderi, Butler. “Dark brown, with white markings: primaries exactly as in D. tethys ;
secondaries crossed by a white belt, which passes through a nearly complete circular series
of black spots; anal three fourths of fringe and four marginal spots white ; posterior margins

4p

566 HESPERIIDA.

of abdominal segments white. Base of secondaries and body below bluish grey. Expanse
of wings 1 inch 6 lines.

‘*« A tolerably common species ; its position is between D. tethys and D. sinica of Felder ; it appears
to represent the latter in Japan, and differs from it in the smaller spots on the primaries, and
in the black spots being visible upon the white belt of the secondaries.” (Butler, 1. c.)

This species varies considerably in size and in the shape, size, and pattern
of the subhyaline spots on primaries, especially the subapical ones; the width
of the white band on secondaries is also a variable character, and the base of
under surface of secondaries is sometimes bluish grey, sometimes fuliginous
grey, and sometimes hardly different in colour to the general area.

The type of Butler’s felderi, which is certainly only a form of sinica, is
said to have been taken by Maries at Nikko, but it is more probable that he

obtained the specimen at Kiukiang. as no other collector has recorded any

form of sinica from Japan, where it seems to be replaced by tethys.

I found sinica plentiful at Foochau and Ningpo in April, and it appears to
have been common at moderate elevations in most of the localities in China
visited by my collectors. Mabille’s type of moorei was taken at Moupin.

Alphéraky records the species from Hou-tchi, N.E. Thibet.

Daimio narada. (Plate XXXVIIL. fig. 14, var.)
Satarupa narada, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1884, p. 50.
Pterygospidea diversa, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 46 (1890).

‘“* Upperside purpurascent violet-brown: fore wing with three small upper and two lower sub-
apical semidiaphanous white spots, 1 small erect oval spot at lower end of the cell, a slightly
larger quadrate spot on the dise between upper and middle medians, and a broad band formed
of three quadrate spots increasing in width from end of cell to posterior margin ; hind wing
with a broad white transverse medial band, the outer border with an ill-defined upper spot.
Cilia edged with white. Underside marked as above: the hind wing with the band showing
a more defined macular outer border and a well-separated upper spot.

“ Expanse 154, inch.” (Moore, ‘l. c.)

Var, diversa, Leech. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 14, ¢.) Brownish black; primaries have three
subhyaline spots on the dise, and five very small ones towards apex, the central spots form a
triangle, a lunar or linear one at end of discoidal cell, one rather larger and more quadrate
beyond, and a still larger one below, of the outer five the second is punctiform and placed
inwards, the fourth rather outwards, and the remaining two are directly under the first; a
white spot in the submedian interspace under the larger subhyaline one. Secondaries have a
broad white central band terminating on the inner margin opposite a white band on. the
abdomen, and there are some black spots on its upper external edge. Fringes of primaries
black, spotted with white above inner angle; of secondaries white, tinged with grey, becoming
darker towards outer angle, and with a slender blackish line at their base preceded by some

DAIMIO.—COLADENIA. 567

white spots. Under surface as above, but the white spot in submedian interspace is rather
larger, and is followed by a whitish shade: the central band of secondaries is also wider, and
encloses two black spots, there is a faint indication of a pale submarginal line; there are
some bluish-grey hairs at the base. Head and thorax tinged with yellow. Palpi yellowish,
and the pectus tinged with same colour.

In MGller’s collection, which I have recently acquired, there is a series of
18 Sikkim examples of D. narada, Moore, a species I was not previously
acquainted with. I now find that the insect I described as “* Pterygospidea”
diversa is not really specifically distinct from D. narada and can only rank as
a local form of that species.

I have specimens of var. diversa from Chang-yang, Central China; Wa-shan,
Western China; and I also met with it at Foochau in April. ~All these differ
from Sikkim specimens in having narrower white bands on secondaries, and
the spots on primaries are smaller and less confluent.

Distribution. Sikkim ; Western and Central China.

Genus COLADENIA.

Coladenia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 180 (1881) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p. 49.

“ Antenne: club rather robust, recurved at tip. Palpi porrect ; third joint short, obtusely conical.
Fore wing: inner and outer margins subequal; cell less than two thirds the length of costa;
vein 12 reaching costa well before the end of cell; discocellulars suberect, the lower the
longer ; vein 3 shortly before the end of cell; vein 2 more than twice as far from end of cell
as from base of wing. Hind wing: outer margin sinuate; vein 7 very close to end of cell;
discovellulars and vein 5 barely traceable; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2
considerably nearer to end of cell than to base of wing. Hind tibie with two pairs of spurs,
and in the male with a very long tuft of hair attached to the proximal end.

“Type, tndrani, Moore.

“ Asiatic and African.” (Watson, J. c.)

Coladenia dan. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 10, var.)

Papilio dan, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 88 (1787).

Hesperia dan, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 253 (1857).

Coladenia dan, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lii. p. 100 (1883); Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 398, pl. xxxv. fig. 27 (1886).

Hesperia fatih, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 454, pl. xvii. figs. 5, 6 (1848).

*« P. P. V. alis ecaudatis obscure cinereis fusco punctatis ; anticis maculis fenestratis.

“« Habitat Tranquebarie, Dom. Pflug.
*« Corpus parvum obscure cinereum, antennis uncinatis nigris. Ale omnes obscure cinerez punctis

ARr2

568 HESPERIID.

strigaque postica fuscis. Antice in medio maculis tribus anteriore angulata et punctis quatuor
minutis approximatis ad marginem crassiorem hyalinis. Subtus concolores.” (Fabricius, l. c.)

‘Wings above rufous brown; anterior wings with four discal greyish-white spots, one largest and
sublunate in cell, a smaller spot above it and two beneath cell divided by the second median
nervule, obscure dark fascie ; posterior wings with discal and outer marginal dark fascie.
Wings beneath as above, but slightly paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.

“ Expanse 30 millim.” (Distant, l. c.)

*“ Alis fulyo-brunneis; anticis medio maculis quatuor, adjacentibus punctis duobus maculisque
tribus minoribus ad apicem albis diaphanis, posticis fasciis duabus obscurioribus obsoletis.

“< Expans, alar. 1" 53°". (Kollar, t. ¢.)

The female (hitherto unnoticed) is rounder in the wing than the male, an
the spots on primaries are subdiaphanous white.

Occurs fairly commonly in Western China at Chia-kou-ho, Wa-shan, and
Ta-chien-lu.

None of the Western Chinese specimens that I have seem to agree exactly
with those from Sikkim ; they are more suffused and, as a rule, considerably
larger. The most typical example in my Chinese series of C. dan is one
taken by myself at Foochau in April.

From Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow, and Pu-tsu-fong I have received a form which
differs so considerably from the type that I describe it as :—

Var. dea, var. nov. (Plate XXXVIII. fig.10,¢.) Larger than the type. Primaries uniformly
darker ; all the hyaline spots much larger, exhibiting a tendency to become confluent ; sub-
apical spots elongate and placed obliquely ; sometimes there are one or two small spots below
the subapical three. Under surface much brighter than in typical C. dan. The yellow
transverse bands on secondaries much more conspicuous ; primaries also more suffused with
yellow and the fringes more distinctly chequered with white.

Expanse 48 millim.

According to Elwes @C. dan is common in Sikkim up to 4000 feet from
March to October.

Distribution. Continental India, N.W. Himalayas, Cachar, Burmah, China,
Malay Archipelago.

Coladenia vitrea, sp. nov. (Plate XLI. fig. 15, ¢.)

Male. Blackish grey, with numerous semitransparent spots. Primaries have six central and
five subapical spots, the first, third, fifth, and sixth of central series small, and the fourth and
fifth subapical minute. Secondaries have a subbasal spot, a large almost quadrate central
spot with a small linear one below it and a curved series of seven spots, beyond it; the anal
fourth of these wings is greyish. Tringes of primaries of the ground-colour; of the
secondaries white, except at outer angle, where they are of the ground-colour, spotted with

COLADENIA.—CELZNORRHINUS. 569

black at ends of the nervules. Under surface similar to above, but the basal and inner
marginal areas of primaries and the whole of disc of secondaries are suffused with bluish grey.
Expanse 38 millim.

Mr. H. Grose Smith has one male specimen, taken at Ta-chien-lu by a native
collector; this he has very kindly placed at my disposal to figure and describe.

Genus CELASNORRHINUS.

Celanorrhinus, Hiibner, Verz. p. 106 (1816) ; de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv.
p. 177 (1889) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p.49. Type, eligius, Cramer.

Gehlota, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lvili. pt. 2, p. 131 (1889). Type, sumitra,
Moore.

“Antenne: club moderate, recurved at apex. Palpi suberect, terminal joint minute, second
joint pressed close against the face. Fore wing: inner and outer margins subequal ; cell
less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa almost opposite the end
of cell; discocellulars suberect, the lower the longer; vein 3 shortly before the end of cell ;
vein 2 more than twice as far from end of cell as from base of wing. Hind wing: outer
margin sinuate; vein 7 well before the end of cell, about twice as far from vein 8 as from 6;
discocellulars faint, erect ; vein 5 barely traceable; vein 3 immediately before the end of
cell; vein 2 twice as far from base of wing as from end of cell. Hind tibiz with two pairs
of spurs, and in the male with a tuft of hairs attached near the proximal end.

“This is a cosmopolitan genus, species belonging to it occurring in Asia,
Africa, and South America.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Celznorrhinus maculosa. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 2, 3.)
Pterygospidea maculosa, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. 111. p. 528, pl. Ixxiii. fig. 7, ¢ (1867).
Celenorrhinus maculosa, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 180 (1889).

Male. ‘ Ale supra fuscee, ad basin cervino pilose, anticae macula parva rotundata interiore sub-
basali, una cellulari, duabus inter ramos medianos, inferiore multo majore, quinta infra hance
parvula, sexta extra eam minore difformibus, tribus anticis congestis duabusque infra eas
prope marginem externum pellucide albis, in certo situ sericeo nitidis, posticee macula sub-
costali, duabus in cellula, quinque statim pone hane (secunda majore), altera exteriore
rotundata parvula inter ramos subcostales aliisque sex submargivalibus (supremis duabus
punctiformibus) ochraceo-flavis, ciliis albido intersectis.

* Als subtus dilutiores, antic insuper striis duabus anticis e basi ochraceis, posticee maculis
supernis majoribus, secunda subcostali, aliis cuneatis basalibus vittaque irregulari interna
auctis, pallide oehraceis.

“ Facies, palpi et pectus pallide ochracea. Abdomen fuscum, ochraceo fasciatum.” (elder, 1. c.)

The commonest species of the genus occurring in China. I have received
large numbers from Kiukiang, Omei-shan, and Moupin.

It varies considerably in expanse, also in the size of the spots on primaries.
The female only differs from the male in having rounder wings.

570 HESPERIID.

Celznorrhinus consanguinea. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 3, ¢.)
Celenorrhinus consanguinea, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 61 (1891).

Dark brown, sprinkled with ochreous scales, especially on the basal third of primaries; these
wings have a central series of five diaphanous spots and five towards apex; there is also a
spot midway between central series and base of wing. The spots on secondaries are pale
orange, and comprise a large one in the centre of the wing, three between it and the abdo-
minal margin, and one, or sometimes two, towards the base of the wing, beyond there is a
transverse series of seven or eight, but that nearest the costa is sometimes absent. On the
underside of primaries there are two extra spots in the submedian interspace; on the second-
aries all the spots are larger in size and paler in colour, and there are three distinct spots
in the basal area. The fringes of the primaries are of ground-colour, spotted and dashed
with pale yellowish white, and those of the secondaries are pale yellowish white, with patches
of the ground-colour at the extremities of the nervules. Antenne are black, broadly banded
with whitish before the club.

Expanse 50 millim.

This species agrees in many respects with C. pero, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Journ. iv. p. 183, pl. B. fig. 12 (1889); but apart from the more rounded
contour of outer margin of primaries, the different character of the markings
on antenne and fringes of primaries will, in conjunction with the additional
spots on the under surface, separate these two closely-allied species.

The sexes do not differ in colour or ornamentation. “Occurs in June and
July at altitudes ranging from 3000 to 6000 feet at Moupin, Omei-shan,
Wa-shan, and Ta-chien-lu in Western China, also at Ichang in Central China.

Celznorrhinus sumitra, (Plate XXXIX. fig. 1, ¢.)
Plesioneura sumitra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 787.
Celenorrhinus sumitra, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 184 (1889).

** Male and female dark olive-brown, paler at the base.

“ Male. Fore wing with an oblique discal series of four conjugated semitransparent white spots,
the first and second large and quadrate, the other two very small, first one within the
extremity of the cell, second and third beneath it, fourth exteriorly before the juncture of
the first and second; a series of five small similar spots obliquely before the apex. Hind
wing with a submarginal row and a few discal bright orange-yellow spots; cilia of hind wing
broadly alternate brown and orange-yellow. Underside as above: the orange-yellow spots
on the hind wing more clearly defined. Antenne above silvery white. Palpi and front of
thorax beneath pale yellow. Abdomen with narrow orange-yellow segmental bands.

“ Iemale as in male, but having also a yellow costal spot above the oblique discal series of white
spots.

‘«Expanse, ¢ 2 inches, 9 2% inches.

“ N.L. Bengal.” (Afoore, 1. c.)

Occurs at Omei-shan and Moupin in July at an elevation of from 8000 to
4000 feet.

CELANORRHINUS. 571

Mr. Elwes says that it is rare in Sikkim, and that he has taken it in the
forest near Rikisum, in British Bhotan, at an elevation of from 5000 to
7000 feet, in August.

Celznorrhinus aspersa. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 4, ¢.)
Celenorrhinus aspersa, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 61 (1891).

Male. Similar to Celenorrhinus (Pterygospidea) maculosa, Feld., but larger, and the outer margin
of primaries is straighter ; the antenne are whitish in front; the spots on the primaries are
numerically the same, but those in the median and submedian interspaces are elongated and
placed wider apart. On the secondaries the number and arrangement of yellow spots is
almost identical in both species, but in C. aspersa they are larger, and the three placed
between discal spot and abdominal margin are more or less confluent. Qn the under surface
the basal area of secondaries is dusted with yellowish scales. Fringes of primaries are of the
ground-colour, and of the secondaries yellow, except along the costal third of outer margin,
where they are of the ground-colour.

One specimen from Chia-kou-ho. Taken at an elevation of 2000 feet in
July.

Celznorrhinus pluscula, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX fig. 6, 2.)

Female. Very similar to the same sex of C. plagifera, de Nicéville*, but on the primaries the
costal spot of central series is absent, and on the secondaries there are complete central
and submarginal series of yellow spots but only one subbasal spot; the fringes of these
wings are yellow chequered with the ground-colour, except at outer angle, where they appear
to be entirely of the ground-colour.

The male, of which sex I have only one example, has the primaries rather more pointed, but
agrees in other respects with the female.

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, and Wa-ssu-
kow, in June and July, at from 5000 to 8000 feet.

Celznorrhinus lucifera, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 5, 2.)

Female. Fuliginous brown, powdered with ochreous yellow on the basal and inner marginal areas
of primaries. Primaries with the markings very similar to those of C. pulomaya, Moore +,
but the yellow spot in submedian interspace, one third from base, is clearer. Secondaries
have the discal area clothed with long ochreous-yellow hairs, and are marked with yellow as
follows :—a subbasal spot, a central series of spots, the first transversely elongate and the
others obscure, a submarginal series of seven spots. Fringes of primaries hardly paler than
the ground-colour, marked with yellowish towards the inner angle; of secondaries yellowish
grey, marked with the ground-colour at extremities of the nervules. Antenne whitish above
and blackish beneath ; club whitish streaked with blackish.

Expanse 63 millim.

* Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 182, pl. B. fig. 13, 9 (1889).
t+ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 787.

572 HESPERIID.

Gne example taken at Moupin in July.
This species resembles C. pyrrha, de Nicéville*, in the maculation of
secondaries, but the markings on primaries are different.

Celenorrhinus omeia, sp. nov. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 5, 3.)

Ochreous brown, neuration of all the wings blackish; the primaries are blackish between the
costa and subcostal nervure,-and sprinkled with blackish scales on the outer third of the
wing; there is a large whitish subhyaline spot at the end of the cell, three others in the
interspaces below, the third being tbe smallest, and three towards apex. Secondaries have a
central transverse series of elongate black spots. Under surface ochreous brown, thickly
powdered with blackish scales, and tinged with purplish towards margins, the white spots
of the primaries are more glassy and there is an extra opaque spot above the cell ; the black
spots of secondaries are only seen on the under surface in the female. Fringes brownish
grey, darker at their base. Antenne black ; palpi yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 60 millim., 9 70 millim.

Occurs at Omei-shan in June and July.

Although I have placed this species in Celenorrhinus I think that a new
genus will have to be created for it and its allies. It appears to be con-
generic with C. buchananii, de Nicéy., and superficially resembles Casyapa
phaneus, Hewitson f. -

Celenorrhinus davidi. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 9, ¢.)
Pterygospidea davidii, Mabille, Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. liv.
Celenorrhinus davidii, de Nicéville, Bomb, Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 186 (1889).

‘Nigra, sed maculis albis ita variegata ut tessellata videatur et paululum generis Melanargie
speciem referat. | Macula alba in basi anticarum nigrescenti, ovalis, elongata; fascia 5
macularum albarum in disco quarum una linearis ad costam; secunda maxima quadrata in
cellula, quam exterius punctum triangulare, nigrum, cinereo circumdatum, sequitur; tertia
exterior sagittata; quarta elongata, et quinta quadrata, ambe utrinque emarginate ; fascia
deinde ante-marginalis, sinuata, offerens prius sex puncta bene scripta, alba, 4 subapicalia,
et duo majora ad marginem externum, et inferius tria alia obsoleta, quorum ultimum
magnum dentatum, ad marginem internum: ante marginem externum; versus apicem sunt
tres macula obsolete, cinerew. Ale postice fere albe, et color cinereo-niger in quatuor
maculas aut macularum ordines redactus; scilicet unam basalem maculam, utrinque
junctam macularum subbasalium ordini in medio interrupto, et quatuor maculas conglo-
meratas habenti; tertiam ordinem macularum minorum in disco, et quartum marginalem
majorum et vix nervis divisarum. Margo abdominalis anguste niger. Fimbria anticarum

*

Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 181, pl. B. fig. 11, 9 (1889).
+ Bomb, Nat. Hist. Journ. 1889, p. 187, pl. B. fig. 2, 2.
t Deser. Hesp. p. 14 (1867); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 386, pl. xxxv. fig. 18 (1886).

CELEZNORRHINUS.—TAGIADES. 573

nigra ut et nervi; posticarum alba. Collare, palpi aurantiaco colore. Pagina inferior

oa , - ; Sueded Se eee
pallidior, maculis magis separatis: abdomen album, pedes cinerei. Antenne nigra.
(Mabille, 1. ¢.)

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow, and Chia-kou-ho; and
in Central China at Chang-yang and Kiukiang. Pratt says that it flies around
high trees.

Two specimens from Kiukiang differ from those from the other localities
in being larger and in having the ground-colour darker and the spots
smaller.

I have followed de Niceville in referring this species to Celwnorrhinus, but
probably a new genus will have to be founded for its reception.

Genus TAGIADES.

Tagiades, Hubner, Verz. p. 108 (1816) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 53.
Type, japetus, Cram.

Pterygospidea, Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr. p. 53 (1857). Type, flesus, Fabr.

“Antenne: club slender, bent at about a right angle, terminal portion rather long. Palpi
porrect, third joint minute. Fore wing: inner and outer margins subequal; cell less than
two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa well before end of cell; discocellulars
suberect, the lower the longer; vein 3 shortly before end of cell, three times as far from 2
as from 4; vein 2 almost twice as far from end of cell as from base of wing; lower margin
of cell between origins of veins 2 and 3 strongly arched. Hind wing evenly rounded ; vein
7 well before the end of cell, about twice as far from 8 as from 6; discocellulars and vein 5
very faint; vein 3 shortly before end of cell, twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2
considerably nearer to end of cell than to base of wing. Hind tibie fringed, and with two
pairs of spurs.

“It is quite impracticable to separate Pterygospidea from Tagiades, the only
difference being that in /lesus the outer margin of the fore wing is slightly
excavated just above the outer angle, which is not the case in japetus ; when,
however, one tries to apply this difference to other species it is found to be a
vanishing quantity, and quite valueless as a generic character.” (Watson, /. c.)

Tagiades atticus. (Plate XXXVIIL. fig. 13, ¢.)
Hesperia atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 339 (1793).
Tayiades atticus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 457.

‘““H, U. alis rotundatis: anticis fuscis nigro maculatis punctisque fenestratis, posticis hyalinis
atro maculatis.
‘“‘ Habitat in India Dom. Lund.

4@q

dT4 HESPERIIDA.

“Statura omnino precedentis [Cicera, Fabr.]. Alex antice obscure maculis aliquot disci nigris
punctisque quatuor aut quinque minutis, hyalinis, subtus fusce punctis hyalinis. Postice
rotundate, hyaline maculis disci atris, subtus pallidiores maculis aliquot nigris. Antenne
uncinate.” (Fabricius, L. ¢.)

Occurs in Western China at Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and Chia-kou-ho.

Except that they are rather larger, Chinese specimens are identical with
those from Sikkim and exhibit the same range of variation. The primaries
are sometimes traversed by a series of subdiaphanous white spots extending
from costa to inner margin. In a few specimens the black spots on
lower two thirds of submarginal area of secondaries are well separated
and clearly defined, but usually the spots are confluent and form a broad
submarginal band.

Elwes says that the species occurs all along the Himalayas and is found in
Sikkim up to 4000 feet, from March to December. In the Malay Peninsula
it is represented by a form which Butler has named calligana (Trans. Linn.
Soc. (2), Zool. i. p. 556, pl. xix. fig. 11; Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 387,
pl. xxxiv. fig. 6.)

Distribution. Continental India, Ceylon, Malacca, Malay Peninsula, and

Western China.

Genus CTENOPTILUM.

Ctenoptilum, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 220; Watson, Proc
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 60.

“Fore wing narrow, elongated ; costa arched at base, then straight to apex; apex acute ; outer
margin at right angles to costa from apex to termination of third median nervule, this
portion also being slightly excavated, from third median nervyule to inner angle strongly
inwardly oblique, also slightly concave; inner angle rather acute; inner margin sinuous ;
costal nervure very short, not nearly reaching opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell ;
first, second, and third subcostal nervules also very short, rapidly reaching the costa, fourth
subcostal long, extending to apex of wing, the bases of all the subcostals nearly equi-
distant; terminal portion of subcostal nervure reaching outer margin below apex of wing ;
discoidal cell long, narrow, reaching to more than half though less than two thirds the
length of the wing ; upper discocellular nervule short, straight, outwardly oblique ; middle
and lower discocellulars straight, slightly inwardly oblique, the lower a little longer than
the middle; second median nervule arising considerably before the lower end of the cell;
first median arising much nearer to the base of the wing than to the lower end of the cell;
submedian nervure sinuous, following the outline of the inner margin; internal nervure
short, running to the submedian nervure as usual. Hind wing with. the base of the costa
much produced, thence gently curving to apex; outer margin slightly produced, tooth-like
at apex of first subcostal nervule, very strongly at third median nervule, thence inwardly

CTENOPTILUM.—HESPERIA. 575

oblique to anal angle and slightly concave; anal angle rounded; inner margin nearly
straight ; costal nervure curved, reaching the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule
originating long before the apex of the discoidal cell; discocellular nervules of equal length,
almost straight, slightly outwardly oblique; discoidal nervule fine but distinct; second
median nervule given off close to the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer to
lower end of the cell than to the base of the wing; submedian and internal nervure almost
straight. Antenne about half as long as the costa of fore wing, with a well-formed
club; thorax rather stout; abdomen rather slender, not quite reaching to anal angle of
hind wing.

‘* Male with no secondary sexual characters on the wings, but with a dense tuft of hairs
attached to the anterior end of the tibia of the hind legs, the hairs extending to the apex
of the first joint of the tarsus. Female like the male, except that the wings are rather
longer and broader.

* Type * Achlyodes’ vasava, Moore.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Ctenoptilum vasava. (Plate XLI. fig. 13, 3.)

Achlyodes vasava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 252 (1857) ; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1865, p. 786.

Antigonus vasava, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 458.

‘* Upperside dull ferruginous, palest on the hind wing: fore wing slightly suffused with blackish
along the posterior margin, an irregular series of various shaped semitransparent spots
disposed across the disk, with an exterior blackish transverse streak ; hind wing with the
base suffused with blackish; a subbasal agglomerated series of irregular-shaped semi-
transparent spots. Underside paler, marked as above, but without the transverse black outer
streak on the fore wing. Palpi and body beneath whitish. Legs ferruginous.

“« Expanse 14 inch.” (Moore, I. ¢.)

I met with this insect at Ningpo in April, and Pratt obtained it in May
at Kiukiang. Both Pratt and Kricheldorff failed to meet with it in any
other locality in China that they visited.

The Chinese specimens are larger than those from Sikkim and have the
subhyaline spots better developed, but do not differ from them in any other
respect. The sexes are alike in colour and pattern.

Elwes says that in Sikkim C. vasava is common in April and May up to
about 3000 feet.

Genus HESPERIA.

Hesperia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. vol. i. p. 258 (1793) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 64. Type, malve, Linn.

Pyrgus, Hubner, Verz. p. 109 (1816). Type, syrichtus, Fabr.

Scelothriz, Rambur, Cat. Lép. Andal. i. p. 63 (1858). Type, carthami, Hiibn.

Syrichtus, Boisduyal, Icones, p. 230 (1832-33). Name sinks, being derived from species
in genus.

4@2

576 HESPERIID A.

«“ Antenne: club robust, arcuate, blunt at the tip, no terminal crook. Palpi suberect; second
joint laxly clothed with longish scales ; third joint slender, blunt, almost concealed in scaling
of second joint. Fore wing: inner and outer margins subequal; cell less than two thirds
the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa well before the end of cell; discocellulars
suberect, the lower the longer; vein 3 shortly before end of cell, more than twice as far
from 2 as from 4; vein 2 nearer base of wing than to end of cell. Hind wing usually
evenly rounded, occasionally slightly crenulate; vein 7 very shortly before end of cell ;
discocellulars and vein 5 very faint; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2 nearly
equidistant from base of wing and end of cell. Hind tibie with two pairs of spurs.”
( Watson, l. c.)

Hesperia maculata. (Plate XLI. fig. 2, ¢.)

Syrichthus maculatus, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 6 (1853) ;
Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 21 (1889).

Pyrgus maculatus, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. pl. v. fig. 5 (1855).

*‘ Alis supra: nigrescentibus, anticis fasciis duabus interruptis et lunula mediana alba; posticis
punctis albis biserialibus; subtus anticis iisdem ut supra, attamen apice castaneo ; posticis
castaneo alboque fasciatis.

“ Expans. alar, antic. unc. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, 1. ¢.)

The larva, which Graeser found commonly in September enclosed between
leaves of raspberry and Spirea, is of a uniformly light green with a few short
white hairs, the second segment and first pair of legs are red-brown, and the
other legs are light green with black claws ; head round and velvety black.
The pupa is dusted with bluish white. ,

This species, which was described from a Pekin specimen, occurs in
Western China at Chia-ting-fu; at Ichang, Chang-yang, and Kiukiang in
Central China; and in Japan.

Maculata can easily be separated from //. zona by the following characters :—
The ground-colour is blacker, the maculation more prominent, and the fringes
are more distinctly chequered. On the secondaries there are always two
bands of spots, the outer of which is often very well defined and angulated.
In H/. zona this second band is occasionally faintly indicated. On the under
surface the apex of primaries and disc of secondaries are brightly marked with
castaneous, whereas in //. zona the colour is more olive and there is a dark
submarginal band on secondaries which is not found in //. maculata.

In my paper on the “ Butterflies of Japan and Corea” (Proc. Zool. Soc.
Iond. 1887), I erroneously included ‘Pyrgus’ sinicus, Butler, as a synonym of
II, maculata, and I regret to find that Staudinger (Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 217)
has perpetuated this error, His remarks on what he considers to be the

HESPERIA. 577

typical form of 17. maculata clearly indicate that he had ‘P.’ sinicus= TH. zona
under observation, and his description of maculata, var. amurensis, really
reters to typical H/. maculata.

My examples from Amurland do not differ from Chinese or Japanese
specimens, nor from specimens taken in the Tetung Mountains, Thibet, which
were sent to me by M. Grum-Grshimailo.

Distribution, North, Central, and Western China, Japan, Amurland, and
Thibet.

Hesperia zona, (Plate XLI. figs. 1, 3, vars.)
Scelothrix zona, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1875, p. ecxiv.
Scelothrix (Pyrgus) albistriga, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. xxvii.
Pyrgus sinicus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 96 (1877).
Syrichthus sinicus, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 22 (1889).

“Subsimilis S. maculato, Brem., alis fusco-nigris ; anticis cum duabus lineis punctorum alborum,
altera in disco 4 puncta preeferens, quorum duo superiora geminata; eorum alterum ad
costam minimum, alterum in cellula majus cum macula nigra anterius albo circumdata
junctum ; altera autem linea novem punctorum, quorum medium minus. Allis posticis con-
coloribus cum 2 maculis albis elongatis in media ala. Fimbria albida vix intersecta. Alis
anticis subtus concoloribus margine albescenti, basi et costae dimidio cinerascentibus.
Posticis basi usque ad medium albescenti cum macula punctum album parvum claudenti ad
marginem superiorem ; zona nigra margini exteriori parallela vel fascia sat lata. Margo ipse
griseus. In disco fascia alba fere translucida puncta pagine superioris referens.

“ Ex Asia centrali ad orientem; Peking?” (Mabdille, 1. c.)

Var. albistriga, Mabille. (Plate XLL. fig. 1, ¢.) “Simillimus S. zone, P. Mab., et S. macu-
lato, Brem., sed paulo minor; in alis posticis ad basim tria puncta alba vel interdum
quatuor. Subtus ale omnes fusce, inferiores zona alba ad costam interrupta divise et
puncto albo signate ad costam proxime basim; basis inferiorum et costa superiorum ad

basim cinerascunt.
** Ex Asia orientali.” (Mabille, 1. c.)

P. sinicus, Butler.—‘‘Allied to P. maculatus ; primaries the same ; secondaries above with the central
transverse interrupted streak composed of only three well-separated white spots, the outer or
discal series of five spots all small: secondaries below very different from P. maculatus,
sordid white ; a rather broad olive-brown band, shorter than the darker band of P. maculatus,
and crossed by white veins, indistinctly bordered with white internally, and broadly white-
bordered externally ; the interno-median, first median, and discoidal interspaces irrorated
with the same brown (beyond the white border); external area broadly brown, its inner halt
blackish; no trace of the angulated submarginal white streak common to P. maculatus :
fringe white, spotted with brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

This species is common in Central and Southern Japan and at Gensan in

578 HESPERIID#.

the Corea. It also occurs in Central China at Chang-yang and Kiukiang,
and in Western China at Chia-ting-fu.

I have beautifully executed drawings of the types of zona and albistriga,
Mabille, and consider that both, together with sinicus, Butler, are referable
to one species. Zoua=sinicus is the usual form met with, and has the dark
submarginal band on under surface of secondaries well developed; var. aldi-
striga is a slightly smaller form, in which the ground-colour of under surface
is more uniform in tint and the black submarginal band does not extend far
beyond the anal angle. In some specimens the dark central band on under
surface of secondaries is entirely obliterated as in fig. 3.

Hesperia thibetana.

Syrichthus maculatus, var. thibetanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’ Entom. xv. p. 20, pl. ii. fig. 27
(1891).

Very similar to H. maculata on the upper surface, but the white spots are generally rather
smaller and the outer band of spots on secondaries is not elbowed. On the under surface the
apex of primaries is white enclosing a dash of olivaceous brown, instead of being entirely
brown; the pattern on secondaries is similar to that of maculata, but the colour of ground
and markings is the same as in //, biet?. c

Expanse 32-36 millim,

Of this species, which M. Oberthiir has considered to be a form of

I. maculata, have examples from Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow in Western

China, where they were taken in May and June.

Hesperia bieti.
Syrichthus bieti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, xi. p. 26, pl. vi. fig. 50 (1886).
“ Voisin de maculatus dont il différe peu en dessus, mais trés distinct en dessous par les dessins
gris jaundtre de ses ailes inférieures.
“* Le dessous de l’abdomen est blanchatre.” (Oberthir, Ll. c.)

This species is fairly plentiful at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow, Western
China, in May and June.

Alphéraky * records S. bieti from Tangout, plateau of Amdo, M. Grum-
Grshimailo sent me a specimen as this species from the Nian-shan mountains,
Thibet ; but it is quite different to any Hesperia with which I am acquainted,
and will probably prove to be new.

* Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 122.

HESPERIA. 579

Hesperia oberthuri. (Plate XLI. fig. 5, ¢.)

Syrichthus oberthiiri, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 59 (June 1891).

Syrichthus delavayi, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 20 (July nec June, 1891).

Closely allied to Hesperia maculata, Brem., with which it agrees almost exactly in colour and
ornamentation of upper surface, but the outer macular band is less angulated. The under
surface of secondaries is olive-green or grey, with white basal and central bands formed of
connected spots, which in the central series are of various shapes—one of these below costa
is bar-shaped; between the bands the costa is white, with a round spot below of the same
colour ; the submarginal line is also white, waved, and interrupted.

Expanse 33-35 millim.

‘‘ En effet ses caractcres distinctifs consistent dans l’accentuation des taches blanches en dessus,
dans un seul changement, quant 4 la disposition générale de ces taches qui sont en série plus
droite et moins échelonnée ; et en dessous dans l’accentuation également plus grande de tous
les dessins et taches qui sont plus nets, avec des contours trés arrétés et comme circonscrits
par un trait noirdtre extrémement fin. La couleur générale des taches en dessous est
grisitre, sans tendance au rougeatre, comme cela se remarque dans le dieti du Yunnan.”
( Oberthir, 1. ¢.)

A good series from Wa-ssu-kow, taken at an elevation of 5000 feet in May
and June.

M. Oberthiir considers this to be a local form of S. diet7, but both species
occur together at Wa-ssu-kow. Oderthuri may be distinguished from dieti
by its brown rather than black coloration, and by the more complete, curved,
and more angulated bands of secondaries; the under surface also exhibits
important differences.

Hesperia alveus.

Papilio alveus, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 461-463 (1798-1803).

Hesperia alveus, Rambur, Faun. And. pl. viii. fig. 111 (1839).

Syrichthus alveus, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 341, pl. Ixxix. fig. 1 (1884).

“ Expands from 1 to 1:10 in. Brown. Fore wings with a white discal spot and a submarginal
row ; there is a small white dot near the centre of the inner margin and the usual tripartite
costal spot. Hind wings as in carthami, but even less distinctly marked; fringes brown and
white. Underside: fore wings grey with white spots, as above, but suffused; hind margin
brownish or greenish. Hind wing white, with central and submarginal greenish bands,
irregular in shape ; there is a basal spot of the same colour as the bands.” (Lang, 1. c.)

This appears to be a scarce species in China. I received three specimens
from How-kow, where they were taken at an elevation of 10,000 feet.

M. Grum-Grshimailo sent me a specimen from Koko-noor which agrees
exactly with these examples, and I have individuals in my European series

580 HESPERIID 2.

of H. alveus which also agree with them. M. Grum-Grshimailo has
described this form as ‘Pyrgus’ alveus, var. sifanicus *.

Graeser met with the species commonly at Pokrofka in June, and
Staudinger records var. fritillum, Hiibner, from Minussinsk, Saissan, and
Lepsa in North-central Asia.

Distribution. Central Europe, Spain, Italy, South Russia, Asia Minor,
Syria, Armenia, Persia, Amurland, Central Asia, Western China.

Genus THANAOS.

Thanaos, Boisduval, Icones, 240 (1832-33) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p. 69. Type, tages, Linn.

‘‘ Antenne: club moderate, more or less bent into a curve, bluntly pointed. Palpi porrect :
second joint laxly clothed ; third joint almost concealed, bluntly conical. Fore wing: inner
margin longer than outer margin; male with a costal fold; cell of fore wing less than two-
thirds the length of costa; discocellulars slightly inwardly oblique, the lower the longer ;
vein 3 shortly before the end of cell; vein 2 slightly nearer to base of wing than to end of
cell. Hind wing: outer margin evenly rounded; vein 7 very close to end of cell; disco-
cellulars and vein 5 faint; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2 almost equidistant
from end of cell and base of wing. Hind tibie fringed and with two pairs of spines, the
upper pair minute.

“This genus as it stands at present includes many species which are
certainly not congeneric. The above description is taken from the type
species.

“Found in Europe and North America.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Thanaos montanus. (Plate XLII. fig. 2, var.)

Pyrgus montanus, Bremer, Bull. Acad, Petr. iil. p. 473 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 31,
pl. i. fig. 4 (1864).

Nisoniades montanus, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 23 (1889).

Thanaos rusticanus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix. p. 58 (1866),

“ Ale antic supra grisescenti-olivacee, maculi basali, fasciis duabus obliquis (interiore sape
interrupta et obsoleta, exterivre sinuato-dentata) lunulisque marginalibus, seriatim dispositis,
olivaceo-fuscis ; punctis marginis anterioris tribus albidis; postice nigro-fusce lunula vel
striga media, maculis seriei extern flexuose serieique marginalis flayis.

“ Ale antice subtus nigro-fuscw, sericbus macularum flavarum tribus; posticee subtus sicut supra.

34-37 m.” (Bremer, l.c.)

* « Alis supra et subtus dilutioribus, maculis minoribus.” (Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 1891,
p. 459.)

THANAOS. 581

T. rusticanus, Butler.— Ale antic supra basi cinereo-fusce, lunula nigra apud basim cella
inclusa, fascia media extus ochreo-pallido intus olivaceo-fusca lineis nigris marginata et
divisa, area apicali cinereo-fusca fasciis olivaceo-fuscis variegata, linea submarginali lunulata
pallida; postice nigro-fuscee, macula media oblonga brevi ochrea macularumque seriebus
duabus submarginalium. Corpus nigro-fuscum.

* Als antic subtus basi fuscescentes, fasciis duabus fuscis obsoletis post cellam positis et apud
marginem interiorem conjunctis, margine postico linea fusca lunulata submarginato ; postice
velut supra. Corpus fuscum,

“ Alar. exp. une. 155.” (Butler, l. c.)

Pryer states that the larva feeds upon oak.

Common in most parts of Japan in May. Ialso took it at Ningpo in
April, and Pratt met with it at Ichang, Central China. It is fairly plentiful
in Amurland and Fixsen records it from Corea.

The only localities in Western China from which I have received
specimens are Wa-ssu-kow and Ta-chien-lu, where it occurs in May and
June. ‘The specimens from these places are smaller and darker than the
type, and the inner edge of the central band of primaries is not indented ;
the yellow spots on secondaries are smaller, not always well defined, and in
one specimen almost entirely obscured by the dark ground-colour. This
form may be known as var. nigrescens (Plate XLII. fig. 2, ¢ ).

Thanaos pelias. (Plate XLII. fig. 3, ¢.)
Nisoniades pelias, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 60 (June 1891).
Nisoniades erebus, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xxv. p. 461 (1891).

Primaries grey, the basal half thickly, and the outer half sparingly, sprinkled with blackish ;
there are three transverse black lines, the first is not well defined, the second is slightly
curved and indented, and the third is serrated ; the space between the second and third lines
appears to be darker, and there is a white spot on the costa. Secondaries fuliginous, with
faint indications of a pale transverse line beyond the centre of the wing. Under surface
fuliginous ; the primaries have a short white macular band from the costa, and. the apices
are tinged with grey ; transverse band on secondaries indicated as above. Fringes dark
grey, paler towards extremities.

Expanse, g 36 millim., 2 40 millim.

Agrees’ with 7. marloy?, Boisd., in size and in the abbreviated band on

the under surface of primaries, but on the upper surface the markings are
not very dissimilar to those of 7. tages, L.

Var. erebus, Grum-Grshimailo. ‘Supra alis anticis cinereo-griseis, basin versus obscurioribus et
fusco mixtis, litura marginali cinerea, ad discum obscurius adumbrata, duabus fasciis trans-
yersis obscure griseis, nigro serrato-marginuatis ; posticis nigro-fuscis.

44

582 HESPERIIDA.

“Subtus alis nigro-fuscis, anticis costa apiceque griseo-atomatis, punctis tribus subcostalibus
minusculis albis ornatis. Fimbria obscure grisea. ¢ 2 15-16 mm.” (Gr.-Gr.,1. c.)

M. Grum-Grshimailo sent me specimens of his ‘ NV.’ erebus from Nian-shan ;
they are smaller than the majority of the specimens of 7. pelias and rather
paler and browner in colour. In markings, however, they are identical, and,
seeing how very trifling the differences are, the Nian-shan examples seem
hardly worthy of a varietal name, unless it should be ultimately found that
no intermediate forms occur.

T. pelias is not uncommon at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow in the months
of June and July.

Genus ISOTEINON.

Isoteinon, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 30 (1862); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
18938, p. 83. Type, lamprospilus, Felder.

“Genus Cyclopidi, Hiibn., Led., accedens, antennis multo longioribus, fere ut in Iterygospideis
clavatis abdomineque alas posticas haud superante preesertim discrepat.” (Felder, l. c.)

“ Antenne: club moderate, elongated, terminal crook short, tip acuminate. Palpi: second joint
densely clothed with short scales; third joint erect, reaching well above the vertex of the
head, slender, obtusely conical. Fore wing: inner margin considerably longer than outer
margin; cell less than two thirds the length of the costa; discocellulars erect; vein 5
slightly nearer to 4 than to 6 ; vein 3 close to end of cell; vein 2 about equidistant from end of
cell and base of wing in the male, considerably nearer to base of wing in the female. Hind
wing narrow ; vein 7 shortly before end of cell; discocellulars and vein 5 faint, but distinctly
traceable ; vein 3 immediately before end of cell. Hind tibiw sparsely clothed with hairs
and with two pairs of spurs. No secondary sexual characters on the wings.

‘‘Many Indian species have been put into this genus; none of those,
however, which I have been able to examine belong to it, the direction of the
third joint of the palpi alone readily distinguishing them. ‘This genus
appears to be allied to //yarotis, Moore,

* Habitat. China and Japan.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Isoteinon lamprospilus.
Tsoteinon lamprospilus, elder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 30 (1862).
Pamphila vitrea, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 171 (1875).
Pamphila lamprospilus, Pryer, Khop. Nihon. p. 33, pl. x. fig. 8 (1889).
‘‘Alis albido ciliatis, linea marginali ochracea, omnibus supra fuscis, anticis utrinque maculis

tribus discalibus punctisque totidem connatis subapicalibus hyalino-albis, macula interiore
argenteo-alba, subtus anticarum limbo costali posticarumque pagina tota ochraceo-brunnes-

ISOTEINON.—HETEROPTERUS. 583

centi atomatis, his maculis noyem albis, nitidis, fuseo cinctis, abdomine, regione dorsali
excepta, ochraceo-annulato, <.

** Prope Ning-po captus est.—Magnitudinem habet /. pygmei, Fabr., indici, quem olim * in genus
nostrum Astictopterum venis et abdomine multo breviore sat discrepantem locavimus, staturam
autem multo robustiorem.” (Felder, 1. c.)

“‘ Alis supra’ brunneis, basin versus (prasertim posticis) fusco-pilosis, anticis macula sub-apicali
pellucida tripartita, macula discocellulari pellucida super alteram magnam quadratam, macula
pallide albo-flavescente subopacé in yenam sub-medianam, maculaque pellucida minore inter
ramos medianos superiores. Posticis immaculatis.

‘«‘Subtus alis anticis brunneis, costa apiceque ochraceis, maculis ut in pagin4 superiore, strigaque
pellucida obliqnaé maculas quadratam sub-medianamque attingente. Posticis ochraceis,
maculis novem aibis brunneo-marginatis, conspicuis. Cillis albis.

Alar. exps de. 7":.

“ Hab, Japoniam.

«A distinct and well-marked species.” (Murray, /. c.)

_ I found this species fairly plentiful in July at Tsuruga, on the west coast
of Japan. Pryer says it is common about Yokohama. My collectors obtained
specimens in Central China at Chang-yang and Ichang, and at Moupin,
Wa-ssu-kow, and Pu-tsu-fong in Western China. I also received an example
from Kiushiu, Southern Japan, where it was captured by a native collector.

Genus HETEROPTERUS.

Heteropterus, Dum. Zool. Anal. p. 271 (1806) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p. 89. Type, morpheus, Pall.

“ Antenne short, less than half the length of costa; club moderate, straight, elongated, blunt.
Palpi porrect, densely clothed with laxly set scales, almost concealing the third joint, which
is short, slender, and bluntly conical. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin ;
cell less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa before the end of cell ;
upper discocellular short but distinct ; middle discocellular longer than lower; vein 5 slightly
nearer to 4 than to 6; vein 3 shortly before end of cell; vein 2 more than twice as far from
end of cell as from base of wing. Hind wing: outer margin even; vein 7 well before end
of cell; discocellulars and vein 5 barely traceable ; vein 3 well before end of cell, more than
twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2 nearer to base of wing than to end of cell. No
epiphysis on fore tibia. Hind tibie almost naked; in morpheus with two pairs of spurs, in
ornatus only with terminal pair. Abdomen reaching beyond the anal angle of hind wings.”
( Watson, 1. c.)

Heteropterus morpheus.
Papilio morpheus, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771).
Papilio steropes, Wien. Verz. p. 160 (1776) ; Esp. Schmett. i. 1, pl. xli. fig. 1 (1778 ?).

* Wiener entom. Monatschrift, iv. p. 401.
4H 2

584 HESPERILID.

Heteropterus morpheus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 623 (1871).

Cyclopides morpheus, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 355, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 4 (1884).

“« Expands from 1:30 to 1:45 inch. All the wings are uniform dark brown. The fore wings have
alight yellow or yellowish-white spot on the costa, and below it another less distinct ; there
are three indistinct light spots near the apex. The hind wings are uniformly dark brown ;
the fringes are whitish, that of the fore wings indistinctly spotted with brown. Underside :
fore wings dark brown, with a marginal row of small yellow crescentic spots, and one or two
other yellow spots near the apex. Hind wings yellow, with a submarginal row of seven
large oval white spots bordered with black; these spots form a continuous band; between
these and the base are five more similar spots, but detached; there are three central and
two basal spots. The sexes are similar in coloration and pattern, except that the female
sometimes has an extra yellow spot on the costa of the fore wings above.

*« Larva.—Light green, with a darker dorsal line; lateral lines yellowish white. Feeds on
grasses in May and June.” (Lang, J. ¢.)

I found this species common in Gensan in June; the specimens agree
very well with those from Europe. Herz also found it commonly in Corea;
it is plentiful in Amurland and Staudinger records it from N. China.

Distribution. Central Europe, Livonia, N. Italy, Central and South Russia,
Armenia, Siberia, Amurland, Corea, N. China.

Heteropterus unicolor.
Steropes unicolor, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 10, pl. i. fig. 3 (1853),
Cyclopides ornatus, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 473 (1861) ; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 33,

pl. 1. fig. 5 (1864) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 19 (1889).

* Alis supra: fuscis; subtus: anticis fuscis, apice costaque fulvis ; posticis fulvis.
“‘ Expans. alar. antic. unc. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, 1. ¢.)

Var. ornatus, Bremer. ‘Ale supra nigro-fusee, ciliis ochraceo-griseis.

“ Alve antic subtus nigra margine anteriore, apice margineque posteriore ochraceis; postice
ochracex striga recta argentea a basi ad marginem posteriorem ducta; margine interiore
seepe argenteo-micanti. 27-31 m.” (Bremer, l. ¢.)

This species is common in Japan, Corea, Amurland, and N. China. I have
specimens of both forms from Chang-yang, Central China, where they were
taken in July and August. Fixsen records both forms and also inter-
mediates from the Corea. Staudinger states that ornatus is the only form
which has so far been met with in Amurland, and adds that he has a
specimen of the wnicolor form from Japan. Elwes also records intermediates

from Japan.

PAMPHILA. 585

Genus PAMPHILA.

Pamphila, Fabricius, Uliger’s Magazin, vi. p. 287 (1807) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1898, p. 89. Type, palemon, Pall.

Steropes, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lép. p. 167 (1832). Nom. prioc.

Carterocephalus, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, ii. pp. 26,49. Type, palemon, Pall.

“Antenne short, not half the length of costa; club stout, elongate, blunt. Palpi porrect,
densely clothed with laxly set scales almost concealing the third joint, which is_ short,
slender, and bluntly conical. Fore wing: inner margin considerably longer than outer
margin ; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa before the end
of cell; upper discocellular short but distinct, outwardly oblique; middle discocellular
slightly longer than lower ; vein 5 slightly nearer to 4 than to 6; vein 3 very close to end of
cell; vein 2 almost equidistant from base of wing and end of cell. Hind wing: outer
margin even; cell very long, reaching more than half across wing; vein 7 shortly before
end of cell; discocellulars and vein 5 barely traceable; vein 3 immediately before end of
cell; vein 2 considerably nearer to end of cell than to base of wing. No epiphysis on fore
tibie. Hind tibie slightly fringed, and with only terminal pair of spurs.

* Distribution. Holarctic.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Mr. Watson adds that although six or seven hundred species have been
described in this genus, probably only about five of them correctly belong to
it. The remainder include species belonging to almost every described
genus.

Pamphila argyrostigma.

Carterocephalus argyrostigma, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. 1851, 1. p. 624; Lang, Butt.
Eur. p. 360 (1884); Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 123 (1889).

*Shghtly smaller than C. palemon. Wings brownish black. Fore wings with three large
yellow spots touching the costa, reaching to the centre of the wing and decreasing in size
towards the base; below these and alternating with them so as to produce a chequered
pattern are two similar spots touching the inner margin. Hind wings with three small
yellowish-ochreous spots near the hind margin and a continuous band of smaller spots
towards the base. Underside: fore wings as above, but the ochreous spots are larger. Hind
wings reddish brown, with two large central silver spots and some smaller ones near the
base and the hind margin. Marginal fringes orange; head and collar yellowish orange ;
thorax dark brown ; abdomen black, with an orange anal tuft.” (Lany, I. ¢.)

Alphéraky records a specimen taken in the province of Kan-sou, N.W.
China. The type of this species came from Kiachta. Graeser met with it
at Pokrofka at the beginning of June, and it has been found also in other
parts of Amurland and Trans-Baikal. M. Grum-Grshimailo sent me a
specimen from the Tetung Mountains in E. Thibet. My collectors failed to
meet with it in China.

586 HESPERIIDZ.

Pamphila pulchra. (Plate XL. fig. 20, ¢ .)
Pamplala pulchra, Leech, Entomologist, xxxiv., Suppl. p. 59 (June 1891).
Carterocephalus ops, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xxv. p. 460 (1891).

Male. Fuscous. Primaries have some yellowish scales on the basal and outer marginal areas, and
are traversed by two pale yellow macular bands; the initial spot of outer band is somewhat
lunular, and is placed inwards on the costa. The secondaries have three pale yellow spots
on the central area, but the first of these lies towards outer angle; there is a smaller yellow
spot towards the base of the wing, and some indications of a pale yellow submarginal band.
The under surface is brownish; primaries have the bands as above, but the space between
them is clouded with blackish, and the basal half of the wing is washed with pale ochreous ;
secondaries are suffused with pale ochreous along the costal area, and have a silvery longi-
tudinal central streak, which is interrupted about the middle, and its outer portion expands
into an irregular-shaped blotch; there is a round silvery spot above the blotch, another
below it, and a short club-shaped streak before the abdominal margin ; a conspicuous fuscous
spot lies above the central streak, and there are three or four silvery spots towards anal
angle, representing a submarginal band; marginal line silvery grey. Fringes of primaries
fuscous, faintly chequered with grey-brown, and preceded by a black line; those of the
secondaries are grey-brown, paler towards extremities.

Expanse 29 millim.

In the ornamentation of the under surface of secondaries this species is
something like Pamphila avanti, de Nicéville (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv.
p- 255, pl. xi. fig. 10), but in other respects it is very different, and quite
unlike any other species with which I am acquainted.

Occurs in June and July at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow, Western China,
and M. Grum-Grshimailo records it from the 'Tetung Mountains under the
name Carterocephalus ops.

Pamphila houangty.
Carterocephalus houangty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 27, pl. v. fig. 5 (1886).

‘* Espéce voisine du sylvius, mais d’un jaune plus foneé en dessus. Les taches noires sont plus
épaisses ; elles ont cependant d peu prés la méme disposition que dans sylvius. Les carac-
teres différentiels saillants se trouvent principalement aux ailes inférieures en dessous,

“J'ai fait représenter un mile, La femelle différe du male de la méme facgon que chez sylvius.”
(Oberthir, l. C.)

Appears to be a common species in Western China at Ta-chien-lu, Wa-ssu-
kow, Ni-tou, Che-tou, and How-kow.

‘The males are always more abundant than the females.

PAMPHILA. 587

Pamphila abax.
Carterocephalus abax, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 27, pl. v. fig. 27 (1886).

** Ailes brun noir, frangées de jaune d’or, surtout aux inférieures et marquées de taches jaune
dor, au nombre de cing, sur les supérieures, de forme assez rectangulaire; lune d’elles est
jointe par un trait nervural 4 la base; et au nombre de quatre sur les inférieures, de forme
assez arrondie, l'une dans l’espace cellulaire et les trois autres alignées en dessous de celle-ci,
comprenant deux grosses et une petite, celle qui est plus prés du bord anal.

‘* Le dessous différe du dessus, parce que les ailes inféricures sont saupoudrées de gris verdatre et
de jaunatre. L’abdomen est gris jaundtre en dessous avec l’extrémité anale jaune. Les
pattes sont jaunes ; les antennes sont finement annelées de jaune et ont la massue jaune.

“ Mgr. Biet a recueilli trois exemplaires du Carterocephalus abavx i Ta-Tsien-Lot.” (Oberthir,
l. c.)

Female agrees with the male in colour and pattern.

The female seems to be exceedingly rare. M. Oberthiir does not mention
it, and although I have received over a hundred specimens of the species, I
have only been able to detect one example of this sex.

A common species in Western China, occurring at Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan,
Ni-tou, Moupin, and Che-tou.

Pamphila flavomaculata.
Carterocephalus flavomaculatus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 27, pl. ii. fig. 9 (1886).

Fuliginous brown. Primaries have a small subbasal yellow spot, two yellow spots about the centre
of the wing, and four towards the yellow-tipped apex; fringes of the ground-colour tinged
with yellowish. Secondaries have two yellow central spots, the upper one transversely
elongate; fringes yellowish grey. Under surface olivaceous brown: primaries have a
whitish subbasal spot and two yellow-tinged ones in the centre, followed by an ill-defined
transverse series of dots; there are four or five yellow-tinged spots on apical area, which is
suffused with yellowish grey, as also is the costa; marginal spots and fringes yellowish grey :
secondaries have some short yellowish-grey streaks on basal and submarginal areas, and nine
silvery spots placed as follows—one subbasal, five forming a central series, of which the
costal pair are confluent and the third transversely elongate, submarginal series represented
by a small round spot at anal angle, a larger one below it, and two round ones in the median
interspaces ; marginal spots yellowish grey, confluent towards costa; fringes yellowish grey ;
brownish at base. Antenne black, finely ringed with yellowish, and the underside of the
club is also yellowish. Sexes agree in colour and marking.

Expanse 50-32 millim.

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow.
This species agrees almost exactly with P. niveomaculata in the shape and

position of the markings, but the spots are rather smaller, and together with
the fringes of secondaries are yellow instead of white.

088 HESPERITDZ.

Pamphila niveomaculata.
Carterocephalus niveomaculatus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. x1. p. 27, pl. 1. fig. 8 (1886).
Carterocephalus christophi, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xxv. p. 460 (1891).

Velvety black. Primaries have three white central spots, the third much smaller than other two,
and five subapical ones, the fifth hardly discernible ; fringes black except at the apex, where
they are white. Secondaries have two white central spots similar in shape to those of
P. flavomaculata; fringes white. Under surface of primaries blackish, washed with
olivaceous along costa and on apical area; the white spots of upper surface are reproduced,
and there are two additional pale spots below apex, and some ill-defined ones precede and
follow the central spots: secondaries olivaceous, marked with white at base of costa and.
inner margin ; there are nine silvery spots placed as follows—one subbasal, five forming a
central band, two at outer angle, the upper not clearly defined, and one in each median
interspace towards outer margin; a short white streak is placed between central band and
lower spot of the two at outer angle; fringes white. Antenne black, finely ringed with white

beneath, underside of club is also white. The sexes are alike in colour and marking.
Expanse 32 millim.

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow.

Var. christophi, Grum-Grshimailo.
This form, which occurs in the Amdo plateau, 'Thibet, differs from the type
on upper surface in having rather more white at apex of primaries and a

white patch at base of these wings ; the central spots on secondaries are con-
fluent and form a large patch.

Pamphila gemmata. (Plate XLI. fig. 18, ? .)
Carterocephalus gemmatus, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 59 (June 1891).
Carterucephalus demea, Oberthiir, Ktud. 7 Eutom. xv. p. 19, pl. ii. fig. 24 (July nec
June, 1891).

Allied to P. niveomaculata, Oberthiir, but on the upper surface the primaries have a white spot at
the base of the cell, another towards outer end of cell, and four smaller ones beyond, forming
in conjunction with the four apical spots an interrupted band; the secondaries have one
large white central sput, and in some specimens there is a smaller spot below it. The under
surface of primaries is dashed with silvery white along the base of the costa, and, in
addition to the spots as above, there is a silvery-white apical cloud; the secondaries have
two broad silvery-white bands from costa to submedian neryule, which is dashed with the
same colour, as also is the base of costa.

Expanse, ¢ 32 millim., 9 30 millim.

I have specimens from 'Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Wa-ssu-kow. The
species occurs at various elevations, ranging from 5000 feet at Wa-ssu-kow
up to 8000 feet at ‘Ta-chien-lu.

I have also received examples from M, Grum-Grshimailo, who took them
on the plateau of Amdo, ‘Thibet.

PAMPHILA.—TARACTROCERA. 589

Pamphila micio.
Carterocephalus micio, Oberthtir, Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 19, pl. iii. fig. 29 (1891).

“‘Dessus noir, avec les taches blanches aux ailes supérieures comme suit: une petite tache cellu-
laire, \ la naissance de la cellule; une plus grosse 4 ’extrémité de la cellule; deux également
assez grosses, rectangulaires, intranervurales, li¢es 4 la tache cellulaire, au dessous de laquelle
elles descendent en ligne droite vers le bord inférieur ; cinq taches petites dont trois costales,
subapicales, en ligne assez droite et deux au dessous et au dela des trois premicres, de telle
facon que la premicre de ces deux est liée par Vextrémité de son angle intérieur, 4 l’extré-
mité de l’angle extérieur de la derni¢re des trois.

‘** Aux inférieures, une grosse tache cellulaire et une autre plus petite contigué a celle-ci.

‘Dessous des supérieures brun noir avec les mémes taches blanches qu’en dessus et deux en plus,
une trés petite apicale et une autre entre bes deux groupes maculaires médians. L’apex des
supérieures est brun rouge.

“ Dessous des inférieures brun rouge foneé, avec une disposition de taches blane argent analogue
i celles de demea, mais de forme différente. La tache submarginale notamment est étroite,
presque linéaire dans son parcours inférieur; l’autre décrit intérieurement une courbe assez
régulicre et forme intérieurement une pointe qui va joindre la tache submarginale.”

(Oberthir, 1. ¢.)
Differs principally from P. niveomaculata in the transverse band of
primaries. On the under surface it agrees better with P. gemmata.

My collectors failed to meet with this insect in any part of China that they
visited. The type was from Tse-kou.

Genus TARACTROCERA.

Taractrocera, Butler, Cat. Lep. Fabr. p. 279 (1869) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 94. Type, mevius, Fabr.

“Antenne short; club forming a flattened disc, conspicuously hollowed out, tip blunt. - Palpi :
second joint densely scaled; third joint long, slender, erect, reaching above the vertex, tip
acuminate. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin; cell less than two thirds
the length of the costa; vein 12 reaching costa well before the end of cell; middle disco-
cellular considerably longer than lower one; vein 5 close to bottom of cell; vein 3 well
before end of cell, about twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2 slightly nearer to end of cell
-than to base of wing. Hind wing: outer margin even; vein 7 very close to end of cell:
discocellulars faint ; vein 5 not traceable; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2
twice as far from base of wings as from end of cell. Hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs.

“This is a genus of very numerous species, which ranges from India
through the Malay Archipelago to Australia, appearing to reach its greatest
development in the islands of the Archipelago; the peculiar form of the
antennal club readily distinguishes it.” (Watson, J. ¢.)

ZT

590 HESPERIIDA,

Taractrocera flavoides, sp. nov. (Plate XL. figs.10 2, 11 ¢.)

Male. Primaries pale fulvous, shaded with blackish on basal area; below the outer extremity of
discoidal cell there is a large black spot, which is connected by a black streak with a large
curved black spot on costal area ; outer margin broadly bordered with black, the inner edge
with a quadrate indentation tewards apex. Secondaries black, with a pale fulvous subbasal
spot and a broad central maculated band of the same colour extending from costal to submedian
nervure, the second spot is more or less quadrate in shape, and is placed out of line with the
others forming the band. - Fringes pale fulvous. Under surface: primaries blackish,
suffused with yellowish on apical area, and narrowly along outer margin; the costa is pale
fulvous from base to beyond the middle, where it unites with a patch of the same colour in
discoidal cell ; beyond is a pale fulvous macular band, the second spot placed out of line with
the rest : secondaries blackish suffused with yellowish except in abdominal fold; there are
two transverse yellow bands; the edges of both are dentate and marked with black. Fringes
yellow. In the female the yellow markings are narrower,

Expanse 28 millim.

In general appearance this species, which so far has only occurred at
Chow-pin-sa and Omei-shan, is very like Padraona flava, for which it might
easily be overlooked. The antennz, however are not hooked at the tip,
but have spoon-shaped clubs. Its nearest ally appears to be 7. nigrolim-
hatus, Snellen *, from Batavia.

Genus ADOPALA.
Adopea, Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 81 (1820) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 98.

Type, thaumas, Hufn.
Pelion, Kirby, List Brit. Rhop. (1858). Type, thawmas, Hufn.

“ Antenne short, less than half the length of costa; club elongate, straight or slightly arcuate,
tip blunt. Palpi: second joint clothed with laxly-set scales; third joint long, slender,
suberect. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin; cell less than two thirds the
length of costa; middle discocellular more than twice as long as lower; vein 5 from close
to bottom of cell; vein 3 close to end of cell ; vein 2 (in both sexes) slightly nearer to base of
wing than to end of cell. Hind wing: outer margin even, slightly excised at vein 2; vein 7
well before end of cell, only slightly nearer to 6 than to 8; discocellulars very faint, vein 5
not traceable; vein 3 immediately before end of cell; vein 2 more than twice as far from
base of wing as from end of cell. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Abdomen slender,
extending beyond anal angle of hind wings.

“ Male with a linear discal stigma on the fore wing, in two portions—the upper portion long,
lying below the inner margin of cell, from the origin of vein 3 to as far as vein 2; the lower
portion short, in continuation of the upper portion, from below vein 2 to not quite as far as

vein 1,

“ Distribution. Wolarctic.” (Watson, 1. ¢.)

* Tijds. v. Entom. xix. p. 165, pl. vil. fig. 5 (1876).

ADOPAA. 591

Adopzxa sylvatica. (Plate XL. figs. 5 3, 8, var. 2.)

Pamphila sylvatica, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. ii. p. 474 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 34,
pl. ui. fig. 10 (1864).

* Ale supra ochracee late fuseco-marginate, nervis fuscis; anticee macula media fusca.

** Alee subtus ochracesze nervis fuscis, ad basim fuscescentes; anticee macula obsoleta apud
angulum interiorem fuscescenti. 26m.” (Bremer, 1. c.)

I met with this species at Gensan, Corea, in June, and at Hakodate, Japan,
in August. Staudinger (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 210) states that Japanese
examples do not differ from those from Corea.

The female only differs from the male in being larger.

The form of A. sylvatica occurring in Western China is so uniformly
different that I describe it as |

Var. occidentalis, var. nov. (Plate XL. fig. 8 9.) Male agrees in coloration with typical
A, sylvatica, but the wings are more suffused with darker scales.

Female. Ground-colour almost black, the pale fulvous markings being much reduced in size, and
the central series of primaries is much straighter towards inner margin ; the under surface is
more suffused, especially the secondaries, which have indications of a central series of pale
spots,

This form occurs at Ta-chien-lu and Chia-kou-ho.

Adopza tenebrosa, sp. nov. (Plate XL. figs. 6 ¢,9 9.)

Male. Upper surface brownish black, with a purplish reflection in certain lights. Primaries are
streaked obliquely on the costa with pale fulvous; there are three linear fulyous spots and
one round one, forming an outwardly oblique series from the costa, and five larger pale
fulvous spots and dashes, forming an inwardly oblique series to inner margin ; two contiguous
pale fulvous bars at end of discoidal cell. Secondaries clothed with olivaceous hairs on basal
area; central area traversed by a series of pale fulvous elongated spots. Under surface deep
fulyous ; neuration of all the wings strongly marked with black; there is a black cloud
towards outer angle of primaries, and the basal area is also suffused with black; the dis-
coidal cell is closed by a black bar, and there is a black oblique streak above it running in the
direction of the apex of the wing: secondaries slightly suffused with greenish-grey scales,
especially along the abdominal fold; in some specimens there are indications of the paie
fulvous central spots of upper surface.

Female. Similar to the male, but rather darker on the under surface.

I was disposed to consider this species to be a form of A. sylvatica, but it
can readily be separated by the purplish reflection of the ground-colour, by
the neuration on under surface being more broadly black, and by the black
oblique streak from upper angle of the discoidal cell; the fulvous markings

are also much paler.
412

592 HESPERIID.

I have only received this insect from Kiukiang, Central China, where Pratt
met with it commonly in June and July.

Adopea nervulata, (Plate XL. fig. 3, 3.)
Pamphila nervulata, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. lvi.

“Mas alis anticis nitide flavis, posticis obscurioribus, nigro circumdatis, nervis omnibus nigro
scriptis, striga anticarum sexuali nigra, filiformi; cellula striga supradicta, nervula, et nervo,
omnibus nigris clausa. Subtus alee pallidiores sunt ; margo internus anticarum albescit, et
nisi ad hunc angulum, nusquam ale nigro circumdate, basis anticarum nigra, et nervi nitide
scripta.

‘Femina obscurior; latius ale nigro-circumdate, ante cellulam umbra nigra, triangularis, et loco
strigee, macula oblonga, nigra.

“ Moupin (Abb. Arm. David), Mus. Nat. Peking.” (Mabille, 1. ¢.)

Although closely allied to A. sylvatica, Bremer A. nervulata differs in
being smaller and broader in the wing; the discoidal cell of primaries is
not traversed by a heavily scaled longitudinal line, and the outer marginal
borders are much narrower.

It does not appear to be a common species. I have only received a dozen

specimens, which were taken in June and July at Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, and
Wa-ssu-kow.

Adopea leonina. (Plate XL. figs. 1 ¢,2 9,4 & 7 vars.)
Pamphila leonina, Butler, Cist. Entom. ii. p. 286 (1878).
Hesperia leonina, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34, pl. x. figs. 18 ¢, 15 9 ? (1889).
Thymelicus leonina, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. i. p. 151, pl. viii. fig. 2, ¢ (1887) ; vi.
p. 210 (1892).

“cc

sright fulvous, with black veins and moderately broad purplish-brown outer borders (narrower
than in A, sylvatica); primaries with a slender, oblique, linear, black brand; secondaries
with the basal area and abdominal border dusky; wings below clearer than above, with
black veins and linear black margin: primaries with the base (excepting upon the costa and
brand) as above, black; legs and front of palpi yellow, hinder part of palpi and venter
white.

“ Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

‘This species is allied to P. sylvatica, but markedly distinct; it is frequently mistaken for

P, venata of Brem., but (as I believe) simply because it has black veins; in the form of its

wings it is totally dissimilar.” (Butler, l. c.)

Formerly I considered A. deonina to be synonymous with A. (P.) sylvatica,
but now that I have a much larger amount of material available for exam-
ination I find that it is quite distinct. The males of A. deonina are much

ADOPAA.—ERYNNIS. 993

lighter coloured than those of A. sylvatica, and there is a conspicuous sexual
brand on primaries similar to that of A. thawmas. 'The females are exceedingly
like those of A. sylvatica, but the pale markings are more distinctly defined.
On the under surface both sexes are very similar to A. sylvatica, but the male
is distinguished by the sexual brand as above, and both sexes of this species
have the brownish patch towards outer angle of primaries much smaller, and
it does not extend to inner margin as in A. sylvatica.

Occurs in the mountainous parts of Central Japan, in Yesso, and at
Gensan, in Corea. Dorries found it at Baranowka and in the district of
Sutschan.

In Western China my collectors met with specimens at. Wa-shan and
Ta-chien-lu, which only appear to differ from Japanese examples in being
slightly smaller (Plate XL. fig. 4,3); but at Chang-yang, Central China, a
remarkable form, for which I propose the varietal name astigmata, occurs
(Plate XL. fig. 7,3), in which the sexual brand of the male is entirely
wanting. In other respects this form does not differ from the type, except in
being rather more suffused with black. As I thought this insect might be
the male of a distinct species, I had the genital armature prepared and
mounted for microscopical examination, and find that it is identical in shape
and structure with that of 4. leonina from Western China.

Nistribution. Japan, Corea, Amurland, Western and Central China.

Genus ERYNNIS.

Erynnis, Schrank, Fauna Boica, il. 1, p. 157 (1801); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 99. Type, comma, Linn.

Ocytes, Scudder, Syst. Rev. p. 55 (1872). Type, metea, Scudd.

‘* Antenne short, less than half the length of costa ; club short, robust, terminal crook exceedingly
minute. Palpi as in Hylephila. Neuration as in Hylephila except that vein 2 of the fore
wing is much nearer to the base of the wing in the male, and vein 7 of the hind wing is
slightly nearer the base of the wing in both sexes; the stigma on the fore wing is very
similar to that of Hylephila, except that it entirely fills the angle at the bifurcation of vein 2,
while in’ Hylephila the discal stigma crosses the interspace beyond the origin of vein 2.

“Distribution. Holarctic.” (Watson, l. c.)

Erynnis comma. (Plate XLI. figs. 12 & 17, vars.)
Papilio comma, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 793 (1767).
Hesperia comma, Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 353, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 2 (1884).

594 HESPERIIDZ.

Pamphila florinda, Butler, Cist. Entom. ii. p. 285 (1878).
Hesperia comma, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34, pl. x. figs. 14a 9,146 ¢ (1889).

« Expands from 1:20 to 1:40 in. About the size of H. sylvanus, but has the hind margins more
inclined to concavity in outline, especially in the male. The male has the basal and discal
portions of the fore wing fulvous; the hind margin and apex are dark brown; there are some
square fulvous spots near the apex; the black line is very distinct, and is straighter than in
H. sylvanus. Hind wings dark brown, with a submarginal row of fulvous spots, and a ful-
yous spot near the base. ‘Tle female is larger than the male, and is somewhat variable as
regards the ground-colour, which ranges from dull fulvous to dark greenish brown; the
fulvous spots are more discrete than in the male, and the black streak is absent from the fore
wings. Underside: fore wings as above, but greenish towards the apex. Hind wings
greenish or yellowish grey, with a submarginal row of seven or eight pure white spots, rather
square in shape, and often outlined with blackish; near the base are two or three similar
spots. Clubs of antennz terminating in a hook,

“Larva. Olive-green. Head large and black. here are two white spots on each side of the
tenth and eleventh segments. Feeds on Coronilla, Ornithopus, Lotus, and other Leguminose,
in June and July.” (Lang, /. ¢.)

Var. florinda, Butler. (Plate XLI. fig. 17, ¢.) ‘‘d Q above like P. comma, but deeper in
colour ; below altogether redder in tint, with scarcely a trace of pale spots, only two or three
being indistinctly traceable in the secondaries ; the veins also not tipped with black.

‘“‘ Expanse of wings ¢ 1 inch 6 lines, 2 1 inch 5 lines.

“There is the same difference between the sexes as in the European‘insect, the male being tawny
with purplish-brown borders and grey-streaked oblique black brand, the female purplish
brown with the usual straw-yellow or ochreous spots; the position of the species will be
between P. comma and the P. sylvanus of Japan.” (Butler, 1. c.)

Occurs in the central parts of Japan, and I believe also in Yesso.

Herz records typical specimens of /. comma from Corea, but at Gensan I
only met with var. florinda.

FL. comma seems to be a scarce insect in Amurland, and Staudinger (Rom.
sur Lép. p. 211) describes a form from that region under the name repugnans,
which he says differs principally from the type on the under surface of
secondaries, where the pale spots are very small, and almost entirely oblite-
rated by the yellow ground-colour. ‘The males on the upper surface have
much darker, almost black, outer margins; the females are hardly darker
than typical comma.

Some specimens taken by Herz in the neighbourhood of Pekin are con-
sidered by Dr. Staudinger to be near his var. repugnans, which I believe to be
synonymous with var. /lorinda, Butler, an insect which Dr. Staudinger
erroneously identifies as a form of A.(P.) sylvanus. I also formerly considered

florinda to be a form of A. sy/vanus, on account of its resemblance on the

ERYNNIS.—PADRAONA. 595

under surface to that species; but now that I have seen a larger number of
specimens, I find that /lorinda is undoubtedly a form of FL. comma.

I have seen the type of ‘ Pamphila’ mikado, Mabille MS., and consider it
to be a very worn specimen of /. comma, var. florinda, Butler.

Mr. Elwes states that specimens from Amurland seem to agree with
Japanese examples.

In India £. comma is represented by a form which Moore has described as
distinct under the name Pamphila dimila*. A specimen agreeing exactly
with this Indian form has been received from 'Ta-chien-lu, Western China,
by Mr. Grose Smith, and is figured in the present work (Plate XLI.
fig. 12,3). ‘Pamphila’ comma, var.? lato, Grum-Grshimailo, from the
Dshachar Mountains, is probably referable to this form.

Distribution. Europe, Amurland, Corea, Japan, N.W. Himalayas, N. & W.
China.

Genus PADRAONA.

Padraona, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 170 (1881) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p- 101. Type, mesa, Moore.

** Antenne: club moderate, elongate, with a short terminal crook. Palpi: second joint densely
scaled ; third joint short, slender, suberect, obtusely conical. Fore wing: inner margin
longer than outer margin ; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; middle discocellular
about twice as long as lower; vein 5 considerably nearer to 4 than to 6; vein 3 immediately

i Pamphila dimila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 576.

** Allied to P. comma.

‘Vale and Female. Upperside testaceous; exterior border broadly fuliginous brown ; apex of fore
wing brownish testaceous. Cilia whitish testaceous: fore wing with a series of small yellow
apical spots; male with an oblique silvery-lined black streak below the cell ; hind wing with
a yellow spot within the cell, and a curved discal series of four quadrate spots. Underside :
fore wing .pale testaceous; apical spots as above; hind wing with basal portion greenish
brown; three prominent white subbasal spots disposed above, below, and at end of the cell ;
a curved discal series of six quadrate white spots.

“Expanse, ¢ 12, 9 13 inch.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

i Pamphila comma, var.? lato, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 459.

** Supra alis multo obscurioribus, nigro-fuscis, basin versus fulvescentibus, maculis fulvis ; subtus
anticis fulvo-rubescentibus, ad marginem internum pallidioribus, areis basali et interna
nigris, costa apiceque viridibus, maculis quinque apicalibus flavis, duabus disci dilute fulvis,
extus late nigrescenti adumbratis ; posticis viridibus, ad angulum analem fulvis, maculis
quadrangularibus, magis a margine externo distantibus, albis. Fimbria flavida. Antennis
obscurioribus,

‘Specimen unicum in montibus Dshachar collectum.” (Grum-Grshimailo, I. ¢.)

596 HESPERIIDA.

before end of cell; vein 2 almost equidistant from end of cell and base of wing, slightly
nearer to end of cell. Hind wing: outer margin even, slightly excised between veins 2 and
16; vein 7 well before the end of cell; discocellulars very faint, vein 5 wanting; vein 3
close to end of cell, twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2 considerably nearer to end of cell
than to base of wing. In the males of some of the species there is a short and very incon-
spicuous glandular streak, situated immediately above the centre of vein 1 on the upperside
of the fore wing. Hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs.

“This genus is apparently confined to the Asiatic and Australian regions,
with the exception of coroller from Madagascar, and epictetus from tropical
America ; these two species are possibly not correctly assigned to Padraona,

though I am unable to point out how they can be separated from it.”
(Watson, l. ¢.)

Padraona dara. (Plate XL. figs. 13 & 14, vars.)
Hesperia dara, Kollar, Hiig. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 455 (1848).
Pamphila confucius, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 29 (1862).
Pamphila flava, Murray, Ent. Mo, Mag. xii. p. 4 (1875).
Hesperia dara, vay. flava, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lép. ii. p. 318, pl. xiv. fiz. 6 (1887).
Hesperia flava, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 17 (1889).

« Alis supra fuscis, stria latiore costa, fascia maculari obliqua maculaque subquadrata apicis anti-
carum flayis; posticis supra puncto medio fasciaque transvorsa, subtus totis flavis, fusco
subtesselatis, margine interno fusco.—Expans, alar. unc. 1.”

‘‘ Habit. in Himalaya.” (Kollar, 1. ¢.)

Var. confucius, Felder. “ Alis supra saturate fuscis, anticarum vitta costali fasciaque exteriore

subrefracta, posticis macula elongata cellule fasciaque pone discum irregulari utrinque

fulvis, subtus anticarum extimo posticarumque pagina omni pallide fulvis, his regione anali
nigricante. <.

“ Ning-po.—P. augiadi, Linn. affinis, alee posticee vero apud angulum analem minus producti.
Magnitudo eadem.” (/v/der, l. c.)

Var. flava, Murray. (Plate XL. fig. 13,9.) ‘ Alis supra brunneis flavo-notatis : subtus pallidi-
oribus, posticis flavis, brunneo-maculatis. Antennis hamatis, Exp. alar., 1" 2’’-1" 4'",

“ Hab. Japonia.

‘ Upperside. Fore wings dark brown: base dusted with yellow ; costal, inner marginal and
median yellow streaks from the base, the latter expanding into a rather large yellow spot at
the end of cell, above which are two yellow dashes, bordering the first subcostal nervule.
Beyond the middle is a conspicuous yellow band, divided into spots by the veins ; the fourth
and fifth are displaced, as in the allied species, and situated much nearer the hind margin.
Hind wing dark brown: a yellow spot near base, and a smaller ono above it, near the
costa ; a conspicuous yellow band beyond the middle, reaching from submedian to subcostal
nervyures. Thesmall costal spot before-mentioned may be considered as an upward continua-

tion of this band, The brown portions of both wings are more or less dusted with yellow.
Fringe yellow, cut with fuscous, especially on fore wing.

PADRAONA. 597

* Underside. Fore wing paler than above: only the costal streak from base present, which
reaches to the subcostal dashes corresponding to those existing on the upper surface ; discoidal
nervule bordered, often broadly, with ochreous, along the basal half of its course ; apical
portion of hind margin ochreous, Hind wing brown, thickly dusted with ochreous except
at anal angle, where is a large brown patch, extending in a narrow streak to the base.
Spots as above, but with an additional basal spot above the cell. The transverse band is
bounded outwardly by a more or less distinct zizgag brown line.

** Allied to P. augias, L.

“This is the species referred to in my former paper as P. dara (?), Koll. Further investigation
has convinced me that it is distinct; nor can I find it described by any other author. It
seems to be a common species near Yokohama.” (Murray, l. ¢.)

This species appears to be common throughout the region dealt with in
the present work.

Confucius of Felder is identical with var. fava, and has nothing to do with
augias. ‘There are two forms in China which may possibly be seasonal ; one
of these is of the confucius=flava form (Plate XL. fig. 18, 2 ), and the other
is characterized by having more yellow on upper surface and the absence of
greenish suffusion on under surface of secondaries (Plate XL. fig. 14, ¢ ).

According to Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 451) P. dara is
common in Sikkim up to 5000 feet from April to December. He adds :-—
“ After comparing a long series of this species, namely, twelve from the
North-west Himalayas (m@sa, Moore); eight from Sikkim, one named mesa
by Moore ; four from Khasias taken by myself, three from Japan, and three from
China, I believe they are all the same species; and I see that in Moore’s
paper on Hocking’s Kangra collection he has identified mesa with dara.”

Staudinger states that Dorries brought specimens from Amurland which do
not differ from Japanese examples.

I have not seen the type of Pamphila japonica, Mabille*, but from the

* Pamphila japonica, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. lxxiii (1883).

** Preecedenti similis [ P. hetwrus, Mab.]; sed magis niger. Costa maculam flavam longiorem habet,
et strigam similem in basi; vitta nigra vix tangit marginis teniam nigram et vitta flava a
costa et apice continua est, ut in P. sunia, Feld. A quo recedit pagina inferiore posticarum
alarum, que lutea est, cum margine abdominali luteo, vix ad angulum infuscato.

*« Cette espéce resemble beaucoup au P. sunias, Feld., et au précédent [ P. heterus}|. La bande noire
des ailes supérieures nest pas bifurquée et ne touche pas la bordure au-dessous de l’apex.
La cote a un trait jaune a la base et une tache trés allongée. La bandelette fauve du disque
est continue, elle commence 4 la céte, fait un coude et revient vers le bord interne. La bande |
jaune des ailes inférieures se rejoint au point jaune du bord antérieur, et le dessous des
mémes ailes est tout entier jaune; une série de points noirs indique la bande du dessus,
reproduite un peuen clair. Les palpes sont d’un jaune soufre, avec le dernier article aciculaire,
long et noiratre. Japon.” (JMabille, 1. c.)

4k

598 HESPERIID &.

description I am disposed to consider that it is identical with the J apanese
form of P. dara, i. e. flava, Murray, as that is the only species of Padraona
met with in Japan.

Padraona gola. (Plate XL. fig. 12, 3.)
Pamphila gola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 594, pl. lviii. fig. 9, 3g.

‘¢ Male. Upperside dark vinous brown: fore wing with an oblique discal irregular sinuous-
bordered golden-yellow band, the band bent before the apex and indented at end of the cell ;
hind wing with a median discal golden-yellow band, and a few hairs of the same colour at
the base; cilia edged with golden yellow. Front oi head, palpi, and legs golden. Underside
with the bands as above: costa and apex of fore wing and the hind wing suffused with
yellow; both wings with a blackish streak at end of cell.

“ Expanse | inch.

““S, Andamans.” (Moore, 1. c.)

I received one male example from Kiukiang, Central China, where it was
captured in June. It is rather more fulvous on upper surface, but in all
other respects it agrees with Sikkim specimens. ‘The under surface of second-
aries is rather darker than the type in Mr. Moore’s collection.

Elwes says that he has a specimen from Buxa, Bhotan, which has been
identified as P. gola by Mr. Moore. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville record
thirty-seven specimens in both sexes taken in and around Silcuri, Cachar,
captured between 25th May and 5th August.

Padraona virgata. (Plate XL. fig. 15, ¢.)
Pamphila virgata, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 47 (1890).

Male. Dark brown, Primaries have a fulvous streak from base parallel with costa to beyond the
middle, this streak is broken up by the subcostal nervules into linear spots, its outer extremity
curving downwards, and terminating directly over four fulvous spots placed in the median and
submedian interspaces, there are two more or less confluent yellow dashes in the discoidal
cell, and the base and inner margin are streaked with fulvous scales. Secondaries tinged with
fulvous towards base, with some fulvous central dashes. Fringes yellow, chequered with dark
brown. Under surface of primaries blackish, with centre spots as above, but the costal streak
and discoidal spots are not so clearly defined, the apical half of outer margin is suffused with
yellow, but the base is not sprinkled with yellow scales. Secondaries yellow, with some
spots at the base, an indistinct central band, and two parallel transverse series of spots
before the outer margin, black, more or less obscured with yellow; the abdominal fold is
streaked with blackish.

Female. Similar in ground-colour to the male, but the yellow costal streak is ill defined, except
above the one discoidal spot, the central spots are smaller, and all are pale in colour. Expanse

30-32 millim.

PADRAONA. 599

A fine series from Chang-yang and Ichang, Central China, taken in June
and July. I have also received specimens from Moupin in Western China,
and I took examples of each sex at Foochau in April 1886. Kricheldorff
informs me that this insect is fond of settling in damp places on paths.

The type specimen is rather paler on the under surface than the example
figured, which represents the usual form of the species.

Padraona maga. (Plate XL. fig. 18, ¢.)
Pamphila maga, Leech, Entomologist, xxii. p. 48 (1890).

Male. Superficially resembles P. virgata, but the thorax is much stouter, and the primaries are
without the yellow costal streak of that species, there are two yellow spots in discoidal cell,
the lower of which is oblong and much the larger; beyond are six other yellow spots
forming a transverse series, three of these are close together near the costa, one in each
median interspace, and one near the submedian nervure. Secondaries have one spot in each
median interspace. Under surface of primaries blackish ; costa and upper portion of outer
margin broadly suffused with yellow ; the yellow spots of the upper surface are, with the
exception of the sixth, reproduced, the second to fourth each followed by a black spot, and
there is a submarginal series of indistinct black spots between apex and first median nervule ;
a projection from the yellow marginal border passes between the costal and central spots.
Expanse 32 millim.

One male example taken at Ichang in June, and I captured two specimens
of the same sex at Ningpo in April, 1886.

Padraona trimacula. (Plate XL. fig. 17, ¢.)

Taractrocera trimacula, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 60 (1891).

Male, Fuliginous ; the primaries with three large yellow spots, one in the cell and two beyond, and
a short yellow dash along the subcostal nervure ; the secondaries have a yellow central spot.
Fringes of all the veins yellow, narrowly chequered with black at the ends of the veins. On
the under surface the markings are much as above, but the streak on subcostal nervure
extends from base to the upper yellow spot, and there is a yellow subapical dash; the
secondaries are yellow, with a large black spot about middle of costa, and some blackish
markings on the centre of the wing, and along the abdominal and outer margins. Expanse
30 millim.

One male specimen from Wa-ssu-kow captured in June.

This and the two previous species are only placed provisionally in
Padraona. Probably it may be found necessary to erect one or more new
genera for their reception.

4x2

600 HESPERIID&.

Genus TELICOTA.

Astycus, Hiibner, Catal. Frank. p. 185 (1825). Type, augias, Linn.

Telicota, Moore, Lep. Cey]l. vol. i. p. 169 (1881) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p- 102. Type, augias, Linn.

“ Antenne: club stout, elongate, terminal crook short. Palpi: second joint laxly scaled, third
joint suberect, bluntly conical. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin; cell
less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 5 close to bottom of cell. In the male; vein 3
is well before the end of cell, considerably nearer to vein 2 than to 4, and vein 2 is nearer to
the end of the cell than to the base of the wing. In the female vein 3 is immediately before
the end of the cell, and vein 2 is nearer to the base of the wing than to the end of the cell.
Hind wing: vein 7 well before the end of cell, the upper margin of cell being bent down-
wards at its origin; discocellulars faint; vein 5 not traceable; veins 2, 3, and + all close
together ; vein 3 about twice as far from 2 as from 4. Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.
Male with a linear discal stigma on the upperside of the fore wing, extending from the base
of vein 4 to as far as the submedian, being twice interrupted at veins 2 and 3.

“Scott, in his ‘ Australian Lepidoptera,’ has figured what he identifies as
the two sexes of phineus, Cramer ; the male figured is the female of augiades,
and the female appears to be a bad figure of Padraona prusias, Felder. ‘The
true phineus, described from Surinam, is in the British Museum from Ecuador
and Bolivia, and is the type of a distinct genus. Mr. Butler has also wrongly
identified phineus and records it from Amboina.

‘Hiibner’s name Astycus has not been adopted for this genus, as it has
never been characterized, and was only published in a sale-list of Frank’s
collection; the twenty-two species enumerated under it belong to at least
thirteen different genera.

“This genus ranges from India to Australia.” (Watson, U. ¢.)

Telicota bambusz.

Pamphila bambuse, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1878, p. 691, pl. xiv. figs. 11 ¢,
(PAS oP

Telicota bambuse, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 382, pl. xxxv. fig. 12 (1886).

“ Allied to P. augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens of which it differs in its somewhat
broader and less pointed wings. Markings above similar, but more defined, the borders of
the wings blacker, the basal yellow streak on the hind wing confined to a terminal spot at
the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the underside the markings are also
more clearly defined and the interspaces blacker.

“Expanse, ¢ 18, 9 14 inch.

«Larva feeds on the bamboo.’ (Atkinson, MS. note.)” (Moore, 1. c.)

I have only received two specimens of this species from China. | ‘They

TELICOTA.—AUGIADES. 601

were both taken at Chang-yang in June, and agree very well with Sikkim
examples.

De Nicéville (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. liv. p. 53, lv. p. 384) records it as
common in all seasons in the neighbourhood of Calcutta and plentiful in
Cachar. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 450) states that in Sikkim
it occurs at elevations up to 5000 feet from April to December, but is not
common.

I met with an allied species, 7. augias, Linnus, at Foochau in April ;
but, so far as I know, it has not been taken within the region here dealt with.

Genus AUGIADES.

Augiades, Hiibner, Verz. p. 112 (1816) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 103.
Type, sylvanus, Esper.

“ Antennw: club robust, elongate, terminal crook short. Palpi: second joint laxly scaled, third
joint short, obtusely conical. Fore wing: inner margin slightly longer than outer margin ;
cell less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 5 from close to bottom of cell; vein 3
immediately before the end of cell; vein 2, in male considerably, in female slightly nearer to
base of wing than to end of cell. Hind wing: vein 7 well before the end of cell; disco-
cellulars faint ; vein 5 not traceable ; vein 3 immediately before the end of cell, many times
farther from 2 than from 4; vein 2 considerably nearer te end of cell than to base of wing.
Hind tibize with a long fringe and with two pairs of spurs. Male with a linear discal stigma
on fore wing extending from origin of vein 3 to as far as vein 1.” (Watson, l. c.)

Augiades sylvanus.

Papilho sylvanus, Esper, Schmett. 1. 1, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1778 ?).

Hesperia sylvanus, Latreille, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 770 (1823) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 352,
pl. Ixxxu. fig. 1 (1884) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34, pl. x. figs. 13 a, 136 (1889).

Hesperia venata, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 5 (1853) ;
Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. pl. v. fig. 8 (1855).

Pamphila hercuiea, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 140 (1881).

Pamphila selas, Mabille, Pet. Nouv. il. p. 233 (1878).

“ Expands from 1°20 to 1:40 in. The male is fulvous; the hind margins of the fore wings and
all the marginal portions of the hind wings brownish fuscous. The fore wings have the discal
black line very distinct. Underside: hind wings yellowish, with some very indistinct central
markings; the inner margin tinged with fulvous. The female is somewhat larger than the
male; the wings are brownish. Fore wings without the sub-discoidal black streak, with a
submarginal row of large fulvous spots; the basal portion is fulvous towards the costa.
Hind wings with a row of fulyous spots forming a band. The antenne have clubs hoosed
at the extremities.

“« Larva. Dull green, dorsal stripe darker, dotted with black. Head large and brown. Feeds in
April on Triticum repens, Holcus lanatus, and other grasses.” (Lang, l.c.)

602 HESPERIID.

Var. venata, Bremer & Grey.—‘“ Alis supra: fulvo-ochraceis, nigro-marginatis et venatis, apice
non nihil obscuriori, linea discoidali nigra; subtus: omnibus fulvo-ochraceis, anticis basi
nigra.

“ Expans. alar. antic. une. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, l. ¢.)

This is simply an occasional aberration of sylvanus, and gradations between
it and the next form, var. herculea, occur.

Var. herculea, Butler. ‘“ Allied to P. sylvanus, considerably larger ; the male of a clearer, more
ochraceous colour above, and on the under surface of a more uniformly tawny colour; the
secondaries not yellowish, as in P. sylvanus; pattern similar. Expanse of wings | inch
7 lines.

* Fvmale. Above bronzy brown or chocolate-brown, with cupreous reflections: primaries with a
yellow dot just above the basal third of submedian vein ; a cuneiform spot filling the base of
the first median interspace; a bifid spot at the end of the cell; a series of five quadrate spots,
excised in front, crossing the dise obliquely from submedian to upper radial vein, and a trifid
spot across the subcostal branches, halfway between the cell and the apex, bufi: secondaries
with an angular discal series of five ochreous spots. Wings below with the markings paler
than above, the spots creamy whitish or pale bone-yellow; disc of primaries round the
borders of the oblique series of spots olive-brown; external angle and outer border whity
brown: secondaries bronzy olive-brown, the discal series consisting of six spots; anal angle
broadly ochreous; outer border tinted with ochraceous; palpi white; body below biuish
grey. Expanse of wings | inch 73 lines. -

“One pair only was obtained. Nikko.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

A. sylvanus appears to be a common insect in Japan, Corea, North and
Central China, and also in Amurland. It exhibits considerable variation,
and the specimens are nearly always larger than those from Europe.

Selas, Mabille, from Thibet, is a form of A. sylvanus with the upper
surface of the fore wings unicolorous, as in var. venata, Bremer; the under
surface is also almost destitute of markings. The same form occurs as an
aberration in China and Corea.

Amurensis, Mabille, is a very worn example of A. sy/vanus, and when fresh
probably represented the form described by Butler as herculea.

Distribution. Kurope, Northern and Western Asia, the Altai, Amurland,
Japan, Corea, North and Central China.

Augiades subhyalina. (Plate XLI. fig. 8, ¢.)
Hesperia subhyalina, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 10, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1853).
Pamphila subhyalina, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. pl. v. fig. 7 (1855).
Pamphila subhyalina, var, thibetana, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom, xi. p. 28, pl. vi. fig. 45
(1886).

AUGIADES. 603

“‘ Alis supra: fulvis, venis marginibusque fuscis, punctis maculisque flavis, iisque in ala antica
pene hyalinis, linea discoidali crassa nigra; subtus: fulvis, maculis flavis, fasciatis, margine
interno nigro ; posticis fulvis, flavo-maculatis.

“« Expans, alar. antic. unc. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, 1. ¢.)

Female. The spots are more transparent, and the primaries rather rounder on outer margin.

Var. thibetana, Oberthiir. “Cette variété constante est plus petite, le dessous des ailes
inférieures est plus obscur et le nombre des taches plus claires y est réduit.” (Oberthir, l. ¢.)
This form is chiefly distinguished from typical subhyalina by its smaller
size and the darker coloration of both surfaces. It is common in Western
and Central China, whence I have also received specimens which are
intermediate between thibetana and subhyalina.

I met with A. suwbhyalina commonly in June at Gensan and Fusan in the
Corea. Herz also took it in Corea and in the neighbourhood of Pekin. It is
found in Amurland, in Yesso, and probably in the mountainous parts of
Central Japan. |

The subhyaline spots of primaries and more prominent white spots on under
surface of secondaries will at once separate this species from sylvanus.

Distribution. Northern, Western, and Central China, Japan, Corea,
Amurland.

Augiades cratzis, sp. nov. (Plate XLI. figs. 9 2, 11 ¢.)

Male. Very similar to the same sex of A. subhyalina, but larger. The spots on primaries are
more transparent, and the sexual mark is traversed by a whitish line interrupted by the first
median nervule. The fourth and fifth spots on secondaries are bolder, and the second and
third are either faint or entirely absent.

Female. Darker than the male; all the spots on primaries are larger and whiter; those on
secondaries are paler.

Under surface in both sexes browner than in either A. subhyalina or var. thibetana.

Expanse, ¢ 43-45 millim., 9 44-47 millim.

Occurs commonly at Omei-shan in July and August; I have also received
it from Chia-kou-ho.

Augiades bouddha. (Plate XLI. figs. 7 9,14 4,10 9 var.)
Pamphila bouddha, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. lvi.

*‘ Alis nigro-fuscis, basi et costa fulvescentibus, fimbria fulva. Anticis octo puncta ferentibus,
tria ad apicem coadunata, duo in cellula in unum confusa, et tria obliqua posita, unum versus
marginem mediocre, secundum triangulare, magnum, tertium elongatum, omnia hyalino-fulva,
et strigam, sexus indicem, spissam nigram a puncto geminato cellule obliquam usque ad

604 HESPERIID®.

punctum elongatum. lis posticis disco obscure fulvescente, cum tribus punctis rotundatis,
pallide fulvis, uno ad angulum apicalem et duobus approximatis in disco. Subtus alis anticis
griseo-fulvescentibus, nisi ad marginem internum, ubi in spatio nigrescenti macule albescunt ;
posticis rufo-virentibus, cum punctis albidis.

“ Femina a mare differt, striga anticarum nulla punctis minoribus in cellula separatis, albescentibus,
puncto marginis interni parvo, triangulari, solo lutescenti. Allis posticis disco fulvescente cum
puncto baseos fulvo, et serie incurva 4 punctorum fulyorum in disco, alis posticis subtus
magis virentibus. Antenne apice nigra, basi fulva.

* Revocat P. subhyalinam Brem. Amurensem.” (AMabille, 1. ¢.)

This species is closely allied to A. subhyulina, var. thibetana, but is readily
separated therefrom by the discal spots on secondaries. ‘The male type here
figured (Plate XLI. fig. 14), kindly lent to me by M. Mabille, was taken by
PAbbé David in Moupin. My collectors failed to meet with this sex, but I
received a female example from Omei-shan (Plate XLI. fig. 7), which seems
to agree very well with the description of that sex, and another female from
Moupin (Plate XLI. fig. 10) which agrees better with the male in the
colour of the spots on secondaries, as these are white instead of yellow.
I propose that this form be known as var. consors.

Augiades sylvanoides, sp. nov. (Plate XLI. fig. 4, ¢.)

In general characters this species resembles A. subhyalina, but it is smaller and has no semi-
transparent spots, in which respect it agrees with A. sylvanus.

Male. Fuliginous brown. Primaries are ornamented with fulvous as follows :—a streak along the
costa extending from base of the wing to the first of three subapical elongate spots; a streak
in discoidal cell along median nervure surmounted by a linear spot at end of cell ; below the
subapical spots are two round ones, and placed obliquely under these are three other spots,
the first triangular, the second quadrate, the third oblong and only separated from a basal
cuneiform dash by the lower portion of the black sexual brand, which is similar in shape to
that of male A, subhyalina. Secondaries fuliginous, slightly suffused with fulvous on the
basal area ; five fulvous spots, arranged as in A. subhyalina, but more clearly defined ; central
spot fulvous, not always distinct. Fringes fulvous grey, those of primaries tinged with dusky.
Under surface similar to that of A. subhyalina, but the secondaries have a slight greenish
tinge, and, as on upper surface, there are no semitransparent spots on primaries,

Female. Almost black ; bases of all the wings, especially of the secondaries, dusted with fulvous ;
primaries have a double fulvous spot at end of discoidal ceil and a punctiform spot in the first
median fork; beyond there is a series of fulvous spots as in the male; the markings on
secondaries are similar to those of A. subhyalina, var. thibetana, on the upper surface, but
are identical with the male on under surface.

Expanse 33-35 millim.

Not uncommon at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow in June and July.

AUGIADES. 605

Augiades similis, sp. nov. (Plate XLI. fig. 6, ¢.)

Male. Blackish, suffused with fulvous on the basal area of all the wings, but especially on
primaries; sexual brand similar to that of A. sylvancides. Primaries have the following
fulvous markings:—a streak in the discoidal cell, uniting at its outer extremity with
an oblong spot ; beyond the cell there is a series of eight spots, the fourth and fifth small
and round, forming a colon-like mark between three elongate subapical spots, and three
quadrate ones forming an inwardly oblique series to inner margin; the last of these eight
spots is sometimes divided. Secondaries have a central band of five fulvous spots, the second
and third hardly separate. Fringes fuscous grey, paler towards anal angle.

Female. Similar to the male, but the streak in discoidal cell is linear, sometimes interrupted, and
there are sometimes two extra spots, a triangular one in the first median fork and a round
one below it on submedian nervure.

Under surface in both sexes as in A. sylvanoides, but generally darker, and the spots on secondaries
are more distinct.

Expanse 34 millim.

“Occurs in Western China at Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, and Wa-shan in June
and July.

Apart from the different markings this species may be distinguished from
A, sylvanoides by the more acute apex of primaries and distinctly produced
anal angle of secondaries.

Augiades ochracea.

Pamphila ochracea, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pet. iti. p. 473 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 33,
pl. i. fig. 11 (1864).

Pamphila rikuchina, Butler, Cist. Entom. ii. p. 285 (1878).

Hesperia rikuchina, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34, pl. x. figs. 16a@ 2,166 g (1889).

* Alege supra ochrace, nervis nigris.

‘“* Alwe antice margine posteriore late fusco vittaque transversa fusca a margine anteriore ad
marginem interiorem ducta ; ale postice late fusco-marginate.

** Alz subtus sicut supra, sed dilutiores. 25m.” (Bremer, l. ¢.)

Var. rikuchina, Butler. ‘Deep purplish brown, the basal area of the wings clothed with tawny
scales ; fringes ochreous, especially at the aual angle; primaries with two ochreous spots at
the end of the cell (the upper one punctiform); a rather broad irregular angulated discal
ochreous belt, not reaching the inner margin, and divided into nine spots by the veins, which
are blatk; secondaries with an arched series of five ochreous spots on the disc; body
olivaccous, abdomen clothed with ochraceous hair-scales ; palpi pale greenish yellow ; wings
below paler than above, more broadly and densely sprinkled with ochraceous scales; the
secondaries with the abdominal area, particularly at anal angle, broadly ochraceous ; body
below greenish grey. :

«* Expanse of wings 1 inch 4 lines. Occurs at ‘ Rikuchin.’” (Butler, 1. c.)

The above description by Butler refers to the Japanese representative
41,

606 HESPERIIDA.

of ochracea, but although larger this does not differ im any important
character from the Amurland type. The under surface of secondaries is
liable to vary in the male; sometimes this is of an almost uniform yellow,
and sometimes it is strongly tinged with green, and the pale spots are
well developed.

I met with this species in the Corea in June and in Central Japan in July.
Oberthiir records it from the Isle of Askold.

Distribution. Amurland, Askold, Corea, and Japan.

Genus PARNARA.

Parnara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 166 (1881) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p. 105. Type, guttata, Brem.

Chapra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 169 (1881). Type, mathias, Fabr.

« Antenna: club short and stout, terminal crook very short, tip acuminate. Palpi as in Baorvs.
Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin ; cell less than two thirds the length of
costa ; vein 12 reaching costa well before end of cell; upper discocellular minute, middle very
long, lower very short; vein 5 from close to bottom of cell; neuration entirely as in Boaris.
Hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs. Male in some species with a linear discal streak on the
fore wing, situated obliquely between veins 2 and 1.

“The sole difference between the two genera Chapra and Parnara is the
presence or absence of the sexual streak of the fore wing, a character which
is certainly of no value in this genus, as it would assign two such closely allied
species as borbonica and mathias to two separate genera.

“This genus is closely allied to Baoris, from which it may be separated by
the shape of the antennal club.

“ African and Asiatic.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Parnara mathias.

Hesperia mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798).

Epargyreus mathias, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 275, pl. iii. fig. 6 (1870).

Pamphila mathias, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1870, p. 728 ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 33, pl. x. fig. 7, 9 (1889).

Chapra mathias, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 169, pl. Ixx. figs. 1, la (1881).

Parnara mathias, Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond. 1884, p. 493.

Baoris mathias, Distant, Khop, Malay. p. 380, pl. xxxv. fig. 10 (1886).

* Alis ecaudatis, fuscis; anticis utrinque hyalino maculatis ; posticis subtus punctis albis.”
(luabricius, l. c.)

‘* Wings above vinous brown, the fring’ greyish ; anterior wings with eight small greyish spots,

PARNARA. 607

situate two in cell, three in suberect and subapical series beyond cell, and three in oblique
series, of which the uppermost is smallest, divided by the first and second median nervules ;
between the lowermost spot and the submedian nervure is a narrow, transverse, linear,
greyish impression. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, but
the spots a little darker in hue; posterior wings with a small pale spot in cell, and a curved
discal series of small pale spots situate between the costal nervure and the lower median
nervule. ody above more or Jess concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath
greyish.

** Expanse 31-33 millim.” (Distant, 1. c.)

This species is common in Central and Southern Japan. It is also recorded
from Ningpo, and I have received it from Chia-ting-fu, Western China.

According to Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 444) it is frequent in
Sikkim from April to December up to 7000 or 8000 feet. The same writer
also states that it is common in most parts of India, and adds that P. (H.) agna,
Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 791), is probably a synonym.

In the National Collection at South Kensington specimens from China and
Japan, identical with my examples from those countries, are placed with
Indian specimens under P. agna.

Mr. Forsyth (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 387) states that two larve
found on August 27th became pupe on September 3rd, and the perfect
insects emerged on September 15th. He describes the larva and pupa
as follows :—

Larva. “ Head triangular, on a neck; a brown line along the margin of head. Body grass-
green, with light yellow bars across back. A whitish line along either side above the origin
of legs. Legs 6,8, 2. Found on long, coarse, green meadow-grass in August.”

Pupa. “ Along a blade of grass, attached by a band across thorax and also at tail. Head

generally points upwards. Body of a translucent green colour, quite naked, and unenclosed
in a covering of any description.”

Distribution. Aden; Continental India; Ceylon; Nicobar Islands ;

Burma; ‘Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Nias Island; Java;
Formosa; Chin-Lushai; China; Japan.

Parnara mencia. (Plate XLII. fig. 14, ¢.)

Pamphila mencia, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 52 (1877).

“ Male and female. Upperside dark glossy olive-brown: fore wing of male with a curved discal
series of five small yellowish spots, and with a contiguous oblique prominent narrow streak ;
two small spots also at end of the cell: hind wing with a discal series of three indistinct
spots. Female differs in the absence of the oblique narrow discal streak on fore wing, and

42

608 HESPERIIDA.

the spots on the hind wing. Underside paler, longitudinally streaked with grey; spots the
same ; sexual streak on male not visible. Exp. 1,% inch.

“« Shanghai.

** Wings much broader than in P. sinensts, Mabille, and the hind wing is not lobed as in that
species.” (Moore, /. ¢.)

I have received this species from Kiukiang, and also from Ningpo, occurring
in April in the latter place. There are specimens from Shanghai and Nan-
kow in the National Collection.

Parnara sinensis. (Plate XLII. fig. 11, ¢.)
Gegenes sinensis, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 232
Chapra prominens, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 261.
Pamphila similis, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 48 (1890).

Gegenes sinensis, Mabille-—“ Male trés-grand (44 mill. Femelle 46-48 mill.), dun brun obscur,
avec la disque lavé de roux; sur les premicres ailes, dewx taches oblongues dans la cellule,
trois petites et carrées devant l’apex, et trois autres plus grosses en avant de la cellule, faisant
suite aux trois précédentes et formant avec elles une ligne courbe, puis oblique. Un fort
trait gris jaundtre ombré de noir en dessus part de la derniére des taches et va s’arréter sur
la simple inférieure. Au lieu de ce trait, la femelle a une tache de plus jaunatre ; toutes les
autres sont blanchatres et semi-transparentes. Inférieures ayant une ligne de quatre points
semblables, trés petits en face de la cellule et prés du bord externe, Le dessous des supérieures
a le méme dessin, mais il est semé d’écailles Jaunatres. Celui des inférieures est dun brun
verditre avec les quatre points du dessus et un de plus au milieu de la cellule; la téte et Ja
poitrine sont jaunatre clair; les palpes sont jaunes en dessous.

‘* De la Chine septentrionale.” (Mabille, l. ¢.)

‘* Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown, basal area brighter olive. Male—fore wing with
vight rather larze quadrate yellowish semidiaphanous spots, three being disposed before the
apex, three discal, and two very obliquely at end of the cell; a prominent narrow oblique
yellow brand or streak below the cell, which in the female is replaced by two spots, the upper
one of which is very small: hind wing with four yellow semidiaphanous contiguous spots.
Underside paler; spots on fore wing as above, the brand showing as a diffused yellow patch
from its outer edge; the series of spots on hind wing more prominently white, with a fifth
spot at the upper end, and one also at the upper end of the cell.

“ Expanse £ inch,

“ Hab. N.W. Himalaya: Tonse valley, 6000 feet; Gurwhal (Lang), Kussowlee ; Kangra. In
coll. F. Moore, Major Lang, and British Museum.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

[ have now a fine series of the species which I described as “ Pamphila
similis,” and find that the example from Chang-yang, which I erroneously
considered to be a female, is really a male. I also find that the specimens
are referable to sinensis, Mabille, of which prominens, Moore, is also a
synonym.

Sikkim specimens agree with those from China: in the latter the spots on

PARNARA. 609

secondaries vary in number from three to five, and they may be either white
on the under surface or subhyaline; in the example figured (Plate XLII.
fig. 11) they are white, and the second and third spots are confluent.

Elwes states that it is common in Sikkim up to an elevation of 5000 feet
from April to October.

Occurs in Western China at Chia-ting-fu, Wa-ssu-kow, Moupin, Pu-tsu-
fong, Chia-kou-ho, and Omei-shan; and at Kiukiang, Ichang, and Chang-
yang in Central China.

Parnara guttata.

Eudamus guttatus, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 10, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1853).

Goniloba guttatus, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. pl. v. fig. 4 (1855).

Pamphila guttata, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34, pl. x. fig. 10 (1889).

Parnara guttatus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 445.

Hesperia fortunei, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xu. p. 489 (1862) ; Reis. Nov.
Lep. pl. Ixxi. fig. 11 (1866).

“ Alis supra: fuscis; corpore et basi alarum fusco-viridibus ; anticis media guttis duabus hyalinis
et fascia apicali guttis hyalinis sex composita; posticis medio guttis hyalinis quatuor in
seriem dispositis ;—subtus iisdem ut supra.

‘« Expans. alar. antic. unc. 13.” (Bremer & Grey, l. ¢.)

Fortunei, Felder.—*< Alis supra brunneis, basin versus olivascenti pilosis, ciliis albidis, anticarum
punctis duobus cellularibus maculisque sex pone ea, in fasciam ordinatis ; posticarum fasciola
disci maculari perobliqua, subhyalina, his subtus dilute ochraceis, fasciola pagine superioris,
sed argentea ¢.” (Felder, I. c.)

Common all over Japan and Corea; it can be easily distinguished from
P. pellucida by its longer, narrower wings, and by the spots of the hind wing,
which are almost in a straight line, while in P. pellucida the arrangement is
alternate.

Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 445) records it from Kashmir
(=mangala, Moore), Mandi, and Sikkim. All the Indian specimens that I
have seen agree with those from Japan and China. Staudinger (Rom. sur
Lép. vi.) says that the species occurs in Amurland.

Parnara colaca. (Plate XLII. fig. 5, 3.)

Parnara colaca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 594, pl. lvui. fig. 7; Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 446, fig. 1; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv. p. 383 (1886).

“ Male and female. Dark olive-brown; cilia cinereous: fore wing with a recurved discal series of

610 HESPERIID.

seven small yellow spots, the second from the hind margin being the largest; a small spot
also at end of the cell. Underside brown, apex and hind wing speckled with olive-green
scales ; a median discal series of small spots on hind wing.

** Near to H. cinnara.

‘**Expanse, ¢ 1,%, 2 1,3, inch.

“S. Andamans.” (Moore, 1. c.)

I have specimens from Chia-ting-fu, Western China, which agree exactly
with some of the examples contained in a series in Méller’s collection which
have been identified as P. colaca by Mr. de Nicéville. My Chinese examples
all agree in the absence of the discal and inner marginal spots on primaries,
and in the presence of the central series of spots on the secondaries. P. colaca
as figured by Elwes is very different to the type of the species as figured by
Moore.

Elwes states that itis found at low elevations in Sikkim, but is not common.
Wood-Mason and de Nicéville remark :—‘*‘ Many examples of both sexes in
and around Silcuri, Cachar, from 30th of May to 13th June, which agree
with specimens from the Andamans of this somewhat variable species.”

Parnara thyone, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 4, ¢ .)

Dark brown, with an olivaceous tinge towards base of all the wings. Primaries with a white
spot at outer extremity of cell, three subapical spots forming an oblique series and two central
spots ; in some specimens there is an additional minute white dot, sometimes there are two,
above the central spots, and in other examples there is an indistinct white spot above the
centre of the inner margin. Secondaries without markings. Under surface olivaceous :
primaries have the inner marginal and anal areas fuliginous, and the spots of upper surface
indistinctly reproduced : secondaries have a curved series of four small pale spots, but the
number of these spots is variable, and in some specimens they are entirely absent.

The sexes do not differ in colour or marking.

Expanse 30—40 millim,

Allied to P. colaca, Moore, and P. beavani, Moore.

Occurs at Kiukiang and Ichang, Central China, and at Ta-chien-lu and
Moupin, Western China.

[ was formerly disposed to consider this species identical with Gegenes
hainanus, Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 703), but on examining
the type, which is in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, I find that
the specimen is so worn and faded as to be useless for purposes of comparison ;
I could detect no pale spots on upper surface, but there were faint traces of

central spots on under surface of primaries.

PARNARA. 611

Parnara pellucida.

Pamphila pellucida, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 172 (1875) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon.
p. 34, pl. x. fig. 11 (1889).

Pamphila pellucida, var. quinquepuncta, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. Ixiv
(1883).

Thymelicus pellucida, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. iil. p. 152, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1887).

Hesperia toona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 689; Wood-Mason & de Nicé-
ville, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. lv. p. 883 (1886).

** Alis supra brunneis, albo-maculatis: anticis maculis duabus discocellularibus super alteram
exteriorem magnam quadratam, macula subapicali tripartita, alteris duabus inter maculas
subapicalem et quadratam, strigaque parva in vend submediana (maculis omnibus pellucidis).
Posticis maculis quatuor pellucidis, fasciam brevem formantibus,

* Subtus, alis ochraceo-brunneis, anticis ad marginem interiorem nigro-fuscis, maculis ut in pagina
superiore. Ciliis albis.

<Mlar. exp: 1" 9'".

“ Hab. Japoniam.

* Allied to P. guttata, Brem., Grey, but sufficiently distinct. The spots on the hind wing are
arranged in a curious alternate manner, the first and third being nearer the hind margin than
the second and fourth.” (Murray, l.c¢.)

** Allied to H. eltola, Hewitson.

* Vale. Differs in the fore wings being slightly more elongate, the hind wing more convex
exteriorly, and the anal angle less lobed ; markings above similar, those on fore wing narrower,
the spot between the median branches elongated and extending to their basal angle; those on
the hind wing very small, the outer spot crossed by a vein. Underside brownish ochreous ;
base of fore wing slightly dusky ochreous ; markings as above.

** Expanse 1,°; inch.

** Halitat. N.K. Bengal.” (Moore, 1. c.)

* Female. Rather larger and less richly coloured than the male, with the large discal semitrans-
parent lustrous spot in the first median interspace of the fore wing shorter, emarginate, and
not extending to the base of the interspace.

“One example has only the three posterior of the spots of the underside of the hind wing—and
those much reduced in size—instead of five, but four are visible on the upperside.” (Wood-
Mason § de Nicéville, 1. c.)

Var. quinquepuncta, Mabille. “Nous rapportons & cette espéce une forme qui, tout d’abord,
parait tres différente. Elle est plus grande (40 millimétres). Les ailes supérieures ont les
points un peu plus gros et il y en a un de plus assez souvent dans la ligne oblique, placé au-
dessous des points apicaux, qui sont tous bien marqués et égaux. Les ailes inférieures
offrent les quatre points allongés inégaux et inégalement placés et un cinquicme prés du
bord antérieur, dont les males semblent dépourvus.

* Japon, montagnes de l’intérieur.” (Wabille, l. c.)

This species varies considerably in size. I met with it commonly all over
Japan, and also at Gensan in the Corea, and in the Kurile Islands. Several

612 HESPERIIDZ.

of the specimens from Japan agree well with Mabille’s description of var.
quinquepuncta.

The only Chinese examples that I have received are from Omei-shan and
Ichang ; these are slightly darker than either Japanese or Indian specimens
and the spots are somewhat larger.

Toona, Moore, occurs in Sikkim up to 7000 feet from April to November.
It is also found in the Khasia Hills and Cachar. I am quite unable to
separate Japanese or Chinese pel/ucida from Sikkim toona, and believe the
former to be specifically identical with the latter.

Dorries and Graeser met with P. pellucida in various places in Amurland.

Distribution. Western and Central China, Japan, Corea, Amurland, and
the Himalayas.

Parnara jansonis. (Plate XLII. fig. 12, ¢.)
Pamphila junsonis, Butler, Cist. Entom. 11. p. 284 (1878) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 34,
pl. x. fig. 12 (1889).

** ¢, Bronzy olive-brown, with sordid white fringes to the wings; primaries with two small spots
placed obliquely towards the end of the cell; five dots between the subcostal branches (the
first two very small and wide apart) and an oblique series of five discal spots (the upper four
in a decreasing series, pointing towards the apex, the first small and linear, just above the
middle of the submedian vein), hyaline white; a slender oblique brand connecting the first
and second spots ; secondaries with four small spots, the first and last punctiform, in a zigzag
series not far from the apex; body normal, palpi sordid white; primaries below with the
costal third, excepting at apex, densely covered with sordid ochraceous scales; hyaline spots
as above, an additional white spot between the first and second of the oblique discal series ;
secondaries sordid ochraceous, with a broad greyish-brewn pyramidal area on the interno-
median interspace ; a silvery-white spot in the cell, and four towards apex, the second of
which is reniform ; body below sordid greyish.

* |ixpanse of wings | inch 8 lines.” (Butler, 1. c.)

This species is very closely allied to P. pellucida, but it differs on the
upper surface in having only two longitudinal spots on the secondaries; it
has a conspicuous white spot towards base of secondaries on under surface, as
in Parnara sinensis, and all the spots on the under surface of these wings
are white and not subhyaline as in P. pellucida.

Appears to be an exceedingly rare insect. ‘The type was taken “ on the
Koshiukaido in Shimodzuke.” ‘The only other specimens that I have any
knowledge of are two in the late Henry Pryer’s collection from Ikao, Centra’
Japan, and one male taken by myself at Gensan, Corea, in June.

PARNARA. 615

Parnara eltola.

Hesperia eltola, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. (Hesperia) pl. iv. fig. 40 (1869).

Parnara eltola, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 384,
pl. xviii. figs. 6, 6a, 3g.

“ Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with eight transparent white spots, and a spot of yellow
near the inner margin: the three largest spots across the middle, two outside of these, and
three near the apex. Posterior wings with three transparent spots.

‘“* Underside as above, except that it is rufous-brown.

««Expanse 143 inch, Hab. Darjeeling.” (Hewitson, 1. ¢.)

Chinese specimens are larger and darker, as a rule, than those from

Sikkim.

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Wa-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Omei-shan,

Wa-ssu-kow, in June and July, up to an elevation of about 5000 feet.

‘Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 449) says:—‘*Common about

gardens at 5000 feet in Sikkim, and also in the low valleys, and up to 7000

feet during the whole season.” Wood-Mason and de Nicéyville record it from

Cachar.

Parnara austeni, (Plate XLU. fig.7, ¢.)

Baoris austeni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 533.

“Male and female. Upperside dark brown. Mule: fore wing with two small semihyaline
white spots at end of the cell, two before the apex, and three obliquely on the disc, the two
upper of which are small. Female with markings the same, but slightly larger; also with
a small yellow spot above the hind margin; cilia cinereous white. Underside as above:
both sexes having also a slight yellowish patch above the hind margin.

“¢ Expanse, ¢ 13, 9 1% inch.

‘¢ This species is allied to H. cahira, from the Andamans, and to H. moolata, from 'Tenasserim.”
(Moore, 1. ¢.)

Not uncommon in Western China at Omei-shan, Moupin, Chia-kou-ho,

Chia-ting-fu, and Kwei-chow in July. I also took it at Foochau in April.

This species exhibits considerable variation in the number of spots on
primaries. Typical examples have two discoidal spots and a central series
of five or sometimes six spots. In some examples from Omei-shan and

Foochau the upper discoidal spot is absent, as also is the third spot from

costa; these specimens are also paler in ground-colour than typical examples

and are more suffused with yellowish. Similar variation is noticed in Moller’s

Sikkim series. In two female specimens from Omei-shan there is an

indistinct whitish spot in the centre of under surface of secondaries, and in

4M

614 HESPERIIDA.,

another example of the same sex there is a pale spot towards costa on under
surface of these wings.

Elwes, in his Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim *, seems inclined
to suppose that P. cahira, Moore, and P. moolata, Moore, may prove to be
specifically identical with P. austeni. There are specimens in the National
Collection from Rangoon, Burmah, and Upper Tenasserim, and Elwes gives
Cachar and the Khasias as localities.

Parnara nascens, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 8, ¢.)

Male. Fuliginous brown. Primaries have nine small subhyaline spots placed as follows :—one
in discoidal cell, three towards apex, and five below these forming an inwardly oblique
series, the third quadrate, and the fourth and fifth linear, indicating a sexual mark.
Secondaries have four minute subhyaline central spots, but the second and fourth are often
absent. Under surface dark greyish brown, the costal half of primaries and the whole of
secondaries thickly powdered with ochreous scales; subhyaline spots as above, except that
the last two of oblique series on primaries are absent.

Female. Similar to the male, but the subhyaline spots on all the wings are larger, the fifth
of oblique series on primaries is round, and the fourth very minute or entirely absent.

Expanse, ¢ 44-46 millim., 9? 46-47 millim.

Occurs in Western China, at Chia-kou-ho and Omei-shan, in June and July.

Parnara bromus, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 10, ¢.)

Fuliginous brown. Primaries have ten subhyaline spots placed as follows :—two colon-like in
the discoidal cell; three subapical, and below these an inwardly oblique series of five, of
which the third is the largest and triangulate and the fourth is punctiform. Secondaries
immaculate, Fringes pale grey-brown. Under surface paler than above; spots on primaries
as above, but the fourth and fifth of oblique series are yellow ; secondaries have a white dot
in first median interspace.

Eixpanse, ¢ 44 millim., 9 48 millim.

Occurs in Western China, but appears to be scarce. I have three
specimens, one example of each sex from Chia-kou-ho, and a female from
Omei-shan ; all were taken in July.

Closely allied to P. austent from China, but is distinguished by having five
spots in the oblique series on the upper surface of primaries and a white
dot on under surface of secondaries ; it is also not so dark in ground-colour,
and is clothed with yellowish hairs.

* Trans, Ent, Soc. Lond, 1888, p. 448.

PARNARA. 615

Parnara cerulescens. (Plate XLII. fig. 9, 3.)
Pamphila cerulescens, Mabille, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1876, p. lv.

“« Magna, tota nigro-fusca (femina); alis anticis ad basim subolivaceis, cum 7 punctis fenestrato-
albis ; quorum parvum unum in cellula extrema ad costam, tria approximata ante apicem,
tria alia obliqua in disco; sex illa angulatam lineam efformant. Alis posticis immaculatis,
fimbria pallide cinerea in mare, nigro-cinerea in femina., Alis anticis subtus concoloribus sed
rufescentibus, et in femina intensius ; posticis rufo-fuscis, sinuatis, margine anali fusco, cum
serie discali sex punctorum in mare pallide, in femina nitide ceruleorum, puncto secundo
extra seriem procedenti ad marginem externum.” (Mabille, l. c.)

The discoidal spot of primaries varies in size and is sometimes entirely
absent. <A fairly common species in June and July, up to 6000 feet, at
Wa-ssu-kow, Chia-kou-ho, Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, Wa-shan, and Pu-tsu-fong.
The type was taken by PAbbé David.

Parnara sarala. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 11, 3.)
Parnara sarala, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 173, pl. B. fig. 6, 2 (1889).

** Female. Upperside, both wings dark bronzy fuscous. Fore wing with a large medially
constricted spot at the end of the cell; an elongated spot at the base of the second median
interspace; a much larger one towards the base of the first median interspace, its outer end
concave, its inner end convex, anteriorly and posteriorly touching the second and first median
nervules; a comma-shaped spot in the submedian interspace, touching the middle of the
submedian nervure—all these spots semitransparent lustrous white; cilia fuscous. Hind
wing with a large oval pale yellow patch on the middle of the disc; and a small patch on
the abdominal margin near the base of the wing; cilia rich chrome-yellow at the anal angle,
gradually shading off into fuscous anteriorly. Underside, both wings distinctly glossed
with rich purple. Fore wing with the three discal spots as above, the one in the submedian
interspace on the upperside developed into a large outwardly diffused white patch, occupying
the middle of the inner margin; a large chrome-yellow quadrate patch aboye the spot in the
cell extending from the subcostal nervure to the costa. Hind wing with the oval pale
yellow discal patch of the upperside developed into a broad anteriorly-increasing discal
chrome-yellow band, extending from the abdominal margin to the costa, but with a break
between the submedian and internal nervures. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen above and below
clothed with bronzy-green iridescent hairs; antenne with shaft black, club broken off.

““Expanse 2 2:0 inches. Khasi Hills.” (de Wicéville, 1. c.)

I received two male specimens from Western China, one was captured at
Moupin and the other at Omei-shan—both in July.

These Chinese male examples differ from the Indian female specimen as
figured by de Nicéville in the following characters :—the spots on primaries
are smaller, and the fascia on upper surface of the secondaries is whiter,
narrower, and more widely interrupted.

4m 2

616 HESPERIID.

Mr. de Nicéville (/. ¢.) says:—“The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton, who
obtained the two specimens above described, possesses the wings only of a
third specimen, placed between talc, of what appears to be the male of this
species captured in the same locality. In the fore wing there are two small
well-separated spots in the cell instead of one large one, the two spots below
are smaller, the spot on the submedian interspace entirely wanting ; otherwise
as in the female. This specimen does not apparently possess any secondary
sexual characters.

*«] do not know any near ally to P. sarala. The shape of the wings agrees
with that of the species of the genus Parnara, the probable male having the
fore wing less broad, the apex more acute, and the outer margin more
straight and inwardly oblique than in the female.”

These differences in shape are not apparent in my male specimen compared
with de Nicéville’s figure of the female.

The species is here retained in Parnara, as it has been placed therein by
de Nicéyille, but a new genus will probably have to be created for it.

Genus BAORIS. f
Baoris, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 165 (1881).

“Fore wing triangular, apex acute; exterior margin yery oblique; hind wing broad, very
convex anteriorly, the male possessing a more or less prominent tuft of long hair covering a
patch of raised scales at end of the cell. Body robust, thorax very broad; club of antenne
somewhat lengthened.

* Type, B. (Hesperia) oceia, Hewitson.” (Moore, l. ¢.)

Baoris oceia, (Plate XLII. fig. 6, 3.)
Hesperia oceia, Wewitson, Desc. Hesp. p. 31 (1868).
Baoris oceia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. p. 165 (1881).

“Alis fuscis: anticis maculis vitreis: posticis plaga ovali media rugoso-squamosa, sctis longis
nigris decumbentibus obtecta.

* Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with seven transparent spots: two, very small,
within the cell, three between the nervures below these, and two before the apex. Posterior
wing with a large tuft of black hair below the costal margin.

‘* Expanse 1,4, inch. Philippines.” (J/ewitson, 1. ¢.)

| have reveived this species from Omei-shan, Western China, and from
KKiukiang, Central China. I took specimens myself at Foochau and Ningpo
in April. All these agree fairly well with Sikkim examples in my collection,

BAORIS.—AEROMACHUS. 617

but there is no tendency to vary in the direction of the unicolorous form met
with in the latter locality, which Moore has named &. wnicolor*, and
de Nicéville has figured as a female variety of B. oceia fF.

Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 443) states that B. oceta is common
in Sikkim, from 4000 to 5000 feet, throughout the greater part of the season,
and is very variable in the number of the spots. He considers B. scopulifera,
Moore, to be referable to B. oceia.

Distribution. Philippines, Calcutta, Burmah, Sikkim, Pegu, Northern
China.

Genus AEROMACHUS.

Aeromachus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. p. 214 (1890); Watson,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 80.

“ Both wings very small. Fore wing triangular, costa quite straight, apex acute, outer margin
gently convex, inner angle rounded, inner margin straight, longer than the outer margin ;
costal nervure ending about opposite the apex of the discoidal cell, well separated from the
costa, bent upwards to the costa towards its end; base of second subcostal nervule nearer to
base of first than to base of third, fourth subcostal arising very near to the base of the third,
reaching the apex of the wing; terminal portion of subcostal nervure (often called a fifth
subcostal nervule) ending on the outer margin considerably below the apex of the wing ;
upper discocellular nervule short, stout, outwardly oblique, straight; middle discocellular
sinuous ; lower discocellular shorter than the middle, straight, on the same straight Jine with
the middle, inwardly oblique; the median nervules with their bases equidistant, given off
very near to the end of the cell, the third median originating at the point where the lower
discocellular nervule meets the median nervure; the median nervure strongly bent upwards
from the base of the second median nervule ; submedian nervure straight.

* Male (in the type species only) with a broad oblique stripe of modified scales on the upperside,

extending from the middle of the submedian nervure to the base of the second median
neryule. Hind wing, much rounded throughout ; costa short ; costal nervure almost straight,
first subcostal nervule bent upwards at base, thence straight to apex of wing; subcostal
nervure strongly bent downwards between the bases of the subcostal nervules, giving the
appearance of a third (or upper) discocellular nervule, the subcostal nervure and its branches
together forming a figure of almost the exact shape of a tuning-fork; discocellular nervules
outwardly oblique, the upper concave, the lower shorter than the upper; the discoidal nervule
curved,.and like the discocellular nervules, very fine but perfectly distinct ; second median
nervule given off some little distance before the lower end of the discoidal cell, more than
twice as far from the base of the first as it is from the base of the third median; all three
median nervules, however, arising near to the lower end of the cell ; submedian and internal

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 533.
t+ Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lii. p. 85, pl. x. fig. 11 (1883).

618 HESPERIID.

nervures straight. Antenne exactly half the length of the costa of the fore wing, with a
well-formed club, the tip slightly hooked ; thorax rather slender, abdomen very slender,

*« Female differs from the male in having the wings broader and more rounded, and lacks in the
type species the patch of androconia on the upperside of the fore wing.

“ Type, ‘ Thanaos’ stigmata, Moore.” (de Nicéville, l. c.)

Aeromachus piceus, sp. nov. (Plate XLI. fig. 16, ¢.)

Male. Fuliginous: fringes pale greyish, chequered with darker at ends of the nervules. The
male has a narrow oblique patch of black raised scales on primaries. Under surface greyish
brown: primaries are sprinkled with ochreous along the costal area, and have central and
submarginal series of whitish spots, extending from costa to first median nervule; secondaries
are sprinkled with ochreous, and traversed by two series of whitish spots extending from
subcostal to submedian veins.

Expanse 28 millim.

I have two males which were taken at Moupin in June.

Closely allied to A. (7.) stigmata, Moore *, from which it differs in not having
a discal series of pale spots on upper surface of primaries and in the macular
bands on under surface of secondaries being differently placed.

Aeromachus catocyaneus. .
Pamphila catocyanea, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. lv.

“ Mas alis fuscis, fimbria sordida. Anticis cum striga nigra, brevi, squamis cinereis distincta, a
cellula usque ad neryum simplicem inferiorem, obliqua. Anticz subtus fusce,.cum lineola
vix conspicua in cellula et duabus lineis punctorum ceruleorum, altera discali, altera margi-
nali inferius evanida. Postice cum tribus lineis punctorum viridius cxruleorum, una
interrupta in basi, secunda diseali punctorum majorum, tertia marginali, punctis ejus ad
angulum analem majoribus ; lines discalis puncta ita sunt approximata ut dici possint fascia
macularum elongatarum nervis divisarum; pectus et caput pilis olivaceis hirsuta. Pagina
superiorum P. nasonem refert, at minor ille noster.

“Thibet, Abb. Arm, David. Mus. Nat.” (Mabille, 1. c.)

Agrees in general appearance with A. (7') kali, de Nicéville, from Sikkim
(Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 123, pl. ii. fig. 3, ¢ ), but it differs in having
the bluish macular bands of under surface more clearly defined and gently
curved instead of angulated. In a carefully executed hand-coloured drawing
of the male type of A. catocyaneus, the primaries appear to have a transverse
dark-coloured patch, but there is no mention of any such mark in the
description of that insect. Neither is this mark referred to as a character of
A, kali.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 694.

AEROMACHUS. 619

Judging from the figure referred to, this species appears to be congeneric
with A. piceus, and I have therefore placed it in Aeromachus.

This species was not obtained by my collectors in any part of China that
they visited. The upper surface is unicolorous, but the under surface is con-
spicuous in having central and marginal bands of blue spots on all the wings,
and some blue markings at base of secondaries.

It is to be hoped that M. Poujade will find an opportunity of figuring this
species, and also Halpe lucasi, in an early part of his ‘ Novitates Lepido-
pterologicee.’

Aeromachus inachus. (Plate XL. fig. 19, ¢.)
Pyrgus inachus, Ménétriés, Bull. Acad. Petr. xvii. p. 217 (1859) ; Schrenck’s Reisen,
p. 46, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1859); Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 35, pl. x. fig. 20 (1889).

** Alis violaceo-fuscis, nitidis ; anticis striga angulato-flexuosa e maculis minutissimis albis ; subtus
virescente-pubescentibus, posticis lineis duabus albidis obsoletis.

“ Enverg. 10 lign.

** Cette espéce est plus petite que le P. serratule, Ramb., auprés de laquelle elle vient se placer.

** En dessus, les ailes sont d'un brun un peu violet et luisant, n’ayant pour tout dessin, que sur les
supérieures une ligne coudée en dedans et formée de trés petites taches blanches trés
rapprochées.

* En dessous, la teinte générale est un peu plus claire, et les ailes sont couvertes d’une pubescence
verditre, surtout sur le bord antérieur des premicres ailes et la moitié antérieure des secondes.
Les ailes supérieures présentent la ligne maculaire du dessus, bien marquée, et de plus, on
remarque prés du sommet quatre 4 cing taches peu apparentes disposées en ligne le long du
bord externe. Les ailes inférieures laissent apercevoir la trace de deux bandes circulaires,
formées de taches blanchatres, ainsi que quelques autre taches 4 peine distinctes placées sur
le disque. Les ailes ont leur frange alternativement blanche et brune, comme on l’observe
chez les espéces voisines. Le corps est brun en dessus, et couvert de poils verdatres, mais le
dessous et les cotés des cing derniers articles de l’abdomen sont bordés de blanc grisatre ; la
poitrine est noire, couverte de poils grisatres.

“ D’aprés un seul individu rapporte par M. Maack, des bords de l’Amour non loin de l’embouchure
du Ssoungari.” (Ménétriés, Schrenck’s Reisen.)

In some examples the white spots of upper surface are almost entirely
obsolete.

Pryer (J. ¢.) states that this species occurs at Nikko and Asamayama, but is
scarce at the former place.

I have received specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Huang-mu-chang, Wa-shan,
Waz-ssu-kow, and Chow-pin-sa in Western China, where they occurred in
July and August up to an elevation of 8000 to 10,000 feet. Mr. W. B.
Pryer took the species at Ningpo, and Herz met with it in N. China and the

620 ; HESPERIID ZA.

Corea. It seems to be a scarce insect in Amurland. I have placed this
species in Aeromachus because it seems to agree with A. jhora, de Nicéville.
Distribution. Amurland, Corea, Northern and Western China, Japan.

Aeromachus delai-lama. (Plate XL. fig. 16, ¢ .)
Cyclapides delai-lama, Mabile, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. lvi.
Taractrocera lyde, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 60 (1891).

“ Nigro-fuscus, alis anticis 7 et 8 puncta ferentibus in disco: tria ad apicem elongata (in femina
quatuor, quarto minimo, rotundato), coadunata, bina ad medium marginem externum; eti
bina alia in cellula, fulva. Alis posticis serie discali 3-4 punctorum fulvorum, et puncto
simili, parvo in cellula, seepius in mare evanido. Ale subtus squamis flavidis irrorate, nisi
in disco et in margine interno anticarum ; in anticis puncta majora, apicaliaque discalibus juncta
aliis minimis, quibus ita efformatur fascia; altera fascia ex apice sequitur marginem et ad
medium vanescit. Posticee magis irrorate, cum puncto costali et tribus lineis. punctorum
flavorum, hac basali, illa discali, et tertia vix conspicua marginali. Corpus flavido subtus
irroratum, nec non pedes et palpi.” (Mabille, J. c.)

Brownish black ; markings rich yellow arranged as follows :—a large spot at outer extremity of the
cell of primaries with a dot above it, an interrupted band, consisting of four spots towards apex,
below which are two (sometimes three) other spots about the centre of the wing; these spots
would be confluent if it were not for the dark neuration ; on the secondaries there is a discal
spot, followed by a central band formed of yellow spots. Fringes greyish white, chequered
with black. Under surface of primaries as above, but sprinkled along the costa with yellowish
scales; there is also a row of spots on outer margin from the apex: secondaries thickly
sprinkled with yellow scales; in addition to the markings of the upper surface there are two
basal spots, and also a series of spots along the outer margin. The female agrees with the
male, but on the under surface the secondaries and costal area of primaries are suffused with
orange, the markings being of a paler shade.

Expanse, ¢ 25 millim., 9 30 millim.

Occurs in June and July at Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow, and Chia-kou-ho,
Western China, and, according to Mabille, in Thibet.

Aeromachus nanus. (Plate XL. fig. 21, ¢.)
Cyclopides nanus, Leech, Entomologist, xxiil. p. 49 (1890).

Fuliginous brown, Primaries have six small yellowish spots, one discoidal, and a transverse serics
of five beyond, two of which occupy the median interspace, and three near costa. Fringes of
secondaries and towards inner margin of primaries whitish, spotted with brownish. Under
surface of primaries as above, with the addition of a broad stripe of yellowish scales along the
costa, and some yellowish patches below apex: secondaries are thickly sprinkled with yellow-
ish, especially on the basal half, which is divided into two parts by a dark transverse line just
beyond a pale yellowish discoidal spot, there are central and submarginal series of pale yellow
spots; fringes as above,

ixpanse 21 millim,

AEROMACHUS.—HALPE. 621

Seven specimens, including two examples of the female, taken at Ichang
in June. One of the females has the number of spots in the submarginal
series on underside of primaries increased to six by the addition of one to
the costal set.

I also received specimens of this species from a native collector at Ningpo,

in 1886.

Genus HALPE.

Halpe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 689; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 108. .

* Allied to Pamphila (P. sylvanus). Antenne with a more slender club and longer hook at tip.
Fore wing shorter; exterior margin more convex; the discal oblique series of raised scales
in male shorter and broader. Head and thorax smaller; abdomen slender. Veins similar,

_ the lower median branch being nearer end of the cell.” (Joore, /. ¢.)

* Type beturia, Hew.

* Antenne: club moderate, elongate, with a short apical crook, tip acuminate. Palpi porrect ;
third joint minute, obtusely conical. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin ;
cell of fore wing less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching costa before the
end of cell; upper discocellular about twice the length of lower; vein 5 considerably nearer
to 4 than to 6; vein 3 well before end of cell, about equidistant from 2 and from 4; vein 2
nearer to end of cell than to base of wing. Hind wing evenly rounded; cell very short ;
vein 7 well before end of cell, at its origin vein 7 is sharply bent upwards, and the upper
margin of the cell is bent downwards so that the angle is shaped lke a tuning-fork; disco-
cellulars faint; vein 5 not traceable; vein 3 from end of cell; vein 2 very much nearer
to end of cell than to base of wing; lower margin of cell slightly angled at vein 2. The
above is the neuration of the male; in the female vein 3 of the fore wing is slightly nearer to
end of cell, and on the hind wing vein 7 arises at an acute angle with the upper margin of
cell. Hind tibiz slightly fringed and with two pairs of spurs. In most species the male is
provided with a linear discal stigma on the fore wing, running obliquely from the origin
of vein 3 almost to the inner margin. In those species in which there is no discal stigma,
the neuration of both wings of the male agrees with that of the female.

*« Confined to Southern Asia and Japan.” (Watson, J. c.)

Halpe varia. (Plate XLII. fig. 18, 3.)
Pamphila varia, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 172 (1875) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 33,
pl. x. fig. 9 (1889).

Male. Alis supra brunneis, anticis margine exteriore rectiuscula, maculis quatuor minimis (una
in cellula elongata). Posticis immaculatis. Alis subtus ochraceis (anticis ad marginem
interiorem brunneis) venis nigris, anticis maculis duabus discocellularibus (inferiore majore),
alteris duabus in regione exteriore, macula sub-apicali tripartita, lineaque anteciliari nigra.
Posticis macula obsoleta basali, macula inter ramos sub-costales sub-flava, alteris duabus inter
ramos medianos, lineaque anteciliari nigra. Ciliis albis, ad apicem anticarum obsolete nigro-
maculatis.

- 4N

622 HESPERIID.

* Female. Alis anticis (margine exteriore convex) maculis conspicuis (duabus discocellularibus)
macula sub-apicali tripartita, alteris duabus in regione exteriore, strigaque minima super
marginem interiorem. Posticis immaculatis. Subtus ut in mare. Ciliis albis, ad apicem
anticarum nigro-maculatis.

“ Alar. exp. d 1" 4'", 9 1" 6". Hab. Japoniam.” (Murray, l. c.)

This species, which is easily recognized by the dark veins on the under
surface of the secondaries, appears to be peculiar to Japan. It is widely
distributed in that country, but not common. I have specimens from
Satsuma, Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Hakodate, and Yokohama.

Halpe submacula. (Plate XLII. fig. 13, ¢.)
Halpe submacula, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 48 (1890).

Male, Dark brown. Primaries have a double subhyaline spot in discoidal cell, one in each median
interspace beyond, and three forming a short oblique dash just below costa and near apex ;
there are also two small obscure yellowish spots below the discoidal cell. Secondaries have
three central subhyaline spots, two of these are only separated by the second median nervule,
and the third is nearer the costa. Under surface dark brown, clouded with yellowish, discal
central and costal subhyaline spots as above, but tinged with yellow; the costa is streaked
with ochreous to the middle, and there is a submarginal series of ochreous spots extending to
first median : secondaries are brown, sprinkled with ochreous-scales, with a pale yellowish
spot near base of costal nerve, another nearer its middle, and one at its external extremity,
the last constitutes the initial spot of a submarginal series of double pale yellow spots,
the third of which represents the terminal spot of three, forming a longitudinal streak from
the base of the wing ; another longitudinal streak below is in connection with the last spot of
submarginal series, but its junction therewith is obscured by some blackish markings ; fringes
of both surfaces pale yellow, chequered with blackish.

ixpanse 38-40 millim.

Occurs at Chang-yang and Chia-ting-fu in June and July.

Halpe nephele, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 15, 3.)

Male. Blackish, sparsely powdered with ochreous grey on basal area of primaries; these wings
have six whitish subhyaline spots placed as follows:—one in the discoidal cell; three sub-
apical, that near the costa very minute; one in each median interspace. Secondaries have
two short parallel whitish central dashes. Fringes whitish, chequered with blackish at ends
of nervules. Under surface fuliginous, powdered and suffused with yellowish on costal and
apical areas of primaries and the whole of secondaries: primaries have the spots as above,
and also a submarginal series of pale spots; sexual brand reproduced and edged with white
at its lower extremity ; secondaries have subbasal, central, and submarginal series of creamy
spots, of which the second and third of central series are the largest. . Antenne black above,
ringed with pale yellowish beneath ; club has the basal portion yellow, and the apical portion

dingy castaneous.

HALPE. 623

‘emale. Similar to the male, but with a small more or less triangular whitish spot in the sub-
median interspace resting against the nervure.
Expanse 40 millim.

Occurs in Western China in June and July. I have received specimens
from Omei-shan, Wa-ssu-kow, Chia-ting-fu, and Kwei-chow.

Halpe latris, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 17, ¢.)

Male. Fuliginous, powdered with ochreous, especially on the basal and inner marginal areas of
primaries and discal area of secondaries, the latter with some long silky hairs of the same colour.
Primaries have seyen subdiaphanous creamy spots placed as follows :—two at end of the
discoidal cell, one in each median interspace, and three subapical, the costal one minute.
Sexual brand well defined, but not conspicuous. Fringes whitish grey, those of primaries
chequered with the ground-colour, and those of secondaries tinted with yellow towards outer
angle. Under surface fuliginous, costa and apical third deeply suffused with ochreous brown ;
spots as above, but suffused with dusky; there are indications of the sexual brand, the
lower preceded by a whitish longitudinal dash ; secondaries ochreous brown with a whitish
spot in each median interspace, and one above towards costa; following these spots there
are some pale elongate marks; submedian interspace has a fuliginous streak increasing in
width towards outer margin ; fringes as above, but those of secondaries are more strongly
chequered in the middle. Antenns black above, shaft ringed with buff beneath; clubs
tipped with castaneous.

Expanse 34 millim.

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu in July, but appears to be scarce.

This species is closely allied to H. sitala, de Nicéville (Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. 1885, p. 121, pl. ii. fig. 5, ¢ ), from S. India, but differs chiefly in having
a blackish triangular streak in the submedian interspace on under surface
of secondaries.

Halpe bivitta.
Pamphila bivitta, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 28, pl. vi. fig. 46 (1886).

‘* Les quatre ailes en dessus sont brunes, entourées d'une frange plus claire qui est entrecoupée de
noiratre aux ailes supérieures dont l’apex est plus obscur que le fond des ailes. Une tache
cellulaire, trois subapicales juxtaposées et deux infracellulaires en échelon, jaunatres, avec
un reflet brillant. qui leur donne une apparence vitreuse, sont les seules que contiennent les
ailes supérieures en dessus; les inférieures sont sans aucune tache. Mais il y a chez le male
aux ailes supérieures, au-dessous de la tache cellulaire jaunatre, une sorte de bouton velu
jaunatre.

« Dessous brun rougeatre, sauf le disque des supérieures qui est noiratre ; celles-ci reproduisant les
taches du dessus et en outre ornées d’une rangée maculaire, submarginale, jaune pale mat,
qui descend droit du bord costal vers le bord inférieur. Les ailes inférieures sont pourvues
de deux traits argentés, droits, nets, assez longs; l’un d’eux est surmonté d’une petite tache

4n 2

624 HESPERIID.

basilaire allongée, également argentée, et il y a deux petites taches de méme couleur, l'une
submarginale, entre les deux longs traits, ’autre au-dessous du trait inférieur.

‘*‘ Les pattes sont jaune d’ocre. Les antennes sont finement annelées de blanchatre et de brun en
dessus ; elles sont ochracées en dessous.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.)

Not uncommon in Western China at Ta-chien-lu, Wa-ssu-kow, Pu-tsu-fong,
and Chia-kou-ho, in May, June, and July.

In his explanation of plates, Etud. xi. p. 38, M. Oberthiir refers to this
insect as albivitta.

Halpe gupta. (Plate XLII. fig. 20, ¢ .)
Halpe gupta, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv. p. 254, pl. xi. fig. 1, g (1886).

“« Male. Upperside, both wings dark brown. Fore wing with two small spots in the cell placed
obliquely one above the other, obsolete in one specimen, two or three conjoined subapical
minute spots, two on the dise divided by the second median neryule. Hind wing with some
long ochreous hairs in the middle of the disc. Upperside, fore wing with the costa and apex
diminishing towards the anal angle, and the whole of the hind wing clothed with greenish-
ochreous scales. Fore wing marked as above. Hind wing with two or three small pale
opaque spots on the dise. Cilia cinereous, tipped with darker at the ends of the nervules.

“* Expanse ¢ 1:4 to 1°5 inches.

“ Hab, Sikkim.

“Near to H. kumara, mihi, differs somewhat in shape, the fore wing being narrower and more
produced at the apex, the subapical spots smaller. On the underside in H/. gupta there are
some pale spots on the disc of the hind wing, which are absent in 7. kumara, The shade of
the ground-colour is also quite different: in H. kumara it is golden brown, in H. gupta
greenish ochreous, ‘The sexual mark is rather prominent. Mr. Otto Moller has obtained
several male specimens in Sikkim.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

I have two male specimens from Wa-ssu-kow, Western China, where they
were taken in July at an elevation of 5000 feet. These differ from a series of
twelve specimens (including the type) from Sikkim in the late Otto Moller’s
collection in being greyer on the under surface, and the spots on the under
surface of the secondaries are rather more elongate.

The peculiar character of the sexual brand in this species at once separates

it from any other known to me.

.
Halpe lucasi.
Hesverilla lucasii, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. cliii.
“ Nigro-olivacea, alis anticis 5-6 puncta gerentibus, unum elongato-quadratum in extrema cellula,
duo apicem versus in mare, tria in femina, parva et duo obliqua infra punctum cellulare,
strigw nigree marginem internum attingenti conjuncta omnia rufeola, subhyalina; fimbria

HALPE. 625

rufeola intersecta. Alis anticis subtus apice et costa vivide rufis ; posticis totis olivaceo-rufis
cum serie macularum in disco sepius obsoletarum, margine externo obscuriori.

** Moupin (Abb. Arm. David). Mus. Nat.” (Mabille, 1. c.)

My collectors failed to meet with this species. Its distinctive character
appears to be a central series of four black spots on under surface of
secondaries.

This species is allied to H. kumara, de Nicéville (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
1885, p. 12], pl. ii. fig. 10, 3 ), but differs in having a double spot in discoidal
cell, and the secondaries are more elongate in shape.

Halpe ceenis, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 16, ¢.) |

Male. Blackish brown, clothed about the base of primaries and disc of secondaries with fulvous hairs.
Sexual brand well defined; there are six white spots on primaries placed as in H. varia,
Murray, but that at end of cell is double. Under surface of primaries fuliginous, much
suffused with ochreous brown about costa and apex, spots as above: secondaries ochreous
brown, with very faint indications of white central spots. Fringes whitish above, greyish
beneath, with faint chequering. Antenne black above, ringed beneath with yellow ; club
yellow beneath, tipped with castaneous.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen taken in Western China at Chia-kou-ho in August.

Halpe blanchardi, (Plate XLII. fig. 19, ¢ .)
Hesperilla blanchardii, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. cliu.
*“« Precedenti simillima [H. Jucasi}; sed punctum cellule geminatum et duplex aliquoties ; puncta
apicalia tria, supremum minimum. Fimbria rufeola, continua simplex non intersecta.
Subtus subobscurior cum 4 punctis luteis, duobus in disco et duobus alteris minimis ad

marginem anticum.
*“ Moupin.” (Mabille, l. c.
I ;

I have six male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and Wa-ssu-kow.
These examples differ from a hand-coloured drawing of Mabille’s type in

having the primaries dusted with yellow towards base, and the under surface
is much more ochreous.

Halpe subflava, sp. nov. (Plate XLII. fig. 21, ¢.)

Male. Fuliginous brown. The primaries, which are sparingly powdered with ochreous on costal
area, haye six small semitransparent spots placed as follows :—two, colon-like, in discoidal
cell; two towards apex, and one in each median interspace. he sexual brand is well
formed but not conspicuous. Secondaries have some long silky ochreous hairs on discal area,
but are without spots. Fringes white, those of primaries slightly suffused with dusky from

626 HESPERIIDA.

below the apex, and those of secondaries yellow at outer angle. Under surface of primaries
fuliginous, with the costal, apical, and inner marginal areas broadly yellowish ; spots as above
but, excepting the pair in discoidal cell, followed by black dots: secondaries yellowish, with
a black spot in each median interspace, anda third towards costa (sometimes there is a fourth
black spot in subcostal interspace); there is a fuliginous streak, increasing in width towards
inner margin, in submedian interspace, this is sometimes edged above with whitish. Antenne
black, narrowly ringed with buff beneath; club with the basal portion buff and the apical
portion brownish.

Expanse 31-34 millim.

I received six specimens, all males, of this species from Western China,
where they were taken at Wa-ssu-kow, in July.

The subapical and discoidal spots are very minute, and in some examples
the latter are united, forming a transverse linear spot. In one specimen, the
largest in the series, all the spots are unusually small, and the upper sub-
apical one is hardly discernible.

Genus NOTOCRYPTA..,

Plesioneura, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 29 (1862), nom. préeoc.

Plesioneura, part., auctorum.
Notocrypta, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 188 (1889) ; Watson, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 112.

* Differs from Celenorrhinus, Hiibner, in the fore wing being more triangular, the middle disco-
cellular nervule being distinctly longer instead of shorter than the lower discocellular, concave
instead of almost straight, the middle and lower discocellular nervules taken together less
strongly inwardly oblique; the hind wing is also shorter and more produced posteriorly and
the costa is much arched, the discoidal cell is distinctly shorter, thus causing all the veins
which spring from it (the first and second subcostal, the discoidal, and the three median
neryules) to be distinctly longer, There is a marked difference in the length of the haustellum
or tongue, which in C. leucocera, Kollar, measures 1°8 inches, in NV. alysos, Moore, only ‘9 of
an inch, or exactly half.

* Type, the Plesioneura curvifascia of Felder.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

Notocrypta curvifascia, (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 1,¢.)
Plesioneura curvifascia, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon, vi. p. 29 (1862).
Notocrypta curvifascia, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. 1889, p. 188.

* Alis supra fuscis, anticis utrinque fascia discali curvata, introrsum incisa punctisque hyalino-

albis, subtus omnium limbo externo posticarumque dimidio basali lilascenti-cano atomatis. ¢.
* Ning-po.—NSat affinis P. feisthamelii, Boisd., vulgari speciei Indiam et insulas Archipelagi Malayici
incolenti et forte subspecies ejus geographica. Als longiores sunt et fascia alarum anticarum

angustior, infra ramum medianum primum profunde incisa ideoque curvata.” (/vlder, 1. ¢.)

This species can be readily separated from WN. feisthameli by the three,

NOTOCRYPTA. 627

sometimes four, subapical spots on the under surface of primaries, which are
connected with the costa by two pale dashes. It seems to be a fairly constant
species, the only variation noticeable being the curvature of fascia, and the
occasional absence of one or two of the outer white dots on primaries.

I met with it commonly in May in a small ravine close to the sea near the
port for Kumamoto, in Kiushiu. I also took it at Ningpo and Foochau, in
April, and have received it from Chow-pin-sa, Wa-shan, and Chia-ting-fu, in
Western China. Felder’s type was from Ningpo.

Notocrypta restricta. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 3, ¢.)

Plesioneura restricta, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 178 (1881) ; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1887, p. 390, pl. xvii. fig. 5, ¢.

Notocrypta restricta, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. 1889, p. 189.

“ Allied to P. alysos: fore wing with similar transparent medial band, subapical spots, and also
with a small linear spot between upper and middle median veins. Underside as above, with
the band stopping at the subcostal vein in both sexes—not being continued in a white streak
to the costal margin as in alysos.” (Moore, l. c.)

Occurs at Chang-yang, Central China; Omei-shan, Western China; Pryer
took it in the Loochoo Islands.

The Chinese specimens agree very well with Sikkim examples, but are
usually rather larger.

Distribution. India, Burmah, the Andamans, Cachar, Ceylon, Central and
Western China, Loochoo Islands.

Notocrypta feisthameli. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 2, var.)

Thymele feisthamelii, Boisduval, Voy. Astr., Lép. p. 159, pl. 11. fig. 7 (1832).

Plesioneura alysos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 789; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 178,
pl. lxvii. figs. 3 @,3a9,30 larv. & pup. (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 399,
pl. xxxiv. fig. 7, g (1886).

Notocrypta alysos, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. 1889, p. 189.

‘** Upperside’-dark vinous brown. Male: fore wing with a semitransparent, oblique, transverse,
irregular-shaped medial band, with either one or two very small oblique subapical spots,
and a lower spot between the upper median and radial. Female: fore wing with broader
medial band, three subapical spots, the spot between upper median and radial, and sometimes
another between the upper and middle medians. Palpi and thorax beneath olive-brown.
Antenne with a white streak near apex. Underside paler: fore wing with medial band and
subapical spots as above, and with a white costal streak above the band: hind wing fasciated
transversely with grey scales.

628 HESPERIIDA.

‘“‘Expanse, 13, 9 13 inch.
“ Larva pale green, white-speckled ; head black-bordered. Feeds on Zinziberacew. Pupa pale
green.” (Moore, Lep. Ceyl.)

Occurs in Western China at Omei-shan and Moupin in July.

The Chinese specimens are always larger than typical examples; the fascia
is broader and straighter, and they have well-defined submarginal spots.
This form may be known as var. rectifascia (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 2, ¢ ).

N. feisthameli (alysos) can be at once distinguished from the two
preceding species by the dull whitish patch on the under surface of primaries
which connects the white fascia with the costa.

Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 461) places V. paralysos, Wood-
Mason & de Nicéville, as a synonym of this species, which he states is
common in Sikkim, up to 4000 or 5000 feet, from March to December.

Distribution. Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Malay Penin-
sula, Malacca, Java, and China.

Notocrypta goto. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 4, ¢.)
Plesioneura goto, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. lvi (1883).

*‘ Vicina P. ruficorni, Mab., javana, et statura scheme, Hew.

‘“‘ Ale antic nigre cum tribus punctis albido-hyalinis ad apicem et fascia lata, costam non tan-
gente, e tribus maculis composita; intermedia anguliformis excedit cateras extrorsum. Ala
posticee immaculate, basi rufescenti.

“ E Japonia.

‘*‘Cette espéce a la bande des supérieures courte, ramass¢ée en une tache carrée, compacte ; la tache
médiane, en triangle ¢troit, dépasse ext¢érieurement les autres. Entre la céte et l’extrémité
de la bande blanche, il y a deux taches jaunatres, plus visibles en dessous.” (Mabille, l. c.)

I am indebted to M. Mabille for the loan of the type (the only example
known) of this species, which is figured in this work. It is a very bad speci-
men, and when fresh the insect was probably very much darker in colour.

It seems nearest allied to NW. (Plesioneura) nigricans, de Nicéville *, from

Sikkim.

Habitat. Japan.

Notocrypta tibetana. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 6, ¢ .)
Plerygospidea tibetana, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1876, p. liv.

“Nigra; alis nigris, anticis fascia lata utrinque sinuato-angulata, semicurva, a costa usque ad

* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 123, pl. ii. fig. 6, 2.

NOTOCRYPTA.—ASTICTOPTERTS. 629

angulum internum, sericeo-alba, et tribus punctis coadunatis ad apicem, duobusque aliis infra
apicalia, minutis, sepius nullis, preesertim in femina; fimbria obscure grisea. Posticis nigris,
fimbria alba, ad apicem latiore, subintersecta, nigra. Subtus antice similes; fascia ante
costam nigram lutescit. Posticae squamis griseis pulverulentwe, cum puncto discali, et serie
punctorum albidorum antemarginali. Pedes cinerei; palpi albidi.

*« Thibet (Abb. Arm. David). Mus. Nat.” (Mabille, 1. ¢.)

Occurs at Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Moupin, Wa-shan, and Chow-pin-sa, in
Western China, and appears to be a common insect up to an elevation of

8000 feet.
This species is allied to P. dhanada, Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865,
p. 789).

Genus ASTICTOPTERUS.

Astictopterus, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 401 (1860); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1893, p. 114. Type, jama, Felder.

‘* Antenne: club slender, tip recurved, acuminate. Palpi porrect; third joint short, obtusely
conical. Fore wing: inner margin longer than outer margin; cell less than two thirds the
length of costa ; vein 12 reaching costa before end of cell; vein 11 curving upwards shortly
after its origin and running close to, but not touching, vein 12; middle discocellular con-
siderably longer than lower one; yein 5 much nearer to 4 than to 6, but not from close to
bottom of cell; vein 3 well before end of cell, more than twice as far from 2 as from 4; vein 2
slightly nearer to 3 than to base of wing. Hind wing evenly rounded; vein 7 shortly before
end of cell; discocellulars and vein 5 very faint; vein 3 shortly before end of cell, twice as
far from 2 as from 4; vein 2 nearer to end of cell than to base of wing. Hind tibiae naked
and with two pairs of long spurs.” (Watson, /. ¢.)

Astictopterus olivascens. (Plate XLII. fig. 1, var.)
Astictopterus olivascens, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 692; Wood-Mason &
de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 381, pl. xviii. figs. 2, 2a ?.
Cyclopides chinensis, Leech, Entomologist, xxiil. p. 48 (1890).
Steropes nubilus, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv. p. lxiv (1891).

* Allied to A. unicolor, Brem. (Ménétr. Catal. Mus. Pet., Lep. i. t. 5. f. 6), from Pekin and
Hong Kong, but of larger size. Upperside uniform glossy olive-brown. Female with a
white, semidiaphanous, narrow subapical spot crossed by the fourth and fifth subcostal
branches. Underside: male uniformly brown; hind wing sparsely grey-speckled: female
with subapical spot on fore wing as above, the exterior margin grey-speckled; hind wing
with three ill-defined, sparsely grey-speckled, transverse bands. Palpi, body, and legs beneath
grey.

“ Expanse 1,6; inch.” (Moore, l. c.)

Cyclopides chinensis, Leech.—Brownish black. Primaries with a short white dash near costa and
towards apex, broken up by the nervules into three spots. Under surface of primaries

40

630 HESPERIID.

brown, suffused with fuliginous over the discal area, upper half of outer margins bordered
with greyish, white dash as above; secondaries brown, inner half thickly sprinkled with
greyish scales, and traversed by two obscure darker bands. Fringes dark grey, both above
and beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 32-34 millim., 2 36-40 millim.

Steropes nubilus, Mabille-—“ Brun noir uniforme ; ailes supérieures avec trois points apicaux
blanes, vitrés: frange gris cendré. Dessous des supérieures noiratre ; avec un espace ovale
gris lilas 4 apex contre le bord externe. Ailes inférieures gris lilas, avec une zone courbe
sur le milieu, noiratre; une tache semblable se fondant avec la base qui est plus obscure.
Corps noir; ventre gris.

3 32 millim. Hong-Kong.” (Mabille, 1. c.)

The white spots forming the costal dash vary in number from three to one ;
in some specimens, where three are present, they are very faint ; and in others
all the spots are entirely absent from both surfaces.

Common in the neighbourhood of Chang-yang and Ichang, Central China,
and I have received the species from Chia-ting-fu, Western China. I took
specimens at Foochau in April.

I find that my Cyclopides chinensis is identical with Astictopterus olivascens,
Moore, an insect I was not acquainted with at the time that I drew up my
description. It differs from the type of olivascens in being smaller and in
having a well-defined fascia on under surface of secondaries; in Méller’s
collection there are, however, specimens in the series of olivascens from Sikkim
which cannot be separated from my Chinese examples. Steropes nubilus,
Mabille, is also referable to olivascens.

The example figured (Plate XLII. fig. 1, ¢) is a unicolorous form from
Ichang, where it seems to occur in about equal numbers with the type.

The Indian localities are Salween, Moulmein, Darjiling (J/oore). Mr. de
Nicéville records one female from Tavoy, on the identification of Mr. Moore,
and states that it is rare in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, where it occurs
amongst grass in shade. He also mentions three males and two females
from the forest near Sileuri, Cachar, 11th to 29th July.

Genus APOSTICTOPTERUS, gen. nov.

Length of primaries rather more than twice their greatest width; the apex is obtuse; outer
margin slightly rounded to third median nervule and from thence oblique; middle of inner
margin slightly concave. Secondaries rounded; outer margin slightly concave before the
obtuse anal angle. Neuration does not differ materially from that of Astictopterus. Antenna

APOSTICTOPTERUS,—PITHAURIA. 631

not quite half the length of primaries ; clubs slender, slightly curved but not hooked. Palpi
prominent, second joint tomentose, third joint nearly as long as the second, densely clothed
with long scales which project beyond the tip. Thorax and body slender, the latter extending
beyond the anal angle. Head almost as wide as the thorax.

Apostictopterus fuliginosus, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVIIL. fig. 8, 3.)
Male. Fuliginous brown ; primaries on upper surface dusted with ochreous on basal area and tinged
with purple in certain lights.
Expause 58 millim.

Occurs in Western China, whence I received one specimen which was taken
in July at Omei-shan.

This species bears a superficial resemblance to Astictopterus diocles, Moore,
but it is altogether a more slender insect.

Genus PITHAURIA.

Pithauria, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 689; Watson, ibid. 1893, p. 119.
Type, murdava, Moore.

Pithauriopsis, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 387.
Type, aitchisoni, W.-M. & de N.

“‘ Fore wing elongated, narrow; apex pointed; exterior margin very oblique; hind margin short ;
hind wing convex externally, lobular at anal angle. Head and thorax very broad, robust ;
abdomen not so long as hind wing. Antenne with a slender club and very long, whip-like
tip. Venation similar to Pamphila.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

Confined to the Oriental region.

Pithauria stramineipennis. (Plate XLI. fig. 19, ¢.)

Pithauria stramineipennis, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. lv.
p- 388, pl. xv. fig. 5, g¢ (1887).

Pithauria murdavi 2 , Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 378 (1886).

“ Male. Upperside, both wings marked precisely as in P. murdava, Moore, but all the sete on the
base of the wings clear whity brown, with a touch of yellow on all those in front of the sub-
median neryure of the fore wing, those on the interno-median area of this wing being con-
colorous with the whity-brown down of the hind wing, the costal area of which is above
more or less extensively pale brown. In P. murdava the sete in the hind wing are yellowish
olivaceous, all those of the fore wing distinctly yellower; and the costal area of the hind wing
is dark. All the spots and streaks of both sides are no less variable in P. stramineipennis
than they are in P. murdava, so we have not attempted to describe them.

“‘ Female. Differs from the male in being larger, in the wings being paler, with the scanty setulose
clothing at their bases greyish fuscous, paler than the ground in the hind wing, and in the

40 2

632 HESPERIIDZ.

spots of the fore wing being larger, paler, and more angular; agrees therewith in the costal
area of the hind wing being pale brown above.
“« Expanse, ¢ 1°8-2°0, 9 2:1 inches.” (Wood-Mason, l. c.)

I have only one example of this species from China. It is a male agreeing
very well with Sikkim specimens of the same sex, and was taken by a native
collector at Omei-shan.

Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville in their remarks on P. straminei-
pennis observe :—“< We have long known of the existence of two species of
the genus Pithauria occurring in almost equal profusion in Sikkim and
Bhutan, and we recently sent a male specimen of each to Mr. Moore to be
named in order that we might know for certain to which the term murdava
ought properly to be applied. Mr. Moore returned the dark one (which
agrees with his figure in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, pl. xlv. fig. 13)
labelled ‘ P. murdava ,’ and the light one, our P. straminetpennis, ‘P. murdava
@.’ In describing P. murdava, he does not give the sex of the typical
specimen, but his description, like his figure, applies best to the dark form.
Mr. Distant appears to have fallen into the same error as Mr. Moore, correctly
figuring as the male that which we have all along.taken as the male of
P. murdava, but describing the present species as its female. We possess
two specimens of the female of P. murdava, which differ from the single one
of P. stramineipennis in having the darker wings richly purple-glossed, with
the very scanty setulose clothing of their bases conforming in colour to that of
the male, and in the costal area of the hind wing being concolorous with the
rest of the organ, as in the male. Expanse 2:0 to 2:1 inches.

“In our figure the downy clothing of the upperside of the wings at the
base is not represented of a sufficiently light and bright shade ; it is in reality
of a clear bright whity brown or straw-colour, which being conspicuously con-
trasted with the dark margins, renders P. stramineipennis most readily distin-
guishable from P. murdava, in which the downy clothing is, as has already
been stated, yellowish olivaceous.

“The genital armature, which has been carefully examined in several
specimens of each species, though identical in general plan, yet differs greatly
in detail in the two.

“Some hundreds of specimens of each species have passed through our

hands.”

Jistribution. Sikkim, Bhutan, Upper Assam, Cachar, and Western China.

HIDARI.—ISMENE. 633

Genus HIDARI.

Hidari, Distant, Rhop. Malay. pp. 392, 395 (1886) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 123.

“This genus differs from Zrionota and Gangara in having the upper discocellular nervule of
the anterior wings longer than the lower; the base of the second median nervule of the
anterior wings is also not more than twice as far apart from lower as from upper mediau
nervule.” (Distant, l. ¢.)

‘Antenne long; club robust, elongated, with a long terminal crook. Palpi: second joint very
densely scaled, third joint almost entirely concealed: Fore wing: outer margin longer than
inner margin; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; discocellulars inwardly oblique :
vein 5 from close to bottom of cell; vein 3 well before end of cell; vein 2 almost equidistant
from end of cell and base of wing. Hind wing slightly lobate, outer margin even; vein 7
well before end of cell; discocellulars and vein 5 faint; veins 2, 3, and 4 all close together ;
vein 3 almost equidistant from 2 and 4; vein 2 more than twice as far from base of wing as

. from end of cell. Hind tibie with two pairs of spurs, the upper pair short.

“ Type, zrava, Moore.

‘** Confined to the Oriental region.” (Watson, 1. c.)

Hidari grandis. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 13, ¢.)

Plesioneura grandis, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 47 (1890).

Male. Fuliginous brown, all the wings paler towards base. Primaries with a greyish apical patch
and three subhyaline spots, one in the discoidal cell, a larger one below and a little beyond
in the first median interspace, and a smaller one in the interspace above ; fringes pale grey,
becoming darker towards apex of primaries. Under surface of primaries greyish, costal half
suffused with fuliginous from the base to just beyond the subhyaline spots: secondaries
fuliginous brown, sprinkled with ochreous scales ; fringes as above.

Female. Similar in colour to the male, but without the greyish apical patch on primaries; the
subhyaline spots are larger, the two central ones are only separated by the median nerve.

Expanse, ¢ 55 millim., 9 68 millim.

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Wa-shan, Wa-ssu-kow, and Omei-

shan, and in Central China at Chang-yang and Ship-y-shan. It is found at
elevations up to 5000 feet in June and July.

Genus ISMENE.

Ismene, Sivainson, Zool. Ill. vol. i. pl. 16 (1820-21) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1898, p. 125. Type, edipodea, Swainson.

«‘ Antenne: club very robust, about twice as long as shaft, terminal portion tapering to a fine
point and curved into a crescent, never bent into a hook. Palpi as already characterized.
Fore wing: inner and outer margins subequal; cell slightly more than half the length of
costa ; vein 12 reaching costa almost opposite end of cell; vein 5 equidistant from 4 and 6 ;
upper discocellular minute, middle and lower discocellulars subequal, almost erect; vein 3

634 i HESPERIIDZ.

three times as far from base of wing as from end of cell ; vein 2 three times as far from end
of cell as from base of wing. Hind wing: cell very short, only reaching about one third
across wing; vein 7 twice as far from 8 as from 6; discocellulars very faint, slightly out-
wardly oblique; vein 5 well developed ; vein 3 just before end of cell; outer margin sinuate
but not distinctly lobed. Hind tibie slightly fringed, and with two pairs of spurs. The
above diagnosis is from a Javan female of typical wdipodea, and applies to the females of all
other species of the genus.

‘“‘In the males of all the species the hind tibiw are much swollen, and have a long tuft of hairs
affixed near the proximal end on the upperside, beneath which, along their outer edge, they
are clothed with large rounded scales. ‘This character is most fully developed in mahintha,
and least of all in harisa, the other species showing a gradual transition between the two.

“In typical adipodea the male has a very prominent rounded patch of appressed scales on the upper-
side of the fore wing, owing to which the lower margin of the cell is strongly curved upwards,
and vein 3 arises near the base of the wing and very close to vein 2. On the hind wing
vein 8 is very short, and runs upwards to the costa at a short distance from the base, and,
just beyond it, the costal margin is folded over on the upperside. Vein 7 is much as in the
female, but vein 6 is strongly curved downwards. The folding over of the costal margin on
the upperside gives the wing, as seen from beneath, the appearance of being strongly arched
at base and then cut away obliquely to just beyond vein 7.

‘The above characters occur only in males of typical wdipodea from Java and Borneo. In the
Indian species, which has hitherto been considered to be identical with a@dipodea and which I
propose to rename ataphus, the veins of the fore wing are distorted as in a@dipodea ; but the
costa of the hind wing is not folded over, and the neuration of that wing is much as in the
female.

“The other species of the genus vary considerably in the male mark of the fore wing, which is
sometimes very prominent and sometimes entirely absent, and there is also considerable
variation in the distortion of the veins of the fore wing. However, the character of the
swollen hind tibiz is invariably present and the females are inseparable, so I have considered
it very unadvisable to form new genera on the male characteristics alone.

“This genus is confined to the Oriental region, China, and Japan.” (Watson, l. c.)

Ismene gomata, (Plate XXXIX. fig. 12, var.)
Ismene gomata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 783.
Choaspes gomata, de Nicéyille, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1883, p. 83, pl. x. fig. 7, 9.

** Male. Upperside pale vinaceous brown; both wings with pale brownish-yellow streaks longi-
tudinally between the veins. Abdomen blackish brown, with yellowish bands. Cilia
yellowish. Underside dark brown, with the veins and longitudinal streaks betweon them
greyish green, the brown showing only along each side of the veins; posterior margin of fore
wing broadly pale vinaceous; exterior margin of both wings defined by a brown line. Third
joint of palpi and edge of sides brown, the rest yellow. Thorax, legs, and abdomen beneath
orange-ycllow.

‘«Expanse 2} inches, N.E. Bengal.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

‘‘ Female. Upperside very glossy bronzy-green, shading off into glossy indigo-blue at the apex and
outer margin. Underside with the markings and ground-colour darker than in Sikkim
males; fore wing with a pale green spot in the second median interspace, with a larger one

ISMENE. 635

in the interspace below it; in the male these spots are merged in a large patch of the pale
ochreous ground-colour from the inner margin. The green markings everywhere more
restricted and of a darker shade than in the male.” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)

As the Chinese specimens differ from the typical form, I describe them as

Var. lara, var. nov. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 12, g.) Male. Differs from the type of the same
sex in having the ground-colour of a darker hue and broader internervular streaks of
whitish on the primaries: secondaries have a broad bifurcate whitish streak extending from
the base almost to the outer margin, and the abdominal area is broadly whitish, slightly
tinged with bluish. On the under surface the veins are broadly bordered with greenish
black on primaries and dark green on secondaries. Thorax and abdomen pale greyish
brown, the latter banded with blackish and tipped with yellowish.

Female. Agrees on the under surface with Sikkim specimens of the same sex in most characters,
but the secondaries are more broadly marked with whitish. The under surface is similar to
that of the male of the Chinese form.

Expanse 62-64 millim.

Occurs in Western China at Moupin, Omei-shan, Wa-shan, and Chia-
kou-ho, in June and July.

The female appears much scarcer than the male, as I have oniy received
one example of the former, taken at Omei-shan. Mr. de Nicéville says that
he has only seen one Indian example, and Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 439) states that the female is unknown to him, and that the species,
which is not common in Sikkim, frequents the valleys up to 3000 feet
between May and October.

Ismene aquilina.
Ismene aquilina, Speyer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1879, p. 346.
Ismene jankowskii, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 23, pl. i. fig. 2 (1880).
Proteides chryseglia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 856.
Pythauria chryseglia, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 33, pl. x. figs. 5 a, 6 (1889).

“ Alis fuscis, preter limbum late obscurum ferrugineo ( ¢ ) seu lutescenti ( 2 ) mixtis, anterioribus
maris pone medium supra dilutioribus, subtus pallide maculatis, macula vene transverse
nigra; femine macula media serieque macularum subarcuata utrinque pallidis ; posterioribus
(¢ 2) subtus unicoloribus umbrinis.” (Speyer, 1. ¢.)

“Grande, robuste; dg en dessus, ailes enticrement brunes avec le bord des ailes largement plus
foncé et le reste plus jaune ; la téte, le corps tout enticr et la base des ailes largement couverts
de poils assez longs d’un fauve jaunatre; les nervures saillantes; l’extrémité de la cellule
discoidale noire et au dela une série de petits traits velus, jaunatres, concentriques, intra-
nervuraux.

‘En dessous, d’un brun de bois uniforme mat; le bord inférieur de Vaile supérieure et quelques
taches intranervurales carrées situées au milieu de cette aile jaunatres.

636 HESPERID.

‘La femelle différe du male, parce qu’elle porte 4 l'aile supérieure une tache jaune pale assez
épaisse dans lintérieur de la cellule, et au dela, une rangée en forme de croissant de huit
taches jaunes intranervurales, dont les premicres linéaires allant en s’elargissant jusqu’a la
dernicre.

‘Le dessous reproduit les différences du dessus.” (Oberthiir, lL. c.)

*‘Olivaceous brown, the wings with bright golden or yellowish cupreous reflections, and with the
basal three fourths densely sprinkled with fulvous hair-like scales; fringe creamy whitish:
primaries with an indication of four or five increasing oval discal buff-coloured spots, which,
however, are concealed in certain lights by the shot colouring of the wing: head bright
fulvous; thorax densely clothed with fulvous hair; palpi jet-black, with a broad yellow
band. Under surface olivaceous, with slight golden reflections: primaries with the pale buff
spots distinct, forming a pyramidal patch, the base of which is expanded and occupies the
whole internal border, divided by the median branches; a small bifid yellow spot within the
end of the cell, and a few radiating scales of this colour beyond the cell: secondaries with
yellowish abdominal area; tibiz and tarsi bright orange. Expanse of wings 1 inch 10 lines.”
(Butler, 1. ¢.)

This species is not rare in mountainous parts of Central Japan and also in
Yesso. It is also found in the Isle of Askold and at Vladivostock. So far it
has not been received from either the Corea or China, Flies in July and
August.

Ismene septentrionis.
Ismene septentrionis, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. iii. p. 525, pl. Ixxiu. fig 3 (1867).
Ismene striata, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. (Ismene) pl. 1. figs. 6, 7 (1867).

‘* Alee supra fuses, antic juxta venam costalem et ad basin ochraceo-fulvo squamate et pilose,
dein a plica cellule ultra venam internam nigro paullo elatius squamatee, ciliis sordide albidis,
posticee a basi interiore ultra medium ochraceo-fulvo pilose, ciliis sordide albidis, in margine
anali vero aurantiacis.

‘* Ale subtus pallide wneo-virides, venis fuscis lineisque in paribus inter eas fundo multo obscuri-
oribus, anticee apud venam subcostalem et medianam ochraceo-fulvo breviter pilose, vitta
lineari inter ramum medianum primum et secundum limboque interno fuscis, posticee pilis in
costee parte basali arcuata ciliisque analibus aurantiacis.

**Palpi, articulo terminali nigro excepto, caput et thorax fulvo pilosa, Abdomen nigro-fuscum
fulvescenti annulatum, cinctura anali aurantiaco-fulva, vitta ventrali ochraceo-fulva.

“ Alw latiores, quam in mare, supra unicolores, fusce, anticee margine tantum costali ad basin
ochraceo-fulvo atomato, caeterum omnes utrinque ut in mare. Thorax supra postice canus.

“ Habitat. China Septentrional: Shanghai.” (Felder, 1. ¢.)

“Upperside. Male. Anterior wing dark brown, with the base and spaces between the subcostal
nervules rufous; the median and submedian nervures black at their bases. Posterior wing
rufous, with the outer margin dark brown. Underside green, closely striated longitudinally
with dark brown. Anterior wing dark brown below the cell; the inner margin rufous, the
fringe white. Posterior wing with the fringe orange, broadest at tho anal angle; the

abdomen below orange, banded with black.

4
0

‘““Expanse 2,4, inches, China,” (J//ewitson, 1. ¢.)

ISMENE.—HASORA. 637

I received one male specimen from Western China. It was taken in July
at Moupin.

This species is allied to £. vasutana, Moore, from Sikkim, but differs
therefrom as follows :—the upper surface is.darker, the orange fringes towards
anal angle of secondaries are much narrower and paler, and there is an
absence of subhyaline spots on disc of both surfaces of the primaries.

Genus HASORA.

Hasora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 159 (1881) ; Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893,
p- 127. Type, dadra, Moore.

Parata, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. 1. p. 160 (1881). Type, chromus, Moore.

*“ Antenne: club thickening rather abruptly and gradually tapering to a fine point, bent beyond
the thickest portion, usually at about a right angle, but sometimes almost into a hook ; the
terminal portion not quite so long as the’ remainder of the club. Fore wing: inner and
outer margins subequal; cell less than two thirds the length of costa; vein 12 reaching
costa almost opposite upper angle of cell; vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; upper discocellular
minute; middle and lower discocellulars inwardly oblique and in the same straight line ;
vein 3 almost equidistant from base of wing and from end of cell; vein 2 nearer to base of
wing than to vein 3; vein 1 distorted downwards near base. Hind wing produced into a
lobe ; vein 7 slightly nearer to 6 than to 8; discocellulars very faint, outwardly oblique ;
vein 5 well developed, much nearer to 6 than to 4; vein 3 from just before end of cell ;
vein 2 almost equidistant from base of wing and from end of cell. Hind tibie not very
densely fringed, and with two pairs of spurs.

‘The female differs in vein 3 of the fore wing being three times as far from base of wing as from
end of cell.

“The type-species of Parata differs from the type-species of Hasora in
being provided in the male with an oblique discal stigma on the fore wing,
and also in some slight differences in the outline of the wings. These two
characters, however, exist together only in the type-species of Parata, and
we find other species with the discal streak of Parata and the outline
of Hasora, or vice versdé, while the streak itself appears in every degree
of intensity, being sometimes very prominent and at other times barely
traceable or altogether absent, the females in all the species being structurally
inseparable.

“This genus is represented in the British Museum from throughout
India, Malayasia, the Philippines, Fiji, New Guinea, and Australia.”
( Watson, 1. c.)

658 HESPERIID.

Hasora chromus. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 7, var.)
Papilio chromus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. eclxxxiv. fig. E (1780).
Goniloba chromus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1855, p. 777.
Parata chromus, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 52.
Hasora chromus, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 128.

“ Male and female dark vinaceous brown.

* Male with suffused blackish subbasal patch ; both wings greyish brown basally. Cilia greyish
brown. Head and thorax greenish brown. Abdomen brown. Underside with the apex of
fore wing suffused with purple-blue; hind wing with a narrow transverse discal bluish-white
band, a blackish patch on anal lobe, exterior to which the cilia have a short white line.
Third joint of palpi and legs brown; palpi and thorax beneath dull yellow.

“ Female paler brown; fore wing with two yellowish semitransparent discal spots and a very
small similar spot before the apex.

“ Expanse 2 inches,

** Bengal.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

All the examples of this species that I have received from China are
females, and, as a rule, they are smaller than Indian specimens. One
example from Kwei-chow and another from Omei-shan are without the
subapical yellowish spot on primaries and the discal pair are smaller than
usual (Plate XX XIX. fig. 7, ¢). An example from Wa-shan is without
discal spots and the subapical one is very small; this specimen agrees with
Llasora (Hesperia) vitta, Butler, as figured by Distaut (Rhop. Malay. pl. xxxv.
fig. 4, 3), but not with Butler's figure (Lep. Exot. pl. lix. fig. 9). The band
on under surface of secondaries varies in width, and its external edge is
sometimes ill-defined.

Occurs in Western China at Wa-shan, Omei-shan, Ta-chien-lu, and Kwei-
chow.

Mr. Elwes *, remarking on this species from Sikkim, refers to it under
the name J//asora aleais, Fabricius, as follows :—‘ Not uncommon in the
low valleys and up to 5000 feet during the rains. I cannot distinguish
between what Moore figures as alevis and chromus. He says of the Ceylon
alevis, ‘smaller than chromus, with broader and more prominently marked
band on the underside of the hind wing.’ I have a large series of specimens,
including two males and a female from Ceylon, one pair from Bangalore,
four pairs from Sikkim, one male and two females from Andaman Islands,
one pair from Shillong, one male from Barrackpur, and two males from

* Trans. Ent. foc. Lond. 1882, p. 441.

HASORA. 639

Burmah ; but I find too much variation in the size and in the band of the

underside to allow me to separate two forms. De Nicéville considers them

distinct, and says that a/eais occurs only in South India and Ceylon. If,

however, they are identical, alexis, being the older name, should be used ;

and if they are distinct, the Sikkim form will bear the name of chromus.”
Distribution. Northern India and Western China.

Hasora anura. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 10, 2.)

Hasora anura, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. iv. p. 170, pl. B. figs. 5 ¢,1 2
(1889).

** Wale. Upperside, both wings deep bronzy-brown, the base and dise thickly clothed with long
ochreous-brown hairs; cilia ochreous brown. Tore wing with a minute subapical transparent
shining yellow dot. Underside, both wings dark brown, somewhat glossed with purple.
Fore wing with the inner margin broadly pale, a broad discal dark band free from purple
gloss. Hind wing with the basal two thirds much darker than the outer third, the dark
portion well-defined, bearing towards the abdominal margin on the dividing edge a small
prominent ochreous spot, an ochreous anteciliary line from the anal angle to the first median
nervule, the ochreous spot and line obscure in one specimen ; a prominent whitish spot in the
middle of the dise in one specimen, obscure in the other.

** Female. Upperside, both wings coloured as in the male. Fore wing with a quadrate spot at
the end of the cell, an elongate one below across the first median interspace, its inner
edge straight, its outer edge concave ; another smaller narrow spot constricted in the middle
across the middle of the second median interspace; three increasing subapical dots—all
these spots shining translucent rich ochreous. Underside, fore wing with the spots of
the upperside showing through, the inner margin broadly bright ochreous, otherwise as in
the male.

“Closely allied to the common //asora badra, Moore, from which it differs
in both sexes in having no large anal lobe to the hind wing, this lobe being
present in //. badra and coloured black on the underside, of which black
patch there is no trace in //. anura; the latter also is a smaller insect; the
female differs in having the three large discal yellow spots of the fore wing
considerably smaller, and of a deeper richer yellow.

“ Described from two male and four female specimens in Mr. Otto Moller’s
collection which shew hardly any variation. They have been selected from
ninety-three males and forty-five females of //. badra, a very common species
in Sikkim, in Mr. Moller’s collection. The complete absence of the large
anal lobe or tail in //. anura makes it distinguishable from H. badra at a
glance. There is also a specimen of this species from Sikkim in the collection
of Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, and a male from Shillong in the collection of the

4p2

640 HESPERIID.®.

Indian Museum, Calcutta. ‘The latter specimen was submitted for determi-
nation to Mr. F. Moore, who pronounced it to be a variety of //. badra, but I
believe it to be a good species.

“ Expanse, ¢ 2, 2°l inches. Sikkim, Khasi Hills.” (de Micéville, /. c.)

Occurs at Kwei-chow, Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Moupin, and Chia-kou-ho
in Western China; also at Chang-yang and Kiukiang in Central China.

Chinese specimens of this species are larger. but do not differ materially
from Sikkim specimens in Moller’s collection, now in my possession, or from
the types as figured by de Nicéville. The subapical spots on primaries of
male vary in number from one to three, but in the female there appear to be
always three.

Genus RHOPALOCAMPTA.

Rhopalocampta, Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr. p. 47 (1857); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 129. Type, forestan, Cram.

Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 158 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 372 (1886).
Type, benjamini, Guérin.

‘* Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, otter margin obliquely convex,
inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costal margin nearly opposite
end of cell; fourth and fifth subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of
cell ; discocellular nervules almost subequal in length, and obliquely directed inwardly ; base
of second median nervule about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the
upper median nervule. Posterior wings elongate, more or less lobately produced at anal
angle. Subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one third before end of cell; first and second
median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body very robust ; palpi
broad, flattened, and coarsely pilose, apical joint long, naked and cylindrical ; antennee with
the apex long, curved, and slender ; femora pilose. ;

“'This genus appears to be truly Oriental in distribution ; it is allied to
Ismene, but apart from other structural characters the males have no ‘glandular
patch of raised scales’ on the anterior wings, as is found in species of Jsmene.”
(Distant, l. ¢.)

‘Antenne: club moderate, about as long as shaft, crescent-shaped, not bent into a hook; very
similar to those of Zsmene, but less robust and with a longer shaft. Fore wing: no discal
brand in male; inner and outer margins subequal; cell just more than two thirds the length

of costa; vein 12 reaching costa before end of cell; vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; upper

disvocellular minute; lower and middle discocellulars almost erect and in the same straight
line, the lower the longer; vein 3 three times as far from base of wing as from end of cell.

Hind wing produced into a lobe; vein 7 twice as far from 8 as from 6; discocellulars very

faint, almost erect ; vein 5 wanting; vein 3 from just before end of cell; vein 2 nearer to

RHOPALOCAMPTA. 641

base of wing than to end of cell. Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs, and furnished in
the male with a long tuft of hairs attached close to the proximal end, and reaching well
beyond the distal end of the tibia.

“This genus is confined almost entirely to Africa and the Malay Archi-
pelago, benjamini alone being found in India, China, and Japan, while the
range of anchises extends to Aden.” (Watson, 1. ¢.)

Rhopalocampta benjamini.

Thymele benjaninii, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Voy. Inde, ii. p. 79, pl. xxii. figs. 2, 2a
(1843).

Choaspes benjamini, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. p. 159, pl. Ixiv. figs. la, 6 (1881).

Ismene benjamini, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 33, pl. x. fig. 4 (1889).

Ismene benjamini, var. japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. p. 4 (1875).

Hesperia xanthopogon, Kollar, Hiig. Kaschm. iv. p. 453, pl. xviii. figs. 1, 2 (1848).

*“* Wale. Upperside glossy bluish-purple olive-brown, the basal area more distinctly olive-brown.
Cilia of hind wing and anal lobe broadly ochreous red.

‘* Female deeper olive-brown. Underside glossy, enescent olive-brown, the veins black: fore wing
with a broad pale cupreous-brown band on posterior margin: hind wing with a broad
ochreous-red lobular patch with black macular upper border and broad central angular
streak. Thorax greyish olive above, vertex bluish olive, abdomen brown; palpi and thorax
in front, and abdomen beneath, ochreous-red.

** Expanse 2 to 24 inches.

“* Larva with broad transverse dorsal black and yellow bands and two rows of white spots along
the back ; head, two anal segments, and laterally below the bands red; face black-spotted.

* Pupa pinkish grey, black-spotted.” (Moore, l. c.)

The food-plant is not given, but according to Wade, as quoted by Moore,

“the larva rolls itself up in the tip of the leaf on which it feeds, and when it
has eaten this leaf it goes to another, and so on till it changes to pupa.”

Var. Japonica, Murray. “Differs from Indian examples in wanting the dark shade which
suffuses all the outer portions of the fore wings in typical examples.” (Murray, 1. c.)

The specimens from Japan are paler and brighter than those from India.
Both forms occur in China, together with examples intermediate between
the two.

I met with the species in the Island of Kiushiu, Southern Japan. It
frequented the sweet-scented white blossoms of a shrub, the name of which
is unknown to me; but, owing to its swift and erratic flight, it was difficult to
secure in good condition. Pryer says that it occurs at Oyama, Nikko, and

642

HESPERIID.

Yamato in Central Japan. In China it occurs at Moupin, Omei-shan, Ichang,
Chang-yang, and I have a specimen captured by myself at Ningpo in April.
Distribution. Ceylon, India, Himalayas, Cachar, China, Siam, and Japan.

Male

Rhopalocampta translucida, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 11, ¢.)
. Primaries fuliginous, with hyaline patches in the median interspaces and outer portion of
discoidal cell ; there are also some short hyaline streaks beyond the extremity of the cell;
the first median nervule and submedian nervure are broadly blackish, and between them is a
blackish nerve-like streak, the interspaces are powdered with bluish grey. and there are some
scales of the same colour on the middle of inner margin. Secondaries have the discal area
hyaline, intersected by the blackish venation and some black nerve-like streaks; the outer
margin is broadly fuliginous and there are some fuliginous hairs on the median and sub-
median nervures ; the abdominal fold is grey, margined with long fuliginous hairs. Under
surface same as above, but more or less suffused with blackish. Head and palpi orange, the
latter tipped with brownish. Thorax and body fuliginous, the former with long l.airs
projecting from it over the body, and the latter has the segments edged with greyish.

Expanse 68 millim.

One male specimen taken at Omei-shan, Western China, in July.

I

not

have placed this species in Rhopalocampta provisionally only, as it does
agree exactly in all characters with that genus, especially as regards the

palpt.

Ainu Buckie or Woop, (Island of Yesso )

Ue ae Sah Be BS

Or the following species the majority are new and were only described whilst
this work was passing through the press; the others were omitted because
I was not then certain that the localities from which they were recorded
properly belonged to the region here dealt with.

Caduga tytia.
Caduga niphonica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1883, p. 249.
Caduga tytia (ante, p. 1).

* Differs from typical C. tytia in its larger size: fore wing very black, with broader subapical
streaks ; comparatively smaller and more ovate upper discal spots ; the lower discal outer
spot also smaller, the latter being more transversely narrow and less quadrate in shape; the
submarginal row of spots larger, and the marginal row more distinct ; hind wing in male with
all the veins and their borders blackish, the spatular glandular patch and streaks therefrom
very black ; no red bifid streak within the cell, which is replaced by a very indistinct slender
grey line; the marginal spots are more or less obsolete.

““Expanse, ¢ 43, 9 33 inches.

“ Hab, Nikko, Japan.

‘A specimen of a female in my own collection from North Formosa agrees very nearly with the
specimens from Japan. Mr, W. B. Pryer collected specimens of what may probably be this

species in Chekiang, N. China.” (Moore, J. ¢.)

This form is hardly worthy of a varietal name and is not constant.

Lethe cybele, sp. nov. (Plate XLIII. fig. 8.)

Male. Obscure reddish brown, rather silky. Primaries fuliginous at base and along costa, outer
margin with a blackish border. Secondaries are broadly bordered with blackish, the inner
edge of the border is ill-defined and irregular; marginal line pale, double, not well-defined

644 APPENDIX.

towards costa; there is a blackish spot between the subcostal and discoidal nervules, and a
smaller one between the second and third median nervules. Under surface: primaries pale
olivaceous brown, clouded with yellowish on the discal area ; a pale yellowish band traverses
the wing from about the middle of the costa to inner angle, and is broken up into spots in
the median and submedian interspaces ; there is a white-pupilled subapical ocellus, with a
bluish dash on costa above it and a white spot in interspace below it; marginal line bluish
white, edged internally with blackish and interrupted by the nervules: secondaries dark
olivaceous brown, the basal two thirds traversed by several wavy shining violet-grey lines ;
the outer edge of the basal portion of the wing is indented and edged with yellowish, most
conspicuously in the median interspace ; there is a series of six ocelli preceded by a shining
violet-grey waved line, all the ocelli are pupilled with violet-grey, but, excepting those of the
third and fourth, the pupils are minute; the first ocellus is followed by a patch of violet-grey,
and there is a tinge of the same colour beyond the second and third ocelli; marginal line
follows the contour of the wings and is violet-grey, narrow towards costa, and broader towards
anal angle.
Expanse 55 millim.

One example, taken at Omei-shan in June at an elevation of about
3500 feet.

This species is allied to LZ. violaceopicta, but differs in being rounder in the
wing and redder in colour ; on under surface of primaries the macular band
is more conspicuous. :

Lethe sicelides.
Lethe sicelides, Grose Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. p. 218 (1893).

“ Male. Upperside brown. Anterior wings with a broad darker brown indistinct band on the
outer margin, and a large triangular indistinct sericeous patch, having its base on the
inner margin and towards its apex extending beyond the end of the cell. Posterior wings
without any tufts of hair within the cell; a submarginal row of four dark brown spots
without any white centre, and surrounded by pale brown rings, the spot nearest the apex and
the next but one being the largest.

** Underside ; anterior wings with the cell crossed in the middle by two dark bars, the inner bar
thicker than the outer and the space between being pale ; a dark line at the end of the cell ;
two indistinct spots underneath each other towards the apex, with white centres and
surrounded by pale rings; the other markings on the anterior and those on the posterior
wings very nearly the same as on ZL, sicelis, Hewitson, but on the posterior wings the spot (in
the submarginal row of spots) between the middle and lowest median neryules is much
smaller than in Z, sicelis, and the outer of the two narrow bands which cross the wings is
bifid at its lower end and further apart from the inner band.

“ Iixpanse of wings 2} inches.

“Three specimens : Omei-shan, Western China.
“Very like L. sicelis in general appearance, but belonging to a different

APPENDIX. 645

section of the genus. ‘The large sericeous patch on the anterior wings and
the absence of the tufts on the posterior wings distinguish it from that
species.” (Grose Smith, 1. c.)

This species will be figured in a future part of ‘Exotic Butterflies’ by
Grose Smith and Kirby.

Ypthima elwesi, sp. nov. (Plate XLIII. fig. 7, ¢.)

Male. Fuliginous. Secondaries have a small subanal ocellus. Fringes dark grey. Under
surface dark brown striated with pale brown, especially on the secondaries; there is a
bipupillated ocellus towards apex of primaries and three ocelli on secondaries.

Expanse 58 millim.

One male example from Omei-shan.
I am indebted to Mr. Grose Smith for this specimen, which was taken by a
native collector.

Ypthima pratti. (Plate XLIII. fig. 9, ¢.)
Ypthima pratti, Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 35.

** Male. Upperside brown: fore wing with a wide dark marginal band; the pale irrorate ocellar
space subtriangular, reaching from the costa to the inner margin, its inner edge straight,
oblique; sex-mark wanting; ocellus large, well-defined, bipupilled: hind wing with a wide
dark marginal band, separated from the actual margin by a pale line, the pale irrorate
ocellar space broad and band-like, its inner edge irregular; a large unipupillate ocellus in the
first median interspace, a minute one just below it, and another small one faintly indicated in
the second subcostal interspace. Ground-colour of the underside whitish grey; fore wing
with the inner edge of ocellar space bounded by an oblique, elongate-triangular brown band,
widest on the inner margin; outer edge of the ocellar space bounded in the lower half by a
brown curved line, which starts from the posterior angle and becomes evanescent about the
middle of the hind margin; from the base of the wing to the oblique band the striolation is
closer ; hind wing with the striolation moderately close and rather irregular, with a faint
trace of an irregular median yellow-brown band coincident with the inner edge of the ocellar
space on the upperside ; ocelli 4, 2 subapical and 2 subanal, the anal one bipupilled.

** Expanse 46 millim.” (Zlwes § Edwards, 1. c.)

In their remarks on this species Elwes and Edwards observe :—“ A specimen
from Ichang in Mr. Leech’s collection is very puzzling, and judging from the
clasp alone, which we have figured under the name of pratt7, pl. i. fig. 55,
would be a distinct species. It has most resemblance to argus, but the
upper ocellus of the middle pair is absent, though on the proper night side
there are some scales, which makes us think that the specimen is an abnormal

4Q

646 APPENDIX.

one in which the spot is absent. If, however, others should be found in
China showing that this is a normal specimen, we should be unable to treat
it as a variety of any known species. On the upperside it differs from any
specimen of argus that we have yet seen in that, being a male, it has on all
the wings a dark marginal band of which the inner edge is sharply defined
and the ocellar space sharply defined on both wings.”

I now find that I have another example from Ichang, which must be the
female of this species. In agrees perfectly in the colour of upper surface,
but, in addition to the ocelli on upper surface of secondaries shown in figure
of the type, this specimen has two others, one in second median interspace
and one near costa. On the under surface the colour and striation agree
exactly, the ocelli are the same in number and similarly placed, but are slightly
larger, and the subanal pair are in contact.

Ypthima chinensis. (Plate X. fig. 5, 3.)

Ypthima newara, var. chinensis, Leech (ante, p. 89).

Ypthima chinensis, Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 21.

‘Somewhat larger than newara, M., from which it may be distinguished on the upperside by the
paler colour of the outer area of both wings in the male. The underside is whitish grey,
without any markings beyond the ordinary striolation, which exhibits a tendency to coalesce
and form a brown cloud about the inner margin of the fore wing. The constancy of the form
of the clasps has been tested in four cases,

“ Hab. Kiukiang and Chang-yang, Central China.” (Hlwes & Edwards, l. c.)

I was disposed to consider chinensis a form of Y. newara, Moore, but
Elwes and Edwards have ascertained that the form of the clasp in chinensis
is different to that of newara and have consequently elevated the former

into a species.

Ypthima motschulskyi (ane, p. 88).

Ypthima molschulsksyi, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 8, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1893) ;
Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1893, p. 16.

Ypthima amphithea, Ménétriés ; Staudinger, Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 203 ; Elwes & Edwards,
le.

“ Alis supra: nigro-fuscis, ocelli unico cwruleo-pupillato, flayo annulato ; subtus; cinereis, fusco-
undulatis et nebulosis; anticis ocello unico; posticis tribus, omnibus ewruleo-pupillatis et
flavo-annulatis.

“ Expans, alar. antic, une, 17.” (Brem. & Grey, 1. ¢.)

APPENDIX. 647

In dealing with Y. motschu/skyi, Elwes and Edwards write—“ ‘The insect
which we have taken to represent this name agrees in every respect with
the figure of Ménétriés above cited, except that the latter does not show
the velutinous patch on the disk of the fore wing. It would be a mere
waste of time to attempt to trace the full synonymy of this species, as we can
only separate it with certainty from its allies by the form of the clasp; but
we have treated amphithea, Mén., as a synonym in deference to Staudinger’s
opinion as expressed in Rom. Mém. vi. p. 203. Hab. Nagasaki, Japan ;
Fusan, Korea (Zeech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Shanghai (Pryer).”

Staudinger records Y. moftschulskyi from Amurland and expresses his
opinion that nareda, Kollar, from Northern India, is a local form of that

species.

Ypthima perfecta. (Plate X. fig. 7, 3.)
Ypthima motschulskyi, var. perfecta, Leech (ante, p. 88).
Ypthima perfecta, Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 19.

This insect, which I described and figured as a form of Y. motschulskyi, is
now considered by Elwes and Edwardsa distinct species. ‘They write of it :—
“This is distinguished from its allies by the well-defined straight-sided ocellar
space on the underside of the fore wing, which is open both to the costa and
the inner margin, and the irregular pale band on the underside of the hind
wing, but most certainly by the different form of the clasp.”

This species is common in Western and Central China. It varies con-
siderably in size and number of ocelli. In typical examples there is only one
ocellus on each wing, in some specimens there is a small ocellus beneath or
adjoining that at apex of primaries, and the number of ocelli on secondaries
ranges from one (in the type) to four on the under surface ; the usual number
is one on the primaries and three on the secondaries, but they may be
increased to two on the primaries and four on the secondaries.

Ypthima obscura.

Ypthima obscura, Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18938, p. 17.

“ Male. Upperside fuliginous brown, with pale grey fringes ; ocellus of the fore wing barely indi-
cated ; one well-defined subanal ocellus on the hind wing, the dark velutinous patch on the
fore wing indistinct. Underside greyish white, the striolation moderately close and fine, the
latter on the distal half of the fore wing coalescing to form a brown cloud arising in the

4Q2

648 APPENDIX.

posterior angle and limiting the subcircular ocellar space ; striolation of the hind wing closer
in the basal two thirds, and coalescing to form a submarginal band, which widens irregularly
inwards between the subapical ocellus and the one below it; ocelli 3, as in VY. motschul-
skyi, &e.

“‘ Female. Upperside somewhat paler than the male; the ocellus of the fore wing large and well-
defined. Underside similar to the male, but the only brown markings beyond the striolation
are the faint brown bands which limit the subtriangular ocellar space.

‘“ Expanse, ¢ 45 millim., 9 44 millim.

«This species may always be recognized by the peculiar shape of the apex of the clasp. Gensan,
Corea, July 1886 (Leech). Type in coll. Elwes.” (Elwes § Edwards, 1. c.)

1 met with this species fairly commonly in the neighbourhood of Gensan,
Corea, in June and July 1886. This is the only record of its capture
hitherto, but the specimens taken by Wulffius at Possiet Bay and by Herz
in Corea may not improbably prove to be this species on dissection.

In one of my Gensan male specimens the ocellus towards anal angle on
upper surface of secondaries is very minute, and in another entirely absent.
The ground-colour of under surface also varies in tint.

Ypthima sordida. —
Ypthima sordida, Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 19.

“ Male. Uppverside brown: fore wing with an ill-defined dark velutinous shade on the disk
coincident with the sex-mark, and a well-defined bipupilled subapical ocellus; hind
wing with a well-defined unipupillate ocellus in the first median interspace. Underside
whitish grey: fore wing with the striolation very close, and in parts coalescent,
so that the surface has a brown appearance; ocellus as on the upperside, ocellar space
absolutely undefined; hind wing with the striolation somewhat irrdgular, coarser, and
sparser, so that the surface has a somewhat hoary appearance ; ocelli three, one subapical, as
large as that on the fore wing, one about half as large in the first median interspace, and a
bipupilled one of similar size to the last near anal angle.

“ Expanse 46 millim,

“ Hab. Kiukiang, June 1887 (Pratt), Described from a single example in coll. Elwes.” (Hlwes §
Edwards, 1. ¢.)

Closely allied to Y. obscura, from which it may be distinguished by its
narrower primaries and white fringes. The ocelli are larger than in the
male of that species, but agree almost exactly with those of the female.
On the under surface the ground-colour is less heavily striated about the
dise and outer portion of primaries; the ocelli seem to agree perfectly with
those of male Y. obscura.

APPENDIX, 649

Ypthima multistriata.

Ypthima multistriata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xii. p. 50 (1883); Elwes &
Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 18.

“Allied to Y. nareda and Y. corticaria, intermediate in size between the two. Wings above
smoky brown, paler on the dise of the wings, especially in the female, and with blackish
submarginal and marginal stripes: primaries of the female with a large oval bipupillated
ocellus towards the apex, the male rarely showing a trace of a similar ocellus, but usually
entirely destitute of it: secondaries with a large circular unipupillated ocellus on the first median
interspace and frequently, in the male, one or two minute subanal ocelli in an oblique line
with the large ocellus: primaries of the male with a blackish nebula over the median area.
Under surface sordid white, the primaries and base of secondaries more or less suffused with
brown, and the entire surface of all the wings densely covered with numerous sharply-defined
darker brown striz ; marginal and submarginal stripes as above: primaries in both sexes
with a well-defined bipupillated black subapical ocellus with yellow iris; a dark brown stripe
from just beyond the middle of the costa across the dise to the termination of the submarginal
stripe: secondaries crossed beyond the middle by an irregularly angulated stripe, sometimes
barely traceable, but usually well defined; three well-defined ocelli, one apical and two
subanal, the last being smaller than the others and bipupillated.

** Expanse of wings 37-42 millim.

**Seven examples, N. Formosa.” (Butler, 1. ¢.)

Elwes and Edwards have identified a specimen taken at Ichang by

Pratt as this species, which differs chiefly from Y. motschulskyi in the

absence of ocelli from the upper surface of primaries and in the form of

the clasp.

Ypthima argus,
Ypthima philomela, Leech (ante, p. 90).
Ypthima argus, Butler; Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 35.

In placing Ypthima baldus, Fabricius and Hewitson, as a synonym of
Y. philomela, Johanssen, I followed Kirby and de Nicéville. Elwes and
Edwards, however, are of opinion that the name philome/a should be dropped,
as it is impossible to precisely determine what insect was intended. Hewitson’s
description applies in every way, except as regards the presence of a sex-mark,
to the species which these authors now call Y. marshalli, Butler, and of which
Mr. Elwes has specimens taken by myself at Foochow. ‘They also consider
evanescens, Butler, from Japan, to be a form of Y. marshalli, but only give the
following localities for the species:—Bhotan, Khasias, Assam, Bombay,
Bengal, Akyab, Mysore, Nilgiris, Perak, Foochow.

650 APPENDIX.

Ypthima argus, Butler, is stated by Elwes and Edwards to be peculiar to
Northern Asia and Japan; and Staudinger, who refers to it as la/dus, is of
opinion that Japanese examples can be separated from mainland specimens
by their lighter under surface. I only found this to be the case in the Island
of Yesso, and it is not constant even there. However, Y. argus may generally
be distinguished by its larger size and narrower wings. In two examples
there is only one ocellus on secondaries.

Epinephele deiphobe, sp. nov. (Plate XLIII. fig. 10.)

Male. Dark brown. Primaries have two large velvety black spots, centred with white and
surrounded with fulvous; the space between these ocelli is suffused with fulvous ; male brand
ns in £. cheena, Moore. Secondaries have a small black spot ringed with fulvous in first
median interspace; fringes greyish, marked with darker at the extremities of the nervules.
Under surface: primaries fulvous ; costa, apex, and outer marginal border greyish, the latter
limited inwardly by a blackish rather sinuous line; beyond the middle of the wing is a brown
transverse line, acutely angled in second median interspace; the space between these two
lines is rather paler fulvous and encloses two black spots as above, but the subapical one
encloses two white dots: secondaries grey, mottled and streaked with darker; the central
area of the wing is traversed by a wavy line; there are four black spots encircled with greyish
brown, two subapical and two subanal. :

Expanse 50 millim.

Closely allied to EH. cheena, Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 501,
pl. xxx. fig. 6).

One male specimen, taken by a native collector on the high plateau to
the north of Ta-chien-lu.

Cononympha pavonia.

Canonympha pavonia, Alphéraky, Stett. ent. Zeit. xlix. p. 66 (1888); Rom. sur Lép. v.
p. 119, pl. v. fig. 8 (1889).

“ Alee dilute fulvee, anticee ad apicem orbiculo magno cco (inter venas 5 et 6) punctuloque parvo
(inter venas 2 et 3) fuscis; postica serie antemarginali orbiculorum cecorum fuscorum.
“Subtus ale dilute fulve, posticarum pagina interna dense griseo atomata extus (irregulariter)
albido limitata, orbiculis omnibus (ut supra sitis) albo pupillatis, striga argentea submarginali
per omnes continuata; ciliis albidis grisescente interruptis. ¢ = 30 mill.” (Alphéraky,

Stett. ent. Zeit.)

This species occurs in July near the Hei-ho river, in the province of

Kan-sou.

APPENDIX. 651

Cononympha sinica.

Cenonympha sinica, Alphéraky, Stett. ent. Zeit. xlix. p. 66 (1888) ; Rom. sur Lép. y.
p. 12), pl. vi fig. 7 (1889).

“ Cen. var. philoweno, Esp., affinis, differt statura majori (pracipue 2) strigaque antemarginali
alarum omnium subtus argentea. ¢ 2 =34-41 mill.” (Alphéraky, Stett. ent. Zeit.)

Alphéraky states that the markings of this species agree with those of
C. typhon, Rott., var. philoxenus, Esp., but are more distinct. ‘The undulated
silvery submarginal band on the under surface of all the wings will, however,
serve to separate C. sinica from any form of C. typhon.

This species was met with in June at the foot of the Nian-shan mountains,
in the province of Kan-sou, and in July near the town of Tchin-ta-sy.

Callerebia bocki.
Callerebia bocki, Oberthiir, Etud, d’Entom., xviii. p. 17, pl. vi. figs. 80, 80 @ (1893).

“ Nous avons recu cing ¢ trés frais du Su-Tchuen occidental (Vench’uan et Traku); ils nous ont
été transmis par M. Carl Bock qui les tenait de ses chasseurs indigénes.

‘** Le dessus est brun noir, 4 peu prés comme hades, Stgr., du Turkestan. Le disque porte une
tache divisée en quatre parties par les nervures, d’aspect velouté plus noir que le fond (il faut
cependant présenter le Papillon de coté pour bien la voir). Les ailes sont bordées d’un seul
rang de points violatres intranervuraux, cerclés de noir plus foncé que le fond des ailes.

‘En dessous, les premicres ailes sont d’un rouge. ocracé, avec la cote grisatre, l’apex et le bord
terminal teints d’abord de grisitre, puis de brunatre ; une ligne sinueuse noiratre parallele au
bord terminal; quatre taches intranervurales blanc violatre, les deux supérieures plus largement
cerclées de noir que les deux autres; enfin une ligne rouge foncé descendant du bord costal
vers le bord interne, entre la cellule discoidale et les quatre taches blanc violatre cerclé de
noir, précitées.

‘Les ailes inférieures sont gris foncé traversées au-dela du milicu par une ligne sinueuse brune
extérieurement éclairée de gris jaunatre. De plus, on voit une rangée de points blancs
intranervuraux et une série de croissants bruns formant une ligne régulicrement sinuée entre
les points blancs précités et le bord terminal qu’elles suivent tout-a-fait parallclement.

“« Les antennes, le corps et les pattes sont noirs en dessus et gris en dessous.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

Somewhat resembles C. albipuncta, Leech (ante, p. 102), on the under

surface.

Callerebia carola.
Callerebia carola, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 18, pl. vi. figs. 79, 79a@ g (1893).
‘“‘ Nous possédons beaucoup d’exemplaires des deux sexes, recueillis par les chasseurs indigénes
de M. Carl Bock & Vench’uan et Traku (Su-Tchuen occidental),
‘‘Les ailes du ¢ sont en dessus d’un brun assez uniforme, mais un peu plus foneé sur le milieu
que sur les bords, avee quatre points violatres aux supcricures ct denx aux inférieures, Ces

652 APPENDIX.

points violatres sont entourés de noir. Aux supérieures les deux points les plus rapprochés
de T’apex sont compris dans le méme entourage noir; les autres points ont chacun leur cercle
noir séparé. De plus, aux ailes supérieures, une tache fauve rouge, affectant une forme
générale presque triangulaire, ayant sa base prés du bord costal et sa pointe vers langle
interne, entoure les points violatres, cerclés de noir.

‘* Aux ailes inférieures, un cercle fauve rouge entoure le cercle noir.

«En dessous, les points violatres du dessus sont reproduits avec la méme entourage noir, mais aux
supérieures seulement, sur un fond rouge oeracé ; la cdte est brune, ainsi que l’apex et le bord
terminal; mais un semis épais d’atomes gris s’étend, sur l’apex et la partie du bord terminal
qui en est voisine.

“ Les inférieures sont brunes, saupoudrées d’un semis €pais d’atomes gris, qui donne & la surface
des ailes un aspect général grisitre, avee des ombres assez obscures, surtout prés du bord
antérieur et prés du bord terminal. Une ligne de points blancs intranervuraux est parallcle
au bord terminal.

* Les franges sont brunes et grisatres. En dessus le corps est brun foncé en dessous brun grisatre.

“La @ difftre du ¢ par l’extension des cercles noirs qui entourent les points violatres aux
supérieures, un lavis rongeatre sur l’espace cellulaire des supérieures, un supplément de points
violatres intranervuraux aux inférieures, en remontant vers le bord antérieur.

‘En dessous, la surface des ailes inférieures a un aspect plus jaunatre et un éclaircie sinueuse,
plus accentuée que chez le ¢ , descend du bord anal.

“ Lespéce parait peu varier. Cependant chez certains ¢, les taches violatres sont aux ailes
inférieures, comme chez la 2, au nombre de trois ou quatre, allant en se rapetissant vers le
bord antérieur.” (Oberthiir, 1. c.) -

This is a good species, and seems to come between C. sylvicola, Oberth.,

and C. pratorum, Oberth.; it has some of the more important characters of
each of these species.

Melanitis leda (ante, p. 106).

I find on further examination that the specimens figured as var. ismene
(Plate XIII. figs. 2 & 5) are not typical; Mr. Moore refers them to his
M. bela. Under whatever name this insect may stand, however, I have little
doubt that it represents a seasonal form of M. /eda in the district under
consideration. ‘The specimens are fairly constant in the Chinese localities
from which they came, and in most of those places typical J/. leda has also

been found.

Calinaga lhatso.
Calinaga thatso, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 13, pl. vi. fig. 81 (Nov. 1893),

‘Comme les Parnassius, dont toutes les espéces présentent une disposition générale des taches
tout-d-fait analogue, les Calinaga offrent tous le méme dessin,

APPENDIX. 653

“ Lhatso differe de tous les autres par la teinte jaunatre de ses taches en dessus, le lavis orangé
qui s‘étend sur l’angle anal, la couleur jaune ocracée qui fait le fond des ailes inférieures et
de l’apex des supérieures en dessous.

“De plus, les ailes sont plus opaques, les parties noires plus accentuées, et la forme des ailes
moins arrondie que dans davidis ; elle est cependant moins anguleuse que chez buddha.

** Tsé-kou (Thibet), R. P. Dubernard.” (Oberthiir, 1. ¢.)

This appears to be a very distinct species. M. Oberthiir (/. ¢.) also records
C. buddha from the same locality, but I am inclined to think that this
is an aberrant form of C. davidis, a species he previously confounded with

C. buddha.

Dichorragia nesseus. |
Michorragia nesseus, Grose Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. p. 217 (1893).

“ Male. Upperside dark bluish green. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by three black bars,
that nearest the base nearly obsolete; beyond the cell, across the disk between the veins, is
a curved row of indistinct greyish spots, the second and third of which are elongate; a sub-
marginal row of sagittate grey markings, elongated inwardly to the extent of about one third
of the wings, those towards the apex being more elongate and narrower than the others ;
there are no spots on the outer margin. Posterior wings more bluish green than the anterior
wings and without grey markings, except three small hastate lines near the apex, with grey
lines at their base, the lowest almost obsolete ; beneath these, on the outer margin between
the veins, is a series of black hastate spots.

“Underside: anterior wings bluish black, with the spots beyond the cell more distinct and the bars
crossing the cell and a small spot beyond viclaceous; the sagittate markings as on the
upperside, but more distinct. Posterior wings olivaceous, the hastate spots at the apex as
on the upperside, and the series of marginal black spots faintly and very narrowly bordered
with white.

“‘ Expanse of wings 23 inches,

“One example. Omei-shan, Western China.
“Near to D. nesimachus, Boisduval, but considerably less maculate.”

(Grose Smith, l.c.)
A figure of this species will be given in a future part of ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’
by Grose Smith and Kirby.

Euthalia strephon.
Euthalia strephon, Grose Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. p. 216 (1893).

“‘Upperside olivaceous green. Anterior wings crossed beyond the middle from the costal to the
submedian nervures by a pale greenish-yellow band, widest on the costa, narrowest between
the two upper median nervules; a small yellowish somewhat elongate spot near the costal
margin, and a larger oval spot of same colour at the outer edge of the bard beneath it ; the
space between and on each side of the dark bars which cross the cell is also pale greenish
yellow. Posterior wings with a pale greenish-yellow curved band following the contour of

4R

654 APPENDIX.

the outer margin from the middle of the costa, gradually narrowing and becoming obsolete
towards the lowest median nervule; an oval dark ring crossing the cell and an indistinct
submarginal row of dark green hastate spots.

“Underside olivaceous yellow. On the anterior wings the yellowish-green band is more clearly
defined and edged on each side with black, narrowly towards the costa, gradually and
irregularly becoming broader towards the submedian nervure, where it ceases. Posterior
wings with the pale greenish-yellow curved band as above, bordered on each side with
olivaceous green, the space round the spots in the cell and on the outer margin being the
same colour as the central band.

** Expanse of wings 23 inches.

“Nearest to E. omeia, Leech, which it resembles in colour, but the posterior
wings are very different.

“Five specimens were sent, apparently all males. Omei-shan, Western
China.” (Grose Smith, 1. ¢.)

This species will be figured in a future part of ‘Exotic Butterflies’ by
Grose Smith and Kirby.

Kuthalia irrubescens.

Euthalia irrubescens, Grose Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. p. 216 (1893).

* Male. Upperside: anterior wings with the basal half dark green, almost black, the outer half
paler and slightly metallic, the veins, with streaks between them on the paler portion of the
wings, being the same colour as the basal half; the cell is crossed in the middle by an
irregular crimson bar, and there is another crimson bar, narrower and somewhat indistinct,
at the end of the cell. Posterior wings the same colour as the basal half of the anterior
wings, being paler across the disk and traversed by the dark veins with streaks between, as
on the outer half of the anterior wings; two dark bars across the cell, and there is a crimson
elongate spot parallel with the outer margin between the submedian neryure and the lowest
median nervule; the costal margin is pale and tinged with a bluish shade.

“ Underside similar to the upperside, but paler. Anterior wings with the crimson bars across and
at the end of the cell wider and more distinct, and a small black spot below the median
nervure at its junction with the lowest median nervule. Posterior wings with two crimson
bars crossing the ecll, two crimson spots below the costal nervure and upper median nervule
respectively, another crimson spot on the costal margin near the precostal nervure, and
another at the base ; on the outer margin at the ends of the dark streaks between the veins is
a row of crimson spots, those nearest the anal angle the most distinct, and those in the middle
nearly obsolete ; the inner margin from the base to the anal angle is broadly edged with
crimson, Antenna black, the collar and palpi crimson.

* Expanse of wings 24 inches.

“One specimen only. Omei-shan, Western China.

“ Allied to L. lubentina, Cramer, var, /udonia, Staudinger, and whitehead,
Grose Smith.” (Grose Smith, 1. ¢.)

Grose Smith and Isirby will figure this species in a future part of ‘ Exotic
Butterflies,’

APPENDIX. 655

Euripus funebris (ante, p. 150).

The female of this species differs from the male in being larger, and in having a broader crimson
dash in the discoidal cell.
Expanse 140 millim.

One example, from Omei-shan, in the collection of Mr. Grose Smith.

Limenitis albomaculata.

Limenitis albomaculata, Leech, Entomologist, xxiv., Suppl. p. 28, ¢ (Feb. 1891) ; ante,
p- 178; Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xvi. p. 7, pl. ii. fig. 15 (1892); op. cit. xvi.
p: 15, pl. vi. fig. 82, 9 (1893).

“La 2 de Limenitis albomaculata difftre beaucoup du § par le dessus des ailes. Celles-ci sont
brunes. Les supérieures ont un gris trait cellulaire jaunatre, une bande maculaire jaunatre,
extracellulaire, déciivant du bord costal au bord interne un are un peu irrégulier de forme et
de continuité, enfin une tache apicale divisée en trois parties par les nervures de la méme
couleur jaunitre un peu fauye.

“Les ailes inférieures sont traversces par une bande également jaunitre, légérement courbe,
naissant au bord costal et descendant jusque prés du bord anal. De plus, les deux ailes sont
bordées d'une double ligne brun pale qui suit parallélement le contour extérieur des ailes.

‘Le dessous, surtout aux inférieures, rappelle beaucoup plus le ¢. Les taches et bandes jaunatres
qu’on remarque sur les ailes en dessus, sont reproduites exactement en dessous, mais en blane,
sauf la tache longue cellulaire qui reste jaunatre.

“Nous possédons deux 9 seulement. Le ¢ parait commun dans la région comprise entre Ta-
Tsien-Lot et Mou-Pin.” (Oberthiir, 1. c., 1893.)

The insect which M. Oberthiir has figured and described as the female of
Limenitis albomaculata is very different in appearance to the male of this
species ; in fact, the only characters at all identical are those on the basal two
thirds of secondaries on under surface and the transverse marks crossing the
discoidal area.

. eye
Limenitis cleophas.

Limenilis cleophas, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 16, pl. vi. fig. 83 (1893).

«En dessus, cleophas ressemble a recurva, Leech (Butterflies from China, pl. xvii. fig. 9); c’est un
papillon d’un brun noir un peu violatre, avec des taches blanches, petites, disposées 4 peu pres
comme dans recurva, sauf toutefois pour l'espace cellulaire des ailes supérieures ot il y a un
seul trait trausversal assez épais, et pour la bande maculaire paralléle au bord terminal des
inférieures, plus rapprochées de ce bord terminal.

“En dessons, l’aspect de la Limenitis cleophas est assez spécial. Les taches blanches du dessus
sont reproduites, mais généralement un peu élargies ; le fond des ailes est mélangé de brun
chocolat foncé, de brun pale et de gris. La cellule des supérieures est close par un trait noir
vif, surmonté d’un trait fauve; au-dessons de la tache blanche cellulaire, entre deux traits
noirs sinueux, on voit une tache fauve, et prés de la base, encoro dans l'espace cellulaire, un

4R2

656 APPENDIX.

trait noir, au milieu d’un fond gris. Prés de la base surtout, la céte est gris jaundtre. Au-
dessous de la neryure médiane, il y a une tache brune bordée de noir dans un espace gris.

* Aux ailes inférieures, le bord anal est gris bleudtre, ainsi que l'espace basilaire, jusyu’au pres
du bord costal qui est fauve. Hn deca de la bande maculaire blanche transversale, Ul y a prés
du bord costal une tache chocolat foncé, & laquelle est juxtaposve une. tache fauve lisérée de
noir et pénétrée en dessous par une petite tache gris bleudtre. Ces deux taches, celle qui est
chocolat foncé et celle qui est fauve, sont toutes deux triangulaires et dirigent leur pointe en
sens inverse.

“Te dessous du corps est gris. Les pattes sont grises au premier article, ensuite un peu
jaunatres.

**Ta-Tsien-Lot et Mou-Pin. Nous ne connaissons pas la 9 ” (Oberthur, 1. c.)

‘This species appears to be more nearly allied to LZ. amphyssa, Ménétriés,
than to Athyma recurva, Leech.

Athyma recurva (ante, p. 176).

M. Oberthiir (Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 17), referring to the female of this
species, states that it only differs from the male in the greater expanse of the
wings and in the enlargement of the white spots, especially on the

primaries.

Zizera christophi.

Lycena christophi, Staudinger, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 87; Christoph, Rom. sur Lép. i.
p. 102, pl. v. figs. 2a, 26; Grum-Grshimailo, op. cit. iv. p. 376 (1890) ; Alphéraky,
op. cit. v. p. 108 (1889).

Polyommatus samudra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1874, p. 574, pl. Ixvii. fig. 2.

‘ Vale. Upperside pale lavender-blue, exterior margins and end of veins of both wings and anterior
border of hind wing slightly fuliginous ; costal edge white ; cilia white, slightly brown at
end of veins; abdominal margin greyish white ; antenne black, ringed with white. Under-
side greyish white, slightly greenish at base of hind wings; fore wing with a discal transverse
recurved row of black spots, each with a white border; a narrow white-bordered black streak
at end of the cell, and a submarginal series of blackish lunules; hind wing with a series of
eight small white-bordered black spots, two being near anterior margin towards the base,
five on the disk, and one on abdominal margin; a pale-bordered short black streak at end
and a dot within cell a submarginal series of narrow black lunules with inner white borders
and a marginal row of small metallic silvery spots, which are slightly bordered within with
red,

‘ Female differs above in having the wings anteriorly and the veins broadly fuliginous, and beneath
in the partial absence of the discal series of spots on the hind wing.

‘‘Expanse, d14, 2 14 inch.

‘* Habitat. Gol and Skardo, Baltistan.” (Moore, 1. ¢.)

\lphéraky states that a female specimen of this species was met with on

APPENDIX. 657

the Ist of July near the village of Houan-tchin, in the province of Kan-sou,
and that it differed from typical examples in the absence of the metallic
submarginal markings on under surface of secondaries; this form, however,
he states, occurs occasionally among specimens from Askahabad.

In 1887 I took a long series of L. samudra in Ladak and Baltistan, where
they were flying amoung bushes along the river-side. I find that all these
specimens differ from L. christophi as figured (/. c.) in the following
characters :—The blue coloration of both sexes is much more tinged with
violet, and the female much more suffused with black. On the under surface
of both sexes the transverse band of black spots on the primaries is not
regularly curved as in L. christophi, and terminates in a doubie spot placed
exactly below the one preceding it; the black spots of secondaries are not
‘so well defined, and many of them are frequently absent. ‘They appear to
agree, however, with Staudinger’s description, and also with specimens of
LL. christophi sent me by M. Grum-Grshimailo from Dshaungaria.

Distribution. Persia, Pamir, Turkestan, Baltistan, Ladak, Thibet, and

Northern China.

Satsuma leechi.

Thecla leechii, de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vit. p. 385 (1892),

Satsuma nicévillet, Leech, ante, p. 355.

‘* Female. Upperside: both wings pale blue. Fore wing with the costa broadly black, that
colour reaching to the subcostal nervure; the apex very broadly and the outer margin also
broadly but decreasingly black. Hind wing with the costa and apex rather broadly, the
outer margin narrowly pale fuscous; a fine black anteciliary thread ; the cilia cinereous.
Under surface : both wings ferruginous, rather darker on the hind wing. Fore wing with
an irregular darker discal line, commencing on the costa and ending on the first median
neryule, outwardly defined with whitish; the inner margin broadly pale fuscous. Hind
wing with very indistinct discal and submarginal lines; the abdominal margin and anal
lobe heavily sprinkled with black scales. The upperside of this species agrees with the
description of S. chalybeia, but the underside is ferruginous not grey, and the fore wing has
no discoidal spot. The markings and ground-colour of the underside are almost exactly as
in Japanese males of S. frivaldszkyi [? ferrea, Butl.] in my collection, but the latter is
considerably paler, and the former are far less distinct; whether these are specific or sexual

differences I am unable to say.” (de Nicéville, 1. c.)
Since describing S. nicévillet I find that M. de Nicéville has called his

insects from the Khasi hills ‘ Zhecla’ leechit. If on comparison these
specimens should prove to be identical with examples from Western China

the synonymy of the species will be as above.

658 APPENDIX.

Genus CIGARITIS.
Cigaritis, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 98; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 138 (1881).

* Caracteres. Antennes droites, légérement annelées de blanc, terminées par une masse allongée
fusiforme et tronquée 4 son extrémité ; palpes trés allongées, depassant de beaucoup la téte ;
les premiers articles trés grands, revétus 4 leur partie inférieure de poils écailleux ; le dernier
beaucoup plus court, gréle, toujours bien distinct des précédents, terminé en pointe arrondie a
son extrémité et A peine revétu de poils écailleux ; yeux de forme ovalaire, assez bombés et
entourés de poils écailleux ordinairement blancs. Thorax assez robuste. Abdomen court, A
moitié caché par les bords internes. des inférieures qui ne forment pas goutticre dans l'état de
repos. Cellules discoidales des ailes supérieures et inférieures ouvertes. Ailes inférieures
ayant le bord externe légérement dentelé; l'angle anal assez profondément échancré, avec les
cotés de cette échancrure ordinairement pourvus d’une petite queue; ailes supérieures et
inférieures ordinairement ornées en-dessous de petites taches métalliques. Crochets de touts
les tarses petits.” (Lucas, l. ¢.)

‘ Butterflies having very much the aspect of those of the genus Polyommatus | Chrysophanus]; the
upper surface of the wings, however, have not the metallic coppery lustre of that genus.
Beneath they are white, with various brown and silvery markings. The hind wings are
strongly emarginate and often tailed.” (Lang, l. ¢.)

Cigaritis acamas.

Lycena acamas, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. x1. figs. 7-9 (1834).

Cigaritis acamas, Lang, Butt. Kur. p. 138 (1884); Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 104
(1889).

Polyommatus epargyros, Eversmann, Bull, Mose, 1854, 11. p. 178, pl. 1. figs. 1, 2.

“ Fulvous; fore wings with a black stripe running from the costa downwards, and three black
costal stripes. Hind wings with two hind marginal tails, with blackish stripes. and spots
arranged parallel to the hind margins. Underside white, beautifully spotted and banded with
brown and silver.

“ Expanse 1:25 to 1°35 in.” (Lang, 1. ¢.)

Habitat. Syria, Persia, Central Asia.

Alphéraky records several examples of both sexes taken between the
21st July and 9th August in the desert of Gobi and Mongolia, and states that

they differ in no way from specimens from Russian ‘Turkestan,

Aporia lhamo.
Pieris thamo, Oberthiir, Ktud. d’?Entom, xviii. p. 13, pl. il. fig. 27 (Nov. 1893).

* Differe @halisca, Oberth., par le semis serré d’atomes noirs qui couvre la surface des ailes en
dessus et des supérieures en dessous, tout en laissant les espaces intranervuraux moins
fonces que le yoisinage des nervures. ‘I'sé-kou (Thibet), R. P. Dubernard.

* Nous possédons cing exemplaires de P?. dhano bien semblables entre eux, Il se pourrait que ce
fit une forme obseure dhalisea: cependant halisca se trouve A Tsé-kou comme 4 Té-T'sien-
Lot.” (Oberthir, 1. ¢.)

APPENDIX. 659

M. Oberthiir suggests that this may be a melanic form of his P. halisca
(= Aporia procris, Leech). He does not mention the sex of A. /hamo, but I
am inclined to think that it may prove to be the female of A. procris, of which
I have only received male examples In coloration it differs from male
A. procris in the same manner that the female of A. davidis does from the
male of that species.

Aporia potanini.
Aporia martineti, Oberthiir, ? 2, Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 95, pl. v. fig. 1 (1889).
Aporia potanini, Alphéraky, loc. cit. p. 96.

Alphéraky considered that two female specimens of Aporia taken in
July 1885, in the valley of the Hei-ho, province of Kan-sou, were probably
the then unknown female of Aporia martineti, Oberth., but reserved to
himself the name potanini in the event of their proving to be distinct; and
this 1s now found to be the case.

In his remarks on these specimens, Alphéraky states that the neuration of
the secondaries, the shape of the discoidal cell, which is broader and shorter
than in A. hippia, Brem., also the comparative brevity of nerve eight, inclined
him to think that they were females of A. martineti; at the same time he
considered that they agreed better in many characters with the females of
A. crategi, with which they are identical in the neuration and shape of wings,
but differ, however, in the dark grey coloration of both surfaces of the wings,
and in having an ochreous yellow patch at the base of the secondaries on the
under surface; moreover, there is no trace of the yellow coloration between
the nerves so characteristic of A. martineti, A. hippia, and its variety dieti.

Mesapia peloria.

Pieris peloria, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. 1., Pier. pl. 1. figs. 18, 16 (1853).

Mesapia peloria, Kirby, Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 510 (1871).

Aporia peloria, Vixsen, Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 97 (188).

“‘Upperside white, slightly tinged with yellow, the body and the base of the wings very black.
Anterior wing with the costal margin and the nervures broadly brown. Posterior wing with
nervures black, the nervules tinted with lilac, the end of each marked with a large spot of
brown upon the outer margin.

“ Underside the same, except that the posterior wing is yellow, the nervules broadly brown, and
that the base is marked with orange.

‘“«Expanse 1,5 inch. Habitat. Chinese Tartary.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)

660 APPENDIX.

Alphéraky records a female specimen taken on the 11th July, 1885, on the
Tchagola Mountains, in the province of Kan-sou, above the forest limit. He
states that this example differs from those taken by the Przewalsky Expedition
in N.E. Thibet, in being larger and narrower in the wing.

I received specimens of J/. peloria from Amdo, but I overlooked Alphéraky’s
record of this species from the province of Kan-sou (ante, p. 474).

Calliana pieridoides (ante, p. 557).

Calliana pieridoides, Moore; de Nicéville, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ. vi. p. 377, pl. G.
fig. 25, @ (1891).

“Female. Upperside: both wings and cilia dull hair-brown. Fore wing with a very large oval
spot occupying the outer end of the discoidal cell, but not quite reaching the discocellular
nervules ; a circular spot towards the base of the second median interspace, an oval spot,
rather larger than the spot above it, in the middle of the first median interspace—these spots
lustrous, semi-transparent white; the spot in the cell is anteriorly continucd broadly to the
costa in an opaque snow-white patch. Hind wing with the black spots of the underside
showing through obscurely. Underside: both wings with the ground-colour a little paler

than above, slightly washed with vinous. Fore wing with the spots as above, but with an
additional small rounded opaque white spot in the middle of the submedian interspace placed
somewhat near the outer margin. Hind wing with a large rounded black spot close to the
outer end of the cell, with eight smaller black spots round the cell placed one in each
interspace, of which the fourth, fifth, and seventh are smaller than the others. Thorax and
abdomen concolorous with the wings. Palpi (all except the third joint, which is deep black)
bright chrome-yellow.

“Though the female of this species differs so markedly in coloration from its brilliantly snow-white
male, I have no doubt whatever that I have correetly paired the sexes, ‘The position of the
lurge spot at the end of the discoidal cell of the fore wing and the black spots on the dise
of the hind wing is the same in both, otherwise the sexes are strikingly dissimilar in
appearance, The palpi are bright chrome-yellow also in both sexes, all except the terminal
joint ; but the thorax of the female is brown throughout, while in the male it is anteriorly
bright chrome-yellow. © Mr. Doherty [ante, p. 558] was evidently perfectly correct in
conjecturing that the female of this rare butterfly would be ‘ dark-coloured,’

“ Described from a single example in Mr. H. J. Elwes’s collection obtained by the Rev. Walter
A, Hamilton’s native collectors in the Khasi hills, Assam. Mr. Hamilton has given me
three males from the same locality.” (de Nicéville, l. ¢.)

Hesperia tessellum.
Syrichthus tessetlum, Wibuer; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 339, pl. Ixxviit, fig. 5 (1884).

*Txpands from 1°25 to 1°30 in. Somewhat resembles [//.] proto above, but is larger, and its

colouring is darker brown, without any green tinge; the spots are whiter and more distinct,

APPENDIX. 661

the marginal rows of spots being well defined. Underside brown, with a greenish tinge.
Fore wings with two rows of oblong white spots, besides a white discal spot and another on
the costa near the apex. Hind wings with a white central band and faintly white hind
marginal and basal spot ; fringes of the wings black and white.

“« Habitat. Meadows in South Russia, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Persia.” (Lang, l. c.)

Alpheéraky (Rom. sur Lép. v. p. 121) records a single female taken in June
at Yan-myn-gouan, in the province of Chan-si, North China, which he says
differs from typical specimens in the yellower green coloration of the under
surface of secondaries. This author makes no reference to //. gigas, Bremer,
which has not hitherto been recorded from the region here dealt with,
although it occurs in Central Asia as well as Amurland.

Dr. Staudinger, who formerly considered this species might be a form of
H. (P.) gigas, Bremer, but has since altered his opinion, states that Graeser
informed him that there were specimens of //. tessellum from Amurland in
Tancré’s collection, but Dr. Staudinger seems inclined to doubt the accuracy
of this statement.

Thanaos tages.

Thanaos tages, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. 1. pl. xii. fig. 8 (1836).
Nisoniades tages, Linneus; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 348, pl. Ixxxi. fig. 7 (1884).
Nisoniades tages, var. sinina, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Soc. Ent. Ros. 1891, p. 461.

“ Expands from 1 to 1:25 in. Fore wings with the discal portion grey; near the costa is a large
dark brown spot and another near the inner margin ; there is a submarginal dark brown band,
and a marginal band of a still darker colour, having whitish dots. This pattern is most
marked in the male; in the female it is less distinct and paler. Hind wings dark brown,
with a darker marginal band, on which are dots similar to those on the fore wings, and often
some pale spots on the discal portion. Underside almost uniform brown, lighter than above,
Fringes of all the wings brown and without spots. April and August.

“ Larva tapering towards the extremities, bright green, with a yellow lateral stripe, and a second
obscure line above the spiracles. Head brown. Feeds on Lotus coriculatus in May and
September.

“« Pupa green, tinged with red on the dorsal surface.” (Lang, 1. ¢.)

Habitat. Europe ; Western, Central, and N.E. Asia.

Var. sinina. “Alis supra et subtus pallidioribus, griseo atomatis, maculis submarginalibus albis,
ceteris distinctissimis. Fimbria multo pallidiore. In montibus ad Dougar-tschen detectus.”
(Gr.-Gr., 1. ¢.)

According to Staudinger this must be a very rare insect in Amurland, as
it has not been recorded from that region since Radde met with it. He also

states that Herz found the species in North China, and the specimens differed
4s

662 APPENDIX.

from European examples in the greater prominence of the white spots on the
under surface, as is the case in specimens from Asia Minor. These North
Chinese specimens appear to agree with the var. sinina, as described
above, for examples of which from Sinin I am indebted to M. Grum-
Grshimailo.

Arnv Ttuckie or Warrus-pone. (From Kurile Islands.)

NE) EX.

[Genera in black type; Genera in brackets following specific names have been used

by previous Authors,

abax, Oberth., Pamphila (Carterocephalus), 587.

Abisara, Feld., 296,

Abrota, Moore, 166.

acacie, Fabr., Thecla, 367, 368,

acamas, Klug, Cigaritis, 658.

aceris, Lep., Neptis, 203.

Achalarus, Scudder, 559,

Achillides, Hiibn.,= Papilio, 535,

achine, Scop., Pararge, 64,

achinoides, Butl.,=Pararge achine, Scop., 64.

acreea, Oberth., Metaporia (Pieris), 463,

Acrophthalmia, Fe/d., 92.

actius, Zversm. (Doritis), = Parnassius jacquemonti,
Boisd., var., 495,

acuminata, Fe/d., =Gonepteryx aspasia, Wén., var.,
443,

acuta, Moore, Curetis, 349.

adelma, Fedd., Isodema (Paraplesia), 116,

adelma, Mitzs,=Delias sanaca, Moore, var., 421,

adipala, Moore, Neptis, 205.

adippe, Linn., Argynnis, 252.

Adolias (Sect. VI.), Feld.,=Dichorragia, Butl., 132,

Adolias, Westw.,=Euthalia, Hiidn., 134.

Adopea, Billb., 590.

egina, G7.-Gir., Lyceena, 303.

wgon, Schiff., Lyczena, 300.

eegonides, Brem.,=Lycena cleobis, Brem., 309,

Aeromachus, de Nicév., 617,

eerope, Leech, Clerome, 112,

wetheria, Lversm.,=Meliteea phoebe, noch, var., 214.

affinis, Stawd.,=Thecla eximia, F%as., 359.

agar, Oberth., Melitaea, 218.

agenor, Linn.,= Papilio memnon, Linn., 2, 544.

agestor, Gray, Papilio (Cadugoides), 556,

aglaia, Linn., Argynnis, 280.

aglaope, Motsch.,=Pieris melete, Wén., var., 449.

agna, Moore, Parnara (Hesperia), 607,

agni (Vanessa), Grapta, 264.

agnicula, Moore, =Grapta c-album, Zinn., var., 266,

agrestis, Olerth., Neope (Satyrus), 53.

ajaka, Moore, = Pieris melete, Mén., var., 454.

albescens, Oberth., Timeleea,= Argynnis maculata, var.
albescens, Oberth., 246.

albescens, Powj.,= Ypthima zodia, Buti., 91.

albicans, Leech, =Neope agrestis, var., 54.

albimacula, Leech,= Sephisa princeps, Ftvs., var., 151.

albipuncta, Leech, Callerebia, 102.

albistriga, Mab. (Scelothrix),= Hesperia zona, Mab.,
var., 577.

albivitta, Oberth.,=Halpe bivitta, Oberth., 624.

albolineata, Powj., Zophoessa (Debis), 45.

albomaculata, Leech, Limenitis, 178, 655,

alcinous, Klug, Papilio, 539, 542,

alcippus, Cram.,=D. chrysippus, var., 5.

alemena, Gr.-Gr.,=Erebia sedakoyii, var., 98, 99,

alebion, Gray, Papilio, 522.

alexis, Zwbr., Hasora, 638.

alexis, Wien. Verz.,=Lyczna icarus, Zott., 306.

alliacmon, de U’Orza, = Papilio bianor, Cram., var.,
528.

allous, Hiibn., =Lyczena astrarche, var., 315.

almana, Linn., Junonia, 282.

alope, Fenton (Lyceena),=Zizera maha, Koll., 325,
326, 327.

alsus, Wien. Verz. (ycena), = Zizera minima,
Fuess., 323.

altissima, Elwes, Argynnis, 227.

alyeus, Hiibn., Hesperia (Syrichthus), 579.

alvinda, Blanch. (Rhodocera), ?=Gonepteryx aspasia,
Mén., var., 442,

4s2

664 INDEX.

alwina, Brem., Neptis (Limenitis), 201.

alysos, Moore ( Plesioneura), = Notocrypta feisthamelii,
Boisd., 627.

amaryllis, Cram., Coenonympha, 95.

Amathusia, Herr.-Schiiff., 122.

amba, Moore, Neptis, 199.

ambica, Kol/., Apatura, 155.

Amblopala, Leech, 341.

Amblypodia (auctorum), nec Horsf., = Arhopala,
Boisd., 342.

Amecera, Butl., 67.

ameria, Hew., Mahathala (Amblypodia, Narathura),
347.

amintha, Blanch. (Rhodocera),=Gonepteryx rhamni,
Tinn., var., 440.

amisena, Hew., Rapala (Surendra, Amblypodia),
346.

amphyssa, Mén., Limenitis, 182.

anurensis, Graeser,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn., var.,

441,
amurensis, Mab. (Pamphila), = Augiades sylvanus,
602.

amurensis, Mén.,=Leucophasia sinapis, Linn., var.

amurensis, Staud.,=Argynnis ino, Rott., var., 230.

amurensis, Staud., = Sericinus telamon, Don., yar.,
489.

anadyomene, J¢/d., Argynnis, 240.

ananta, Moore, Neptis, 197.

andersoni, Atk., Zophoessa (Debis), 45.

androcles, Duubl., Ierda, 405.

androgeos, Cram.,=Papilio memnon, Linn., 544.

anemone, Ie/d.,=Terius hecabe, Linn., 429.

angelica, Cram.,=Grapta (Vanessa) c-aureum, Linn.,
266,

angulata, Moore, Curetis, 348.

angustata, Staud.,= Limenitis sibylla, Linn, var.,
185.

annulifer, Butl., = Coenonympha cedipus, Labr.,
var., 94.

anomala, Woll.,=Pareba (Acraa) vesta, Fabr., 115.

Anops, oisd.,=Curetis, Iiibn., 348.

Anthocharis, Poisd., 475.

antigone, Leech, Neptis, 192.

antilope, Leech, Neptis, 195, 197.

antiopa, Linn., Vanessa, 256.

antonia, Butl,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn., var., 441,

antonia, Oberth. (Limenitis),?=Neptis amba, Moore,
var., 199,

anura, de Nicév., Iasora, 639.

anyte, JZew., Wuthalia (Adolias), 139.

Apatura, Iabr., 153.

aphirape, Hiihn., Arzynnis, 222.

Aphneus, [iibn., 409.

apollo, Zinn., Parnassius, 499, 505.

Aporia, Hiibn., Pontia, Labr., Butl., 467.

Apostictopterus, Leech, 630.

aquilina, Spey., Ismene, 635.

arachne, Leech, Neptis, 191.

Araschnia, Hiibn., 267.

arata, Brem., Rapala (Theela), 865, 381, 416.

arboretorum, Oberth. (Limenitis), = Neptis pryeri,
Butl., 206.

arcana, Lecch, Everes (Lyciena), 329.

arcturus, Westw., Papilio, 533.

arete, Cram.,=Lethe europa, Fabr., 20.

arete, Miill.,=Epinephele hyperanthus, var., 80.

Arge, Westw.,=Melanargia, Metyen, 58.

argentata, Jvvs., = Melitea protomedia, Mén., var.,
217.

argentata, Leech, Zophoessa, 46.

argia, Mén. (Lyceena),=Zizera maha, Koll., var., 325.

argiades, Pall., Everes (Lyciena), 328.

argus, Butl., Ypthima, 90, 649.

argus, Linn., Lyeawna, 301.

Argynnis, Fubr., 221.

areyrostigma, Lversm., Pamphila (Carterocephalus),
585.

argyrotoxus, Bergst.,= Lycrena egon, Schiff, 300.

Arhopala, Boisd., 542.

ariana, Moore, =Lyciena icarus, 2ott., var., 307.

arion, Linn., Lyciena, 315,

aristolochie, Zabr., Papilio (Menelaides), 554.

armandi, Oberth., Davidina, 474.

Armandia, Blanch., Bhutanitis, Atkinson, 489.

armandia, Oberth., Neptis, 194, 195.

armandiana, Pouw)., Wuthalia, = Adolias kardama,
Moore, 136.

armandii, Oberth., Neope (Satyrus), 50,

armandina, Oberth., Zophoessa (Debis), 43.

arsilache,=Argynnis pales, Schiff, var., 224.

artemis, Wen. Verz.,=Melitea aurinia, Rott., 212.

arvensis, Oberth., Mpinephele (Satyrus), 78.

asiatica, Lliwes,= Lycsena pheretes, Ziibn., var., 806.

asiatica, Mén.,=Papilio machaon, Linn., var., 516,

aspasia, Mén., Gonepteryx, 442,

aspasia, Leech, Neptis, 193.

aspersa, Leech, Celenorrhinus, 571.

assama, Westw., Clerome, 113.

assimilis, Zinn., Hestina, 1438,

asterie, Linn., Junonia, 280,

asthala, Moore, Symbrenthia, 285,

Astictopterus, /e/d., 629.

astra, Leech,=Satyrus dryas, Scop., var., 70.

INDEX. 665

astrarche, Bergst., Lyceena, 315.

Astycus, Catal. Frank.,=Telicota, Moore, 600.

asura, Moore, Athyma, 169,

aswa, Moore, Melanitis (Cyllo), 108.

atalanta, Zinn., Pyrameis (Vanessa), 252,

ataxus, Hew., Zephyrus (Dipsas), 374.

Atella, Doudl., 207.

athalia, Rott., Melitza, 214.

Athyma, MWestw., 167.

atticus, Fabr., Tagiades (Hesperia), 573.

attilia, Brem., Zephyrus (Thecla), 392.

augiades, Feld., Telicota, 600.

Augiades, /iihn., 601.

augias, Linn., Telicota (Hesperia), 600.

Aulocera, Butl., 70.

auratus, Leech, = Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., var.,
398.

aurelia, Melitea, 213.

aurinia, Roftt., Melitea, 212.

aurorina, Oderth., = Zephyrus taxila, Brem., var.,
370.

austeni, Moore, Parnara (Baoris), 613, 614.

australis, Boisd.,=Danais hamata, WcLeay, 4.

australis, Graeser,=Argynnis oscarus, Lversm., var.,
222.

australis, Leech, = Hestina japonica, Feld., var., 146.

autonoé, Esper, Satyrus, 69.

avanta, Moore, Ypthima, 89.

avanti, de Nicév., Pamphila, 586.

avatara, Moore (Satyrus), = Aulocera padma, Koll., 71.

ayidiena, Hew., Amblopala (Amblypodia), 341.

badra, Moore, Hasora, 637, 639.

balbita, Moore, Melita, 218.

baldus, Fabr., Ypthima, 90.

bambusze, Moore, Telicota (Pamphila), 600.

bambusarum, Oderth., Anthocharis, 477, 478.

Baoris, Moore, 616.

baralacha, Moore, = Argynnis pales, Schiff, var., 224.

barine, Leech, Lyczena, 304.

bathycles, Zink., Papilio, 525,

battus, Hiibn.,=Lycena orion, Pall., 309.

baucis, Leech, Lethe, 22.

bavius, Lversm., Lyczena, 310.

beautei, Oberth., Ypthima, 85.

beayani, Moore, Parnara, 610,

bela, Moore, Melanitis, 652.

belladonna, Fabr., Delias (Pieris), 418.

pellidice, Ochs.,=Synchloé daplidice, var., 459.

bellona, Leech, Melitza, 219.

benjamini, Guérin, Rhopalocampta (Ismene, Choas-
pes), 641.

bernardus, Fabr.,= Charaxes polyxena, Cram., var.,
125.

beroe, Cram.,=Lethe europa, 20.

beroe, Leech, Neptis, 193.

bethesba, Jans.,=Terias lata, Boisd., var., 426

betule, Linn., Zephyrus (Thecla), 383.

betuloides, Butl. (Blanch. in litt.),= Rapala micans,
Brem., var., 415.

bhairava, Moore, Lethe, 31.

Bhutanitis, Atkinson, Armandia, Blanch., 489.

bianor, Cram., Papilio, 527.

biblina, Godart, =Cethosia biblis, Drury, 120.

biblis, Drury, Cethosia, 120.

bieti, Oberth., Anthocharis, 478.

bieti, Oberth.,= Apatura iris, Zinn., var., 157, 160.

bieti, Oberth., Epinephele, 79.

bieti, Oberth., Hesperia (Syrichthus), 578.

bieti, Oberth. (Pieris),=Aporia hippia, Brem., var.,
470, 471.

bieti, Oberth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 381.

bifasciatus, Brem. § Grey, Achalarus (Eudamus,
Goniloba), 560.

biformis, Pryer,=Terias leeta, Boisd., 427.

bipunctatus, Motsch.,=Satyrus dryas, Scop., var., 69.

bivitta, Oberth., Halpe (Pamphila), 623.

blanchardii, Ma)., Halpe (Hesperilla), 625,

bochus, Cram., Jamides, 334.

bocki, Oberth., Callerebia, 651.

beeticus, Zinn., Polyommatus (Lycena), 337.

bolina, Zinn., Hypolymnas, 1380.

bootes, Westw., Papilio, 551.

borealis, F¢/d.,=Mycalesis gotama, 14.

borealis, Fe/d.,= Papilio polytes, Linn., var., 553.

bouddha, Afad., Augiades (Pamphila), 603.

brahma, Moore, Herda, 405, 406.

brahma, Butl.,=Calinaca buddha, Moore, 118.

brahminus, Blanch., Aulocera (Satyrus), 73.

brassicee, Pieris, 455, 457.

bremeri, Fe/d., Neope (Lasiommata), 51.

brilliantina, Staud., Zephyrus (Thecla), 373.

brisanda, de Nicév., Lethe, 20.

bromus, Leech, Parnara, 614.

bryoniz, Ochs.,= Pieris napi, var., 453.

buchananii, de Nicév., Celenorrhinus, 572.

buddha, G.-G7., Gineis, 6.

buddha, Oberth. (nec Moore),=Calinaga dayidis,
Oberth., 118.

buddha, Moore, Calinaga, 118.

bulis, Doub/., Curetis, 348.

bunea, Herr.-Schiff.,=Apatura ilia, Wien. Verz.,
var., 161.

burejana, Brem., Araschnia (Vanessa), 270.

666 INDEX.

butleri, Fenton, Zephyrus (Thecla), 393.
butleri, Leech, Lethe, 24.

butleri, Moore, Synchloé, 459,

Byasa, Moore,= Papilio, 537.

e-album, Zinn., Grapta (Vanessa), 263.

c-aureum, Linn., Grapta (Vanessa), 266.

cachemiriensis, Oberth., = Parnassius epaphus, Oberth.,
var., 492, 494, 556.

Caduga, Moore, 1.

Cadugoides, Moore, = Papilio, 556.

cenis, Leech, Halpe, 625.

cerulea, Brem. (Thecla),=Rapala micans, Brem.,
414,

cerulescens, Mab., Parnara (Pamphila), 615.

cerulescens, Motsch. (Thecla), ?=Satsuma ferrea,
Butl., 353.

cahira, Moore, Hesperia, 613.

Calinaga, Moore, 117.

calisto, Leech,= Lethe violaceopicta, Pow)., 39, 40,

Callarge, Lecch, 57.

Callerebia, Buti., 101.

Calliana, Moore, 557.

callidice, Lsper, Synchloé (Pieris), 458, 459.

Callidryas, /Hiibn., 423.

calligana, Butl., Tagiades, 574.

callipteris, Butl., Lethe (Neope), 85, 36,

callirhoé, Hiibn.,=Pyrameis indica, Herbst, 252.

Calysisme, Woore,=Mycalesis, 12,

Camena, /Zew., 550.

camilla, Lsper (nec Linn.),=Neptis lucilla, Ziibn., 206.

camilla, Leech, Lethe, 31.

campana, Leech,=Mpinephele arvensis, Oberth., var.,
79.

canace, Linn., Vanessa, 25:

canidia, Sparrm., Pieris, 45

carbonaria,G7.-Gr.,=Thecla tengstroemi, Lsch., var.,
369.

cardamines, Linn., Anthocharis «(Muchloé), 476,
478.

cardinal, Gr.-Gr.,=Parnassius delphius, var., 504,

carduelis, Cram.,=Pyrameis cardui, Linn., 251,

cardui, Linn., Pyrameis (Vanessa), 251.

carola, Oberth., Callerebia, 651.

carpenteri, Budl.,= Papilio demetrius, Cram., 546.

Carterocephalus, Led.,=VPamphila, /abr., 585.

carthami, Z/iibn, (Scelothrix), Hesperia, 575,

cassiope, Mén. (Athyma), = Apatura nycteis, M&., ab.,
155,

Castalia (oisd., MS.), ITorsf. § Moore, =Sephisa,
Moore, 150,

castetsi, Oberth.,=Argynnis niphe, Linn., var., 244,

catena, Leech, Pararge, 64.

Catochrysops, Boisd., 335.

catocyanea, Mab,, Aeromachus (Pamphila), 618.

Catopsilia, Hiibn., 423.

caucasica, Staud.,=Melitwea phoebe, Knoch, var., 214.

cauta, Leech, =Sephisa princeps, Frvs., 151.

celaeno, Leech,=Satyrus autonoe, Esper, var., 69.

Celenorrhinus, J/iibn., 569.

centralis, Staud.,=Papilio machaon, Linn., var.,
518.

Cethosia, Fubr., 119.

chalybeia, Leech, Satsuma, 352, 355.

chandala, Moore (Polyommatus),=Zizera maha, Koll.,
325.

chandica, Moore, Lethe (Debis), 19.

chandra, Moore, Sephisa, 151.

chandrana, Moore, Sinthusa (Hypolyciena), 395.

Chapra, Moore,=Parnara, Moore, 606,

Charaxes, Ochs., 123.

charis, Oberth.,= Argynnis gong, Oberth., var., 224.

charonda, Hew., Euripus (Diadema), 148.

charonia, Drury,= Vanessa canace, Linn., 255.

Charus, Moore,= Papilio, 548.

chentsong, Oberth.,=Papilio nevilli, Wd.-Mason,
var., 543.

chevana, Moore, ‘Apatura (Athyma), 155.

childreni, Gray, Argynnis, 243.

chinensis, Fe/d.,=Chrysophanus phleas, Linn, var.,
399, 400.

chinensis, Zeech,=Hestina japonica, eld., var.,
146.

chinensis, Leech,=Luehdorfia japonica, Leech, var.,
491,

chinensis, Leech, =Neptis ananta, Moore, var., 198.

chinensis, Zeech,= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var., 258.

chinensis, ZLecch,=Ypthima newara, Moore, var.,
89, 646.

chinensis, Leech (Cyclopides), = Astictopterus olivas-
cens, Moore, 629.

chinensis, Murray, Lyeciena, 315.

chione, I’e/d., Acrophthalmia, 98.

Chionobas, Jestw.,=(sneis, Hiibn., 74.

chloridice, sper, Synchloé (Pieris), 459.

Choaspes, Moore, = Rhopalocampta, Wallengr., 640.

christi, Oberth., Neope, 49.

christophi, Leech, Lethe, 30.

christophi, Gr.-Gr, (Carterocephalus), = Pamphila
niveomaculatus, Olerth., var., 588.

christophi, Staud., Zizera (Lyceena), 656,

chromus, Cram., Hasora (Parata, Goniloba), 638.

chryseglia, Buti. (Proteides), = Ismene aquilina, Spey.,

635,

INDEX. 667

chrysidice, 77.-S.,= Pieris callidice, Lsp.. var., 460.

chrysippus, Zinn., Danais, 5.

Chrysophanus, //iibn., 396.

chrysus, Oberth. (Apatura),=Dilipa fenestra, Leech,
165,

Cigaritis, Lucas, 658.

cilix, Dist., Papilio, 544.

ciocolatina, Powj., Limenitis, 186.

circe, Leech, Satsuma, 352, 353, 354.

ciris, Leech, Ypthima, 85.

cisseis, Zecch, Pieris, 455.

citrinarius, Motsch., Parnassius, 506.

clara, Blanch., Argynnis, 227.

claripennis, Butl. (Synchloé),= Pieris canidia, var.,
455.

cleobis, Brem., Lyceena, 309,

cleobule, Hiibn.,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn., yar.,

441,

cleodoxa, Ochs.,.=Argynnis adippe, Linn., var., 233.

cleopatra, Linn., =Gonepteryx rhamni, Zinn, var.,441.

cleophas, Oberth., Limenitis, 655.

Clerome, Westw., 112.

clinia, Oberth.,= Ypthima ciris, Leech, 85.

clinioides, Oberth., Ypthima, 85.

clitiphon, Oberth.,=Charaxes posidonius, Leech, 127,

cloanthus, Weséw., Papilio, 525.

clymenus, Leech,= Papilio cloanthus, Westw., vav.,
523.

clytie, Wien. Verz.,=Apatura ilia, Wien. Verz., var.,
161.

enejus, Fabr., Catochrysops (Lycena), 535.

coelestis, Leech, = Lethe chandica, var., 20.

ceelestis, Leech, Zephyrus (Thecla), 383.

ceeligena, Oberth., Lyczena, 312.

Ccenonympha, /iibn., 93.

cognata, Staud, (Thecla),=Zephyrus orientalis, Mur-
ray, var., 376, 378.

colaca, Moore, Parnara, 609,

Coladenia, Woore, 567.

Colias, Borsd., 451.

colunbina, Cram.,=Atella phalanta, Drury, 208.

comes, Leech, Zephyrus (Dipsas), 388.

comma, Linn., Erynnis (Hesperia), 593.

confucius, Fe/d. (Pamphila),=Padraona dara, Koll.,
var., 596,

confucius, Leech, Mycalesis mineus, var., 12.

confucius, Westw., Euthalia (Adolias), 135.

conjuncta, Leech, Ypthima, 82.

connexa, Butl.,= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var., 257,
258,

connexiva, Butl.,=Terias hecabe, Zinn., var., 429.

consanguinea, Leech, Celeenorrhinus, 570.

consanguis, Butl.,=Lethe diana, Butl., 28.

consimilis, Westw., Hestina, 143.

consobrina, Leech, Euthalia, 140,

consors, Leech,=Augiades bouddha, Mab., var., 604.

constricta, A/ph.,=Athyma opalina, Koll., var., 170,
172.

contracta, Butl.,=Catochrysops enejus, Fabr., 837.

contractus, Leech (Iolaus),=Camena icetas, Hev.,
350.

contractus, Zeech,=Achalarus bifasciatus, Brem. 5
Grey, var., 560.

coreana, Butl.,=Argynnis nerippe, Feld., 234, 235.

coreanus, Leech, =Euripus charonda, Hevw., var., 148,
149.

coredippe, Leech, = Argynnis adippe, Linn., var.,
233.

coretas, Ochs. (Lycena), = Everes argiades, Pall., yar.,
329,

coruscans, Zeech, Zephyrus, 373.

cottini, Oberth., Limenitis, 180.

crassa, Leech,=Zephyrus betule, Linn., var., 584.

crateegi, Zenn., Aporia, 471, 475.

crateegioides, Lucas (Leuconea), = Aporia hippia,
Brem., 471.

crateis, Leech, Augiades, 603.

cressonii, Reak.,=Sericinus telamon, var., 486.

crishna, Westw., Neorina (Cylo), 17.

erisilda, Hew., Ragadia, 92.

ecrocale, Cram., Catopsilia, 424.

crucivora, Botsd.,= Pieris rape, Linn., var., 457.

Ctenoptilum, de Nicéville, 574.

ctesia, Hew., Camena, 351.

Curetis, Miibn., 348.

curius, Fabr., Leptocircus (Erycina), 509,

curvifascia, Feld., Notocrypta (Plesioneura), 626.

cybele, Leech, Lethe, 643.

cydippe, Leech, Neptis, 196.

eyllarus, Rolt., Lyczna, 312.

Cyllo, Boisd., 17.

Cyllo, Boisd.,=Melanitis, Fubr., 105.

cyrene, Leech, Lethe, 37.

Cyrestis, Borsd., 247.

dahurica, Graeser,=Chrysophanus dispar, Havw., var.,
397, 398.

Daimio, Murray, 563.

Dalchina, Moore,= Papilio, 524.

dan, Fabr., Coladenia (Hesperia), 567.

Danais, Zatr., 4.

danaya, Woore, Limenitis, 188.

daphne, Schoff., Argynnis, 229.

daplidice, Linn., Synchloé (Pieris), 458.

668 INDEX.

dara, Koll., Padraona (Hesperia), 596.

daruka, Moore, =Symbrenthia hippoclus, Cram., var.,
284.

davidi, Oberth., Lethe (Debis), 29.

davidi, Overth., = Thecla tengstreemi, ZErsch., var.,
368.

davidi, Powj., Everes (Lyceena), 332.

davidianus, Pow. (Satyrus),=Lethe lanaris, Butl., 25.

davidii, Wab., Celeenorrhinus (Pterygospidea), 572.

Davidina, Oberth., 474.

davidina, Oderth., = Aporia dayidis, Oberth., vay.
venata, Leech, 469.

davidis, Oberth., Aporia (Pieris), 468.

davidis, Oberth., Calinaga, 118.

dayidis, Oberth.,=Parnassius nomion, J”sch., var.,
498, 500, 501.

davidis, Powj., Araschnia, 274.

davus, Fabr.,=Ccenonympha typhon, Zoftt., 96.

dea, Leech, =Coladenia dan, Labr., var., 568.

Debasa, Moore,= Papilio, 535.

Debis, Westw.,= Lethe, 18.

dehaani, Z’e/d.,=VPapilio bianor, Cram., var., 528.

deidamia, Lversm., Pararge, 65.

deiphobe, Leech, Mpinephele, 650.

dejanira, Linn., Pavarge, 64.

delai-lama, Mab., Aeromachus (Cyclopides), 620.

delavayi, Oberth. (Callerebia), = Erebia ruricola,
Leech, 100,

delavayi, Oberth. (Syrichthus), = Hesperia oberthiiri,
Leech, 579.

delavayi, Oberth., Metaporia (Pieris), 466.

Delias, /Tiiln., 418.

delphius, Lversm., Parnassius (Doritis), 504.

demea, Oberth. (Carterocephalus),= Pamphila gem-
matus, Leech, 588.

demetrius, Cram., Papilio, 546.

dentata, Moore,=Curetis bulis, Doudl., var., 549.

Dercas, Doisd., 445.

desfontainesii, Lversm.,=Melitea aurinia, Zott., var.,
212.

desfontainii, Godart,=Melitea aurinia, Rott, var.,
212,

desgodinsi, Oberth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 374.

Deudorix, 41°.

dhanada, Moore, Notocrypta (Plesioneura), 629.

Diadema, Westw., 140.

Diadema, part.,=Ilypolymnas, /iibn., 128.

diagoras, ZZew, (Diadema),=Ilestina japonica, £eld.,
146,

dialis, Leech, Papilio, 532,

diamantina, Oberth, (Thecla),=Zephyrus smaragdina,

Brem., 372,

diana, Butl., Lethe (Debis), 28.

Dichorragia, Buil., 132.

dichroa, Koll., Sephisa (Castalia), 151.

dictynna, Lsper, Meliteea, 217.

didyma, Esper, Melita, 211.

diffusa, Leech,= Athyma fortuna, Leech, var., 173.

Dilipa, Moore, 165.

diluta, I’e/d. (Lyceena),=Zizera maha, Koll., 327.

dilutior, Ftzs.,=Argynnis selene, Hiibn., var., 223,

dimila, Moore, = Erynnis comma, var., 595.

diocles, Moore, Astictopterus, 631.

dipbilus, Esper,= Papilio aristolochie, Fabr., 554.

Dipsas (part.), Westw.,=Zephyrus, Dalm., 309.

discalis, Moore, =Curetis bulis, Dowbl., var., 349.

disjuncta, Zeech, Athyma, 175.

dispar, Haworth, Chrysophanus (Polyommatus),
397,

dissimilis, Papilio, 556.

distorta, de Nicév., Zinaspa (Rapala), 346.

diversa, Leech (Pterygospidea), = Daimio narada,
Moore, 566.

divina, F’irs., Lyczena, 314.

Dodona, HHew., 290.

dolope, Feld. (Adolias),=Stibochiona nicea, Gray,
133. A

doris, Zeech, Araschnia, 272.

dromon, Oberth., Ypthima, 85.

dromonides, Overth.,= Ypthima iris, Leech, 84.

dryas, Scop., Satyrus, 69.

dubernardi, Oberth., Aporia (Pieris), 467.

duda, Staud., Euthalia, 138.

dulcinea, Butl. (Ganoris),= Pieris melete, Mén., var.,
450.

dumetorum, Oberth., Pararge, 61.

dumicola, Olerth., Rhaphicera (Satyrus), 56.

duplicata, Staud.,=Limenitis helmanni, Led., var.,
184,

dura, Marsh., Zophoessa, 47.

durga, Koll., Dodona (Meliteea, Taxila), 291.

duryodana, F’e/d., Melanitis, 107.

dyrta, Feld., Lethe (Debis), 21.

edusa, Zabr., Colias, 438.

eleus, Fabr.,=Chrysophanus phieas, Zinn, var.,
399, 400,

eligius, Cram., Celenorrhinus (Plesioneura), 569.

ella, Brem.,=Argynnis anadyomene, Fe/d., 240.

ella, Butl.,=Catochrysops enejus, Labr., 337.

eltola, ZZew., Parnara (Hesperia), 618.

elwesi, Butl.,=Colias hyale, Linn., var., 432,

elwesi, Leech,= Athyma asura, Moore, var., 170.

INDEX. 669

elwesi, Leech, Papilio, 550,

elwesi, Zeech,=Parnassius delphius, Eversm., var.,
504.

elwesi, Leech, Ypthima, 645,

elwesi, Leech, =Zephyrus betule, var., 384.

elwesi, Oberth., Limenitis, 179,

Enispe, Westw., 110.

enthea, Jans., Zephyrus (Thecla), 391.

epaminondas, Staud. (Pararge),=L. ? epimenides, var.,
19,

epaphus, Oberth., Parnassius, 492, 494, 495, 497,
498,

epicles, Godart, Nerda (Polyommatus, Thecla), 408.

epimenides, Mén., Lethe ? (Lasiommata), 19.

Epinephele, Hiihn., 77.

episcopalis, Oberth., Pararge, 62.

epycides, Hew., Papilio, 555.

erate, Murray,=Colias hyale, Zinn., var., 431.

erato, Boisd. (Taxila),= Dodona ouida, Moore, 292.

Erebia, Dalman, 97.

erebina, Butl.,=Pararge deidamia, Eversm., var., 65,
66.

erebus, Gr.-Gr.,=Thanaos pelias, Leech, 581.

erithonius, Cramer, Papilio, 554.

eros, Ochs., Lyceena, 308.

erutze, Borsd., Pouj., = Pieris melete, Mén., var.,
450,

Erynnis, Schrank, 593.

erysimi, iibn., = Leucophasia sinapis, var., 481,
483.

esperi, Butl., Papilio, 544.

Euchloe, Hiiin.,=Anthocharis, Boisd., 476.

eugenes, Bates, Dodona, 292.

eugenia, Eversm., Areynnis, 226.

eumedon, Esper, Lyczena, 307.

eupbemia, Staud.,=Lyceena euphemus, Hiibn., var.,
313, 314.

euphemus, Hiibn., Lycena, 313.

Euralia, Westw.,=Hypolymnas, Wiibn., 128.

Euripus, Westw., 147.

europa, Fabr., Lethe (Debis), 20.

eurous, Leech; Papilio, 521,

eurydice, Leech,=Vieris extensa, Pow., var., 454.

eurynome, MWestw. (Limenitis), Neptis, 202, 203.

Euthalia, Hiiln., 134.

euthymius, Dowbi., Enispe, 111.

eva, Gr.-Gr.,=Argynnis gong, Oderth., var., 224,
226.

evanescens, A/ph.,=Ccenonympha amaryllis, Cram.,
var., 96.

evanescens, Butl., Ypthima, 90.

Everes, Hiibn., 328.

excellens, Butl., Neptis, 200.

eximia, Pts., Thecla, 359, 365,

extensa, Leech,=Grapta c-album, Zinn., var., 265.
extensa, Leech, =Neptis mahendra, var., 202.
extensa, Pouj., Pieris, 454.

extrema, Alph.,=Satyrus autonoé, Esper, var., 69.

fallax, Jans., Araschnia, 270, 272, 273.

farinosa, Zell.,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Zinn., var., 441.

fasciata, Jans. (Thecla),=Zephyrus taxila, Brem.,
var., 370.

fasciatus, Brem.,=Sericinus telamon 2, 485, 487.

fasciola, Leech, Apatura, 159.

fatih, Koll. (Hesperia),=Coladenia dan, Fabr., 567.

faunus, Zdw., Grapta (Vanessa), 265.

feisthamelii, Botsd., Notocrypta (Thymele), 627.

felderi, Butl.,= Daimio sinica, Fedd., 565.

felderi, Leech, =Neope muirheadii, Feld, var., 54.

felicis, Oberth., Lyczena, 307.

fenestra, Leech, Dilipa (Vanessa), 165.

fentoni, Butl.,=Grapta c-album, Zinn., var., 263,
264,

fentoni, Butl. (Neope),= Lethe ? epimenides, 19.

fentoni, Butl. (Strymon),=Thecla w-album, Anoch,
358.

ferrea, Butl., Satsuma (Lyceena, Thecla), 35

fieldii, Wén., Colias, 438.

filicaudis, W. B. Pryer, Everes (Lampides), 331.

fingal, Herbst, = Argynnis euphrosyne, Linn., var., 222.

fischeri, L'versm., Everes (Lyczena), 311, 330.

fixseni, Zeech,=Thecla eximia, Fivs., var., 360, 365.

fixseni, Staud.,=Sericinus telamon, Don., var., 487.

flamen, Leech (Dipsas),= Zephyrus raphaelis, Oberth.,
var., 390.

flava, Murray (Hesperia), = Padraona dara, Koll., var.,
596.

flavalba, Marsh.,=Delias sanaca, Moore, 421.

flavofasciata, Leech,= Lethe davidi, Oberth., var., 30.

flavoides, Leech, Taractrocera, 590.

flavomaculata (-us), Oberth., Pamphila (Carteroce-
phalus), 587.

flegyas, Cram., Zemeros, 290.

flesus, Fabr. (Pterygospidea), Tagiades, 573.

florinda, Butl. (Pamphila),=Erynnis comma, Linz.,
var., 594.

fortuna, Jans., Argynnis aglaia, Zinn., var., 230, 231.

fortuna, Leech, Athyma, 173.

fortunei, Feld. (Hesperia), =Parnara guttatus, Brem.
§ Grey, 609.

fortunei, Gray,=Sericinus telamon, Don., var., 9,
486.

tranciee, Gray, Euthalia (Adolias), 138.

47

9
wv.

670

frater, Oberth.
Leech, 560,

frigea, Thunb., Argynnis, 225.

fritillum, Ziibn.,= Hesperia alveus, Hiibn., var., 580.

frivaldszkyi, Led., Satsuma (Thecla), 352, 353, 354.

fuliginosus, Leech, Apostictopterus, 631.

fulva, Ftvs.,=Thecla prunoides, Staud., var., 363.

fulva, Leech, Apatura, 158. ;

fulvescens, Alph.,=Pararge dumetorum, Oberth., var..

(Eudamus),= Achalarus proximus,

61.
fulvofenestrata, Fvvs., Thecla prunoides, Staud., var.,
363.

fumida, Butl.,= Argynnis daphne, Schiff., var., 229.
famosa, Oberth.,= Aporia hippia, var., 472.
funebris, Leech, Euripus, 150, 655.

fusea, Brem., Niphanda (Thecla, Amblypodia), 340.
fusca, Leech, =Neope armandii, Oberth., var., 50.
fylla, Doubl., Abisara (Taxila), 296.

gabrielis, Leech, =Zephyrus(Thecla)michaelis, Oberth.,
var., 389.

ganescha, Koll.,=(Amathusia) Cyrestis thyodamas,
Boisd., 248.

ganymedes, Leech (nee Westw.),= Charaxes roth-
schildi, Leech, 128.

ganymedes, Westw., Charaxes, 128.

Gareris, Moore,=Mycalesis, 13.

gaschkevitschii, Fe/d., Lasiommata, 52.

Gehlota, Doherty,=Celenorrhinus, Hiibn., 569.

gemina, Leech, Lethe, 39,

gemmata, Butl., Argynnis, 227.

gemmata (-us), Leech, Pamphila (Carterocephalus),
5RS.

gener, Oberth. (udamus), = Achalarus simplex, Leech,
561,

generator, Staud.,= Argynnis pales, Schiff, var., 224.

genesa, Moore, Arhopala (Amblypodia), 343.

genutia, Loisd., Anthocharis, 478, 479.

genutia, Cram., Danais, 6.

germanus, Oberth., Achalarus (Hudamus), 561.

geticus, 2sy.,=Coenonympha cedipus, Fabr., 94.

giddeneme, Oberth.,=Neptis arachne, Leech, 191.

gigantea, Leech, Grapta, 263.

gigantea, Leech, Leucophasia, 484.

glacialis, Butl.,=Parnassius citrinarius, Wotsch., 506.

glauconia, Motsch.,= Vanessa canace, Linn., var., 255,
256.

glicivia, Cram.,= Pieris canidia, Sparvm., 455.

glycerion, Gray, Papilio, 520,

wola, Moore, Padraona (Pamphila), 598,

mata, .Woore, Ismene (Chua pes), O84,
Gonepteryx, Leach, 459,

TONSD Sexe

gong, Oberth., Argynnis, 224.

gopa, Feld., Mycalesis, 14.

gopala, Moore, Papilio (Cadugoides), 557.

gopala, Moore, Satarupa, 563.

goschkevitschii, Méx., Neope (Lasiommata), 52.

gotama, Moore, Mycalesis, 14.

goto, Mab., Notocrypta (Plesioneura), 628.

goutellei, Oberth., Metaporia (Pieris), 405.

govindra, Moore, Papilio (Cadugoides), 557.

gracilis, Oberth., Zophoessa (Pararge), 42.

grandis, Feld., Thecla, 360.

grandis, Leech, Hidari (Plesioneura), 633,

Grapta, Kirby, 262.

greyi, Brem.,=Sericinus telamon, Don., var., 92,
486.

groumi, Oderth.,=Parnassius orleans, Oberth., var.,
503,

gupta, de Nicév., Halpe, 624.

guttata (-us), Brem. § Grey, Parnara (Fudamus, Go-
niloba, Pamphila), 609,

gyas, Westw., Papilio (Debasa), 535.

hxematostictus, Budl.,=Papilio alcinous, Alug, var.,
541.

hainanus, Moore,Gegenes, 610.

halimede, Wén., Melanargia (Arge), 59.

halisca, Oberth. (Pieris),=Aporia procris, Leech, 469,

Halpe, Moore, 621.

hamada, Druce, Taraka (Miletus), 298, 511.

hamata, Budd. (nec McLeay),=Tirumala septentrionis,
Butl., 3, 4.

hamigera, Butl.,=Grapta c-album, Zinv., var., 268,
264,

hapalina, Butl.,=Catochrysops cnejus, Lab., 337.

hara, Moore (Precis),=VPseudergolis wedah, Xoll.,
276.

Hasora, Woore, 637.

hastata, Oberth., Metaporia (Pieris), 462, 465.

hebe, Leech, Muthalia, 139,

hecabe, Linn., Terias, 428.

hecale, Leech, Zephyrus, 379.

hecate, Leech, Lethe, 27.

Helcyra, Jv/d., 152.

helena, Leech, Lethe, 26,

helenus, Zinn., Papilio (Charus), 548.

helle, Chrysophanus, 403,

helle, Leech, Zophoessa, 44, 45.

hellotia, AMZén. (Lycsena), = Everes argiades, Dall.,
328,

helmanni, Zed., Limenitis, 184.

hemina, /Zew,, Heleyra, 152.

Heodes (part.), Valm.,=Chrysophanus, Ziibn,, 596.

INDEX, 671

herculea, But/. (Pamphila), = Augiades sylvanus, var.,
601.

hercules, Blanch.,=Papilio gyas, Westw., vav., 656,

here, Feld., Apatura, 163.

hero, Linn., Coenonympha, 95.

herse, Gr.-Gr., Erebia, 99. -

herzi, Fizvs., Thecla, 367, 368.

hesione, Leech, Neptis, 194.

Hesperia, Fulr., 575.

Hestina, WWestw., 140.

heterus, Wab., Pamphila, 597.

Heteropterus, Dwm., 58°.

Hidari, Dist., 633.

hierta, Fab, Junonia, 282.

hilda, Westw., Neorina, 17.

himalayensis, Zwes, = Parnassius jacquemonti, Boisd.,
495, 498.

hindia, Butl.,=Charaxes polyxena, Cram., var., 125.

Hipio, Hiiin.,=Melanitis, Fabr., 105.

hippia, Brem., Aporia (Pieris, Leuconea), 471.

hippoclus, Cram., Symbrenthia, 284.

hippocrates, Je/d.,=Papilio machaon, Linn., var.,
516.

hippomenes, Herr.-Schaff. (Argynnis ?),= Dichorragia
nesimachus, Poisd., 132.

hippothoé, Chrysophanus (Polyommatus), 398.

homeyeri, Tancré, Limenitis, 182.

horatius, Blanch.,= Papilio epycides, Hew., var., 556.

horsfieldii, Gray,= Delias belladonna, Fwbr., var., 418.

houangty, Oderth., Pamphila (Carterocephalus), 586.

howqua, Westw., Stichophthalma (Thaumantis), 115.

hunza, Gr.-Gr.,= Parnassius delphius, Lversm., var.,
504.

hyale, Zinn., Colias, 431.

hybrida, Butl.,=Terias hecabe, Linn., var., 429.

hydaspes, Moore, = Limenitis trivena, Moore, var.,

187.

hylas, Wien. Verz.,=Lycena baton, Berg, 310.

hylas, Lsper, Lyczena, 307.

hyperanthus, Linn., Epinephele, 79.

Hypolimnas, /Ziibn., 128.

hypselis, Godart, Symbrenthia, 285.

ibara, Butl., Zephyrus (Thecla), 390.

iburiensis, Butl., Lyczena, 303.

icana, Moore, Zephyrus (Dipsas), 380.

icarius, Westw.,= Papilio rhetenor, Westw., 2 , 549.
icarus, Rott., Lyczena, 306.

iccius, Hew., Bicyclus, 10,

icetas, Hew., Camena (Iolaus), 350.

ichnographia, Butl.,= Rapala arata, Brem., 416.
idas, Linn., = Lycena argus, Linn., 2, 302.

Tlerda, Douwbl., 404.

ilia, Wien. Verz., Apatura, 161.

Nliades, Hiibn.,= Papilio, 544.

ilicis, Thecla, 363,

iliensis, Gr.-Gr., = Thecla (Lycena) tengstroemi,
Ersch., var., 369.

immacula, Leech, = Leucophasia gigantea, Leech, var.,
484,

imperator, Oberth., Parnassius, 505,

imperialis, Hope, Teinopalpus, 510

inachis, Botsd., Kallima, 122.

inachus, Mén., Aeromachus (Pyrgus), 619.

inconstans, Butl.,= Argynnis niphe, Linn., var., 244.

indica, Herbst, Pyrameis (Vanessa), 252.

indistans, Moore, Mycalesis, 13.

indrani, Moore, Coladenia, 567.

infernalis, Sfaud.,= Parnassius delphius, var., 504.

inflammata, Alph., Thecla, 365.

ino, Rott., Argynnis, 250,

insolita, Leech, Ypthima, 86.

insularis, Leech, =Lyceena argus, Linn., var., 302.

intensa, Butl., Pithecops, 393.

intermedia, Fe/d.,= Precis iphita, Cram., 276.

intermedia, Leech,=Hestina subviridis, Leech, var.,
145.

intermedia, Pryer,=Neptis aceris, Lep., var., 205.

interposita, Staud.,=Grapta c-album, Linn., var., 265,

io, Linn., Vanessa, 255.

iole, Leech,=(ineis pumilus, Fe/d., var., 75.

ion, Leech, Everes (Lyceena), 351.

Iphiclides, Hiibn.,= Papilio, 519.

iphita, Cram., Precis (Junonia), 276.

irava, Moore, Hidari, 633,

iris, Leech, Ypthima, 84.

iris, Zinn., Apatura, 160.

irrubescens, Grose Smith, Euthalia, 654.

iswea, Gray,=Arezynnis latonia, Linn., var., 227, 228.

ismene, Cram.,=Melanitis leda, Linn., var., 106.

Ismene, Swainson, 633.

Isodema, Fe/d., 116.

Isoteinon, Feld., 582.

ithiela, Butl., Delias (Thyca), 419.

jacintha, Drury,=Hypolymnas bolina, Zinn., 130.

jacquemonti, Borsd., Parnassius, 495.

jacquemonti, Boisd., 2 , Elwes,=Parnassius epaphus,
Oberth., 492.

jacquemontii, Blanch.,=Parnassius epaphus, Olerth.,
492.

jegeri, Mén.,=Terias leeta, Borsd., 425.

jalaurida, de Nicév., Zophoessa, 42.

jalinder, Butl., = Charaxes polyxena, Cram., var., 125.

472

672 INDEX.

Jamides, Hiibn., 333.

janardana, Moore, Mycalesis, 11.

jankowskii, Oderth.,=Ismene aquilina, 635.

jansonis, Butl., Parnara (Pamphila), 612.

japetus, Cram., Tagiades, 573,

japonica, Butl.,= Papilio bianor, Cram., var., 528.

japonica, Fedd., Hestina (Huripus), 146.

japonica, Leech, Luehdorfia, 490.

japonica, Mab, (Pamphila) ?,=Padraona dara, var.,
597.

japonica, Mén.,= Argynnis laodice, var., 236.

japonica, Mén.,=Limenitis sydyi, Led., var. ? sibylla,
Linn., var., 181, 186.

japonica, Murray, Arhopala (Amblypodia), 344.

japonica, Murray (Dipsas, Thecla),=Zephyrus taxila,
Brem., var., 370, 377.

japonica, Murray (Lyczna),=Zizera maha, Koll.,
var., 325.

japonica, Murray,=Rhopalocampta benjamini, var.,
641.

jasius, Linn., Charaxes, 124.

jezabel, Oberth., Melita, 217,

jhora, de Nicév., Aeromachus (Thanaos), 620.

jina, Moore, Athyma, 172.

jonasi, Jans., Zephyrus (Thecla, Dipsas), 385.

jugurtha, Cram.,=Catopsilia crocale, Cram., 424.

Junonia, /Ziibn., 278.

kala, de Nicév., Everes, 332.

kali, de Nicév., Aeromachus (Thanaos), 618,

kalinda, Moore, Erebia, 99.

Kallima, Westw., 121.

kalora, Moore (Pieris),=Synchloé ecallidice, var., 459,

kardama, Moore, Euthalia (Adolias), 136.

kaschmirensis, ‘o//.,= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var.,
258.

katura, Hew. (Dipsas),=Zephyrus ataxus, Hew., 2,
374, 375.

kazamoto, Druce,=Lycrena euphemus, JZiibn., var.,
313, 314.

khasiana, Moore,=Neope armandii, Oberth., 50.

keempferi, de ’ Orza (Limenitis),=Neptis alwina,
Brem., 201.

koreana, /’ivs.,=Sericinus telamon, Don., var., 487.

kreitneri, /’riv.,=Aporia martineti, Oberth., var., 470.

krishna, Moore, Papilio, 534.

kumara, de Nicév., Halpe, 625.

labyrinthea, Leech, Lethe, 35.
ladakensis, L’edd., Colias, 436,
ladakensis, Moore,=VPapilio machaon, ZLinn., var.,

517,

ladakensis, Moore, ?= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var., 259.

leta, Botsd., Terias, 425.

lais, Leech, Thecla, 363.

l-album, Esper,= Vanessa vau-album, Wien. Verz.,
261.

lama, Alph.,=(ineis pumilus, Feld., var. palearcti-
cus, Staud., 75.

lama, Leech, Polyceena, 294,

lama, Oderth.,= Papilio philoxenus, Gray, var., 538,

lamprospilus, Fedd., Isoteinon (Pamphila), 582.

lanaris, Butd., Lethe, 25.

lanty, Oberth., Lyceena, 310.

laodamia, Leech, Lethe, 30.

laodice, Pall., Argynnis, 236,

Laogona, Boisd.,=Symbrenthia, Hiibn., 283.

laomedon, Jones, Fabr.,= Papilio protenor, Cram., 545.

lapponica,= Argynnis pales, Schiff., var., 224.

lara, Leech, =Ismene gomata, Mvore, var., 635,

largeteaui, Oderth., Metaporia (Pieris), 461.

larraldei, Oberth., Metaporia (Pieris), 464.

lasurea, Grraeser,=Niphanda fusca, Brem., var., 340,
341,

latefascia, Ftxs.,=Meliteea parthenie, Bork., var.,
218, 214.

latefasciata, Mén.,=Limenitis sydyi, Led., vay., 181.

latifasciata, Leech, Ragadia, 92.

latior, Fivs.,=Thecla spini, var., 357.

lativitta, Leech, =Aulocera magica, Oberth., var., 73.

lativitta, Leech, =Delias patrua, Leech, var., 422.

lato, Gr.-Gr.,=Krynnis comma, var., 595.

latonia, Gir.-G7.,=Meliteea didyma, Lsp., var. 211.

latonia, Linn., Argynnis, 227.

latris, Leech, Halpe, 623.

laverna, Leech, Apatura, 164.

leda, Leech, Melanargia, 60,

leda, Zinn., Melanitis, 106, 652.

leechi, de Nicév., Satsuma (Thecla), 657.

lehana, Moore,=Lyciena pheretes, 7Ziibn., var., 306.

leonina, Butl., Adopiea (Pamphila, Ilesperia, Thy-
melicus), 592.

leopardina, Lucas (Argynnis),=Timelea maculata,
Brem. § Grey, 245.

lepechini, Lrsch.,=Limenitis trivena, Moore, yar.,
187.

lepita, Moore, Libythea, 288,

Leptocircus, Swainson, 507.

Lethe, J/iibn., 18.

leucodice, Lversm., Pieris, 470.

Leucophasia, Steph., 480,

leucothoe, Cram, (nec Linn.),=Neptis eurynome,
Westw., 202.

levana, Linn., Avaschnia (Vanessa), 268.

INDEX.

levana, Pryer (nec Linn.),=Araschnia fallax, Jans.,
272,

levanoides, Blanch.,= Ayvaschnia prorsoides, Blanch.,
var., 273.

lhamo, Oderth., Aporia (Pieris), 658.

lhatso, Oberth., Calinaga, 652.

li, Oberth., Chrysophanus, 402.

libitina, Leech,=Zophoessa dura, Marsh., var., 47.

Libythea, Fabr., 286.

ligyes, Hew.,= Limenitis trivena, Moore, var., 187.

lihana, Atkinson, Lobocla, 559.

liliputana, Stawd.,=Limenitis populi, Zinn., var., 188.

Limenitis, Fabr., 176.

limenitoides, Oderth., Vanessa, 254.

Limnas, Moore, 5.

limniacee, Butl. (nec Cram.), = Tirumala septen-
trionis, Butl., 3.

limniace, Cram., Tirumala (Danais), 4.

linneei, Moore, Trepsichrois, 7.

lisandra, Cram., Ypthima, 90,

livida, Zeech,= Limenitis ciocolatina, Pow)., 186.

Lobocla, Moore,= Achalarus, Scudder, 559,

locuples, Butl.,=Argynnis adippe, Linn., var., 232,
233.

loha, Doherty, Aulocera (Satyrus), 71.

lohita, Horsf., Aphnzeus (Amblypodia), 410,

longinus, Hew., Iolaus, 412.

loomisi, Pryer (Amblypodia),= Arhopala ganesa,
Moore, var., 348.

lotis, Leech, Metaporia (Pieris), 463,

lua, Gr.-Gr., Polyceena, 294.

lucasii, Wad., Halpe (Hesperilla), 624.

lucifera, Leech, Celeenorrhinus, 571.

lucilla, Hiibn., Neptis, 206.

lucina, Cram.,=Symbrenthia hippoclus, Cram., 284.

luculentus, Leech, Tajuria (Iolaus), 412.

ludmilla, Herr.-Schaff.,=Neptis lucilla, Hiibn., var.,
206, 207.

Luehdorfia, Criiger, 490.

lugens, Honrath,=Melanargia halimede, Fe/d., var.,
59, 60.

lunatus, Leech, Enispe, 111.

lunigera, Butl.,=Grapta c-album, Zinn., var., 263,
265.

lunulata, Ersch., Thecla, 368.

lutea, Hew., Zephyrus (Dipsas), 386.

luteofasciata, Pouj., Zophoessa (Debis), 46.

Lycena, Fabr. (part.), 299.

lycidus, Smith-Abd., Achalarus, 559.

lycormas, Butl., Lyczena (Polyommatus), 311.

lyde, Leech (Taractrocera),=Aeromachus delai-lama,
Mab., 620.

lysimon, Hiibn., Zizera (Lycena), 324.
lysippe, Jans.,=Argynnis ruslana, Motsch., 237.

maacki, Mén., Papilio, 529.

maackii, Brem. (Lasiommata),=Lethe marginalis,
Motsch., 25.

machaon, Linn., Papilio, 516.

macilentus, Jans., Papilio, 547.

mackinnonii, de Nicév., Argynnis, 227.

maculata, Brem., Timeleea (Melitea, Argynnis), 245,

maculata (-us), Brem. § Grey, Hesperia (Syrichthus,
Pyrgus), 576.

maculosa, Fe/d., Celeenorrhinus (Pterygospidea), 559.

maculosa, Leech,=Dodona eugenes, Bates, var., 292.

maculosa, Leech, Epinephele, 78.

maderensis, Fe/d.,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Linz, var.,
441,

meera, Linn., Amecera, 67.

mesa, Moore, Padraona, 595.

meevius, Fubr., Taractrocera (Hesperia), 589.

maga, Leech, Padraona (Pamphila), 599.

magica, Oderth., Aulocera (Satyrus), 73.

magna, Leech, Mycalesis perdiccas, var., 14.

maha, Koll., Zizera (Lyceena), 325.

Mahathala, Moore, 344, 347.

mahendra, Moore, Neptis, 201,

mahesa, Moore, Athyma, 168.

majuscula, Leech, Amecera, 67.

malyee, Linn., Hesperia, 575.

mandarina, de /’ Orza,=Terias hecabe, Linn., 429.

mandarina, Leech, = Pieris melete, Mén., var., 451.

Mandarinia, Leech, 9.

mandarinus, Overth., Papilio, 520.

mandarinus, Fe/d.,=Charaxes nareseus, Hew., var.
126.

mandschuriz, Oberth.,=Parnassius nomion, Fvsch.,
var., 499,

mandschurica, Speyer,= Pieris rape, Linn., var., 457.

mandschurica, Staud.,=Lycena chinensis, Murray,
315.

mandschurica, Fvvs.,=Meliteea athalia, Rott., var.,
216.

manea, Hew., Rapala (Deudorix), 414.

mangala, Moore (Pamphila), = Parnara guttatus,
Brem. § Grey, 609.

manzorum, Pow. (Satyrus, Pararge), 38.

marginalis, Motsch., Lethe (Satyrus), 25.

marginata, Pouj. (Lyczena),= Zizera maha, Koll., var.,
325, 326.

marie, Semper, Papilio, 539.

marica, Leech,=Ilerda saphir, Blanch., var., 407.

mariesi, Butl.,= Papilio alebion, Gray, var., 522.

674

mariesii, Butl.,=Terias hecabe, Linn., var., 429,

martineti, Oberth., Aporia (Pieris), 470.

martius, Fabr., Mycalesis, 10.

mathias, Fabr., Parnara (Hesperia, Epargyreus, Pam-
phila, Chapra, Baoris), 606.

matuta, Leech, Polycena, 294.

maxima, Butl.,=Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn., var., 440.

medusa, Zeech,=Ypthima methorina, Oberth., var.,
84.

megalomma, Butl., Ypthima, 86.

megamera, Butl. (Synchloé),=Pieris melete, Meén.,
var., 449,

Melanargia, Meiyen, 58.

melaneus, Cram., Caduga (Danais), 3, 142.

melania, Oberth.,=Metaporia larraldei, Oberth., var.,
465.

melanina, THerr.-Schiff., = Meliteea phoebe, Knoch,
var., 214.

melanina, Mén., = Meliteea phoebe, Knoch, var., 214.

Melanitis, Fabr., 105.

melete, Wén., Pieris, 448.

Melitza, Fabr., 210.

melpomene, Leech, Zephyrus (Dipsas), 386.

memnon, Linn., Papilio (Iiaides), 544.

mena, Moore, Hestina, 145.

mencia, Moore, Parnara (Pamphila), 607.

mencius, Fe/d.,=Papilio alcinous, Klug, var., 540.

menedemus, Oberth.,=Charaxes narceeus, ITew., var.,
126.

Menelaides, Woore,= Papilio, 554.

menetriesii, Brem. § Grey (Satyrus),= Pararge deida-
mia, Lversm., 65.

mera, Jans., Thecla, 358, 367.

meridionalis, Je/d., = Melanargia halimede, Ze/d.,
var., 59.

merlina, Oberth., Aulocera (Satyrus), 72.

Metaporia, Butl., 460.

metea, Seudd., Erynnis (Ocytes), 593.

methorina, Oberth., Ypthima, 83.

metis, /rey.,=Apatura ilia, Wien. Verz., var., 161.

miah, Moore, Neptis, 198.

micans, Brem., Rapala (Theela), 414.

michaelis, Oberth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 388,

micio, Oberth., Pamphila (Carterocephalus), 589,

micrargus, Butl.,=Lycena gon, Schiff, var., 300,
301.

midamus (part.), Zinn. (Muploa),=T. linnsei, 7.

midas, Butl,=Argynnis anadyomene, Le/d., 240,

mikado, Leech, Papilio, 526.

mikado, Pagenst.,=Papilio machaon, var., 516.

minerva, Leech, Zephyrus (Dipsas), 387.

mineus, Linn., Mycalesis, 12

“as

INDEX.

minima, Twess., Zizera (Lyceena), 323.

minos, Oderth. (Papilio),=Ornithoptera rhadaman-
thus, Boisd., 513.

mirus, L%/d., Abrota, 167.

misenus, de Nicév., Mycalesis, 15.

misippus, Linn., Hypolimnas, 178.

mongolica, Oberth., Gineis (Chionobas), 76.

montana, Leech, =Melanargia halimede, Fedd., var.,
59, 60.

montanus, Brem., Thanaos (Pyrgus, Nisoniades), 580.

montela, Gray,=Sericinus telamon, Don., var, d,
485,

montium, Oderth., Colias, 436.

moolata, Moore, Parnara, 613,

moorei, Hew., Ilerda, 407.

moorei, Leech, Lyczena, 310.

moori, Mab. (Pterygospidea),=Daimio sinica, Feld.,
565.

morgiana, Westw., Dilipa (Apatura), 16.

morpheus, Pall., Ileteropterus (Cyclopides), 585.

morsei, Jenton (Leptosia), = Leucophasia sinapis,
Linn., var., 483.

motschulskiji, Mén., Ypthima (Satyrus), 88.

motschulskyi, Brem. § Grey, Ypthima (Satyrus), 88,
646.

moupinensis, Pow). (Debis),=Zophoessa dura, Marsh.,
var., 47,

muirheadii, Fe/d., Neope (Lasiommata, Debis), 54.

multiformis, Pryer,=Terias hecabe, Linn., 428.

multistriata, Dutl., Ypthima, 649.

murdava, Dist.,=Pithauria stramineipennis, 2,681.

Mycalesis, Hiibn., 10.

myrmidone, Esper, Colias, 438.

myrrha, Godart, Libythea, 287.

naias, Leech, = Lethe satyrina, Butl., 25.

nama, Doubl., Iestina (Diadema), 142,

namanganus, Sfaud.,=Parnassius delphius, var., 504,

nana, Leech, Timelsea, 246,

nandina, Moore, Neptis, 204, 205,

nanna, Mén., Oineis, 76.

nanus, Leech, Aeromachus (Cyclopides), 620,

napi, Linn., Pieris, 447.

nara, Moore, Wuthalia (Adolias), 138,

narada, Moore, Daimio (Satarupa), 566,

Narathura, Moore,=Arhopala, Boisd., 342.

narceeus, Zew., Charaxes, 126.

nascens, Leech, Parnara, 614,

nemorum, Oberth., = Pararge dumetorum, Oderth.,
var., 61.

Neope, /i//., 48.

Neorina, JI es/tw., 16,

INDEX.

nepalensis, Gray, Gonepteryx, 440.

nephele, Leech, Halpe, 622.

nepos, Oderth., Achalarus (Eudanius), 561.

Neptis, Zwbr., 189.

nerine, Fsch., Motsch.,=Colias hyale, Linn., 431.

nerippe, Feld., Argynnis, 234.

nervulata, Wab., Adopwea (Pamphila), 592.

nesimachus, Botsd., Dichorragia, 132.

nesseus, Grose Smith, Dichorragia, 653.

neumogeni, Leech, Stichophthalma, 114.

nevilli, Wood-Mason, Papilio (Panosmia), 543.

nicconicolens, Butl.,= Papilio helenus, Linn., 548.

nicea, Gray, Stibochiona (Adolias), 133.

nicetas, Hew., Lethe (Debis), 40, 44.

nicévillei, Leech, Satsuma, 355, ?=S. leechi, de Nicév.,
657.

nigrescens, Leech,=Thanaos montanus, Byem., var.,

‘681.

nigricans, de Nicév., Notocrypta (Plesioneura), 628.

nigricans, Leech, Zephyrus ecelestis, Leech, var., 383.

nigrifascia, Leech, Lethe, 33.

nigrivena, Leech, =Hestina mena, Moore, var., 143.

nigrolimbatus, Snre/l., Taractrocera, 590.

nilgherriensis, Guér.,= Lethe europa, var., 21.

ningpoana, Feld., = Athyma sulpitia, Cram., var.,
174.

niobe, Linn., Argynnis, 235.

Niphanda, Moore, 340.

niphe, Linn., Argynnis, 243,

niphona, Bwtl.,=Melitea athalia, Rott., var., 215.

niphonica, Butl.,=Neope goschkeyitschii, Mén., 52.

niphonica, Jans.,= Erebia sedakovii, var., 98, 99.

nissa, Kol/., Rapala (Deudorix), 415.

niveomaculata (-us), Oberth., Pamphila (Carteroce-
phalus), 587, 588.

nixa, G7.-Gr.,= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var., 260.

nomion, F%sch., Parnassius, 498.

Notocrypta, de Nicév., 626.

nubilus, Mab. (Steropes),= Astictopterus olivascens,
Moore, 630,

nutans, Oberth.,=Metaporia larraldei, Oberth., var.,
465.

nycteis, Mén., Apatura (Athyma, Neptis), 155.

nymphalis, Speyer, Satarupa (Tagiades), 562.

Nymphalis, Westw. (nec Latr.),=Charaxes, Ochs.,
123.

nymphidia, Buti., Stiboges, 295,

oberthiiri, Zeech, Hesperia (Syrichthus), 579.
oberthiiri, Leech, Hestina, 147.

oberthiiri, Leech, Metaporia (Pieris), 462.
oberthiiri, Leech, Neope, 51.

So
~I
Tt

oberthiiri, Staud. (Thecla),=Zephyrus butleri, Fen-
ton. 393.

obscura, Elwes § Edw., Ypthima, 647.

obscura, Fenton, =Araschnia levana, Linn., var., 269.

occidentalis, Leech, = Adopea sylvatica, Brem., var.,
591,

occidentalis, Leech, =Callarge sagitta, Leech, var., 58.

occulta, Leech, = Lethe oculatissima, Pow)., var., 27.

oceia, Hew., Baoris (Hesperia), 616.

ocellatus, Butl. (Satyrus),=Epinephele hyperanthus,
Linn., var., 79.

ochracea, Brem., Augiades (Pamphila), 605.

oculata, Moore, Mycalesis, 14.

oculatissima, Ponj., Lethe (Mycalesis), 27.

ocyale, Ziibn.,= Junonia orithyia, Linn., var., 280.

Ocytes, Seudd.,=Erynnis, Schrank, 593.

oda, Hew., Ierda, 407,

odata, ZZew., Cheetoprocta (Dipsas), 367.

cedipus, Fabr., Ccenonympha, 94.

QGéneis, Hiibn., 74.

cenone, Cram.,=Junonia hierta, Fabr., 282.

enone, Leech, Thecla, 366.

olivascens, Moore, Astictopterus, 629.

omeia, Leech, Celeenorrhinus, 572.

omeia, Leech, Kuthalia, 139.

opalina, Butl., Paleeonympha, 81.

opalina, Koll., Athyma (Limenitis), 170.

opalina, Pow. (yceena),=Zizera maha, Koll., var.,
325, 326,

ops, Gr.-Gr. (Carterocephalus),= Pamphila pulchra,
Leech, 586,

optilete, Anoch, Lyczena, 504.

oreas, Drury, Aphneeus, 409,

ordossi, A/ph.,=Ccenonympha amaryllis, Cram., var.,
96,

oreas, Leech, =Araschnia davidis, Pow., var., 275.

orientalis, Brem.,? =Synchloé daplidice, var., 459.

orientalis, Ziwes,= Athyma opalina, Koll., var., 170,
Hales

orientalis, Mén.,= Meliteea parthenie, Bork., var., 213.

orientalis, Murray, Zephyrus (Thecla), 376.

orientalis, Oberth., = Pieris rape, Linn., var., 457.

orientis, Overth.,= Pieris melete, Wén., var., 450.

Orinoma, 16.

orion, Pall., Lyczna, 309.

orithyia, Linn., Junonia, 279.

orixa, Moore, Callerebia, 105,

orleans, Oberth., Parnassius, 502.

ornata, Leech, Thecla, 363, 564.

ornatissima, Leech, Argynnis, 254.

ornatus, Brem. (Cyclopides),=Teteropterus unicolor,
Brem. § Grey, var., 584,

676 INDEX.

Ornithoptera, Boisd., 512.

orsedice, Butl., Zephyrus (Thecla), 393.
Orthomiella, de Nicév., 338.

oscarus, Eversm., Argynnis, 222.
ossianus, Herbst, Argynnis, 222.

ouang, Oberth., Chrysophanus, 401.
ouida, Moore, Dodona, 292.

padma, Koll., Aulocera (Satyrus), 71. —

Padraona, Moore, 595.

paleearctica, Staud.,= Pieris canidia, var., 456.

paliearcticus, Staud.,=Csneis pumilus, Feld., var., 75.

palzemon, Pall., Pamphila (Carterocephalus), 585.

paleeno, Linn., Colias, 437.

Palezonympha, Puti., 80.

pales, Schiff., Argynnis, 224,

pallas, Leech, Apatura, 157.

pallens, Butler, =Colias hyale, Zinn., 434.

pallescens, Budl.,=Argynnis adippe, Linn., var., 232,
233.

pammon, Linn.,= Papilio polytes, Linn., 552,

Pamphila, Fadr., 585.

pang, Oberth., Chrysophanus, 403,

Paphia, Boisd., 122.

paphia, Zinn., Argynnis, 239.

paphioides, But/.,= Argynnis paphia, Linn, var., 289.

paphus, de Nicév.,= Papilio mandarinus, Oderth., var.,
520.

Papilio, Douwdl., 513.

Paraplesia, I’e/d.,=Isodema, Feld., 116.

Pararge, JZiin., 61.

Parata, Moore,=Uasora, Moore, 637.

Pareba, Doubl.,=Acra, 114.

paris, Linn., Papilio (Achillides), 535,

Parnara, Moore, 606.

Parnassius, Zatr., 491.

parthenie, Bork., Melitea, 213.

parva, Leech, Mycalesis sangaica, var., 12.

patala, Koll.,=Catochrysops enejus, Fabr., 836.

patala, Koll/., Wuthalia (Adolias), 133.

patria, Leech, Neorina, 17.

patrius, Leech, Thecla, 359.

patrua, Leech, Delias, 422.

paulina, Nord. (Damora),=Argynnis sagana, 9, 241.

paulina, Cram., Tachyris, 475,

paupera, Alph.,=Satyrus dryas, Scop., var., 69, 70.

pavonia, Alph., Cononympha, 97, 650,

Pazala, Moore,= Papilio, 523.

pedius, Leech, Zephyrus, 378.

peguanus, Moore, Aphneous, 411,

pelias, Leech, Thanaos (Nisoniades), 581,

Pelion, Airby,= Adopmwa, Billb., 590,

pellucida, Murray, Parnara (Pamphila, Thymelicus),
611.

peloria, Hew., Mesapia, 474, 659.

penelope, Staud.,= Argynnis zenobia, Leech, 242.

penicillata, Pow/.,=Mycalesis perdiccas, 13.

Penthema, Doubl., 116.

penthesilea, Fabr.,=Cethosia biblis, Drury, 120.

percomis, Leech, Thecla, 366.

perdiccas, Hew., Mycalesis, 13.

perfecta, Leech,=Ypthima motschulskyi, Brem. &
Grey, var., 88; bon. sp., 647.

pero, de Nicév., Celeenorrhinus, 570.

perryi, Butl.,=Argynnis selene, Hiibn., var., 222.

perseis, Led.,=Coenonympha hero, Linn., var., 95,

persimilis, Westw., Hestina, 146.

pheedra, Leech, =Apatura here, Feld., var., 165.

pheedra, Zinn.,=Satyrus dryas, Scop., 69.

phalanta, Drury, Atella (Argynnis), 208.

phaneeus, Hew., Casyapa, 572.

phania, Oberth., Epinephele, ? Ypthima, 89.

Phedra, Horsf.,=Curetis, Hiibn., 348.

pheretes, Hiibn., Lyczena, 305,

philomela, Johanssen, Ypthima, 90, 91,

philoxenus, Gray, Papilio (Byasa), 537, 539, 542.

philyroides, Stawd:, Neptis, 200, 201.

phineus, Cram., 600.

phleas, Zinn., Chrysophanus (Polyommatus), 309.

phoebe, Anoch, Meliteea, 214.

phyllis, Leech, Callerebia, 101.

phyllodendri, Staud. MSS.,=Thecla herzi, Firs, 367.

piceus, Leech, Aeromachus, 618.

pieridoides, Moore, Calliana, 557, 660,

Pieris, Boisd., 447.

Pisola, Moore, 559.

Pithauria, Moore, 631.

plagifera, de Nicév., Celeenorrhinus, 571,

pleistoanax, J’e/d.,=Charaxes polyxena, Cram., var.,
126.

Plesioneura, J'e/d.,=Notocrypta, de Nicév., 626.

pluscula, Leech, Celzenorrhinus, 571.

pluto, Leech, =Satsuma chalybeia, Leech, var., 355.

plutonius, Oberth., Papilio, 541.

podalirinus, Oberth.,= Papilio podalirius, Zinn., var.,
519,

podalirius, Zinn., Papilio (Iphiclides), 519.

poeta, Oberth.,=Parnassius epaphus, Oberth., var.,
493,

polaris, Staud.,= Vanessa prticm, Linn., var., 260.

polidorus, Cram.,= Papilio aristolochia, Fabr., 54.

poliographus, Afotsch., = Colias hyale, Lin, var.,
432,

Polycena, Staud., 293,

INDEX. 67

polyctor, Boisd., Papilio, 529.

polyeuctes, Doubl.,= Papilio philoxenus, Gray, var.,
537.

Polyommatus, Boisd.,=Chrysophanus, Hiibn., 396,

Polyommatus, Zatr., 337.

polyphemus, Oberth. (Erebia),=Callerebia orixa,
Moore, var., 105.

polysperchon, Bergst. (Lyciena),=Everes argiades,
Pail., var., 329. |

polytes, Zinn., Papilio (Laertias), 552.

polyxena, Cram., Charaxes, 125.

pontis, Lives, Orthomiella (Chilades ?), 339.

populi, Zinn., Limenitis, 187.

porima, Ochs.,=Araschnia levana, Linn., var., 269.

porryie, Hope,=Teinopalpus imperialis, 2 , 510.

posidonius, Leech, Charaxes, 127. |

potanini, Adph., Aporia, 659.

potanini, A/ph., Everes (Lycena), 352.

prenubila, Leech, Ypthima, 87.

preeusta, Leech, Pararge, 62.

Pratapa, Moore,=Camena, Hew., 350.

pratorum, Oberth., Callerebia, 101, 102. |

pratti, Elwes § Edw., Ypthima, 645.

pratti, Leech, Abrota, 167.

pratti, Leech, Kuthalia, 138.

pratti, Leech, Limenitis, 187.

pratti, Leech, Satsuma, 352, 354.

pratti, Leech (Thecla),=Sinthusa chandrara, Moore,
395.

Precis, Hiibn., 276.

princeps, Ftzs., Sephisa (Apatura), 151.

princeps, Oberth., Polyczena (Emesis), 293.

privigna, Leech,=Lethe camilla, var., 32.

procne, Leech, Zophoessa, 45. |

procris, Leech, Aporia, 469, |

procris, Leech,=Lethe baucis, var., 22. |

prominens, Moore (Chapra),=Parnara sinensis, Moore, |
608. -

Pronophila, 17.

prorsa, Linn., Avaschnia (Vanessa) levana, Linn.,
var., 269, 273.

prorsoides, Blanch., Araschnia, 273.

protenor, Cram., Papilio (Sainia), 545.

protomedia, Mén., Meliteea, 216.

proxima, Leech, Lethe, 32.

proximus, Leech, Achalarus (Hudamus), 560.

pruni, Linn., Thecla, 361, 362.

prunoides, Staud., Thecla, 362, 363.

prusias, Fe/d., Padraona, 600.

pryeri, Butl., Neptis, 206.

pryeri, Jans.,=Grapta (Vanessa) c-aureum, Linn.,
var., 266.

~I

pryeri, Moore (Athyma),=Limenitis helmanni, Led.,
var., 184,

pryerl, Murray, Lyciena, 313.

przewalskii, Aldph., Parnassius, 502, 504.

pseudeegon, Butl.,=Lycena wgon, Schiff., var., 300,
301.

Pseudergolis, edd., 275.

pseudolonginus, Dowbi., lolaus, 393.

Pterygospidea, Wallgr.,=Tagiades, Hiihn., 573.

pulaha, Moore, Neope (Lasiommata?), 52.

pulchra, Leech, Pamphila, 586.

pumilus, Fe/d., Gineis (Chionobas), 75.

punctata, Leech, Athyma, 176.

puziloi, Ersch., Luehdorfia, 491.

puziloi, Pryer,=Luehdortia japonica, Leech, 490, 491.

pylaon, Lycvena, 315.

Pyrameis, Hiibn., 249.

,
pyrrha, de Nicév., Celeenorrhinus, 572.
pyrrha, Leech, Huthalia, 137.

querceti, Moore (Amblypodia), = Arhopala rama,
Koll., 344.

quercivora, Staud., Zephyrus (Thecla), 382.

quercus, Linn., Thecla, 370, 371, 382.

quinquepuncta, Madb.,=Parnara pellucida, var., 611.

rabdia, Butl.,=Argynnis daphne, Schiff, var., 229.

raddei, Brem.,= Papilio maacki, Mén., yar., O31.

Ragadia, Westw., 92.

rama, Koll., Arhopala (Thecla, Amblypodia, Pan-
chala), 344,

ramosa, Leech, Neope, 52.

rape, Linn., Pieris, 456,

Rapala, Moore, 413.

raphaelis, Oberth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 389,

rayana, Moore, Papilio, 543.

recurya, Leech, Athyma, 176, 656.

regalis, Leech, Mandarinia (Mycalesis), 9.

regina, Butl. (Thecla),=Zephyrus taxila, Brem., var.,
370,

repercussa, Leech, Rapala, 414.

repugnans, Staud.,=Krynnis comma, var., 594.

restricta, Leech,= Papilio agestor, Gray, var., 557.

restricta, Moore, Notocrypta (Plesioneura), 627.

rhadamanthus, Bozsd., Ornithoptera (Papilio), 513.

rhamni, Linn., Gonepteryx (Rhodocera), 459.

Rhaphicera, Butl., 5d.

rhea, Gr.-Gr.,=Argynnis eugenia, Lversm., var., 226,

rhetenor, }estw., Papilio (Panosmiopsis), 549.

Rhodocera, Boisd.,=Gonepteryx, Leech, 459,

Rhopalocampta, Wallengr., 640.

40

678

rikuchina, Butl. (Pamphila),=Augiades ochracea,
Brem., var., 605. :

rizana, Moore,= Vanessa urtice, Linn., var., 259.

rohria, Fabr., Lethe (Satyrus), 22.

romanoyi, Gv.-Gir., Melitza, 211.

romanovi, Leech, =Neope bremeri, Feld., 51.

romulus, Cram.,= Papilio polytes, Linn., 9, 552.

rothschildi, Leech, Charaxes, 128.

roxelana, Cram., Pararge, 19.

rubicundula, Zzech, Thecla, 365.

ruricola, Leech, Erebia, 100, 101.

rurigena, Leech, Erebia, 101.

ruslana, Motsch., Argynnis, 237.

rusticanus, Butl.,.=Thanaos montanus, Brem., 581.

rutilus, Wern.,=Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., var.,
397,

Sadarga, Moore,=Mycalesis, 14.

sepestriata, Hew., Zephyrus (Dipsas), 384.

sagana, Doubl., Argynnis, 241.

sagitta, Leech, Callarge, 57.

sahadeva, Moore, Euthalia (Adolias), 136.

Sainia, Woore,=Papilio, 545.

sakontala, Kol/,,=Argynnis childreni, Gray, 243.

sakra, Moore, Ypthima, 83.

Salatura, Moore, 5, 6.

Salpinx, JZiibn., 8.

sanaca, Moore, Delias (Pieris), 420.

sanatana, Moore, Mycalesis, 14.

sangaica, Butl., Mycalesis, 11.

sangaica, Moore,=Neptis eurynome,
202, 203.

Testw., var,

sangra, Moore, Zizera (Polyommatus, Lyceena), 323.

saphir, Blanch., Llerda (Thecla), 406.

saphir, Elwes (nee Blanch.),=Uerda moorei, ZZew.,
407.

saphirina, Staud., Zephyrus (Thecla), 378.

savala, de Nicév., Parnara, 615,

Sarbaria, Woore,=Papilio, 534,

sarpedon, Jinn., Papilio, 524.

Satarupa, Moore, 562.

satricus, Doubl., Rhaphicera (Lasiommata), 55,

Satsuma, Murray, 35

5)
satyrina, Butl., Lethe, 28

y ae

satvrina, Oberth. (nee Butl.), = Charaxes narcreus,

Tlew., 126,
Satyrus, JI’estw., 68.

atyrus, Lduw., Grapta (Vanessa), 264.

ixatilis, Chr., var. infernalis, Gr. Gr., Melita, 211.

axicola, Oberth., Mivebia, 100,
ewvola, Oberth.,=VPapilio macilentus, 547.
Scelothrix, Lamb.,=Ilesperia, Labr., 575,

INDEX.

schakra, Koll., Amecera, 67.

schrencki, Mén., Apatura (Adolias), 154.

schrenchii, Mén., Pronophila ?, 17.

scintillans, Leech, Zephyrus, 376.

sciron, Leech,= Papilio gyas, Westw., var., 536,

scolymus, Butl., Anthocharis, 479.

scoparia, Butl.,=Erebia sedakovii, Lversm., var., 98,
99:

scopulifera, Moore, Baoris, 617.

seotosia, Butl.,=Meliteea phoebe, Knoch, var., 214.

sculda, Zversm., CXneis, 76.

seylla, Staud.,=Tiyceena lycormas, Butl., 311.

sebrus, Lyczena, 323.

sedakovii, Lversm., Hrebia (Hipparchia), 98.

segonacia, Oberth. (Debis),= Neope muirheadii, Fe/d.,
var., 54.

segonax, Hew, (Debis),=Neope muirheadii, Feld.,
var., 64,

selas, Mab. (Pamphila),=Augiades sylvanus, var.,
601, 602.

selene, iiln., Argynnis, 222.

semenovi, Al/ph., Coenonympha, 96.

semifasciatus, HZonrath,=Papilio sarpedon, var., 525.

seminigra, Leech (Amblypodia),=Arhopala ganesa,
Moore, var., 543.

Sephisa, Moore, 150.

septentrionis, Butl., Tirumala (Danais), 3.

septentrionis, /’e/d., Ismene, 636,

seraphim, Oberth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 386.

serarum, Oberth.,=Apatura here, W’edd., var., 163,

serbonis, 2Zew., Lethe, 29, 31.

serica, Leech, =Athyma mahesa, var., 169.

serica, Leech,=Neope yama, var., 49.

Sericinus, Westw., 484.

sericus, Leech, Mycalesis misenus, var., 15.

serratule, Ramb., Hesperia (Syrichthus), 619,

sibirica, Staud., = Coononympha hero, Linn, var.,

95.

sibirica, Staud.,=Meliteea aurinia, Rott., var., 212.

sibirica, Sfaud.,=Satyrus autonoée, Lsper, var., 69.

sibirica, Staud.,=Satyrus dryas, Scop., var., 69, 70.

sibylla, Zinn., Limenitis, 185,

sicelides, Grose Smith, Lethe, 644.

sicelis, /Zew., Lethe (Debis), 36.

siderea, Marsh., Lethe, 40,

sidonis, J/ew., Lethe, 40.

signata, Butl., Zephyrus (Thecla), 881.

sikkimensis, J/wes,= Parnassius epaphus, Oberth.,
yar., 42, 494,

sikkimensis, Moore,= Papilio machaon, Linn, var.,
518.

similis, Leech, Augiades, 605,

INDEX. 679

s:milis, Leech (Pamphila),=Parnara sinensis, Mub.,
608.

similis, Moore (Lycsena),=Zizera maha, Koll., 327.

simoda, de ? Orza,=Colias hyale, Linn., var., 482.

simplex, Leech, Achalarus (Hudamus), 561.

simulans, Leech,= Lethe ocellata, Pow/., 34.

simulans, Leech, Neope, 49.

sinapis, Linn., Leucophasia, 481.

sinensis, Butl. (Leptosia), = Leucophasia sinapis,
Linn., var., 482.

sinensis, Elwes (Chilades?),=Orthomiella pontis,
Elwes, var., 339.

sinensis, Lucas,=Terias hecabe, Linn., 428.

sinensis, Mabd., Parnara (Gegeues), 608.

sinensium, Oderth., Limenitis, 179.

sinica, Alph., Ccenonympha, 97, 651.

. sinica, Feld., Daimio (Pterygospidea), 565,

sinicus, Butl. (Pyrgus),= Hesperia zona, Mab., 577.

sinina, Gr.-Gr.,=Thanaos tages, Linz, var., 661. ,

Sinthusa, Moore, 394.

sipora, Moore,= Argynnis pales, Schiff., var., 224.

sita, Koll.,=Caduga tytia, Gray, 2.

sitala, de Nicév., Halpe, 623.

smaragdina, Brem., Zephyrus (Thecla), 371, 372.

soma, Moore, Neptis, 204.

soracta, Moore, Aporia, 467, 470.

sordida, Butl. (Synchloé),= Pieris canidia, var., 455.

sordida, Elwes § Edw., Ypthima, 648.

spathatus, Butl.,= Papilio alcinous, Alug, var., 540,

sphyrus, Hiibn.,= Papilio machaon, Linn., var., 517.

Spindasis, Wadll.,=Aphneus, Hiibn., 409.

spini, Wen. Verz., Thecla, 357.

standfussi, Gr.-Gir., Chrysophanus (Polyommatus),
404,

staudingeri, Bang-Haas,=Parnassius delphius, var.,
504.

staudingeri, Leech, =Euthalia thibetana, Pow., 138.

stellera, Lsch., Ypthima, 90.

Steropes, Boisd.,=Pamphila, Fadbr., 585.

steropes, Wren. Verz.,=Heteropterus morpheus, Pall.,
583.

Stibochiona, Buil., 133.

Stiboges, Butl., 295.

Stichophthalma, Jv/d., 113.

stigmata, Moore, Aeromachus (Thanaos), 618.

stoliczanus, Fe/d.,=Parnassius delphius, var., 504.

stramineipennis, Wood-Mas. § de Nicév., Pithauria,
631,

strephon, Grose Smith, Euthalia, 653.

striata, Hew., Ismene, 636.

strigosa, Butl., = Araschnia burejana, Brem., 270,
271.

strigosa, Alph. (nee Butl.),=Araschnia prorsoides,
Blanch., var., 273.

strophia, Godart (Nymphalis),=Athyma sulpitia,
var., 174.

stubbendorfii, Mén., Parnassius, 506, 507.

stygiana, Butl., Zephyrus (Thecla), 391.

stygianus, Butl.,=Chrysophanus phleas, Linn., var.,
399, 400.

stygne, F¢sch., Erebia, 98.

Styppax, Oberth, (Mycalesis),= Lethe satyrina, Butl.,
23,

suaveolens, Wood-Mas. § de Nicév., Mycalesis, 15.

subalba, Powj., Apatura, 158.

subaurata, Butl.,=Colias hyale, Linn., var., 433.

suberulea, Leech, Apatura, 156.

subfervens, Butl.,=Terias leta, Botsd., var., 426.

subflava, Leech, Halpe, 625,

subhyalina, Brem. § Grey, Augiades (Ilesperia,
Pamphila), 602.

submacula, Leech, Halpe, 622.

subnubila, Leech, =Delias sanaca, Moore, var., 421.

subpurpurea, Leech, = Rapala nissa, Koll., 413.

substituta, Butl.,=Apatura ilia, Wien. Verz., var.,
161.

subviridis, Leech, Hestina, 145.

suffusa, Leech, = Stichophthalma howqua, Westw.,
var., 114.

suffusa, Leech, = Zephyrus orientalis, Murray, var.,
377.

sulphurea, Oberth., = Aporia hippia, var., 472.

sulpitia, Cram., Athyma, 174.

sumitra, Moore, Celenorrhinus (Gehlota, Plesio-
neura), 569, 570.

superba, Leech, Heleyra, 152.

sura, Doubl., Zophoessa, 49.

susruta, Moore, Neptis, 204.

suyudana, Moore, = Melanitis aswa, Moore, var.,
108.

swinhoei, Butl.,=Junonia orithyia, Linn., var., 280.

syama, Horsf., Aphnieus (Amblypodia, Spindasis),
410.

sybillina, Oberth., Aulocera (Satyrus), 73.

sydyi, Zed., Limenitis, 181.

syfanius, Oberth., Papilio, 532.

sylvanoides, Leech, Augiades, 604.

sylvanus, Zsp., Augiades (Hesperia), 601.

sylvatica, Brem., Adopzea (Pamphila), 591,

sylvicola, Oberth., Callerebia, 103,

Symbrenthia, Hiubn., 283.

Synchloé, Hiibn., 458.

syrcis, Hew., Lethe, 37.

Syrichtus, Boisd.,=Wesperia, Fabr., 575.

for}
og)
jm)

syrichtus, Fubr. (Pyrgus), Hesperia, 575.
széchenyl, Frvv., Parnassius, 501.

Tachyris, Wall., 474.

tages, Linn., Thanaos (Nisoniades), 580, 581, G61.

Tagiades, MHiihn., 573.

Tajuria, Moore, 412.

tamerlana, Staud., Polycsena, 294.

tamerlanus, Oberth., Papilio, 521.

tamu, Hew. (nec Koll.),=Merda viridipunctata, de
Nicév., 405.

tamu, Kol/., Ilerda, 406.

tangutica, Gr.-Gr.,= Thecla tengstreeni, Ersch., var.,
369.

Tansima, Moore,=Lethe, 23.

Taractrocera, Butl., 589.

Taraka, Doherty, 297.

taxila, Brem., Zephyrus (Thecla), 370.

teesta, de Nicév. (Satadra),=Arhopala turbata, Butd.,
345,

Teinopalpus, Hope, 509.

Teinoprosopus, Fe/d.,=Teinopalpus, Hope, 509.

telamon, Don., Sericinus, 484.

telemachus, Staud.,=Sericinus telamon, Dozn., var.,
489,

Telicota, Moore, 600.

telmona, Gray, = Sericinus telamon, Don., var., ¢,
486,

tenebrosa, Leech, Adopsea, 591.

tengstroemi, Lrsch., Thecla (Lyceena), 367, 368.

teredon, F/d.,=Vapilio sarpedon, Linn., var., 524.

Terias, Swainson, 425.

terpsichora, Linn., Oberth., Acreea, 463.

terpsichore, Cram.,= Pareba(Acriea) vesta, Fabr., 115.

tessellum, //ii/n., Ilesperia (Syrichthus), 660.

tethys, Mén., Daimio (Pyrgus), 564,

thaidina, Blanch., Armandia, 489.

thaitina, Oberth., Armandia, 489.

thalia, Leech, Acrophthalmia, 93.

thalia, Leech, Thecla, 367.

Thanaos, oisd., 580.

Thaumantis, Westw.,=Stichophthalma, Feld., 113.

thaumas, JTufn., Adopiea (Hesperia), 590.

Thecla (part.), Labr., 356,

themis, Leech, = Neptis thishe, Mén., var., 190, 191.

theseus, Swinhoe,=Catochrysops enejus, Jabr., 837.

thespis, Leech, Zephyrus (Dipsas), 388.

thestias, Leech, Neptis, 196,

thetis, Leech, =Neptis thisbe, Mén., var., 190, 102.

thetys, /’ivs.,= Daimio tethys, Mén., 564.

thibetana, Oberth.,=Anthocharis cardamines, Linn.,

var., 477,

INDEX,

thibetana, Oberth.,= Augiades subhyalina, var., 603.

thibetana, Pow, Euthalia (Adolias), 138.

thibetanus, Oberth.,=Charaxes narceus, Hew., var.,
126.

thibetanus, Oberth., Hesperia (Syrichthus maculatus,
var. thibetanus, Oberth.), 578.

thibetanus, Oderth., Pararge (Satyrus), 63.

thibetanus, Oberth., = Papilio polytes, Linn., var.,
553.

thibetensis, Pow. (Lycsena),=Zizera sangra, Moore,
var., 323, 324,

thisbe, Mén., Neptis, 190, 196, 197.

thunbergii, de /’Orza,=Anthocharis scolymus, Buutl.,
479.

thunbergii, Stes.,= Papilio memnon, Linn., 544.

thyodamas, Boisd., Cyrestis, 248.

thyone, Leech, Parnara, 610.

tibetana, Llwes,=Grapta c-album, Linn., var., 263,
265.

tibetana, Mab., Notocrypta (Pterygospidea), 628.

tibetanus, Leech MS., Riihl, = Parnassius jacque-
monti, Gotsd., var., 496.

Timelea, Lucas, 245.

timeus, Cram.,=Chrysophanus phleas, Linn., 399,
400. 2

Tirumala, Moore, 3.

titania, Leech, Lethe, 31.

toona, Moore (Hesperia), = Parnara pellucida, Murray,
611.

tractipennis, Butl.,=Papilio macilentus, 547.

transiens, S¢taud.,= Parnassius delphius, var., 504.

translucida, Leech, Rhopalocampta, 642.

tremula, Lsper,=Limenitis populi, Linn, var., 187.

Trepsichrois, //iibn., 6.

trimacula, Leech, Lethe, 32.

trimacula, Leech, Padvaona (‘Taractrocera), 599.

tristis, Je/d. (Cyllo),=Melanitis aswa, Moore, var.,
108, 109.

trivena, Moore, Limenitis, 187.

truncata, Woore,=Ouretis acuta, Moore, var, 349.

tsangkie, Olerth., Zephyrus (Thecla), 880,

tseng, Oberth., Chrysophanus, 403,

turbata, Butl., Arhopala (Amblypodia), 845.

turcica, Staud.,= Vanessa urtice, Linn, var., 259.

turpilius, Oberth, (Mycalesis),=Lethe butleri, Leech,
24,

tutanus, Z’enton,=VPapilio maacki, Mfén., var., 530.

tydeus, Leech, =Coenonympha typhon, Ztott., var., 00.

typhon, 2o/t,, Canonympha, 96,

tyrianthina, Butl., = Rapala arata, Brem., yar, 381,
417,

tytia, Gray, Caduga (Danais), 1, 463,

INDEX.

uhleri, Zdw., (neis, 76.

ultramarina, Fivs.,=Zephyrus taxila, Brem., var., 370.

ulupi, Doherty, Apatura (Potamis), 159.

umbriel, Doherty, =Everes potanini, Alph., 332.

unica, Leech, Mycalesis, 15.

unicolor, Brem. § Grey, Heteropterus (Steropes),
584,

unicolor, Moore, = Baoris oceia, Hew., var., 617.

urania, Butl., Gonepteryx, = Dercas wallichii, 9,
445.

urtice, Linn., Vanessa, 257.

ussuriensis, Staud., = Limenitis populi, Zenn., var., 183.

y-album, Godart,= Vanessa yau-album, Wien. Verz.,
261.

v-album, Oberth., Thecla, 365, 565.

valesina, Esper,—=Argynnis paphia, Linn., var., 259.

Vanessa, Fabr., 253.

varia, Meyer-Dii,=Meliteea parthenie, Bork., var.,
214, ,

varia, Murray, Halpe (Pamphila), 621.

varmona, .Woore, Neptis, 203.

yasava, Moore, Ctenoptilum (Achlyodes, Antigoaus),
575.

vasutana, Moore, Ismene, 637.

yau-album, Wien. Verz., Vanessa, 261.

venata, Brem. § Grey (Hesperia),=Augiades sylva-
nus, var., 601.

venata, Leech, =Aporia davidis, Oberth., vav., 469.

venata, Leech, = Limenitis homeyeri, Tancré, var.,
183.

verhuellii, Hoev., Dercas (Colias), 446.

veris, Staud.,= Pieris melete, Mén., var., 451.

verma, Koll., Lethe (Satyrus), 23.

vesta, Fabr., Pareba (Acrzea), 114, 556.

vestigiata, Butl., Salpinx (Eupleea), 8.

vibilia, Jans.,= Leucophasia sinapis, Linn., var., 483.

violaceopicta, Pouj., Lethe (Debis), 39.

virgata, Leech, Padraona (Pamphila), 598.

virgaurese, Linn., Chrysophanus (Polyommatus), 398.

viridipunctata, de Nicév., Ierda, 405.

viridis, Leech, =Hestina mena, Moore, var., 145.

visala, Moore, Mycalesis, 13.

vitatha, Moore, =Argynnis aglaia, Linn., var. 252.

vitrea, Leech, Coladenia, 568.

vitrea, Murray (Pamphila), =Isoteinon lamprospilus,
Feld., 582.

68]

vitta, Butl., Hasora (Hesperia), 688.

vorax, Butl.,=Areynnis adippe, Linn., var., 232.

vuleanica, Godart, = Pyrameis indica, Herbst, var.,
252.

w-album, Knoch, Thecla, 358, 359.

walkyria, Fv2s., ineis, 77.

wallacei, Dist.,= Junonia orithyia, Zinn., var., 280.
wallichii, Doubl., Dercas (Gonepteryx), 445.
wedah, Aol/., Pseudergolis (Ariadne), 275.
whitelyi, Butl.,=Lethe diana, Butl., 28.

xanthodippe, Fivs.,=Argynnis adippe, Zinn., var.,
234,

xanthomelas, Esper, Vanessa, 260.

xanthopogon, Koll. (Hesperia),=Rhopalocampta ben-
jamini, Guérin, 641.

xuthulus, Brem.,= Papilio xuthus, Zinn., var., 514.

xuthus, Leech, Everes, 330.

xuthus, Linn., Papilio, 514.

yama, Moore, Neope (Zophoessa), 48.

yankowskyi, Grose Smith, = Hestina subyiridis, Leech,
145.

yerburii, Butl., Neptis, 204.

Yphthima, Hew., 88, 90, 91.

Yphtima, Oderth., 83.

Ypthima, /Ziidn., 81.

ypthimoides, Oberth.,? = Callerebia phyllis, Zech,
102.

yuenty, Oberth., Meliteea, 220.

yunnana, Oderth, (Arge),=Melanargia leda, Leech, 60.

zaida, Doubl., Neptis, 196.

zaneka, Moore, Gonepteryx, 444.

zelima, Mitis,=Delias belladonna, Fabr., 420.
zella, Butl., Hestina, 145.

Zemeros, Poisd., 289.

zennara, Moore, Pisola, 559.

zenobia, Leech, Argynnis, 242.

Zephyrus, Dalm., 369.

Zetides, Hiibn.,= Papilio, Linn., 527.
Zinaspa, de Nicév., 345.

Zizera, Woore, 322.

zodia, Butl., Ypthima, 91.

zoilus, Moore,=Aphnieus lohita, Horsf., var., 410.
zona, Mab., Hesperia (Scelothrix), 577.
Zophoessa, Dowh/., 41.

A.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRAN
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

Pere LA:

Page 69, line 13 from bottom, for siberica read sibirica.
» 215, ,, 13 from bottom, for mandschuricha read mandschurica.
294, ,, 15 from bottom, strike out the word “it” after ‘‘ met with.”
306, ,, 9 from top, for luhana read lehana.
» 9330, for Everes zuthus read Everes xuthus.
,, 333, for Zephyrus celistis read Zephyrus celestis.
406, for Tlerda brahama read Ilerda brahma.

566, line 18 from top, for “ N.E. Thibet ” read “ Sechuen.”

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